Harry Frederick Oppenheimer (28 October 1908 – 19 August 2000) was a prominent South African businessman, industrialist and philanthropist. Oppenheimer was often ranked as one of the wealthiest people in the world, and was considered South Africa's foremost industrialist for four decades. In 2004 he was voted 60th in the SABC3's Great South Africans.

Early life and education
The son of May (Pollack) and Sir Ernest Oppenheimer, Harry was born to an assimilated Jewish family of German origins in Kimberley, the original centre for diamond mining in South Africa, and lived most of his life in Johannesburg. He had a formal Bar mitzvah ("coming of age") ceremony in the Kimberley synagogue when he turned thirteen. He converted to Christianity when he married his wife.

After completing his primary schooling in Johannesburg, he attended Charterhouse School in England, before going on to study at Christ Church, Oxford, graduating in 1931 in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. When he married his wife Bridget (née McCall), he chose to enter the Anglican Church, but remained a supporter of Jewish causes during his entire life. He authorised the flow of diamonds to Israel's important diamond-sorting and diamond-cutting industry.

Career
Harry Oppenheimer was the chairman of Anglo American Corporation for 25 years and chairman of De Beers Consolidated Mines for 27 years until he retired from those positions in 1982 and 1984 respectively. His son, Nicky Oppenheimer, became Deputy Chairman of Anglo American Corporation in 1983 and Chairman of De Beers in 1998. His daughter, Mary Slack, resides predominantly at Brenthurst, a suburb of Johannesburg, but has houses in Muizenberg and London, England, and a commercially successful thoroughbred breeding farm situated about an hour-and-a-half north from Cape Town. The stud farm trades under the name Wilgerbosdrift Stud, and has bred some successful horses.

He also spent some time as the Member of Parliament for Kimberley (1948 to 1957) and became the opposition spokesman on economics, finance and constitutional affairs.

Philanthropy
He was also generous to the official philanthropies of the State of Israel. He personally directed that Israel receive the necessary diamond raw products from De Beers to establish itself as one of the world's diamond polishing and exporting countries.

In the 1970s and 1980s, he financed the anti-apartheid Progressive Federal Party that later merged into the Democratic Alliance. He was a South African Freemason.

Kimberley conferred Freedom of the City on Oppenheimer on 4 September 1973 as a tribute to "an illustrious son of the city" who continued to promote Kimberley as "the diamond centre of the world."

The Harry Oppenheimer Agricultural High School in Limburg, Limpopo is named in his honour in recognition of the funds he provided for its establishment.

The Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Award, Africa's premier research prize, is awarded every year by the Oppenheimer Memorial Trust, in memory of Harry Oppenheimer's commitment to an ideal of "unambiguous excellence."

Honour
Harry Oppenheimer Diamond Museum in Ramat Gan, Israel, was founded in 1986 to present his life and career.

References

External links
Harry Oppenheimer (His life and achievements)

1908 births
2000 deaths
South African Anglicans
South African Jews
Harry
Converts to Anglicanism from Judaism
South African mining businesspeople
Diamond dealers
South African racehorse owners and breeders
People educated at Charterhouse School
South African people of German-Jewish descent
20th-century South African businesspeople
South African philanthropists
South African Freemasons
20th-century philanthropists
De Beers people
Chancellors of the University of Cape Town

Harry Oppenheimer


Overbeck's Museum and Garden is an Edwardian house and 2.75 hectare (7 acre) garden at Sharpitor, Salcombe, Devon, England. It is named after its last private owner Otto Christop Joseph Gerhardt Ludwig Overbeck (1860–1937).

Until 2014 the house was divided between a museum and a youth hostel. YHA Salcombe closed in 2014 when the agreement between the National Trust and The Youth Hostel Association broke down. The part of the house formerly used as the hostel is currently (2017) unused, and closed to the public.

The museum houses displays of some of Overbeck's inventions and collections of stuffed animals, and exhibitions of model sailing ships and various nautical and shipbuilding tools and effects. There are display photographs of boats and shipwrecks (such as the Herzogin Cecilie). A room in the middle of the house, one of whose entrances is a secret door concealed in the wooden panelling of the room outside, contains a display of dolls' houses, amongst which is placed by staff "Fred the friendly ghost" for child visitors to discover. The museum contains a Polyphon — a large musical box which plays music encoded as holes punched in large sheet-metal discs. There is a collection of discs of popular melodies of the day which are played from time to time during the day when the museum is open. There is also a collection of photographs by Edward Chapman who worked in and photographed Salcombe – including the building of the first house on the site – during the early 20th century. The photographs have been reprinted from the original plates by Chapman's son and his grandson, Chris Chapman, who continues the family photography business in Plymouth. A tea room offers a variety of snacks and delectables, including Devonshire cream teas.

History
The original building on the site was a small villa "Sharpitor" erected by Salcombe builder Albert Stumbles. This was bought in 1901 by Edric Hopkins, who also bought  more of land, creating terraces and planting exotic specimens on the sheltered site. In 1913 the property was bought by Mr and Mrs Vereker who demolished the original house and had the present one built. Otto Overbeck acquired the house in 1928 and lived there until his death in 1937. Wishing the house to be used after his death as "a public park and museum and a Hostel for Youth" Overbeck bequeathed it to the National Trust on condition it be used as such and not as a brothel as so many in the surrounding area became.

References

External links
Overbeck's information at the National Trust
Youth Hostel at Overbeck's

Biographical museums in Devon
Gardens in Devon
Historic house museums in Devon
Houses in Devon
Museums in Devon
National Trust properties in Devon
Salcombe

Overbeck's


Dame Whina Cooper (9 December 1895, Te Karaka, Hokianga, New Zealand – 26 March 1994, Panguru, New Zealand) fought for Maori land. She was elected first president of the new Maori Women's Welfare League.

Cooper was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for the services to the Māori people in the 1953 Coronation Honours. In 1974, she was promoted to Commander. In 1981, she was promoted again to Dame Commander.

1895 births
1994 deaths
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Māori rights activists

Whina Cooper


Fritjof Capra (born February 1, 1939) is an Austrian-American physicist.

Born in Vienna, Austria, Capra earned a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Vienna in 1966. He has done research on particle physics and systems theory, and has written popular books on the implications of science with ethics, metaphysics and society. In particular in The Tao of Physics he makes the assertion that physics and metaphysics are both inexorably leading to the same knowledge. His works all share a similar subtext: that "there are hidden connections between everything".  Capra is both a Buddhist and a Catholic Christian.

After touring Germany in the early 1980s, Capra co-wrote a book in 1984 with ecofeminist author Charlene Spretnak, called Green Politics.

Capra pushes for western society to abandon the mechanistic views of Descartes.  Critiquing Descartes' reductionistic view that everything can be studied in parts to understand the whole, he allows his readers to take an objective and fresh mind, encouraging them to see the world through 'complexity theory'.

Capra is aiming for a theory of living systems, a theoretical framework for ecology. This theory has its roots in several scientific fields from the first half of the twentieth century — organismic biology, gestalt psychology, ecology, general systems theory, and cybernetics.

Bibliography
The Tao of Physics (1975)
Green Politics with (Charlene Spretnak)
The Turning Point (1982)
Uncommon Wisdom (1988)
Belonging to the Universe: Explorations on the Frontiers of Science and Spirituality (1991) (coauthored with David Steindl-Rast and Thomas Matus)
The Web of Life (1997)
The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living (2002)

Other websites
His homepage
The Turning Point
Home on the web for the Center for Ecoliteracy
Skeptical Inquirer on Quantum Quackery

1939 births
Living people
American physicists
Austrian scientists
Scientists from Vienna
Systems scientists

Fritjof Capra


A thermosetting polymer, also known as a thermoset, is polymer material that irreversibly cures. The curing may be done by:
 heat (generally above )
 a chemical reaction (two-part epoxy, for example)
 irradiation such as electron beam processing

Thermoset materials are usually liquid or malleable before curing, so they can be molded into their final form. Others are used as adhesives. Others are solids. Some solid thermosetting polymers are used as molding compound in semiconductors and integrated circuits (IC). Once hardened a thermoset resin cannot be reheated and melted back to a liquid form.

Process
The curing process transforms the resin into a plastic or rubber by a cross-linking process.  Energy and/or catalysts are added that cause the molecular chains to react at chemically active sites (unsaturated or epoxy sites, for example), linking into a rigid, 3-D structure. The cross-linking forms a molecule with a larger molecular weight, resulting in a material with a higher melting point.  During the reaction, the polymer's molecular weight increases to the point that its melting point is higher than the surrounding ambient temperature. So, the material forms into a solid material.

Uncontrolled reheating of the material results in reaching the decomposition temperature before the melting point is reached.  So, a thermoset material cannot be melted and re-shaped after it is cured.  This implies that thermosets cannot be recycled, except as filler material.

Properties
Thermoset materials are generally stronger than thermoplastic materials due to this three dimensional network of bonds (cross-linking). Thermoset materials are also better suited to high-temperature applications up to the decomposition temperature. However, they are more brittle. Many thermosetting polymers are difficult to recycle.

Related pages
 Vulcanization
 Fusion bonded epoxy coating
 Thermoplastic

References

Polymers

Thermosetting polymer


Dominique Mondelet (January 23, 1799 – February 19, 1863) was a lawyer, judge, seigneur and political figure in Lower Canada.

He was born in Saint-Marc-sur-Richelieu, the son of notary Jean-Marie Mondelet, and studied at the Collège de Montréal. He articled in law with Michael O'Sullivan, was admitted to the bar in 1820 and set up practice in Montreal. Mondelet served as major in the local militia from 1820 to 1827. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for Montreal County as a moderate Reformer in an 1831 by-election held after the death of Joseph Perrault. In 1832, he was named King's Counsel. Also in 1832, he was named an honorary member of the Executive Council and he was expelled from his seat by a vote of the assembly. Mondelet was later named to the Special Council that administered the province after the Lower Canada Rebellion. In 1839, he was named judge in the Court of Queen's Bench at Trois-Rivières. Mondelet inherited the seigneuries of Saint-Michel-d'Yamaska (also known as Yamaska) and Boucherville. In 1850, he was named to the Superior Court at Trois-Rivières.

