Arnold Josef Rosé (October 24, 1863 – August 25, 1946) was a famous violinist.  He was the leader (concertmaster) of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra for 50 years.

Arnold Rosé was born in Iaşi (Jassy) in what is now Romania.  His family was Jewish. Their name at that time was Rosenblum.  He had three brothers.  All four boys were musical and so his parents decided to move to Vienna which was a big city in Austria where there was lots of music.  Arnold's father was a carriage builder.  In those days people often travelled by horse and cart.  His father made good quality carriages and he made plenty of money from his business.

When Arnold was seven he started music lessons.  When he was ten he was good enough to study the violin at the Vienna Conservatorium which was a special school for musical pupils.

In 1881 he played a violin solo with a famous orchestra and famous conductor: the Vienna Philharmonic under Hans Richter.  The piece he played was the Violin Concerto by Otto Goldmark.  Soon he was offered the job of orchestral leader.  This was a very important position for such a young man.  He stayed in that job for 50 years!

Rosé did other things as well as playing with the orchestra.  He gave violin lessons to talented pupils.   He like to play string quartets and he got together with three other players to make up the Rosé Quartet.  They were very good and for more than half a century people said they were the best string quartet in Europe.  Arnold's brother Eduard was the cellist in the quartet.  They played works by lots of composers, especially  Haydn, Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven.  Rosé knew the composer Johannes Brahms and they played some of Brahms's compositions when they had only just been written, e.g. the clarinet quintet (for clarinet and string quartet).  The Rosé Quartet also knew the composer Schoenberg and helped him to get well known by playing his music.

Another composer Rosé knew very well was Gustav Mahler.  Mahler had two sisters.  Arnold Rosé married one of them, and his brother Eduard married the other.

Arnold was kept very busy at his job as leader of the orchestra.  The orchestra played in the concert hall as well as for the opera.  At one special concert lots of flowers and plants had been brought in to the concert hall.  The orchestra were busy playing when Arnold noticed people were looking at his shoes.  He thought maybe he had an odd pair of shoes on.  When he looked down at his feet he saw a mouse sitting there.

Arnold and his wife Justine had a son and a daughter who both became musicians.  They had plenty of money to live quite comfortably.  He was given the title of Royal and Imperial Court Musician, and he had a special court carriage to take him to the opera.  He also had a carriage of his own with a footman in livery (uniform) to drive him about.

However, things changed in 1938.  The Nazis took over Austria and made life very difficult for Jewish people.  They were in great danger.  In the autumn his wife died and Arnold had to save his life by going to England.  He stayed there for most of his remaining years.  He died in London.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed Stanley Sadie;1980; ISBA 1-56159-174-2
Alma Rosé: "Vienna to Auschwitz" by Richard Newman with Karen Kirtley; Amadeus Press 2000;

1863 births
1946 deaths
Austrian Jews
Austrian violinists
Concertmasters
Jewish musicians
Refugees from Nazism
Romanian Jews
Romanian musical entertainers

Arnold Rosé


Michael Luis Dominguez (born September 4, 1953 in Austin, Texas) retired as the Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness within the United States Department of Defense. He has held that position since his confirmation by the United States Senate on July 11, 2006.

Dominguez reports to the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, and is responsible for "providing staff advice to the Secretary of Defense and Deputy Secretary of Defense for total force management as it relates to manpower; force structure; readiness; reserve component affairs; health affairs; training; and personnel policy and management, including equal opportunity, morale, welfare, recreation, and quality of life matters."

Career
The child of an Air Force servicemember, Dominguez grew up on bases around the world. After graduating in 1975 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army, reported to Vicenza (Italy), then worked varied assignments with the 1st Battalion, 509th Infantry (Airborne) and the Southern European Task Force.

After leaving the military in 1980, Dominguez went into private business and attended the Stanford Graduate School of Business. From June 1983 to September 1988, he worked at the Office of the Secretary of Defense as an analyst for the Program Analysis and Evaluation (PA&E) office.

From October 1988 to September 1991, he was executive assistant to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for PA&E.

Dominguez entered the Senior Executive Service in 1991 as PA&E's Director for Planning and Analytical Support, serving until September 1994. He oversaw DOD's long-range planning forecast and its $12 billion in annual spending on information technology. He also directed the PA&E modernization of computing, communications and modeling infrastructure. He joined the Chief of Naval Operations' staff in October 1994 and helped the U.S. Navy develop multi-year programs and annual budgets. Dominguez left government in April 1997 to become general manager for a technology service organization, Tech 2000 in Herndon, Virginia.

In September 1999, he began work at the Center for Naval Analyses, where he organized and directed studies of public policy and program issues. In January 2001, he rejoined the staff of the Chief of Naval Operations as assistant director for Space, Information Warfare, and Command and Control.

From August 2001 until July 2006, Dominguez served as the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Manpower and Reserve Affairs.  That service was interrupted by several months when he served as the acting United States Secretary of the Air Force from March 28 to July 29, 2005.

Education
1975 Bachelor of Science, U.S. Military Academy, West Point
1983 Master of Business Administration, Stanford University
1989 Program for Senior Officials in National Security, Harvard University
1990 Master of Arts, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University

Awards
1980 Army Commendation Medal
1988 and 1994 Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Medal
1993 Defense Civilian Service Medal
1997 Medal for Superior Civilian Service, Department of the Navy
1998 Presidential Meritorious Executive Rank Award
2005 (twice) and 2006 Air Force Exceptional Civilian Service Medal
2006 Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Awards Conference (HENAAC) Role Model of the Year Award
2010 elected as Fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration.

References

External links

|-

1953 births
Living people
People from Austin, Texas
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army officers
Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni
Harvard University alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Florida Republicans
George W. Bush administration personnel
United States Department of Defense officials
United States Secretaries of the Air Force

Michael L. Dominguez


Nathaniel Adams Coles, professionally known as Nat King Cole, (March 17, 1919 – February 15, 1965) was an American jazz musician, singer and songwriter. He was born in the southern city of Montgomery, Alabama. His father was a Christian minister. Millions of Nat King Cole's recordings were sold while he was alive.  He died of lung cancer in February, 1965, when he was 45 years old. People around the world still enjoy listening to the music of one of America's greatest performers of popular and jazz music.

Early years
When Cole was four years old, his parents moved the family to North Chicago, Illinois. His younger brother was Freddy Cole. He learned to play the piano when he was very young. His mother was the only piano teacher he ever had. He gave his first public performance when he was four. By the time he was twelve, Cole was playing piano at his father's church.  His father was pastor of the First Baptist church in  North Chicago, Illinois for 29 years.

His interest in jazz
Cole played piano in New York City and Los Angeles, California when he was a young man. In 1937, he formed a group that played jazz music. Oscar Moore played the guitar and Wesley Prince played the bass. The trio reportedly did not need a drummer because Cole's piano playing kept the beat so well. They named the group, The King Cole Trio. At the same time, Cole also changed his name into Nat King Cole. The trio soon became very popular. Nat sang some songs, but mostly played the piano.

Well-known popular singer

By the middle 1940s, Nat King Cole was beginning to be known as a popular singer as well as a jazz piano player. He was one of the first musicians to record with new Capitol Records.

The first song he recorded for Capitol was "Straighten Up and Fly Right". He wrote the song. The words were based on his father's teachings. The song became one of the biggest hits of 1943. It sold more than 500,000 copies.

Nat recorded hundreds of songs. Some of the most popular include "Sweet Lorraine", "Nature Boy", "Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Days of Summer", "When I Fall in Love", and "Mona Lisa". In 1950, the American film industry gave him an award for his recording of "Mona Lisa". That song made him famous as a singer.

Nat King Cole also acted in movies. The best known one is Saint Louis Blues. He played the part of the jazz composer W.C. Handy. He also appeared in a movie about himself called The Nat King Cole Story.

In the 1950s, he sang with some of the best known orchestras of the time.

He received many awards during his life. He also received many more after his death. One was a 1990 Grammy Award for lifetime achievement.

His success as a black man
By 1956, Nat King Cole was known internationally. He signed an agreement to perform at the Sands Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Cole often performed in places that only admitted white people. Black leaders did not like this about him. Cole said he tried to take legal action against those places but often failed.

Cole earned more money and moved to California. He bought a house in an area where white people lived. At that time, many white Americans did not want to live near blacks. White home owners nearby protested the purchase of a house by a black family. Cole and his family refused to leave and lived in the house without problems.

Cole was the first black man to have his own television program. His program began on NBC Television in 1956. NBC agreed to support The Nat King Cole Show for a while. It hoped American companies would pay to sell their products on the program. However, major companies were not willing to advertise on a program that had a black performer. They believed that white people in the southern part of the United States would not buy their products. Many Americans watched the show, but NBC stopped production after a year.

His family
Nat King Cole was married twice. In 1936, he married a dancer, Nadine Robinson. Their marriage failed. In 1948, he married Maria Ellington. They had three children. They also adopted and raised two other children.

Nat's daughter, Natalie followed her father as a singer. She recorded many songs after her father died. In 1991, Natalie Cole recorded an album called Unforgettable. It contains 22 of Nat King Cole's songs, including the song "Unforgettable". Modern technology made it possible to mix her voice with a recording of her father singing the same song.

References

 Voice of America script.
 Hear Nat King Cole on the Pop Chronicles.

African American musicians
American jazz musicians
American pianists
American pop musicians
Singers from Chicago
Musicians from Chicago
Deaths from lung cancer
American jazz singers
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Alabama
Musicians from Alabama
1919 births
1965 deaths
People from Montgomery, Alabama

Nat King Cole


Maynard Ferguson (May 4, 1928 – August 23, 2006) was a Canadian jazz musician and bandleader. He was born in Verdun, Quebec. He came to prominence playing in Stan Kenton's orchestra, before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably high register, and for his bands, which served as stepping stones for up-and-coming talent. He died in Ventura, California.

Discography  (selected)
 Jazz Masters 52: Maynard Ferguson (Verve Records, 1951-1957)
 The New Sounds of Maynard Ferguson and His Orchestra (Fresh Sound, 1964)
 Chameleon (Columbia Records, 1974(P))
 Conquistador (Columbia Records, 1977)
 Carnival (Columbia Records, 1978)
 Live from San Francisco (Rhino, 1983)
 These Cats Can Swing (Concord Records, 1994) with Tom Garling
 One More Trip to Birdland (Concord, 1996)
 Brass Attitude (Concord, 1998)

1928 births
2006 deaths
Canadian composers
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in California
Canadian jazz musicians
Musicians from Quebec

Maynard Ferguson


Centre (British spelling) or center (American spelling) means the middle of something.

