Ronald Charles Elliott (born October 21, 1943) is an American musician, composer and record producer, best known as songwriter and lead guitarist of the rock band The Beau Brummels. Elliott wrote or co-wrote the band's 1965 U.S. top 20 hits "Laugh, Laugh" and "Just a Little". In addition to reuniting with the Beau Brummels on occasion over the years, Elliott released a solo album in 1970, and has played on and produced albums by a number of other artists.

History
During childhood, Elliott developed juvenile diabetes, which had near-catastrophic consequences when he was twelve years old.
Growing up, Elliott wrote music influenced by composers George Gershwin and Jerome Kern, as well as country music artist Lefty Frizzell,
In 1964, childhood friend Sal Valentino called to inform Elliott that he had a gig but had no band to back him up. Elliott agreed to help him put a band together, which included himself on lead guitar, Ron Meagher on bass, Declan Mulligan on rhythm guitar and John Petersen on drums. The group, known as the Beau Brummels, began playing in and around San Francisco, and was signed to Autumn Records by local deejay Tom Donahue.

The band had two immediate hits in early 1965 with "Laugh, Laugh" and "Just a Little" both reaching the U.S. top 20.
Elliott appeared with the band in the 1965 science-fiction/comedy movie Village of the Giants, which was featured in a 1994 episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000.
Elliott also appeared with the band as The Beau Brummelstones on The Flintstones television animated sitcom in the season six episode "Shinrock A Go-Go," which originally aired on December 3, 1965.
Touring became complicated on a couple of occasions when Elliott suffered seizures from his diabetic condition that left him unable to perform. In 1966, Warner Bros. Records acquired Autumn and promptly put out an all-covers album, Beau Brummels '66, which distressed Elliott as the band's main songwriter. He moved to Los Angeles to attempt to regain control over the musical direction, while the rest of the band remained in San Francisco. For a brief time, Don Irving became Elliott's stand-in on guitar when the group performed. Elliott, with Valentino co-writing, created two critically acclaimed albums, 1967's Triangle and 1968's Bradley's Barn. By this time the Beau Brummels were reduced to a duo consisting of Elliott and Valentino, and they soon split.

Elliott arranged The Everly Brothers' 1968 album Roots, on which he also played. The Everly Brothers recorded two of his songs, "Turn Around", which had appeared on Bradley's Barn, and "Ventura Boulevard". Elliott played guitar on Van Dyke Parks' debut album, 1967's Song Cycle, and released a solo album of his own, The Candlestickmaker, in 1970. He reunited with the Beau Brummels on occasion, most notably in the mid-1970s when the group released a 1975 self-titled album. Elliott went on to work with artists such as Randy Newman, Van Morrison, Little Feat and Dolly Parton.

Discography
With The Beau Brummels
 Introducing the Beau Brummels (1965)
 The Beau Brummels, Vol. 2 (1965)
 Beau Brummels '66 (1966)
 Triangle (1967)
 Bradley's Barn (1968)
 The Beau Brummels (1975)

Solo albums
 The Candlestickmaker (1970)

References

1943 births
Living people
20th-century American guitarists
Singer-songwriters from California
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
People from Healdsburg, California
Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area
People with type 1 diabetes
The Beau Brummels members
Guitarists from California

Ron Elliott (musician)


Amkam Meuliai Beatinnim

We have met some middle-aged spinsters

Type: Mando

Lyrics and Music: Arnaldo de Menezes (1863-1917)

Musical form: Binary

Literary form: Narrative

Translated by Alfred Noronha, Panaji, Goa,

Amkam meuliai beatinnim,

We have met some middle-aged spinsters,

Distai saibinnicheo boinnim,

They look like sisters of the Blessed Lady.

Deucharacheo sangatinnim,

They are actually companions of the devil.

Sonvsar attapila tannim.

They have the world in their web.

Estribilho /Refrain:

Vichnunche bhaxen gunno tancho,

Their character is like that of a scorpion,

Sogllo sonvsar ulttun portuncho.

To turn the world upside down.

Sarkem dakhoitai anjeanchem,

They behave like angels,

Formo gheuno deucharachem,

In the guise of a devil.

Farsanchem ulounnem mu'rê tanchem,

Their talk is so sweet,

Choleanche toklek laichako pixem.

Which even makes young men go crazy.

Kudd dilea tanni marvako,

The body has been given to a man,

Atmo dhovorla deucharako,

And the soul has been kept for a devil.

He te kumsodoriche burak,

The holes of the confessional,

Zoroitai bulichea patkako.

Are worn out for the sin of deception.

Polleiat

Goemche Mandde

Sondorbh

Konknni
Mandde
Romi panam

Amkam Meuliai Beatinnim - Mando


Boys Don't Cry is a 1999 American drama movie. The stars of the movie are Hilary Swank and Chloe Sevigny. This movie is about Brandon Teena (1972-1993), a female-to-male transsexual in Nebraska who was raped and murdered.

Other websites

1990s biographical movies
1999 LGBT movies
1999 romantic drama movies
20th Century Fox movies
Academy Award winning movies
American biographical movies
American LGBT movies
American romantic drama movies
1990s English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
LGBT drama movies
LGBT romance movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies set in Nebraska
Murder in movies
Rape in movies
Transgender in movies
American independent movies

Boys Don't Cry (movie)


In Euclidean space, a region is a convex set if the following is true. For any two points inside the region, a straight line segment can be drawn. If every point on that segment is inside the region, then the region is convex.

The point is that a convex curve forms the boundary of a convex set. So, any shape which is concave, or has a hollow, cannot be a convex set.

Related pages
 Convex function

Geometry

Convex set


Instruction pipelining is a technique used in the design of modern microprocessors, microcontrollers and CPUs to increase their instruction throughput (the number of instructions that can be executed in a unit of time).

The main  idea is to divide (termed "split") the processing of a CPU instruction, as defined by the instruction microcode, into a series of independent steps of micro-operations (also called  "microinstructions", "micro-op" or "µop"), with storage at the end of each step.  This allows the CPUs control logic to handle instructions at the processing rate of the slowest step, which is much faster than the time needed to process the instruction as a single step.

The term pipeline refers to the fact that each step is carrying a single microinstruction (like a drop of water), and each step is linked to another step (analogy; similar to water pipes).

Most modern CPUs are driven by a clock. The CPU consists internally of logic and memory (flip flops). When the clock signal arrives, the flip flops store their new value then the logic requires a period of time to decode the flip flops new values. Then the next clock pulse arrives and the flip flops store another values, and so on. By breaking the logic into smaller pieces and inserting flip flops between pieces of logic, the time required by the logic (to decode values till generating valid outputs depending on these values) is reduced. In this way the clock period can be reduced.For example, the RISC pipeline is broken into five stages with a set of flip flops between each stage as follows:
Instruction fetch
Instruction decode and register fetch
Execute
Memory access
Register write back

Processors with pipelining consist internally of stages (modules) which can semi-independently work on separate microinstructions. Each stage is linked by flip flops to the next stage (like a "chain") so that the stage's output is an input to another stage until the job of processing instructions is done. Such organization of processor internal modules reduces the instruction's overall processing time.

A non-pipeline architecture is not as efficient because some CPU modules are idle while another module is active during the instruction cycle. Pipelining does not completely remove idle time in a pipelined CPU, but making CPU modules work in parallel increases instruction throughput.

An instruction pipeline is said to be fully pipelined if it can accept a new instruction every clock cycle. A pipeline that is not fully pipelined has wait cycles that delay the progress of the pipeline.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Pipelining
Advantages of Pipelining:
The cycle time of the processor is reduced; increasing the instruction throughput. Pipelining doesn't reduce the time it takes to complete an instruction; instead it increases the number of instructions that can be processed simultaneously ("at once") and reduces the delay between completed instructions (called 'throughput').The more pipeline stages a processor has, the more instructions it can process "at once" and the less of a delay there is between completed instructions. Every predominant general purpose microprocessor manufactured today uses at least 2 stages of pipeline up to 30 or 40 stages.
If pipelining is used, the CPU Arithmetic logic unit can be designed faster, but will be more complex.
Pipelining in theory increases performance over an un-pipelined core by a factor of the number of stages (assuming the clock frequency also increases by the same factor) and the code is ideal for pipeline execution.
Pipelined CPUs generally work at a higher clock frequency than the RAM clock frequency, (as of 2008 technologies, RAMs work at a low frequencies compared to CPUs frequencies) increasing computers overall performance.

Disadvantages of  Pipelining:
Pipelining has many disadvantages though there are a lot of techniques used by CPUs and compilers designers to overcome most of them; the following is a list of common drawbacks:
The design of a non-pipelined processor is simpler and cheaper to manufacture, non-pipelined processor executes only a single instruction at a time. This prevents branch delays (in Pipelining, every branch is delayed) as well as problems when serial instructions being executed concurrently.
In pipelined processor, insertion of flip flops between modules increases the instruction latency compared to a non-pipelining processor.
A non-pipelined processor will have a defined instruction throughput. The performance of a pipelined processor is much harder to predict and may vary widely for different programs.
Many designs include pipelines as long as 7, 10, 20, 31 and even more stages; a disadvantage of a long pipeline is when a program branches, the entire pipeline must be flushed (cleared). The higher throughput of pipelines falls short when the executed code contains many branches: the processor cannot know in advance where to read the next instruction, and must wait for the branch instruction to finish, leaving the pipeline behind it empty. This disadvantage can be reduced by predicting whether the a conditional branch instruction will branch based on previous activity. After the branch is resolved, the next instruction has to travel all the way through the pipeline before its result becomes available and the processor resumes "working" again.  In such extreme cases, the performance of a pipelined processor could be worse than non-pipelined processor.
Unfortunately, not all instructions are independent. In a simple pipeline, completing an instruction may require 5 stages.  To operate at full performance, this pipeline will need to run 4 subsequent independent instructions while the first is completing.  Any of those 4 instructions might depend on the output of the first instruction, causing the pipeline control logic to wait and insert a stall or wasted clock cycle into the pipeline until the dependency is resolved.  Fortunately, techniques such as forwarding can significantly reduce the cases where stalling is required.
 Self-modifying programs may fail to execute properly on a pipelined architecture when the instructions being modified are near the instructions being executed. This can be caused by the instructions may already being in the Prefetch Input Queue, so the modification may not take effect for the upcoming execution of instructions. Instruction caches make the problem even worse.
Hazards: When a programmer (or compiler) writes assembly code, they generally assume that each instruction is executed before the next instruction is being executed. When this assumption is not validated by pipelining it causes a program to behave incorrectly, the situation is known as a hazard.Various techniques for resolving hazards or working around such as forwarding and delaying (by inserting a stall or a wasted clock cycle) exist.

