Ronald Stuart Thomas (29 March 1913 – 25 September 2000), published as R. S. Thomas, was a Welsh poet and Anglican priest (Church of Wales) noted for nationalism, spirituality and dislike of the anglicisation of Wales. John Betjeman, introducing Song at the Year's Turning (1955), the first collection of Thomas's poetry from a major publisher, predicted that Thomas would be remembered long after he himself was forgotten. M. Wynn Thomas said: "He was the Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn of Wales because he was such a troubler of the Welsh conscience. He was one of the major English language and European poets of the 20th century."

Life
R. S. Thomas was born in Cardiff as the only child of Margaret (née Davies) and Thomas Hubert Thomas. The family moved to Holyhead in 1918 because of his father's work in the Merchant Navy. He was awarded a bursary in 1932 to study at the University College of North Wales, where he read Latin. In 1936, after he completed his theological training at St Michael's College, Llandaff, he was ordained as a priest in the Anglican Church in Wales. From 1936 to 1940 he was the curate of Chirk, Denbighshire, where he met his future wife, Mildred "Elsi" Eldridge, an English artist. He subsequently became curate-in charge of Tallarn Green, Flintshire, as part of his duties as curate of Hanmer.

In Hanmer he was an assistant to the Rev. Thomas Meredith-Morris, grandfather of the writer Lorna Sage, a fact later described by Byron Rogers as a "crossing of paths of two of Wales's strangest clergymen". Whilst Sage devotes a great deal of her autobiography Bad Blood to her late relative, she does not mention Thomas, who was in any case in Hanmer before Sage was born. However, her memoir gives some insight into the strange environment in which Thomas worked as a young priest. Thomas never wrote much about his curacies and nothing is known of the relationship between him and Meredith-Morris.

Thomas and Eldridge were married in 1940 and remained together until her death in 1991. Their son, (Andreas) Gwydion, was born on 29 August 1945 and died on 15 September 2016. Gwydion often spoke about his difficult upbringing with a family living in near poverty, while he was sent to a number of traumatic boarding schools. The Thomas family lived on a tiny income and lacked the comforts of modern life, largely through their own choice. One of the few household amenities the family ever owned, a vacuum cleaner, was rejected because Thomas decided it was too noisy.

From 1942 to 1954 Thomas was rector of St Michael's Church, Manafon, near Welshpool in rural Montgomeryshire. During his time there he began to study Welsh and published his first three volumes of poetry, The Stones of the Field (1946), An Acre of Land (1952) and The Minister (1953). Thomas's poetry achieved a breakthrough with the publication in 1955 of his fourth book, Song at the Year's Turning, in effect a collected edition of his first three volumes. This was critically well received and opened with an introduction by Betjeman. His position was also helped by winning the Royal Society of Literature's Heinemann Award.

Thomas learnt the Welsh language from the age of 30, – too late in life, he said, to be able to write poetry in it. The 1960s saw him working in a predominantly Welsh-speaking community and he later wrote two prose works in Welsh, Neb (Nobody), an ironic and revealing autobiography written in the third person, and Blwyddyn yn Llŷn (A Year in Llŷn). In 1964 he won the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry. From 1967 to 1978 he was vicar of St Hywyn's Church (built 1137) in Aberdaron at the western tip of the Llŷn Peninsula.

Thomas retired as a clergyman in 1978. He and his wife moved to Y Rhiw, into "a tiny, unheated cottage in one of the most beautiful parts of Wales, where, however, the temperature sometimes dipped below freezing," according to Theodore Dalrymple. Free from church constraints, he was able to become more political and active in campaigns that were important to him. He became a fierce advocate of Welsh nationalism, although he never supported Plaid Cymru, as it recognised the Westminster Parliament and so in his view fell short in its opposition to England.

Thomas was nominated for the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature, the winner of which was Wislawa Szymborska. He received the 1996 Lannan Literary Award for Lifetime Achievement.

Thomas died on 25 September 2000 aged 87, at his home in Pentrefelin near Criccieth, survived by his second wife, Elizabeth Vernon. He had been ill with a heart condition and treated at Ysbyty Gwynedd in Bangor until two weeks before he died. A memorial event celebrating his life and poetry was held at Westminster Abbey with readings from Heaney, Andrew Motion, Gillian Clarke and John Burnside. Thomas's ashes are buried near the door of St John's Church, Porthmadog, Gwynedd.

Beliefs and contribution to spirituality

Religious views
Thomas's son, Gwydion, recalls his father's sermons, in which he would "drone on" to absurd lengths about the evil of refrigerators, washing machines, televisions and other modern devices. Thomas preached that they were all part of the temptation of scrambling after gadgets rather than attending to more spiritual needs. "It was the Machine, you see," Gwydion explained to a biographer. "This to a congregation that didn't have any of these things and were longing for them." Although he may have taken some ideas to extreme lengths, Theodore Dalrymple wrote, Thomas "was raising a deep and unanswered question: What is life for? Is it simply to consume more and more, and divert ourselves with ever more elaborate entertainments and gadgetry? What will this do to our souls?" He had a reputation, which perhaps he cultivated, of being not always charitable and sometimes awkward and taciturn. Some critics have interpreted photographs of him as indicating he was "formidable, bad-tempered, and apparently humourless."

In terms of religion, although he sometimes appeared to lack charity and patience, Thomas served as a Church in Wales parish priest all his working life. His training at St Michael's College, Llandaff, placed him somewhat in the Tractarian Tradition, though he does not seem to have been more than central in his position as regards the conduct of services. Although a fervent Welsh nationalist, he appears to have preferred the 1662 Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England (even in Welsh translation) over the 1966 order for the Holy Eucharist which the Church in Wales produced for itself and which came into use during his final year at Eglwys Fach. In one of his autobiographical books, he asserted that in retirement he could no longer bring himself to go to Holy Communion on account of the changes, although one of his successors at Aberdaron indicated that Thomas always retained the bishop's permission to officiate and occasionally did so at Llanfaelrhys, when no one else could be found. His prime objection to the revised services was that since the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) – which also had liturgical repercussions within Anglicanism – he could not bear to see the priest facing the people when in reality he should be leading the people towards God from the traditional east-facing position. "It is to God that the mystery belongs," he wrote pointedly, "and woe to man when he interferes with that mystery. As T. S. Eliot says: 'Humankind cannot bear very much reality.'"

Thomas seems early on to have become interested in Theosophy (an interest he did not pursue beyond some interfaith study) and over time he appears to have had some sympathy with the theological explorations of the one-time Bishop of Woolwich John A. T. Robinson in his 1963 Honest to God, on one occasion going as far as to describe the Resurrection of Christ as a "metaphor". In a letter to a theological student in 1993 he denied he held similar views to the non-realist Cambridge theologian and philosopher Don Cupitt. "I believe in revelation," Thomas wrote, "and therefore one cannot describe all one's insights as entirely human." Above all, his main influence appears to have been the philosopher Kierkegaard – and his "leap of faith" – although he also appears to have concerned himself with the limitations of religious language in an era becoming progressively more post-Christian in the face of science and philosophy. Yet for all his explorations, his sermons and practice as a priest do not seem to have been heterodox, even if in retirement he was to write to his long-term friend, the poet Raymond Garlick, to give him "the address of a retired Christian".

As a priest, it seems that Thomas did not believe he was there to promote his own views, but those of the church he served, and for all his vaunted crabbiness, he seems to have been well enough regarded by parishioners, though biographies offer notable exceptions. He has been credited by some as a capable listener and counsellor at a time when such things were not common among the clergy, and to have been a devoted visitor to the sick. However, his tendency to remoteness led one of his successors to say that she had, as parish priest of Aberdaron, to "do a lot of healing". Nonetheless, his influence as a poet had a considerable impact on spirituality, to the extent that on the centenary of his birth, Archbishop of Wales, Barry Morgan, who had known the poet personally, paid tribute to him:
R. S. Thomas continues to articulate through his poetry questions that are inscribed on the heart of most Christian pilgrims in their search for meaning and truth. We search for God and feel Him near at hand, only then to blink and find Him gone. This poetry persuades us that we are not alone in this experience of faith – the poet has been there before us.

