Richard Martin (1947 – 1999) was an American scholar, lecturer, critic and curator, and a leading art and fashion historian. At the time of his death he was curator of the Costume Institute at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, creating many critically acclaimed exhibitions and contributing widely towards publications on the subject. After his death, an award in his name was set up to recognise creative, high quality and innovative costume exhibitions.

Early life and education
Richard Harrison Martin was born December 4, 1946, at Bryn Mawr, PA. He studied at Swarthmore College, graduating in 1967, and gained two master's degrees, both from Columbia University. As a lecturer, he held academic positions at the School of Visual Arts, New York University, Columbia, the Juilliard School and Parsons School of Design.

Curatorship
Richard Martin taught art history from 1973 at New York University, the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT), and the School of Visual Arts. In 1980 he became involved with fashion exhibitions at FIT where he worked with Harold Koda and Laura Sinderbrand, the director of FIT's Design Laboratory (now the Museum at FIT). He served as the editor in chief of Arts Magazine before his 1991 appointment as executive director of the Shirley Goodman Resource Center, which was responsible for FIT's exhibitions and collections.

The exhibitions Martin and Koda put up at FIT, including The East Village, Fashion and Surrealism, Undercover Story, and Three Women: Madeleine Vionnet, Claire McCardell, Rei Kawakubo attracted a great deal of attention. In 1987 they were given a special award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America. Martin would later win another award from the Council in 1996 "for furthering fashion in art and culture." Koda, who worked closely with Martin on exhibitions until they parted company in 1997, later said:

 "We did five or six shows a year at F.I.T. and three a year at the Met, while most museums do only one. And he always had three or four years' worth of ideas. Some fashion people had difficulty with his language, because his language was the language of art, not fashion."

Martin wrote over 100 scholarly papers on a wide range of subjects, such as Art History and the Assimilation of Images by Contemporary Artists, and Redress of the Nerds: The Assertion of Nerd Style in Men's Clothing and Imagery in the 1980s. He also wrote a number of books on fashion and art, including Fashion and Surrealism and Charles James, and co-authored others. Martin was critical of the tendency within the art world to designate fashion into a corner of its own, and not acknowledging designers as artists, rather than merely being commercially driven. He states: I think that's an abiding problem for artists, that because fashion is so often thought to be less serious than art, artists are afraid that they will vitiate their own work and their own importance as artists by participating in any way in fashion. Artists will often shy away from fashion and yet when it comes to incorporating fashion into their own work—such as David Salle using sort of 1950s fashion sketches in his work—that's perfectly acceptable.

He was also editor of Dress, the Costume Society of America's scholarly journal.

Death and legacy

Richard Martin died at home in New York, aged 52, of melanoma on November 8, 1999. He was survived by his partner, Dr. Richard Slusarczyk; and by a brother, Robert.

The Richard Martin Award

The Richard Martin Award for Excellence in the Exhibition of Costume was created by the Costume Society of America and launched in 2002. Martin was a valued member of the Society who, in addition to editing Dress, had served on the Board of Directors for six years and stood as President of the Mid-Atlantic region of the Society. The award is given to up to two institutions per year in recognition of high quality and innovative exhibitions of fashion and clothing.

2002
 The Museum at FIT for London Fashion

2003
 McCord Museum, Montreal, Quebec, Canada for Clothes Make The Man
 Los Angeles County Museum of Art for Miracles and Mischief: Noh and Kyogen Theater in Japan

2004
  Colonial Williamsburg for The Language of Clothing

2005
 Mark Twain House for "Modesty Died When Clothes Were Born": Costume in the Life and Literature of Mark Twain

2006
 No award was given for this year

2007
 Yeshiva University Museum for A Perfect Fit: The Garment Industry and American Jewry 1860-1960

2008
 Kent State University Museum for a series of exhibitions comprising The Age of Nudity; Hair: The Rise of Individuality, 1790-1840; and  Fashion on the Ohio Frontier: 1790-1840.
 Metropolitan Museum of Art for Poiret: King of Fashion

2009
 McCord Museum for Reveal or Conceal?

2010
 Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising Museum, for High Style: Betsey Bloomingdale and The Haute Couture.

2011
 Metropolitan Museum of Art for American Woman: Fashioning a National Identity
 The Museum at FIT for Eco-Fashion: Going Green
 A Certificate of Commendation was awarded to the University of Alberta for In Mother's Hood: Inuit Packing Dolls of Taloyoak

2012
 No award was given for this year

2013
 Two Certificates of Commendation were awarded, one to the Design Exchange in Toronto, Canada, for 60 Years Designing the Ballet; the other to the Western Reserve Historical Society of Cleveland, Ohio, for Tying The Knot.

References

External links
15 exhibition catalogs curated by Richard Martin from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, fully available online as PDFs
BOMB Magazine Interview with Richard Martin by Julian Burt (Winter, 1989)

1947 births
1999 deaths
American art curators
People associated with the Metropolitan Museum of Art
American art historians
Fashion Institute of Technology faculty
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Fashion historians
20th-century American male writers

Richard Martin (curator)


The Cambrian Railways owned  of track over a large area of mid-Wales. The system was made from a number of earlier railways. The Cambrian connected with two of the larger railways to give connections to England. These were:
 London and North Western Railway for connections to North West England
 Great Western Railway for connections to London

The Cambrian Railways amalgamated with the Great Western Railway on 1 January 1922 as a result of the Railways Act 1921. The name is continued today in the route known as the Cambrian Line.

Rail transport in Wales

Cambrian Railways


Maia is the goddess of the fields in Greek mythology. She is the oldest of the Pleiades.  She is also the most beautiful and the shyest.

The Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione. Maia and her sisters were all born on Mount Cyllene, which is in Arcadia.

Maia was the mother of Hermes by Zeus, who is another god. She gave birth to Hermes in a cave in Arcadia. After Maia gave birth to Hermes she wrapped him in blankets and then went to sleep. When she woke up, Hermes had crawled away to Thessaly and had invented the lyre and stole some of Apollo's cattle.

Maia also looked after Arkas when Hera had turned his mother, Kallisto, into a bear.

Related pages
Pleiades (mythology)

Nymphs

Maia


James Costigan (March 31, 1926 – December 19, 2007) was an American television actor and Emmy Award-winning television screenwriter. His writing credits include the television movies Eleanor and Franklin and Love Among the Ruins.

Early life
Costigan was born on March 31, 1926, in East Los Angeles, where his parents owned and operated a hardware store. He first achieved some level of success in the 1950s, when he came to write for television anthology series, such as Studio One and Kraft Television Theatre.

Career
Costigan won his first Emmy for original teleplay in 1959 for Little Moon of Alban, a segment which appeared as part of the Hallmark Hall of Fame. He earned a second Emmy nomination in 1959 for his script adaptation of The Turn of the Screw. He did not win, but Ingrid Bergman won an Emmy for her performance in The Turn of the Screw. He increasingly began writing for the stage as the format of television began to change. His Broadway credits included Baby Want a Kiss, a 1964 comedy which starred Joanne Woodward and Paul Newman.

He returned to screenwriting for television in the early 1970s. His 1970s work included A War of Children, written in 1972, which was about two families, one Roman Catholic and one Protestant, in Northern Ireland, whose long time friendship is threatened by sectarian violence.

He won a second Emmy Award for Love Among the Ruins, a 1975 television movie set in Edwardian England, which starred Katharine Hepburn and Laurence Olivier. His third Emmy win was for Eleanor and Franklin (1976), a two-part, four-hour television drama focusing on the lives of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt.

Death
James Costigan died on December 19, 2007, aged 81, at his home in Bainbridge Island, Washington, of heart failure.

References

External links

New York Times: James Costigan, Writer of Prestige TV, Is Dead, nytimes.com, January 5, 2008.
 Los Angeles Times:James Costigan, 81; won Emmys for writing TV movies, latimes.com; accessed October 26, 2016.

1926 births
2007 deaths
American television writers
American male television writers
American male television actors
Male actors from Los Angeles
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Writers from Los Angeles
Screenwriters from California
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American male writers

James Costigan


Social capital is the willingness of people to help each other.

It often replaces money which people would use to buy the same help.

Society works best when there is plenty of social capital. The less social capital there is, the more social problems there usually are. If there is no social capital, war and revolution often results.

People who have no money and cannot get help from society may have to agree to do things they do not want to do, or force others to do things they do not want to.  Organized crime grows in this way, and so do forced labour and slavery.

Most ways of measuring social capital have to do with trust - people who trust that favours and help will be available when they need it will favour and help others more.  Those who are seen as trying to get a free ride will get much less help.  A social climber tries to earn social capital by making friends with those who have it but without actually helping.  Some call this kind of person a social parasite. They are very hard to detect, unlike people who cheat or commit fraud. When there are too many of these kinds of people, especially when they are politicians, people begin to mistrust their government.  Rather than work with a political party to change law, they may start to look for direct revenge for things.

Social capital is a lot like real capital. The more money a person or a society has, the easier it is to do things and the better off people are. The less money, the more difficult things become and the worse people feel.

Related pages
Human capital
Social status

Other websites

The Social Capital Foundation

Social sciences
Economics

Social capital


Peter Handford (21 March 1919 – 6 November 2007) was an English location sound recordist. He is considered a master and pioneer of this area of sound recording.

Life and work
Born into a vicarage family at Four Elms in Kent, England, Handford began work in 1936 with London Films at Denham as a trainee sound recordist. He honed his sound recording skills during the D-Day landings, where he served with the Army Film Unit of the British Expeditionary Force. His first screen credit was on Black Magic (1949) and in the same year he recorded Under Capricorn for Alfred Hitchcock. In 1972, Hitchcock sought him out to work on Frenzy.