Examples

Generic pipeline

To the right is a generic pipeline with four stages:
 Fetch
 Decode
 Execute
 Write-back

The top gray box is the list of instructions waiting to be executed; the bottom gray box is the list of instructions that have been completed; and the middle white box is the pipeline.

Execution is as follows:

Bubble

When a "hiccup" (interruption) in execution occurs, a "bubble" is created in the pipeline in which nothing useful happens. In cycle 2, the fetching of the purple instruction is delayed and the decoding stage in cycle 3 now contains a bubble. Everything behind the purple instruction is delayed as well but everything in front of the purple instruction continues with execution.

Clearly, when compared to the execution above, the bubble yields a total execution time of 8 clock ticks instead of 7.

Bubbles are like stalls (delays), in which nothing useful will happen for the fetch, decode, execute and writeback. It is like a NOP (short for No OPeration) code.

Example 1
A typical instruction to add two numbers might be ADD A, B, C, which adds the values found in memory locations A and B, and then puts the result in memory location C. In a pipelined processor the pipeline controller would break this into a series of tasks similar to:

LOAD A, R1
LOAD B, R2
ADD R1, R2, R3
STORE R3, C
LOAD next instruction

The locations 'R1' and 'R2' are registers in the CPU. The values stored in memory locations labeled 'A' and 'B' are loaded (copied) into these registers, then added, and the result is stored in a memory location labeled 'C'.

In this example the pipeline is three stages long- load, execute, and store. Each of the steps are called pipeline stages.

On a non-pipelined processor, only one stage can be working at a time so the entire instruction has to complete before the next instruction can begin. On a pipelined processor, all of the stages can be working at once on different instructions. So when this instruction is at the execute stage, a second instruction will be at the decode stage and a 3rd instruction will be at the fetch stage.

Example 2
To better understand the concept, we can look at a theoretical 3-stage pipeline:

and a pseudo-code assembly listing to be executed:

LOAD  #40, A      ; load 40 in A
MOVE  A, B        ; copy A in B
ADD   #20, B      ; add 20 to B
STORE B, 0x300    ; store B into memory cell 0x300

This is how it would be executed:

The LOAD instruction is fetched from memory.

The LOAD instruction is executed, while the MOVE instruction is fetched from memory.

The LOAD instruction is in the Store stage, where its result (the number 40) will be stored in the register A.
In the meantime, the MOVE instruction is being executed.
Since it must move the contents of A into B, it must wait for the ending of the LOAD instruction.

The STORE instruction is loaded, while the MOVE instruction is finishing off and the ADD is calculating.

And so on. Note that, sometimes, an instruction will depend on the result of another one (like our MOVE example). When more than one instruction references a particular location for an operand, either reading it (as an input) or writing it (as an output), executing those instructions in an order different from the original program order can lead to the hazards situation (mentioned above).

Related pages
 Pipeline (computing)
 Parallel computing
 Instruction-level parallelism

Other websites
 Branch Prediction in the Pentium Family
 ArsTechnica article on pipelining
 Counterflow Pipeline Processor Architecture

Computer architecture

Instruction pipelining


A missing person is a person who has disappeared and nobody seems to know where they are. People can go missing for many reasons.

Reasons
People disappear for many reasons. These are some reasons why someone may go missing by choice:
 Running away from home, often to escape from domestic abuse.
 Mental illness or other ailments. For example, a person with Alzheimer's Disease may wander out on their own, forgetting where they live, who their friends and family are, or even their own names.
 Hiding from the police or courts (known as failure to appear).
 Suicide in a location where they cannot be easily found.
 Joining a cult or other religious organization that stops them from talking to people in the outside world.
 To escape poverty, famine or natural disaster.
 To avoid war or persecution during a genocide.

There are also reasons why someone may go missing without wanting to:
 Staying too long with a parent or guardian that they do not normally live with.
Kidnapping
 Death by natural causes or an accident in a place where they cannot easily be found, such as in water.
 Getting sold into slavery.
 Murder, if the body is not found.
 In some countries, governments have carried out secret murders (known as forced disappearances).

Normally it is the police who search for a missing person. If someone goes missing at sea, they may instead call on the coast guard or a similar agency.

Most missing person cases that are reported to the police are simple cases, where the person is found quickly. In 1999, 800,000 children went missing in the United States, but only 115 cases were kidnapped by a stranger who wanted to keep them for a long period of time.

A small number of missing person cases are not solved for many years. These cases can be painful for friends and families, because they cannot be sure what happened to the person. In most countries, the law says that if someone has been missing for many years, the government can declare that the person is dead. This is known as "declaring death in absentia".

References

Other websites
lostnmissing.com
National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs.gov)
 Familylinks.icrc.org  Website for people looking for family members missing due to a conflict or natural disaster. International Committee of the Red Cross.
Missing Children wiki

Missing person


Symbiosis (pl. symbioses) means living together. It describes close and long-term relationships between different species. The term was
used by Anton de Bary in 1879, as "the living together of unlike organisms".

A symbiont is an organism living in a relationship with another species in which one or both get benefits. When one species lives inside another species, or a microscopic symbiont lives inside the cells of a host, it is called an endosymbiont.

The relevance of symbiosis is its frequency and its evolutionary significance. There appear to be no higher plants or animals without symbionts. Those symbionts are of great importance to the larger organisms, who in most cases would be unable to live as they do without their symbionts. Mycorrhiza in higher plants, and gut flora in insects and vertebrates are examples. Humans are no exception.

Furthermore, most of these associations are between organisms not just from different species, but from different kingdoms. And lastly, the cells of all eukaryotes contain organelles which are descendants of symbiotic relationships which began at least a billion years ago. Mitochondria and plastids are examples. The conclusion must be that symbiosis has been highly significant in the evolution of life.

Definition

The definition of symbiosis has been controversial. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to all kinds of long-term biological interactions.

After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions). The restrictive definition (where symbiosis means mutualism only) is no longer used.

The widest definition includes parasitism (in which one organism is helped and the other organism is hurt), mutualism (in which both organisms are helped), commensalism (in which one organism is helped and the other is not affected), and competition (in which both organisms are hurt).

Types of symbiosis

The various forms of symbiosis include:

Type 1: Partners keep their bodies separate
Symbiosis does not always benefit both partners. This is what may happen:

 parasitism, in which the association has disadvantages for one of the two. One may even destroy or kill the other. (+ –)
 mutualism, in which the association has advantages for both (+ +)
 commensalism, in which one member of the association benefits while the other is not affected (+ 0)
 competition, in which both members of the association are fighting over food or other needs. (– –)

Type 2: Partners live as one organism

This kind of symbiosis is called endosymbiosis. Examples are:
Rhizobia: nitrogen-fixing bacteria which live in root nodules on plants of the pea family.
Singly-celled forams which include a single-celled alga inside the cell. This is 'facultative', which means they may or may not do it. A more far-reaching version is idioplastic endosymbiosis. Here, the foram consumes the alga, but keeps its chloroplasts in working order.
Green algae inside marine polychaete worms.
Single-celled algae inside reef-building corals.
Bacteria inside the guts of those insects and vertebrates which digest plant cellulose. These are 'obligate' symbionts, which means the host must have them.
Lichen: fungus+alga or bacterium.
Mycorrhiza: fungal hyphae and roots of trees.
Almost for certain, this happened to form the eukaryote cell. That's the type of cell all animals and plants are made of. The organelles inside the cell, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain some DNA. This DNA is the remnant of a once separate bacterium. The theory is that the eukaryote cell evolved by the fusion of several bacteria or archaea organisms.

Examples of symbiosis
 An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between clownfish that live among the tentacles of tropical sea anemones. The clownfish protects the anemone from other fish.  Clownfish waste excreted provides vital nutrients, and they can boost their hosts' oxygen supplies at night too.  The stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the anemone fish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.

Another example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby live. The shrimp is almost blind, and is vulnerable to predators when above ground. When a predator approaches, the goby touches the shrimp with its tail as a signal. When that happens both the shrimp and goby quickly retreat into the burrow.

 A lichen is an intimate combination of a fungus with an alga. The alga lives inside the fungus, which must have the alga to survive. The alga, on the other hand, can survive on its own. The result of the union is a flat, coloured lichen which grows on rocks and other surfaces in the open air.

 Herbivores are host to gut bacteria which help them digest plant material. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, and almost no animal has developed an enzyme to digest this material. Therefore, at least for herbivores which eat leaves, the bacteria are essential.

 Some species of ants 'farm' aphids, protecting them from predators, and moving them from one feeding site to another. The ants consume the sweet sticky fluid which aphids secrete after sucking plant sap.

References

Cell biology
Evolutionary biology

Symbiosis


Antoine Busnois (pronounce "AN-twun bew-NWAH") (also spelt Busnoys) (born about 1430; died 6 November 1492) was a French composer and poet of the early Renaissance Burgundian School.  He wrote church music, such as motets, as well as secular (non-religious) chansons.  He was the most important composer of the late Burgundian school after the death of Guillaume Dufay.

Life

We do not know where Busnois was born.  It might have been in the tiny village of Business in the Artois district.   Maybe he took his name from the village.

Nothing is known about his musical education.  We know that he got into trouble in 1461 because he was said to be in a group of people who beat up a priest on five occasions.  At that time he was a chaplain in Tours cathedral.  While the attack was being investigated he went to mass.  This led to him being excommunicated, but later the pope pardoned him.

In 1465 he moved from the cathedral to the collegiate church of St. Martin, also in Tours, where he became a subdeacon.  Johannes Ockeghem was treasurer there, and the two composers seem to have known each other well.  Later in 1465 Busnois moved to Poitiers, where he not only became "maîtrise" (master of the choirboys), but managed to get lots of good singers from the region.  By this time he was famous as a singing teacher and composer.  However he left the job for some reason in 1466 and then moved to Burgundy.

