Louis C. Fraina (October 7, 1892 – September 15, 1953) was a founding member of the Communist Party USA in 1919. After running afoul of the Communist International in 1921 over the alleged misappropriation of funds, Fraina left the organized radical movement, emerging in 1926 as a left wing public intellectual by the name of Lewis Corey. During the McCarthy era, deportation proceedings were initiated against Fraina-Corey. After a protracted legal battle, Corey died of a cerebral hemorrhage before the action against him was formally abandoned.

Biography

Early Years

Louis C. Fraina was born as Luigi Carlo Fraina on October 7, 1892, in the  frazione of the town of Campagna, in the Province of Salerno of southern Italy. His father was a radical Republican and left Italy for America in 1897, to be joined by his wife and son a year later. Luigi's name was Americanized to "Louis" upon his arrival.

Fraina grew up in the slums of New York City in the Bowery and working part-time as a newsboy from the age of 6. He later helped his mother in the making of cigars and plied his trade on the streets as a shoe shine boy.

Fraina graduated from primary school in 1905 but his father died just five weeks later, forcing Louis to abandon school in order to get a full-time job. He was never able to attend high school or college — despite a lifetime career path that saw Fraina working as the education director of major unions, assuming a place as an author and public intellectual, and teaching economics at the university level for a decade.

The precocious and brilliant Fraina pursued the path of self-education, reading broadly. From an early age, Fraina was engrossed with the ideas of political radicalism and freethought, publishing his first essay, "Shelley, the Atheist Poet," in the agnostic journal The Truth Seeker in 1909. Other articles in The Truth Seeker followed, catching the attention of newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane, who offered Fraina a job as a cub reporter at the New York Evening Journal, flagship newspaper of the newspaper chain owned by William Randolph Hearst.

Left wing socialist (1909-1916)

Fraina came to socialism as a youth, later stating that he had joined (and quickly departed) the Socialist Party of America in 1909. Fraina seems to have been greatly influenced by the writings of Daniel DeLeon, editor of the newspaper of the rival Socialist Labor Party of America, a party which Fraina joined shortly after his departure from the SPA. Fraina was an enthusiastic convert to the SLP, making public speeches on revolutionary socialism and the SLP's ideas about revolutionary industrial unionism. He made streetcorner speeches in New York City every weekend in good weather, learning the art of public oratory in the trenches and mastering the loud and dramatic form of presentation needed to captivate strangers when speaking from a soapbox.

By 1910, Fraina was writing voluminously for the daily newspaper published by the SLP. According to Fraina's biographer, historian Paul Buhle, "No one, not even DeLeon by this time, wrote more regularly for The Daily People. Fraina's most important journalistic task while on the staff of The Daily People was covering the 1913 Lawrence Textile Strike, one of the pivotal events of the American labor movement of that decade. This strike, in which members of some two dozen nationalities stayed out for weeks to resist a wage reduction, facing violence and arrest, was deeply influential upon Fraina. It was there that the Industrial Workers of the World had their day in the sun — and the revolutionary possibilities seemed endless.

Early in 1914, Fraina resigned from the Socialist Labor Party. He remained politically active, however, and in the fall of 1914 he became the editor of The New Review, an urbane theoretical magazine launched by New York socialists in January a year previously. Fraina remained at the head of the editorial board of that publication until its termination early in 1916 owing to lack of funds. A few months later Fraina landed another position as a magazine editor, this time as the chief of Isadora Duncan's Modern Dance.

Pioneer Communist theoretician (1917-1919)

The United States entered World War I in April 1917. This decision was bitterly opposed by the Socialist Party of America, which at its 1917 Emergency National Convention passed a militant document pledging continued opposition and resistance to the effort. Fraina rejoined the Socialist Party at this time and soon emerged as one of the leaders of the organization's left wing.

In 1917, Fraina joined with Marxist theoretician Louis Boudin as a co-editor of Ludwig Lore's magazine, The Class Struggle. The publication, which first saw print in May 1917, soon became a leading voice of the radical wing of the Socialist Party, individuals who congealed into an organized political faction called the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party in 1919.

In 1918 Fraina was responsible for the first post-revolutionary collection of the writings of V.I. Lenin and Leon Trotsky to be published in the United States. The book, entitled The Proletarian Revolution in Russia, gave English-speaking readers their first glimpse at the ideas of the Russian Communist Party and spurred the desire for emulation on the part of many American radicals.

Early in 1918 five radical Russian groups united with the English-speaking Socialist Propaganda League with which Fraina was associated to form the American Bolshevik Bureau of Information. The body was joined by Soviet Russian official representative Ludwig Martens, ostensibly as the delegate of the "New York Section of Russian Bolsheviki." The Bureau served as a forerunner of the official Russian Soviet Government Bureau, distributing official communications on behalf of the Soviet government, which was isolated by the European war and the object of sometimes imaginative vilification in the pages of the American press.

Fraina was also the editor of two of the earliest proto-Communist newspapers in the United States, The New International (1918) and The Revolutionary Age (1918-1919). Combined with his other speaking, writing, and organizational activities, this position as editor of the leading radical publications of the day helped make Fraina arguably the leading theoretical and political figure of the founding days of the American communist movement.

Fraina was the author of the Left Wing Manifesto that served as the fundamental theoretical document of the organized Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party that emerged early in 1919. Fraina was a delegate to the June 1919 National Council of the Left Wing held in New York City and was prominent in the effort of members of the party's suspended foreign language federations and others seeking to establish a new Communist Party of America (CPA) independent of the outcome of the 1919 Emergency National Convention of the Socialist Party. As arguably the top English-speaking leader of the new organization, Fraina was elected temporary chairman at the opening of the Founding Convention of the Communist Party of America on September 1, 1919, and delivered the keynote address to that body. He was also elected International Secretary by that body — the group's de facto first delegate to the Communist International in Moscow.

1919–20 espionage controversy

The first international conclave attended by Fraina as representative of the CPA was a secret conference conducted by the short-lived Western European Bureau of the Communist International, slated to begin on February 10, 1920, in Amsterdam. As he was not a citizen of the United States, Fraina was forced to make this trip without a passport and legal visas. The services of one Jacob Nosovitsky were employed by the CPA to aid with Fraina's travel arrangements and to accompany him abroad. Nosivitsky, believed to be an active and trustworthy member of the Communist movement and an individual who had been used as a secret international courier, was in actuality a police spy working undercover in the radical movement and reporting on the activities of its principals to the U.S. Department of Justice as its special employee N-100.

Although apparently not tipped off by Nosovitsky himself, Amsterdam police authorities were well aware of the Comintern's secret gathering in the city, and bugged the conference room with a dictaphone machine—a device discovered by delegate Michael Borodin on the second day of the proceedings. A raid by the authorities soon followed, during which many delegates were arrested before being ordered to leave the country or physically deported. Fraina and Nosovitsky were not detained, but rather made their way to the home of Dutch radical S. J. Rutgers in Amersfoort, where several other delegates had assembled. They remained there a week before returning home to America.

Back in America, a scandal was brewing. A Finnish-American former Socialist newspaper editor with extensive linguistic abilities named Ferdinand Peterson was induced to join the Justice Department as an undercover informant after being discharged from the American Army in 1919. Peterson confided in his former party comrade Santeri Nuorteva, now a leading member of the Russian Soviet Government Bureau (RSGB) in New York—the de facto consulate of Soviet Russia—of this assignment. Nuorteva helped Peterson provide a stream of uncontroversial and non-revelatory content for his daily reports throughout the summer and early fall of 1919.

The Justice Department seems to have been aware of Peterson's duplicity, but nevertheless kept him on the payroll. Peterson came to believe—or was led to believe—that Louis Fraina was also on the payroll of the Justice Department. This information was conveyed to Nuorteva, a factional opponent of Fraina and the CPA, who levied these suspicions publicly in the pages of the Socialist Party daily, the New York Call.

Just as Fraina was preparing to depart for Europe again to attend the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern in Moscow, these espionage allegations regarding Fraina came to a head and the RSGB declared the necessity of resolution of the question before Fraina would be permitted to travel. A "party trial" was held at the office of the RSGB in an attempt to determine the veracity of Peterson's charges. Peterson offered direct testimony about reports he had been allowed to see bearing Louis Fraina's name, checks he had been allowed to see bearing Louis Fraina's signed endorsement, and details of three separate encounters with a person he had believed to be Louis Fraina in the halls of the Department of Justice's New York headquarters.

Defending Fraina's honor against the allegations of the admitted double-agent Peterson, bolstered by the testimony of Nuorteva, was the still-concealed Justice Department employee Jacob Nosovitsky together with Fraina himself and his attorney, Louis Boudin. Implausibilities in Peterson's testimony were ultimately highlighted and Fraina was able to provide a rock-solid alibi that he was not in the city of New York at the time of one of the three alleged "sightings" at Justice Department headquarters, and Fraina was exonerated of Peterson's allegations and allowed to travel to Soviet Russia again. A stenographic report of the Peterson-Fraina encounter was published by the CPA as a pamphlet as Stenographic Report of the "Trial" of Louis C. Fraina, in which it was broadly hinted that it was Nuorteva rather than Fraina who was guilty of espionage activity.

Finally allowed to depart for Moscow, Fraina arrived only to find that rumors of the espionage charge had not been dispelled. Two more hearings were held under the auspices of the Comintern itself — one before the convening of the 2nd World Congress and the second one immediately after. The findings of all committees were unanimous and the charges of espionage against Fraina were dismissed, albeit never fully dispelled.

The Mexican interlude (1921-1923)

The establishment of a functioning Communist movement in Mexico was regarded as a matter of importance to the Comintern and both Fraina for the Communist Party of America and his counterpart John Reed of the rival CLP presented differing perspectives on the Mexican situation at the 2nd World Congress and at the Congress of the Peoples of the East held in Baku, Azerbaijan in September 1920.

