The University of Chile () is a public research university in Santiago, Chile. It was founded on November 19, 1842, and inaugurated on September 17, 1843. It is the oldest in the country. It was established as the continuation of the former colonial Royal University of San Felipe (1738) (Spanish: Real Universidad de San Felipe), and has a rich history in academic, scientific and social outreach. The university seeks to solve national and regional issues and to contribute to the development of Chile. It is recognized as one of the best universities in Latin America for its leadership and innovation in science, technology, social sciences, and arts through the functions of creation, extension, teaching, and research. It is considered the most important and prestigious university in the country.

Its five campuses comprise more than  of research buildings, health care centers, museums, theaters, observatories, and sports infrastructure. The institution has more than 40,000 undergraduate and graduate students, offering more than 60 different bachelor and professional degrees, 38 doctoral programs and 116 master programs.

Notable alumni include Nobel laureates Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral, twenty-one Chilean presidents including the current president Gabriel Boric, and two presidents from other countries (Mexico and Ecuador).

Rankings and quality accreditation

The QS University Ranking ranks the University of Chile as the fourth in Latin America and 180 in the world for year 2021. The school boasts an outstanding 100 points in both Academic and Employer Reputation categories. The world ranking of universities, elaborated by Shanghai JiaoTong University (China) and the European Union based on research sciences indicators, places it among the 400 best universities in the world. SCImago Institutions Rankings (SIR) makes a characterization of institutions based on research, innovation and visibility on the web, and in 2017 report on investigation, which included more than 4,500 institutions of higher education and other centers in the world, the University of Chile ranked first in Chile, 10 in Latin America and 424 in the world.

Another study which highlights the performance of this institution is the Ranking Web of Universities (Webometrics), which measures the presence and impact on the web of over 11,000 universities and qualifies this college as leader of the country, six in Latin America and 371 worldwide.

In the 2016 version of the ranking made by AméricaEconomía, University of Chile was ranked first in Chile with the top rating in quality indicators of research, accreditation, infrastructure and inclusion.

Accreditation
On December 21, 2011, the University of Chile was notified by the National Accreditation Commission (CNA) of the positive evaluation in all obligatory areas (institutional management and undergraduate teaching) and electives (research, teaching graduate and linkage with medium). Thus the university is accredited by seven years, the maximum awarded by the agency, for the period between 2011 and 2018.

The University of Chile, the Catholic University, University of Santiago, Catholic University of Valparaíso and the University of Concepción are the only institutions in this country that have the highest accreditation.

History

In 1841 the minister of public education, Manuel Montt, conceived the idea of funding a corporation for the "advancement and development of sciences and humanities". Andrés Bello a Venezuelan poet and humanist, formulated the project which with small modifications became a law on November 19, 1842, creating the Universidad de Chile.

The foundation answered the need to modernize the country which a little more than two decades before had become independent from Spain. It replaced the Real Universidad de San Felipe, which was established in 1738.

The university was formally opened on September 17, 1843. During this period, the university consisted of five faculties (facultades): Humanities & Philosophy, Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Law & Political Sciences, Medicine, and Theology. During its first years the university gave considerable support to education, institutional organization (such as the "Civil Code", a model for America), the building of the road network to join the territory, and the energy and production infrastructure.

By 1931, the number of colleges had increased to six: Philosophy & Education Sciences, Legal & Social Sciences, Biology & Medical Sciences, Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Agronomy & Veterinary, and Fine Arts.

The institution has also contributed to the formation of the intellectual elites and leaders of the country. Most of the Chilean presidents have studied in its lecture halls, as well as people with prominent roles in politics, business and culture.

Major reforms during the military regime of 1973–1989

During Augusto Pinochet's military regime from 1973 to 1989, the university experienced many profound changes. On October 2, 1973, Decree number 50 of 1973 stated that the university's presidents would be designated by the military regime.

The second major change came on January 3, 1981, when another decree completely restructured the university. All of its provincial campuses were separated, cojoined with provincial campuses of the Universidad Técnica del Estado (now Universidad de Santiago de Chile and Universidad de Atacama) and designated as separate universities, such as the Universidad de Talca, Universidad de Valparaiso, the Instituto Pedagógico (Pedagogical Institute, now the Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación), the Universidad de Antofagasta, the Universidad de Tarapacá, Instituto Professional de Osorno (now Universidad de los Lagos), Instituto Professional de Chillán (now Universidad del Bío-Bío), Universidad de la Frontera, and Universidad de la Serena. Some faculties, such as the one located in avenida Portugal and which now belongs to the Universidad Mayor, were privatized and sold at bargain prices to Pinochet cronies.

These changes were orchestrated by influential advisors to the dictatorship as a way to moderate the university's influence on the nation's politics, economics, public policies and intellectual movements, considered leftist by Augusto Pinochet and other right-wing government officials.

In spite of the complete restructuring of the University of Chile, it still remains Chile's most prestigious university in terms of research, applicant preferences and social impact.

Organization
The university's community involves the collaboration of academics, students and staff, who perform the tasks that establish its mission and functions.

Government
 President (Rector): Highest authority and legal representative, it is elected by teachers belonging to the highest levels and have at least one year in the institution. Since 2022, the president of the university is Rosa Devés Alessandri.
 Adjunt President (Prorrector): Advisor to the Rector in academic, economic, administrative, legal and student issues, coordinates the actions they take the five Vice Presidencies.
 University Council (Consejo Universitario): Responsible for approving the decisions of the highest standard and is composed of the president, the vice deans and two representatives of the president of the republic.
 Evaluation Council (Consejo de Evaluación): Coordinates assessment processes, qualification and accreditation at the institutional and the individual level.
 University Senate (Senado Universitario): It is chaired by the president and has 36 members: 27 academics, 7 students and 2 staff representatives collaboration.

Vice presidencies
The University of Chile is organized into six vice presidencies (Vicerrectorías):
 Academic Affairs
 Financial and Institutional Management Affairs
 Information Technologies
 Public Engagement and Communication
 Research and Development
 Student and Community Affairs

Faculty and institutes

Currently there are 19 faculties and four interdisciplinary institutes which perform academic tasks undergraduate, graduate, research and extension.

 Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
 Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism
 Faculty of Arts
 Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy
 Faculty of Communications and Image
 Faculty of Dentistry
 Faculty of Economy and Business
 Faculty of Forestry Sciences
 Faculty of Government
 Faculty of Law
 Faculty of Medicine
 Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities
 Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
 Faculty of Sciences
 Faculty of Social Sciences
 Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
 Institute of Advanced Studies in Education
 Institute of International Studies
 Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology

Academic information

The University of Chile offers undergraduate and graduate programs in all areas of knowledge, whose quality has been recognized by the National Accreditation Commission with the maximum score in both areas (2011–2018).

Undergraduate
The university has a total of 69 study programs, 55 of which are conducive to professional degrees and 14 degrees terminales. Alongside this imparts the Academic Bachelor's Program, which reports directly to the Vice Presidencies of Academic Affairs.

The admission to the programs is through a selection test (Prueba de Selección Universitaria) or the Academic Bachelor's Program. The university also offers special admission to outstanding athletes, blind students, people with media studies in other countries, ethnic agreements, internal career changes and people with studies in other schools.

Alongside this the institution implemented in 2012 an exclusive way of admission called the Sistema de Ingreso Prioritario de Equidad (SIPEE) for students of public system with special vacancies in all careers. Also, in 2014 the Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences initiated the Programa de Equidad de Género (PEG) with special vacancies for the first 40 women applicants who remain on the waiting list.

Graduate
The University of Chile has the largest and most complex postgraduate system in the country, formed with 36 doctoral programs, 116 master's programs, 38 graduate programs and 69 specialized courses.

Research

Basic research projects
The University of Chile is the main Chilean institution in scientific and technological research. It is responsible for a third of the scientific publications and also for the implementation of a high percentage of competitive research projects in most academic fields, including basic sciences, technologies, humanities, social sciences and arts.