He married Harriet Munro, granddaughter of Captain John Munro. His daughter Émilie-Emma married Georges-Casimir Dessaulles, who later became a Canadian senator; their daughter Henriette Dessaulles became a noted writer and journalist. His brother Charles-Elzéar was also a lawyer and a judge.

Mondelet translated the Canadian Boat Song by Thomas Moore into French. He died of a stroke at Trois-Rivières in 1863.

External links

1799 births
1863 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
Members of the Special Council of Lower Canada
Canadian King's Counsel
Lower Canada judges
Province of Canada judges

Dominique Mondelet (seigneur)


Rani Rupamati's Mosque, also known as Rani Rupavati's Mosque or Mirzapur Queen's Mosque, is a medieval mosque and tomb complex in Mirzapur area of Ahmedabad, India.

History and architecture
The mosque was built by Mahmud Begada probably in the latter years (1430-1440) of Ahmad Shah I's reign. It is named after Rani Rupamati whom Mahmud Begada married after death of Qutubuddin.

This mosque measures, 105 feet long, forty-six broad, and thirty-two high. A high central arch, three imposing domes, slim minarets, carved galleries and an exquisite mihrab are there. Its three domes are linked together by a flat roof. The side entrances in the mosque open out in balcony windows on either side and end in a lattice window. The domes are supported with rows of twelve pillars each where as the smaller domes at the front and the rear of the bigger domes as well as the four corners of the mosque are there. The central section is an elevated level that rises above the small flanks and provides for a pierced clerestory, which carries the dome above. Though broken short in the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake, the bases of their minarets, from the fine tracery in their niches, are still the mosque's chief beauty. This is one of the buildings where the attempt to combine the arched Islamic and the flat Hindu styles was hardly a success; the plainness of the central arch clashes with the extreme richness of the upper cornice and the side minarets. Close by the mosque is a monument, with a large central and two side domes, raised over the tombs of Rani Rupamati and the other queen. The inside of the dome is richly fretted.

Gallery

References

Mosques in Ahmedabad
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1440
Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat

Rani Rupamati's Mosque


The 155th Airlift Squadron (155 AS) is a unit of the Tennessee Air National Guard 164th Airlift Wing. It is assigned to Memphis Air National Guard Base, Tennessee and is equipped with the Boeing C-17 aircraft.

History

World War II
Organized and trained in the Northeast United States by First Air Force. During training was part of the air defense of the northeast, being attached to the New York and Boston Fighter Wings.

Deployed to England aboard the  and served in combat as part of VIII Fighter Command from October 1943 to May 1945, participating in operations that prepared for the invasion of the Continent, and supporting the landings in Normandy and the subsequent Allied drive across France and Germany. The squadron flew P-47 Thunderbolts until they were replaced by P-51 Mustangs in November 1944.

From October 1943 until January 1944, operated as escort for B-17 Flying Fortress/B-24 Liberator bombers that attacked such objectives as industrial areas, missile sites, airfields, and communications.

Fighters from the 461st engaged primarily in bombing and strafing missions after 3 January 1944, with its targets including U-boat installations, barges, shipyards, aerodromes, hangars, marshalling yards, locomotives, trucks, oil facilities, flak towers, and radar stations. Bombed and strafed in the Arnhem, Netherlands area on 17, 18, and 23 September 1944 to neutralize enemy gun emplacements providing support to Allied ground forces during Operation Market-Garden. In early 1945, the squadron's P-51 Mustangs clashed with German Me 262 jet aircraft. The squadron flew its last combat mission, escorting B-17s dropping propaganda leaflets, on 7 May 1945.

Remained in the United Kingdom during the balance of 1945, most personnel were demobilized and returned to the United States, with aircraft being sent to storage facilities in the UK. The squadron was administratively inactivated at Camp Kilmer New Jersey on 10 November 1945 without personnel or equipment.

Tennessee Air National Guard
Re-designated: 155th Fighter Squadron, and allotted to Tennessee ANG, on 24 May 1946, extended federal recognition and activated on 3 February 1947. Assigned to the 118th Fighter Group at Berry Field, Nashville, flying the P-47 Thunderbolt aircraft. Was converted to a Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron in February 1951, being re-equipped with the RB-26 Invader.

Was Federalized and placed on active duty, 2 March 1951, remaining at Memphis Municipal Airport. Released from active duty and returned to Tennessee state control, 31 December 1952. The unit was redesignated as a jet photo reconnaissance organization on 1 April 1956 and equipped with the RF-84 Thunderflash, the jets being received directly from the factory for use in this mission.

Was expanded and the organization in Memphis was upgraded to a Group level on 1 April 1961, the squadron being assigned to the new 164th Military Airlift Group. Was realigned to becoming a strategic transport unit under Military Air Transport Service, being equipped with C-97 Strat freighters. Conversion to this aircraft brought a worldwide mission with operations to such places as Europe, Japan, South America, Australia, and South Vietnam.

During May 1966, the unit set numerous records, to include 10 round trips to Southeast Asia and 1702 flying hours in one month, all accomplished primarily by dedicated part-time personnel.  May 1967 brought the introduction of the C-124 Globemaster, affectionately known as "Old Shakey". Along with Old Shakey, the squadron's personnel performed numerous humanitarian missions as well as routine support to Military Airlift Command (MAC).

The C-124 was given a well-deserved rest in 1974 when she was retired from military service, reluctantly giving up her berth to the C-130 Hercules. The C-130s were transferred to other units in April 1992 when the unit received the first of eight C-141 Starlifter aircraft. In 2004, the squadron retired the C-141 and began operating the C-5A Galaxy. 18 December 2012 the 1st C-17A of 8 arrived.

Lineage

 Constituted as 359th Fighter Squadron on 8 December 1942
 Activated on 12 December 1942
 Inactivated on 10 November 1945
 Re-designated: 155th Fighter Squadron, and allotted to Tennessee ANG, on 24 May 1946.
 Extended federal recognition and activated on 3 February 1947
 Re-designated as: 155th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (Night Photographic), 1 February 1951
 Federalized and placed on active duty, 2 March 1951
 Released from active duty and returned to Tennessee state control, 31 December 1952
 Re-designated as: 155th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (Jet), 1 April 1956
 Re-designated as: 155th Air Transport Squadron, 1 April 1961
 Re-designated as: 155th Military Airlift Squadron, 8 January 1966
 Re-designated as: 155th Tactical Airlift Squadron, 1 August 1974
 Re-designated as: 155th Airlift Squadron, 16 April 1992
 Re-designated as: 155th Airlift Squadron, 1 October 1995

Assignments
 356th Fighter Group, 12 Dec 1942 – 10 Nov 1945
 118th Fighter Group, 3 February 1947
 118th Composite Group, 1 September 1950
 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 1 February 1951
 164th Air Transport Group, 1 April 1961
 164th Military Airlift Group, 8 January 1966
 164th Tactical Airlift Group, 1 August 1974
 164th Airlift Group, 16 April 1992
 164th Airlift Wing, 1 October 1995

Stations

 Westover Field, Massachusetts, 12 December 1942
 Groton Army Airfield, Connecticut, 11 March 1943
 Mitchel Field, New York, 30 May 1943
 Grenier Field, New Hampshire, 4 Jul-19 Aug 1943
 RAF Goxhill (AAF-345), England, 26 August 1943

 RAF Martlesham Heath (AAF-359), England, 12 Oct 1943 – 4 Nov 1945
 Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, 9–10 Nov 1945
 Memphis Municipal Airport (later International Airport, later Memphis Air National Guard Base), 3 February 1947 – Present

Aircraft

 P-47 Thunderbolt, 1943–1944
 P-51 Mustang, 1944–1945
 P-47 Thunderbolt, 1947–1951
 RB-26 Invader, 1951–1956
 RF-84F Thunderstreak, 1956–1961

 C-97 Stratofreighter, 1961–1967
 C-124 Globemaster II, 1967–1974
 C-130 Hercules, 1974–1992
 C-141B Starlifter, 1992–2004
 C-5A Galaxy, 2004–2012
 C-17 Globemaster III, 2012–Present

Aircraft flying in this unit
C-17A
94-0065 (Dec15); 95-0104 (Dec15); 97-0042 (Dec15); 02-1100 (Dec15)

References

 Maurer, Maurer. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force: World War II. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1982.
 164th Airlift Wing history page
 164th Airlift email@example.com
 Rogers, B. (2006). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978.

External links

Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
Military units and formations in Tennessee
155
Memphis International Airport

155th Airlift Squadron


Winnemucca Air Force Station (ADC ID: M-127, NORAD ID: Z-127) is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station.  It is located  north-northwest of Winnemucca, Nevada.  It was closed in 1968.

History
Winnemucca Air Force Station was established as part of the planned deployment by Air Defense Command of forty-four Mobile radar stations across the United States to support the permanent Radar network established during the Cold War for air defense of the United States. This deployment had been projected to be operational by mid-1952. Funding, constant site changes, construction, and equipment delivery delayed deployment.  Winnemucca AFS typified some of the problems with the mobile radar program. Because the program received minimal funding, the cantonment area was sited on Department of the Interior land located several miles away from the radar, rather than on adjacent land owned by the Southern Pacific Land Company. Delays in the decision-making process set the date for beneficial occupancy back to 1955.

The station was activated on 8 June 1955 after the 658th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron was moved to the new station on 1 February 1956 by the 28th Air Division.  Operational status was finally achieved by the 658th AC&W Squadron in 1956. The site used an AN/FPS-3 radar, and initially the station functioned as a Ground-Control Intercept (GCI) and warning station.  As a GCI station, the squadron's role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit's radar scopes.

