A certificate of deposit (CD) is a way to store money at a bank or credit union. A CD is written for a period of time: usually between three months and five years. The person who wanted the CD—the consumer—agrees to give the money to the bank for that period of time and may not take the money back until the time has expired. If the consumer takes the money back before the agreed amount of time, they will have to pay a penalty fee. Once your contract is over, you are given your money back plus the interest it earned. People open CDs instead of savings accounts because the interest is higher. A certificate of deposit (which is common only in the United States) is similar to a time deposit.

Money

Certificate of deposit


Melvin James "Sy" Oliver (born December 17, 1910 in Battle Creek, Michigan; died May 28, 1988 in New York City) was a jazz arranger, trumpeter, composer, singer, and band leader. His mother was a piano teacher and his father was a multi-instrumentalist who made a name for himself demonstrating saxophones at a time that instrument was little used outside of marching bands.

Oliver left home at 17 to play with Zack Whyte and his Chocolate Beau Brummels and later with Alphonse Trent. He sang and played trumpet with these bands, becoming known for his "growling" horn playing.

Sy arranged and conducted many songs for Ella Fitzgerald from her years with Decca Records. As a composer, one of his most famous songs was "T'ain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It)" which he co-wrote with Trummy Young.

He joined Jimmie Lunceford's band in 1933 and contributed many hit arrangements to the band, including "My Blue Heaven" and "Ain't She Sweet". In 1939, he became one of the first African Americans with a prominent role in a white band when he joined Tommy Dorsey as an arranger, though he stopped playing trumpet at that time. (Fletcher Henderson joined the Benny Goodman orchestra as the arranger in the same year.) He led the transition of the Dorsey band from Dixieland to modern big band. His joining was instrumental in Buddy Rich's decision to join Dorsey. His arrangement of "On the Sunny Side of the Street" was a big hit for Dorsey, as were his own compositions "Yes Indeed" (a gospel-jazz tune that was later recorded by Ray Charles), "Opus One," "The Minor is Muggin'," "T.D.'s Boogie Woogie," and "Well, Git It."

After leaving Dorsey, Oliver continued working as a free-lance arranger. One of his more successful such efforts was the Frank Sinatra album I Remember Tommy, a combined tribute to each man's former boss---and as music director for Decca Records.

In later years, up until 1980, he led his own jazz band, for which he took up the trumpet again.

References

1910 births
1988 deaths

American jazz musicians
20th-century American composers
American jazz composers
American trumpeters
Musicians from Michigan
People from Battle Creek, Michigan

Sy Oliver


Darnall's Chance, also known as Buck House, Buck-Wardrop House, or James Wardrop House, is a historic home located at 14800 Governor Oden Bowie Drive, in Upper Marlboro, Prince George's County, Maryland, United States.

It is named after Colonel Henry Darnall, a wealthy Roman Catholic planter, who was the Proprietary Agent of Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore and who served for a time as Deputy Governor of the Province. The house itself was built c. 1742 by a merchant named James Wardrop who bought some of Darnall's land from Eleanor Darnall Carroll and her husband Daniel Carroll, a politician and wealthy planter. Wardrop enslaved 32 people at the house.

Today, Darnall's Chance houses the Darnall's Chance House Museum, a historic house museum which opened to the public in 1988.

History

Origins
The tract of land the house sits on was patented in 1704 by Col. Henry Darnall (1645–1711), a wealthy Maryland Roman Catholic planter, Proprietary Agent of Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore and, for a time, Deputy Governor of Maryland. However, during the Protestant Revolution of 1689, Darnall's proprietarial army was defeated by the Puritan army of Colonel John Coode, and he was stripped of his numerous offices.

When Col. Darnall died in 1711, he owned  in Prince George's County, as well as holdings in four other counties. The property of what became known as Darnall's Chance passed through his family to his granddaughter Eleanor Darnall, who married Daniel Carroll I in 1727.

Their family was reared on the large landholding and plantation. Two Carroll sons were prominent members of colonial and early United States society: Daniel Carroll became a politician in the Continental Congress and Maryland Senate, and member of the Constitutional Convention; and John Carroll became the first Roman Catholic bishop in the United States, and founder of Georgetown University.

In 1741, the Carrolls sold 6 acres of their land to James Wardrop, a Scottish merchant. Wardrop built a 15-room brick dwelling house within a year, originally a -story, Flemish bond brick house. It is that house that currently stands on the property. After living at Darnall's Chance as a bachelor for six years, Wardrop married 22-year-old Lettice Lee, whose father, Philip Lee Sr., was a member of the Lee family of Westmoreland County, Virginia.

Nineteenth century

In the mid-19th century, the house was remodeled to two stories, of stuccoed brick, with Italianate and Greek Revival stylistic elements.  The major alterations to the property were probably carried out under the ownership of Edward Grafton W. Hall, who owned it between 1857 and 1887.

Modern era
The house and property were acquired by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission in 1974, for administrative offices, but was later renovated and reopened as a house museum.

Darnall's Chance was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The official name for the house, the Buck House, is for a late-20th-century owner, Harry Buck, Sr. After renovations and opening as a house museum, the property was subsequently renamed Darnall's Chance, after its first owner.

In 1986, the entire second floor and roof were removed, and the house was reconstructed to its 18th-century appearance. Two years later, it opened as Darnall's Chance House Museum.

Darnall's Chance House Museum
Darnall's Chance House Museum is a historic house museum which opened to the public in 1988. It is operated by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission. The tour at Darnall's Chance focuses on the life of Lettice Lee, as she lived in the house for almost thirty years, married three times, and was an unusual 18th-century woman. It also includes more general information on the other women who lived at Darnall's Chance and in Prince George's County at that time.

The house is open for tours on Friday from noon to 4 pm, Sunday from noon to 4 pm, and at other times by appointment. Public programs offered at the Museum include tea lessons for young ladies, a pirate-for-a-day program, and an annual gingerbread house contest and show. The Museum rents its tented patio, which has a capacity of 125, for weddings and other events.

Burial vault
During 1987, an underground vault  was discovered on the property. The vault when discovered, was filled with 8 feet of trash from the 18th and 19th century. Under the trash were found nine sets of human remains: three adults and six children. It was later determined that five of those remains were of native-born Americans. It was concluded that the people died of various illnesses.

References

External links

, including photo in 1996, at Maryland Historical Trust website

 "Darnall Circle", Geocities genealogy of the Darnall family
Darnall's Chance at the Washington Post Retrieved 23 August 2018

Houses completed in 1742
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Historic house museums in Maryland
Carroll family residences
Lee family residences
Plantations in Maryland
Museums in Prince George's County, Maryland
Houses in Prince George's County, Maryland
Museums established in 1988
1988 establishments in Maryland
Historic American Buildings Survey in Maryland
1742 establishments in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Prince George's County, Maryland

Darnall's Chance


In astronomy, the argument of periapsis (ω) is a way of talking about the orbit of a planet, asteroid or comet. It is also known as the argument of perihelion or the argument of perifocus. It is the angle (starting from the center of the orbit) between an orbiting body's periapsis and its ascending node. Periapsis is the point when the orbiting object comes the closest to the thing it is orbiting around; for example, the moon is at periapsis when it is closest to the Earth. The ascending node is one of two places where an orbiting object passes through the reference plane, an imaginary flat surface which runs through the object being orbited around. The size of the angle depends on which way the object is orbiting.

The angle is measured in the orbital plane and in the direction of motion. For specific types of orbits, words such as "perihelion" (for Sun-centered orbits), "perigee" (for Earth-centered orbits), "pericenter" (general), etc. may replace the word "periapsis".

An argument of periapsis of 0° means that the orbiting body will be at its closest approach to the central body at the same moment that it crosses the plane of reference from south to north. An argument of periapsis of 90° means that the orbiting body will reach periapsis at its northmost distance from the plane of reference.

Argument of Periapsis and Longitude of Ascending Node of Various Planet Classes

Argument of Periapsis and Longitude of Ascending Node of Planets

Argument of Periapsis and Longitude of Ascending Node of Dwarf Planets

References

 Willman, Alexander J. "Sol Planetary System Data." Princeton University, The Trustees of Princeton University, 1996, https://www.princeton.edu/~willman/planetary_systems/Sol/.

Orbits

Argument of periapsis


Neocolonialism is a system where empires pretend to let their colonies be free, but they continue to run them secretly. The term "neo" means "new", so it means that the system is a new version of colonialism. The word neocolonialism was carefully explained by socialists in the 1960s, who were afraid their countries wouldn't really be independent. The socialists mostly talked about the old empires controlling the politics and economy of their countries, but some people also talk about neocolonialism as a way to control culture too.

Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana after it became independent from the British Empire, wrote a well-known book about neocolonialism. Many people have heard of the idea because of his book. Che Guevara is another famous opponent of neocolonialism.

Most people who use the word neocolonialism and believe it describes the world today are socialists, anti-imperialists, and other types of leftists. Liberals and right-wing people tend to disagree with the idea of neocolonialism.

Related pages
Imperialism

Sources

Colonialism

Neocolonialism


Happy Feet is a 2006 American-Australian computer-animated musical movie. It was made in Australia.  The movie was directed and co-written by George Miller. It was released in North America in November 2006.  While it is mostly animated, some scenes do include live-action.  Happy Feet won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature but did not win the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature. There is a sequel to Happy Feet released in 2011.

Happy Feet was dedicated to the following people: Nick Enright, Michael Jonson, Robby McNeilly Green, and Steve Irwin.

Plot

Happy Feet is set in an Emperor Penguin colony, where each penguin must sing a song called a "Heartsong" to find a mate. Two penguins, Norma Jean and Memphis, are attracted to each other by their songs, and they start a family.  While Norma Jean is fishing in the ocean, Memphis is left with the egg, and he accidentally drops it on the ice, exposing it to the cold temperatures of the Antarctic.  The young penguin chick who hatches out of this egg has a terrible singing voice and later discovers he has no "Heartsong."  However, he does have a talent for tap dancing.

While Mumble's mother, Norma Jean, thinks this little habit is cute, his father, Memphis, says it "just ain't penguin." Besides, they both know that, without a "Heartsong", Mumble may never find true love. As fate would have it, his one friend, Gloria, happens to be the best singer around. Mumble and Gloria have a connection from the moment they hatch, but she struggles with his strange "hippity-hoppity" ways. Mumble is just too different; especially for Noah the Elder, the stern leader of the colony, who ultimately casts him out of the community.

