Intel Core 2 is a group of microprocessors created to replace Intel's previous Core brand. The group includes the single-core "Core 2 Solo", dual-core (2 cores) "Core 2 Duo", and quad-core (4 cores) "Core 2 Quad" microprocessors. Microprocessors with the name "Extreme" following the brand name, such as Core 2 Extreme, are higher in cost, and perform better than the others. The Extreme versions also come in dual-core and quad-core versions.

Processor Cores
The processors with names ending in "XE" are the "Extreme" versions.
 Conroe: The first Core 2 Duo processors were released on the Conroe core on July 27, 2006. These were created to replace the Intel Pentium 4 and Pentium D brands. Core version 2 is called Core 2.
 Conroe XE: Released on July 29, 2006. The Conroe XE branded CPU's were released to replace Intel's Pentium Extreme Edition processors.
 Conroe L
 Allendale
 Morem
 Morem XE
 Kentsfield
 Kentsfield XE
 Penryn
 Wolfdale
 Yorkfield
 Yorkfield XE

Intel processors

Intel Core 2


Hans K. Schuler (May 25, 1874 – March 30, 1951) was a German-born American sculptor and monument maker. He was the first American sculptor ever to win the Salon Gold Medal. His works are in several important museum collections, and he also created many public monuments, mostly for locations in Baltimore, Maryland and in the Washington, D.C. area. For over a quarter of a century he served as president of the Maryland Institute College of Art.

Life and work

Hans Schuler was born in a part of Alsace-Lorraine which was then under German sovereignty, though it is now part of France. Schuler's family emigrated to the United States while he was still a youngster.  He graduated from the Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA) in Baltimore, Maryland, having studied there at the Rinehart School of Sculpture.

He continued his artistic training in France at the Académie Julian, studying under Raoul Verlet. Schuler won the Salon Gold Medal in Paris in 1901, the first American sculptor ever to do so. Returning to Baltimore, he built his studio at 7 East Lafayette Avenue in 1906  , residing and working in Baltimore for the rest of his life. Schuler served as president of MICA from 1925 to 1951 and was a member of the Charcoal Club of Baltimore. His works are in the collections of museums including the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC and the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore. His Baltimore studio is still in use as the Schuler School of Fine Arts, founded in 1959 by sculptor Hans C. Schuler (1912–1999), the son of Hans K. Schuler. The Hans Schuler Studio and Residence was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Schuler's sculptures and monuments grace many public places. Among them is a statue of U.S. President James Buchanan in Meridian Hill Park in Washington, D.C. It is the only public memorial dedicated to Buchanan. On Baltimore's Charles Street, in the area of the main campus of Johns Hopkins University, there are also imposing monuments by Schuler honoring Johns Hopkins and Sidney Lanier. All three of these monuments are large bronzes occupying elaborate stone placements. Schuler's sculptures and reliefs also adorn the interiors of many public buildings. For example, Schuler, along with sculptor J. Maxwell Miller, created a large relief panel which is located in the main concert hall at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore.

While Hans Schuler created many public monuments, he also created extremely sensual examples of free sculpture, including a life-sized and very lifelike marble nude – now at the Walters Art Museum – representing the abandoned Ariadne, writhing in sadness and longing. Below is a link to an image and auction record of another Schuler piece of this type, recently sold at Christie's in London.

Other works by Schuler can be found at St. Mary's College of Maryland, Arlington National Cemetery, National Portrait Gallery, Fogg Art Museum, Peabody Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland Historical Society, University of Virginia, St. John's College (Annapolis, Maryland), Louisiana State University, State University of New York, (Albany and Bronx), Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, PA and in various parks in the Baltimore and Washington D.C. area. He is buried in Loudon Park National Cemetery.

Schuler was a member of the National Sculpture Society and exhibited in their 1923 exhibition.

Schuler also taught at the Corcoran School of Art, where his pupils included Mary Blackford Fowler.

Baltimore monuments
Schuler was known as "Baltimore's Monument Maker" after creating many of the city's monuments on streets and parks. Some of these include:

Martin Luther Monument, originally located at Druid Hill Park; now at Lake Montebello
Casimir Pulaski Monument, Patterson Park
Johns Hopkins Monument, Johns Hopkins University
Sidney Lanier Memorial, Johns Hopkins University
Samuel Smith Monument, Federal Hill Park
Francis Scott Key Marker, Mount Vernon
Fallsway Fountain, Mount Vernon
To the Glory of Maryland, Maryland National Guard

Cemetery monuments

Like many of the successful sculptors of his day, Schuler created quite a few cemetery memorials.  Many of these sculptures are life-sized or even larger than life-sized bronze human figures. Often the figures sit or sprawl across the tombstones in an attitude of grief, nostalgia, pensiveness, or anguish, like fellow mourners at the grave, or ghosts sociably mingling with the living, instead of being perched neatly on pedestals. The Riggs memorial, shown at right, is a good example. The Lanier monument pictured above, while not being a cemetery sculpture, also exemplifies Schuler's knack for presenting figures in this way. Most of the cemetery pieces are located in and around Baltimore. They include:

Key Memorial, Cathedral Cemetery
Hinrich Memorial, Druid Ridge Cemetery
Gail Memorial, Druid Ridge Cemetery
Schmidt Memorial, Druid Ridge Cemetery
Wagner-Lawyer Memorial, Druid Ridge Cemetery
Coates Memorial, Druid Ridge Cemetery
Baetjer Memorial, Green Mount Cemetery
Hilken Memorial, Green Mount Cemetery
Maulsby Memorial, Green Mount Cemetery
Riggs Memorial, Green Mount Cemetery
Mendels Memorial, Hebrew Cemetery
Oppenheim Memorial, Hebrew Cemetery
Krug Memorial, Loudon Park Cemetery
Husted Memorial, Loudon Park Cemetery
Nitze Memorial, Loudon Park Cemetery
Kaiser Memorial, Loudon Park Cemetery
Newcomes Memorial, Woodlawn Cemetery
Winslow Memorial, Lakeside Cemetery Brockport, NY
Fisher Memorial, Ashland Cemetery, Ashland KY

Coins
Schuler designed the 1934 United States commemorative Maryland Tercentenary half dollar.

See also
Maryland Institute College of Art
Hans Schuler Studio and Residence

References

Davenport, R. J.; Davenport's art reference & price guide, Davenport's Art Reference; Ventura, Calif.; biennial (every 2 years) ;
Falk, Peter H.; Who was who in American art (Madison, Conn. : Sound View Press, 1985)
Keyser, Ephraim, Baltimore The Monument City – Why? Art and Archaeology May, June 1925
Kvaran, Einar Einarsson, Cemetery Sculpture of America, unpublished manuscript
National Sculpture Society, Exhibition of American Sculpture Catalogue, 1923, National Sculpture Society, New York 1923
Opitz, Glenn B., ed., "Dictionary of American Sculptors" (Poughkeepsie, NY: Apollo, 1984)
Rusk, William Sener, Art in Baltimore: Monuments and Memorials, The Norman Remington Company, Baltimore, 1924.

External links

Marylandartsource summary information on Hans K. Schuler
Schuler School of Fine Arts  website
Askart.com page on Hans Schuler
Auction record with COLOR IMAGE of Schuler work sold at Christie's, London, in September 2006

Baltimore City Paper article on Schuler (Tom Chalkley, January 2001)
Art Inventories Catalog of the Smithsonian American Art Museum: detailed information on the Lanier monument, including the following description: "Sidney Lanier is shown seated on huge unpolished granite boulders, leaning back slightly on his proper right arm, his proper left leg crossed over his proper right leg. In his proper left hand he holds an open book and in his proper right he holds a pencil. His flute is by his proper right leg. He is dressed in a suit with a vest and overcoat, his full beard spreads over the opening of his vest as he tilts his head slightly downward toward his book. He leans back against a boulder which is carved with a relief depicting a landscape and two allegorical female figures. They hold hands, one also holding an unrolled scroll, and the other one also holding a musical instrument."
Newsletter of the German Society of Maryland: noting the 2006 centennial celebration of the opening of Schuler's Baltimore studio on Lafayette Street. The studio is now the Schuler School of Fine Arts.
Artfact.com bio

1874 births
1951 deaths
Cemetery art
Maryland Institute College of Art faculty
Académie Julian alumni
People from Alsace-Lorraine
Artists from Baltimore
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
National Sculpture Society members
Sculptors from Maryland
American currency designers
Coin designers
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States

Hans Schuler


Pine nuts are the edible seeds of pines (family Pinaceae, genus Pinus). About 20 species of pine produce seeds large enough to be worth harvesting. Other pines have edible seeds too small to be useful as a human food.

Pine nuts have been eaten in Europe and Asia since the Paleolithic period. They are often added to meat, fish, salads and vegetable dishes or baked into bread. In Italian they are called pinoli. They are an essential part of Italian pesto sauce.

Pine nuts can be pressed to extract pine nut oil, which is valued for its mild, nutty flavour. The large edible seeds of the Southern Hemisphere conifer genus Araucaria produce nuts rather like pine nuts.

References

Other websites

Edible nuts and seeds

Pine nut


The British Band was a mixed-nation group of Native Americans commanded by the Sauk leader Black Hawk, which fought against Illinois and Michigan Territory militias during the 1832 Black Hawk War. The band was composed of about 1,500 men, women, and children from the Sauk, Meskwaki, Fox, Kickapoo, Potawatomi, Ho-Chunk, and Ottawa nations; about 500 of that number were warriors. Black Hawk had an alliance with the British that dated from the War of 1812, giving them their colloquial name. The band crossed the Mississippi River from Iowa into Illinois in an attempt to reclaim their homeland and in violation of several treaties. Subsequently, both the Illinois and Michigan Territory militia were called up and the Black Hawk War ensued.

The British Band was victorious at the Battle of Stillman's Run and the military engagements that followed were insignificant until the final two encounters: the Wisconsin Heights and the Bad Axe River. Band members who survived the war were either imprisoned or returned home. All the prisoners taken following the conflict were released by Winfield Scott at the end of August 1832, except Black Hawk who was taken east. In 1833 he dictated his autobiography, the first Native American autobiography published in the United States.

