Cayetano Valdés y Flores Bazán (1767–1835) was a commander of the Spanish Navy, explorer, and captain general who served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, fighting for both sides at different times due to the changing fortunes of Spain in the conflict. He took part in a number of naval battles, including the Great Siege of Gibraltar, the Battle of Cape St Vincent, and the Battle of Trafalgar. He was an explorer, most notable in the Pacific Northwest, where he and Dionisio Alcalá Galiano conducted the first circumnavigation of Vancouver Island, in partial cooperation with George Vancouver. Over his long career he achieved the highest ranks in the Spanish Navy, eventually being named Captain General of Cadiz and Captain General of the Spanish Navy.

Early career
He was born in Seville in 1767, and was the nephew of Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán. Cayetano Valdés joined the Naval Academy in Cadiz as a guardiamarina (midshipman) in 1781. After finishing his studies he sailed with the fleet of Luis de Córdova and in 1782 saw action in the naval battle with the English fleet under Admiral Richard Howe, during the Great Siege of Gibraltar. In 1783 Valdés took part in a Spanish operation against Algiers in an effort to crush the rampant piracy and white slavery sponsored by the Dey.

Malaspina and Galiano expeditions
In 1789 Valdés achieved a position as a lieutenant (teniente de navío) on the scientific expedition of Alejandro Malaspina. In 1791 Malaspina gave him command of the "goleta" Mexicana and orders to explore the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Strait of Georgia in an expedition under the command of another of Malaspina's officers, Dionisio Alcalá Galiano The term "goleta" is Spanish for a schooner-like ship but not necessary rigged as a schooner. The Mexicana began rigged as a topsail schooner but was changed during the voyage to a brig. During the summer of 1792 Valdés and Galiano circumnavigated Vancouver Island, meeting George Vancouver along the way. After working together for a time the two expeditions split up and arrived at Nootka Sound separately. Because Valdés and Galiano had begun their voyage around the island from Nootka Sound while Vancouver had begun at the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Spaniards became the first Europeans to fully circumnavigate the island.

Napoleonic Wars
In 1797 Valdés was in command of the ship of the line Pelayo at the Battle of Cape St Vincent when the British fleet of Sir John Jervis with Horatio Nelson defeated the Spanish. For valor during battle Valdés was promoted to captain (capitán de navío) and gained a reputation as a strong fighter.

By the terms of the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso the Pelayo was given to Napoleonic France and Valdés was given command of the Neptuno, then stationed at Brest, France. In 1801 he conveyed the commander of Spanish forces in Hispaniola on a joint Franco-Spanish operation against the rebellious slaves in Haiti during the Haitian Revolution. After stopping in Havana he returned to Cadiz in 1802, where he was appointed brigadier de la Real Armada.

In 1805, Valdés and the Neptuno were based in Cadiz as commodore of a squadron of ships, and so they were called on to fight when the French fleet attempted to make the open sea during the Trafalgar Campaign. On the 21 October the combined fleet was chased down and attacked in the Battle of Trafalgar. Valdés fought hard, his ship was leading the combined fleet and turned back into the melee behind him. Unfortunately the French ships accompanying the Neptuno under Admiral Dumanior did not turn back and so the isolated Neptuno was surrounded and suffered great damage. Valdés himself was seriously wounded and eventually lost consciousness. The disabled Neptuno was eventually forced to surrender.

Although his ship was wrecked in the storm which followed the battle, Valdés and many of his shipmates survived, and thus he was in England when the Peninsular War broke out in Spain in 1808. Immediately released and returning home, Valdés enlisted in the land army and participated in a battle at Espinosa de los Monteros on the staff of General Blake but mainly contented himself with administration and involvement in the Cortes of Cádiz. For this service during the war he was appointed the Captain General in charge of Cadiz, but on the return of Ferdinand VII of Spain, he was stripped of his titles and was lucky to escape death during the repression which followed the restitution of an absolute monarchy.

Later life
In the uprising of 1820 he was again heavily involved on the liberal side, and defended the Liberal Government although without much success, proving more adept as the short-lived government's minister for war. Under a sentence of death, he fled to Gibraltar and then to England, where he lived for ten years. In 1833 Isabella II of Spain recalled Valdés and named him Captain General of Cadiz and later of the Spanish Navy.

Vayetano Valdés died on June 6, 1835, in San Fernando, Cadiz.

Legacy
Valdes Island, an island on the Strait of Georgia, is named for Cayetano Valdés, as is Cayetano Point on that island's southwestern end. Other features on Valdes Island that relate to the 1792 voyage include Mexicana Hill, named for Valdés's ship the Mexicana, Dibuxante Point, named for the artist José Cardero who sailed on board the Mexicana, and Vernaci Point, for Juan Vernacci y Retamal, one of Valdés's officers.

References

External links
A portrait of Cayetano Valdés, by Arturo Pérez-Reverte

1767 births
1835 deaths
Military personnel from Seville
Captain generals of the Navy
Spanish generals
Spanish admirals
Spanish history in the Pacific Northwest
Spanish explorers of the Pacific
Spanish explorers of North America
18th-century explorers
18th-century Spanish people
19th-century Spanish people
Explorers of British Columbia
Spanish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars

Cayetano Valdés y Flores


Brentwood is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 10,082 at the 2020 census. It is a residential suburb of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.

History
Brentwood, located approximately  from downtown Pittsburgh and is 101 years old, was once an integral part of Baldwin Township, which included the villages of Brentwood, Point View, and Whitehall.

In 1914, a group of citizens in the village of Brentwood took a set of grievances to the Baldwin Township Board of Commissioners, regarding the lack of sidewalks, sewers, fire protection, police, and a school house. Upon further disregard of these necessities from the township, a group of men from the village held a meeting on January 27, 1915, to discuss secession. After considerable discussion, the boundary lines of Brentwood were finalized by the Board of Trade. Building a sidewalk along Brownsville Road was the first official action taken by the Board of Trade. On November 6, 1915, the Quarter Sessions Court of Allegheny County decreed that Brentwood was officially seceded from Baldwin Township. The proceedings to incorporate were filed on May 15, 1916, creating the Borough of Brentwood.

On December 4, 1915, special elections were held to elect a burgess, auditors, justices of the peace, high constable, tax collector, assessor, and councilmen. Brentwood's first burgess was Bernard Kestner, sworn in on December 9, 1915. He served Brentwood for sixteen years. The board met monthly and continued to discuss necessary steps for the structure of the borough.

On Labor Day, 1928, the borough celebrated the official opening of the park, pool, and paving of Brownsville Road.

A former councilman of Brentwood, Bob Cranmer, served as an Allegheny County commissioner, 1996–2000. He was involved with a number of historic government initiatives and large civic development projects, being both local and regional in scope.

A Hall of Fame NFL linebacker, Joe Schmidt played for Brentwood High School.

Geography and climate
Brentwood is located at  (40.374469, -79.976179).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all  land.

The borough is in the Allegheny Plateau region of the United States, and is situated  south of the confluence of the Allegheny River and the Monongahela River to form the Ohio River.

Due to its position between the Great Lakes and the windward side of the Allegheny Mountains, Brentwood, along with the rest of the region, receives plentiful precipitation which supports lush vegetation. Also, because it is on the windward side of the mountains, it is often cloudy, having 203 cloudy days per year.  The winter is particularly cloudy, with only 28 percent sunshine in December and 23 cloudy days.<ref>Average Percent Possible Sunshine . Department of Meteorology, 'University of Utah. 1993. Last accessed January 11, 2007.</ref>  In the winter, when a northwest flow establishes itself over the Great Lakes, the wind blows from Lake Erie across eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania. That wind carries moist air from the lake, producing clouds and heavy snow squalls.

Surrounding communities
Brentwood has three borders, including Baldwin to the east and northeast, Whitehall to the south and west, and the Pittsburgh neighborhood of Carrick to the northwest.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 10,466 people, 4,658 households, 2,762 families, residing in the borough. The population density was . There were 4,895 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the borough was 97.95% White, 0.54% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.69% of the population.

There were 4,658 households, out of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.7% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.6 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $37,013, and the median income for a family was $48,552. Males had a median income of $36,097 versus $29,526 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $20,024. About 4.8% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.0% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Brentwood has a neighborhood main street (Brownsville Road) with businesses that stretch from the southern border of the Pittsburgh area to the northern border of Whitehall Borough. More recently, Brentwood Towne Square was built along Brownsville Road and Route 51. Many shops, restaurants, and offices are in the square.

Arts and culture
Brownsville Road follows the route of a pre-Columbian era Native American Indian trail and footpaths connecting Redstone Old Fort with the "forks of the Ohio", a distance of . It later became the road connecting Pittsburgh with Brownsville, Pennsylvania, and from there via Nemacolin's Path to Virginia and points further east. It was a major route for travel by stagecoach and Conestoga wagon.  The road was significant during the Whiskey Rebellion, particularly its southern half.  It has had several names over its history, including the Red Stone Road and the Brownsville Plank Road, or Southern Avenue.

The Point View Hotel dates back to 1832. General Andrew Jackson spent a night there before he entered Pittsburgh while campaigning for the presidency. General Zachary Taylor stopped for a night as well. President James Buchanan and Senator Thaddeus Stevens stayed on two occasions. Not only did the hotel have many guests who were quite important people, but the basement of the hotel was a stop on the Underground Railroad during the 1850s. The hotel was then turned into a restaurant and bar until the property was sold and demolished in November 2006, as it was never officially recognized as a historic landmark.  A medical office building has been built on this site.

The John F. Slater Funeral Home, formerly the White Hall Tavern, was another important place in Brentwood's history. In the earlier days of Brentwood's time, many city dwellers rode stagecoaches on Brownsville Road, because this was the only major roadway connecting the cities of Pittsburgh and Brownsville. The White Hall Tavern was just a short walk to the race track which was once on the site of the South Hills Country Club, which is why many people from the city stopped here for relaxation.

The Windsor Hotel was opened in 1882. Although there was a fire sixteen years later, it was rebuilt and remained a popular place for vacationers.

The Davis Farm House was another historical place in Brentwood's history, although it was gained by the borough in 1968. The house and grounds became a senior citizens' recreation center. Much debate was encountered when it was considered being torn down to build a new firehouse and recreation room. Although the house had been considered a historical site by much of the town, it was eventually torn down, and the new fire house was built in place of the senior citizens' center.

The Cowan Farm House at 4111 Brownsville Road, is an example of the early architecture of Brentwood. The estate and farm comprised the property is located at 4111 Brownsville Road and much of the surrounding area. The early Cowan family was a major landowner in Brentwood.

 Brentwood Arboretum
The arboretum was founded in 1997 by members of the community.  It is located on the grounds of the Brentwood School District, the Brentwood Library, and the Brentwood Park, and the land is owned by each respective body.  The collection of trees comprises extant and new specimens planted by the community, library, and school district.  Community members hope to extend the collection during the renovations at the park.