Away from home for the first time, Mumble meets a group of different penguins—the Adelie Amigos. Led by Ramón, the Adelies instantly accept Mumble's tap-dancing skills and invite him to party with them. In the home of the Adelies, Mumble seeks the counsel of Lovelace the Guru, a Rockhopper penguin who claims he will answer any of life's questions for the price of a pebble. In their conversation, Lovelace mentions "aliens," which interest Mumble as he finds a frozen vehicle in a glacier. He decides to find the "aliens."

Returning home, Mumble and his friends find Gloria in the center of attention as her "Heartsong" is very attractive to the other penguins.  However, she is not interested in the other males' "Heartsongs", but is excited when Mumble persuades her to sing in time with his tap-dance rhythm.  The other penguins become interested and begin dancing.  However, Noah the Elder feels that the recent lack of fish, the penguins' main food, is a punishment sent from their god in order to punish them for allowing Mumble's dancing.  He therefore exiles Mumble from the colony, but before he leaves, Mumbles tells them that he will find the real cause of the famine.

With Lovelace and the Amigos, Mumble travels many miles and through many obstacles, which include an attack by killer whales. Finally, they see a lot of commercial trawlers, ships that are fishing in the Antarctic waters, and Mumble follows them.  Eventually, he is caught and put on display in a marine park exhibit.  He attempts to communicate with the "aliens" (humans) who are surrounding him, but fails. After nearing going mad with the confinement, a small child taps on the glass of his enclosure.  Mumble is excited and begins tap-dancing. After a large crowd gathers to watch him, he is released back to the wild with a tracking device and leads the humans back to his colony.

Later on, a research team arrives to study the penguins, and the humans discover they are overfishing the ocean, which had resulted in the lack of fish. Fishing the Antarctic is banned, and the fish population returns and thrives.  In the end, the Emperors and Amigos are shown dancing and celebrating.

Cast

2006 computer-animated movies
Academy Award winning movies
American animated movies
American family movies
American musical movies
Australian movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies about birds
Movies about whales
Movies about fishing
Movies set in Antarctica
Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by George Miller

Happy Feet


The SERI microalgae culture collection was a collection from the Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program cataloged at the Solar Energy Research Institute located in Golden, Colorado. The Aquatic Species Program ended in 1996 after its funding was cut, at which point its microalgae collection was moved to the University of Hawaii. In 1998 the University of Hawaii, partnered with the University of California at Berkeley, received a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF), for their proposal to develop commercial, medical, and industrial uses of microalgae, as well as new and more efficient techniques for cultivation. This grant was used to form Marine Bioproduct Engineering Center (MarBEC), a facility operating within the University system of Hawaii at Manoa, but connected to corporate interests.

Below is a list of the algal-strains in the microalgae culture collection from the closeout report of the Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program.

References
www.eere.energy.gov Department of Energy Aquatic Species Program; Biodiesel Production from Algae.

See also
 Algaculture
 List of algal culture collections
 Algal nutrient solutions
 Aquatic Species Program

Algaculture
Microbiology organizations
High lipid content microalgae
Culture collections

SERI microalgae culture collection


Cojutepeque () is the capital city of El Salvador's Cuscatlán department. It also served as the capital of San Salvador during several years.  It also serves as the administrative centre for the surrounding municipality of Cojutepeque. Its population is estimated at 70,000 people with about 85% living in the urban areas of the municipality.

The name Cojutepeque is derived from the Nahuatl words for "at the hill of the coyotes".   It received the title of city in 1846.  The ancient churches of San Juan Degollado, San José and San Sebastián can be found in the city.  Cojutepeque's patron saint is Saint Sebastian, and there is a fair in honor of Saint John the Baptist (San Juan Degollado).

Cereals, sugarcane, loaf-sugar, panela, and fruit are cultivated and grown here, and local industries include the manufacture of hats made out of palm-fronds.  The sausages of Cojutepeque (los chorizos de Cojutepeque) are known throughout El Salvador.

Its principal tourist attraction is Cerro de las Pavas, from which the lake of Ilopango, the volcano of San Vicente, and the Valley of Jiboa can be seen.

Geography
The Pan-American Highway connects Cojutepeque with San Salvador 33 km away.

Climate
Its height is 850 meters above sea level; it enjoys a pleasant climate.  Its nickname is "City of the Mists".

Cerro de las Pavas
The peak known as Cerro de las Pavas can be reached via two roads from Cojutepeque: one for cars, the other a zigzagging path for pedestrians.

In 1924, Governor Fidel Novoa began an improvement program for the peak and built the park known as Parque de Montaña.  During the administration of President Óscar Osorio, the pathways leading to the peak were improved thanks to the efforts of the poet Raúl Contreras.

There is a grotto on the peak that displays an image of the Our Lady of Fátima.  A pilgrimage to this grotto occurs in May and is a major religious festival in El Salvador.

Chorizos
 Cojutepeque is known in El Salvador for various sausages or chorizos, especially the Chorizos de Cojutepeque. These chorizos are typically tied with corn husks between the links. The chorizos are shipped to other parts of the country and sold. The example on the left is made with pork, beef, iodized salt, and additives (soy protein, sodium nitrate, sodium benzoate, achiote, herbs, and spices).

Sport
The football club Cojutepeque F.C. was based in Cojutepeque.

References

Municipalities of the Cuscatlán Department

Cojutepeque


German philosophy refers to philosophy written in German or by German philosophers. It started in the 17th century during the Age of Enlightenment, from Leibniz and Wolff through Kant, Schelling, Fichte, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Marx, Engels, and into the times of Nietzsche and Wittgenstein.

17th century

The philosophy that dominated this century was the school of German philosopher and mathematican Gottfred Leibniz, later expanded by his follower, Christian Wolff. Leibniz thought that knowledge comes from reason alone.

18th century

On the wake of the Enlightenment, a new philosophy called "critical philosophy" developed in Germany. It combined the ideals of philosophers Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) of France and Switzerland and David Hume (1711-1776) of Scotland, and rationalism and empiricism. The founder of this school was Immanuel Kant. He published three "critiques", the most revolutionary being Critique of Pure Reason (1781), the other two being, Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgement. Two followers of Kant, Schelling and Fichte, thought that Kant's system had some errors and sought to improve it. A third philosopher, Hegel (1770-1831), developed his own kind of German idealism. His books are often difficult to read, and his ideas influenced many people, including those who agreed with him, and those who did not.

Germany
Branches of philosophy

German philosophy


An interview is a conversation where somebody is trying to get information from another person. The person asking questions is the interviewer and the person answering questions is the interviewee.

Employers interview people trying to get a job to find out if they are a good person for the job. Researchers use an interview to ask people to find how they feel or what they know about something. Since the middle 19th century, interviews have often been used in journalism to get information for stories on news shows or in newspapers.

Police interview witnesses to a crime to find out what happened. Military intelligence agents interview prisoners to learn about enemy plans and capabilities. These interviews are often called interrogation.

References

Communication
Television genres

Gemaðel


Mathurin Jacques Brisson (; 30 April 1723 – 23 June 1806) was a French zoologist and natural philosopher.

Brisson was born at Fontenay-le-Comte. The earlier part of his life was spent in the pursuit of natural history; his published works in this field included Le Règne animal (1756)  and the highly regarded Ornithologie (1760).

As a young man, he was a disciple and assistant of René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur. For a period of time he was an instructor of physical sciences and natural history to the family of the monarch. He held the chair of physics at the College of Navarre, and from 1759 was a member of the Academy of Sciences.

A significant work involving the "specific weight of bodies" was his Pesanteur Spécifique des Corps (1787). In his investigations of electricity, Brisson was opposed to the theories of Priestley and Franklin.

He died at Croissy-sur-Seine near Paris.

Publications

 Ornithologia, sive Synopsis methodica sistens avium divisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates. Bauche, Paris, Leiden 1760–63, with engraved illustrations by François-Nicolas Martinet.
 Supplementum Ornithologiæ sive Citationes, descriptionesque antea omissæ & species de novo adjectæ, ad suaquaque genera redactæ. Paris 1760.
 Lettres de deux Espagnols sur les manufactures. Vergera 1769.
 Dictionnaire raisonné de physique. Thou, Paris 1781–1800.
 Observations sur les nouvelles découvertes aërostatiques. Lamy, Paris 1784.
 Pesanteur spécifique des corps. Paris 1787.
 Traité élémentaire ou Principes de physique. Moutard & Bossange, Paris 1789–1803.
 Trattato elementare ovvero Principi di fisica. Grazioli, Florenz 1791.
 Die spezifischen Gewichte der Körper. Leipzig 1795.
 Suplemento al Diccionario universal de física. Cano, Madrid 1796–1802.
 Principes élémentaires de l'histoire naturelle et chymique des substances minérales. Paris 1797.
 Anfangsgründe der Naturgeschichte und Chemie der Mineralien. Mainz 1799.
 Instruction sur les nouveaux poids et mesures. Paris 1799.
 Elémens ou Principes physico-chymiques. Bossange, Paris 1800.
 Elements of the natural history and chymical analysis of mineral substances. Ritchie, Walker, Vernor & Hood, London 1800.
 Tratado elemental ó principios de física. Madrid 1803/04.

Sources

External links

Gallica has a free digital download of  Brisson, Mathurin-Jacques Ornithologia sive Synopsis methodica sistens avium divisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates Leiden (1760–1763) in Microforme The French word for Search is Recherche.
Dictionnaire raisonné de physique, 2nd éd, Planches – Linda Hall Library

1723 births
1806 deaths
Natural philosophers
French ornithologists
French entomologists
French zoologists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
People from Fontenay-le-Comte
18th-century French writers
18th-century French male writers
19th-century French writers
18th-century philosophers
19th-century philosophers
French male non-fiction writers
19th-century French male writers

Mathurin Jacques Brisson


John Joseph Maus (November 12, 1943 – May 7, 2011), known professionally as John Walker, was an American singer, songwriter and guitarist, best known as the founder of the Walker Brothers, who had their greatest success in the 1960s, particularly in the United Kingdom.

Early life and career
John Maus was born in New York City, the son of John Joseph Maus Sr., who was of German extraction, and his wife Regina. With his parents and his older sister, Judith, he moved to California in 1947, at first settling in Redondo Beach, California and later in Hermosa Beach. He began learning saxophone, clarinet and guitar as a child, and by the age of 11 also began acting and appearing in TV talent shows. He had a role in the sitcom Hello Mom, and small uncredited parts in the movies The Eddy Duchin Story (1956) and The Missouri Traveler (1958). He became a friend of Ritchie Valens, and was an honorary pallbearer at Valens' funeral. In 1959, the family moved again, to Inglewood, California, where he made the acquaintance of future Beach Boys members David Marks and Dennis and Carl Wilson, helping to teach them guitar. He began using the name John Walker at the age of 17, because he was unhappy at how people pronounced his real name.

