A classical field theory is a physical theory that predicts how one or more physical fields interact with matter through field equations, without considering effects of quantization; theories that incorporate quantum mechanics are called quantum field theories. In most contexts, 'classical field theory' is specifically intended to describe electromagnetism and gravitation, two of the fundamental forces of nature.

A physical field can be thought of as the assignment of a physical quantity at each point of space and time. For example, in a weather forecast, the wind velocity during a day over a country is described by assigning a vector to each point in space. Each vector represents the direction of the movement of air at that point, so the set of all wind vectors in an area at a given point in time constitutes a vector field. As the day progresses, the directions in which the vectors point change as the directions of the wind change.

The first field theories, Newtonian gravitation and Maxwell's equations of electromagnetic fields were developed in classical physics before the advent of relativity theory in 1905, and had to be revised to be consistent with that theory. Consequently, classical field theories are usually categorized as non-relativistic and relativistic. Modern field theories are usually expressed using the mathematics of tensor calculus. A more recent alternative mathematical formalism describes classical fields as sections of mathematical objects called fiber bundles.

Non-relativistic field theories
Some of the simplest physical fields are vector force fields. Historically, the first time that fields were taken seriously was with Faraday's lines of force when describing the electric field. The gravitational field was then similarly described.

Newtonian gravitation
The first field theory of gravity was Newton's theory of gravitation in which the mutual interaction between two masses obeys an inverse square law. This was very useful for predicting the motion of planets around the Sun.

Any massive body M has a gravitational field g which describes its influence on other massive bodies. The gravitational field of M at a point r in space is found by determining the force F that M exerts on a small test mass m located at r, and then dividing by m:

Stipulating that m is much smaller than M ensures that the presence of m has a negligible influence on the behavior of M.

According to Newton's law of universal gravitation, F(r) is given by

where  is a unit vector pointing along the line from M to m, and G is Newton's gravitational constant. Therefore, the gravitational field of M is

The experimental observation that inertial mass and gravitational mass are equal to unprecedented levels of accuracy leads to the identification of the gravitational field strength as identical to the acceleration experienced by a particle. This is the starting point of the equivalence principle, which leads to general relativity.

For a discrete collection of masses, Mi, located at points, ri, the gravitational field at a point r due to the masses is

If we have a continuous mass distribution ρ instead, the sum is replaced by an integral,

Note that the direction of the field points from the position r to the position of the masses ri; this is ensured by the minus sign. In a nutshell, this means all masses attract.

In the integral form Gauss's law for gravity is

while in differential form it is

Therefore, the gravitational field g can be written in terms of the gradient of a gravitational potential :

This is a consequence of the gravitational force F being conservative.

Electromagnetism

Electrostatics

A charged test particle with charge q experiences a force F based solely on its charge. We can similarly describe the electric field E generated by the source charge Q so that :

Using this and Coulomb's law the electric field due to a single charged particle is

The electric field is conservative, and hence is given by the gradient of a scalar potential,

Gauss's law for electricity is in integral form

while in differential form

Magnetostatics

A steady current I flowing along a path ℓ will exert a force on nearby charged particles that is quantitatively different from the electric field force described above. The force exerted by I on a nearby charge q with velocity v is

where B(r) is the magnetic field, which is determined from I by the Biot–Savart law:

The magnetic field is not conservative in general, and hence cannot usually be written in terms of a scalar potential. However, it can be written in terms of a vector potential, A(r):

Gauss's law for magnetism in integral form is

while in differential form it is

The physical interpretation is that there are no magnetic monopoles.

Electrodynamics

In general, in the presence of both a charge density ρ(r, t) and current density J(r, t), there will be both an electric and a magnetic field, and both will vary in time. They are determined by Maxwell's equations, a set of differential equations which directly relate E and B to the electric charge density (charge per unit volume) ρ and current density (electric current per unit area) J.

Alternatively, one can describe the system in terms of its scalar and vector potentials V and A. A set of integral equations known as retarded potentials allow one to calculate V and A from ρ and J, and from there the electric and magnetic fields are determined via the relations

Continuum mechanics

Fluid dynamics

Fluid dynamics has fields of pressure, density, and flow rate that are connected by conservation laws for energy and momentum. The mass continuity equation is a continuity equation, representing the conservation of mass

and the Navier–Stokes equations represent the conservation of momentum in the fluid, found from Newton's laws applied to the fluid,

if the density , pressure , deviatoric stress tensor  of the fluid, as well as external body forces b, are all given. The velocity field u is the vector field to solve for.

Other examples
In 1839, James MacCullagh presented field equations to describe reflection and refraction in "An essay toward a dynamical theory of crystalline reflection and refraction".

Potential theory
The term "potential theory" arises from the fact that, in 19th century physics, the fundamental forces of nature were believed to be derived from scalar potentials which satisfied Laplace's equation. Poisson addressed the question of the stability of the planetary orbits, which had already been settled by Lagrange to the first degree of approximation from the perturbation forces, and derived the Poisson's equation, named after him. The general form of this equation is

where σ is a source function (as a density, a quantity per unit volume) and φ the scalar potential to solve for.

In Newtonian gravitation; masses are the sources of the field so that field lines terminate at objects that have mass. Similarly, charges are the sources and sinks of electrostatic fields: positive charges emanate electric field lines, and field lines terminate at negative charges. These field concepts are also illustrated in the general divergence theorem, specifically Gauss's law's for gravity and electricity. For the cases of time-independent gravity and electromagnetism, the fields are gradients of corresponding potentials

so substituting these into Gauss' law for each case obtains

where ρg is the mass density, ρe the charge density, G the gravitational constant and ke = 1/4πε0 the electric force constant.

Incidentally, this similarity arises from the similarity between Newton's law of gravitation and Coulomb's law.

In the case where there is no source term (e.g. vacuum, or paired charges), these potentials obey Laplace's equation:

For a distribution of mass (or charge), the potential can be expanded in a series of spherical harmonics, and the nth term in the series can be viewed as a potential arising from the 2n-moments (see multipole expansion). For many purposes only the monopole, dipole, and quadrupole terms are needed in calculations.

Relativistic field theory

Modern formulations of classical field theories generally require Lorentz covariance as this is now recognised as a fundamental aspect of nature. A field theory tends to be expressed mathematically by using Lagrangians. This is a function that, when subjected to an action principle, gives rise to the field equations and a conservation law for the theory. The action is a Lorentz scalar, from which the field equations and symmetries can be readily derived.

Throughout we use units such that the speed of light in vacuum is 1, i.e. c = 1.

Lagrangian dynamics

Given a field tensor , a scalar called the Lagrangian density  can be constructed from  and its derivatives.
From this density, the action functional can be constructed by integrating over spacetime,

Where  is the volume form in curved spacetime.

Therefore, the Lagrangian itself is equal to the integral of the Lagrangian density over all space.

Then by enforcing the action principle, the Euler–Lagrange equations are obtained

Relativistic fields
Two of the most well-known Lorentz-covariant classical field theories are now described.

Electromagnetism

Historically, the first (classical) field theories were those describing the electric and magnetic fields (separately). After numerous experiments, it was found that these two fields were related, or, in fact, two aspects of the same field: the electromagnetic field. Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism describes the interaction of charged matter with the electromagnetic field. The first formulation of this field theory used vector fields to describe the electric and magnetic fields. With the advent of special relativity, a more complete formulation using tensor fields was found. Instead of using two vector fields describing the electric and magnetic fields, a tensor field representing these two fields together is used.

The electromagnetic four-potential is defined to be , and the electromagnetic four-current . The electromagnetic field at any point in spacetime is described by the antisymmetric (0,2)-rank electromagnetic field tensor

The Lagrangian
To obtain the dynamics for this field, we try and construct a scalar from the field. In the vacuum, we have

We can use gauge field theory to get the interaction term, and this gives us

The equations
To obtain the field equations, the electromagnetic tensor in the Lagrangian density needs to be replaced by its definition in terms of the 4-potential A, and it's this potential which enters the Euler-Lagrange equations. The EM field F is not varied in the EL equations. Therefore,

Evaluating the derivative of the Lagrangian density with respect to the field components

and the derivatives of the field components

obtains Maxwell's equations in vacuum. The source equations (Gauss' law for electricity and the Maxwell-Ampère law) are

while the other two (Gauss' law for magnetism and Faraday's law) are obtained from the fact that F is the 4-curl of A, or, in other words, from the fact that the Bianchi identity holds for the electromagnetic field tensor.

where the comma indicates a partial derivative.

Gravitation

After Newtonian gravitation was found to be inconsistent with special relativity, Albert Einstein formulated a new theory of gravitation called general relativity. This treats gravitation as a geometric phenomenon ('curved spacetime') caused by masses and represents the gravitational field mathematically by a tensor field called the metric tensor. The Einstein field equations describe how this curvature is produced. Newtonian gravitation is now superseded by Einstein's theory of general relativity, in which gravitation is thought of as being due to a curved spacetime, caused by masses. The Einstein field equations,

describe how this curvature is produced by matter and radiation, where Gab is the Einstein tensor,

written in terms of the Ricci tensor Rab and Ricci scalar ,  is the stress–energy tensor and  is a constant. In the absence of matter and radiation (including sources) the 'vacuum field equations,

can be derived by varying the Einstein–Hilbert action,

with respect to the metric, where g is the determinant of the metric tensor gab''. Solutions of the vacuum field equations are called vacuum solutions. An alternative interpretation, due to Arthur Eddington, is that  is fundamental,  is merely one aspect of , and  is forced by the choice of units.

Further examples
Further examples of Lorentz-covariant classical field theories are
 Klein-Gordon theory for real or complex scalar fields
 Dirac theory for a Dirac spinor field
 Yang–Mills theory for a non-abelian gauge field

Unification attempts

Attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics are classical unified field theories. During the years between the two World Wars, the idea of unification of gravity with electromagnetism was actively pursued by several mathematicians and physicists like Albert Einstein, Theodor Kaluza, Hermann Weyl, Arthur Eddington, Gustav Mie and Ernst Reichenbacher.