The word "centre" often means places or buildings where an activity takes place. Common examples are:
 a town centre or city centre
 a shopping centre is a place with lots of shops.
 a sports centre is where people go to use sports facilities, such as squash courts, and swimming pools.
 a centre (ice hockey), the position used in ice hockey
 a Center (American football), the position used in American football
a balanced political position.

Places
Centre, the former name of Centre-Val de Loire, an administrative region of France
Centre Department, the department of Haiti

Centre


First Church of Christ, Scientist, is an historic Christian Science church edifice located at 475 North Kingshighway Boulevard, corner of Westminster Place, in St. Louis, Missouri. Built in 1903–1904, it was designed as a stone building in the Classical Revival style of architecture by Edward Gordon Garden of Mauran, Russell & Garden and was the first institutional commission of that fledgling firm. Cost concerns, though, resulted in it being built of brick. It is a contributing property in the Holy Corners Historic District which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 29, 1975.

First Church of Christ, Scientist, which had been founded in 1894, still holds services in this historic building.

References

Christian Science churches in Missouri
Churches in St. Louis
Churches completed in 1904
Historic district contributing properties in Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis
1904 establishments in Missouri

First Church of Christ, Scientist (St. Louis, Missouri)


In broadcasting, rotation is the repeated airing of the limited playlist of songs on a radio station or satellite radio channel, or music videos on a TV network.  They are usually in a different order each time, however they are not completely shuffled, so as to avoid playing the same song again too long or short apart.

Heavy rotation or power rotation is a term that applies to a list of songs that get the most airplay on a radio station.  Songs in heavy rotation will be played many times in a 24-hour period.

Music industry

Rotation (music)


Esplanade MRT Station (CC3) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Circle Line in Downtown Core, Singapore, at the junction of Bras Basah Road, Raffles Boulevard and Nicoll Highway. The station was opened on 17 April 2010 along with the rest of Stages 1 & 2 of the Circle Line. It is located next to the War Memorial Park, the Suntec City Mall and the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre. The station also has a link to Raffles City, CityLink Mall, Suntec City Mall and Marina Square.

There is a link from Esplanade station to City Hall station via the underground shopping centre CityLink Mall or basement 2 of Raffles City shopping mall. iExperience Gallery is also located here.

Prior to the opening of the station, names like Suntec, Suntec West, War Memorial and Memorial Park were used.

References

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations

Esplanade MRT station


Saskia Sassen (born January 5, 1947) is a Dutch-American sociologist noted for her analyses of globalization and international human migration. She is a professor of sociology at Columbia University in New York City, and the London School of Economics. The term global city was coined and popularized by Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo.

Family and early life
Sassen was born in The Hague, Netherlands in 1947. In 1948, Sassen's parents, Willem Sassen and Miep van der Voort, moved to Argentina and the family lived in Buenos Aires. Her father was a Dutch collaborator with the Nazis, a Nazi journalist, and a member of the Waffen-SS. In the 1950s, Willem Sassen was close to Adolf Eichmann when both were living in Argentina, and she recalls him visiting her childhood home. This association caused her and her mother to leave Argentina while she was still a child. Saskia Sassen spent part of her youth in Italy and says she was "brought up in five languages."

She is married to sociologist Richard Sennett. Artist Hilary Koob-Sassen is her son from her first marriage.

Education
From 1966, Sassen spent a year each at the Université de Poitiers, France, the Università degli Studi di Roma, and the University of Buenos Aires, for studies in philosophy and political science. From 1969, Sassen studied sociology and economics at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, where she obtained a M.A. in 1971 and a Ph.D. degree in 1974, under the direction of Fabio Dasilva. She also received a master's degree in philosophy from the University of Poitiers in 1974.

Academic posts
After being a post-doctoral fellow at the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, Sassen held various academic positions in and outside the US, such as the Ralph Lewis Professor of Sociology at the University of Chicago. She is currently Robert S. Lynd Professor of Sociology at Columbia University and Centennial Visiting Professor of Political Economy in the Department of Sociology at the London School of Economics.

During the 1980s and 1990s, Sassen emerged as a prolific author in urban sociology. She studied the impacts of globalisation such as economic restructuring, and how the movements of labour and capital influence urban life. She also studied the influence of communication technology on governance. Sassen observed how nation states begin to lose power to control these developments, and she studied increasing general transnationalism, including transnational human migration. She identified and described the phenomenon of the global city. Her 1991 book bearing this title made her a widely quoted author on globalisation. An updated edition of her book was published in 2001. In the early 2000s, Sassen focused on immigration and globalization, with her "denationalization" and "transnationalism" projects (see Bibliography and External Links, below). Her books have been translated into 21 languages.
Committee on Italian, European and International Criminal Procedure – Ibrerojur.

Works

Authored books

The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001) 2nd ed., original 1991;.
The Mobility of Labor and Capital. A Study in International Investment and Labor Flow (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) .
Cities in a World Economy (Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Pine Forge Press, 2018) updated 5th ed., original 1994; Series: Sociology for a new century, .
Losing control? Sovereignty in An Age of Globalization (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996) Series : University seminars — Leonard Hastings Schoff memorial lectures, .
Globalization and its discontents. Essays on the New Mobility of People and Money (New York: New Press, 1998), .
Guests and aliens (New York: New Press, 1999) .
The global city : New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2001) updated 2d ed., original 1991; .
Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton: Princeton University Press, May 2006) . Awards for TAR: Winner of the 2007, Distinguished Book Award, Political Economy of the World-System Section, by ASA; Winner of the 2007 Robert Jervis and Paul Schroeder Best Book Award, International History and Politics section, by APSA
Elements for a Sociology of Globalization [or A Sociology of Globalization] (W.W. Norton, 2007) .
Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2014) .

Edited books
Global networks, linked cities, ed. Saskia Sassen (New York : Routledge, 2002) , .
Digital Formations: IT and New Architectures in the Global Realm, eds. Robert Latham and Saskia Sassen (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005) , .
Deciphering the Global: Its Scales, Spaces and Subjects (New York: Routledge, 2007).

Book chapters

"Mediating practices : women with/in cyberspace", in eds. John Armitage and Joanne Roberts, Living with cyberspace : technology & society in the 21st century (London : Athlone ; New York : Continuum, 2002) viii, 203 p., , , , .
"Beyond sovereignty: de facto transnationalism in immigration policy", in eds. Friedmann, Jonathan and Randeria, Shalini, Worlds on the move : globalization, migration, and cultural security (London ; New York : Tauris 2004) xix, 372 p., 24 см, Series : Toda institute book series on global peace and policy 6, .
"Electronic markets and activist networks: The weight of social logics in digital formations", in Digital Formations: IT and New Architectures in the Global Realm, eds. Robert Latham and Saskia Sassen (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005) , , p. 54-88.
"When Places Have Deep Economic Histories", in eds. Goldsmith, Stephen and Elizabeth, Lynne,   What We See: Advancing the Observations of Jane Jacobs (Oakland, CA : New Village Press  2010) pp 263 – 275, .

Articles
"Embedded borderings: making new geographies of centrality", Territory, Politics, Governance, March 2017.
"How Population Lies : True, big cities no longer draw big numbers. But that doesn't mean their power is slipping too.", Newsweek International, July 3–10, 2006.
"Predatory Formations Dressed in Wall Street Suits and Algorithmic Math", Science, Technology & Society, February 2017.
"'One of the most culturally diverse cities in the UK': Saskia Sassen on Manchester", City Metric, June 2017.
"Migration policy: from control to governance : In the United States and Europe alike, immigration policy isn't working -- and the failure is most evident at the crossing-points of the rich and poor worlds, from the Mexican border to the Canary Islands.", openDemocracy (July 13, 2006).
"The repositioning of citizenship and alienage: Emergent subjects and spaces for politics", Globalizations, volume 2, number 1, (2005), p. 79-94.
"Regulating Immigration in a Global Age: A New Policy Landscape", Parallax, volume 11, number 1 (2005), p. 35-45.
 "Comment: We seem to have forgotten history", The Guardian (February 26, 2004).
"Going Beyond the National State in the USA: The Politics of Minoritized Groups in Global Cities", Diogenes, volume 51, number 3 (2004), p. 59-65.
"The new lords of Africa", in The Guardian July 9, 2003; ; also in Peacework, volume 30, number 338, September 2003, p20-21, ISSN 0748-0725.
 " "A message from the global south," (Special report: Terrorism in the US), The Guardian (September 12, 2001).
 "Special report: refugees in Britain — Unstoppable immigrants", in The Guardian (September 12, 2000).
"Home truths: The notion that the west is threatened with mass invasions of immigrants is a myth," (Refugees in Britain: special report), The Guardian (Saturday April 15, 2000).
"Women's burden : counter-geographies of globalization and the feminization of survival", Journal of international affairs, [New York], volume 53, number 2, p. 504-524 (2000), ISSN 0022-197X.
Cities : between global actors and local conditions (College Park, MD. : Urban Studies and Planning Program, University of Maryland, c1999) "The 1997 Lefrak monograph".
"Beyond Sovereignty: De-Facto Transnationalism in Immigration Policy", in European Journal of Migration and Law, volume 1, p. 177-198, 1999; also published as The De-facto Transnationalizing of Immigration Policy (Florence: Robert Schuman Centre at the European University Institute, 1996).
 "Global financial centers", in Foreign affairs, [New York], volume 78, number 1, p. 75-87 (1999), ISSN 0015-7120.
The De-facto Transnationalizing of Immigration Policy (Florence: Robert Schuman Centre at the European University Institute, 1996); [also published as "Beyond Sovereignty: De-Facto Transnationalism in Immigration Policy", in European Journal of Migration and Law, volume 1, 1999, p. 177-198.]
Transnational economies and national migration policies (Amsterdam : Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1996), .
"Analytic borderlands : race, gender and representation in the new city", in ed. King, Anthony D., Re-presenting the city : ethnicity, capital, and culture in the 21st-century metropolis (New York : New York University Press, 1996) p. 183-202, , .
[with Morita, Kiriro], "The New illegal immigration in Japan 1980-1992", in The international migration review (New York : Center for Migration Studies, 1994), volume 28, number 1, p. 153-163, ISSN 0197-9183.
[with Smith, Robert] Post-industrial employment and third world immigration : casualization and the New Mexican migration in New York (New York, N.Y. : Columbia University, Institute of Latin American and Iberian Studies, 1991) Series : Papers on Latin America #26.
New York City's informal economy (Los Angeles, Calif. : University of California Los Angeles, Institute for Social Science Research, [1988?]) Series : ISSR working papers in the social sciences, 1988–89, volume 4, number 9.