Fraina made the case that Mexico (as well as the rest of Latin America) represented a colonial base of American capitalism, and that in the fight to overthrow the latter,  communist revolutionary movements should be sponsored in the former. Reed, on the other hand, emphasized the nationalist aspirations of the Mexican people and their potential to install a broad democratic government in the already existing political climate — a government which would nationalize significant portions of the country's natural resources, thereby hampering American capitalism there.

While Fraina and his views were widely respected among Comintern delegates, he was not elected as an American representative to ECCI. American communist in Moscow Charles Phillips later indicated his belief that the Comintern sought "a native-born and quintessentially American exemplar" such as Reed among its councils that gave him the advantage over Fraina in being named to ECCI. Even when Reed succumbed to typhus on October 17, 1920, Fraina was not selected to join the Comintern's directive body, perhaps owing to a residual aura of suspicion related to discredited espionage charges against him.

Whether to reduce the factional drama between representative of the rival American organizations delegated to Moscow or to remove him altogether from American politics, Fraina was instead dispatched to Mexico to work on behalf of the Comintern there. Joining Fraina as a Comintern representative to Mexico as part of a new "Pan-American Agency" was the venerable Sen Katayama, a 70-year-old veteran of the Japanese and American socialist movements and Karlis Jansen (underground party name: "Charles Scott") a trusted figure in the Latvian-American radical movement. Also returning to Mexico was Charles Phillips, who had been at the 2nd World Congress as a representative of the Communist Party of Mexico and who was the only one of these top Comintern officials who spoke Spanish.

Phillips was the first to arrive in Mexico, landing in January 1921, with the others arriving somewhat later. Fraina's arrival was delayed somewhat by his belated decision, made only in Berlin when he was already en route, that leaving his new wife behind in Russia had been a mistake. Fraina requested permission from Moscow for the former Esther Nesvishskaya, a low level Comintern employee, to join him in Mexico — a request which was granted. Before making the trip to Mexico, Fraina, Katayama, and "Scott" made a stop in New York City, where they attempted without success to broker a unity agreement between the two feuding American Communist Parties.

Fraina and his two Comintern associates soon discovered that the Communist Party of Mexico existed in name only, with only party secretary José Allen and a small group organized as the Young Communist Federation remaining committed to the idea of building a revolutionary Marxist political party in the country. The Comintern representatives established an office as the Latin American headquarters of the Profintern and founded two newspapers, El Trabajador (The Worker) and Boletín Comunista (Communist Bulletin). A convention was held in February 1921 which established a new radical national trade union federation, the Confederación General de Trabajadores (CGT). Comintern funds were also used to establish a publishing house, Biblioteca Internacional, which issued pamphlets and books by prominent European radicals.

The fledgling Mexican Communist movement began to suffer an exaggerated sense of its size and influence, however. A rally in Mexico City on May Day 1921 was marked by marching in the streets and the raising of a red flag above the city's central cathedral — provoking a reaction by the government of President Álvaro Obregón. Charles Phillips was arrested and deported to Guatemala and the political activity of Katayama and Fraina was driven underground. Katayama left the country in October 1921, although Phillips managed to secretly return under the alias "Manuel Gomez."

In December 1921 Fraina and Gomez helped organize a convention to reestablish the Communist Party of Mexico — a gathering attended by 21 delegates, purportedly representing a party membership of 1,000. Fraina reported to the Comintern approvingly of the "sobriety and steadiness" of the delegates, who avoided the "flamboyant, hysterical" behavior characteristic of some Mexican political gatherings. Fraina came to feel overwhelmed by the pressing demand of the few activists in the tiny CPM for immediate revolution, however — a vision that for a long time he had realistically dismissed — and he appealed to the Comintern for the dispatch of a veteran Russian militant to Mexico to guide the organization.

Disaffection was to follow.

Return to America (1923-1930)

Disillusioned with the incessant factionalism that seemed to render the fledgling communist movement impotent, Fraina and his wife and baby daughter returned to the United States from Mexico in 1923. The family settled in New York City where Fraina — temporarily adopting the pseudonym "Charles Joseph Skala" — took a job as a clerk in a dry good store for $12 a week, while his wife went to work in a sweatshop. He later landed a job as a proofreader for magazine and pulp fiction publisher Street and Smith Publications and worked part-time as a substitute proofreader at The New York Times. Fraina joined the International Typographers Union in association with these jobs in the printing industry and remained a member for the next twenty years.

The allure of writing again began to call Fraina, however, and in May 1926 he published the first of a handful of articles in the liberal news weekly, The New Republic.
Fraina marked his comeback with the adoption of a new pen name — Lewis Corey — a name formed by adapting his first name and middle initial. This pseudonym was later made permanent by the family through a legal name change.

Corey's work in The New Republic drew notice and in 1929 he received a fellowship at the Institute of Economics of the Brookings Institution, a liberal think tank. He remained there through 1930, with his research channeled into a book on the rise to dominant position of the investment banking firm of J.P. Morgan and its operations called The House of Morgan, published in 1931. That same year Fraina was hired to assist Edwin R.A. Seligman and Alvin Johnson in the production of a 12 volume Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. He remained with the project until its completion in 1934.

Left turn (1930-1936)

In 1930 Corey publish his history of The House of Morgan, which documents the history, operations, and methods of J.P. Morgan & Co.'s finance banking and of its historical and political-economic context at the center of the creation of Wall Street finance capitalism -- forthright, unvarnished, well-documented.  The early 1930s, marked by the Great Depression and the international crisis of world capitalism, was a time of renewed radical zeal for Corey. In the pages of the independent Marxist magazine Modern Quarterly, Corey depicted a bifurcated world with collapsing capitalism pitted against the "aspiration" of Soviet communism to engage in the "creation of a new world." Corey expressed a renewed commitment to the latter, noting approvingly that planned economy functioned in the USSR only because "the dictatorship of the proletariat crushed the exploiters and prevents their reappearance," thereby allowing "socialization of the whole national economy."

In retrospect, his biographer later observed, it seemed as though Corey was possessed by a "fervent desire to write his way back into the Communist movement." Corey seems to have had no qualms about the political role of the Communist Party, eagerly signing the manifesto of the League of Professional Groups for Foster and Ford, thereby endorsing the CPUSA's 1932 Presidential ticket. After the election, the League truncated its name to the League of Professional Groups and adopted a program written by Corey providing for ongoing political and educational activity. The Communist Party remained aloof from the organization, however, as the group sought to maintain financial and ideological autonomy from the party in order to better appeal to non-party left wing intellectuals. By the middle of 1933, lacking the CPUSA's publicity and financial support, the League had dissolved.

The middle 1930s saw Corey producing two weighty works on contemporary economics for commercial publisher Covici-Friede — The Decline of American Capitalism (1934) and The Crisis of the Middle Class (1935). During this interval Fraina remained a neo-Marxist, although standing outside the Communist Party. The CPUSA initially treated The Decline of American Capitalism sympathetically, placing a large order for the party's book store network, but in the fall of 1934 it suddenly was made the object of intense criticism, including a harsh serialized critique in the October and November 1934 issues of The Communist, the party's monthly theoretical magazine.

While his 1934 book was treated harshly by the CPUSA, the same can not be said about Corey's 1935 effort, The Crisis of the Middle Class, which was received warmly. By now the party line had changed from the ultra-radical Third Period to a new, more inclusive effort to build bridges with liberals and non-party radicals known as the Popular Front against fascism. Corey was looked upon by the party no longer as a disreputable political transgressor with a checkered past, but rather as a prestigious intellectual ally. This ideological proximity was emphasized when Corey was chosen to edit a special issue of the CPUSA literary monthly The New Masses thematically focused upon the middle class.

Communist dissident (1936-1939)

Corey's political path took another detour in the latter part of 1936, when he moved again away from the CPUSA's orbit and began an association with the dissident Communist movement around expelled party leader Jay Lovestone. The so-called Lovestoneites embraced the fundamental tenets of Marxism, but oriented themselves towards the American trade union movement and away from foreign domination of the International Communist movement and its centrally-determined obsession with advancing the foreign policy interests of the USSR. With secret police terror beginning to rage in the Soviet Union from 1936 onwards, the Lovestone political organization's criticism of the USSR became increasingly harsh and its appreciation of American institutions more pronounced — a perspective which Corey himself shared.

In 1937 Corey worked briefly as an economist in Washington, DC with the Federal government's Works Progress Administration, remaining in that position for about six months. He left that post to assume the position of education director of Local 22 of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU), located in New York City. Corey would remain with the ILGWU until 1939.

As was the case for many inter-war era radicals, Corey was opposed to American intervention in a new European World War and was a member of the Keep America Out of War Committee. With signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939 and the actual eruption of European war Fraina had a change of heart, however, and he resigned from the Keep America Out of War Committee and became supportive of the British war effort against Nazism. Coming on the heels of the 1937-1939 secret police terror, the apparent duplicity of Joseph Stalin in negotiating a peace pact with Adolf Hitler moved Corey away from the Communist movement for a second time — permanently.

Breaking with Marxism (1940-1953)

Lewis Corey formally broke with circles that were supportive of the Russian way to Communism in 1940, disillusioned with the atrocities committed by the regime headed by Joseph Stalin, by the CPUSA's sugarcoating and endorsing unpalatable Soviet realities, and by the organizational impotence and factionalism of the non-Communist left. In that year he joined with Reinhold Niebuhr, Murray Gross, and other anti-communist liberals in establishing the Union for Democratic Action (UDA) — an organization which later changed its name to Americans for Democratic Action. Corey was named research director for that organization, ending his tenure with the ILGWU.

