Sister Gertrude Morgan (April 7, 1900 – July 8, 1980) was a self-taught African-American artist, musician, poet and preacher.  Born in LaFayette, Alabama, she relocated to New Orleans in 1939, where she lived and worked until her death in 1980. Sister Morgan achieved critical acclaim during her lifetime for her folk art paintings. Her work has been included in many groundbreaking exhibitions of visionary and folk art from the 1970s onwards.

Early life
Sister Morgan was born Gertrude Williams in Lafayette, Alabama, to mother Frances "Fannie" Williams and father Edward Williams. She was the seventh child of a poor rural family.

For reasons unknown, Sister Morgan left school before completing the third grade. Around 1917 her family moved to Columbus, Georgia, where she worked as a servant and nursemaid in a private home.

Marriage
Gertrude Williams married Will Morgan on February 12, 1928. She lived with her husband at 1324 North Avenue in Columbus, GA. While there is no evidence of a divorce, it is known that Sister Morgan left Columbus alone in 1938, traveling first to Alabama and then to New Orleans, where she would settle.

Call to religion

Early involvement in the church

Sister Morgan's first documented involvement with religion came in her late teens, when she joined the Rose Hill Memorial Baptist Church, a local congregation in Columbus, Georgia. After she began painting in 1956, Sister Morgan documented this time in her life in the paintings THE ROSE HILL MEMORiAL BAPTiST CHURCH, Columbus Ga. (n.d.) and Rose Hill Memorial Baptist Church (n.d.). These paintings narrate the shifts in the Rose Hill church leadership, after the death of Reverend Miller in 1930.

Revelations from God
The first of many revelations that Gertrude was to experience came in 1934. The story of this revelation is inscribed on one of her paintings, 1324 NO AVE COLUMBUS GA. (n.d.).  On it she has written, "Sitting in my Kitchen one night I heard a great strong Voice speak to me said I'll make thee as a signet for I have chosen thee I got this calling on the 30th day of Dec in 1934 I had to answere to my calling and one day give up and Pack up and go … a chosed vessel of God's its wonderful to Be. God called me a chased me and turned me into the hands of his son and JESUS said take up your cross and follow me."

In 1938 a second revelation followed, in the form of a voice that said, "Go-o-o-o-o, Preacher, tell it to the World". It was in this year that she left Columbus, first for Opelika, Alabama, then to Mobile and possibly Montgomery. She worked as a nursemaid and nanny in Opelika and Mobile, and possibly began work as a healer and street prophet during this time.

Orphanage in New Orleans
When she arrived in New Orleans in 1939, Sister Gertrude met Mother Margaret Parker and Sister Cora Williams. The two women were involved in the Holiness and Sanctified movement, an African American faith in which the activities of music, song and dance were central. The three women soon established a mission and orphanage at Mother Parker's house at 533 Flake Avenue in Lower Gentilly, then on the outskirts of New Orleans. The orphanage was funded by money raised from preaching and performing in the streets.

The three women adopted black robes, and gave shelter to as many as twenty orphans and runaways at a time. (In Sister Gertrude's paintings, the three women are pictured in their black robes, adorned with white collars, cuffs and waist ties). As Gentilly was a fairly rural area at this time, they raised livestock and grew vegetables on the land surrounding the large house. They held neighborhood feasts at the Orphanage, where the 'Prophetesses' (as Sister Morgan would later name them in her paintings) would play the piano, drums, cymbals and beat tambourines. In addition to street preaching, the three women visited Orleans Parish Prison, providing spiritual guidance for inmates, as well as traveling to other towns in Louisiana and Texas  for church camps and meetings.  Sister Morgan worked at the orphanage until 1957.

Everlasting Gospel Mission

After leaving Gentilly, Sister Morgan roomed in various houses, mostly in the Lower Ninth Ward, an historically African American neighborhood in Orleans Parish. Eventually she settled at 5444 North Dorgenois street in the Lower Ninth, in a single shotgun house with the owner of the property, Jennie Johnson. The lawn of the property was allegedly covered in four leafed clovers, a detail that can be glimpsed in black and white photographs of the property. She named it the "Everlasting Gospel Mission", and turned the first room of the house into a prayer room where she would give sermons. Her paintings adorned the white walls of the prayer room, which also contained a small desk, a tapping stick, musical instruments and her painted paper megaphones that she would use to preach.

Morgan's former house and mission remained a neighborhood landmark after her death. Like the rest of the neighborhood, it was severely damaged in the Federal levee failure flood disaster during Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The damaged house was gutted in hopes it could be repaired and renovated, but was subsequently demolished.

Bride of Christ
In 1957 Sister Morgan received another revelation from God. Dreaming, she heard a voice that told her she was the Bride of Christ. She then discarded her black missionary attire in favor of an all-white ensemble made up of a nurses' uniform, peaked nurses' cap and matching white shoes.

Artwork
In 1956, Sister Gertrude Morgan received another revelation from God urging her to paint. She understood the act of painting as a tool to be used in her service to the Lord, just as she used music in her street preaching. Sister Morgan used her early paintings as visual aids in her sermons and teachings, often with children. Her paintings depict religious subject matter almost exclusively, illustrating scenes from scripture. The Book of Revelation was of special significance, and provided subject matter that she would return to over and over again in her work.

Style
Similar to other self-taught artists, Sister Morgan used simple forms to depict the human figure. Her works are characterized by their lack of the use of formal techniques such as perspective and definition of light and shadow, giving them a flat, two dimensional quality. She painted and drew using acrylics, tempera, ballpoint pen, watercolors, crayon, colored and lead pencils and felt tip markers. Using inexpensive materials she had at hand, Sister Morgan painted on paper, toilet rolls, plastic pitchers, paper megaphones, scrap wood, lampshades, paper fans and styrofoam trays. The fact that she was self-taught, coupled with her choice of materials as well as her style and subject matter have led her to be characterized as a naive, folk, visionary, vernacular and outsider artist.

Subject matter
Originally conceiving her artworks as appendages to her gospel teachings, Sister Morgan's paintings are often inscribed with passages from scripture and lyrics to popular gospel songs. Similarly, her paintings that document her childhood, early adulthood and first years in New Orleans are inscribed with the narratives of specific events, that often reference her evangelical activities.

Morgan particularly favored the Book of Revelation. William A. Fagaly writes, "The apocalyptic text of the Book of Revelation offers a plethora of visionary images: the Apocalypse and its four horsemen, the Antichrist, the Whore of Babylon, the Beast (with the mark 666), the heavenly book of seven seals, Armageddon, the return of the Jews to the Holy Land, the millennial kingdom of Christ on Earth, and the New Jerusalem." It is for her paintings of New Jerusalem that Sister Morgan is most well known. The holy city of New Jerusalem "coming down from God out of heaven" was consistently depicted as a multi storey apartment building in her compositions. In some of her New Jerusalem paintings, a choir of interracial angels adorn the sky. The choir of angels frequent many of her paintings, sometimes as one of many elements in a composition, and other times as the sole subject.

Another recurring image in her work is a self-portrait as the Bride of Christ, riding with Jesus in an airplane. There is speculation that this references the hymn "Oh, Jesus Is My Air-o-plane", recorded in 1930. Another hymn, "Jesus, Savior, Pilot Me", first published in 1871 by Edward Hopper, establishes a related Jesus-as-pilot motif.

Her later work is characterized by the dominance of the inscriptions. Her imagery becomes sparse and in some compositions non-existent.

Sister Morgan signed her paintings with many names, among them Black Angel, Lamb Bride, Nurse to Doctor Jesus, Everlasting Gospel Revelation Preacher, Bride of Christ and Little Ethiopia Girl.

Career
Around 1960, art dealer Larry Borenstein met Sister Morgan while she was preaching in the French Quarter. He invited her to perform and exhibit work in his art gallery after coming upon her shouting on a street corner with a paper megaphone. Borenstein cultivated an audience for her work by introducing her paintings to collectors, artists, museums and galleries. Lee Friedlander and Andy Warhol were both fans of her work. Warhol was an occasional correspondents, while Friedlander used Sister Morgan as a subject in his photographs.

In 1970 poet and performer Rod McKuen, a fan and collector of Morgan's work used thirteen of her illustrations to accompany a book of Bible quotations, God's Greatest Hits. It sold more than 300 000 copies.

One of the tempera and paint illustrations from God's Greatest Hits is held by the Smithsonian's Evans-Tibbs Collection. Her artwork Let's Make a Record from the 1970s is in the permanent collection of Pérez Art Museum Miami.

Major exhibitions
In 1970, Sister Morgan's work was shown at the Arts and Science Centre in Baton Rouge, LA.

In 1973 her work was included in the exhibition Louisiana Folk Paintings at the Museum of American Folk Art (now the American Folk Art Museum) in New York. The three-person exhibit displayed over 75 of Sister Morgan's paintings, alongside fellow visionary artists Clementine Hunter and Bruce Brice. It was also in 1973 that the NOMA exhibited Sister Morgan's work for the first time, in a show titled Naive Art in Louisiana.

In 1982 the exhibition Black Folk Art in America, 1930-1980 featured twenty artists (including Sister Morgan) and close to 400 paintings and sculptures. It opened at the Corcoran Museum of Art and went on to tour the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, The Saint Louis Art Museum, The Baltimore Museum of Art, the Des Moines Art Center and the Cleveland Museum of Art.

In 2004, the first major retrospective of Morgan's work The Tools of Her Ministry: the Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan opened at the Folk Art Museum in New York City. The exhibition was curated by William A. Fagaly, former Director of the New Orleans Museum of Art (NOMA). This exhibition then traveled to NOMA and later to The Center for Intuitive and Outsider Art in Chicago. The exhibition was accompanied by the publication of a catalogue containing essays by William A. Fagaly, Jason A. Berry and Helen M. Shannon.

End of painting

Sister Morgan's art brought her fame and notoriety, something she reportedly both enjoyed and felt conflicted about. In 1973 she announced that the Lord had ordered her to cease painting in order to concentrate on her preaching and poetry. 'Painting now? Oh no,' she reportedly said in 1974. I'm way too worried. Worrying about what time it is and praying on people's cases.'"

Music
Music was another tool of Sister Morgan's ministry. In the early 1970s, Let's Make A Record was recorded in order to capture Morgan singing and playing her tambourine. In 2004 the original album was re-released on the Preservation Hall Recordings label.

In 2005, the Ropeadope label released King Britt presents Sister Gertrude Morgan, which took the a cappella/tambourine recordings of Let's Make A Record and added contemporary beat programming and instrumentation. The album received rave reviews and created a new, young audience for Sister Gertrude Morgan. The album artwork featured her paintings.