Background
Sauk warrior Black Hawk, the leader of a band of Sauks near Rock Island at Saukenuk, was a chief voice of opposition to the ceding of Native American lands to American settlers and the U.S. government. Black Hawk supported the invalidity of the Treaty of St. Louis of both the Sauk and Fox nations negotiated with the then Indiana Territory Governor William Henry Harrison. The treaty ceded territory, including Black Hawk's birthplace Saukenuk, to the United States. The Sauk traditionally had been a society that reached their decision-making via consensus. Their representatives exceeded the authorization of merely taking under consideration what terms the United States government might put forth, bring them back to reach a consensus and then return with their treaty terms. The lack of the tribe discussing the treaty prior to being made official made it invalid by Black Hawk and other members of the tribe. The representatives never had the tribal authorization to unilaterally cede its lands.

During the War of 1812 between the United Kingdom and the United States, Robert Dickson, an English fur trader, amassed a sizable force of Native Americans at Green Bay to assist the British in operations around the Great Lakes. Most of the warriors Dickson assembled were from the Potawatomi, Ho-Chunk, Kickapoo and Ottawa tribes. Dickson conferred the rank of brevet Brigadier General on Black Hawk. He was given command of all Native Americans gathered at Green Bay, including the 200 Sauk warriors under Black Hawk's control. Black Hawk was then presented with a silk flag, a medal, and a written certificate of good behavior and alliance with the British. The certificate would be found 20 years later, after the Battle of Bad Axe, carefully preserved along with a flag similar to the one Dickson gave to Black Hawk.

During the 1812 war, Black Hawk and his warriors fought in several engagements with Henry Procter on the borders of Lake Erie. He returned home to Saukenuk to find his rival Keokuk had become the tribe's war chief. After the war ended, Black Hawk signed a peace treaty in May 1816 that re-affirmed the treaty of 1804, a provision Black Hawk later protested ignorance of.

Prelude to war
Despite opposition by Keokuk and the US authorities, Black Hawk's band returned to Saukenuk in 1830 following their winter hunt. A year later they returned again, and Illinois Governor John Reynolds proclaimed it an "invasion of the state."

Responding to Illinois Governor John Reynolds' call, General Edmund Pendleton Gaines brought his federal troops from St. Louis, Missouri to Saukenuk to insist on Black Hawk's immediate departure. Black Hawk left but soon returned to the west side of the Mississippi, threatened by Gaines' troops and an additional 1,400 militia called up by Reynolds on 25 June 1831. On 30 June, Black Hawk and the chiefs of the British Band were forced to sign a surrender agreement in which they promised to remain west of the Mississippi.

At the end of 1831, stories spread throughout the settlements of the Upper Mississippi River Valley that the British planned to aid Black Hawk in the event of a war with American settlers. According to U.S. Indian Agent Felix St. Vrain, a known ne'er-do-well named Billy Caldwell had delivered a message to the Sauk which reported the alleged British intentions. The New Galenian of Galena reported that Black Hawk's band would receive aid and ammunition from the British, and the tale was widely believed. The militia commander at Fort Armstrong, Major John Bliss, informed General Henry Atkinson of the rumor, and said a follower of Keokuk had reported to him that Black Hawk and Neapope were holding talks with bands of Potawatomi, Kickapoo, and Ho-Chunk. The talks mentioned the promises of the British, as well as word that the French Canadians intended to assist them.<ref name=trask1>Trask, Black Hawk: The Battle for the Hear of America, pp.139–140.</ref> These events, combined with Black Hawk's 1812 alliance with the British, and occasional visits to Canada, attributed to his 1832 band becoming known by the moniker British Band. The term British Band was used frequently by American, Sauk, and Fox observers alike and served to distinguish Black Hawk's group from the rest of the tribes.

Black Hawk War

Forces
The British Band had three key leaders, Black Hawk, the Ho-Chunk prophet Wabokieshiek (White Cloud), and Neapope. There were seven civil chiefs besides Neapope and Wabokieshiek, and five war captains including Black Hawk. The other civil chiefs in the band were: Pamisseau, Weesheet, Chakeepashipabo, Checokalako, Ioway, Pamaho, and Towaunonne; the four other war captains were: Menacou, Makatauaupuat, Pashetowat, and Kinnekonnesaut. The band was composed of about 500 warriors and 1,000 old men, women and children when they crossed the Mississippi on 5 April.Lewis, James. "Introduction ," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 20 September 2007. The group included members of the Sauk, Fox and Kickapoo Nations. They crossed the river near the mouth of the Iowa River and then followed the Rock River northeast. Along the way they passed the ruins of Saukenuk and headed for the village of Ho-Chunk prophet White Cloud.

As the war progressed factions of other tribes would join, or attempt to join Black Hawk, and others would carry out acts of violence for their own personal reasons amidst the chaos of the war.Matile, Roger. "The Black Hawk War: Massacre at Indian Creek ," Ledger-Sentinel (Oswego, Illinois), 31 May 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2007. In one example a band of hostile Ho-Chunk intent on joining Black Hawk's Band attacked and killed the party of Felix St. Vrain after the outbreak of war in an event that became known as the St. Vrain massacre. This act, was, however, an exception as most Ho-Chunk sided with the United States during the Black Hawk War. The warriors that attacked St. Vrain's party acted with no authority or oversight from the Ho-Chunk nation. Sympathetic Potawatomi warriors also joined with Black Hawk's Band in the months between April and August.

Incursion

When Black Hawk's Band crossed the Mississippi River from Iowa in April 1832 to return to their homeland in the Rock River Valley, it was under a British flag. Potawatomi Chief Shabbona stated it was the same flag that had been given on a visit to the British in Malden, Ontario, Canada. Observers at the time, from George Davenport, to St. Vrain, were certain that Black Hawk's intentions were to wage war against the United States. Historians generally believe that a more decisive action by General Atkinson, charged with prosecuting the war, in stopping Black Hawk's Band from moving up the Rock River may have prevented the war. Zachary Taylor made similar observations shortly after the war ended.

In response to Black Hawk and his band's movements, Governor Reynolds issued a proclamation on 16 April, mustering five brigades of volunteers to form at Beardstown and to head north to force Black Hawk out of Illinois. Although one-third of all federal troops from the United States Army were eventually involved in the conflict, the 9,000 soldiers from the Illinois Militia provided the majority of U.S. combatants.

The first named confrontation of the Black Hawk War occurred on 14 May 1832 and resulted in an unexpected victory for Black Hawk's band of Sauk and Fox warriors over the disorganized militia under the command of Isaiah Stillman. Soon after the Battle of Stillman's Run, at present-day Stillman Valley, the exaggerated claim that 2,000 "bloodthirsty warriors ... sweeping all northern Illinois with the bosom of destruction" sent shock waves of terror through the region. After this initial skirmish, Black Hawk led many of the civilians in his band to the Michigan Territory. On 19 May, the militia traveled up the Rock River trailing and searching for Black Hawk and his band. Several small skirmishes and massacres ensued over the next month in northern Illinois and present-day southern Wisconsin before the militia was able to regain public confidence in battles at Horseshoe Bend and Waddams Grove.

Battles
Black Hawk himself led warriors in several battles, including Stillman's Run, the Battle of Apple River Fort on 24 June, the Second Battle of Kellogg's Grove on 25 June, and the final two battles at Wisconsin Heights and Bad Axe. Besides the major victory at Stillman's Run Black Hawk's Band was involved in several other battles and skirmishes during the Black Hawk War. Several of the small skirmishes and massacres that occurred following Stillman's Run were attributed to bands of Native Americans unaffiliated with Black Hawk's Band, though many were likely sympathetic or intent on joining him. The events at Spafford Farm were attributed to a band of Kickapoo loosely affiliated with the British Band.

After the massacre, General Henry Atkinson was informed that Henry Dodge was to take over General Alexander Posey's brigade at Fort Hamilton. While Dodge was on his way to visit the brigade, he heard a rifle shot from a group of Native Americans. Dodge quickly returned to his command post and gathered as many men as he could to pursue the enemy. With Dodge in quick pursuit, a group of approximately 11 Native warriors criss-crossed the Pecatonica River until, finding flight hopeless, they prepared to make a stand at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

The battle at Horseshoe Bend and a small, largely insignificant militarily, battle at Waddams Grove, helped restore public confidence in the Illinois Militia after the victory by the British Band at Stillman's Run. The British Band attacked the Apple River Fort, where a pitched battle was fought resulting in Black Hawk withdrawing his forces. Subsequent fighting at Kellogg's Grove has been called victory for both sides and the skirmishes resulted in 8 dead militia men and at least 15 dead British Band warriors.Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, (Google Books), State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1892. Retrieved 27 July 2007.

Defeat

On 21 July 1832, Illinois and Wisconsin militia men under the command of Generals Henry Dodge and James D. Henry caught up with Black Hawk's British Band near present-day Sauk City, Wisconsin.Cole, Harry Ellsworth, ed.
A Standard History of Sauk County, Wisconsin: Volume I, Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1918, pp. 170–171. Available online via The State of Wisconsin Collection, University of Wisconsin. The clash became known as the Battle of Wisconsin Heights. Militarily, the battle was devastating for Black Hawk's band of warriors; including those who drowned during the melee, casualty estimates climbed as high as 70. Despite the relatively high casualties the battle did allow much of the Band, including many women and children, to escape across the Wisconsin River.

The militia regrouped at Fort Blue Mounds and picked up Black Hawk's trail again on 28 July near Spring Green, Wisconsin. When they finally caught up with the British Band, it would lead to the decisive clash of the war at Bad Axe. At the mouth of the Bad Axe River, hundreds of men, women and children would be killed by pursuing soldiers, their Indian allies, and a U.S. gunboat.

Aftermath
The members of the British Band, and the Fox, Kickapoo, Sauk and Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi that later joined them, suffered unknown numbers of dead during the war. While some died fighting, others were tracked down and killed by Sioux, Menominee, Ho-Chunk, and other native tribes. Still others died of starvation or drowned during the Band's long trek up the Rock River toward the mouth of the Bad Axe. The entire British Band was not wiped out at Bad Axe; some survivors drifted back home to their villages. This was relatively simple for the Potawatomi and Ho-Chunk of the band. Many Sauk and Fox found return to their homes more difficult, and while some returned safely others were held in custody by the army. Prisoners, some taken at the Battle of Bad Axe, and others taken by U.S.-aligned Native American tribes in the following weeks, were taken to Fort Armstrong. About 120 prisoners – men, women, and children, waited until the end of August to be released by General Winfield Scott.