Early attempts to create such theory were based on incorporation of electromagnetic fields into the geometry of general relativity. In 1918, the case for the first geometrization of the electromagnetic field was proposed in 1918 by Hermann Weyl.
In 1919, the idea of a five-dimensional approach was suggested by Theodor Kaluza. From that, a theory called Kaluza-Klein Theory was developed. It attempts to unify gravitation and electromagnetism, in a five-dimensional space-time.
There are several ways of extending the representational framework for a unified field theory which have been considered by Einstein and other researchers. These extensions in general are based in two options. The first option is based in relaxing the conditions imposed on the original formulation, and the second is based in introducing other mathematical objects into the theory. An example of the first option is relaxing the restrictions to four-dimensional space-time by considering higher-dimensional representations. That is used in Kaluza-Klein Theory. For the second, the most prominent example arises from the concept of the affine connection that was introduced into the theory of general relativity mainly through the work of Tullio Levi-Civita and Hermann Weyl.

Further development of quantum field theory changed the focus of searching for unified field theory from classical to quantum description. Because of that, many theoretical physicists gave up looking for a classical unified field theory. Quantum field theory would include unification of two other fundamental forces of nature, the strong and weak nuclear force which act on the subatomic level.

See also

Relativistic wave equations
Quantum field theory
Classical unified field theories
Variational methods in general relativity
Higgs field (classical)
Lagrangian (field theory)
Hamiltonian field theory
Covariant Hamiltonian field theory

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Mathematical physics
Theoretical physics
Lagrangian mechanics
Equations

Classical field theory


A spacecraft is a vehicle that can carry people and cargo beyond the Earth's atmosphere, through space to other planetary bodies, space stations, or orbits and back home again. Spacecraft which are launched from the surface of a planet are called launch vehicles and usually take-off from launch pads at spaceports.

Most spacecraft today are propelled by rocket engines, which shoot hot gases opposite to the direction of travel. Other forms of propulsion are used when appropriate. Spacecraft which do not need to escape from strong gravity may use ion thrusters or other more efficient methods.

Because of the very large amount of energy needed to leave the Earth's gravity, spacecraft are usually very expensive to build, launch, and operate. Plans for future spacecraft often focus on reducing these costs so more people can participate in space. But today, costs are still very high, and until recently all spacecraft were sponsored by  national governments.

Human spaceflight vehicles

Most expensive of all is to send people in to space, due to their needs for food, water, air, living space, safety, and control. People participating in this way have special names: Americans call themselves astronauts; Russians call themselves cosmonauts; Chinese call themselves taikonauts.

 The American agency NASA used a launch vehicle called the Space Shuttle. Currently, they go on Soyuz with the cosmonauts.
 The Russian agency RFSA uses a launch vehicle called Soyuz.
 The Ukrainian agency UASA uses a launch vehicle called Zenit.
 The Chinese agency CNSA uses a launch vehicle called Shenzhou.
 A private firm Virgin Galactic is building a launch vehicle called SpaceShipTwo.
A space company SpaceX is building a launch vehicle called Starship.

Satellites

Some of the most important spacecraft today are artificial satellites. Artificial satellites are smaller, unmanned spacecraft. Some go into Low Earth orbit to look at the Earth or for other purposes. Others are sent to geostationary orbit to relay radio signals from one part of Earth to another, or to watch events on Earth from a high point of view. Communications satellites are important for television and other communications, and other satellites help with weather prediction and other jobs.

Related pages
 Spaceflight
 Space probe

Spacecraft


Bound is a 1996 American romantic crime thriller starring Jennifer Tilly and Gina Gershon as two bisexual women who plot to steal $2 million in Mafia money. Bound received positive reviews from critics who praised its humor and strong style and its portrayal of lesbian relationships in any mainstream motion picture. It was rated R in the United States and Australia for sexual content and intense violence. It was released October 4, 1996 in the United States.

Other websites

1996 romance movies
1996 crime thriller movies
1990s erotic movies
1990s LGBT movies
American crime thriller movies
American erotic movies
American LGBT movies
1990s American romance movies
1990s English-language movies

Film noir
LGBT crime movies
LGBT erotic movies
LGBT romance movies
LGBT thriller movies
Movies about murderers
American independent movies
1996 independent movies

Movies directed by The Wachowskis

Bound (movie)


The Scottish Football League First Division was the second tier in the Scottish football league system between 1975 and 2013.

History
The First Division was introduced in 1975–76 to replace the old Scottish Football League Division Two, as the top flight of the Scottish Football League was renamed from Division One to Premier Division.

In 1998, the Premier Division clubs broke away from the Scottish Football League to form the Scottish Premier League. The First Division remained the second tier of the Scottish league system, but was now the top tier of the Scottish Football League. In July 2013, the Scottish Football League and Scottish Premier League merged to form the Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL). The SPFL named its second tier as the Scottish Championship, which effectively replaced the First Division.

Competition
From 1994 until 2013, the First Division consisted of ten teams. From 1998, only the winner of the First Division was promoted to the Scottish Premier League (SPL), subject to that club meeting the SPL stadium criteria. From 2007, the bottom club in the First Division was automatically relegated to the Second Division and the second bottom club went into an end of season play-off with the second, third and fourth placed clubs in the Second Division.

The ten teams in the First Division played each other four times with three points for a victory and one point each for a drawn game.

Winners of the First Division

See also
Sports league attendances
Scottish Championship

References

External links
SFL First Division Official Site
Scottish Football League First Division clubs' locations

2
Scotland
1975 establishments in Scotland
2013 disestablishments in Scotland
Sports leagues established in 1975
Sports leagues disestablished in 2013

Scottish Football League First Division


A licht-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor licht soorce. LEDs are uised as indicator lamps in mony devices an are increasingly uised for general lichtin. Appearin as practical electronic components in 1962, early LEDs emittit law-intensity reid licht, but modren versions are available athort the veesible, ultraviolet, an infrared wavelengths, wi very heich brichtness.

When a licht-emittin diode is switched on, electrons are able tae recombine wi holes within the device, releasin energy in the furm o photons. This effect is cried electroluminescence, an the colour o the licht (correspondin tae the energy o the photon) is determined bi the energy band gap o the semiconductor. An LED is eften smaa in aurie (less nor 1 mm2), an integratit optical components mey be uised tae shape its radiation pattern. LEDs hae mony advantages ower incandescent licht soorces includin lawer energy consumption, langer lifetime, improved pheesical robustness, smawer size, an faster switchin. However, LEDs pouerfu enough for room lichtin are relatively expensive, an require mair precise current an heat management nor compact fluorescent lamp soorces o comparable ootput.

Licht-emittin diodes are uised in applications as diverse as aviation lichtin, automotive lichtin, advertisin, general lightin  an traffic signals. LEDs hae allaed new text, video displays, an sensors tae be developed, while thair heich switchin rates are an aa uisefu in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are an aa uised in the remote control units o mony commercial products includin televisions, DVD players an ither domestic appliances. LEDs are uised tae create a new furm o wireless internet access cried Li-Fi, or licht fidelity. LEDs are an aa uised in seven-segment display.

References

Optical diodes
Lichtin
Signage

Licht-emittin diode


The Rodovia Governador Carvalho Pinto (officially designated SP-070) is a highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

It is a continuation of the Rodovia Ayrton Senna (also SP-070), near the city of Guararema and ends by merging with Rodovia Presidente Dutra, which connects the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro; and Rodovia Floriano Rodrigues Pinheiro (SP-123), which connects Taubaté to Campos do Jordão. In 2018, a branch was added linking it to Rodovia Oswaldo Cruz, which connects Taubaté to Ubatuba The cities served by the highway are Guararema, Jacareí, São José dos Campos, Caçapava and Taubaté.

The highway was built in order to relieve the traffic saturation of the Presidente Dutra Highway, and is the main thoroughfare used by the paulistas who wish to travel to the beaches and cities near the South Atlantic Ocean of the Northern coast of the state (Rodovia dos Tamoios, SP-099), as well as to other cities of the Paraíba River valley, such as Paraibuna and Jambeiro on the plateau of Serra do Mar, and to the mountain resorts in the Mantiqueira Mountains, such as Santo Antonio do Pinhal and Campos do Jordão, via the Rodovia Floriano Rodrigues Pinheiro.

The highway honours one of the former governors of the state of São Paulo, Carlos Alberto Alves de Carvalho Pinto.

It was managed and maintained by DERSA, a state-owned company, until 18 June 2009. Now it's maintained by Ecopistas, but is a toll road.

See also
 Highway system of São Paulo
 Brazilian Highway System

Highways in São Paulo (state)

Rodovia Carvalho Pinto


The Guarani: Brazilian Romance () is a 1857 Brazilian novel written by José de Alencar. It was first serialized in the newspaper Diário do Rio de Janeiro, but due to its enormous success Alencar decided to compile his writing in a volume. A plausible explanation for this success might be in the fact that the novel spoke of freedom and independence, arguing for a nativeness that could be found in tropical nature and in the indigenous people of Brazil.

Years later the novel was turned into an opera performed in Italian and called Il Guarany (1870), by Carlos Gomes, among other places it was presented in Milan and New York (it is a known fact that the author did not appreciate the final result). The Guarani is regarded a foundational text of Brazilian Romanticism, but it gained international projection by being translated into Spanish, German (Der Guarany, Brasilianischer Roman, Maximillian Emerich, 1876) and English (The Guarany, Brazilian novel, James W. Hawes, 1893).

The novel is still widely read nowadays, especially at Brazilian schools as an introduction to novel reading, but also by anyone who enjoys a thrilling adventure story. Literary criticism has tended to link The Guarani to the works of Fenimore Cooper, Chateaubriand and the noble savage from the Rousseauian tradition. However, this interpretation of the novel has become outdated as recent academic works show also how dark, sexual, gothic and lyrical (over narrative, unlike the Fenimore Cooper model) the novel is.

Plot introduction
The Guarani is set back in 1604, a period when Portugal and its colonies submitted to Spanish dominion due to a lack of heirs to ascend to the throne. Alencar takes advantage of this dynastic complication to resurrect the historical figure of Dom Antônio de Mariz, one of the founders of the city of Rio de Janeiro and a pioneer settler. This historical (factual) background, which orients the novel throughout, is set in the first two chapters; then fantasy, both violent and erotic, starts to prevail.

D. Antônio establishes himself in a deserted inland region, a few days' travel from the seaside city of Rio. The land was granted to him through his services to the Portuguese crown, whose legitimacy the nobleman now distrusts. To be politically independent (if not economically) and keep to the Portuguese codes of honour, he builds a castle-like house to shelter his family in Brazilian soil where he lives like a feudal lord with his family and retainers.

