The Terminator is an American action-science fiction movie. It is set in Los Angeles, California and stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Biehn, and Linda Hamilton. This movie was directed by James Cameron and was released on October 26, 1984 in the United States by Orion Pictures. Its budget was $6.4 million and it grossed $78.3 million at the box office.

It was followed by sequels Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, Terminator Salvation, Terminator Genisys and Terminator: Dark Fate.

Plot
In 1984 Los Angeles, a cyborg assassin known as a Terminator arrives from 2029 and steals guns and clothes. Shortly afterwards, Kyle Reese, a human soldier, also arrives. He steals clothes from a homeless man and evades the police. The Terminator begins systematically killing women named Sarah Connor, whose addresses he finds in the telephone directory. He tracks the third Sarah Connor to a nightclub, but Kyle rescues her. The two steal a car and escape with the Terminator pursuing them in a police car.

As they hide in a parking lot, Kyle explains to Sarah that an artificial intelligence defense network, known as Skynet, will become self-aware in the near future and initiate a nuclear holocaust. Sarah's future son John will rally the survivors and lead a resistance movement against Skynet and its army of machines. With the Resistance on the verge of victory, Skynet sent a Terminator back in time to kill Sarah before John is born, to prevent the formation of the Resistance. The Terminator is an efficient killing machine with a powerful metal endoskeleton and an external layer of living tissue that makes him appear human.

Kyle and Sarah are apprehended by the police after another encounter with the Terminator. Criminal psychologist Dr. Silberman concludes that Kyle is paranoid and delusional. The Terminator repairs his body and attacks the police station, killing many police officers in his attempt to locate Sarah. Kyle and Sarah escape and take refuge in a motel, where they assemble pipe bombs and plan their next move. Kyle admits that he has been in love with Sarah since John gave him a photograph of her, and they have sex.

The Terminator discovers their location, and they attempt to escape in a pickup truck. In the ensuing chase, Kyle is wounded by gunfire while throwing pipe bombs at the Terminator. Enraged' Sarah knocks the Terminator off his motorcycle but loses control of the truck, which flips over. The Terminator hijacks a tank truck and attempts to run down Sarah, but Kyle slides a pipe bomb onto the tanker, causing an explosion that burns the flesh from the Terminator's exoskeleton. It pursues them to a factory, where Kyle activates machinery to confuse the Terminator. He jams his final pipe bomb into the Terminator's abdomen, blowing the Terminator apart, injuring Sarah, and killing Kyle. The damaged Terminator reactivates and grabs Sarah. She breaks free and lures it into a hydraulic press, crushing it.

Months later, a pregnant Sarah is traveling through Mexico, recording audio tapes to pass on to her unborn son, John. She debates whether to tell him that Kyle is his father. At a gas station, a boy takes a Polaroid photograph of her which she purchases—the same photograph that John will eventually give to Kyle.

Other websites

1984 action movies
1984 science fiction movies
American action movies
American science fiction movies
Chase movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by James Cameron
Movies set in the future
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies set in the 2020s
Movies set in Los Angeles
Robot movies
Science fiction action movies
Terminator (franchise)
Time travel movies
Drone movies
Movies about nuclear war and weapons
Post-apocalyptic movies
Dystopian movies
American independent movies

The Terminator


B major is a major scale based on B. Its key signature has five sharps.

B major's relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major.

The key signature for B major is the least sharp key signature with three "lines" of sharps. In the treble clef, putting the sharp for A where it looks like it should be, next to the sharp for G, would mean that a ledger line would have to be used. In the bass clef it would be possible to do this without a ledger line, but because sight reading is easier when both staves look the same, it is not usually done in piano music. In the alto clef, used in orchestral music, the B major key signature is usually written in just two "lines" of sharps.

Although B major is usually thought of as a "far away" key because it has many sharps and is quite far from C major in the circle of fifths, Frédéric Chopin thought that it was the easiest scale of all to play, as its black notes fit the natural positions of the fingers well. Because of this, it was often the first scale he taught to beginning piano students, leaving the scale of C major till last because he thought it was the hardest to play.

While B major is not too difficult to play on keyboard instruments and guitar, the key of C-flat major is easier when writing music for the harp, as it is that instrument's home key.

Musical keys
Major scales

B major


Gamma radiation (γ-radiation) is a type of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma rays (γ-rays) are waves of gamma radiation with the smallest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. They were discovered in 1900 by Paul Villard, and named in 1903 by Ernest Rutherford.

Gamma rays are like x-rays, but the waves are smaller in wavelength. Both gamma rays and x-rays are photons with very high energies, and gamma have even more energy. They are also a type of ionizing radiation. Gamma rays can travel through thicker materials than x-rays can.

Gamma rays are produced by some types of radioactive atoms.  Cobalt-60 and potassium-40 are two isotopes that emit gamma rays. Cobalt-60 is created in accelerators and is used in hospitals. Potassium-40 occurs naturally. Small amounts of potassium-40 are in all plants and animals. Gamma rays from potassium-40 each have an energy of 1460 thousand electron volts (keV).

Gamma rays and X-rays can also be distinguished by their origin: X-rays are emitted by electrons outside the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus.

Gamma rays in medicine
Gamma rays can also go through the skin to kill cells, such as cancerous cells.
Doctors can use radiation therapy machines which produce gamma rays in hospitals to treat people with some types of cancer.

Doctors also use gamma rays to find disease. In hospitals, doctors can give patients radioactive medicine which emits gamma rays. Doctors can find some types of disease by measuring gamma rays which come from a patient afterward. Hospitals can also use gamma rays to sterilise (clean)  things as disinfectants do.

References

Nuclear physics
Electromagnetic radiation

Gamma ray


A somersault is an acrobatic move where a person moves the feet over the head whilst in mid-air. The somersault can be done forwards, backwards, or sideways and is similar to a flip (or, if performed backwards, a backflip).
A backwards somersault while still moving forward is called a Gainer

The word comes from the old French word sombresault, which is no longer used.

Gymnastics

Somersault


Henry Harcourt Hyde Clarke (14 December 1815 – 1 March 1895) was an English engineer, philologist and author.

The son of Henry and Susannah Clarke, he was born at Little Bell Alley, Barbican in London. He edited the Railway Register from 1845 to 1847 and founded the London and County Bank. He was a member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He was expelled from the Anthropological Society of London on 22 August 1868 in the wake of public allegations he had made concerning (chiefly) the mismanagement of accounts of that body. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society on 19 December 1876.

He corresponded with Charles Darwin

Family
He married Maria Mildred Eaton, with one son one daughter:
 Henry Harcourt Hyde Clarke (29 May 1852 - 1906)
 Edgiva Mildred Harcourt Hyde Clarke (23 August 1854 - 1918)

Maria died at their home, 32 St George's Square, Mayfair, London, in 1892 aged 71. He died at their home on 1 March 1895, aged 79.

Principal works
 Physical economy a preliminary inquiry into the physical laws governing the periods of famines and panics. 1847
 Life of Richard Trevithick, C.E.; Life of George Stephenson, C.E. 1848
Contributions to railway statistics in 1846, 1847, & 1848 1849
A grammar of the English tongue, spoken and written; for self-teaching and for schools. 1859
Memoir of the comparative grammar of Egyptian, Coptic & Ude 1873
Researches in prehistoric and protohistoric comparative philology, mythology, and archæology, in connection with the origin of culture in America and the Accad or Sumerian families. 1875
The Khita and Khita-Peruvian epoch: Khita, Hamath, Hittite, Canaanite, Etruscan, Peruvian, Mexican, etc. 1877
Himalayan Origin and Connection of the Magyar and Ugrian. 1877
A short handbook of the comparative philology of the English, Anglo-Saxon, Frisian, Flemish or Dutch, Low or Platt Dutch, High Dutch or German, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese tongues. 1879
The early history of the Mediterranean populations, &c., in their migrations and settlements : illustrated from Autonomous Coins, Gems, Inscriptions, &C. 1882
Examination of the Legend of Atlantis in Reference to Protohistoric Communication with America, London, 1886

References

Clarke,Hyde. The Century Cyclopedia of Names: A Pronouncing and Etymological Dictionary of Names in Geography, Biography, Mythology, History, Ethnology, Art, Archæology, Fiction, Etc. New York: Century Co, 1904.
 worldcat.org Accessed April 2, 2007

External links
For a note about Hyde Clarke "Sunspots and Expectations" of the Economics of W.S. Jevons by Sandra Peart Google books.com

1815 births
1895 deaths
English philologists
Fellows of the Ethnological Society of London
Fellows of the Royal Statistical Society

Hyde Clarke


Adimchinobe Echemandu (born November 21, 1981) is a former Nigerian-American running back of American football. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at California.

Early years
He played football at Hawthorne High School in Hawthorne, California. He ran for 608 yards and 6 touchdowns as a junior, and in track, he had a best of 21.35 in the 200 meters, 10.40 in the 100 meters, and 47.55 in the 400. As a senior, he ran for 1,525 yards on 165 carries sporting a 9.2 average and 27 touchdowns. He also returned two kickoffs for touchdowns, and was named his conference's back of the year in 1998. As a defensive player, he had 42 tackles and an interception as a senior. He was also a member of the Super Prep All-Far West team as the No. 60 overall prospect and the Prep Star All-America team as the No. 10 running back prospect in the West.

College career
A member of an Ibo family from Nigeria, he played for a time under the simplified name Joe Echema until deciding to revert to his Ibo name. Echemandu returned to the gridiron with a flourish in 2003 after spending the previous two years on the sidelines partially due to a knee injury. He saw his banner final campaign end on a sour note after it was discovered that he fractured his fibula late in the year. A two-sport star, he also excelled in track for the Golden Bears. He was a versatile athlete who was recruited as a tailback, but moved to wide receiver midway through his freshman season when injuries depleted their unit, then shifted back to tailback the following year. He sat out the 2002 season to recover from a torn anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee, and finished his career with 306 carries for 1,434 yards and 16 touchdowns. As well as 33 receptions for 264 yards and a pair of scores, 22 kickoff returns for 5,016 yards and two punt returns for 5 yards while starting 19 of 33 games.

Professional career

Cleveland Browns
He was selected with the 208th overall pick by the Cleveland Browns in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL Draft. In his time spent with the Browns, he carried the ball just 8 times for 25 yards, and caught the ball 3 times for 25 yards.

Minnesota Vikings
On September 2, 2005, he was signed by the Minnesota Vikings and spent time on the practice squad for most of the season.