With most of the British Band dead and the rest captured or disbanded, the defeated Black Hawk was held in captivity at Jefferson Barracks with Neapope, White Cloud, and eight other leaders of the British Band. After 8 months, in April 1833 they were taken east, as ordered by then U.S. President Andrew Jackson. The men traveled by steamboat, carriage, and railroad, and met with large crowds wherever they went. Once in Washington, D.C., they met with Jackson and Secretary of War Lewis Cass, though their final destination was prison at Fortress Monroe in Virginia. They stayed only a few weeks at the prison, during which they mostly posed for multiple portraits by different artists. On 5 June 1833, the men were sent west by steamboat on a circuitous route that took them through many large cities. Again, the men were a spectacle everywhere they went, and met with huge crowds of people in cities such as New York, Baltimore and Philadelphia. Reaction in the west, however, was much different. For instance, in Detroit, a crowd burned and hanged effigies of the prisoners.

Near the end of his captivity in 1833, Black Hawk told his life story to a government interpreter, which was edited by a local reporter and became the first Native American autobiography published in the United States. The Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak, or Black Hawk, Embracing the Traditions of his Nation, Various Wars in Which He Has Been Engaged, and His Account of the Cause and General History of the Black Hawk War of 1832, His Surrender, and Travels Through the United States. Also Life, Death and Burial of the Old Chief, Together with a History of the Black Hawk War was published in 1882 in Oquawka, Illinois, as interpreted by Antoine LeClair and edited by J.B. Patterson.

Notes

References
Harmet, A. Richard. "Apple River Fort Site, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 31 March 1997, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 20 September 2007.Illinois State Military Museum'', "Black Hawk War," Historical Events. Retrieved 6 August 2007.

Black Hawk War
Native American history of Illinois
Sac and Fox
Algonquian peoples

British Band


Orix Buffaloes is a Japanese baseball team. This team was formed by the Orix BlueWave and the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes after the 2004 NPB season. The team is based in Osaka and Kobe and play home games at Kyocera dome and Kobe Hotto Motto stadium. The team has not had good results in recent seasons.
A former player, Ichiro Suzuki, now plays for the New York Yankees.

Baseball teams in Japan
Organizations based in Osaka
Sport in Kobe

Orix Buffaloes


Aeston (or Easton) is an inner ceety area o the ceity o Bristol in the Unitit Kinrick. Informally the area is conseederit tae stretch aest o Bristol ceity mids an the M32 motorwey, centred roond aboot Lawrence Munt. Its northern an aestern borders are less defined, mellin intil St Phillips Marsh an Aestville. The area includes the Lawrence Munt an Barton Munt estates.

Formally Aeston is administratively makkit up o the electoral wards o Aeston an pairt o Lawrence Munt. It is located inouth the Bristol Aest constituency.

References

Auries o Bristol
Wairds o Bristol

Easton, Bristol


Melville Island is a member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Canada with an area of . No one lives on Melville Island. It is the 33rd biggest island in the world and Canada's 8th biggest island. Melville Island is shared by the Northwest Territories, which has the western half of the island, and Nunavut, which has the eastern half. The mountains on Melville Island are some of the biggest in the western Canadian Arctic. Some of them reach heights of one kilometre.

Melville Island was first visited by the British explorer Sir William Parry in 1819. Not only did he find the island, but he had to spend the winter at what is now called "Winter Harbour", until August 1, 1820. The island is named for Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville who was First Sea Lord at the time.

Islands of Canada
Arctic islands

Melville Island (Canada)


The Armenian diaspora is a term used to describe the communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia. Of the total Armenian population living worldwide which was estimated to be 8,000,000 in 2004, only about 3,000,000 live in Armenia and about 120,000 in the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh.

Other websites
Armenian Diaspora Population

Armenian diaspora


The Coachella Valley is a desert valley in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. It is famous as a resort destination and an agricultural region. It is a dry rift valley.

The cities of the Coachella Valley from west to east are:

Desert Hot Springs
Palm Springs
Cathedral City
Rancho Mirage
Palm Desert
Indian Wells
La Quinta
Indio
Coachella

Many people visit the area during tourist season, which is from September to June. It has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification) Winter in the Coachella Valley is warm. Summer is very hot, with temperatures over 100 degrees Fahrenheit/40 degrees Centigrade. Although the area is a desert, there is lots of water both under the ground and in aqueducts from the Colorado River. The weather is so similar to that in the Middle East that the area grows more than 95% of the nation's crop of dates.  A grapefruit called the "Coachella Grapefruit" was first grown there.

One of the world's greatest engineering feats is in Palm Springs. The Palm Springs Aerial Tramway brings visitors from the floor of the valley to the top of Mount San Jacinto, 8516 feet (3000 metres) up.

Valleys of California
Riverside County, California

Coachella Valley


The Nature Coast is a region of the U.S. state of Florida.  It is made up of the Big Bend (Florida) area of the western coast and includes Citrus, Dixie, Hernando, Jefferson County, Pasco County, Levy County, Taylor County, and Wakulla County counties. This area of Florida is southern culturally, with the Deep South culture reaching to Levy County with the lower southern end (Pasco, Hernando, and sometimes Citrus county) often considered part of the Tampa Bay Metropolian Area. Pasco County is sometimes considered part of the Sun Coast.

The history of the Nature Coast
The history of the name "The Nature Coast" goes back to 1991 as part of a marketing campaign to attract vacationing people to the nine county area, the name "Nature Coast" caught on quickly and describes the area previously known as the "Big Bend" of Florida.
St. Petersburg Times article, St. Petersburg Times - Feb 23, 1994

Wildlife and nature
Common activities in this area are hunting, fishing, boating, bird watching, and nature hiking. Snorkeling spots are found in the rivers along the Nature Coast. Also diving and Manatee tours, predominate in areas such as Crystal River, Homosassa and Homosassa Springs.

The Nature Coast is also home to wildlife such as deer, wild pigs, roseate spoonbills, alligators, raccoons, opossums, snakes,  great blue herons, egrets, turtles and countless others, including at least 19 endangered species.

Additional information and facts about The Nature Coast
The NatureCoast covers 8 different counties and 1 partial county (Dunnellon is a part of Marion County). It encompasses .
There are also 50 Golf Courses located within these counties

Culture

Citrus
• Crystal River Archaeological State Park
• Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge
• Crystal River Preserve State Park
• Hitters Hall of Fame
• Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park
• Lake Rousseau
• Ted Williams Baseball Museum
• Withlacoochee State Trail
• Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins State Historic Site

Hernando
• May-Stringer House
• Weeki Wachee Springs
• Nature Coast Botanical Gardens

Jefferson
• Letchworth Mounds

Levy
• Cedar Key Museum State Park
• Cedar Key Scrub State Reserve
• Cedar Keys National Wildlife Refuge
• Fanning Springs State Park
• Manatee Springs State Park
• Waccasassa Bay Preserve State Park
• Goethe State Forest
• Devil's Hammock Wildlife Management Area

Marion
• Rainbow Springs State Park

Pasco
• Pioneer Florida Museum

Taylor
• Forest Capital Museum State Park

Wakulla
• Bald Point State Park
• Bradwell Bay Wilderness
• Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park
• Ochlockonee River State Park
• San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park
• St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge
• Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad Trail State Park

References
Robert Painter, Writer & Photographer (1995)
information provided from State Of Florida and Department of Tourism (2006)
Literature from the Homossassa State Park, brochures and pamphlets (2005-2007)
Citrus County Chamber and Naturecoast Chambers Of Commerce including information and literature provided by: Cedar Key Chamber, Citrus County Chamber, Dixie County Chamber, Dunnellon Area Chamber, Greater Dade City Chamber, Greater Hernando County Chamber, Perry-Taylor Chamber, Wakulla County Chamber Historical Wakulla County Courthouse (records and information), West Pasco Chamber, Citrus County Tourist Development Council, Levy County Development Authority and Economic Development Council, Hernando County Tourist Development Council, Wakulla County, Taylor County, literature and information (2004-2006)

Other websites
 http://www.nmia.com/~allwayst/Florida'sNatureCoastSteinhatchee.html
 http://naturecoastcoalition.com/index.htm  The Visual Spectrum (Publishers)

Geography of Florida

Nature Coast


Wolfgang Menzel (21 June 179823 April 1873), German poet, critic and literary historian, was born at Waldenburg (Wałbrzych) in Silesia.

Career overview
He studied at the Breslau, Jena, and Bonn, and after living for some time in Aarau and Heidelberg finally settled in Stuttgart, where, from 1830 to 1838, he had a seat in the Württemberg Diet.

His first work, a clever and original volume of poems, entitled Streckverse (Heidelberg, 1823), was followed in 1824-1825 by a popular Geschichte der Deutschen in three volumes and in 1829 and 1830 by Rubezahl and Narcissus, the dramatized fairy-stories upon which his reputation as a poet chiefly rests. In 1851 he published the romance of Furore, a lively picture of the period of the Thirty Years' War; his other writings include Geschichte Europas, 1789-1815 (2 vols. Stuttgart, 1853), and histories of the German War of 1866 and of the Franco-German War of 1870-71.

From 1826 to 1848 Menzel edited a Literaturblatt in connection with the Morgenblatt; in the latter year he transferred his allegiance from the Liberal to the Conservative party, and in 1852 his Literaturblatt was revived in that interest. In 1866 his political sympathies again changed, and he opposed the particularism of the Prussian Junkers and the anti-unionism of south Germany. He died on 23 April 1873 in Stuttgart. His library of 18,000 volumes was afterwards acquired for the University of Strassburg.

Menzel was a strident opponent of innovation in poetry and in particular of Heinrich Heine.

Works
 German Literature, Vol. 2, Vol. 3. Boston: Hilliard, Gray and Company, 1840.
 "Nationality and Cosmopolitsm," The American Eclectic, No. 3, Art. IV, January 1842.
 The History of Germany: From the Earliest Period to 1842, Vol. 2, Vol. 3. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1852.

References

External links

1798 births
1873 deaths
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German writers
19th-century poets
German bibliophiles
German literary critics
German male non-fiction writers
German male poets
German poets
Members of the Württembergian Chamber of Deputies
Writers from the Province of Silesia
People from Wałbrzych
University of Bonn alumni
University of Breslau alumni
University of Jena alumni

Wolfgang Menzel


A gas is one of the four states of matter. In a gas, the molecules move freely and are not attached to each other. This makes it different from a liquid where the molecules are loosely attached to or touching each other. It is also different from a solid where the molecular bonds are strong and hold the molecules together in one shape.