His family consists of his severe wife D. Lauriana, his angelic fair, blue-eyed daughter Cecília, his dandyish son D. Diogo and the "niece" Isabel, a cabocla who is in fact his illegitimate daughter by an Indian woman. Other people are also attached to his household: a few loyal servants, forty adventurers/mercenaries kept for protection, the young nobleman Álvaro de Sá, an appropriate suitor for his lawful daughter Cecília, and Peri, an Indian of the Goitacá people, who once saved Cecy's life (as the romantic/romanticised Indian endearingly calls Cecília) and who has since deserted his tribe and family. Peri is the hero who gives title to the book, he is treated as a friend by D. Antônio and Ceci and as a nuisance by Mrs. Mariz and Isabel. The life of the characters is altered by the arrival of the adventurer Loredano (former friar Angelo di Lucca) who insinuates himself into the house and soon starts subverting the other vassals, planning to kidnap Cecília and scheming against the house of Mariz; along with the accidental murder of an Aimoré Indian woman by D. Diogo.

Comic adaptations
The Guarani is the Brazilian novel with the largest number of adaptations for comics. The first adaptation of the comic book was published in 1927, made by Cícero Valladares for the children magazine O Tico-Tico, however, only one page was published, in 1938  was published an adaptation made by Francisco Acquarone for newspaper Correio Universal. In 1950, it was again adapted by Haitian comic artist André LeBlanc for Edição Maravilhosa #24  published by EBAL. The comic book initially published novels from global literature originally published in Classic Comics and Classics Illustrated. Le Blanc adapted other works by the author: Iracema (scripted by his wife) and the O Tronco do Ipê. The same year the Portuguese illustrator, Jayme Cortez, adapting the novel to the format of comic strips, published in the Diário da Noite. In the 50s it was the turn of the comic writer Gedeone Malagola. He also adapted Iracema and Ubirajara, for the publisher Vida Doméstica. Another adaptation was made by Nilo Cardoso and published by La Selva. In the 1970s it was adapted by Edumundo Rodrigues. Rodrigues also illustrated a new version of the novel by José Alberto Lima. In 2009, the brothers Walter and Eduardo Vetillo published an adaptation by Editora Cortez. The same year the publisher Editora Ática printed an adaptation by Ivan Jaf (script) and Luiz Ge (art), In 2012, Editora Scipione (a publisher of the "Grupo Abril", which also is part of the Editora Ática), published an adaptation of the opera of Carlos Gomes, scripted by Rosana Rios, with drawings by Juliano Oliveira, inks by Sam Hart.

Film adaptation

 In 1926 it was adapted into the Brazilian film O Guaraní directed by Vittorio Capellaro.
 In 1948 it was adapted into the Italian film Guarany directed by Riccardo Freda.

Modern fiction
In the short story "The Last of the Guaranys" by Brazilian writers Octavio Aragão and Carlos Orsi, published in the anthologies The Worlds of Philip José Farmer 3: Portraits of the Trickster (Michael Croteau, ed., Meteor House, 2012) and Tales of the Wold Newton Universe (Win Scott Eckert and Christopher Paul Carey, eds., Titan Books, 2013), Peri is one of the identities adopted by time traveler John Gribardsun (meant to be Edgar Rice Burroughs's Tarzan) in Time's Last Gift, a novel by Philip José Farmer in his Wold Newton family series.

References

External links
O Guarani
The Guarany, by José de Alencar (translated)

1857 Brazilian novels
Novels by José de Alencar
Portuguese-language novels
Fiction set in the 1600s
Novels set in Brazil
Brazilian novels adapted into films

The Guarani


Scots Cultur is whit maist consither ti be the naitional cultur o Scotland the-day. Historicalie, houaniver, it be the cultur o the Scots Lawlands, as the Gaels o the Hielands haed an unalyk cultur an leid.

Scots law

Scotland aye haes Scots law, its ain European legal seistem foondit on Roman law, that brings thegither featurs o baith ceevil law an common law. The terms o union wi England specifee'd the haudin til o sindert seistems.

Langsyn thar wis sindrie regional law seistems in Scotland, ane bein Udal Law (cried allodail or odal law forby) in Shetland an Orkney. This wis a direk eftirganger o Auld Norse law, but wis duin awa wi in 1611.  Mauger this, Scots coorts haes acknawledged the owerins o Udal law in sum haudin cases as newlins as the 1990s. Thar's a muivement ti bring back Udal law  til the ilands as pairt o a devolution o pouer frae Edinburgh ti Shetland an Orkney.

Scots eddication

Scotland haes a sinder Scots eddication seistem an aw. The Act o Union warrandit the richts o the Scots varsities, but mair important, Scotland wis the first kintra syne Sparta in clessical Greece til implement a seistem o general public eddication. This begoud wi the Eddication Act o 1696 an becam compulsorie for bairns frae the implementation o the Eddication Act o 1872 onwarts.

Acause o thon, for mair nor twa hunder yeir Scotland haed a heicher percentage o its population educate at primarie, seicondar an tertiarie levels nor onie ither kintra in Europe. The differs in eddication haes kyth'd in different weys, but maist merkit is the nummer o Scots that gaed on ti acome leaders in thair feilds durin the 18t an 19t yeirhunders. The politeician Jim Wallace statit in October 2004 that Scotland produces a heicher nummer o varsitie an college graduates per heid nor onie ither kintra in Europe.

Skuil pupils in Scotland sits Staundart Grade exams an syn Higher (qualification) an/or Advanced Higher exams. Forby thon, a Scots varsitie's honors degree taks fower yeir o studie as agin thrie in the lave o the UK. The varsitie seistems in monie Commonwealth kintras shaws mair affeenities wi the Scots raither nor the Inglis seistem.

Baunkin an siller

Baunkin in Scotland haes monie aesome cairactereestics forby. Awtho the Bank o Ingland byds the central baunk for the UK Govrenment, thrie Scots corporat baunks aye stil sets furth thair ain baunknotes: the Baunk o Scotland, the Ryal Baunk o Scotland an the Clydesdale Baunk). Thir notes disna hae onie status as legal tender (awtho thay can aye be bruikit ootthrou the UK, in parteicular in Northren Ireland, whaur Irish baunks sets furth thair ain baunknotes anaw) an thay'r freelie acceptit in the Chainel Islands an aw. In Scotland, naither thay nor the Baunk o Ingland's notes ranks as legal tender (acause Scots law disna hae the concept); houaniver, baunknotes issued bi onie o the fower baunks is aye acceptit. See Scots baunk notes anaw.

For mair colloguin aboot this see Legal Tender (in Inglis).

The modren seistem o brainch baunkin (baunks haein a naitionwyd seistem o offises raither nor juist ane ot twa central offises) oreeginatit in Scotland. Juist strang poleetical pressur durin the 19t yeirhunder stappit the resultin strang baunkin seistem frae takkin ower baunkin in Ingland. Houaniver, awtho Scots baunks wisna walcum in Ingland at the tym, thair business model wis wydlie copied, first in England an syn in the lave o the warld. This isna ti say that the Scots baunkin seistem wis immune frae crises - specialie the foonderin o the City of Glasgow Bank in 1878.

The Saufins Baunk muvement wis clekit in Scotland in 1810 bi the Reverend Henry Duncan as a wey o lattin his pareeshioners sauf smawer amoonts o siller nor the major baunks wad tak as deposits at that tym. His model for the Ruthwell Parish Bank wis adoptit bi bien sponsors ootthrou the warld. The American exemplars eventualie becam Saufins an Loan Associes wi maist o the Breetish saufins baunks cumin thegither ti form the Trustee Savings Bank, that no lang syn merged wi the commercial baunk, Lloyds Bank, ti form Lloyds TSB. Houaniver the Airdrie Savings Baunk haudit on til its poseition ootsyd this process.

Forby thon, Scotland developit a nummer o pouerfu Life Assurance companies durin the 19t an 20t yeirhunders. Thir wis maistlins managed on the mutual model, offerin wi-profits investment as weil as pertection bisiness. Financial pressurs syn the 1980s haed led til thair demutualisations an maist is nou pairt o mukkiler financial institutions.

See  for mair wittins adae wi the history o Scots baunkin (in Inglis).

Sports
, see also :Category:Sport in Scotland.
Scotland haes monie naitional sportin associes, sik as the Scots Fitbaa Association (SFA) or the Scots Rugby Union (SRU). This gies the kintra its ain representation at monie internaitional sportin events sik as the Fitbaa Warld Cup. Scotland canna compete in the Olympic Games itsel tho, an Scots athletes maun compete as pairt o the Great Breetain team gin thay want ti tak pairt. Houaniver Scotland dis send its ain team ti compete in the Commonweal Games.

Forby Scotland haes its ain sportin competitions apairt frae the lave o the UK. The main fitbaa competeetions is the leags organized bi the Scots Premier League an the Scots Fitbaa League. Teams in the Hieland Fitbaa League, the East o Scotland Fitbaw League an the Sooth o Scotland Fitbaa League competes in the Scots Cup anaw, whyl the Scots Junior Fitbaa Association is ootwi that structur.  Scots fitbaa clubs compete in internaitional competeetions, sik as the UEFA Europa League an the Champions League, baith o whilk hae been wan bi Scots clubs.

The Scots Rugby Union is responsibil Rugby in Scotland. Regional Scots rugby clubs competes forby in the Celtic League, alang wi teams frae Ireland an Wales an in the Heineken Cup, the European League for Rugby Union. Mony ither teams speil in the twa divisions o the Scots Premiership.

Scotland is conseider'd the "Hame o Gowf", an is weil kent for its coorses. As weil as its warld-famed Hieland Gemmes (athletic competeetions), it is the hame o curlin, an shinty, a stick gemm seemlar til Ireland's hurlin, an Ingland's field hockey. Scots cricket is a minoritie gemm but wi sum follaein an lang establisht aimateur leags.

Media
, see also :Category:Media in Scotland.

Scotland haes its ain sindrie media frae the lave o the UK. For ensaumpil, it produces mony naitional newspapers sik as the Daily Record (Scotland's foremaist tabloid), the braidsheet The Herald, based in Glesga, an The Scotsman in Edinburgh. The Herald, ae-tym kent as the Glasgow Herald, chynged its name ti promote a naitional raither nor regional identitie, whyl The Scotsman, whilk uised ti be a braidsheet, recentlie chynged ti tabloid. Sunday newspapers include the tabloid Sunday Mail (publisht bi Daily Record parent companie Trinity Mirror) an the Sunday Post, whyl the Sunday Herald an Scotland on Sunday hae links wi The Herald an The Scotsman respekivlie. Regional dailies include The Courier and Advertiser in Dundee an the eist, an The Press and Journal servin Aiberdeen an the north.