Works or publications
 Morgan, Gertrude. Let's Make a Record. [New Orleans, Louisiana]: Preservation Hall Recordings, 2004. Recorded live in the Prayer Room, 511 Royal Street, New Orleans, Louisiana.
 Britt, King, and Gertrude Morgan. King Britt Presents Sister Gertrude Morgan. [New York]: Ropeadope, 2005. Sister Gertrude Morgan originally recorded at the Preservation Hall, New Orleans, 1968. King Britt recorded at the Hut and Nautica, Philadelphia.
 Levin, Gail. Art in Progress: Sister Gertrude (2004)

Death
On July 8, 1980, Sister Morgan died in her sleep at her home in the Lower Ninth Ward. Her funeral arrangements were made by Larry Borenstein and a service was held at the well-to-do House of Bultman, on St. Charles Avenue. Her art work was displayed at the service, and Let's Make a Record played.

See also
 Outsider art

Notes and references

Further reading
 Arnett, Paul, and William Arnett. Souls grown deep : African American vernacular art of the South. n.p.: Atlanta, Ga. : Tinwood Books ; [New York, N.Y.] : In association with the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, the New York Public Library, 2000.
 Conwill, Kinshasha Holman. "In Search of an 'Authentic' Vision: Decoding the Appeal of the Self-Taught African-American Artist." American Art 5, no. 4 (Autumn 1991): 2-9.
 Clark, Emily. She's the Four-Leaf Clover in the City Katrina Turned Over: The Historical Sister Gertrude Morgan and Her Post-Hurricane Katrina Specters. Thesis (M.A.) - University of Missouri-Columbia, 2009.

External links
 Tools of Her Ministry: A Biography of Sister Gertrude Morgan from New Orleans Museum of Art

1900 births
1980 deaths
American evangelicals
American evangelists
Women evangelists
Christian music songwriters
Outsider musicians
African-American women artists
American artists
People from LaFayette, Alabama
People from Columbus, Georgia
Musicians from Columbus, Georgia
Musicians from New Orleans
Artists from Louisiana
Artists from Alabama
Outsider artists
Women outsider artists
Tambourine players
20th-century American drummers
Self-taught artists
African-American women musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people

Gertrude Morgan


Academic art was an artistic style that was popular from the 17th to the 19th century. Different art schools laid down rules on what a good painting or artwork shouls look like. Academic art was influenced by these rules, and was about applying them when creating a work of art. Academic art is a form of Realism in art. One of the main ideas that influenced academic art was that of Aristotle: A work of art should give a selective, but true copy of a part of reality. This idea was transformed into the concept of mimesis, or imitation. Together with thisidea, there were a number of subjects that were acceptable for painting or sculpture. Very often, the subjects came from mythology

The École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris had a lot of influence on the movement. At the time Neoclassicism and Romanticism were the main movements at the school.

With later art styles, especially that of impressionism, academic art losts its importance.

Well known artists who painted in the academic art style include William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Alexandre Cabanel, Eugene de Blaas, Edward Poynter, Wilhelm Bendz and Alexander Ivanov.

Art

Academic art


A Bazooka is a very powerful weapon that shoots a rocket. It is a small and easily carried and sits on the shoulder to fire. It can also fire armour piercing missiles. The word Bazooka  comes from a musical instrument made of pipes invented by an American radio comedian, Bob Burns (1896—1956).

The bazooka was invented by rocket scientist, Robert H. Goddard, at the end of World War I. In World War II the weapon was quickly developed for use by the army. In June 1942 it went from being a basic drawing design to use on the battlefield in only 30 days. Improved versions in later years are called rocket-propelled grenades.

References

Weapons

Bazooka


Dodda Basavana Gudi (the Nandhi Temple) is situated in Bull Temple Road, Basavanagudi, area of South Bengaluru, part of the largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka. The Hindu temple is inside a park called Bugle Rock.

The bull referred to is a sacred Hindu demi-god, known as Nandi; Nandi is a close devotee and attendant of Shiva. Dodda Basavana Gudi is said to be one of the biggest temple to Nandi in the world. The stone monolith idol of Nandi is continually covered with new layers of butter, benne in the local language of Kannada. There is an idol of the elephant-headed Hindu deity Ganesha close by.

Every year on the last Monday and Tuesday of the Hindu month of Karthika Maasa a groundnut fair is held in the temple premises and groundnut is offered to the deity. This fair is known as 'Kadalekaayi Parishe' in local tongue. Groundnut sellers and devotees throng the place during Kadalekaayi Parishe.

Basavana Gudi is a regular place of visit for tourists and is covered by most of the tour operators including the Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation.

The Bull Temple

Nandi Temple is exclusively for the worship of the sacred bull (Basava in Kannada) in Hinduism, known as Nandi, Lord Shiva's vahana. The word "nandi" means "joyful" in Sanskrit.

The temple was built in 1537 by Kempe Gowda under the Vijayanagara empire in the Vijayanagara architectural style, he also founded the city of Bengaluru. The temple is named after the large granite Nandi monolith placed on a plinth in the temple shrine (garbhagriha) which has become blackened from years of being rubbed with charcoal and oil. The temple is a small one, consisting only of the shrine fronted by a porch in the Vijayanagara style. The current tower (vimana) over the shrine was constructed in the early 20th century and is adorned with Saivite figures and motifs.

It is said to house one of the largest Nandi murthis in the world. The height of the murthi is approximately  and it is approximately  long.

Bugle Rock garden
The Bugle Rock garden is behind the Dodda Ganesha temple and adjacent to the Bull temple. The garden gets its name from a bugle call made on top of a very large rock formation to alert the nearby dwellers.
It is densely covered with trees and one can usually see and hear a number of bats perched on the trees. There is a water tank with motifs of famous people from Karnataka.

See also
Aarti
Bugle Rock
List of Hindu temples
Vijayanagara Architecture

Images

Notes

References

External links

 Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation
 Photo of Nandi Temple tower

17th-century Hindu temples
Hindu temples in Bangalore

Dodda Basavana Gudi


Sveinn Björnsson (27 January 1881 -25 January 1952) became a member of Reykjavik town council in 1912 and was its president in 1918-20. Born in Copenhagen, Denmark, he was a member of the Althing in 1914-1916 and 1920, and following Iceland's independence from Denmark in 1918 he acted as minister to Denmark in 1920-1924 and 1926-1940. The German occupation of Denmark in 1940 resulted in Iceland's autonomy (Denmark had been responsible for Iceland's foreign affairs), and Björnsson was elected Regent of Iceland three times in 1941-1943, assuming the prerogatives previously held by the Danish king. When Iceland became a republic in 1944 he was chosen to be the first president of Iceland by the Althing. He served from 1944 to 1952, being re-elected unopposed in 1945 and 1949. He died in Reykjavik more than one year before his second term of office was due to expire.

Björnsson, Sveinn
Björnsson, Sveinn
Icelandic politicians
Presidents of Iceland

Sveinn Björnsson


Alexander Woodruff Buel (December 13, 1813 – April 19, 1868) was an American lawyer and politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. A Democrat, he was most notable for his service as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1849 to 1851 and his multiple terms as a member of the Michigan House of Representatives.

Early life
Buel was born in Castleton, Vermont, and exhibited precocious intellectual abilities. He attended the public schools in Poultney, Vermont, until the age of eight, at which time he began an accelerated course of studies preparing for college under the private tutelage of Henry Howe, the former principal of the Canandaiga Academy in Canandaigua, New York. In 1824, at the age of 10, he passed the admission exams for Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont, and was admitted to the college. However, concerned about the difference in age between Buel and the other college students, his teacher and family persuaded him to continue his independent studies for three years. In 1827, at the age of 13, Buel accompanied one of his teachers and was enrolled as a sophomore at the University of Vermont in Burlington, where he stayed for one year. In 1828, he decided to attend Middlebury College, which was his original intent. He was enrolled there as a junior and also taught at the common schools in Clarendon.

Career
In August 1830, at the age of 16, Buel graduated from Middlebury College ranked first in his class. In September 1830, he became superintendent of a classical academy in West Rutland. In November 1831, he was invited to become principal of a classical academy at Fort Covington in northern New York, where he also began to study law. In December, 1832, he returned to his father's residence in Castleton and continued his study of law while also teaching at the Castleton Academy.

In October 1834, Buell moved to Detroit, Michigan, and within two months became Deputy Register of the Court of Probate. Because of his language skills, he was able to converse with the many French speakers native to Detroit at the time, as well as the increasing number of German immigrants. He admitted to the bar in the spring of 1835 and commenced practice in Detroit.

Buel was city attorney in 1837 and a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives in 1838 and again in 1848, serving as speaker the latter year. He was the prosecuting attorney for Wayne County 1843–1846.

Buel first ran for the United States House of Representatives in Michigan's 1st congressional district in 1846, but lost in a close election. In 1848, Buel was elected as a Democrat from Michigan's 1st district to the United States Congress for the Thirty-first Congress, succeeding fellow Democrat Robert McClelland who did not run. Buel served from March 4, 1849, to March 3, 1851. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1850 to the Thirty-second Congress and resumed the practice of law. He was again a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives in 1859 and 1860. He was appointed postmaster of Detroit on September 28, 1860, and served until March 18, 1861.

Death
Buel died at his home in Detroit on April 19, 1868 (age 54 years, 128 days). He is interred at Elmwood Cemetery, Detroit.

Family life
Buel was the son of Ezekial and Sally Thompson Buel. He married Mary Ann Ackley of West Rutland, Vermont, in October 1836, and they raised four daughters, one of whom was Julia Maria Buel Trowbridge. On April 8, 1862, she married Gen. Luther Stephen Trowbridge (Buel's law partner). The others were: Mary B., wife of Charles H. Wetmore; Clara B., wife of Col. James Mercur; and Delia W., wife of Gen. Garrett J. Lydecker.

References

External links
"Political Portraits with Pen and Pencil. Alexander W. Buel, of Michigan." The United States Democratic review. Volume 27, Issue 150, December 1850 Page(s) 545-56

The Political Graveyard

1813 births
1868 deaths
People from Castleton, Vermont
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan
Speakers of the Michigan House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
Middlebury College alumni
Castleton State College faculty
Burials at Elmwood Cemetery (Detroit)

Alexander W. Buel


William Leonard Roberts II (born January 28, 1976), known professionally as Rick Ross, is an American rapper, songwriter and record executive.