 Publications: 12,037 scientific publications in international journals ISI – WOS from 2010 to 2016.
 Basic Research Projects: 105 projects financed by the National Fund for Science & Technology Development (FONDECYT) of the National Commission for Science and Technology (CONICYT) in 2016.
 Millennium Institutes: 4 Institutes were awarded to the University of Chile, in the areas of ecology and biodiversity, cell dynamics and biotechnology, complex engineering systems.
 Millennium Nuclei: 5 Nuclei in the areas of sciences.
 Centers awarded by the National Fund for Priority Areas (FONDAP) and Fondos Basales: 7 were awarded to the University of Chile, in the areas of material sciences, mathematics modeling, astrophysics, cell and molecular biology.
 "Research Rings" (association of three or more research groups) in natural and exact sciences and social sciences: 6 projects were awarded to the University of Chile.

Applied research projects
Projects funded by the Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FONDEF): 30 projects currently ongoing, in the areas of Education, Health, Engineering and Agriculture, Forestry and Animal Sciences.
Financed by CORFO (Corporation for Fostering Production):

 "Innova Projects": 34 ongoing projects in 2016, in the areas of agriculture, forestry and animal sciences, aquaculture, tourism, and biotechnology.

Campuses and infrastructure

The university has 3,168,373 m2 of urban land, 648,502 m2 of built land in use and 103,884,600 hectares of agricultural land.

Campuses
The institution has five campuses, all distributed within the metropolitan area.

 Juan Gómez Millas Campus: It is located in Ñuñoa where it houses the Faculty of Arts, Sciences, Social Sciences and Philosophy and Humanities, plus the Institute of Communication and Image and Academic Bachelor's Program. It is currently undertaking the Bicentennial Initiative Juan Gómez Millas to modernize the infrastructure of the campus with new buildings, parks, and recreation areas.
 Beauchef Campus: The Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences is located on this campus since 1922. In 2014 was inaugurated the Beauchef Poniente new building with 50,000 m2, distributed in seven floors above surface and six undergrounds. There are also new offices, auditoriums, areas for sport, recreation and parking lots.
 South Campus: It was established as campus in 1999 and covers more than 3 million square meters. It groups the Faculties of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Agricultural Sciences and Forestry Science, and is found in La Pintana in the sector known as Antumapu. Also belongs to this Campus Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), located in Macul, space for postgraduate teaching and research.
 Andrés Bello Campus: It is located in downtown Santiago and Providencia and hosts some of the oldest and renowned University buildings: the building of the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism. Also belong to this campus the Institute of Public Affairs add the Faculty of Economics and Business, the Students Federation's (FECh) house, the seat of the Centre for Advanced Research in Education (CIAE) and the Tower 15 of Central Services.
 North Campus: It is located in Independence and is the most important center in scientific research and training of human resources of the country in the health disciplines, biomedicine and public health. In this campus are placed the Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Medicine of Dentistry and the University of Chile Clinic Hospital (HCUCH).

Main House

In 1872 this emblematic building was opened, with neoclassical frontage that spans in the Alameda Bernardo O'Higgins in Santiago's downtown. The design is the work of Lucien Ambroise Hénault, and Fermín Vivaceta was in charge of the construction.

Libraries and digital resources
The catalog has more than 3 million books, journals, theses and other bibliographic records available to 48 libraries of the university. The libraries are distributed in 27,536 square meters, where there are 5.278 reading places and 1.082 computers for use of the university community. The Digital Library provides access to over 50,000,000 documents: books, theses, journals and articles, and digitized historical value as maps, manuscripts, sheet music, crafts, photographs, audio and movies objects

The electronic publications of the University of Chile are freely accessible through the institutional repository, academic journals and e-book portal.

Culture
Through the stable artistic sets of Extension Center Arts and Culture "Domingo Santa Cruz" (CEAC), museums, exhibition halls and theaters University performs dissemination and extension work.

Performing arts
 National Chilean Ballet – BANCH
 Chile Symphony Orchestra
 Chile Symphony Choir
 Vocal Camerata
 Antumapu Folkloric Ballet
 Chilean National Theater

Museums and galleries
 Museum of Contemporary Art
 Museum of American Popular Art
 Juan Egenau Exhibit Hall
 National Museum of Medicina
 Pharmacy Museum
 Dentistry Museum

Theaters
 University of Chile Theater
 Antonio Varas Theater
 Agustín Siré Hall
 Sergio Aguirre Hall
 Isidora Zegers Concert Hall
 Master Study Hall
 Cineteca

Significant facts

 Founded in 1842, it is the oldest institution of higher education in Chile.
 The first woman to attend university in the country and in South America did so at the University of Chile: Eloísa Díaz Insunza graduated as a doctor in 1887.
 The first woman lawyer, Matilde Throup, graduated in 1892; the first woman pharmaceutical chemist, Griselda Hinojosa in 1899; the first woman engineer, Justicia Espada in 1919; and the first woman agronomist, Victoria Tagle in 1922. All them at the University of Chile.
 In 1906, the University of Chile Student Federation (FECH), the first and oldest student organization in the country, was founded.
 At this institution, Amanda Labraca was named the first woman academician: In 1922, Amanda Labarca, at the age of 36, was appointed like extraordinary professor at the Faculty of Humanities.
 The two national Nobel prizes are linked to this university: Despite not having formally studied in this college, in 1923, the university decided to award the title of Spanish Teacher to Gabriela Mistral, and in 1954, she received the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa. After her death in January 1957, her remains were veiled for three days in the Hall of Honor of the Main House; Pablo Neruda, meanwhile, entered to study in 1921 at the Pedagogical Institute. In 1962, the Faculty of Education granted him the quality of academic Member "in recognition of his vast poetic work of universal category". The poet donated a library of about 3,500 works and his collection of Caracolas to the University of Chile.
 In the Clinical Hospital, the first renal transplantation was performed in 1966.
 The first weather satellite image of Chile was obtained at the university in 1966.
The first email came out of the university in 1985. Researchers at the Department of Computer Science sent this text in the email, "If this email reaches you, we open a bottle of champagne" to peers Department of Computer Engineering of the University of Santiago.
 In 1987, the university signed the first domain in Chile (.cl). It was www.uchile.cl.
 It is the first university to have a senate, which has worked since 2006.
 In 2007 a group of students of the Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences built the Eolian, the first Chilean solar car.
 A study of supernovae of the Department of Astronomy was the basis for the research who in 2011 allowed Brian P. Schmidt to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
 172 of the 207 National Awards for Science, Literature, Arts, History, Humanities, Journalism, Theatre, Education and Music were graduates, teachers, or students of the University of Chile.
 The University of Chile had the highest accreditation possible according to the National Accreditation Commission (CNA-Chile), together with the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Both are the only institutions of higher education that have reached this certification.
 It is responsible for the 37% of Chilean scientific journals according to ISI standard.

Related institutions and services

The University of Chile is in charge of a variety of nationwide services and institutions, including:

 The National Astronomical Observatory, functioning since 1852
 The Contemporary Art Museum (MAC)
 Investigative efforts in Antarctica, since 1940
 Official seismological service and volcanic activity vigilance, since 1908
 Chile's Symphonic Orchestra, since 1941
 Chile's National Ballet, since 1945
 Symphonic Chorus, since 1945
 Centre for Greek, Byzantine, and Neohellenic Studies; Centre for Arabic Studies; and Center for Judaic Culture Studies
 Largest Clinical Hospital in the country
 Institute for Easter Island Studies
 Center for Mathematical Modeling (CMM)
 Centre for Space-related Studies, with collaborative activities at NASA, and other international agencies
 Universidad de Chile Theatre
 Institute of Public Affairs (INAP)
 Nutrition and Food technology Institute (INTA)
 Museum of Popular American Art, since 1947
 Experimental Theatre (1944) (later National Theatre of Chile)
 Chile's NIC
 The Institute for Experimentation and Research of Materials (IDIEM)

There are more than twenty other centres of national and international importance.