Scotland haes its ain BBC services whilk includes the naitional radio stations, BBC Radio Scotland an the Scots Gaelic leid radio service, BBC Radio nan Gaidheal. Thar ar a nummer o BBC an independent local radio stations athort the kintra anaw.

BBC Scotland awns twa television stations an aw. BBC Alba is the new Scots Gaelic television channel, braidcastin on Sky, Freesat an Virgin media. Hantil o the ootpit o BBC Scotland Television, sik as news an current maiters programs, an the Glesga-based soap opera, River City, ar intendit for braidcast athin Scotland, whyl ithers, sik as drama an comedy programs, ar for audiences awplace in the UK an ayont.

Sports kiverage is different an aw, maistlins acause Scotland haes its ain fitbaa leags, lykweys til Ingland, Wales an Northren Ireland.

Maist o Scotland haes anither channel braidcastin an aw, STV. The Scots Borders an Dumfries an Gallowa git ITV Border, whilk wis its ain braund but is nou pairt o the ITV netwirk.

Fuid an drink
, see also :Category:Scots fuid.
Tradeitional Scots cuisine inhauds fuid sik as haggis, Buccleuch Scotch beef, the Arbroath Smokie, salmon, venison, cranachan, bannock, Scotch Broth an shortbreid. A mair recent upmak is the Deep fried Mars bar.

Scotch whisky an its distilleries ar baith weil-kent athort the warld, wi faur kent braunds sik as Glenfiddich an The Famous Groose.

Irn-Bru, Scotland's ither naitional drink, is luved bi baith Scots an non-Scots as weil.

Arts
, see also :Category:Arts in Scotland.

Scottish music
Scottish literature
Gaelic punk

Other facets of Scottish culture
See also :Category:Scottish culture.

Scotland retains its ain distink senss o naitionheid. Academic research consistentlie kyths that fowk in Scotland feel Scots, whyl nar necessarilie feelin the need ti see that owerset intil the foondin o an unthirlt Scots state.

Scotland haes its ain faimlie o leids an dialeks anaw, helpin ti foster a strang senss o "Scots-ness". See Scots language an Scots Gaelic. An organisation cried Iomairt Cholm Cille (http://www.colmcille.net) haes been set-up ti support Gaelic-spaekin communities in baith Scotland an Ireland an ti promote links atwein thaim.

Scotland retains its ain naitional kirk, sindert frae thon o Ingland. See Kirk o Scotland an Religion in the Unitit Kinrick.

The patron saunts o Scotland ar Saunt Margaret an Saunt Andra, an St Andra's Day is celebrated in the kintra on 30 November.

Thir factors combyn thegither ti furm a strang, identifiabil Scots ceivic cultur.

Miscellaneous
Scotland's iconic claims t fame include:

 Bagpipes
 Robert Burns, Burns Nicht, Burns supper
 Dolly the sheep
 Gaelic punk, the new face o Gaelic muisic wi bands sic as Oi Polloi an Mill a h-Uile Rud.
 Gowf an the Ryal an Auncient Gowf Club o Saunt Andras
 Hogmanay (New Year's Eve)
 Irn-Bru
 Kilts
 Loch Ness, said tae conteen the Loch Ness monster "Nessie".
 Scots kintra dancin
 Scots hieland dance
 Scots Hielands (Aviemore, Cairngorms, Munros) an islands (Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland)

 Tartan
 The thrissel, the kintra's national emblem - accordin tae legend a Dens attacker stepped on ane at nicht, sae alertin the defenders o a Scots castle, hence it is cried the "guardian thrissel"
 Tweed, especially Harris Tweed

See an aw
 Scots creenge
 Scots fowklair
 Scots naitional identity
 Heuchterin an Teuchterin

Scotland

Scots cultur


The title Lord Lieutenant is given to the British monarch's personal representatives around the United Kingdom, usually in a county, with varying tasks throughout history. Usually a retired local notable, senior military officer, peer or business person is given the post honourarily. Both men and women are eligible for the post.

Origins

England and Wales
In England and Wales and Ireland, the lord lieutenant was the principal officer of his county. His creation dates from the Tudors.

Lieutenants were first appointed to a number of English historic counties by Henry VIII in the 1540s, when the military functions of the sheriff were handed over to him. He raised was responsible for the efficiency of the local militia units of the county, and afterwards of the yeomanry, and volunteers. He was Commander of these forces and appointed their officers.

Lieutenancies became more organised soon, probably in the reign of his successor Edward VI, their establishment being approved by the English parliament in 1550. It was not until the threat of invasion by the forces of Spain in 1585 that lieutenants were appointed to all counties. After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, the need for lieutenants was reduced—and the lieutenancies of some counties were left vacant in the 1590s.

The three ridings (sub-divisions) of Yorkshire each got their own.

The official title of the office at this time was His or Her Majesty's lieutenant for the county, but as almost all office-holders were peers they were referred to as "lord-lieutenant".

The Twentieth Century
The Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 established County Territorial Force Associations, of which the lord-lieutenant was to be head. So the combination of counties and county corporates as lieutenancy counties was restored.

Local Government reform in England in 1965 led to the appointment of lord-lieutenants to Greater London and Huntingdon and Peterborough, and the abolition of those of the County of London, Middlesex and Huntingdonshire.

A more fundamental reform of local government throughout England and Wales (outside Greater London) created a new structure of metropolitan, non-metropolitan and Welsh counties in 1974. Section 218 of the Local Government Act 1972 that established the new system stated: "Her Majesty shall appoint a lord-lieutenant for each county in England and Wales and for Greater London..." The Act appears to be the first statutory use of the term "lord-lieutenant" for lieutenants to counties.

In 1975 counties ceased to be used for local government purposes in Scotland. The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 replaced the counties with regions, and each region was to have one or more lord-lieutenants appointed. The areas to which they were appointed approximated to the counties and were based and were defined in terms of the new local government districts.

Present-day
In 1996 Scottish regions and districts were abolished on further local government reorganisation, and since that date lord-lieutenants have been appointed to lieutenancy areas.

Partial reform of local government in England since 1995 has led to the creation of so-called ceremonial counties to which lord-lieutenants are now appointed. The Lieutenancies Act 1997 is the most recent piece of primary legislation dealing with Lieutenancies in England and includes the definitive list of the current areas used. Ceremonial counties may be comprised of combinations of county council areas and unitary authorities.

Since the local government re-organisation of 1996 in Wales, lord-lieutenants are now appointed to preserved counties.

The City of London was unaffected by changes introduced since 1882. It has a Commission of Lieutenancy rather than a single Lord-Lieutenant. The Head of the commission is the Lord Mayor of London.

The modern responsibilities of lord-lieutenants include:
 Arranging visits of members of the Royal family and escorting Royal visitors;
 Presentation of medals and awards on behalf of the Sovereign, and advising on Honours nominations;
 Participation in civic, voluntary and social activities with the Lieutenancy;
 Liaison with local units of the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, Army, Royal Air Force and their associated cadet forces;
 Leading the local magistracy as Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Justices of the Peace; and
 Chairing the local Advisory Committee for the Appointment of the General Commissioners of Income Tax, a tribunal which hears appeals against decisions made by the HM Revenue and Customs on a variety of different tax related matters.

As the sovereign's representative in his or her county, the Lord-Lieutenant remains non-political and holds no office in any political party. The usual age of retirement is 75. They are appointed for life, although the sovereign may remove them.

The Lord-Lieutenant is supported by a Vice Lord-Lieutenant and Deputy Lieutenants which he or she appoints.
They are unpaid, but receive minimal allowances for secretarial help, mileage allowance and a driver. Male Lord-Lieutenants receive an allowance for the ceremonial uniform, worn when receiving members of the royal family and on other formal occasions.

There is no uniform for a female Lord-Lieutenant, but there is a badge which can be worn on ceremonial occasions. Male Lord-Lieutenants wear a dark blue uniform in the style of an Army No. 1 dress along with a cap and sword with a steel scabbard. The uniform for a male Vice Lord-Lieutenant and Deputy Lieutenants is of a similar style, but with features to distinguish it from a Lord-Lieutenant.

Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland was the head of the British administration in Ireland until the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922.

Correct forms of address for the Lord-Lieutenant
 Written: '(Title and name), Lord-Lieutenant'
 Salutation: 'Dear Lord-Lieutenant'
 In a Speech: 'My Lord-Lieutenant'
 In conversation: '(Title and name)' or 'Lord-Lieutenant'.

Related pages
 Ceremonial counties of England

References

Sources and Other websites

 Royal website on Lord-Lieutenant
 Website of the Lord Lieutenant of South Yorkshire

Lord-lieutenant


Pororo the Little Penguin is a Clockwork Zoo 3D computer animation series planned by Iconix Entertainment. Each season has 52 episodes and three seasons have been aired in South Korea until now. In 2003, Season 1 was aired in 27 November 2003 on the Korean channel, EBS. In the beginning, 22 episodes of season 1 were made by North Korean company, Samcholli. About 110 countries imported Pororo and aired it. Pororo is so loved by children in Korea and he is perceived as an idol of children, so he is called Bbo-tong-ryung (뽀통령 in Korean) which means president Pororo.

Story
Pororo and little animal friends live together in the town covered all over with snow and ice. Pororo, a little curious penguin,  and his friends are all different, so great and small commotions occur in this little town. Then one day, when Pororo and his friends hang out as usual, they find novelty egg under a tree in the woods. Pororo takes that egg to his house. Surprisingly, the egg hatches out and the little dinosaur is born, whose name is Crong. Crong becomes new friends of Pororo. Pororo and his friends learn lessons and form a friendship through adventures © 2007 DHX Media, Pororo All Right Reserved. license by DHX Media

Characters
Pororo - The main character of this animation. He is little blue penguin. He always acts on impulse, because he is very curious. He is obsessed about unusual stuff. He enjoys adventures and challenges.

Crong - A little dinosaur who is found in the snow. He is a troublemaker. He wants to know many things and do many things.

Eddy - A little fox who wants to be a scientist. He invents many things that cause problems. He shows off himself and his inventions.

Rody - A robot who is strong. He has arms and legs stretch. Eddy made Rody, imitating before.

Poby - A big polar bear. He is so kind that he is always there to help his friends when they are in trouble.

Tongtong - A little dragon who has magical powers. He can fly and transform before. He appears in the animation from season 3.

Loopy - A little beaver. She is a crybaby who is very timid. However, she is nice to her friends and takes care of them.

Petty - A little female penguin. She is good at sports although bad at cooking.