After releasing his debut single, Hustlin' in 2006, Ross became the subject of a bidding war, receiving offers from Diddy's Bad Boy Entertainment and Irv Gotti's Murder Inc., before signing a multi million dollar deal with Jay Z's Def Jam Records. Ross released his debut album Port Of Miami through the label later that year, debuting at the top spot on the U.S. Billboard 200 album chart, with sales of 187,000 units during the first week. Ross released his second studio album, Trilla in 2008, once again debuting atop the Billboard 200.

In 2009, Ross founded the record label Maybach Music Group, on which he released his studio albums Deeper Than Rap (2009), Teflon Don (2010), God Forgives, I Don't (2012), Mastermind, Hood Billionaire (2014), Black Market (2015), and Rather You Than Me (2017). Ross was also the first artist signed to Diddy's management company Ciroc Entertainment. In early 2012, MTV named Ross as the Hottest MC in the Game.

References

1976 births
Living people
Gangsta rappers
African American musicians
Rappers from Mississippi

Rick Ross


Nathan Oliveira (December 19, 1928 – November 13, 2010) was an American painter, printmaker, and sculptor, born in Oakland, California to immigrant Portuguese parents. Since the late 1950s, Oliveira has been the subject of nearly one hundred solo exhibitions, in addition to having been included in hundreds of group exhibitions in important museums and galleries worldwide. He taught studio art for several decades in California, beginning in the early 1950s, when he taught at the California College of Arts and Crafts (now California College of the Arts) in Oakland. After serving as a Visiting Artist at several universities, he became a Professor of Studio Art at Stanford University.

In 1999 Nathan Oliveira was awarded the Distinguished Degree of "Commander" in "The Order of the Infante D. Henrique," awarded by the President of Portugal and the Portuguese government, for his artistic and cultural achievements.

In 2002, "The Art of Nathan Oliveira" opened, a major traveling retrospective of his work organized by the San Jose Museum of Art and guest curated by Peter Selz. The exhibition was accompanied by a monograph, Nathan Oliveira, by Selz, with an introduction by Susan Landauer and an essay by Joann Moser, published by the University of California Press.

Education and teaching

Oliveira arrived with his family in San Francisco after World War II and graduated from San Francisco's George Washington High School. He studied at the California College of Arts and Crafts in Oakland, where he earned a BFA in 1951 and an MFA in 1952. While attending CCAC, he took an eight-week summer course in painting at Mills College taught by the German Expressionist Max Beckmann. After graduation Oliveira taught art at several colleges, including the California College of the Arts, The California School of Fine Arts (now The San Francisco Art Institute), the University of Chicago, UCLA and Stanford University.

 1952–53 Printmaking Instructor, California School of Fine Arts, San Francisco, CA
 1952-53 Watercolor Instructor, California College of the Arts, Oakland, CA
 1955–56 Chair of Graphic Arts, California College of the Arts, Oakland, CA
 1961-62 Visiting Professor in Painting, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
 1962-63 Visiting Professor in Studio Art, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
 1963-64 Visiting Professor in Studio Art, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
 1964–96 Professor of Studio Arts, Stanford University, Stanford, CA

During his Stanford years, Oliveira held summer positions as a visiting artist in Colorado and Hawaii. He also served as a member of the Honorary Board of the Humane Society Silicon Valley in Milpitas, California from 2007 until his death in 2010.

Awards
 1999 Distinguished Degree of "Commander" in "The Order of the Infante D. Henrique" awarded by the President of Portugal and the Portuguese government.
 1996 Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts, Honoris Causa, San Francisco Art Institute, San Francisco, CA
 California Society of Printmakers Honors Nathan Oliveira for Distinguished Artistic Achievement
 1994 Elected Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge
 Elected Academy Membership (Fellow), American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York, NY
 1992 Ann O'Day Maples Professor in the Arts Emeritus, Stanford University, CA
 1988 Ann O'Day Maples Professor in the Arts, Endowed Chair, Stanford University, CA
 1985 Academician, Graphic Arts, National Academy of Design, New York, NY
 1984 Academy Institute Award in Art, American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, New York, NY
 1982 Elected Member, National Academy of Design, New York, NY
 1974 National Endowment for the Arts, Individual Artist Grant
 1968 Doctor of Fine Arts Degree, Honoris Causa, California College of Arts and Crafts, Oakland, CA
 1963 - 1964 Tamarind Lithography Fellowship, Los Angeles, CA
 1963 Arte Actual de America y España Special Prize, Madrid, Spain
 1959 Norman Wait Harris Bronze Medal, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL
 1958 John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship
 1957 Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Grant

Styles, subjects and media

Although Oliveira is often associated with the Bay Area Figurative Movement, he was aesthetically independent. He felt that his paintings had been also strongly influenced by the work of Willem de Kooning, Alberto Giacometti and Francis Bacon. Prior to and during his years in art college, he viewed and was influenced by retrospectives of the European Expressionist masters Oskar Kokoschka, Edvard Munch, and Max Beckmann at the M.H. de Young Memorial Museum. He once stated: "I'm not part of the avant-garde. I'm part of the garde that comes afterward, assimilates, consolidates, refines."

Oliveira established an early reputation for his depictions of isolated figures painted in an improvisational style. Over time his subjects and style varied tremendously, as he created images of animals, birds of prey, human heads, masks, nudes, and still lifes of fetish objects. Oliveira also developed a series of "sites" that told the story of an invented culture with shamanic characteristics.  Most of the artist's paintings are either vividly colored but somber human figures, or abstract expressionist works that vaguely resemble seascapes.  Sea from 1959, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, is an example of these almost abstract seascapes.

During his lifetime Oliveira made notable works in a huge range of media, including oil paintings, acrylic paintings on paper, drawings in ink, charcoal and pencil, lithographs, etchings, posters, and sculptures in clay, wax and bronze. Oliveira was especially noted for his work in the monotype medium, in which single printed impressions are made from a painting executed on a metal plate. He was also an accomplished sculptor. A survey of Oliveira's bronzes was held at the Palo Alto Art Center in 2008. His work is in the di Rosa Collection.

Auction record
A 1960 oil painting by Nathan Oliveira, Seated Figure with Pink Background, sold for $317,500 (including buyer's premium) at Sotheby's New York on November 12, 2002.

Windhover Contemplative Center
During the 1990s Oliveira worked on a series of paintings of catenary curves based on observation of the flight of birds, including kestrels that had hovered outside the windows of his studio in the Stanford Hills. This series was dubbed the "Windhover" series by Oliveira's friend, poet Desmond Egan. He made parallels between the paintings and the 1877 Gerard Manley Hopkins poem "The Windhover."

In June 2013 Stanford University started construction of the "Windhover Contemplative Center," a 4,000-square-foot, one-story building to house four paintings from Oliveira's Windhover series. The center, intended to provide Stanford faculty, staff and students with a place to reflect and meditate, was envisioned by Oliveira and his wife Ramona prior to their deaths.

Designed by Aidlin Darling Design architects, the Windhover opened on October 9, 2014. It is located in front of Roble Hall. Constructed with rammed earth and wooden walls, the center features three interior rooms to house the Oliveira paintings. Outside landscaping includes a reflection pool and garden areas for meditation. The building is enclosed in glass, allowing for viewing of the Oliveira paintings even from outside. The center is open to the Stanford community daily from 11 a.m. to 11 p.m. A Stanford I.D. card is required to enter.

Docents from the Cantor Arts Center lead tours for the public on Saturdays. Visitors are asked to refrain from using cell phones, tablets, laptops and other electronic devices while inside the center.

Death
Nathan Oliveira died at his home in Stanford, California on November 13, 2010. A memorial service for him was held at Stanford Memorial Church on January 12, 2011.

See also
Bay Area Figurative School

References

External links

 Nathan Oliveira: An Oral History, Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program, 2009.

External links
 John Berggruen Gallery
 In Memorian Nathan Oliveira 1928-2010
 Nathan Oliveira's Final Visions
 Nathan Oliveira (1928-2010
 NY Times obituary
 Windhover Contemplative Center Website

American abstract artists
Abstract painters
Abstract expressionist artists
American Expressionist painters
American Figurative Expressionism
1928 births
2010 deaths
Modern painters
Painters from California
Artists from Oakland, California
California College of the Arts faculty
San Francisco Art Institute faculty
Stanford University Department of Art and Art History faculty
American people of Portuguese descent
California College of the Arts alumni
Mills College alumni
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
20th-century American printmakers
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
Sculptors from California

Nathan Oliveira


A cocktail is a kind of mixed drink. Usually, it is made with alcoholic drinks such as vodka, gin or rum. Since such spirits do not have much taste of their own (at around 40% alcohol), other ingredients are added. Common ingredients are fruits, fruit juice, sugar, crushed ice, and ice cubes. If the cocktail is served in a bar or nightclub, it often comes with a piece of fruit on top. For example, a gin and tonic could have a lemon, a Piña Colada could have a pineapple and a cherry. A popular cocktail in Cornwall UK is the McVey, 440ml of strongbow and 125ml of Malibu.

Most cocktails were invented in the late 19th or early 20th centuries. People began drinking a lot of cocktails in the United States in the 1920s due to Prohibition. Around that time, cocktails from Cuba, such as the mojito, became popular around the world.

Cocktails made without alcohol are also made.

Because all the ingredients give their flavor to the finished drink, a cocktail is only as good as the worst ingredient.

Common cocktails

There are many kinds of cocktails. They include:

 A martini is the most common cocktail. It is made with gin and vermouth, and served with an olive
There are many variations on a martini, which include a Gibson (martini with an onion instead of an olive), a Bronx (Martini plus orange juice), and an Appletini (made with apple liqueur instead of vermouth)
 The old-fashioned is thought to be the first cocktail. It is made with whiskey, sugar, bitters, and soda water
 A margarita is made with tequila, triple sec and lime juice. It came from Mexico, and is commonly served in Mexican cuisine.
A sidecar is similar to a margarita, but is made with cognac instead of tequila
 A Manhattan is made with rye whiskey, vermouth, and bitters
If it is made with scotch, it is called a Rob Roy
 A mojito is made with rum, lime juice, sugar, water and spearmint leaves.
A mint julip is similar to a mojito. It made with bourbon, sugar, water, and spearmint leaves. It is popular in the Southern United States, especially at the Kentucky Derby
 A daiquiri is made with rum and lime juice. Like many popular cocktails, it came from Cuba.
 A piña colada is an iced cocktail made with pineapple juice, coconut puree and rum. It came from Puerto Rico.
 A bloody Mary is made with tomato and lemon juices, plus vodka. It is different not only because of its blood-red color, but because it is served with a pickle or celery.