Handford pioneered the use of original synchronous sound recording for film director David Lean on Summertime (also known as Summer Madness, 1955) which was shot on location in Venice, and developed the technique during the British New Wave cinema movement, working on films such as Room at the Top (1959), The Entertainer, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, Sons and Lovers (all 1960), Billy Liar, Tom Jones (both 1963), Oh! What a Lovely War (1969) and on The Go-Between (1971) and other films for Joseph Losey.

He also worked on the 1970s railway-based Murder on the Orient Express (1974) and The Lady Vanishes (1979), on both of which radio microphones were extensively used. Later he went into semi-retirement, working as a freelancer for Anglia Television, but was recalled to the film business by Sydney Pollack for the location sound required on Out of Africa (1985), for which he was awarded the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing and also a BAFTA. On this film he worked along with Chris Jenkins, Gary Alexander, and Larry Stensvold.

Handford went on to work on Dangerous Liaisons, Gorillas in the Mist (both 1988) and White Hunter Black Heart (1990). His last film was Havana (also 1990). Following his death in 2007, Peter's ashes were scattered at the site of Steele Road railway station on the former Waverley Route.  He had spent days and nights at this remote location making some of his most well known steam locomotive recordings.

Transacord
Handford was also known for his recordings of steam locomotives in the 1950s and 1960s, during the last days of steam railways in Britain. These were issued on the Transacord label between 1955 and 1961, at which point a deal was struck with Argo, by then part of Decca, for whom many new recordings were made under the "Argo Transacord" title. In 1980, Argo was phased out by (British) Decca's new owners, PolyGram and Argo's owner, Harley Usill, started a new label, ASV, on which new and reissued Transacord LPs were released in the early to late 1980s. The first CD was released in 1987 with others following in the 1990s. ASV is now part of the Sanctuary Group (itself now owned by Universal) and Transacord recordings remained on catalogue on CD into the late 1990s, with some still readily available until comparatively recently (as at 2011). The majority of the CD tracks were later made available as digital downloads. However, the copyright in Transacord's recordings reverted from Universal to Transacord on 1 September 2011 at which point the digital downloads were made unavailable. Transacord is currently looking at making both CDs and digital downloads available again, possibly via the National Railway Museum, which organisation holds Peter Handford's original tape recordings and other materials from Handford's private collections.

Transacord's records are listed in Jim Palm's Railways on Record book from the early 1980s (though the book does not include information on the many non-British or non-railway recordings released by Transacord). A partial discography is also included in Peter Handford's 1980 autobiography, Sounds of Railways and Their Recording – unfortunately this does not include the records released by Argo during the 1960s on their (Z)DA catalogue sequence and misses some later recordings out as well. However, 2011 saw the publication of Transacord: Sounds of Steam and other Transports of Delight. The book was written with major input from both Transacord and the National Railway Museum and includes a history of the label plus the most comprehensive discography of UK releases ever made available.

Family
His second marriage was to actress Helen Fraser whom he first met on location for Billy Liar. He died 6 November 2007, at Wickham Skeith, Suffolk.

References

External links

 Discography of steam locomotive recordings
 Transacord: Sounds of Steam
Peter Handford Archive

1919 births
2007 deaths
People from Hever, Kent
English audio engineers
Best Sound Mixing Academy Award winners
Best Sound BAFTA Award winners

Peter Handford


Mistilteinn ("Mistletoe"), also known as Misteltein or Mystletainn, is Hrómundr Gripsson's sword in Hrómundar saga Gripssonar, a legendary saga from Iceland.

Mistilteinn first belonged to Þráinn, who had been king in Valland before he retired in his burial mound with his wealth.

The Danish king Óláfr and his men, among whom Hrómundr Gripsson, learnt about that and found the barrow. Þráinn, who had become a draugr (living dead), was sitting inside. No one but Hrómundr dared to enter. After a long and fierce fight, he defeated Þráinn and took his treasure, especially his sword, with which Þráinn had killed four hundred and twenty men, including the Swedish king Semingr.

Hrómundr used Mistilteinn during the battle between Óláfr and two Swedish kings both named Haldingr. He killed Helgi inn frækni (the Valiant), who had slain his brothers. He then lost Mistilteinn in the water out of witchcraft. He deeply felt this loss but soon recovered his sword, which was found in the stomach of a pike. But Mistilteinn was of no help when he fought king Haldingr, whom he eventually killed with a club.

References

Baldr
European swords
European weapons
Medieval European swords
Mythological Norse weapons
Mythological swords
Viking swords

Mistilteinn


Strabane (Irish: An Srath Ban) is a town in the west of County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. The town lies just east of the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland with the town of Lifford, County Donegal, across the River Foyle to the west. Strabane is the second-largest town in the county. It stands roughly half-way between Omagh and Derry and roughly half-way between Omagh and Letterkenny and has a population of 17,000 people. Lifford Bridge connects Strabane with Lifford. The River Mourne flows through the centre of the town, and meets the River Finn to form the River Foyle.

Towns in Northern Ireland

Strabane


Gian Francesco de Majo (24 March 1732 – 17 November 1770) was an Italian composer. He is best known for his more than 20 operas. He also composed a considerable amount of sacred works, including oratorios, cantatas, and masses.

Life and career
Born in Naples, Majo was the son of composer Giuseppe de Majo. He began his musical education with his father and then studied with his uncle Gennaro Manna and his great uncle Francesco Feo. At the age of 13 he became the harpsichordist at the royal chapel in Naples and at 15 began helping his father with his duties there as maestro di cappella. In 1758 he was made second organist at the royal chapel. On 7 February 1759 his first opera, Ricimero, re dei goti, premiered in Parma. This was soon followed by a series of successful operas mounted in Naples.

In 1761 and 1763 Majo traveled to Northern Italy, where he presented several of his compositions and studied for a short period with Giovanni Battista Martini. After a short time in Naples, he went to the court in Vienna, where he was commissioned to write the opera Alcide negli orti esperidi for the coronation of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. He then spent some time in Mannheim and Madrid before returning to Italy in 1765.

Majo continued to work as an organist at the royal chapel in Naples, ultimately succeeding his father as maestro di cappella in 1767. Having contracted tuberculosis in 1760, Majo ultimately succumbed to the disease and died of it ten years later.

Works
Ricimero, re dei goti (1759) Parma
Cajo Fabrizio (1760) Naples
Astrea placata (1760) Naples
Almeria (1761) Livorno
Artaserse (1762) Venice
Catone in Utica (1762) Turin
Demofoonte (1763) Rome
Alcide negli orti esperidi (1764) Vienna
Ifigenia in Tauride (Majo) (1764) Mannheim
Montezuma (1765) Turin
La costanza fortunata (La constancia dichosa) (1765) Madrid
Alessandro (nell'Indie) (1765) Mannheim
Antigono (1767) Venice
Antigona (1768) Rome
Ipermestra (1768) Naples
Adriano in Siria (1769) Rome
Didone abbandonata (1770) Venice
Eumene (1st act) (1771) Naples

References

External links

1732 births
1770 deaths
18th-century Italian male musicians
Italian Classical-period composers
Neapolitan school composers
18th-century Italian composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers

Gian Francesco de Majo


Edward VIII (born Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972) was King of the United Kingdom, from 20 January 1936 until 11 December 1936. He was born at White Lodge, Richmond Park in London.

Edward abdicated (resigned) from the throne, because he wanted to marry the American woman Wallis Simpson. Simpson had been married twice before. As King, he was Head of the Church of England, and the Church did not support divorce. After abdicating as king, he was known as His Royal Highness the Duke of Windsor. His wife was not allowed to be called "Her Royal Highness".

Early life
Edward, commonly known by those close to him as David, was born as the first son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, later King George V and Queen Mary. As a young man, he disliked his royal duties, but his charisma made him popular with the British people. Edward was officially invested as Prince of Wales in a ceremony at Caernarvon Castle on 13 July 1911 and was even tutored by the future Prime Minister David Lloyd George to speak a few words of Welsh.

At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the twenty-year-old Edward was keen to participate. He witnessed trench warfare at first-hand and attempted to visit the front line as often as possible, but he did not experience as much hardship and misery as ordinary British soldiers.

Edward undertook a military flight in 1918 and gained a pilot's licence later. Throughout the 1920s, Edward represented his father, King George V, at home and abroad on many occasions. His popularity was at its greatest peak in that decade and gained him much public and media attention.

However, his increasing womanising and reckless behaviour in the 1920s and the 1930s worried Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin and his hardworking, strict father, King George V. Edward was also uninterested with royal duties and disliked the British establishment. George V was disappointed by Edward's failure to settle down in life and was furious with his many affairs with married women, and he was reluctant to see him inherit the Crown. George V preferred his son Albert (later King George VI), a family man who was loyal to his beloved wife.

Edward had a string of relationships with married women including Freda Dudley Ward and Lady Furness, the American wife of a British peer, who later introduced him to Wallis Simpson. She was an American who had been twice divorced. Edward later became Wallis Simpson's lover.

That further weakened his poor relationship with his father, who stated, "After I am dead," George said, "the boy will ruin himself in 12 months".