By 1467 Busnois was a composer at the court of Burgundy.  Soon Charles the Bold was on the throne.  Charles fought many wars, and sometimes took Busnois and other musicians on his military journeys.  In 1477 Charles was killed at the Battle of Nancy. Busnois continued to work for the Burgundian court until 1482.  Nothing is known about what he did after that.  He died in 1492.

His music

He was very well known as a composer and his music was sung in many parts of Europe.
He was the probably the best-known musician in Europe between the time of Guillaume Dufay and Johannes Ockeghem.

Busnois wrote sacred and secular music.  It is likely that a lot of his music is now lost.  Two of his masses and eight motets have survived.  The style of his music is somewhere between the simple homophonic music of Dufay and Binchois, and the more elaborate imitation of Josquin..

Busnois may have been the composer of the famous tune L'homme armé, one of the most popular tunes of the Renaissance.  The tune was often used as a cantus firmus for mass composition.  He may have been the very first composer to write a mass based on L'homme armé.  This mass was a big influence on many composers.

Busnois is remembered today for many of his chansons (French secular songs).  Some of the tunes were used by later composers in their masses.

References
Groves online

1430s births
1492 deaths

French composers

Antoine Busnois


Beowulf is a 2007 American-British 3D motion-capture fantasy movie. Based off the epic poem, it stars Ray Winstone, Anthony Hopkins, Robin Wright, Brendan Gleeson, Crispin Glover, Angelina Jolie, John Malkovich and Alison Lohman. It was directed by Robert Zemeckis and released on November 16 2007, to financial success and positive critical reviews.

Plot
In the early Middle Ages, the court of King Hrothgar of Denmark (Anthony Hopkins), is plagued by the monster Grendel (Crispin Glover), who attacks the king's people when they celebrate. Hearing of the king's plight, the warrior Beowulf (Ray Winstone), travels to the kingdom with a band of his fellow Geatish warriors, including his friend Wiglaf (Brendan Gleeson), to slay the beast. When they arrive, Beowulf falls in love with the king's wife Queen Wealthow (Robin Wright), who reciprocates his affections.

The warriors celebrate in the king's mead hall Heorot in an attempt to lure Grendel out. When the monster attacks, Beowulf fights him nude and unarmed (it is revealed that he is invulnerable to man-made weapons). In the fight, Beowulf discovers Grendel has hypersensitive hearing, which is why he attacks Hrothgar's celebrations (the noise from the mead hall is painful to him). After his left eardrum is ruptured, Grendel shrinks in size and, while trying to escape, Beowulf restrains him and uses the door of the hall to sever the monster's arm. To thank him for defeating the monster, Hrothgar gives Beowulf his golden drinking horn, which commemorates his victory over the dragon Fafnir.

Grendel retreats to his cave and with his final breaths, he tells his mother (Angelina Jolie), what has happened to him and she swears revenge. She travels to Heorot and butchers Beowulf's soldiers while they sleep. Hrothgar informs Beowulf and Wiglaf, who were not sleeping in the hall when the attack took place, that this was the work of Grendel's mother; she is the last surviving member of the Water Demons, long thought to have left the land forever. The two travel to Grendel's cave to slay her. When Beowulf encounters her, she takes on the form of a beautiful young woman. She promises to make him the greatest king who has ever lived, in exchange for the drinking horn and a son who will replace Grendel.

Beowulf agrees to the deal and returns to Heorot, claiming that she has been slain by him. Hrothgar, however, realizes the truth and indirectly tells Beowulf that many years before, he was seduced by Grendel's mother, and Grendel was the product of their affair. Beowulf is then crowned King of the Danes, much to the dismay of Unferth (John Malkovich), Hrothgar's adviser. The king kills himself by jumping off the castle and on to the beach. His body is then washed away by the sea.

The years go by, and Beowulf and Wealthow are married. They have grown apart over the years and are husband and wife in name alone. Beowulf has taken a lover called Ursula (Alison Lohman), but is sterile after his affair with Grendel's mother. One day, Unferth's slave Cain finds the golden drinking horn in Grendel's lair and brings it back to the kingdom. That night, a dragon decimates a nearby town, but Unferth is spared to deliver a message to Beowulf; the beast is his illegitimate son with Grendel's mother. Removing the drinking horn has voided their agreement and Grendel's mother has sent the dragon to destroy his father's kingdom.

2007 fantasy movies
2000s American fantasy movies
British fantasy movies
Movies directed by Robert Zemeckis

Beowulf (2007 movie)


A thermodynamic state is the macroscopic condition of a thermodynamic system as described by its particular thermodynamic parameters. The state of any thermodynamic system can be described by a set of thermodynamic parameters, such as temperature, pressure, density, composition,  independently of its surroundings or history.

The parameters required to specify the state depend on the characteristics of the system. There is an optimal ensemble of parameters that uniquely specify the state, and all other parameters can be derived from these.  The state postulate says that the state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties.

Related pages
 Thermodynamic system
 Thermodynamics

References
 Black W. & Hartley, J. (1996). Thermodynamics, 3rd Ed. (textbook). New York: Harper Collins.
 Cengel, Yunus, A. (2002). Thermodynamics – an Engineering Approach, 4th Ed. (textbook). New York: McGraw Hill.
 Perrot, Pierre. (1998). A to Z of Thermodynamics (dictionary). New York: Oxford University Press.

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic state


Antiprotons are tiny particles of antimatter. They have a negative charge, and are the nucleus of an Antihydrogen atom. They are not theoretical, as they have been found in scientific studies. When they come in contact with regular protons, each are annihilated and a relatively massive amount of energy is generated.

Actually, antiproton is a subatomic particle of the same mass as a proton but having a negative electric chargeand oppositely directed magnetic moment. It is the proton's antiparticle. Antiprotons were first produced and identified in 1955 by Emilio Segrè, Owen Chamberlain (for which they received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1959), and coworkers by bombarding a copper target with high-energy protons from the proton synchrotron at the University of California at Berkeley. Antiprotons were predicted in the early 1930s, but their discovery had to wait for the technology of high-energy particle accelerators to reach the 6 billion electron-volt range. A collision of an antiproton with a proton results in mutual annihilation, but a near miss may produce by charge exchange an antineutron–neutron pair.

Subatomic particles
Antimatter

Antiproton


जिन्क धागु छगु रसायनिक तत्त्व ख। थुकिगु चिं Zn ख व एटोमिक ल्याखं ३० ख।

गुणत
जिन्क छगु मध्यम स्तरय् रियाक्सन याइगु वचुस्से-तुयुगु धातु ख। थ्व मोइस्ट वायुय् टार्निश जुइ व वायुय् वांगु जः वेक छ्वै, व थुकिलिं जिंक अक्साइड देकी। थ्व तत्त्व अम्ल, अल्काली व मेमेगु अधातु नाप रसायनिक स्वापू देकी। शुद्ध मजुगु जिंक डाइलुट अम्ल नाप रियाक्ट याना हाइड्रोजन पिकाइ। जिंकयागु छगु सामान्य अक्सिडेसन स्टेट +२ ख। १०० °से निसें २१० °से तक्क जिंक म्यालिएबल जुइ व अपुइक हे येक्व आकारे ढालेयाये छिं। २१० °से स्वया च्वे थ्व तत्त्व ब्रिटल जुइ व केकी बिले पल्भराइज्ड जुइ।

ज्या
जिन्क ४गु दक्ले अप्व छ्येलिगु धातु ख। थ्व स्वया अप्व छ्येलिगु धातुत न, एल्मुनियम, व कपर जक्क ख।
 जिंक स्टिलयात ग्याल्भेनाइज याना करोजन पंकेयात छ्येलि।
 जिंक is used to Parkerize steel to prevent rust and corrosion
 जिंक is used in alloys such as brass, nickelled silver, typewriter metal, various soldering formulas and German silver
 जिंक is the primary metal used in making American cents since 1982
 जिंक is used in die casting notably in the automobile industry
 जिंक is used as part of the containers of batteries. The most widespread such use is as the anode in alkaline batteries
 जिंक is used as the anode or fuel of the जिंक-air battery/fuel cell providing the basis of the theorised जिंक economy
 जिंक is used as a sacrificial anode on boats and ships that use cathodic protection to prevent corrosion of metals that are exposed to sea water
 जिंक is used in contemporary pipe organ building as a substitute for the classic lead/tin alloy in pipes sounding the lowest (pedal) tones, as it is tonally almost indistinguishable from lead/tin at those pitches, and has the added advantages of being much more economical and lighter in weight.  Even the best organ builders use जिंक in this capacity.
 जिंक oxide is used as a white pigment in watercolours or paints, and as an activator in the rubber industry. As an over-the-counter ointment, it is applied as a thin coating on the exposed skin of the face or nose to prevent dehydration of the area of skin. It can protect against sunburn in the summer and windburn in the winter. Applied thinly to a baby's diaper area (perineum) with each diaper change, it can protect against rash. As determined in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, it is part of an effective treatment for age-related macular degeneration in some cases
 जिंक chloride is used as a deodorant and can also be used as a wood preservative
 जिंक sulfide is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks and other items that glow in the dark.
 जिंक methyl (Zn(CH3)2) is used in a number of organic syntheses.
 जिंक stearate is a lubricative plastic additive.
 Lotions made of calamine, a mix of Zn-(hydroxy-)carbonates and silicates, are used to treat skin rash.
 जिंक metal is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. It is believed to possess anti-oxidant properties, which protect against premature aging of the skin and muscles of the body. In larger amounts, taken as जिंक alone in other proprietaries, it is believed by some to speed up the healing process after an injury. Preparations include जिंक acetate and जिंक gluconate.
 जिंक gluconate glycine and जिंक acetate are also used in throat lozenges or tablets to reduce the duration and the severity of cold symptoms.

Abundance
See also: Zinc minerals

Zinc is the 23rd most abundant element in the Earth's crust. The most heavily mined ores (sphalerite) tend to contain roughly 10% iron as well as 40–50% zinc. Minerals from which zinc is extracted include sphalerite (zinc sulfide), smithsonite (zinc carbonate), hemimorphite (zinc silicate), and franklinite (a zinc spinel).

The earth has been estimated to have 46 years supply of zinc.