Corey's public declaration of his alienation from Marxism came in a three part series published in the liberal news weekly The Nation, in which he declared:

The bitter admission must be made that all variants of Marxism, "revolutionary" and "reformist," meeting the pragmatic test of history, have revealed fatal shortcomings....
All [Marx's] creative originality was congealed into a system which had a "Marxist" explanation for everything..., which was unjust to Marx himself because the system denied his emphasis on the historical relativity of ideas....
"The socialist system of collective ownership is compatible with totalitarianism,..." there is a totalitarian potential in the socialist economic system.

Corey's search for a new social philosophy and program to replace the one he had discarded found expression in a 1942 book entitled The Unfinished Task. Corey regarded this as his "final detailed repudiation" of the Marxian edifice. By 1945, Corey had taken to calling his former comrades "political totalitarians" and accusing them of using "power politics and conspiratorial infiltration" to gain their unsavory ends.

In 1942 Corey spoke at Antioch College, a private liberal arts school located at Yellow Springs, Ohio at a conference held on the topic of post-war reconstruction. Corey impressed school officials with his knowledge and acumen and was asked to temporarily replace a young Economics professor who had been drafted into the American military. Ultimately Corey's academic position was made permanent with the school and he became an assistant professor of economics there despite the fact that he had never himself studied in high school, let alone at the university level. Corey would remain at Antioch through the end of the 1950-51 academic year.

Federal investigations
Within weeks of Corey assuming the post at Antioch, University administrators began receiving anonymous letters relating to Corey's communist past. Both the anti-communist right and Communist Party members and fellow travelers took aim at Corey, with leaflets circulated and a story run in the Chicago Tribune entitled "Red Teaching at Antioch." Further attacks were launched by J. B. Matthews of the Dies Committee in 1942, Walter Steele of the House Un-American Activities Committee, and the Cleveland League of Justice and Gerald L. K. Smith. To its credit, the Antioch administration supported the academic freedom of its professor in spite of these attacks.

Ironically, as Corey's politics turned against his Stalinist beliefs, he ran afoul of the Federal prosecutors. In December 1950, Corey was served with a deportation warrant from the US Department of Justice charging that he had been in the country illegally almost his entire life and for being a Communist. His father had come to the United States without obtaining naturalization papers and young Louis had decided against filing later due to his 1917 conviction as a conscientious objector. The case was tied up for years, and his application for a Certificate of Lawful Entry was denied under the McCarren Act.

Death and legacy

On Christmas Day, 1952, Corey received an announcement of an impending deportation order. The next month he was terminated from employment by the Butcher's Union, for whom he worked. Corey spent his last months traveling between New York City and Washington, working with lawyers in his effort to stave off deportation to his native Italy.

Corey suffered a traumatic cerebral hemorrhage at his desk on September 15, 1953, lapsed into a coma, and died the next day. Two days later, a Certificate of Lawful Entry posthumously arrived in the mail, along with a contract from a publisher for a projected book, Toward an Understanding of America.

Corey's papers are housed in the Rare Book & Manuscript section of Butler Library at Columbia University in New York City. The collection includes 10 linear feet of material housed in 24 archival boxes.

Popular culture
In Warren Beatty's film Reds, Fraina was portrayed by Paul Sorvino.

Footnotes

Works

Books and pamphlets
 The Proletarian Revolution in Russia. With Nikolai Lenin and Leon Trotzky. New York: The Communist Press, 1918.
 Revolutionary Socialism: A Study in Socialist Reconstruction. New York: The Communist Press, 1918.
 The Social Revolution in Germany. Boston: The Revolutionary Age, 1919. — Collection of journal articles.
 The House of Morgan: A Social Biography of the Masters of Money. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1930.
 The Decline of American Capitalism. New York: Covici-Friede, 1934.
 The Crisis of the Middle Class. New York: Covici-Friede, 1935.
 A Program for Americans. New York: Union for Democratic Action, 1941. —Unsigned.
 The Unfinished Task: Economic Reconstruction for Democracy. New York: Viking, 1942.
 Meat and Man: A Study of Monopoly, Unionism, and Food Policy. New York: Viking, 1950.

Selected articles and leaflets
 "Syndicalism and Industrial Unionism," International Socialist Review [Chicago], vol. 14, no. 1 (July 1913), pp. 25–28.
 "Mass Action and Industrial Unionism," International Socialist Review, vol. 17, no. 9 (March 1917), pp. 556–557.
 "Conscientious Objectors." New York: League of Conscientious Objectors, c. May 1917.
 "Socialists and War: A Debate," The Class Struggle, vol. 1, no. 2 (July-Aug. 1917), pp. 75–99. —Reissued as a pamphlet.
 "The IWW Trial," The Class Struggle, vol. 1, no. 4 (Nov.-Dec. 1917), pp. 1–5.
 "The Bolsheviki — Socialism in Action! The Evening Call [New York], vol. 11, no. 4 (Jan. 5, 1918), pg. 7.
 The Proletarian Revolution in Russia," The Class Struggle, vol. 2, no. 1 (Jan.-Feb. 1918), pp. 29 – 67.
 "Lenin: An Appreciation," One Year of Revolution: Celebrating the First Anniversary of the Founding of the Russian Soviet Republic: November 7, 1918. Brooklyn, NY: The Class Struggle, 1918; pp. 3–6.
 "The National Left Wing Conference," The Revolutionary Age [New York], v. 2, no. 1 (July 5, 1919), pp. 4–5.
 "How is Ownership Distributed?" The New Republic, May 5, 1926.
 "Is Income More Equally Distributed?" The New Republic, Jan. 26, 1927.
 "Employee Stock-Ownership," The New Republic, May 11, 1927.
 "Who Owns the Nation's Wealth?" The New Republic, Aug. 10, 1927.
 "Concentration of Income," The New Republic, May 2, 1928.
 "The New Capitalism," in J.B.S. Hardman (ed.), American Labor Dynamics in the Light of Post-War Developments. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1928.
 "Who Gains By Speculation?" The New Republic, April 17, 1929.
 "Wall Street and Hard Times," The New Republic, March 26, 1930.
 "Dividends are Insured, Why Not Wages?" The Nation, Nov. 26, 1930.
 "Bigger and Better Panics," in S. Schmalhausen (ed.), Behold America! New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1930.
 "Revolutions, Old and New," in S. Schmalhausen (ed.), Recovery Through Revolution. New York: Covici-Friede, 1933.
 "Crisis of the Middle Class," The Nation, Aug. 14, 21, and 28, 1935.
 "Challenge to Economics," The Nation, Aug. 1, 1936.
 "American Class Relations," Marxist Quarterly, January 1937.
 "Veblen and Marxism," Marxist Quarterly, January 1937.
 "The Problem of Prosperity," Marxist Quarterly, April 1937.
 "The Cultural Crisis," Youth Frontier, vol. 1, no. 2 (January 1939).
 "Marxism Reconsidered," The Nation, Feb. 17, 24 and March 2, 1940.

Further reading

 Paul M. Buhle, A Dreamer's Paradise Lost: Louis C. Fraina/Lewis Corey (1892-1953) and the Decline of Radicalism in the United States. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1995.
 Communist Party of America, Stenographic Report of the "Trial" of Louis C. Fraina. [New York]: Communist Party of America, 1920.
 Esther Corey, "Lewis Corey (Louis C. Fraina), 1892-1953: A Bibliography with Autobiographical Notes," Labor History, vol. 4 (Spring 1963), pp. 103-131.
 Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism. 2nd ed. New Brunswick (USA) & London (UK): Transaction Publishers, 2003
 Richard B. Spence, "Catching Louis Fraina: Loyal Communist, US Government Informant, or British Agent?" American Communist History, vol. 11, no. 1 (April 2012), pp. 81–97.

External links
 Louis Fraina (Lewis Corey) Internet Archive, at Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved October 26, 2009.

1892 births
1953 deaths
American anti-capitalists
American communists
Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America
Members of the Socialist Party of America
Members of the Communist Party USA
American Comintern people
American Marxists
Italian anti-capitalists
Italian socialists
Italian communists
American people of Italian descent
American political party founders

Louis C. Fraina


Waterloo International was the first London station for Eurostar trains to France and Belgium. It was treated as a separate station to the main station at London Waterloo, but its 5 platforms were numbered 20 to 24. In 2007 it closed and all Eurostar trains now run from St Pancras International railway station. The platforms are no longer used, but South West Trains now plans to use at least one of the platforms when it starts running trains with 10 carriages in late 2013.

Railway stations in London

Waterloo International railway station


Adolph James Liska (July 10, 1906 – November 30, 1998) was an American baseball pitcher who played five years in Major League Baseball and 14 for the Portland Beavers of the Pacific Coast League.

Early life and career
Born in Nebraska, Liska taught elementary school and pitched briefly for the University of Nebraska before joining the minor league Lincoln Links of the Western League in 1926. A submarine pitcher, he earned a 20–4 record with the Minneapolis Millers of the American Association, which earned him a shot at the majors in 1929.

Major League career
Liska played two full seasons with the Washington Senators and part of a third. He joined the Philadelphia Phillies in 1932 where he played two seasons, compiling a 17–18 overall record with an ERA of 3.87.

Portland Beavers
Liska returned to the minor leagues for two more seasons and then found a home with the Portland Beavers of the Pacific Coast League in 1936. He went on to play 14 years for the Beavers, winning 15 or more games nine times. In 1936, his 15 wins helped the Beavers win the PCL championship. In 1945, at the age of 39, he won 20 games, leading the Beavers to the best record in the league. Liska finally retired following the 1949 season at the age of 42. He managed the minor league Salem Senators for the 1950 season and then retired from baseball and worked in the United States Postal Service.

Legacy
He was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 1982 and the Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame in 2003. He died in Portland in 1998 at the age of 92.