Oakland Raiders
On September 5, 2006, he was signed to the practice squad of the Oakland Raiders. The best action he had was only in preseason of the 2007 season.

Houston Texans
On October 10, 2007, he was signed to the Houston Texans' practice squad after being released by the Raiders. In an October 28 game against the San Diego Chargers, he rushed for 62 yards on 10 carries and caught two passes for 11 yards. He finished his 2007 season with 20 attempts for 85 yards, 2 receptions for 11 yards and 1 fumble. He only fumbled 2 times in his career.

Echemandu was released by the Texans on December 26, 2007.

Oakland Raiders (second stint)
In 2008, he signed with the Oakland Raiders again, only to be released on August 30.

Personal life and later life
Echemandu received his master's degree in Education in May, 2017 at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the son of Charity and Joe Echema Sr., as well as the cousin of former California and former Oakland Raiders cornerback Nnamdi Asomugha.

References

1981 births
Living people
American football running backs
California Golden Bears football players
Cleveland Browns players
Houston Texans players
Minnesota Vikings players
Oakland Raiders players
Players of American football from Hawthorne, California
Nigerian players of American football
Nigerian emigrants to the United States
Hawthorne High School (California) alumni

Adimchinobe Echemandu


A with ring above (А̊ а̊; italics: А̊ а̊) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. In all its forms, it looks exactly like the Latin letter A with ring above (Å å Å å). It has not yet been encoded in Unicode.

A with ring above is used only in the alphabet of the Selkup language, where it represents the open-mid back rounded vowel /ɔ/ or the open back rounded vowel /ɒ/.

See also
Å å : Latin letter Å
Cyrillic characters in Unicode

Cyrillic letters with diacritics

A with ring above (Cyrillic)


The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland is a 1999 American children's film. It was directed by Gary Halvorson. It made $11,683,047. The movie soundtrack was released by Michael Jackson's record label MJJ Music.

Plot
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Cast
 Mandy Patinkin as Huxley
 Vanessa L. Williams as the Queen of Trash

Humans of Sesame Street
 Alison Bartlett-O'Reilly as Gina
 Ruth Buzzi as Ruthie
 Emilio Delgado as Luis
 Loretta Long as Susan
 Sonia Manzano as Maria
 Bob McGrath as Bob
 Roscoe Orman as Gordon

Muppet performers
 Kevin Clash as Elmo, Pestie, Grouch Jailer, Grouch Taxicab Driver
 Fran Brill as Zoe, Pestie, Prairie Dawn
 Stephanie D'Abruzzo as Grizzy, Pestie
 Dave Goelz as Humongous Chicken
 Steve Whitmire as Ernie, Stuckweed, Sharon Groan, Football Stenchman, Bad Humor Man, Parrot
 Frank Oz as Bert, Grover, Cookie Monster
 Jerry Nelson as Count von Count, Pestie, Grouch Mayor, Grouch Police Officer, Voice of Mr. Johnson
 Caroll Spinney as Big Bird, Oscar the Grouch
 Martin P. Robinson as Laundromat Manager, Pestie, Telly Monster
 Matt Vogel as Big Bird (puppetry in some scenes)
 David Rudman as Baby Bear, Alarm Clock Bird, Fat Blue Anything Muppet, Caterpillar, Pestie, Collander Stenchman, Grouch Ice Cream Customer, Puppeteer of Mr. Johnson, Various Grouches
 Joey Mazzarino as Bug
 Carmen Osbahr as Rosita

1999 movies
American family movies
Sesame Street

The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland


Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Middle English: Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt) is a late 14th-century Middle English chivalric romance. It is one of the most notable Arthurian stories. It is known as the "beheading game".
The story is  written in stanzas of alliterative verse. Each stanza ends in a rhyming bob and wheel.

Plot
At a New Year's Day feast in Camelot, a huge green man rides in on a green horse carrying a large axe. He issues a challenge to any who dares to accept. He challenges any knight to strike him with his axe, if he will take a return blow in a year and a day.

Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table, accepts the challenge. Gawain beheads the Green Knight with his blow. Then the Green knight stands up and picks up his head. He says:
"Take heed, Sir Gawain, that thou art ready to go and seek me till thou find me as thou hast promised in this hall with these knights as witnesses. To the green chapel thou shalt come to receive such a blow as thou hast given, on New Year's morning. And many know me as the Knight of the Green Chapel. Fail not, then, to seek me until thou findest me; therefore come thou, or recreant shalt thou be called". transl. Ernest J. B. Kirtlan.

Having reminded Gawain of the appointed time, the Green Knight  rides off. In his struggles to keep his bargain, Gawain sets off on his search. His honour is called into question several times. Gawain avoids several trials on his way. Finally he meets the Lady Bertilak, who tries to seduce him. He avoids this, but accepts a gift from her. He is bound to give the gift back to his host (who actually is the Green Knight in another form). When the day comes for the Green Knight to strike, Gawain kneels... When the Green Knight strikes, he nicks Gawain's neck, but otherwise Gawain is unhurt. The Green Knight explains that the nick is payment for Gawain's only fault, keeping the small gift.

The Green Knight is thought by some to be the Green Man of folklore, and by others to represent Satan.

References

Other websites

Online texts
 High-resolution, full-sized scan of entire manuscript
 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight at Archive.org
 The poem in Middle English
 Various free audiobook versions of the poem from LibriVox
 Google Books results

General information
 The Gawain/Pearl Poet from the University of Calgary
 The Camelot Project Info on Sir Gawain
 Luminarium SGGK Website
 Oxford Bibliographies: Bibliography on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
 BBC documentary tour of locations thought to be found in the poem... Holywell, the River Mersey, the 'Wild Wirral', the Peak District, the Roaches, and Lud Chapel

British poems
Works based on the Arthurian legend

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight


Whit is Brahma

Accordin tae Hinduism an Hindu mythology, Brahma is ane o the three maist important gods. The ither twa gods is Vishnu an Shiva. Brahma represents Brahman, a term an concept o Hinduism.

The Hindu tradeetion says that Brahma haes five heids. Houaniver, the mythological story tells that Shiva cuttit ane o the heids aff o Brahma. The tradeetion states that the fower heids o Brahma represents mony aspects o Hinduism na aw. The fower heids represents the fower Vedas - gey important Hindu scripturs. Thae fower heids represents the fower diveesions o time o Hinduism cried the Yugas an aw. They represent the fower diveesions o the Hindu society, the fower Varnas an aw.

Seembols
Seembols

 The Four Hands - Brahma's four airms repriesent the four cardinal directions: east, sooth, waist, an north. The back richt hand repriesents mind, the back left hand repriesents intellect, the front recht hand is ego, an the front left hand is self-confidence.
 The Four Faces - The four Vedas (Rik, Sāma, Yajuh and Atharva). The Vedas Seembolises his four faces, heids an arms
 The Rosary - Seembolizes the substances uised in the process o creation.
 The Beuk - The beuk is kenis (knawledge).
 The Gold - Gold seembolizes activity; the gowden face o Brahma indicaites that he is actively involved in the process o creating the Univers.
 The Swan - The swan is the seembol o grace an understandin ability. Brahma uises the swan as his vāhana, or far personal vehicle.
 The Lotus - The lotus seembolizes natur an the livin essence o aw things an beins in the Univers.
 The Beard - Brahma's black or white beard denotes wisdom an the eiternal process o creation.

Hinduism
Hindu meethologie
Creator gods
Hindu gods

Brahma


The Naitional Alliance Party is a poleetical party in Papua New Guinea. It wis foondit in 1995 bi Bernard Narokobi, Moi Avei, Bart Philemon an Masket Iangalio, who invitit Sir Michael Somare tae lead them tae the 1997 elections efter he haed been sacked as leader o the Pangu Party.

Naitional Alliance took 19 o 109 seats in parliament at the 2002 election, makin it the lairgest single pairty, an as such the party wis invitit tae form the government. The Naitional Alliance-led government o 2002-2007 wus the first government since independence in 1975 to survive a full five year term - aw previous governments haed fallen tae votes o nae confidence. In 2006, pairty co-foonder Bart Philemon attemptit tae depose Somare as pairty leader, but this challenge wis unsuccessful an Philemon went tae the opposition benches, remainin there as leader o the New Generation Pairty even efter Somare's victory in the elections. At the 2007 general election, the pairty increased its representation, gainin 27 seats an remaining bi far the lairgest pairty. Michael Somare wis easily confirmed bi Parliament for anither term as prime meenister, as several pairties joined a coalition wi the Naitional Alliance, an 13 independents announced their decision tae join the Naitional Alliance pairty, bringin its representation tae 40 members.

Pairty leaders an members include:

 Simon Kaiwi (preses)
 Stephen Pokawin, umwhile governor o Manus (general secretary)
 Sir Michael Somare, Prime Meenister, Member for East Sepik Provincial (parliamentary leader)
 Dr Puka Temu, Deputy Prime Meenister, Member for Abau Open (Central)
 Don Polye, Member for Kandep Open (Enga)
 Patrick Pruaitch, Member for Aitape-Lumi Open (West Sepik)
 Arthur Somare, Member for Angoram Open (East Sepik)
 Sir Arnold Amet, Governor o Madang an Member for Madang Provincial, probable future Pairty leader accordin tae Pacific Magazine

Footnotes

Poleetical pairties in Papua New Guinea
Main

Naitional Alliance Pairty


Orthoptera are an order of insects. The order contains grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets. "Ortho" means "straight", so "Orthoptera" means "straight wings".
This means the front wings, called tegmina, are stiff, straight, and not used for flying. The back wings are membranous and are folded like a fan under the front wings when the insect is not flying. Many species use their wings to make sounds, which we usually call "chirping" noises.

Life cycle
Orthopteran insects start life in an egg case. After three weeks – or when spring comes – the tiny nymphs come out from the egg case. After four or five molts, they have wings. This shows that they are adults and are ready to reproduce.

Sound production
Their sounds are produced by using file-like edges to their wings, or wing veins. In some groups the wing edges are rubbed together, in others the hind limb is rubbed against a wing edge. Each sound is unique to the species, and its function is identification for mating purposes. It is males which make the sound, and females move towards it.

Diet
In the order Orthoptera, members chew their food, using their mandibles (jaws). Crickets are omnivores, which means they eat both plants and animals. Actually, they will eat almost anything: vegetables, cereal, and even their own mate if they are hungry enough. Katydids are mostly herbivores (plant eaters), though they will eat their own mate, too, if they are hungry enough. They also enjoy eating aphids and other small, slow-moving creatures. Grasshoppers almost always eat plants like grass, wheat bran, and lettuce, and they can be terrible crop pests.