 Zinc mining and processing

There are zinc mines throughout the world, with the largest producers being China, Australia and Peru. In 2005, China produced almost one-fourth of the global zinc output, reports the British Geological Survey. Mines and refineries in Europe include Umicore in Belgium, Tara, Galmoy and Lisheen in Ireland, and Zinkgruvan in Sweden. Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) minerals are concentrated using the froth flotation method and then usually roasted using pyrometallurgy to oxidise the zinc sulfide to zinc oxide. The zinc oxide is leached in several stages of increasingly stronger sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Iron is usually rejected as Jarosite or goethite, removing other impurities at the same time. The final purification uses zinc dust to remove copper, cadmium and cobalt. The metal is then extracted from the solution by electrowinning as cathodic deposits. Zinc cathodes can be directly cast or alloyed with aluminium.

Electrolyte solutions must be very pure for electrowinning to be at all efficient. Impurities can change the decomposition voltage enough to where the electrolysis cell produces largely hydrogen gas rather than zinc metal.

There are two common processes for electrowinning the metal, the low current density process, and the Tainton high current density process. The former uses a 10% sulfuric acid solution as the electolyte, with current density of 270–325 amperes per square meter. The latter uses 22-28% sulfuric acid solution as the electrolyte with current density of about 1000 amperes per square meter. The latter gives better purity and has higher production capacity per volume of electrolyte, but has the disadvantage of running hotter and being more corrosive to the vessel in which it is done. In either of the electrolytic processes, each metric ton of zinc production expends about 3900 kW·h (14 MJ) of electric power.

There are also several pyrometallurgical processes that reduce zinc oxide using carbon, then distill the metallic zinc from the resulting mix in an atmosphere of carbon monoxide. These include the Belgian-type horizontal-retort process, the New Jersey Zinc continuous vertical-retort process, and the St. Joseph Lead Company's electrothermal process. The Belgian process requires redistillation to remove impurities of lead, cadmium, iron, copper, and arsenic. The New Jersey process employs a fractionating column, which is absent in the Belgian process, that separates the individual impurities, where they can be sold as byproducts. The St. Joseph Lead Company process heats the zinc oxide/coke mixture by passing an electric current through it rather than by coal or gas fire.

Another pyrometallurgical process is flash smelting. Then zinc oxide is obtained, usually producing zinc of lesser quality than the hydrometallurgical process. Zinc oxide treatment has much fewer applications, but high grade deposits have been successful in producing zinc from zinc oxides and zinc carbonates using hydrometallurgy.

 अलोयत
The most widely used alloy of zinc is brass, in which copper is alloyed with anywhere from 9% to 45% zinc, depending upon the type of brass, along with much smaller amounts of lead and tin. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminum find limited use in certain types of machine bearings. Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminum, and magnesium are useful in die-casting. Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminum is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications where ferrous metal dies would be too expensive.

 कम्पाउन्डत See also: Zinc compounds
Zinc oxide is perhaps the best known and most widely used zinc compound, as it makes a good base for white pigments in paint. It also finds industrial use in the rubber industry, and is sold as opaque sunscreen. A variety of other zinc compounds find use industrially, such as zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory. Roughly one quarter of all zinc output is consumed in the form of zinc compounds.

आइसोटोपत
Naturally occurring zinc is composed of the 5 stable isotopes 64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn, and 70Zn with 64Zn being the most abundant (48.6% natural abundance). Twenty-one radioisotopes have been characterised with the most abundant and stable being 65Zn with a half-life of 244.26 days, and 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 4 meta states.

Zinc has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of isotopically enriched 64Zn, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope Zn-65 with a half-life of 244 days and produce approximately 2.27 MeV of gamma radiation, significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several days. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used.

Precautions
Metallic zinc is not considered to be toxic, but free zinc ions in solution (like copper or iron ions) are highly toxic. There is also a condition called zinc shakes or zinc chills (see metal fume fever) that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials. Excessive intake of zinc can promote deficiency in other dietary minerals.

लिधंसा
 Los Alamos National Laboratory - Zinc
 WebElements.com – Zinc

पिनेयागु स्वापूत

 Indian Contribution
 History & Etymology of Zinc

 Statistics and Information from the U.S. Geological Survey
 Reducing Agents > Zinc
 American Zinc Association Information about the uses and properties of zinc.

Chemical elements
Dietary minerals

विज्ञान

जस्ता


A-type asteroids are fairly uncommon closer asteroids that have a strong, broad 1 µm olivine feature and a very reddish spectrum shortwards of 0.7 µm. They are thought to come from the completely differentiated mantle of an asteroid.

A-type asteroids are so rare that as of 2005 only 17 had been found.

Other websites
 A technical report on A-Type Asteroids

A-type asteroid


Much Ado about Nothing is a comedy by William Shakespeare. It is set in Messina, Sicily (which is in Italy) and is a comedy/love story about two pairs of lovers, Hero and Claudio and Benedick and Beatrice. This story is one of William Shakespeare's more popular plays.

The villain in this story is called Don John and he convinces Claudio that Hero is cheating on him and then he refuses to marry her whilst Benedick and Beatrice are tricked into confessing their true love for each other.  In the end the Constable accidentally sorts everything out and everyone celebrates both marriages.

Don John (the villain) can't bear anyone else to be happy.  He is an illegitimate child meaning his upbringing has been rocky and he is insecure, leading to his selfish behaviour getting the better of him throughout the play.

Plays by William Shakespeare
1590s plays

Much Ado About Nothing


Dark adaptor goggles are used in the field of meteorology. They are used for either adapting the eyes to the dark before an observation at night or to help with the identification of clouds during bright sunshine or glare from snow. The goggles are made with red-tinted plastic lenses. The goggles are designed to be worn inside but some people find walking, especially up and down stairs, to be hard.

References
 Environment Canada - Atmospheric Environment Services, Manual of Surface Weather Observations (MANOBS), 7th Edition, January 1977.

Meteorology
Eyeglasses

Dark adaptor goggles


Mark Anthony Battles (born September 2, 1991) is an American rapper, songwriter, entrepreneur and producer from Indianapolis, Indiana.

In 2012, Battles released his first mixtape Walking Distance and gained online recognition for his song "Last Night", which placed second on MTVu and was later remixed by Kid Ink. He has worked closely with Wale, Dizzy Wright, French Montana and Kevin Gates, overall releasing a dozen mixtapes including a collaboration project with Tory Lanez and King Los, surpassing a million digital downloads.

In October 2015, Battles released his first independent album Numb, which peaked at #25 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop and Heatseeker charts. In 2016, Battles was named in a HuffPost listicle on addressing mental health stigma. In 2017 Battles released a project titled "Day 2" which featured artists such as Brittani Jenae and Tory Lanez. The following year in 2018, Battles released a project titled "Vasi World" that he admits was not his best effort despite overwhelming positive feedback. Most recently he has released a project titled "Fortunate" which consists of zero features and his second most commercially successful song, "Numb."

Early life

Mark Anthony Battles was born on September 2, 1991, in Indianapolis, Indiana. His mother is Chiffonda Ducking. He has 2 brothers named Anthony and Carl, and one sister. Battles and his siblings were raised in the urban, poor communities of Indianapolis, having lived in several homeless shelters during the early part of his childhood. However, it wasn't until he began high school that things got a bit better for his mother.

He began rapping under a different stage name before using his current rap name. He graduated as Class of 2009 from Pike High School located in northern Indianapolis. His inspiration for music originated from hip hop icons such as Big Pun, Drake, Eminem and 2Pac.

On August 31, 2006, his brother Carl Battles was riding the backseat of his sister Aishareika's car to school. In the morning hours, Aishareika's car collided with a pick up truck on Northwestern Side near 71st street near their school Pike High School. Carl, Aishareika and Mark were rushed to the hospital, however shortly after arriving at the hospital, Carl was pronounced dead. Local media reports state that both cars were speeding on a yellow light, and as a result of the accident prompted the roads near the school to be enforced with speed cameras.

In several songs performed by Battles, including "One For The Money", he mentions and pays tribute to his brother Carl. His brother Carl was, according to Battles, the reason for his motivation to pursue a music career.

Musical career

2011–2012: Career beginnings

Mark started rapping officially at age 15. Mark started his own independent record label called Fly America in 2011, which is a brand that is heard throughout his music. In 2012, Mark released his first mixtape called Walking Distance with appearances by Kid Ink, Lola Monroe and King Los. Walking Distance went on to be certified gold on DatPiff, having over 100,000 digital downloads. Mark's music video single Last Night was remixed by Kid Ink and was released without a music video. Most of the material in the mixtape was produced by Mark's DJ & producer, DJ Yung 1. Mark's most famous singles were "Ugh Oh" featuring Los, and Last Night, which was featured on MTVu Freshman and hit second place for air time on MTV.

Mark has remixed numerous famous hip hop songs which have appeared on his mixtapes. On November 2012, Mark released the first part of his mixtape series Saturday School. In 2012, Mark Battles went on tour with MMG recording artist Rockie Fresh.

2013–2015: Mixtape Series & Numb

In 2013, Battles released his 3 part Saturday School mixtape series, along with a national tour that included a sold-out show alongside Bad Boy rapper MGK. On December 27, 2013, he released his collaboration mixtape with King Los. The mixtape Broken Silence was released in 2013 and artists featured include Wale, Curren$y, Ab-Soul, French Montana, Dizzy Wright, Cyhi Da Prynce and Chevy Woods. The first single was released titled "Got A Feeling" which featured Wale and former Fly America rapper Derek Luh. On August 12, 2014, Battles released another mixtape titled "Preseason".

On October 2, 2015, Battles released his debut studio album "Numb", which was released independently on iTunes. The album peaked at #25 on the U.S. Billboard Heatseekers charts and reached #39 on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop charts.

2016-2017: Before The Deal & Day 2

On May 13, 2016, Battles announced on his Twitter account a partnership deal with iconic music producer No ID's record label ARTium Recordings, a division of Def Jam Records. The deal came after the release of a dozen musical projects and national tours, respectively. Shortly after, Battles announced his latest musical project "Before The Deal" and released a music video for the single "No Love" featuring Futuristic and King Los.