References

External links

1906 births
1998 deaths
Baseball players from Nebraska
Major League Baseball pitchers
Nebraska Cornhuskers baseball players
People from Butler County, Nebraska
Philadelphia Phillies players
Portland Beavers players
Baseball players from Portland, Oregon
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players

Ad Liska


Blood Will Tell: Tezuka Osamu's Dororo, released as  in Japan, is a 2004 PlayStation 2 game released by Sega. It is based on the Japanese manga series Dororo, which was created by Osamu Tezuka. It concerns a hero named Hyakkimaru, who has had much of his body stolen by forty-eight fiends, and has prosthetic replacements. Along with his ally, the thief Dororo, Hyakkimaru must defeat all forty-eight fiends.

Story
The game is divided into nine parts:

Prologue: Hyakkimaru
Both Dororo and Hyakkimaru are playable characters. After a tutorial in which Jyukai teaches Hyakkimaru (and the player) how to use his weapons, Hyakkimaru reaches an isolated village attacked by demons led by a fiend, the Great Horn. After slaying the fiend, Hyakkimaru gets back his vocal cords, and a cutscene shows the player the story of Hyakkimaru's birth.

The land was in the midst of a war created by the fiends. One day, the heaven gods decided to send a child, a Chosen One, to slay the fiends. The demon gods counter-attacked by corrupting the child's father, samurai Kagemitsu Daigo. In exchange for "the power to bring back peace to the land", each of the fiends takes a body part from the baby, who is then abandoned by his father.

After the cutscene, Hyakkimaru saves a group of people from demons. A girl from the group introduces herself as "the world famous thief" Dororo. The thief is later saved by the samurai from another fiend, the Homonculus. Hyakkimaru wins another body part, his left eye, and tells Dororo what he knows of his past.

He had been found and raised by a physician, Jyukai, who built his prosthetic body parts. At the age of 18, Hyakkimaru heard a voice from the heavens, who told him that the fiends created a human with the stolen body parts, and that Hyakkimaru could get back what was stolen from him if he killed the forty-eight fiends or their human creation.

Chapter 1: Yudai
Hyakkimaru and Dororo come across a small, poor village full of people who are led by a woman named Mistress Yudai, who is actually a fiend who steals their money. Mistress Yudai has three forms: a kindly woman, a large ugly demon named Scourge, and another demon form named Ogress. A troll spirit helped the villagers find their money in a bamboo thicket, but Mistress Yudai demanded that anyone who saw this troll be brought to her and executed. Unbeknownst to the villagers however it is to keep her secret hidden.

Chapter 2: Dragon Brood
After defeating Yudai, Hyakkimaru and Dororo come across a ronin named Tanosuke in a desert-like area. This ronin wields a sword known as Dragon Brood, which is possessed by one of the fiends that had stolen Hyakkimaru's body parts. After Hyakkimaru defeats the masterless samurai, he flees. Dororo follows him and steals his sword. Dragon Brood tells Dororo to kill to satisfy its thirst for blood, which causes Dororo to attack Tanosuke's sister Misaki. However, Hyakkimaru arrives in time to take the sword out of Dororo's hands. Tanosuke reclaims the sword and fights Hyakkimaru, but sacrifices himself to Dragon Brood after being defeated again. Hyakkimaru destroys the blade and regains his spine overwhelming Misaki with grief for her brother in the process. Misaki angrily calls Hyakkimaru a murderer, the latter of which tells Misaki to not let Tanosuke's sacrifice go to waste. The duo heads forward as Misaki sobs because her brother is dead.

Chapter 3: In the Belly of the Mountain
Hyakkimaru and Dororo travel to Daidara Mountain and arrive at a temple, where they meet Tahoumaru and Kagemitsu Daigo. Afterward, they come to a village and see Daigo and the magistrate. Dororo follows the magistrate to his hideout in a nearby cave, where she is knocked out and captured after seeing the magistrate eating. Hyakkimaru rescues Dororo, whereupon they return to the mountain to fight various parts of the demon concealed within, Mountainous. After defeating the demon, Hyakkimaru regains his sense of pain.

Chapter 4: The Wall
Hyakkimaru and Dororo arrive at a place known as "The Wall". It is here that he meets Snake Eyes Saburota, and again encounters Daigo and Tahoumaru. He fights a three-tailed fox, then fights a group of soldiers and saves two children, whom Dororo guides home. While she is doing this, Hyakkimaru finds Daigo's manor, where he fights the six-tailed fox. After the battle, Hyakkimaru is temporarily trapped by barriers set up by the "nine-tailed fox". After destroying the barriers, he fights Saburota in a battle which is cut short. He returns to the town and fights Tahoumaru, whom he falsely believes he has knocked out. The nine-tailed fox appears and tells him that the man is his brother. Hyakkimaru also realizes that Daigo is his father. Tahoumaru helps Hyakkimaru defeat the fox, but threatens to kill him if he interferes with Daigo's plans.

Chapter 5: Legion
Hyakkimaru, out of concern for Dororo's safety, dissolves their partnership and continues up a snowy path alone, killing demons as he goes. Dororo, meanwhile, finds a temple with an odd old man caretaking it. After sneaking into the basement, Dororo discovers a cult of literally faceless individuals worshipping a Fiend called Legion, who has collected all their faces and uses their endless suffering to increase his power. After telepathically informing Hyakkimaru of the discovery (and Dororo's capture), Hyakkimaru makes his way to a frozen waterfall and defeats Legion. Along the way he is hounded by the distraught Misaki (from Chapter 2) who has still not forgiven Hyakkimaru for killing her brother, Tanosuke, and continues to attack him. After Dororo and Hyakkimaru reunite and defeat the old man (the latter of which is another Fiend known as Redcap), they escape the mountain. But Snake Eyes Saburota has been keeping tabs on them throughout and has plans for the revenge-obsessed Misaki.

Chapter 6: Gates of Hell
After fighting a Fiend-possessed Misaki (who promptly vanishes and becomes an optional Fiend for an earlier chapter) Saburota challenges Hyakkimaru to discover the truth of his curse at the nearby village's cursed temple, known colloquially as "The Gates of Hell". After passing through the demon-infested town and a cursed forest that causes wanderers to become lost, Hyakkimaru and Dororo come across the Gates of Hell. Dororo is separated from Hyakkimaru and sneaks into the temple from the roof using the nearby architecture. They fight off a Fiend-possessed horse of Daigo's named Midoro before Hyakkimaru learns the truth about his curse. After confronting Daigo, Hyakkimaru and Dororo leave the temple and the town.

Chapter 7: Tragedy
Deciding to fight Daigo and his ambitions, Hyakkimaru and Dororo make it to Daigo's impressive castle built with slave labor over Chapter 4's North Town. Working their way through the traps, Dororo splits off to rescue the slave workers in the basement (as well as a reformed Tahoumaru, who has decided to help the duo) while Hyakkimaru goes on ahead and defeats more Fiends. He also meets Saburota for the last time, who reveals he was created by the Fiends to fight Hyakkimaru but is not the human composed of his body parts that Hyakkimaru was told about by the voice. This person created by the bodyparts of Hyakkimaru is revealed to be, in fact, Dororo. At the top of the tower, Hyakkimaru must fight his father after he is possessed by five Fiends at once, creating the monstrous Chimera. His father survives, but the ghosts of all the dead Fiends then surge towards Dororo. They are instead intercepted by a protective Tahoumaru. Hyakkimaru then must kill his possessed brother to rid the world of the Fiends once and for all. The tragedy convinces Daigo to pursue more peaceful solutions to unifying the country.

Chapter 8: Dororo
Unlocked upon destroying every single hidden Fiend, granting Hyakkimaru all body parts besides one. Because Hyakkimaru was reluctant to kill Dororo for the last body part (his right arm), he has spent the next five years to build up his spiritual energy sufficiently to draw out the Fiend from Dororo and defeat it. Dororo in the meantime has grown to become a beautiful young warrior maiden. Hyakkimaru performs the exorcism technique and confronts the Fiend contained within her: the largest Fiend yet, the Behemoth. Hyakkimaru defeats the Fiend straight after, recovers his arm and embraces the successfully exorcised Dororo.

Characters
 Hyakkimaru - A cursed samurai which 48 parts of his body parts were given to the 48 Fiends in exchange of their demonic powers offered to Kagemitsu Daigo, now the young samurai wants to slay all 48 fiends and recover his body, becoming a normal human.
 Kagemitsu Daigo - A feudal lord who sold 48 parts of the body of his son (Hyakkimaru) to the Fiends in exchange for power and invulnerability which allowed him to win numerous battles.
 Dororo - A young thief who follows Hyakkimaru, out of interest and the possibility of wealth (and a sword). Each chapter of the game has a sequence where you control Dororo, and she defeats one of the Fiends (Dragon Tank) by herself.
 The 48 Fiends - A legion of demons who entered into a pact with Kagemitsu Daigo to rule the world, using him as their puppet.
 Jyukai - A kindly doctor and science genius who found and saved Hyakkimaru when he was just an infant, Jyukai was coming from China and he found the infant Hyakkimaru hanging on a beg in a river, Jyukai raised him and restored Hyakkimaru's missing body parts with prostheses and powerful weaponry like machine guns and cannons.
 Misaki - A kind and beautiful maiden who becomes obsessed with revenge after her brother (possessed by a demonic sword) is slain by Hyakkimaru, in truth her brother offered himself to the demonic sword, Dragon Brood which killed him, Hyakkimaru tried to save him but was too late, now Misaki seeks Hyakkimaru. In the end she realises that Hyakkimaru is not a murderer and she thanks him for everything.
 Tanosuke - A once honorable young samurai who became corrupted after his Lord commanded him to kill the castle's staff. His sword became possessed by a blood-thirsty Fiend and he reveled in the destruction he caused. He eventually mustered enough self-will to deprive the sword of more blood by killing himself with it.
 Mio - A young but precocious teenage girl, orphaned by the war, who takes care of younger fellow orphans in an old temple. She believes there is a peaceful solution to the current war-torn country. Her last words to Hyakkimaru in the end was to make the world more peaceful with no war and suffering, she then dies at the hands of a Fiend (Gaping Maw).
 The Magistrate - A greedy, overweight magistrate who has been eating the food stolen from the starving village he governs. He's actually possessed by a gluttonous Fiend who kills him after they separate.
 Lord Tahoumaru - An honorable young man who is Daigo's son and Hyakkimaru's brother. Though initially at odds with Hyakkimaru after he disrespects Daigo, he learns the truth of his brother's relation to him and the curse he suffers from and decides to help him.
 Snake Eyes Saburota - Initially a carefree ronin who rooms with Hyakkimaru and Dororo at one night, Saburota wants to join Daigo for some unexplained reason. He is later revealed to be a minion of the Fiends and works for them to earn himself a heart.
 Mistress Yudai - Initially believed to be a benevolent rich woman who helps a village when they're at their most destitute, she is actually a Fiend who has been preying on the same village for centuries, perpetuating a cycle of theft and reimbursement to keep the village miserable and poor. Her unusual longevity causes no suspicion with the villagers, who believe her to be an angelic being.
 Mai-Mai Onba - A hidden Fiend with no strong influence on the game's plot, Mai-Mai Onba is a powerful moth Fiend. Her last words are the name of her human lover from the manga, Lord Sabame.