Harry - A little bird who is pleasant. Even though he is tone-deaf, he enjoys singing. He always brightens up the atmosphere.

Popo and Pipi - Funny aliens. Popo is timid and feminine and Pipi is eager and outgoing.

Animation
South Korean culture

Pororo the Little Penguin


Manuel Ocampo (born  1965) is a Filipino artist. His work fuses sacred Baroque religious iconography with secular political narrative. His works draw upon a wide range of art historical references, contain cartoonish elements, and draw inspiration from punk subculture.

Background
Manuel Ocampo was born in the Philippines. He studied fine arts at the University of the Philippines, then moved to Los Angeles, California in the 1980s, where he studied at the California State University. Ocampo has since moved to back to Manila living with his wife and children.

Art career
Ocampo frequently revisits and makes reference to the art historical canon of political allegorists including Leon Golub, Géricault, Goya, Daumier with allusions to contemporary figures including political satirist R. Crumb Modernist painter Philip Guston. Ocampo's dark, often disturbing Gothic paintings are attributed with transforming horror into exquisite beauty, history into art history, purgatory into salvation. One of his pieces featuring several swastikas was censored at the Dokumenta art show in Kassel, Germany.

Manuel Ocampo has exhibited extensively throughout the 1990s, with solo exhibitions at galleries and institutions through Europe, Asia, and the Americas. In 2005, his work was the subject of a large-scale survey at Casa Asia in Barcelona, and Lieu d'Art Contemporain, Sigean, France.

Ocampo's work has been included in a number of international surveys, including the 2004 Seville Biennale, 2001 Venice Biennale, the 2001 Berlin Biennale, the 2000 Biennale d'art Contemporain de Lyon, the 1997 Kwangju Biennial, the 1993 Corcoran Biennial, and 1992's controversial Documenta IX. His work was featured in many group shows in the 1990s, including Helter Skelter: LA Art of the 1990s, at Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles in 1992; Asia/America: Identities in Contemporary Asian American Art at the Asia Society, New York in 1994; American Stories: Amidst Displacement and Transformation at Setagaya Art Museum, Tokyo in 1997; Pop Surrealism at the Aldrich Museum of Artin 1998; and Made in California: Art, Image, and Identity, 1900-2000 at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 2000. He has received a number of prestigious grants and awards, including the Giverny Residency (1998), the Rome Prize at the American Academy (1995–96), National Endowment for the Arts (1996), Pollock-Krasner Foundation (1995) and Art Matters Inc. (1991).

It is important to note that Manuel Ocampo used to make art that criticized western colonialism through allegory and metaphor. Today, his work displays simple imagery; the artist has said of his 1990s work, "I was bored with that shit".

Phillip Rodriguez directed a one-hour documentary of Ocampo's life and art career, Manuel Ocampo, God Is My Copilot.

Ocampo's 1992 painting "Why I Hate Europeans" was used as the cover art to the music album "Mythmaker" by Skinny Puppy. Ocampo's art was also used for the album artwork for "Red Hot + Latin" - from the Red Hot series of benefit albums.

Notes

External links

 Manuel Ocampo
 Artsenecal.com: Manuel Ocampo
 The Artist.org: Manuel Ocampo
 Shark's Ink.com: Manuel Ocampo
 Lizabeth Oliviera Gallery: Manuel Ocampo
 Giant Robot.com: Lunch with Manuel Ocampo
 City Projects: Manuel Ocampo
 Paule Anglim: Manuel Ocampo
 Salander O'Reilly/Fred Hoffman: Manuel Ocampo
 Art Contemporain: Manuel Ocampo
 Sprueth Magers Projekte: Manuel Ocampo
 2nd Berlin Biennale: Manuel Ocampo
 "Manuel Ocampo", 49th Venice Biennale
 Asian-American Film Database: Manuel Ocampo

Filipino artists
1965 births
Living people

Manuel Ocampo


Elite Beat Agents is a music video game made by iNiS and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It's the spiritual sequel to Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan. The gameplay has the player tap and drag on spots on the touch screen in beat to the rhythm of the music to score points. It was released under the Touch! Generations label in North America. In South Korea, it's called Dowajweo! Rhythm Hero (; Help! Rhythm Hero).

Track listing

Songs in the main story
 Steriogram - "Walkie Talkie Man" (by Jason Paige) "Trio of Mayhem! Love and Boyfriends!!"
 Sum 41 - "Makes No Difference" (by Vinn Lombardo) "Red Carpet Premiere! Smash Hit or Box Office Crash!!"
 Avril Lavigne - "Sk8er Boi" (by Angela Michael) "Hey, Taxi! To the Hospital, and Hurry!!"
 Freddie Mercury/Queen - "I Was Born to Love You" (by Paul Vician) "Art and Beauty! Love and Happiness!?"
 Stray Cats - "Rock This Town" (by Mark Latham) "Magic Meets Madness! The Show Must Go On!"
 Deep Purple - "Highway Star" (by Kaleb James) "A Pug's Life! 400 Miles from Home!!"
 Village People - "Y.M.C.A." (by TC Moses) "Ahoy, Mates! Sunken Delights and Adventure!!"
 Earth, Wind and Fire - "September" (by TC Moses) "Cry Wolf! Meteorology and Parenting!!"
 Jamiroquai - "Canned Heat" (by Jason Paige) "Family Honor! Introducing the Secret-Weapon Ninja!!"
 Madonna - "Material Girl" (by Melissa Garber) "Survive! Celebrity Lives and Desert Isles!!"
 Ashlee Simpson - "La La" (by Laura Jane) "NURSE!! Gold Medal Hero or Zero!!"
 Chicago - "You're the Inspiration" (by Julian Miranda) "A Christmas Gift"
 David Bowie - "Let's Dance" (by Delaney Wolff) "Rags to Riches! Go East Wildcatter!"
 Good Charlotte - "The Anthem" (by Kevin Ridel) "Batter Up! Home Run Hero Makes a Comeback!!"
 Hoobastank - "Without a Fight" (by Kevin Ridel) "No More Music!? The Last Hope!!" (part 1)
 The Rolling Stones - "Jumpin' Jack Flash" (by Billy Fogarty) "No More Music!? The Last Hope!!" (part 2)

Bonus songs
 Cher - "Believe" (by Lynn Rose) "Aspire! Dancing to the Limelight!!"
 Jackson Five - "ABC" (by TC Moses and Brittany Kertesz) "Here, Kitty, Kitty! Baby Hijinks!!"
 Destiny's Child - "Survivor" (by April Harmony) "The Last Laugh! Just a Peanut Matter!!"

References

2006 video games
Music video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games

Elite Beat Agents


Punch Trunk is a 1953 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon written by Mike Maltese and directed by Chuck Jones. The short was released on December 19, 1953.

Plot
The short begins with a narrator (voiced by an uncredited Robert C. Bruce) who introduces a 5 inch tall dwarf elephant. Its huge roar causes a dock worker next to the S.S. Michael Maltese to faint. In the next scene, the elephant is hogging the bird bath in a yard. The owner of the house phones the police about it, but is merely taken to a mental hospital because they believe that he is crazy (one of the orderlies who takes him away sarcastically tells him that he "keeps a giraffe in [his]").

Next, a woman hanging up the laundry in another yard is handed clothes pins by the elephant. When she notices, she screams in horror and runs inside, taking refuge in a washer.

Next, a man exits an optometry clinic with new glasses, but when he sees the tiny elephant, he marches back inside, punches the optometrist, and leaves, because he thought the doctor made him see things that aren't there.

Next, in a high-rise apartment, a mother is informed by her daughter that an elephant is in her room. The skeptical mother puts her back to bed. Later, the daughter is bringing a piece of cake to the elephant. This time, the mother goes into her room to look in the dollhouse. When the tiny elephant roars at her, the mother faints in shock.

Later, a drunk man leaves a bar, and sees the tiny elephant (who gets the man's attention by roaring). He checks his watch and then simply says: "You're late." As he wanders off, he mutters to himself: "He always used to be pink!"

After that, a line of elephants at a circus includes the tiny elephant, which freaks out one of the other elephants. A cat chases a mouse under a tent, only to grab the tiny elephant instead. When it roars, the cat starts acting like a monkey.

Later, at a psychiatrist's office, a woman is talking about her life and when the psychiatrist sees the tiny elephant (who had just sucked up all the water from his drinking glass), he switches places with the woman.

Then, the cartoon cuts to a man painting a flagpole. A crowd is watching below. The elephant approaches and roars, causing the spectators to join the flagpole painter.

After this, various newspaper headlines describe the panic in the city: "Mass hallucination grips city", "Hundreds Claim to Have Seen Tiny Elephant", "I Seen It.", "Picayune Pachyderm Panics Populace", "Noted Scientist to Take to Air to Calm Alarmed Citizenry".

The last headline leads into the final set piece:  Robert Bruce Cameron, said scientist, says the elephant is just a figment of everyone's imagination. The tiny elephant walks into view, moving the microphone from the oblivious scientist as he reads his statement to the moderator who is petrified at the bizarre sight. The moderator says that Cameron's views don't necessarily represent the views of the station, and faints. The tiny elephant roars as the cartoon ends. (The moderator is named "Mr. Pratt", a nod to Warner Bros. layout artist Hawley Pratt, who would go on to create the Pink Panther character for DePatie–Freleng Enterprises).

Legacy
The tiny elephant makes a cameo in 1959's Unnatural History.

The cartoon was edited into Daffy Duck's Quackbusters. Here, it begins from the bird bath scene and leaves out the scenes concerning the high-rise apartment, the circus, the cat, and the flagpole. The film's version of the bird bath scene has the bird bath owner phoning up Daffy to report the elephant, which leads Daffy to send the orderlies to pick the bird bath owner up having deemed him "definitely non compos mentis"; the elephant's height here is also stated to be "5-and-a-quarter inches tall". The newspaper headlines had been swapped around so that they are shown in this order; "Mass Hallucination Grips City", "Picayune Pachyderm Panics Populace", "Hundreds Claim To Have Seen Tiny Elephant" and "I Seen It". The last headline had been changed from "Noted Scientist to Take to Air to Calm Alarmed Citizenry" to "Sightings of Tiny Elephant Continue" to tie in with the story; Daffy, having read of the mass panic from the last headline, made a backfired attempt to disprove the tiny elephant's existence that resulted in him being "publicly disgraced on a coast-to-coast hookup!" when during his interview on Frightline with Zed Toppel, the elephant walked by Daffy (Daffy halfway noticing the elephant before it roared at him).