Views on Welsh politics
Thomas believed in what he called "the true Wales of my imagination", a Welsh-speaking aboriginal community in tune with the natural world. He viewed western (specifically English) materialism and greed, represented in the poetry by his mythical "Machine", as the destroyers of community. He could tolerate neither the English who bought up Wales and in his view stripped it of its wild and essential nature, nor the Welsh whom he saw as all too eager to kowtow to English money and influence.

Thomas was an ardent supporter of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and described himself as a pacifist, but also supported the nationalist Meibion Glyndŵr fire bombings of English-owned holiday cottages in rural Wales. On this subject he said in 1998, "What is one death against the death of the whole Welsh nation?" He was also active in wildlife preservation and worked with the RSPB and Welsh volunteer organisations for the preservation of the red kite. He resigned his RSPB membership over their plans to introduce non-native kites to Wales.

Thomas was a supporter of Welsh independence.

Works

Almost all of Thomas's work concerns the Welsh landscape and the Welsh people, themes with both political and spiritual subtext. His views on the position of the Welsh people, as a conquered people are never far below the surface. As a cleric, his religious views are also present in his works. His earlier works focus on the personal stories of his parishioners, the farm labourers and working men and their wives, challenging the cosy view of the traditional pastoral poem with harsh and vivid descriptions of rural lives. The beauty of the landscape, although ever-present, is never suggested as a compensation for the low pay or monotonous conditions of farm work. This direct view of "country life" comes as a challenge to many English writers writing on similar subjects and challenging the more pastoral works of contemporary poets such as Dylan Thomas.

Thomas's later works were of a more metaphysical nature, more experimental in their style and focusing more overtly on his spirituality. Laboratories of the Spirit (1975) gives, in its title, a hint at this development and also reveals Thomas's increasing experiments with scientific metaphor. He described this shift as an investigation into the "adult geometry of the mind". Fearing that poetry was becoming a dying art, inaccessible to those who most needed it, "he attempted to make spiritually minded poems relevant within, and relevant to, a science-minded, post-industrial world," to represent that world both in form and in content even as he rejected its machinations.

Despite his nationalism Thomas could be hard on his fellow countrymen. Often his works read more as a criticism of Welshness than a celebration. He said there is a "lack of love for human beings" in his poetry. Other critics have been less harsh. Al Alvarez said, "He was wonderful, very pure, very bitter, but the bitterness was beautifully and very sparely rendered. He was completely authoritative, a very, very fine poet, completely off on his own, out of the loop but a real individual. It's not about being a major or minor poet. It's about getting a work absolutely right by your own standards and he did that wonderfully well."

Thomas's final works commonly sold 20,000 copies in Britain alone.

Books

The Stones of the Field (1946) Druid Press, Carmarthen
An Acre of Land (1952) Montgomeryshire Printing Co, Newtown
The Minister (1953) Montgomeryshire Printing Co, Newtown
Song at the Year's Turning (1955) Rupert Hart-Davis, London
Poetry for Supper (1958) Rupert Hart-Davis, London
 Judgement Day, Poetry Book Society, 1960
Tares, [Corn-weed] (1961) Rupert Hart-Davis, London
The Bread of Truth (1963) Rupert Hart-Davis, London
Words and the Poet (1964, lecture) University of Wales Press, Cardiff
Pietà (1966) Rupert Hart-Davis, London
 The Mountains (1968) illustrations by John Piper, Chilmark Press
 Postcard: Song (1968) Fishpaste Postcard Series
Not That He Brought Flowers (1968) Rupert Hart-Davis, London
H'm (1972) Macmillan, London
Selected Poems, 1946–1968, Hart-Davis MacGibbon, 1973 and St. Martin's Press, New York, 1974; Bloodaxe Books, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1986
What is a Welshman? (1974) Christopher Davies Publishers, Swansea
Laboratories of the Spirit (1975) Macmillan, London
Abercuawg (1976, lecture) Cyngor Celfyddydau Cymru
The Way of It (1977) Ceolfrith Press, Sunderland,
Frequencies (1978) Macmillan, London
Between Here and Now (1981) Macmillan, London
Later Poems, 1972–1982 (1983) Macmillan (London)
A Selection of Poetry (1983) edited by D. J. Hignett, Hignett School Services
 Poets' Meeting (1983) Celandine
Ingrowing Thoughts (1985) Poetry Wales Press, Bridgend
Neb (1985) (Welsh, third person autobiography), Gwasg Gwynedd, Caernarfon
Destinations (1985) Celandine
Poems of R. S. Thomas (1985) University of Arkansas Press
Experimenting with an Amen (1986) Macmillan, London
Welsh Airs (1987) Seren, Bridgend
The Echoes Return Slow (1988) Macmillan, London
Counterpoint (1990) Bloodaxe Books, Newcastle upon Tyne
Blwyddyn yn Llŷn (1990) (in Welsh)
Pe Medrwn Yr Iaith : ac ysgrifau eraill ed. Tony Brown & Bedwyr L. Jones, (1990) (essays, in Welsh) Christopher Davies Publishers, Swansea
Cymru or Wales? (1992) Gomer Press
Mass for Hard Times (1992) Bloodaxe Books, Newcastle upon Tyne
Collected Poems, 1945–1990 (1993) Dent
No Truce with the Furies (1995) Bloodaxe Books, Newcastle upon Tyne
Autobiographies (1997, translations from Welsh) trans. Jason Walford Davies Phoenix Books, London
Residues (2002, posthumously) Bloodaxe Books, Tarset
Collected Later Poems 1988–2000 (2004, posthumously) Bloodaxe Books, Tarset
Uncollected Poems ed. Tony Brown & Jason Walford Davies (2013, posthumously) Bloodaxe Books, Tarset
Too Brave to Dream: Encounters with Modern Art ed. Tony Brown & Jason Walford Davies (2016, posthumously) Bloodaxe Books, Hexham

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Profile at Poetry Archive
Profile at Poetry Foundation
Guardian obituary. 27 September 2000
"The Country Clergy": a poem by R. S. Thomas from TLS, 26 February 2008.
"R.S. Thomas's Existential Agony" by John Pikoulis and Martin Roberts at poetrymagazines.org.uk
R. S. Thomas Study Centre

1913 births
2000 deaths
Alumni of Bangor University
Writers from Cardiff
Anglo-Welsh poets
Welsh-language writers
20th-century Welsh Anglican priests
Anglican pacifists
Welsh nationalists
Alumni of St Michael's College, Llandaff
Burials in Wales
People from Chirk
People from Holyhead
20th-century Welsh poets
Articles containing video clips
Welsh-speaking writers
Anglican_poets
Poet priests
People from Criccieth
People from Aberdaron

R. S. Thomas


A railway signal or just signal is a mechanical or electrical machine that gives train drivers or engineers information about the line ahead. These traffic signals say whether the train must stop or may continue and what speed the train may go.

In Britain, modern signalling uses a system similar to road traffic lights. The signals are coloured lights mounted on a pole. A red signal means 'do not go further'. A yellow signal gives a warning to the driver that the next signal is showing a red.  Some signals can show two yellow lights, known as a "double yellow" and are warnings to the driver that the next signal is showing a yellow.  A green signal means 'you can continue'.

On older lines semaphore signals are still used.  These are poles with a coloured bar at the top, which can be moved so that it is either horizontal, or at an angle.  When a red bar is horizontal this means that the train must stop, and when it is pointing diagonally up or down it means that it's safe for the driver to continue.  There are also signals with yellow bars which give warnings in the same way as yellow lights on newer signals.