Reign
After months of ill health, King George V died on 20 January 1936. His son became King Edward VIII and watched the announcement of his new role from a window of St James's Palace with his lover, Wallis. After only a few weeks, Edward began to cause unease in government circles with actions that were seen as too political. He did not work hard as king and was not careful about important state papers. Far from working, in August and September, Edward and Wallis simply sailed around the Mediterranean on a luxury steam yacht.

On 16 November 1936, Edward invited British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace and expressed his plans to marry Wallis Simpson after her divorce. Baldwin was unhappy about that and informed him that his subjects would see it as morally unacceptable, because remarriage after divorce was opposed by the Church of England, which Edward was the formal head, and the people did not like Wallis. Edward knew that the government, led by Baldwin, would resign if the marriage went ahead. That action could have led to a general election and would ruin Edward's status as a politically-neutral monarch. That would be disastrous for the Royal Family and damage the nation.

As a result, he chose to abdicate in December of that year and married Wallis later in 1937. His brother, Prince Albert, Duke of York, became King George VI.

Duke of Windsor and later life

After his abdication, he was given the title Duke of Windsor. He married Simpson in France on 3 June 1937. His brother and mother did not attend the ceremony. Many people became alarmed with what they thought was Edward's pro German stance. Some even said that he favoured German fascism. Hitler considered Edward to be friendly towards Nazi Germany. Even in the 1960s, Edward privately said to a friend, Lord Kinross, "I never thought Hitler was such a bad chap". The Duke and Duchess visited Nazi Germany, against the advice of the British government, and they met Adolf Hitler at his private retreat. During the visit, the Duke gave full Nazi salutes, causing anger in Britain. At the start of the Second World War, the Nazis plotted to persuade the Duke to support the Nazi effort and planned to kidnap him. Lord Caldecote warned Winston Churchill that "[the Duke] is well-known to be pro-Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue". More problems arose when Edward gave a "defeatist" interview, which angered Churchill even more.

After the war, the Duke and Duchess became celebrities and hosted parties and lived between Paris and New York. In the 1960s, the Duke's health became worse. Because he was a heavy smoker from an early age, he had throat cancer. On 28 May 1972, the Duke died at his home in Paris, less than a month before his 78th birthday. Wallis Simpson was not strong. She suffered from dementia and died 14 years later. The coffin was buried in the Royal Burial Ground behind the Royal Mausoleum of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Frogmore.

Titles and styles
 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1898: His Highness Prince Edward of York
 28 May 1898 – 22 January 1901: His Royal Highness Prince Edward of York
 22 January – 9 November 1901: His Royal Highness Prince Edward of Cornwall and York
 9 November 1901 – 6 May 1910: His Royal Highness Prince Edward of Wales
 6 May – 23 June 1910: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall
 23 June 1910 – 20 January 1936: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
 in Scotland: 1910–1936: His Royal Highness The Prince Edward, Duke of Rothesay
 20 January – 11 December 1936: His Majesty The King
 and, occasionally, outside the United Kingdom, and with regard to India: His Imperial Majesty The King-Emperor
 11 December 1936 – 8 March 1937: His Royal Highness The Prince Edward
 8 March 1937 – 28 May 1972: His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor
 Edward began use of the title immediately upon abdication, in accordance with George VI's declaration to his Accession Council, but several months passed before the title was formalised by Letters Patent.

His full style as king was "His Majesty, Edward the Eighth, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland, and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India".

References

1894 births
1972 deaths
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Thistle
People from Surrey
United Kingdom Dukes
World record holders
Deaths from laryngeal cancer

Edward VIII


Sepia Mutiny was a blog and discussion forum, initially conceived by a group of mostly second generation Indian American students and young professionals in August 2004. The site had had an exponential growth rate and according to its FAQ, as of May 2007 had amassed over five million readers since inception. The majority of the posts on the site were authored by its founding bloggers, though many posts were also authored by "regular contributors." The site also functioned as a public forum on South Asian issues and boasted a wide range of commenters hailing from diverse geographic locations, although predominantly the United States and England. On March 15, 2012, the site announced its closure starting April 1, 2012, citing diversified evolution of blogosphere and personal engagements of its writers as reasons for shutting down.

The title is a pun on the Sepoy Mutiny, or First War of Indian Independence in 1857, a violent widespread movement by sepoys against the British Raj during the latter's imperialist rule in India. Sepia, a shade of brown, was intended as a tongue-in-cheek reference to the tone of South Asian skin.

Social context

Sepia Mutiny discussed issues facing first and second generation immigrants from the Indian subcontinent. The goal of the site was in effect to capture the position of the Indian-American diaspora as it emigrates to foreign nations and primarily North America. Sepia Mutiny had become a focal point of discussion for Desis on the Internet in the United States and, to some extent, other parts of the South Asian diaspora.

Sepia Mutiny's emergence was part of the increase in mainstream diasporic Desi writing and creative arts outside the traditional genres — the effects of which can be seen in Indian subcontinent and spills over to the America, Canada, and the United Kingdom, given the presence of Desis. A similar trend was seen at sites like Badmash, an online comic that gained notice for its Amitabh for President campaign, South Asian magazines such as ABCDlady, as well as the greater prominence of Bollywood films in the United States. Crossovers movies such as Bride and Prejudice, Bollywood/Hollywood and Monsoon Wedding have helped the western audience understand the desi culture.  The blog also addressed the growing prominence of South Asian Americans like Bobby Jindal, Russell Peters, Sanjay Gupta, Neel Kashkari and Kal Penn, among others, as they enter the mainstream of American culture.

South Asians and American politics

Part of the focus of Sepia Mutiny was to bring attention to the expanding involvement of South Asian Americans as a political body in the United States, especially in the 2004 and 2006 congressional and presidential elections. A lot of attention was given to the controversy surrounding Virginia United States Senate election, 2006, a scandal that erupted due to comments by former Republican Senator for Virginia, George Allen, in which he used the word macaca to refer to S.R. Sidarth, an Indian American aide working for his opponent's Senatorial campaign. Sepia Mutiny also drew attention to other public figures in America who have used racial slurs against Indians in the past such as Vice-President Joe Biden and major radio personalities in Philadelphia and New York City.

The bloggers at Sepia Mutiny often focused on the emergence of Indian-Americans in the Western political structure. The site served as fertile ground for discussion regarding the actions of these politicians in the United States, ranging from Bobby Jindal to Nikki Haley to Shahid Malik.

Violence against South Asians

Another focus of the blog had been to highlight violence against South Asians — a phenomenon which has become more common since the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center. The site, however, broadened its awareness of violence beyond simple hate crimes. The recent tragedy at Virginia Tech was discussed from a South Asian perspective with posts about South Asian shooting victims Professor G. V. Loganathan and student Minal "Minu" Panchal, victims the mainstream media failed to talk in depth about. They also were one of the few media sources that addressed the recent assault of a young Indian American National Lawyer's Guild observer Sanjukta Paul during the Los Angeles May Day Mêlée at MacArthur Park by a member of the Los Angeles Police Department.

South Asian literature, music, and the arts

In the spring and summer of 2006, a number of Sepia Mutiny posts debated the allegations of plagiarism in Kaavya Viswanathan's novel, How Opal Mehta Got Kissed, Got Wild, and Got a Life. Posts related to Viswanathan were widely cited by other blogs and the mass-media, including The New York Times and The Washington Post. The site has also highlighted South Asian authors that have come to attention in the United States and abroad, including Booker Prize winners Salman Rushdie and Kiran Desai, and Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Jhumpa Lahiri.

There was considerable discussion about South Asians in the music industry, ranging from recent Bollywood soundtracks to mainstream Western musicians, such as recent American Idol contestant Sanjaya Malakar. The site also provides coverage of the long history in the music industry of fusing Eastern and Western styles of music, as can be seen through the work of artists like Panjabi MC, Raghav, and Talvin Singh, and unique new niche genres such as Desi Ska and Hindu Rock.

In addition Indian American film and television were highlighted on the blog. Be it mainstream releases to American audiences like Harold and Kumar, Salaam Bombay, and the Elements Trilogy, or lesser known work such as the cult-classic American Desi, Sepia Mutiny bloggers covered it.

South Asian Americans and the Indian subcontinent

In addition to being aware of issues faced by South Asians outside of India, Sepia Mutiny was also cognizant of current events within the subcontinent as well. Many posts discuss current events in India, including controversial topics such as terrorism, communal tensions, AIDS, and even the rapid evolution of the Bollywood film industry. Sepia Mutiny's comprehensive international awareness served to highlight that the changing South Asian culture in the Western world is often mirrored by reciprocal evolution on the Indian subcontinent itself.

References

External links

Internet properties established in 2004
Asian-American issues
Asian-American mass media
Indian-American culture
South Asian American organizations
American political blogs
American political websites
2008 Democratic National Convention

Sepia Mutiny


In number theory a Carmichael number is a composite positive integer , which satisfies the congruence  for all integers  which are relatively prime to . Being relatively prime means that they do not have common divisors, other than 1. Such numbers are named after Robert Carmichael.

All prime numbers  satisfy  for all integers  which are relatively prime to . This has been proven by the famous mathematician Pierre de Fermat. In most cases if a number  is composite, it does not satisfy this congruence equation. So, there exist not so many Carmichael numbers. We can say that Carmichael numbers are composite numbers that behave a little bit like they would be a prime number.

Number theory
Integer sequences

Carmichael number


A council area in Scotland is an area made for local government. There is a total of 32 council areas in Scotland. They are all governed by unitary authorities called "councils". The council areas were created on 1 April 1996, under the provisions of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994. The Act calls them local authority areas but most people call them council areas.