Dissertations
 [as Sassen-Koob, Saskia] Non-dominant ethnic populations as a possible component of the U.S. political economy : the case of blacks and Chicanos (Dissertation, Ph.D., University of Notre Dame, 1974).
 [as Sassen-Koob, Saskia] Social stratification, ethnicity and ideology : Anglos and Chicanos in the United States (Thesis, M.A., University of Notre Dame, 1971).

Honors and awards
 In January 2004, Sassen received the honoris causa degree in urbanism at Delft University of Technology.
 In 2013, she received the Prince of Asturias award in social sciences.
 In 2014, she received the honoris causa degree at Universidad de Murcia (Spain) and Ecole Normale Superieure (Paris).
 In 2016, she received the honoris causa degree at University of Valencia (Spain)
 On November 13, 2017, the Honorable Consejo General Universitario from the Universidad de Guadalajara, México approved the "honoris causa" degree.

See also
Globalization
Human migration
International trade
Nation states
Rural depopulation
Sociology
Transnationalism
Urbanization

References

External links

 Sassen's page at the London School of Economics
 Member Profile, Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University
 The Transnationalism Project, University of Chicago
 Downloadable PDFs of Sassen's papers at the University of Chicago's Transnationalism project website
 Globalization & World Cities, site at Loughborough University UK, founded by Peter Hall, Sassen, and Nigel Thrift
 Guantánamo in Germany (with Richard Sennett) in The Guardian, 21 August 2007 (concerning arrest of German sociologist charged of being "mastermind" of the Militante Gruppe)
 2008 Metropolis Congress Sydney
 Saskia on divulge, Saskia Sassen at Unbound
 "Comment: We seem to have forgotten history", The Guardian, February 26, 2004.
 "Special report: Terrorism in the US — A message from the global south", in The Guardian, September 12, 2001.
 "Special report: refugees in Britain — Unstoppable immigrants", in The Guardian, September 12, 2000.
 Saskia Sassen's Missing Chapter - article about Sassen in The Chronicle of Higher Education
 The Language of Expulsion. By Saskia Sassen, Truthout. July 30, 2014.

1947 births
Academics of the London School of Economics
American sociologists
American women sociologists
Living people
University of Notre Dame alumni
University of Buenos Aires alumni
University of Poitiers alumni
Columbia University faculty
Writers about globalization
Urban sociologists
Women political writers
Writers from New York City
20th-century American women writers
American political writers
Dutch emigrants
21st-century American women

Saskia Sassen


Haptic technology or haptics is a tactile feedback technology. It makes vibrations and movements which can make people think that there is a real object when there is not. They are used to look into the sense of touch. Some video games use this to make it seem more real.

Origin of haptic
The word Haptic comes from the Greek Haphe, meaning "pertaining to the sense of touch", and comes from the Greek word haptesthai meaning "to contact" or "to touch".

Definition of haptic

Existing computer technology to the human and computer information exchange has been used mainly audio-visual information. However, the user through the virtual reality want to be more specific and realistic information, and is designed to feel the passing touch and force haptic technology.

Field of haptic
Haptis are divided into the 'force feedback' and 'tactile feedback'

Force feedback
'Force feedback' is the technology that user to feel the power and movements.
For example, the park that are dynamic in the movie in the film as a moving screen, move the chair forward speed and sense of the conflict that their audience will feel like scenes. This is an example haeptikseuui using force feedback.

Tactile feedback
'Tactile feedback' place in the field of medicine that is used a lot. On a computer screen and watch the virtual 3-dimensional anatomical structure of the patient directly to the affected part of the 3-D video in real-time sisulhal a notice on your computer screen. And the compressed air and electrical machinery, such as moving suyonggi using a small pin and, in fact, feels like touching the skin and is passed to implement the reality of the situation is almost similar to the environment.

Future of haptic
In the future, the output of the computer device used to monitor, speakers, as well as standard haptic devices is expected to go. In addition, the leisure industry, with the 21st century haptic technology has many economical potential, haptic technology for the study will be very active.

Computing

Haptic technology


Old Coaly (1855 – January 1, 1893) was a mule who helped to build the original Old Main building on the campus of the Pennsylvania State University and gained fame as an early Penn State mascot.

Born in Kentucky in 1855, Coaly came to Pennsylvania in 1857 with his owner, Piersol Lytle, whose son Andy was among the workmen hired to construct Old Main.  Coaly was used primarily to haul limestone blocks to the construction site from a quarry located on what is today a part of the Old Main lawn, near the intersection of College Avenue and Pugh Street.  A plaque now marks the quarry's location.

So great was their affection for Coaly that his bones were preserved and housed in various buildings throughout campus over the years. His skeleton was relocated to the first floor of the HUB–Robeson Center, to coincide with the sesquicentennial celebration of the school in 2004. Several points of interest on campus have been named in honor of Old Coaly; There was an eatery in the HUB known as "Coaly's Cafe" until renovations on the building necessitated its closing between 2001 and 2002. Penn State's new baseball stadium, Medlar Field at Lubrano Park, features a food concession called "Coaly's Corner".  There is also an honorary society for College of Agricultural Sciences students at Penn State named "The Coaly Society".

External links
 "Old Coaly" history and photos, official PSU website
 "Penn State honors legend for sesquicentennial" The Daily Collegian, September 10, 2004
 Coaly Society, Penn State University College of Agricultural Sciences
 Penn State Markers

Former college mascots in the United States
Individual mules
Pennsylvania State University
1893 animal deaths
1855 animal births
Individual animals in the United States
History of Pennsylvania

Old Coaly


Flora Garry (30 September 1900 – 16 June 2000) was a Scottish poet who mostly wrote in the Scots dialect of Aberdeenshire.
Well known for her poetry, she played an important role along with Charles Murray and John C. Milne in validating the literary use of Scots.

Biography

Flora Garry was the daughter of Archie Campbell, a freelance writer who used the nom de plume of "The Buchan Farmer", and Helen Campbell, who wrote plays for radio.
She was brought up at Mains of Auchmunziel, near to New Deer, Buchan in Abderdeenshire.
She went to school in New Deer, then went on to the Peterhead Academy and the University of Aberdeen.
She became a school teacher, and taught at Dumfries and Strichen.
She married Robert Campbell Garry, who was the first to use insulin in Scotland while a house doctor at Western Infirmary, Glasgow and who became Regius Professor of Physiology at the University of Glasgow.  They had one son, Frank.

Flora Garry did not start to write poetry until World War II, and did not publish anything until she was an old age pensioner.
Explaining why she began writing poetry so late, she said that just as happiness has no history, neither does it write poetry.
She corresponded with Edith Anne Robertson (1883–1973), another Aberdeenshire poet who wrote in the Scots tongue.
Her verse collection Bennygoak was first published in 1974.
She spent her last years in Comrie, Perthshire, dying there on 16 June 2000 after outliving her husband and her son.

Work

Flora Garry loved the gently rolling farming country of Buchan, which she celebrated in her poetry.
Although she wrote fine English, her full talent emerged in her work in the local Buchan dialect.
Most of the writers in Scots in the first half of the twentieth century were well educated and of middle-class background.  They respected the Scots language but it was not their native tongue.  Flora Garry was unusual in that as a child she probably spoke the language she later used in her poetry.
A reviewer has said that her Doric poetry is written "with a sure touch and a sharp eye."
Another has said she was "one of the most uncompromising of recent dialect poets; but the great affection in which she and her work are locally held is clear evidence not only for the vitality of her Doric as a poetic medium but for the strength of the folk-memory of traditional NE farming life."

Bibliography

Reviews
 Garioch, Robert (1980), review of Bennygoak and Other Poems, in Burnett, Ray (ed.), Calgacus 2, Summer 1975, p. 54,

References
Citations

Sources

1900 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Scottish poets
Scots-language poets
Doric poets
People from New Deer
People educated at Peterhead Academy
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Scottish schoolteachers

Flora Garry


A serial killer is someone who murders several people at different times (similar killers of more than one person are mass murderers and spree killers). The victims are usually people the serial killer does not know, and the killer commits his crimes to get a certain kind of excitement or other feeling. They usually have no practical motive such as robbery or revenge.

Serial killer first became a commonly used phrase for this kind of killer in the 1970s. This was the result of the crimes of people like Ted Bundy and John Wayne Gacy. Jack the Ripper is thought by many to be one of the first serial killers that many people knew about, even though his victims were killed long before the phrase was invented.

A serial killer's crimes are nearly always alike in some way. The killer may only attack a certain type of person, for instance women of a certain age or appearance (young or old, blonde or dark-haired). He may always use the same kind of weapon to kill his victims, or may treat them in a certain manner, such as tying them up with the same kind of rope or adhesive tape. Some serial killers have had very strange habits which leave evidence of their work at each crime; for instance Albert de Salvo, the Boston Strangler, would tie the cord with which he had strangled a woman around her neck in a special bow. To law enforcement officers a serial killer's habits are known as his signature, and they are always valuable leads in detecting who he is and capturing him.

Some of the worst serial killers have been doctors. Harold Shipman, a British general practitioner, is thought to have killed up to 250 of his patients. John Bodkin Adams, also British, is thought to have killed 163 patients. Burke and Hare, the 'resurrectionists', killed to sell bodies to a doctor, Robert Knox.

References

Serial killer


Juno could mean:

 Juno (mythology), a major Roman goddess
 June, the month named after Juno
 3 Juno, one of the largest main belt asteroids

Music
 Juno (band), an American indie rock band
 Juno (musical), a Broadway musical with score by Marc Blitzstein based on Sean O'Casey's play Juno and the Paycock
 Juno Reactor, a trance music project of Ben Watkins
 Juno Mak, a Cantopop artist
 Juno Award, a Canadian music award
 Roland Juno-60, Roland Juno-106 or Roland Juno-D (1983?-Present), synthesizers by Roland
 "Juno", a song by Funeral for a Friend, from their debut EP Between Order & Model. Later re-recorded for debut LP Casually Dressed and Deep in Conversation and released as a single under the name Juneau
 Juno Records, an online music store

Vehicles
 Juno (spacecraft), a planned NASA mission to Jupiter
 HMS Juno, the name of seven vessels of Royal Navy
 Jupiter-C (rocket), also known as Juno or Juno I
 Jupiter (missile) also known as Juno II
 Juno (1864 – 1884), one of the eight South Devon Railway Dido class steam locomotives
 Juno, a Great Western Railway Banking Class 0-6-0ST steam locomotive.
 Juno, a Spanish ship sank in 1802. After its 1997 discovery in Assateague coast (Virginia) the Spanish government claimed ownership of the wreck.