Anthem

Notable alumni
Many intellectuals and prominent Chilean leaders have graduated, or done academic work, from this university. Among them are 21 presidents of the Republic of Chile, 3 presidents of other Latin American countries, 172 Chilean National Award recipients and two Nobel laureates.

Nobel laureates
 Gabriela Mistral
 Pablo Neruda

Presidents of Chile
 Federico Errázuriz Zañartu
 Aníbal Pinto Garmendia
 Domingo Santa María
 Federico Errázuriz Echaurren
 Germán Riesco Errázuriz
 Pedro Montt Montt
 Ramón Barros Luco
 Juan Luis Sanfuentes
 Arturo Alessandri Palma
 Luis Barros Borgoño
 Emiliano Figueroa Larraín
 Juan Esteban Montero
 Pedro Aguirre Cerda
 Gabriel González Videla
 Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez
 Salvador Allende Gossens
 Patricio Aylwin Azócar
 Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle
 Ricardo Lagos Escobar
 Michelle Bachelet Jeria
 Gabriel Boric Font

Presidents of other countries
 José López Portillo (México)
 Camilo Ponce Enríquez (Ecuador)

Notable professors
 Arturo Arias (engineer) (Anti-seismic engineering)
 Thomas Barthel (Etnology and Epigraphy)
 Andrés Bello (Laws and Humanities)
 Ignacy Domeyko (Geology)
 Celso Garrido Lecca (Music)
 Humberto Giannini (Philosophy)
 Andre Gunder Frank (Sociology and Economic History)
 Richard Gott (International Affairs)
 Lola Hoffmann (Psichiatry and Psicology)
 Louis Lliboutry (Glaciology)
 Cinna Lomnitz (Seismology, Geophysics, Rock Mechanics)
 Eugenio María de Hostos (Laws, Education and Humanities)
 Ignacio Matte Blanco (Psichiatry)
 Humberto Maturana (Biology and Philosophy)
 Aron Mosnaim (Neuroscience)
 Claudio Naranjo (Psichiatry and Psicology)
 Theotônio dos Santos (Economics)
 Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (Education and Humanities)
 Albert Schatz (scientist) (Microbiology and Science Education)
 Alain Touraine (Sociology)
 Max Westenhöfer (Pathology and Biology)
Roberto Donoso-Barros (Biology and Herpetology)
Jean Gustave Courcelle-Seneuil (Economics)

See also
Notable alumni of the University of Chile
University of Chile Student Federation (FECH)

References

 Summaries of institutional indicators that measure various topics in management and development of the University of Chile, are digitized in the Interactive Annual Memory, developed by Vice Presidency of Financial and Institutional Management Affairs. (in Spanish) Anuario Interactivo
A brief history of the University of Chile (in Spanish) Reseña Histórica de la Universidad de Chile
Information on the University of Chile's research (in Spanish) Investigación en Cifras
"La Privatización de las Universidades", María Olivia Mönckeberg, Ed. Copa Rota, .

External links

Andrés Bello
Educational institutions established in 1842
Forestry education
Universities in Santiago Metropolitan Region
1842 establishments in Chile

University of Chile


Geoffrey Edward West Household (30 November 1900 – 4 October 1988) was a prolific British novelist who specialized in thrillers. He is best known for his novel Rogue Male (1939).

Personal life
He was born in Bristol; his father Horace was a barrister. Household was educated at Clifton College, Bristol (1914–1919), and at Magdalen College, Oxford, from which he received a B.A. in English literature in 1922. He became an assistant confidential secretary for Bank of Romania, in Bucharest (1922–1926). In 1926 he went to Spain, where he worked selling bananas as a marketing manager for the United Fruit Company (Elders and Fyffes). In 1929 Household moved to the United States where he wrote for children's encyclopedias and composed children's radio plays for the Columbia Broadcasting System. From 1933 to 1939 he was a traveling salesman for John Kidd, a manufacturer of printing ink, in Europe, the Middle East and South America. He served in British Intelligence during World War II in Romania, Greece and the Middle East.

He married twice, secondly in 1942 to Ilona Zsoldos-Gutman, by whom he had a son and two daughters.

After the War he lived the life of a country gentleman and wrote. In his later years, he lived in Charlton, near Banbury, Oxfordshire, and died in Wardington on 4 October 1988, aged 87.

Writings
He began to write in the 1920s. His first short story, "El Quixote del cine' was published in The London Mercury in September 1929 under the pseudonym of David Hilcot.

His first novel The Terror of Villadonga was published in 1936. His first short story collection, The Salvation of Pisco Gabar and Other Stories, came out in 1938. In all, he wrote twenty-eight novels (including four for young adults and a novella), seven short story collections and an autobiography, Against the Wind, published in 1958. International intrigue and espionage are the focus of a large proportion of his books, including Rogue Male, The High Place (1950), A Rough Shoot (1951), Fellow Passenger (1955), Watcher in the Shadows (1960), Red Anger (1975) and The Last Two Weeks of Georges Rivac (1978).

Many of his stories have scenes set in caves, and there is a science-fiction or supernatural element in some, although this is restrained. The typical Household hero was a strong, capable Englishman with a high sense of honour which bound him to a certain course of action. He described himself, in terms of his writing, as "sort of a bastard by Stevenson out of Conrad ... Style is enormously important to me and I do try to develop my hero as a human being in trouble."

Indiana University holds a collection of Household's manuscripts and correspondence.

Bibliography

Series
Raymond Ingelram
 Rogue Male (1939) (filmed as Man Hunt, 1941, and as the TV movie Rogue Male, 1976)
 Rogue Justice (1982) (a sequel to Rogue Male)

Roger Taine
 A Rough Shoot (1951) aka Shoot First (filmed as Rough Shoot, 1953)
 A Time to Kill (1951)

Novels
 The Terror of Villadonga (1936) aka The Spanish Cave (novel for young adults)
 The Third Hour (1937)
 Arabesque (1948)
 The High Place (1950)
 The Exploits of Xenophon (1955) aka Xenophon's Adventure (novel for young adults)
 Fellow Passenger (1955) aka Hang the Moon High
 Watcher in the Shadows (1960) (filmed for TV as Deadly Harvest, 1972)
 Thing to Love (1963)
 Olura (1965)
 The Courtesy of Death (1967)
 Prisoner of the Indies (1967) (novel for young adults)
 Dance of the Dwarfs (1968) (filmed as Dance of the Dwarfs, 1983)
 Doom's Caravan (1971)
 The Three Sentinels (1972)
 The Lives and Times of Bernardo Brown (1973)
 Red Anger (1975)
 The Cats to Come (1975) (novella)
 Escape into Daylight (1976) (novel for young adults)
 Hostage London: The Diary of Julian Despard (1977)
 The Last Two Weeks of Georges Rivac (1978)
 The Sending (1980)
 Summon the Bright Water (1981)
 Arrows of Desire (1985)
 Face to the Sun (1988)

Short story collections
 The Salvation of Pisco Gabar and Other Stories (1938)
 Tales of Adventurers (1952) (Story Brandy for the Parson filmed the same year)
 The Brides of Solomon and Other Stories (1958)
 Sabres on the Sand (1966)
 The Europe That Was (1979)
 Capricorn and Cancer (1981)
 The Days of Your Fathers (1987)

Autobiography
 Against the Wind (1958)

References

Sources
 'The Lives and Times of Geoffrey Household' by Michael Barber, in Books and Bookmen (January 1974)
 St James Guide to Crime & Mystery Writers, ed. by Jay P. Pederson (1996)
 World Authors 1900–1950, vol. 2, ed. by Martin Seymour-Smith and Andrew C. Kimmens (1996)
 Panek, Leroy L. The Special Branch: The British Spy Novel, 1890-1980 (1981), pp. 155–170
 Snyder, Robert Lance. "Confession, Class, and Conscience in Geoffrey Household's Rogue Male," Clues: A Journal of Detection 27.2 (2009): 85–94.
 Snyder, Robert Lance. "'Occult Sympathy': Geoffrey Household's Watcher in the Shadows and Dance of the Dwarfs," Connotations: A Journal for Critical Debate 22.2 (2012/2013): 301–17.
 Snyder, Robert Lance. "Romancing the Adventure: Geoffrey Household's Against the Wind as Picaresque Autobiography," Prose Studies: History, Theory, Criticism 35.3 (2013): 239–49.
 Snyder, Robert Lance. "Reading the Mythography of Terrorism in Geoffrey Household's Hostage, London: The Diary of Julian Despard." Clues: A Journal of Detection 35.1 (2017): 85–92.