By 1959 this radar had been joined by a pair of AN/FPS-6B height-finder radars. In 1960 the AN/FPS-3 was replaced by an AN/FPS-20 search set. At the end of 1961 this search set had been upgraded into an AN/FPS-66. During 1961 Winnemucca AFS joined the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system, initially feeding data to DC-21 at Stead AFB, Nevada.  After joining, the squadron was re-designated as the 658th Radar Squadron (SAGE) on 1 March 1961.  The radar squadron provided information 24/7 the SAGE Direction Center where it was analyzed to determine range, direction altitude speed and whether or not aircraft were friendly or hostile.

In 1963 the two height-finder radars were converted to AN/FPS-90 units, and on 31 July 1963, the site was redesignated as NORAD ID Z-127. In 1967 one AN/FPS-90 was removed from service.

In addition to the main facility, Winnemucca operated several AN/FPS-14 Gap Filler sites:
 Quinn River Crossing, NV    (M-127A):
 Unionville, NV              (M-127B):

The 658th Radar Squadron (SAGE) was inactivated on 18 June 1968 as a result of budget restrictions, and the general phase down of air defense radar stations.  The former station is now a commercial transmitter site, the former Air Force radar towers still standing.  Some of the support buildings at the site are standing in deteriorated condition.

A number of former Air Force buildings (including Quonset huts) in the Cantonment and barracks areas are in use by Humboldt County and commercial firms, and the pool is now open to the public (in season). Some buildings have also been built since the Air Force closed the base. The Officers' Quarters area houses are now used as private housing.  The area is now known as "Sage Heights," a reference to the area's history.

Air Force units and assignments
Units:
 658th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Assigned 1 February 1956
 Activated by 503d Aircraft Control and Warning Group, Mitchel AFB, New York, 1 January 1951
 Re-assigned to Santini, New York, 1 October 1951
 Inactivated 2 January 1952
 Reactivated by 28th Air Division, Hamilton AFB, California, 20 June 1953
 Re-Designated 658th Radar Squadron (SAGE), 1 March 1961
 Discontinued on 18 June 1968

Assignments:
 28th Air Division, 1 February 1956
 San Francisco Air Defense Sector, 1 July 1960
 Reno Air Defense Sector, 15 September 1960
 26th Air Division, 1 April 1966 – 18 June 1968

See also
 List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations

References

  A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946 - 1980,  by Lloyd H. Cornett and Mildred W. Johnson, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
 Winkler, David F. (1997), Searching the skies: the legacy of the United States Cold War defense radar program. Prepared for United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command.
 Information for Winnemucca AFS, NV

Installations of the United States Air Force in Nevada
Winnemucca, Nevada
Aerospace Defense Command military installations
Radar stations of the United States Air Force
1956 establishments in Nevada
1968 disestablishments in Nevada
Buildings and structures in Humboldt County, Nevada
Military installations established in 1956
Military installations closed in 1968

Winnemucca Air Force Station


Styrene is a certain organic chemical compound having the chemical formula C8H8. Its chemical structure is made up of a vinyl group bonded onto a benzene ring. This benzene ring makes styrene an aromatic compound. At room temperature and pressure, styrene is a clear, colorless liquid. Other names for styrene can be styrol, vinylbenzene, phenylethene, or phenylethylene.

Uses

Styrene is used in polymer chemistry as a monomer.  This means many styrene molecules can bond together to make a larger molecule called polystyrene. Polystyrene is a kind of polymer often used as a plastic. This kind of chemical reaction is called polymerization.

Styrene can also bond with other kinds of monomers to make other kinds of polymers called copolymers. For one example, styrene has been mixed with another monomer called 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer which is a kind of synthetic rubber. For another example, styrene is mixed with acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer plastic called ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene).

Production
In industry, styrene is made from ethylbenzene by this chemical reaction:

This kind of reaction is called dehydrogenation. Hydrogen is also made by this reaction..

Hydrocarbons

Styrene


The Chronica Johannis de Oxenedes is a medieval chronicle written in Latin, probably around 1290.

Authorship
The chronicle was written by a monk of the Benedictine abbey of St. Benet's at Holme in Norfolk, made clear by his personal involvement in events related to that abbey, as well as the inclusion of a history of the house.

The author is generally supposed to have come from the former village of Oxnead, which lies about ten miles from the abbey. This supposition is supported by the fact that a number of monks at the abbey were given the name of their village as an appellation.

Content
Following a trend from around the time of Henry I, the chronicler has compiled a register of historical events from previous sources, and has edited, removed or added events that he perceived to be less or more important, or of which he himself had personal knowledge.

The chronicler mentions the arrival of Hengist and Horsa but really begins the narration at the reign of Alfred the Great.

Highlights of the chronicle also include the reign of Edgar, the treatment of Jews in England at the time of the Norman Conquest, the Purgatory of St. Patrick, the reign of Henry III and the first elephant in England in 1255.

As is usual in medieval chronicles, the accounts of events near the author's own period are richer in detail and greater in length. In this case, the account of the Battle of Lewes is of particular interest, as are the defeat of the Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales, in 1282 and the punishment in which Rhys ap Meredith was tied to the tail of a horse and dragged to his death. The accounts of the floods which took place in Norfolk at this time, especially that of 1282, are also unusually detailed.

The chronicle ends suddenly in the middle of a sentence about Robert of Winchelsey; the rest of that sheet is blank. This is seen not as a fault on the author's part, but rather a scribe who was unable to continue his transcript for some reason.

The chronicle is known in just two manuscripts. One, edited for the Rolls series by Sir Henry Ellis in 1859, is Cottonian Nero D.ii. Another subsequently came to light among the manuscripts from Clumber now at the British Library.

Sources
The author himself mentions the following sources in the text:

 William of Malmesbury
 The Chronicle of Hugh de St. Victor
 Polycraticus Cartonensis
 Veteres Historiae Hibernienses
 Roger of Wendover

Other sources have been strongly identified, through textual comparison, as sources which the chronicler consulted.

 The Chronicon Anglicanum of Ralph de Coggeshale
 Matthew Paris' Chronica Majora
 The Chronicle of John of Wallingford.

See also
 John de Taxster

Notes

Citations

Works cited

External links

13th-century history books
Latin chronicles about England

Chronica Johannis de Oxenedes


In common usage, saving generally means putting money aside, for example, by putting money in a bank savings account or investing in a pension plan. It involves using less money or not using money at all.
In a broader sense, saving is typically used to refer to economizing, cutting costs, or to rescuing someone or something.

Money

Saving


The Gloucester dory is a variant of the Banks dory, a type of narrow-bottomed, slab-sided boat, common in the North Eastern United States.  It is characteristically smaller and lighter, with less overhang, both bow and stern, and less freeboard.  It retains the Banks dory's slab sides.  Gloucester dories were designed to be launched through the surf behind a breakwater for daily fishing and lobstering off the Massachusetts shore.

Because of its simple lines, a Gloucester dory is relatively easy to build.  With the straight sides and flat bottom, stitch and glue techniques work well with this boat.

See also
 Dory
 Swampscott dory

References

Books;

Boat types
Gloucester, Massachusetts

Gloucester dory


The Manchester code is a binary encoding which also encodes the clock signal. This is very useful, because an external clock signal is no longer needed. A sequence of bits modulates the phase of the signal. This is a form of Phase shift keying, often shortened to PSK.

Otherwise put, the information about the signal is in its signal flanks, that is when the signal changes.

Manchester codes are widely used, for example for Ethernet or for RFID.

Representation
There are two ways to represent a Manchester code:
 A falling signal flank represents a logical 1 and ascending flank is a logical 0. This is the original definition given by G.E. Thomas
 A falling signal flank is a logical 0, the ascending one a logical 1. This is the definition used by the original Ethernet standard.

To rule out ambiguities, Manchester codes use a preamble. A preamble is a fixed sequence that is known beforehand.

Advantages and disadvantages
One of the advantages of Manchester code is that the DC component of the signal carries no information. This makes it possible that standards that usually do not carry power can transmit this information. One of the drawbacks of the encoding is that it needs more bandwidth than other encodings, such as NRZ.

Telecommunications
Encodings

Manchester code


The Tango is a dance which was created in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The musical style that was created with the dance is also called 'tango'. It is danced today in two versions. Neither version is 'better' than the other; they are rather different in style.

Argentine tango
The first tango dances and music was called tango criollo, or simply tango. Today, there are various tango dance styles, including Argentine tango, Uruguayan tango and vintage tangos. The Argentine tango is probably closer to that originally danced in Argentina and Uruguay, though no details survive of its original form.

International tango
The tango is a standard dance in international ballroom dancing. This version was developed in England before WWII, mainly as a result of the work of Monsieur Pierre, a French dance teacher who lived in London.

The Tango is now danced in international competitions to a style first set out in English ballroom texts and regulations.

Other sources
Thompson, Robert Farris 2005. Tango: the art history of love. Knopf, New York. .
Thomson is Professor of Art at Yale University. He started his career with an article on Afro-Cuban dance and music published in 1958, and has devoted his life to the art history of the Afro-Atlantic world.

Collier, Simon and Artemis Cooper 2007. Â ¡Tango!: the dance, the song, the story. Thames & Hudson, London.
Denniston, Christine  2007. The meaning of tango: the story of the Argentinian dance. Anova.

Other websites
Basic figures in the International version of the tango. The demonstrators are Marcus and Karen Hilton, nine times World Professional Ballroom Champions.
Basic tango demo by Mirko and Alessia.
Basic tango hold and style, by Andy & Wendy, The Grand Ballroon, Richmond, British Columbia.