The collection includes:
Ginkgo (Ginkgo Biloba):  Three specimen trees directly in front of the middle-high school
Japanese Larch (Larix kaempferi): Two specimens at the northern entrance to the middle-high school adjacent to the library
Goldenrain Tree (Koelreuteria paniculata):  Four specimens in front of the middle-high school
Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera):  Two specimen trees along Brownsville Road adjacent to the middle-high school
American Elm "Princeton" (Ulmus americana):  Eleven specimens along Brownsville and Pointview roads
Little Leaf Linden (Tilia cordata):  Three specimens in front of the building facing Brownsville Road, including one planted in 1939
Red Maple (Acer rubrum):  Seven specimens in a line behind the old gymnasium
Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides):  Three specimens between the library and its new wing
Mulberry  ( Morus )  One specimen to the right of the front auditorium doors of the high school
Norway Maple  (Acer platanoides )  One specimen at the corner of Park Drive and Brownsville Road in front of the library
Redbud (Cercis):  One specimen in front of the middle-high school
Spruce (Picea)  Five specimens at the north side of the "old gym" of the high school and park
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra):  One specimen at Brownsville Road in front of the library
Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum):  Two specimens along Park Drive in front of the library
American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis):  Two specimens along Brownsville Road in front of the library

Library
Brentwood's public library is located at the center of the borough on Brownsville Road,  at the entrance of Brentwood Park. A person can borrow books, movies, puppets, puzzles, magazines, and CDs. There is a children's area, and there are many computers for public access to the internet. The library hosts many children's events throughout the year including story times and visitations by authors. For adults the library hosts educational classes, informational meetings and book clubs.

The library was founded in 1947 as a project of the Moore School P.T.A. Originally the library was in the basement of the Moore School. The library then moved to the Brentwood Borough building in the area currently occupied by the Brentwood EMS. On July 4, 1990, the library moved to the existing facility which was newly built with a main reading room, meeting rooms, and community room.

Parks and recreation
The Brentwood High School Spartans play football, soccer, baseball, and softball, in the local park. Brentwood Borough opened the park and pool on July 4, 1928, but it was not until 1948 that the football stadium, track, four baseball fields, tennis courts, and basketball courts were built.

In 2013, the Brentwood Park underwent roughly $8 million (~$ in ) in comprehensive improvements. The project was spearheaded by the Brentwood Park Initiative, the independent committee helping to raise funds and community awareness. The renovations included new turf to replace the grass field at Brentwood Stadium; a quarter-mile rubber track; an in-line dek hockey rink; new basketball and tennis courts; and energy-efficient lighting.

Government and politics

Education
Brentwood is served by the Brentwood Borough School District.

The Court of Common Pleas appointed Brentwood's first school board who took charge of school business in July 1916, and the first group of teachers were hired that same year in September. Brentwood's first school was Moore Elementary School, then only a four-room school house, which is still in use by children and teachers. Because Moore School was not sufficient in size for all the students in the borough, Elroy School was built about three-quarters of a mile away toward Pittsburgh, and renovations were completed in 1925 to both schools.

The first Brentwood High School opened in the basement of Elroy School in September 1925 and only taught through ninth grade. The high school was newly built in 1932 adjacent to the current Brentwood Park; an addition was constructed in 1939 because of the increase in population, and once again in 1959. This renovation included more rooms and a new gymnasium.

In the late 1960s, Pennsylvania experienced a consolidation of school districts. Some wanted the Brentwood school district to be folded into the Baldwin-Whitehall district. However, this consolidation was never realized, and in 1972 a new four-story building containing classrooms and an indoor pool was constructed.

In the early 1990s the consensus on the school board was to close Moore and Elroy schools and consolidate them into an expanded K-12th grade facility at the existing high school. An intense community debate on whether to close Moore and Elroy schools ensued with the supporters of preserving and rehabilitating Moore and Elroy prevailing. In 1997, the board of directors fully modernized and remodeled Elroy School and Moore School received two new additional classrooms. The district also built a new academic wing to the front of the 1939 building, and a second gymnasium was placed on the demolished third and fourth floors of the 1972 addition.

St. Sylvester School was established in September 1948 as a large church, lunch room, and a small four-classroom Catholic elementary school.  St. Sylvester served as Brentwood's parochial elementary school, teaching children from preschool to 8th grade.  The Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh closed the school in 2019.

Public safety
The fire department was organized on December 8, 1915. In 1916, the police department, which was formed only of two men, was developed. In 1977, the EMS was founded.

References

Bibliography
Brentwood 1990 Fourth of July Committee. The Borough of Brentwood. 1990. History of Brentwood Allegheny County, Pennsylvania''. Brentwood: Borough of Brentwood.

External links

Brentwood Borough official website
Brentwood Borough School District
Brentwood High School Marching Band

Populated places established in 1916
Pittsburgh metropolitan area
Boroughs in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
1916 establishments in Pennsylvania
Populated places on the Underground Railroad

Brentwood, Pennsylvania


The Garrett TFE731 (now  Honeywell TFE731) is a family of geared turbofan engines commonly used on business jet aircraft. Garrett AiResearch originally designed and built the engine, which due to mergers was later produced by AlliedSignal and now Honeywell Aerospace.

Since the engine was introduced in 1972, over 11,000 engines have been built, flying over 100 million flight-hours.

Development

The TFE731 was based on the core of the TSCP700, which was specifically developed for use as the auxiliary power unit (APU) on the McDonnell Douglas DC-10. The design featured two important factors: low fuel consumption, and low noise profiles that met the newly established U.S. noise abatement regulations.

The first test run of the TFE731 occurred in 1970 at Garrett's plant in Torrance, California.  The first production model, the TFE731-2, began rolling off the assembly line in August, 1972, and was used on the Learjet 35/36 and Dassault Falcon 10, both of which entered production in 1973.

The TFE731-3 was developed for use in the Lockheed JetStar re-engining program, and subsequent versions of it have been used on a number of aircraft, including the Learjet 55.

In 1975, the TFE731 was named Aviation Product of the Year by Ziff-Davis Publishing Company.

The -5 model was certified in 1982, and a decade later, an engine utilizing the TFE731-5 power section and a TFE731-3 fan was built and designated the TFE731-4, intended to power the Cessna Citation VII aircraft.

The most recent version is the TFE731-50, based on the -60 used on the Falcon 900DX, which underwent its flight test program in 2005. Honeywell has developed this engine complete with nacelle as a candidate to retrofit a number of aircraft equipped with older engines.

Design

The TFE731-60 has an inlet diameter of 0.787 m.  The fan consists of 22 fan blades, 52 exit-guide vanes, and ten struts, and is driven by a gearbox. The five-stage compressor has four axial (LP) stages and one radial or centrifugal (HP) stage.

Variants
TFE731-2
TFE731-3
TFE731-4
TFE731-5
TFE731-20
TFE731-40
TFE731-50
TFE731-60
TFE731-1100

Applications
Jet trainers

Business jets

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

External links

 Honeywell TFE731 official website

Centrifugal-flow turbojet engines
Geared turbofan engines
Honeywell
Medium-bypass turbofan engines
Mixed-compressor gas turbines
1970s turbofan engines

Garrett TFE731


The Picture of Dorian Gray is the only published book written by Oscar Wilde. It was first published in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine on June 20, 1890. Later, Wilde was asked to edit this version, and it was published again in April 1891. The story is often incorrectly called The Portrait of Dorian Gray.

Plot
The Picture of Dorian Gray tells about a young man named Dorian Gray who has a portrait painted of himself. The artist, Basil Hallward, thinks Dorian Gray is very beautiful, and becomes obsessed with Dorian. One day in Basil's garden, Dorian Gray meets a man named Lord Henry Wotton. Lord Henry Wotton makes Dorian Gray believe that the only thing important in life is beauty. However, Dorian realizes that he will become less beautiful as he grows older. He wishes the portrait Basil painted would become old in his place. Dorian then sells his soul so he can be beautiful forever, but not on purpose.

Dorian's wish comes true. However, every time Dorian does something evil, mean, or selfish, his picture ages. For 18 years, Dorian does not age. He does many bad things, while his portrait becomes more aged with each bad deed. Later on, Dorian decides to stop doing bad things in the hopes that this will make his portrait become beautiful again, but it only makes it worse. Dorian thinks that only a full confession will make the portrait beautiful again. However, he does not feel guilty for anything he has done. So Dorian picks up a knife and destroys the portrait.

When his servants hear a scream from the room Dorian is in, they call the police. The police find Dorian's body on the floor with a stab wound in his heart. His body has become very aged. However, the portrait has returned to the way it was when it was first painted.

References

1890 books
Horror novels
Irish novels

The Picture of Dorian Gray


Marguerite de Bourbon, Lady of Albret (1344 – 1416) was a daughter of Peter I, Duke of Bourbon, and his wife Isabella of France, who was a daughter of Charles of France. Margaret was a member of the House of Bourbon.

Margaret married Arnaud Amanieu, Lord of Albret, on 30 June 1368; the marriage was the outcome of a secret treaty between Charles V of France and Arnaud Amanieu. The couple had one son, Charles d'Albret, who became Count of Dreux and Constable of France. He was killed at the Battle of Agincourt.

Ancestry

References

Sources

1344 births
1416 deaths
Margaret
Margaret
14th-century French women
14th-century French people
15th-century French women
15th-century French people

Margaret of Bourbon, Lady of Albret


In zoology, a nymph is the young stage of some kinds of invertebrates, especially insects.

Insects grow by metamorphosis. In incomplete metamorphosis, an insect egg hatches, and a small nymph comes out. The nymph usually looks just like the adult insect but is much smaller. Nymphs do not become pupae before becoming adults. They just grow larger. They moult through various stages called instars.

Some insects have nymphs that are aquatic, which means they live in water. These nymphs look very different from the adults. Dragonflies have nymphs that live in water, such as in lakes and rivers. Nymphs that live in water are sometimes called naiads.

The other way insects grow is by complete metamorphosis. This way has no nymphs. The adult form is prepared in the pupa, and comes out perfect.

Some insects that are nymphs when they are young are grasshoppers, cockroaches, true bugs and dragonflies.

Insects
Developmental biology

Nymph (biology)


A broom is a cleaning tool. It consists of stiff fibres attached to, and roughly parallel to, a cylindrical handle, the broomstick.  In the context of witchcraft, "broomstick" is likely to refer to the broom as a whole. A smaller whisk broom or brush is sometimes called a duster.