Jumping
It's quite hard to catch a member of Orthoptera because they jump so well. They have amazing legs - a grasshopper can jump 20 times farther than the length of its body. Their back legs are very large and long. These long, strong legs give these insects their great ability to jump.

Suborders
Crickets, katydids, and grasshoppers are in the same order of Orthoptera because they are alike in many ways. However, there are several things that make them different from each other.

First, their colors are usually quite different. Since grasshoppers like to move during the daytime, their colors are similar to grass and bright flowers, making them usually green, light brown, or multicolored (lots of different colors at once). Crickets move at night, so they are dark. Katydids like to spend a lot of time on leaves, so they are often leaf-colored, and their wings can look like leaves. Their wings can have the same vein patterns as leaves, and they often have little brown spots just like the ones that might be found on a leaf.

Secondly, their behaviors are different. Grasshoppers like being active in the day; crickets, at night; katydids, in the late afternoon and evening.

Thirdly, their antennae is different. Katydids and crickets usually have long, thin antennae, while grasshoppers usually have short, thick ones. Of course, this rule does is not perfect – for instance, even though grasshoppers usually have short, thick antennae, the long-horned grasshopper has long, thin antennae like a cricket. Because of this, it is still sometimes hard to tell the members of this order apart.

Related pages
Grasshopper
Katydid
Cricket

References

Orthoptera


Jogging is running at a slow speed. Many people go for a jog in order to keep fit and healthy.  People go jogging for exercise, not for competitions.

Jogging is a very cheap way of keeping fit, because all that is needed is a good pair of running shoes.  One can jog anywhere, although it is good to stay away from main roads where the air is full of traffic fumes.  It is also good to avoid too much jogging on hard pavements (sidewalks). A softer surface such as grass is better for jogging because there is less hard jolting for the knees.

Jogging is a kind of aerobic exercise which helps people breathe better.  It can keep the heart rate at a high-speed level for a long time (depends on how long people spend). A goal of aerobic exercise is to train the different types of muscles so people can keep fit by increasing the muscle mass. Since people increase the muscle mass, they can be successful to increase the lean level and decrease the body fat. In this way, people can keep fit and be healthy.

Jogging and running have very popular in the late 20th century.  People of all ages jog.  It promotes strength and good condition  and is useful to people who want to control their weight.  Like other aerobic exercise, it releases endorphin in many people.

Locations
Jogging has different perspective come up to consider when someone are planning work out. This surface has both positive and negative, as well as work in different muscle groups. The personal trainer can offer the best way should be using, training for a race like flat and track can help to keep Achilles tendon for became stretched position. Road force has negative at the road force because people need to be careful of the busy traffic during the exercising.

Changing the jogging surface could help in training intensity level when painful comes up to hurt on bones and other joints. Here are the positive and negative of jogging at sidewalk: Jogging at sidewalks is a  very good selection and safe to keep clear from the busy road and a must to escape. However, it's also the hardest surface to exercise on. It is a good idea to stay off this surface is when your knees or ankles pain.

Challenges in jogging make people increases bone density, decreasing of heart disease. it is helping to strengths, forces legs, and body muscles. Also, improves cardiovascular health, making down of heart disease by assists in reducing body fat percentage that could improve circulation. It could improve both protected functions and cuts out stress by dropping  endorphins in the brain.

As a exercise

Jogging is also known as a long-standing exercise; no matter what the age is, you can enjoy jogging as well. The option of where can people admire jogging is very extensive, it can be anywhere that makes people feel comfortable, such as at the park, on the track, at the beach, on the mountain, on a jogging path or even on a machine. The great benefits of jogging include stress relief, lifestyle disease prevention, makes the function of heart and lung stronger and builds strong bones. These kinds of interest can support the body's operation and help people stay healthy.

Health effects
Jogging can improve overall health, it is really good for fitness level,  weight control, and strength of bones. It can change body composition for the better now, legs and hip muscle will grow stronger with the new body process; it helps strengthen the heart and lungs. Also, it's the blood pressure control and upgrades healthy cholesterol level. Don't eat foods before go to jogging. Make sure eat healthy foods for well-balanced in high sugar.

Related pages
 Strength training
 Healthy lifestyle
 Strength training

References

Other websites

 WorldwideRunning.com - A comprehensive resource for joggers and runners worldwide

Fitness

Jogging


Schiermonnikoog is an island and municipality of the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. In 2016 the municipality had about 900 people. The municipality covers an area of 199 km², the island an area of 44 km².

Schiermonnikoog makes part of the West Frisian Islands (Dutch: Waddeneilanden).

It lies west of the small island of Rottumerplaat and east of the island of Ameland.

Other websites

West Frisian Islands
Municipalities of Friesland

Schiermonnikoog


On Her Majesty's Secret Service is a James Bond movie. It was released in 1969. It stars George Lazenby as Bond. It also stars Diana Rigg and Telly Savalas. It is the sixth movie in the James Bond series. It is based on the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. Louis Armstrong sings the song of the movie.

Cast
 George Lazenby as James Bond
 Diana Rigg as Countess Tereza di Vicenzo
 Telly Savalas as Ernst Stavro Blofeld
 Bernard Lee as M
 Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny
 Gabriele Ferzetti as Marc-Ange Draco
 Ilse Steppat as Fraülein Irma Bunt
 Angela Scoular as Ruby Bartlett
 George Baker as Sir Hilary Bray
 Bernard Horsfall as Shaun Campbell
 Desmond Llewelyn as Q
 Yuri Borienko as Grunther
 Catherine Schnell as Nancy
 George Lane Cooper as Braun
 Irvin Allen as Che-Che
 James Bree as Gebrüder Gumbold
 Julie Ege as Helen
 Virginia North as Olympe
 Leslie Crawford as Felsen
 John Gay as Hammond
 Geoffrey Cheshire as Toussaint
 Terence Mountain as Raphael

1969 movies
1960s action movies
James Bond movies
Movies directed by Peter R. Hunt
Movies composed by John Barry
Movies set in Portugal
Movies set in Switzerland

On Her Majesty's Secret Service


Katwijk is a town in the Netherlands. It is near the coast of the North Sea. It is about 16 kilometers north from The Hague. There are 62,825 people living in Katwijk.

The town is very popular with tourists, especially those from Germany. Some of the most popular tourist attractions of Katwijk are the beach, several museums and galleries of fine art, a railway museum, and some museums of local and regional history. Near Katwijk are the headquarters of the European space organisation ESA with its space travel museum Space Expo (on the town's borders), Duinrell in Wassenaar and Keukenhof in Lisse.

Katwijk is known for its wide-spread graffiti culture. Several legal graffiti places can be found in the town. Graffiti-related activities are often organised, for example covering the local lighthouse with graffiti.

On 1 January 2006, Rijnsburg and Valkenburg were merged into the municipality of Katwijk.

Gallery

Settlements in South Holland

Katwijk


The Bubble is a British television quiz show hosted by David Mitchell, and made for the BBC by Hat Trick Productions. Each week, three comedians are tasked to differentiate real news stories from fake ones, after four days of isolation in 'The Bubble', a remote country house. A first series was broadcast on BBC Two from 19 February 2010, running for six episodes. A second series was planned but later abandoned due to Mitchell's commitments to the Channel 4 series 10 O'Clock Live.

Concept
In the show, three different contestants are placed in 'The Bubble', a place of isolation without access to the news. Contestant Frank Skinner speculated that the name of the show comes from the sterile isolation regime employed in so-called boy in the bubble medical cases. Once released, the contestants must then spot real news stories that have occurred while they were isolated, from fake ones created for the show.

The Bubble format was devised in Israel by Armoza Formats, and had already been broadcast in Israel, Poland, Denmark and Sweden. Already successful in those countries, the British version was the first to use celebrities as contestants, and was being aimed at a high-brow audience similar to that for the quiz show QI. A Dutch version also airs on BNN, hosted by Patrick Lodiers.

Format
At the start of each episode, the three contestants are brought straight from The Bubble to the studio. In front of a studio audience they then compete against each other for points, as Mitchell presents them with both real and fake stories. The format varied across the series, but the three rounds that appeared in every programme were:

 A news clips round, where three clips from news programmes were shown; one was real, and two had been faked for the programme using contributions from actors and journalists such as Quentin Letts. This round would sometimes be repeated later on in the show using shorter clips and a voiceover from Mitchell instead of the original newsreader.
 A newspaper headlines round, where three newspaper articles were shown; again, only one had genuinely appeared in newspapers, whilst the others had been mocked up.
 The final buzzer round, where Mitchell read out assorted news stories and the contestants had to buzz in and guess whether they were true or not.

In the first two rounds, correctly guessing the real story was rewarded with a point; in the final round, an incorrect guess resulted in a point being deducted.

Two rounds appeared only in the first episode of the first series: one where the contestants were shown a piece of video footage and had to guess why it was relevant to the news from three options, and another where Mitchell described a picture that had appeared in the newspapers and the contestants had to guess why said picture had appeared in the news.

Production
The show was produced for the BBC by Hat Trick Productions, who produce the long-running BBC news quiz show Have I Got News for You. A pilot was filmed in February 2009 but was not broadcast. The pilot episode featured Katy Brand, Miranda Hart and Frank Skinner as contestants. Episodes were filmed the day before broadcast, airing in the 10 pm slot on Friday nights (except Ep.5).

According to Skinner, for the British version of the show The Bubble was a large and remote country house somewhere in the East Midlands, in which the contestants lived with two of the production team for their period of isolation, being prevented from wandering away from the house, with their mobile phones confiscated, and denied access to newspapers, radio, television or the internet.

Both ITV News and Sky News assisted in filming fake stories for the show, but despite BBC presenters having taken part in a clip for the pilot, BBC News subsequently refused to allow its presenters to work with the show, allowing only archive material to be used. A BBC spokesman said "We are sure The Bubble on BBC Two will be extremely funny but BBC journalists will leave it to the comedians to do the comedy," while critics of the decision pointed out that several of its presenters had taken part in other fictional shows before, and described it as a "sense of humour failure". The BBC boycott was featured as one of the news stories in the first episode, with nobody picking it as the real story.

According to Mitchell speaking in January 2011, both he and the BBC were keen to film a second series; however, he later chose to work on 10 O'Clock Live for Channel 4, whose 15-week live run clashed with the period the BBC intended to film the second series of The Bubble.

Repeats of the series began airing on Dave in January 2011.