External links

 Appearance on Desert Island Discs

British thriller writers
Members of the Detection Club
1900 births
1988 deaths
Writers from Bristol
People educated at Clifton College
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
20th-century British novelists
British male novelists
20th-century British male writers
20th-century British memoirists
People from Cherwell District

Geoffrey Household


Johann Georg Heine (April 3, 1771 – September 7, 1838) was a German orthopedic mechanic and physician. He is considered the father of Orthopedics in Germany.

From cutler to orthopedic mechanic
Heine was born in Lauterbach on April 3, 1771, the son of a brewer. He was apprenticed to a cutler at Überlingen and worked as a journeyman cutler in Esslingen am Neckar, Mannheim and Straßburg. At length he left Southern Germany and took his residence in Berlin from 1794 to 1798, where he got into contact with Barthel von Siebold, a son of a Würzburg surgeon Carl Caspar von Siebold. In May 1798 Heine moved to Würzburg and became a craftsman making medical instruments for the  Würzburg University. He married Anna Förtsch from Würzburg and had two children, Anna (born 1801), who later married her cousin Bernhard Heine, and Joseph Heine (born 1803), who was to become an important physician in the Electorate of the Palatinate.

Heine's workshop – Heine's orthopedic institute
Soon Heine had his own workshop where he manufactured artificial limbs, stretching beds, wheelchairs and other orthopedic appliances and offered them for sale. In 1807 Heine published his Systematic Index of surgery instruments, bandages and machines, a kind of catalogue for physicians, with later editions in 1811 and 1827.
His subsequent publications soon met with recognition among medical experts.
He declined an offer to work in Berlin and stayed in Würzburg. The Bavarian crown prince awarded him an order for his merits ("Goldene Zivil-Dienst-Medaille") and even Johann Wolfgang von Goethe knew Heine's publications and included them in his library. He got to know "Operateur Heine" at the dinner table of Grand Duke Karl August and invited him to his private home.

In 1816 Johann Georg Heine opened the first orthopedic institution on German soil. A former monastery (Stephanskloster) in Würzburg housed it and later it became well-known all over Europe as the Karolinen-Institut named after Queen Caroline of Bavaria.

By that time the successful mechanic had become a physician although he had no classical medical knowledge. When he started to cure non-orthopedic diseases he provoked conflicts with the rest of the Würzburg doctors, which put an end to a long period of successful co-operation.

The dark years

In 1829 Heine handed the institution over to his nephew Bernhard Heine and moved to the Netherlands. He bought buildings in Brussels and The Hague in order to establish medical institutions. Halfway between The Hague and Scheveningen he established a seaside hospital. Heine had recognized the healing effects medical baths – he tried to match orthopedics and balneotherapy.

When he tried to cure cholera with baths of ground mustard seed he once again got into conflict with the orthodox school of medicine. Dutch doctors stopped sending him their patients.
News from Bavaria let him know that he was banned from practising orthopedics there.
He fell ill with hydrothorax and died on September 7, 1838, in Scheveningen. He was buried in Würzburg, where in 1841 a monument was erected presenting a life-size statue of Heine.

At the church wall of Heine's birthplace Lauterbach there is a bronze plate – put up in 1971, 200 years after his birth – commemorating Johann Georg Heine and his nephew Jakob Heine.

Bibliography and references
 Hans Hekler: Johann Georg Heine, ein Lauterbacher, den selbst Goethe bewunderte in D'Kräz. In: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Stadt und Raumschaft Schramberg. Heft 8, Schramberg 1988 (also online, see external links)
 Heinz Hansen: Die Orthopädenfamilie Heine – Leben und Wirken der einzelnen Familienmitglieder im Zeichen einer bedeutenden deutschen Familientradition des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. doctoral thesis, Dresden 1993
 Doris Schwarzmann-Schafhauser: Im Spannungsfeld zwischen Medikasterei und "wissenschaftlicher" Heilkunde – Johann Georg Heine und die akademischen Anfänge der Orthopädie. doctoral thesis, Würzburg 1994
 Andreas Mettenleiter: Das Juliusspital in Würzburg, Band 3, Medizingeschichte, Würzburg 2001, pp. 108–116

Notes

External links

 Heine's life with pictures

1771 births
1838 deaths
18th-century German physicians
German orthopedic surgeons

Johann Georg Heine


René Laloux (; 13 July 1929 – 14 March 2004) was a French animator, screenwriter and film director.

Biography
He was born in Paris in 1929 and went to art school to study painting. After some time working in advertising, he got a job in a psychiatric institution where he began experimenting in animation with the interns. It is at the psychiatric institution that he made the 1960 film Monkey's Teeth (Les Dents du Singe), in collaboration with Paul Grimault's studio, and using a script written by the Cour Cheverny's interns.

Another important collaborator of his was Roland Topor with whom Laloux made Dead Time (Les Temps Morts, 1964), The Snails (Les Escargots, 1965) and his most famous work, the feature length Fantastic Planet (La Planète Sauvage, 1973).

Laloux also worked with Jean Giraud (Mœbius) to create the lesser known film Les Maîtres du temps (Time Masters), released in 1982. Laloux's 1987 film, Gandahar, was released in the US as Light Years, and made in cooperation with the artist Caza. The US version was redubbed by Harvey Weinstein, from a screenplay adapted by Isaac Asimov. The US version was not as successful as the French, grossing less than $400,000 on its release.

Laloux died of a heart attack on 14 March 2004 in Angoulême, Charente, Poitou-Charentes, France.

Filmography
Feature films
Fantastic Planet (1973)
Time Masters (1982)
Gandahar (1987) (released in the U.S. in bowdlerized form under the title Light Years)

Short films
Tick-Tock (1957)
Les Achalunés (1958)
The Monkey's Teeth (Les Dents du singe) (1960)
Dead Times (Les Temps morts) (1964)
The Snails (Les Escargots) (1965)
The Play (1975)
Quality Control (1984)
How Wang-fo Was Saved (Comment Wang-Fo fut sauvé) (1987)
The Captive (La Prisonnière) (1988)
Eye of the Wolf (L'Œil du loup) (1998) (screenwriter only)

References

External links

René Laloux biography at Le Palais des dessins animés
eurekavideo.co.uk, Masters of Cinema series – Craig Keller: The schizophrenic cinema of René Laloux, 2006.
Comment Wang-Fo fut sauvé review at Lessons From the School of Inattention

1929 births
2004 deaths
French animators
French film directors
French animated film directors
Science fiction film directors

René Laloux


Dmitri Tymoczko is a composer and music theorist. His music, which draws on rock, jazz, and romanticism, has been performed by ensembles such as the Amernet String Quartet, the Brentano Quartet, Janus, Newspeak, the San Francisco Contemporary Players, the Pacifica Quartet, and the pianist Ursula Oppens. As a theorist, he has published more than two dozen articles dealing with topics related to contemporary tonality, including scales, voice leading, and functional harmonic norms. His article "The Geometry of Musical Chords", was the first music-theory article ever published by the journal Science.