Related pages

 Communications-based train control

Rail technologies

Railway signal


The Dionne Quintuplets were the first quintuplets (five babies born at the same time from the same mother) to survive after being born. They were born in Ontario, Canada on May 28, 1934 to Elzire and Oliva Dionne. They were:
Annette
Cecile
Emilie (died on August 6, 1954 from an epilepsy seizure)
Marie  (died on February 27, 1970 from a blood clot in the brain)
Yvonne (died on June 23, 2001 from cancer)

The babies were delivered by Dr. Allan Roy Dafoe, who later was given custody of the girls by the Canadian government and the Ontario government housed them in a special theme park-like area, just across the street from the house their parents and 6 other siblings lived in. At one time 6,000 people visited Quintland each day to see the sisters, they also had dolls made out of them, and appeared in commercials for products like corn syrup and Quaker oats like oatmeal. Then in 1943, the girls' father, Oliva, finally got custody of them again and the girls moved back to live with their real family. Dr. Dafone died soon after that. The girls later claimed their father abused them. In 1998 the surviving sisters sued the government of Ontario for being exploited as kids and were rewarded 4 million Canadian dollars.

1934 births
People from Ontario

Dionne Quintuplets


U-Carmen eKhayelitsha is a 2005 South African operatic film directed and produced by Mark Dornford-May.

Production
The movie is a modern remake of Bizet's 1875 opera Carmen. It was shot entirely in Xhosa, and combines both music from the original opera with traditional African music conducted and directed by the British conductor Charles Hazlewood. It takes place in the Cape Town township of Khayelitsha. U-Carmen was translated into Xhosa by Andiswa Kedama and Pauline Malefane, who also play Amanda and Carmen in the movie, respectively.

The cast rehearsed for four weeks before they began shooting the film. The film's musical numbers were recorded live on the set without any additional dubbing. The film was Dornford-May's directorial debut. Also, none of the cast members had ever acted on film before.

Plot summary
The film begins when Nomakhaya arrives at a Cape Town police station, looking for police sergeant Jongikhaya. He is out on patrol, so she decides to return later to avoid being harassed by the other officers. Meanwhile, Carmen and Amanda are going to work at the cigarette factory. They pass in front of Jongikhaya's police vehicle and Carmen yells at him for parking there.

Nomakhaya eventually finds Jongikhaya and gives him a ring that his dying mother sent him: she urges him to return to his village to see his mother before she dies. A flashback reveals that Jongikhaya has been disowned by his mother after he drowned his brother during an argument. Later, the bored police officers decide to go to the cigarette factory to see the girls. Carmen is piqued when Jongikhaya reads his Bible and ignores her. She flirts with him and throws a rose into his car.

Later, the cigarette girls are watching TV when they see that a singing star, Lulamile Nkomo, from their township is returning to the area for a special concert. Pinki turns off the TV when Carmen is trying to watch the footage and a fight ensues. The police arrive to break up the fight; Jongikhaya takes Carmen into custody after she wounds Pinki with a knife. However, Carmen convinces Jongikhaya to let her go in exchange for her love and promises to meet him later at a local bar. Jongikhaya is demoted by Captain Gantana and confined to barracks for his role in the escape.

Several days later, Carmen, Amanda, the cigarette factory workers, and Carmen's drug dealer friends eagerly await the arrival of Lulamile Nkomo at Bra Nkomo's bar. The police arrive to search for Carmen, but she hides. Jongikhaya also arrives, although he is treated with hostility by the factory girls and the drug traffickers until Carmen vouches for him. He declares his undying love for Carmen and she warns him again that she only belongs to herself. He also gives her his mother's ring. At the urging of Carmen, Jongikhaya quits his job and becomes a drug trafficker. However, one night during a smuggling operation, he becomes jealous when Carmen is friendly towards another man and starts a fight. The other drug traffickers beat him up and a furious Carmen declares that their relationship is over. Carmen returns the ring that he gave her. Jongikhaya is determined that Carmen will not forget him. He declares he will kill her if she rejects him.

Carmen is scheduled to sing at Lulamile Nkomo's homecoming concert. Her friends warn her that Jongikhaya is in the audience. When Carmen tries to tell Jongikhaya that their relationship is over, he chases her outside the music venue and threatens her with a knife. Despite his ominous threat, Carmen refuses to take him back. Jongikhaya stabs her and is seized by members of the concert audience as she dies.

Awards
The film won critical acclaim when it received the Golden Bear at the 2005 Berlin International Film Festival.

Cast
 Carmen – Pauline Malefane
 Nomakhaya – Lungelwa Blou
 Jongikhaya – Andile Tshoni
 Amanda – Andiswa Kedama
 Manelisa – Noluthando Boqwana

See also
Dimpho di Kopane
Xhosa music

Other Black adaptations of Carmen:
Carmen Jones (1954), set in 1950s USA and directed by Otto Preminger with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II
Carmen: A Hip Hopera (2001), an MTV production from 2001 starring Beyoncé Knowles and set in Philadelphia and Los Angeles in modern times.
Karmen Geï (2001), the first African Carmen and, arguably, the first African filmed "musical."

References

External links
 Official site via Archive.org
 Cape Town Magazine Article about U-Carmen with sound

2005 films
Golden Bear winners
South African musical films
Xhosa-language films
Films based on Carmen
Films shot in the Western Cape
Films set in Cape Town
Georges Bizet
2000s musical films

U-Carmen eKhayelitsha


There are two types of Japanese traditional dance: Odori, which was created in the Edo period; and Mai, which was created in the western part of Japan. Odori came from Kabuki drama, where it is danced by men. Mai derives from Noh drama, also danced by men. Today it is usually danced by female dancers, and is mostly done in houses, instead of on stage.

A type of the Mai style of Japanese dance is the Kyomai or Kyoto style dance.  Kyomai was created in the 17th century Tokugawa cultural period. Noh drama, music and dance was heavily influenced by the elegance of the manners of the Japanese Imperial Court. Kabuki drama, and hence Odori, was a more democratic form, but still (viewed with modern eyes) quite traditional.

Japanese culture
Dance types

Japanese traditional dance


Group of Eleven (G11) is a forum, constituted by mostly developing countries aimed at easing their debt burden (government debt), narrowing the income gap with rich countries and lifting their people out of poverty.

History

King Abdullah of Jordan first proposed the group in 2005.

Objective
The group of eleven is a forum, constituted by mostly developing countries aimed at easing their debt burden and narrowing the gap with rich countries to lift, 'millions out of poverty'. The specific aim is to garner market access and writing off of the debt burden so that these countries can focus all their resources on generating growth and stability.

Creation
The group was created on 20 September 2006. The group comprises mostly lower-middle-income countries.

Members
The members consist of Jordan, Croatia, Ecuador, Georgia, El Salvador, Honduras, Indonesia, Morocco, Pakistan, Paraguay, and Sri Lanka.

The request is made to the G8.

May 2007 summit

G11 developing countries at their Summit at the Jordanian Dead Sea resort have agreed to push for cooperation with G8 industrialized nations to ease their debts and build prosperous economies. These countries and in fact most of the developing countries require fiscal and monetary space to maintain momentum on progress to lay the foundation for a diversified and sustainable economic growth.

The group asked for exploring avenues for enhancing cooperation among member states to shape their future development needs and strategies as well as greater cooperation with international partners for market access, enhanced productive capacities and development of scientific and technological skills and converting debts to financing aid projects.

G11 countries need targeted assistance and support from the developed countries to accelerate growth, lift millions from poverty and hasten the delivery of the fruits of reforms and social development to larger segments of their population. The G11 group need to enter into political dialogue with the G8 countries for their support to meet development objectives, encourage investment and have greater market access.

