Umay (kent as Umai or Mai an aw; in Auld Turkic: ) is the goddess o fertility an virginity in Turkic meethologie an Tengriism an is fur that raison relate tae weemen, mithers an childer. Umay resembles yird-mither goddesses foond in various ither warld releegions. Literally in the Mongolie leid, "eje" or "eej" means "mither," an in Auld Turkic, the seemilar wird eçe means 'mither'. In Mongolie "Umai" means wame. The yird wis considered a "mither" seembolically.

The Turkic ruit umāy oreeginally meant 'placenta, efterbirth', an this wird wis uised as the name for the goddess whase function wis tae tak tent o weemen an childer, possibly acause the placenta wis thocht tae hae cantrip qualities. The name appeared in the 8t-century inscription o Kül Tigin in the phrase Umay teg ögüm katun kutıŋa 'unner the auspices o ma mither wha is lik the goddess Umay'.

Umay is a protector o weemen an childer. The auldest evidence is seen in the Orkhon monuments. Frae this, it is unnerstuid that Umay wis accept as a mither an a guide. An aw, Khagans war thocht tae represent Kök Tengri. Khagan wifes, katuns or hatuns, wis considered Umays, an aw. Wi the help o the Umay, Katuns haed babies an these babies wur the guarantee o the empire. Accordin tae Divanü Lügat'it-Türk, whan weemen worship Umay, thay hae male babies. Turkic weemen tie strings attached wi sma cradles tae will a baby frae Umay. This belief can be seen wi the Tungusic fowks in Soothren Siberie an the Altay fowk. Umay is ayes depictit thegither wi a bairn. Thare anerlie rare exceptions tae this. It is believit that whan Umay leaves a bairn for a lang time, the bairn gets ill an shamans are involvit tae caw Umay back. The smilin o a sleepin baby shaws Umay is near it an greetin means that Umay haes left.

In the view o the Kyrgyz fowk, Umay no anerlie protects childer, but Turkic commonties aroond the warld an aw. At the same time, Umay helps fowk tae obtain mair fuid an guids an gies thaim luck.

As Umay is associatit wi the sun, she is cried Sarı Kız an yellae is her colour an seembol. She is depict as haein saxty gowden tresses that leuk lik the rays o the sun. She is thocht tae hae ance been identical wi Ot o the Mongols. Umay an Eje (Ece) is uised as female names in the Republic o Turkey an aw.

Notes

References

  Kuyash ham Alav (Sun is also Fire)

See an aw
Tengriism

Altaic deities
Siberie deities
Turkic meethologie
Growthiness goddesses
Bairnheid goddesses
Virgin goddesses

Umay


Orson Welles' Magic Show is an unfinished television special by Orson Welles, filmed between 1976 and 1985. In it, Welles performs various magic tricks for the camera, promising that no trick photography is used.

Welles had a lifelong interest in magic, having been taught his first magic tricks by Harry Houdini in the 1920s, when Welles was still a boy. He had already demonstrated his magic tricks in a number of films and television programmes including Follow the Boys (1944), Magic Trick (1953), Casino Royale (1967), and on his own unsuccessful 1979 pilot for The Orson Welles Show.

After Orson Welles' death in 1985, all of his unfinished films were bequeathed to his long-term companion and mistress Oja Kodar, and she in turn donated many of them (including Orson Welles' Magic Show) to the Munich Film Museum for preservation and restoration. In 2000 the Munich Film Museum then edited together the complete footage into a 27-minute cut, which has subsequently been screened at numerous film festivals.

The restored footage has never been released on video or DVD.

References

External links

1970s unfinished films
1980s unfinished films
Unreleased American films
Films directed by Orson Welles
1980s English-language films
1970s English-language films

Orson Welles' Magic Show


The Coinage of the Republic of Venice include the coins produced by the Republic of Venice from the late 12th century to 1866. After this date, coins were still produced in Venice.

From the 16th century, the coinage was made in the very prominently-located Zecca of Venice, close to the Doge's Palace.

History

Although there is no information about  coinage in what was the Duchy of Venice (a semi-independent entity within the Byzantine Empire from which the Republic of Venice originated), ancient historians such as Andrea Dandolo and Marin Sanudo mention that the privilege of coinage was given to Venice by the kings of Italy Rudolph II (in 921) and Berengar II (in 950); however, it is more likely that this privilege had been granted by Byzantine emperors,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=M5gAAAAAMAAJ&dq=concede+il+diritto+di+battere+moneta+venezia&pg=PA237 Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica], pag. 237</ref> as coins with the names of Venice and the name of German emperors Louis I (814-840) and Lothair I (840-855) had been already in circulation before the aforementioned dates. From around 1031, there are records of coins minted under doge Ottone Orseolo, while in 1193-1202 Enrico Dandolo issued in Venice the silver coin called Matapan, named after the Greek promontory.

The most common type of Venetian coin is the ducati issued in silver and gold. The gold ducato was later known as zecchino; this had the doge's image receiving the standard from St. Mark on the obverse. The zecchino had on the reverse Christ within an oval (mandorla), which also contained nine stars. The zecchini remained unchanged from the first issue, in 1284, to the last one, during the reign of the last doge of Venice in 1796, Ludovico Manin.

See Zecca of Venice for the organization and operations of the mint in the Renaissance and the remaining centuries of the Venetian Republic.

Coins
The main coins minted during the Republic of Venice include:
silver ducato (or Matapan), minted for the first time between 1193 and 1202; it was one of the first grossi.soldo, in silver, minted during the reign of doge Francesco Dandolo (1328–1339) and doge Giovanni Gradenigo (1355-1356).
lira (including lira Tron), minted from 1472.ducato, minted from 1284, with the same weight and title of Florence's florin. From the 16th century onwards it was called zecchino.giustina, name of different types of silver coins minted under doge Alvise II Mocenigo in 1572. A giustina minore ("lesser giustina") was minted under Pasquale Cicogna).scudo, both in silver and gold. It showed the city's symbol. The golden scudo was minted for the first time in the 16th century and weighed some 3.40 ggazzetta, of the value of 2 soldi.quartarolo, a small coin with the value of one  quarter denaro, minted for the first time under Enrico Dandolo (1192), and discontinued  in 1328.tallero, used for overseas trades.

Other types included the osella'', a medal-coin awarded by the doge to the Republic's main personalities.

The mint of the Republic's coins was located in Venice, in the Palazzo della Zecca. The coinage was rigidly controlled by the Council of Forty, an assembly with financial-economical tasks, also acting as Supreme Court.

See also
History of coins in Italy

References

Medieval currencies
Obsolete Italian currencies

Coinage of the Republic of Venice


Nico di Angelo, is a fictional character in Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson & The Olympians, The Heroes of Olympus series and The Trials of Apollo. In the series, he is the demigod son of Hades and mortal Maria di Angelo. As such, Nico has extraordinary powers of necromancy, the power to command the dead and the power to summon the dead. He is a son of one of the "Big Three" Greek gods, the other two being Hades' brothers Poseidon and Zeus. Nico is chronologically over eighty years old as a result of his prolonged stay in the Lotus Casino in Las Vegas, an enchanted hotel where one does not age and time does not pass at its normal pace. He was ten years old in The Titan's Curse. He and his sister, Bianca di Angelo, were placed in the Lotus Casino sometime around World War II. They were eventually taken out by a "lawyer" (The Fury, Alecto) when Hades commanded. He also found his half-sister Hazel Levesque in the Underworld and took her back to Camp Jupiter as she was a child of Pluto.

Description
Nico is said to have shaggy, messy black hair, olive skin (although it has paled over time) and dark brown eyes. After his time in the maze, he is described as having a pale complexion. He usually wears dark clothing including black ripped jeans and is also mentioned on several occasions to be wearing an aviator's jacket. By the end of The Battle of the Labyrinth, he also wears a skull ring, a gift from his deceased sister Bianca.

In The Titan's Curse, Nico is a composed kid who loves a trading card game called Mythomagic. However, since his sister's death in The Titan's Curse at the hands of a defective Talos, he has a hateful resentment toward Percy. He later thinks Mythomagic is a stupid game, and burns all his cards in a fire. He becomes more sullen and solitary, saying that "only the dead respect him...and only out of fear". He believes that he will never be accepted with the living, but forgives Percy after Bianca tells him that it wasn't Percy's fault that she died. He also accepts the small figurine of Hades that Bianca wanted him to have before she died in The Titan's Curse. In the fifth book, he brings Percy to his father to get information that proves to be the least his father can give, and his father ends up putting Percy in a dungeon. However, Nico rescues Percy from the dungeon and takes him to the River Styx where Percy becomes almost invincible. In the end of The Last Olympian, Nico convinces his father, Hades, to help the other gods fight in the war against the Lord of Time, Kronos, and his army, and plays a major role in the victory. The relationship between Percy and Nico becomes close for they both might have been the child of the Great Prophecy.

Nico di Angelo's fatal flaw is holding grudges, as Bianca tells him. In his case, it can lead to not wanting help or not asking to be saved in deadly situations because he does not like someone. Examples are his not wanting to be helped by Percy, even when Geryon was going to sell him to the Titans and not wanting to go back in the Labyrinth with them. Bianca shares this with him, as she also had the same fatal flaw in life, although this did not lead to her death. Bianca also says that holding grudges is the demigods of Hades' fatal flaw. In the fifth book, Nico tells his father, Hades, that he is holding a grudge that could end up killing the Olympians and the campers.

In The House of Hades, Nico is forced by Cupid to reveal that he had had a crush on Percy Jackson. This reveals that he is gay. In The Blood of Olympus, he later says that he does not feel that way anymore about Percy, and that he had been young and impressionable at the time, (by saying Percy is "not his type") and is seen to be potentially crushing on Will Solace (head counselor of the Apollo cabin).

In The Trials of Apollo: The Hidden Oracle, Nico is in a romantic relationship with Will and receives the enthusiastic support of Apollo (Will's father) for their relationship.

In the books

The Titan's Curse

Nico is ten years old and first appears with his sister, Bianca, in a military school called Westover Hall in Bar Harbor, Maine. They are sought out by Grover Underwood, the satyr, who believes them to be two very powerful unknown half-bloods. Nico seems to be very interested in Mythomagic, a game about Greek mythology. When his sister Bianca accepts Artemis's proposal to become a Hunter, Nico gets angry at her for "abandoning" him. Percy finds Nico eavesdropping on Bianca and Zöe Nightshade (one of the Hunters of Artemis, a daughter of Atlas), and Nico makes Percy to promise to keep his sister safe. He does not appear again until the end of the book, where Percy explains to him that Bianca died to save the others on the quest. Nico creates a large crack in the ground to swallow up the skeletons that were chasing Percy. The he immediately turns on Percy, telling him he hates him, and reminds him of the oath he took to keep Bianca safe. Nico is last seen running into the woods at night, after screaming at Percy.