The council areas have the option of being known as a  when choosing to go by a Gaelic name. However, only Comhairle Nan Eilean Siar (Council of the Western Isles) has chosen this option, while the Highland Council (Comhairle na Gaidhealtachd) uses both an English name and a Gaelic name.

References

Council areas of Scotland


Nucleosynthesis is the physical process where lighter elements are changed into heavier elements. This usually happens in the center of a star, both during its life and especially during its violent death. It is also thought that this happened at the beginning of the universe, in the big bang.

Related pages
Stellar nucleosynthesis
Big Bang nucleosynthesis

Astrophysics
Nuclear physics

Nucleosynthesis


This is a list of cities, towns, villages and hamlets in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England.  Places highlighted in bold type are towns and cities.

A
Abbas Combe, Abbey Hill, Abbots Leigh, Adsborough, Adscombe, Aisholt, Alcombe, Alder Row, Aley, Alford, Alhampton, Aller, Allerford, Allowenshay, Alston Sutton, Alstone,  Alvington, Amesbury, Ammerham, Andersea, Andersfield, Angersleigh, Ansford, Appley, Ash, Taunton Deane, Ash, South Somerset, Ash Priors, Ashbeer, Ashbrittle, Ashcott, Ashcott Corner, Ashill, Ashington, Ashton, Ashwell, Ashwick, Asney, Athelney, Atherstone, Axbridge

B

Babcary, Babington,  Backwell, Badger Street, Badgeworth, Bagborough,  Bagley, Bagley Green, Baltonsborough, Bankland, Banwell, Bare Ash, Barlake, Barle, Barrington, Barrow, Barrow Gurney, Barton St David, Barwick, Batcombe, Bath, Bathampton, Bathealton, Batheaston, Bathford, Bathpool, Bathway,  Battleton, Bawdrip, Beam Bridge, Beardly Batch, Beckery, Beckington, Beercrocombe, Beggearn Huish, Belluton, Benter, Berhill, Berkley, Berrow, Bickenhall, Bickham, Bicknoller, Bilbrook, Binegar, Bishop Sutton, Bishops Hull, Bishops Lydeard, Blackford,  Blagdon, Blatchbridge, Bleadon, Blue Anchor, Bodden, Bonson, Bossington, Bourne, Bowdens, Bowlish, Bradford-on-Tone, Bradley Cross, Bradney, Brandish Street, Bratton, Bratton Seymour, Breach, Brean, Brent Knoll, Brewham, Bridgehampton, Bridgetown, Bridgwater, Broadway, Brockley, Brompton Ralph, Brompton Regis, Broomfield, Brushford, Bruton, Brympton, Buckland Dinham, Buckland St Mary, Burcott, Burlinch, Burnham-on-Sea, Burnett, Burnworthy, Burrington, Burrowbridge, Burtle, Burton Pynsent, Bury, Buscott, Bussex, Butcombe, Butleigh

C
Cad Green, Cameley, Camerton, Cannard's Grave, Cannington, Carhampton, Cary Fitzpaine, Castle Cary, Catcott, Chaffcombe, Chantry, Chapel Allerton, Chapel Cleeve, Chard, Charlcombe, Charlinch, Charlton Adam, Charlton Horethorne, Charlton Mackrell, Charlton Musgrove, Charterhouse, Cheddar, Cheddon Fitzpaine, Chedzoy, Chelvey, Chelwood, Chesterblade, Chew Magna, Chew Stoke, Chewton Keynsham, Chewton Mendip, Chilcompton, Chillington, Chilthorne Domer, Chilton Cantelo, Chilton Polden, Chilton Trinity, Chipstable, Chiselborough, Christon, Churchill, Churchstanton, Churchtown, Clandown, Clapton, Somerset, Clapton, South Somerset, Clapton in Gordano, Clatworthy, Claverham, Claverton, Cleeve, Clevedon, Cloford, Closworth, Clutton, Cole, Coleford, Combe, Combe Down, Combe Florey, Combe Hay, Combe St Nicholas, Combe Throop, Combwich, Comeytrowe, Compton Bishop, Compton Dando, Compton Dundon, Compton Martin, Compton Pauncefoot, Congresbury, Corfe, Corston, Corton Denham, Cossington, Cote, Cotford St Luke, Cothelstone, Coxbridge, Coxley, Cranmore, Creech St Michael, Crewkerne, Cricket Malherbie, Cricket St Thomas, Croscombe, Cross, Crowcombe, Crowcombe Heathfield, Cucklington, Cudworth, Culbone, Curland, Curry Mallet, Curry Rivel, Cutcombe

D
Dean, Dinder, Dinnington, Ditcheat, Doniford, Donyatt, Doulting, Dowlish Wake, Downhead, Downside, Draycott, Drayton, Dulcote, Dulverton, Dunball, Dundry, Dunkerton, Dunster, Durleigh, Durston

E
Earnshill and Hambridge, East Brent, East Chinnock, East Coker, Eastcombe, Mendip, Eastcombe, Taunton Deane, East Compton, East Cranmore, East Harptree, East Horrington, East Huntspill, East Lambrook, East Lydford, East Lyng, Easton, Easton in Gordano, Eastover, East Pennard, East Quantoxhead,    East Woodlands, Edington, Edingworth, Elworthy, Emborough, Englishcombe, Enmore, Escott, Evercreech, Exford, Exton

F
Failand, Farleigh Hungerford, Farmborough, Farrington Gurney, Faulkland, Felton, Fiddington, Fitzhead, Fivehead, Flax Bourton, Flaxpool, Forton, Foxcote, Freshford, Friary, Frome, Fulford

G
Galhampton, Glastonbury, Goathurst, Godney, Golsoncott, Gordano, Great Elm, Greinton

H
Halse, Halsway, Hambridge, Hapsford, Hardington, Hardington Mandeville, Hare, Haselbury Plucknett, Hatch Beauchamp, Hawkridge, Heathfield, Hemington, Henley, Henstridge, Henton, High Ham, High Littleton, Highbridge, Higher Vexford, Hillcommon, Hillfarrance, Hinton Blewett, Hinton Charterhouse, Hinton St George, Hoccombe, Holbrook, Holcombe, Holford, Holton, Holway, Holwell, Holywell Lake, Hornblotton, Horner, Horsey, Horsington, Horton, Houndstone, Huish Champflower, Huish Episcopi, Huntspill, Hunstrete, Huntworth, Hurst, Hutton, Huxham Green

I
Ilchester, Ilford, Ilminster, Ilton, Isle Abbots, Isle Brewers

K
Keinton Mandeville, Kelston, Kenn, Kewstoke, Keynsham, Kilmersdon, Kilton, Kilve, Kingsbridge, Kingsbury Episcopi, Kingsbury Regis, Kingsdon, Kingston Bridge, Kingston Seymour, Kingston St Mary, Kingstone, Kingweston, Kingswood, Kittisford, Knowle St Giles

L
Lawford, Lamyatt, Langford Budville, Langport, Langridge, Laverton, Leighland Chapel, Leigh-on-Mendip, Lilstock, Limington, Littleton, Litton, Locking, Long Ashton, Long Load, Long Sutton, Lopen, Lottisham, Lovington, Lower Vellow, Lower Vexford, Lower Weacombe, Lower Whatley, Loxton, Luccombe, Lufton, Lullington, Lulsgate, Luxborough, Lydeard St Lawrence, Lydford-on-Fosse, Lynch, Lyncombe, Lympsham, Lyng, Lytes Cary

M
Maiden Head, Malmsmead, Maperton, Mark, Marksbury, Marston Bigot, Marston Magna, Martock, Maundown, Meare, Mells, Merriott, Middle Chinnock, Middlezoy, Midford, Midsomer Norton, Milborne Port, Milborne Wick, Milton Clevedon, Milverton, Minehead, Misterton, Monksilver, Monkton Combe, Montacute, Moorlinch, Muchelney, Mudford, Mudford Sock

N
Nailsea, Nempnett Thrubwell, Nether Stowey, Nettlebridge, Nettlecombe, Newton St Loe, North Barrow, North Bradon, North Cadbury, North Cheriton, North Curry, Northover, North Newton, North Perrott, North Petherton, North Stoke, North Weston, North Wootton, Northmoor Green, Norton Fitzwarren, Norton Malreward, Norton St Philip, Norton Sub Hamdon, Nunney, Nyland, Nynehead

O
Oake, Oakhill, Oare, Oareford, Oath, Odcombe, Old Cleeve, Oldmixon, Orchardleigh, Orchard Portman, Orchard Wyndham, Othery, Otterford, Otterhampton, Over Stowey

P
Parbrook, Pathe, Paulton, Pawlett, Peasedown St John, Peasmarsh, Pendomer, Penselwood, Pensford, Pibsbury, Pill, Pilton, Pitcombe, Pitminster, Pitney, Podimore, Polsham, Pooltown, Porlock, Portbury, Portishead, Prestleigh, Preston, Preston Bowyer, Preston Plucknett, Priddy, Priston, Publow, Puckington, Puriton, Purtington, Puxton, Pyleigh, Pylle

Q
Queen Camel, Queen Charlton

R
Rackley, Raddington, Radstock, Redhill, Redlynch, Regil, Rimpton, Roadwater, Rockwell Green, Rode, Rodney Stoke, Rooks Bridge, Rowberrow, Rudge, Ruishton, Runnington