History of broom design

Brooms have changed very much in their construction, since they developed from ad-hoc use of branches and bundles of several natural fibres. Originally, all brooms were round, a shape that is easy to construct but inefficient for actually sweeping. Brooms could be attached to a handle, either short for a whisk broom, or long for a broom used to sweep the floor or fireplace. The word for the tool was originally besom, broom simply being the material of which it was normally made. The fibres used in modern brooms are from broom corn. They are long, straight, durable, and bound together  in the plant. The newest major change is the flat broom, invented by the Shakers in the 1800s, which has far more width for pushing dirt and nearly all brooms produced today are flat brooms.

Brooms and witchcraft

Brooms have long been connected with witchcraft, almost universally portrayed as medieval-style round brooms and associated with female witches. Despite the association with women, in 1453, the first known case of claiming to have flown on a broomstick is recorded, confessed by the male witch Guillaume Edelin.

In Literature and Poetry

In the Bible, Luke 15:8 "The Parable of the Lost Coin", the broom is used as a symbol for women's work.  "Or suppose a woman has ten silver coins and loses one.  Does she not light a lamp, sweep the house and search carefully until she finds it?"

In many works of fiction, broomsticks are pictured as a means of air transport for witches. A broom is usually flown with the brush behind the rider.

The Harry Potter book series is distinctive in portraying magical flying brooms as used equally by both sexes, and especially prominently by Quidditch players as analogues of polo ponies.

Many toys and costume accessories have been made in the form of brooms.

Related pages
Mop

References

 Dundes, A. (1996) "Jumping the Broom": On the origin and meaning of an African American Wedding Custom.  The Journal of American Folklore. 109 (433) p. 324-329.  Retrieved from JSTOR
 Gabriel Dumont Institute. (2001). Broom Dance, Metisfest 2001. Retrieved on  May 18, 2007 from http://www.metismuseum.ca The Virtual Museum of Metis History and Culture. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research.

Other websites

A history of brooms's use in witchcraft
Unclean Sweep

Cleaning tools

Broom


Esa-Pekka Salonen (born 30 June 1958) is a Finnish conductor and composer. He is conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Philharmonia Orchestra in London. He and his family live in Los Angeles, California.

Life
Salonen was born in Helsinki, Finland. He studied at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki, learning the French horn, composition and conducting. Later he studied composition with several composers including Einojuhani Rautavaara.

He started conducting in 1979 with the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, mainly in order to conduct his own compositions. In 1983 he was asked at short notice to conduct the Philharmonia Orchestra when Michael Tilson-Thomas was ill. This concert made him well known as a conductor.

Salonen was principal conductor of the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1984 to 1995.

He first conducted in the United States in 1984 with the Los Angeles Philharmonic. In 1989 he became Principal Guest Conductor of the orchestra and soon became music director. He has had this title ever since.

In 1992 he took the orchestra to the Salzburg Festival where they gave concert performances and well as playing in the opera house for the opera Saint-François d'Assise by Olivier Messiaen. They toured throughout the United States, Europe, and Asia, and performed at the Lucerne Festival in Switzerland, the BBC Proms in London, in Cologne for a festival of Salonen's own compositions, and in 1996 at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris for a Stravinsky festival conducted by Salonen and Pierre Boulez. The orchestra sounded very good in the Paris concert hall, and it made people realize that they needed a better concert hall in Los Angeles. Soon the Walt Disney Concert Hall was built there.

In 2008 Salonen became the main conductor of the Philharmonia Orchestra. He will leave his job with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 2009. He wants to have more time to compose.

Salonen married Jane Price who used to play with the Philharmonia Orchestra. They have three children.

Other websites
 Esa-Pekka Salonen - Official Website

1958 births
21st-century composers
Finnish composers
Conductors
Living people
Musicians from Helsinki

Esa-Pekka Salonen


Eastern Christianity means the Christian traditions and churches which developed in Greece, the Balkans, Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Middle East, East Africa and southern India over several centuries of religious antiquity. That are especially five families of churches: the Assyrian Church of the East, the Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Eastern Catholic Churches, and Eastern Protestant Christianity.

On the other hand, there are the Western traditions of Christianity which mainly represented by the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, and most non-Eastern Protestant denominations.

Other websites
 Eastern Christian Churches
 Eastern Catholics  Information concerning Christians of Eastern rites who are in communion with, and under the jurisdiction of, the Pope, the Bishop of Rome.
 A site advocating unity between Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Christians.
 Eastern Christian Bible Resources - contains Lamsa Bible and more

Eastern Christianity


Colour is a property of light. In American English, the name is "color" without the "u." In Commonwealth English, it is "colour" with the "u."

The following are the most common colour names:
 Red
 Orange
 Yellow
 Green
 Cyan
 Blue
 Magenta
 Purple
 White
 Black
 Grey
 Silver
 Pink
 Maroon
 Brown
 Beige
 Tan
 Peach
 Lime
 Olive
 Turquoise
 Teal
 Navy blue
 Indigo
 Violet

Primary colours can be mixed to make other colours. Red, yellow, and blue are the three traditional primary colours. The primary colours for television screens and computer monitors are red, green and blue. Printers and paints use magenta, yellow, and cyan as their primary colours; they may also use black. Sometimes this set of colours is simply called red, yellow, and blue.

People who can not see colours or have a distorted sense of colour are called colour-blind. Most colour-blind people are male.

Colours are sometimes added to food. Food colouring is used to colour food, but some foods have natural colourings, like beta carotene.

When something has no colour, it is called transparent. An example is air.

The science of colour is sometimes called chromatics, colourimetry, or simply colour science.

A translucent material is not the same as a colourless material because it can still have a colour, like stained glass.

Related pages

 List of colors

 Red
 Orange
 Yellow
 Green
 Blue
 Purple
 Pink
 Brown
 Black
 Gray
 White

References

Basic English 850 words
Color
Vision

Colour


Sichuan pepper (or Szechuan pepper) is plant fruit which is used as a spice. The outer pods of some species in the genus Zanthoxylum are used to make the spice. Many people in Asia grow them for the spice. Although the plants are called peppers, they are not related to either black pepper or Chili pepper.

Sichuan pepper is widely used in food from Sichuan, China, from which it takes its name, as well as Tibetan, Bhutani, and Japanese food cultures, among others.

Uses in food

Sichuan pepper has a unique aroma and taste. This taste is quite different from that of black or white pepper or chile pepper. It tastes a little like lemon. It also creates a special feeling in the mouth, a kind of numbness.

Recipes say that sichuan pepper should be slightly toasted, then crushed, before it is added to food. Only the hull (outer shells) are used in cooking; the seeds are ignored or thrown away. In general, Sichuan pepper is added at the last moment. Star anise and ginger are often used with it.

Sichuan pepper figures prominently in spicy Sichuan food. It goes with fish, duck, and chicken dishes, as well as with fried eggplant. It has an alkaline pH and a numbing effect on the lips when eaten in larger doses.  Ma la (; literally "numb and hot"), a flavour common in Sichuan cooking, is a combination of Sichuan pepper and chili pepper.

It is also available as an oil (marketed as either "Sichuan pepper oil" or "Hwajiaw oil").  In this form it is best used in stir fry noodle dishes without hot spices.  The preferred recipe includes ginger oil and brown sugar to be cooked with a base of noodles and vegetables, with rice vinegar and Sichuan pepper oil to be added after cooking.

Hua jiao yan is a mixture of salt and Sichuan pepper, roasted and browned in a wok and served as a condiment to accompany chicken, duck and pork dishes.  The peppercorns can also be lightly fried in order to make a spicy oil with various uses.

Sichuan pepper is one of the few spices which are important for Tibetan and Bhutanese cookery of the Himalayas. This is because few spices can be grown there. One Himalayan specialty is the momo, a dumpling stuffed with vegetables, cottage cheese or minced yak meat, beef or pork and flavoured with Sichuan pepper, garlic, ginger and onion. The noodles are steamed and served dry, together with a fiery sauce.  Tibetans believe it can sanitize meat that may not be so fresh. In reality it may only serve to mask foul flavors.

In Japan the dried and powdered leaves of Zanthoxylum sancho are used to make noodle dishes and soups mildly hot and fragrant. The whole leaves, kinome, are used to flavour vegetables, especially bamboo shoots, and to decorate soups. The buds, seeds, flowers, and hulls are also used.

In Korean food, two species are used: Z. piperitum and Z. schinifolium.

Import ban now lifted
From 1968 to 2005, the United States Food and Drug Administration banned the importation of Sichuan peppercorns because they were found to be capable of carrying citrus canker (as the tree is in the same family, Rutaceae, as the genus Citrus). This bacterial disease, which is very difficult to control, could potentially harm the foliage and fruit of citrus crops in the U.S. It was never an issue of harm in human consumption. The import ban was only loosely enforced until 2002. In 2005, the USDA and FDA lifted the ban, provided the peppercorns are heated to around 70 degrees Celsius (160 degrees Fahrenheit) to kill the canker bacteria before importation.

References

Other websites
Gernot Katzer's spice pages (full of information)
 Recipes
 Sichuan Bang Bang Chicken
 Sichuan Crispy Beef (Dry-fried Beef, Gan Bian Niu Rou Si)
 Chengdu Chicken Stir-fry
 How to Make Five-spice Powder

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Rutaceae
Spices

Sichuan pepper


Retalix Ltd. is a former Israeli software company that developed, licensed, implemented and supported software applications for retailers, wholesalers and distributors of fast-moving consumer goods, mainly in the grocery, convenience store, and foodservice industries.

Retalix software includes point of sale, retail operations, customer loyalty, supply chain management (SCM), warehouse management (WMS), and transportation management (TMS). In 2011, Retalix was ranked among the top four software vendors for grocery retailers and among the top ten large software vendors to retailers.

Retalix was established in 1982 by Barry Shaked and Brian Cooper as Point of Sale Ltd.

Retalix was headquartered in Ra'anana, Israel,  Retalix's North American headquarters was located in Plano, Texas. Retalix also operated offices in the UK, France, Italy, Australia, and Japan. In February 2013, Retalix was acquired by NCR Corporation.

Company history

Since its inception until the mid-1990s, the company focused on the development and sale of store-level software solutions to grocery retailers. During the late 1990s, the company widened its offerings to cover also solutions for the fuel and convenience retail market, as well as solutions covering the management of retail operations at the chain level.  In 2000, the company changed its name from "Point Of Sale Ltd" to "Retalix Ltd", to reflect the expansion of its solutions offering beyond the store level.

On March 27, 2006, Retalix Ltd. restated its second- and third-quarter results on accounting issues, reducing revenue and earnings in both periods.