The Battle of The Labyrinth

Nico is supposedly eleven years old in this book. He is first seen talking with an unknown ghost who is trying to tell Nico how to trade his sister's soul for another soul, when Percy is sent a collect Iris Message sent by Bianca Di Angelo, Nico's sister. It is revealed in this book that Nico can summon the dead. Nico is then seen when Percy, Annabeth, Grover, and Tyson visit Triple G Ranch, where Percy then saves Nico from being sent to the Titans. Nico, still angry at Percy, finally understands that it was Bianca's choice to go into the Talos robot, and that he shouldn't be mad at Percy. The others leave Nico at the Ranch, where he supposedly meets King Minos (in ghost form) again, who convinces him to go back into the Labyrinth to supposedly save Percy and the others.

He is next seen being dragged into Daedalus' workshop by one empousa and two Laestrygonians, in chains, after being tricked by King Minos. He escapes with Percy, Annabeth, and Rachel Elizabeth Dare, who have to go back into the Labyrinth to find Grover and Tyson, who had stayed behind to look for Pan, god of the Wild. Along the way, they see Kronos in the form of Luke, and Nico, in a desperate attempt to save everyone, shows his true powers, and makes it known to Kronos that he is a son of Hades. They meet the wild god Pan, who gives everyone except for Nico a cryptic future reading and then vanishes. After they get out of the Labyrinth, a full-fledged battle erupts between the Titans and Camp Half-Blood, in which Nico summons a dozen undead soldiers to fight the dracanae, passing out in the process. He is revived with nectar and ambrosia, and he states that summoning that many soldiers required a lot of energy. After the campfire, he is seen talking with the ghost of his sister Bianca. He then tells Percy, who came out to see what was going on, that he did not belong at camp, but instead in the Underworld; he would train there instead. He also goes to search for his mother. He is last seen on Percy's apartment fire escape giving Percy news on Daedalus and a way to beat Luke for good. Before mentioning it, Nico is distracted by Percy's blue birthday cake, and Percy invites him in to talk.

The Last Olympian

Nico is twelve years old in this book. His theory to gain an edge over the Titans is to make Percy invincible by having him bathe in the River Styx, similar to the myth of Achilles. It is shown that after Bianca died, Hades feels he has no competent child, repeatedly mentioning that Bianca could do a better job at fulfilling their father's demands than Nico. It is also revealed that the lawyer who removed the children from the Lotus Casino was Hades' lead Fury, Alecto, in disguise.

The Last Olympian
Nico is in about the quarter of the way in the book, he brings Percy Jackson to May Castellan's house, and Hades palace to talk with Hades but instead to Percy Jackson gets put in the dungeon and rescued by Nico. He fights but comes a little late to help with the Kronos war, at the end of the book he talks about Rachel Elizabeth Dare being missing.

The Son of Neptune
Nico appears in the beginning of the book, He is visiting his half-sister Hazel, who was showing Percy (after losing his memory) Camp Jupiter at the time. Nico lies to Percy about knowing him after he finds out that Percy's memories have been stolen and simply says that he's an ambassador for Pluto at the Roman camp. It is later made clear that this was to preserve diplomacy (since Greeks and Romans didn't get along) and not interfere with Hera's plans - rather than a malicious urge.

The Mark of Athena
Though Nico was inside of a bronze jar (after getting captured) during most of The Mark of Athena, he does get rescued by Piper, Jason and Percy. Nico also explains to the others where the doors of death are and how to close them. When Percy and Annabeth are holding on for dear life at the edge of a chasm that lead to Tartarus, Nico desperately tries and fails to save them before they fall into Tartarus, promising he would lead the others to the other side of the doors of death.

The House of Hades
Nico admits his feelings for Percy when he is confronted by Cupid. This makes Nico the first demigod acknowledged as gay in the series. He indirectly shares this secret with Jason, who is with him at the time, and then is obliged to explain. Nico appears to trust Jason in this scene, even if only grudgingly. Afterwards, Nico offers to shadow travel the Athena Parthenos in an attempt to bring the Roman and Greek camps together. He is accompanied by Praetor Reyna and the satyr Coach Hedge.

The Blood of Olympus
Nico helps transport the Athena Parthenos to Camp Half-blood to halt the attack from the Camp Jupiter. He is joined by Reyna and Coach Hedge. The trio shadow travel halfway around the world, causing Nico to lose a lot of his strength and start to "fade". When facing Bryce Lawrence, it was demonstrated that Nico could turn people into ghostly specters with enough effort.

Hades was also alluded to have been aware about Nico's romantic feelings for Percy during one of his conversations with his son. Hades gives Nico his blessing and tells him he'll prepare a room for Nico in the Underworld for if his mission should fail. He also informs Nico that he wants him to be happy, and that he is proud of his son.

Upon landing at Camp Half-Blood with Reyna and Coach Hedge he leaves them to destroy the onagers, where he finds Will Solace, Lou Ellen and Cecil. Will Solace and Nico start bickering, which amuses Lou Ellen and Cecil.

Later on, it is shown that Nico has not visited the infirmary or spoken to Will since the battle, and Will expresses his dismay at this, saying that Nico could at least have dropped by and Will would have been glad to see a friendly face. This surprises Nico, who hadn't realized Will might want to see him, and says that his face is usually not welcome, especially around the wounded/sick. Will is upset by this and protests, stating that people were always trying to befriend Nico, it was simply that Nico would not allow them to.

Some time later, when Nico answers the door to his cabin and sees Jason Grace, he momentarily mistakes him for Will, feeling disappointed when he realizes his mistake. He then feels annoyed with himself at being disappointed, and it is implied that he is interested in Will Solace.

After a conversation later on in which Will orders Nico to stay at the infirmary for three days of rest, Nico sees Percy and Annabeth and decides to clear the air between them, since they will be seeing a lot of each other in the next few years. He confesses his old feelings for Percy, while Annabeth looks on, smiling reassuringly and even offering him a high-five for managing both to say the words and to utterly astound Percy, who was oblivious of his feelings (at the time they existed). He says that Percy is not his type, and he was simply young, confused, lonely and scared with no one else to turn to or trust at the time.  After, he walks towards a waving Will Solace, the boy he chooses. In  the Trials of Apollo we get a glimpse of their relationship. It is the first Homosexual couple in Rick's books with the ship name 'Solangelo'.

Powers and abilities

General
Nico's sword is made of Stygian Iron, which will kill monsters, and, unlike the other metals of Celestial Bronze and Imperial Gold, is capable of harming mortals. The metal, when being forged, is cooled in the River Styx, making it indestructible. It is implied that only beings of the Underworld, such as Hades and his children, are able to use a Stygian iron weapon. The sword helps him channel his power to control and summon the dead, along with draining an enemy's soul to reinforce his sword's power. He can also use it to create fissures in the ground, trapping anyone unlucky in the underworld. This is like what he did to king Minos. Nico being an incredibly powerful demigod; he has many powers and is aware that "With great power... comes a great need to take a nap," as he says after putting to sleep all of the skeleton guards in the Palace of Hades during his and Percy's escape from imprisonment during the Last Olympian.
 Nico has ADHD like other half-bloods, which allows him a heightened sense of awareness in combat.
 As with most other half-bloods, Nico is dyslexic because his brain has been "hard-wired" for Ancient Greek. However, not all are dyslexic or have ADHD, such as Frank Zhang.
 Nico, being a son of Hades, is one of the most powerful demigods alive.
 He can slay monsters with little effort.

Powers
 Nico can open up grounds and bury creatures alive.
 Nico has dominion over the dead, giving him the title 'Ghost King'.
 Nico can summon and communicate with the dead.
 He can sense when a mortal or half-blood has died through a buzzing in his ears
 Nico is shown to be able to release a soul into the underworld, as he did with Daedalus.
 Nico can shadow-travel, a form of travel that uses shadows that enables him to teleport to different places although this ability tires him after a long period of time and he can begin to 'fade'.
 Nico can bend shadows around him to conceal himself.
 He can control dark energy like Hades but to a much weaker extent.
 He can shadow travel others by force if he has direct skin-to-skin contact with them.
 He can cause immensely powerful tremors.
 He can control the dark obsidian souls of the underworld.
He can travel through dreams
 He can see others memories
He can force ghosts into silence by putting a finger to his lips.
 He can turn others into ghosts and send them into the underworld as he did with Bryce Lawrence.
 He can release dark waves from his body, these waves were so powerful that they almost knocked out Jason as collateral damage.

References

Other websites
 Official UK Site
 Rick Riordan's official site
https://riordan.fandom.com/wiki/Nico_di_Angelo

Percy Jackson and the Olympians characters

Nico di Angelo


WrestleMania XIV was the fourteenth WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), which took place on March 29, 1998 at the Fleet Center in Boston, Massachusetts.

Preliminary Matches
The night began with the secret guests in the tag team battle royal being revealed as the  united Legion of Doom, with Sunny. Savio Vega was first eliminated, meaning his tag team partner, Miguel Perez, had to leave too. Kurrgan illegally entered the ring to get revenge on Sniper and Recon for The Jackyl, Barry Windham also illegally entered to eliminate Bradshaw, and so his partner, Chainz, had to leave too. The final four teams stayed in the match for a while until Skull was eliminated by Phineas. When The Godwinns (Phineas & Henry) were thrown out, they returned and attacked the Legion Of Doom with buckets before leaving. New Midnight Express tried to keep Animal out of the ring while double teaming Hawk but once he re-entered the Legion eliminated Bob and Bart at the same time, leaving them the last team standing.

The second bout was a Light Heavyweight Championship match, with Taka Michinoku defending his title against Águila; this would be the first and only time the championship was defended at WrestleMania, though the title that came after it, the WWE Cruiserweight Championship would be. After throwing Taka out the ring and baseball sliding into him, Águila hit an moonsault outside the ring, but was soon hit by a springboard crossbody after Taka reversed a suplex from the end of the ring. Águila almost won the match with a moonsault crossbody into a pin but stayed on the offensive with a frankensteiner. Taka tried to land the Michinoku Driver but as Aguila flipped out and attempted a hurricarana, Taka reversed it into a powerbomb. Taka would soon stop Águila from hitting him with a high flying dive with a dropkick before before being able to do a Michinoku Driver and get the win. After the match, they shook hands and celebrated together.

Triple H made his way to the ring with his theme song played by the DX Band. Before Owen Hart came to the ring, Commissioner Slaughter handcuffed himself to Chyna so that she would not get involved in the match, despite her saying that she didn't want to. The match began with Hart attacking Helmsley with his fists before sliding out of the ring, when Triple H tried to jump from the end of the ring he landed on the crowd barrier. After an powerbomb Hart tried to lock in the sharpshooter but Helmsley broke out of it and started some offensive attacks of his own, kicking Hart in the turnbuckle and delivering a suplex. Hart suffered a cut to the bridge of his nose from a boot to the face, after which Triple H began to only attack Hart's damaged ankle, dropping his knee onto it and stretching it. After not getting hit with another kick to the face and pulling Helmsley's crotch onto the ring post, and managed to take advantage, changing a powerbomb into the sharpshooter but Chyna, having to pull Sgt. Slaughter, pulled Triple H to the rope for the break. Chyna then threw white powder in Slaughter's face causing a worried Hart to check on him, as he turned round to face the ring, Chyna low-blowed him from outside allowing Triple H to win the match with the Pedigree. After she was freed from the handcuffs, Chyna shoved Slaughter into the crowd.