S
Saltford, Sampford Arundel, Sampford Brett, Sandford, Seavington St Mary, Seavington St Michael, Selwood, Selworthy, Shalford, Shapwick, Sharpham, Sheepway, Shepton Beauchamp, Shepton Mallet, Shepton Montague, Shipham, Shoscombe, Simonsbath, Skilgate, Sock Dennis, Somerton, South Barrow, South Bradon, South Brent, South Cadbury, South Horrington, Southmarsh, South Petherton, Southstoke, Southway, Spargrove, Sparkford, Spaxton, Speckington, Stanton Drew, Stanton Prior, St Audries, St Catherine, St Cuthbert Out, St Decumans, St. Georges, Standerwick, Staple Fitzpaine, Staplegrove, Star, Stawell, Stawley, Steart, Stockland Bristol, Stocklinch, Stoford, Stogumber, Stogursey, Stoke Pero,  Stoke St Gregory, Stoke-sub-Hamdon, Stoke St Mary, Stoke St Michael, Stoke-sub-Hamdon, Stoke Trister, Ston Easton, Stone, Stoney Stratton, Stowey, Stratton-on-the-Fosse, Street, Stringston, Sutton Bingham, Sutton Mallett, Sutton Montis, Swainswick

T
Tadhill, Tarnock, Tatworth, Taunton, Tellisford, Temple Cloud, Templecombe, Theale, Thorne Coffin,  Thornfalcon, Thorne St Margaret, Thurlbear, Thurloxton, Tickenham, Timberscombe, Timsbury, Tintinhull, Tivington, Tolland, Torre, Treborough, Triscombe, Trudoxhill, Trull, Tunley, Twerton

U
Ubley, Uphill, Up Mudford, Upton, Upton Noble

V
Vellow, Vobster, Vole

W
Walcot, Walton, Walton in Gordano, Wambrook, Wanstrow, Washford, Watchet, Waterlip, Waterrow, Wayford, Weacombe, Weare, Wearne, Webbington, Wedmore, Wellington, Wellow, Wells, Wembdon, West Bagborough, West Bradley, West Buckland, West Camel, West Charlton, West Chinnock, West Coker, Westcombe (Batcombe), Westcombe (Somerton), West Compton, West Cranmore, West Crewkerne, Westfield, West Harptree, West Hatch, Westhay, Westholme, West Horrington, West Huntspill, West Lambrook, West Lyng, West Monkton, West Mudford, Westowe, West Pennard, Westport, West Quantoxhead, West Wick, Weston Bampfylde, Westbury-sub-Mendip, Weston in Gordano, Weston-super-Mare, Westonzoyland, West Woodlands, Whatley (Mendip), Whatley (South Somerset), Wheathill, Wheddon Cross, Whitchurch, White Ball, Whitelackington, Whitestaunton, Wick, Wick St. Lawrence, Willett, Williton, Wilton, Wincanton, Winford, Winscombe, Winsford, Winsham, Witham Friary, Withiel Florey, Withycombe, Withypool, Wiveliscombe, Woodford, Woodlands, Wookey, Wookey Hole, Woolavington, Woollard, Woolley, Woolmersdon, Woolminstone, Woolverton, Wootton Courtenay, Worle, Worminster, Wraxall, Wreath, Wrington, Writhlington, Wyke Champflower

Y
Yarde, Yarford, Yarley, Yarlington, Yarrow, Yatton, Yeabridge, Yenston, Yeovil,  Yeovilton

See also
List of settlements in Somerset by population
 List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset
 List of places in England

Somerset
Places

List of places in Somerset


In Welsh mythology, Arawn (; ) was the king of the otherworld realm of Annwn who appears prominently in the first branch of the Mabinogi, and alluded to in the fourth. In later tradition, the role of the king of Annwn was largely attributed to the Welsh psychopomp, Gwyn ap Nudd - meaning "white" (i.e. 'winter') a possible kenning for his true name. However, Arawn's memory is retained in a traditional saying found in an old Cardigan folktale:

Hir yw'r dydd  a hir yw'r nos, a hir yw aros Arawn  "Long is the day and long is the night, and long is the waiting of Arawn"

The name Arawn is possibly analogous to the continental theonym Arubianus.
Arawn's association with the hunt, hornes and the Otherworld has prompted some scholars to associate Arawn with the continental Gaulish god Cernunnos.

Role in Welsh tradition

The Four Branches

In the First Branch of the Mabinogi, Pwyll mistakenly stumbles into the realm of Annwn and finds white hounds with red ears feeding on a stag. Pwyll chases the hounds off, only to learn that the hounds belonged to Arawn, ruler of Annwn.  To pay for the misdeed, Arawn asks Pwyll to trade places with him for a year and a day and defeat Hafgan, Arawn's rival, at the end of this time, something Arawn has attempted but has been unable to do.  Arawn, meanwhile, takes Pwyll's place as lord of Dyfed. Arawn and Pwyll become good friends because when Pwyll wore Arawn's shape, he did not sleep with Arawn's wife.

A  friendship between the two realms is retained long after Pwyll's death; in the fourth branch, Pryderi, Pwyll's son and lord of Dyfed has received a gift of otherworldly pigs from Arawn. These pigs are eventually stolen by a Venedotian magician and trickster, Gwydion fab Don. Gwydion poses as a bard, and asks to be rewarded for his poems and music with the pigs Pryderi owned. According to Pryderi, he is still in a pact with Arawn and cannot give the pigs to anyone. Gwydion then tricks Pryderi into trading him the pigs (as that is allowed in the deal with Arawn), which eventually leads to Pryderi's invasion of Gwynedd. In the ensuing war, Gwydion kills Pryderi in single combat.

While Arawn is noticeably missing from the Second through Fourth branches of the Mabinogi, some scholars claim this is due to the missing portions of the original text and that Arawn and the events of the First Branch of the Mabinogi directly lead to the birth of Pwyll's son Pryderi. The reasoning behind the birth of Pryderi having been a result of Pwyll and Arawn's meeting  being missing from the original text is because while a quarter of the Mabinogi is spent talking about the mystical Otherworld of Annwn, but it is not mentioned in the other branches of the Mabinogi. Other scholars disagree with this idea, as many of these newer translations create more problems within the story and do not ground themselves in the Llyfr Gwyn, from which the Mabinogi was translated.

Influence within the Mabinogion

While Arawn is integral to the First Branch of the Mabinogi, his character seems to be more of a reinforcer of the lore behind Pwyll (and potentially Pryderi) than a character that directly impacts the story of the later Mabinogi Branches. The mysticism that is involved within the entirety of the Mabinogi is first shown when Arawn and Pwyll switch bodies for a year.

Other legends

In Welsh folklore, the Cŵn Annwn or "Hounds of Annwn" ride through the skies in autumn, winter, and early spring. The baying of the hounds was identified with the crying of wild geese as they migrate and the quarry of the hounds as wandering spirits, being chased to Annwn. However, Arawn himself is not referred to in these traditions. Later the myth was Christianised to describe the "capturing of human souls and the chasing of damned souls to Annwn", and Annwn was equated with the "Hell" of Christian tradition.

Some writers, notably Robert Graves, have written of an incident in which Amaethon steals a dog, lapwing and a white roebuck from Arawn, leading to the Cad Goddeu (Battle of the Trees), which Arawn lost to Amaethon and his brother, Gwydion. The standard text of 'Cad Goddeu' in the Book of Taliesin makes no mention of this, but the Welsh Triads records the Battle of Goddeu as one of the "Three Futile Battles of the Island of Britain...it was brought about by the cause of the bitch, together with the roebuck and the plover", while Lady Charlotte Guest notes in her Mabinogion an account in the Myvyrian Archaeology that the battle "was on account of a white roebuck and a whelp; and they came from Hell, and Amathaon ab Don brought them. And therefore Amathaon ab Don, and Arawn, King of Annwn (Hell), fought. And there was a man in that battle, unless his name were known he could not be overcome; and there was on the other side a woman called Achren, and unless her name were known her party could not be overcome. And Gwydion ab Don guessed the name of the man".

Influences on other literary works

In the Arthurian story Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the interplay of Gawain, his host Bertilak (who is actually The Green Knight), and Bertilak's wife are very similar to the events of Pwyll and Arawn's encounter. In this case, Arawn seems to have been used as a basis for Bertilak/The Green Knight, while Gawain was very similar to Pwyll. The parallel between the Green Knight and Arawn extends to the treatment of the "newcomer." In both stories the Knight/Arawn's wife tries to sleep with the newcomer, but both remain loyal to the Knight/Arawn. In both stories as a result of their faithfulness, the newcomer is rewarded with the favor of the Knight/Arawn.

The character of Arawn Death-Lord in the series The Chronicles of Prydain by Lloyd Alexander is based on King Arawn from the Mabinogi. However, many of the characters traits are altered within these books, as Arawn is depicted as an evil ruler. The stories still retain the idea that he is king of the Otherworld, and that he is in a struggle to take over the land from another king. In this story Arawn is defeated by his foes instead of taking over his kingdom like in the Mabinogi.

Name
A cleric of the Old Welsh name Araun witnessed two charters of 860 preserved in the Book of Llandaf. However, his association with the hunt has prompted some scholars to associate Arawn with the Gaulish god Cernunnos.

See also
 15810 Arawn, minor planet

References

Welsh gods
Welsh mythology
Mabinogion
Fictional kings

Arawn


Germaine Guèvremont, born Grignon (April 16, 1893 – August 21, 1968) was a Canadian writer, who was a prominent figure in Quebec literature.