Outstanding Debt on the developing countries places a great burden on export earnings and fiscal revenues. Moreover, tariffs imposed by the G8 and other developed countries on imports are the major hurdles in the way of improving the living standard of the peoples of the developing and under developed countries through export led growth.

G11 proposal on debt

The G11 argues that it is in the interest of the G8 and others to enter into arrangement with the indebted countries and convert the debts into assistance for social development projects so that the poor masses could reap the fruits of development. This would help in reducing the gap between the rich and the poor, create more job opportunities, alleviate poverty and contribute to creating an atmosphere of goodwill, fraternity and understanding among the peoples leading to the cherished objective of prosperity, peace and stability around the globe.

External links

Intergovernmental organizations
Third World debt cancellation activism
International economic organizations
Economic country classifications
21st-century diplomatic conferences (Global)
Organizations established in 2006
Trade blocs
2006 in economics

Group of Eleven


(Afrikaans for Boer music) is a kind of South African instrumental folk music.  Its was made to go with social dancing at parties and festivals.

History
Boeremusiek is from Europe. It was brought to South Africa and changed into its own style. It is thought to have got to South Africa by British Empire military bands.

Style
Every artist or band comes up with their own sound and style. They make up their own style by playing different types of concertinas and using different instruments in the band.

A concertina is similar to an accordion and is the lead instrument in most Boeremusiek bands. There are many different types of concertinas, which is why Boeremusiek has so many sounds and styles, and the construction the concertina is what makes the different sounds in the Boeremusiek band; it depends on where the slots and holes are put makes the difference on the sound that the concertina makes.

Other instruments that might be in a Boeremusiek band are piano accordions, button harmonicas, accordions, pianos, harmoniums and the guitar. Sometimes, a cello or bass guitar may be seen.

Today, there are many successful Boeremusiek bands that have recorded albums. Some famous bands and individual artists today are Klipwerf Boereorkes, Danie Grey, Nico Carstens, Taffie Kikkilus, Brian Nieuwoudt, Samuel Petzer, Worsie Visser and Die Ghitaar Man.

References

Folk music

Boeremusiek


Nawang Khechog (; also known as Nawang Khechong) is a Tibetan flute player and composer.

Nawang was born in Tibet, but following the Chinese invasion of 1949/1950, his family moved to India, where Nawang studied meditation and Buddhist philosophy. He spent eleven years as a monk, including four years as a hermit meditating in the Himalayan foothills under the guidance of the Dalai Lama.

A self-taught musician, Nawang's expression springs from his emotions and his life experience traveling the world as a Tibetan nomad. In 1986, he emigrated to Australia, where he first performed, and his recordings achieved bestseller status. Nawang is best known for his collaborations with Kitaro, including performances on Kitaro's Grammy-nominated Enchanted Evening and Mandala albums. He has received international acclaim for his live performances with Philip Glass, Paul Winter, Laurie Anderson, Paul Simon, Natalie Merchant, R. Carlos Nakai, and Babatunde Olatunji. On July 31, 1999, Nawang performed with the band Phish during their encore at the Fuji Rock Festival in Niigata, Japan.

Nawang is part of a fairly large group of musicians in the Tibetan tradition now active in the West, including singer Techung, singer Karjam Saeji, singer Phurbu T Namgyal, singer Yungchen Lhamo, singer Amchok Gompo Dhondup and Jewish-American Tibetan-genre performer Amalia Rubin.

External links
Nawang Khechog homepage
Domo Music Group

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian people of Tibetan descent
20th-century Tibetan male singers
Musicians from Tibet
Australian Buddhists
Domo Records artists

Nawang Khechog


Sibusiso Wiseman Zuma (born 23 June 1975) is a South African former professional footballer who played as a forward or midfielder.

Club career

Early career
Born in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, Zuma started his career for South African clubs Mighty Pa, African Wanderers and Orlando Pirates.

F.C. Copenhagen
In June 2000, Zuma joined Danish club F.C. Copenhagen, where he blossomed as a player.

In 2001 Zuma was tied for 29th place for the 2001 FIFA World Player of the Year award.

He helped the club win its second Danish football championship and was voted into the club's hall of fame for his outstanding efforts in the 2004–05 season,

In 2006 Zuma was voted number one by the fans among the greatest profiles to have ever played in F.C. Copenhagen.

According to Zuma he played his best football at F.C. Copenhagen which still feels like his second home. He enjoys legend status at F.C. Copenhagen as the best player ever to play in the club. Zuma thinks he owes everything to FC Copenhagen and that he enjoyed every day he was at the club. It is a part of his life that he will never forget. Zuma also tells that "South Africans will tell you that Zuma is a king in Denmark".

F.C. Copenhagen won its second Superliga championship in 2001 after almost a decade without becoming champions, winning 3–1 in the last New Firm match of the season, at the Parken Stadium. The 2–0 goal was a bicycle kick by Zuma, who received the ball at his chest, where he bounced it in the air, and in the same motion executed the overhead kick, volleying the ball into the far corner, out of Brøndby keeper Mogens Krogh's reach. This was voted the Danish goal of the year, and was voted the best Superliga goal of the decade in December 2009.

In 2013, Zuma's bicycle kick was voted the greatest moment in the history of F.C. Copenhagen. A monument was made to honour the greatest moment and thereby Zuma's bicycle kick. Zuma himself was invited by F.C. Copenhagen and attended Parken on 18 August 2013 where the unveiling of the monument took place. The monument was a relief of Zuma's bicycle kick.

On the day of the unveiling of the relief Zuma said: "It's an honour to be here. I love those guys. I love F.C. Copenhagen fans to dead. I am amazingly happy. It's one of the best days in my life".

Arminia Bielefeld
After five and a half years at FC Copenhagen, Zuma was sold to German Bundesliga club Arminia Bielefeld for €1 million in July 2005.

Mamelodi Sundowns
On 21 June 2008, Zuma signed for Mamelodi Sundowns. He was released in the summer of 2009 and in October 2009 he had a trial period with FC Nordsjælland, eventually being signed by the club.

Nordsjælland
On 16 October 2009, he signed a one-year contract with the Danish club FC Nordsjælland. On 8 November 2009, Zuma scored his first goal for Nordsjælland in the club's 1–0 win over SønderjyskE. When Nordsjælland visited F.C. Copenhagen on 24 March 2010 in a Danish League match, Zuma played well and was substituted to a large majority of the F.C. Copenhagen supporters applauding him. A distinctly touched Zuma claimed that the home supporters were incredible.

International career
He has represented South Africa 67 times. He played for his country at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Zuma was the captain of South African National team at the 2006 African Cup of Nations tournament.

Personal life

Sibusiso Zuma Foundation
In 2010, Zuma opened the Sibusiso Zuma Foundation which works with young kids with HIV. The foundation also works with "prevention and education about HIV/Aids" and "the prevention of HIV infection and/or the distribution of information relating to HIV/Aids".

Zuma says: "I'm just trying to help a lot of communities here in South Africa. Especially the poor ones."

Nickname
He is also known as "Zuma the Puma" to the club's supporters and "Puma" appears on his shirt instead of "Zuma" in the Pro Evolution Soccer 2009 video game.

Other nicknames while he played in F.C. Copenhagen were Sibu or just Zuma.

Incident
On 25 June 2007, it was reported that Zuma had been involved in an incident in his home country South Africa. After an altercation there were allegations that he threatened to shoot a group of men at a party in Kokstad. The local police investigated the situation, and Zuma was prevented from leaving the country for a period, but no charges were made.

Family

Zuma told in the 2002 documentary "Zuma the Puma" that his father was never very supportive of his footballing career, never believing in him, telling him he would never be good enough, never coming to his games and always working instead. When Zuma moved to the Orlando Pirates in 1998, his father told him "The good players play on the national team." Zuma's father died the day before his son played his first game for the South Africa national team.