List of episodes
 Winners in bold

notes
 Episode 5 aired a day early due to Sport Relief 2010
 Sue Perkins swapped weeks with Andy Hamilton due to an injury

References

Further reading
 Interview with David Mitchell on the eve of The Bubble

External links

Television series by Hat Trick Productions
2010s British game shows
2010 British television series debuts
2010 British television series endings
BBC television comedy
BBC television game shows
British panel games
Quiz shows
2010s British satirical television series

The Bubble (game show)


Polish 24th Infantry Division () was a unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period, which took part in the Polish September Campaign. The Division was created in 1921, and its first commandants were: General Jan Hempel (until 1926), General Wacław Scaevola-Wieczorkiewicz, Colonel Boleslaw Maria Krzyzanowski (until September 9, 1939), and Colonel Boleslaw Schwarzenberg-Czerny (in the final days of the September 1939 campaign). The 24th Division's headquarters were located in Jarosław, with some regiments stationed in nearby cities of Rzeszów and Przemyśl. It consisted of:
 17th Infantry Regiment (Rzeszów),
 38th Infantry Regiment of Lwów Rifles (Przemyśl),
 39th Infantry Regiment of Lwów Rifles (Jarosław),
 24th Light Artillery Regiment of King Jan III Sobieski (Jarosław).

Polish September Campaign
The 24th Division, commanded by Colonel Boleslaw Maria Krzyzanowski, remained in the first days of the war in reserve. On September 3 transported to the area of Tarnów and Dębica, where it was supposed to man the line Pilzno - Szynwald -  Tuchów. Attached to the Karpaty Army, on September 6 it was engaged in heavy fighting with advancing 4th Light Division of the Wehrmacht. In the evening of that day, General Kazimierz Fabrycy ordered the Division to withdraw towards the Wisłoka and defend the main west–east route from Kraków to Lwów.

On September 7, marching Polish units were ambushed by the Germans near Tuchów, who managed to destroy several battalions. After the attack, Colonel Boleslaw Maria Krzyzanowski lost his ability to command the Division and was replaced by Colonel Boleslaw Schwarzenberg-Czerny. Contrary to orders of General Fabrycy, the Division retreated further eastwards, towards the San.

Between September 11 and 12, 1939, the Poles were engaged in heavy fighting with German Second Mountain Division near Bircza. The Germans managed to break Polish positions in the evening of September 12, therefore southern wing of defence of Przemyśl was opened. Retreating towards Lwów, the 24th kept on repulsing German attacks, reaching Mosciska on September 15. Two days later, General Kazimierz Sosnkowski, who commanded Polish troops in the area, ordered all units to break to Lwów. First groups of Polish soldiers reached the besieged city on September 17 in the evening.

On September 18, when news of Soviet attack on eastern Poland reached General Sosnkowski, he decided to change plans. Instead of breaking to Lwów, Sosnkowski ordered the soldiers to form small groups and try to reach Hungary. Heavy equipment and vehicles were destroyed, and those soldiers who did not wish to fight any more, were let go. Meanwhile, units of the 24th were fighting 5th Panzer Division in the area of Rzesna Ruska. Soon afterwards, Soviet tanks appeared around Lwów, and General Sosnkowski decided to dismiss the Division, which ceased to exist.

Operation Tempest
The 24th Infantry Division was recreated in the summer of 1944, during the Operation Tempest, as part of the Home Army.

Sources
 Tadeusz Jurga: Wojsko Polskie : krótki informator historyczny o Wojsku Polskim w latach II wojny swiatowej. 7, Regularne jednostki Wojska Polskiego w 1939 : organizacja, dzialania bojowe, uzbrojenie, metryki zwia˛zków operacyjnych, dywizji i brygad. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej 1975.
 Czeslaw Grzelak i Henryk Stan´czyk: "Kampania Polska 1939"
 Janusz Piekalkiewicz: "Polen Feldzug. Hitler und Stalin zerschlagen die Polnische Republik"
 Ryszard Dalecki: "Armia KARPATY w wojnie obronnej 1939 r.", KAW Rzeszów 1989.
 Stanley S.Seidner, Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz Rydz and the Defense of Poland, New York, 1978.
 Kazimierz Sosnkowski: "Cieniom Wrzesnia", MON Warszawa 1988, .

See also
 Polish army order of battle in 1939
 Polish contribution to World War II
 List of Polish divisions in World War II

24th
Military units and formations established in 1921
24th
Military units and formations disestablished in 1939

24th Infantry Division (Poland)


Fernandus Payne (February 13, 1881 – October 13, 1977) was an American zoologist, geneticist and educator.

Panye was born in Shelbyville, Indiana. He received a B.Sc. from Valparaiso University in 1901 and a B.A. from Indiana University in 1905, and a M.A. in 1906. He undertook graduate studies at Columbia University with Thomas Hunt Morgan, his research took place when the use of fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster was being established in Morgan's lab. One of Payne's projects was to breed flies in the dark, if a generation of blind flies was produced then a model of Lamarckism would be confirmed. After producing 69 generation of flies grown in the dark Payne failed to produce a blind fly. Payne also helped Morgan produce X-ray mutagenised flies, these were used for many years to come in Morgans lab. Payne completed his PhD in 1909.

Payne returned to Indiana University where he was made associate professor. He remained at the university for the remainder of his career, he was credited with introducing genetics to the university and attracting other researchers to IU like Hermann Joseph Muller and Salvatore Luria who both became Nobel laureates.

Asteroid 2496 Fernandus, discovered October 8, 1953 by the Indiana Asteroid Program, is named for him.

He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1953 to 1954.

References
Shine, I. and Wrobel, S. 1976. Thomas Hunt Morgan: Pioneer of Genetics. The University Press of Kentucky
Indiana University Archives. Guide to the Fernandus Payne papers, 1908-1971

External links

1881 births
1977 deaths
20th-century American zoologists
Valparaiso University alumni
Indiana University alumni
Indiana University faculty
People from Shelbyville, Indiana

Fernandus Payne


Human Rights Watch is an international non-governmental organization. Its activities include research and advocacy on human rights. The headquarters of the organization is in New York City.

Focus of the organization
 Arms trafficking
 Land mines
 Abortion rights
 Freedom of religion
 Gay rights and rights of transgender according to the Yogyakarta Principles
 Rights of AIDS patients
 Safety of civilians in war; opposes use of cluster bombs
 Child labor
 Child soldiers
 Child prostitution
 Street children
 Genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity
 Torture
 Extrajudicial killings and abductions
 Legal cases against human rights abusers
 Trafficking in women and girls
 Abolition of capital punishment worldwide

Other websites
 Official Website

Organizations in New York City
International organizations
Human rights organizations in the United States

Human Rights Watch


Yapahuwa (Sinhalese language : යාපහුව) was one of the ephemeral capitals of medieval Sri Lanka. The citadel of Yapahuwa lying midway between Kurunagala and Anuradhapura was built around a huge granite rock rising abruptly almost a hundred meters above the surrounding lowlands.

In 1272, King Bhuvenakabahu transferred the capital from Polonnaruwa to Yapahuwa in the face of Dravidian invasions from South India, bringing the Sacred Tooth Relic with him. Following the death of King Bhuvenakabahu in 1284, the Pandyans of South India invaded Sri Lanka once again, and succeeded in capturing Sacred Tooth Relic. Following its capture, Yapahuwa was largely abandoned and inhabited by Buddhist monks and religious ascetics.

Location and Name
The rock fortress complex of Yapahuwa is situated in the North Western Province, Sri Lanka. It is located approximately between southeast of Mahawa midway Kurunegala and Anuradhapura. The original name of this Buddhist Heritage is Yapawwa but now it is called as Yapahuwa which is a kind of distortion of its genuine etymological sense.

History
Yapahuwa served as the capital of Sri Lanka in the latter part of the 13th century (1273–1284). Built on a huge,  high rock boulder in the style of the Sigiriya rock fortress, Yapahuwa was a palace and military stronghold against foreign invaders.

The palace and fortress were built by King Buvanekabahu I (1272–1284) in the year 1273. Many traces of ancient battle defences can still be seen, while an ornamental stairway, is its biggest showpiece. This staircase is a long one with around 100 steps. On top of the rock are the remains of a stupa, a Bodhi tree enclosure, and a rock shelter/cave used by Buddhist monks, indicating that earlier this site was used as a Buddhist monastery, like many boulders and hills in the area. There are several caves at the base of the rock. In one of them there is a shrine with Buddha images. One cave has a Brahmi script inscription.
At the southern base of the rock there is a fortification with two moats and ramparts. In this enclosure there are the remains of a number of buildings including a Buddhist shrine. There is also a Buddhist temple called Yapahuwa Rajamaha Vihara built during the Kandyan period.

The Tooth Relic was brought from Dambadeniya and kept in the Tooth Temple built for the purpose at the top of the third staircase. The relics were carried away from the temple here to South India by the Pandyas, and then recovered in 1288 by Parakkramabahu III (1287–1293), who temporarily placed them in safety at Polonnaruwa.

Image gallery

See also
 Sigiriya
 Mahawa, Sri Lanka

External links

Yapahuwa Sri Lanka
Yapahuwa - The Chinese connection
Yapahuwa

Geography of Sri Lanka
Archaeological sites in Sri Lanka
Tourist attractions in North Western Province, Sri Lanka

Yapahuwa


The Ford Model T was an American car built between 1908 and 1928 by the Ford Motor Company of Detroit, Michigan.  It is one of the most important cars in history because it was one of the first cars to be sold for very little money, making it easy for people to travel from place to place.

Importance

The Model T, also known as the "Tin Lizzie", changed the way Americans live, work and travel. Henry Ford's revolutionary advancements in assembly-line automobile manufacturing made the Model T the first car to be affordable for a majority of Americans. For the first time car ownership became a reality for average American workers, not just the wealthy.  More than fifteen million Model Ts were built in Detroit and Highland Park, Michigan, and the automobile was also assembled at a Ford plant in Manchester, England, and at plants in continental Europe.

Before the Model T, most cars cost lots of money. Only rich people could afford them. Even Ford's cars before the Model T cost a lot. The Model T went for around $980. A car built in 1903 called the Oldsmobile Curved Dash was very easy to buy, but was a very simple and slow car that was more like a carriage than a car.

Even before it lost favor to larger, more powerful, and more luxurious cars, the Model T, known popularly as the "Tin Lizzie" or the "flivver", had become an American folkloric symbol, essentially realizing Ford's goal to "democratize the automobile".