Other uses
 Juno (movie) a 2007 comedy-drama movie directed by Jason Reitman
 Juno (Dune), a Titan in the fictional Dune universe
 Juno Beach, one of five beaches used as landing zones in the Battle of Normandy in World War II
 3 Juno, the third asteroid to be discovered
 Juno clump, a probable asteroid family near 3 Juno
 Juno Online Services, an internet service provider in the United States
 Project Juno, a British commercial venture that sent Helen Sharman to space
 Juno, protagonist of the video game Jet Force Gemini
 MegaMan Juno, a villain in the video game Mega Man Legends
 Juno Skinner, a villain in the 1994 film True Lies
 Juno Lighting, a company that specializes in commercial and residential lighting
 Juno creator of Star Cross'd Destiny
 Juno the game by Mountain King Studios
 Juno, a powerful Denial of Service attack program, written in the C Programming Language
 Juno, a German cigarette brand produced by Reemtsma
 Juno Temple, an English actress

Juno


The Capacitance Electronic Disc (also known as a CED) was a type of video disc. It was made in 1964 by the company RCA. The CED is similar to a record because it stores the video and sound as small groves on a black disk. Because of this, the CED is an analog disc format instead of a digital format like a CD. The CED is stored inside a plastic case to prevent the user from touching it, as it is very easy to damage. On the plastic case is a label that has the name of the movie on the disc as well as other information such as a summary of the movie.

History
The first CED was made in 1964 but were not available for purchase until 1981. About 200 movies were made available on CED. Each movie that was on CED was about $15 to $35 depending on the length of the movie. The CED did not sell well for many reasons; one is because the disc was not recordable, unlike video tape. The production of the CED stopped in 1986.

Details of a CED
CEDs are conductive vinyl platters that are 30.0 cm (11.8 in) in diameter. To avoid using the metric system to name their discs, they were called "12 inch discs" even though they were actually slightly smaller. Each side of the disc has grooves that are about 19 miles long and are 37 times smaller than the grooves on a regular phonograph record. When the disc is playing, it spins at about 450 times per minute and each rotation of the disc contained several frames of audio and visual information.

To read the disc, a titanium needle was placed very lightly on the outer edge of the disc. A small electric current was then passed through the center of the needle, where it would touch the bottom of the groove and read the audio information, which was stored in small holes. The needle would read these by detecting how much air was between the needle and the pit and then the electronics of the player would convert these into audio. The visual information was stored in the grooves and were read like a regular phonograph record. As the needle passed over the grooves, it would vibrate and the player would convert the vibrations into the pictures.

Video Discs

Capacitance Electronic Disc


The Potomac River is a river in the eastern United States. It is 665 kilometers long. It forms part of the borders between Maryland, West Virginia, Washington, D.C., and Virginia. The Potomac flows to the Chesapeake Bay. It has two sources. The North Branch starts at Fairfax Stone in West Virginia, and the South Branch starts in Highland County, Virginia. The North Branch and the South Branch meet in Hampshire County, West Virginia, and make the Potomac River.

Rivers of Maryland
Rivers of West Virginia
Washington, D.C.
Rivers of Virginia

Potomac River


Sir Alfred Scott Scott-Gatty  ( Gatty; 26 April 1847 – 18 December 1918) was a long serving officer of arms at the College of Arms in London and a successful composer.

Personal life
Alfred Scott-Gatty was born in Ecclesfield, West Riding of Yorkshire (now part of Sheffield, South Yorkshire) with the given name of Alfred Gatty. He was the son of Alfred Gatty of Bellerby, Yorkshire who was serving as Vicar of Ecclesfield and his wife, Margaret. Scott-Gatty was educated at Marlborough and Christ's College, Cambridge. He assumed the name of Scott-Gatty in 1892, Scott being his mother's maiden name.

Heraldic career
Scott-Gatty began his heraldic career with his appointment as Rouge Dragon Pursuivant of Arms In Ordinary in 1880.  He held that post for six years until his promotion to the office of York Herald of Arms in Ordinary.  During his service as such he was in July 1901 appointed an Esquire of the Order of St. John (EsqStJ), and in December 1903 promoted to a Knight of Grace of the same order. Scott-Gatty was appointed Garter Principal King of Arms in 1904 and held that office until his death in 1918.

It was under Scott-Gatty that the College of Arms reinstituted the process of granting badges to armigers. He was knighted for his services when he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in June 1911, an honour personally bestowed by the King.

Composing career
As a composer he was an amateur, but his work was popular and highly regarded in its day. The works that he produced were largely for voices and aimed primarily at amateur performers. It included two modest operettas, Sandford and Merton's Christmas Party (1880) and Not At Home (1886). It also included three musical plays specifically for children: Rumpelstiltskin, The Goose Girl (1895) and The Three Bears (1896). For the most part, these musical plays were set to words written by his sister, the noted children's writer Mrs Ewing. His songs ran into hundreds, many of them with texts by himself. A few of the best known titles were Ae Fond Kiss, Crofte and Ye Faire Ladye, True Till Death, and Country House Ditties (1898).

His concern to provide music for children, already noted, was pursued in Little Songs for Little Voices published in three volumes, including 76 short and simple songs. They were his earliest compositions and appeared in Aunt Judy's Magazine, edited first by his mother, then by his sister. Two of these songs, The Sneezing Song and Three Little Pigs were sung by Scott-Gatty himself in a concert at Doncaster Grammar School on 21 June 1870, long before they were published. He sang Three Little Pigs again in 1871 along with Camomile Tea, Tittle Tattle and The Yawning Song.

Scott-Gatty's most popular songs were the Plantation Songs (1893–1895) for baritone solo and mixed voice chorus. These included 24 songs in total, issued in four volumes. At that time such songs were novelties in the United Kingdom. The earliest recordings of Scott-Gatty date from December 1898 when the Georgia Glee Singers cut a version of Goodnight for the Gramophone Company, several other of the songs proved popular items with Melba in 1905 recording a version of the same song.

During the 1930s, long after Scott-Gatty's death, several of these were rearranged for baritone and male voice chorus by Leslie Woodgate and others had their accompaniments scored for orchestra by various hands. At least one of them, a duet, Good Night, was heard on 30 January 1891, years before it was published. It was performed in the Gattys' home territory in South Yorkshire, in a concert given in the  surroundings of the Marble Saloon of Wentworth Woodhouse, near Rotherham, then the seat of Earl Fitzwilliam. It was sung by Scott-Gatty and his wife and the duet, according to a contemporary press report "caused a furore of enthusiasm."

Arms

Succession

See also
Heraldry
Pursuivant
Herald
King of Arms

References

External links
CUHAGS Officer of Arms Index

1847 births
1918 deaths
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
People from Ecclesfield
English officers of arms
English genealogists
English composers
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Musicians from Sheffield
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights of the Order of St John
19th-century English musicians
Garter Principal Kings of Arms
Place of death missing

Alfred Scott-Gatty


The Torch Commando was a South African anti-apartheid organisation, born out of the work of the Springbok Legion, a South African organisation of World War II veterans, founded in 1941 during the Second World War, and the War Veterans Action Committee established with the involvement of Springbok Legionnaires to appeal to a broader base of ex-servicemen.

It was underwritten by Harry Oppenheimer, through an opaque trust fund.

The Springbok Legion was initially formed by members of the 9th Recce Battalion of the South African Tank Corps, the Soldiers Interests Committee formed by members of the First South African Brigade in Addis Ababa, and the Union of Soldiers formed by the same brigade in Egypt.

The aims and objectives of the Springbok Legion were enunciated in its 'Soldiers Manifesto'. The Springbok Legion was open to all servicemen regardless of race or gender and was avowedly anti-fascist and anti-racist. Amongst its leading members were servicemen such as Joe Slovo, Lionel Bernstein, Wolfie Kodesh, Jack Hodgson and Fred Carneson who all later joined the African National Congress and its military wing Umkhonto we Sizwe under the command of Nelson Mandela. Others such as Harry Schwarz, a later well-known anti-apartheid political leader, lawyer and ambassador to the United States during the government of national unity was one of the organisation's founders. Another member was General Kenneth van der Spuy, one of the founding members of the South African Air Force who fought in both World War I and World War II and was captured and imprisoned in the Kremlin by the Russians after fighting alongside the White Russian forces against the communists and held until 1920.

The Torch Commando was founded in 1951 during the Coloured vote constitutional crisis, in protest against the South African government's plan to remove Coloureds from the voters roll in the Cape Province. At a time when the Springbok Legion's numbers were diminishing, the Torch Commando strategy gave a new lease of life to the aims and objectives of the Springbok Legion, perceived as being too left wing by some, and gave a home to whites in other liberal formations including liberals in the United Party, who identified with black grievances.

The wartime RAF fighter ace Group Captain Adolph Sailor Malan became the president of the 'Torch Commando'. The commando's main activities were torchlight marches, from which they took their name. The largest march attracted 75,000 protesters.

The Torch Commando existed for more than five years, and at its height claimed to have had 250,000 members. The government was alarmed by the number of judges, public servants and military officers joining the organisation, and a new law was passed to ban anyone in public service or the military from joining. Subsequently the National Party did everything to purge the memory of the Springbok Legion, Torch Commando and men such as 'Sailor' Malan, who had appeal with white Afrikaner youth.

References

External links
The Observation Post - Torch Commando

1941 establishments in South Africa
Anti-Apartheid organisations
Defunct civic and political organisations in South Africa
Military history of South Africa during World War II
Organizations established in 1941
Veterans' affairs in South Africa
South African veterans' organisations
Anti-fascist organizations

Torch Commando


Rhodes is a Greek island, belonging to the Dodecanese island group. In Greek it is called Rhodos.