Home media
This short is a bonus feature on disc 4 of Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6.

References

External links

1953 films
1953 animated films
1953 short films
Looney Tunes shorts
Warner Bros. Cartoons animated short films
Short films directed by Chuck Jones
1950s Warner Bros. animated short films
Films scored by Carl Stalling
Films with screenplays by Michael Maltese
Animated films about elephants
1950s English-language films

Punch Trunk


Opatija (; ; ) is a town and a municipality in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in western Croatia. The traditional seaside resort on the Kvarner Gulf is known for its Mediterranean climate and its historic buildings reminiscent of the Austrian Riviera.

Geography

Opatija is located  northwest of the regional capital Rijeka, about  from Trieste by rail and  from Pula by road. The city is geographically on the Istrian peninsula, though not in Istria County. The tourist resort is situated on the Kvarner Gulf, part of the Adriatic coast, in a sheltered position at the foot of Učka massif, with the Vojak peak reaching at a height of .  cesnus, the municipality had 10,661 inhabitants in total, of which 5,715 lived in the urban settlement.

The town is a popular summer and winter resort, with average high temperatures of 10 °C in winter, and 32 °C in summer. Opatija is surrounded by beautiful woods of bay laurel. The whole sea-coast to the north and south of Opatija is rocky and picturesque, and contains several smaller winter resorts.

History
Opatija was included in the territory of the Liburni, a pre-Roman Illyrian tribe. In Roman times, the area was home to several patrician villas connected to the nearby town of Castrum Laureana, the modern Lovran.

Croats settled in the region from about 700 AD onwards. Conquered by King Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne, in 789, the Istrian peninsula up to the Kvarner Gulf was incorporated into the Carolingian March of Friuli by 803. In the east, it bordered on the medieval Kingdom of Croatia established by King Tomislav about 925. Having invaded Italy, King Otto of Germany made the Istrian lands part of the vast March of Verona and Aquileia; from the 11th century onwards, the Imperial estates were held by the Patriarchs of Aquileia.

In the Middle Ages the current town's territory was divided between Veprinac (now a locality of Opatija, perhaps home to a small fishing port) and Kastav, where the fisherman village of Veprinac. The small hamlet of Opatija itself developed around a Benedictine abbey dedicated to Saint Jacob, which was first mentioned in 1453. While western Istria was gradually conquered by the Republic of Venice by 1420, the remaining territory up to Opatija fell to the House of Habsburg and later was incorporated into the Austrian Littoral.

The town's modern history began in 1844, when Iginio Scarpa (1794–1866), a wealthy merchant from Rijeka, had the Villa Angiolina manor built in an extended park, where he received notable guests such as Ban Josip Jelačić. In 1873 the Austrian Southern Railway company from Vienna opened the branch line from Pivka to Rijeka via nearby Matulji and thus opened the path for the development of tourism in Opatija and neighbouring Lovran. In 1882, the railway company purchased the Villa Angiolina, where it accommodated the crown princely couple Rudolf and Stéphanie. At the time, Friedrich Julius Schüler (1832–1894), the Managing Director of the Southern Railways, started the construction of the Hotel Quarnero (Kvarner Hotel) and the Hotel Kronprinzessin Stephanie (present-day Hotel Imperial), and also was responsible for the unique lungomare and parks (the Company engaged Carl Schubert, director of the Viennese Emperial-Royal Society for the construction of parks). The Villa Angiolina was later run by the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits. In the Angiolina Park today stands Schüler's bust, a work of the sculptor Hans Rathausky.

In 1887, Heinrich von Littrow established the "Union Yacht Club Quarnero" in Opatija (founded in June/July 1886); this was the first sailing club on the Adriatic coast. In 1889 the Cisleithanian government officially declared Abbazia (Opatija) the first climatic seaside resort (Seebad) on the Austrian Riviera, rivalled by Brioni, Duino, Grado, and Portorož. After the hotels, the building of villas started, for the needs of more demanding noble guests. The first Villa Amalia, in the immediate vicinity of the Hotel Quarnero, was built in 1890 as the hotel's annex. Opatija's first guide was published in 1883 in Vienna with the title Abbazia, Idylle von der Adria. The same year saw the publication of Abbazia und seine Umgebung (Opatija and its Environs) by Heinrich Noe, who in 1884 published his Tagebuch aus Abbazia (Diary from Opatija). Joseph Rable printed Curort und Seebad Abbazia (Spa and the bathing beach in Opatija), and Peter von Radics wrote a guidebook simply titled  Abbazia.

In 1908 a tramway line was opened, running from Matulji station along the coast via Opatija down to Lovran in the south. Opatija is best known nowadays as the venue for a 1912 chess tournament devoted to the King's Gambit. The Austrian emperor Franz Joseph I used to spend several months there during the winter. He met there with the German emperor Wilhelm II on 29 March 1894; other crowned heads seeking relaxation included Empress Elisabeth of Austria and the German empress Augusta Victoria, King Carol I of Romania and his consort Elisabeth, King George I of Greece, Albert, King of Saxony, William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Prince Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš. Many of the late 19th-century luxury hotels and villas have survived to present times.

During World War I the Hotel Icicii was converted to a military hospital. The accompanying pictures show the nursing staff and wounded at lunch, on the grounds, and receiving care.  In 1920 Opatija was assigned to Italy. The upper floor of Villa Amalia was built in 1930, and the building was renovated to become the summer residence of the House of Savoy.

In 1947 Opatija was given to Yugoslavia as part of the peace treaty with Italy; most of the Italian-speaking population emigrated to Italy. In 1963 the Hotel Adriatic, by the architect Andrija Čičin-Šain and his team was completed. Hotel "Adriatic" was the first hotel built in Opatija after the Austro-Hungarian era. The rooms of hotel "Adriatic" have been described as novelties in the hospitality industry. The "Casino Rosalia" was opened in Opatija – the first casino in Eastern Europe. In 1981 the Hotel "Admiral" and marina (200 berths and 40 dry berths) were completed.
After the breakup of Yugoslavia which began in 1991, the town became part of Croatia.

Population

Landmarks
The 14th-century Benedictine abbey, Opatija Sv. Jakova ("Abbey of Saint Jacob"), from which the town derives its name (opatija means "abbey" in Croatian) is located in Park Svetog Jakova or Saint Jacob's Park. Saint Jacob's church, built in 1506 and enlarged in 1937, now stands on the same spot. The neo-Romanesque Church of the Annunciation with its pronounced green cupola, was designed in 1906 by architect Karl Seidl.

Another sight is the Villa Angiolina, built in 1844 by Iginio Scarpa. This villa, transformed into a museum. Since 1844. Villa Angiolina had many prominent guests

Opatija is known for the Maiden with the seagull, a statue by Zvonko Car (1956), which is positioned on a promontory by the Juraj Šporer art pavilion. It has turned into one of symbols of Opatija. A gilded variant of the statue Madonna, that once stood here but was demolished by communists after the end of World War II, now stands in front of Saint Jacob's Church.

The town park Angiolina contains many species of plants from all over the world. It has been protected since 1968. Close-by, vis-a-vis Hotel Imperial, stands the statue The Fountain - Helios and Selena, a work of the Austrian sculptor Hans Rathautsky from 1889. There is a 12 km-long promenade along the entire riviera, the Lungomare from Volosko, via Opatija, to Lovran and a 7 km-long forest path walk, the Šetalište Carmen Sylve, named after Elisabeth of Wied, Queen consort of Romania, widely known by her literary name of Carmen Sylva.

Film location
Several scenes of "The Legacy Run"  have been shot in Opatija. The movie, in good part shot in the Opatija-Rijeka region, is the conceptual prequel of the international TV Series "Sport Crime".

Notable people
 Theodor Billroth (1829–1894), died in Opatija
 Robert Gerle (1924–2005), born in Opatija
 Drago Gervais (1904–1957), born in Opatija
 Kosta Hakman (1899–1961), died in Opatija
 Franz Graf von Meran (1839–1891), died in Opatija
 Frank Horvat (1928-2020), born in Opatija
 Andrija Mohorovičić (1857–1936), born in Opatija
 Leo Sternbach (1908–2005), born in Opatija
 Gyula Szapáry (1832–1905), died in Opatija

Gallery

Twin towns—Sister cities

Opatija is twinned with:
  Castel San Pietro Terme, Italy
  Ilirska Bistrica, Slovenia
  Balatonfüred, Hungary
  Carmagnola, Italy
  Bad Ischl, Austria
  Ferrara, Italy

See also
 Opatija Circuit

Notes

References

External links

 Official website
 Opatija LIVE WebCams
 Opatija Weather Station - Current Weather Conditions at Opatija

Cities and towns in Croatia
Istria
Populated coastal places in Croatia
Populated places in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County
Seaside resorts in Croatia

Opatija


Nonthaburi is a province in Thailand. Its central town is Nonthaburi,  about 25 km north-west of Bangkok. There are many government buildings in Nonthaburi.
Tourists and locals head to Wat Poramai-yikawat  -- a mon styled temple, and Wat Sanam Nua temple for worship.

Provinces of Thailand

Nonthaburi province


The Mlabri (Thai:มลาบรี) or Mrabri, also called the Phi Tong Luang, are an ethnic group of Thailand and Laos, and have been called "the most interesting and least understood people in Southeast Asia". Only about 400 or fewer Mlabris remain in the world today, with some estimates as low as 100. A hill tribe in northern Thailand along the border with Laos, they have been groups of nomadic hunter-gatherers.  Those in Thailand live close to the Hmong and northern Thai. Those living in Laos live close to other ethnic groups.

Nomenclature
The name Mlabri is a Thai/Lao alteration of the word Mrabri, which appears to come from a Khmuic term "people of the forest". In Khmu, mra means "person" and bri "forest". They are also known locally as Phi Tong Leuang (Thai: ผีตองเหลือง, Lao: ຜີຕອງເຫລືອງ) or "spirits of the yellow leaves", since they abandon their shelters when the leaves begin to turn yellow.

Genetics
Genetic analysis of the Mlabri group by Hiroki Oota and colleagues led them to believe that their mtDNA has little diversity, suggesting the Mlabris originated 500 to 800 years ago from very few individuals. However, this was contested in the journal PLoS Biology in 2005 in an exchange of articles between Hiroki Oota and his colleagues and Tony Waters.