References

Dance music
Ballroom dances
Latin dances

Tango


Marpa Chökyi Lodrö (1012–1097)  was a Tibetan Buddhist lama, the first one who established the Kagyu tradition in Tibet. He is known also as Marpa Lotsawa, which means translator. Not only did he translate Buddhist texts, but he also made a complete system of methods to reach Enlightenment, or the state of a Buddha. Marpa made three difficult journeys to India and spent about twenty years there. He received teachings and oral transmission of many gurus. Most important among them are Naropa and Maitripa. His main student and successor to his lineage is Milarepa.

1012 births
1097 deaths
Tibetan Buddhist lamas

Marpa Lotsawa


Lauren Holly (born October 28, 1963, Bristol, Pennsylvania) is an American television and movie actress. She played Maxine Stewart in the CBS television show "Picket Fences". She played Mary Swanson in the 1994 movie Dumb and Dumber. She also did many other TV and movie performances. She was married to actor Jim Carrey between 1996 and 1997. She is of Belgian, Dutch, English, Finnish, Flemish, French-Canadian, German, Irish, Norwegian, Scottish, Swiss, Walloon and Welsh descent.

1963 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from Pennsylvania

Lauren Holly


Cornwall (Cornish: Kernow) is a county in the far southwest of England in the United Kingdom. Truro is the capital of the Unitary Authority that has administered Cornwall since 2009. Truro is also the only city. It has the cathedral of the Diocese of Truro. Cornwall is home to the Cornish Language and the Cornish people. The Duchy of Cornwall is an estate which belongs to the Prince of Wales (who is also the Duke of Cornwall), but only part of it is in Cornwall. Cornwall is split from Devon by the River Tamar. Cornwall is home to Newquay, a popular town and holiday resort.

Industry and tourism

Mining
Cornwall has been an important area for the mining of tin since 2400BC. In the 19th century large amounts of both tin and copper were mined in Cornwall. Mining used to be the major industry in Cornwall but now neither tin or copper are mined, however China clay is still mined in small amounts.

Tourism
As Mining fazed out, the tourism industry grew. Five million tourists visit Cornwall every year, most of which are from within the United Kingdom. This makes up about a quarter of the Cornish economy and supports about 1 in 5 Cornish jobs.

Agriculture and food
As a mostly rural county, Cornwall naturally has a lot of farmers and farmland, with 4.9% of people in Cornwall working in agriculture. The Cornish climate and soil is not great for most crops. It is good for grass to feed dairy cows and bullocks. Flowers and vegetables such as cauliflowers are also produced in Cornwall and taken to be sold in English markets. There is also a lot of moorland parts of which are used for grazing sheep.

Cornwall is famous for being the home of the Cornish pasty and Cornish clotted cream. 12.1% of jobs in Cornwall are in the food industry.  Cornwall is also known for cream teas but the jam is spread on the scones or splits first (the opposite of what is done in Devon).

Culture and people

Demographics
Cornwall has a population of approx. 550,000 and its population is divided almost equally between native Cornish and incomers from elsewhere in the UK, mostly England. 10% of people in Cornwall consider themselves as descendants of the indigenous Celtic Britons, and not English, and are recognised by Celtic organisations worldwide as such.

Language

Some people in Cornwall have revived Cornish, a very old recently extinct Celtic language, which is related to Breton and to Welsh. There is also a dialect of the English language spoken in Cornwall known as Cornish-English.

Flag
Cornwall has its own flag. It's linked to the patron saint of Cornwall, St Piran, who is also the patron saint of tin miners.

Geography
Bodmin Moor is the largest and highest of the granite moors of Cornwall; all the high hills of Cornwall are in Bodmin Moor. The climate is generally mild, with much frontal rain. The varied scenery and historical monuments attract many tourists to Cornwall. Tintagel Castle is on the north coast of Cornwall. Falmouth harbour is one of the largest natural harbours in the world. Newquay is one of the larger holiday resorts and popular with surfers. Land's End is the headland at the far southwest of Cornwall and Lizard Point is the most southerly headland in the county. The main rivers of Cornwall are the River Camel whose estuary is next to Padstow on the north coast, the River Fal which flows into the English Channel east of Falmouth, and the River Fowey which flows into the English Channel at Fowey. Apart from Truro, the county town, the main towns of Cornwall are St Austell, Saltash, Bodmin, Launceston, Falmouth, Camborne, Redruth and Penzance.

The most important transport links between Devon and Cornwall are the Plymouth to Penzance railway line and the A30 and A38 major roads.

The Isles of Scilly are a group of islands south west of Cornwall and forming part of the county. The Isles of Scilly have a long history of shipwrecks because of the rocky coasts. There are 530 known shipwrecks around the isles.

References

Cornwall
Ceremonial counties of England

Cornwall


In music, a Battle of the Bands is a contest where many bands compete against each other to see who is the "best" band. Battles of the Bands are most common with rock music bands. The winner is usually chosen by judges or by the reaction of the audience to a band's performance. The winner can then receive a prize which could be money or a recording contract.

Battle of the Bands


Wong Yat-cheong, better known by his stage name as Wong Jing (, born 3 May 1955)  is a Hong Kong film director, producer, actor, presenter, and screenwriter. A prolific filmmaker with strong instincts for crowd-pleasing and publicity, Wong Jing played a prominent role in Hong Kong cinema  during the 1990s.

Biography
Wong was born in Hong Kong, the son of noted film director Wong Tin-Lam. He graduated from the Chinese University of Hong Kong with a degree in Chinese literature which he describes as "useless" (Yang, 2003).

Like many Hong Kong film figures of his time, Wong began his career in television – in his case, scriptwriting for local juggernaut TVB beginning in 1975 (Teo, 1997). He moved on to writing for the Shaw Brothers studio. There, he made his directing debut with Challenge of the Gamesters (千王鬥千霸) in 1981. This start foreshadowed his later successes with movies about gambling, such as God of Gamblers, starring Chow Yun-fat and Andy Lau, which broke Hong Kong's all-time box office record upon its release in 1989, and started a fad for the genre.

Wong has directed, produced or written over 175 films (Yang, 2003), occasionally acting in them as well. He works with an efficient mass production method making heavy use of directing assistants and allowing him to work on several movies at once. He works under the umbrellas of two production companies he launched, Wong Jing's Workshop Ltd. and BoB and Partners Co. Ltd. (Best of the Best), the latter in partnership with director Andrew Lau and writer-producer Manfred Wong (Bordwell, 2000).

He once commented that his movies were hits because he gave the people what they wanted, and not what he thought they should want. A typical Wong production might be a broad comedy (Boys Are Easy, 1993) or an entry in a currently popular genre, such as martial arts (Holy Weapon, 1993), erotic thriller (Naked Killer, 1992) or gangster film (Young and Dangerous, 1996). It will imbue its model with lightning pacing and frequent shifts in tone to accommodate slapstick and toilet humor, sentimental heart-tugging, cartoonish violence, sexual titillation, and parodic references to well-known Hong Kong and Hollywood films.

Wong also directed or produced several of the films of comic actor Stephen Chow, who has been Hong Kong's most popular performer since the early 1990s.  Examples of their collaborations include God of Gamblers II (1991), Tricky Brains (1991), Royal Tramp I and II (1992) and Sixty Million Dollar Man (1995).

Wong's commercial skills are not limited to the content of his movies or his casting.  He was using Hollywood-style cross-media promotional tactics – such as tie-in novels, comic books and other products, and magazine interviews – long before they became common in Hong Kong (Bordwell, 2000).

Wong's style, often seen as loud, crass and philistine, may be another factor in his low stock among critics. According to director Ann Hui, he remarked of Hui's acclaimed 1990 drama Song of the Exile, "Who wants to watch the autobiography of a fat woman?"  In 1994, unidentified assailants attacked him outside his offices and knocked out his teeth; this was widely believed to have been retaliation for injudicious remarks, ordered by Triads or Chinese organized crime figures, whose involvement in the industry is notorious, although Wong himself is rumored to be involved with the Triads.

In the late 1990s and 2000s, Wong's films fared much worse in the box office compared to his earlier output due to the sluggish recession which had enveloped Hong Kong cinema in the new millennium. However a number of his films released in the 2010s, such as From Vegas to Macau, saw renewed success for the director, particularly in mainland China.

Filmography

References

 Bordwell, David.  Planet Hong Kong: Popular Cinema and the Art of Entertainment.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000.
 Dannen, Fredric, and Barry Long.  Hong Kong Babylon: The Insider's Guide to the Hollywood of the East.  New York: Miramax, 1997.
 Teo, Stephen. Hong Kong Cinema: The Extra Dimensions. London: British Film Institute, 1997.
 Yang, Jeff.  Once Upon a Time in China: A Guide to Hong Kong, Taiwanese, and Mainland Chinese Cinema.  New York: Atria, 2003.

External links

 Wong Jing profile page at Hong Kong Cinemagic
 Long interview with Wong Jing at Hong Kong Cinemagic

Hong Kong film directors
1955 births
Living people
Hong Kong male film actors
Hong Kong film producers
Hong Kong film presenters
Hong Kong screenwriters
Alumni of the Chinese University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong male television actors
20th-century Hong Kong male actors
21st-century Hong Kong male actors

Wong Jing


The Wind That Shakes the Barley is a 2006 Irish war drama film directed by Ken Loach, set during the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) and the Irish Civil War (1922–1923). Written by long-time Loach collaborator Paul Laverty, the film tells the fictional story of two County Cork brothers, Damien O'Donovan (Cillian Murphy) and Teddy O'Donovan (Pádraic Delaney), who join the Irish Republican Army to fight for Irish independence from the United Kingdom.

The film takes its title from Robert Dwyer Joyce's "The Wind That Shakes the Barley", a song set during the 1798 rebellion in Ireland and featured early in the film. The film has a small number of parallels with Walter Macken's 1964 novel The Scorching Wind, in that it involves two brothers in the War of Independence and the Civil War.

Widely praised, the film won the Palme d'Or at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. Loach's biggest box office success to date, the film did well around the world and set a record in Ireland as the highest-grossing Irish-made independent film, until surpassed by The Guard.