Born in 1893 in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, she was educated in Quebec and Toronto, and worked as a journalist for women's magazines before marrying Hyacinthe "Hy" Guèvremont and moving with him to Sorel in 1916. She was a housewife for a number of years, but later returned to journalism as a writer for The Gazette and an editor for Le Courrier de Sorel. The Guèvremonts later moved to Montreal, where Germaine worked as a court stenographer during the Great Depression. She also began to publish short stories, which were compiled into her debut book, En pleine terre, in 1938.

She published the novel Le Survenant in 1945, followed by the sequel Marie-Didace in 1947. The Outlander, an English translation of her two novels in one volume, was published in 1950, and won the fiction prize in the 1950 Governor General's Awards. The book was also published in the United Kingdom under the title Monk's Reach. She did not publish any further novels, but continued to publish journalism and short stories as well as writing radio and television adaptations of her fiction works. She began to write her memoirs late in life, but completed only two chapters before her death in 1968.

She was the cousin of Claude-Henri Grignon, the author of Un Homme et son péché. Ironically, Guèvremont's novels are largely recognized as the last influential examples of romans du terroir, the traditionalist form of Quebec literature in the early 20th century, while Grignon's Un Homme broke with that tradition and is recognized as one of Quebec's first influential modernist novels.

Works
 En pleine terre (1942/1946)
 Le Survenant (1945)
 Marie-Didace (1947)
 The Outlander (1950; English translation of both Le Survenant and Marie-Didace in one volume)

Awards and honours
In addition to her Governor General's Award win, Le Survenant won the Prix David from the government of Quebec and the Prix Sully-Olivier de Serres from the Académie française. She was a member of the Académie des lettres du Québec, and was honored on a postage stamp by Canada Post in 1976.

Le Survenant was chosen for the 2010 edition of Première Chaîne's Le Combat des livres.

References

External links

  Archives of Germaine Guèvremont (Fonds Germaine Guèvremont, R12045) are held at Library and Archives Canada

1893 births
1968 deaths
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian screenwriters
Screenwriters from Quebec
20th-century Canadian short story writers
20th-century Canadian women writers
Canadian newspaper journalists
Canadian novelists in French
Canadian radio writers
Canadian short story writers in French
Canadian women journalists
Canadian women non-fiction writers
Canadian women novelists
Canadian women short story writers
Canadian women television writers
Journalists from Quebec
People from Saint-Jérôme
Governor General's Award-winning fiction writers
Women radio writers

Germaine Guèvremont


개발자 원천 증명(Developer Certificate of Origin, DCO)은 2004년 리눅스 재단이 SCO-리눅스 분쟁 이후 리눅스 커널에 쓰이는 소프트웨어용 제출 과정을 강화하기 위해 도입된 것이다.

DCO는 기여자 라이선스 동의(CLA)의 대안으로 종종 사용된다. 서명된 법적 계약인 DCO는 제출되는 소스 코드가 개발자로부터 기원하였다든지 개발자가 소스를 제출할 권한이 있음을 확증하는 것이다. DCO를 지지하는 사람들은 CLA에 의해 도입된 진입 장벽을 줄여준다고 주장한다.

예시
<nowiki>
Developer Certificate of Origin
Version 1.1

Copyright (C) 2004, 2006 The Linux Foundation and its contributors.
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Suite D4700
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1

By making a contribution to this project, I certify that:

(a) The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I
    have the right to submit it under the open source license
    indicated in the file; or

(b) The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best
    of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source
    license and I have the right under that license to submit that
    work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part
    by me, under the same open source license (unless I am
    permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated
    in the file; or

(c) The contribution was provided directly to me by some other
    person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified
    it.

(d) I understand and agree that this project and the contribution
    are public and that a record of the contribution (including all
    personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is
    maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with
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</nowiki>

각주

외부 링크
 Developer Certificate of Origin Legal Text

리눅스

개발자 원천 증명


The Midwestern United States (or Midwest) is a name for the north-central states of the United States of America. The Midwest is composed  of Nebraska, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin. Oklahoma and Kentucky are occasionally considered Midwestern, but this definitely is questioned by scholars, whom refer to those regions, along with Missouri to be border states - those consisting of southern and Midwestern traits. The word Midwest has been in common use since the late 19th century. Other names for the area are no longer used. These names include the "Northwest" or "Old Northwest", "Mid-America," or "the Heartland".

Geography
The land in the Midwest is generally thought of as consisting of rolling hills with some mountainous and flat regions like the Great Plains states. The far northern part of the Upper Mississippi valley is known as the Driftless Area, a region of very rugged hills centered primarily western Wisconsin, though the region includes small parts of northeast Iowa, Southeast Minnesota, and northwest Illinois. The Ocooch Mountains of Wisconsin contain the highest peaks in the Driftless Region. Also, the northern part of the Ozark mountain range is in southern Missouri. Prairies cover most of the states west of the Mississippi River, with buttes, rugged rocky areas, and hills in western North Dakota and South Dakota (Theodore Roosevelt National Park and Badlands National Park), and the foothills of the Rockies in western Kansas and Nebraska. Less rain falls in the western Midwest than in the eastern part. This causes different types of prairies. Most of the Midwest can now be called either "urban areas" or "agricultural areas". Areas in northern Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin, and the Ohio River valley are not very developed.

Chicago is the largest city in the region, followed by Detroit and Indianapolis. Some other important cities in the region are: Minneapolis-St. Paul, Cleveland, St. Louis, Kansas City, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Columbus, Des Moines, and Madison.

Culture
Midwesterners are sometimes viewed as open, friendly, and straightforward, or sometimes  as stubborn and uncultured. People view the Midwest as a very open place with lots of corn and wheat, very dry crops and sometimes simple people. Midwest values were shaped by religious beliefs and the agricultural values from the people who settled in the area. The Midwest today is a mix of Protestantism and Calvinism, untrusting of authority and power.

Between 19 and 29% of the Midwest is Catholic. 14% of the people in Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan, 22% in Missouri and 5% in Minnesota are Baptists. 22-24% of people in Wisconsin and Minnesota are Lutherans. 1% or less of the people in the Midwest are Jewish and Muslim, with slightly more Jewish or Muslim people in major cities, such as Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland. 16% of the Midwest's population do not follow any religion.

Because of 20th century African American migration from the South, many African Americans live in most of the area's large cities. However, there are still more African Americans living in the Southern United States than in the Midwest. The mix of industry and cultures in those cities led to new types of music in the 20th century in the Midwest, including jazz, blues, rock and roll. Jazz was invented in New Orleans, but started to develop and grow in Kansas City. Techno music came from Detroit and house music and blues came from Chicago.

Today the population of the Midwest is 65,971,974, or 22.2% of the total population of the United States.

Politics
Politics in the Midwest is divided, although if you include Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri and the Dakotas in it leans conservative. With some states leaning liberal and many others conservative. The Great Lakes area, which has more large cities than the rest of the Midwest, tends to be the most liberal area of the Midwest. However, the rural Great Plains states, are more conservative. Traditionally, the larger cities tend to lean to the left while those in the rural countryside lean farther right.

US Senate
As of 2020, in the Senate, Illinois, Michigan, and Minnesota are each represented by 2 Democrats. Ohio, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania are represented by 1 Democrat and 1 Republican each. The Dakotas, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa and Nebraska are all represented by 2 Republicans each. The final tally is 9 Democrats and 15 Republicans.

State Legislatures

As of 2020, Minnesota's is the only state legislature in the nation where 1 house is controlled by Republicans and the other by Democrats. Illinois´s is the only state legislature in the Midwest where both houses are controlled by Democrats; all the other states have Republican-controlled legislatures.

Accents
The accents of the Midwest are often clearly different from the accents of the South and many urban areas of the American Northeast. The accent of most of the Midwest is thought by many to be "standard" American English. Many national radio and television shows in the U.S. like this accent more than many other accents. This may have started because many television show hosts — such as Walter Cronkite, Johnny Carson, David Letterman, Tom Brokaw and Casey Kasem — came from this area.

In some parts of the Midwest, the accents are quite different from the "neutral" accent of the rest of the Midwest. These accents usually are because of the  of the area. For example, Minnesota, western Wisconsin and Michigan's Upper Peninsula have strong Scandinavian accents, which get stronger the farther north one goes. Many parts of Michigan have Dutch-flavored accents. Also, people from Chicago are known to have their own "" accent. The same is true of St. Louis. In the most southern parts of the Midwest, such as southern Indiana, Southern accents are common in addition to the standard Midwest accent. The same can be said of Southern Illinois, particularly below U.S. Highway 50 and south of St. Louis. Missouri is also an example of a Midwest state with southern culture. Missourians usually have either a Southern or Midwestern accent, or a combined dialect of both, but accents tend to be distinctly Southern in the Southeastern and Bootheel sections of the state.

References

Further reading
Buley, R. Carlyle. The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period 1815-1840 2 vol (1951), Pulitzer Prize
 Cayton, Andrew R. L. Midwest and the Nation (1990)
 Cayton, Andrew R. L. and Susan E. Gray, Eds. The American Midwest: Essays on Regional History. (2001)
 Frederick; John T. ed. Out of the Midwest: A Collection of Present-Day Writing (1944) literary excerpts
 Garland, John H. The North American Midwest: A Regional Geography (1955)
 Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896 (1971)
 Fred A. Shannon, "The Status of the Midwestern Farmer in 1900". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. Vol. 37, No. 3. (Dec., 1950), pp. 491–510. in JSTOR
 Richard Sisson, Christian Zacher, and Andrew Cayton, eds. The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (Indiana University Press, 2006), 1916 pp of articles by scholars on all topics covering the 12 states;
 Terre Haute Tribune-Star (West Central news daily)
 Meyer, David R. "Midwestern Industrialization and the American Manfucaturing Belt in the Nineteenth Century". Vol. 49, No. 4 (Dec., 1989) pp. 921–937. The Journal of Economic History, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2122744.