From 1957 onwards, he worked as singer and guitarist with his sister, as the duo John and Judy. They recorded several singles for the Aladdin, Dore, Arvee and Eldo labels between 1958 and 1962. In 1961, they formed a backing band and performed as John, Judy and the Newports, until the band split up after an engagement in Hawaii. They then met Scott Engel, who had been playing bass in The Routers, and, with drummer "Spider" Webb, formed a new band, Judy and the Gents. Maus obtained an ID card in the name of John Walker, to perform in clubs around Los Angeles while under the legal age to do so. In 1963, Walker and Engel, with two other musicians, toured the Midwest as "The Surfaris", although the group included none of the musicians who played on the Surfaris' records. Walker also released his first solo record, "What a Thrill", on the Almo label, with The Blossoms as backing singers.

The Walker Brothers

He formed The Walker Brothers (originally The Walker Brothers Trio) in 1964, with himself as lead vocalist and guitarist, Engel on bass and harmony vocals, and Al "Tiny" Schneider on drums. Walker and Engel were signed as a duo by Mercury Records, and recorded their first single, "Pretty Girls Everywhere" in Los Angeles. There they became a leading attraction at Gazzari's nightclub, and appeared on the Shindig! TV show developed by Jack Good, and then on a weekly TV show, Ninth Street A Go Go. Late in 1964, they met drummer Gary Leeds, previously of The Standells, who had recently toured the UK with singer P.J. Proby, and who persuaded them that they would have greater success in England. Before leaving, they recorded their second single, "Love Her", overseen by Nick Venet and arranger Jack Nitzsche, with Scott Engel taking the lead vocal part for the first time. With financial backing from Leeds' stepfather, Walker, Engel and Leeds travelled to the UK in February 1965 for an exploratory visit.

In the UK, "Love Her" was released on the Philips label, an affiliate of Mercury, and reached # 20 on the UK singles chart. Walker and Engel signed a new recording contract, and, with Leeds, began performing live in England, to considerable press attention and with growing numbers of - predominantly female teenage - fans. Their next record, a version of the Bacharach and David song "Make It Easy On Yourself", produced like their other British recordings by Johnny Franz, reached # 1 in the UK chart in September 1965. Over the next two years the Walker Brothers became – with the Beatles and the Rolling Stones – one of the most popular groups in the country. Their second British number one, "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore" in 1966, was their biggest hit in the US, where it made # 13 on the Billboard Hot 100.

During this period, The Walker Brothers played some performances with The Yardbirds; John eventually sold guitarist Jeff Beck the 1954 Fender Esquire used on many of the Yardbirds' most famous recordings from Spring 1965 to early 1966. Walker had modified the guitar, carving a Stratocaster-type contour in the picking arm area.

John Walker wrote in his autobiographical The Walker Brothers: No Regrets – Our Story:

I was always the leader of the band. I was the one who said 'Let's do this, let's do that.' I spent a great deal of time making sure that the group would make incredible music. Most people don't realise that it was I who chose the songs that would become The Walker Brothers' biggest-selling singles...I was aware that things had changed a lot: Scott had become the lead singer of the group...Now that he was singing lead, I enjoyed the opportunity to create some unusual harmonies, something I had never done before. We knew that we each had an important role, and felt responsible to each other, with one goal in mind, which was to make good records that were unique for the time.

Later career

The Walker Brothers split up in early 1968, principally as a result of tensions between Maus and Engel, after a UK tour in late 1967 which featured Jimi Hendrix, Cat Stevens, and Engelbert Humperdinck, followed by a tour of Japan. John Walker then began performing solo with a backing band. He released the single "Annabella", co-written by Graham Nash, which reached No. 24 on the UK singles chart, and an album, If You Go Away. Later solo singles on Philips, and then on the Carnaby label owned by Mervyn Conn, were less successful, as was a 1969 album, This Is John Walker. In 1971, he recorded an album co-produced by Bill Wyman at the Château d'Hérouville in France, but it was never released. Two years later, he toured briefly with singer Jimmy Wilson and a backing group, as The New Walkers, before they split up.

Late in 1974, he agreed with Engel and Leeds to reform The Walker Brothers. In 1975, they released an album, No Regrets. The title track was taken off as a single and rose to # 7 on the UK chart in early 1976. They recorded two further albums together, Lines (1976) and Nite Flights (1978), which were less successful. They undertook some cabaret performances, although Engel (by now more usually known as Scott Walker) was reluctant to sing live; the group's contract with GTO Records ended and, according to Walker, the group "just drifted apart".

In 1986, he took part in a 1960s revival tour, before finally moving from England to San Diego. He took an electronics course, and became a technical consultant to manufacturing companies, while developing his own recording studio. He also began writing and composing material, mainly for other artists, and formed his own publishing company, Arena. In 2000, he set up his own record label and released a CD, You. He toured Britain again as part of a nostalgia package tour in 2004, and released an album, Silver Sixties Tour 2004, as well as resuming extensive touring in his own right. In 2007, he released two new CDs, Just For You, a collection of love songs, and Songs of Christmas and Inspiration. He toured the UK again in 2009, as part of an "oldies" package, and in 2010 with the Dakotas, whose original line-up backed Billy J. Kramer in the 1960s.

A dual autobiography, written by Walker and Gary Leeds, The Walker Brothers: No Regrets – Our Story, was published in 2009.

Personal life
Walker was married four times. He married American pop singer Kathy Young in 1965; they divorced in 1968. In 1971 he married Julie Parker-Cann; they divorced a few years later. He married Brandy Nielsen in 1980; they divorced in 2003. In December 2003, he married Cynthia, who sang with him on tour. At the time of his 2009 book, Walker lived in California and had two children and three grandchildren.

In 2010, Walker was diagnosed with liver cancer. He died of the disease, at his Los Angeles home on May 7, 2011.

Discography

Singles

John and Judy
"Bother Me Baby" / "Who's To Say" (Aladdin 3420, 1958)
"Hideout" / "Love Bug" (Dore 530, 1959)
"You Can't Have My Love" / "Tell Me" (Dore 540, 1960)
"This Feeling" / "Tell Me Why" (Dore 553, 1960)
"Live It Up" / "Oh No No" (Arvee 5025, 1961)
"I Love You So" / "Love Slave" (Eldo 118, 1961)

Johnny Walker
"What A Thrill" / "Beginning of the End" (Almo 208, 1964)

The Walker Brothers

John Walker
Solo John/Solo Scott (Philips, 1966) (Split-EP with Scott Walker) (UK EP No. 4)
"Annabella" / "You Don't Understand Me" (Philips BF 1593, 1967) (UK # 24)
"If I Promise" / "I See Love In You" (Philips BF 1612, 1967) (UK # 56)
"I'll Be Your Baby Tonight" / "Open The Door Homer" (Philips BF 1655, 1968)
"Kentucky Woman" / "I Cried All The Way Home" (Philips BF 1676, 1968)
"Woman" / "A Dream" (Philips BF 1724, 1968)
"Yesterday's Sunshine" / "Little One" (Philips BF 1758, 1968)
"Everywhere Under The Sun" / "Traces Of Tomorrow" (Carnaby CNS 4004, 1969)
"True Grit" / "Sun Comes Up" (Carnaby CNS 4009, 1969)
"Cottonfields" / "Jamie" (Carnaby CNS 4012, 1970)
"Over And Over Again" / "Sun Comes Up" (Carnaby CNS 4017, 1970)
"Huellas de Manana" / "Quienes Somos Nosotros" (Carnaby, 1970)
"Good Days" / "Midnight Morning" (1973)

Albums
If You Go Away (Philips BL 7829, 1967)
This Is John Walker (Carnaby CNLS 6001, 1969)
You (2000)
The Silver Sixties Tour 2004 (2004)
Just for You (2007)
Songs of Christmas and Inspiration (2007)
Golden Dreams (2012)

Notes

References

External links
 John Walker official website
 John Walker official fan site
 John Walker unofficial website
 2009 interview, SAGA magazine
 The Walker Brothers at Allmusic.com
 Cover of June 1967 issue of New Musical Express, promoting "Annabella"
 Legendary Guitar: Jeff Beck's 1954 Yardbirds Esquire

1943 births
2011 deaths
American male singer-songwriters
Deaths from liver cancer
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
Mercury Records artists
American male guitarists
Deaths from cancer in California
American male television actors
American people of German descent
Musicians from Redondo Beach, California
Singer-songwriters from California
Guitarists from California
Guitarists from New York City
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
The Walker Brothers members

John Walker (musician)


Cobalt(II) hydroxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Co(OH)2. It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state as an ion. It also contains hydroxide ions. It is either reddish or bluish. It is made by reacting a strong base with a cobalt(II) salt. Cobalt(II) chloride is normally used. This makes the red form. The blue form is made by reacting ammonium hydroxide with cobalt(II) hydroxide. It turns into cobalt(II) oxide when heated. It is used to dry paints, to make other cobalt compounds, and as a catalyst.

Related pages
Cobalt(II) sulfate
Cobalt(III) oxide
Cobalt

Cobalt compounds

Cobalt(II) hydroxide


The Sahel is a narrow belt of land in North Africa. It is a strip of land about 5500 kilometers long and 450 kilometres wide. It lies at the southern edge of the Sahara Desert

The Sahel has a tropical semi-arid climate. It is between the dry desert land to the north and the forest areas to the south. The temperature is high throughout the year. There is little rainfall in the Sahel (between 100 and 150 mm and 600mm). It comes during summer months and may be unreliable. It may be very dry in some years, especially if a large area of low pressure, which brings rain, is not carried North over the Sahel by strong winds.

The Sahel is the Arabic word for 'edge' or 'shore'.

The Sahel is facing a big problem, desertification.
The distribution of rainfall in the Sahel region is uneven. The rainfall in the region has been below average since 1970. The Sahel is becoming drier on the whole. The problem of drought affects most of the countries in the Sahel. As a result, crops and animals die. There is no vegetation to protect the soil, which is then removed by flash floods and strong wind. This leads to soil erosion. Finally, the desert spreads towards the surrounding areas.

With better medical services, the birth rate increases and the death rate decreases in the Sahel. As a result, the population in the Sahel is growing. To meet the ever-increasing demand for firewood, a lot of trees have been cut down. More land has become barren. This is called deforestation.

Furthermore, people farm intensively in order to grow more crops, the soil becomes infertile with a lack of nutrients. If this process continues for a long time, no crops can be grown. This is called overcultivation.