Career statistics
Scores and results list South Africa's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zuma goal.

References

1975 births
Living people
Soccer players from Durban
Men's association football forwards
F.C. Copenhagen players
FC Nordsjælland players
Arminia Bielefeld players
South African men's soccer players
South Africa men's international soccer players
South African expatriate men's soccer players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2002 African Cup of Nations players
2004 African Cup of Nations players
2006 Africa Cup of Nations players
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
Bundesliga players
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark
Orlando Pirates F.C. players
Danish Superliga players
Mamelodi Sundowns F.C. players
Vasco da Gama (South Africa) players
SuperSport United F.C. players
South African expatriate sportspeople in Germany
South African expatriate sportspeople in Denmark

Sibusiso Zuma


Penelope is a woman from the Greek mythology. She is the wife of Odysseus of Ithaca and mother of Telemachus. She became a symbol for the faithful wife.

When her husband Odysseus was on his long journey home, many people thought he was dead. Because of this, many suitors came who wanted to marry Penelope, because then they would own her land and wealth, and become king of Ithaca.
Penelope thinks of several tricks so that she does not have to marry one of the suitors. One trick is that she tells the suitors that she will first weave a cloth for the funeral of Odysseus' father, and when she was finished she would marry one of the suitors. But every night she undoes her weaving again, so that she never finishes it.

When Odysseus finally comes back after twenty years, he and his son Telemachos kill the suitors.

Sources
Richard Heitman 2005. Taking her seriously: Penelope and the plot of Homer's Odyssey. Michigan University Press, Ann Arbor. .

People in Greek mythology

Penelope


ARD is a public broadcaster in Germany. The name is an abbreviation. It stands for Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. This can be translated as "Consortium of public-law broadcasting institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany". The company is made of different regional broadcasters. It provides one of the two (publicly funded) television programmes in Germany, amongst other programmes. The other publicly funded TV program is called Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF, in short).

It was founded in West Germany in 1950. It was made for common interests of the new, de-centralized post-war broadcasting services - in particular, the introduction of a joint television network.

ARD is made of the following regional broadcasters: BR, HR, MDR, NDR, Radio Bremen, RBB, SR, SWR, and WDR, as well as international broadcaster Deutsche Welle.

They make a total of 54 regional and local radio stations and networks, two nationwide radio channels, and seven regional TV networks. During certain parts of the day some of these split even further.

German broadcasting companies
1950 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Germany

ARD (broadcaster)


Harry Edward Nilsson III (June 15, 1941 – January 15, 1994) was an American singer-songwriter.

Nilsson was born in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York City. His paternal grandparents were Swedish.

"Without Her" is one of his early hits. This number is nowadays considered one of his standards as Blood, Sweat & Tears did later an jazzy cover on their album. His biggest hits were during the late 1960s and the 1970s. His songs include "Me And My Arrow", "Coconut", "Cuddly Toy", "Spaceman", and "One". "One" was also a hit for the band Three Dog Night. Nilsson's two most famous songs were "Without You" and "Everybody's Talkin'". These songs were  written by other people. "Without You" has been re-recorded many times by other singers. It was written by Peter Ham and Tom Evans of Badfinger. "Everybody's Talkin'" was used in the 1969 movie Midnight Cowboy. The song was written by Fred Neil.

Nilsson recorded a tribute to The Beatles on his first album. He used lines from fifteen of their songs in one cover version of "You Can't Do That". Derek Taylor, who worked for the Beatles, sent them copies of the album, and Nilsson became a friend of the band. He later shared a house with John Lennon and Ringo Starr. They worked together on each other's music.

Nilsson also wrote a cartoon movie named The Point!. It was broadcast on ABC. It was about tolerance and diversity. The Point! was later turned into a musical. One production of the musical starred former Monkees Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones. The Monkees had recorded two of Nilsson's songs, "Cuddly Toy" and "Daddy's Song", after they met him through producer Chip Douglas.

Nilsson died of heart failure in Agoura Hills, California.

The movie You've Got Mail uses several of Nilsson's songs in its soundtrack.

Notes

Other websites
A performance of 'Without Her' from the 1971 BBC Television broadcast.

Singer-songwriters from New York City
Deaths from heart failure
1941 births
1994 deaths

Harry Nilsson


Aydon is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Corbridge, in Northumberland, England. It is about  northeast of Corbridge on the B6321 road. The village is about  from Newcastle upon Tyne along the main A69 road. The A68 road is close by, leading to Jedburgh and Darlington. Aydon lies near the course of the ancient Roman monument, Hadrian's Wall. In 1951 the parish had a population of 90.

Governance
Aydon was formerly a township, from 1866 Aydon was a civil parish in its own right until it was abolished on 1 April 1955 and merged with Corbridge.

Landmarks
Aydon Castle is a fortified manor house and is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade I listed building. The manor house was built by Robert de Reymes, a wealthy Suffolk merchant, starting in 1296, adjacent to the steep valley of the Cor Burn. At this time the house consisted of a two-storeyed home with a solar, dining hall and kitchen on the upper floor.

In 1305, he obtained a licence to crenellate his property and added battlements and curtain walls. In the middle of the 16th century it was renovated and in the middle of 17th century it was converted into a farm. The building remained in use as a farm until 1966 but has since been restored to its medieval appearance.

See also
Halton, Northumberland

References

External links

Villages in Northumberland
Former civil parishes in Northumberland
Corbridge

Aydon


is a hirayama-style Japanese castle constructed in 1611. It was the seat of the Tsugaru clan, a 47,000 koku tozama daimyō clan who ruled over Hirosaki Domain, Mutsu Province, in what is now central Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture, Japan. It was also referred to as .

Background
Hirosaki Castle measures 612 meters east-west and 947 meters north-south. Its grounds are divided into six concentric baileys, which were formerly walled and separated by moats. It is unusual in that its Edo period tenshu and most of its outline remains intact. Noted historian and author Shiba Ryōtarō praised it as one of the "Seven Famous Castles of Japan" in his travel essay series Kaidō wo Yuku.

History
During the late Sengoku period, former Nambu retainer Ōura Tamenobu was awarded revenues of 45,000 koku by Toyotomi Hideyoshi for his role in the Battle of Odawara in 1590. He took the family name of Tsugaru at that time. At the Battle of Sekigahara, he sided with Tokugawa Ieyasu and was subsequently confirmed as lord of Hirosaki Domain with revenues increased to 47,000 koku.

In 1603, he began work on a castle in Hirosaki; however, work was suspended with his death in Kyoto in 1604. Work was resumed by his successor, Tsugaru Nobuhira in 1609, who stripped Horikoshi Castle and Ōura Castle of buildings and materials in order to speed its completion.

The current castle was completed in 1611. However, in 1627, the 5-story tenshu was struck by lightning and destroyed by fire. It was not rebuilt until 1810 when the present 3-story structure was erected, but at the southeast corner, rather than the original southwest location.  It was built by the 9th daimyō, Tsugaru Yasuchika.

With the Meiji Restoration and subsequent abolition of the han system, the Tsugaru clan surrendered the castle to the new Meiji government. In 1871, the castle was garrisoned by a detachment of the Imperial Japanese Army, and in 1873 the palace structures, martial arts school and most of the castle walls were pulled down. In 1894, the castle properties were donated by the Tsugaru clan to the government for use as a park, which opened to the general public the following year. In 1898, an armory was established in the former Third Bailey by the IJA 8th Division. In 1906, two of the remaining yagura burned down. In 1909, a four-meter-tall bronze statue of Tsugaru Tamenobu was erected on the site of the tenshu. In 1937, eight structures of the castle received protection from the government as "national treasures". However, in 1944, during the height of World War II, all of the bronze in the castle, including roof tiles and decorations, were stripped away for use in the war effort.