The largest cities are Rhodes City in the north and Lindos in the south-east.
About 125,000 people live on Rhodes. It has an international airport in Paradisi in the north, near to Rhodes (city).

First settlement were on Rhodes at the 16th century before Christ.
Rhodes was an important Fort for the Knights of St. John in their war against the Turkish invasion. In 1644 the Turkish occupied Rhodes.

1912 Italy won the Dodecanese from Turkey, 1943 Germany took them over, 1945 the British. Since 1946 the islands have belonged to Greece.

Rhodes lives mostly on tourism industry now.

History
During antiquity, Rhodes was an ancient Greek state. Rhodes' people belonged to the Greek race of Dorians. In those days there were three important towns in the island - Lindos, Kameiros and Ialysos. Later, during the fourth century B.C., Rhodes city was founded. Between the third and first century B.C. Rhodes was a powerful state.

In the first century, Rhodes was conquered by the Romans. Later it came under Byzantine rule. In the Middle Ages, it was conquered by the Knights of St. John, who were crusaders. They built the big castles in the city of Rhodes. Later, it came under Turkish rule, Italian rule and in the year 1946 was united with Greece.

References

Islands of Greece

Rhodes


Phoenix is the capital and the largest city in the U.S. state of Arizona. The city is the county seat of Maricopa County. It is the largest capital city in the United States and the only capital with over more than million people. The city is along the normally dry Salt River. It became a city on February 25, 1881. People who live in Phoenix are known as Phoenicians.

Phoenix had 1,608,139 people in 2020. It is the fifth-largest city in the United States in the 2020 census. Phoenix is a very spread-out city. It has an area of 515 square miles. This makes it the 10th largest city by area. As of 2020, the Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) was the 11th-largest in the United States, with an estimated 4,845,832 people.

History

Native Americans
As early as 700 AD, the Hohokam people lived in the land that would become Phoenix. The Hohokam created about 135 miles (217 km) of irrigation canals. This let them grow things on the land.

It is believed that between AD 1300 and AD 1450 drought and floods caused the Hohokam to no longer live in the area. Spanish and Mexican explorers knew of the area but they did not go as far north as the Salt River Valley.

Early history
In 1867, Jack Swilling of Wickenburg, Arizona came to the area. He saw that the land was good for farming. The only problems he saw were a lack of rain and good irrigation. Swilling corrected the problem by having a series of canals built.  A small community was created about four miles (6 km) east of the where the city is today.

The farming community was named Swilling's Mill. The name was later changed to Helling Mill, Mill City, and East Phoenix. Swilling was a Confederate soldier during the Civil War. He wanted to name the city "Stonewall," after Gen. Stonewall Jackson. Other people had other ideas for names.  Finally, Lord Darrell Duppa suggested the name "Phoenix". The name is the same as the mythological fire bird which is born again from its own ash after it dies. It was a good name for a city born from a former civilization.

Incorporation
On February 25 1881, Phoenix became an incorporated city. At that time it had about 2,500 people. Phoenix held its first city election on May 3 1881. Judge John T. Alsap defeated James D. Monihon, 127 to 107, to become the city's first mayor. In early 1888, the city offices were moved into the new City Hall.

The coming of the railroad in the 1880s was the first of several important events changed the economy of Phoenix.  Phoenix became a trade center. In response, the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce was created on November 4 1888.

Geography

Phoenix is at 33°26'54" North, 112°4'26" West (33.448457°, -112.073844°) in the Salt River Valley, or "Valley of the Sun", in central Arizona. It is at a mean elevation of 1,117 feet (340 m), in the northern reaches of the Sonoran Desert.

Other than the mountains in and around the city, the topography of Phoenix is mostly flat. This allows the city's main streets to run on a precise grid with wide, open-spaced roadways.

The Salt River runs westward through the city of Phoenix. The riverbed is often dry or just a trickle due to large irrigation usage. The river is full after infrequent rainstorms or when more water is released from upstream dams. The city of Tempe has built two inflatable dams in the Salt River bed to create a year-round recreational lake, called Tempe Town Lake. The dams are deflated to allow the river to flow unimpeded during releases. Lake Pleasant Regional Park is in Northwest Phoenix in the suburb of Peoria, Arizona.

As with most of Arizona, Phoenix does not observe daylight saving time. In 1973, Gov. Jack Williams argued to Congress that energy use would increase in the evening. Refrigeration units were not used as often in the morning on standard time. He went on to say that energy use would rise "because there would be more lights on in the early morning." He was also concerned about children going to school in the dark, which indeed they were. Navajo Nation lands in Northeastern Arizona observe daylight saving time in conjunction with the rest of their tribal lands in other states.

Climate
Phoenix has an arid climate, with very hot summers and temperate winters. The average summer high temperature is among the hottest of any populated area in the United States and approaches those of cities such as Riyadh and Baghdad. The temperature reaches or exceeds 100°F (38°C) on an average of 110 days during the year, including most days from late May through early September, and highs top 110 °F (43 °C) an average of 21 days during the year. On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all-time recorded high of 122 °F (50 °C).

On average, Phoenix has only 2 days per year where the temperature drops to or below freezing. Frequently, outlying areas of Phoenix see frost, but the airport does not. The earliest frost on record occurred on November 3, 1946, and the latest occurred on April 4, 1945. The all-time lowest recorded temperature in Phoenix was 16 °F (-8.8 °C) on January 7, 1913.

Cityscape

Since 1986, the city of Phoenix has been divided into urban villages, many of which are based upon historically significant neighborhoods and communities.  Each village has a planning committee. This committee is appointed directly by the city council.  According to the village planning handbook issued by the city, the purpose of the village planning committees is to work with the city's planning commission to ensure a balance of housing and employment in each village. The committees also concentrate on development at identified village cores, and to promote the unique character and identity of the villages.

There are 15 urban villages in the city at this time: Ahwatukee Foothills, Alhambra, Camelback East, Central City, Deer Valley, Desert View, Encanto, Estrella, Laveen, Maryvale, North Gateway, North Mountain, Paradise Valley (not to be confused with the town of Paradise Valley), South Mountain and Rio Vista. Rio Vista was created as New Village in 2004 and is currently very sparsely populated, with no large amount of development expected in the near future.

Commonly referred-to Phoenix regions and districts include Downtown, Midtown, West Phoenix, North Phoenix, South Phoenix, Biltmore Area, Arcadia, Sunnyslope, Ahwatukee.

Economy

The early economy of Phoenix was mostly agricultural. It was mostly dependent on cotton and citrus farming. In the last twenty years, the economy has changed as quickly as the number of people has grown. As the state capital of Arizona, many residents in the area are employed by the government. Arizona State University is there. Many high-tech and telecommunications companies have also recently moved to the area. Due to the warm climate in winter, Phoenix benefits greatly from seasonal tourism and recreation, and the golf industry.

Phoenix is currently home to several Fortune 1000 companies. Companies in Phoenix include waste management company Allied Waste, electronics corporation Avnet, Apollo Group (which operates the University of Phoenix), mining company Freeport-McMoRan (recently merged with Phoenix-based Phelps Dodge), retailer PetSmart, development company Tempo Creative, energy supplier Pinnacle West and retailer CSK Auto. Honeywell's Aerospace division is headquartered in Phoenix, and the valley hosts many of their avionics and mechanical facilities. Intel has one of their largest sites here, employing about 10,000 employees and 3 chip manufacturing fabs, including the $3 billion state-of-the-art 300 mm and 45 nm Fab 32. American Express hosts their financial transactions, customer information, and their entire website in Phoenix. The city is also home to the headquarters of U-HAUL International, a rental company and moving supply store, as well Best Western, a hotel chain. Mesa Air Group, a regional airline group, is headquartered in Phoenix.

The military has a significant presence in Phoenix with Luke Air Force Base in the western suburbs. At its height, in the 1940s, the Phoenix area had three military bases: Luke Field (still in use), Falcon Field, and Williams Air Force Base (now Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport), with many other air fields throughout the region.

Government

As the capital of Arizona, Phoenix houses the state legislature. In 1913, the commission form of government was adopted. The city of Phoenix is served by a city council. The city council is made up of a mayor and eight city council members. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote to a four-year term. Phoenix City Council members are elected to four-year terms by voters in each of the eight districts.

The current mayor of Phoenix is Phil Gordon, who was elected to a four-year term in 2003. He was again re-elected to another four-year term in 2007. The mayor and city council members have equal voting power to govern the city.

Phoenix operates under a council-manager form of government, with a strong city manager. The city manage supervises all city departments and executing policies adopted by the council.

The United States Postal Service operates post offices throughout Phoenix. The main Phoenix Post Office is at 4949 East Van Buren Street.

As of February 9, 2009, Phoenix offers a domestic partnership registry open to opposite- and same-sex couples with no resident requirements for registrants.

Crime
By the 1970s there was rising crime and a decline in business within the downtown core.  The city's crime rates in many categories have improved since that time, but still are higher than state and national averages.  The crime rate in Phoenix has gone down through the years. However, recent kidnappings and human trafficking due to the Mexican drug trade have brought negative attention to the city.

Car theft has been a problem in Phoenix. In 2001, Phoenix was number one for theft rate with 35,161 total thefts, giving a rate of 1,081.25 per 100,000.  However, in 2003, Phoenix dropped to second for with 1,253.71 per 100,000, although it was first for total car thefts with 40,769.

References

Notes

Other websites

 Official Government Website
 Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce
 Greater Phoenix Convention & Visitors Bureau

County seats in Arizona
State capitals in the United States
1881 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Arizona Territory

Phoenix, Arizona


Eucalyptus regnans, also called Mountain Ash, Victorian Ash, Swamp Gum, Tasmanian Oak or Stringy Gum, is a species of Eucalyptus from Victoria and Tasmania. It can grow to more than  and is the tallest flowering plant in the world.

Description
It is an evergreen tree, the tallest eucalyptus tree, growing 70–120 m (230–400 feet) tall. It has a straight, grey trunk with smooth bark. The leaves are narrow, curved, and end in a point, like a sickle. They grow up to  long and  wide. They are green to grey-green with a red stalk. The flowers are in groups of 9-15 together, each flower about 1 cm (0.5 in) diameter with a ring of many white stamens. The fruit is a hard nut, up to 9 mm (0.5 in) long and 7 mm (0.4 in) wide.