People keep animals for food due to the lack of good soil, the animals will have to eat grass and etc. But as the animals eat the grass, they also dug up the soil. As people keep too many animals, the demand for grass is too great. Soil erosion is caused while the animals keep digging the soil up as they eat, and the wind and rain blow away the soil. This process is called overgrazing.

Modern solutions can be used to give a better agricultural result in the Sahel. We can try drip irrigation or hybrid. We should stop using excessive water and consider our actions, to save the Sahel and lake Chad before it is too late.

References

Geography of Africa
Biomes

Sahel


The Baal Cycle is an Ugaritic cycle of stories about the Canaanite god Baʿal ( "Owner", "Lord"), a storm god associated with fertility. It is one of the Ugarit texts, dated to c. 1500–1300 BCE.

The text identifies Baal as the god Hadad, the Northwest Semitic form of Adad. The stories are written in Ugaritic, a Northwest Semitic language, and written in a cuneiform abjad. It was discovered on a series of clay tablets found in the 1920s in the Tell of Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra), situated on the Mediterranean coast of northern Syria, a few kilometers north of the modern city of Latakia and far ahead of the current coastline. The stories include The Myth of Baʿal Aliyan and The Death of Baʿal.

Basic synopsis

The Baʿal Cycle series of stories are summarized as:
 Yam wants to rule over the other gods and be the most powerful of all
 Baʿal Hadad opposes Yam and slays him
 Baʿal Hadad, with the help of Anat and Athirat, persuades El to allow him a palace
 Baʿal Hadad commissions Kothar-wa-Khasis to build him a palace.
 King of the gods and ruler of the world seeks to subjugate Mot
 Mot kills Baʿal Hadad
 Anat brutally kills Mot, grinds him up and scatters his ashes
 Baʿal Hadad returns to Mount Zephon
 Mot, having recovered from being ground up and scattered, challenges Baʿal Hadad
 Baʿal Hadad refuses; Mot submits
 Baʿal Hadad rules again

Baʿal and Yam
The beginning of the story of the battle between Baʿal and Yam is lost, but we first hear of Kothar-wa-Khasis, the craftsman of the gods being summoned to El, who resides at the confluence of the rivers and the two oceans. El tells him to build a palace for Yam, and to do so quickly in case Yam should take hostile action. When Athtar hears of this, s/he takes a torch down, the purpose of which is not known due to the damaged text, but s/he is confronted by Shapash, who tells her/him that El is to bestow royal power on Yam, and so opposition is useless. Athtar then complains that he has no place or court, and that he now fears defeat at the hands of Yam. Shapash suggests the reason to be that he has no wife, perhaps meaning he is too young.

The text following is lost, but resumes with El sitting in his banquet hall. Here he is addressed by the other deities, who complain that Yam is being put to shame, though the damaged text makes the reason unclear, though it is clear the reason is connected to his palace. The gods threaten that unless this situation is resolved they will wreak destruction. El gives them curdled milk, apparently a mark of esteem. El calls that his son's name hitherto has been Yaw, a personal name. El then proclaims that his name should be 'darling of El'. However, he informs Yam that he would have to drive his rival Baʿal from his throne and the seat of his dominion. Following this there is a banquet.

When the story resumes, Kothar-wa-Khasis has arrived under the sea and tells Yam that he has risen presumptuously to his position, and that Baʿal cannot stand idly by. He threatens that Yam will be destroyed by a magic weapon. Yam then sends word to El, on the mount of Lel, El's abode, demanding the surrender of Baʿal and his henchmen. However, Baʿal, upon hearing this on the mount of Lel attacks the envoys, though Anat and Athtart hold him back.

When the story resumes, Baʿal has already started to battle Yam, but is in despair due to the power of Yam, and the fierce sea-creatures. Kothar-wa-Khasis assures Baʿal that he will be victorious and will win a kingdom without end, and fetches two divine clubs for Baʿal's use. He gives them magic names, and strikes Yam the first two times himself. Baʿal then drags out Yam and finishes him off. Then Athtart tells Baʿal to scatter his rival, which he does, and then he cries out that Yam is dead, and that he shall be King.

Palace of Baʿal
A description of the palace of Baʿal follows. It begins with a description of a banquet thrown in honour of Baʿal on Mount Zephon (modern-day Jebel Aqra). When the text resumes, we see Anat closing the door of her mansion and meeting her servants in a valley where there are two cities, which possibly represent Ugarit and its port. She kills the guards and warriors, and then drives away the townspeople. She then slaughters the guards and warriors in her palace, ending with a peace-offering. When the text resumes again, Baʿal is addressing his messengers, picturing his sister Anat sitting with her lyre and singing of her affection for him and his daughters. The messengers are told to perform a specific rite, and she will give them an important communication for Baʿal, the secret of the lightning. Together, Anat and Baʿal will search for the secret on the hill of Zephon. She replies that she would only perform the rite if Baʿal should set his thunderbolt in the sky and flash his lightning. She then joins Baʿal at Zephon.

When the text resumes Baʿal complains to Anat that he hasn't a house, nor a court like other gods, meaning that he has to live in the dwelling of his father El and Athirat. Anat thus makes a threat against El, threatening to make his grey hair run with blood unless he allows Baʿal to have a palace. The earthquakes at her feet cause El to be exposed from his chamber. Though the text following is lost, it is clear this attempt was unsuccessful, so Baʿal dispatches Qodesh-wa-Amrur, the attendant of Athirat, to deliver a message to Kothar-wa-Khasis, whose home is in Egypt. When the text continues, Qodesh-wa-Amrur delivers Baʿal's message, which is that Kothar-wa-Khasis should fashion gifts for Athirat, presumably so she will support Baʿal's bid for a palace. He enters his forge, and produces magnificent pieces of furniture, a pair of sandals, and a decorated table and bowl.

When the text continues we see Athirat performing her woman's work by the seashore, when she then sees Baʿal and Anat approaching. She wonders whether he has come to kill all her sons and kinsfolk, perhaps a reference to the Hittite myth of Elkunirsa where the storm-god boasts of having killed the many sons of Athirat. However, her anger subsides when she sees the gifts, and so supports Baʿal in his bid, and she calls upon Qodesh-wa-Amrur to cast a net into the sea so she may have provisions to entertain the guests with. He does so, and when the text continues we see Anat encouraging Baʿal as they come closer to Athirat, reminding that he will have an eternal kingdom. However, Baʿal is still anxious. They persuade Athirat of their case.

She proceeds to El's abode, and makes her case. Reluctantly, he gives his assent for a house to be built for Baʿal. Baʿal is then instructed to collect cedar-wood, bricks and precious metals in order to build his house. Kothar-wa-Khasis builds him a palace, but Baʿal insists that it is built without windows, in case that his daughters may escape, or that Yam may come again and trouble him. The work is completed and Baʿal rejoices. When the text resumes, Baʿal recalls his triumph over Yam, and then marches out taking many cities his own. He then consents to having windows to his Palace, and does so by thundering them out. While sitting in his palace he asks himself whether anybody would resist his power, and if anybody should, he should send word to Mot, god of death, to deal with them. He sends two messengers to Mot inviting him to a feast and to acknowledge his sovereignty. In the ending, which is lost, Mot makes his reply.

Baʿal and Mot
The final part of the Baʿal cycle is concerned with Baʿal's battle against Mot, a personification of Death. Continuing from the preceding section, Mot concludes his reply to Baʿal. His reply is that he, like a lion in the desert, hungers constantly for human flesh and blood. By inviting Mot to a meal of bread and wine, Mot is offended, and threatens to cause the heavens to wilt and collapse, breaking Baʿal into pieces. Mot then will eat him piece by piece. When the text continues, Baʿal, or a speaker on his behalf admits his fear and dread of Mot. The speaker then tells Gupan and Ugar to go back to Mot and tell him that Baʿal will be eternally his slave, news to which Mot rejoices. When the text continues Baʿal complains to El that his dominion is in danger of passing to Mot. He then sends messengers to Sheger and Ithm, who are responsible for Cattle and Sheep, and asks them to provide animals for a feast, to which he will invite Mot. When the texts continue, a messenger from Mot arrives in the divine assembly, demanding to know where Baʿal is. They both go up to El's house where El asks what has been happening. When the text continues, a speaker, who is probably Shapash the sun-goddess, addresses Baʿal. She is advising him to find a substitute in his image, which will be sought out and slain by Mot. She then promises to bury his body, and advises him to go to the two mountains which mark the entrance of the underworld, and to move them aside. Then he is to go down into the earth and hide. He finds a heifer in the fields, and with it a human child, whom he dresses in his robes and offers as a gift to Mot.

When the text continues, two deities, presumably Gupan and Ugar arrive at El's abode, and they announce to him that they have been searching for Baʿal, but found him dead by the bank of the river of the dead. El then descends from his throne and sits on the ground, and mourns, strewing dust on his head, wears clothes of sackcloth, shaves off his beard and beats his chest in grief. Anat too wears sackcloth when she finds the fake dead body. Shapash aids Anat in burying Baʿal upon Mount Zephon, and Anat slaughters large numbers of oxen, sheep, goats, and asses as a memorial. Anat returns to El, and tells Athirat and her family (many of whom were on the side of Mot) that they can rejoice since Baʿal was dead. El asks Athirat who can he appoint in Baʿal's place, and she suggests Athtar. Athtar seats himself on Baʿal's throne but is not tall enough, confirming El's suspicion that he is too weak for the position.

When the text recontinues, Anat is searching in the netherworld for the shade of her brother. She demands that Mot restores him to her. However, Mot answers that he had searched for him over the earth, where he found him at the entrance of his domain, and then he simply ate him. Anat continues her search, until she loses patience, and she seizes Mot, and attacks him with a sword, shaking him, burning him, crushing him, then throwing his remains to the birds. When the text continues, Anat returns to El and announces that Mot is dead. El then has a dream which tells him that Baʿal lives. Shortly after that, Baʿal returns. However, soon Mot comes back to life and complains to Baʿal of the treatment he has received. He demands that Baʿal surrender one of Mot's brothers. When Mot has returned, Baʿal sends messengers telling him that he will banish him, and that if he is hungry, he may eat the servants of Baʿal. However, this fails to please Mot, and so the two gods fight on Mount Zephon until exhausted. Shapash arrives and warns Mot that fighting Baʿal is useless, and that El is now on Baʿal's side and will overturn Mot's throne. Mot is afraid, and so declares that Baʿal is king.