On May 31, 2016, Battles released his second studio album "Before the Deal", for digital release. Within a couple of hours after its release, Before the Deal topped at #8 on the Top Rap album iTunes charts. On the week of June 18, 2016, Before the Deal debuted on Billboard's Top Heatseekers charts at #15. A nationwide tour was announced called "The Before The Deal Tour", which began in June 2016. Throughout 2016, Battles has collaborated with several recording artists including Dizzy Wright, Audio Push and Locksmith. In Summer of 2016, Mark Battles became one of three artists as part of Dizzy Wright's "Still Movin" tour with Audio Push.

In September 2016, Battles collaborated with fellow Indianapolis native Dorian for the official remix of Dorian's hit single "Don't Sleep".

In November 2016, Battles was interviewed by XXL magazine, in which he stated he described his relationship with producer NO I.D. as "The new kid on the block." After the radio interview, several hip hop artists including Nebraska rapper HAKIM, expressed their inspiration for Battles' comeup.

On May 26, 2017, in collaboration with Quality Control Music founder Coach K, Battles released a studio album with Tory Lanez called Day 2, which received mainstream radio airplay in the US.

2018-present: Vasi World EP

On February 9, 2018, Battles released his Vasi World EP with Fly America and Quality Control Music. The following month, he announced the Vasi World Spring Tour featuring DJ Yung 1, T.Fitz, 12Fifteen, and King Kap.

Fly America

Fly America (FA) was an American independent hip-hop record company founded by Mark Battles. In 2016, Battles announced a partnership deal with No ID's imprint ARTium Recordings, a part of Def Jam Records; however, in 2017, Battles formed a partnership with Atlanta music manager Coach K. Since its creation, in 2011, former hip hop recording artist Derek Luh, Jace Houston, King Kap, Brittani Jenae, and DJ Yung 1 have been associated with the label.

Current artists
 Mark Battles
 12Fifteen
 Brittani Jenae
 DJ Yung 1 (DJ/Producer)

Former artists
 Derek Luh
 Jace Houston

Discography

Studio albums

 Day 2 (2017)

Mixtapes

 Good Morning America (2011)
 Walking Distance (2012)
 Saturday School (2011)
 Saturday School 2 (2012)
 Saturday School 3 (2012)
 Broken Silence (2013)
 Black Einstein (2014)
 Preseason (2014)
 Lost In Reality (2015) (with Dizzy Wright and Euroz)
 Shelter Food (2015)
 Until September (2015)
 Vasi World (2018)
 Foturnate (2018)
 Fortunate2 (2019)

Tours

See also
 Hip hop music

References

External links
 Official Website
 Twitter
 Facebook

1991 births
Living people
Record producers from Indiana
Musicians from Indianapolis
Businesspeople from Indianapolis
Songwriters from Indiana
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Rappers from Indiana
Pike High School alumni
21st-century American businesspeople
American hip hop singers
Midwest hip hop musicians
African-American record producers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
African-American songwriters
21st-century African-American musicians
American male songwriters

Mark Battles


Joseph Eugene Ransdell (October 7, 1858July 27, 1954) was an attorney and politician from Louisiana. Beginning in 1899, he was elected for seven consecutive terms as United States representative from Louisiana's 5th congressional district. He subsequently served for three terms in the United States Senate from Louisiana before being defeated in the 1930 Democratic primary for the seat by Governor Huey Long.

Background

Born in Alexandria in Rapides Parish in central Louisiana, Ransdell attended public schools. In 1882, he graduated from Union College in Schnectady, New York. He returned to Louisiana to read the law with an established firm, and was admitted to the bar in 1883.

He practiced from 1883 to 1889 in Lake Providence in East Carroll Parish. Ransdell's law partner during the 1880s was his younger brother, Francis Xavier Ransdell, who years later was elected as a judge of the Louisiana 6th Judicial District Court.

Joseph Ransdell served as district attorney for the 8th Judicial District of Louisiana for 15 years, from 1884 to 1896. He also had a plantation, where he cultivated cotton and pecan groves. From 1896 to 1899, he served on the Fifth Levee District Board. In 1898, he was a member of the state constitutional convention.

House and Senate

In 1899, Ransdell was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-sixth Congress to fill the vacancy created by the death of Samuel Thomas Baird. He won his first full term in Congress in 1900, having defeated the Republican businessman Henry E. Hardtner of Urania in La Salle Parish, 6,172 votes (90.8 percent) to 628 (9.2 percent). Hardtner was the last Republican to contest the seat until 1976, when Frank Spooner of Monroe waged a strong but losing challenge to the Democrat Jerry Huckaby of Ringgold in Bienville Parish. By 1910, Hardtner had switched to Democratic affiliation and served for two years in the Louisiana House of Representatives as the first member ever from La Salle Parish. From 1924 to 1928, Hardtner was a state senator.

Ransdell served in the House from August 29, 1899, to March 3, 1913. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1912, having instead been elected by the Louisiana State Legislature to the United States Senate, prior to the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In 1918, he defeated future U.S. Senator John H. Overton of Alexandria in a disputed vote. Ransdell won his third term in the Democratic primary election in 1924, having defeated Lee Emmett Thomas, the mayor of Shreveport, 104,312 (54.9 percent) to 85,54 (45.1 percent). Huey Pierce Long Jr., while himself running for a second term on the regulatory Louisiana Public Service Commission spent more time supporting Ransdell for the Senate than he did his own campaign in which he carried all twenty-eight parishes in his district. Long was particularly motivated by his fierce opposition to Mayor Thomas though Long was then a resident of Shreveport.

Ransdell was a US senator from March 4, 1913, to March 3, 1931. But in 1930 Governor Huey Long ran in the Democratic primary against him for the seat and won. With 149,640 votes (57.3 percent), Long toppled Randsell, who polled 111,451 (42.7 percent). Long was elected in the general election without Republican opposition.

Ransdell had appeared in 1927 at a Long political rally in Lake Providence, where his younger brother introduced Long. District Attorney Jefferson B. Snyder, another long-term advocate of planter interests, sat on the stage. Snyder had not really favored Long so much as he was convinced that Long would defeat his chief opponent, U.S. Representative Riley J. Wilson, the favorite of most planter interests, and Snyder wanted to influence the new governor. At the rally, Huey Long began "a harangue that castigated their closest friends and political allies and the old establishment itself, of which these men were a part." Particularly outraged at Long's treatment of the Randsdells was state Senator Norris C. Williamson of East Carroll Parish, the vice-president of the Constitutional League of Louisiana. He would not compromise with the Longs and retired to private life in 1932, rather than face likely defeat by the Long faction.

T. H. Harris, the long-term Louisiana state superintendent of education, called Ransdell "one of the most lovable and distinguished citizens of the United States. [Yet] the people elected Long to the Senate because they believe that he can be of more use to them there. The people trust Long. I find it mighty easy to get on with Governor Long. I have seen the school appropriations increased by $1.9 million during the past two years. .."

Ransdell was chairman of the Committee on Public Health and National Quarantine (Sixty-third through Sixty-fifth Congresses) and a member of the Committee on Mississippi River and Its Tributaries (Sixty-sixth Congress). It was in this capacity that Ransdell sponsored the Ransdell Act, which created the National Institutes of Health.

Later years and legacy

In 1920, Ransdell founded a printing firm in Washington, D.C., at a time when members of Congress could run businesses while serving in office. When his Senate tenure ended in 1931, Ransdell returned to Lake Providence to engage in real estate and growing cotton and pecans. He was a member of the board of supervisors of Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge from 1940 to 1944 during the administration of Governor Sam H. Jones. Ransdell died in Lake Providence and is interred there at Lake Providence Cemetery. At the time of his death, he was the last living Senator to have been elected by a state legislature.

Ransdell was a great-uncle of Frank Voelker Jr., a Lake Providence attorney who chaired the former Louisiana State Sovereignty Commission during the administration of Governor Jimmie Davis and then ran unsuccessfully for governor in the 1963 Democratic gubernatorial primary, withdrawing before the balloting. Frank Voelker Sr., judge of the Sixth Judicial District from 1937 until his death in 1963, was married to Ransdell's niece, Isabel, and was hence a son-in-law of Judge Francis Ransdell.

Ransdell's great-great nephew was the New Orleans entrepreneur and philanthropist David Ransdell Voelker. Following Hurricane Katrina, Democratic Governor Kathleen Babineaux Blanco named David Voelker to the Louisiana Recovery Authority. Blanco's successor and past opponent, Republican Bobby Jindal, elevated Voelker as chairman of the authority. In 2008, though he had been identified previously as a "longtime, diehard Republican", David Voelker was the largest donor in Louisiana to Democrat Barack H. Obama of Illinois, having given the then neophyte presidential candidate $80,000, (~$ in ) according to the nonpartisan OpenSecrets in Washington, D.C.

Ransdell named the community of Elmwood southwest of Lake Providence, where he owned much of the land, for his boyhood plantation in Rapides parish. In 1976, more than thirty years after Ransdell's death, St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church in Lake Providence moved into a new building on a lot which the former senator had willed to the congregation. The new location at 207 Scarborough Street, is directly across the street from the earlier structure where Ransdell and his family had long worshiped.

A biography of Ransdell was written in 1951 by Adras LaBorde, long-time managing editor of the Alexandria Daily Town Talk.

References

External links

 Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries

1858 births
1954 deaths
Politicians from Alexandria, Louisiana
People from Lake Providence, Louisiana
American planters
Union College (New York) alumni
Democratic Party United States senators from Louisiana
Louisiana lawyers
Businesspeople from Louisiana
Farmers from Louisiana
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
Huey Long
Catholics from Louisiana

Joseph E. Ransdell


Awon amioro ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 je leta meta àmìọ̀rọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè ti itumo re wa ninu ISO 3166-1, apa keta opagun ISO 3166 ti Àgbájọ Káríayé fún Ìṣọ̀págun tesiwejade lati soju awon orile-ede ati awon agbegbe won. Amioro yi lo leta meta lati soju awon orile-ede, eyi yato si alpha-2 to lo leta meji.

Current codes

Officially assigned code elements
The following is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, using the English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA):

User-assigned code elements
User-assigned code elements are codes at the disposal of users who need to add further names of countries, territories, or other geographical entities to their in-house application of ISO 3166-1, and the ISO 3166/MA will never use these codes in the updating process of the standard. The following alpha-3 codes can be user-assigned: AAA to AAZ, QMA to QZZ, XAA to XZZ, and ZZA to ZZZ.