Marc Mero and Goldust began the match but Goldust soon tagged in Luna Vachon, requiring Sable to be tagged in too. However, Vachon simple ran around the outside of the ring with Sable chasing her and tagged her partner back in. Wanting to get her hands on Vachon, Sable double teamed Goldust with a boot to the face after an Irish whip from Mero but could not get Vachon to enter the ring. An near pinfall came from a running crossbody from Mero and following this the two ran into each other, causing both men to crawl and tag in the women. Sable straddled Vachon and punched her round the face before kicking her in the midsection and face in the turnbuckle and attacking Goldust, then running back to clothesline Vachon over the ropes. Vachon tagged Goldust in but before Sable would do the same, she struck him in the face, then letting Mero take over who had his TKO reversed into a DDT. Mero too would reverse the Curtain Call allowing him the chance to try a moonsault pin to a standing Goldust. After Vachon struck a running Mero with his knee, Mero went to punch her but ducked out of the way as Goldust ran to her rescue, causing him to inadvertently knock her off the apron. Mero then executed the TKO but Luna interrupted the pin count, jumping on Mero's back resulting in Sable tagging in as Mero wandered around the ring with Vachon on his back. Sable tried pinning Goldust but the referee was distracted and as he finally began to count, Sable leapt off Goldust so the interfering Vachon would inadvertently bodysplash Goldust. Sable then performed a powerbomb and Mero's TKO to win the bout.

The Intercontinental title fight began along the walkway with a brawl that saw Ken Shamrock whipped into the steel steps before coming inside the ring. Rocky Maivia then delivered his People's Elbow but could not secure a three-count. Shamrock then rolled out of the ring and grabbed steel steps and when the referee tried to take it off him, he threw the referee into the corner; The Rock quickly grabbed the steps and hit Shamrock with it as the referee recovered. Shamrock pushed out of the pin count and quickly gained the advantage, delivering a belly to belly slam off an Irish whip and then securing his ankle lock in the centre of the ring, making The Rock tap. The surrounding members of the Nation jumped into the ring but Shamrock quickly dispatched them all with suplexes, including the four hundred pound Henry, before reapplying the ankle lock to a bleeding Maivia. Faarooq then ran down from the back and jumped onto the apron, only to look on at The Rock with a smile, before walking away. Eventually a number of referees and officials appeared trying to subdue Shamrock, after being surrounded he suplexed a referee and then an official before calming down as The Rock was wheeled away on a gurney. Howard Finkel then announced Shamrock had been disqualified for not breaking his ankle hold causing Shamrock to chase Rock and fight him on the Chris Warren band stage.

The Tag Team Championship match began with Billy Gunn facing Chainsaw Charlie and Road Dogg exchanging blows with Cactus Jack. Trying a Cactus Elbow on Road Dogg, Cactus missed and slammed himself into the dumpster. The Outlaws then focused on Charlie, using a back toss to drop him into the dumpster and as he attempted to climb out they simultaneously slammed the lid shut on the hardcore legends' heads. With Cactus and Charlie both in the dumpster, the Outlaws shut the lid down on them but Cactus managed to get back up while the Outlaws were celebrating and pushed Road Dogg down to the ground with a mandible claw, pulling him into the dumpster. Both teams took time to recover and began to brawl with weapons in the ring, Cactus Jack pulling out a ladder and climbing it opposite Billy Gunn, only to be pushed off straight into the dumpster outside the ring by a falling Chainsaw Charlie. Road Dogg pulled his partner out and the two focused their efforts on Charlie, powerbombing him into the dumpster, however Cactus had managed to escape in the meantime. The fight found its way to the backstage area, with both Outlaws throwing Cactus into boxes and promotional toys but Jack replied with a chair shot to both of them and pulled Billy Gunn onto a wooden crate with a double-arm DDT. Charlie reappeared on a forklift and elevated the wooden crate as Jack dragged Road Dogg onto it too. Charlie then drove the forklift above a backstage dumpster and dropped both opponents inside as Cactus Jack closed the lid to win the World Tag Team Championship.

Main event matches
Before The Undertaker's match with Kane, baseball record-holder Pete Rose came to the ring as the special ring announcer. However, after insulting the home-town team and introducing Kane, the wrestler gave him a tombstone piledriver starting a tri-year tradition. The Undertaker was preceded by a league of torch-bearing druids to the tune of O Fortuna. The Undertaker cornered Kane and threw a fury of punches into him, ducking and reversing Kane's attempts until Kane hit him with a clothesline that he instantly sat up from. Kane then set Undertaker up in a tree of woe to begin his assault of punches and Irish whips and then suplexing Undertaker onto the ropes and delivering a flying club to the neck from the turnbuckle. As Undertaker began to fight back, Kane threw him into the ropes but his brother retaliated by jumping onto his back, which was met a face-first electric chair. Paul Bearer kept the referee distracted while Kane landed the steel steps onto Undertaker, and repeated the effort a second time while his opponent was lying onto the steps, crushing him between. As the referee tried to keep Kane in check, Bearer slapped Undertaker while walking past him. Kane caught his brother running and delivered a chokeslam but lifted his shoulders off the mat before the three count could be made, putting him into a sleeper hold that Undertaker eventually fought out of with a flurry of punches. Undertaker then dropped Kane on top of the ropes and punched him off the apron; he followed this with a over the top rope suicide dive that Kane managed to side-step, guiding him through the Spanish announce table. As Undertaker made it back into the ring, Kane hit him with a flying lariat. Undertaker was caught unawares by Kane, who lifted him into a tombstone piledriver position, but Kane managed to weigh himself backwards onto his own feet and deliver the tombstone himself. Undertaker kicked out and after landing his opponent with a clothesline, he chokeslammed Kane and then delivered a tombstone piledriver of his own; it would eventually take three tombstones with a guillotine leg drop and flying clothesline in between to stop Kane kicking out and sitting up but as soon as the match was over Bearer attacked Undertaker and ordered Kane attack him, which he did with a chair shot to the head and then a tombstone piledriver onto the chair. After Kane and Bearer left, Undertaker sat up and left the ring.

With Mike Tyson enforcing from ring side, the WWF Championship fight began with both superstars dancing around each other, engaging in a few light punches before Shawn Michaels escaped the ring and ran back in to take advantage of Steve Austin, but was met with a standing clothesline. Austin followed up by pulling down Michaels' trunks revealing his rear. Michaels tried to run at Austin but was flipped over the top rope into Triple H and Chyna. As Triple H threw Austin through the crowd barrier, the referee ordered him and Chyna to leave ringside but Austin followed and fought with them up to the entrance way. Michaels caught up with him and hit Austin with a cymbal from the bandstage, before Irish whipping him into the dumpster. As the match resumed in the ring, Austin met Michaels high-risk manoeuvre with a clothesline and then ran him into the turnbuckle and picking him up for an inverted atomic drop. Michaels attempt to pick up some momentum saw him picked up and dropped onto the ropes but Michaels managed to push Stone Cold away as he attempted a stunner. When he tried to escape the ring though, Austin shoved him forcing the champion to fall upon the announce table. After Stone Cold slowed the match down with a sleeper, Michaels tried to pull his knee into the ring post but was instead pulled into it himself. Austin then tried to rush at Michaels but was back tossed into the crowd and struck with the ring bell. Michaels used the momentum to take advantage inside the ring, delivering a snapmare and then a low kick to the grounded Austin but as he took time to offend the audience Stone Cold briefly picked up some speed throwing Michaels out of the ring but just as quickly lost ground as his opponent repeatedly worked on Austin's left knee, throwing it into the ring post and then kicking and dropping onto it back inside the ring. When Austin tried to recover outside of the ring, he was met with a baseball slide launching him over the announce table and was instantly thrown back into the ring by Tyson where he soon suffered a figure four leg lock that Michaels illegally elevated using the second and third ring rope. Austin's eventual counter was stopped by a rope break. Austin then tried to reverse a standing sleeper hold by throwing Michaels back into the turnbuckle but unwittingly trapped referee Mike Chioda who fell unconscious. With both men on the floor, HBK recovered with a kip-up and landed a high-flying elbow drop, getting in position to taunt for his finisher. As Austin eventually stood up, he ducked the super kick, attempting a stunner on Michaels as he turned round only to be thrown into the ropes and met again with a Sweet Chin Music which he grabbed, spinning Michaels round and finishing with a Stone Cold stunner. Tyson jumped into the ring to make a quick three count and the new champion celebrated by tossing the enforcer an Austin 3:16 T-shirt. When Shawn Michaels stood up, he confronted Tyson about his turn but was met with a punch that instantly floored him, and draped with Austin T-shirt.

Results

References

Other websites
The Official Website of WrestleMania XIV

1998 in professional wrestling
Sports in Boston
WrestleMania 14
WrestleMania 14
1998 in the United States
20th century in Boston
March events
1990s in Massachusetts

WrestleMania XIV


On Wings of Song is a 1979 science fiction novel by American writer Thomas M. Disch. It was first published as a serial in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction in three installments in February to April 1979.
Like Disch's previous novel 334, it is a bitter satire that depicts a near-future America falling into worsening economic and social crisis. Despite being critically well received, it was a commercial failure.

Title
"On Wings of Song" is the English title of the German Romantic poem "Auf Flügeln des Gesanges" by Heinrich Heine, which was set to music by Felix Mendelssohn. The lyric speaks of flying with a lover to a peaceful paradise in "the fields of the Ganges".

Plot summary
The novel takes place in suburban Iowa and in New York City, around the middle of the 21st century. Its first section describes the childhood and adolescence of Daniel Weinreb, an imaginative boy who manages to adapt well to his conservative surroundings until a minor act of rebellion sends him to prison at age 14. Daniel's experience there makes him eager to leave the Midwest. After falling in love with the daughter of a powerful and reactionary local tycoon, he moves with her to New York, dreaming of becoming a musician and exploring the forbidden art of "flying"—electronically assisted astral projection. Tragedy and exploitation leave Daniel's idealism in ruins, but he persists and becomes an internationally famous and controversial performer.

Alongside this Bildungsroman storyline, the novel presents a detailed portrait of a future United States torn by economic hardship and culture war. The Midwestern Farm Belt states are ruled by a coalition of the Christian right, known as "undergoders" (a reference to the successful conservative campaign to add the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance); the nominally secular government is socially repressive and business-friendly to an extreme. The coastal states more closely resemble present-day urban America, with generally permissive social attitudes and artistic ferment, but great economic inequality.