The man who owned the company, Henry Ford, heard about meat being cut on a disassembly line, which moved meat from worker to worker so that the meat could be cut up. Assembly lines were not much used at the time. Ford knew that if he built his cars on an assembly line instead of one at a time like other cars, he could make a car that anyone could afford and would be built like cars that cost more money. He also knew that he could pay his workers more money.

The Model T was offered in several body styles, including a five-seat touring car, a two-seat runabout, and a seven-seat town car. All bodies were mounted on a uniform 100-inch (2.5m)-wheelbase chassis. A choice of colors was originally available, but from 1913 to 1925 the car was mass-produced in only one color—black. The engine was simple and efficient, with all four cylinders cast in a single block and the cylinder head detachable for easy access and repair. The engine generated 20 horsepower and propelled the car to modest top speeds of 40–45 miles per hour (65–70 km/h). In most models the engine was started by a hand crank, which activated a magneto connected to the flywheel, but after 1920 some models were equipped with battery-powered starters.

The transmission, having two forward gears and one reverse, was of the planetary type, controlled by foot pedals rather than the more common hand lever used in sliding-gear transmissions. Spark and throttle were controlled by a hand lever on the steering column. The ten gallon fuel tank was located under the front seat. Because gasoline was fed to the engine only by gravity, and also because the reverse gear offered more power than the forward gears, the Model T frequently had to be driven up a steep hill backward. Such deficiencies, along with its homely appearance, less-than-comfortable ride at top speeds, and incessant rattling, made the Model T the butt of much affectionate humor in innumerable jokes, songs, poems, and stories.

History

The Ford Model T car was designed by Henry Ford, Childe Harolde Wills, and two Hungarian men named József Galamb and Eugene Farkas. The Model T had a 177-cubic-inch (2.9-litre) four-cylinder engine producing 20 horsepower (15 kW) for a top speed of 45 miles per hour (72 km/h). The engine had side valves and three main bearings. Fuel economy was 14 to 21 miles per gallon (11 to 17 l/100km).

Ford began building the Model T in his Piquette factory on October 6, 1908 as a 1909 model.  Workers from all over the world wanted to work for Ford because of the good pay. Workers could even save their money for a Model T of their own. The price of the Model T dropped over the years, making it even easier to buy.

Work began at one end of the assembly line, starting with an empty chassis. From there, the chassis moved slowly down the assembly line. Workers on the assembly line added parts to the chassis. Before long, a new Model T rolled off the other end of the line. Different body styles were available, even a truck, or Model TT. At first, the only color available was black. Black paint was used because it was cheaper and lasted longer than other paints and Ford was obsessed with increasing profit. As car paint got better over the years, Ford began offering other colors. The time it took a chassis to become a finished car was over 12 hours when the first Model Ts were built. By the time the last Model T came off of the line, Ford had so many plants, it was making one car every twenty-seven seconds!

Even though the Model T sold for little money, Ford used the best materials he could buy to make his car. Most roads in the Model T's day were dirt, gravel, or even mud.  That meant the Model T had to be very strong, and it was. The wheels and tyres were very tall and skinny so that they could sink into mud roads and not get stuck. It was also very simple.

Operation

Ford made the Model T easy to drive compared to today's cars since the people to whom he sold his cars did not know how to drive anything other than a horse. It is not like driving a modern car, though three pedals are on the floor like a modern manual transmission car.  A Model T has a steering wheel that works the same way as in cars of today, but almost everything else is different.

The first Model Ts did not even have a starter like a modern car. This is the powerful electric motor in a car that turns the engine to make it run when it is turned off. The engine on the Model T was started with a hand crank on the front of the car. A wire loop near the radiator worked the choke on the carburetor to give the engine extra fuel to help start it when it was cold. This could be dangerous if the operator was not careful. If the levers that controlled the engine were not set the right way, especially the spark control, the engine could backfire, or spin the wrong way. Many people got broken arms this way.  Doctors even had a name for this kind of break: the "Ford fracture". Many Model T owners added electric starters to their cars and it was not long before Ford started doing the same. A Model T is in high gear by default, so if the parking/clutch lever was not engaged, the car had a tendency to run over the operator when started.

To make a modern car go or accelerate once the engine is running, a person steps on a pedal on the floor to engage the transmission into low gear. To make a Model T accelerate, move two levers near the steering wheel.  The lever on the right was the throttle (or engine speed), and the lever on the left adjusted the time that the spark plugs fired. These levers needed to be set properly before the engine could be started.

The three pedals on the floor of the Model T were for the brake on the right, reverse in the middle to make the Model T go backwards, and a pedal on the left to shift the gears from low to high speed. A lever on the floor worked the brakes as well as the clutch.  Pulling the lever toward the driver would set the parking brake and help keep the car from moving while parked. When the lever was placed in the middle, the transmission would be in neutral.

Once the engine is running, the driver now has to make the Model T move on its own.  Step on the pedal all the way to the left, move the throttle lever to "give it the gas" and gently move the floor lever forward. This is low gear, the powerful gear used to get the Model T moving. Once it is moving, move the right lever up, let the left pedal come all the way up, and give it more gas to shift into high.  To make the car go faster still, move the throttle lever as well as the spark advance lever. Stepping on the left pedal only halfway puts the car in neutral, the same as the lever. This helps the Model T come to a stop without causing the engine to stop as well.

The brakes on a Model T work the rear wheels by the use of brake bands inside the transmission.  Modern cars have brakes on all four wheels. No brakes are on the front wheels of a Model T.

More than fifteen million Model Ts were built.  That record was broken in 1972 when the Volkswagen Beetle surpassed it.  Today, the record for the most cars built is held by the Toyota Corolla.

The Model T was nicknamed the "Tin Lizzie" and "Flivver" by the people who drove it. A new car took the place of the Model T in 1928, named the Ford Model A.

Model T
1920s automobiles

Ford Model T


Spring Glen Synagogue is located along Old US 209 in the hamlet of the same name, part of the Town of Wawarsing in Ulster County, New York, US. It was one of the first established in a Jewish community in the Catskill region, and is still in use today.

Sam Meyerson, the region's first Jewish resident, bought land in the area shortly after 1900. His neighbors, all Christians of various Protestant denominations, decided to accept and befriend him after conferring about the matter among themselves. Other Jewish families followed, and a congregation was formally established in 1908.

The congregation had been meeting at Spring Glen's Episcopal church. By the early 1910s, with more Jewish families buying summer homes in or near Spring Glen, members realized they needed a place of worship of their own. In July 1916, the Torah scrolls were dedicated. Two local Gentiles, stationmaster Wells C. Smith and postmaster John Thornton, presented the congregation with a Bible they had purchased. Throughout most of 1917, a small white clapboard bungalow with blue trim house in the middle of the hamlet, festooned with wooden Stars of David, in the center of the hamlet, was under construction, finished in 1918.

In 1920 the congregation formally incorporated. The synagogue was open every morning and afternoon for prayers, and congregants helped sustain it through the off-season by holding their weddings, bar mitzvahs, Yom Tovs and other ceremonies there.

No significant changes have been made to the building since its construction other than the addition of discreet aluminum siding and bathrooms, during the 1960s. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Ulster County, New York

References

Synagogues in Upstate New York
Religious buildings and structures in Ulster County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Ulster County, New York
Wawarsing, New York
Jewish organizations established in 1908
Synagogues completed in 1918
Synagogues on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
1908 establishments in New York (state)

Spring Glen Synagogue


Main Street is a major north–south thoroughfare bisecting Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It runs from Waterfront Road by Burrard Inlet in the north, to Kent Avenue alongside the north arm of the Fraser River in the south.

Route
Beginning by the Port of Vancouver terminals near the nexus of the city's historic Downtown Eastside and Gastown districts, the street runs south through Chinatown south of Hastings Street and continues past the Pacific Central railway station and the Main Street–Science World SkyTrain station. At Terminal Avenue, it slopes up into the Mount Pleasant neighbourhood, which mixes commerce, light industry, brewing, and high-density residential areas. The residential/commercial mix continues south of Broadway, with a high density of restaurants and fashion retailing. This neighbourhood was once blue-collar but is growing distinctly upscale.

Between 33rd Avenue and 41st Avenue, the street becomes decidedly more residential as it reaches its topographical summit. South of 41st Avenue, the street enters the Sunset neighbourhood and takes on a markedly Indo-Canadian character. The Punjabi Market district begins just north of 49th Avenue; south of the Market the street again becomes predominantly residential.

At Main Street's intersection with Marine Drive in southern Vancouver, its character becomes big-box commercial, notably including a Real Canadian Superstore supermarket. Between Marine Drive and its southern terminus, Main Street's neighbourhood is a highly miscellaneous commercial mix including office space, manufacturing, and warehousing.

History
The north end of Main Street is located just west of the historic site of Hastings Mill, the nucleus around which the settlement of Granville, later Vancouver, grew. In its earliest days, the intersection of Main Street and Hastings Street was the centre of downtown Vancouver, boasting the city's central public library (now the Carnegie Centre) and — a few blocks away — the old City Hall. The intersection of Main and Hastings is now a local byword for the poverty, addictions, homelessness, and prostitution often associated with the Downtown Eastside.

The thoroughfare was originally named "Westminster Avenue", since it connects to New Westminster Road (now Kingsway). It received its present name in 1910 at the behest of local merchants, who thought that it bestowed a more cosmopolitan air to the neighbourhood.

Main Street was previously separated into two segments by False Creek, with a bascule bridge linking the two. The two segments were joined together after the eastern section of False Creek was reclaimed for railway lands in the 1910s and 1920s.

Neighbourhoods
Main Street passes through the following Vancouver neighbourhoods (north to south):
Downtown Eastside
Old Japantown
Chinatown
Strathcona
Mount Pleasant
Riley Park–Little Mountain
Punjabi Market
Sunset

Major intersections
From north to south.

References

External links

Extract from The History of Metropolitan Vancouver by Chuck Davis.

Streets in Vancouver
Former segments of the Trans-Canada Highway

Main Street (Vancouver)


The Armenian Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic church sui juris within the Catholic Church. Its headquarters are in Bzoummar, Lebanon. The union was established in the Council of Florence, in 1439. During the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1918, its followers were scattered, mainly to Syria and Lebanon. Many Armenians also fled to Georgia and Ukraine. In 1991, after the fall of the Iron Curtain, Pope John Paul II merged  the churches in Georgia and Ukraine with those in Armenia. He created a new eparchy of Armenia and Eastern Europe. There is a seminary in Gyumri, the largest city in Armenia. At the same time Catholic Armenians in Georgia de facto entered this newly formed diocese.The city of Gymuri was chosen because most Catholic Armenians live in the north of the country.