Reception

The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 30 out of 40.

References

External links

   via Internet Archive
 Official page at Sega  via Internet Archive

2004 video games
Action-adventure games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Osamu Tezuka
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Red Entertainment games
Sega video games
Sengoku video games
Tezuka Productions
Video games about demons
Video games about samurai
Video games based on anime and manga
Video games set in feudal Japan
Video games developed in Japan

Blood Will Tell


Record Club is a musical project initiated by Beck Hansen in June 2009.

The purpose of the project is to cover an entire album by another artist in one day, using an informal and fluid collective of musicians. Albums covered as of July 2010 are The Velvet Underground's The Velvet Underground & Nico, Leonard Cohen's Songs of Leonard Cohen, Skip Spence's Oar, INXS's Kick, and Yanni's Yanni Live at the Acropolis.  Video footage of every performance has been made available on Beck's website.

Albums covered
The Velvet Underground & Nico – The Velvet Underground (1967)
Songs of Leonard Cohen – Leonard Cohen (1967)
Oar – Skip Spence (1969)
Kick – INXS (1987)
Yanni Live at the Acropolis – Yanni (1994)

Musicians

The Velvet Underground and Nico

Nigel Godrich
Beck Hansen
Chris Holmes
Bram Inscore
Brian LeBarton
Thorunn Antonia Magnusdottir (Fields)
Giovanni Ribisi
Joey Waronker
Yo

Songs of Leonard Cohen
Devendra Banhart
Will Berman (MGMT)
Ben Goldwasser (MGMT)
Beck Hansen
Bram Inscore
Brian LeBarton
Binki Shapiro (Little Joy)
Andrew Stockdale (Wolfmother)
Andrew VanWyngarden (MGMT)

Oar
Leslie Feist
James Gadson
Beck Hansen
Brian LeBarton
Jamie Lidell
Wilco (as well as Jeff Tweedy's son Spencer on additional drums)

Kick
St. Vincent
Daniel Hart (longtime St. Vincent collaborator)
Sergio Dias (of Os Mutantes)
Angus Andrew (of Liars)
Julian Gross (of Liars)
Beck Hansen
Brian LeBarton

Yanni Live at the Acropolis
Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth
Tortoise
Beck Hansen
Various session musicians

References

External links
 Record Club at beck.com

Album series
Tribute albums
Beck
2009 establishments in the United States

Beck's Record Club


William Edgar Stafford (January 17, 1914 – August 28, 1993) was an American poet and pacifist. He was the father of poet and essayist Kim Stafford. He was appointed the twentieth Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1970.

Early life

Background
Stafford was born in Hutchinson, Kansas, the oldest of three children in a highly literate family. During the Depression, his family moved from town to town in an effort to find work for his father. Stafford helped contribute to family income by delivering newspapers, working in sugar beet fields, raising vegetables, and working as an electrician's apprentice.

Stafford graduated from high school in the town of Liberal, Kansas in 1933. After initially attending senior college, he received a B.A. from the University of Kansas in 1937. He was drafted into the United States armed forces in 1941 while pursuing his master's degree at the University of Kansas, but declared himself a pacifist. As a registered conscientious objector, he performed alternative service from 1942 to 1946 in the Civilian Public Service camps. The work consisted of forestry and soil conservation work in Arkansas, California, and Illinois for $2.50 per month. While working in California in 1944, he met and married Dorothy Hope Frantz, with whom he later had four children (Bret, who died in 1988; Kim, writer; Kit, artist; Barbara, artist). He received his M.A. from the University of Kansas in 1947. His master's thesis, the prose memoir Down In My Heart, was published in 1948 and described his experience in the forest service camps. He taught English for one academic semester (1947) to 11th graders (juniors) at Chaffey Union High School, Ontario, California. That same year he moved to Oregon to teach at Lewis & Clark College. In 1954, he received a Ph.D. from the University of Iowa. Stafford taught for one academic year (1955–1956) in the English department at Manchester College in Indiana, a college affiliated with the Church of the Brethren where he had received training during his time in Civilian Public Service. The following year (1956–57), he taught at San Jose State in California, and the next year returned to the faculty of Lewis & Clark.

Career
One striking feature of his career is its late start. Stafford was 48 years old when his first major collection of poetry was published, Traveling Through the Dark, which won the 1963 National Book Award for Poetry. The title poem is one of his best-known works. It describes encountering a recently killed doe on a mountain road. Before pushing the doe into a canyon, the narrator discovers that she was pregnant and the fawn inside is still alive.

Stafford had a quiet daily ritual of writing, and his writing focuses on the ordinary. His gentle quotidian style has been compared to Robert Frost. Paul Merchant writes, "His poems are accessible, sometimes deceptively so, with a conversational manner that is close to everyday speech. Among predecessors whom he most admired are William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, Walt Whitman, and Emily Dickinson." His poems are typically short, focusing on the earthy, accessible details appropriate to a specific locality. Stafford said this in a 1971 interview:
I keep following this sort of hidden river of my life, you know, whatever the topic or impulse which comes, I follow it along trustingly. And I don't have any sense of its coming to a kind of crescendo, or of its petering out either. It is just going steadily along.

Stafford was a close friend and collaborator with poet Robert Bly. Despite his late start, he was a frequent contributor to magazines and anthologies and eventually published fifty-seven volumes of poetry. James Dickey called Stafford one of those poets "who pour out rivers of ink, all on good poems." He kept a daily journal for 50 years, and composed nearly 22,000 poems, of which roughly 3,000 were published.

In 1970, he was named Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress, a position that is now known as Poet Laureate. In 1975, he was named Poet Laureate of Oregon; his tenure in the position lasted until 1990. In 1980, he retired from Lewis & Clark College but continued to travel extensively and give public readings of his poetry. In 1992, he won the Western States Book Award for lifetime achievement in poetry.

Personal life
Stafford died at his home in Lake Oswego, Oregon on August 28, 1993. The morning of his death he had written a poem containing the lines, "'You don't have to / prove anything,' my mother said. 'Just be ready / for what God sends.'" In 2008, the Stafford family gave William Stafford's papers, including the 20,000 pages of his daily writing, to the Special Collections Department at Lewis & Clark College.

Kim Stafford, who serves as literary executor for the Estate of William Stafford, has written a memoir, Early Morning: Remembering My Father, William Stafford (Graywolf Press).