The invention of "flying" (which has happened at some unspecified point prior to the beginning of the novel, and is never described in any technological detail) aggravates these cultural divisions. By using a device that seems to be based on biofeedback, while singing with particular verve (an action that, as Disch suggests, causes unique integration of brain activity), a practitioner can separate mind from body and roam the world as an invisible "fairy", able to travel almost without restriction and perceive hidden things. The undergoders regard this as a sinful and dangerous practice, so much so that they discourage musical performance of any kind; but in the coastal cities flying is a fad, so popular that singers are afraid to admit not having been able to achieve it. Many Americans simply refuse to believe that such a radical escape is possible and claim that flying is a hallucination, but still take precautions to avoid being observed by "fairies".

Literary significance

Harold Bloom listed On Wings of Song in The Western Canon, as did David Pringle in his Science Fiction: 100 Best Novels. John Clute wrote in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction that it "thematically sums up most of the abiding concerns of TMD's career, as well as presenting an exemplary portrait of the pleasures and miseries of art in a world made barbarous by material scarcities and spiritual lassitude; in the final analysis, however, it lacks the complex, energetic denseness of the earlier book." Author William Gibson described it as "one of the great neglected masterpieces of late 20th-century science fiction." Michael Bishop in A Reverie for Mister Ray writes that the novel "comments on the American predicament by exaggerating its salient stinks...leaving us to walk about in this funhouse future as if it were real. [We are] repeatedly surprised by the vividness with which Disch has rendered our present provincialism, conformity, commercialism, frivolity, intolerance, and narcissism.  On Wings of Song is a major accomplishment of American letters."

Awards and nominations

On Wings of Song won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award in 1980. It was nominated for the 1979 Nebula Award for Best Novel, the 1979 BSFA Award for Best Novel, the 1980 Hugo Award for Best Novel, the 1980 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, the 1981 Balrog Award, the 1982 Prometheus Award, and was runner-up for the 2004 Premio Ignotus for Best Foreign Novel for the Spanish translation, En alas de la canción.

References

Sources
 Rossi, Umberto, "On a Background, Catastrophic, the Story, Ironic: Ecological Awareness and Capitalist Shortsightedness in Thomas M. Disch's On Wings of Song", Foundation 31:85, Summer 2002, 89-105.

External links

 1979 review by Gerald Jonas in New York Times
 2004 review
 Bibliography with cover scans at Fantasticfiction.co.uk

1979 American novels
1979 science fiction novels
1979 fantasy novels
American science fiction novels
Novels by Thomas M. Disch
John W. Campbell Award for Best Science Fiction Novel-winning works
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
Novels first published in serial form
Novels set in Iowa
Novels set in New York City
St. Martin's Press books

On Wings of Song (novel)


Beatification (from Latin beatus, "blessed") is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a dead person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in his or her name (intercession of saints). Beatification is the third of the four steps in the canonization process.  A person who is beatified is in English given the title "Blessed".

History
Since the Catholic Church reform of 1983, one miracle must be believed to have taken place through the intercession of the person to be beatified, though the medical investigations of the Church are privately conducted and therefore subject to speculation about their methods.

The requirement of a miracle is not necessary for those who have died a martyr, as their sanctity is already evident because they were killed distinctly out of hatred for the faith ("odium fidei"). More about the process can be found in the article on canonization.

The feast day for a Blessed person is not universal, but is celebrated only in regions where the person receives particular veneration. For instance, Saint Kateri Tekakwitha was honored in the United States of America and Canada during her time as Blessed. The person may also be honored in a particular religious order. For instance, veneration of John Duns Scotus is found in the Archdiocese of Cologne, Germany, and among the Franciscans and other places. Similarly, veneration of the Blessed Chiara Badano is particular to the Focolare movement, and also demonstrates that, contrary to popular opinion, beatification may take place within a short time after the death of an individual (in this case, just twenty years).

Beatification practices under the Popes
Pope John Paul II (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) markedly changed previous Catholic practice of beatification. By October 2004, he had beatified 1340 people, more than the sum of all of his predecessors since Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590), who established a beatification procedure similar to that used today. John Paul II's successor, Pope Benedict XVI, removed the custom of holding beatification rites in the Vatican with the Pope presiding; they can now be held where the subject lived with the Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints designated to preside over the ceremony as Papal Delegate. The Pope himself can still preside, as happened on 19 September 2010, when Benedict XVI beatified John Henry Newman in Cofton Park, Birmingham, on the last day of his visit to the United Kingdom. Benedict XVI also personally celebrated the Beatification Mass for his predecessor, John Paul II, at St. Peter's Basilica, on the Second Sunday of Easter, or Divine Mercy Sunday, on 1 May 2011, an event that drew more than a million people.

Cultus confirmation
Cultus confirmation is a somewhat different procedure, where the church recognizes a local cult of a person, asserting that veneration of that person is acceptable. Such a confirmation is more an official sanctioning of folk Catholicism than an active step in a canonization procedure, but the object of the cult may equally be addressed as "Blessed."

Notes

References
Vatican website, with new procedures
"The Process of Becoming a Saint" – article from the Arlington Catholic Herald explaining the history of the process of becoming a saint

External links
List of all Blesseds in the Catholic Church  by GCatholic.org.

Sainthood
Posthumous recognitions

භාග්‍යවන්ත ධූරයට එසවීම


The 23rd Daytime Emmy Awards were held on May 22, 1996, on CBS to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from the previous year (1995).  At this ceremony, Erika Slezak set a then record with five Emmy Awards for Lead Actress.  She would beat her own record in 2005. The telecast aired two-hours. The Creative Arts Emmy celebration took place on May 18, 1996.

Winners in each category are in bold.

Outstanding Drama Series
All My Children
Days of Our Lives
General Hospital
The Young and the Restless

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series
Maurice Benard (Sonny Corinthos, General Hospital)
Peter Bergman (Jack Abbott, The Young and the Restless)
Eric Braeden (Victor Newman, The Young and the Restless)
David Canary  (Adam Chandler/Stuart Chandler, All My Children)
Charles Keating (Carl Hutchins, Another World)

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series
Jensen Buchanan (Vicky Hudson, Another World)
Linda Dano (Felicia Gallant, Another World)
Susan Lucci (Erica Kane, All My Children)
Erika Slezak (Victoria Lord, One Life to Live)
Jess Walton (Jill Abbott, The Young and the Restless)

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Frank Beaty (Brent Lawrence, Guiding Light)
Ian Buchanan (James Warwick, The Bold and the Beautiful)
Stuart Damon (Alan Quartermaine, General Hospital)
David Forsyth (John Hudson, Another World)
Michael Sutton (Stone Cates, General Hospital)
Jerry verDorn (Ross Marler, Guiding Light)

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Rosalind Cash (Mary Mae Ward, General Hospital)
Anna Holbrook (Sharlene Frame Hudson, Another World)
Victoria Rowell (Drucilla Winters, The Young and the Restless)
Michelle Stafford (Phyllis Romalotti, The Young and the Restless)
Tonya Lee Williams (Olivia Hastings, The Young and the Restless)

Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series
Nathan Fillion (Joey Buchanan, One Life to Live)
Jonathan Jackson (Lucky Spencer, General Hospital)
Kevin Mambo (Marcus Williams, Guiding Light)
Shemar Moore (Malcolm Winters, The Young and the Restless)
Joshua Morrow (Nicholas Newman, The Young and the Restless)

Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series
Kimberly J. Brown (Marah Lewis, Guiding Light)
Martha Byrne (Lily Walsh Grimaldi, As the World Turns)
Sharon Case (Sharon Collins, The Young and the Restless)
Kimberly McCullough (Robin Scorpio, General Hospital)
Heather Tom (Victoria Newman, The Young and the Restless)

Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team
All My Children
Another World
As the World Turns
One Life to Live

Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team
All My Children
Days of Our Lives
General Hospital
The Young and the Restless

Outstanding Graphics and Title Design
Michael Saz and Andrew Carl Wilk (Really Wild Animals)
Linda Paris (CNN Newsroom)
Ian Dawson, and Marco Bacich, John Ridgway, Jerry Steele and Chris Williamson (Day & Date)
Paul Newman, and Billy Pittard (One Life to Live)
Suzanne Kiley and Billy Pittard (Ricki Lake)
Suzanne Kiley, Thalia Kalodimos, Ed Sullivan and Harriet Seitler (The Oprah Winfrey Show)

Outstanding Directing in a Children's Series
David Grossman, Gary Halvorson and Shelley Jensen (Adventures in Wonderland)
Mark Mannucci, Ed Wiseman and Larry La (Reading Rainbow)
Andrew Carl Wilk (Really Wild Animals)
Gary Shimokawa, Steve Feldman, Emily Squires, Ted May, Lisa Simon and John Ferraro (Sesame Street)
Tom Trbovich, Ed Wiseman (The Puzzle Place)
Hugh Martin (Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?)

Outstanding Writing in a Children's Series
Erren Gottlieb, Bill Nye, James McKenna, Scott Schaefer, Adam Gross and Seth Gross (Bill Nye, the Science Guy)
Mark Waxman, Barry Friedman, Casey Keller, Richard Albrecht and Phil Walsh (Beakman's World)
Mallory Tarcher, Shari Lewis, Aubrey Tadman, Ken Steele, Tibby Rothman, Lan O'Kun and Bernard Rothman (Lamb Chop's Play-Along)
Fred Rogers (Mister Rogers' Neighborhood)
Mark Eisman, Andrew Gutelle, Ronnie Krauss, Jill Gluckson, Lee Hunkins, Susan Kim (Reading Rainbow)
Norman Stiles, John Weidman, Lou Berger, Belinda Ward, Cathi Turow, Ian Ellis James, Adam Rudman, Nancy Sans, Sonia Manzano, Joey Mazzarino, Mo Willems, Emily Perl Kingsley, Christine Ferraro, David Korr, Jeff Moss, Judy Freudberg, Josh Selig, Sara Compton, Molly Boylan, Luis Santeiro, Tony Geiss (Sesame Street)

Outstanding Music Direction and Composition
Harvey Cohen and Shirley Walker (Batman: The Animated Series: "A Bullet For Bullock")
Steven Bernstein, Carl Johnson and Richard Stone (Animaniacs)
Carl Johnson (Gargoyles)
Steven Bernstein and Richard Stone (Pinky and the Brain)
Jeff Moss, Paul Jacobs, Stephen Lawrence, Tony Geiss, Christopher Cerf, Sarah Durkee, Dave Conner, Gail Sky King, Danny Epstein and Robby Merkin (Sesame Street)

Outstanding Original Song
Richard Stone - (Music), and Tom Ruegger - (Lyrics) For the main theme "Freakazoid!" (Freakazoid!)Chuck DeAngelo (Music and lyrics) and Robert Sands (Music and lyrics) (Another World)
Ron Brawer - (lyrics), Barry Allen Rowe - (Music) (As the World Turns)
Paul Simon (The Oprah Winfrey Show)