Many Armenians emigrated to the United States and Canada, mainly in the 1970s. For this reason, Pope Benedict XVI created a diocese for these people. It is responsible for about 35.000 people in the US, and about 10.000 in Canada.

The church uses the Armenian Rite and the Armenian language for its services.

The current Patriarch of the church is Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni.

Related pages
Armenian Apostolic Church

Other websites
Official web site
Armenian Apostolic Church Library

Eastern Catholicism

Armenian Catholic Church


The James Madison Award is administered by the American Library Association, which describes the award:

The award named for President James Madison was established in 1989 and is presented annually on the anniversary of his birth to honor individuals or groups who have championed, protected and promoted public access to government information and the public's right to know at the national level.

Recipients
 Seamus Kraft, The OpenGov Foundation 2016
 Senator John Cornyn (R-TX), 2015
 President Barack Obama's Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, 2014
 Aaron Swartz, 2013 (posthumously)
 Zoe Lofgren, 2012
 Patrice McDermott, 2011
 Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), 2010 - Co-Winner
 Meredith Fuchs, 2010
 Thomas M. Susman, 2009
 Russ Feingold, 2008
 Paul K. McMasters, 2007
 Steve Aftergood, 2006
 Richard M. Schmidt, 2005
 David Sobel, 2004
 Former U.S. Congressman Steve Horn;  Government of Arlington County (VA), 2003
 Steven Garfinkel, retired director of the Information Security Oversight Office; John E. Moss the author of the Freedom of Information Act (awarded posthumously) 2002
 John D. Podesta, former White House Chief of Staff, 2001
 Larry Irving, former Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, 2000
 Board members and congressional sponsors of the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Review Board, including former Senator John Glenn and Representatives Dan Burton, Henry Waxman, and Louis Stokes and Board members: Honorable John R. Tunheim (chair), Henry F. Graff, Kermit L. Hall, William L. Joyce and Anna Kasten Nelson. 1999
 Ben Bagdikian, journalist, Wayne P. Kelley, former Superintendent of Documents of the Government Printing Office, Eliot Christian and the U.S. Geological Survey, National Library of Medicine. 1998
 George Soros, philanthropist and financier, 1997
 The National Information Infrastructure Advisory Council, 1996
 The Government Printing Office, the State of Maryland's Sailor Project, the Seattle (WA) Public Library, and the Internet Multicasting Service's Town Hall Project, 1995
 Secretary of Energy Hazel O'Leary, and former ALA Washington Office Director Eileen D. Cooke, 1994
 The legislators who led the passage of P.L. 103-40, the GPO Access Act: Vice President Al Gore, original sponsor of the GPO Gateway to Government Act when he was in the Senate; Senators Wendell Ford (D-KY) and Ted Stevens (R-AK); Representatives Charlie Rose (D-NC) and Bill Thomas (R-CA),  1993
 Journalist Nina Totenberg, author Scott Armstrong, and C-SPAN founder Brian Lamb,  1992
 Representative Don Edwards, 1991
 Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ), Representative Henry Waxman (D-CA), journalist Philip Shabecoff, and the Office of Toxic Substances of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  1990
 Senator Patrick Leahy, 1989

External links
 ALA page on the award, page on past recipients.

References

American Library Association awards
Awards established in 1986
Freedom of information in the United States

James Madison Award


The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of neurons. These groups of neurons in the brain are called "nuclei".

The word amygdala comes from from the Greek word for almond. The group of neurons is positioned in the temporal lobe of the brain. The amygdala is divided into three different groups: the basolateral nuclei, the corticomedial nuclei, and the central nucleus. The amygdala is related to the processing of emotions, especially fear. It is connected to many other parts of the brain, including the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus. Information from the sensory systems is also fed into the amygdala. This information is fed mostly to the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala.

Anatomy of the brain

Amygdala


Alban Crocker Stimers (June 5, 1827 – June 3, 1876) was a Chief Engineer with the United States Navy. He assisted with the design of the Navy's first ironclad, the , and later with the design of the Passaic-class monitors. His later career was marred by the scandal which enveloped the Casco-class monitors after they were found to be unseaworthy.

Career
Stimers was born in New York in 1827. He entered the Navy as a Third Assistant Engineer in January 1849 and became a Chief Engineer in July 1858. He served in the steam frigate Roanoke during the early months of the Civil War and later in 1861 was assigned to work with John Ericsson on the construction of the ironclad turret ship Monitor. Though not formally a member of Monitors complement, Stimers took part in her difficult voyage from New York to Hampton Roads, Virginia, and served on board during her historic battle with the Confederate ironclad  on 9 March 1862. Much of the success of these two operations was due to his inspired work, and Chief Engineer Stimers continued an intimate association with the Navy's ironclad shipbuilding program for much of the rest of the Civil War.

In 1862–63, Stimers again worked with Ericsson during the building of the next class of monitor-type ironclads, the Passaic class. He accompanied these ships during early operations against the Confederacy, most notably the 7 April 1863 bombardment of Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, and helped repair them after that action.

Later in the year he was placed in charge of an ambitious project to construct twenty light-draft monitors for use in shallow inland waters. Unfortunately, the displacement calculations made for these ships were badly done. The resulting Casco class turned out to be useless for their intended role and had to be extensively modified. Stimers had inadvertently demonstrated the inherent difficulty of successfully shepherding complex technological endeavors, something that has bedeviled "project managers" from his time to ours.

After the Casco class debacle, Stimers returned to the seagoing Navy. At the beginning of 1865, he was Chief Engineer of the steam frigate Wabash. He resigned from the Navy in August 1865, and became a consultant. He died of smallpox on June 3, 1876, survived by his wife and five children.

Published works
 (Google eBook)

See also

References

Further reading
 Wegner, Dana M., Alban C. Stimers and the Office of the General Inspector of Ironclads, 1862–1864, Master's thesis, State University of New York College at Oneonta, 1979.
 Roberts, William H., Civil War Ironclads: The U.S. Navy and Industrial Mobilization (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002).

1827 births
1876 deaths
Union Navy officers
United States Navy officers
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War

Alban C. Stimers


SVTC Technologies was a technology services company that provided development and commercialization services for semiconductor process-based technologies and products. SVTC operated from 2004 to October 2012.

It operated facilities in San Jose, California and Austin, Texas. SVTC provided development and production services for MEMS, microfluidics, high voltage, and Through-silicon via (TSV) technologies. These technologies are used in a variety of industries including semiconductor, life sciences, aerospace and defense, consumer-mobility and clean energy.

SVTC Technologies' fabrication facilities included  CMOS and MEMS process tools as well as microscopy (Scanning electron microscope, Transmission electron microscopy, Atomic Force Microscope, Focused ion beam) and failure analysis equipment.

History
SVTC Technologies began operations as a subsidiary of Cypress Semiconductor in 2004. At that time, it was named the Silicon Valley Technology Center. It spun out of Cypress Semiconductor's Fab 1 facility. It became a privately owned, independent company in 2007. SVTC is funded by Oakhill Capital Partners and Tallwood Venture Capital.

In December 2007, SVTC acquired the Advanced Technology Development Facility (ATDF), a subsidiary of SEMATECH. At that time, the name was changed to SVTC Technologies.

In May 2011, SVTC attained ISO 13485 certification which is targeted for next generation life science products. SVTC is also ITAR registered. ITAR is required for many defense applications.

SVTC closed down in October 2012. Per an e-mail from the company, SVTC "ceased operations and executed a general assignment for the benefit of creditors as of October 15, 2012".

Grant from U.S. Department of Energy to build nation's first photovoltaic manufacturing development facility
On April 10, 2011, the United States Department of Energy (DOE) awarded SVTC Solar, a subsidiary of SVTC Technologies, $25 million in funding as a part of the DOE's SunShot Initiative. This grant supports the start-up of the first photovoltaics (PV) manufacturing development facility (MDF) in the U.S. to reduce the costs and development time for the PV industry.

On August 3, 2011, it was announced that the grant from the Department of Energy was increased to $30M. In addition, another $55M of equipment, materials and funding was committed by industry partners and customers bringing the total funding to $85M.

The SunShot Initiative
The SunShot Initiative was launched to make large-scale photovoltaic solar energy systems competitive with other forms of energy and eliminate the industry's reliance on subsidies by the end of the decade. The initiative's goal of reducing the costs of PV solar systems to roughly six cents per kilowatt-hour will allow solar energy systems to be broadly deployed across the country. "The SunShot Initiative will not only keep the United States at the forefront in solar energy research and development, but will help us win the worldwide race to build a solar manufacturing industry that produces solar systems that are cost competitive with fossil fuels," said U.S. Secretary of Energy, Steven Chu.

The DOE program provides developers two access models: a consortium model patterned after the Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology (SEMATECH) effort of the 1980s, and a commercial model based on SVTC's Technology Development Process — a process that provides customers access to leading-edge technology and enables accelerated commercial development while protecting their valuable IP. The SVTC MDF will provide solar energy innovators access to PV technology: multi- and monocrystalline silicon PV, selective-emitter cells, back-contact cells, emitter wrap-through cells, PERC cells, PERL cells, thin-silicon, 3D cells and hybrid PV technologies.

Aerospace and defense programs
MEMS and nanotechnology development for the Aerospace & Defense industry is on-going at SVTC Technologies. Advanced military and space systems utilize MEMS technology in the areas of infrared imaging devices, optical and electrical switching, displays, munitions, inertial navigation, laser communications, sensors, and night vision systems.  Nanotechnology is used to integrate transistors from compound semiconductor technologies together with transistors on a wafer fabricated using a standard silicon CMOS foundry process. The compound semiconductor technologies provide much higher speed-breakdown voltages than CMOS transistors, while CMOS technology provides higher integration density for computation functions. The result is a 10× better power-to-performance improvement versus the equivalent silicon devices.

References

External links
 SVTC To Buy Sematech ATDF Fab, Expand Development Foundry Services
 Crocus Technology Successfully Develops 2nd Generation MRAM technology at SVTC Technologies and Transfers to Production Foundry
 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
 Statistical Process Control
 SVTC Technologies, Semiconductor Manufacturing & Design Community

Defunct technology companies based in California
Computer companies established in 2004
Computer companies disestablished in 2012
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Semiconductor companies of the United States

SVTC Technologies


The Book of 1 Maccabees (pronounced First Maccabees) is a book of the Bible written in Hebrew around the year 100 BC by a Jewish author. It is part of the Old Testament in Catholic and Orthodox Christianity but is generally not seen as canonical in Protestantism. It talks about the period in Jewish history between 175 BC and 134 BC, when the Seleucid Empire ruled over Israel and forced their culture and religion onto the Jewish people. Angry at these developments, many Jews rebelled against the imperialists and overthrew the tyranny. Their struggles and battles form the majority of the Book of 1 Maccabees.