Biography

Tymoczko was born 1969, in Northampton, Massachusetts. His father Thomas Tymoczko was a philosopher of mathematics at Smith College, while his mother Maria Tymoczko is a professor of comparative literature at the University of Massachusetts Amherst; his sister, Julianna Tymoczko, later herself became a mathematics professor at Smith. He attended Harvard University, studying composition, music theory, and philosophy, and did graduate work in Philosophy at Oxford University as a Rhodes scholar. After being asked to leave the philosophy D. Phil. program, he eventually returned to music, acquiring a Ph.D. in composition from The University of California, Berkeley. Since 2002, he has been a professor at Princeton University. He is the recipient of fellowships from the Guggenheim foundation and the Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study. He is married to the philosopher Elisabeth Camp, with whom he has a son Lukas and a daughter Katarina.

Music

Tymoczko's album Beat Therapy (Bridge 9353), combines jazz instrumentation with classical ideas of development. The critic Frank Oteri describes it as "far reaching and utterly entertaining."

In Crackpot Hymnal (Bridge 9383), he presents expressly composed chamber pieces inspired and mixed from a number of traditional styles. Jazz, popular, blues and rock styles interact with folk and contemporary classical music.

A third CD, Rube Goldberg Variations was released in 2018.  Joshua Kosman, writing at SFGate, called it "whimsical", "ingenious", and with a "rich emotional arc" produced by a "warmth of personality that is distinctive".

Theoretical work

In A Geometry of Music, Tymoczko proposes a general framework for thinking about tonality, arguing that there are five basic features that jointly contribute to the sense of tonality:

 conjunct melodic motion (melodies move by short distances)
 harmonic consistency (harmonies sound similar)
 acoustic consonance (harmonies sound pleasant)
 limited macroharmony (music uses a small number of notes over moderate spans of musical time)
 centricity (one note is heard as "more stable" than the others)

The first part of the book explores theoretical questions about how these properties can be combined. In particular, Tymoczko uses orbifolds to develop "maps" of musical chords, showing that the first two properties (e.g. conjunct melodic motion and harmonic consistency) can be combined only in special circumstances. The second part of the book uses these tools to analyze pieces from the Middle Ages to the present. Tymoczko argues that there is an "extended common practice" linking superficially distinct styles, with jazz being much closer to classical music than many have thought.

Tymoczko showed that nearly even chords (such as those prevalent in Western tonal music) are represented by three main families of lattices. Two of these :
 a circle of n-dimensional cubes linked by shared vertices
 a circle of n-dimensional cubes linked by shared facets
are particularly useful in analysis. What results is a systematic perspective on the full family of chord-based graphs.

Tymoczko has also written a free software program, "ChordGeometries", allowing users to visualize the orbifolds representing musical chords.

Bibliography
Beat Therapy, Bridge Records, 2011.
Crackpot Hymnal, Bridge Records, 2013.
Rube Goldberg Variations, Bridge Records 9492, 2017.
A Geometry of Music, Oxford University Press, 2011.

Notes

External links

American music theorists
American Rhodes Scholars
Harvard University alumni
1969 births
Living people
American people of Slovak descent

Dmitri Tymoczko


Charles Joseph Singer (2 November 1876 – 10 June 1960) was a British historian of science, technology, and medicine. He served as medical officer in the British Army.

Biography

Early years
Singer was born in Camberwell in London, where his father Simeon Singer was a rabbi and Hebraist. He was educated at City of London School, University College London, and Magdalen College, Oxford (Zoology 1896–99, Honorary Fellow 1953). Trained in zoology and medicine, he qualified for medical practice in 1903.  He was appointed medical officer on an expedition led by Sir John Harrington to the border region between Abyssinia and Sudan on the same day his medical qualification was announced. He returned to England and took a position at Sussex County Hospital in Brighton, and in 1907 left for Singapore. Forced to return to England on his father's death in 1908, he held positions at various hospitals in London until he moved to Oxford in 1914 to work with Sir William Osler, then Regius Professor of Medicine at the university.

Later years
Singer was married in July 1910 to Dorothea Waley Cohen, distinguished in her own right as an historian of the Medieval period. She provided valuable assistance in his publications for the remainder of his life. In the period leading up to World War I, Singer published several monographs, for which he was awarded the D.Litt. degree by Oxford.

Singer accepted a commission as medical officer in the British Army in 1916, first as a pathologist and then as part of an archaeological expedition. At war's end, he returned to Oxford to lecture on the history of biology. In 1920 he was appointed to a lectureship in the history of medicine at University College of the University of London. He became president of the History of Medicine Society at the Royal Society of Medicine in London, in 1920. His reputation extended beyond England, and in 1929 he accepted an invitation to lecture at Johns Hopkins University the following year. Johns Hopkins was also interested in offering him a permanent post, but their delay allowed the University of London to award him an honorary chair, which he accepted. By the time Johns Hopkins made their formal offer, he was satisfied with his position in London and declined their offer. The Singers spent time in Berkeley where Charles spent three months as a visiting lecturer at the University of California, after which they returned home to London. He was invited again by the University of California at Berkeley to lecture in 1932, an occasion that the Singers used to circle the globe going westward, spending about sixteen months away from England. On their return, Singer resumed his post at UCL, where he remained until his retirement in 1942. His last great publication before retirement was A Short History of Scientific Ideas to 1900.

Singer was one of the two contributors to the revised and updated version for Encyclopædia Britannica of the bulk of Thomas Clifford Allbutt's article Medicine which had been in the 11th edition. As revised for the 14th edition Singer's part was Medicine, History of (in volume 15), which followed after Sir Humphry Rolleston's Medicine, General.

Retirement was not idle for the Singers. Charles continued research into various topics and published several noteworthy books, including editing the monumental A History of Technology, which was released in five volumes between 1954 and 1958, Galen on Anatomical Procedures, and A History of Biology. Numerous articles were also published in this period, some of which remain important.  He died in Par, Cornwall.

Award and recognitions
Charles Singer's life was complemented by numerous awards, honors, and positions of leadership. Among these were an honorary degree (D.Sc.) from Oxford, and terms of presidency of several societies, including the British Society for the History of Science (1946–1948) and the International Union for the History of Science (1947). He was also a member of the International Society for the History of Medicine. He and his wife were co-awarded the Sarton Medal from the History of Science Society in 1956. He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1958.

Partial bibliography
Studies in the history and method of science  (1917)
Greek Biology and Greek Medicine, Chapters in the History of Science, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922.
From Magic to Science: Essays on the Scientific Twilight (1928)
A Short History of Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press, 1928.
A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century (1941)
As editor, A History of Technology (5 vols, between 1954 and 1958), together with Eric John Holmyard and A. R. Hall.
Galen on Anatomical Procedures (1956)
A History of Biology to About the Year 1900 (1959)

Notes

References
 Melvin Kranzberg, Charles Singer and "A History of Technology". Vol. 1, No. 4, Review Issue: A History of Technology (Autumn, 1960), pp. 299–302. doi 10.2307/3101190
Geoffrey Cantor, 'Presidential Address: Charles Singer and the early years of the British Society for the History of Science', The British Journal for the History of Science 30 (1997), 5-23. doi 10.1017/S0007087496002865
A. Rupert Hall, 'Eloge: Charles Joseph Singer, 1876-1960', Isis 51:4 (1960), 486, 558–560.
Anna-K. Mayer, "When things don't talk: knowledge and belief in the inter-war humanism of Charles Singer (1876–1960)" in:The British Journal for the History of Science 38: 3 (2005), 325–347. doi 10.1017/S0007087405007004
Robert T. Gunther and A. V. Simcock, Robert T. Gunther and the Old Ashmolean Museum of the History of Science, Oxford (1985), p. 68.

1876 births
1960 deaths
Royal Army Medical Corps officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Historians of science
Historians of technology
English Jews
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Academics of the University of London
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
Presidents of the History of Medicine Society
British Army personnel of World War I
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Charles Singer


Donald Thomas Brash (born 24 September 1940) wis a New Zealand politeecian, an a member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Naitional Pairty till 2007.  He wis a leet member o the pairlament unner the proportional representation seestem.  He wis the chief o his pairty an aw.