Other websites
Midwestern United States Holidays  - Travel guide
Gangs in the Midwestern United States 4

Census Regions of the United States

Midwestern United States


A pulley is a simple machine that is used to lift heavy objects. Block and tackle system is a modified form of a pulley. Pulleys are usually used in sets designed to make the amount of force needed to lift something smaller.A pulley may be simple, but this is used in complex things like elevators!

Types of pulleys
 Static A static or class 1 pulley has an axle that is "staticed" or is stationary, meaning that it cannot be moved.  A fixed pulley is used to redirect the force in a rope (called a belt when it goes in a full circle).  A fixed pulley has a mechanical advantage of 1. The static pulley has a wheel and an axle.
 Movable A movable or class 2 pulley has an axle that is "free" to move in space.  A movable pulley is used to transform forces.  A movable pulley has a mechanical advantage of 2.  That is, if one end of the rope is anchored, pulling on the other end of the rope will apply a doubled force to the objecT attached to the pulley.
 Compound A compound pulley is a combination fixed and movable pulley system.
 Block and tackle - A block and tackle is a compound pulley where several pulleys are mounted on each axle, further increasing the mechanical advantage.  Plutarch reported that Archimedes moved an entire warship, laden with men, using compound pulleys and his own strength.
Pulleys are useful in construction sites.

Mechanics
Tools

Pulley


Digital Audio Tape is a magnetic tape that permits to record audio. The recording is digital, its quality is similar to that of a compact disc. It was developed in the 1980s to replace the compact casette. Like tapes used for recording video, the tape can only be played in one direction, the "cassette" only has one side. It competed with Digital Compact Cassette (DCC), and the Minidisc. Unlike these however, it allows for an exact digital copy of the source; DCC and Minidisc use lossy data compression.

DAT tapes were also used to back up computer data in the 1990s and early 2000s. Most computer DAT drives will not read audio DAT tapes.

Magnetic tape

Digital Audio Tape


Edward Brewster Sheldon (Chicago, Illinois, February 4, 1886 – April 1, 1946, New York City) was an American dramatist. His plays include Salvation Nell (1908) and Romance (1913), which was made into a motion picture with Greta Garbo.

After becoming ill at age 29 with crippling rheumatoid arthritis, which eventually claimed his sight (around 1930), Sheldon became a source of emotional and creative support for his many friends, notably Minnie Maddern Fiske (he wrote Salvation Nell for her), Julia Marlowe, John Barrymore (his closest friend and confidante), Thornton Wilder, Alexander Woollcott, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Ruth Gordon, Helen Hayes. While in hospital his advice was received by those in the theatrical profession as gospel. Actress and librettist Dorothy Donnelly formed a close friendship with Sheldon, and after he became bedridden often assisted with transcribing, editing, and supporting his work.

In May 1915 Sheldon narrowly missed sailing on the Lusitania'''s infamous last voyage. He had been asked by theater impresario Charles Frohman to accompany him to England. A Harvard classmate of Sheldon's was getting married on May 11 and asked Sheldon to be best man. Sheldon then declined Frohman's offer.

A 1936 lawsuit against Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for copyright infringement claimed that the script MGM used for the 1932 motion picture Letty Lynton plagiarized material from the play Dishonored Lady by Sheldon and Margaret Ayer Barnes. After being heard before various courts, the case ended up before the Supreme Court of the United States as Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.; in 1940 the Supreme Court awarded a fifth of the profits. The film is still unavailable today because of this lawsuit.

His life is detailed in The Man Who Lived Twice by Eric Wollencott Barnes. In this biography Barnes states that Sheldon was in love all his adult life with Doris Keane, the actress who starred in Romance in 1913.

Works
 Salvation Nell (1908), made into the 1915, 1921, and 1931 motion pictures of the same name
 The Nigger (1909), made into the 1915 motion picture of the same name (aka The New Governor or The Mystery of Morrow's Rest) produced by William Fox
 The Boss (1911), made into the 1915 motion picture of the same name
 The High Road (1912), made into the 1915 motion picture of the same name
 Romance (1913), notable for its London run of 1,049 performances. Made into a 1920 silent film by United Artists starring Doris Keane, the actress who appeared in the role on stage. Also made into a 1930 motion picture starring Greta Garbo. Produced in New York as a musical, My Romance, with music by Sigmund Romberg and book and lyrics by Rowland Leigh, in 1948.
 The Song of Songs (1914), dramatization of the novel by Hermann Sudermann, made into films in 1918 (The Song of Songs), 1924 (Lily of the Dust), and in 1933 (The Song of Songs, starring Marlene Dietrich, Brian Aherne, and Lionel Atwill)
 The Garden of Paradise (1914), from "The Little Mermaid" by Hans Christian Andersen
 The Call of Her People (1916), a silent film for Ethel Barrymore, from Sheldon's own play Egypt.
 The Jest (1919), adaptation from the Italian of Sem Benelli
 The Czarina (1922), adaptation of the Hungarian play by Melchior Lengyel and Lajos Bíró, made into the 1924 silent Forbidden Paradise with Pola Negri.
 Bewitched (1924), with Sidney Howard
 Lulu Belle (1926), with Charles MacArthur, starring Lenore Ulric; made into the 1948 motion picture of the same name, starring Dorothy Lamour
 Jenny (1929), with Margaret Ayer Barnes
 Dishonored Lady (1930), with Barnes, made into the 1947 motion picture of the same name, starring Hedy Lamarr and directed by Robert Stevenson (alternate title Sins of Madeleine)

References
 Barnes, Eric. The Man Who Lived Twice''. New York: Scribner, 1956.

External links

 Harvard Magazine article, with portrait

 Correspondence with Edward Sheldon at Houghton Library, Harvard University

1886 births
1946 deaths
Writers from Chicago
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
Harvard College alumni

Edward Sheldon


James Fletcher Hamilton Henderson (December 18, 1897 – December 29, 1952) was an American pianist, bandleader, arranger and composer, important in the development of big band jazz and swing music. He was one of the most prolific black musical arrangers and, along with Duke Ellington, is considered one of the most influential arrangers and bandleaders in jazz history. Henderson's influence was vast. He helped bridge the gap between the Dixieland and the swing eras. He was often known as "Smack" Henderson (because of smacking sounds he made with his lips).

Biography

James Fletcher Hamilton Henderson was born in Cuthbert, Georgia. He grew up in a middle-class African American family. His father, Fletcher Hamilton Henderson (1857–1943), was the principal of the nearby Howard Normal Randolph School from 1880 until 1942. His home, now known as the Fletcher Henderson House, is a historic site. His mother, a teacher, taught him and his brother Horace to play the piano. He began lessons by the age of six. His father would occasionally lock Fletcher in his room to practice for hours. By age 13, Henderson possessed a keen ability to read music and sense pitch. He pursued the studies with his mother and further engaged himself in lessons on European art.

Although a talented musician, Henderson decided to dedicate himself to mathematics and science. At age 18, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia, and changed his name to Fletcher Henderson, giving up James, his grandfather's name. He attended Atlanta University (where he was a member of the fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha) and graduated in 1920 with a bachelor's degree in chemistry and mathematics. After graduation, he moved to New York City with the intention of attending Columbia University for a master's degree in chemistry, but there is no evidence that he actually enrolled. He did get a part-time job as a lab assistant in a downtown Manhattan chemistry firm, but this only lasted a year.

In New York City, Henderson shared an apartment with a pianist who worked as a musician in a riverboat orchestra. When his roommate was too sick to perform, Henderson took his place, which soon gave him a job as a full-time replacement. In late 1920, he found work as a song demonstrator with the Pace and Handy Music Co. Henderson now found that music would be more profitable than chemistry and left his job as a laboratory chemist to begin a life in music. When Harry Pace left the company to start Black Swan Records, he took Henderson with him to be musical director, a job which lasted from 1921 until 1923. From 1920 to 1923, he primarily played piano accompaniment for blues singers. Henderson toured with the Black Swan Troubadours featuring Ethel Waters from October 1921 to July 1922. After hearing cornetist Louis Armstrong, then around 20 years old, in New Orleans while on tour in April 1922, Henderson sent him an offer, but Armstrong refused because Henderson would not hire Zutty Singleton as well.

His activities up to the end of 1923 were mainly recording dates for Black Swan and other labels. His band at this point was only a pick-up unit for recordings, not a regular working band. In January 1924, the recording band became the house band at the Club Alabam at 216 W. 44th St. Despite many erroneous publications indicating otherwise, this 1924 band was Henderson's first working band.

In July 1924, the band began a brief engagement at the Roseland Ballroom. Although only meant to stay for a few months, the band was brought back for the autumn season. Henderson called on Armstrong for a second time to join the band. On October 13, 1924, history was made when Henderson's band began their re-engagement at Roseland, with Armstrong now in the orchestra. The band quickly became known as the best African American band in New York. By late 1924, the arrangements by Don Redman were featuring more solo work.

Redman arranged Armstrong's repertoire with the King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, such as turning "Dippermouth Blues" into "Sugar Foot Stomp". Armstrong played in the band for only a year, because he could not grow accustomed to the arrangements and to the "pretension" of the other band members.