Bibliography
Published Poetry Collections

 West of Your City, Talisman Press, 1960.
 Traveling through the Dark, Harper, 1962.
 The Rescued Year, Harper, 1965.
 Eleven Untitled Poems, Perishable Press, 1968.
 Weather: Poems, Perishable Press, 1969.
 Allegiances, Harper, 1970.
 Temporary Facts, Duane Schneider Press, 1970.
 Poems for Tennessee, (With Robert Bly and William Matthews) Tennessee Poetry Press, 1971.
 In the Clock of Reason, Soft Press, 1973.
 Someday, Maybe, Harper, 1973.
 That Other Alone, Perishable Press, 1973.
 Going Places: Poems, West Coast Poetry Review, 1974.
 The Earth, Graywolf Press, 1974.
 North by West, (With John Meade Haines) edited by Karen Sollid and John Sollid, Spring Rain Press, 1975.
 Braided Apart (With son, Kim Robert Stafford), Confluence, 1976.
 I Would Also Like to Mention Aluminum: Poems and a Conversation, Slow Loris Press, 1976.
 Late, Passing Prairie Farm: A Poem, Main Street Inc., 1976.
 The Design on the Oriole, Night Heron Press, 1977.
 Stories That Could Be True: New and Collected Poems, Harper, 1977.
 Smoke's Way (chapbook), Graywolf Press, 1978.
 All about Light, Croissant, 1978.
 A Meeting with Disma Tumminello and William Stafford, edited by Nat Scammacca, Cross-Cultural Communications, 1978.
 Passing a Creche, Sea Pen Press, 1978.
 Tuft by Puff, Perishable Press, 1978.
 Two about Music, Sceptre Press, 1978.
 Tuned in Late One Night, The Deerfield Press, 1978, The Gallery Press, 1978.
 The Quiet of the Land, Nadja Press, 1979.
 Around You, Your Horse & A Catechism, Sceptre Press, 1979.
 Absolution, Martin Booth, 1980.
 Things That Happen When There Aren't Any People, BOA Editions, 1980.
 Passwords, Sea Pen Press, 1980.
 Wyoming Circuit, Tideline Press, 1980.
 Sometimes Like a Legend: Puget Sound Country, Copper Canyon Press, 1981.
 A Glass Face in the Rain: New Poems, Harper, 1982.
 Roving across Fields: A Conversation and Uncollected Poems 1942–1982, edited by Thom Tammaro, Barnwood, 1983.
 Smoke's Way: Poems, Graywolf, 1983.
 Segues: A Correspondence in Poetry, (With Marvin Bell) David Godine, 1983.
 Listening Deep: Poems (chapbook), Penmaen Press, 1984.
 Stories and Storms and Strangers, Honeybrook Press, 1984.
 Wyoming, Ampersand Press, Roger Williams College, 1985.
 Brother Wind, Honeybrook Press, 1986.
 An Oregon Message, Harper 1987.
 You and Some Other Characters, Honeybrook Press, 1987.
 Annie-Over, (With Marvin Bell) Honeybrook Press, 1988.
 Writing the World, Alembic Press, 1988.
 A Scripture of Leaves, Brethren Press, 1989. Reprinted 1992.
 Fin, Feather, Fur, Honeybrook Press, 1989.
 Kansas Poems of William Stafford, edited by Denise Low, Woodley Press, 1990.
 How to Hold Your Arms When It Rains, Confluence Press, 1991.
 Passwords, HarperPerennial, 1991.
 The Long Sigh the Wind Makes, Adrienne Lee Press, 1991.
 History is Loose Again, Honeybrook Press, 1991.
 The Animal That Drank Up Sound (a children's book, illustrated by Debra Frasier), Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1992.
 Seeking the Way (with illuminations by Robert Johnson), Melia Press, 1992.
 My Name is William Tell, Confluence Press, 1992.
 Holding Onto the Grass, Honeybrook Press, 1992, reprinted, Weatherlight Press, 1994.
 Who Are You Really Wanderer?, Honeybrook Press, 1993.
 The Darkness Around Us Is Deep: Selected Poems of William Stafford, edited and with an introduction by Robert Bly, HarperPerennial, 1993.
 Learning to Live in the World: Earth Poems by William Stafford, Harcourt, Brace, & Company, 1994.
 The Methow River Poems, Confluence Press, 1995.
 Even In Quiet Places, Confluence Press, 1996.
 The Way It Is: New and Selected Poems, introduction by Naomi Shihab Nye, Graywolf Press, 1998.
 Another World Instead: The Early Poems of William Stafford, 1937–1947. Graywolf Press, 2008.
 Ask Me: 100 Essential Poems of William Stafford. Graywolf Press, 2013.
 Winterward. Tavern Books, 2013.

Prose
 Down in My Heart (memoir). Elgin, Ill.: Brethren Publishing House, 1947. Reprint: Columbia, S.C.: Bench Press, 1985.
 Writing the Australian Crawl. Views on the Writer's Vocation (essays and reviews). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1978.
 You Must Revise Your Life (essays and interviews). Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, 1986.
 Every War Has Two Losers: William Stafford on Peace and War (daily writings, essays, interviews, poems). Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 2003.
 The Answers Are Inside the Mountains: Meditations on the Writing Life (essays and interviews). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003.
 Crossing Unmarked Snow: Further Views on the Writer's Vocation (essays and interviews). University of Michigan Press, 1998.
 The Osage Orange Tree (fiction short story). Trinity University Press, 2014.
 Translations
 Poems by Ghalib. New York: Hudson Review, 1969. Translated by Stafford, Adrienne Rich and Ajiz Ahmad.

See also

 Lawson Fusao Inada, named state Poet Laureate in 2006

References

Further reading
   (print and on-line)

External links

 William Stafford Archives website
 William Stafford Prize for Poetry
 William Stafford page at Academy of American Poets website

 Quotes about Stafford's writing style
 An Encounter with William Stafford by David Feela
 Friends of William Stafford
 Poems about Hutchinson, Kansas
 TTTD Productions Poetry Videos and DVDs featuring Poets Laureate William Stafford, Lawson Inada, etc.
 A Pacifist's Plainspoken Poetry, NPR interview
 Oregon Poet Laureate program, homepage
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7cjBZ4Nv-U&list=PL_uRBSjikfiwJDUTvddRDU6N14zYLlzH4&index=4 An Oregon Message: With William Stafford]

1914 births
1993 deaths
American Christian pacifists
American conscientious objectors
20th-century American poets
American Poets Laureate
American members of the Church of the Brethren
Lewis & Clark College faculty
National Book Award winners
People from Hutchinson, Kansas
People from Lake Oswego, Oregon
Poets Laureate of Oregon
University of Kansas alumni
Poets from Oregon
Members of the Civilian Public Service

William Stafford (poet)


The Metasploit Project is a computer security project that provides information about security vulnerabilities and aids in penetration testing and IDS signature development. It is owned by Boston, Massachusetts-based security company Rapid7.

Its best-known sub-project is the open-source Metasploit Framework, a tool for developing and executing exploit code against a remote target machine.  Other important sub-projects include the Opcode Database, shellcode archive and related research.

The Metasploit Project includes anti-forensic and evasion tools, some of which are built into the Metasploit Framework. Metasploit is pre-installed in the Kali Linux operating system.

History
Metasploit was created by H. D. Moore in 2003 as a portable network tool using Perl.  By 2007, the Metasploit Framework had been completely rewritten in Ruby. On October 21, 2009, the Metasploit Project announced that it had been acquired by Rapid7, a security company that provides unified vulnerability management solutions.

Like comparable commercial products such as Immunity's Canvas or Core Security Technologies' Core Impact, Metasploit can be used to test the vulnerability of computer systems or to break into remote systems. Like many information security tools, Metasploit can be used for both legitimate and unauthorized activities. Since the acquisition of the Metasploit Framework, Rapid7 has added an open core proprietary edition called Metasploit Pro.

Metasploit's emerging position as the de facto exploit development framework led to the release of software vulnerability advisories often accompanied by a third party Metasploit exploit module that highlights the exploitability, risk and remediation of that particular bug. Metasploit 3.0 began to include fuzzing tools, used to discover software vulnerabilities, rather than just exploits for known bugs. This avenue can be seen with the integration of the lorcon wireless (802.11) toolset into Metasploit 3.0 in November 2006.

Framework
The basic steps for exploiting a system using the Framework include.
 Optionally checking whether the intended target system is vulnerable to an exploit.
 Choosing and configuring an exploit (code that enters a target system by taking advantage of one of its bugs; about 900 different exploits for Windows, Unix/Linux and macOS systems are included).
 Choosing and configuring a payload (code that will be executed on the target system upon successful entry; for instance, a remote shell or a VNC server). Metasploit often recommends a payload that should work.
 Choosing the encoding technique so that hexadecimal opcodes known as "bad characters" are removed from the payload, these characters will cause the exploit to fail.
 Executing the exploit.

This modular approach – allowing the combination of any exploit with any payload – is the major advantage of the Framework. It facilitates the tasks of attackers, exploit writers and payload writers.

Metasploit runs on Unix (including Linux and macOS) and on Windows. The Metasploit Framework can be extended to use add-ons in multiple languages.

To choose an exploit and payload, some information about the target system is needed, such as operating system version and installed network services. This information can be gleaned with port scanning and TCP/IP stack fingerprinting tools such as Nmap. Vulnerability scanners such as Nessus, and OpenVAS can detect target system vulnerabilities. Metasploit can import vulnerability scanner data and compare the identified vulnerabilities to existing exploit modules for accurate exploitation.

Interfaces
There are several interfaces for Metasploit available. The most popular are maintained by Rapid7 and Strategic Cyber LLC.

Framework Edition
The free version. It contains a command line interface, third-party import, manual exploitation and manual brute forcing. This free version of the Metasploit project also includes Zenmap, a well known security scanner, and a compiler for Ruby, the language in which this version of Metasploit was written.

Pro
In October 2010, Rapid7 added Metasploit Pro, an open-core commercial Metasploit edition for penetration testers. Metasploit Pro adds onto Metasploit Express with features such as Quick Start Wizards/MetaModules, building and managing social engineering campaigns, web application testing, an advanced Pro Console, dynamic payloads for anti-virus evasion, integration with Nexpose for ad-hoc vulnerability scans, and VPN pivoting.

Discontinued editions

Community

The edition was released in October 2011, and included a free, web-based user interface for Metasploit. Metasploit Community Edition was based on the commercial functionality of the paid-for editions with a reduced set of features, including network discovery, module browsing and manual exploitation. Metasploit Community was included in the main installer.

On July 18, 2019, Rapid7 announced the end-of-sale of Metasploit Community Edition. Existing users were able to continue using it until their license expired.

Express

The edition was released in April 2010, and was an open-core commercial edition for security teams who need to verify vulnerabilities. It offers a graphical user interface, It integrated nmap for discovery, and added smart brute-forcing as well as automated evidence collection.

On June 4, 2019, Rapid7 discontinued Metasploit Express Edition.

Armitage
Armitage is a graphical cyber attack management tool for the Metasploit Project that visualizes targets and recommends exploits. It is a free and open source network security tool notable for its contributions to red team collaboration allowing for shared sessions, data, and communication through a single Metasploit instance.

Armitage latest release was at 2015.

Cobalt Strike
Cobalt Strike is a collection of threat emulation tools provided by HelpSystems to work with the Metasploit Framework. Cobalt Strike includes all features of Armitage and adds post-exploitation tools, in addition to report generation features.