Retalix's growth strategy has been to expand its enterprise and supply chain management applications while maintaining close integration with its widely installed, in-store solutions. It has grown both organically and through acquisition. In 2004 Retalix acquired OMI International, a warehouse management system (WMS) and supply chain management (SCM) vendor that was also focused on the retail food sector. The company continued with its growth strategy in 2005 through the acquisition of IDS, which expanded its offerings to include enterprise software for wholesale distributors. Also in 2005, Retalix acquired TCI Solutions, a software provider for grocery retailers in the area of store and headquarters management and operations. In recent years, Retalix introduced new solutions complementing current retail industry focuses, such as customer loyalty and optimization of ordering.

Between 1994 and 2013, Retalix was a public company. The company's ordinary shares traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol RTLX. The company's shares also traded in the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE). Retalix was listed on the Tel-Tech 15 Index, the TASE's leading technology index, as well as on the TA-100 Index, consisting of the TASE's top 100 stocks by market capitalization. In November 2012, it was announced that NCR Corporation had agreed to acquire Retalix for , or $30 per share. The acquisition was completed in February 2013, subsequent to which Retalix was delisted from both the Nasdaq and the TASE.

Customers
Retalix software is used by grocery and convenience store retailers, petrol stations and quick-service restaurants as well as by foodservice, convenience and grocery wholesale distributors.  Among the company's customers are eight of the top 25 worldwide food retailers.

Retalix software has been installed at approximately 70,000 sites in 51 countries. Retalix customers include as  Tesco, Carrefour, Delhaize, Intermarche, Morrisons, Sainsbury's, Jumbo and Argos in Europe;  Target Canada;  Woolworths, Coles and Metcash in Australia; Food Lion, Hannaford Bros., Hy-Vee, Costco, K-VA-T Food City, Big Y, Save-A-Lot, and Save Mart in the United States; large convenience store and fuel retailers, such as BP in Australia, the UK, and North America; the Reitan group in Scandinavia, PetroChina and Reliance in Asia; Casey's, Husky, Irving, Love's, Pilot Travel Centers, and The Pantry in North America; and large health and beauty retailers such as Walgreens in the United States and A.S. Watson Group in Europe and Asia.

References

External links

Point of sale companies
Supply chain software companies
Software companies of Israel
Companies established in 1982
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Israeli brands
1982 establishments in Israel
Mergers and acquisitions of Israeli companies

Retalix


Game Oriented Assembly Lisp (or GOAL) is a video game programming language developed by Andy Gavin and Naughty Dog. It was written using Allegro Common Lisp and used in the development of Jak and Daxter series of games.

GOAL's first use was for the Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy game. Earlier, the Game Oriented Object Lisp (GOOL) was also developed by Andy Gavin for Crash Bandicoot game.

Programming languages
Video game technology

Game Oriented Assembly Lisp


Parchís was a children's music group from Spain which enjoyed great success in the Spanish-speaking world in the 1980s. Their significance in Hispanic popular culture comes from being perceived as an archetype of this type of band at the time. Parchís' original five members were Constantino Fernández Fernández (the red pawn), Yolanda Ventura Román (the yellow pawn), Oscar Ferrer Cañadas (the blue pawn), Gemma Prat Termens (the green pawn), and David Muñoz Forcada (the rolling die, which is singular for dice). After several line-up changes, the group disbanded in 1985 with various members continuing successful careers in the world of entertainment.

The group's name is a reference to the board game parchís (an adaptation of pachisi), where each player represents a different colored pawn (red, yellow, blue, and green). In the same way, each member of the group dressed in one of these four colors with the fifth member representing the dice.

History

Parchís was created in 1979, after executives from the Belter Records company placed a newspaper ad in Barcelona, asking children to attend auditions to form a musical group. At first, Belter Records intended to employ the group members during summers only; the company's executives figured out that would be the best season of the year for Parchís albums and concerts to sell.

Parchís was neither a boy or girl band. Eventually, the band expanded to have six members at the same time. Gemma Prat Termens, David Muñoz Forcada, Oscar Ferrer Cañadas, Constantino Fernández Fernández (better known as Tino), and Yolanda Ventura (daughter of the well-known trumpet player, Rudy Ventura) were the first five kids to be chosen as members of Parchís.

Tino was the heartthrob of the group; Gemma was the shy one; Yolanda was every boy's crush; Frank, who joined in 1981 after Oscar left, was the extroverted redhead; and David, a blonde-haired boy, was the best dancer and the life of the party.

Parchís' first single, "En La Armada", was a Spanish version of the Village People's disco hit, "In the Navy". "En La Armada" became a major hit in Spain, giving way for a number of important music composers to start working with Parchís. "En La Armada" was followed by what was arguably the group's biggest hit, "Durante la Espera de Parchís" ("During Parchís' Wait"). This song became a number one hit in Mexico. Later on, the group also became successful in Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador and other American countries.

Personal problems forced Oscar Ferrer Caňadas out of the band in 1981. He was substituted by Francisco Díaz Terez, known by fans simply as "Frank". Brothers Miguel Ángel Gómez Cambronero (born in Germany) and Jesús Gómez Cambronero joined the band after Tino and David left the group in 1983.

Losing Tino proved lethal to the group, however. With Menudo reaching unprecedented (for a Hispanic children's music group) success levels in Latin America as well as in Spain, and other Latin American groups like Los Chamos and Los Chicos also providing Parchís with the competition, and with Ferrer Cañadas' considerable number of fans going, Parchís began to wane.

In Spain, however, the group remained popular enough to release a 1983 movie, Parchís Entra en Acción (translated as Parchís Gets Into Action in English), alongside Alberto Fernández de Rosa.

In 1985, Parchís broke up. The group had recorded a number of albums that were successful in Spain and Latin America. More than a decade later, the group would reunite for one television show engagement.

On February 10, 2008, Parchís made an appearance on the Mexican television show "Muévete". It was the first time in 25 years that they were all together on the same stage. They were introduced and sang the song "Parchís" with everyone in attendance. Tino spoke of a comeback and wanting to sing again. They were interviewed for about one hour and spoke about their romances and adventures during their tour. They announced plans to tour again and come out with a new album. In the opening sequence, they all stood on a colored circle and the curtains came up, but there was a problem with Gemma's circled curtain that didn't come up in time, but she continued to sing. This was the highest viewed program in Mexico for the year so far.

Members

 Constantino "Tino" Fernández Fernández (born March 25, 1967, in Barcelona, Spain; Member from 1979 to 1983), the red pawn, lead vocalist, and leader of the group. He began a solo career after his time in the group, releasing three albums with little success. He later worked for Artel. During this time, he lost his left arm in a car accident in Murcia. He is currently working as a radio sports commentator in Barcelona and is married with no children.
 Yolanda Ventura (born October 21, 1968, in Barcelona, Spain; Member from 1979 to 1985), the yellow pawn, and daughter of Spanish musician Rudy Ventura. After Parchís, Yolanda began acting in television shows in Spain, before relocating to Mexico where she works exclusively for Televisa. She had a son with her first husband, actor Alejandro Aragon, and is now in a relationship with Odiseo Bichir, another actor.
 Gemma Prat Termens (born October 22, 1968, in Barcelona, Spain; member from 1979 to 1985), the green pawn. She went on to run a kindergarten in Barcelona. She is now working as a clerk and is married with a daughter.
 David Muñoz Forcada (born March 23, 1970, in Barcelona, Spain; member from 1979 to 1984), the white die, and the group's dancer. After Parchís, he went to Scotland to study economics and currently works for an advertisement company. He is married and lives in the United States.
 Óscar Ferrer Cañadas (born November 20, 1971, in Barcelona, Spain; member from 1979 to 1981), the blue pawn, and the first band member to leave. He subsequently graduated with a degree in journalism and political science, and now works as a marketing manager in a communication group. He is married.
 Francisco "Frank" Díaz Terez (born August 6, 1971, in Barcelona, Spain; member from 1981 to 1985), Oscar's replacement as the blue pawn. Frank already had experience as an advertising model before joining the group. He formed a rock band after leaving Parchís, and is now an entrepreneur, with a wife and daughter.
 Jesús "Chus" Gómez Cambronero (born May 14, 1969, in Madrid, Spain; member from 1983 to 1985), the red pawn, and Tino's replacement as the group's leader. After Parchís, he formed a band called Platón (duet) with his brother Michel.
 Miguel "Michel" Ángel Gómez Cambronero (born September 8, 1966, in Hamburg, Germany; member from 1984 to 1985), the white die, David's replacement, and the last new member to join. After Parchís, he and his brother Chus formed the group Platón in 1992.

Discography

Album 1 : "Las Super 25 Canciones de Los Peques" (España - 1979)
 Superman
 Barbapapa Rock
 Fantasmas a Go-Go
 Gloria
 La Plaga
 Demasiado Cielo
 Si Vas a París Papa
 Cantando Aventuras
 Los Cinco
 En La Armada
 Mi Barba
 Hallelujah
 El Plátano
 Ganador
 Me Gustas Mucho
 Si Tuviera Un Martillo
 Mamá Yo Quiero
 Mortadelo y Filemón
 La Canción de... Parchís
 Tarzan
 De Oca, En Oca
 Es Tan Divertido Ayudar a Papá
 Hooray! Hooray!
 La de la Mochila Azul
 Ven a Mi Casa Esta Navidad

Album 2 : "Comando G" (España - 1980)
 Comando G (3)
 Me Vuelvo Loco (3)
 El Video Mató a La Estrella de la Radio (3)
 Vamos a Bailar (3)
 Animales, Animales, Animales
 Ali Baba (3)
 Un Mundo Para Ellos
 Zark -7 (3)
 Una Casita en Canada (3) (8)
 Animales (8)
 Songs from the anime series "Battle of the Planets" (Science Ninja Team Gatchaman) by Tatsunoko Production

Album 3 : "La Batalla de Los Planetas" (España - 1980) (Cassette only)
 La Batalla de Los Planetas (4) (8)
 Me Vuelvo Loco
 Zark-7
 Una Casita en Canadá
 Defensores Del Bien
 Comando G
 El Vídeo Mató a la Estrella de la Radio
 Por El Deporte a la Paz
 Alí Babá

Album 4 : "Twist Del Colegio" (España - 1980)
 Twist Del Colegio (5)
 Viejo Tren
 Ratatata (8)
 Funkytown
 Toc-Toc-Toc
 Tu Nombre (8)
 Don Diablo (8)
 La Caza Del Ratón
 Dime Que Me Quieres
 Érase Una Vez El Hombre (Single - Argentina 1980)
 Cantando y a La Cama (LP "Parchís" -Argentina 1980)

Album 5 : "La Guerra de Los Niños" (España - 1980)
 Querido Professor
 Tema del Flaco (Instrumental)
 Fin de Curso
 Tema del Profesor (Instrumental)
 Comando G (Instrumental)
 Twist del Colegio
 Tema de Supermán (Instrumental)
 Ayúdale
 Tema de Don Atilio (Instrumental)
 Canción de Don Mati (Instrumental)