Old Testament books
Hanukkah
2nd-century BC books

1 Maccabees


Gheorghe G. Mironescu, commonly known as G. G. Mironescu (January 28, 1874 – October 8, 1949), was a Romanian politician, member of the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ), who served as Prime Minister of Romania for two terms.

Biography
Born in Vaslui, Mironescu graduated from the University of Bucharest's law faculty in 1894 and from its literature and philosophy faculty the following year. In 1898, he earned a doctorate in law from the Faculty of Law of Paris (University of Paris). In 1900, he was named prosecutor at the Ilfov County tribunal, and served as state's attorney from 1900 to 1901. He was a professor of law at his alma mater from 1903 to 1939, and in 1938 was elected an honorary member of the Romanian Academy. Initially joining the Conservative Party, he switched to Take Ionescu's new Conservative-Democratic Party in 1908. An advocate of Romania's entering World War I on the side of the Allies, he was in Paris from 1917 to 1918, writing editorials in the French press and particularly in La Roumanie. In late 1922, he entered the Romanian National Party, which became the PNȚ in 1926. Elected to the Assembly of Deputies in 1911, he became a Senator in 1914.

His first stint in government was in Ionescu's cabinet, from December 1921 until the following month, when he served as Education Minister. After 1926, he became one of the most recognizable PNȚ leaders, the main figure of a pro-authoritarian faction bitterly opposed to left-wing groups such as those of Nicolae L. Lupu, Petre Andrei, Mihai Ralea, and Armand Călinescu. From November 1928 to October 1930, he served as Foreign Minister in Iuliu Maniu's first two cabinets. As such, he participated in the two Hague conferences on reparations, and backed Aristide Briand's proposal for a Federal Europe.

In 1930, Carol II of Romania returned incognito to Romania (with a fake passport). On the morning of June 7, 1930, the Government convened Parliament in order to cancel the act of January 4, 1926, through which Carol had renounced the throne. Carol was proclaimed the new King of Romania, replacing his own son Michael. Maniu resigned, and a new PNȚ government was formed, under the leadership of Gheorghe Mironescu, restoring Carol II to the throne on June 8, 1930. The cabinet was welcomed by regent Nicholas with the words:
"You are called on to fulfill King Ferdinand's dream, and you are the most qualified to do it."

The PNȚ subsequently repealed the 1926 laws preventing Carol from inheriting the Crown, and faced a constitutional crisis after Constantin Sărățeanu and Patriarch Miron Cristea resigned from the regency in protest. The impasse was quickly prevented, as the two chambers of parliament passed legislation awarding Carol the crown and awarding Michael the honorary dignity of Grand Voivode of Alba Iulia. That same evening, Mironescu resigned in order for the king to name a new government.

The king's project for a broad-coalition government was not accomplished: Carol offered the appointment to Maniu (who cited health reasons in his refusal, but was in fact disappointed by Carol's ongoing scandalous relationship with Magda Lupescu) and then to General Constantin Prezan (who was rejected by the National Liberal Party). Eventually, the king renounced the project, recognized the mandate of Maniu as majority leader, and conceded to a regular cabinet. Mironescu remained in office as Foreign Minister for the duration of his premiership.

His second time in office, with Ion Mihalache as Minister of Internal Affairs and Carol's supporter Mihail Manoilescu as Minister of the Economy, was marked by the outlawing of the far right movement known as the Iron Guard and the arrest of its leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (who was later tried and acquitted). Nevertheless, Mironescu was to contribute to the appeal of fascism: his was the first in a series of governments that, faced with the Great Depression, reduced salaries for state employees, who soon began supporting the revolutionary solutions advanced by Codreanu. Other economic measures he took included contracting a foreign loan, ending export taxes on agricultural products and initiating a road-building project. The cabinet was ultimately ousted by the king himself, who nominated an attempted technocracy under Nicolae Iorga (aiming to provide a mask for Carol's camarilla). In Alexandru Vaida-Voevod's government, he was Finance Minister from June to August 1932 and Interior Minister from January to November 1933. He also served as deputy prime minister from October 1932 until November 1933.

In early 1943, during World War II, Mironescu was given a mandate to approach the leadership of Miklós Horthy's Hungary, in an attempt by Romania's Ion Antonescu to have both countries achieve a new territorial settlement and a common withdrawal from the Axis Powers (see also Romania during World War II); he began talks with Miklós Bánffy's delegation in Bucharest (June 9), but these negotiations ended when the two sides could not agree on a future status for Northern Transylvania, a region held by Hungary at the time.

He died in Bucharest in 1949.

Notes

References
Keith Hitchins, România, 1866-1947, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1998 (translation of the English-language edition Rumania, 1866-1947, Oxford University Press, USA, 1994)
Nicolae C. Nicolescu, Enciclopedia șefilor de guvern ai României (1862-2006), Editura Meronia, Bucharest, 2006,
Z. Ornea, Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească, Ed. Fundaţiei Culturale Române, Bucharest, 1995
Francisco Veiga, Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919-1941: Mistica ultranaționalismului, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1993
Ioan Scurtu, "Regele a dorit guvern de concentrare", in Magazin Istoric

National Peasants' Party politicians
20th-century Romanian politicians
Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918) politicians
Conservative-Democratic Party politicians
People from Vaslui
Prime Ministers of Romania
Deputy Prime Ministers of Romania
Romanian Ministers of Communications
Romanian Ministers of Education
Romanian Ministers of Finance
Romanian Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Romanian Ministers of Interior
Romanian Ministers of Public Works
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Members of the Senate of Romania
Romanian people of World War II
University of Bucharest alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
Romanian university and college faculty deans
Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
Romanian prosecutors
Romanian jurists
1874 births
1949 deaths
Members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences
Romanian Front politicians

Gheorghe Mironescu


The Russian Air Force is the air wing of the Russian Military. It is the world's second largest air force after the United States Air Force. It is also the only air force other than the United States Air Force who use modern strategic bombers. The Russian Navy also has its own Naval Aviation force.

History
During the Cold War, the Soviet Air Force (and Air Defense Force) were as big as the United States Air Force. However, after the collapse of Soviet Union, the Russian Air Force was made much smaller because Russia did not have enough money to keep everything. However, spending on the Russian Air Force increased in the early 21st century.

Air forces
Russian military organizations

Russian Air Force


Southcentral Alaska is a part of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is around the  Gulf of Alaska.  Most of the people of the state live in this part of the state.  Anchorage, the largest city in Alaska, is here. 40% of the people in Alaska live in or near Anchorage.

The area includes Cook Inlet, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley, the Kenai Peninsula, Prince William Sound, and the Copper River Valley.  Tourism, fishing, and making petroleum are the biggest businesses.

Other towns include Palmer, Wasilla, Kenai/Soldotna, Homer, Seward, Valdez, and Cordova.

Geography of Alaska

Southcentral Alaska


Claude de Sainctes (b. at Perche, 1525; d. at Crèvecoeur, 1591) was a French Catholic controversialist.

Biography
At the age of fifteen he joined the Canons Regular of Saint-Cheron, and was sent to the College of Navarre in Paris, where he received the degree of Doctor of Theology (1555). On account of the erudition of his early works and the aptitude which he showed for controversy, he was called to the Conference of Poissy, held in 1561 between the Catholics and the Huguenots, at which Theodore of Beza and Diego Lainez, Superior General of the Society of Jesus, were present.

He was afterwards deputed to the Council of Trent to represent, with Simon Vigor, the University of Paris. Upon his return he acquired a reputation by his sermons and his discussions with Protestants. He published a work against their spoliation of Catholic churches and a vigorous declaration against the doctrines of John Calvin and Theodore of Beza; the latter replied and drew upon himself a new attack from Claude de Sainctes.

At the same time he charged the King of France by his treatise on "L'ancien naturel des Français" never to tolerate heretics and against these latter he defended Catholic dogma by an exhaustive treatise on the Eucharist. Through the patronage of Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, he was appointed to the Bishopric of Évreux(1575).

He was very zealous in his efforts to convert Protestants. He assisted at the provincial Council of Rouen (1581) and published its records in French. When the League became active he took sides with it and worked to gain partisans, but the royal troops took possession of Évreux and the bishop was forced to flee. Unfortunately for him there were found among his papers writings in which he approved the murder of Henry III of France, and maintained that one could likewise kill his successor.

Arrested and arraigned before the Parlement of Caen, he was condemned to death as guilty of high treason. At the request of the Cardinal de Bourbon and of several bishops, Henry IV commuted his sentence to life imprisonment, and he was confined in the château of Crèvecoeur where he died two months later.

Important works
His works were published, some in Latin and others in French. The more important are:

"Liturgiae sive missae SS. Patrum Jacobi, Basilii J. Chrysostomi" (Greek-Latin, Paris, 1560)
"Discours sur le saccagement des églises catholiques par les hérétiques anciens et nouveaux calvinistes" (Paris, 1562)
Translated into Dutch as Discours oft corte enarratie, op die beroovinghe der catholycker kercken gheschiet door die oude ketteren, ende nieuwe Calvinisten van onsen tyden (Leuven, Rutger Velpius, 1567) Available on Google Books
"Traité de l'ancien naturel des Français en la religion chrétienne" (Paris, 1567)
"Déclaration d'anciens athéismes de la doctrine de Calvin et de Bèze contre les premiers fondements de la chrétienté" (Paris, 1567)
"De rebus Eucharistiae controversis libri X" (Paris, 1575).

References

Dupin, Hist. des auteurs ecclesiastiques du XVIe siecle, IV (Paris, 1703), 539
Hugo von Hurter, Nomenclator

External links
Source

1525 births
1591 deaths
University of Paris alumni
16th-century French Catholic theologians
Bishops of Évreux
16th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
Participants in the Council of Trent

Claude de Sainctes


Vapor pressure is the pressure applied by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases at a given temperature in a closed system. The vapor pressure shows how fast a liquid evaporates. A substance with a high vapor pressure at normal temperatures is often called a volatile.  As the temperature of a liquid increases, the kinetic energy of its molecules also increases. As the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, the number of molecules changing into a vapor also increases, so it increases the vapor pressure.

Thermodynamics

Vapor pressure


The Guns of Navarone is a 1957 novel about the Second World War by Scottish writer Alistair MacLean that was made into the film The Guns of Navarone in 1961.  The story concerns the efforts of an Allied commando team to destroy a seemingly impregnable German fortress that threatens Allied naval ships in the Aegean Sea and prevents over 1,200 isolated British Army soldiers from being rescued.