Exploits
Metasploit currently has over 2074 exploits, organized under the following platforms: AIX, Android, BSD, BSDi, Cisco, Firefox, FreeBSD, HP-UX, Irix, Java, JavaScript, Linux, mainframe, multi (applicable to multiple platforms), NetBSD, NetWare, nodejs, OpenBSD, macOS, PHP, Python, R, Ruby, Solaris, Unix, and Windows.

Payloads
Metasploit currently has over 592 payloads. Some of them are:
 Command shell enables users to run collection scripts or run arbitrary commands against the host.
 Meterpreter (the Metasploit Interpreter) enables users to control the screen of a device using VNC and to browse, upload and download files.
 Dynamic payloads enable users to evade anti-virus defense by generating unique payloads.
 Static payloads enable static IP address/port forwarding for communication between the host and the client system.

Auxiliary modules
The Metasploit Framework includes hundreds of auxiliary modules that can perform scanning, fuzzing, sniffing, and much more. There are three types of auxiliary modules namely scanners, admin and server modules.

Contributors
Metasploit Framework operates as an open-source project and accepts contributions from the community through GitHub.com pull requests. Submissions are reviewed by a team consisting of both Rapid7 employees and senior external contributors. The majority of contributions add new modules, such as exploits or scanners.

List of original developers:
 H. D. Moore (founder and chief architect)
 Matt Miller (core developer from 2004–2008)
 Spoonm (core developer from 2003–2008)

See also

w3af
OWASP Open Web Application Security Project

References

Further reading
Powerful payloads: The evolution of exploit frameworks, searchsecurity.com, 2005-10-20
 Chapter 12: Writing Exploits III from Sockets, Shellcode, Porting & Coding: Reverse Engineering Exploits and Tool Coding for Security Professionals by James C. Foster (). Written by Vincent Liu, chapter 12 explains how to use Metasploit to develop a buffer overflow exploit from scratch.

External links

Anti-forensic software
Security testing tools
Cryptographic attacks
Free and open-source software organizations
Cross-platform free software
Free security software
Free software programmed in Ruby
Injection exploits
Software testing
Web security exploits
Windows security software
MacOS security software
Unix network-related software
Pentesting software toolkits
Software using the BSD license

Metasploit


The Naked Brothers Band is a musical comedy television series that airs on Nickelodeon created by actress Polly Draper. It stars her real-life sons Nat and Alex Wolff, real-life brothers that deal with fame and living their lives as rockstars. The show is shot in the style of a documentary, which exaggerates the real musical experiences of the brothers', who self-write all of their own music. The series started in January 2007 and ended in 2009. The show began with the pilot episode The Naked Brothers Band: The Movie, a low budget pretend documentary. It also has another movie, Battle of the Bands. The second season of the series will started in January 2008 after the premiere of the new NBB movie "Sidekicks".

Nickelodeon television series
2006 television series debuts
English-language television programs

The Naked Brothers Band


Ngo Dinh Diem (, , ), (Januar 3, 1901 – November 2, 1963) wis the first Preses o Sooth Vietnam (1955–1963). In the wake o the French athdrawal frae Indocheenae as a result o the 1954 Geneva Accords, Diem led the effort tae creaut the Republic o Vietnam. Accruin considerable US support due tae his staunch anti-Communism, he achieved victory in a 1955 plebiscite that wis widely considered fraudulent. Proclaimin hissel the Republic's first Preses, he demonstratit considerable poleetical skill in the consolidation o his pouer, an his rule proved authoritarian, elitist, nepotistic, an corrupt. A Roman Catholic, Diem pursued policies that rankled an oppressed the Republic's Montagnard natives an its Buddhist majority. Amid releegious protests that garnered warldwide attention, Diem lost the backin o his US patrons an wis assassinatut bi Nguyễn Văn Nhung, the aide o ARVN General Dương Văn Minh on November 2, 1963, durin a coup d'état that deposed his govrenment. Upon learnin o Diem's ooster an daith, Democratic Republic o Vietnam Preses Ho Chi Minh is reportit tae hae said, "I can scarcely believe the Americans woud be so stupid."

1901 births
1963 daiths
Fowk frae Hue
Fowk o the Vietnam War
Nguyễn Dynasty offeecials
Cauld War leaders
Vietnamese anti-communists
Attemptit assassination survivors
Assassinatit heids o state
Assassinatit Vietnamese politeecians
Ngo faimily
Vietnamese Roman Catholics
Daiths bi fireairm in Vietnam
Anti-Buddhism
Michigan State Varsity fowk
Leaders oostit bi a coup
Poleetical corruption
Heids o state o Sooth Vietnam
Fowk murthert in Vietnam

Ngo Dinh Diem


The Diocese of Pontus (, ) was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of northern and northeastern Asia Minor up to the border with the Sassanid Empire in Armenia. The diocese was established after the reforms of Diocletian, and its vicarius, headquartered at Amaseia, was subordinate to the Praetorian prefecture of the East. Its military forces, facing the Sassanid threat, were commanded by the dux Ponti et Armeniae until the middle of the 5th century, and by two separate duces afterwards, until Justinian I instituted a new magister militum per Armeniam for the Armenian frontier. Justinian's reforms also abolished the diocese in 535, and its vicar was made into the governor of Galatia I. The results however were not satisfactory, and the diocese was reestablished in 548, continuing to function until replaced by the themata of Armeniakon and Opsikion in the later 7th century.
On the north east shore of the Black Sea, the cities Nitike, Pitiyus, and Dioscurias were part of the diocese until the 7th century.
The diocese included 12 provinces: Bithynia, Honorias, Paphlagonia, Helenopontus, Pontus Polemoniacus, Galatia I and Galatia II (Salutaris), Cappadocia I and Cappadocia II, Armenia I, Armenia II, Armenia Maior and the autonomous Armenian principalities (Satrapiae) in the area of Sophene. In 536, Armenia III and Armenia IV were created.

References

Pontus
Pontus
Roman Pontus
Civil dioceses of the Byzantine Empire
Praetorian prefecture of the East
Roman Anatolia
314 establishments
States and territories established in the 310s

Diocese of Pontus


Heinrich Boie (May 4, 1784, Meldorf, Holstein – September 4, 1827) was a German zoologist. He and his brother Friedrich Boie described 49 new species of reptiles and several new species of amphibians.

Boie studied law at Kiel and Göttingen. At university he became interested in natural history through the lectures of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach and Friedrich Tiedemann. He became Coenraad Jacob Temminck's assistant at Leiden. In 1825 he traveled to Java with Salomon Muller to collect specimens for the museum. He died there of gall fever.

References

 Husson, A.M., L.B. Holthuis, 1955, The dates of publication of "Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen" edited by C. J. Temminck, Zoologische Mededelingen, Vol. 34, p. 17-24 PDF

1784 births
1827 deaths
German zoologists

Heinrich Boie


A supercomputer is a computer with great speed and memory. This kind of computer can do jobs faster than any other computer of its generation. They are usually thousands of times faster than ordinary personal computers made at that time. Supercomputers can do arithmetic jobs very fast, so they are used for weather forecasting, code-breaking, genetic analysis and other jobs that need many calculations. When new computers of all classes become more powerful, new ordinary computers are made with powers that only supercomputers had in the past, while new supercomputers continue to outclass them.

Electrical engineers make supercomputers that link many thousands of microprocessors.

Types
Supercomputer types include: shared memory, distributed memory and array. Supercomputers with shared memory are developed by using a parallel computing and pipelining concept. Supercomputers with distributed memory consist of many (about 100~10000) nodes. CRAY series of CRAYRESERCH and VP 2400/40, NEC의 SX-3 of HUCIS are shared memory types. nCube 3, iPSC/860, AP 1000, NCR 3700, Paragon XP/S, CM-5 are distributed memory types.

An array type computer named ILIAC started working in 1972. Later, the CF-11, CM-2, and the Mas Par MP-2 (which is also an array type) were developed. Supercomputers that use a physically separated memory as one shared memory include the T3D, KSR1, and Tera Computer.

Supercomputing centers, organizations
Organizations
 DEISA Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications, a facility integrating eleven European supercomputing centers.
 NAREGI  Japanese NAtional REsearch Grid Initiative involving several supercomputer centers
 TeraGrid , a national facility integrating nine US supercomputing centers
Centers
 BSC Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Spanish national supercomputing facility and R&D center
 CESCA  Supercomputing Centre of Catalonia - Centre de Supercomputacio de Catalunya
 CESGA Galicia Supercomputing Center - Centro de Supercomputación de Galicia
 CeSViMa Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid
 CINECA CINECA Interuniversity Consortium, Italy
 CINES Centre Informatique National de l'Enseignement Superieur, France
 CSAR UK national supercomputer service operated by Manchester Computing
 EPCC Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre. Based in the University of Edinburgh.
 GSIC Global Scientific Information and Computing Center at the Tokyo Institute of Technology
 HECToR UK national supercomputer service provided by a consortium of EPCC, Cray and Numerical Algorithms Group (NAG)
 HPCx  UK national supercomputer service operated by EPCC and Daresbury Lab
 IRB
 Minnesota Supercomputer Institute (Formerly Minnesota Supercomputer Center) operated by University of Minnesota
 NASA Advanced Supercomputing facility
 National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
 National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
 National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC)
 Ohio Supercomputer Center (OSC)
 Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center operated by University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University.
 San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC)
 SARA  (Stichting Academisch Rekencentrum Amsterdam), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
 System X  at Virginia Tech
 Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC)
 DCSC Danish Centre for Scientific Computing. Based at the University of Copenhagen.
 PSNC (Poznan Supercomputing and Networking Center), Poznan, Poland
 NSC National Supercomputer Centre in Sweden at Linköping University, Sweden

Specific machines, general-purpose
 Linux NetworX press release: Linux NetworX to build "largest" Linux supercomputer
 ASCI White press release
 MCR @ LLNL Linux NetworX Supermicro based Supercomputer "3rd largest supercomputer in 2004"
 Article about Japanese "Earth Simulator" computer
 "Earth Simulator" website (in English)
 NEC high-performance computing information
 Superconducting Supercomputer
 Blue Waters Petascale Computing System

Specific machines, special-purpose
 Papers on the GRAPE special-purpose computer
 More special-purpose supercomputer information
 Information about the APEmille special-purpose computer
 Information about the apeNEXT special-purpose computer
 Information about the QCDOC project, machines

Related pages
 Cluster (computing)
 Grid computing

Computers

Supercomputer


Below is a list of characters  from the television show SpongeBob SquarePants.