A gas does not have only one volume like a liquid or solid does.  Instead, gas can expand until it fills whatever container it is in.

In a pure gas, each molecule may be made of an individual atom. It may be elemental, where each molecule is made of more than one of the same atom bound together. It may be compounds where molecules are made of many types of atoms together. An example of a monoatomic gas is neon, an example of an elemental gas is hydrogen and an example of a compound gas is carbon dioxide.

A gas mixture contains a mix of any of the above types, for example air which is 87% nitrogen, 0.2% oxygen and 13.7% argon and carbon dioxide.<0.0009></33.3456333>

Poison gases were used as chemical weapons in War I but were later banned. gas is a natural mixture of methane and other gases.

Physical characteristics
All gases can flow, like liquids. This means the molecules move about independently of each other. Most gases are colourless, like hydrogen. Gas particles will spread about, or diffuse, in order to fill all the space in any container such as a bottle or a room. Compared to liquids and solids, gases have a very low density and viscosity. We cannot directly see most gases since they aren't coloured. However it is possible to measure their density, volume, temperature and pressure.

Pressure

Pressure is the measure of how much pushing force something is putting on another object. In a gas, this is usually the gas pushing on the container of the object or, if the gas is heavy, something inside the gas. Pressure is measured in pascals. Because of Newton's third law, we can change the pressure of a gas by putting force on the object containing it. For example, squeezing a bottle with air inside pressurises (gives more pressure) to the air inside.

When talking about gas, pressure is often related to the container. A lot of gas in a small container would have very high pressure. A small amount of a gas in a big container would have low pressure.
Gas can create pressure itself when there is a lot of it. The weight of the gas creates pressure on anything underneath it, including other gas. On a planet, this is called atmospheric pressure.

Temperature

The temperature of a gas is how hot or cold it is. In physics it is usually measured in kelvins although degrees Celsius are used more elsewhere. In a gas, the average velocity (how fast they move) of the molecules is related to the temperature. The faster the gas molecules are moving, the more they collide, or smash into each other. These collisions release energy, which in a gas comes in the form of heat. Conversely if the temperature around the gas becomes hotter then the gas particles will convert the thermal energy to kinetic energy, making them move faster and making the gas hotter.

State changes
A gas can go through two different state changes. If the temperature is low enough the gas can condense and turn into a liquid. Sometimes, if the temperature is low enough it can go through deposition, where it changes straight to a solid. Normally a gas must first condense to a liquid, and then freeze to become a solid, but if the temperature is very low it can skip the liquid stage and instantly become solid. Frost on the ground in winter is caused by this. Water vapour (a gas) goes into the air which is very cold, and instantly becomes ice due to deposition.

Related pages
 Ideal gas

References

Gas


Frederick Joseph Ricketts (21 February 1881 – 15 May 1945) was a British composer of marches for band. He wrote music under the pen name Kenneth J. Alford. He was a Bandmaster in the British Army, and Royal Marines Director of Music. Conductor Sir Vivian Dunn called him "The British March King." Ricketts frequently used the saxophone in his music. This led to the instrument being used in all military bands.

Early life
Ricketts was born on 21 February 1881. He was the 4th child of Robert and Louisa (née Alford) Ricketts, who lived in London. Ricketts' father died when he was seven and his mother died when he was fourteen. His early musical training had been on playing the piano and organ and working as a church chorister. As a boy living in London's East End he would often hear street musicians and bands. He decided that joining an army band would be best for his future.

Enlistment
Ricketts joined the Royal Irish Regiment in 1895. He was enlisted as a Band Boy. He was a good cornet player and was put into the regimental band. The band went with the regiment to Limerick in Ireland, and then to India. In his free time, Ricketts learned all the other band instruments. When he was 15 years old, he wrote his first piece, which was called "For Service Overseas". It has never been published. In 1903, he was recommended for entry into the Student Bandmaster Course at the Royal Military School of Music, in Twickenham, Middlesex. Musicians who were as young as Ricketts were not nominated very often, but Ricketts was very skilled.

Royal Military School of Music
Ricketts began a two-year course at Kneller Hall in the summer of 1904. This course was very difficult. He graduated in 1906.

Bandmaster
In 1908, Ricketts became Bandmaster to the Band of the 2nd Battalion of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. He went to the Orange River Colony (formerly the Orange Free State) to lead them. This colony is now the Republic of South Africa. The colonel asked him to write a new march for the Argylls, so Ricketts wrote "The Thin Red Line". It was not published until 1925.

Ricketts wanted to compose music. However, it was not accepted for officers of Ricketts's rank to be engaged in commercial activities in the civilian world. Because of this, Ricketts decided to compose and publish under the pen name Kenneth J. Alford. The first march written under the new pen name was "Holyrood".

First World War
A few weeks before the start of World War I, Ricketts composed his most famous march, called "Colonel Bogey". No one knows exactly how Ricketts began composing it. Ricketts's widow claims that it came from a game of golf. She says that during the game, Ricketts and another member of the Argylls started whistling the notes that would become the march's melody.

Shortly after World War I started, Ricketts and the Band Boys of the Argylls were sent to the 3rd Battalion (Reserve) in Edinburgh. They stayed there through the whole war. During the war Ricketts wrote several marches dedicated to the British military: "The Great Little Army" (1916), "On The Quarter Deck," "The Middy," "The Voice of the Guns" (1917), and "The Vanished Army (They Never Die)" (1919).

From Army to Navy
In 1921, Ricketts applied to become a bandmaster for the Band of the Plymouth Division, which was part of the Royal Marines. He was interviewed and was offered the position. However, the old bandmaster, P.S.G. O'Donnell, was trying to apply for a position with an Army band, but members of the Royal Marines were not allowed to become members of the British Army. Because of this, Ricketts could not take the position, since O'Donnell remained with the Band of the Plymouth Division.

In 1927, Ricketts applied again to become a bandmaster with the Royal Marines. This time, he was approved. He became a lieutenant in the Royal Marines Band Service on 4 July 1927. He was posted to the Band of the Marines' Depot at Deal in Kent. In 1930, Ricketts was posted to the Band of the Plymouth Division.

Personal life
On 5 September 1907, Frederick Joseph Ricketts was married to Miss Annie Louisa Holmes. This was while he was on staff at the Royal Military School of Music, Kneller Hall. Annie (Nan) Holmes came from a musical family. Her brother was a partner in the London music publishing house of Walsh, Holmes and Company. Nan often gave Ricketts ideas and helped him make decisions about compositions. They had six children, Kenneth (March 1909), Leo (April 1911), Sheila (May 1913), Paula (October 1916), Gordon (October 1918),and José (October 1922).

Death
Ricketts retired from the Royal Marines on 1 June 1944 because of ill health. He died at his home in Reigate, Surrey, on 15 May 1945, after an operation for cancer. He had given almost 50 years of service to the Crown.

List of marches
 The Thin Red Line (1908) - Not published or available to the public until 1925. Named after Alford's regiment's nickname. They acquired it in the Crimean War. W.H. Russell wrote that the "thin red streak tipped with a line of steel of the" 93rd Highlanders (Argylls) held back the Russian advance during the Battle of Balaclava.
 Holyrood (1912) - Named after the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh. It is about the visit of HM King George V and Queen Mary in 1910, the year they were coronated. This march is now the quick march of the RAF Regiment.
 The Vedette (1912) - A vedette is a mounted sentry placed in advance of the outposts. Ricketts probably knew this term from when he was in India, but the term is unfamiliar today.
 Colonel Bogey (1914) - The melody comes from notes that Ricketts heard whistled on a golf course, possibly by the colonel. This is his most famous march.
 The Great Little Army (1916) - This piece is about the WWI British soldiers who bore the brunt of everything that was thrown at them. The enemy called them "The Contemptible Little Army".Recording by the John Horn High School Wind Symphony
 On the Quarter Deck (1917)
 The Middy (1917) - Both this and the previous march were written about the naval Battle of Jutland in 1916.
 The Voice of the Guns (1917) - At first, this piece was meant to honour British artillery in World War I. Later, it became widely adopted by the British army as a whole. It was in the film Lawrence of Arabia (1962). Not to be confused with the poem of the same name by Gilbert Frankau (1916).
 The Vanished Army (1918) - Dedicated to the memory of the first 100,000 soldiers who died in World War I. Subtitled "They Never Die".
 The Mad Major (1921) - Major Graham Seton Hutchinson was the Mad Major, had won the Military Cross and a DSO.
 Cavalry of the Clouds (1923) - Written to honour the new Royal Air Force.
 Dunedin (1928) - Named for the Dunedin Exhibition of 1925/26 in New Zealand.
 Old Panama (1929) - Ricketts returned from Dunedin by going through the Panama Canal.
 HM Jollies (1929) - "HM Jollies" is a nickname for the Royal Marines. The march contains parts of "The Sailor's Hornpipe", "A Life on the Ocean Wave," and "Rule Britannia."
 The Standard of St George (1930) - Inspired by watching Trooping the Colour, a British army ceremony, at Horse Guards Parade. This march was played by the Band of the Royal Marines Depot, Deal, before it was published. This march does not start with an introduction; it starts with a fanfare with a bass foundation of sustained power for 32 measures.
 By Land and Sea (1941) - In 1934, there was a competition for an official slow march for the Royal Marines. This march was based on Alford's entry. The title is an English translation of the Royal Marines motto Per Mare Per Terram and was written for the Plymouth Division, R.M. It includes a part of the regimental quick march "A Life on the Ocean Wave" and the Royal Marines Bugle Calls.
 Army of the Nile (1941) - Dedicated to General Wavell, for stopping the advance of the Axis Powers in Egypt. Recording by the John Horn High School Wind Symphony
 Eagle Squadron (1942) - The Eagle squadron was made up of American pilots in the RAF, before the United States joined World War II. When the U.S. entered the war, the squadron was transferred to the USAAF. The march quotes The Star-Spangled Banner and Dixie.

Other Published Works
 Valse Riviera (1912)
 Thoughts - waltz (1917)
 A Musical Switch - humoresque (1921)
 The Two Imps - xylophone duet (1923)
 The Lightning Switch - fantasy (1924)
 Mac and Mac - xylophone duet (1928)
 Wedded Whimsies - humorous fantasy for piano solo (1932)
 The Smithy - pastoral fantasy 1933
 The Two Dons - xylophone duet (1933)
 Colonel Bogey on Parade - march fantasy (1939)
 The Hunt - rhapsody (1940)
 Lillibullero (1942) - A march attributed to Henry Purcell, though it was probably actually written by Alford. Lillibullero is the official Regimental March of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (abbrev. REME). Ricketts' arrangement was often used in the BBC radio program about the Commandos, Into Battle. A Life on the Ocean Wave'' (1944) - "A Life on the Ocean Wave" is a ballad by Henry Russell. In 1882, Jacob Kappey wrote an arrangement of this piece as a new regimental march for the Royal Marines. It included an eight bar trio from "The Sea" by Sigismund Neukomm. It was re-arranged by Major Ricketts in 1944.