The Greek island of Navarone does not exist and the plot is fictional, but the story takes place within the real historical context of the 1943 Dodecanese campaign.

The Guns of Navarone brings together elements that would characterise much of MacLean's subsequent works: tough, competent, worldly men as main characters; frequent but non-graphic violence; betrayal of the hero(es) by a trusted associate; and extensive use of the sea and other dangerous environments as settings. Its three principal characters – New Zealand mountaineer-turned-commando Keith Mallory, American demolitions expert "Dusty" Miller, and Greek resistance fighter Andrea – are among the most fully drawn in all of MacLean's work.

Historical background
The Greek island of Navarone does not exist and the plot is fictional, but the story takes place within the real historical context of the Dodecanese Campaign, the Allies' campaign to capture the Italian-held Greek islands in the Aegean Sea in 1943. In particular, the Battle of Leros and coastal artillery on island of Leros provide inspiration for the novel. Sited on the island were 11 152mm/6 inch (an intermediate calibre) coastal artillery guns, along with a number of smaller guns. The guns had been manufactured and used by the Italians, and were captured with the island after the surrender of the British and Italian defenders; the guns were used by the Germans for the rest of the war.

Plot
The island of Navarone, off the Turkish coast, has been heavily fortified as the Germans attempt to stifle British naval activity in the Aegean. A force of 1200 British soldiers is now marooned on the nearby island of Kheros (another variation of the island Keros, which is situated to the west of Amorgos) and the Royal Navy is planning to send ships to rescue them. The heavy radar-controlled guns command the only deepwater channel that ships can use and must be silenced at all costs.

Commando attacks have failed and after a bombardment by B-24 Liberator bombers fails to destroy the guns, Captain James Jensen RN, Chief of Operations for SOE in Cairo, decides to launch a desperate last-ditch attempt which he has already planned in case the bombing is unsuccessful. He has drawn together a team of specialist saboteurs to infiltrate the island via the "unclimbable" south cliff and get into the fortress to destroy the guns. They have less than one week.

The team meet for the first time in Alexandria. They comprise:

 Captain Keith Mallory – a New Zealand officer with the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG). Mallory was a pre-war mountain climber, nicknamed "The Human Fly". He has been operating in the mountains of German-held Crete.
 Andrea – a former Lt. Colonel in the Greek army, a ruthless fighter and close friend and confidante of Mallory.
 Corporal Dusty Miller – an American explosives expert who transferred from the R.A.F. to the LRDG. Miller is described as a stringy, cynical man who doubts their chances of success.
 Petty Officer Telegraphist Casey Brown – a Royal Navy engineer and veteran of the Special Boat Service. He is a native of Clydeside and worked as a testing and installation engineer pre-war.
 Lt Andrew Stevens R.N.V.R. – Stevens is a young naval officer chosen as navigator. Like Mallory, he speaks fluent Greek and is an experienced mountaineer but considers himself an abject coward.

The team travel via MTB and plane to Castelrosso, a British-held island. Here, they discover an eavesdropper, Nicolai the base laundry boy, who allegedly speaks no English but is spying on them anyway. They demand that he be arrested and held incommunicado, but the story implies that this does not happen.

In an ancient caïque they sail towards Navarone. They carry papers identifying themselves as collaborators with, and couriers for, the German commandant of the island. They are intercepted by a German patrol boat, which appears to be expecting them. They sink it and kill all the crew.

They are wrecked in a storm but manage to land on the island, having lost much of their equipment. They climb the 'unclimbable' south cliff, but Stevens slips and is badly injured.

Evading German guards, they travel through heavy snow and rough terrain and are met by Louki, the steward of the exiled owner of the island, and Panayis, his enigmatic friend. They bring much needed food. By radio, Jensen tells the team that they have less time than was planned for. The ships are coming through that very night. But whilst resting in a cave, they are captured by a troop of German specialist mountain soldiers led by Oberleutnant Turzig, who recognises Mallory as a famous climber. They are taken to the town of Margaritha where they are ruthlessly interrogated by Hauptmann Skoda. Thanks to Andrea's diversionary behaviour, they turn the tables on them and Skoda is shot. With Turzig and the others securely tied up, they escape and make their way to the town of Navarone. They are harassed by troops and planes who are also apparently expecting them.

With no medical facilities available, Stevens is clearly dying and beyond help. He asks to be left behind and feels curiously at peace. Miller discovers that much of his equipment has been damaged. Suspicion falls on Panayis, who is also suspected of being a double agent. He admits nothing, but the evidence is damning. Miller shoots him.

Mallory and Miller manage to enter the fortress housing the guns, whilst the others create a diversion. They set the explosives and then get out to meet the others. They steal a boat and rendezvous with the destroyer HMS Sirdar, which is leading two others through the deepwater channel. Just in time, the explosives do their work, the guns are destroyed and the ships continue on their way to rescue the soldiers.

Literary significance
In 1990 the British Crime Writers' Association placed The Guns of Navarone 89th on its list The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time.

The success of the book's film adaptation prompted Alistair MacLean to write the only sequel of his writing career, Force 10 from Navarone (1968). However, in areas where they differ, this is a sequel to the film, not the book.

The name of The Guns of Avalon, a fantasy novel by writer Roger Zelazny, is considered a tongue-in cheek reference to MacLean's similarly titled novel. In addition to sounding alike, both Avalon and Navarone are fictional islands.

Film, TV, radio or theatrical adaptations
Carl Foreman wrote and produced a 1961 film adaptation.

In 1997, BBC Radio 2 produced a two-hour adaptation for radio written by Bert Coules and directed by Patrick Rayner.  The cast included:
 Toby Stephens as "Mallory"
 David Rintoul as "Andrea"
 Michael Williams as "Commodore Jensen"
 John Guerrasio as "Miller"
 Alex Norton as "Brown"
 Peter Kenny as "Stevens"

The Guns of Navarone was also produced as an abridged audiobook with Patrick Allen narrating. Steven Pacey performed the unabridged version for Harper Audio.

References

External links
 Book review at AlistairMacLean.com

1957 British novels
Novels set in Greece during World War II
Novels by Alistair MacLean
Novels set on fictional islands
Scottish novels adapted into films
William Collins, Sons books
Allies of World War II
1957 in Scotland

The Guns of Navarone (novel)


Lloyd Crow Stark (November 23, 1886September 17, 1972) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 39th Governor of the U.S. state of Missouri. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Biography
Stark was born in Louisiana, Missouri, the son of Clarence McDowell and Lillie Crow Stark. Stark was a 1908 graduate of the United States Naval Academy. After serving four years as a naval officer, Stark went into the family business, the Stark Brothers' Nursery, as vice-president and general manager. He was a major in the US Army during World War I. During his volunteer stint, Stark served in the United States and France, including the 1918 Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

Stark's political career began in 1928, when he chaired Missouri's State Highway Bond Campaign. He served one term as the governor of Missouri from 1937 to 1941 and was a delegate to Democratic National Convention from Missouri in 1940. During his gubernatorial term, Stark's administration established the Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, abolished interstate trade barriers, passed a police reorganization bill, and established a merit system for selection of state employees.

Lloyd Stark had a fierce political rivalry with Harry S. Truman against whom he ran for the Senate in 1940 and lost when he and the prosecutor Maurice M. Milligan, who had toppled the Kansas City political machine, split the anti-Pendergast vote in the Democratic primary.

Although the loss to Truman heralded the end of his political career, Stark spent the remainder of his working life managing the Stark Brothers Nurseries. Meanwhile, Stark influenced the political careers of Clarence Cannon and Stuart Symington. Stark died in Clayton, Missouri in 1972.

The falling out between Stark and the Kansas City boss Tom Pendergast following the 1936 election is widely believed to have been the turning point in Pendergast's fall from power. Pendergast had held so much sway in Missouri in the 1930s that the governor's mansion was dubbed "Uncle Tom's Cabin."

Stark sought and received Pendergast's support. Pendergast's minions were more corrupt and obvious than usual during the 1936 election. That prompted numerous investigations, and Stark turned overtly against Pendergast, who was eventually convicted of income tax evasion.

Family life
Lloyd Stark was part of a family rather prominent in Missouri and was active with his brother Paul in the then family-owned business Stark Brothers' Nursery (the oldest nursery in America and at one time the largest in the world). The nursery claims to have popularized the Golden Delicious apple.

Stark married Margaret Pearson Stickney of Baltimore in 1908. Together they had sons Lloyd Stickney and John Wingate Stark. Margaret died in 1930. Stark then married Katherine Lemoine Perkins in 1931. They had two daughters, Mary Murray Spottswood and Katherine Lemoine Stark.

Stark's cousin, Charles Stark Draper, was a prominent inventor. The uncle of Lloyd Stark and Charles Stark Draper, state representative, James O. Stark was a prominent supporter and adviser of presidential contender and Speaker of the House, Champ Clark (despite this connection, Clark's son Bennett, Missouri's other Senator, crucially supported Truman in 1940) - and the husband of the niece of Republican anti-slavery activist Elihu Washburne.

Stark's home at Louisiana from 1915 to 1940 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 as the Gov. Lloyd Crow Stark House and Carriage House.

See also
 List of members of the American Legion

References

External links
Governor's Biography
 Retrieved on 2008-03-20

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1886 births
1972 deaths
20th-century American politicians
American Legion
Democratic Party governors of Missouri
Military personnel from Missouri
Pendergast era
People from Louisiana, Missouri
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy officers

Lloyd C. Stark


Hollym is a small village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, in an area known as Holderness. It is situated approximately  south of Withernsea and is on the A1033 road.

According to the 2011 UK Census, Hollym parish had a population of 513, an increase on the 2001 UK Census figure of 447.

Hollym airfield lies just to the north of the village and is suitable for light aircraft.

The parish church of St Nicholas is a Grade II listed building.

In 1823 Hollym was parish in the Wapentake and Liberty of Holderness. St Nicholas' Church was built in 1814 by the then vicar. Population at the time was 260. Occupations included seventeen farmers, a corn miller, a schoolmaster, and the landlady of The Plough public house. A carrier operated between the village and Hull once a week.

Hollym was served from 1854 to 1964 by Hollym Gate railway station on the Hull and Holderness Railway.

Edmund Henry Barker, the English classical scholar, was born in the village.

References

External links

Villages in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Holderness
Civil parishes in the East Riding of Yorkshire

Hollym, East Riding of Yorkshire