References

Other websites
 Wikibooks:Bartending for many recipes

Cocktail


Spacetime or  space–time is a mathematical model that joins space and time into a single idea called a continuum. This four-dimensional continuum is known as Minkowski space.

Combining these two ideas helped cosmology to understand how the universe works on the big level (e.g. galaxies) and small level (e.g. atoms).

In non-relativistic classical mechanics, the use of Euclidean space instead of space–time is good, because time is treated as universal with a constant rate of passage which is independent of the state of motion of an observer.

But in a relativistic universe, time cannot be separated from the three dimensions of space. This is because the observed rate at which time passes depends on an object's velocity relative to the observer. Also, the strength of any gravitational field slows the passage of time for an object as seen by an observer outside the field.

Further aspects

Wherever matter exists, it bends the geometry of spacetime. This results in a curved shape of space-time which can be understood as gravity. The white lines on the picture on the right represent the effect of mass on space-time.

In classical mechanics, the use of spacetime is optional, as time is independent of motion in the three dimensions of Euclidean space. However, when a body is moving at speeds close to the speed of light (relativistic speeds), time cannot be separated from the three dimensions of space. Time, from the point of view of a stationary observer, depends on how close to the speed of light the object is moving.

Historical origin
Many people link space-time with Albert Einstein, who proposed special relativity in 1905. However, it was Einstein's teacher, Hermann Minkowski, who suggested space-time, in a 1908 essay.
His concept of Minkowski space is the earliest treatment of space and time as two aspects of a unified whole, which is the essence of special relativity. He hoped this new idea would clarify the theory of special relativity.

Minkowski spacetime is only accurate at describing constant velocity. It was Einstein, though, who discovered the curvature of space-time (gravity) in general relativity. In general relativity, Einstein generalized Minkowski space-time to include the effects of acceleration. Einstein discovered that the curvature in his 4-dimensional space-time representation was actually the cause of gravity.

The 1926 thirteenth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica included an article by Einstein titled "space–time".

Literary background
Edgar Allan Poe wrote an essay on cosmology titled Eureka (1848) which said that "space and duration are one".  This is the first known instance of suggesting space and time to be different perceptions of one thing.  Poe arrived at this conclusion after approximately 90 pages of reasoning but employed no mathematics.

In 1895, H.G. Wells in his novel, The Time Machine, wrote, "There is no difference between Time and any of the three dimensions of Space except that our consciousness moves along it". He added, "Scientific people…know very well that Time is only a kind of Space".

Spacetime in quantum mechanics
In general relativity, spacetime is thought of as smooth and continuous. However, in the theory of quantum mechanics, spacetime is not always continuous.

Related pages

 Continuum (theory)
 Dimension
 Manifold

References

 Lorentz H.A; Einstein, Albert; Minkowksi, Hermann and Weyl, Hermann 1952. The principle of relativity: a collection of original memoirs. Dover.
Lucas, John Randolph 1973. A treatise on time and space. London: Methuen.

Relativity
Basic physics ideas

Spacetime


In music, tessitura (, pl. tessiture, "texture"; ) is the most acceptable and comfortable vocal range for a given singer or less frequently, musical instrument, the range in which a given type of voice presents its best-sounding (or characteristic) timbre. This broad definition is often interpreted to refer specifically to the pitch range that most frequently occurs within a given part of a musical piece. Hence, in musical notation, tessitura is the ambitus, or a narrower part of it, in which that particular vocal (or less often instrumental) part lies—whether high or low, etc.

However, the tessitura of a part or voice is not decided by the extremes of its range, but rather by the share of this total range which is most used. Hence, it is referred to as the "heart" of a range. For example, throughout the entirety of Wagner's Ring, the music written for the tenor role of Siegfried ranges from C to C, but the tessitura is described as high because the phrases are most often in the range of C to A.

Furthermore, the tessitura concept addresses not merely a range of pitches but also the arrangement of those pitches. The particular melodic contour of a singer's part may also be considered to be an important aspect of his vocal tessitura. Tessitura considerations include these factors: proportion of sudden or gradual rises and falls in pitch—speed of pitch changes; the relative number of very high or low notes; whether lines and phrases of music in the piece tend to rise or fall—the muscular abilities of a singer may be more suited to one or the other direction. A singer's ideal tessitura is centered on the single pitch in which their dynamic range is greatest.

The extension to the more particular "weaving" of a voice has led to a commixture of tessitura and voice type. For example, the volume (loudness) that a singer is able to maintain for dramatic effect will often influence which Fach (voice type) or tessitura they specialize in. For example, a lyric tenor may have the vocal range to sing Wagner or other dramatic roles, but to maintain the loudness required for dramatic intensity over the span of an opera performance could either inflict vocal damage or be beyond his ability.

See also

 Extension (music)
 Register

References

Further reading

Italian opera terminology
Pitch (music)
Singing
Voice registers

Tessitura


Sucre is the capital city of Bolivia. It was also known as Charcas, La Plata, and Chuquisaca in the past. About 250,000 people lived there in 2006. Sucre lies at an altitude of  and is the sixth largest city in Bolivia. The city is named after Antonio José de Sucre, an 18th century revolutionary leader.

National capitals in South America
Cities in Bolivia

Sucre


Queen are a British rock band. It was formed in Baselstone in 1970. They are among the most commercially successful bands in history. They have sold over 300 million albums worldwide. The first members of the band were Freddie Mercury (lead vocals, piano), Brian May (lead guitar, vocals), Roger Taylor (drums, vocals), and John Deacon (bass guitar). their current guest lead singer is Adam Lambert.

Freddie Mercury died of an AIDS-related bronchopneumonia on November 24, 1991 aged 45. In 1997 John Deacon retired to spend more time with his family. The other two former members toured with Paul Rodgers from 2005 to 2009. In December 2018 it was announced Queen & Lambert will bring its Rhapsody Tour to The Forum in 2019. Three of their biggest hits were "Bohemian Rhapsody", "We Will Rock You", and "We Are the Champions".

Formation
With his friend Tim Staffell, Brian May started a band called 1984 in the mid-1960s. The band broke up after a little bit and then May decided to make another band and teamed up with two other college students named Tim Staffell and Roger Taylor. They called themselves "Smile" with Roger Taylor on drums and vocals, Tim Staffell on vocals and bass and Brian May on guitar and vocals. They did a few hits such as "April Lady". Tim Staffell became friends with another college student, Farrokh Bulsara (to be later known as Freddie Mercury) and Farrokh became a big fan of Smile and encouraged them a lot. Later on, Tim left Smile to join Humpy Bongs and Farrokh Bulsara subsequently joined the band on vocals and piano in 1970. Then Farrokh came up with the name Queen, so they changed it from "Smile" to "Queen". They then started auditions for a new bassist. They were going through several bassists during this time and none of them stuck, only lasting for about a few minutes. None of the auditioners managed to suit the place of the new bassist, but finally in 1971, they settled on John Deacon. Queen's first album was released in 1973 and it was called Queen with songs such as "Seven Seas of Rhye" and "Liar". Farrokh Bulsara changed his name to Freddie Mercury after the lyrics "Mother Mercury, look what they've done to me" in "My Fairy King".

Personnel
Current member
 Brian May – lead guitar, vocals (1970–present)
 Roger Taylor – drums, vocals (1970–present)

Deceased members
 Freddie Mercury – vocals, piano (1970–1991)

Past members
 John Deacon – bass guitar (1971–1997)

Guest members
 Paul Rodgers – vocals (2004–2009)
 Adam Lambert – vocals (2009–present)

Album Hits
Queen – "Keep Yourself Alive" – 1973
Queen II – "Seven Seas of Rhye"– 1974
Sheer Heart Attack – "Killer Queen" – 1974
A Night at The Opera – "Bohemian Rhapsody", "You're My Best Friend", "I'm In Love With My Car "– 1975
A Day at the Races – "Somebody to Love", "Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy" – 1976
News of the World – "We Are The Champions" / " We Will Rock You" (Double A side single) – 1977
Jazz – "Bicycle Race" / "Fat Bottomed Girls" (Double A side single), "Don't Stop Me Now"– 1978
The Game – "Another One Bites the Dust", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love"– 1980
Flash Gordon – "Flash's Theme" – 1980
Hot Space – "Under Pressure" – 1982
The Works – "Radio Ga Ga", "I Want To Break Free", "Hammer To Fall"– 1984
A Kind of Magic – "One Vision", "A Kind of Magic", "Who Wants to Live Forever"– 1986
The Miracle – "I Want It All"– 1989
Innuendo – "The Show Must Go On", "These Are the Days of Our Lives"– 1991
Made in Heaven – "Heaven For Everyone" – 1995
The Cosmos Rocks – "C-lebrity"– 2008

Studio albums
Queen (1973)
Queen II (1974)
Sheer Heart Attack (1974)
A Night at the Opera (1975)
A Day at the Races (1976)
News of the World (1977)
Jazz (1978)
The Game (1980)
Flash Gordon (1980)
Hot Space (1982)
The Works (1984)
A Kind of Magic (1986)
The Miracle (1989)
Innuendo (1991)
Made in Heaven (1995)

References

one of the best bands in the 60s and 70s

1970 establishments in England
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1970
Musical groups from London

Queen (band)


A game artist is an artist who creates art for video games. Game artists are in charge of all game development of visual art.

Many game artists are asked to develop graphical environments and elements in which role-playing games take place. For example, in the Monster Manual early Dungeons & Dragons artists created visual imitations of monsters players might see while playing the video game.

Visual art can help make the gameplay of a video game more appealing to a player. Art for role-playing games can be expressed in a lot of different ways. These can include from pencil drawings, pen and ink drawings, oil paintings or even 3D models created with a computer.

Video games

Entertainment occupations
Arts occupations

Video game artist


Static analysis, static projection, or static scoring is a simplified analysis wherein the effect of an immediate change to a system is calculated without regard to the longer-term response of the system to that change. If the short-term effect is then extrapolated to the long term, such extrapolation is inappropriate.

Its opposite, dynamic analysis or dynamic scoring, is an attempt to take into account how the system is likely to respond to the change over time. One common use of these terms is budget policy in the United States, although it also occurs in many other statistical disputes.