Album 6 : "Nadales" (España - 1980)
 Fum, Fum, Fum
 El Rabada
 Les Dotze Van Tocant
 El Desembre Congelat
 El Tunc Que Tan Tunc
 La Mare De Deu
 Noi de la Mare El
 Sant Josep I La Mare de Deu
 Cascavells
 Santa Nit
 L'avet
 El Demoni Escort

Album 7 : "Villancicos" (España - 1980)
 Campana Sobre Campana
 Los Peces en el Río
 Navidades Blancas
 Rin, Rin (16)
 Dime, Niño ¿De Quién Eres?
 Arre, Borriquito
 Noche de Paz
 ¡Ay! Del Chiquirritín
 Ande, Ande, Ande
 Jingle Bells
 El Pequeño Tamborilero
 Canta, Ríe y Bebe

Album 8 : "Parchís Contra el Inventor Invisible" (Argentina - 1981)
 La Magia Del Circo (9) (11)
 Hola Amigos  (9) (13)
 Cinco Amigos de Verdad (11)
 Canta y Baila (9) (13) (B-SIDE  "Hola Amigos" (España - 1981)

Album 9 : "Corazon de Plomo" (España - 1981)
 Corazón de Plomo (11)
 Un Rayo de Sol
 Dime Por Qué
 Vamos a Bailar un Twist
 Me Vas a Volver Loco (12)
 El País de la Música (12)
 Rockabilly Rebel
 Pequeño Amor en Buenos Aires (LP "La Super Discoteca" Argentina 1981)
 Veo Veo (Unreleased Song "Generación 2000/Grandes Éxitos Vol. 2/ Mexico 2001)

Album 10 : "Parchís y Sus Amigos" (España - 1981)
 El Espacio
 Cumpleaños Feliz (12) (13)
 Los Picapiedra
 El Baile Del Stop
 Que Barbaridad
 Tintarella Di Luna
 Vamos a Cantar (12)
 El Baile de Los Pajaritos (12)
 Ven a Mi Fiesta (12) (13)
 Verdad o Mentira
 Cuando Me Miras

ALBUM 11 : "La Segunda Guerra de Los Niños" (España - 1981)
 Otro Curso
 Mi Bici
 La Chica Ideal
 ¡Oh, Jesús!
 Querido Walt Disney (13)
 Nana Blanca, Nana Negra

Album 12 : "La Magia de Los Parchís" (Argentina - 1981)
 Parchís y El Mago
 Vamos Por Un Mundo De Colores
 Bocadillo Stop
 Patinbaile
 La Superfiesta
 El Árbol de la Sabiduría (LP "Los Parchís a Disneylandia"/ Argentina 1982)
 Himno de Las Aguilas Del America (SINGLE /México 1982)
 El Mundial (El Mundial 82 /España)

Album 13 : "Cumpleaños Feliz" (España - 1982)
 Márchate Ya  (14)
 Buenos Días Arco Iris (14)
 Hasta La Vista (14)
 Vamos a Río
 Meteorite Rock and Roll(14)

Album 14 : "Las Aventuras de los Parchís" (Argentina 1982)
 Tarzán, Tarzán
 Hasta Luego Cocodrilo (15)
 Pregúntale a Juan
 Pancho López
 Hay Que Vencer Al Miedo
 La Batalla De Los Planetas (Popurri) Unreleased Medley "Todas sus canciones… todos sus éxitos (España 2005)
 Ya Estás Aquí (Maxi – single España 1982)
 Los Muchachos (Niños)

Album 15 : "Las Locuras de Parchís" (España - 1982)
 Arriba, Abajo
 El Ritmo Loco
 No Sé Porque
 Bien, Bien Bravo
 Las Rockeras de Santa Teresita
 Vuelvo de Disney World
 Safari en la Ciudad
 Las Locuras de Parchís
 Señor Búho
 Mi Super Superman
 Mi Guitarra
 Auxilio, Socorro
 Mi Amigo Pancho
 Felicidades (from the film "Las Locuras de Parchís")

Album 16 : "Feliz Navidad" (España - 1982)
 Feliz Navidad (17)
 La Virgen y San José
 Pastores Venid
 Una Pandereta Suena
 La Noragüena
 Catatumba, Tumba, Tumba
 Ya Viene La Vieja
 Madre en la Puerta Hay un Niño
 Carrasclas
 Tan, Tan de los Reyes
 A Belen Pastorcitos
 Zúmbale al Pandero
 El Portal de Belen
 Paquetitos Navideños (LP "15 Nuevos Villancicos " / México - 1982)
 Esto es America (LP "Las Locuras de Parchís " /México - 1983)
 Lucky, El Jinte Solitario (Unreleased Song  "Sus Grandes Exitos" /España – 1985)
 Scooby Doo (Unreleased Song  "Un Globo, Dos Globos, Tres Globos" /España – 2002)

Album 17 : "Super Discolandia" (España- 1983)
 Entra en Acción
 En el Super Mercado
 Vamos a Ganar
 A Entrenar
 A Vencer

Album 18 : "Siempre Parchís" (España - 1983)
 No Pongas el Cassette
 La Puerta Verde
 La Banda Está Loca
 Que Maravilla de Canción
 Tranqui Tranqui
 ¡Oh! Mamá, Papá
 Marionetas en la Cuerda
 Cosas de Críos
 24,000 Besos
 La Dolce Vita
 Yo También Quiero Fama
 Quiero Que LLegue El Domingo
 24,000 Besos (24 Mila Baci) (Version 2) LP "Tranqui, Tranqui" / México 1983)
 Fama (17)
 No Pongas el Cassette (VERSION 2)

Album 19 : "Que Tal Te Va" (España - 1984)
 Que Tal Te Va
 Una Moto Quiero Yo
 Ahora Sí
 La Timidez
 Tartamudeo
 Viva el Cinco
 Tal Para Cual
 No Me Mientas
 La Del Suéter Gris
 Suspenso Total
 Sábado, Sábado (LP "Que Tal Te  Va "/ México -1984)
 Me Estoy Volviendo Loco

Album 20 : "Decídete, Atrévete" (México - 1985)
 No Sé, No Sé
 La Colegiala
 Yo Soy Como Soy
 Lobo Hombre en París
 Dime Cual Fue la razon
 LLamas a Mi Puerta
 Decídete, Atrévete
 Nubes De Colores
 Joven Primer Amor
 Dissidia

See also
List of best-selling Latin music artists

References

Spanish musical groups
Children's music

Parchís (group)


Guild Wars: Eye of the North is an expansion pack to the multiplayer online role-playing game Guild Wars by ArenaNet, a subsidiary of NCSOFT. It was released worldwide on August 31, 2007. Unlike other games in the Guild Wars sequence, Eye of the North requires players to own one of the earlier three campaigns. It features no tutorial content and is intended for characters that have already reached level 10 or higher.

Eye of the North does not feature new professions, but it has 18 new multi-level dungeons, 150 new skills (50 of them restricted to PٰٰVE), 40 new armor sets, and 10 new heroes. In addition, there are new items, weapons, and titles. Eye of the North is in part intended to act as a bridge from Guild Wars to Guild Wars 2 and introduces the new races of the Norn (dwellers on the icy slopes of the Shiver Peak Mountains to the north) and Asura (inhabitants of the southern part of the Maguuma Jungle), both of which would later become playable in the sequel.

Eye of the North continues the Prophecies story, which is told in three acts. In Act, I, a great earthquake tears across the three continents of Tyria, Cantha, and Elona, revealing entrances to a network of tunnels. From there, players enter into the homelands of the Charr (from the Prophecies story) to the north, the Asura to the west, and the Norn at the far end of the Shiver Peaks. The story culminates with a battle against the Great Destroyer, the chief antagonist of the dwarven pantheon.

Gameplay

Dungeons
A large percentage of the Eye of the North story takes place in the "dungeons" that delve deep underground. Each dungeon has one to five levels, and completing some levels requires the players to acquire keys, use switches or levers, defeat bosses, or interact with NPCs. The final level of the dungeon has a boss that must be defeated to clear the dungeon. Defeating the dungeon boss will cause a chest to appear, yielding various loot for each party member.

Dungeons interact with the game's various maps like all underground areas: The Mission Map above ground displays an overhead map of the entire region, with unexplored regions blurred out but still visible. In dungeons, the entire mission map is black until the player explores a region. In addition, the mission map resets to unexplored when the player leaves the explorable zone. Similarly, the world map does not change to reflect which portions of the dungeon have been explored and does not reflect the precise position of the player. Rather, the player is shown roughly in the centre of the region on the map where the dungeon is situated.

Earlier Guild Wars campaigns featured a small number of dungeons, such as Sorrow's Furnace in Guild Wars Prophecies or The Deep and Urgoz's Warren in Guild Wars Factions. They play a more significant part of the gameplay of Eye of the North, with a few alterations being made to accommodate dungeon exploration. Most Eye of the North dungeon levels has an area map located somewhere near the entrance. The area map does not expose the layout of the level but does place indicators on the mission map where key items (keys, bosses, collectors, etc.) are located. Reaching certain areas of the dungeon, particularly the final boss, will place a marker on the overhead map, indicating where that location is.

Dungeon levels also frequently include locked doors which require a specific key to unlock. Unlike most key-like items in earlier Guild Wars dungeons (such as gears in Sorrow's Furnace), these keys are not carried by the player. They simply appear on-screen once the player acquires them, meaning the player is not hampered by the loss of their weapon and off-hand item benefits.

Eye of the North focuses heavily on PvE accomplishments, such as titles. One of the new features is an item that acts similar to a quest log, recording specific feats the player accomplishes in gameplay. Upon defeating the final boss of the dungeon, a new "page" in the quest log is filled in.  Completed log books can later be turned into one of the allied factions in the game (Norn, Asura, Ebon Vanguard, or Dwarves) for an experience and reputation bonus.

Minigames
Eye of the North introduces a number of "minigames" to the Guild Wars world. Each major faction has its own minigame which can be used to earn reputation points for that faction. The full list of these games is as follows:

 Dwarven Boxing  The player character wears a pair of brass knuckles (based on the Assassin profession's Daggers) and enters a round of one-on-one combat with a computer-controlled opponent. The player's normal skill bar is replaced with a collection of boxing skills, some with unique skill animations. When a character's health goes to zero, he or she is knocked down; the player must then repeatedly use a "Stand Up" skill to regain energy and re-enter the battle. If the player is unsuccessful in regaining the full amount of energy, the character is considered to be "KO'd" and loses the match. Each successful match awards the character with Dwarven reputation points.
 Norn Fighting Tournament  The player character enters a tournament sequence of six matches, with the final match being against Magni the Bison (a reference to M. Bison of the Street Fighter series). Victory in the tournament awards Norn reputation points, certain prize items, and championship tokens that are redeemable for trophies such as crowns.
 Polymock  Resembling Pokémon, the player fields a team of up to three "pieces" against his opponent's team. Each piece morphs into a specific creature from the Guild Wars world, with a set skill bar and predetermined weaknesses and resistances. Prior to beating Hoff, the Polymock master and final boss of the Polymock quest line, victories award Asura title track points, a Polymock piece and sometimes an Asura title track spell.  After beating Hoff, victory in Polymock matches merely awards Asura title track points.