Interpretations
The death of Baʿal and the reign of Mot has been regarded as a seasonal myth, marking Baʿal as a vegetation god whose death and rebirth is responsible for the Levant's summer drought and autumn rains. However, Oldenburg argues against this, saying it instead represents "a special catastrophe of drought and infertility when the rain does not come in its season".

Legacy
Some have contended that the contest between Baʿal and Yam is a prototype for the vision recorded in the 7th chapter of the Biblical Book of Daniel.

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography
 .
 .

Further reading
 Ayali-Darshan, Noga. "The Other Version of the Story of the Storm-god's Combat with the Sea in the Light of Egyptian, Ugaritic, and Hurro-Hittite Texts". In: Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 15, 1 (2015): 20–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15692124-12341268
 .
 .

External links
 The Ugaritic Myth of Ba'al

Levantine mythology
Epic poems in Ugaritic
Ugaritic language and literature
Archaeological discoveries in Ugarit
Ugaritic texts
Baal
Phoenician mythology
Anat
Asherah

Baal Cycle


People use luggage to carry their possessions when travelling. In the United States luggage is often called baggage.

Types of luggage
A valise is a small bag. It is usually for carrying clothes or accessories. Some other words for this size of luggage are overnight bag, overnight case, and overnighter
A suitcase is a larger bag, most often for carrying clothes
A trunk, also known as a travelling chest or steamer trunk, is a very large, rigid chest that was mostly used when moving across the ocean on a ship; they are much less common in the 21st century

Travel

Luggage


Inflatable armbands, usually referred to as simply armbands, water wings, swimmies, or floaties, are swim aids designed to help a wearer float in water and learn to swim.

Inflatable armbands are typically cylindrical, inflatable plastic bands that are inflated and worn on the upper arms. When the wearer is in water, the air inside the armbands provides buoyancy, helping the wearer float. Although often thought of as a swimming aid for children, armbands are also available in adult sizes.

Advantages
Inflatable armbands are inexpensive, easy to find, and durable. They can help children to build confidence and learn to swim earlier. The amount of flotation provided can be decreased by deflating them partially. During swimming lessons, children may do better in difficult lessons and be easier to supervise if they wear armbands.

Criticism
Despite their popularity, swimming experts advise against using inflatable armbands. Although they can help a child to float, they can slip off and lead to drowning. Inflatable armbands are not a life-saving device, and mistaking them for one can create a dangerous false sense of security. Additionally, inflatable armbands teach children to float in a vertical position, which is incorrect because swimming is usually done in a prone position. Children who wear armbands can become dependent on them, as well.

Safety standards
National safety standards such as BS EN 13138-3:2007 in the United Kingdom require inflatable armbands to conform to certain standards, like puncture resistance and the level of buoyancy retained after a period of time beyond the inflation valve being opened and left open. This is an assessment of the efficiency of non-return valves designed to prevent the armbands from deflating suddenly if an inflation valve comes open. Standards also require prominent labelling near the inflation valves stating that inflatable armbands are not life preservers and should only be used under competent supervision. Supervisors should be in the water within an arm's reach of the person wearing inflatable armbands.

History
There are a number of historical devices that had similar purposes as inflatable armbands.

In 1907, swimming became part of the school curriculum in England and caused parents to become more concerned with their children's safety in the water. In response to parents' worries, the Dean's Rag Book Company, London, introduced the Swimeesy Buoy, inflatable armbands with a colorful design that looked like the wings of a butterfly. A plain white version was also available. The product became so popular that it was available, almost unchanged, until the outbreak of World War II.

In October 1931, a design for water wings appeared in the magazine Modern Mechanix. They were made of rubber, consisted of two parts, were worn on the upper arms, and inflated through a valve. They were first demonstrated in public on the beaches of Los Angeles, California, USA.

A similar design of inflatable armbands for swimmers was invented by Bernhard Markwitz in Hamburg, Germany. In 1956, Markwitz's three-year-old daughter fell into a goldfish pond and nearly drowned. As a result, Markwitz invented and developed a swimming aid that would be safer for children than swimming rings, which at the time, were made of cork. A lottery win of 253,000 Deutsche Marks gave him a suitable start capital. In 1964, Markwitz developed the armbands in their final form and marketed them under the name "BEMA". Their modern name in German, Schwimmflügel, literally translates as "swimming wings".

See also
 Lifebuoy
 List of inflatable manufactured goods
 Personal flotation device
 Swimming float
 Swim ring

References

External links

 British Standard 13138-3:2007,  buoyant aids for swimming instruction. BS 7661:1993 specification for inflatable armbands worn as flotation aids  is proposed for withdrawal given this more recent standard.

Swimming equipment
Inflatable manufactured goods
Armbands
Buoyancy devices

Inflatable armbands


Joey Scarbury (born June 7, 1955) is an adult contemporary singer best known for his hit song, "Theme from The Greatest American Hero (Believe It or Not)", in 1981.

Growing up in Thousand Oaks, California, Scarbury was continually encouraged in his ambition to sing by his mother. At the age of 14, after being spotted by songwriter Jimmy Webb's father, he was signed to a recording contract, and seemed to be destined for stardom. Scarbury's first single, "She Never Smiles Anymore," flopped, and he was soon without a record label.

Scarbury, undaunted by what happened, stayed in music up through the 1970s singing backup for artists like Loretta Lynn, and occasionally recording his own material. Although he had a minor chart single with "Mixed Up Guy" in 1971, real chart success eluded him for the rest of the decade. This was to change when he started working for record producer and composer Mike Post. Post was hired along with Stephen Geyer to write the theme tune for a new TV series dubbed The Greatest American Hero, about a high school teacher who comes into possession of a superhero outfit, and Scarbury was chosen to record it. An extended version of the song (3:15 compared to the television theme's minute-long length), released by Elektra Records, shot up to #2 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Scarbury could not follow it up however, and after charting at #49 with the single "When She Dances", Scarbury disappeared again from the charts. Scarbury went on to work with Post again in the mid 1980s to record the song "Back to Back", for the television series Hardcastle and McCormick and teamed up with Desiree Goyette to record "Flashbeagle" for the Peanuts special It's Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown. He also performed the opening theme for the television series Jennifer Slept Here.

In 1990, Scarbury found success again as a songwriter. This time, his co-written song "No Matter How High" was recorded by The Oak Ridge Boys and was a number one country music hit. His co-writer on this song was Even Stevens who previously had found success with co-writing songs for country star Eddie Rabbitt, as well as the Kenny Rogers hit "Love Will Turn You Around" from the motion picture Six Pack.

His hit song from The Greatest American Hero appeared in Michael Moore's film Fahrenheit 9/11 on the scene when President George W. Bush declares the Iraq Mission Accomplished.

In 2008, Joey was back on the radio after a long absence. His single "How Do You Sleep At Night" broke the top 40.

Discography
Scarbury has released several singles starting in 1969 on Dunhill, followed by releases on Reena, Playboy, Bell, Columbia, RCA, Big Tree, Lionel, and Elektra labels.
1 ALBUM: (1981)  America's Greatest Hero

Other websites
IMDb Entry
VH1 Profile

1955 births
Living people
Singers from Los Angeles

Joey Scarbury


David Rockefeller Senior () a fost un om de afaceri american, adept al globalismului și patriarhul actual al familiei Rockefeller. Era singurul copil al lui John D. Rockefeller Jr. și Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, și nepotul magnatului John D. Rockefeller, fondator al Standard Oil. Cei cinci frați decedați ai săi sunt: Abby, John D. III, Nelson, Laurance și Winthrop. A fost căsătorit cu Margaret "Peggy" McGrath și a avut șase copii: David, Abby, Neva, Peggy, Richard și Eileen.

Averea sa netă era estimată la 2,2 miliarde dolari, intrând astfel în rândul celor mai bogați 300 de oameni din lume.

Bilderberg, Consiliul pentru Relații Externe și Comisia Trilaterală

Cluburi
 Century Club (cunoscut și ca The Century Association), New York;*
 Harvard Club of New York;*
 River Club, New York;*
 Knickerbocker Club, New York;*
 Links Club, New York;*
 University Club, New York;*
 Recess Club, New York;*
 Economic Club of New York;
 New York Yacht Club;*
 Alfalfa Club, Washington;
 Bohemian Club, San Francisco — Rockefeller și fiul său, David Jr., sunt membri ai Stowaway Camp din Bohemian Grove.
(*Sursa: Who's Who 2006, 158th Annual Edition, London: A & C Black Publishers Ltd)
 Să nu uităm și de Bilderberg Group;

Bibliografie

Memoirs, David Rockefeller, New York: Random House, 2002.
David: Report on a Rockefeller, William Hoffman, New York: Lyle Stuart, 1971.  (The only existing biography)
Significant mentions:
The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family, John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
The Rockefeller Conscience: An American Family in Public and in Private, John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992.
The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer 1908-1958, Cary Reich, New York: Doubleday, 1996.
Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family, Bernice Kert, New York: Random House, 1993.
Those Rockefeller Brothers: An Informal Biography of Five Extraordinary Young Men, Joe Alex Morris, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953.
The Rockefellers:  An American Dynasty, Peter Collier and David Horowitz, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976.
The American Establishment, Leonard Silk and Mark Silk, New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1980.
American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission,  Stephen Gill, Boston: Cambridge University Press, Reprint Edition, 1991.
The Chase: The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 1945-1985, John Donald Wilson, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1986.
Wriston: Walter Wriston, Citibank, and the Rise and Fall of American Financial Supremacy, Phillip L. Zweig, New York: Crown Publishers, 1995.
Paul Volcker: The Making of a Financial Legend, Joseph B. Treaster, New York: Wiley, 2004.
Financier: The Biography of André Meyer; A Story of Money, Power, and the Reshaping of American Business, Cary Reich, New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1983.
Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, Peter Grose, New York: Council on Foreign Relations: 1996.
Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy, Laurence H. Shoup, and William Minter, New York: Authors Choice Press, (Reprint), 2004.
Cloak of Green: The Links between Key Environmental Groups, Government and Big Business, Elaine Dewar, New York: Lorimer, 1995.
The Shah's Last Ride, William Shawcross, New York:  Simon & Schuster, 1989.
Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York City's World Trade Center, Eric Darton, New York: Basic Books, 1999.
The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York, Robert Caro, New York: Random House, 1975.
The Rich and the Super-Rich: A Study in the Power of Money Today, Ferdinand Lundberg , New York: Lyle Stuart; Reprint Edition, 1988.
Global Manipulators: The Bilderberger Group... The Trilateral Commission... Covert Power Groups of the West, Robert Eringer, New York: Pentacle Books, 1980.
Interlock: The untold story of American banks, oil interests, the Shah's money, debts, and the astounding connections between them, Mark Hulbert, New York: Richardson & Snyder; 1st edition, 1982.
The Money Lenders: Bankers and a World in Turmoil, Anthony Sampson, New York: Viking Press, 1982.
The Chairman: John J. McCloy — The Making of the American Establishment, Kai Bird, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