Main characters
 SpongeBob SquarePants  is a yellow sea sponge and the main character of the show. He lives in an pineapple under the sea. He works as a fry cook at a fast food restaurant called the Krusty Krab. He is talented at making burgers called Krabby Patties. He is voiced by Tom Kenny.
 Squidward Tentacles is an octopus and SpongeBob's grumpy next-door neighbor. He plays the clarinet but is not very good at it. He works at the Krusty Krab as the cashier. He says he does not like SpongeBob, but SpongeBob thinks they are friends. Squidward is not friendly and thinks that he is better than almost everyone. He is voiced by Rodger Bumpass.
 Patrick Star is a pink starfish who is SpongeBob's best friend. He lives under a rock and is not very smart. He likes to have fun and be silly, but sometimes gets himself and SpongeBob in trouble. He usually does not have a job. He is voiced by Bill Fagerbakke.
 Mr. Krabs is a crab who is the owner of the Krusty Krab restaurant, and SpongeBob and Squidward's boss. He is a single father with one daughter, a whale named Pearl. He and Pearl live in a big anchor. He is very greedy and loves money. He never wants to spend a lot of his money, and sometimes cheats to make more of it. He is voiced by Clancy Brown.
 Sheldon J. Plankton is an evil green plankton. He and his talking computer, Karen, own a restaurant called the Chum Bucket. Plankton is an evil genius and Mr. Krabs' rival. His goal is to steal the secret recipe for Krabby Patties. The Chum Bucket is very unpopular and they never get customers. He is voiced by Mr. Lawrence.
 Karen Plankton is a talking computer who is Plankton's helper, sidekick, and wife. She gives him his evil plans to steal the Krabby Patty recipe. She lives in the laboratory of the Chum Bucket which is labeled from the outside as the "kitchen." Karen does not have a face, but her screen shows a wavy green line that moves when she talks. She is voiced by Jill Talley.
 Sandy Cheeks is a squirrel from the state of Texas. She lives in a glass house called a Treedome that lets her breathe under water. When she is out of the dome, she wears a space suit and a fishbowl-like glass helmet around her head filled with fresh air. She is very athletic and works as a scientist. She is voiced by Carolyn Lawrence.
 Mrs. Penelope Puff is a pufferfish who is SpongeBob's teacher at the underwater driving school, Mrs. Puff's Boating School. She is old, patient, and easily scared. She wears a blue sailor hat and a yellow wig. SpongeBob really wants to pass Mrs. Puff's class, but he always fails his driving test. She is voiced by Mary Jo Catlett.
 Pearl Krabs is a big gray whale with blonde hair who is the daughter of Mr. Krabs. She is sixteen years old and has a job at the Bikini Bottom Mall. When she grows up, Mr. Krabs (Daddy) will give his restaurant and his money to her. She usually wears a pink cheerleading dress. She is voiced by Lori Alan.
 Gary the Snail is SpongeBob's pet snail who lives with him in their pineapple house. He meows and acts like a cat. He cannot talk, but SpongeBob can understand him. Gary is usually shown to be very smart. He is voiced by Tom Kenny.

Recurring characters
 Patchy is a pirate who hosts special episodes of the show. He thinks SpongeBob is a real person and not a cartoon character. He dreams to meet SpongeBob one day and collects lots of SpongeBob toys. He is played by SpongeBob's voice actor Tom Kenny.
 Potty is Patchy's pet parrot, who is shown as a poorly-made puppet on strings. Potty is annoying and sometimes mean to Patchy, but is loyal and always stays by Patchy's side. Potty was voiced by Stephen Hillenburg from 2000 to 2004, by Paul Tibbitt from 2005 to 2012, and by Mr. Lawrence since 2017.
 The French Narrator is the show's narrator. He is a scuba diver with a French accent who talks to the viewers at the beginnings and endings of many episodes. He also narrates the time cards. He is voiced by Tom Kenny doing an impression of the filmmaker Jacques Cousteau.
 Mermaid Man is an elderly superhero dressed as a mermaid to protect the Bikini Bottom. He also has a bad memory. He was voiced by Ernest Borgnine.
 Barnacle Boy is Mermaid Man's sidekick. He is dressed in navy clothing. He is tired of people calling him "boy" because he is a senior citizen. He was voiced by Tim Conway.
 The Flying Dutchman is a green ghost who owns a pirate ship and haunts the ocean. He can get irritated easily and likes to scare people. He lives in a cave that contains Davy Jones' locker. He is voiced by Brian Doyle-Murray.
 King Neptune is a merman god who rules the ocean. His name is said by the characters in place of God's in exclamations. He carries a trident and lives in the underwater city of Atlantis. He is voiced by John O'Hurley in the TV episodes and by Jeffrey Tambor in the first movie.
 The Realistic Fish Head is a tuna who works as a news reporter and announcer. He looks like a realistic cutout of a fish head. He is voiced by Mr. Lawrence.
 Perch Perkins is a famous news anchor. He is usually seen with a microphone, a headset, and a camera crew. He is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.
 Larry the Lobster is a strong lobster who works at a beach called Goo Lagoon. He is a lifeguard. He is voiced by Mr. Lawrence in "Ripped Pants" and later appearances, and by Bill Fagerbakke for one line in "MuscleBob BuffPants."
 Fred is a fish who is usually brown or blue. He is known for shouting "MY LEG!" whenever there is destruction. He is voiced by Mr. Lawrence.
 Harold and Margaret SquarePants are SpongeBob's parents, who live out of town. They are voiced by Tom Kenny and Sirena Irwin.
 Grandma SquarePants is SpongeBob's grandmother. She treats him like a young child and likes to bake cookies. She is voiced by Marion Ross.
 Squilliam Fancyson is Squidward's rival from high school band class. He is a rich octopus with a unibrow. He is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.
 Betsy Krabs is Mr. Krabs' mother and Pearl's grandmother. She lives in a pink anchor. She was voiced by Paul Tibbitt in her first two appearances and later by Sirena Irwin.
 Jellyfish are characters that are mostly seen at their natural habitat, a grassy meadow called Jellyfish Fields. They are usually pink and sting people.

Minor characters
 Bubble Bass is a fat bass fish with glasses who was SpongeBob's enemy in the first season. He later returned as a background character in season eight, he is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.
 Harold is a blue fish with a shark-like back fin and spiky teeth. He most often wears a red speedo and a white shirt. He has a tendency to start arguments or trouble, he is voiced by Mr. Lawrence.
 Scooter is a purple fish who likes to surf at Goo Lagoon. He usually wears swim trunks. He is voiced by Carlos Alazraqui.
 Tom is a brown-green fish who is usually angry and yells a lot. He is voiced by Mr. Lawrence.
 Nat Peterson is a yellow fish with a purple back fin. He had an important role in "Plankton's Regular" where Karen paid him to become the Chum Bucket's first regular customer, he is voiced by Tom Kenny.
Norma Rechid is an orange fish with a purple dress, she is usually nice & happy, but sometimes joins the other fish in a riot, she is voiced by Carolyn Lawrence.
Sandals is a light olive-green fish who is stupid, he is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.
 Old Man Jenkins/Walker is a senior citizen with poor eyesight and a bad memory. He thinks SpongeBob is a talking cereal box.
 The Captain is a painting of a pirate who sings the opening theme song. He is voiced by Patrick Pinney.
Frank is a red-orange fish with a light blue top.
Shelly Fishbowl is a light olive green fish with a lavender colored dress.
Mable-Monica is a light olive green anchovy with a light teal dress with a light yellow and pink necklace and black shoes.
Lenny is a light blue fish with blue pants, black shoes, a white coat, a red tie, and a black hat.
Thaddeus is a light olive green fish with a yellow-orange shirt.
Miss Rechid is a blue fish with a light purple dress and matching leg bands.
Susie Rechid is a dark tan-colored fish with a pink skirt.
Evelyn is a dark pink fish with a red skirt, red bra, and black shoes.
Frankie Billy is an light olive fish with blue pants and a black belt with a silver belt buckle.
Ivy is a brownish-gray fish with light blue pants and a black belt with a golden belt buckle on it.
Abigail Marge is an aqua-blue fish with a purple dress and black shoes.
Shubie is a red-pink fish with a light teal skirt and light teal bra.
Nazz-Mimi is a light emerald-green fish with a red bathing suit.
Tina Fran is a light pink and light red fish with a light blue/teal dress and skirt.
Bubble Zoo Animals is a Bubble Animals. he is voiced by Dan Castellaneta, Tara Strong, Jim Henson, Susanne Blakeslee, Tony Anselmo, Kath Soucie and Bill Farmer.
Nancy Suzy is a gray-white haired minnow with a mustard yellow dress.

References

Lists of television characters

List of SpongeBob SquarePants characters


The Coalsack dark nebula (or simply the Coalsack) is the most prominent dark nebula in the skies. It can easily be seen with the naked eye as a dark patch silhouetted against the southern Milky Way.

It was known pre-historically in the Southern Hemisphere and was observed by Vicente Yáñez Pinzón in 1499. The Coalsack is about 600 light years away from Earth, in the constellation Crux.

Nebulae

Coalsack nebula