Outstanding Sound EditingJim Wilson, Thomas McGurk, Michael McAuliffe, Dave Howe and Ella Brackett (Bill Nye, the Science Guy)Steve Bissinger, William H. Angarola, Kathryn Dayak, Mark Cookson, Gary Freedman, Kimberly Lambert and Robert Guastini (Flipper)
David Browning and Dick Maitland (Sesame Street)

Outstanding Sound Editing - Special ClassRobert Hargreaves, Matt Thorne, Russell Brower, Mike Dickeson, Bob Lacivita, Tom Maydeck, Mark Keatts, John Hegedes, Pat Rodman and Kelly Ann Foley (Batman: The Animated Series)Timothy Borquez, Rick Hinson, Rick Hammel, Les Wolf and Thomas Syslo (Life with Louie)
William Griggs, Cecil Broughton, Kenneth Young, Charles Rychwalski, Jennifer Mertens and Ernesto Mas (Aladdin)
Marty Stein, David John West, Rick Hinson, Anthony Torretto, Chris Fradkin and Terry Reiff (The Tick)

Outstanding Sound Mixing - Special ClassMichael Jiron, Allen L. Stone and Deb Adair (Aladdin)Melissa Ellis, Jim Hodson, Dan Hiland, Joseph D. Citarella, Bill Koepnick, Deb Adair, Michael Jiron and Allen L. Stone (Timon & Pumbaa)
Dan Hiland and Timothy Borquez (Life with Louie)
Stuart Calderon, Deb Adair, John Boyd and David John West (The Tick)
Matt Thorne, Harry Andronis and Tom Maydeck (Batman: The Animated Series)
Mick Gormaley and Chuck Hammer (Really Wild Animals)
P.M.C / Adrian Loader, (The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa)

Outstanding Sound MixingChristian P. Minkler, Paul Brincat, Jon Taylor and Kevin Patrick Burns (Flipper)Galen Handy and Paul Schremp (ABC Afterschool Specials - "Fast Forward")
Don Summer and Thomas Orsi (ABC Afterschool Specials - "Crosstown")

Outstanding MakeupRon Wild and Karen Stephens (Adventures in Wonderland)Janet Flora (Day & Date)
Judith Silverman and Keith Crary (Reading Rainbow)
Randy Houston Mercer and Stephanie Cozart Burton (Reading Rainbow)
Joe Cuervo (Sesame Street)
Karen Borgo-Santo (Maury)

Outstanding Children's Animated ProgramSteven Spielberg, Tom Ruegger, Peter Hastings and Rusty Mills (Animaniacs)George Newall, Tom Yohe and Radford Stone (Schoolhouse Rock!)
Alison Blank, Jane Startz, Kristin Laskas Martin, Karen Stevens, Michael Hirsh, Patrick Loubert, Clive A. Smith, Stephen Hodgins and Patricia R. Burns (The Magic School Bus)
Saul Cooper, Pancho Kohner, Michael Maliani, Robby London, Andy Heyward, Judy Rothman Rofé and Stan Phillips (The New Adventures of Madeline)
Robby London, Michael Maliani, Andy Heyward, Michael E. Uslan, Sean Roche, Renee Toporzysek and Joe Barruso (Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?)

Outstanding in AnimationGordon Bressack, Charles M. Howell IV, Peter Hastings, Randy Rogel, Tom Ruegger, Paul Rugg, Liz Holzman, Audu Paden, Andrea Romano, Al Zegler, Joey Banaszkiewicz, Barry Caldwell, Brian Mitchell, John Over, Norma Rivera, Rhoydon Shishido, Marcus Williams and Mark Zoeller (Animaniacs)Mircea Mantta, Gerard Baldwin, Barbara Dourmashkin, Alan Zaslove, Jamie Thomason, Rob LaDuca, Dale Case, Bob Roth, Bill Motz, Mark Seidenberg, Mirith J. Colao, Denise Koyama and Lonnie Lloyd (Aladdin)
Andrea Romano, Liz Holzman, Al Zegler and Peter Hastings (Pinky and the Brain)
Andres Nieves, Claude Denis, Phillip Kim, David Manners, Richard Liebmann-Smith, Susan Blu, Larry Latham, Elaine Hultgren, Chuck Harvey, Christopher McCulloch, Hank Tucker and Ben Edlund (The Tick)
Richard Ziehler-Martin, Jeff Starling, Hector Martinez, Lin Hua Zheng, Ted Blackman, John Wee, Ed Klautky, Felipe Morell, Sung Hwan Choi, Jeremy M. Hopkinson, Ray Shenusay, Teri Shikasho, Tim Deacon, Keith Weesner, Bill Sienkiewicz, Rick Del Carmen, Chuck Puntuvatana, Tom Nesbitt, Dave Simons, Dan Fausett, Francis Barrios, Romeo Francisco, Clint Taylor, Eric Fredrickson, Neil Hunter, Nicholas Filippi, Joseph Dempsey, Ron Harris, Sean Roche and Joe Barruso (Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?)

Outstanding Performer in an Animated ProgramNathan Lane (Timon, Timon & Pumbaa)Keith David  (Goliath,  Gargoyles)
Edward Asner (J. Jonah Jameson, Spider-Man: The Animated Series)
Lily Tomlin (Valerie Felicity Frizzle, The Magic School Bus)
Ernie Sabella (Pumbaa, Timon & Pumbaa)
Rita Moreno (Carmen Sandiego, Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?)

Outstanding Game Show

 The Price Is Right Jeopardy!

Outstanding Game Show Host
 Bob Barker Alex Trebek

Outstanding Children's Series
 Reading Rainbow

Lifetime achievement award
 Phil Donahue

References

External links

023
Daytime Emmy Awards

23rd Daytime Emmy Awards


Peter Aufschnaiter (2 November 1899 – 12 October 1973) was an Austrian mountaineer, agricultural scientist, geographer and cartographer. His experiences with fellow climber Heinrich Harrer during World War II were depicted in the 1997 film Seven Years in Tibet.

Early life
Born in Kitzbühel, Austria-Hungary, Peter Aufschnaiter went to high school in Kufstein. During his school education he was drafted into military service in the First World War in 1917. After he finished his final exams in 1919 he went to Munich in Germany to study agriculture.

Climbing
In his early years he began climbing in his beloved Kaiser mountain range; later, in Munich, Aufschnaiter became acquainted with several German alpinists of the time. He took part in expeditions to Kangchenjunga (1929 and 1931) in Sikkim, where he reached a height of . On these expeditions he had first contacts with Tibetans and learned the Tibetan language.

Nazi Party
After the Machtergreifung of 30 January 1933, he joined the Nazi Party. From 1936 he worked full-time for the  established that year by Paul Bauer.

Capture and Tibet
After several attempts at the Nanga Parbat, Aufschnaiter led a small four-man expedition in 1939, including Heinrich Harrer, to the Diamir Face with the aim of finding an easier route to the peak. Having concluded that the face was viable, they were in Karachi at the end of August waiting for a freighter to take them home. The ship being long overdue, Harrer, Ludwig and Lobenhoffer tried to reach Persia with their shaky car, but several hundred kilometers northwest of Karachi were put under the "protection" of British soldiers and escorted back to Karachi, where Aufschnaiter had stayed on.

Two days later, war was declared and on 3 September 1939, all were put behind barbed wire to be transferred to a detention camp at Ahmednagar near Bombay two weeks later. They considered escaping to Portuguese Goa but when further transferred to Dehradun, where they were detained for years with 1,000 other enemy aliens, they found Tibet more promising. Their goal was the Japanese front in Burma or China.

Aufschnaiter and Harrer escaped and were re-captured a number of times before finally succeeding. On 29 April 1944 after lunch a group of seven, Rolf Magener and Heins von Have disguised as British officers, Harrer, Aufschnaiter, the Salzburger Bruno Treipel (aka Treipl) and the Berliners Hans Kopp and Sattler, disguised as native Indian workers, walked out of the camp. While Magener and von Have took the train to Calcutta and from there found their way to the Japanese army in Burma, the others headed for the closest border. After Sattler had given up on 10 May, the remaining four entered Tibet crossing the Tsang Chok-la Pass (5,896 metres) on 17 May 1944 and thereafter split into two groups: Harrer and Kopp, Aufschnaiter and Treipel. On 17 June Treipel, exhausted, bought himself a horse and rode back to the lowlands. Several months later, when the remaining three were still without visas for Tibet, Kopp gave up too and left for Nepal (where he was handed over to the British within a few days).

Aufschnaiter and Harrer, helped by the former's knowledge of the Tibetan language, proceeded to the capital of Lhasa which they reached on 15 January 1946, having crossed Western Tibet (passing holy Mount Kailash), the South-West with Gyirong County and the Northern Changthang Plateau.

From then on Aufschnaiter played an important role in Tibet. Employed by the government he helped plan a hydroelectric power plant and a sewage system for Lhasa and started first attempts at river regulations and reforestation in the area. He also looked into improving the quality of seeds. With Harrer he charted the first exact map of the capital city. His archaeological findings led to a correspondence with the scholar Giuseppe Tucci. His extensive work is described in Heinrich Harrer's Seven Years in Tibet and Harrer's autobiography Beyond Seven Years in Tibet: my life before, during and after. Aufschnaiter's own book, Eight Years in Tibet, includes many of his own photographs and sketches.

In October 1950 the advance of the Chinese People's Liberation Army to Lhasa forced Aufschnaiter and Harrer to join the caravan of the Dalai Lama when he retreated to the Chumbi Valley bordering Sikkim and India. Harrer proceeded to India, but Aufschnaiter stayed at Gyantse and left Tibet only 10 months later. Harrer's book, Seven years in Tibet states that, "On 20 December 1950, Peter left Lhasa. Heinrich Harrer had already left for southern Tibet in the middle of November, finally leaving the country in March 1951. But Aufschnaiter wanted to stay in Tibet as long as possible, and in fact remained another ten months. (...) at this time he was on the south-western frontier of Tibet. On the way there he visited the monastery of Rongphu, which the Chinese had not yet destroyed, and from there climbed, alone, as far as No. 1 camp on the northern ascent route to Everest."

He arrived in Nepal in 1952 where he worked as a cartographer and then in New Delhi, for the Indian Army. In 1955, he first-ascended Ronti (6063 m) in the Garhwal Himalaya together with Canadian George Hampson in pure alpine style. He eventually obtained a Nepalese passport which allowed him access to many restricted remote areas and he discovered valuable early Buddhist frescos. Aufschnaiter spent most of his remaining years in Nepal, working as an agricultural engineer. At first he worked for Swiss Technical Aid. From 1956 on he held a position as an agriculture expert for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.

Death

Aufschnaiter returned to Austria much later in life and died in Innsbruck in 1973 at the age of 73. He is buried at Kitzbüheler Bergfriedhof, Austria.
Only very late in his life, the introverted Aufschnaiter began writing memoirs but did not see them published. After his death, the manuscript was first in the possession of mountaineer Paul Bauer. Finally it was edited and published by Tibet scholar Martin Brauen of the Museum of Ethnology at the University of Zurich.