In 1950, under the new cultural properties protection system, all surviving structures in the castle (with the exception of the East Gate of the Third Bailey) were named National Important Cultural Properties (ICP). In 1952, the grounds received further protection with their nomination as a National Historic Site. In 1953, after reconstruction, the East Gate of the Third Bailey also gained ICP status, giving a total of nine structures within the castle with such protection.

Extensive archaeological excavations from 1999-2000 revealed the foundations of the former palace structures and a Shinto shrine. In 2006, Hirosaki Castle was listed as one of the 100 Fine Castles of Japan by the Japan Castle Foundation.

In order to  repair the castle's stone walls directly below the tenshu, the entire tenshu was removed in autumn 2015, and will be returned to its original position in 2025.

Structures and gardens

The current tenshu of the castle was completed in 1811. It is a three-story building with three roofs, and a height of 14.4 meters. The design is smaller than early Edo-period varieties of tenshu, and it was built on a corner of the inner bailey on the site of a yagura, rather than the stone base of the original tenshu. The small size was partly due to the restricted finances of the domain towards the end of the Edo period, but its location and design were also intended to alleviate concerns which might be raised by the Tokugawa shogunate should a larger structure be built. At present, it is a separate standing structure; however, prior to 1896 it had an attached gatehouse.

The tenshu is surrounded by three surviving yagura from the Edo period (the Ninomaru Tatsumi Yagura, Ninomaru Hitsujisaru Yagura, Ninomaru Ushitora Yagura), on its second bailey, and five surviving gates (Sannomaru Ōtemon Gate, Sannomaru East Gate, Ninomaru South Gate, Ninomaru East Gate, Kitanokuruwa North Gate) in the walls of its second and third baileys. All of these structures, including the tenshu itself, are National Important Cultural Properties.

The surrounding Hirosaki Park around the castle grounds is one of Japan's most famous cherry blossom spots. Over a million people enjoy the park's 2600 trees (which were originally planted around in grounds in 1903) during the sakura matsuri (cherry blossom festival) when the cherry blossoms are in bloom, usually during the Japanese Golden Week holidays in the end of April and beginning of May.

Important Cultural Properties

See also
Tanesato Castle
Horikoshi Castle
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Aomori)
Hirosaki Castle Snow Lantern Festival
Hirosaki Cherry Blossom Festival
Hirosaki Castle Chrysanthemum and Autumn Leaves Festival

References

Bibliography

External links

Hirosaki Park official website(Japanese)
Repair Castle stone special website(Japanese)
The Castles of Japan
Guide to Japanese Castles site
Hirosaki City Hall
Japanese Castle Explorer - Hirosaki Castle
Japan National Archives with map

Castles in Aomori Prefecture
History museums in Japan
1611 establishments in Japan
Parks and gardens in Aomori Prefecture
100 Fine Castles of Japan
Hirosaki
Historic Sites of Japan
Important Cultural Properties of Aomori Prefecture
Hanami spots of Japan

Hirosaki Castle


Bedford is a market town of Bedfordshire, England. It has a population of more than 79,000 people (100,000 if the people living in Kempston are included). It is formed of multiple districts, such as Putnoe, Goldington, Brickhill and Woodside. Many people also live in the smaller villages surrounding Bedford, such as Sandy, Willington, Cople and Cardington. It has many outstanding schools, both State and Public. It is one of only two places nationally that has a three-tier school system, although it is currently undergoing the transition to two-tier. There are academies, Bedford Free School, community and an SEN schools. It is also a place with a large diversity of nationalities, such as Italians and Polish, stemming from the Brick works that used to stand in ...

History
The town of Bedford is about 1000 years old. There was a castle there, but it was destroyed in 1224. A small hill with a tower now stands in the place of the castle. It overlooks the river Great Ouse which flows through the town. Every four years a River Festival is held there, with stalls, a fair and dragon boat races. Bedford was a market town from the early Middle Ages. It was given its borough charter in 1166 by Henry II.

Education
During the last century many people moved to Bedford because there were good schools there. There are four public schools which are governed by the Harpur Trust: Bedford Boys School, Bedford Girls School, Bedford Modern and Pilgrims Pre-Preparatory School. There are also some smaller private schools.

Bedford also has various local authority schools. Bedford Borough operates a three-tier education system in some of the area, arranged into lower, middle and upper schools, as recommended in the Plowden Report of 1967. Many students study at the University of Bedfordshire, which is based in Bedford and Luton. Bedford College offers further education. Also, Stella Mann College is a private college which offers a range of further education courses for the performing arts.

Hundreds of school children can take part in Bedfordshire Youth Music courses during the holidays, have music lessons in school and participate in the orchestra. There is also a Bedfordshire Youth Theatre that runs activities for all age groups.

Features and events

The town of Bedford has scenic routes to walk along the banks of the River Great Ouse. The banks of the river by the town centre are called The Embankment. There are nice gardens there and two bridges for pedestrians, one of which is called The Butterfly Bridge. The newer of these bridges is known as the "Butterfly Bridge" because it is shaped like a butterfly.

Every two years, an event called Bedford River Festival is held near the river in Bedford during early July. The event lasts for two days. About 250,000 people go there to enjoy all the events, the sports, food, funfairs and live music.

The big church in the centre of the town is called St Paul's Church. It stands in St Paul's Square. It has a tall spire which can be seen from a long way away. There was a church there in 1066. The present church was started in the early 13th century and gradually more parts were added. The tower and spire were completely rebuilt in the 1860s. John Bunyan and John Wesley both preached in the church. There is a stained glass window dedicated to Sir William Harpur who gave his money to charity in the 16th century allowing almshouses and schools to be built in Bedford.

There are museums in Bedford. The Cecil Higgins Art Gallery is in the Victorian home of the Higgins family who used to be brewers. A modern building next to it has paintings, ceramics, glass and lace. The Bedford Museum is next door and has things from Bedford's history. Just round the corner is the John Bunyan museum showing things about Bedford's most famous writer.

Hospitals and services

Bedford Hospital is split between two sites in the town. It serves people from the whole of Mid Bedford. Many discussions are still taking place about the future of the hospital and how it should be organized.

There are many shops in the town centre, as well as out-of-town shopping areas. The Aspects Leisure Centre has cinemas and other amusements. It is near the opposite end of the Embankment from the town centre.

Music and Drama

There is a lot of opportunity to hear music in Bedford. Many local musicians play in the Bedfordshire Symphony Orchestra and the Bedford Sinfonia. They give their concerts in the Corn Exchange in St Paul's Square, where one can also hear concerts given by the famous professional Philharmonia Orchestra who give a series of concerts during the year. There are several amateur choirs including the large Bedford Choral Society and the chamber choirs Cantamus and Concord Singers. The Bedford Music Club organizes chamber concerts on Thursdays during the year, and there are many other musical events including lunch hour concerts at St Paul's Church. In August the 'Proms In The Park' takes place in Bedford Park. It is given by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and attracts thousands of people who take rugs and food and sit on the grass to listen to the music.

Although Bedford has no large theatre there are many amateur groups such as the Bedford Dramatic Club, Swan Theatre Company, Bedford Marianettes who perform in several places such as the Bowen West Theatre and Civic Theatre. There are also several local bands.

Sport
As Bedford has a river there is a lot of opportunity for rowing. Bedford has two rugby union teams called Bedford Blues and Bedford Athletic. Bedford Blues are now in the second tier of English rugby, although they have previously been in the top division. Bedford has an athletic stadium, home to many famous sports personalities and trains youth.

Transport
Bedford's main railway station is in Midland Road. Capital Connect run trains from Bedford to Brighton passing through London, and Midland Main Line have trains that go from London, passing through Bedford on their way to Leeds. There are also trains to Bletchley in Milton Keynes, and the Marston Vale Line which also stops at Bedford St Johns railway station.