References

 The 93rd Sutherland Highlanders 1799 - 1927, Brigadier A E J Cavendish, CMG
 http://www.theargylls.co.uk/bandmasters.php
 http://military-bands.co.uk/argyll.html
 Trendell, John, Colonel Bogey to the Fore, a biography of Kenneth J. Alford (1991)

Other websites
 Free scores by Kenneth J. Alford
 MIDI sequences of piano transcriptions of Alford compositions

1881 births
1945 deaths
English composers

Kenneth J. Alford


The detective quantum efficiency (often abbreviated as DQE) is a measure of the combined effects of the signal (related to image contrast) and noise performance of an imaging system, generally expressed as a function of spatial frequency. This value is used primarily to describe imaging detectors in optical imaging and medical radiography.

In medical radiography, the DQE describes how effectively an x-ray imaging system can produce an image with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) relative to an ideal detector.  It is sometimes viewed to be a surrogate measure of the radiation dose efficiency of a detector since the required radiation exposure to a patient (and therefore the biological risk from that radiation exposure) decreases as the DQE is increased for the same image SNR and exposure conditions.

The DQE is also an important consideration for CCDs, especially those used for low-level imaging in light and electron microscopy, because it affects the SNR of the images. It is also similar to the noise factor used to describe some electronic devices.  The concept has been extended to chemical sensors, in which case the alternative term detectivity is more appropriate.

History

Starting in the 1940s, there was much scientific interest in classifying the signal and noise performance of various optical detectors such as television cameras and photoconductive devices.  It was shown, for example, that image quality is limited by the number of quanta used to produce an image.  The quantum efficiency of a detector is a primary metric of performance because it describes the fraction of incident quanta that interact and therefore affected image quality.  However, other physical processes may also degrade image quality, and in 1946, Albert Rose proposed the concept of a useful quantum efficiency or equivalent quantum efficiency to describe the performance of those systems, which we now call the detective quantum efficiency.  Early reviews of the importance and application of the DQE were given by Zweig and Jones.

The DQE was introduced to the medical-imaging community by Shaw for the description of x-ray film-screen systems.  He showed how image quality with these systems (in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio) could be expressed in terms of the noise-equivalent quanta (NEQ).  The NEQ describes the minimum number of x-ray quanta required to produce a specified SNR.  Thus, the NEQ is a measure of image quality and, in a very fundamental sense, describes how many x-ray quanta an image is worth.  It also has an important physical meaning as it describes how well a low-contrast structure can be detected in a uniform noise-limited image by the ideal observer which is an indication of what can be visualized by a human observer under specified conditions.  If we also know how many x-ray quanta were used to produce the image (the number of x-ray quanta incident on a detector), q, we know the cost of the image in terms of a number of x-ray quanta.  The DQE is the ratio of what an image is worth to what it cost in terms of numbers of Poisson-distributed quanta:

.

In this sense the DQE describes how effectively an imaging system captures the information content available in an x-ray image relative to an ideal detector. This is critically important in x-ray medical imaging as it tells us that radiation exposures to patients can only be kept as low as possible if the DQE is made as close to unity as possible.  For this reason, the DQE is widely accepted in regulatory, commercial, scientific and medical communities as a fundamental measure of detector performance.

Definition
The DQE is generally expressed in terms of Fourier-based spatial frequencies as:

where u is the spatial frequency variable in cycles per millimeter, q is the density of incident x-ray quanta in quanta per square millimeter, G is the system gain relating q to the output signal for a linear and offset-corrected detector, T(u) is the system modulation transfer function, and W(u) is the image Wiener noise power spectrum corresponding to q. As this is a Fourier-based method of analysis, it is valid only for linear and shift-invariant imaging systems (analogous to linear and time-invariant system theory but replacing time invariance with spatial-shift invariance) involving wide-sense stationary or wide-sense cyclostationary noise processes. The DQE can often be modelled theoretically for particular imaging systems using cascaded linear-systems theory.

The DQE is often expressed in alternate forms that are equivalent if care is used to interpret terms correctly. For example, the squared-SNR of an incident Poisson distribution of q quanta per square millimeter is given by

and that of an image corresponding to this input is given by

resulting in the popularized interpretation of the DQE being equal to the ratio of the squared output SNR to the squared input SNR:

This relationship is only true when the input is a uniform Poisson distribution of image quanta and signal and noise are defined correctly.

Measuring the DQE

A report by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC 62220-1) was developed in an effort to standardize methods and algorithms required to measure the DQE of digital x-ray imaging systems.

Advantages of high DQE

It's the combination of very low noise and superior contrast performance that allows some digital x-ray systems to offer such significant improvements in the detectability of low-contrast objects - a quality that is best quantified by a single parameter, the DQE. The DQE has become the de facto benchmark in the comparison of existing and emerging x-ray detector technologies.

DQE especially affects one's ability to view small, low-contrast objects. In fact, in many imaging situations, it's more important to detecting small objects than is limiting spatial resolution (LSR) - the parameter traditionally used to determine how small an object one can visualize. Even if a digital system has very high LSR, it can't take advantage of the resolution if it has low DQE, which prevents the detection of very small objects.

A study comparing film/screen and digital imaging demonstrates that a digital system with high DQE can improve one's ability to detect small, low-contrast objects – even though the digital system may have substantially lower Limiting Spatial Resolution (LSR) than film.

Reducing radiation dose is another potential advantage of digital x-ray technology; and high DQE should make significant contributions to this equation. Compared with film/screen imaging, a digital detector with high DQE has the potential to deliver significant object-detectability improvements at an equivalent dose, or to permit object detectability comparable to film's at reduced dose.

Equally important, high DQE provides the requisite foundation for advanced digital applications - dual-energy imaging, tomosynthesis, and low-dose fluoro, for instance. Combined with advanced image-processing algorithms and fast acquisition and readout capability, high DQE is key to making such applications as these clinically practical in the years to come.

References

External links
 What is Detective Quantum Efficiency?
 Detective Quantum Efficiency
 DQE A Simplified View

Digital imaging
X-ray instrumentation

Detective quantum efficiency


Ellen Perry is an American film director, writer, producer and cinematographer. She attended the USC School of Cinematic Arts.

Her first feature documentary, Great Wall Across the Yangtze, aired nationally on PBS in 2000. Narrated by Martin Sheen, the film investigates the Three Gorges Dam project, on China's Yangtze River. It won the Grand Festival Award at the Berkeley Film Festival.

Her documentary film on the Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori, The Fall of Fujimori, garnered much acclaim. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 2005.  The Fall of Fujimori was nominated for an Emmy for Best Feature Documentary in 2006.  It was also nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Documentary Screenplay in 2005 and was an official selection at over 30 film festivals worldwide. The Fall of Fujimori was awarded the CINE Golden Eagle, Grand Jury Prize at the Independent Film Festival of Boston, Special Jury Prize at the Milan International Film Festival, Director's Choice at the Biografilm Festival and Audience Choice at the Toronto International Latin Film Festival.

In making the film, she achieved personal access to Alberto Fujimori, despite his living in exile for his being wanted on criminal charges in Peru in regard to human rights violations. It was characterized by one critic as "brilliant, revelatory and entertaining".

Selected filmography
 Will (2011)
 Great Wall Across the Yangtze (2000)
 The Fall of Fujimori (2005)

Notes and references

External links

American documentary filmmakers
American film directors
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
American women documentary filmmakers
21st-century American women

Ellen Perry


A modem (comes from: modulator demodulator) is a piece of computer hardware. It is used to communicate between distant computers. Two modems, one on each computer, are required to make a connection, and each modem can send and receive data to and from the other modem.

 Modulation is changing the digital data from a computer to analog data (audio tones or sounds) to be sent over telephone lines.
 Demodulation is changing the analog data which is received over the telephone lines to digital data to be used by the computer.

Modems are classified by the amount of data they can send in a given time, normally measured in bits per second (bit/s, bps, or baud). They are also classified by their connection method. Dial-up modems were the usual kind in the 20th century, and DSL modems and Cable TV modems are now more used.

Modems that connect to the computer by a cable are called external modems. Modems that go inside the computer are internal modems. Some internal modems are part of the motherboard; others are inserted into the computer on a PC card. Most DSL and cable modems are external.

Many modems are used to connect to the Internet through telephone service or cable television service. Slow telephone service is called dial-up (maximum 56,000 bits per second). Faster telephone service is called DSL and is usually more than ten times faster. Cable modems connect through cable television, and are similarly fast.

A Consumer Electronics Association study in 2006 found that dial-up Internet access is on a decline in the United States. In 2000, dial-up Internet connections accounted for 74% of all U.S. residential Internet connections. This decline has been more or less mirrored in Canada and Australia.

Dial-up modem use in the US dropped to 60% by 2003, and in 2006 stood at 36%. Voiceband modems were once the most popular means of Internet access in the U.S. But as more homes adopted faster ways of accessing the Internet, the traditional 56K modem is losing popularity.

References

Computer hardware
Telecommunications

Modem


Les Misérables is a 1935 American drama film starring Fredric March and Charles Laughton based upon the 1862 Victor Hugo novel of the same name. The movie was adapted by W. P. Lipscomb and directed by Richard Boleslawski. This was the last film for Twentieth Century Pictures before it merged with Fox Film Corporation to form 20th Century Fox. The plot of the film basically follows Hugo's novel Les Misérables, but there are many differences.

The film was nominated for the Oscar for Best Picture, the Academy Award for Best Assistant Director, the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, and the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. The National Board of Review named the film the sixth best of 1935.