Henderson's band boasted the formidable arranging talents of Don Redman. After Redman's departure from the band in 1927, Henderson took on some of the arranging, but Benny Carter was Redman's replacement as saxophone player and arranger from 1930–31, and Henderson also bought scores from freelance musicians (including John Nesbitt from McKinney's Cotton Pickers). Henderson developed his arranging skills from 1931 to the mid-1930s.

His band around 1925 included Armstrong, Howard Scott, Coleman Hawkins (who started with Henderson in 1923, playing the tuba parts on a bass saxophone, and quickly moving to tenor saxophone and a leading solo role), Charlie Dixon, Kaiser Marshall, Buster Bailey, Elmer Chambers, Charlie Green, and Ralph Escudero. In 1925, with Henry Troy, he wrote "Gin House Blues", recorded by Bessie Smith and Nina Simone, among others. His other compositions include "Soft Winds". Henderson recorded extensively in the 1920s for nearly every label, including Vocalion, Paramount, Columbia, Ajax, Pathé, Perfect, Edison, Emerson, Brunswick, and the dime-store labels Banner, Oriole, Regal, Cameo, and Romeo. From 1925 to 1930, he recorded primarily for Columbia and Brunswick/Vocalion under his own name and a series of acoustic recordings as the Dixie Stompers for Harmony Records and associated dime-store labels (Diva and Velvet Tone). Besides playing at the Roseland, Henderson played at the Savoy Ballroom in Harlem, playing until 3:30 in the morning.

During the 1930s, he recorded for Columbia, Crown (as "Connie's Inn Orchestra"), ARC (Melotone, Perfect, Oriole, Vocalion), Bluebird, Victor, and Decca. Starting in the early 1920s, he recorded popular hits and jazz tunes. In 1924 he and his band recorded 80 sides. His version of the pop tune "I Can't Get the One I Want", recorded about June 19, 1924, was issued on at least 23 labels.

In addition to Armstrong, lead trumpeters included Henry "Red" Allen, Joe Smith, Rex Stewart, Tommy Ladnier, Doc Cheatham and Roy Eldridge. Lead saxophonists included Coleman Hawkins, Buster Bailey, Benny Carter and Chu Berry. Sun Ra also worked as an arranger during the 1940s, during Henderson's engagement at the Club DeLisa in Chicago. Other jazz musicians who also played with Henderson included trumpeter Cootie Williams and trombonist Benny Morton.

Although Henderson's band was popular, he had little success in managing it and was still little-known outside of New York. His lack of recognition outside of Harlem had to do more with the times in which he lived, apparently lackluster management, and the hard times that resulted after the 1929 stock market crash. Henderson had a knack for finding talent, but he did not have much luck keeping it. On many occasions he lost talented members to other bandleaders. He also had trouble with finances. When the band split up in 1934, he was forced to sell some of his popular arrangements to Benny Goodman to keep them together.

After about 1931, his own arrangements became influential. In addition to arrangements for his band, he wrote arrangements for Teddy Hill, Isham Jones and Benny Goodman. His shoulder was injured in an auto accident in 1928. His wife, Leora, blamed the accident for his diminishing success. She said that John Hammond and Goodman bought Henderson's arrangements to support him, that Goodman always gave Henderson credit for the arrangements and said that he played them better than his own. In addition, Goodman and Hammond organized broadcasts and recordings to help Henderson when he was ill. 60 years later, two of his songs, "Queer Notions" and "Yeah, Man!" were performed in the Robert Altman film Kansas City (1996).

Benny Goodman
In 1935, Goodman's Orchestra was selected as a house band for the NBC radio program Let's Dance. Since Goodman needed new charts every week for the show, his friend John Hammond suggested that he purchase some from Henderson. Many of Goodman's hits from the swing era were played by Henderson and his own band in the late 1920s and early 1930s, usually as head arrangements, which he transcribed from his own records and then sold to Goodman. However, his brother Horace Henderson recounted (in Ross Firestone's biography of Goodman, Swing, Swing, Swing) that the clarinetist made heavy demands on Henderson for fresh charts when his band was engaged for the Let's Dance show in 1934–1935, and that he himself helped his brother complete some of them. The singer Helen Ward also stated that Henderson was delighted to hear the Goodman Orchestra realize his creations with such impeccable musicianship.

In 1939, Henderson disbanded his band and joined Goodman's, first as pianist and arranger and then working full-time as staff arranger. Henderson re-formed bands of his own several times in the 1940s and toured with Ethel Waters again in 1948 and 1949. He suffered a stroke in 1950, resulting in partial paralysis that ended his career as a pianist. He died in New York City in 1952, 11 days after his 55th birthday.

Contributions
Henderson, along with Don Redman, established the formula for swing music. The two broke the band into sections (sax section, trumpet section, etc). These sections worked together to create a unique sound. Sometimes, the sections would play in call-and-response style, and at other times one section would play supporting riffs behind the other.

Henderson was also responsible for bringing Louis Armstrong from Chicago to New York City in October 1924, thus flipping the focal point of jazz in the history of the United States (although Armstrong left the band in November 1925 and returned to Chicago). He also played a key role in bringing improvisatory jazz styles from New Orleans and other areas of the country to New York, where they merged with a dance-band tradition that relied heavily on arrangements written out in musical notation.

Henderson created a band that was capable of playing dance music and complex arrangements. Louis Metcalf said: "The sight of Fletcher Henderson's men playing behind music stands brought on a learning-to-read-music kick in Harlem which hadn't cared before it. There were two years of real concentration. Everybody greeted you with 'How's studying?'"

A museum was established in Henderson's memory in his native Cuthbert, Georgia.

Discography

CD Compilations

Mastered by John RT Davies
1924-1925 The Complete Louis Armstrong With Fletcher Henderson 1924-1925 (Forte F 38001/2/3)
1925-1929 Fletcher Henderson 1925-29 (JSP Records 311) [Columbia singles]
1925-1926 The Harmony & Vocalion Sessions Volume 1 1925-1926 (Timeless Records CBC 1-064)
1927-1928 The Harmony & Vocalion Sessions Volume 1 1927-1928 (Timeless Records CBC 1-069)
1931-1933 Yeah Man! (Hep Records CD 1016)
1934 Wild Party! (Hep Records CD 1009)
1924-1937 Wrappin' It Up (Marshall Cavendish, Jazz Greats Cd 031)

Mosaic Records Box Sets
1923-1934 Classic Coleman Hawkins Sessions 1922-1947 (MD8-251) [Contains 59 performances by Fletcher Henderson and His Orchestra under various pseudonyms]
1936-7 Classic Chu Berry Columbia And Victor Sessions (MD7-236) [Contains 24 performances by Fletcher Henderson and His Orchestra]

Chronological Classics Series

 1921–23 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #794)
 1923-00 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #697)
 1923–24 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #683)
 1924-01 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #673)
 1924-02 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #657)
 1924-03 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #647)
 1924–25 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #633)
 1925–26 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #610)
 1926–27 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #597)
 1927-00 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #580)
 1927–31 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #572)
 1931-00 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #555)
 1931–32 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #546)
 1932–34 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #535)
 1934–37 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #527)
 1937–38 - The Chronological F H & His Orchestra (Classics #519)
 1941 - The Chronological Horace Henderson 1940/F H & His Orchestra 1941 (Classics #648)

Other
1924-1925 Do That Thing (Frog, DGF87) [pre-electric recordings for Vocalion and Pathé]
1927-1936 The Indispensable Fletcher Henderson (RCA, Jazz Tribune – N° 30) [Victor recordings]
1931-1934 Tidal Wave (The Original Decca Recordings), GRP, 1994
 Ken Burns Jazz: Fletcher Henderson, Columbia/Legacy, 2000

LP Compilations
A Study in Frustration, Columbia, 1961 [4-LP box set]
 Hocus Pocus, Bluebird Records, 1992
 First Impressions 1924–1931 Vol. 1, Decca Jazz Heritage Series, DL 9227
 Swing's the Thing 1931–1934 Vol. 2, Decca Jazz Heritage Series, DL 79228

As arranger for Benny Goodman Orchestra
 Sing, Sing, Sing (1992) (Bluebird/RCA)
 The Harry James Years, Vol. 1 (1993) (Bluebird/RCA)
 The Best of the Big Bands [under Goodman's name] (1933-1946/1989) (Columbia)
 Genius of the Electric Guitar (Recorded under Goodman sextet's name, released under Charlie Christian's name) (1939–1941/1990) (Columbia)

References

Further reading
Walter C. Allen, Hendersonia – The Music of Fletcher Henderson and his Musicians – a Bio-Discography (1973)
Jeffrey Magee, The Uncrowned King of Swing: Fletcher Henderson and Big Band Jazz (2004)
Margery Dews, "Remembering: The Remarkable Henderson Family"
Gunther Schuller, The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 1930–1945  (The History of Jazz, Vol. 2) (1989)
Scott Yanow, Swing: Third Ear – The Essential Listening Companion (2000)

External links

Fletcher Henderson Profiles in Jazz by Scott Yanow
Fletcher Henderson 1897–1952 Red Hot Jazz Archive

 Fletcher Henderson recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.

African-American jazz composers
African-American jazz musicians
African-American jazz pianists
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American music arrangers
Big band bandleaders
Orchestral jazz musicians
Swing bandleaders
Swing pianists
Vaudeville performers
1897 births
1952 deaths
Jazz musicians from New York City
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Clark Atlanta University alumni
Gennett Records artists
Paramount Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Vocalion Records artists
People from Cuthbert, Georgia
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century African-American musicians

Fletcher Henderson