Habitat
Mountain Ash are found in cool, deep soiled, mountain areas to  above sea level, with high rainfall of over  each year. They grow very quickly, at more than a metre (3 feet) a year, and can reach  in 50 years. They live for an average life-span of 400 years. The fallen logs continue supporting a rich variety of life for centuries more on the forest floor.

Unusually for a eucalypt, Mountain Ash does not regrow after fire. They grow only from seed which are released from their woody gumnuts by heat. The seedlings need a lot of light, much more than reaches the forest floor normally when there are mature trees blocking the sun. Severe fires can kill all the trees in a forest, which causes a massive release of seed to take advantage of the nutrients in the ash bed. Up to 2.5 million seedlings per  have been recorded after a major fire. Competition and natural thinning slowly reduces the number of mature trees to about 30 to 40 per hectare. Because it takes roughly 20 years for seedlings to reach become old enough to make seeds, repeated fires in the same area can cause local extinctions. If, however, there are no fires to release seeds, the trees die off after about 400 years and are replaced by other species.

Tall trees
Eucalyptus regnans is the tallest of all flowering plants, and possibly the tallest of all plants, although no living trees can make that claim. The tallest tree, named "Centurion", stands 99.6 metres tall in Tasmania. There are 16 living trees in Tasmania that have been measured taller than 90 metres. The tallest tree ever found was the "Ferguson Tree", at 132.6 metres, found in the Watts River region of Victoria in 1872. It had fallen over and was measured by William Ferguson, the Inspector of State Forests. The top of the tree had broken off, but the trunk was still more than one metre in diameter. Ferguson guessed the tree would have been more than 152 metres in height.

Uses

Eucalyptus regnans is valued for its timber, and large areas of trees have been cut down. The main uses are building timber and woodchipping. It also used for newsprint in the 20th century. Most of the woodchips are sent to Japan. While the area of natural stands with large old trees is rapidly decreasing, large areas of new trees exist. It is increasingly grown in plantations where the long, straight, fast growing trunks are more valuable than the old growth timber.

The timber is rather rough (stringy) in texture. It is easy to work and the grain is straight with long, clear sections without knots. The wood works reasonably well for steam-bending. It is used for furniture, flooring, woodpanelling, veneer, plywood, window frames and general building.

References

Trees of Australia
Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus regnans


The first coat of arms of Haiti was created in 1807, and has appeared in its current form since 1986.

It has a palm, with several flags at its sides, and two cannons on a green lawn. On the lawn there are several objects, such as musical instruments (a snare drum and bugles), guns, and ship anchors. Above the palm tree, there is a Phrygian cap placed as a symbol of freedom.

The ribbon on the bottom displays the national motto: L'Union Fait La Force (French for "Union Makes Strength").

Haiti
National symbols of Haiti

Coat of arms of Haiti


The structure of the Earth is divided into layers. These layers are both physically and chemically different. The Earth has an outer solid layer called the crust, a highly viscous layer called the mantle, a liquid layer that is the outer part of the core, called the outer core, and a solid center called the inner core. The shape of the earth is an oblate spheroid, because it is slightly flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator.

The boundaries between these layers were discovered by seismographs which showed the way vibrations bounced off the layers during earthquakes. Between the Earth's crust and the mantle is a boundary called the moho. It was the first discovery of a major change in the Earth's structure as one goes deeper.

The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. It is made of solid rocks. It is mostly made of the lighter elements, silicon, oxygen, aluminium. Because of this, it is known as sial (silicon = Si; aluminium = Al) or felsic.
The mantle is the layer of the Earth right below the crust. It is made mostly of oxygen, silicon and the heavier element magnesium. It is known as sima (Si for silicon + ma for magnesium) or mafic. The mantle itself is divided into layers.
The uppermost part of the mantle is solid, and forms the base of the crust. It is made of the heavy rock peridotite. The continental and oceanic plates include both the crust proper and this uppermost solid layer of the mantle. Together this mass makes up the lithosphere. The lithosphere plates float on the semi-liquid aesthenosphere below.
Upper aesthenosphere: magma
Lower aesthenosphere
Lower mantle
The Earth's core is made of solid iron and nickel, and is at about 50006000 °C. which is about the temperature of the photosphere of the Sun.
Outer core is a liquid layer below the mantle.
Inner core is the very center of the Earth.

A full explanation of these effects is not yet clear. It seems that the high temperature and pressure cause changes in the crystallization of minerals, so that the composition might be a kind of changing mixture of liquid and crystals.

The moho
The moho, properly called the Mohorovičić discontinuity, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle. It was discovered by  Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić in 1909. He discovered that seismograms of earthquakes showed two kinds of seismic waves. There is a shallow slower wave which arrives first, and a deep faster wave which arrives second. He reasoned that the deeper wave changed speed as it got just below the mantle. The reason it went faster was that the material of the mantle was different from that of the crust.

The discontinuity lies 3040 km below the surface of continents, and less deep below the ocean floors.

Drilling holes
Geologists have been trying to get at the Moho for decades.  During the late 1950s and early 1960s Project Mohole did not get enough support, and was cancelled by the United States Congress in 1967. Efforts were also made by the Soviet Union. They reached a depth of  over 15 years, the world's deepest hole, before abandoning the attempt in 1989.

Reaching the discontinuity is still an important scientific target.  One proposal considers a self-descending tungsten capsule. The idea is that the capsule would be filled with radioactive material. This would give off enough heat to melt the surrounding rock, and the capsule would be pulled down by gravity.

The Japanese project Chikyū Hakken ("Earth discovery") plans to use a drilling shop to drill down through the thinner ocean crust. On 6 September 2012 Scientific deep sea drilling vessel Chikyu set a new world record by drilling down and obtaining rock samples from deeper than 2,111 metres below the seafloor off the Shimokita Peninsula of Japan in the northwest Pacific Ocean.

Macquarie Island
Macquarie Island, off Tasmania, is at the meeting-point of two huge oceanic plates: the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. The island is made of material pushed up from deep in the Earth's mantle.  It is thought that the green ophiolite rock was formed at the moho, and was brought up by a mid-oceanic ridge. Now it comes to the surface because the two plates are scrunching together. It is the only place on Earth where this is happening at present. There are other places where ophiolite is found, but they were brought up many millions of years ago. Ophiolites are found in all the major mountain belts of the world.

References

Earth
Structure of the Earth

Structure of the Earth


Jaehoon Ahn (May 13, 1941 – June 1, 2011) was a North Korean-born American journalist and researcher. Ahn worked as a researcher for The Washington Post for more than twenty-five years, until 1996. He was also the founding director of Radio Free Asia's Korean language service in 1997 and a board member of U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea.

Ahn was born on May 13, 1941, in Pyongyang, Japanese-occupied Korea, present-day North Korea. He fled with his family from their home in Pyongyang, where his family had lived for generations, to South Korea during the night when he was five years old to escape Communism. In 1960, he obtained a bachelor's degree from Seoul National University.

Ahn took a position as a reporter for JoongAng Ilbo, where he covered the Six-Day War as a foreign correspondent for the newspaper. He moved to the United States during the late 1960s and settled in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. He joined the staff of The Washington Post in 1969 as an assistant librarian for the newspaper's research department.

Ahn retired from the research department of The Washington Post in 1996. He worked for a Seoul-headquartered daily newspaper, where he helped to create the newspaper's style section and reorganize the structure of the newsroom.

In 1997, Ahn was hired as the founding director of Radio Free Asia's fledgling Korean language service. Ahn helped to build the service from the beginning. He launched the RFA's Korea language service's first half hour of programming and hired the service's first five staff members and journalists. Ahn expanded the half-hour format to a longer show and managed to report directly from North Korea during his tenure as director. He retired from Radio Free Asia in 2007. In addition, Ahn served as a board member for the U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea.

Ahn moved to Sandbridge Beach in southern Virginia Beach upon his retirement.

Jaehoon Ahn died from complications from a bleeding ulcer at a hospital in Virginia Beach, Virginia, on June 1, 2011, at the age of 70. He was survived by his wife, Soonhoon Lee Ahn, whom he had been married to for 42 years; two daughters, Soomie Lee Ahn and Yoomie Lee Ahn; four sisters; one brother; and three grandchildren. His father died in June 1997.

References

1941 births
2011 deaths
The Washington Post journalists
American newspaper journalists
American radio journalists
Seoul National University alumni
North Korean emigrants to the United States
South Korean emigrants to the United States
People from Virginia Beach, Virginia
People from Pyongyang
Journalists from Virginia

Jaehoon Ahn


Children of the Lens is a science fiction novel by American author E. E. Smith. It was originally serialized in the magazine Astounding beginning in 1947, and was first published in book form in 1954 by Fantasy Press in an edition of 4,874 copies.  It is the last book in Smith's Lensman series.

The Children of the Lens are the culmination of the Arisian breeding program, and are to be their weapons in the final assault on Eddore. The book introduces the five Kinnison children:  Kit, Camilla, Constance, Karen, and Kathryn.  Born with the abilities that Second Stage Lensmen possess only through years of intensive training, they become the Third Stage Lensmen with abilities that even the Arisians do not fully understand. Here, battles between massive fleets and super-weapons no longer have the main role. The battles may be just as intense, but most are more low-key, with brains and subtle maneuvering being more important than who has the biggest fleets and most powerful weapons.

Plot synopsis
Children of the Lens is the sixth and final book in the Lensman series. The story takes place twenty years after the close of Second Stage Lensmen, and focuses on the five children of Kimball and Clarissa Kinnison: a boy and two pairs of fraternal twin girls. As Kimball and Clarissa are both Lensmen, their offspring are dubbed the "Children of the Lens". They are also the ultimate product of a two-billion-year-long Arisian breeding program that has molded them into "third-level" minds with such potential power that not even the Arisians themselves fully understand their capabilities.

The story of the children is intertwined with the story of the five Second Stage Lensmen: Kimball, Worsel, Nadreck, Tregonsee, and Clarissa (who becomes a Second Stage Lensman). Spurred into action by a series of seeming untraceable terrorist attacks, and other unexplainable events in both the First and Second Galaxy, Kimball asks the other Second Stage Lensmen to help him trace down the source of the troubles. Each of these Lensmen rushes to his aid and each pursues the task from a different angle. The Second Stage Lensmen address the problem in their usual style: Kimball is energetic and direct, Nadreck is cautious and thorough, Clarissa gets sent to Lyrane II again, and so on. They are each assisted, more or less covertly, by one of the children but seem unable to get a grip on the problems. One at a time, each of the children realizes that they need additional training, and travel to Arisia to obtain it. They are then able to help their Lensman complete their missions. All of the lensmen are led to essentially the same conclusion: the hitherto unknown planet of Ploor is the location of the race controlling the remnants of Boskone.