Examples
A famous example of extrapolation of static analysis comes from overpopulation theory. Starting with Thomas Malthus at the end of the 18th century, various commentators have projected some short-term population growth trend for years into the future, resulting in the prediction that there would be disastrous overpopulation within a generation or two. Malthus himself essentially claimed that British society would collapse under the weight of overpopulation by 1850, while during the 1960s the book The Population Bomb made similar dire predictions for the US by the 1980s.

For economic policy discussions, predictions that assume no significant change of behavior in response to change in incentives are often termed static projection (and in the US Congressional Budget Office, "static scoring").

However, when applied to dynamically responsive systems, static analysis improperly extrapolated tends to produce results that are not only incorrect but opposite in direction to what was predicted, as shown in the following applications.

Applications

Technological singularity

Some have criticized the notion of a technological singularity as an instance of static analysis: accelerating change in some factor of information growth, such as Moore's law or computer intelligence, is projected into the future, resulting in exponential growth or hyperbolic growth (to a singularity), that suggests that everything will be known by a relatively early date.

See also
 Extrapolation
 Static program analysis (computer science)
 Dynamic scoring

Notes

Misuse of statistics
Public finance
Forecasting

Static analysis


Mystery Science Theater 3000 (MST3K) is an American comedy television series. It was made in the U.S. state of Minnesota from 1988 to 1999. The series was at first made for a local station in Minnesota. It was later moved to Comedy Central, and then The Sci-Fi Channel. The series was about a man (originally Joel Robinson, played by Joel Hodgson, the show's creator, and later Mike Nelson, played by Michael J. Nelson, the show's head writer), who is put in a spaceship by an evil scientist. He was forced to watch some of the worst movies ever made. Joel makes some robots to keep him company. Two of the robots, named Crow T. Robot (played by Trace Beaulieu and, later Bill Corbett) and Tom Servo (played by Josh Weinstein and later Kevin Murphy), watch the movies with him. While the movie is shown, the three make jokes and comments about the movie they watch.

Other websites
Satellite News - The Official Mystery Science Theater 3000 Web Site
Complete episodes on Google video
MST3K Wiki

1988 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
American comedy television series
Netflix original series
English-language television programs

Mystery Science Theater 3000


Nasrullah Khan was a Pakistani squash player. In 1966, he became coach to Ireland's Jonah Barrington, along with Azam Khan as Barrington's tactical advisor, helping Barrington to win his first of six British Open titles between 1967 and 1973. He also coached Angela Smith, the GB and England world star who became a legend herself in the ladies game ensuring that the sport was professional for women.

He is the brother of Roshan Khan, second cousin of Hashim Khan and Azam Khan and uncle of Jahangir Khan and Torsam Khan. His son Rehmat Khan is also a squash player, who married to Salma Agha. His granddaughter Natasha Khan (better known by the pseudonym "Bat For Lashes") is a singer and Sashaa Agha is an actress and singer.

References

The Khan story. "The Khan story", August 2000, Accessed July 2007.
Jonah Barrington, "Barrington on Squash", published by Stanley Paul, 1973.

Khan, Nasrullah
Living people
Pashtun squash players
Year of birth missing (living people)
Khan family (squash)

Nasrullah Khan (squash player)


Mathematics is the study of numbers, shapes, and patterns. The word comes from the Greek μάθημα (máthema), meaning "science, knowledge, or learning", and is sometimes shortened to math.

It is the study of:
 Numbers: including how things can be counted.
 Structure: including how things are organized, but also how they can be or could have been. This subfield is usually called algebra.
 Place: where things are, and spatial arrangement, including arrangements of spaces themselves. This subfield is usually called geometry.
 Change: how things become different. This subfield is usually called analysis.

Applied math is useful for solving problems in the real world. People working in business, science, engineering, and construction use mathematics.

Problem-solving in mathematics
Mathematics solves problems by using logic. One of the main tools of logic used by mathematicians is deduction. Deduction is a special way of thinking to discover and prove new truths using old truths. To a mathematician, the reason something is true (called a proof) is just as important as the fact that it is true, and this reason is often found using deduction. Using deduction is what makes mathematical thinking different from other kinds of scientific thinking, which might rely on experiments or on interviews.

Logic and reasoning are used by mathematicians to create general rules, which are an important part of mathematics. These rules leave out information that is not important so that a single rule can cover many situations. By finding general rules, mathematics solves many problems at the same time as these rules can be used on other problems. These rules can be called theorems (if they have been proven) or conjectures (if it is not known if they are true yet). Most mathematicians use non-logical and creative reasoning in order to find a logical proof.

Sometimes, mathematics finds and studies rules or ideas that we don't understand yet. Often in mathematics, ideas and rules are chosen because they are considered simple or neat. On the other hand, sometimes these ideas and rules are found in the real world after they are studied in mathematics; this has happened many times in the past. In general, studying the rules and ideas of mathematics can help us understand the world better. Some examples of math problems are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, calculus, fractions and decimals. Algebra problems are solved by evaluating certain variables. A calculator answers every math problem in the four basic arithmetic operations.

Areas of study in mathematics

Number
Mathematics includes the study of numbers and quantities. It is a branch of science that deals with the logic of shape, quantity, and arrangement. Most of the areas listed below are studied in many different fields of mathematics, including set theory and mathematical logic. The study of number theory usually focuses more on the structure and behavior of the integers rather than on the actual foundations of numbers themselves, and so is not listed in this given subsection.

{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20"
|  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| Natural numbers || Integers || Rational numbers || Real numbers || Complex numbers
|-
||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
|| Ordinal numbers || Cardinal numbers || Arithmetic operations || Arithmetic relations || Functions, see also special functions
|}

Structure
 Structural mathematics studies objects' and constructions' shape and integrity. These are areas of algebra and calculus.

{| style="border:3px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="30"
|  ||  ||  || ||
|-
| Number theory || Abstract algebra || Linear algebra || Order theory || Graph theory
|}

Shape
Some areas of mathematics study the shapes of things. Most of these areas are part of the study of geometry.

{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20"
|  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| Topology || Geometry || Trigonometry || Differential geometry || Fractal geometry
|}

Change
Some areas of mathematics study the way things change. Most of these areas are part of the study of analysis.
{| style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="40"
|  ||  ||
|-
| Calculus || Vector calculus || Analysis
|-
||  ||  ||
|-
|| Differential equations || Dynamical systems || Chaos theory
|}

Applied mathematics
Applied math uses symbolic logic to solve problems in areas like engineering and physics.

Numerical analysis – Optimization – Probability theory – Statistics – Mathematical finance – Game theory – Mathematical physics – Fluid dynamics - Computational algorithms

Famous theorems
These theorems and conjectures have interested mathematicians and amateurs alike:

Pythagorean theorem – FLT – Goldbach's conjecture – Twin Prime Conjecture – Gödel's incompleteness theorems – Poincaré conjecture – Cantor's diagonal argument – Four color theorem – Zorn's lemma – Euler's Identity – Church-Turing thesis

These theorems and hypotheses have greatly changed mathematics:

Central limit theorem classification theorems of surfaces – Continuum hypothesis – Fourier Theorem – Fundamental theorem of calculus – Fundamental theorem of algebra – Fundamental theorem of arithmetic – Fundamental theorem of projective geometry – Gauss-Bonnet theorem - Kantorovich theorem – P Versus NP – Pythagorean theorem – Riemann hypothesis

These are a few conjectures that have been called "revolutionary":

Beal Conjecture (a generalization of FLT) – Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture – Collatz Conjecture – Goldbach's Conjecture –Hodge Conjecture – Poincaré Conjecture

Foundations and methods

Set theory – Symbolic logic – Model theory – Category theory – Logic – Table of mathematical symbols

History and the world of mathematicians

History of mathematics – Timeline of mathematics – Mathematicians – Fields Medal – Abel Prize – Millennium Prize Problems (Clay Math Prize) – International Mathematical Union – Mathematics competitions – Lateral thinking – Mathematics and gender

Awards in mathematics
There is no Nobel Prize in mathematics. Mathematicians can receive the Abel Prize and the Fields Medal for important works.

The Clay Mathematics Institute has said it will give one million dollars to anyone who solves one of the Millennium Prize Problems.

Mathematical tools
There are many tools used to do math or find answers to math problems.

Older tools
 Abacus
 Napier's bones, Slide rule
 Ruler and Compass
 Mental calculation
 Writing

Newer tools
 Graphing calculators, scientific calculators and more complex computer visual tools
 Programming languages
 Computer algebra systems (listing) and automated matrix analysis
 statistics software (for example SPSS)
 SAS (programming language)
 R (programming language)

References

Related pages
 Timeline of women in mathematics
 American Mathematical Society
 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
 EASIAM
 International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics
 International Congress of Mathematicians
 International Mathematical Olympiad
 Mathematics Genealogy Project
 Mathematics Subject Classification

Other websites

 Mathematics Citizendium

Mathematics

Mathematics


Stoichiometry is a branch of science that studies and measures the amount of matter in chemical reactions. It can be used to predict the amount of things that will be made in a chemical reaction. It uses the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite composition and the law of multiple proportions in balancing chemical equations.

Branches of chemistry

Stoichiometry


Quinton is a civil parish in the Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire, England, about six miles south of Stratford-upon-Avon.  According to the 2001 Census it had a population of 1,503, increasing to 1,968 at the 2011 Census.  The parish contains Upper Quinton and Lower Quinton. It lies on the Heart of England Way.

History
The Domesday Book recorded that these were two of about seven manors given to Hugh de Grandmesnil following the Norman conquest (he had larger rewards in other counties). Lower Quinton was the site of the notorious murder in 1945 of Charles Walton, in what was believed by some to have been a witchcraft-related ritual killing. Upper and Lower Quinton were listed under Gloucestershire:
The same Hugh holds Upper Quinton. There are two hides. One thegn held it. In demesne two ploughs and five villans and one bordars with three ploughs. There are four slaves and one female slave. It was worth £7, now £4.  The same Hugh holds Lower Quinton and Roger holds of him. There are twelve hides. Baldwin held it TRE. In demesne three ploughs and seventeen villans and two bordars with nine ploughs. There are six slaves. It was worth £7, now £6.

References

External links

Villages in Warwickshire
Civil parishes in Warwickshire
Stratford-on-Avon District

Quinton, Warwickshire


Associative property is a property of mathematical operations (like addition and multiplication). It means that if you have more than one of the same associative operator (like +) in a row, the order of operations does not matter.

For example, if you have , there are two plus signs (+) in a row. This means we can add it in either this order:

Or this order:

The answer comes out the same both ways because addition is associative.
In other words, associativity means:

Not all operations are associative. Subtraction is not associative, which means:

This is true because:

And:

Also, associativity is different from commutativity, which lets you move the numbers around.