Note

Referințe
Forsythe, Michael, in Washington, "Rockefeller Republicans" Open Wallets to Back Party Moderates, Bloomberg.com, 17 octombrie 2006.
Partnership for New York City (PFNYC) Web site — List of Board of Directors and their company affiliations.
Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF) Web site — Information on the Programs at the Pocantico Conference Center in Kykuit.
Strom, Stephanie, Last of the Big-Time Rockefellers, The New York Times Archive, 10 decembrie 1995.
Cole, Patrick, David Rockefeller Pledges $225 Million to Family Fund, Bloomberg.com, 20 noiembrie 2006.
Di Mento, Maria and Ian Wilhelm, Continuing a Giving Tradition: David Rockefeller announces a $225-million pledge, The Chronicle of Philanthropy, RBF Web site, 20 noiembrie 2006.
Strom, Stephanie, Manhattan: A Rockefeller Plans a Huge Bequest, The New York Times Archive, 21 noiembrie 2006.
Forbes.com, The World's Richest People, page 13, List for 2006.
Butler, Desmond O., Two U.N. Oil-for-Food Probers Resign, The Washington Times, 21 aprilie 2005, on the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies Web site; Two Resign Over U.N. Oil-for-Food Inquiry, The New York Times Archive, 21 aprilie 2005.
Barnes and Noble Web site: Selected Book Reviews of David Rockefeller's Memoirs, 2002.
The Rockefeller Archive Center, Collections: Rockefeller Family Archives; Contents, RAC Web site, 2006.

Legături externe

General
The Rockefeller Archive Center (RAC): Selected Biography  Contains an overview of his life, achievements and membership in organisations.
The "Proud Internationalist": The Globalist Vision of David Rockefeller This research paper by Will Banyan (pdf, 88 pages, 2006) contains an extensively annotated overview of his life, political involvement and promotion of the New World Order.
Rockefeller Internationalism  Nexus Magazine 6 Part series on the Rockefeller family and the New World Order, by Will Banyan, 2002, 2003.
Nexus Magazine — Will Banyan article, 2003  Contains information on selected members of the family up to the fourth-generation.
An Entrepreneurial Spirit: Three Centuries of Rockefeller Family Philanthropy  This monograph (pdf, 2005) contains a history and philosophy of Rockefeller philanthropy, organized by the Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors (RPA), set up by various family members in 2002.
Rockefeller Brothers Fund Official Web site Details the regular conferences held by the Fund at the family estate of Pocantico.
RBF 2004 Annual Report: Philanthropy for an Interdependent World (pdf)
Partnership for New York City (PFNYC) Web site: The Founder  Brief biographical details on the PFNYC Web site, originally founded and chaired by Rockefeller in 1979.
List of Partner Companies of the PFNYC
Ted Turner: Presenting The Synergos Institute's Annual Award for Outstanding Leadership in Bridging Divides to David Rockefeller
CFR Web site — Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996  Contains details of both David's and the Rockefeller Foundation's long associations with the Council.
The August Review: The World Bank Details the Rockefeller and Chase Bank connections to four World Bank presidents.
JP Morgan Chase: 12 octombrie 2005 News Release Contains the members of the Morgan Chase Bank's International Council as of 2005, with George Shultz as Chairman.
International Executive Service Corps  Founded by Rockefeller in 1964.
Project for the Exposure of Hidden Institutions (PEHI): Biographical details Contains an overview of positions held during his lifetime.
Short C-Span Video on YouTube of a Council on Foreign Relations address by Dick Cheney Details Rockefeller's links to, and promotion of, the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).
Stop the FTAA Web site of the John Birch Society Details Rockefeller's involvement in the founding and support of the FTAA.
Short biography  A brief biography at the Trilateral Commission Web site.
Articole
The Height of Ambition, New York Times (NYT) article of 8 septembrie 2002, detailing the original idea for the World Trade Center from Rockefeller, with the involvement of Robert Moses and Nelson.
New York's Cultural Power Brokers NYT article on Jerry Speyer of Tishman Speyer Properties and his connections to Rockefeller.
The Power of Partnership 2001 New York Magazine article on the Partnership for New York City (PFNYC), mentioning both Bill and Hillary Clinton.
 Stone Barns Center For Food and Agriculture  This shows the Farms Dedication to the Rockefeller Family
Big Oil: The Old Dynasty; An Oil Giant Would Lack A Rockefeller December, 1998 NYT article interviewing Rockefeller and mentioning his shares in Exxon Mobil.
David Rockefeller Pledges $225 Million to Family Fund (RBF) A 20 noiembrie 2006 Bloomberg.com press report.
Two U.N. Oil-for-Food Probers Resign Washington Times article on granddaughter Miranda Duncan, on the Foundation for Defense of Democracies Web site.
The Change at David's Bank  Time Magazine article, 1 septembrie 1980.
A Wealth of Names Forbes Magazine article (Subscription), 10 ianuarie 2000; describes his Rolodex.
Born to be Mild A review of Memoirs in the New York Times.
The Power and the Privilege A review of Memoirs in Business Week.
Last of the Big-Time Rockefellers December, 1995 NYT article outlining the final decision on the family's finances and fate of Rockefeller Center in the hands of the five trustees on the Trust Committee earlier established by the family.
Turning 90, a Rockefeller Gives the Presents; Millions to University and the Museum of Modern Art June, 2005 NYT article stating that Rockefeller's total benefactions over his lifetime amount to more than half a billion dollars (since acknowledged as amounting to about $900 million).

Articole în limba română
 Povestea imperiului Rockefeller: Bani, spionaj și putere!, 10 iulie 2012, Roxana Roseti, Evenimentul zilei

Oameni de afaceri americani
Filantropi
Miliardari americani
Guvern Mondial
Nașteri în 1915
Rockefeller
Decese în 2017
Centenari americani

David Rockefeller


Logan Circle, also known as Logan Square, is an open-space park in Center City Philadelphia's northwest quadrant and one of the five original planned squares laid out on the city grid. The centerpiece of the park is the Logan Circle, a circular area centered on a large water feature, bounded by a traffic circle carrying 19th Street and the Benjamin Franklin Parkway with connections to 18th and 20th streets to the east and west and Race and Vine Streets to the south and north.

The circle exists within the original bounds of the square; the names Logan Square and Logan Circle are used interchangeably when referring to the park. Originally "Northwest Square" in William Penn's 1684 plan for the city, the square was renamed in 1825 after Philadelphia statesman James Logan. The park is the focal point of the eponymous neighborhood.

Logan Square was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

History

Prior to the 1800s the city developed along the Delaware River, leaving the area around Logan Square as untouched forest through the American Revolution. Over the next quarter century the square served as a pasture, graveyard, and execution grounds which hosted a gallows until the hanging of William Gross on February 7, 1823. The City of Philadelphia leased the square to the Orphans' Society from 1821 to 1830. While some have suggested that the lease for a "good and noble purpose" was an aim at redirecting public attention away from its previous morbid use following Gross's death, that is probably revisionist since the lease was executed two full years prior to the last public hanging in the "city of brotherly love".

In 1842, an ordinance "made it an offense to drive or take into Logan, Penn, or Rittenhouse squares any 'horse, cow, cart, wagon, carriage or wheelbarrow, except by permission, or place any wood, coal, rubbish, carrion, or offensive matter within either [sic] of the squares, or to climb on the trees, fences or gates . . . or to dig up the soil or injure the grass, or to run or walk over or lie on the same.'" By the 1840s Philadelphia had begun a restoration of the square from its former days as a graveyard, lining the walks with trees, planting greenery and shrubbery, and constructing a wooden fence allowing the square to resemble Penn's vision of an urban green space. During this period, the city limited access to Logan Square to homeowners with property connected to the square who paid for its upkeep; the city constructed a wrought iron fence around the square in 1852.

In 1864, the square was the site of the Great Sanitary Fair, a fundraising event in support of the United States Sanitary Commission to help raise money, support, and buy medicine for the Union troops during the American Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln visited the fair and donated forty-eight signed copies of the Emancipation Proclamation, which sold for $10 each. In 1881 the Pennsylvania Railroad constructed a viaduct that disconnected Logan Square and Rittenhouse Square, altering William Penn's original plan of connectivity between the city's five squares.

Beginning in the 19th century, the square was used as a location for concerts and other community events.

Since the 1890s, the city had envisioned constructing of a boulevard similar to the Parisian Champs-Élyséese and in 1907 the plans were approved. The square began to transform again: the original bounds of the square—18th Street to the East, 20th Street to the West, Race Street to the South and Vine Street to the North remain intact, and the square began to more closely resemble its appearance today, distinguished by its circle. Construction began in 1917 on a plan to connect Center City with Fairmount Park which later became a segment of Benjamin Franklin Parkway. It was designed by Jacques Gréber, a French landscape architect who converted Logan Square into a circle similar to the oval of the Place de la Concorde in Paris. Philadelphia even modeled its Free Library and Family Court Building after the twin buildings of the Hôtel de Crillon and the Hôtel de la Marine in Paris.

Among the sites in its immediate vicinity are the Swann Memorial Fountain at the center of the circle, Parkway Central Library, the former Philadelphia Family Court Building, the Academy of Natural Sciences, the Franklin Institute, Moore College of Art and Design, the Roman Catholic Cathedral-Basilica of Sts. Peter and Paul, and the Mormon Philadelphia Pennsylvania Temple.

The circle itself is the subject of the local band The Wonder Years' song "Logan Circle" from their studio album The Upsides.

Recent redevelopment
In early 2005, The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society(PHS) began efforts to clean up and redevelop the park to make it more accessible and inviting to pedestrians. Most noticeably the large paulownia trees that featured prominently round the fountain were removed. City planners with PHS had determined that they had reached the end of their life span and had become an eyesore. They were replaced with similar trees grown especially for Logan Square at Longwood Gardens as part of a larger plan to improve the space. PHS planted lush perennial gardens around the fountain and adjacent parcels and maintain the gardens throughout the year.

The city undertook an extensive rehabilitation plan and by 2012 the city had refurbished the original squares with restoration and new greenery bringing the Parkway's entertainment capabilities full-circle.

The city has expressed support of transitioning the circle back into a square, and increasing its aesthetic nature as an urban green space.