In the 1997 film Seven Years in Tibet, Aufschnaiter, who was portrayed by David Thewlis, falls in love with the local tailor Pema Lhaki, and marries her.

Filmography
Seven Years in Tibet

See also
List of climbers, alpinists and mountaineers
List of Austrian mountaineers
List of Austrians
Heinrich Harrer
Seven Years in Tibet (book by Heinrich Harrer)
Lhasa
Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama

References

External links
- Peter Aufschnaiter's report of the 1939 Nanga Parbat Expedition (in English).

1899 births
1973 deaths
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Austrian explorers
Austrian mountain climbers
Aufschnaider, Peter
Austrian geographers
Austrian agronomists
Austrian cartographers
Tibet
Austrian Nazis
Austrian expatriates in Germany
Austrian expatriates in Pakistan
Austrian expatriates in India
Austrian expatriates in Nepal
Austrian escapees
Escapees from British military detention
Austrian expatriates in Tibet
Sportspeople from Tyrol (state)
People from Kitzbühel
20th-century geographers
Explorers of Nepal
20th-century cartographers
20th-century agronomists

Peter Aufschnaiter


The Nevada Governor's Mansion is the official residence of the governor of Nevada and his family.  Reno architect George A. Ferris designed this Classical Revival (Neoclassical) style mansion.  It is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

History
The Governor's Mansion of the State of Nevada was built between 1908 and 1909. Until that time, Nevada's governors and their families found lodging where they could in or near Carson City, the capital. State Assembly Bill 10, the "Mansion Bill," was passed in 1907 to secure a permanent site and residence for a Governor's Mansion. Mrs. T.B. Rickey sold the land where the mansion now stands to the State of Nevada for $10, and George A. Ferris, a Reno architect, designed the mansion with Classical Revival features and Georgian and Jeffersonian motifs, and a construction bid was awarded for $22,700. Acting Governor Denver S. Dickerson and his family were the first residents when they occupied the mansion in July 1909. The building was first opened to the public during an open house on New Year's Day, 1910. The governor's daughter, June Dickerson, was born in the mansion on September 2, 1909, and is the only child yet born in the mansion.

The mansion was at the center of a legal dispute resulting from the divorce case of Governor Jim Gibbons and his now-former wife, Dawn. Several months before filing a divorce petition in May 2008, the Governor moved out of the mansion, returning to the couple's private residence in Reno. Upon filing for divorce, he filed a petition seeking his wife's eviction from the mansion, citing state law which requires that the Governor maintain his or her home and office in the state capital. Mrs. Gibbons challenged that petition, citing a desire to continue fulfilling her duties as First Lady and instead offering to live in the mansion's guest house, which would allow her husband to live separately in the main house. Furthermore, her attorney also cited state law which allows divorcing couples to divide equally anything of value enjoyed by both parties until the divorce is finalized. After their divorce, Governor Gibbons moved back into the mansion, and Dawn Gibbons relocated to an apartment in Las Vegas.

References

Governors' mansions in the United States
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada
National Register of Historic Places in Carson City, Nevada
Government buildings in Nevada
Neoclassical architecture in Nevada
Nevada State Register of Historic Places
Houses completed in 1909
Government buildings completed in 1909
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada
Houses in Carson City, Nevada

Nevada Governor's Mansion


In Greek mythology, Andromeda (, Androméda or Ἀνδρομέδη, Andromédē) is an Aethiopian princess, the daughter of King Cepheus and his wife Cassiopeia. When Cassiopeia boasted that her daughter was more beautiful than the Nereids, this angered the sea god Poseidon, who sent the sea monster Ceto to ravage the land as punishment. Desperate, King Cepheus consulted the Oracle of Delphi, who stated that Andromeda must be offered as a sacrifice to the sea monster; Andromeda was then chained to a rock by the shore. When the hero Perseus saw Andromeda (having flown over after beheading Medusa), he killed the sea monster and saved Andromeda. They were soon married, with Perseus going on to found the city of Mycenae. By Perseus, she is the mother of Perses, Alcaeus, Heleus, Mestor, Sthenelus and Electryon as well as two daughters Autochthe and Gorgophone. Andromeda is also the great-grandmother of Herakles.

In Greek, her name means "ruler of men," from  ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός (anēr, andrós - "[of] man"), and medon ("ruler").

People in Greek mythology

Andromeda (mythology)


The term bloom or blooming mostly means one or more flowers on a flowering plant. The word may also be used as a metaphor for young people at the peak of their beauty or health. See also Blossom.

Bloom or Blooming may also mean:

Entertainment
 Club Blooming is a football (soccer) club and academy from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
 Bloom (novel) is a science fiction novel by Wil McCarthy.
 Bloom (boutique) is a specialty boutique in Newark, Delaware.
 Bloom (movie) is a 2004 movie based on James Joyce's novel Ulysses.
 Bloom (band) is an Australian trip hop band from the mid-1990s.
 Bloom is the name of several record albums. See Bloom (album)
 Bloom (Winx Club) is a fictional character from the Winx Club animated series.

Science
 In direct reduced iron, bloom is the name for an unconsolidated mass of iron metal, mixed with remains of slag and charcoal that is produced in the 'bloomery' process.
 The same term is used for a similar mass of iron metal produced in the finery process.
 Bloom is also the name for a section of steel, with the dimensions of 630 mm wide, 400 mm high and 6 m long. Compare with billet and slab.
 Bloom filter is a probabilistic method to find a subset of a given set.
 Charge-coupled device bloom is a property of CCD image sensors that causes charge from the potential well of one pixel to overflow into others.
 Blooming (laser) is an effect of laser beams and particle beams in air.  See Directed-energy weapon#Blooming
 Bloom (test) is a test to measure the strength of a gel or gelatin.
 Bloom (shader effect) is a graphics effect used in modern 3D computer games.
 Bloom is also used to refer to the whitish covering which sometimes appears on improperly  tempered chocolate.
 Bloom is used to refer to the glaucous, bluish appearance of plant surfaces covered with epicuticular wax.
 Bloom is a term to describe the process involving Meat.. All meat is more of a brown color until the oxygen hits it and the myoglobins turn it red..This process is called "blooming". If Meat is deprived of oxygen the same applies..it will turn dark in those spots that, touch something. The meat "blooms" when exposed to air and turns red.

Nature
 A bloom can be a large swarm (or "smack") of jellyfish.
 The phenomenon of algal bloom.
 Bloom on fruit such as plums or grapes is a white or bluish covering. Once thought to be wild yeast cells, it is now known to be waxy coverings to the epithelial cells of the fruit, presumably intended to provide some protection from environmental damage.

People named Bloom
Allan Bloom (1930–1992), American philosopher and author.
Benjamin Bloom (1913–1999), American educator.
Bobby Bloom (1946–1974), American singer songwriter best known for one hit wonder "Montego Bay" in 1970.
Claire Bloom (born 1931), British actor.
David Bloom (1963–2003), NBC journalist.
Harold Bloom (1930–2019), American literary critic.
Harry Bloom (1913–1981), South African novelist and activist.
Howard Bloom (born 1943), American author.
Luka Bloom (born 1955), Irish musician.
Matthew Bloom (born 1972), American wrestler.
Leopold Bloom and Molly Bloom, fictional characters in James Joyce's Ulysses.
Orlando Bloom (born 1977), English actor.
Ursula Bloom (1892–1984), English writer.
Verna Bloom (1938–2019), American actress, best known for role in Animal House.

Business
Bloom (store) is a U.S. supermarket chain operated by Food Lion LLC.

Education
Bloom Public School is a K–12 school in Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India.

Bloom


Franz Ignaz Danzi (15 June 1763 – 13 April 1826) was a German cellist, composer and conductor, the son of the Italian cellist Innocenz Danzi (1730–1798) and brother of the noted singer Franzeska Danzi. Danzi lived at a significant time in the history of European music. His career, spanning the transition from the late Classical to the early Romantic styles, coincided with the origin of much of the music that lives in our concert halls and is familiar to contemporary classical-music audiences. As a young man he knew Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, whom he revered; he was a contemporary of Ludwig van Beethoven, about whom he — like many of his generation — had strong but mixed feelings; and he was a mentor for the young Carl Maria von Weber, whose music he respected and promoted.

Life and career

Born in Schwetzingen and raised in Mannheim, Danzi studied with his father and with Georg Joseph Vogler before he joined the superlative orchestra of the Elector Karl Theodor in 1778 as a teenager.

In 1780, the first of his woodwind compositions was published at Mannheim. His father, principal cellist of the orchestra, was praised by Mozart for his playing at the premiere of Idomeneo. Danzi remained behind in a Mannheim that was rendered more provincial when Karl Theodor moved his court to Munich in 1778. After an apprenticeship with the small theatre orchestra left in Mannheim, he rejoined the main court in Munich as principal cellist — taking his father's position — in 1784.

In 1790, he married the singer and composer Maria Margarethe Marchand, with whom he travelled in an opera troupe to Leipzig, Prague, Venice, and Florence.

By 1798, once more in Munich, he rose to the position of assistant Kapellmeister in one of the most important musical centers of Europe, but in 1807, unhappy at the treatment he received at court and despairing of any further advancement, he left Munich to be Kapellmeister in the smaller and less important Stuttgart court of the new king of Württemberg, Frederick I.

After five years he moved again to Karlsruhe, where he spent the last years of his life at the Royal Konservatorium struggling to raise the modest courtly musical establishment to respectability.

He died in Karlsruhe, aged 62.

Contribution
Danzi is known today chiefly for his woodwind quintets, in which he took justifiable pride for the idiomatic treatment of the individual instruments. He composed in most major genres of the time, including opera, church music, orchestral works, and many varieties of chamber music. He was a first-rate cellist as well as a conscientious and — by all reports — effective orchestra leader and conductor.

At Schwetzingen, the city concert hall was renamed in his honour in 2005.

Family
Francesca Lebrun (1756–91), a singer and composer, was Franz Danzi's sister.