Reserved code elements
Reserved code elements are codes which have become obsolete, or are required in order to enable a particular user application of the standard but do not qualify for inclusion in ISO 3166-1. To avoid transitional application problems and to aid users who require specific additional code elements for the functioning of their coding systems, the ISO 3166/MA, when justified, reserves these codes which it undertakes not to use for other than specified purposes during a limited or indeterminate period of time. The reserved alpha-3 codes can be divided into the following four categories: exceptional reservations, transitional reservations, indeterminate reservations, and codes currently agreed not to use.

Exceptional reservations
Exceptionally reserved code elements are codes reserved at the request of national ISO member bodies, governments and international organizations, which are required in order to support a particular application, as specified by the requesting body and limited to such use; any further use of such code elements is subject to approval by the ISO 3166/MA. The following alpha-3 codes are currently exceptionally reserved:
 ASC Ascension Island — Reserved on request of UPU, also used by ITU
 CPT Clipperton Island — Reserved on request of ITU
 DGA Diego Garcia — Reserved on request of ITU
 FXX France, Metropolitan — Reserved on request of France; Previously officially assigned
 SUN USSR — Exceptionally reserved from 2008-06; Previously officially assigned, then transitionally reserved from 1992-09
 TAA Tristan da Cunha — Reserved on request of UPU

The following alpha-3 codes were previously exceptionally reserved, but are now officially assigned:
 GGY Guernsey — Reserved on request of UPU; Officially assigned since 2006
 IMN Isle of Man — Reserved on request of UPU; Officially assigned since 2006
 JEY Jersey — Reserved on request of UPU; Officially assigned since 2006

Transitional reservations
Transitional reserved code elements are codes reserved after their deletion from ISO 3166-1. These codes may be used only during a transitional period of at least five years while new code elements that may have replaced them are taken into use. These codes may be reassigned by the ISO 3166/MA after the expiration of the transitional period. The following alpha-3 codes are currently transitionally reserved:
 BUR Burma — From 1989-12
 BYS Byelorussian SSR — From 1992-06
 CSK Czechoslovakia — From 1993-06
 NTZ Neutral Zone — From 1993-07
 ROM Romania — From 2002-02; Code changed to ROU
 SCG Serbia and Montenegro — From 2006-09
 TMP East Timor — From 2002-05
 YUG Yugoslavia — From 2003-07
 ZAR Zaire — From 1997-07

Indeterminate reservations
Indeterminately reserved code elements are codes used to designate road vehicles under the 1949 and 1968 United Nations Conventions on Road Traffic but differing from those contained in ISO 3166-1. These code elements are expected eventually to be either eliminated or replaced by code elements within ISO 3166-1. In the meantime, the ISO 3166/MA has reserved such code elements for an indeterminate period. Any use beyond the application of the two Conventions is discouraged and will not be approved by the ISO 3166/MA. Moreover, these codes may be reassigned by the ISO 3166/MA at any time. The following alpha-3 codes are currently indeterminately reserved:
 ADN Aden
 BDS Barbados
 BRU Brunei
 CDN Canada
 EAK Kenya
 EAT Tanganyika [Part of Tanzania, United Republic of]
 EAU Uganda
 EAZ Zanzibar [Part of Tanzania, United Republic of]
 GBA Alderney
 GBG Guernsey
 GBJ Jersey
 GBM Isle of Man
 GBZ Gibraltar
 GCA Guatemala
 HKJ Jordan
 MAL Malaysia
 RCA Central African Republic
 RCB Congo, People's Republic of
 RCH Chile
 RMM Mali
 RNR Zambia
 ROK Korea, Republic of
 RSM San Marino
 RSR Southern Rhodesia [now Zimbabwe]
 SLO Slovenia
 SME Surinam
 TMN Turkmenistan
 WAG Gambia
 WAL Sierra Leone
 WAN Nigeria
 ZRE Zaire

The following alpha-3 code was previously indeterminately reserved, but has been reassigned to another country as its official code:
 ROU Uruguay — Code reassigned to Romania in 2002

Codes currently agreed not to use
In addition, the ISO 3166/MA will not use the following alpha-3 codes at the present stage, as they are used for special machine-readable passports in ISO/IEC 7501-1:
 GBD identifies a British Passport holder who is a "dependent territories citizen"
 GBN identifies a British Passport holder who is an "Overseas National"
 GBO identifies a British Passport holder who is an "Overseas Citizen"
 GBP identifies a British Passport holder who is a "Protected Person"
 GBS identifies a British Passport holder who is a "Subject"
 UNA is used as a substitute for nationality where the holder is an Official of a Specialized Agency of the UN Organization
 UNK identifies Kosovo residents to whom travel documents were issued by the United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo (UNMIK)
 UNO is used to designate the UN Organization as the issuer and used as a substitute for nationality where the holder is an Official of the UN Organization

Itokasi

ISO 3166

ISO 3166-1 alpha-3


Catch Me If You Can is a 1980 book by Frank Abagnale.  It talks about the four years that Abagnale was a con artist.  Abagnale sold the rights to make a movie before writing the book.  He wrote the book with a person named Stan Redding. The movie Catch Me If You Can was released in 2002.

1980 books
American autobiographies

Catch Me If You Can (book)


An ethernet hub is an electronic device that runs a computer network. It is a simple device and is easy to configure. A hub acts like a repeater: all data that arrives to one port is sent to all other ports (without looking at IP address for the data's destination). That means that all devices in this network will get all data. A hub is a very simple device and does not operate Ethernet traffic. In contrast, a switch hub has a lower latency. Many hubs have LED signal lamps to show the state of the hub (which ports are connected and if the hub is working). A "collision" happens when two or more devices on the same network try to send packets at the same time. When collisions happen all of the devices have to go through a routine to resolve the conflict.  The process is set in the Ethernet Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol.

Some hubs may also come with a BNC and/or Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) connector to allow connection to legacy 10BASE2 or 10BASE5 network segments.

There are three kinds of hubs:
 Hub - This one described here. The hub does not look at individual packets and copies them to all ports, used as connection between LAN Segments.
 Passive hub (intelligent hub) - The device monitors traffic going through the hub and all ports can be configured, also are called manageable hubs.
 Switching hub - reads the destination address of each packet and then forwards the packet to the just correct port.

Uses
Hubs can be used for:
inserting a protocol analyzer into a network connection, a hub is an alternative to a network tap or port mirroring.
 preventing a "loop" by accidentally connecting two ports together, which might be a big problem when switches are used.
 working on Physical Layer of OSI.
Historically, the main reason for purchasing hubs rather than switches was their price. Today few hubs are produced, because they are not an effective solution for building networks.

Computer networking

Ethernet hub


is the standard English language spell checker for Unix, Plan 9, and Unix-like operating systems.

Appearing in Version 6 Unix,  was originally written by Stephen C. Johnson of Bell Labs in 1975. Douglas McIlroy later improved its accuracy, performance, and memory use, and described his work and spell in general in his 1982 paper "Development of a Spelling list".

Spell has a simple command-line interface: It goes over all the words in a given text file, and prints a sorted list of unique misspelled words in that file. It does not provide any interface for looking for those words in the file, or helping to correct the mistakes. In 1983, a different spell-checker,  (the interactive spell-checker), was ported to Unix.  had a user interface for showing the spelling mistakes in context and suggesting how to correct them. Since then, the original Spell tool has been mostly considered obsolete.

Another reason Spell is considered obsolete is that it only supports the English language. Modern spell-checkers for Unix and Linux systems, such as aspell, MySpell and hunspell, support a multitude of different languages and character sets.
The Single Unix Specification has officially declared Spell a "legacy application", stating that this was done "because there is no known technology that can be used to make it recognise general language for user-specified input without providing a complete dictionary along with the input file." Nevertheless, the Single Unix Specification does not standardize any other spell-checking utility to take Spell's place.

Because of Spell's problems and the superiority of its alternatives, a free software version of McIlroy's  has never been written. Instead, in 1996 Thomas Morgan of GNU wrote a simple wrapper to  (which was already popular at the time) to replicate spell's original behaviour. Many Linux distributions include this GNU , or an even simpler shell script; For example, the "" command in Fedora Linux simply runs , as:
 cat "$@" | aspell -l --mode=none | sort -u

See also
ispell
aspell
MySpell
pspell
hunspell

References

External links
Original Unix spell source code (link does not work)

1975 software
Standard Unix programs
Plan 9 commands

Spell (Unix)


The Eichsfeld ( or ; 'Oak-field') is a historical region in the southeast of the state of Lower Saxony (which is called , 'lower Eichsfeld') and northwest of the state of Thuringia (, 'upper Eichsfeld') in the south of the Harz mountains in Germany. Until 1803 the Eichsfeld was for centuries part of the Archbishopric of Mainz, which is the cause of its current position as a Catholic enclave in the predominantly Protestant north of Germany. Following German partition in 1945, the West German portion became Landkreis Duderstadt. A few small transfers of territory between the American and Soviet zones of occupation took place in accordance with the Wanfried Agreement.

Geography
 Today the greatest part of the Obereichsfeld makes up the Landkreis (district) Eichsfeld. Other parts belong to the district Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis. The Untereichsfeld, later Landkreis Duderstadt, was merged mostly with the Landkreis of Göttingen, while Lindau became part of Katlenburg-Lindau which is now part of the Landkreis of Northeim.

Cities in the Eichsfeld are Duderstadt, Heiligenstadt, Leinefelde-Worbis and Dingelstädt.

History
 The Eichsfeld was first mentioned in 897, and in 1022 the Archbishopric of Mainz listed its possessions in the region, which were increased up until 1573. The Ottonian Untereichsfeld became part of Eichsfeld after being part of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Grubenhagen between 1342 and 1434.

During the German Peasants' War within the Reichsstadt of Mühlhausen most of the monasteries, churches  and castles were plundered and most of the Eichsfeld became Protestant.

In 1575 the Society of Jesus successfully established the Counter-Reformation in Eichsfeld. The Thirty Years' War reached Eichsfeld in 1622 and during the years following several armies (Swedish,  Danish,  Thuringian) plundered the region. According to the Peace of Westphalia the Archbishopric of Mainz reestablished Catholicism in the area which was two thirds devastated and had lost 75% of its population.