Plot
County Cork, Ireland, 1920. Damien O'Donovan is about to leave his native village to practice medicine in a London hospital. Meanwhile, his brother Teddy commands the local flying column of the Irish Republican Army. After a hurling match, Damien witnesses the summary execution of his friend, Micheál Ó Súilleabháin, by British Black and Tans, for refusing to say his name in English. Although shaken, Damien rebuffs his friends' entreaties to stay in Ireland and join the IRA, saying that the war is unwinnable. As he is leaving town, Damien witnesses the British Army vainly trying to intimidate a railway personnel for refusing to permit the troops to board. In response, Damien decides to stay and is sworn into Teddy's IRA brigade.

After drilling in the mountains, the column raids the village's Royal Irish Constabulary barracks to acquire revolvers, then uses them to assassinate four Auxiliaries. In the aftermath, Anglo-Irish landowner Sir John Hamilton coerces one of his servants, IRA member Chris Reilly, into passing information to the British Army's Intelligence Corps. As a result, the entire brigade is arrested. In their cell, Damien meets the train driver, Dan, a union official who shares Damien's socialist views.

Meanwhile, British officers interrogate Teddy, pulling out his fingernails when he refuses to give them the names of IRA members. Johnny Gogan, a British soldier of Irish descent, helps the prisoners escape, but three are left behind. After the actions of Sir John and Chris are revealed to the IRA's intelligence network, both are taken hostage. As Teddy is still recovering, Damien is temporarily placed in command. News arrives that the three remaining IRA prisoners have been tortured and shot. Simultaneously, the brigade receives orders to "execute the spies".

Despite the fact that Chris is a lifelong friend, Damien shoots both him and Sir John. Later, the IRA ambushes and wipes out a convoy of the Auxiliary Division, and in retaliation another detachment of Auxiliaries loots and burns the farmhouse of Damien's sweetheart, Cumann na mBan member Sinéad Sullivan. Sinéad is held at gunpoint while her head is roughly shorn, her scalp being wounded in the process. Later, as Damien treats her, a messenger arrives with news of a formal ceasefire between Britain and the IRA.

After the Anglo-Irish Treaty is signed, the brigade learns that a partitioned Ireland will only be granted Dominion status within the British Empire. As a result, the brigade divides over accepting the terms of the Treaty. Teddy and his allies argue that accepting the Treaty will bring peace now while further gains can be made later. Others oppose the Treaty, proposing to continue fighting until a united Irish Republic can be obtained. Dan and Damien further demand the collectivisation of industry and agriculture. Any other course, declares Dan, will change only "the accents of the powerful and the colour of the flag".

Soon the Irish Free State replaces British rule, and Teddy and his allies begin patrolling in National Army uniforms. Meanwhile, Damien and his allies join the Anti-Treaty IRA. When the Battle of Dublin launches the Irish Civil War, the Anti-Treaty column commences guerrilla warfare against Free State forces. As the violence escalates, Teddy expresses fear that the British will invade if the republicans gain the upper hand. His position is: "They take one out, we take one back. To hell with the courts."

Soon after, Dan is killed and Damien is captured during a raid for arms on an Irish Army barracks commanded by Teddy. Sentenced to execution, Damien is held in the same cell where the British Army imprisoned them earlier. Desperate to avoid executing his brother, Teddy pleads with Damien to reveal where the Anti-Treaty IRA is hiding the stolen rifles. In return, Teddy offers Damien full amnesty, a life with Sinéad, and the vision of an Ireland where Pro- and Anti-Treaty Irishmen can raise families side by side. Insulted, Damien responds by saying that he will never "sell out" the Republic the way Chris Reilly did and Teddy leaves the cell in tears. Damien writes a goodbye letter to Sinéad, expressing his love for her, and quoting Dan's words: "It's easy to know what you're against, quite another to know what you're for". But he says that he knows what he stands for and is not afraid to die for it and tells Sinéad to look after Teddy. At dawn, Damien dies before a firing squad commanded by a heartbroken yet obstinate Teddy. Teddy delivers Damien's letter to Sinéad who is distraught and heartbroken. She attacks Teddy and orders him to leave her land.

Main cast

 Cillian Murphy as Damien O'Donovan
 Pádraic Delaney as Teddy O'Donovan
 Liam Cunningham as Dan
 Orla Fitzgerald as Sinéad Ní Shúilleabháin
 Laurence Barry as Micheál Ó Súilleabháin
 Mary Murphy as Bernadette
 Mary O'Riordan as Peggy
 Myles Horgan as Rory
 Martin Lucey as Congo
 Roger Allam as Sir John Hamilton
 John Crean as Chris Reilly
 Damien Kearney as Finbar
 Frank Bourke as Leo
 Shane Casey as Kevin
 Máirtín de Cógáin as Sean
 William Ruane as Johnny Gogan
 Fiona Lawton as Lily
 Seán McGinley as Father Denis
 Kevin O'Brien as Tim

Production
The film stars mostly Irish actors and was made by British director Ken Loach. It is an international co-production between companies in Ireland, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Belgium and Switzerland.

The title derives from the song of the same name, "The Wind That Shakes the Barley", by 19th-century author Robert Dwyer Joyce. The song made the phrase "the wind that shakes the barley" a motif in Irish republican song and poetry. Loach took some of the inspiration for Damian's character from the memoirs of republican leader Ernie O'Malley. University College Cork historian Dr. Donal Ó Drisceoil was Loach's historical adviser on the film.

The film was shot in various towns within County Cork during 2005, including Ballyvourney and Timoleague. Some filming took place in Bandon, County Cork: a scene was shot along North Main Street and outside a building next to the Court House. The ambush scene was shot on the mountains around Ballyvourney while the farmhouse scenes were filmed in Coolea. Damien's execution scene was shot at Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin, where many leaders of Irish rebellions were imprisoned and some executed by the British and latterly in 1923 by the Irish Free State.

A number of the extras in the film were drawn from local Scout groups, including from Bandon, Togher and Macroom. Many of the British soldiers seen in the film were played by members of the Irish Army Reserve, from local units.

Among the songs on the film's soundtrack is "Óró sé do bheatha abhaile", a 17th-century Irish Jacobite song whose lyrics the nationalist leader Pádraig Pearse changed to focus upon republican themes.

Soundtrack
"The Wind That Shakes the Barley" - Traditional, words by Robert Dwyer Joyce
"Amhrán na bhFiann" ("A Soldier's Song") - Traditional, words by Peadar Kearney and Patrick Heeney
"Oró! Sé Do Bheatha 'Bhaile" - Traditional, words by Padraic Pearse
"The Doon Reel" - Traditional, arranged by the performers

Distribution
The commercial interest expressed in the UK was initially much lower than in other European countries and only 30 prints of the film were planned for distribution in the United Kingdom, compared with 300 in France. However, after the Palme d'Or award the film appeared on 105 screens across Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The Respect Party, on whose national council Ken Loach was at the time, called for people to watch the film on its first weekend in order to persuade the film industry to show the film in more cinemas.

Themes
According to director Ken Loach, the film attempts to explore the extent that the Irish revolution was a social revolution as opposed to a nationalist revolution. Loach commented on this theme in an interview with Toronto's Eye Weekly (15 March 2007):

According to Rebecca O'Brien, producer of the film and a longtime Loach collaborator:

Reception
The Wind That Shakes the Barley became the most popular independent Irish film ever released in Ireland, earning €377,000 in its opening weekend and €2.7 million by August 2006.

The film received positive reviews from film critics. As of 2022, the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 90% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 117 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Bleak and uncompromising, but director Ken Loach brightens his film with gorgeous cinematography and tight pacing, and features a fine performance from Cillian Murphy." Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 82 out of 100, based on 30 reviews.

The Daily Telegraph'''s film critic described it as a "brave, gripping drama" and said that director Loach was "part of a noble and very English tradition of dissent". A Times film critic said that the film showed Loach "at his creative and inflammatory best", and rated it as 4 out of 5. The Daily Record of Scotland gave it a positive review (4 out of 5), describing it as "a dramatic, thought-provoking, gripping tale that, at the very least, encourages audiences to question what has been passed down in dusty history books."

Michael Sragow of The Baltimore Sun named it the 5th best film of 2007, and Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post named it the 7th best film of 2007.

Jim Emerson, Roger Ebert's editor, gave the film a 4 star review, calling it "breathtakingly authentic", and declared it ranked "among the best war films ever made." In a generally positive review, the Irish historian Brian Hanley suggested that the film might have dealt with the IRA's relationship with the Protestant community, as one scene in its screenplay did.

The film also revived debate on rival interpretations of Irish history.

Awards and nominations

References

External links
 The Wind That Shakes the Barley at the British Film Institute

 Interview with Ken Loach  from Socialist Worker'', 10 June 2006
 Introduction to The Wind That Shakes the Barley script by Luke Gibbons, and Gibbons' reply to Kevin Myers

2006 films
2006 drama films
British war drama films
English-language Irish films
English-language French films
English-language German films
English-language Italian films
English-language Spanish films
English-language Swiss films
Films scored by George Fenton
Films about the Irish Republican Army
Films directed by Ken Loach
Films set in the 1920s
Films set in Ireland
Irish Civil War films
Irish drama films
Irish-language films
Irish War of Independence films
Palme d'Or winners
Political drama films
Social realism in film
War romance films
UK Film Council films
Irish Film Board films
2000s British films
Films shot in Dublin (city)

The Wind That Shakes the Barley (film)


La Malinche National Park is located in the states of Puebla and Tlaxcala in Central Mexico. The park is east of Mexico City, and about  from the capital city of Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala.

Volcano
The La Malinche—Matlalcueitl volcano, part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, is within the park. The volcano has an elevation of  above sea level. It is frequently used by mountaineers for training and altitude acclimatization before climbing the higher volcanos in the region.