Algebra
Rules of inference

Associativity


Michael Stafford (born 12 July 1990), better known as Maverick Sabre, is an Irish singer, songwriter, and rapper.

Early life
Stafford was born in Stoke Newington, in Hackney, London. At age four, he moved with his family to New Ross, County Wexford, where he grew up. Following advice from English musician Plan B and Harry Jessop, he moved back to London to pursue a musical career.

Career
Sabre's career began in 2008 when he appeared on the tracks "Lucky" and "Used to Blame" from the album Sense the Terror by Irish rappers Terawrizt and Nu-Centz. He also featured on rappers Johnnyboy and Intox's Propaganda EP and released his own tracks, such as "Lonely Side of Life" and "Fade Away". Sabre furthered his career in 2009 when he featured on Jermicide & Danny Digg's album Middle Class, collaborating on three tracks: "Afraid", "Where We Go to", and "Still With Me". Maverick Sabre also performed on SB.TV with the song "They Found Him a Gun" and featured in BBC 1Xtra 'Jail Tales' programme, performing "These Walls". Sabre then returned to working with his earlier cohorts, featuring on Terawrizt's album Written in Stone and Terawrizt & Nu-Centz' album Sense The Terror 2, appearing on tracks such as "Life Fly By". On 25 November 2010, Sabre released his debut mixtape, The Travelling Man, in the United Kingdom. The release was a free digital download and featured the track "Sometimes" along with a promotional video to accompany the song.

On 6 January 2011, "Sometimes" was released as a single by Impala Records. Sabre guested on drum and bass duo Chase & Status's second studio album No More Idols, on "Fire in Your Eyes".  He also features on "Sleepless", a song regularly performed live by Chase & Status, however no studio version has been released to date. Sabre featured on Professor Green's fourth single "Jungle", released on 1 January 2010, which was featured on the album Alive Till I'm Dead. The single debuted at number 34 on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at 31 the following week. On 28 February 2011, Maverick released his debut single "Look What I Done", taken from the extended play The Lost Words, released on 7 March 2011. On 19 April 2011, Sabre performed with a live band on BBC Two's Later… with Jools Holland. After his performance of Oasis's "Wonderwall" on Chris Moyles' BBC Radio 1 Comic Relief show, Maverick's extended play The Lost Words reached number 2 in the iTunes Store Top Ten Songs chart. In 2011, he also appeared on The Script's Science & Faith Tour supporting the Irish band, and performed his song "Let Me Go", which entered the UK Singles Chart at number 16 in August 2011.

On 25 July 2011, Sabre's first single "Let Me Go" was released and entered the UK chart at number 16. He released his debut album, Lonely Are The Brave, on 6 February 2012. He then released singles "I Need", "What Have I Done To You" and "No One". Sabre featured on a remix of his song "I Need" with rappers Chipmunk and Benny Banks. He then featured on the track "We'll Never Know" alongside rappers Akala and Logic. On 29 January 2012, Sabre appeared on the Sunday Night Sessions segment of The Late Show with Joanne Good on BBC London 94.9. Sabre appeared on the 2012 remake album Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds - The New Generation in the role of Parson Nathaniel. The role was performed by Jason Donovan in the 2012–2014 live shows. Around this time, Sabre started working with a teenage Jorja Smith and she became his protégé, who he ultimately introduced to the UK.

On 9 April 2014, Sabre released a video for the single "Breathe".
On 24 July 2014, Sabre released a video for the remix from "Emotion (Ain't Nobody)", featuring Chip, Devlin and George the Poet.
The album was released on 31 October 2015. Sabre was also featured on the track "Carry Me Home" from Jorja Smith's album Project 11, released on 17 November 2016.

On 22 March 2019, Sabre released his third studio album titled When I Wake Up on his own imprint FAMM. The record was promoted by the singles "Drifting", "Her Grace" (featuring Chronixx), "Slow Down"(featuring Jorja Smith) and "Glory".
On 26 March 2020, "Glory" was featured on American medical drama Grey's Anatomy episode "Love of My Life".

In June 2020, Sabre announced a new EP titled You Know How It Feels, scheduled to be released on 24 July 2020 via FAMM. The EP is promoted by lead single "Signs" released on 26 June.

On 28 January 2022 Sabre released his fourth studio album Don't Forget to Look Up.

Political views
In November 2019, Sabre endorsed the Labour Party in the 2019 UK general election.

Discography

 Lonely Are the Brave (2012)
 Innerstanding (2015)
 When I Wake Up (2019)
 Don't Forget to Look Up (2022)

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
British contemporary R&B singers
English pop singers
English male singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
Irish people of English descent
Irish male singers
Irish pop singers
Musicians from County Wexford
Musicians from Hackney Central
People from New Ross
English soul singers
21st-century English singers
21st-century Irish singers
21st-century British male singers

Maverick Sabre


Gautam Budh Nagar is a largely suburban district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. It is part of the National Capital Region (India). Greater Noida is the district administrative headquarters. The city of Greater Noida is India's first ISO 160001 certified city.

Gautam Budh Nagar is an important industrial district of Uttar Pradesh. The city of Greater Noida has evolved as an epicenter for technical education and industrial expansion.

Population
According to the 2011 census, Gautam Budh Nagar has a population of 1,674,714. It is ranked 294th out of a total of 640 Indian districts in terms of population. Gautam Budh Nagar has a population density of 1,161 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,010/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 39.32%. Gautam Budh Nagar has a sex ratio of 852 females for every 1,000 males, and a literacy rate of 82.2%.

Due to its close proximity to Delhi, the population is highly literate with 82.2% of population in the district are literate compared to 74.04% national average. The female lieracy stands at 72.78% much higher than national average of 65.46%.

References

Districts of Uttar Pradesh

Gautam Budh Nagar district


An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person who goes into outer space. The Soviet Union and countries that it was friends with used the word cosmonaut. Western countries including the United States said astronaut. Astronauts are also called "taikonauts" in China or "spationaute" in France.

The first person to go into space was a Russian from the Soviet Union. His name was Yuri Gagarin. This happened on April 12, 1961. The first and second people to walk on the Moon were the Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. This happened on July 20, 1969. No astronauts have gone to the moon since 1972. No people have visited any other planets yet.

Astronauts used to go into space using many different ways, but now they only go on the American SpaceX Crew-1, the Russian Soyuz, or the Chinese Shenzhou. Several countries have worked together to build an International Space Station where people stay and work in space for long periods of time.

A few countries and companies are trying to make more ways to get people into space. The United States is building a very big rocket called the Space Launch System. Some American companies, for example Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and SpaceX, are being paid by the United States to make ways for people to go to space.

Related pages
 Spaceflight

Astronaut


London Iranian Film Festival is an annual, independent film festival held in London. It is the only festival in the UK that is dedicated to Iranian independent cinema.

The London Iranian Film Festival is organised by a non-political, film-focused organization UKIFF, which aims to provide a platform for Iranian cinema in the UK. The Festival showcases films that consistently explore Iranian culture and identity.

Submissions to the festival are looked over by a panel of filmmakers and film industry professionals, and the films selected for screening are then placed into four categories: Short film, Documentary, Animation and Feature film. Prizes are awarded to the best film from each category on the closing night of the festival.

Previous selection committees have included Iranian filmmaker and scriptwriter Kambuzia Partovi, screen director Patrick Tucker, cinematographer Zoran Veljkovic, and Iranian filmmaker Mojtaba Mirtahmasb.

The film festival has also had assistance from members of Europe's only dedicated Iranian cinematic organization Iran film foundation, as well as members of Britain's Iranian community.

References

External links

 Poster and Visual identity

Film festivals in London

London Iranian Film Festival


"Handel's Largo" is the popular title for an aria composed by George Frideric Handel. He wrote it in 1738 for the opera Serse (). The opera was a failure. It closed after only five performances. One hundred years later though the aria was resurrected. It became a big hit. It was performed at solemn occasions such as funerals and weddings. It was arranged for all sorts of instruments and voices. It is known by many people as Ombra mai fu because those words are the first words of the aria. The title is Italian and means "Never was a shade". The aria is sung by the main character, Xerxes I of Persia. He is admiring the shade of a tree. The original tempo is larghetto (a little slow and solemn). The aria is short. It is only 52 bars long. It lasts about four minutes. In the opera, a string section accompanies the singer. These strings are first and second violins, viola, and basses. The key signature is F major. The time signature is 4/4 time.

Other websites
 "Ombra mai fu" at The Aria Database

Compositions by George Frideric Handel
Arias
1730s operas

Handel's Largo


Edward James (c.1557 – 1 October 1588) was an English Catholic priest and martyr.

Education
James was born at Barton, Breaston, near Long Eaton, Derbyshire. He was educated at Derby School, St John's College, Oxford, the English college at Rheims and the Venerable English College at Rome. In early October 1579, he and William Filby sailed from Dover for Calais. Arriving in Rheims, he took up rooms with Edward Stransham. The following August, James and ten others travelled to the English College, Rome. In October 1583, James was ordained as a priest in Rome by Bishop Thomas Goldwell, the last survivor of the English bishops who had refused to accept the Protestant Reformation.

Martyrdom
In early February 1586, James left Rheims for the mission, accompanied by Stephen Rowsham who had been banished from England the year before. They met up with Ralph Crockett in Dieppe.
He was captured on board a ship at Littlehampton, Sussex, on 19 April 1586, with three other priests, Thomas Bramston, George Potter, and his fellow martyr, Ralph Crockett, and they were charged with being Catholic priests and coming into the realm of England contrary to an Act of Parliament of 1584. All four were sent to London and put in prison there on 27 April 1586, where they remained for more than two years without trial.

After the failure of the Spanish Armada, an attempt to invade England which was defeated in July and August 1588, the government of Queen Elizabeth I wanted revenge, and the priests in its custody became a target. Four of these, Ralph Crockett, Edward James, John Oven and Francis Edwardes, were sent for trial at Chichester on 30 September 1588. All four were condemned to death for being priests and entering England, but Oven then took the Oath of Supremacy, in accordance with the Act of Supremacy 1559, and was reprieved. On 1 October 1588, the other three were drawn on a hurdle to Broyle Heath, near Chichester, where Edwardes recanted and was also reprieved. Crockett and James continued to refuse to recant and to take the oath and were executed at Chichester, after absolving each other.

Both Ralph Crockett and Edward James were later declared venerable by the Catholic Church. In 1929 the two were beatified by Pope Pius XI. His feast day is 1 October.