Lifestyle
The Mlabri traditionally lived a nomadic lifestyle. They moved frequently, and had no permanent houses, instead making temporary shelters from palm leaves and bamboo-string. They wore only a loin-covering of bark or cloth, though most Mlabri now wear factory-made clothes gained by trade with other hill tribes. They are hunter-gatherers, with most of their food coming from gathering. Women give birth alone in the forest and infant mortality used to be very high.

The Mlabri have few regimented social ceremonies, and are said to have no formal religious system, though they believe in forest spirits and other nature spirit. Marriages are made with simple request; there is no bride-price. The dead are buried near where they expired, and the tribe moves on.

In 1938, Austrian anthropologist Hugo Bernatzik published an ethnography of the "Yellow Leaf People" which contained his brief observations of the tribe in the early 20th century.

Since the 1990s, the Mlabri in Thailand have settled into more permanent villages in Phrae and Nan provinces. The houses they live in are made of cinderblock and wood, with metal roofs and even electricity.  Mlabri children have started going to public schools, and their health care has improved. It was reported in 2013 that the Mlabri's suicide rate has risen. Mlabri villages have some economic activity. While still hunting and gathering, the Mlabri now engage in highland farming and hammock weaving, besides working as day laborers.

One of the Mlabri settlements in Nan Province is under the patronage of Princess Sirindhorn.

References

Bibliography
 Bernatzik, Hugo, The Spirits of the Yellow Leaves Leipzig 1938; London: R. Hale.  Translated by E. W. Dickson.  1958.
Long, Eugene, Mary Long, and Tony Waters.  The Demography of a Settled Hunter Gatherer Group in Thailand." Journal of the SIam Society (v.105) 2017.
 Long, Mary, Eugene Long, and Tony Waters. "Suicide Among the Mla Bri Hunter-Gatherers of Northern Thailand." Journal of the Siam Society (v. 101) 2013.
 Nimonjiya, Shu, "From Ghosts to Hill Tribe to Thai Citizens: Towards a History of the Mlabri of Northern Thailand."  Aseanie 32: 155-176, 2013.
 Oota, Hiroki and others, "Recent Origin and Cultural Reversion of a Hunter-Gatherer Group", PLOS Biology, 2005 March, volume 3, number 3.
 Rischel, Jurgen. Mlabri and Mon-Khmer: Tracking the history of a hunter-gatherer language.  The Royal Danish Society of Sciences and Letters 2007.
 Schliesinger, Joachim, Ethnic Groups of Laos, vol. 2, White Lotus 2000, pp. 187–197
 Siam Society.  "The Mlabri" Special issue of The Journal of the Siam Society Vol 51 (2) 1963.
 Waters, Tony, "Comment on 'Recent Origin and Cultural Reversion of a Hunter-Gatherer Group," PLoS Biology 2005 August, volume 3, number 8.
 Trier, Jesper Invoking the Spirits - fieldwork on the material and spiritual life of the Mlabri, pp. 325, 2008 July

External links
 Long, Eugene, Mary Long, and Tony Waters. The Demography of a Settled Hunter Gatherer Group in Thailand." Journal of the SIam Society (v.105) 2017.
Long, Mary, Eugene Long, and Tony Waters (2013) "Suicide Among the Mla Bri Hunter-Gatherers of Northern Thailand."  Journal of the Siam Society (v. 101).
RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
Mlabri in RWAAI Digital Archive
Ethnography as a Contact Sport The Mla Bri and the Long Family of Phrae Thailand by Tony Waters

Ethnic groups in Laos
Ethnic groups in Thailand
Khmuic peoples
Hunter-gatherers of Asia

Mlabri people


The H. P. Luckett House is a Queen Anne style house located in Bastrop, Texas. The 14-room house was built around 1892 for Dr. H.P. Luckett, a prominent citizen who had practiced medicine in the town for almost 50 years. The structure was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on December 22, 1978, and designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 2011.

The site of the Luckett house was originally occupied by the Bastrop Academy, one of the leading schools in Texas. Citizens of Bastrop founded the academy in 1851 and the school received its charter on January 24, 1852. It was rechartered under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in 1853. In 1856, the male part of the academy became the Bastrop Military Institute, which trained young men for service during the Civil War. After the war, the Institute moved to Austin and the City of Bastrop purchased the property. The city used the buildings for a variety of schools, until a public school system was established in 1892, and the city sold off the property.

Dr. Luckett purchased the site and demolished the existing structures. The home he built cost $14,000 and featured carved entry doors and millwork brought in by flatcar from Houston.

The house last sold in 1983. The new owners were just the third family to live in the house in over 100 years.

In 2008, the house was used in a national Verizon Wireless television advertisement campaign as part of the "Don't be afraid of dead zones" series.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Bastrop County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Bastrop County

References

External links

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
National Register of Historic Places in Bastrop County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
Houses in Bastrop County, Texas

H. P. Luckett House


Illustrissimi, or "To the Illustrious Ones", is a collection of letters written by Pope John Paul I when he was Patriarch of Venice. The letters were originally published in the Italian Christian paper Messaggero di S. Antonio between 1972 and 1975, and published in book form in 1976. The book was first published in English in 1978, when Cardinal Luciani (as he was then known) was elected Pope. As the English translation only reached the public after his death (after reigning as Pope for just 33 days), it stands as one of the few writings in public circulation that indicate what sort of person John Paul I was and what sort of Pope he might have been had he lived longer.

The letters
There are 40 letters in all, mainly to people in Italian history and fiction, but also to internationally well known fictional and historical characters such as Pinocchio, Charles Dickens, Hippocrates and Jesus. Each of the letters tends to be droll and witty, but cleverly turned into a short sermon in order to make a point, whether it is on fashion, pornography, capitalism or the communications industry.

The letters are addressed to the following:

Charles Dickens
Mark Twain
G. K. Chesterton
Maria Theresa of Austria
Charles Péguy
Trilussa
St. Bernard of Clairvaux
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
King David
Penelope
Figaro
The Pickwick Club
Pinocchio
Paolo Diacono
Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
St. Bernardino of Siena
St. Francis de Sales
St. Romedio's Bear
P. I. Chichikov
King Lemuel
Sir Walter Scott
The Unknown Painter at the Castle
Hippocrates
St. Thérèse de Lisieux
Alessandro Manzoni
Casella
Luigi Cornaro
Aldus Manutius
St. Bonaventure
Christopher Marlowe
St. Luke
Quintilian
Guglielmo Marconi
Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli
Félix Dupanloup
Petrarch
St. Theresa of Ávila
Carlo Goldoni
Andreas Hofer
Jesus Christ

The book was last reissued in 2001.

External links
 Ioannes Paulus PP.I - Papa Luciani
 Web site about St. Therese of Lisieux, to whom Pope John Paul I wrote

Pope John Paul I
Works originally published in Italian newspapers
Collections of letters
1976 books

Illustrissimi


Don McLean (born October 2, 1945) is an American singer and songwriter. He is most well known for the songs "American Pie" and "Vincent".

In his early career, Don McLean mainly played folk music. He sang folk songs and played simple chords with acoustic guitar and harmonica. In 1969, Don Mclean joined folk singer Pete Seeger in the environment campaign. They gave talks and playing concerts to help people know some of the problems with the environment. Also in the same year, Don McLean released his first album Tapestry. This album was not very successful. McLean continued to perform in many small places.

In 1971, Don Mclean released an eight minute long song named "American Pie". The song was dedicated to Don McLean's music hero Buddy Holly. Much of the song was about the deaths of Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper (J.P. Richardson) in 1959. It also dealt with many important events in American history. Quickly "American Pie" became the number 1 song in the United States. Don McLean became a superstar and drew many audiences to his concerts. In 2005, American Pie was voted 5th in the "365 songs of the century" list. His second single "Vincent", featuring Vincent Van Gogh's masterpiece "Starry Night", was also at the top of the UK and US charts in 1971. The song is played in Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam every day.

In the later 1970s, Don McLean tried other styles of songs. He was not as popular with these other styles. Bad sales of albums caused him to change recording companies from one to another. Finally, in 1980, Don McLean regained his popularity by playing "Crying", a song first sang by Roy Orbison. The song reached the first place in UK chart.

Don is still writing and singing his own songs and performing in concerts.

The famous guitar player, Eric Clapton, spoke highly of Don McLean's guitar playing skill after listening to his guitar performance. Also, Don McLean's performance on stage once inspired Lori Lieberman to write the 1974 Grammy-winning song "Killing me softly with his song". Most of the successive folk singers entitled him with "US legend"

1945 births
Living people
American composers
American folk musicians
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Singers from New York (state)

Don McLean


Senator Hosea Ayoola Agboola (Born 13th of August 1960) hails from itesiwaju local government, Oyo State. He is popularly known as Alleluyah. He is a businessman in Oyo State.

He was elected as a senator in Oyo North on February 2011. He was the Deputy chief whip of the 7th senate.

In 2003 he was appointed as the commissioner for local government and chieftancy matters when Senator Rashidi Ladoja became the governor in that year.

In 2007 he was also appointed again as the commissioner for local government and chieftancy matters when Christopher Adebayo Alao- Akala became the government in that year.

In 2015 he lost his  senatorial election to Abdul fatal Buhari.

Alleluyah was appointed as the Governor-Elect  Transition committee by  the Governor-Elect Engineer Seyi Makinde in April 2019.

Agboola was appointed as the Govenor's Advisory Council (GAC) to Governor Seyi Makinde on 11th of June 2019.

Alleluyah as been appointed as the Ekiti PDP caretaker Chairman for three month on 8th of May 2020.Ilé Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin Àgbà Orílẹ̀ Èdè Nàìjíríà

Bdhrhrujdieibrjdbeksbrgdjendhddjekdu4dv don't hdjij

Hóséà Ayoola Agboola


Gabriel Urbain Fauré (born Pamiers, Ariège, Midi-Pyrénées, May 12, 1845; died Paris, November 4, 1924) was a French composer, organist, pianist, and music teacher. He was the most important French composer of his time. The way he wrote music, especially his harmonies, had a big influence on many 20th century composers. Most French composers at the time became famous by writing operas, but Faure only wrote one opera. His most important works are his French songs, chamber music and piano music. His Requiem (which includes a solo, Pie Jesu, for a treble singer or soprano) is one of the most popular of all requiems and can be performed with quite a small orchestra and choir. Other very popular pieces are his Berçeuse from the Dolly Suite for piano duet, the Sicilienne from the music for Pelléas et Mélisande, and the song Après un rêve which is sometimes also played by a solo instrument, e.g. the cello.