The volcano's slope is gentle, and its vicinity to Mexico City makes it a popular weekend destination. A paved road reaches the top of the volcano. The "Centro Vacacional IMSS La Malintzi" on the volcano has 40 cabins, a camping area and some recreational facilities.

See also
List of national parks of Mexico
List of volcanoes in Mexico

References

External links

National parks of Mexico
Protected areas of Puebla
Protected areas of Tlaxcala
Protected areas of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
Important Bird Areas of Mexico

La Malinche National Park


Jah Warrior is a United Kingdom roots reggae/dub production team, record label, sound system, and musical group centred on Steve Mosco.

Overview

Mosco first got interested in reggae as a teenager in Manchester. He started attending sound system events in Moss Side and Hulme, before travelling further afield, experiencing the likes of Jah Shaka.  In 1981 he moved to London and was invited by Tim Westwood to do a reggae show on a pirate radio station called LWR. He also worked as a selector on the Humble Lion sound system, which in 1987 was renamed Jah Warrior. In 1990 he put out an album called Warrior Dub under the name Zulu Warriors. In 1995 he started the Jah Warrior record label, the first release being "The 22nd Book" by Naphtali, followed by the album One of These Days. Since 1999, he has concentrated on production.

He has since produced albums by artists such as Hughie Issachar, Tena Stelin, Prince Alla, Peter Broggs, Trinity, Dillinger, Rod Taylor, U Brown, Alton Ellis, Anthony Johnson, Dennis Alcapone, Horace Andy, and Jah Mason, as well as dub releases as Jah Warrior, working with Dougie Wardrop (aka A. Millgate), and Jah Warrior has become one of the leading independent roots and reggae labels in the UK. His Dub From The Heart series of albums are considered some of the most interesting examples of that genre from the mid to late 1990s.

Jah Warrior's first release in the United States was Peter Broggs Jah Golden Throne Dubwise album on the BSI label.

References

External links
 Official website
 Jah Warrior label at discogs.com
 Jah Warrior at discogs.com

British record labels
Reggae record labels
Dub musicians
British reggae musicians
Sound systems

Jah Warrior


The Federal Street Church (established 1729) was a congregational Unitarian church in Boston, Massachusetts. Organized in 1727, the originally Presbyterian congregation changed in 1786 to "Congregationalism", then adopted the liberal theology of its fifth Senior Minister, William Ellery Channing, (1780–1842). For most of the 18th century the church was known as the Long Lane Meeting-House. In 1788, state leaders met in the relatively spacious building to determine Massachusetts' ratification of the United States Constitution. Thereafter the church renamed itself the Federal Street Church in honor of the event. In 1803, it called William Ellery Channing, (1780–1842), as its minister who defined "Unitarian Christianity" and launched the Unitarian movement, making the Federal Street Church one of the first to define itself as Unitarian.

History

1727–1803
The congregation began as a group of Scots-Irish Calvinists gathered in a converted barn on Long Lane in Boston on November 15, 1729. The inhospitable residents of Boston dubbed them derogatorily as "The Church of the Presbyterian Strangers," and the name stuck. "Their first house of worship was a barn, which sufficed until they were able, in 1744, to build a neat wooden edifice. Governor Hancock presented the bell and vane which had belonged to the Old Brattle Street Meeting-house." "The Presbyterian was exchanged for the Congregational form of government, by a unanimous vote, August 6, 1786.

"It was the Federal St. Church where the Massachusetts convention congregated, when debating and deciding on the confederating constitution of the United States in 1788; and from that time, the name of the street was changed from Long Lane to Federal Street."

1803–1842

William Ellery Channing, (1780–1842), often known as "The Father of American Unitarianism", served as Senior Minister at the Federal Street Church from 1803 to 1842. Under his leadership the congregation prospered. To accommodate the crowds that Channing drew, the third meeting house, designed by the noted architect Charles Bulfinch, was built in 1809 on the Federal Street site. At the time, Bulfinch's design received mixed reviews. "The lightest and most graceful steeple in Boston is in Federal Street, of the Gothic order. We believe the Federal Street Church is the first attempt at this style of architecture in Massachusetts, and one of the first in the United States. It has great faults, and, indeed, few merits except the steeple."

On May 5, 1819, Channing delivered "The Baltimore Sermon," which defined the new Unitarian theology for the burgeoning "Unitarian" movement. Although Channing originally resisted formation of a new denomination, under the direction of his associate and later successor, Ezra Stiles Gannett, the move toward separation from the Congregationalists began. The American Unitarian Association was formed in the vestry of the Federal Street Church on May 25, 1825, with Channing offering well wishes and Gannett serving as Secretary. Through brilliant preaching, writing, and publishing, Channing made many contributions to the moral thought of his day, none more important than his clearly reasoned though highly delayed statement against slavery, which became a national best seller, even as it alienated some of his wealthy parishioners who opposed abolition. In 1903, on the 100th anniversary of his installation as minister, a statue of Channing was placed in the Boston Public Garden.

1842–1861
By mid-century overcrowding in the neighborhood "necessitated a change of location, and in 1859 the church sold their property and built the elegant brown stone building on the corner of Arlington and Boylston Streets, which was dedicated in December, 1861. The congregation continues today as the Arlington Street Church in Back Bay.

Pastors

 John Moorhead (pastor ca.1730 – 1773; d.1773)
 Robert Annan (pastor 1783–1786)
 Jeremy Belknap (pastor 1787–1798)
 John S. Popkin (pastor 1799–1802)
 William Ellery Channing (pastor 1803–1842)
 Ezra Stiles Gannett (pastor 1824–1871)

See also
 Arlington Street Church

References

Further reading

 Ezra S. Gannett. An address delivered before the Boston Sunday School Society: on the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Sunday school institution, at the Federal Street Church, September 14, 1831. Boston: Gray & Bowen, 1831.

19th-century churches in the United States
Former buildings and structures in Boston
Unitarian chapels
1729 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
History of Boston
Financial District, Boston
18th century in Boston
19th century in Boston
Charles Bulfinch church buildings
Churches in Boston

Federal Street Church (Boston)


Lent, in the Christian tradition, is a period of about six weeks before Easter. It is a time in which Christians are supposed to be quiet and thoughtful, preparing themselves for Easter.  They should pray a lot, give money to charities and give up some of the things they might otherwise do for pleasure.  The period of Lent ends at Easter, which is a time of great celebration as the Christians think of how Jesus had died on the cross but then rose again from the dead.

Lent is traditionally supposed to be forty days long. That is because the Bible says that Jesus spent forty days in the wilderness, preparing for his death and resurrection.

Lent begins on Ash Wednesday. In the Catholic Church, it ends at the Ninth Hour of Maundy Thursday (44 days). In The Anglican Catholic Church, it ends on Holy Saturday (46 days).

Churches in the Byzantine tradition (for example, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic) count the days of Lent differently.  There are also different local traditions in the Oriental Orthodox church.

Lent is traditionally a time for fasting (not eating much).  This tradition was useful because it was a time when food which had been kept for the winter had to be eaten up before it went bad. Many Roman Catholics do not eat meat other than fish on Fridays during Lent.

The word "lent" came from the Old English lencten meaning "spring" (the season).

Related pages
 Ash Wednesday
 Carnival
 Easter
 Eastern Orthodox Church: Fasting
 Good Friday
 Maundy Thursday
 People's Sunday
 Quinquagesima
 Shrove Tuesday

Other websites
American Catholic

Liturgical calendar

Lent


The United States Council for International Business (USCIB) is an independent business advocacy group that was founded in 1945 to promote free trade and help represent U.S. business in the then-new United Nations. One of its primary goals is expanding market access for U.S. products and services abroad. The organization is strongly in favor of open markets and sensible regulation.

Membership
The USCIB has an active membership roster of over 300 multinational companies, law firms and business associations. Membership is on a company basis, and member firms may assign as many individual executives as they like to various policy-focused committees. Committees cover a variety of issues including trade and investment policy, environment and energy, information technology and Internet policy, taxation, and labor and employment. In 2010, Harold McGraw III was elected as Chairman of the USCIB, succeeding William G. Parrett. The current President and CEO of USCIB is Peter Robinson. USCIB has Officers, a Board of Directors, and Trustees who all play an important role in running the organization.

International affiliations
The USCIB is the U.S. affiliate of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), the Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the International Organization of Employers (IOE). It functions as the U.S. representative to the ICC's multifaceted dispute resolution services, including the ICC International Court of Arbitration which is charged with settlement of international business disputes and the legal and procedural aspects of arbitration.

Functions
The USCIB's three function areas are policy advocacy, dispute resolution and ATA Carnet administration.

The organization promotes business interests both to U.S. policy makers and to international groups like the United Nations. Current, stated policy priorities include advancing sustainable development, expanding international trade and investment, ensuring strong intellectual property rights and supporting information & communication technology (ICT) enabled growth.
Dispute resolution is accomplished through the USCIB's affiliation with the ICC and its dispute resolution service which includes the ICC International Court of Arbitration. The USCIB provides assistance in the nomination of arbitrators, makes referrals to parties seeking attorneys, organizes seminars and corporate roundtables, and answers questions from U.S. businesses regarding the arbitration process and other ICC dispute resolution services.
Since 1968, when U.S. Customs assigned them the task, the USCIB has been handling the administration of international customs documents known as ATA Carnets. In this capacity the organization issues and guarantees Carnets, which allow temporary, duty-free imports overseas for goods generally qualified for use in trade shows or as commercial samples and professional equipment. U.S. ATA Carnets can be obtained through appointed service providers as USCIB no longer issues carnets.

References

External links
United States Council for International Business
boomerang carnets (Corporation for International Business) - USCIB Appointed Service Provider for ATA Carnets
ATA Carnet - International Trade Administration

Organizations established in 1945
Business organizations based in the United States
Advocacy groups in the United States


Ernst Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (Gotha, 21 August 1681 – Hildburghausen, 9 March 1724), was a duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. He was the oldest son of Ernst, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen and Countess Sophie Henriette of Waldeck.