See also
 Catholic Church in the United Kingdom
 Douai Martyrs

References

1550s births
1588 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
English College, Douai alumni
English beatified people
16th-century English Roman Catholic priests
Martyred Roman Catholic priests
People educated at Derby School
People from Breaston
16th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
16th-century venerated Christians
One Hundred and Seven Martyrs of England and Wales

Edward James (martyr)


Bridge may mean:
 Bridge (structure), a structure built so that a transportation route can cross above an obstacle.
 The Bridge (documentary movie), a movie about suicides on the Golden Gate Bridge.
 Bridge (dentistry), a fixed prosthesis used to replace missing teeth.
 Bridge (exercise), most commonly the balancing of the body on the head and feet.
 Bridge (graph theory), an edge whose removal disconnects a graph.
 Bridge (grappling), a move intended to dislodge an opponent in top control.
 Bridge (prosody), a point in a line of poetry where a break in a word-unit cannot occur.
 Bridge (ship), the area from which a ship is commanded.
 Main Bridge (Star Trek), the control center of Starfleet vessels in the Star Trek universe.
 Contract bridge, a card game.
 Bridge loan, a short-term loan to cover a gap in time until a new long-term financing is realised.
 Adobe Bridge, a program included with the Adobe Creative Suite to link the other programs together
 Hashiwokakero, meaning "build bridges", a Japanese puzzle.
 "bridge the gap": a phrase meaning to connect different things or ideas
 Bridge cameras combine some of the advantages of large and small cameras
 Bridge Records, Inc., a record label
In chemistry:
 Bridge (chemical), an unbranched chain of atoms or an atom or a covalent bond connecting two bridgeheads in a polycyclic compound.
 A Salt bridge, in chemistry, is a laboratory device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (electrochemical cell)
 Salt bridge (protein) (or salt bond), in protein chemistry, is the term used to denote chemical bonds between positively and negatively charged side-chains of proteins.
In electronics:
 Bridge rectifier, an electronic circuit for converting alternating current to direct current.
 Wheatstone bridge, an electronic circuit for comparing resistors, capacitors or inductors to high standards of accuracy.
In music:
 Bridge (instrument), the device that anchors the strings to or holds the strings above the body of a string instrument, such as a violin or guitar.
 Bridge (music), an interlude that connects two parts of song.
In computers:
 Bridge pattern, a computer science design used to separate an abstraction and its actual implementation.
 Network bridge, an electronic device used to connect two computer or telephone network segments.

People
 Frank Bridge, composer

Places with the name Bridge
 Bridge, Kent, a place in Kent, England.
 Scotland has many place names in the style of Bridge of Allan.

Related pages
 Bridge the gap

Bridge (disambiguation)


Maximilian I of Mexico (1832 – 1867) was a member of the Imperial House of Habsburg-Lorraine.
After a distinguished career in the Austrian Navy he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico, during the Second Mexican Empire.

His father was Archduke Franz Karl, the second surviving son of Emperor Francis II of Austria, during whose reign he was born. Maximilian was thus a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, a female-line cadet branch of the House of Habsburg. His older brother was the reigning Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and their mother was Princess Sophie of Bavaria, a member of the House of Wittelsbach.

Many Europeans, and Viennese in particular, suspected that he was actually fathered by Napoleon II of France. There was a close relationship between Sophie and Napoleon II. It was said that Sophie never recovered after his death and that she blamed it on Metternich for the rest of her life.

Maximilian ruled as the Emperor of Mexico from 1864 to 1867. He was installed by occupying French forces under Napoleon III. When the French left in 1867, Maximilian refused to go with them, believing he had the support of the people.

Maximilian was shocked by the living conditions of the poor in contrast to the magnificent haciendas of the upper class. His wife Empress Carlota of Mexico began holding parties for the wealthy Mexicans to raise money for poor houses. One of Maximilian's first acts as Emperor was to restrict working hours and abolish child labour. He cancelled all debts for peasants over 10 pesos, restored communal property and forbade all forms of corporal punishment. He  supported land reforms, religious freedom, and extending the right to vote beyond the landholding class. These liberal policies caused opposition from the wealthy and the landowners, led by Benito Juárez under the banner of republicanism.

Maximilian was captured by Benito Juarez's Republican forces and executed by firing squad on 19 June 1867.

References

Emperors and empresses
History of Mexico
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Executed Austrian people
People executed by firearm
1832 births
1867 deaths

Maximilian I of Mexico


Wozzeck is an opera by the Austrian composer Alban Berg (1885-1935).  It was composed between 1914 and 1922 and first performed in 1925.

Berg wrote this opera before the period when he used serialism in his works.  His teacher Schoenberg had not yet developed the twelve tone system.  The music of Wozzeck has tonal music in the tradition of Mahler, but also some atonal music (music which is not based on any key) as well as melodies which are based on the whole tone scale.  The music sounded very modern at the time it was written.  Berg also writes for the voices in unusual ways: sometimes they have to half-speak, half-sing (this is called Sprechgesang).

The opera is based on a play called  Woyzeck by the German playwright Georg Büchner.  Woyzeck was an unusual drama because, instead of being a story about someone important such as a king or a god, it was about a poor man who is not very smart and is bullied and misused by other people.  When Berg wrote the opera nearly a century later, it was still an unusual story for an opera.  The heroes in operas were usually important people, while working people often had comic parts: they were often servants.  But Wozzeck is a simple man who cannot help what is happening to him.  In drama this is sometimes called an "anti-hero".

The story of the opera

Act I
Scene 1 (Suite): Wozzeck is working as a barber.  While he is shaving the Captain, the Captain tells Wozzeck that he thinks Wozzeck leads a bad life because he has had a child with a woman (Marie) without being married to her.  Wozzeck says that it is hard for him to be good because he is poor. He reminds the Captain that Jesus said "Let the little children come to me," (Mark 10:14).  The Captain is confused by this remark.

Scene 2 (Rhapsody and Hunting Song): Wozzeck and his friend Andres are cutting sticks as the sun is setting. Wozzeck has scary visions: he sees the sinking sun covering the world in flames.

Scene 3 (March and Lullaby): Soldiers march by outside Marie's room. Her neighbour, Margret, tells Marie she is bad because she is flirting with the soldiers. Then Wozzeck comes and tells Marie of the terrible visions he has had.

Scene 4 (Passacaglia): The Doctor tells Wozzeck that he should not cough in the street (Büchner wrote: "piss in the street").  He says he is doing a medical experiment.  Wozzeck is so simple that he believes him.  The doctor is glad to hear about Wozzeck's terrible visions.

Scene 5 (Rondo): Marie admires the Drum-major outside her room. He wants to love her.  At first she turns away from him, but then she gives in and they rush out together.

Act II
Scene 1 (Sonata-Allegro): Marie is telling her child to go to sleep while admiring earrings which the Drum-major gave her. Wozzeck arrives.  He asks her where she got the earrings.  She says she found them. Wozzeck does not know whether to believe her, but gives her some money and leaves. Marie knows her behaviour is wrong.

Scene 2 (Fantasia and Fugue on 3 Themes): The Doctor rushes by the Captain in the street, who tells him to slow down. The Doctor makes the Captain frightened by thinking of nasty illnesses that he might get.  When Wozzeck comes, they tease him by saying that Marie loves someone else.

Scene 3 (Largo): Wozzeck talks about it to Marie.  She admits that she has a boyfriend.  Wozzeck is furious.  He is about to hit her when she stops him, saying even her father never dared to hit her.  She says: "better a knife in my belly than your hands on me".  This gives Wozzeck an idea for revenge.

Scene 4 (Scherzo): Wozzeck sees Marie dancing with the Drum-major in a crowd. Andres asks Wozzeck why he is sitting by himself. A drunkard gives a sermon, then an idiot goes up to Wozzeck and says he can smell blood.

Scene 5 (Rondo): In the barracks at night, Wozzeck cannot sleep. He is keeping Andres awake. The Drum-major comes in.  He is drunk.  He gets Wozzeck out of bed to fight with him.

Act III
Scene 1 (Invention on a Theme): In her room at night, Marie reads to herself from the Bible. She wants to be forgiven.

Scene 2 (Invention on a Single Note (B)): Wozzeck and Marie are walking in the woods by a pond. Marie wants to leave, but Wozzeck stops her. The moon is shining bright red.  Wozzeck becomes determined that if he can not have Marie, no one else can, and he stabs her.

Scene 3 (Invention on a Rhythm): People are dancing in a pub. Wozzeck enters, and when he sees Margret, he dances with her and pulls her onto his lap.  He insults her, and then asks her to sing him a song.  She sings, but then notices blood on his hand and elbow; everyone begins  to shout at him, and Wozzeck rushes out.

Scene 4 (Invention on a 6-Note Chord): Wozzeck goes back to the place where he killed Marie.  Wozzeck thinks that the knife he killed Marie with will prove that he is the murderer.  He  throws the knife into the pond. When the blood-red moon appears again, he walks into the pond to try to wash the blood of his body, but he drowns. The Captain and the Doctor, passing by, hear Wozzeck moaning and rush off in fright.

Intermezzo (Invention on a Key (D minor)): This interlude leads to the finale.

Scene 5 (Invention on an Eighth-Note moto perpetuo, quasi toccata): The next morning a group of children are playing in the sunshine.  People are telling one another that Marie's body has been found.  The children all run off to see.  Marie and Wozzeck's little boy has been playing on a toy horse.  He stops and runs after the other children to the pond.

History of the opera
Berg saw Büchner's play Woyzeck in 1914.  It was the first time it had been performed in Vienna.  The play had been advertised as Wozzeck because people could not read Büchner's handwriting.  This is why Berg uses this spelling for his opera.

Berg knew at once that he wanted to make the play into an opera. Büchner, who had died in 1837 at the age of 23, had left the play unfinished. Berg took fifteen scenes from the play and made them into an opera with three acts.  He composed music with a particular form for each scene so that the music develops in a very organised way.  He made changes to the libretto himself.

Though Berg began work on the opera in 1914, he was serving in the army during World War I, so he did not have time to continue working on it until 1917.  He finished the opera in April 1922.  Erich Kleiber conducted the first performance at the Berlin State Opera on December 14, 1925. It quickly became famous and was performed in all of the big opera houses in Europe.  It was so successful that Berg was able to live off of the money he earned from it.

Musical style
Wozzeck was the first major opera written in a modern 20th century style.  A lot of the music is atonal (not in any key) so Berg was able to use this to express the madness of Wozzeck.  Sometimes the music becomes more tonal, especially when the story is telling about love and humanity.  He also bases some of the music about the soldiers on folksong which he treats in his own special way.