Selected works

Among his compositions are:
 Symphonie Concertante in E major for Wind Quintet and Orchestra (1785)
 3 String Quartets, Op. 5
 6 String Quartets, Op. 6
 3 Duos for viola and cello (book 1)
 3 Duos for viola and cello, Op. 9 (book 2)
 Wind Sextet in E major, Op. 10
 Septet in E major, Op. 10 (arrangement of Sextet, Op. 10)
 Septet in E major, Op. 15
 Sinfonia in C major for Orchestra, Op. 25 (Danzi wrote 8 Sinfonias)
 Horn Sonata in E major, Op. 28 (c.1804)
 3 String Quartets, Op. 29
 Flute Concerto No. 1 in G major, Op. 30
 Flute Concerto No. 2 in D minor, Op. 31
 3 Quartets for Bassoon and Strings, Op. 40
 Quintet in D minor for Piano and Winds, Op. 41
 Symphonie Concertante in B major for Flute, Clarinet and Orchestra, Op. 41
 Flute Concerto No. 3 in D minor, Op. 42
 Flute Concerto No. 4 in D major, Op. 43
 Sonata concertante in E minor for Horn and Piano, Op. 44
 3 Potpourris for Clarinet and Orchestra, Op. 45 (1814)
 Concertino, for Clarinet, Solo Bassoon and Chamber Band, Op. 47
 Quintet in F major for Piano and Winds, Op. 53
 Quintet in D major for Piano and Winds, Op. 54
 3 Wind Quintets, Op. 56
 6 String Quintets (with 2 violas), Op. 66
 3 Wind Quintets, Op. 67
 3 Wind Quintets, Op. 68
 3 Trios for Flute and Strings, Op. 71
 4 Bassoon Concertos
 Cello Concerto in A major
 Cello Concerto in E minor
 Horn Concerto in E major
 Ouvertüre in E major for Orchestra
 Piano Concerto in E major
 Sonata in D major for 2 Organs
 Sonatina in D major for Flute and Piano
 Sonata for Clarinet and Piano in B major "Sonata Concertante"
 Sinfonia Concertante in E major for Flute, Oboe, Horn, Bassoon and Orchestra
 6 Pieces Faciles for Piano, Op. 73
 4 Arias from Operas by Mozart (arranged by Danzi for 2 cellos)

External links

 Composer biography at Naxos website

 A substantial list of newly-published editions of Danzi's works in Russian Wikipedia
 Article on the 9 Danzi Wind Quintets at the Double Reed Society website

1763 births
1826 deaths
18th-century classical composers
18th-century German people
19th-century classical composers
German Classical-period composers
German classical cellists
German conductors (music)
German male conductors (music)
German expatriates in the Czech lands
German expatriates in Italy
German people of Italian descent
People from Schwetzingen
Pupils of Georg Joseph Vogler
German Romantic composers
German male classical composers
19th-century German composers
18th-century German composers
18th-century German male musicians
19th-century German male musicians
20th-century cellists

Franz Danzi


Mitch Morris (born October 15, 1979) is an American actor.  His full birth name is John Mitchell Morris.

Biography
Morris was raised in Portland, Texas. He graduated from Gregory-Portland High School in 1998. As a trumpet player, he was offered a music scholarship to the University of North Texas, but turned it down to study radio, Television and Film. After moving to Los Angeles, he first appeared as a model in an ad campaign for American Eagle Outfitters. Soon after, he began making guest appearances on shows such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer, ER and Presidio Med.

In 2003, Morris made his stage debut in the LA revival of the Pulitzer Prize-nominated play Summertree. He then led the "pink posse," as Cody Bell on Showtime's Queer as Folk before playing CIA tech-genius Ken Watkins on Jerry Bruckheimer's E-Ring.  Morris can also be seen in the police drama, Honor.

Morris played the role of Griff in Todd Stephens' sex comedy, Another Gay Movie, which made its world premiere at the 2006 Tribeca Film Festival. Morris holds a B.A. in psychology from California State University, Northridge and a J.D. from Villanova University School of Law and a MFA in creative writing at Sarah Lawrence College.  Morris practiced with the Kane Law Firm in Los Angeles. As of 2022, his law license is still active and is a member of the California Bar.   He then became a lecturer in writing and a chair of college writing at Purchase College in New York, New York.

It is believed that he is openly gay.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Male actors from Texas
Male models from Texas
American male film actors
American male television actors
American gay actors
University of North Texas alumni
People from Portland, Texas

Mitch Morris


The Canadas is the collective name for the provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada, two historical British colonies in present-day Canada. The two colonies were formed in 1791, when the British Parliament passed the Constitutional Act, splitting the colonial Province of Quebec into two separate colonies. The Ottawa River formed the border between Lower and Upper Canada.

The Canadas were merged into a single entity in 1841, shortly after Lord Durham published his Report on the Affairs of British North America. His report held several recommendations, most notably union of the Canadas. Acting on his recommendation, the British Parliament passed the Act of Union 1840. The Act went into effect in 1841, uniting the Canadas into the Province of Canada.

The terms "Lower" and "Upper" refer to the colony's position relative to the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River.
 Lower Canada covered the southeastern portion of the present-day province of Quebec, Canada, and (until 1809) the Labrador region of Newfoundland and Labrador.
 Upper Canada covered what is now the southern portion of the province of Ontario and the lands bordering Georgian Bay and Lake Superior.

History

The two colonies were created in 1791 with the passage of the Constitutional Act 1791. As a result of the influx of Loyalists from the American Revolutionary War, the Province of Quebec was divided into two new colonies, consisting of Lower and Upper Canada. The creation of Upper Canada was in response to the influx of United Empire Loyalist settlers, who desired a colonial administration modelled under British institutions and common law, especially British laws of land tenure. Conversely, Lower Canada maintained most of the French Canadian institutions guaranteed under the Quebec Act, such as the French civil law system.

In 1838 Lord Durham was sent to the colonies to examine the causes for rebellion in the Canadas. His report on the colonies recommended that the two colonies should be united, and the introduction of responsible government. The British Parliament would eventually act on the former suggestion, with the passage of the Act of Union 1840. The Act of Union went into force in 1841, and saw the Canadas united into the Province of Canada. However, the Act did not establish responsible government, which was not introduced until 1848.

See also
The Californias
The Carolinas
The Dakotas
The Floridas
Rhodesia (region)
The Virginias

References

External links

Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
States and territories established in 1791
1841 disestablishments in North America
History of Ontario by location
History of Quebec by location
Pre-Confederation Quebec
Former colonies in North America
1791 establishments in the British Empire
States and territories disestablished in 1841

The Canadas


The Flag of Florida is a white flag with the Seal of Florida centered on it. Behind the Seal, it has a red saltire, which resembles the Spanish Cross of Burgundy flag used in Florida since the early 1500s. The current flag was adopted in 1900, however the State Seal in the center of the flag was updated in 1985 to reflect the proper historical dress of a Seminole maiden, in the previous seal she was dressed in buckskin with a feathered headband.

Florida
Florida

Flag of Florida


Henry Spira (19 June 1927 – 12 September 1998) was an American activist for socialism and animal rights, who is regarded by some as one of the most effective animal advocates of the 20th century.

Working with Animal Rights International, a group he founded in 1974, Spira is particularly remembered for his successful campaign in 1976 against animal testing at the American Museum of Natural History, where cats were being experimented on for sex research, and for his full-page advertisement in 1980 in The New York Times that featured a rabbit with sticking plaster over the eyes, and the caption, "How many rabbits does Revlon blind for beauty's sake?"

Life and work

Early life
Spira was born in Antwerp, Belgium, to Maurice Spira and Margit Spitzer Spira. Maurice and his father had worked in the diamond trade; his mother's father, in Hungary, had risen to become chief rabbi of Hamburg. The family was comfortable financially; Henry had a nanny and was educated at a French-speaking lycée. When he was 10, his father went to Panama, and the rest of the family moved to Germany to live with Margit's family. Spira joined a Jewish youth group and began to learn Hebrew.

His father sent for them in 1938; he had opened a store selling cheap clothes and jewellery, mostly to sailors, and Germany was an increasingly unsafe place for Jews. Henry was sent to a Roman Catholic school run by nuns, where lessons were conducted in Spanish, until his father ran out of money and could no longer afford the fees. He spent the next year working in his father's store.

New York and Hashomer Hatzair
When he was thirteen, in December 1940, the family set sail for New York via Havana on the SS Copiapo. His father worked in the diamond industry there, and they rented an apartment on West 104th Street. Henry was sent to public school. He continued to study Hebrew – paying for lessons himself with vacation jobs – had his Bar Mitzvah ceremony, and wore a kippah.

In 1943, while at Stuyvesant High School, he became involved with Hashomer Hatzair, a left-wing, non-religious, Zionist group that helped to prepare young Jews to live on kibbutzim in Palestine. There were summer camps, where they hiked, were taught how to farm, and learned about gender equality. Australian philosopher Peter Singer writes that the anti-materialism and independence of mind that Spira learned from his time with Hashomer Hatzair – where he went by his Hebrew name, Noah – stayed with him for the rest of his life. Spira decided to leave home when he was sixteen, taking lodgings and an afternoon job in a machine shop, and attending school in the mornings.

Merchant navy and army life
In 1944, Spira became a supporter of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP). He and fellow activist John Black recruited New York City high school students to the SWP. He became a merchant seaman in 1945, joining other Trotskyists who were active in the National Maritime Union (NMU). When communist and left-leaning union members and leaders were purged from the NMU during the McCarthy era, he was blacklisted as a security risk; in March 1952, he was told that his presence on an American merchant vessel was "inimical to the security of the U.S. government." He later told Peter Singer, "I just figured it was part of the game: Fight the system and they get even with you."

He was drafted into the U.S. Army, serving in Berlin from 1953 to 1954, where he was assigned to speak to several hundred troops each week about news and current affairs. After two years in the Army, he worked at the General Motors (GM) factory in Linden, New Jersey on the assembly line. While working at GM, Spira said that he observed the power that individuals could exercise when they acted independently of an organization.

Journalism and human rights activism
During the 1950s and 1960s, Spira wrote for the SWP's newspaper, The Militant, and other leftist and alternative publications, often under the name Henry Gitano. He covered a United Auto Workers strike in New Castle, Indiana, during 1955, in which striking workers were injured and martial law was declared. He also wrote extensively about the civil rights movement in Montgomery, Alabama, and Tallahassee, Florida, in 1956, during the bus boycott; and about the larger fight against segregation and for voting rights through the 1960s.  He was known for talking directly to people involved in struggles and relaying their stories, and for building bridges between the labor and civil rights movements.

Between 1958 and 1959, The Militant published a series of articles he wrote about the FBI abuses of power under the leadership of J. Edgar Hoover. Singer suggests that the broader impact of the series beyond the narrow readership of the socialist newspaper taught Spira a lesson: that "careful research can often turn up internal contradictions in what a large organization says and does."

Spira traveled to Cuba in 1958 shortly after Fidel Castro and his followers ousted Fulgencio Batista, writing about the changes he was witnessing, which "reflected the exhilarating early days of the revolution, before American hostility had pushed Castro into the arms of the Soviet Union and led him to repress opposition." Spira was the first American journalist to travel to Cuba and interview Castro after the revolution.  His writing led the SWP and other leftists to form the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, which worked to inform Americans about Cuba and prevent a U.S. invasion.  Two weeks before the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Spira warned of preparations involving CIA coordination with Cuban exiles."

Spira was also involved in the Committee for NMU Democracy in the early 1960s, during a time when dissidents faced beatings and threats of violence by supporters of union president Joseph Curran. Spira wrote exposés of the ways in which Curran was "ripping off" union members, inspiring dissidents and rank-and-file workers within the NMU and in other trade unions."

In 1958, he graduated as a mature student from Brooklyn College in New York, and in 1966 began teaching English literature in a Manhattan public high school.