When he was younger, he served in the Netherlands army. He was wounded in the Spanish Succession War at Höchstädt. In 1715, after the death of his father, he left the Army and governed the duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

Like many German princes, He wanted his duchy to have the splendor of the court of the King Louis XIV of France. This caused him to be ruined financially.

Because he always needed money,  he raised taxes and sold towns. He sold the county of Cuylenburg which was the dowry of his wife. The county was sold in 1720. He did not sell it to pay any money he owed to others. It was sold so that a garden and a channel could be built in his palace. In 1723 the Schalkau was sold to the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen. At the time, Schalkau had city privileges, and the right to hold a market. What was sold was an administrative division, much like a county, only smaller, which included Schalkau. The sale without the agreement of his wife was illegal. This led to a war with Saxe-Meiningen. At the end of the war, all of the county was ruined.

Because of his very bad taxes, in 1717 an open revolt took place in the duchy.

Family
Ernst Frederick married Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach in Erbach on 4 February 1704. They had fourteen children:
 Ernst Ludwig Hollandinus (b. Hildburghausen, 24 November 1704 – d. Hildburghausen, 26 November 1704)
 Sophie Amalie Elisabeth (b. Hildburghausen, 5 October 1705 – d. Hildburghausen, 28 February 1708)
 Ernst Ludwig (b. Hildburghausen, 6 February 1707 – d. Hildburghausen, 17 April 1707)
 Ernst Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (b. Hildburghausen, 17 December 1707 – d. Hildburghausen, 13 August 1745)
 Frederick August (b. Hildburghausen, 8 May 1709 – d. Hildburghausen, 1710)
 Ludwig Frederick (b. Hildburghausen, 11 September 1710 – d. Nimwegen, 10 June 1759), married on 4 May 1749 to Christine Luise von Holstein-Plön. This marriage was childless.
 Stillborn son (Hildburghausen, 2 August 1711)
 Stillborn son (Hildburghausen, 24 August 1712)
 Elisabeth Albertine (b. Hildburghausen, 3 August 1713 – d. Neustrelitz, 29 June 1761), married on 5 May 1735 to Karl Ludwig Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Herr of Mirow.
 Emanuel Frederick Karl (b. Hildburghausen, 26 March 1715 – d. Hildburghausen, 29 June 1718)
 Elisabeth Sophie (b. Hildburghausen, 13 September 1717 – d. Hildburghausen, 14 October 1717)
 Stillborn son (Hildburghausen, 17 March 1719)
 Georg Frederick Wilhelm (b. Hildburghausen, 15 July 1720 – d. Hildburghausen, 10 April 1721)
 Stillborn son (Hildburghausen, 15 December 1721)

1681 births
1724 deaths
House of Wettin
Dukes and duchesses

Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen


In Greek mythology, King Laius ( ) or Laios () of Thebes was a key personage in the Theban founding myth.

Family
Laius was the son of Labdacus. He was the father, by  Jocasta, of Oedipus, who killed him.

Mythology

Abduction of Chrysippus
After the death of his father Labdacus, Laius was raised by the regent Lycus but Amphion and Zethus usurped the throne of Thebes. Some Thebans, wishing to see the line of Cadmus continue, smuggled the young Laius out of the city before their attack, in which they killed Lycus and took the throne.  Laius was welcomed by Pelops, king of Pisa in the Peloponnesus. According to some sources, Laius abducted and raped the king's son, Chrysippus, and carried him off to Thebes while teaching him how to drive a chariot, or as Hyginus records it, during the Nemean Games. Because of this, Laius is considered by many to be the originator of pederastic love, and the first pederastic rapist.

This abduction is thought to be the subject of one of the lost tragedies of Euripides. With both Amphion and Zethus having died in his absence, Laius became king of Thebes upon his return.

Later misfortunes

After the rape of Chrysippus, Laius married Jocasta, the daughter of Menoeceus, a descendant of the Spartoi. Laius received an oracle from Delphi which told him that he must not have a child, or the child would kill him and marry his wife; in another version, recorded by Aeschylus, Laius is warned that he can save the city only if he dies childless. One night, however, Laius was drunk and fathered Oedipus with Jocasta. On Laius' orders, the baby, Oedipus, was exposed on Mount Cithaeron with his feet bound (or perhaps staked to the ground), but he was taken by a shepherd, who did not have the resources to look after him, so he was given to King Polybus and Queen Merope (or Periboea) of Corinth, who raised him to adulthood.

When Oedipus desired to know more about his parentage, he consulted the Delphic Oracle, only to be told that he must not go to his home or he would kill his father and marry his mother. Thinking that he was from Corinth, he set out toward Thebes to avoid this fate.  At the road called 'Cleft Way,' he met Laius, who was going to Delphi to consult the oracle because he had received omens indicating that his son might return to kill him. Oedipus refused to defer to the king, although Laius' attendants ordered him to. Being angered, Laius either rolled a chariot wheel over his foot or hit him with his whip, and Oedipus killed Laius and all but one of his attendants, who claimed it was a gang of men. Laius was buried where he died by Damasistratus, the king of Plataea. Later, Thebes was cursed with a disease because Laius' murderer had not been punished.

Many of Laius' descendants met with ill fortune, but whether this was because he violated the laws of hospitality and marriage by carrying off his host's son and raping him, or because he ignored the Oracle's warning not to have children, or some combination of these, is not clear. Another theory is that the entire line of Cadmus was cursed, either by Ares when Cadmus killed his serpent, or else by Hephaestus who resented the fact that Cadmus married Harmonia, the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite, Hephaestus' straying wife. Certainly, many of Cadmus' descendants had tragic ends.

See also
Laius complex

Notes

References
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.

Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903.  Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.

Theban kings
Kings in Greek mythology
Mythological rapists
Theban characters in Greek mythology
LGBT themes in Greek mythology

Laius


Vino Nobile di Montepulciano (in English lit. Noble Wine of Montepulciano) is a red wine with Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita status produced in the vineyards in the town of Montepulciano, Tuscany, Italy.  The wine is made for the main part from the Sangiovese grape varietal (minimum 70%), blended with Canaiolo Nero (10%–20%)  and small add of other local varieties such as Mammolo.  The wine is aged in oak barrels for 2 years; three years if it is a riserva. The wine should not be confused with Montepulciano d'Abruzzo, a red wine made from the Montepulciano grape in the Abruzzo region of east-central Italy.

Wines made in Montepulciano
The industry in the wine-producing town of Montepulciano produces a number of different wines:
 Novello (produced not only in this region)
 Rosso di Montepulciano (Red of Montepulciano)
 Nobile di Montepulciano (Noble of Montepulciano)
 Nobile di Montepulciano Riserva (Noble of Montepulciano Riserva)

Some wineries, in addition to wines, also produce Grappa. By Italian law, the same company cannot be both a certified winery and a certified distillery, therefore, the Grappa is produced in cooperation, but, is usually sold by the winery and bears the winery name on its label.

Other websites
 Official site of the Consorzio del Vino Nobile
 Official site of the local Wine Route Organization - Strada del Vino Nobile di Montepulciano

Italian wines
Tuscany

Vino Nobile di Montepulciano


Sol Steinmetz (July 29, 1930 – October 13, 2010) was a Hungarian American linguistics and lexicography expert who wrote extensively about etymologies, definitions and uncovered earliest recorded usages of words in English and Yiddish. A widely sought source on all things lexical, he earned recognition from William Safire in his On Language column in The New York Times Magazine in 2006 as a "lexical supermaven".

Steinmetz was born in Budapest on July 29, 1930, and emigrated from Hungary before the outbreak of World War II to the United States, with brief intervals spent in the Dominican Republic and Venezuela. He earned his undergraduate degree from Yeshiva University with a major in English and received his semikhah (rabbinic ordination) from YU's Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary. He supported himself as a hazzan while he studied linguistics at Columbia University, where he trained under Yiddish scholar Uriel Weinreich, before leaving graduate school to take a post as rabbi of a synagogue in Media, Pennsylvania.

He worked for publishers Merriam-Webster and Clarence Barnhart before moving to Random House, where he oversaw Random House Webster's College Dictionary as the executive editor of the firm's dictionary division. As part of his lexicographical research, he found such first uses as the sense of the metonymous use of the word "suit" to mean a bureaucrat which he found attributed to a 1982 episode of Cagney and Lacey.

His work was sought out by reporters and writers and was widely cited in William Safire's On Language column in The New York Times Magazine, where he was credited as being a member of "Olbom" (On Language's Board of Octogenarian Mentors), despite his age. His writings include works on Yiddish such as the 1986 book Yiddish and English: A Century of Yiddish in America and the 2002 work Meshuggenary: Celebrating the World of Yiddish, which he wrote with Charles M. Levine and Payson R. Stevens. Books aimed at the general market include the 2008 release of Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meaning, a book that Safire called his "favorite popular word book of the year", noting the derivations that Steinmetz provided for the words "cartel" and "nude". His final book was There's a Word for It: The Explosion of the American Language Since 1900, published by Harmony Books in the year he died.

A resident of New Rochelle, New York, died in Manhattan at the age of 80 on October 13, 2010, due to pneumonia. He was survived by his wife, the former Tzipora Mandel, whom he married in 1955, as well as three sons, 12 grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Jesse Sheidlower of the Oxford English Dictionary credited Steinmetz as someone who "never had a bad word to say about anyone", despite the fact that "he knew a lot of bad words".

References

1930 births
2010 deaths
American lexicographers
Linguists from the United States
American Orthodox rabbis
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Writers from Budapest
Scientists from New Rochelle, New York
Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary semikhah recipients
20th-century lexicographers
21st-century lexicographers
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
Religious leaders from New Rochelle, New York
21st-century American rabbis

Sol Steinmetz


The secondary sector includes industries that produce a finished, usable product or are involved in construction.

This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods. The sector is an energy-consuming sector that consists of all facilities and equipment used for producing, processing, or assembling goods.