Plot

Cast

 Fredric March as Jean Valjean/Champmathieu
 Charles Laughton as Inspector Émile Javert
 Cedric Hardwicke as Bishop Myriel
 Rochelle Hudson as Cosette
 Marilyn Knowlden as Young Cosette
 Florence Eldridge as Fantine
 John Beal as Marius
 Frances Drake as Éponine
 Ferdinand Gottschalk and Jane Kerr as the Thénardiers
 Vernon Downing as Brissac
 Leonid Kinskey as Genflou
 Ian Maclaren as Head Gardener
 John Carradine as Enjolras
 Heinie Conklin as Drunk at Inn (uncredited)
 Harry Cording as Beam Warder (uncredited)
 Olaf Hytten as Pierre (uncredited)

Differences from the novel
This adaptation made quite a lot of changes, many of which can also be found in later adaptations:
 Valjean's trial, life as a convict and release are presented chronologically, whereas in the novel his previous life is presented in flashback. In addition, the novel begins by introducing the bishop, while in the film he does not appear until Valjean arrives at his door.
 The film begins with Valjean being sentenced in 1800 for ten years, rather than in 1796 for five years.
 While the word "galleys" was still used until the late 19th century to designate the French Bagnios, the actual penalty of sending someone to the galleys was abolished in mid-18th century. The galleys portrayed in this film are a huge anachronism.
 In the film, Javert is shown being assigned to the galleys, and seeing Valjean's display of strength at the beginning. In the novel he is not introduced until after Valjean has become mayor.
 Javert's first name is given as Émile, while in the novel it is never given.
 In the film, Valjean's prison number is 2906, while in the novel it is 24601.
 In the novel, Javert is described as a tall man, with a small head, sunken eyes, large sideburns and long hair hanging over his eyes, which differs greatly from Charles Laughton's appearance, and his version of Javert in the film wears different clothes than in the novel.
 Valjean is released after the 10-year sentence, despite mention of an escape attempt. In the novel he spends 19 years in prison, having been given extra time for trying to escape. He still receives a yellow passport, branding him a violent man for his attempts, however.
 In the film, there is no mention of Fantine selling her hair and teeth, or becoming a prostitute, to afford her payments to the Thénardiers. When she confronts Valjean, she does appear to be dressed like a prostitute, but neither Valjean nor Javert make any reference to her clothing.
 In the film, Valjean brings Cosette to Fantine before Fantine dies, while in the novel Cosette does not meet her mother again and is not informed of her mother's identity or fate until Valjean is on his own deathbed, at the end of the novel.
 The Thénardiers' inn is called "The Sergeant at Waterloo" in the novel, but is called "The Brave Sergeant" in the film.
 In the novel, Valjean pays Thénardier 1,500 francs to settle Fantine's debts and takes Cosette, the Thénardiers appear in Paris several years later. No discussion regarding Valjean's intentions takes place in the film; after speaking with Cosette alone, Valjean is seen riding away with her and the Thénardiers are not seen again.
 In the novel, only three prisoners (Brevet, Chenildieu, and Cochepaille) identify Champmathieu as being Valjean, in court. The film adds a fourth convict, Genflou, to the witnesses.
 In the film Valjean and Cosette go to the convent with a letter of introduction from M. Madeleine, whereas in the novel they came upon the convent purely coincidentally while fleeing from Javert.
 We see Valjean rescue a man whose cart had fallen on him, which arouses Javert's suspicion, but the film does not mention that this man (Fauchelevent) and the gardener at the convent are the same person.
 Marius meets Valjean and Cosette while they ride into the park where he is giving a speech, while in the novel he is simply walking in the Luxembourg Garden when he sees them.
 Éponine's role is changed from the novel. In the film, she is the secretary of the revolutionary society Marius belongs to. In the novel, she is the Thénardiers' daughter, and is not connected to the revolutionary society. The film makes no mention of her being the Thénardiers' daughter.
 Gavroche is cut entirely.
 In the novel, Enjolras is the leader of the revolutionaries and Marius is not even a very faithful follower (him being a Bonapartist with different ideas than his friends). In the film, Marius is the leader. In addition, the students' goal is not a democracy but to better the conditions in the French galleys. Marius says himself: "We are not revolutionaries."
 In the film, Éponine delivers the message from Marius to Cosette, which Valjean intercepts, causing Valjean to come to the barricade to rescue Marius. In the novel, Gavroche delivers it.
 In the film, Javert pursues Valjean and Marius into the sewers, which he does not in the novel, although he does meet Valjean when he exits the sewers, having pursued Thénardier there.
 Valjean brings Marius to Valjean's house and Cosette, while in the novel Valjean brings Marius to the house of Marius' grandfather M. Gillenormand, who does not appear in the film. Also, while Valjean thinks Javert is waiting for him and he is going away, he gives Marius and Cosette instructions, including to love each other always and leaving the candlesticks to Cosette, which in the novel appear in his deathbed scene.
 In the film, Valjean hides the fact that he expects Javert to arrest him by reiterating to Cosette and Marius his plan to move to England.
 The film ends with Javert's suicide, while at the end of the novel Valjean dies of grief after having been separated from Cosette, because Marius severed all ties with him after learning of Valjean's convict past, but both arrive to see him before he dies.

See also
 Adaptations of Les Misérables

References

External links

 Review by film historian Tim Brayton

Films based on Les Misérables
1935 films
1930s historical drama films
American historical drama films
Films scored by Alfred Newman
Films directed by Ryszard Bolesławski
American black-and-white films
United Artists films
Films produced by Darryl F. Zanuck
Twentieth Century Pictures films
1935 drama films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Les Misérables (1935 film)


In geometry, a tangent is a straight line that touches a curve at one point. At the place where they touch, the line and the curve both have the same slope (they are both "going in the same direction"). For this reason, a tangent line is a good approximation of the curve near that point. The curve and the tangent line are almost exactly the same near the intersection point.

A straight line which touches a circle at a single point is perpendicular to the circle's radius and is considered tangent to the circle.

Uses
Tangent lines are useful in calculus because they can magnify the slope of a curve at a single point. The slope of some curve at the point P is often called the instantaneous rate of change of the curve at P. The instantaneous rate of change at a specific point on the curve can be found by evaluating the derivative function for the curve at that point.

Related pages
Derivative (mathematics)
Calculus
Trigonometric function

Geometry

Tangent (geometry)


A notary is a person who has learned some laws and has been appointed by a government to do some certain things using those laws. A notary is most often used to witness signatures on legal papers. A notary does this to help stop fraud and to help a person prove that they are who they say they are. Notaries in some locations can also perform marriage ceremonies.

Related pages
Authentication

Law occupations

Notary


Last Train to Blue Moon Canyon is the 13th installment in the Nancy Drew point-and-click adventure game series by Her Interactive. The game is available for play on Microsoft Windows platforms. It has an ESRB rating of E for moments of mild violence and peril. Players take on the first-person view of fictional amateur sleuth Nancy Drew and must solve the mystery through interrogation of suspects, solving puzzles, and discovering clues. There are two levels of gameplay, Junior and Senior detective modes, each offering a different difficulty level of puzzles and hints, however neither of these changes affect the actual plot of the game. The game is loosely based on a book entitled Mystery Train.

Plot
The Hardy Boys have invited Nancy Drew to join them on a train trip hosted by Lori Girard, a wealthy, young socialite. Lori has gathered the best detectives, researchers, and investigators in the country to help her solve the mystery of what happened to Jake Hurley, the man who originally owned the train. One day in 1903, the train was found in Blue Moon Canyon, Nevada with only the dead engineer on board. Jake Hurley was never seen again. As soon as the train takes off, Lori Girard mysteriously vanishes from the train. Nancy needs to find Lori and solve the mystery of Jake Hurley's disappearance.

Development

Characters

Nancy Drew - Nancy is an 18-year-old amateur detective from the fictional town of River Heights in the United States. She is the main playable character in the game, and the player must solve the mystery from her perspective.
Frank Hardy and Joe Hardy - These brothers are not strangers to mysteries. They conduct investigations and go undercover for ATAC (American Teens Against Crime). Frank and Joe are old friends of Nancy and invited her to join them on the train trip. They assist Nancy with the case and can provide her with helpful information. Frank is a brief playable character.
Lori Girard - Beautiful and rich Lori loves parties, especially a party on a haunted train with world-famous detectives bound for an unknown destination to discover a century-old secret. Lori disappears soon after the train takes off. What could have happened to her?
Tino Balducci - Tino is a hot-shot detective who recently solved a big case in Chicago. Some people say it was just luck, but Tino's out to show them that he is the best detective. How far would he be willing to go to prove it?
Charleena Purcell - Charleena's romance novels have sold millions of copies and won awards for historical excellence, but she's not interested in parties. She's done her homework about Jake Hurley though. Does she know more about the treasure than she's letting on?
John Grey - The host of TV's Ghost Chasers, John analyzes electromagnetic fields to determine if there are any ghosts in the area. He thinks that the ghost of Jake Hurley's wife may know something about Lori's disappearance. Does he know more than he's saying?
Fatima - Fatima works at the Copper Gorge Museum and Taffy Shop and wears a cartoon miner costume. She is a huge fan of Charleena Purcell. Fatima can go from nice to mean in a split second if you touch any of the artifacts in the museum without her permission.

Cast
Nancy Drew - Lani Minella
Frank Hardy - Wayne Rawley
Joe Hardy - Rob Jones
Lori Girard - Sarah Papineau
Charleena Purcell - Julia Francis
John Grey - Lowell Deo
Tino Balducci - Jeff Minnerly
Bess Marvin - Alisa Murray
George Fayne - Patty Pomplun
Fatima / Waitress - Amy Broomhall
Engineer / Oldtimer / Additional Voices - Jason Sharp

Reception
According to review aggregation website Metacritic, Nancy Drew: Last Train to Blue Moon Canyon received "generally favorable reviews" from critics.

References

2005 video games
Detective video games
Video games based on Nancy Drew
Video games based on novels
Point-and-click adventure games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Kevin Manthei
Video games set in Colorado
Video games set in Nevada
Windows games
Windows-only games
Her Interactive games
Works based on The Hardy Boys
First-person adventure games
Puzzle video games
Single-player video games
North America-exclusive video games


Tracy Anne Stockwell, OAM, (born January 11, 1963), née Tracy Anne Caulkins, is an American former competition swimmer, three-time Olympic gold medalist, five-time world champion, and former world record-holder in three events.

Caulkins was noted for her versatility and ability in all four major competitive swimming strokes: the butterfly, breaststroke, backstroke and freestyle.  Caulkins won forty-eight national championships and set American records in all four strokes over a range of distances as well as in the individual medley (IM) events, which combine all four strokes over the course of a single race.  Her versatility brought Caulkins many titles and awards, and as a result she is considered one of the greatest swimmers of all time.  By the time she retired from competitive swimming in 1984, Caulkins had set five world records and sixty-three American records (more than any other American swimmer, male or female).