Animal rights activism

Spira told The New York Times that he first became interested in animal rights in 1973 while looking after Nina, a friend's cat: "I began to wonder about the appropriateness of cuddling one animal while sticking a knife and fork into another."

Around the same time, he read a column by Irwin Silber in The Guardian, a left-wing newspaper in New York (now closed) about an article on 5 April 1973 by the Australian philosopher Peter Singer in The New York Review of Books. Singer's article was a review of Animals, Men and Morals (1971) by three Oxford philosophers, John Harris and Roslind and Stanley Godlovitch. Singer declared the book a manifesto for "animal liberation," thereby coining the phrase.

Spira got hold of Singer's article and felt inspired: "Singer described a universe of more than 4 billion animals being killed each year in the USA alone. Their suffering is intense, widespread, expanding, systematic and socially sanctioned. And the victims are unable to organize in defence of their own interests. I felt that animal liberation was the logical extension of what my life was all about – identifying with the powerless and the vulnerable, the victims, dominated and oppressed."

In 1974, he founded Animal Rights International (ARI) in an effort to put pressure on companies that used animals. He is credited with the idea of "reintegrative shaming", which involves encouraging opponents to change by working with them – often privately – rather than by vilifying them in public. Sociologist Lyle Munro writes that Spira went to great lengths to avoid using publicity to shame companies, using it only as a last resort.

In 1976, he led the ARI's campaign against vivisection on cats that the American Museum of Natural History had been conducting for 20 years, intended to research the impact of certain types of mutilation on the sex lives of cats. The museum halted the research in 1977, and Spira's campaign was hailed as the first ever to succeed in stopping animal experiments.

Another well-known campaign targeted cosmetics giant Revlon's use of the Draize test, which involves dripping substances into animals' eyes, usually rabbits, to determine whether they are toxic. On 15 April 1980, Spira and the ARI took out a full-page ad in the New York Times, with the header, How many rabbits does Revlon blind for beauty's sake? Within a year, Revlon had donated $750,000 to a fund to investigate alternatives to animal testing, followed by substantial donations from Avon, Bristol Meyers, Estée Lauder, Max Factor, Chanel, and Mary Kay Cosmetics, donations that led to the creation of the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing.

Other campaigns targeted the face branding of cattle, the poultry industry, and fast food giant KFC, with an ad that combined a KFC bucket and a toilet. Spira took a photograph of a primate who had been imprisoned for months in a Bethesda Naval Hospital chair to the Black Star Wire Service, which sent the picture around the world. It was shown to Indira Gandhi, India's PM, who cancelled monkey exports to the United States, because the photograph suggested the U.S. Navy was violating a treaty with India that forbade military research on animals.

Nevertheless, Spira was an advocate of gradual change, negotiating with McDonald's, for example, for better conditions in the slaughterhouses of its suppliers. He proved especially adept at leveraging the power of the larger animal welfare organizations, such as the Humane Society of the United States, to advance his campaigns.

In 1982, he quit teaching to become a full-time animal rights activist.

Death
Spira died of esophageal cancer in 1998, at the age of 71.

See also
 List of animal rights advocates

Notes

References
Feder, Barnaby J. (26 November 1989). "Pressuring Perdue", The New York Times.
Feder, Barnaby J. (15 September 1998). "Henry Spira, 71, Animal Rights Crusader", The New York Times.
Munro, Lyle (2002). The Animal Activism of Henry Spira (1927-1998), Society and Animals, Vol 10, Number 2, pp. 173–191(19).
Singer, Peter (2000). Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.
Spira, Henry (1985). "Fighting to win", in Peter Singer (ed.). In Defence of Animals. Blackwell.
Spira, Henry and Singer, Peter (2006). "Ten Points for Activists," in Peter Singer (ed.). In Defense of Animals: The Second Wave. Blackwell, introductory note by Peter Singer, pp. 214-215.

Further reading

Animal Rights International. , accessed 15 June 2012.
Francione, Gary (1995). Rain without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement''. Temple University Press, chapter 3.
Animal Rights International. In Memoriam.
Henry Spira: The Vegan.com Interview

1927 births
1998 deaths
American animal rights activists
American human rights activists
American people of Belgian-Jewish descent
American socialists
Anti-vivisectionists
Belgian animal rights activists
Belgian emigrants to the United States
Belgian human rights activists
Belgian Jews
Brooklyn College alumni
People from Antwerp
Organization founders
Members of the Socialist Workers Party (United States)
Jewish American activists
Stuyvesant High School alumni
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
United States Merchant Mariners

Henry Spira


The Motorola 68881 and Motorola 68882 are floating-point units (FPUs) used in some computer systems in conjunction with Motorola's 32-bit 68020 or 68030 microprocessors. These coprocessors are external chips, designed before floating point math became standard on CPUs. The Motorola 68881 was introduced in 1984. The 68882 is a higher performance version produced later.

Overview

The 68020 and 68030 CPUs were designed with the separate 68881 chip in mind.  Their instruction sets reserved the "F-line" instructions – that is, all opcodes beginning with the hexadecimal digit "F" could either be forwarded to an external coprocessor or be used as "traps" which would throw an exception, handing control to the computer's operating system.  If an FPU is not present in the system, the OS would then either call an FPU emulator to execute the instruction's equivalent using 68020 integer-based software code, return an error to the program, terminate the program, or crash and require a reboot.

Architecture

The 68881 has eight 80-bit data registers (a 64-bit mantissa plus a sign bit, and a 15-bit signed exponent). It allows seven different modes of numeric representation, including single-precision floating point, double-precision floating point, extended-precision floating point, integers as 8-, 16- and 32-bit quantities and a floating-point Binary-coded decimal format. The binary floating point formats are as defined by the IEEE 754 floating-point standard. It was designed specifically for floating-point math and is not a general-purpose CPU. For example, when an instruction requires any address calculations, the main CPU handles them before the 68881 takes control.

The CPU/FPU pair are designed such that both can run at the same time. When the CPU encounters a 68881 instruction, it hands the FPU all operands needed for that instruction, and then the FPU releases the CPU to go on and execute the next instruction.

68882

The 68882 is an improved version of the 68881, with better pipelining, and eventually available at higher clock speeds. Its instruction set is exactly the same. Motorola claimed in some marketing literature that it executes some instructions 40% faster than a 68881 at the same clock speed, though this did not reflect typical performance, as seen by its more modest improvement in the table below. The 68882 is pin compatible with the 68881 and can be used as a direct replacement in most systems. The most important software incompatibility is that the 68882 uses a larger FSAVE state frame, which affects UNIX and other preemptive multitasking OSes that had to be modified to allocate more space for it.

Usage
The 68881 or 68882 were used in the Sun Microsystems Sun-3 workstations, IBM RT PC workstations, Apple Computer Macintosh II family, NeXT Computer, Sharp X68000, Amiga 3000, Convergent Technologies MightyFrame, Atari Mega STE, TT, and Falcon. Some third-party Amiga and Atari products used the 68881 or 68882 as a memory-mapped peripheral to the 68000.

Versions

68881
 155 000 transistors on-chip
 12 MHz version
 16 MHz version ran at 160 kFLOPS
 20 MHz version ran at 192 kFLOPS
 25 MHz version ran at 240 kFLOPS

68882
 176 000 transistors on-chip
 25 MHz version ran at 264 kFLOPS
 33 MHz version ran at 352 kFLOPS
 40 MHz version ran at 422 kFLOPS
 50 MHz version ran at 528 kFLOPS

These statistics came from the comp.sys.m68k FAQ. No statistics are listed for the 16 MHz and 20 MHz 68882, though these chips were indeed produced.

Legacy
Starting with the Motorola 68040, floating point support was included in the CPU itself.

References

Notes
freescale.com - Motorola MC68000 Family Programmer's Reference Manual

Coprocessors
Floating point
Integrated circuits
68k architecture

Motorola 68881


Joseph Dominique, baron Louis (13 November 1755 – 26 August 1837), French statesman and financier, was born at Toul (Meurthe).

At the outbreak of the French Revolution the abbé Louis (he had early taken orders) had already some reputation as a financial expert. He was in favor of the constitutional movement, and on the great festival of federation (14 July 1790) he assisted Talleyrand, then bishop of Autun, to celebrate mass at the altar erected in the Champ de Mars.

In 1792, however, he emigrated to England where he spent his time studying English institutions and especially the financial system of Pitt. Returning to France on the establishment of the Consulate he served successively in the ministry of war, the council of state, and in the finance department in Holland and in Paris.

Made a baron of the empire in 1809 he nevertheless supported the Bourbon restoration and was minister of finance in 1814–1815. Baron Louis was deputy from 1815 to 1824 and from 1827 to 1832. He resumed the portfolio of finance in 1815, which he held also in the Decazes ministry of 1818; he was the first minister of finance under the government of Louis-Philippe, and held the same portfolio in 1831–1832. In 1832 he was made a peer of France.

References

1755 births
1837 deaths
People from Toul
Barons of the First French Empire
Politicians from Grand Est
Orléanists
French Ministers of Finance
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Bourbon Restoration
Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
French financiers
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour

Joseph Dominique, baron Louis


Coeliac disease (Celiac disease in American English) is an autoimmune disorder in people when the indigestion of gluten leads to problems in the body. If someone with coeliac disease eats something with gluten (for example, wheat, rye, barley), cells inside the body attack the lining of the intestine. This means that they cannot digest food properly, making them unable to have enough energy, vitamins, or minerals. Children may be unable to grow taller or gain weight properly. People with coeliac disease often lose weight. They are also often tired.

Overview
People with coeliac disease often have bloating and pain in their stomach area, diarrhoea or steatorrhea. These symptoms can lead to flatulence. Their stomachs also start to hurt and they might suffer from joint pains, seizures, rashes, fatigue, slowness in growth and puberty, loss in weight, loss of bone density and fertility issues.

To relieve the effects of coeliac disease, one must stop eating gluten. There are no medicines or cure that can stop coeliac disease. To get fully better, it usually takes about two years of not eating gluten, during which time the previously damaged intestine might recover. They must remain on a gluten-free diet for the rest of their life in order to treat this condition.

Coeliac disease is genetic and relatives (such as children, siblings, parents) with this disease have a 1 in 10 chance of developing coeliac disease. This means that the person affected by it is born with genes that cause the immune system to react poorly to gluten. However, Coeliac disease is not always present during childhood. It can be triggered as an adult by an event such as hormone shifts or illness.

To find out if a person has coeliac disease, doctors look in the blood to see if they have the cells that attack the intestine when gluten is eaten. The protein that attacks the intestine is called an antibody. Antibodies are produced by white blood cells, and they normally stop illnesses from growing in the body, but in the case of coeliac disease, one of the antibodies thinks that gluten is something that will cause illness. Doctors can also look into the patient's intestines with a camera on a tube called an endoscope. This can show if the intestines are being or have been damaged because of coeliac disease.

References

Other websites
 Celiac Disease Foundation
 What is Celiac Disease?

Diseases and disorders of the digestive system

Coeliac disease