Economics

Secondary sector


In mathematics, the Riemann zeta function is an important function in number theory. It is related to the distribution of prime numbers. It also has uses in other areas such as physics, probability theory, and applied statistics. It is named after the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann, who wrote about it in the memoir "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Quantity", published in 1859.

The Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture about the distribution of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function. Many mathematicians consider the Riemann hypothesis to be the most important unsolved problem in pure mathematics.
 In the year 2000, the Clay Mathematics Institute included the Riemann hypothesis as one of their Millennium Prize Problems, promising a reward of US$1 million to anyone who could solve it.

Definition
When using mathematical symbols to describe the Riemann zeta function, it is represented as an analytic continuation of infinite series:

where  is the real part of the complex number . For example, if , then  (where ).

This makes a sequence. The first few terms of this sequence would be,

  and so on

However, this doesn't apply for numbers where , since if we interpret this function as an infinite sum, the sum does not converge. Instead, it diverges. This means that instead of nearing a specific value, it will get infinitely large. Riemann used analytic continuation, so that he could give a value to all numbers except 1.  does not have a limit in that point and thus the function is not defined there.

Leonhard Euler discovered the first results about the series that this function represents in the eighteenth century. He proved that the Zeta function can be written as an infinite product of prime numbers. In mathematical notation:

This is an infinite product.  means that only prime numbers are included in the product. The first few terms of the product would look like:

Zeros, the critical line, and the Riemann hypothesis

Mathematicians are interested in those values of  for which the function is equal to zero. The Riemann hypothesis conjectures that all the "non-trivial zeros" lie on the critical line , meaning they are guessed to be of the form  for some real value t. It is already known that all of the non-trivial zeroes must lie in a region called the "critical strip" for which . So far, all of the computed nontrivial zeros are on the critical line.

Proving or disproving the hypothesis has been very difficult, and is still troubling mathematicians to this day.

Proof of the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function

Repeating for the next term:

Subtracting again we get:

where all elements having a factor of 3 or 2 (or both) are removed.

It can be seen that the right side is being sieved. Repeating infinitely for  where  is prime,  we get:

Dividing both sides by everything but the ζ(s) we obtain:

Related pages

 P-series

References

Functions and mappings
Number theory

Riemann zeta function


Manganese(II) sulfate, also known as manganous sulfate, is a chemical compound. It contains manganese in its +2 oxidation state. It contains manganese and sulfate ions. Its chemical formula is MnSO4. It is a pink crystalline solid. It normally is bonded with some water molecules. It is part of a process to make manganese metal. It can be made separately though. If sulfur dioxide and manganese dioxide are reacted, it produces manganese(II) sulfate. It reacts with potassium permanganate to make manganese dioxide. It is used to add manganese to soil.

Related pages
Manganese(II) carbonate
Manganese(II) oxide
Manganese(VII) oxide

Sulfur compounds
Manganese compounds

Manganese(II) sulfate


A lopolith is a large igneous intrusion which is lenticular in shape with a depressed central region. Lopoliths are generally concordant with the intruded strata with dike or funnel-shaped feeder bodies below the body. The term was first defined and used by Frank Fitch Grout during the early 1900s in describing the Duluth gabbro complex in northern Minnesota and adjacent Ontario.

Lopoliths typically consist of large layered intrusions that range in age from Archean to Eocene. Examples include the Duluth gabbro, the Sudbury igneous complex of Ontario, the Bushveld igneous complex of South Africa, the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe, the Skaergaard complex of Greenland and the Humboldt lopolith of Nevada. The Sudbury occurrence has been attributed to an impact event and associated crustal melting.

See also
 Laccolith
Phacolith
Batholith

References
Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy, 1996, Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic, 2nd ed., pp. 15-16, Freeman,
Guilbert, John M., and Park, Charles F., Jr. (1986) The Geology of Ore Deposits, Freeman,

Igneous rocks
Petrology
Igneous intrusions

Lopolith


Isabeau of Bavaria (c. 1371 – September 24, 1435) was queen of France and wife of Charles VI of France. She married on July 17, 1385 and played an important role in running the country when her husband developed insanity. She was very unpopular and the country was losing the Hundred Years' War during this time.

1371 births
1435 deaths
Kings and Queens consort of France

Isabeau of Bavaria


is a Japanese rock band. They are a part of the visual kei movement. The band formed in early 2002 and is currently signed to PS Company and King Records.

Members
 Ruki–vocals
 Uruha–guitar
 Aoi–guitar
 Reita–bass
 Kai–drums

Former members
 Yune–drums

Biography
In March of 2002, Ruki, Uruha, and Reita (all former band mates), and Aoi and Yune (also former band mates) formed a band under the name Gazette. Originally signed to Matina, they released their first single, "Wakaremichi", and a video release in April. By September they had released two more singles and another video, headlining a show for the first time in October.

In early 2003, Yune decided to leave the band, and he was replaced by Kai. Shortly after, they signed with the PS Company label, and in May released their first EP, Cockayne Soup. They started their first tour, with the band Hanamuke, and along with the tour, the bands collaborated on two songs. A second tour followed with the band Vidoll, and the bands were featured together on the November issue of Cure, a magazine focusing on Visual Kei bands.

In early December they played a co-headlining show with Deadman. On December 28 they performed at Fool's Mate magazine's Beauti-fool's Fest which was later released on DVD.

On January 16, 2004 they recorded a solo performance at the Shibuya-AX, which was released on DVD as Tokyo saihan ~Judgement Day~. On March 30, 2004 they released their Madara mini-album, which reached #2 on the Oricon Indie Charts. Madara was followed in May by a companion DVD, which included six music videos and an in-the-studio documentary. The same month, Gazette was featured in Shoxx magazine's Expect Rush III, a catalogue of independent Visual Kei artists. A second live DVD, Heisei Banka, was released in August. During September and October they toured with fellow PS Company bands Kra and BIS. Their debut album, Disorder, was released in October, and made it to the top 5 of the indies Oricon Daily Charts.

The band spent the remainder of 2004 and 2005 touring extensively, releasing Gama (another mini album) in August.

In 2005 the band released their first major label single, Cassis, in December.

Starting 2006 with a name change—from Japanese characters to a romanized script—they released Nil, their second full-length album, on February 8, 2006, and embarked on another Japanese tour, ending at the venue Nippon Budokan. That July, The Gazette performed at the Beethovenhalle in Bonn, Germany, their first show outside of Asia. The concerts were arranged in conjunction with the AnimagiC anime and manga convention.

Three more singles were released followed by another studio album, Stacked Rubbish on July 4, 2007. It reached #2 on the Oricon charts within a day from the release. The album debut was followed by a promotional tour from July through September. In October, The Gazette started their first European tour stopping England, Finland, France, and Germany.

A new single called "Guren" will be released on February 13, 2008.

Discography

Albums & EPs

Singles
 "Wakaremichi" (別れ道) (April 30, 2002)
 "Kichiku Kyoushi (32sai Dokushin) no Nousatsu Kouza" (鬼畜教師(32才独身)の悩殺講座) (August 30, 2002)
 "Gozen 0-ji no Trauma Radio" (午前0時のとらうまラヂヲ) (November 1, 2002)
 "Zakurogata no Yuuutsu" (July 28, 2004)
 "Zetsu" (July 28, 2004)
 "Miseinen" (July 28, 2004)
 "Reila" (March 9, 2005)
 "Dainippon Itangeishateki..." (November 23, 2005)
 "Cassis" (December 6, 2005)
 "Regret" (October 25, 2006)
 "Filth in the Beauty" (November 1, 2006)
 "Hyena" (February 7, 2007)
 "Guren" (紅蓮) (February 13, 2008)

Live Distributions & other releases
 "Yougenkyou"(妖幻鏡moon) (25 December 2002, Eternal)
 "Kaleidoscope" (1 May 2003, PS Company)
 "Hanamuke & Gazette live"(男尻ツアーファイナル) (6 May 2003, PS Company)
 "Jyuyon sai no naifu" / 14 sai no knife(十四歳のナイフ) (11 September 2004, PS Company)
 "Chigire"(チギレ) (August 2005, PS Company)
 "Kare uta"(枯詩) (20 October 2005, PS Company)

Videography
 -Matina- Final Prelude live (10 April 2003) (Omnibus)
 Tokyo saihan ~Judgement Day~ (東京裁判 ~JUDGMENT DAY~) (28 April 2004, PS Company)
 Madara (斑蠡~MADARA~) (26 May 2004, PS Company)
 Heisei Banka (平成挽歌) (25 August 2004)
 Hakkiyagyou (百鬼家行) (1 October 2004) live-only single
 Peace & Smile Carnival Tour 2005 (~笑顔でファッキュー~) Live DVD (2006) (with Miyavi, Kagrra, Kra, Alice Nine)
 Standing Tour 2005 Final Maximum Royal Disorder at 2005.4.17 Shibuya Kokaido Live (STANDING TOUR 2005 FINAL「M.R.D」at 2005.4.17 渋谷公会堂) (6 July 2005)
 Film Bug I (7 June 2006, PS Company)
 Standing Tour 2006 Nameless Liberty. Six Guns... -Tour Final- at Budokan (6 September 2006)
 Tour 2006-2007 Decomposition Beauty—Final "Meaningless Art That People Showed" at Yokohama Arena  (13 June 2007)

References

Other websites
 The Gazette official website at PS Company
 The Gazette official MySpace
 The Gazette at King Records
 The Gazette at CLJ Records

Japanese rock bands
Visual kei bands

The Gazette (band)


An artisan is a skilled worker who makes things with his or her hands. The things artisans make can be either for use or for decoration. Some of the things they make are furniture, sculpture, clothing, jewellery, household items, and tools.

Sometimes artisans make things by hand that are usually made by machine today. The hand-made items can be called "artisanal". Some of those items are food products, including bread, beverages or cheese.

Occupations

Artisan