Early years

Caulkins was born in Winona, Minnesota in 1963. She swam for the Westside Victory Swim club and later the Nashville Aquatic Club (NAC) in Nashville, Tennessee, where she was trained by future University of Texas and U.S. Olympic coach Paul Bergen.  For her high school education, she attended the all-girls Harpeth Hall School in Nashville.  Caulkins' older sister Amy was also a competition swimmer and water polo player.

Olympic desire

As a 9-year-old, Caulkins had been training as a swimmer for a little over a year when she watched the 1972 Munich Olympics on television, and decided that she wanted to swim in the Olympics and win a gold medal.  In a 1997 interview, Caulkins credited her Olympic dream as her inspiration and motivation.

Thirteen-year-old Caulkins competed in her first U.S. national swimming championships in 1976.  A year later, she returned to the 1977 U.S. Short-Course Championships to set U.S. records in the 200-yard and 400-yard individual medley events.  She set a third U.S. record while finishing second behind Canadian swimmer Robin Corsiglia in the 100-yard breaststroke.

At the age of 15, Caulkins won five gold medals and a silver medal at the 1978 World Championships in West Berlin.  She won the 200-meter individual medley, the 400-meter individual medley, and the 200-meter butterfly, and was a member of the winning U.S. teams in the 4×100-meter medley relay, and the 4×100-meter freestyle relay.  In the process, she set four world records and one American record.  Largely as a result of her performance in Berlin, Caulkins won the 1978 James E. Sullivan Award, given by the Amateur Athletic Union in recognition of the most outstanding American amateur athlete of the year.  At 15 years old, she was the youngest-ever recipient of the Sullivan Award.

She followed her World Championship success with a series of dominating finishes in U.S. competition.  At the 1979 U.S. Short-Course Championships in East Los Angeles, California, she set five U.S. records in the 100-yard breaststroke, 500-yard freestyle, the 400-yard individual medley, the 200-yard individual medley, and the 100-yard freestyle on the first leg of the 400-yard relay.  She also helped her club team, Nashville Aquatic, win the 400-yard medley relay and place second in the 800-yard freestyle relay.  Despite setting the new records, however, she was not at her physical best; she was suffering from the after-effects of a viral infection.  Three months later, she won four gold medals and two silvers at the 1979 Pan American Games in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Following her gold-medal performance at the 1978 World Championship, Caulkins was expected to win multiple medals at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR, and qualified to compete in five individual events at the U.S. Olympic Trials, and likely would have been selected as a member of one of the relay teams as well.  However, the U.S. Olympic team boycotted the 1980 Games at the behest of U.S. President Jimmy Carter, following the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion of Afghanistan.  Caulkins' dream of Olympic gold was deferred by war and politics, so she quietly looked ahead to 1984.

As an 18-year-old high school senior, she set four American short-course records at the 1981 U.S. Short-Course Championships in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  In each of the four events, she bettered her own previously set American record: the 100-yard breaststroke, 200-yard backstroke, the 200-yard individual medley, and the 400-yard individual medley.

Over the next three years, Caulkins maintained her training regimen while attending the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where she swam for coach Randy Reese's Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition from 1982 to 1984.  Caulkins followed her older sister Amy to the University of Florida, where Amy was already an established member of the Florida Gators swim team.  With Caulkins leading the way as a freshman, the Gators won the NCAA team championship in 1982; the Gators finished second in 1983 and third in 1984.  Individually, in three years as a Gator swimmer, she won sixteen NCAA championships and twelve Southeastern Conference (SEC) individual titles, and received twenty-one All-American honors.  She was the SEC's Female Swimmer of the Year in 1983 and 1984, and was recognized as the SEC's Female Athlete of the Year in 1984.  She was the recipient of the Honda Sports Award for Swimming and Diving for three consecutive years, recognizing her as the outstanding college female swimmer of the year.

At the 1982 U.S. Short-Course Championships in Gainesville, the 19-year-old again won national championships in the 200-yard backstroke, 400-yard individual medley, the 200-yard individual medley, and the 100-yard breaststroke.  With thirty-nine national championships to date, Caulkins surpassed the legendary Johnny Weissmuller's record total of thirty-six.

Even as she continued to win against fellow Americans in 1982 and 1983, however, she was slumping and falling behind her international competition.  She set no new international records, and was increasingly frustrated with her own performances.  At the 1982 World Championships in Guayaquil, Ecuador, she finished a distant third in both the 200-meter and 400-meter individual medley events against her East German competition, and failed to place in the third event in which she was entered.  At the 1983 U.S. Long-Course Championships in Fresno, California, she finished five seconds slower than her own American record in the 400-meter individual medley and finished second behind Mary T. Meagher in the 200-meter butterfly.  At the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas, Venezuela, held later the same month, she likewise won her two signature events in the 200-meter and 400-meter individual medley, but did not approach her own personal bests.

Afterward, Caulkins rededicated herself to coach Randy Reese's rigorous training methods.  In an international invitational meet of 26 nations held in Austin, Texas in January 1984, she defeated her East German rivals in both individual medley events.  At the NCAA national championships later that spring, she won four individual titles in the 200- and 400-yard individual medleys, 100-yard breaststroke, and 200-yard butterfly, and was a member of the Gators' winning relay teams in the 4×100-yard and 4×200-yard freestyle events.  She set new NCAA records in three events, and a new American record in the 200-yard individual medley.

At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, Caulkins served as the captain of the U.S. women's swim team, and finally realized her childhood dream of winning an Olympic gold medal.  On July 29, she won her first gold medal in the 400-meter individual medley, beating Australian Suzie Landells by over nine seconds. On August 3, she won her second gold medal in the 200-meter individual medley with an Olympic record time of 2:12.64, besting fellow American Nancy Hogshead by over two and a half seconds.  And later that same day, she won her third gold medal by swimming the breaststroke leg as a member of the winning U.S. team in the 400-meter medley relay, together with teammates Theresa Andrews (backstroke), Mary T. Meagher (butterfly), and Nancy Hogshead (freestyle).  She also finished fourth in the 100-meter breaststroke, one second behind winner Petra van Staveren.

Caulkins ended her competition swimming career having set five world records and sixty-three American records, and having won forty-eight national championship titles.

Life after competition swimming

In the aftermath of the 1984 Olympics, the 21-year-old Caulkins decided to forgo her senior year of NCAA eligibility at the University of Florida to focus on completing her degree requirements, and announced her retirement from competition swimming.  She graduated from Florida with her bachelor's degree in broadcasting in 1985, and was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great."  Caulkins was inducted into the Florida Sports Hall of Fame in 1983, the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1990, and the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.

She married Mark Stockwell, an Olympic Swimming Medalist from Australia and a fellow University of Florida alumnus, and has lived in Australia since shortly after graduating from the University of Florida.  They live in Queensland, Australia with their five children.

Caulkins is now an American-Australian dual citizen.  In 2008, she was recognized, under her married name, Tracy Anne Stockwell, "For service to sport as an administrator and proponent of sporting opportunities for women" with the Medal of the Order of Australia by the Australian government.  After receiving the medal, the American transplant described herself as "one proud Australian."

World records

Women's 200-meter butterfly

Women's 200-meter individual medley

Women's 400-meter individual medley

Women's 4×100-meter freestyle relay

Note: All record times and locations are sourced to USA Swimming's list of world records.

See also

 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
 List of United States records in swimming
 List of University of Florida alumni
 List of University of Florida Olympians
 List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame members
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (women)
 World record progression 200 metres individual medley
 World record progression 400 metres individual medley
 World record progression 4 × 100 metres freestyle relay

References

Bibliography

 Caraccioli, Jerry, & Tom Caraccioli, Boycott: Stolen Dreams of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games, New Chapter Press, Washington, D.C. (2009).  .
 Pleasants, Julian M., Gator Tales: An Oral History of the University of Florida, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (2006).  .

External links

1963 births
Living people
American emigrants to Australia
American female backstroke swimmers
American female breaststroke swimmers
American female butterfly swimmers
American female freestyle swimmers
American female medley swimmers
Florida Gators women's swimmers
World record setters in swimming
James E. Sullivan Award recipients
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
People from Winona, Minnesota
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Sportspeople from Nashville, Tennessee
Swimmers at the 1979 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1983 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1979 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games

Tracy Caulkins


Pulau Run is an island in Indonesia. It is one of the smallest Islands of the Banda Islands. It is about 3 km long and less than 1 km wide.

It used to be of great importance, because of the value of the spices nutmeg and mace. Both spices are from the same tree. The trees were only grown on the Banda Islands.  During the history of the spice trade sailors of the British East India Company of the second expedition of James Lancaster, John Davis and John Middleton who stayed in Bantam on Java first reached the Island in 1603. They made good contacts with the people who lived there.

Two wars were fought over the extremely costly spices.

The Treaty of Westminster ended the First Anglo-Dutch War of 1652–1654. According to the treaty, Run should have been returned to England. The first attempt in 1660 failed due to formal constraints by the Dutch; after the second in 1665 the English traders were expelled in the same year and the Dutch destroyed the nutmeg trees.

After the second Anglo-Dutch War of 1665–1667 England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands agreed in the Treaty of Breda to the status quo: The English kept the island of Manhattan which a fleet sent by the Duke of York (the future Charles II), had occupied illegally in 1664 and renamed from New Amsterdam to New York. Run was officially given to the Dutch.

The Dutch monopoly on nutmeg and mace was destroyed by the transfer of nutmeg trees to Ceylon, Singapore and other British colonies in 1817 after the capture of the main Island Bandalontor in 1810 by Captain Cole. This led to the decline of the Dutch supremacy in the spice trade, but there are still nutmeg trees growing on Run today.

Further reading

 Milton, Giles.  Nathaniel's Nutmeg: or the True and Incredible Adventures of the Spice Trader Who Changed the Course of History.  Penguin, 1999.  ()

Islands of Indonesia

Run (island)


Carmen de Patagones is the southernmost city in the .

Geography

It is located 937 km southwest from the city of Buenos Aires, on the north bank of the Río Negro ("Black River"), near the Atlantic Ocean, and opposite Viedma, capital of the province of Río Negro. The city is the capital of the Patagones Partido, the only administrative division of Buenos Aires Province that lies within Patagonia.