As with the other books in the series, the technology in this book far surpasses the technology of the previous books. Whereas in earlier books free planets were set astride target planets and used like giant nut-crackers or negative energy "negaspheres" were the ultimate in weaponry, unique items constructed with great difficulty, in Children of the Lens these weapons are deployed in the hundreds by both sides. The Eddorians develop their own version of the Lens, permitting the creation of "Black Lensmen" who, because of the basic flaws in the way the Eddorians deal with their subject races, turn out to be surprisingly ineffective. The hyperspace tubes, rare in earlier books, are now the standard way to insert an invading fleet into enemy territory. Not only are the massive fleets of Civilization equipped with single-shot "primary" and "secondary" beam weapons, they now have super-atomic (total conversion of mass to energy) bombs, also deployed by the thousands. The Patrol eventually revisits the strange alternate universe called "Nth space", where nothing goes slower than light. There they render two superluminal planets inertialess to use as the ultimate weapons in destroying both Ploor and its sun. Soon two Patrol hyperspace tubes open, one aimed at Ploor and another one aimed at its sun. The Ploorians are confident that their world's defenses are powerful enough to handle anything the Patrol can throw at them. The two planets, traveling faster than light, erupt from the ends of the tubes and strike the planet and its sun, whereupon the Ploorian solar system simply ceases to exist.

After the destruction of Ploor, Mentor of Arisia alerts the children to the Eddorian threat, pointing out that unless they are dealt with quickly, they too will figure out the secret of obtaining superluminal planet busters and destroy Arisia, Earth, and Klovia in short order. The Eddorians must be destroyed immediately.

Mentor sends out a call to every living Lensman and using the combined mental energy of all the Lensmen in two galaxies, the entire Arisian race, and the Children of the Lens they prepare to launch a mental bolt against the Eddorians.  The children have learned to form a five-fold super-mind called "The Unit".  This was what the long Arisian breeding program was trying to achieve.  The Unit is so advanced that even the Arisians don't know what it is capable of doing.

The mental bolt, with the massed power of every Lensman, every Arisian, and the Children of the Lens behind it, and guided by the Unit strikes, and penetrates, Eddore's defenses.  With the failure of those defenses, the ancient enemies of Civilization are defeated and cease to exist.  The long struggle against the Eddorians is finally over. At this point, Mentor reveals that the Arisians are passing on to the next plane of existence, their job as the guardians of Civilization finished.  They have succeeded in developing a race far better than they to protect the galaxies, the Kinnison children. With this statement, the voice of Mentor, the last Arisian, fades and they are gone.

In an epilogue, Kit Kinnison leaves a message in a time capsule for a future civilization, presumably under threat from a new enemy, but so far in the future that the events of the long struggle between Civilization and Boskone may have been forgotten. This message tells the story of the war against Boskone and tells how to contact the Children of the Lens.

Reception
While Galaxy reviewer Groff Conklin faulted the novel for its "style varying from the irritating to the infantile" and "its characters [not] much more than cardboard cutouts," he acknowledged that the Lensman series, "a sort of overblown fairy tales for modern juveniles," was "a pretty solid achievement." Anthony Boucher, saying that he found Smith's works unreadable, nevertheless noted that "I know a number of rational people who insist that they represent the acme of hypergalactic adventure." P. Schuyler Miller noted that even though "by this time superlatives have exhausted superlatives in the intergalactic slugging match between Good and Evil," Smith managed to remain convincing to his readers.

Sequels
In "Larger Than Life", a tribute to E.E. Smith included in his Expanded Universe, American author Robert A. Heinlein wrote:

Publication history
The novel was originally serialized in the magazine Astounding beginning in 1947. Astounding editor John W. Campbell Jr. was reportedly reluctant to publish it, finding it antiquated. He was persuaded to run it by a science fiction fan named Ed Wood who pointed out how important the story had been to the magazine before it became established.

References

Sources

External links

1947 science fiction novels
1947 American novels
American science fiction novels
Novels about impact events
Lensman series novels
Novels first published in serial form
Space opera novels
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Fantasy Press books

Children of the Lens (novel)


The Ancient Near East is the name given to early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and Syria), Persia (modern Iran), Anatolia (modern Turkey), the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan), and Ancient Egypt, from the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BCE until the region's conquest by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE, or covering both the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the region. As such, it is a term widely used in the fields of Near Eastern archaeology, ancient history and Egyptology.
Some would exclude Egypt from the ancient Near East as a geographically and culturally distinct area. However, because of Egypt's intimate involvement with the region, especially from the 2nd millennium BCE, this exclusion is rare.

The ancient Near East is considered the cradle of civilization. It was the first to practice intensive year-round agriculture; it gave the rest of the world the first writing system, invented the potter's wheel and then the vehicular- and mill wheel, created the first centralized governments, law codes and empires, as well as introducing social stratification, slavery and organized warfare, and it laid the foundation for the fields of astronomy and mathematics.

Ancient history

Ancient Near East


Amani Askari Toomer (born September 8, 1974) is an American former  professional football player who spent his entire career as a wide receiver and punt returner for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He registered over 1,000 receiving yards each season from 1999 to 2003, was a member of the 2007 Giants team that won Super Bowl XLII, and holds Giants' club records with 9,497 receiving yards, 668 receptions, and 54 receiving touchdowns. He also returned 109 punts for 1,060 yards and three touchdowns.  As a rookie in 1996, he led the NFL with an average of 16.6 yards on 18 punt returns.

Toomer played college football at the University of Michigan from 1992 to 1995. In 1994, he broke the school's single-season record with 1,096 receiving yards and was a finalist for the Biletnikoff Award and a first-team All-Big Ten honoree. Toomer finished his college career ranked second (now fourth) in Michigan history with 2,657 receiving yards.

Early years
Toomer was born in Berkeley, California, in 1974.  His first name, "Amani", is Swahili for peace, and his middle name, "Askari", is Swahili for policeman.  Toomer's father, Donald Toomer, played college football for Woody Hayes at Ohio State. His uncle is comedian George Wallace. Toomer began playing Pee-Wee Football as a lineman for the Berkeley Cougars and as a receiver, kicker, punter, linebacker, and running back for the Richmond Steelers.

Toomer attended De La Salle High School in Concord, California. As a football player at De La Salle, Toomer was selected as a Parade All-American and a USA Today All-USA player.

University of Michigan
Toomer enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1992 and played college football for the Michigan Wolverines football team from 1992 to 1995.  As a freshman and sophomore in 1992 and 1993, he started only three games (two in 1992 and one in 1993) and was principally used as a backup to the team's #1 receiver, Derrick Alexander. Toomer caught 16 passes for 238 yards in 1992 and 29 passes for 565 yards in 1993.

1994 season
As a junior in 1994, Toomer did not start any games for Michigan, as Mercury Hayes was the starting flanker in all 12 games.  Despite technically being a "backup" to Hayes, Toomer in 1994 broke Jack Clancy's single-season Michigan record with 1,096 receiving yards. With Todd Collins at quarterback, Toomer was the 1994 Wolverines' leading receiver with 54 receptions for 1,096 yards, an average of 20.3 yards per reception.  Toomer also finished the season as the Big Ten Conference's leading receiver with an average of 93.9 receiving yards per game.  He had a career-high 179 receiving yards, including touchdown receptions of 46 and 38 yards, in the Wolverines' 1994 season-opening victory over Boston College. He also returned a punt 72 yards for a touchdown against Illinois. Toomer was a finalist for the Biletnikoff Award in 1994 and was selected by both the conference coaches and media as a first-team wide receiver on the 1994 All-Big Ten team.

1995 season
As a senior, Toomer finally became a starter, starting 12 games at split end for the 1995 Michigan team.  However, Toomer was routinely double-teamed in 1995, opening the way for Mercury Hayes to lead the team in both receptions and receiving yardage.  Toomer finished the 1995 season with 44 receptions for 758 yards and seven touchdowns.  He had his best game of the season in a 52–17 victory over Minnesota, catching five passes for 174 yards and two touchdowns, including a career-long 75-yard touchdown reception from Brian Griese.

College career overview
In four seasons at Michigan, Toomer had 124 receptions for 2,144 yards (17.3 per catch) and 12 receiving touchdowns. He finished his college career ranked second (now fourth) in Michigan history with 2,657 receiving yards. Toomer was also used as a punt and kick returner at Michigan.  He returned 46 punts for 384 yards (8.3 yards per return) and two touchdowns.  He also returned 14 kickoffs for 306 yards (21.9 yards per return).

Professional football

Return specialist: 1996–1998
Toomer was selected by the New York Giants in the second round (34th overall pick) of the 1996 NFL Draft.  In July 1996, he signed a three-year contract with the Giants providing a $670,000 signing bonus and salaries of $269,000 in 1996, $336,000 in 1997, and $403,000 in 1998.

In his first three seasons with the Giants, Toomer was principally used as a punt and kickoff returner. In his first NFL game, the opening game of the 1996 season, Toomer set a Giants' record with an 87-yard punt return for a touchdown against the Buffalo Bills.  He returned a second punt for a touchdown that season against the Philadelphia Eagles, before injuring his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and spending the rest of the season on injured reserve.  Toomer led the NFL in 1996 with an average of 16.1 yards on 19 punt returns.

During the 1997 season, Toomer appeared in all 16 games for the Giants and returned 47 punts for 455 yards, an average of 9.7 yards per return.  He registered his third punt return touchdown. He also caught his first touchdown pass on November 16, 1997, a 56-yard reception from Danny Kanell against the Arizona Cardinals.

In 1998, Toomer again appeared in all 16 games for the Giants.  He returned 35 punts for 252 yards, an average of 7.1 yards per return.  He also began to see increased playing time as a receiver, registering 27 catches for 360 yards and five touchdowns.  In Week 15, in a come-from-behind victory over the previously undefeated Denver Broncos, Toomer caught a 37-yard touchdown pass from Kent Graham with 48 seconds left in the game as the Giants ruined the Broncos' dream of a perfect season by winning 20–16. Toomer later publicly acknowledged that his slow start as an NFL receiver was the result of exercise-induced asthma which he had hidden for years.  After seeking treatment for the condition, his receiving career blossomed in 1999 and 2000.