Events
When Pope John Paul II visited the city in 1979, he celebrated mass in the plaza on October 3, 1979.

To commemorate the end of every school year since the 1960s, the newly appointed Sophomores, Juniors, and Seniors of J. W. Hallahan Catholic Girls High School jump into the fountain. The event is the subject of much local media coverage throughout Philadelphia.

In 2016 it was the starting location for the Women's March on Philadelphia.

In April 2017, Logan Circle hosted the NFL Draft.

Gallery

In popular culture
The band The Wonder Years has a song named after Logan Circle on their album The Upsides.
The emo band Algernon Cadwallader's song "Spit Fountain" references the statues in Swann Fountain.

See also

List of parks in Philadelphia
Rittenhouse Square
Washington Square
Franklin Square

References

External links

Logan Square: City of Philadelphia official site (Fairmount Park Commission)

Logan Square, Philadelphia
Municipal parks in Philadelphia
National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
Parks in Philadelphia
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania

Logan Circle (Philadelphia)


British Hong Kong () was a colony and British Dependent Territory of the United Kingdom. It was Hong Kong when it was controlled as part of the British Empire. The British governed Hong Kong from 1841 to 1997, except for a small amount of time when the Japanese took over Hong Kong during World War II. During the First Opium War in 1841, the British took over Hong Kong Island. The British took over the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and the New Territories in 1898.

History

Hong Kong was given by the Qing Dynasty to the British Empire in 1841 under the Treaty of Nanking. Kowloon was added to the area of Hong Kong in 1860 under the Convention of Peking, and New Territories was added in 1898 under the Second Convention of Peking. In 1941–1945, Hong Kong was ruled by the Japanese Empire during World War II. In 1984, People's Republic of China and the United Kingdom agreed under Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong that Hong Kong was to be returned to China on 1 July 1997.

Japanese occupation
The Imperial Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, also known as "Hong Kong Fallen/The Fall of Hong Kong", lasted from December 25, 1941 to August 15, 1945. The Hong Kong population called this event as the "Three years and eight months".  On the same day when the Japanese troops attacked Pearl Harbor, the Japanese General Takashi Sakai lead his troops to attack Hong Kong from Bao'an Country. In December 25, 1941, the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong signed the surrender agreement to the Japanese in a hotel named "The Peninsula Hong Kong". Nine days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, on August 15, 1945, the Emperor of Japan surrendered, signifying the end of the Second World War. At the end of August, the British once again took the control of Hong Kong back from Japan, and set up a marshal government.

Growth of economy

During the Qing Dynasty, the British wanted to make Victoria Harbour the biggest harbour in East Asia. The British also wanted to grow its sea trade in the Far East through Victoria Harbor. 20 years after the British took over  Hong Kong, in 1861, this harbour was named Victoria Harbour, after the Queen of England at the time. The British also expanded the city on Hong Kong Island (香港岛). Hong Kong's economy today is very strong and always growing. It all would not have been possible, however, without the shipping, banking, merchants, and industrial growth from the British being there. The British Navy had an especially large role in shipping and protection of goods. During that time, the British Navy was stronger than any other navy in the world, and was able to protect the trade interests of the British Empire. After World War II had started, many merchant and banking businesses moved to Hong Kong, at the same time as the Industrial growth really took off.

Independent Commission Against Corruption

The Independent Commission Against Corruption(ICAC/廉政公署) was established in February 15, 1974. It Is a system that is self-standing, Independent and controlled only by the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Hong Kong Disciplined Services. Hong Kong Disciplined Services is a system include Hong Kong Police Force, Immigration Department, Customs and Excise Department, Fire Services Department, Correctional Services Department, Government Flying Service, Civil Aid Service and Auxiliary Medical Service. In the 1960's through the 1970s, the population of Hong Kong had increased immensely alongside the sudden explosion of Hong Kong's economy. The sudden growth unfortunately led to widespread corruption. When British Hong Kong faced this issue, their government had to focus on maintaining the order of society. Since its inception in 1974, ICAC had used a "three-pronged approach" to tackle corruption in each of the three branches of government. Three pronged approach" is a unique strategy to fight corruption on three front, which is Operation Department (Law enforcement), Corruption Prevention Department (Prevention), and Community Relation Department (Education).

During the 1960s through the 1970s, the corruption in Hong Kong was a really serious issue because the population in Hong Kong had increased really quickly. Resource allocation was a huge part of corruption in the 1960s. For example, the lower class workers that worked for the government were often taken advantage of because their advantage would allocate a portion of their pay for themselves. This meant that lower class workers always only ever saw a fragment of their actual paycheck.

References

Other websites
"Official website of the British Hong Kong Government". Archived from the original on 24 December 1996. Retrieved 2013-03-26.

History of Hong Kong
Former British colonies
Former colonies in Asia

British Hong Kong


Ronald Beagle (February 7, 1934 – September 8, 2015) was an American football end.

Beagle was born in Hartford, Connecticut but played high school football in Cincinnati. The 6 foot one inch, 185-pounder entered the United States Naval Academy in 1952.  A physical player, Beagle won All-America recognition in his junior and senior seasons during an era in which ends played 60 minutes. He was honored with the Maxwell Award after his junior year in 1954, in which he had 30 receptions, 451 yards rushing and four touchdowns to complement his stout defense. He finished his three-year career with 64 receptions for 849 yards (mostly from George Welsh) and eight touchdowns despite fighting through a broken hand.

He also was All-America in lacrosse.

Beagle was selected by the Chicago Cardinals in the 17th round of the 1956 NFL Draft, two picks before the Green Bay Packers took Bart Starr. Before he was to join the Cardinals, he served four years in the United States Marines. He suffered a knee injury while playing football in the service and was never able to recover. He went into business in Sacramento, California.

Beagle married a Navy nurse, Jo Ann Jones. Their daughter, Ronda J. Beagle, graduated from the Naval Academy in 1984. The Beagles were among the first families with a father and daughter who graduated from the academy. Ronda Beagle authored a 1993 book on the Navy's efforts to recruit women.

Uniquely in the history of the sport, Beagle and Roger Staubach played football for the same high school (Purcell in Cincinnati), played college ball at the same school (Navy), won the Maxwell Trophy, made All-America, and eventually were inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, with Beagle receiving that honor in 1986.

References

External links

1934 births
2015 deaths
American football ends
Navy Midshipmen football players
Navy Midshipmen men's lacrosse players
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Maxwell Award winners
Sportspeople from Hartford, Connecticut
Players of American football from Cincinnati
Players of American football from Hartford, Connecticut

Ron Beagle


The Saxons or Saxon people are (today) a part of the German people, with their main areas of settlements in the German States of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Westphalia, and the northeastern part of the Netherlands (Groningen, Drenthe, Twente, Salland, Veluwe and Achterhoek).

First told about by the Ancient Greek geographer Jean Julien, the pre-Christian area of the Saxon people first covered an area a little more to the northwest, with parts of the southern Jutland , Old Saxony and small parts of the eastern Netherlands. During the 5th century AD, the Saxons were part of the people invading the Romano-British province of Britannia, and so formed the Anglo-Saxons.

Before Christianization, the Saxons had much native pre-Christian Germanic paganism. After Christianization, parts of this religion remained up to today in people who came from the Saxons.

The word 'Saxon' is thought to come from the word seax, meaning a mixture of single-edged knives. The Saxons were thought by Charlemagne, and some people who study history, to be very war-like and angry.

Many of the words that we use today were created by the Saxons for example, radish.

The Finnish and Estonian name for Germany, Saksa, comes from the Saxons.

Other websites
 James Grout: Saxon Advent. Part of the Encyclopædia Romana
 Saxons and Britons

Germanic tribes

Lower Saxony
North Rhine-Westphalia
Schleswig-Holstein
Groningen (province)
Drenthe
Overijssel
Gelderland

Saxons


हर्निया धागु तन्तु, स्ट्रक्चर वा अंगयागु पार्टयु, उकियात भुनातगु मस्कुलर तन्तु वा  मेम्ब्रेनं प्रोट्युजन जुइगु खः (definition from MeSH)। हर्नियायु स्वम्गु पार्ट दै: ओरिफिस , हर्नियल स्याक, व उकिगु कन्टेन्ट।

A hernia may be likened to a failure in the sidewall of a pneumatic tire. The tire's inner tube behaves like the organ and the sidewall like the body cavity wall providing the restraint. A weakness in the sidewall allows a bulge to develop, which can become a split, allowing the inner tube to protrude, and leading to the eventual failure of the tire.

प्याथोफिजियोलोजी
By far most hernias develop in the abdomen, when a weakness in the abdominal wall evolves into a localized hole, or "defect", through which adipose tissue, or abdominal organs covered with peritoneum, may protrude. Another common hernia involves the intervertebral disc, and causes back pain or sciatica.

Hernias may present either with pain at the site, a visible or palpable lump, or in some cases by more vague symptoms resulting from pressure on an organ which has become "stuck" in the hernia, sometimes leading to organ dysfunction.  Fatty tissue usually enters a hernia first, but it may be followed by or accompanied by an organ.

Most of the time, hernias develop when pressure in the compartment of the residing organ is increased, and the boundary is weak or weakened.
 Weakening of containing membranes or muscles is usually congenital (which explains part of the tendency of hernias to run in families), and increases with age (for example, degeneration of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc), but it may be on the basis of other illnesses, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome, stretching of muscles during pregnancy, losing weight in obese people, etc., or because of scars from previous surgery.
 Many conditions chronically increase intra-abdominal pressure,  (pregnancy, ascites, COPD, dyschezia, benign prostatic hypertrophy) and hence abdominal hernias are very frequent. Increased intracranial pressure can cause parts of the brain to herniate through narrowed portions of the cranial cavity or through the foramen magnum. Increased pressure on the intervertebral discs, as produced by heavy lifting or lifting with improper technique,  increases the risk of herniation.

इपिडेमियोलोजी
Between 1995 and 2005, 16,742 Americans died from a hernia.