History

The town was founded in 1779 by Francisco de Viedma, an explorer leading a Spanish expedition commissioned with colonizing Patagonia's shores.

In the 19th century, Carmen de Patagones had a fort, and after the May Revolution of 1810, it became a prison for royalists (Spaniards and pro-Spanish locals against the independence movement).

Later, during the Cisplatine War (1825–1828), the town became a naval base, since the main Argentine safe harbour, the estuary of the Río de la Plata, had been blocked by Brazilian ships. The Brazilian troops attempted to take Carmen de Patagones, but they were repelled by armed residents on 7 March 1827; this date is still commemorated with a festival in the city.  The city maintains two imperial Brazilian flags captured during the battle in the central cathedral on the site of the original fort where the battle took place.

The town and its twin city, Viedma, became the focus of attention in 1986, when President Raúl Alfonsín announced the Patagonia Project, which envisaged the transfer of the nation's capital to a new federal district encompassing the two towns at the mouth of the Río Negro. Approved by the Congress in 1987, the plan was rescinded when Alfonsín's successor, President Carlos Menem, disbanded Entecap, the
commission overseeing the project, in 1989.

See also

Carmen de Patagones school shooting
Battle of Carmen de Patagones

References

 Carmen de Patagones, la fiesta del 7 de marzo

Populated places in Buenos Aires Province
Populated places established in 1779
Tourist attractions in Buenos Aires Province
1779 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Cities in Argentina

Carmen de Patagones


The Theory of forms is a philosophical idea held by the famous Greek philosopher Plato. Plato believed that behind every single thing in our world there is a form, which is the true eternal essence of that thing. We can explain this view with an example. In the world there are many different horses: big horses and small horses, grey horses and white horses, old horses and young horses and so forth.  According to Plato each horse is an imperfect copy of the horse 'form', the one true horse. In other words, they are all imitations of the perfect horse. Plato uses shadows as an analogy: Like a tree forms a shadow, so is the tree itself a shadow of the 'form', the one true tree. The Theory of forms applies not only to physical objects but also to abstract concepts such as beauty, anger, good and evil.

Platonic idealism also explains that it is impossible for us to perceive these forms through our senses, like our sense of hearing or sense of seeing. The only way we can truly understand a form is through the use of logic and mathematics. Through mathematics, we have discovered the form of the triangle: a polygon with 3 sides. However we will never be able to truly see with our eyes such a triangle. Even if we tried to draw it on a whiteboard with a ruler, it's lines will never be perfectly straight and two-dimensional.

Philosophy

Theory of forms


Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (; ; 30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist. He is best known as the co-inventor of the detector component of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger–Marsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus. He was the brother of meteorologist and climatologist Rudolf Geiger.

Biography
Geiger was born at Neustadt an der Haardt, Germany. He was one of five children born to the Indologist Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, who was a professor at the University of Erlangen. In 1902, Geiger started studying physics and mathematics at the University of Erlangen and was awarded a doctorate in 1906. His thesis was on electrical discharges through gases. He received a fellowship to the University of Manchester and worked as an assistant to Arthur Schuster. In 1907, after Schuster's retirement, Geiger began to work with his successor, Ernest Rutherford, and in 1908, along with Ernest Marsden, conducted the famous Geiger–Marsden experiment (also known as the "gold foil experiment"). This process allowed them to count alpha particles and led Rutherford to start thinking about the structure of the atom.

In 1911 Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall discovered the Geiger–Nuttall law (or rule) and performed experiments that led to Rutherford's atomic model.

In 1912, Geiger was named head of radiation research at the German National Institute of Science and Technology in Berlin. There he worked with Walter Bothe (winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics) and James Chadwick (winner of the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics). Work was interrupted when Geiger served in the German military during World War I as an artillery officer from 1914 to 1918.

In 1924, Geiger used his device to confirm the Compton effect which helped earn Arthur Compton the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics.

In 1925, he began a teaching position at the University of Kiel where, in 1928 Geiger and his student Walther Müller created an improved version of the Geiger tube, the Geiger–Müller tube. This new device not only detected alpha particles, but beta and gamma particles as well, and is the basis for the Geiger counter.

In 1929 Geiger was named professor of physics and director of research at the University of Tübingen where he made his first observations of a cosmic ray shower. In 1936 he took a position with the Technische Universität Berlin (Technical University of Berlin) where he continued to research cosmic rays, nuclear fission, and artificial radiation until his death in 1945.

Beginning in 1939, after the discovery of atomic fission, Geiger was a member of the Uranium Club, the German investigation of nuclear weapons during World War II. The group splintered in 1942 after its members came to believe (incorrectly, as it would later transpire) that nuclear weapons would not play a significant role in ending the war.

Although Geiger signed a petition against the Nazi government's interference with universities, he provided no support to colleague Hans Bethe (winner of the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics) when he was fired for being Jewish.

Geiger endured the Battle of Berlin and subsequent Soviet occupation in April/May 1945. A couple of months later he moved to Potsdam, dying there on 24 September 1945.

See also
Geiger (crater)

References

External links

Annotated bibliography for Hans Geiger from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

1882 births
1945 deaths
German nuclear physicists
20th-century German inventors
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni
People associated with the University of Manchester
People from the Palatinate (region)
Academic staff of the Technical University of Berlin
Academic staff of the University of Kiel
People from Neustadt an der Weinstraße
20th-century German physicists

Hans Geiger


Cranbourne is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is  south east of Melbourne. It is  above sea-level. Its Local Government Area is the City of Casey.

The Cranbourne area is made up of the suburbs:
Cranbourne
Cranbourne East
Cranbourne North
Cranbourne South
Cranbourne West
Junction Village.

History
The first people to live in the Cranbourne area were the Boonwurrung Aborigines. The first Europen settlers were the Ruffy brothers who arrived in 1836. They later opened the Cranbourne Inn.

The area was opened up by settlers from the 1860s. Progress in developing the land around Cranbourne was difficult because of the Koo Wee Rup swamp. William Lyall bought land in the swamp area. He helped organize draining the swamp to make it usable as farmland. The region has a strong farming history. A major cattle market started at Cranbourne in the 1870s. This was helped with the arrival of the railway in 1887. A market gardening industry began after World War I with the arrival of Italian immigrants.

Cranbourne has a long history of horse racing. The first races were held in 1867. The Cranbourne Racecourse and Recreation Reserve and the Cranbourne Training Complex are popular facilities. There is a Cranbourne Cup race meeting every year as well as other carnivals.

In the 1860s, a number of iron meteorites were discovered in the area. The largest, at 3.5 tonnes, was at the time, the largest discovered in the world. It was known as the Cranbourne meteorite. It was sold to the British Museum.

Cranbourne was made a town in 1861. The Shire of Cranbourne was begun in 1868. The office, built in 1875, is still standing on the corner of South Gippsland Highway and Sladen Street. In 1994 the Shire was made a City. Later in the same year most of the City  joined with the City of Berwick to form the City of Casey.

Rapid growth
Over the years Cranbourne has changed from a small country town to a rapidly growing suburb. The exact time of when Cranbourne had changed from town to suburb is not really known. The number of people living in Cranbourne has grown quickly since the 1970s. There were 1,800 people in 1976, rising to 14,005 in 1986 and 18,886 in 1991. Cranbourne's current population is estimated to be at least 30,000 people.

Sport
Cranbourne has many sports facilities including:
Amstel Golf Club
Bowland (a ten-pin bowling complex)
Casey Fields
Casey Indoor Sports Centre
Cranbourne Golf Club
Cranbourne Racecourse & Recreation Reserve
Donnelly Recreation Reserve
J. and P. Cam Reserve
Lawson Poole Reserve
Ranfurlie Golf Club
Sports Centre (basketball, netball, and indoor soccer)
swimming pool
The Shed (an indoor skating facility).

Botanic Gardens
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne is a part of Melbourne's Royal Botanic Gardens. At Cranbourne there are a lot of Australian plants on display. One feature is an arid lands garden which has a red sand dune with desert plants.

Schools
Schools in the Cranbourne area include:
Courtenay Gardens Primary School
Cranbourne Christian College
Cranbourne Primary School
Cranbourne Park Primary School
 Cranbourne East Primary School
 Cranbourne East Secondary College
Cranbourne Secondary College
Cranbourne South Primary School
Cranbourne Specialist School
Cranbourne West Primary School
Lyndhurst Secondary College
Rangebank Primary School
St.Agathas Catholic School
St.Peters Catholic Co-Ed College
St.Theresa's Catholic Primary School
 Cranbourne Carlisle Primary School.

Because of the growth in Cranbourne several new primary schools are being planned.

Chisholm Institute of TAFE also has a campus in Cranbourne, to the city's east.

Shopping centres
Shopping centres in the Cranbourne area include:
Centro Cranbourne Shopping Centre
Great Southern Home Centre
Thompson Parkway Shopping Centre.
Springville Shopping Centre.

Events
The MRA Cranbourne GP Run is held each year on the Saturday of the Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix.

Cranbourne races are a regular event on the racing calendar. Greyhound and harness racing are also held.

Public transport
Melbourne's suburban railway links the suburb to Melbourne. The terminus of the Cranbourne railway line is at Cranbourne railway station. Merinda Park station is in Cranbourne North.

Other websites
Amstel Golf Club
Bowland
Casey Fields
Casey Indoor Sports Centre
Centro Cranbourne Shopping Centre
Cranbourne Golf Club
Cranbourne weather forecasts and climate averages
Cranbourne photos
The Shed

Cities in Victoria

Cranbourne, Victoria


National Botanical Garden of Iran () is a Botanical Garden in Tehran, Iran. Its area is about 150 hectares and is planned to be the main center for horticulture and plant taxonomy in Iran. A herbarium of Iranian plants (TARI) is gradually being built up and now consists of some 160,000 numbers. Also there are gardens of non-Iranian plants such as Himalayan, American, Japanese, African, and Australian.

The garden also contains an arboretum, Six lakes, hills (to represent the Alborz and Zagros mountains and Himalayas), rock garden, a waterfall, a wetland, desert plants areas, a salt lake and a wadi, a river about 1 km long, systematic area, fruit garden, picnic area with some pavilions and other facilities. The botanical and horticultural library has more than 11,000 volumes.

References

External links

 Web page
 Photo Gallery of National botanical garden of Iran/Tehran

Botanical gardens in Iran
Gardens in Iran
Tourist attractions in Tehran
Parks in Tehran

National Botanical Garden of Iran