There is a lot of traffic in Bedford as several roads spread out from the centre of the town in all directions. The M1 is 8 miles to the west, and the Al is about the same distance to the east. Bedford now has a by-pass between Milton Keynes and the Black Cat Round About near St. Neots.

Buses from Bedford travel to Northampton, Milton Keynes, Cambridge, Oxford and other towns in the region. Most of these services depart from the main bus station in the town. This bus station is currently undergoing renevation as part of a scheme to upgrade facilities in the town centre, including free car parking for two hours on Saturday.

Demographics

There are many Italian people living in Bedford. Many of them came from the 1950s onwards to work at the brickworks of the London Brick Company. There are many Italian bars and restaurants and social clubs as well as a church and a vice-consulate. Many of the people who came in the 1950s now have grandchildren growing up in Bedford, and many of them have married people from other cultures. More recently many people have immigrated from other parts of the world such as South Asia and Eastern Europe (particularly in the last few years), Greece, Cyprus, the Middle East and Africa. Many languages are spoken in Bedford including Italian, Punjabi, Turkish, Polish, Portuguese, Cantonese and Mandarin Chinese. There is a big, new Sikh temple in the district known as Queen's Park.

Twinned towns
Bedford is twinned with:
 Bamberg, Germany
 Arezzo, Italy
 Rovigo, Italy
 Wloclawek, Poland

Relationship with nearby towns and villages
The town of Kempston has now grown to be part of Bedford. The villages in the Borough of Bedford with populations of more than 2,000 are Biddenham, Bromham, Clapham, Elstow, Oakley, Sharnbrook, Shortstown, Wilstead, and Wootton. There are also many smaller villages in the borough. The villages in the borough are popular with commuters to Bedford, and also with people who commute to Milton Keynes, which is a bigger employment centre than Bedford, and to London.

Famous Bedfordians

The most famous person from Bedford was John Bunyan, the author of The Pilgrim's Progress. He was born in Harrowden, near Elstow which is just outside Bedford. Later he lived in St Cuthbert Street, which is the next street east parallel to the High Street, but was still just at the edge of Bedford at that time. Bunyan Meeting is a church on the site where Bunyan, at the end of his life, was allowed to have a barn to preach. It is joined to the Bunyan Museum. There is a statue of Bunyan on the corner of the High Street by Bedford School.

Other famous Bedfordians include Sir William Harpur, the philanthropist, John Howard, the prison reformer, Charles Wells, founder of Charles Wells Brewery, a company which is still in the town, Ronnie Barker the comedian,  Media Personality and former 'Countdown' Co-host Carol Vorderman and John Le Mesurier, actor and comedian. People who went to school in Bedford include the politician Paddy Ashdown, the cricketer Alastair Cook, the playwright Christopher Fry and the athlete Paula Radcliffe.Also cricketer Monty Panesar and comedian Al Murray.

References

Other websites
Welcome to Bedford!
The Official Town Centre and BedfordBID Website

Towns in Bedfordshire

Bedford


Translation needed!

Orange Farm (Farma) e legôrô 45 km borwa wa Johannesburg, ka moka porofense Gauteng, Afrika Borwa.

It is one of the youngest townships in South Africa, with the original inhabitants; originally a farming rural community with mainly farm workers. It was turned into a township after SA 1994 democratic general elections. Support for the population came slowly mostly from people who were tenants at the great township of Soweto.

The Orange Farm Water Crisis Committee, an offshoot of the South African Anti-Privatization Forum (AFP) has been very vocal and active against the privatization of water.

Approximately 85% of the people work in Johannesburg. Most of the people use train to get to work. 35% of the residents are unemployed and the stats rise every year as the matriculates join them.

Infrastructure
Orange Farm is a rapidly growing township with great infrastructural developments each year. The township has a large main clinic (Stretford Clinic) and several minor clinics. The township's main roads are tarred and several minor streets may be tarred but in questionable condition. Orange farm has a small official library, permanent housing for many residents ( mainly government housing) . Electricity is readily available to most places with only a few areas without electricity (Including the Squatter camp in Drieziek 5). The town has a large multi-purpose community center.

However, these improvements come with financial costs, which most of the citizens living in Orange Farm cannot afford. The ongoing privatization of Orange Farm has also drawn much criticism from social justice and human rights groups as they have pointed out that local small businesses keep on dying. This can also be linked to the rising number of foreign owned shops in the area. A lot has been done to improve Orange farm, it also now has more than two parks and a two floor mall (Eyethu Orange Farm mall ). However, nearly all areas still need improvement.

Parks
Mountain Road Park (opened 12 October 2014) is situated in Orange Farm Ext 2, 1 km away from Eyethu Orange Farm Mall.
This park sits where there used to be a soccer/football pitch of Ext 2 (Liver Pool Grouds).

Education

High Schools
 Vulanindlela Secondary School
 Leshata Secondary School
 Mphethi Mahlatsi Seconday School
 Aha-thuto Secondary School
 Jabulile Secondary School
 Thamsanqa Secondary School
 Thetha Secondary School
 Vutomi Secondary School
 Isikhumbuzo Secondary School
 Siyaphambili Secondary School
 Sinqobile Secondary School
 Masibambane College
 Raphela Secondary School
Qoqa Secondary School
Orange Farm Secondary School

Primary Schools
 Inhlonipho Primary School
 Laus Deo Primary School
 Radipabi Primary School
 Orange Farm Primary School
 Refalletse Primary School
 Langa Libalele Primary School
 Reamohetsoe Primary School
 Qhakazani Primary School
 Amsai Primary School
 Rekhutlile Primary school
 Nomini Primary School
 Tshepana Primary School
 Madume Primary School
 Masibambane College
 Reitumetse Primary School
 Solwazi Primary School
 Itemoheleng Primary School
 Stretford Primary School
 Anglican Primary School
 Sincobile Intermediate school
 Moyisela Primary School

Gauteng Digital Schools
In 2015, the first stage in the Gauteng Digital Schools project was launched after the second term (After midyear). The Gauteng department of education aims to transform all schools in the province to paperless schools. The project is headed by the MEC of education Mr Panyaza Lesufi. The project began with replacing traditional chalkboards with large, touch-operated Smart boards and every learner receiving a Huawei 10" tablet and changes to classrooms. For 2015, the changes were only to grade 12 classes and students. Most (if not all) government schools in the province (Orange Farm Included) were equipt with "smart" grade 12 classes. If the project prospers all schools and grades in Orange Farm will be completely paperless and truly digitalised.

References

External links
 Media report: AFP activist shot dead in her home
 Media report: Orange Farm residents continue protest...
 Online Documentary: Orange Farm Water Crisis, 2004

Orange Farm


The Choctaw Corner is a former Native American boundary location near the modern border between Clarke and Marengo counties in Alabama, United States.  It was established as the northernmost terminus for a mutually agreed upon boundary line between the Choctaw and Creek peoples during the Mississippi Territory period. This boundary line, now known as the "Old Indian Treaty Boundary,"  starts at the Alabama River cut-off in southernmost Clarke County and follows a northward path through the county along the drainage divide between the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers to the Choctaw Corner, then turns ninety degrees to the west and follows the modern county-line between Clarke and Marengo to the Tombigbee River.

History
Beginning a decade prior to the eruption of the Creek War, the Choctaw Corner had its roots in white settlement of territory that the Creek saw as encroachment upon their western lands.  They had already experienced white encroachment on their eastern lands in Georgia. The Choctaw claimed the lands in modern Clarke County from the Tombigbee River eastward to the watershed as theirs.  Although the Creek had traditionally claimed the lands from the Alabama River westward to the watershed, as early as 1802 the Alibamu people, as the closest members of the Creek Confederacy to the new settlers, claimed that their territory reached all the way across to the Tombigbee.