During the Napoleonic time Eichsfeld was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia, which was dissolved after the victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig.

From 1949 to 1990 the Obereichsfeld belonged to the GDR. In this atheistic state the people preserved their Catholic roots, and church life stayed relatively intact.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the GDR, the Borderland Museum Eichsfeld was opened in the buildings of the former border crossing point Duderstadt-Worbis in the centre of the Eichsfeld region. It addresses the history of the GDR and the German division with focus on its meaning for the Eichsfeld region.

Politics
In consequence of the traditionalism in Eichsfeld, the percentage of voters for the CDU is significantly higher than in the surrounding area.

References

External links
 The Eichsfeld tourism organization (HVE) (German)
 History and map of the Eichsfeld 1789 (German)
 Eichsfeld Wiki - Regiowiki for Eichsfeld (German / multilingual)

Regions of Thuringia

no:Eichsfeld

Eichsfeld


SK8-TV is a program shown on Nickelodeon that began in 1990 and was originally hosted by Matthew Lillard (who went by the name Matthew Lynn at the time) and Skatemaster Tate. It was a skateboard variety show that featured on-set interviews as well as off site action segments. Various techniques were introduced to television in SK8-TV including hand-held cameras and the use of multi-format film and video. The set for the show was built on location at the Pink Motel in Sun Valley, California, which was famous for its large fish shaped pool that was ideal for skateboarding.

It hosted a wide variety of skateboarders such as Christian Hosoi, Natas Kaupas, a young Tony Hawk and many others that went on to become famous and well known. It was created and produced by original Z-Boys Nathan Pratt and Mark Ashton Hunt from Binder Entertainment, directed by Stacy Peralta, who later went on to direct the retrospective documentary Dogtown and Z-Boys with production design by C.R. Stecyk III. It later resurfaced on the now-defunct Nick GAS channel in 1999 and aired until 2005.

References
  Set artist Kevin Ancell interview by Juice (skateboarding magazine)
  Map location of the set at Google maps

External links

Skateboarding mass media
1990s Nickelodeon original programming
1990 American television series debuts
1990 American television series endings
American sports television series
English-language television shows

SK8-TV


In geometry, the semi-major axis is the distance from the center of an ellipse to the farthest point on the perimeter of the ellipse. The semi-major axis is half of the major axis, which goes all the way across the ellipse at the widest part. The semi-minor axis is a line segment that is at 90 degrees with the semi-major axis. For the circle, the lengths of the semi-axes are both equal to the radius.

Orbits

Semi-major and semi-minor axes


Ealing is a town in the London Borough of Ealing, most famous for the Ealing Studios, a movie studio. In 2011, the population was estimated at 339,300 and contains seven distinct town centres – Ealing, Hanwell, Acton, Southall, Greenford, Perivale and Northolt.

The borough of Ealing has a total of 91 state-run schools and nurseries as well as four Non-League football clubs.

Ealing

Ealing


In United States law, the ordinary course of business (OCB) covers the usual transactions, customs and practices of a certain business and of a certain firm. This term is used particularly to judge the validity of certain transactions.  It is used in several different sections of the Uniform Commercial Code of the United States.

Section 1-201 of the Uniform Commercial Code defines a "Buyer in the ordinary course of business" by a four-part test:

 a person that buys goods in good faith,
 without knowledge that the sale violates the rights of another person in the goods [e.g. a security interest],
 and in the ordinary course from a person, other than a pawnbroker, in the business of selling goods of that kind.
 A person buys goods in the ordinary course if the sale to the person comports with the usual or customary practices in the kind of business in which the seller is engaged or with the seller's own usual or customary practices.

[emphasis added]

American legal terminology
Business law

Ordinary course of business


The Southern Netherlands, also called the Catholic Netherlands, were part of the Low Countries.  They were controlled by Spain (1556–1714), Austria (1714–94) and added into France (1794–1815). This area was most of modern Belgium, the Imperial Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy, the County of Bouillon and Luxembourg, and in addition some parts of the Netherlands, as well as, until 1678, most of the present Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in northern France. The Southern Netherlands were part of the Holy Roman Empire until it was added to France.

The northern seven provinces, led by Holland and Zeeland, started their independence as the United Provinces after 1581. The southern Netherlands were reconquered by the Spanish general Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.  The Southern Netherlands passed to the Austrian Habsburgs after the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century.  After the French Revolutionary Wars they were joined with the northern Netherlands.  They were made a single kingdom under the House of Orange at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The south-eastern third of Luxembourg Province was made into Luxembourg. In 1830 the mostly Roman Catholic southern half became independent as the Kingdom of Belgium.

References

History of Belgium
History of the Netherlands
History of Spain

Southern Netherlands


A synod () is a council of a Christian denomination, usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. The word synod comes from the Ancient Greek  () ; the term is analogous with the Latin word  . Originally, synods were meetings of bishops, and the word is still used in that sense in Catholicism, Oriental Orthodoxy and Eastern Orthodoxy. In modern usage, the word often refers to the governing body of a particular church, whether its members are meeting or not. It is also sometimes used to refer to a church that is governed by a synod.

Sometimes the phrase "general synod" or "general council" refers to an ecumenical council. The word synod also refers to the standing council of high-ranking bishops governing some of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches. Similarly, the day-to-day governance of patriarchal and major archiepiscopal Eastern Catholic Churches is entrusted to a permanent synod.

Usages in different Communions

Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox

In Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches, synods of bishops are meetings of bishops within each autonomous Church and are the primary vehicle for the election of bishops and the establishment of inter-diocesan ecclesiastical laws.

A sobor (Church Slavonic: съборъ, "assembly") is a formal gathering or council of bishops together with other clerical and lay delegates representing the church to deal with matters of faith, morality, rite, and canonical and cultural life. The synod in the Western churches is similar, but it is distinguished by being usually limited to an assembly of bishops.

The term is found among those Eastern Orthodox Churches that use Slavic language (the Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian Orthodox Churches), along with the Romanian Orthodox Church.

Assembly

The presence of clerical and lay delegates is for the purpose of discerning the consensus of the church on important matters; however, the bishops form an upper house of the sobor, and the laity cannot overrule their decisions.

Kievan Rus' chronicles record the first known East Slavic church sobor as having taken place in Kiev in 1051. Sobors were convened periodically from then on; one notable assembly held in 1415 formed a separate metropoly for the church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian lands.

Important sobors in the History of the Russian Orthodox Church are:
 Vladimir's Sobor in 1276
 The Stoglavy Sobor (Sobor of a Hundred Chapters) in 1551
 The Moscow Sobor of 1666–1667, to deal with disputes surrounding the ecclesiastical reforms of Patriarch Nikon
 The All-Russian Sobor of 1917, which restored the Moscow Patriarchate and elected Saint Tikhon as the first modern Patriarch of Moscow
 The All-Russian Sobor of 1988, called on the 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus' to guide the church in the wake of glasnost and the loosening of the Soviet grip over the church

A bishop may also call a sobor for his diocese, which again would have delegates from the clergy, monasteries and parishes of his diocese, to discuss important matters. Such diocesan sobors may be held annually or only occasionally.

Catholic

In Roman Catholic usage, synod and council are theoretically synonymous as they are of Greek and Latin origins, respectively, both meaning an authoritative meeting of bishops for the purpose of church administration in the areas of teaching (faith and morals) or governance (church discipline or law). However, in modern use, synod and council are applied to specific categories of such meetings and so do not really overlap.  A synod generally meets every three years and is thus designated an "Ordinary General Assembly." However, "Extraordinary" synods can be called to deal with specific situations. There are also "Special" synods for the Church in a specific geographic area such as the one held November 16-December 12, 1997, for the Church in America.

Synod of Bishops

While the words "synod" and "council" usually refer to a transitory meeting, the term "Synod of Bishops" or "Synod of the Bishops", is also applied to a permanent body established in 1965 as an advisory body of the pope. It holds assemblies at which bishops and religious superiors, elected by bishops conferences or the Union of Superiors General or appointed by the Pope vote on proposals ("propositiones") to present for the pope's consideration, and which in practice the pope uses as the basis of "post-synodal apostolic exhortations" on the themes discussed. While an assembly of the Synod of Bishops thus expresses its collective wishes, it does not issue decrees, unless in certain cases the pope authorizes it to do so, and even then an assembly's decision requires ratification by the pope. The pope serves as president of an assembly or appoints the president, determines the agenda, and summons, suspends, and dissolves the assembly.

Modern Catholic synod themes:
 X "The Bishop: Servant of the Gospel of JESUS CHRIST for the hope of the world" 1998
 XI "The Eucharist: Source and Summit of the Life and Mission of the Church 2005
 XII "The Word of God in the Life and Mission of the Church" 2008
 XIII "New Evangelisation for the Transmission of the Christian Faith" 2012
 Extraordinary General "The Pastoral Challenges of the Family in the Context of Evangelization" 2014

Councils

Meetings of bishops in the Roman empire are known from the mid-third century and already numbered twenty by the time of the First Council of Nicaea (325). Thereafter they continued by the hundreds into the sixth century. Those authorized by an emperor and often attended by him came to be called ecumenical, meaning throughout the world (as the world was thought of in Western terms). Today, Council in Roman Catholic canon law typically refers to an irregular meeting of the entire episcopate of a nation, region, or the world for the purpose of legislation with binding force.  Those contemplated in canon law are the following:
 An ecumenical council is an irregular meeting of the entire episcopate in communion with the pope and is, along with the pope, the highest legislative authority of the universal Church (can. 336).  The pope alone has the right to convoke, suspend, and dissolve an ecumenical council; he also presides over it or chooses someone else to do so and determines the agenda (can. 338).  The vacancy of the Holy See automatically suspends an ecumenical council.  Laws or teachings issued by an ecumenical council require the confirmation of the pope, who alone has the right to promulgate them (can. 341).  The role of the pope in an ecumenical council is a distinct feature of the Catholic Church.
 Plenary councils, which are meetings of the entire episcopate of a nation (including a nation that is only one ecclesiastical province), are convoked by the national episcopal conference.
 Provincial councils, which consist of the bishops of an ecclesiastical province smaller than a nation, are convoked by the metropolitan with consent of a majority of the suffragan bishops.