Plot summary

Eye of the North is set eight years after an event known as "The Searing" occurs in Guild Wars: Prophecies, where a northern race of cat-like beasts known as the Charr incinerate the Tyrian kingdom of Ascalon. Earthquakes begin to increase in frequency across all the three continents of the game world; Tyria, Cantha and Elona, which correspond to the three Guild Wars stand-alone campaigns; Prophecies, Factions and Nightfall, respectively. Strange creatures have begun to emerge from crevasses created by these earthquakes and the player is tasked to investigate further, starting from either Lion's Arch, port city of Tyria; Kaineng Center, port city of Cantha; or Kamadan, Jewel of Istan, port city of Elona.

Descending into one of these crevasses, the player fights enemies native to the respective campaign before coming across a Dwarf named Ogden Stonehealer and an Asuran named Vekk – a race unknown to most humans. It is not long before the party is ambushed by a group of creatures known as "Destroyers". The party then makes their escape through an Asura Gate (a teleportation device similar in appearance and function to ones seen in Stargate) which brings them into the Far Shiverpeaks. Vekk destroys the gate to ensure the Destroyers have no chance of following them. It is here that they meet a Norn (a race of giants that resemble the Vikings in terms of culture and appearance) named Jora. She tells the player of the existence of humans in the Far Shiverpeaks. Ogden, Vekk and the player eventually make their way north to a huge structure called "The Eye of the North". It is here that they come across Gwen, a character that first appeared in Prophecies as a little girl in Ascalon, prior to the "Searing". She informs the player of her temporary appointment as leader of the "Ebon Vanguard" (a group committed to fighting the Charr) in the absence of an officer named Captain Langmar.

The player enters the Eye of the North and discovers a room called the Hall of Monuments. Upon approaching a scrying pool at the centre of the room, the player triggers a vision which displays Destroyers working their way towards the surface. Shocked by the prospect of the Destroyers being so close to their goal, Ogden, Vekk and Gwen make their own separate pleas to the player in gaining reinforcements. Ogden suggests getting help from the Norn; Vekk suggests that his people, the Asura, are the best choice; whilst Gwen believes that finding Captain Langmar's squad in the Charr Homelands would most benefit the player. The player can choose to help Ogden, Vek or Gwen in any order he/she so wishes but is required to gain the help of the Norn, Asura and the Ebon Vanguard before proceeding further into the game.

Through the course of the game, the player receives three more visions through the scrying pool. One of them reveals that the main antagonist is a being known as "The Great Destroyer"; the nemesis of the Dwarven God, The Great Dwarf. Another reveals its location, which Vekk identifies as a cavern nearby the Central Transfer Chamber, a junction for the Asura Gate network. With the help of new allies secured, Ogden Stonehealer tells the player that they must head to the Heart of the Shiverpeaks to summon the Great Dwarf. Only then would the Dwarves stand a chance against the Great Destroyer. The player eventually meets with King Jalis Ironhammer, the king of the allied dwarven peoples. Jalis prepares for the final onslaught against the Destroyers by initiating a ritual that permanently changes him and the allied Dwarves by imbuing them with magical strength and transforming them into stone. It is then that the final assault commences in earnest as the Dwarves, the Norn, the Asura, and the Ebon Vanguard fight side by side to reach the Central Transfer Chamber. Upon arriving at the Central Transfer Chamber, the player conducts the final battle against The Great Destroyer.

Editions
Pre-release Bonus Pack
The pre-release bonus pack is similar to the pre-order packs from the earlier stand-alone campaigns. It was available electronically from the in-game store between July 20, 2007, and the release of the standard version. It included a game trial key for the previous campaigns, three replicable bonus weapons, and an access key for a public preview event for the Eye of the North the weekend before the standard release.

Standard
The standard edition contains the full game. Unlike the stand-alone chapters, Eye of the North does not add extra character slots to an existing account and does not have a Collector's Edition. In Europe, an alternative "Bear Edition" is available featuring different cover art.

Guild Wars Platinum Edition
Guild Wars Platinum Edition is a bundle containing both the Prophecies campaign and the Eye of the North expansion. This was released on August 31, 2007.

Critical reception

Guild Wars Eye of the North was well received by critics, but was the lowest rated game in the series, receiving a score of 78.46% on GameRankings and 79/100 on Metacritic. Although it was widely seen to be a valuable addition to the Guild Wars series for its fans—the gameplay differs little from earlier games—the content was viewed as short, challenging compared to other Guild Wars offerings, and, as Eye of the North completes the Prophecies story, less accessible to players approaching the expansion from either Factions or Nightfall. The quality, pacing and size of the in-game rewards were also criticized by some reviewers.

The new features introduced by Eye of the North had a mixed reception. The three new mini games received good reviews, with GameSpy stating that they are "really well-designed and incredibly involving." Some reviewers criticized their unavailability in the player versus player mode of the game. The Hall of Monuments was considered by 1UP.com to be a "hasty advertisement for Guild Wars 2";

References

External links

 The official Guild Wars website
 The official Guild Wars Wiki

NCSoft games
Video game expansion packs
Eye of the North
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Role-playing video games
2007 video games
Video games scored by Jeremy Soule

Guild Wars: Eye of the North


Plymouth is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Plymouth in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. It is often referred to as Downtown Plymouth or Plymouth Center. The population was 7,494 at the 2010 census.

Plymouth Center is considered to be the most prominent neighborhood of Plymouth. It is the location of Plymouth's town hall and of the town harbor. In addition, Plymouth Center is home to Plymouth Rock, the Pilgrim Hall Museum, and the Mayflower II.

The geographical locations of North, South, and West Plymouth are named in relation to Plymouth Center.

The post office located at the intersection of Main Street Extension and Leyden Street was the main post office in Plymouth until sometime in the 1970s, when the current main post office located in South Pond was built. The ZIP code for Plymouth Center (officially simply "Plymouth, MA") is 02361. Non-post office box holders in Plymouth Center use the zip code of 02360.

Geography

Plymouth Center is located at  (41.955841, -70.666549).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 10.1 km (3.9 mi), of which 5.9 km (2.3 mi) is land and 4.3 km (1.6 mi) (42.20%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 7,658 people, 3,286 households, and 1,744 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,308.3/km (3,390.2/mi). There were 3,420 housing units at an average density of 584.3/km (1,514.0/mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.81% White, 2.30% Black or African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.94% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.89% from other races, and 1.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population.

There were 3,286 households, out of which 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.8% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.9% were non-families. 36.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 20.4% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $39,759, and the median income for a family was $52,429. Males had a median income of $40,404 versus $30,431 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,693. About 6.6% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.3% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.

References

Plymouth, Massachusetts
Neighborhoods in Plymouth, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts

Plymouth Center, Massachusetts


The Henry J. Wheeler Farm is a farmstead in Murray, Utah, United States, that is one of the few remaining late 19th century farmsteads in the Salt Lake Valley that has not been lost to expanding housing developments of metropolitan Salt Lake City. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1976.

Description
The historic complex, situated on , includes an adobe and brick home and several outbuildings, all constructed in 1898. There are, in addition to the home, a granary, ice house, chicken house, and work shed. A barn, also built in 1898, burned down in 1973. Together, this complex of buildings, along with the fences, trees, stream, ice ponds, roads, constitutes one of the few complete and operating historic farmsteads in the county. It is currently operated as the Wheeler Historic Farm by the Salt Lake County Parks and Recreation Department.

The farm was established by Henry J. Wheeler, the third son of English Mormon converts, who came to Utah in 1852.  Born February 18, 1866, Henry grew up on his father's farm in the South Cottonwood (now Murray) area. In 1886, at the age of twenty, he married Sariah Pixton and established his own farm in the vicinity of his father's farm. The present brick home and several outbuildings were constructed in 1898 by Sid Gills and Hans Yorgensen. A Mr. Hayes, employed by the Sugar House Lumber Company, was the carpenter for the interior woodwork. The home, according to the 1902 publication, Biographical Record of Salt Lake City and Vicinity, "...was planned by Mrs. Wheeler and reflects great credit upon her knowledge of architecture, as it is not only homelike and convenient, but one of the prettiest little farm houses to be found in the county."

The house was built upon a granite foundation, the interior walls were made of adobe, much of which was taken from a previous residence, while the exterior walls were of ochre brick, later painted white. The Wheeler home is Victorian in style. The building is roughly "L" shaped and has an entry tower at the nexus of the L, there were eleven rooms in the house. The bottom floor had a pantry, kitchen-dining area, and formal dining room, bathroom, living room, parlor, large staircase and hall. Upstairs were four bedrooms with walk-in closets and one large central storage closet. The interior was distinguished by its fine fireplaces, high ceilings, cherry and oak woodworking and staircase.

In 1969 Salt Lake County purchased the  which comprise today's farm. Wheeler Historic Farm was placed on both the Utah State and National register of Historic Places in 1976. Originally started as a 1976 project of the United States Bicentennial of the American Revolution, the restored museum farm evolved into several buildings including a blacksmith shop, store, and reconstructed barn. An amphitheatre was installed in the 1980s, followed by a large "activity barn" in the 1990s that would function as a multi-purpose center. In the 2000s, Salt Lake County purchased remaining farmland south of the farm to create South Cottonwood Regional Park. Wheeler Farm is fully functional with farm animals and crops that are overseen by Utah State University's outreach programs. Granite School District uses the farm as an agricultural classroom for some of its vocational programs.

For the Current station of Wheeler Historic farm, look here: http://www.sevenslopes.com/wheeler-historic-farm/

See also

 National Register of Historic Places listings in Salt Lake County, Utah

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Murray, Utah
Education in Salt Lake County, Utah
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Houses completed in 1898
Houses in Salt Lake County, Utah
Protected areas of Salt Lake County, Utah
Historic farms in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Salt Lake County, Utah

Henry J. Wheeler Farm


Brigadier General Ignatius Slamet Rijadi (Perfected Spelling: Ignatius Slamet Riyadi; 26 July 1927 – 4 November 1950) was an Indonesian soldier.

Rijadi was born in Surakarta, Central Java, to a soldier and a fruit seller. Rijadi was "Sold" to his uncle and renamed as a toddler to cure his illnesses, Rijadi was raised at his parents' home and studied at Dutch-run schools. After the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Rijadi studied at a Japanese-run sailor's academy and worked for them upon graduation; he abandoned the Japanese army towards the end of World  and assisted resistance operations for the rest of the occupation.

After Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1945, Rijadi led Indonesian forces in the Surakarta area during the revolution against the returning Dutch. Starting with a guerrilla campaign, by 1947, when he fought against Dutch offensives in Ambarawa and Semarang, he was in charge of the 26th Regiment. During a second Dutch offensive, Rijadi lost control of the city but soon retook it, later leading counter-offensives in West Java. In 1950, after the end of the revolution, Rijadi was sent to the Moluccas to put down a rebellion. After several months of planning and a month crossing Ambon Island, Rijadi was killed near the end of the operation by a rebounding bullet.

Since his death, Rijadi has received much recognition. The main street in Surakarta is named after him, as is a frigate in the Indonesian Navy, the KRI Slamet Riyadi. Awarded several medals in 1961 posthumously, Rijadi was given the title of National Hero of Indonesia on 9 November 2007.

Biography

Early life
Rijadi was born with the name Soekamto in Surakarta, Central Java, Dutch East Indies, on 26 July 1927; he was the second son born to Underlieutenant Raden Ngabehi Prawiropralebdo, an officer in the sultan's army, and Soetati, a fruit seller. When Soekamto was one year old, his mother dropped him; he afterwards became frequently ill. To help cure his illness, his family "sold" him in a traditional Javanese ritual to his uncle, Warnenhardjo; after the ceremony, Soekamto's name was changed to Slamet. Although formally Warnenhardjo's son after the ceremony, Slamet was raised at his parents' house. He was a Roman Catholic, and it is said that since he was young Rijadi liked tirakat' fasting and 'mystical' things.

Rijadi's primary education was done at Dutch-run schools. His elementary school was taken at the Hollandsch-Inlandsche School Ardjoeno, a private school owned and run by a Dutch religious group. While at Mangkoenegaran Middle School, where numerous students were named Slamet, he received an additional name, Rijadi; it is also during middle school that his father bought him back. After middle school and the Japanese occupation in 1942, he attended a sailor's academy in Jakarta. After graduation, he worked as navigator on a wooden ship.

Rijadi, who when not at sea lived in a dormitory near Gambir Station in Central Jakarta, occasionally met with underground resistance. On 14 February 1945, with Japan facing defeat in World , Rijadi and other sailors abandoned their dormitory and took up arms; Rijadi moved back to Surakarta and supported resistance movements there. He was not captured by the Japanese military police or other units for the remainder of the occupation, which ended with Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1945.

National revolution
After the Japanese surrender, the Dutch attempted to re-occupy the newly declared Republic of Indonesia; unwilling to be colonised, the Indonesians fought back. Rijadi began a guerrilla campaign against Dutch posts and quickly rose through the ranks. He was in charge of a Battalion of the 26th Regiment, 4th Division/Panembahan Senopati in Pacitan. During Operation Product, a general offensive by Dutch forces in mid-1947, Rijadi led Indonesian forces in several parts of Central Java, including Ambarawa and Semarang; he also led a cleansing force between mounts Merapi and Merbabu.

In September 1948 Rijadi was promoted and given control of four battalions of soldiers and one of student soldiers. Two months later, the Dutch launched a second attack, this time on the nearby city of Yogyakarta (then serving as the nation's capital). Although Rijadi and his troops launched attacks on Dutch forces approaching Solo through Klaten, ultimately the Dutch soldiers entered the city. Applying a divide and conquer policy, Rijadi was able to drive the forces out in four days.

During the remainder of the war, Rijadi was sent to West Java to fight against Raymond Westerling's Legion of the Just Ruler.

Later life and death

Not long after the end of the war, the Republic of South Maluku (RMS) declared its independence from the nascent Indonesia. Rijadi was sent to the frontline on 10 July 1950 as part of Operation Senopati. To retake the island of Ambon, Rijadi took half his forces and invaded the eastern shores, while the other half was tasked with invading from the northern coast. Although the second group experienced heavy resistance, Rijadi's group was able to take to the beach in native canoes unopposed; they later landed more infantry and armour.

On 3 October, the troops, along with Colonel Alexander Evert Kawilarang, were tasked with capturing the rebel capital at New Victoria. Rijadi and Kawilarang led a three pronged assault, with forces approaching by land from the north and east, and naval forces pulling directly into Ambon harbour. Rijadi's forces approached the city through mangrove swamps, a journey which took a month. During the trip, RMS snipers armed with Jungle Carbines and Owen Guns shot constantly at the troops, often pinning them down.

Upon arriving in New Victoria, Rijadi's forces made short work of the RMS troops. However, he did not see the end of the battle. As Rijadi was riding atop a tank towards the final rebel stronghold on 4 November, a volley of machine gun fire erupted in his direction. A single bullet rebounded off the tank's armour and into Rijadi's abdomen. After being rushed to a hospital ship, Rijadi insisted on returning to the front; instead, the doctors gave him much morphine and attempted unsuccessfully to treat the wound. Rijadi died of wounds that night; the battle ended the same day.  Rijadi was buried in Ambon.

Legacy

Numerous things have been named after Rijadi. The  long main road of Surakarta is named after the brigadier general. The KRI Slamet Riyadi, a frigate described as one of the most sophisticated in the Indonesian Navy, is named after him.

Rijadi has received numerous awards. He received several medals posthumously, including the Bintang Sakti in May 1961, the Bintang Gerilya in July 1961, and the Satya Lencana Bakti in November 1961. On 9 November 2007, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono gave Rijadi the title National Hero of Indonesia; Rijadi received the title along with Adnan Kapau Gani, Ida Anak Agung Gde Agung, and Moestopo based on Presidential Decree Number 66 / TK of 2007.

References
Footnotes

Bibliography

1927 births
1950 deaths
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Deaths by firearm in Indonesia
Indonesian collaborators with Imperial Japan
Indonesian Christians
Indonesian Roman Catholics
National Heroes of Indonesia
People from Surakarta

Slamet Rijadi


Polish Hill River is a small town in the Mid North region of South Australia, between the towns of Sevenhill and Mintaro.

Running northward through the locality is the Hill River itself, discovered and named by Edward John Eyre in 1839 after John Hill, discoverer of the nearby Hutt River.

Following earlier pastoralism, closer settlement in the area began in the early 1850s, with the arrival of Irish Catholic migrants, including the Barry, Sullivan, Erwin, and Rochford families who were all from Glendalough, County Wicklow. The first white child born at Hill River was claimed to be James Erwin, in 1853. Polish Hill River was also established in the 1850s south of the Hill River settlement, around the church of St. Stanislaus Kostka by Polish Catholic immigrants. These included Dr Anton Sokolowsky (d.1862).

The former church now houses a museum of Polish migrants to South Australia. Several well-known wineries exist in the Polish Hill River area, including Pikes, Pauletts, Wilson Vineyard and Little Brampton Wines. Grossett Wines also source grapes from this area. A circuit from the Riesling Trail, the Father Rogalski Loop, provides a walking and cycling entry to the Polish Hill River region.

References

Irish-Australian culture
Polish-Australian culture
Towns in South Australia
Mid North (South Australia)

Polish Hill River, South Australia


A parliamentary system of government means that the executive branch of government has the direct or indirect support of the parliament.

Parliamentary systems often work where the head of government is the leader of the political party with the most members in the parliament.

This support is usually shown by a vote of confidence.  A balanced relationship between the executive and the legislature in a parliamentary system is called responsible government.

The separation of powers between the executive and law making branches is not as obvious as it is in a presidential system. There are different ways of balancing power between the three branches which govern the country (the executive (or ministers), the law makers and the judges).

Parliamentary systems usually have a head of government and a head of state. They change after their terms are over.  The head of government is the prime minister, who has the real power.  The head of state may be an elected president or, in the case of a constitutional monarchy, hereditary.

Examples of a few countries which practice parliamentary systems are India, Italy, Japan, and Latvia to name a few. Parliament is different in every country.

References

Forms of government
Democracy
Political systems

Parliamentary system


Lisa M. Buttenheim, a national of the United States, was appointed by the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as his Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)on 2 June 2010.She has extensive experience with the United Nations in political affairs and peacekeeping.

Buttenheim replaces Tayé-Brook Zerihoun of Ethiopia, who held the same function from May 2008 to April 2010.  The Secretary-General expressed his gratitude to Zerihoun for his devotion and leadership of UNFICYP.  In addition, Zerihoun served as the acting Deputy to the Special advisor of the Secretary-General on Cyprus. During his tenure, he provided assistance to the Secretary-General's mission of good offices.

Before the appointment of Buttenheim, she was Director of the Middle East and West Asia Division in the Department of Political Affairs from January 2009. She previously served in the same department as Director of the Asia and Pacific Division from January to December 2008. She was Director of the Asia and Middle East Division in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations from April 2004 to December 2007. She served as Director and Head of the United Nations Office in Belgrade from March 2003 to March 2004.

Between May 1997 and February 2003, Buttenheim was Senior Political Adviser in the Office of the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva.During the same period, she was also the acting Chief of Staff, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General in the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), Director and Senior Adviser in the Office of the Special Envoy for the Balkans in Geneva.

She joined the United Nations in March 1983 and held a number of positions in the Executive Office of the Secretary-General, the Office of the Under-Secretaries-General for Special Political Affairs in New York, and the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) in Jerusalem.
Buttenheim holds a Master's degree in international economics and Middle East studies from Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies, in Washington, D.C., and a bachelor's degree in political science and English from Stanford University.
She was born in 1954 and is married to Jean-Claude Aimé, a former United Nations official.

Other websites
UN Biography Lisa M.Buttenheim

1954 births
Living people
American diplomats

Lisa M. Buttenheim


Stockfish is unsalted fish, especially cod, dried by cold air and wind on wooden racks (which are called "hjell" in Norway) on the foreshore. The drying of food is the world's oldest known preservation method, and dried fish has a storage life of several years. The method is cheap and effective in suitable climates; the work can be done by the fisherman and family, and the resulting product is easily transported to market.

Over the centuries, several variants of dried fish have evolved. The stockfish (fresh dried, not salted) category is often mistaken for the klippfisk, or salted cod, category where the fish is salted before drying.  Salting was not economically feasible until the 17th century, when cheap salt from southern Europe became available to the maritime nations of northern Europe.

Stockfish is cured in a process called fermentation where cold-adapted bacteria matures the fish, similar to the maturing process of cheese.

In English legal records of the medieval period, stock fishmongers are differentiated from ordinary fishmongers when the occupation of a plaintiff or defendant is recorded.

Etymology

The word stockfish is a loan word from West Frisian stokfisk (stick fish), possibly referring to the wooden racks on which stockfish are traditionally dried or because the dried fish resembles a stick. "Stock" may also refer to a wooden yoke or harness on a horse or mule, once used to carry large fish from the sea or after drying/smoking for trade in nearby villages. This etymology is consistent with the fact that "Stockmaß" is German for the height of a horse at the withers.