1940 births
Auckland Varsity o Technology faculty
Australian Naitional Varsity alumni
Fowk eddicatit at Christchurch Boys' High School
Leaders o the Opposeetion (New Zealand)
Livin fowk
New Zealand conscientious objectors
New Zealand economists
Central bankers
New Zealand Naitional Pairty MPs
New Zealand fowk o Scots strynd
Leaders o poleetical pairties in New Zealand
Fowk frae Whanganui
Varsity o Canterbury alumni
Warld Bank fowk
New Zealand leet MPs
Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
ACT New Zealand politeecians
New Zealand Naitional Pairty leaders
Unsuccessfu candidates in the New Zealand general election, 2011
Govrenors o the Reserve Bank o New Zealand
Unsuccessfu candidates in the New Zealand general election, 1981
21st-century New Zealand politeecians

Don Brash


Franklins is a cheap supermarket company in New South Wales in Australia. At one time, it had shops in other states of Australia.

The name of the shops is named after Frank Lindstrom, who started Franklins in 1941 in the city of Sydney in Australia. The shops were created in a time when other supermarkets had low prices, by keeping expenses low. It grew to cover much of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia with a reputation for low prices on groceries. It claims to be Australia's Original Discount Grocer.

Franklins was the first supermarket in Australia to have brand name products. These products are called No Frills. In fact, the company's shops only sold these products when it first came about. It started out with a few products but now they have 800 products. This ranges from bread to window cleaners. Today, a mascot of Franklins called Red Sock advertises these products.

Franklins offers a wide range of products including No Frills. Franklins mostly deals in food and everyday articles. It even has Franklins brand name products like bread and meat.

A wide range of people shop at Franklins to buy a wide range of articles. In some shops, people can buy their food and everyday articles at Franklins. They can then buy their fresh food outside of the store. In other stores, people can get fresh food articles as well as food and everyday articles all in the one place. Franklins even has a 'bottle shop' inside a few stores where people can get their beer and wine from. These places are both cheap and convenient to shop in.

When Franklins first started, their business philosophy was like Aldi's: No extras, no service, no music and no electronic cash - only articles at extremely low prices or as Franklins had put it: Strictly No Frills. Because of big competition with other "good-looking" shops, it no longer follows this philosophy.

Franklins is still cheap but it has more competition from other markets, such as Aldi. Today, Franklins is owned by the Pick n Pay supermarket company from the country of South Africa. It has opened Franklins Family Supermarkets in 2006, independently franchise shops of both Franklins and Pick n Pay.

Supermarkets of Australia
1941 establishments in Australia

Franklins


Pink Flamingos is a 1972 American black comedy  film directed, written, produced, narrated, filmed, and edited by John Waters. It is part of what Waters has labelled the "Trash Trilogy", which also includes Female Trouble (1974) and Desperate Living (1977). The film stars the countercultural drag queen Divine as a criminal living under the name of Babs Johnson, who is proud to be "the filthiest person alive". While living in a trailer with her mother Edie (Edith Massey), son Crackers (Danny Mills), and companion Cotton (Mary Vivian Pearce), Divine is confronted by the Marbles (David Lochary and Mink Stole), a pair of criminals envious of her reputation who try to outdo her in filth. The characters engage in several grotesque, bizarre, and explicitly crude situations, and upon the film's re-release in 1997 it was rated NC-17 by the MPAA "for a wide range of perversions in explicit detail". It was filmed in the vicinity of Baltimore, Maryland, where Waters and most of the cast and crew grew up.

Displaying the tagline "An exercise in poor taste", Pink Flamingos is notorious for its "outrageousness", nudity, profanity, and "pursuit of frivolity, scatology, sensationology  and skewed epistemology". It features a "number of increasingly revolting scenes" that center on exhibitionism, voyeurism, sodomy, masturbation, gluttony, vomiting, rape, incest, murder, animal cruelty, cannibalism, castration, foot fetishism, and concludes, to the accompaniment of "How Much Is That Doggy in the Window?", with Divine's consumption of dog feces "The real thing!" narrator Waters assures us. The film is considered a preliminary exponent of abject art.

The film, at first semi-clandestine, has received a warm reception from film critics and, despite being banned in several countries, became a cult film in subsequent decades. In 2021, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
The notorious criminal Divine lives under the pseudonym "Babs Johnson" with her mother Edie, delinquent son Crackers, and traveling companion Cotton. They share a trailer on the outskirts of Phoenix, Maryland, next to a gazing ball and a pair of plastic pink flamingos. After learning that Divine has been named "the filthiest person alive" by a tabloid paper, jealous rivals Connie and Raymond Marble attempt to usurp her title.

The Marbles run a black market baby ring: they kidnap young women, have them impregnated by their manservant Channing, and sell the babies to lesbian couples. The proceeds are used to finance pornography shops and a network of dealers selling heroin in inner-city elementary schools. Raymond also earns money by exposing himself with a large kielbasa sausage or turkey neck tied to his penis to women and stealing their purses when they flee. One of Raymond's would-be targets, a transgender woman who has not completed gender reassignment surgery, thwarts his scheme by exposing her breast, penis, and scrotum, causing Raymond to flee in shock.

The Marbles enlist a spy, Cookie, to gather information about Divine by dating Crackers. Cookie gets raped by Crackers while crushing a live chicken between them as Cotton looks on through a window. Cookie then informs the Marbles about Babs' real identity, her whereabouts, and her family as well as her upcoming birthday party.

The Marbles send a box of human feces to Divine as a birthday present with a card addressing her as "Fatso" and proclaiming themselves "the filthiest people alive". Worried that her title has been seized, Divine declares that whoever sent the package must die. While the Marbles are gone, Channing dresses in Connie's clothes and imitates his employers' overheard conversations. When the Marbles return home, they are outraged to find Channing mocking them, so they fire him and lock him in his "room" (a closet).

The Marbles arrive at the trailer to spy on Divine's birthday party. Her birthday gifts include poppers, fake vomit, lice shampoo, a pig's head, and a meat cleaver. Entertainers include a topless woman with a snake act and a contortionist who flexes his prolapsed anus in rhythm to the song "Surfin' Bird". Disgusted by the outrageous party, the Marbles call the police, but this backfires when Divine and her guests ambush the officers, hack up their bodies with the meat cleaver, and eat them. The Egg Man, who delivers eggs to Edie daily, confesses his love for her and proposes marriage. She accepts his proposal and he carts her off in a wheelbarrow.

Divine and Crackers head to the Marbles' house, where they lick and rub the furniture, which excites them so much that Divine fellates Crackers. They find Channing and discover two pregnant women held captive in the basement. After Divine and Crackers free the women with a large knife, the women use the knife to emasculate Channing.

The Marbles burn Divine's beloved trailer to the ground; when they return home, their furniture cursed by being licked by Divine and Crackers "rejects" them, the cushions flying up and throwing them to the floor when they try to sit down. They also find that Channing has bled to death from his emasculation and the two girls have escaped.

After finding the remains of their burned-out trailer, Divine and Crackers return to the Marbles' home, kidnap them at gunpoint, and bring them to the arson site. Divine calls the local tabloid media to witness the Marbles' trial and execution. Divine holds a kangaroo court and convicts the bound-and-gagged Marbles of "first-degree stupidity" and "assholism". Cotton and Crackers recommend a sentence of execution, so the Marbles are tied to a tree, coated in tar and feathers, and shot in the head by Divine.

Divine, Crackers, and Cotton enthusiastically decide to move to Boise, Idaho.  Spotting a small dog defecating on the sidewalk, Divine scoops up the feces with her hand and puts them in her mouth proving, as the voice-over narration by Waters states, that Divine is "not only the filthiest person in the world, but she is also the filthiest actress in the world".