Another musical technique he uses is the leitmotif, in which particular characters or things are linked to particular themes or musical ideas.  This technique can be very useful to suggest certain things.  For example, there is a leitmotif for the earrings which the Drum major has given to Marie.  When the major makes love to Marie we hear this leitmotif.  The music makes us realize that he is not forcing her to love him but that she is willing.  In another place, the military music tells us that Marie is thinking of the Drum major.

Another leitmotif is the chord we hear when Wozzeck, near the beginning of the opera, talks about "poor folk like us".  The chord we hear is used in other parts of the opera when characters are not strong enough to change their situation in life.

Compositions by Alban Berg
1920s operas
1925 works

Wozzeck


Younha (Korean: 고윤하; Hanja: 高允河 Go Yoon Ha Japanese: ユンナ Yunna), born 29 April 1988 in Seoul, Korea, is a Korean pop singer.

Younha made her debut at the age of sixteen. Nicknamed the "Oricon comet" for her success in Japan, she has currently released eight singles and one album in that country with varying degrees of success. Also, many of her songs have been featured in TV shows.

Younha was signed to Epic Records, a branch of Sony Music Entertainment Japan, from 2004 to 2008.  She then moved to Sistus Records, a Geneon Entertainment label. In South Korea, she is signed to Lion Media and Stam Entertainment.

Biography

Early life

Born in South Korea to musical parents, Younha began to play the piano at the age of 4. She developed an interest in Japanese drama shows and began to teach herself Japanese. Before long, she was skilled enough to translate to her school friends what happened on recent Japanese TV episodes. What began as an interest in Japanese dramas developed into an interest in Japanese music. At the recommendation of an older student in her school's broadcasting club, she listened to such artists such as Utada Hikaru and Misia. Younha began to dream about debuting as a singer alongside her favorite artists.

2004 - 2005: Early Career & Moderate Success

ゆびきり(Yubikiri) Era

In order to seek her dreams, she began to try out in auditions within Korea. She claimed that she went through as many as 20 auditions. She also commented in her interview that certain companies refused to sign her to their labels because they believed she was not "pretty" enough, although she sang very well. Her mother also discouraged her dream and even locked her bedroom door to prevent Younha from leaving the house. Younha, however, climbed out the window and made it to the audition.  At one audition, she made an overwhelming impression and signed a contract with a Korean company. Soon after, Younha's voice was heard by a company in Japan. In order to make her childhood dream of debuting in Japan come true, Younha underwent recording while going back and forth between Korea and Japan. Quickly, Younha's Japanese skills advanced so much that she surprised even the staff around her.

After a TV drama producer heard her demo tape, her song Yubikiri was chosen as the insert song for the Fuji TV Monday drama show Tokyo Wankei ~Destiny of Love~. In October of that same year, she debuted with her official first single Yubikiri.

Houkiboshi to Go! Younha Era

Younha's second single Houkiboshi was used as an ending song for the popular anime show BLEACH. It became a hit - debuting on the Oricon chart at #18, it peaked at #12 and propelled Younha into the limelight. With this single, she became only the second Korean, after BoA, to have broken the Oricon chart's top 20. Between "Touch / Yume no Tsuzuki" and "Houki Boshi", she released "Motto Futari de". It flopped massively, only reaching #117 on the Oricon Charts possibly due to a lack of promotion. Her later single, Touch / Yume no Tsuzuki, first charted at the #15, with the tie-in and went as high as #11. After releasing five singles, Younha released her first album entitled Go! Younha.  It reached the #10 spot on the Oricon weekly charts.

2006: Later Struggles and Korean Debut

Tewo Tsunaide to Hakanaku Tsuyoku Era

My Lover was a re-cut single from Go! Younha, her debut album, and was re-cut because it was the theme to the Bleach GC: Tasogare Ni Mamieru Shini Kami. It was limited to 70,000 copies and flopped, selling only about 2,000 copies, ranking at #58. Because of the limited print, however, it has become extremely valuable and rare to the fans. Younha was also chosen to sing the ending theme to the anime Jyu Oh Sei. Tewo Tsunaide only did slightly better than My Lover, peaking at #50.

Younha began to compose her own music.  The song Kaerimichi released on My Lover is the first song released for which she wrote the lyrics and composed the music for.  In addition, she composed the music for the song homegirl, the B-side released on Te wo Tsunaide.

Imaga Daisuki was released, with more live performances than Te wo Tsunaide, and a tie-in. It seemed that Younha has a bigger budget on this single. It did significantly worse, as her second worst ranking single, at #71. Imaga Daisuki was also used as an opening song for the animation Jang Geum's Dream while the b-track Inori was used for the animation's ending song.

Younha released a digital Korean single titled Audition. The single includes Audition (Time 2 Rock) and Waiting (기다리다). Although it was released as a digital single, very limited hard copies of the single were available as well. Many performances for this song were shown on Korean TV, unusual for Younha as her last appearance on TV was with her single Touch. Much promotion occurred for this single and it helped for a long charting life for Audition, lasting well over 3 months in all the Korean charts. She stayed in Korea during this release, as well as January.

Younha was once again chosen to be an anime theme singer for Kiba. The song Hakanaku Tsuyoku was used as the second opening for the show. The single was released on 17 January 2007. This single, unlike her other singles, has only 3 tracks. Surprisingly, this single appeared on the Top 20 Daily Charts for exactly one day, at #16. The Weekly rank was at an above-average #36, but sales were only slightly better. This single did not have a PV because Younha was in Korea during the month before and most likely January as well.

2007: Great Success in Korea & A Possible Return to Japan

고백하기 좋은 날 (The Perfect Day to Say I Love You) Era

Exactly two months after "Hakanaku Tsuyoku", Younha went back to her home country to release her first Korean Album entitled 고백하기 좋은 날 (Go Baek Ha Gi Jo Eun Nal, translated "The Perfect Day to Say I Love You" or literally translated "Good Day to Confess"). She recorded a MV for the third track "비밀번호 486" (Bi Mil Bun Ho 486, translated "Password 486") which stars fellow Stam artist Yoon Ji Hoo. The video featured many image changes for Younha which include her first ever kiss. The album also features a collaboration with Wheesung.

With the single welcomed well into the market, Younha proceeded to release her Korean debut album. The album received excellent success, peaking at #1 on the charts. The first song to be promoted from the album was 비밀번호 486 (Bi Mil Bun Ho 486, translated "Password 486"). She won the SBS Inkigayo Mutizen award twice for Secret Number 486. This song was also well received by the Korean audience. The second song to be promoted from this album was 연애조건 (Yeonae Jogeon, translated "Love Condition").

On July 14th 2007, Younha appeared on the Korean GomTV MSL Grand Finals (Starcraft tournament) and played in the opening ceremony.

Younha has also been picked as publicity envoy for the anti-corruption Clean Wave Campaign for her pure and clean image.

At the 2007 MKMF held on November 17th 2007, Younha won the Best New Solo Artist award.

Younha Vol. 1.5 Album

With Younha's success rising, she released a new version of Go! Younha, all re-recorded in Korean. The album, with tracklist changes, is now called 혜성 (Comet), and was released on October 23.

2008: Return To Japan and Future Plans for 2008
On January 18th, Younha left Korea to continue her music career in Japan. She is expecting to release a new Japanese Album/Music Video DVD, "SONGS-Teen's Collection. " This Collection is expected to include all of her music videos so far, plus a 32 page photobook, in the limited edition of the disk. The release date of this album is March 26th, and on-line Music Shops already have started getting pre-orders. For information about pre-ordering, contact http://www.jkm.co.kr or http://www.leesmusic.co.kr/ (both Korean)

Collaborations

Younha sang the song Boku wa Koko ni Iru on the tribute album to Masayoshi Yamazaki, "One More Time, One More Track". (12.21.05)

Younha was selected as one of 14 female artists to perform in the omnibus album "14 Princess ~Princess Princess Children~", a collection of the most famous songs by the top girls band Princess Princess of late 80's and early 90's. Younha performed the song Diamonds, which was the number 1 seller of the year 1989 in Japan. (03.08.06)

References

Discography

This is the discography of pop artist 'Younha'.

Singles

Japanese Singles

Korean Singles

Albums

Japanese Albums

Korean Albums

Other websites
Younha Official Website in Korea  (Korean language)
Younha Official Website in Japan  (Japanese language)

1988 births
Living people
Singers from Seoul
K-pop singers

Younha


Jean Dessès (6 August 1904 – 2 August 1970) was a world leading fashion designer in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. His designs reflected the influences of his travels, specializing in creating draped evening gowns in chiffon and mousseline, based on early Greek and Egyptian robes.

Biography

Born Jean Dimitre Verginie in Alexandria, Egypt, to Greek parents, Dessès originally set out to study law, but, in 1925, he abandoned his legal studies and began working for Maison Jane, a Parisian couture house where, in 1937, he opened his own couture salon. After World War II, he traveled extensively throughout the world. His work was influenced by his travels, creating draped evening gowns in chiffon, embroidered dresses, sheath dresses with tight jackets and flowing skirts. His fashion was very popular with European royalty and movie stars. Among his clientele were the Queen and royal princesses of Greece, the Duchess of Windsor, Madame Jean (Lilia) Ralli, the first Mrs. Aristotle Onassis, Athina Livanos,  and society hostess Elsa Maxwell. In 1962, he designed the wedding gown worn by Princess Sophia of Greece (later Queen Sofia of Spain) for her marriage to the future King Juan Carlos I of Spain. Valentino worked with Desses for several years in the 1950s and gained much hands-on experience, as did Guy Laroche who in the 1950s was Desses' assistant.

In 1963, at age 60, he retired to Greece because of poor health, where he ran a small boutique which he had opened eight years earlier. He died in Athens in 1970. In the 1990s, his fashion designs saw a revival with the interest in vintage dresses. Naomi Campbell wore a vintage boned bodice and ruched silk Desses gown in May 1999 at a Christie's party. Later, in 2001, Renée Zellweger wore a lemon yellow strapless 1950s Dessès gown to the Academy Awards. Similarly, Jennifer Lopez wore a vintage moss green Desses gown, made with 50 yards of chiffon, to the 2006 Academy Awards.

The fashion designer Jean Dessès brought also out a perfume called Kalispera.

References

External links

1904 births
1970 deaths
Egyptian people of Greek descent
People from Alexandria
Greek fashion designers
French fashion designers
Egyptian emigrants to France

Jean Dessès