Importance
Stockfish is Norway's longest sustained export commodity. Stockfish is first mentioned as a commodity in the 13th-century Icelandic prose work Egil's Saga, where chieftain Thorolf Kveldulfsson, in the year 875 AD, ships stockfish from Helgeland in mid-Norway to Britain. This product accounted for most of Norway's trade income from the Viking Age throughout the Medieval period.

Preserved cod fed Iceland for centuries, to the extent that it has been described as a local equivalent of bread.

Stockfish is extremely popular and is widely consumed in Catholic Mediterranean countries, mostly in Italy. (Stockfish is called stoccafisso in most Italian dialects, but confusingly baccalà—which normally refers to salt cod—in the Veneto). In Russian cuisine dried stockfish is a very popular dish which is often eaten with vodka and beer. In the 16th century Russian and Swedish stockfish were sold to many European countries.

Stockfish is a staple of Nigerian cuisine.

Manufacturing and usage

The science of producing good stockfish is in many ways comparable to that of making a good cognac, Parma ham, or a well-matured cheese. Practitioners of the Slow Food movement insist that all these artisanal products must be made on a small scale and given time to mature.

The fish is prepared immediately after capture. After gutting the fish, it is either dried whole, or split along the spine leaving the tail connected. The fish is hung on the hjell from February to May. Stable cool weather protects the fish from insects and prevents an uncontrolled bacterial growth. A temperature just above zero degrees Celsius, with little rain, is ideal. Too much frost will spoil the fish, as ice destroys the fibers in the fish. The climate in northern Norway is excellent for stockfish production. Due to the stable conditions, the stockfish produced in Lofoten and Vesterålen is often regarded as the best. The traditional cod harvest in Lofoten also takes place during the best drying time. Due to a milder and more humid climate, salted/dried whitefish (klippfisk) was more common in the fisheries districts of Western Norway.

After its three months hanging on the hjell, the fish is then matured for another two to three months indoors in a dry and airy environment. During the drying, about 80% of the water in the fish evaporates. The stockfish retains all the nutrients from the fresh fish, only concentrated: it is therefore rich in proteins, vitamins, iron, and calcium.

After sorting by quality, most of the stockfish is exported to Italy, Croatia and Nigeria. In Norway and Iceland, the stockfish is mostly used as a snack and for lutefisk production. In Italy, the fish (called stoccafisso) is soaked and used in various courses, and is viewed as a delicacy.

Low-quality stockfish is also commonly used as supplemental food for pets, primarily as dog food or dog treats.

The 2012–2015 project SafeTrackFood developed a method of indoor production of stockfish to accelerate the maturing and drying of the fish in a safe manner.

Dishes

Baccalà alla vicentina, an ancient and traditional Italian dish native to Vicenza, is made from stockfish (confusingly  from dried and salted cod, although the salted form is known in standard Italian as baccalà), and is served on or next to polenta. In the Italian region of Basilicata, the so-called baccalà alla lucana is prepared with typical peppers called "cruschi" (dialect word for "crispy"). In Calabria stockfish is widely used, especially in the western side of the region: pasta with stockfish is a staple in Christmas Eve.
Dishes made from stockfish (locally called bakalar) are traditionally eaten on Christmas Eve in Croatia, especially Dalmatia.

In Catalonia, stockfish is an ingredient of a kind of surf and turf named es niu.

Stockfish is popular in West Africa, especially in Nigeria where it is used as flavor and fish in the many soups (sauces) like Egusi, Afang, Ukazi, Oha, Efo Riro, Okra, etc., that are eaten with fufu meals, such as pounded yam, fufu, and garri meals. It is the main ingredient in the Nigerian delicacy called "Ugba na Okporoko" or "ukazi" amongst the Igbo, Ibibio, Efik, Anang, Kalabari, Igbani, Ikwerre, etc., people of south eastern Nigeria. Most importers of "okporoko" are based in the town of Aba in Abia State. Among the Nri, Aro, Nkwerre, and Umuahia people, at festive periods, the popular meal is the Ukazi soup which is usually well-garnished with okporoko or Cod as it is popularly called. The Kwe people, who are a fishing people of the English-speaking part of Cameroon, use stockfish in flavoring their palm nut or banga, which can be eaten with a cocoyam pudding called kwacoco. The name okporoko for stockfish, among the Igbo of Nigeria refers to the sound the hard fish makes in the pot and literally translates as "that which produces sound in the pot".

Both stockfish and salt cod can be made into lutefisk.

Gallery

See also

 Boknafisk
 Bugeo – similarly dried Alaska pollock
 List of dried foods
 Lofoten Stockfish Museum
 Yukola, similar fish drying in Russian Far East and Eastern Siberia

Notes

References

 Kurlansky, Mark (1997). Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker. .
 Silva, António J. M. da, In the Shadow of the Salt Cod. Writing vs Staging the Stockfish History in the Iberian Peninsula, TAE - Trabalhos de Antropologia e de Etnologia, vol. 61, 2021, pp. 167–209. PDF
 http://www.safetrackfood.eu/

Dried fish
Snack foods
Fish processing

Stockfish


Killarney is a big town in County Kerry in Ireland. The town name is an Anglicisation of the Irish words Cill Airne. These words mean "the church of the sloe tree".

Location
Killarney is in the centre of County Kerry. It is on the north east side of a lake called Lough Leane. County Kerry is on the south west coast of Ireland. It is next to the Atlantic Ocean.

Tourism
Killarney is the main town in the Killarney National Park. People stay in the town to visit the tourist attractions in the area. There are many hotels and tourist shops in Killarney. It is also on the popular  tourist circuit called the Ring of Kerry. The route passes spectacular mountain and coastal scenery and many historic and cultural sites.

References

Towns in Ireland
County Kerry

Killarney


Se yon ipotèz matematik, yon konjekti fèt pa Bernhard Riemann.

Kesyon l poze ap prezante konsa : èske tout zero fonksyon Zeta Riemann an genyen 1/2 pou pati reyèl ?

Li twouve yon fomilasyon pli senp pa :

Pou tout ε > 0, nou genyen

lè π(x) ap deziyen kantite nonm premye ki anvan x, ln(x) se fonksyon logaritm, evalye nan x, epi a dwat ou ap twouve notasyon Landau.

Yon vèsyon ki pa asenptotik pa Lowell Schoenfeld, ap di ke ipotèz Riemann an ekivalan a :

Referans

Referans istorik
 Bernhard Riemann, Ueber die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse, (1859) Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie. (This site provides both a facsimile of the original manuscripts, as well as English translations.)
 Jacques Hadamard, Sur la distribution des zéros de la fonction ζ(s) et ses conséquences arithmétiques, Bulletin Société Mathématique de France 14 (1896) pp 199-220.

Teknik jodi jou
 H. M. Edwards, Riemann's Zeta Function, Academic Press, 1974. (Reprinted by Dover Publications, 2001 ISBN 0-486-41740-9)
 E. C. Titchmarsh, The Theory of the Riemann Zeta Function, second revised (Heath-Brown) edition, Oxford University Press, 1986
  (A relationship in terms of Harmonic numbers.)
 (no author credited), Computation of zeros of the Zeta function (2004). (Reviews the GUE hypothesis, provides an extensive bibliography as well).
 Schoenfeld, Lowell. "Sharper bounds for the Chebyshev functions θ(x) and ψ(x). II." Mathematics of Computation 30 (1976), no. 134, 337--360.
 Conrey, J. Brian. "the Riemann Hypothesis" Notices of the American Mathematical Society, March 2003, 341-353. Available free http://www.ams.org/notices/200303/fea-conrey-web.pdf

Referans popilè
 Clay Mathematics Institute, Millennium Problems, (2000) (Announcement of the million dollar rewards for solutions to famous problems in mathematics)
 Marcus du Sautoy, The Music of the Primes, HarperCollins, 2003
 Marcus du Sautoy, "Prime Numbers Get Hitched", Seed Magazine" (03/27/2006)
 Daniel Rockmore, Stalking the Riemann Hypothesis : The Quest to Find the Hidden Law of Prime Numbers, Pantheon Books, New York, 2005, ISBN 0-375-42136-X
 John Derbyshire, Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics, Joseph Henry Press (April 23, 2003), ISBN 0-309-08549-7. 448 page book at a non-specialist level, can be read online for free
 Zetagrid (2002) A distributed computing project that attempted to disprove Riemann's hypothesis; closed in November 2005
 A Beautiful Mind (2001, produced by Ron Howard). In the film, the mathematician John Nash attempts to prove the Riemann Hypothesis
 Law & Order: Criminal Intent: In season 2, episode 2, "Bright Boy", the detective played by Vincent D'Onofrio tricks a father into confessing to a murder by telling him his son has solved the Riemann Hypothesis
 Numb3rs, (CBS), season 1 episode 5, "Prime Suspect", Criminals kidnap a mathematician's daughter and demand his allegedly complete proof of Riemann's Hypothesis as ransom
 Ed Pegg, Jr., Ten Trillion Zeta Zeros, (2004) Math Games website. A discussion of Xavier Gourdon's calculation of the first ten trillion non-trivial zeros
 de Vries, The Graph of the Riemann Zeta function ζ(s) (2004), a simple animated Java applet
 Erica Klarreich, "Prime Time", New Scientist - November 11, 2000, p. 32. A simple introduction to the Riemann Hypothesis, and its connection to prime numbers and quantum systems
 QEDen, A wiki dedicated to solving the millennium problems
 Perplex City, an Alternate Reality Game soliciting answers to various puzzles from its players, is offering 60 points to any player to submit a proof of the Riemann Hypothesis on card 238 of Season 1, entitled "Riemann"
 Proof, a film starring Gwynneth Paltrow and Anthony Hopkins, in which a character is purported to have solved a problem that sounds like the Riemann Hypothesis
 PopCo, a novel wherein the main character's grandmother used to spend all her free time trying to prove the Riemann Hypothesis
 Thomas Pynchon, the novel Against The Day, wherein the Riemann Hypothesis and the question of non-trivial zeros are recurring tropes and preoccupations of the students and spies gathered at Göttingen University in the years preceding World War I
 Karl Sabbagh, The Riemann Hypothesis: the greatest unsolved problem in mathematics, (2003) Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 0-374-25007-3. Also (2004) First American paperback edition. Conversations with mathematicians working on the problem. The reader should not expect to learn anything about the problem itself

Lòt referans
 Bollobas, Bela, foreword to Littlewood's Miscellany, Cambridge University Press, 1986

Lyen deyò
 The Millennium Grand Challenge in Mathematics
 The Millennium Prize Problems

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Pwoblèm matematik
Matematik

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