लक्षण
हर्नियायात इमिगु एनाटोमिकल थाय् कथलं बाये छिं:

दसुया लागि:
 एब्डोमिनल हर्निया
 डायफ्र्याग्म्याटिक हर्निया व हायाटल हर्निया (दसु, स्टोम्याकयु प्याराइसोफेजियल हर्निया)
 पेल्भिक हर्निया, दसु, अब्टुरेटर हर्निया
 इन्टरभर्टिब्रज डिस्कयु न्युक्लियस पल्पोसस् यागु हर्निया
 इन्ट्राक्रेनियल हर्निया

E

 रिड्युसिबल वा इरिड्युसिबल (also known as incarcerated): the hernial contents can or cannot be returned to their normal site with simple manipulation

If irreducible, hernias can develop several complications (hence, they can be complicated or uncomplicated):
 स्ट्र्यांगुलेटेड: pressure on the hernial contents may compromise blood supply (especially veins, with their low pressure, are sensitive, and venous congestion often results) and cause ischemia, and later necrosis and gangrene, which may become fatal.
 अब्स्ट्रक्सन: for example, when a part of the bowel herniates, bowel contents can no longer pass the obstruction. This results in cramps, and later on vomiting, ileus, absence of flatus and absence of defecation. These signs mandate urgent surgery.
 another complication arises when the herniated organ itself, or surrounding organs start dysfunctioning (for example, sliding hernia of the stomach causing heartburn, lumbar disc hernia causing sciatic nerve pain, etc.)

चिकित्सा
It is generally advisable to repair hernias in a timely fashion, in order to prevent complications such as organ dysfunction, gangrene, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Most abdominal hernias can be surgically repaired, and recovery rarely requires long-term changes in lifestyle. Uncomplicated hernias are principally repaired by pushing back, or "reducing", the herniated tissue, and then mending the weakness in muscle tissue (an operation called herniorraphy). If complications have occurred, the surgeon will check the viability of the herniated organ, and resect it if necessary. Modern muscle reinforcement techniques involve synthetic materials (a mesh prosthesis) that avoid over-stretching of already weakened tissue (as in older, but still useful methods). The mesh is placed over the defect, and sometimes staples are used to keep the mesh in place. Increasingly, some repairs are performed through laparoscopes.

Many patients are managed through surgical daycare centers, and are able to return to work within a week or two, while heavy activities are prohibited for a longer period. Surgical complications have been estimated to be up to 10%, but most of them can be easily addressed. They include surgical site infections, nerve and blood vessel injuries, injury to nearby organs, and hernia recurrence.

Generally, the use of external devices to maintain reduction of the hernia without repairing the underlying defect (such as hernia trusses, trunks, belts, etc.), is not advised. Exceptions are uncomplicated incisional hernias that arise shortly after the operation (should only be operated after a few months), or inoperable patients.

It is essential that the hernia not be further irritated by carrying out strenuous labour.

Individual hernias
A sportman's hernia is a syndrome characterized by chronic groin pain in athletes and a dilated superficial ring of the inguinal canal, although a true hernia is not present.

इन्गुइनल हर्निया
Main article: इन्गुइनल हर्निया.

By far the most common hernias (up to 75% of all abdominal hernias) are the so-called inguinal hernias. For a thorough understanding of inguinal hernias, much insight is needed in the anatomy of the inguinal canal. Inguinal hernias are further divided into the more common indirect inguinal hernia (2/3, depicted here), in which the inguinal canal is entered via a congenital weakness at its entrance (the internal inguinal ring), and the direct inguinal hernia type (1/3), where the hernia contents push through a weak spot in the back wall of the inguinal canal. Inguinal hernias are more common in men than women while femoral hernias are more common in women.

फेमोरल हर्निया
मू च्वसु: फेमोरल हर्निया.

Femoral hernias occur just below the inguinal ligament, when abdominal contents pass into the weak area at the posterior wall of the femoral canal. They can be hard to distinguish from the inguinal type (especially when ascending cephalad): however, they generally appear more rounded, and, in contrast to inguinal hernias, there is a strong female preponderance in femoral hernias. The incidence of strangulation in femoral hernias is high. Repair techniques are similar for femoral and inguinal hernia.

Umbilical hernia
मू च्वसु: अम्बिलिकल हर्निया

Umbilical hernias are especially common in infants of African descent, and occur more in boys. They involve protrusion of intraabdominal contents through a weakness at the site of passage of the umbilical cord through the abdominal wall. These hernias often resolve spontaneously.
Umbilical hernias in adults are largely acquired, and are more frequent in obese or pregnant women. Abnormal decussation of fibers at the linea alba may contribute.

इन्सिजनल हर्निया
मू च्वसु: इन्सिजनल हर्निया.

An incisional hernia occurs when the defect is the result of an incompletely healed surgical wound. When these occur in median laparotomy incisions in the linea alba, they are termed ventral hernias. These can be the most frustrating and difficult to treat, as the repair utilizes already attenuated tissue.

डायफ्र्याग्म्याटिक हर्निया
मू च्वसु: डायफ्र्याग्म्याटिक हर्निया

Higher in the abdomen, an (internal) "diaphragmatic hernia" results when part of the stomach or intestine protrudes into the chest cavity through a defect in the diaphragm.

हायाटस हर्निया is a particular variant of this type, in which the normal passageway through which the esophagus meets the stomach (esophageal hiatus) serves as a functional "defect", allowing part of the stomach to (periodically) "herniate" into the chest. Hiatus hernias may be either "sliding," in which the gastroesophageal junction itself slides through the defect into the chest, or non-sliding (also known as para-esophageal), in which case the junction remains fixed while another portion of the stomach moves up through the defect. Non-sliding or para-esophageal hernias can be dangerous as they may allow the stomach to rotate and obstruct. Repair is usually advised.

A congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a distinct problem, occurring in up to 1 in 2000 births, and requiring pediatric surgery. Intestinal organs may herniate through several parts of the diaphragm, posterolateral (in Bochdalek's triangle, resulting in Bochdalek's hernia), or anteromedial-retrosternal (in the cleft of Larrey/Morgagni's foramen, resulting in Morgagni-Larrey hernia, or Morgagni's hernia).

मेमेगु हर्निया
Since many organs or parts of organs can herniate through many orifices, it is very difficult to give an exhaustive list of hernias, with all synonyms and eponyms. The above article deals mostly with "visceral hernias", where the herniating tissue arises within the abdominal cavity. Other hernia types and unusual types of visceral hernias are listed below, in alphabetical order:

 न्हेपु हर्निया: herniation of part of the brain because of excessive intracranial pressure. This may be a life-threatening condition, especially if the brain stem (responsible for some important vital signs) is involved.
 कूपरयु हर्निया: A femoral hernia with two sacs, the first being in the femoral canal, and the second passing through a defect in the superficial fascia and appearing immediately beneath the skin.
 इपिग्यास्ट्रिक हर्निया: hernia through the linea alba above the umbilicus.
 लिटरयु हर्निया: hernia involving a Meckel's diverticulum
 लम्बर हर्निया: hernia in the lumbar region (not to be confused with a lumbar disc hernia), contains following entities:
 पेटिटयु हर्निया - hernia through Petit's triangle (inferior lumbar triangle)
 Grynfeltt's hernia - hernia through Grynfeltt-Lesshaft triangle (superior lumbar triangle)
 अब्ट्युरेटर हर्निया: hernia through obturator canal
 pantaloon hernia: a combined direct and indirect hernia, when the hernial sac protrudes on either side of the inferior epigastric vessels
 पेरिनियल हर्निया: A perineal hernia protrudes through the muscles and fascia of the perineal floor. It may be primary but usually, is acquired following perineal prostatectomy, abdominoperineal resection of the rectum, or pelvic exenteration.
 properitoneal hernia: rare hernia located directly above the peritoneum, for example, when part of an inguinal hernia projects from the deep inguinal ring to the preperitoneal space.
 रिचरयु हर्निया: strangulated hernia involving only one sidewall of the bowel, which can result in bowel perforation through ischaemia without causing bowel obstruction or any of its warning signs.
 स्लाइडिंग हर्निया: occurs when an organ drags along part of the peritoneum, or, in other words, the organ is part of the hernia sac. The colon and the urinary bladder are often involved. The term also frequently refers to sliding hernias of the stomach.
 सायाटिक हर्निया: this hernia in the greater sciatic foramen most commonly presents as an uncomfortable mass in the gluteal area. Bowel obstruction may also occur. This type of hernia is only a rare cause of sciatic neuralgia.
 Spigelian hernia, also known as spontaneous lateral ventral hernia
 Spinal disc herniation, or "herniated nucleus pulposus"
मू च्वसु: स्पाइनल डिस्क हर्निएसन.
A spinal disc herniation is a condition where the central weak part of the intervertebral disc (nucleus pulposus, which helps absorb shocks to our spine), herniates through the fibrous band (annulus fibrosus) by which it is normally bound. This usually occurs low in the back at the lumbar or lumbo-sacral level and can cause back pain which usually radiates well into the thigh or leg. When the sciatic nerve is involved, the symptom complex is called sciatica. Herniation can occur in the cervical vertebrae too. A nucleoplasty is an operation to repair the herniation.

कम्प्लिकेसन
चिकित्सा मयागु हर्नियायु कम्प्लिकेसन जुइफु:
 इन्फ्लामेसन
 रिडक्सन
 बावल अब्स्ट्रक्सन
 स्ट्र्यांगुलेसन
 हर्नियल स्याकयु हाइड्रोसील

पप कल्चरय् हर्निया

 "Weird Al" Yankovic recorded a song entitled "Living With A Hernia", on his Polka Party! album. The song is a parody of James Brown's "Living In America", and describes the discomfort associated with suffering a hernia, as well as listing common types of hernias.

 Comedian Bill Engvall has a routine "My hernia".

 In a television advertisement for Boost Mobile, blink-182 drummer Travis Barker appeared in a story of what would have happened if Barker did not have Boost Mobile. He becomes a professional bodybuilder and suffers a "compound hernia" (possibly a counterpart to a compound fracture).

 In a Bill Cosby show (Fat Albert's got a hernia), he describes developing a hernia from picking up a sewer lid, and what happened to him afterwards.

 On an episode of Friends, Joey got a hernia due to weightlifting, but had to wait to have it treated because his insurance lapsed. He eventually paid for the surgery by very realistically playing the part of 'Dying Man' in a movie.

 On an episode of M*A*S*H, Major Burns hernia becomes strangulated during a surgery session.

श्रोत
 Surgical recall, 2nd edition, by Lorne. H. Blackbourne, published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
 Sabiston textbook of surgery, 17th edition, Townsend et.al.(e.d.), Elsevier-Saunders

श्रोत

शल्यचिकित्सा
हर्निया

हर्निया


A airm is a limm. Maist humans hae twa airms ilk, comin oot thair body juist ablow the neck. On the end o each airm is a haund. Humans uise airms an haunds for tae dae things tae ither objects, this is cried manipulation. The primary purpose o the haund is tae grasp objects. Some ither primates hae airms that thay uise for tae muive aroond by haudin ontae trees or supportin thaimsels as thay walk alang the grund.

See Forby
 Leg

Upper limb anatomy

Airm