Cast

Production
Divine's friend Bob Adams described the trailer set as a "hippie commune" in Phoenix, Maryland, and noted that their living quarters were in a farmhouse without hot water. Adams added that ultimately Divine and Van Smith decided to sleep at Susan Lowe's home in Baltimore, and that they would awake before dawn to apply Divine's makeup before being driven to the set by Jack Walsh. "Sometimes Divy would have to wait out in full drag for Jack to pull the car around from back, and cars full of these blue-collar types on their way to work would practically mount the pavement from gawking at him," Adams said.

Divine's mother, Frances, later said she was surprised that her son was able to endure the "pitiful conditions" of the set, noting his "expensive taste in clothes and furniture and food".

Principal photography began October 1, 1971 and ended January 12, 1972. Shot on a budget of only $10,000, Pink Flamingos is an example of Waters' style of low-budget filmmaking inspired by New York underground filmmakers like Kenneth Anger, Andy Warhol, and brothers Mike and George Kuchar. Stylistically, it takes its cues from "exaggerated seaport ballroom drag-show pageantry and antics" with "classic '50s rock-and-roll kitsch classics". Waters' idiosyncratic style also characterized by its "homemade Technicolor" look, the result of high amounts of indoor paint and make-up was dubbed the "Baltimore aesthetic" by art students at Providence.

Waters' rough editing added "random Joel-Peter Witkin-esque scratches and Stan Brakhage-moth-wing-like dust marks" to the film, apart from sound delays between shots. Waters has stated that Armando Bo's 1969 Argentine film Fuego influenced not only Pink Flamingos, but his other films: "If you watch some of my films, you can see what a huge influence Fuego was. I forgot how much I stole. ... Look at Isabel's makeup and hairdo in Fuego. Dawn Davenport, Divine's character in Female Trouble, could be her exact twin, only heavier. Isabel, you inspired us all to a life of cheap exhibitionism, exaggerated sexual desires and a love for all that is trash-ridden in cinema."

Music
The film used a number of mainly single B-sides and a few hits of the late 1950s/early 1960s, sourced from John Waters' record collection, and without obtaining rights. After rights were obtained, a soundtrack CD coincided with the 25th anniversary release of the film on DVD in 1997.
 "The Swag" – Link Wray and His Ray Men
 "Intoxica" – The Centurians
 "Jim Dandy" – LaVern Baker
 "I'm Not a Juvenile Delinquent" – Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers
 "The Girl Can't Help It" – Little Richard
 "Ooh! Look-a-There, Ain't She Pretty?" – Bill Haley & His Comets
 "Chicken Grabber" – The Nighthawks
 "Happy, Happy Birthday Baby" – The Tune Weavers
 "Pink Champagne" – The Tyrones
 "Surfin' Bird" – The Trashmen
 "Riot in Cell Block #9" – The Robins
 "(How Much is) That Doggie in the Window" – Patti Page

The song "Happy, Happy Birthday, Baby" is used as a replacement for "Sixteen Candles", by The Crests, which appeared in the original 1972 cut of the film and for which permission could not be obtained.

Release
The film had its world premiere on March 17, 1972, at a screening sponsored by the Baltimore Film Festival. The event was held on the campus of the University of Baltimore, where it sold out tickets for three successive screenings. The film had aroused particular interest among fans of underground cinema following the success of Multiple Maniacs, which had begun to be screened in cities such as New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco.

Being picked up by the then-small independent company New Line Cinema, Pink Flamingos was later distributed to Ben Barenholtz, the owner of the Elgin Theater in New York City. At the Elgin Theater, Barenholtz had been promoting the midnight movie scene, primarily by screening Alejandro Jodorowsky's acid western film El Topo (1970), which had become a "very significant success" in "micro-independent terms". Barenholtz felt that being of an avant-garde nature, Pink Flamingos would fit in well with this crowd, subsequently screening it at midnight on Friday and Saturday nights.

The film soon gained a cult following of filmgoers who repeatedly came to the Elgin Theatre to watch it, a group Barenholtz characterized as initially composed primarily of "downtown gay people, more of the hipper set", but after a while Barenholtz noted that this group eventually broadened as the film also became popular with "working-class kids from New Jersey who would become a little rowdy". Many of these cult cinema fans learned all of the lines in the film, and recited them at the screenings, a phenomenon which later became associated with another popular midnight movie of the era, The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975).

Ban
The film was initially banned in Switzerland and Australia, as well as in some provinces in Canada and Norway. The film was eventually released uncut on VHS in Australia in 1984 with an X rating, but distribution of the video has since been discontinued. The 1997 version was cut by the distributor to achieve an R18+ after it was also refused classification. No submissions of the film have been made since, but it has been said that one of the reasons for which it was banned (as a film showing actual sexual activity cannot be rated X in Australia if it also features violence, so the highest a film such as Pink Flamingos could be rated is R18+) would now not apply, given that the depiction of actual sex was passed within the R18+ rating for Romance in 1999, two years following Pink Flamingos re-release.

Home media
Pink Flamingos was released on VHS and Betamax in 1981, and the re-release in 1997 New Line Home Video became the second best-selling VHS for its week of release. The film was released in the John Waters Collection DVD box set along with the original NC-17 version of A Dirty Shame, Desperate Living, Female Trouble, Hairspray, Pecker, and Polyester. The film was also released in a 2004 special edition with audio commentaries and deleted scenes as introduced by Waters in the 25th anniversary re-release (see below). The film was released on Blu-ray on June 28, 2022, by the Criterion Collection, featuring a new 4K restoration.

Alternate versions
 The 25th anniversary re-release version contains a re-recorded music soundtrack, re-mixed for stereo, plus 15 minutes of deleted scenes following the film, introduced by Waters. Certain excerpts of music used in the original, including Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, had to be removed and replaced in the re-release, since the music rights had never been cleared for the original release.
 Because of this film's explicit nature, it has been edited for content on many occasions throughout the world. In 1973, the U.S. screened version edited out most of the fellatio scene, which was later restored on the 25th anniversary DVD. Canadian censors recently restored five of the seven scenes that were originally edited in that country. Hicksville in Long Island, New York, banned the film altogether. The Japanese laserdisc version contains a blur superimposed over all displays of pubic hair. Prints also exist that were censored by the Maryland Censor Board.
 The first UK video release of Pink Flamingos in November 1981 (prior to BBFC video regulation requirements) was completely uncut. It was issued by Palace as part of a package of Waters films they had acquired from New Line Cinema. The package included Mondo Trasho (double-billed with Sex Madness), Multiple Maniacs (double-billed with Cocaine Fiends), Desperate Living, and Female Trouble. The 1990 video re-release of Pink Flamingos (which required BBFC approval) was cut by three minutes and four seconds (3:04), the 1997 issue lost two minutes and forty-two seconds (2:42), and the pre-edited 1999 print by two minutes and eight seconds (2:08).
 The 2009 Sydney Underground Film Festival screened the film in Odorama for the first time, using scratch 'n' sniff cards similar to the ones used in Waters' later work Polyester.
 John Waters recast the film with children and rewrote the script to make it kid-friendly in a 2014 project, Kiddie Flamingos. The 74-minute video features children wearing wigs and costumes modeled on the originals and performing roles originated by Divine, Mink Stole, Edith Massey, and others. Waters has said the new version, filmed in one day with actors drawn mostly from friends' children, is in some ways more perverse than the original. The film was shown on a continuous loop in the Black Box gallery at the Baltimore Museum of Art from September 2016 through January 2017.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 84% based on reviews from 49 critics, with an average rating of 7.3/10. On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 47 out of 100, based on reviews from 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". In the "Cult Movies" episode of the UK documentary series Mark Kermode's Secrets of Cinema, Kermode admitted that Pink Flamingos is "one of the very few films that I have ever walked out of, when I first saw it as a teenager on a late-night double bill at the Phoenix in East Finchley".