His life

Fauré came from the south of France. He was born into a large family and was sent to live with a foster-nurse for four years. When he was quite small he often played the harmonium at the small chapel attached to the school where his father was director. A blind lady heard him and told his father that he ought to send him to a good music school. His father did not want to at first, but when the boy was nine he was sent to study at the École Niedermeyer in Paris. This was a school which trained young people to become church organists and choir directors. He spent eleven years there and had a good musical education. One of his teachers was the great composer Camille Saint-Saëns.

At first he held several jobs in churches, playing and accompanying the choirs. During the Franco-Prussian War Faure served in the army and did some teaching. When he returned to Paris in October of 1871 he got the job of choir accompanist at a big church in Paris called Saint-Sulpice. He often met up with Saint-Saëns and his friends who included the composers Lalo, Duparc, d'Indy and Chabrier. Several of these musicians, including Fauré himself, formed a music society called Société Nationale de Musique in 1871.

In 1874 Saint-Saëns retired from the church called the Madeleine and Fauré became choirmaster. In the same year he became engaged to Marianne Viardot, daughter of the singer Pauline, but then Marianne broke off the engagement. He travelled to Weimar to hear Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen. Fauré liked Wagner's music but it did not influence him.

In 1883 Fauré married Marie Fremiet. They had two sons. He had to spent a lot of time earning money by teaching to keep his family and so he did not have much time to compose except during the summer. His publishers did not pay him much money for his compositions.

In 1892 he became inspector of the music conservatories in the French provinces, which meant he no longer had to teach amateur students. In 1896 he finally became chief organist at the Église de la Madeleine. He also became professor of composition at Paris Conservatoire. Here he taught several students who became important French composers, including Maurice Ravel, Nadia Boulanger and Charles Koechlin. In 1905 he became director of the conservatoire.

As he became older he became deaf. High and low pitches sounded muddled to him. He retired from the Conservatoire in 1920 at the age of 75. In that year he received the Grand Cross of the Légion d'Honneur. It was unusual for a musician to have such a high honour. His health became poor, partly because he smoked heavily. He died in Paris from pneumonia in 1924 and was given a state funeral.
.

His music

Gabriel Fauré is the greatest composer of French art song, or mélodie. He learned a great deal at the École Niedermeyer about how to write beautiful, flowing harmonies. He also studied the church modes. This can be heard in a lot of his music. He wrote several song cycles (groups of songs) including one called La Bonne Chanson.
Fauré's piano works are mostly short works such as barcarolles, nocturnes and impromptus. They are often full of arpeggiated figures with the melody going from one hand to the other. His chamber works include piano quartets and quintets, a string quartet, a piano trio, two sonatas for violin and piano and two for cello and piano. His Élégie for cello and piano is especially well-known. He never showed a great deal of interest in writing for the orchestra. His orchestral works mostly consist of incidental music. His Requiem is popular both with amateur and professional choirs.

1845 births
1924 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
20th-century French composers
Romantic composers
French organists
Legion of Honour

Gabriel Fauré


The Solvay process is a way to make sodium carbonate and sodium dicarbonate invented by Ernest Solvay. It is essentially the reaction of carbon dioxide with ammonia and sodium chloride to produce ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. The sodium bicarbonate may be heated to produce sodium carbonate.The process consists of saturation of cold, concentrated solution of sodium chloride with ammonia.

Related pages
Chemistry
Ammonium
Carbonate

Chemical reactions

Solvay process


Harry Osborn is a fictional character appearing in Marvel Comics created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko for the Amazing Spider-Man #31 in 1965.  He is the son of Norman Osborn and his mother died in childbirth. His father blames him for her death and as such is dismissive and impatient with him. Harry constantly tries and fails to win his father's approval.

Harry meets Peter Parker at University and at first can't stand him.  He later gets to know him better and becomes his best friend.  Harry's father Norman then becomes the supervillain the Green Goblin and Harry starts to use drugs.  Green Goblin then kills Spider-Man's girlfriend Gwen Stacy and accidentally kills himself during a battle with Spider-Man.  Harry blames Spider-Man for his father's death and wants to get revenge by becoming a supervillain the second Green Goblin.

Harry Osborn in film
Harry Osborn is played by James Franco in the 2002 Spider-Man movie.  In it Harry Osborne goes to high school with Peter Parker and is the only person aside from Mary-Jane Watson who is nice to him.  Harry is Peter's best friend and does not get along well with his father.

Harry dates Mary-Jane Watson even though Peter loves her.  Harry's father tells him that she is no different from Harry's mother and that all she cares about is his money.  Harry defends her.  She tells Harry that his father is a creep and Harry defends him.

Mary-Jane then breaks up with him.  Harry later goes to win her back and realizes she is in love with Peter. Harry's father who is secretly the Green Goblin finds out from Harry that Peter loves Mary-Jane Watson.  After he died Norman makes Peter swear not to tell Harry that he is the Green Goblin.

Harry swears to kill Spider-Man for revenge.  In Spider-Man 2 Harry is willing to work with Doctor Octopus to kill Spider-Man. At the end of the movie he is horrified to discover that Peter Parker is Spider-Man. In Spider-Man 3,  Harry becomes a supervillain so that he can kill Spider-Man and avenge his father's death.

In the end of the movie he agrees to work with Spider-Man to rescue Mary-Jane Watson from the supervillains the Venom and the Sandman and Harry dies so that Peter can kill the Venom and rescue Mary-Jane.

Harry Osborn is played by Dane DeHaan in The Amazing Spider-Man 2.

Animated characters
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
Fictional criminals
Marvel Comics superheroes
Movie characters
Spider-Man

Harry Osborn


A tennis court is a court used to play tennis.  It is a rectangle with a net across the middle. During a tennis match there can be both one player (single) or two players (double) on both half.  The surface can be grass, clay or hardcourt.

The dimensions are set as the standard for lawn tennis by the International Tennis Federation and written down in the 'Rules of Tennis' document.  The Tennis court is 78 feet (23.77 meters) long. Its width is 27 feet (8.23 meters) for singles matches and 36 feet (10.97 meters) for doubles matches.  The service line is 21 feet (6.40 meters) from the net.

Surfaces
Clay Court is primarily made with stone, brick and crushed shale.  The tennis ball on the clay court has the interesting feature of digging into the dirt.  The clay court is the cheapest court to construct but is also is the court that requires the most maintenance.  The water content should be balanced and the courts have to be rolled often to maintain flattened form.

Grass Courts are the fastest courts.  Before the open era most games were played in grass courts.  Over time, the maintenance and cost have made it less popular.  Grass courts are made by growing grass in hard packed soil.  This can create many micro-variations in the surface type.

Carpet Courts are rollable court surfaces.  They are characterized by their low bounce and fast surface compared to hard courts.  Carpet courts went out of fashion in the late 20th century and have been discontinued from the world tour.

Hard Courts are by far the most popular surfaces, primarily due to the one-time investment and minimum maintenance.  The courts are made up of uniform rigid material, often covered with an acrylic surface layer to offer greater consistency of bounce than other outdoor surfaces.  Hard courts generally vary in speed, being slower than grass courts but faster than clay.

References

Tennis

Tennis court


Grigoris Bithikotsis (Greek Γρηγόρης Μπιθικώτσης, ; December 11, 1922 – April 7, 2005) was a Greek folk singer/songwriter with a career spanning five decades. He is considered one of the most important figures in Greek popular music.

Biography
Bithikotsis was born in Peristeri, Athens, in 1922 to a poor family. He became interested in music at an early age, and acquired a  bouzouki as soon as he was able.  At first, he had to hide the instrument at a friend's house and practice in secret, as his father disapproved of the new rembetiko style that had captured his son's interest.

He met composer Mikis Theodorakis in 1959 and the two collaborated producing folk songs. Bithikotsis composed over 80 songs, including: Stu Belami to ouzeri and Tou Votanikou o magas. He possessed a rich singing voice with which he performed his own compositions and those of Theodorakis, who frequently chose his friend Grigoris to perform his masterpieces. The two contributed greatly to the then-emerging  laika style of Greek music.

A leftist, he was exiled to the island of Makronisos in the 1950s during the reign of King Paul.

Throughout his life, Bithikotsis performed frequent concerts at numerous venues, including one in Athens upon the occasion of his eightieth birthday. He died in Athens, in 2005, following three months of hospitalization. His funeral was attended by thousands, including representatives of all the Greek political parties.

Discography
Epitafios [1960]
Politeia A [1961]
To tragoudi tou nekrou aderfou [1962]
Epifania [1962]
To Axion Esti [1964]
Epitafios-Epifania [1964] (with Meri Lida)
Politeia B [1964]
Romiosini [1966]
Na 'tane to '21 [1969]
14 Hryses Epityhies N1 (14 Greatest Hits Vol. 1) [1977]
14 Hryses Epityhies N2 (14 Greatest Hits Vol. 2) [1977]
1950-1962 Compilation
1963-1971 Compilation
36 Hronia (36 Years)
Apo tis 45 Strofes No. 4
Alpha – Omega [1971]
Chamenes Agapes (Lost Loves) [1977]
I Ellada tou Grigori (The Greece of Grigoris)
Episimi Agapimeni (Best Loved Songs)
Gia panta No. 1 (Forever #1)
Gia ton Grigori – I Synavlia to Stadio Erininis kai Filias (For Grigoris, in Peace and Friendship Stadium)
Mazi (with Stelios Kazantzidis)
Mazi me ton Grigori (Together with Grigoris)
Megaloprepeia
Mia gynaika fevgei (One Woman Leaves) [1969]
Oktovriou 1978/October 1978 - with Mikis Theodorakis [1978]
O Agnostos Theos (Strange God) [1970]
Oi Magalyteres Epityhies Tou (His Greatest Hits)
Ouranio Toxo (Rainbow)
Prasino fos (Green Light) [1973]
Sti Megali Leoforo  (On the Broad Avenue)
Stratos Dionysiou/Ta zebekika tou Grigori kai tou Stratou (with Stratos Dionysiou)
Ta Afthentika No.2 [1984]
Apo tous thisayrous ton 45 Strofon (with Vicky Moscholiou)
Tragoudia apo tis 45 Srtrofes

References

External links
Obituary in Kathimerini
Se toyto to steno (Audio file)
Enas alitis pethane (20:40) (Audio file)

1922 births
2005 deaths
20th-century Greek male singers
Greek laïko singers
Greek rebetiko singers
Greek male singer-songwriters
Greek singer-songwriters
Gold Crosses of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)
Singers from Athens

Grigoris Bithikotsis