Prime years: 1999–2003
During the 1999 New York Giants season, Toomer became a starting wide receiver in all 16 games. That year, he broke the team record for receptions in a season (79), and his 1,183 receiving yards were the second-highest in team history behind Homer Jones.

In 2000, Toomer appeared in all 16 regular season games (14 as a starter) for the Giants and posted solid totals with 78 receptions for 1,094 yards and seven touchdowns. With Kerry Collins at quarterback, the 2000 Giants team advanced to Super Bowl XXXV (a loss to the Baltimore Ravens), and Toomer started all three postseason games for the team.  He totaled 10 catches for 135 yards and a touchdown in the 2000–01 NFL playoffs.

During the 2001 New York Giants season, Toomer appeared in all 16 regular season games, caught more than 70 passes, and gained over 1,000 receiving yards for the third consecutive year.

Toomer had the best year of his NFL career in 2002.  He set Giants' single-season records with 82 receptions and 1,343 receiving yards.  His eight receiving touchdowns in 2002 were also a career-high. His total of 204 receiving yards against the Indianapolis Colts was also the highest total for a Giants wide receiver in a 60-minute game (two players had higher receiving totals, but both of those games went to overtime).

In 2003, Toomer started all 16 games and had his fifth consecutive season with at least 1,000 receiving yards.  He totaled 63 catches for 1,057 yards and five touchdowns.  In the second game of the season, a Monday night game against the Dallas Cowboys, Toomer broke Frank Gifford's club record for receiving yardage.

2004–2006
The 2004 season marked the first time since Toomer's rookie year in which he did not score a touchdown.  Toomer appeared in 15 games and had 51 catches for 747 yards, the sixth consecutive season in which he topped 50 catches and 700 yards.

During the 2005 season, the Giants had a new starting quarterback, Eli Manning, who threw for almost 3,800 yards. Plaxico Burress took over as the Giants' #1 receiver, but Toomer still started all 16 games and had 60 receptions for 684 yards and seven touchdowns.  Toomer's 2005 highlights included a last-second touchdown reception against the Denver Broncos, a late game-tying touchdown at Seattle, and a fourth-and-goal touchdown catch against the Rams.

Toomer started strongly in the 2006 season.  In a Week 2 game against the Philadelphia Eagles, he tallied a career-high 12 receptions and scored two touchdowns to help spark a 17-point comeback.  Physically exhausted by game's end, he had to be carried off the field by trainers. Toomer's season came to an end after eight games when he suffered a partially torn ACL in his left knee. In eight games during the 2006 season, Toomer had 32 receptions for 360 yards and three touchdowns.  The Giants compiled a 6–2 record in the first half of the season with Toomer in the lineup, but fell to 2–6 in the second half without Toomer.  Giants head coach Tom Coughlin noted, "There's no question Amani has a very positive effect on Eli."  Quarterback Eli Manning also praised Toomer: "He has a way of being in the right place at the right time."

Super Bowl champion: 2007

During the 2007 season, Toomer returned from his injury to appear in all 16 regular season games for the Giants.  He totaled 59 receptions for 760 yards and three touchdowns. On October 21, 2007, in a home game against the San Francisco 49ers, he broke Kyle Rote's club record with his 49th career touchdown catch. In the same game, he also broke Tiki Barber's team record for career receptions.

The 2007 Giants advanced through the playoffs and won Super Bowl XLII over the previously undefeated New England Patriots. Toomer started all four postseason games for the team and totaled 21 catches for 280 yards and three touchdowns. On January 13, 2008, during the 2007 divisional playoff round, Toomer caught a 52-yard touchdown pass, his longest since a 77-yard touchdown on November 30, 2003.  This catch broke the club record for most postseason receptions. Toomer had two touchdown catches in the Giants' 21–17 upset over the Dallas Cowboys. His first touchdown gave the Giants a 7–0 lead after he caught an 11-yard pass, eluded three would be tacklers, and ran 50 yards for the score. Toomer also led the Giants with six receptions for 84 yards in the Super Bowl. In May 2008, Toomer and the Giants were invited by U.S President George W. Bush to the White House to honor their victory in Super Bowl XLII.

2008 season and career overview
The 2008 season was Toomer's last in the NFL. He appeared in all 16 regular season games, 12 as a starter, and caught 48 passes for 580 yards and four touchdowns.  He concluded his NFL career having appeared in 190 games, 142 as a starter, with 668 receptions for 9,497 yards (14.2 yards per catch), and 54 touchdown receptions.  He holds Giants' record for most career receiving yards, receptions, receiving touchdowns, and most consecutive games with at least one reception (94). In 2010, Toomer was included in the initial group selected for induction into the New York Giants Ring of Honor.

Giants Franchise Records
's NFL off-season, Amani Toomer held at least 16 Giants franchise records, including:
 Most Receptions (career): 668
 Most Receptions (game): 12 (2006-09-17 @PHI; tied with Mark Bavaro, Hakeem Nicks and Odell Beckham Jr. x2)
 Most Receptions (playoff career): 44
 Most Receiving Yds (career): 9,497
 Most Receiving Yds (playoff career): 608
 Most Receiving TDs (career): 54
 Most Receiving TDs (playoff career): 7
 Most Receiving TDs (playoff game): 3 (2003-01-05 @SFO)
 Most Total TDs (playoff career): 7
 Most Total TDs (playoff game): 3 (2003-01-05 @SFO)
 Most Punt Returns (season): 47 (1997; tied with Chad Morton)
 Most 100+ yard receiving games (career): 23
 Most Games with 1+ TD scored (playoffs): 4 (tied with Brandon Jacobs)
 Most Games with 2+ TD scored (playoffs): 2 (tied with Hakeem Nicks)
 Most Games with 3+ TD scored (playoffs): 1
 Most 1000+ receiving yards (career): 5

Kansas City Chiefs
Toomer was signed to a one-year contract by Kansas City Chiefs on August 4, 2009. He was released during final roster cuts on September 1.

Later years
In 2011, Toomer and fellow former New York Giant Roman Oben joined MSG Varsity's coverage of "Friday Night Football." In 2012, he joined NBC Sports Radio where he is a  co-host with Dan Schwartzman of "Going Deep with Amani & Dan", a nighttime talk show on the network. Toomer resides in Weehawken, New Jersey.

In the summer of 2020 Toomer, his Danish wife Maj and their 3 children relocated to Ebeltoft, Denmark, because of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the 2020 NFL season he worked as an expert on TV3 Sport.

References

1974 births
Living people
People from Concord, California
People from Weehawken, New Jersey
Players of American football from Berkeley, California
African-American players of American football
American football wide receivers
Michigan Wolverines football players
Kansas City Chiefs players
New York Giants players
American expatriates in Denmark
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
De La Salle High School (Concord, California) alumni

Amani Toomer


"Ekkanisa eya Yeso Eyannamaddala" kibiina ky'abagoberezi ba Kurisito ekyetongodde ekyatandikibwa e Beyijingi, Cayina mu 1917.
Kigambibwa okubaamu abantu nga akakadde kamu n'ekitundu nga basaasaanidde mu mawanga amakumi ana mu ataano. Mu Yuganda nti kyatuuka mu gwa 2000.

Ekibiina kino kyebalira mu kiti eky'obugoberezi obwa Kurisito ekimanyiddwa nga ekya Pentekooti, ekyasooka kulabika mu matandika ag'ekyasa eky'abiri.

Ekibiina kino tekikkiririza mu kirowoze nti Katonda ali omu mu basatu, bano bbo balina enkola gye bayita "ey'erinnya lya Yeso n'obumu obw'abali mu kiti ekya Pentekooti". Ab'ekibiina kino bagamba nti ekigendererwa kyabwe kuyigiriza engiri mu mawanga gonna, Yeso nga tannadda ogwokubiri.

Ekkanisa eno ebikkirizibwa ebikulu byayo ewa bino:

 Mwoyo Mutukuvu: "Receiving the Holy Spirit, evidenced by speaking in tongues, is the guarantee of our inheritance of the Kingdom of Heaven".
 Okubatizibwa: "Water baptism is the sacrament for the remission of sins and for regeneration. The baptism takes place in natural living water, such as the river, sea, or spring. The Baptist, whom already has received baptism of water and the Holy Spirit, conducts the baptism in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. And the person receiving the baptism must be completely immersed in water with head bowed and face downward".
 Okugabana Okutukuvu: "The Holy Communion is the sacrament to commemorate the death of the Lord Jesus Christ. It enables us to partake of the flesh and blood of our Lord and to be in communion with Him so that we can have eternal life and be raised on the Last Day. This sacrament should be held as often as possible. Only one unleavened bread and grape juice is used".
 Olunaku olwa Sabbato: "The Sabbath day, the seventh day of the week (Saturday), is a Holy Day, blessed and sanctified by God. It is to be observed under the Lord's grace for the commemoration of God's creation and salvation and with the hope of eternal rest in the life to come".
 Okunaaza bigere: "The sacrament of feet washing enables one to have a part with the Lord Jesus. It also serves as a constant reminder that one should have love, holiness, humility, forgiveness and service. Every person who has received water baptism must have their feet washed in the name of Jesus Christ. Mutual feet washing may be practiced whenever is appropriate".
 Yeso Kurisito: "Jesus Christ, the Word who became flesh, died on the cross for the redemption of sinners, resurrected on the third day and ascended to heaven. He is the only saviour of mankind, the creator of the heavens and earth, and the only true God".
 Bayibuli Entukuvu: "The Holy Bible, consisting of the Old and New Testaments, is inspired by God, the only scriptural truth, and the standard for Christian living".
 Okulokolebwa: "Salvation is given by the grace of God through faith. Believers must rely on the Holy Spirit to pursue holiness, to honour God, and to love humanity".
 Bagoberezi: "The True Jesus Church, established by our Lord Jesus Christ, through the Holy Spirit during the time of the 'latter rain', is the restored true church of the Apostolic time".
 Kulamulibwa Okuvannyuma: "The Lord's Second Coming will take place on the Last Day when He descends from heaven to judge the world: the righteous will receive eternal life, while the wicked will be eternally condemned".

Ekiwandiike kino kigenda okukyuusibwa nnyo, wafundiwa ebikwata ku kibiina bino bingi nga kyakamala okuwandiikibwa. Biri ku Wikipediya ey'Olungereza.

Kkanisa ya Yeso Eyannamaddala