Plenary and provincial councils are categorized as particular councils.  A particular council is composed of all the bishops of the territory (including coadjutors and auxiliaries) as well as other ecclesiastical ordinaries who head particular churches in the territory (such as territorial abbots and vicars apostolic). Each of these members has a vote on council legislation.  Additionally, the following persons by law are part of particular councils but only participate in an advisory capacity: vicars general and episcopal, presidents of Catholic universities, deans of Catholic departments of theology and canon law, some major superiors elected by all the major superiors in the territory, some rectors of seminaries elected by the rectors of seminaries in the territory, and two members from each cathedral chapter, presbyterial council, or pastoral council in the territory (can. 443).  The convoking authority can also select other members of the faithful (including the laity) to participate in the council in an advisory capacity.

Meetings of the entire episcopate of a supra-national region have historically been called councils as well, such as the various Councils of Carthage in which all the bishops of North Africa were to attend.

During the Middle Ages, some councils were legatine, called by a papal legate rather than the pope or bishop.

Synods
Synods in Eastern Catholic Churches are similar to synods in Orthodox churches in that they are the primary vehicle for election of bishops and establishment of inter-diocesan ecclesiastical laws.  The term synod in Latin Church canon law, however, refers to meetings of a representative, thematic, non-legislative (advisory) or mixed nature or in some other way do not meet the qualifications of a "council." There are various types.

Diocesan synods are irregular meetings of the clergy and laity of a particular church summoned by the diocesan bishop (or other prelate if the particular church is not a diocese) to deliberate on legislative matters.  Only the diocesan bishop holds legislative authority; the other members of the diocesan synod act only in an advisory capacity.  Those who must be invited to a diocesan synod by law are any coadjutor or auxiliary bishops, the vicars general and episcopal, the officialis, the vicars forane plus an additional priest from each vicariate forane, the presbyterial council, canons of the cathedral chapter (if there is one), the rector of the seminary, some of the superiors of religious houses in the diocese, and members of the laity chosen by the diocesan pastoral council, though the diocesan bishop can invite others to attend at his own initiative. (can. 463)

Episcopal conferences

National episcopal conferences are another development of the Second Vatican Council.  They are permanent bodies consisting of all the Latin Church bishops of a nation and those equivalent to diocesan bishops in law (i.e. territorial abbots). Bishops of other sui juris churches and papal nuncios are not members of episcopal conferences by law, though the conference itself may invite them in an advisory or voting capacity (can. 450).

While councils (can. 445) and diocesan synods (can. 391 & 466) have full legislative powers in their areas of competence, national episcopal conferences may only issue supplementary legislation when authorized to do so in canon law or by decree of the Holy See. Additionally, any such supplemental legislation requires a two-thirds vote of the conference and review by the Holy See (can. 455) to have the force of law. Without such authorization and review, episcopal conferences are deliberative only and exercise no authority over their member bishops or dioceses.

Anglican

In the Anglican Communion, synods are elected by clergy and laity. In most Anglican churches, there is a geographical hierarchy of synods, with General Synod at the top; bishops, clergy and laity meet as "houses" within the synod.

Diocesan synods are convened by a bishop in his or her diocese, and consist of elected clergy and lay members.

Deanery synods are convened by the Rural Dean (or Area Dean) and consist of all clergy licensed to a benefice within the deanery, plus elected lay members.

Lutheran

 In North America, a synod can be a local administrative region similar to a diocese in other denominations. An example of this is the Minneapolis Area Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. However, for some denominations such as the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, it denotes an entire church body. The usage of synod as an administrative ecclesiastical region is also reflected by the German term  (i.e. synodal federation), such as the Regional Synodal Federation of the Free City of Danzig.

 In Europe, a synod can be a legislature comprising deputies elected by all enfranchised members of a church and competent for the entire church. It is similar to a general assembly in Presbyterianism, and found, in regional Protestant church bodies (Landeskirche) in Germany; examples include  (i.e. regional or land synod) or  (general synod). A synod can also be used by an administrative subunit of a church body, such as a city synod (; comprising synodal deputies of congregations of one denomination within one city) or provincial synod (; comprising synodal deputies of congregations within an ecclesiastical province). The use of the term synod to describe a small gathering is now obsolete, the term used instead is Kirchenkreis.

Presbyterian

In the Presbyterian system of church governance the synod is a level of administration between the local presbytery and the national general assembly. Some denominations use the synod, such as the Presbyterian Church in Canada, Uniting Church in Australia, and the Presbyterian Church USA. However some other churches do not use the synod at all, and the Church of Scotland dissolved its synods in 1993, see List of Church of Scotland synods and presbyteries. The Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church is considered a Synod since there is no national church in the United States. (see establishment principle)

Reformed
In Swiss and southern German Reformed churches, where the Reformed churches are organized as regionally defined independent churches (such as Evangelical Reformed Church of Zurich or Reformed Church of Berne), the synod corresponds to the general assembly of Presbyterian churches. In Reformed churches, the synod can denote a regional meeting of representatives of various classes (regional synod), or the general denominational meeting of representatives from the regional synods (general or national synod). Some churches, especially the smaller denominations, do not have the regional synod tier (for example, the Reformed Church in the United States (RCUS)). Historically, these were meetings such as the Synod of Homberg.

Church of Christ in Congo
In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the vast majority of Protestant denominations have regrouped under a religious institution named the Church of Christ in Congo or CCC, often referred to – within the Congo – simply as The Protestant Church. In the CCC structure, the national synod is the general assembly of the various churches that constitutes the CCC. From the Synod is drawn an executive committee, and a secretariat. There are also synods of the CCC in every province of the Congo, known appropriately as provincial synods. The CCC regroups 62 Protestant denominations.

Historical synods

 Synods of Antioch, 264–269
 Synods of Carthage 251, 255, 256, 348, 411, 418, 419, 424
 Synod of Elvira 305
 Synod of Ancyra 314 (about bestiality, broken down by age-group)
 First Synod of Tyre and Jerusalem 335
 Synod of Gangra 340
 Synod of Hippo 393
 Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 410
 Synod of Gondishapur 484
 Councils of Toledo, 400–1583
 Third Council of Mâcon 585 (Tithing)
 Synod of Whitby 664
 Synod of Soissons 744
 Cadaver Synod 897
 Synod of Erfurt 932
 Synods of Augsburg 952 & 1062
 Synod of Ráth Breasail, 1111
 Synod of Kells, 1152
 Synod of Cashel 1172
 Synod of Verona, 1184 (about Waldensians)
 Synod of Diamper, 1599
 Synod of Dort 1618–1619
 Synod of Iași, 1642
 Synod of Jerusalem, 1672
 Pan-Orthodox Council, 2016

See also

 Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical) – church councils before the First Council of Nicaea
 College of Bishops
 Conciliabulum, the diminutive used for an irregular council
 United Methodist Council of Bishops
 Council of Jerusalem
 Ecumenical council, representing the universal episcopate
 First seven ecumenical councils
 Great Moscow Synod
 General Conference (LDS Church)
 Sobor on the Blood
 Sobornost
 Station days
 Stoglavy Sobor

Notes

References

Bibliography

Collections of synodal decrees

  (See )

  (See )

Other
 The synod of Constantinople in Byzantine times (in German)
 Calculating the Synod? A network analysis of the synod of Constantinople in Late Byzantine times

External links

 "Synod" at the Catholic Encyclopedia
 Sobor in Encyclopedia of Ukraine

Church councils
Christian terminology
Governing assemblies of religious organizations
Episcopacy in Eastern Orthodoxy
Episcopacy in Oriental Orthodoxy
Episcopacy in the Catholic Church
Religious law
Types of Christian organization

Synod


In zoological nomenclature, the specific name (also specific epithet or species epithet) is the second part (the second name) within the scientific name of a species (a binomen). The first part of the name of a species is the name of the genus or the generic name. The rules and regulations governing the giving of a new species name are explained in the article species description. For example, the scientific name for humans is Homo sapiens, which is the species name, consisting of two names: Homo is the "generic name" (the name of the genus) and sapiens is the "specific name".

Historically, specific name referred to the combination of what are now called the generic and specific names. Carl Linnaeus, who formalized binomial nomenclature, made explicit distinctions between specific, generic, and trivial names. The generic name was that of the genus, the first in the binomial, the trivial name was the second name in the binomial, and the specific the proper term for the combination of the two. For example the binomial name of the tiger, Panthera tigris:
 generic name = Panthera
 trivial name = tigris
 specific name = Panthera tigris

This was the proper usage from the 18th century into the late 20th century, although many authors seemed to be unaware of  the distinctions between trivial and specific names and inconsistent and erroneous usage even appeared the International Code of Zoölogical Nomenclature.

The grammar of species names
Grammatically, a binomen (and a trinomen, also) must be treated as if it were a Latin phrase, no matter which language the words were originally taken from. (This gives some justification to the popular usage of the phrase "Latin name" instead of the more correct phrase "scientific name".) The specific name must adhere to certain conventions of Latin grammar. The specific name can be formed as:
 A noun in apposition to the genus name, for example, the scientific name of the lion, Panthera leo. In these cases, the word for the genus and the word for the species do not necessarily have to agree in gender. Species names which are nouns in apposition are sometimes the vernacular name of the organism in Latin or Ancient Greek, or the name (specific or generic) of another organism which the organism itself resembles.
 A noun in the genitive case (i.e. belonging to).
 This is common in parasites: Xenos vesparum ("Stranger of the wasps").
 Proper nouns which are names of people and places are often used in the genitive case. For example, the name of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae which means "Latimeria of Chalumna", is a reference to the area near the mouth of the Chalumna River in the Indian Ocean, where the coelacanth was first found, i.e. its type locality.
 An adjective which must agree in case and gender with the genus: Felis silvestris ("the forest cat")

Differences from botany
In botanical nomenclature, "name" always refers to the whole name (of a species or otherwise), whereas in zoological nomenclature it can refer to either part of the binomen. Thus Hedera helix (common ivy, English ivy) is the name of the species; Hedera is the name of the genus; but helix is called the specific epithet, not the specific name.

References

Further reading

Zoological nomenclature
Epithets

Specific name (zoology)