Like the underground films from which Waters drew inspiration, which provided a source of community for pre-Stonewall queer people, the film has been widely celebrated by the LGBT community and has been described as "early gay agitprop filmmaking". This, coupled with its unanimous popularity among queer theorists, has led to the film being considered "the most important queer film of all time". Pink Flamingos is also considered an important precursor of punk culture.

Despite Waters having released similar films, such as Mondo Trasho and Multiple Maniacs, it was Pink Flamingos that drew international attention. Like other underground films, it fed the rising popularity of midnight movie screenings, at which it generated a dedicated cult following that carried the film for a 95-week run in New York City and ten consecutive years in Los Angeles. For its 25th anniversary, the film was re-released in 1997, featuring a post-film commentary by Waters in which he introduced and discussed deleted scenes, adding fifteen minutes of material. American "New Queer Cinema" director Gus Van Sant has described the film as "an absolute classic piece of American cinema, right up there with The Birth of a Nation, Dr. Strangelove, and Boom!"  The Library of Congress inducted Pink Flamingos to the National Film Registry in December 2021.

Influence

Divine

The final scene in the film would prove particularly infamous, involving the character of Babs eating fresh dog feces; as Divine later told a reporter, "I followed that dog around for three hours just zooming in on its asshole" waiting for it to empty its bowels so that they could film the scene. In an interview not in character, Harris Milstead revealed that he soon called an emergency room nurse, pretending that his child had eaten dog feces, to inquire about possible harmful effects (there were none). The scene became one of the most notable moments of Divine's acting career, and he later complained of people thinking that "I run around doing it all the time. I've received boxes of dog shit – plastic dog shit. I have gone to parties where people just sit around and talk about dog shit because they think it's what I want to talk about". In reality, he remarked, he was not a coprophile but only ate excrement that one time because "it was in the script".

Divine asked his mother, Frances Milstead, not to watch the film, a wish that she obliged. Several years before his death, Frances asked him if he had really eaten dog excrement in the film, to which he "just looked at me with that twinkle in his blue eyes, laughed, and said 'Mom, you wouldn't believe what they can do nowadays with trick photography.

Cultural influence
The film has a reputation as a midnight movie classic cult with audience participation similar to The Rocky Horror Picture Show.
 The Funday PawPet Show holds what is called the "Pink Flamingo Challenge", in which the ending to the film is played to the audience while they eat a (preferably chocolate) confection. Videos of the show are forbidden from showing the clip, only the reaction of the audience.
 Theater patrons often received free "Pink Phlegmingo" vomit bags.

Death metal band Skinless sampled portions of the Filth Politics speech for the songs "Merrie Melody" and "Pool of Stool", both on their second album, Foreshadowing Our Demise.

Joe Jeffreys, a drag historian, mentioned seeing in Pink Flamingos a poster for the documentary film The Queen (1968), featuring Flawless Sabrina, and stated that it influenced his career path to document the history of drag with the Drag Show Video Verite.

Cancelled sequel
Waters had plans for a sequel, titled Flamingos Forever. Troma Entertainment offered to finance the picture, but it was never made, as Divine refused to be involved, and Edith Massey died in 1984.

After reading the script, Divine had refused to be involved as he believed that it would not be a suitable career move, for he had begun to focus on more serious, male roles in films like Trouble in Mind. According to his manager, Bernard Jay, "What was, in the early seventies, a mind-blowing exercise in Poor Taste, was now, we both believed, sheer Bad Taste. Divi[ne] felt the public would never accept such an infantile effort in shock tactics some fifteen years later and by people fast approaching middle age."

The script for Flamingos Forever would later be published in John Waters' 1988 book Trash Trio, which also included the scripts for Pink Flamingos and Desperate Living.

See also
 List of American films of 1972
 Cult film
 Midnight movies
 List of banned films
 Divine Trash
 In Bad Taste
 Cinema of Transgression

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Pink Flamingos: The Battle of Filth an Essay by Howard Hampton at The Criterion Collection
 Pink Flamingos at the Dreamland website

1972 films
1972 drama films
1972 independent films
1972 LGBT-related films
1972 black comedy films
1970s crime comedy films
1970s exploitation films
American LGBT-related films
American black comedy films
American crime comedy films
American exploitation films
American independent films
Animal cruelty incidents in film
Bisexuality-related films
Censored films
Drag (entertainment)-related films
Films about cannibalism
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about rape
Films directed by John Waters
Films set in Baltimore
Films shot in Baltimore
Incest in film
LGBT-related comedy films
Film controversies in the United States
Film controversies in Canada
Film controversies in Australia
LGBT-related controversies in film
Lesbian-related films
Obscenity controversies in film
United States National Film Registry films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
Catholic Legion of Decency condemned film

Pink Flamingos


Neo-Nazism means the ideology of some political groups who want to return to the beliefs and practices of Nazism after the end of World War II. Different groups have their own sets of beliefs and practices. Neo-Nazis believe in loyalty to Adolf Hitler, hating Jews (anti-Semitism), racism, belief in a Germanic master race, xenophobia (hating and fearing people from different countries), extremist nationalism, supremacy, militarism, and hatred of homosexuals (homophobia).

Neo-Nazis often use the symbols of Nazi Germany such as the swastika. Neo-Nazism has been linked to far-right political parties in England such as the National Front and the British Nationalist Party as well as being linked to the skinhead sub-culture.

Neo-Nazism


A consortium (which may also be called syndicate) is formed by two or more independent companies, individuals, or other economic actors that work together for a limited amount of time, usually to fulfill a purpose. Consortia are common in the building industries, roads and bridges are often built by consortia.

Overview
Very broadly speaking there are two kinds of consortia:
Companies doing the same thing associate for a project. This is usually done, because each of the companies alone would not be able to handle the business, or the risk of faliing would be too big for one company alone. Forming a consortium allows these companies (which are not part of the same holding company) to handle the project.
Companies doing different things unite for a project. Each company acts on its own, and only bears the risks associated with the parts of the job it executes.
The term can be traced to the 16th century, where it developed from con sortes, which is the plural of Latin consors. It can roughly be translated as united by fate. The english word consort probably has the same origin.

The company Airbus started as a consortium of different companies with the aim of building airplanes.

In 1970, they officially formed a groupement d'intérêt économique (which is a consortium, in the French legal system). Today, Airbus is a Societas Europaea, a shareholding company under European law. Not all consortia are done for profit: The Unicode consortium wants to promote the Unicode standard. It is a non-profit organisation, based in California.
Business organizations

Consortium


Introduction
In mathematics, an ordered pair is a collection of two objects, where one of the objects is first (the first coordinate or left projection), and the other is second (the second coordinate or right projection). An ordered pair where the first coordinate is  and the second coordinate is  is usually written  (sometimes it is written ). If  is different from , then the ordered pair  is different from the ordered pair  - this is why it is called ordered.

Properties

If  and  are two ordered pairs, then the characteristic or defining property of ordered pairs is:
.

This means that two ordered pairs are equal if and only if: the first coordinates of the pairs are equal, and also the second coordinates of the pairs are equal.

Definition

There are many mathematical definitions of ordered pair which have this property. The definition given here is the most common one:

.

Kazimierz Kuratowski was the first person to make this definition.

Mathematics

Ordered pair


Selenium trioxide, also known as selenium(VI) oxide and selenic oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeO3. It contains selenium in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

Properties
Selenium trioxide is a white solid. It evaporates easily. It dissolves easily in water. It is not stable and breaks down to make selenium dioxide and oxygen when it is heated. It is a powerful oxidizing agent like all selenates. It dissolves in water to make selenic acid.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting potassium selenate with sulfur dioxide. It can also be made by dehydrating (removing the water from) selenic acid with a strong dessicant, like phosphorus(V) oxide.

Related pages
Selenium(I) chloride

Selenium compounds
Oxides

Selenium trioxide