After much persuasion, veiled threats, and a payment of $50,000 plus an annuity in goods of $3000, the Choctaw signed the Treaty of Mount Dexter with the United States on November 16, 1805 that ceded 4,142,720 acres (16,765.0 km2) of their territory, including the disputed land east of the Tombigbee, to the Americans.

In about 1808 the two Native American peoples decided to settle their argument over control of the strip of land between the two rivers by a traditional ball game.  The Choctaw won but the Creek were dissatisfied with the results. The two groups decided to let the women play, and the Choctaw women won as well, which settled the dispute.

Possibly disappointed that the treaty did not include the fertile lands on the east bank of the Mississippi River, President Thomas Jefferson had delayed ratification in the Senate for over two years after the signing. The boundary line was finally surveyed in 1809, with both Creek and Choctaw assisting.

Several years after the Indian Removal in the 1830s, European-American settlers founded a new town named Choctaw Corner a few miles southeast of the old boundary marker.

See also
Fort Sinquefield

References

Geography of Clarke County, Alabama
Native American history of Alabama
Pre-statehood history of Alabama
Choctaw
Muscogee

Choctaw Corner


Darin Charles Erstad (; born June 4, 1974) is an American former professional baseball player and the former head coach of the University of Nebraska Cornhuskers baseball team. Erstad spent most of his playing career with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim franchise (–) before signing with the Chicago White Sox in 2007. Erstad batted and threw left-handed. He was a two-time MLB All-Star and a three-time Gold Glove Award winner. He was the first overall pick in the 1995 Major League Baseball draft.

Early life

High school
Erstad graduated in 1992 from Jamestown High School in Jamestown, North Dakota. He was a placekicker and punter on the school football team, logging a school-record 50-yard field goal. Erstad also played hockey (36 goals and 24 assists in 26 games) and participated in track and field (winning state titles in 110 and 300-meter hurdles).

Erstad played American Legion baseball (Jamestown had no high school baseball team) and hit .492 with 18 home runs and 86 RBI for Jamestown in 1992. He was also 10–2 with a 2.18 ERA as a pitcher, and was named AP North Dakota Athlete of the Year in 1992.

College
Erstad attended the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, playing baseball there for three years and held the school record for career hits with 261. In his final year there, Erstad hit .410 with 19 home runs and 79 RBIs, earning First-Team All-American status and was a finalist for the 1995 Golden Spikes Award.

Darin started his junior campaign on a tear and never stopped hitting. He was at his best against the conference's top team, Oklahoma. In five games with the first-place Sooners, he batted .429 and blasted three home runs. Oklahoma lefty Mark Redman—with whom Darin would share conference Player of the Year honors—was among his biggest victims. The Huskers finished 35–23, and Darin led the Big Eight with a .410 average. He was the only batter in the conference to surpass 100 hits, and also led all players with seven triples. Named a First Team All-American by Collegiate Baseball, Darin set career highs with 19 homers and 76 RBIs.

In 1993 and 1994, Erstad played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL). He was named league MVP in 1994 and in 2001 was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame.

Erstad was also the starting punter on the Cornhuskers football team and was part of their 1994 National Championship squad, averaging 42.6 yards per punt, the 14th best mark in the country that year.

Professional career
In his 14-season career, Erstad compiled a .282 batting average with 124 home runs and 699 RBIs in 1654 games. His career .9955 fielding percentage as an outfielder is second all-time through 2019 behind Jon Jay. He was selected to the American League All-Star team twice (1998, 2000) and had eight game-ending walk-off RBI in his career.

Angels

1995–2000
The then California Angels chose Erstad as the first pick overall in the 1995 Major League Baseball draft from the University of Nebraska. He made his major league debut the next year, batting .284 over 57 games. Erstad played his first full season in 1997, batting .299 with 16 home runs and 99 runs scored. Posting similarly solid statistics the next year, Erstad made his first of two All-Star appearances before having a disappointing season in 1999.

Erstad had a career season in , when he finished eighth in the American League in MVP voting. That year, he led the American League in hits (240), singles (170) and at-bats (676); he was second in total bases (366) and third in runs (121). Erstad also hit .355, finishing second in the batting race behind Nomar Garciaparra (.372), became the first player in Major League history to record 100 RBIs as a leadoff hitter, and won the AL Silver Slugger Award.

On June 10, , Erstad hit a double in the Angels' 10–3 win over Arizona. With a major league-leading 100 hits in 61 games, he became the fastest to reach the 100-hit mark since Hall of Famer Heinie Manush did it in 60 games for the 1934 Washington Senators. With three hits on August 29, 2000, he reached 200 hits faster than any player in 65 years. Erstad was just 26 years old at the end of the season, an age at which many players enter their prime, leading many to believe more superstar seasons were ahead of him.

Erstad is one of only five batters, through August 2009, to have hit both a leadoff and walk-off home run in the same game (having done so in 2000), the others being Billy Hamilton (1893), Victor Power (1957), Reed Johnson (2003), and Ian Kinsler (2009).

2001–2006

Although Erstad never hit .300 again after the 2000 season, he was a vital part of the 2002 World Series Champion Angels. After batting .421 in the American League Division Series against the New York Yankees and .364 in the American League Championship Series against the Minnesota Twins, Erstad batted .300 in the seven-game series vs. the National League Champion San Francisco Giants. He hit a key home run in Game 6 of the series with the Angels trailing, 5–3, in the eighth inning and facing elimination, and he also caught the final out of Game 7 hit by Kenny Lofton off Troy Percival into center field. When the Angels won the World Series in 2002, Erstad became the second player hailing from North Dakota to be on a World Series winning roster. Roger Maris was the first with the 1961 Yankees and 1967 Cardinals.

Throughout Erstad's Angels career, his defense remained exceptionally strong. He led all major league center fielders in range factor (3.39) in 2002. Erstad won Gold Glove awards in 2000, 2002, and 2004, when he made a transition from the outfield to first base. He is the only player in MLB history to have won Gold Gloves as an infielder and as an outfielder. He was also the first to win the award at different positions (though all outfield Gold Gloves are voted on together) until Plácido Polanco won an NL Gold Glove as a third baseman for the Philadelphia Phillies in 2011 after having won two Gold Gloves as a second baseman, thus both being infield awards.

Though he compiled a career high 21 game hit streak in 2005, he only played in 40 games in 2006, his last season with the Angels. In 11 years with the franchise, Erstad compiled a .286 batting average and a cumulative .339 postseason average over three seasons. He currently ranks near the top of several franchise records.

White Sox and Astros
Having signed a $750,000 contract in the off-season, Erstad hit a home run in his first at-bat as a member of the Chicago White Sox on opening day 2007 off CC Sabathia.  He finished the season having batted .248 with a .650 OPS over 87 games. He played the following two seasons with the Houston Astros. Erstad found success in the first season, batting .276, but struggled near the end of the second season as a role player, ending the season with a .194 batting average.  When catcher Chris Coste joined Erstad on the Astros roster in July 2009, they became the first two players born in North Dakota to play together on the same team in major league history.

On June 17, 2010, when asked if he would continue playing baseball, Erstad said that he was "done".

Erstad was on the 2015 ballot to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Erstad received one vote and fell off the ballot.

Coaching career

On July 5, 2010, the Lincoln Journal Star reported that Erstad accepted a position to become a volunteer coach for the Nebraska baseball team.  On July 8, Nebraska head baseball coach Mike Anderson revealed Erstad as the college team's next hitting coach. On June 2, 2011, after Anderson was fired, Erstad was hired as Nebraska's head baseball coach. Erstad was named the 23rd head coach of the Nebraska baseball program.

During his eight years as head coach, the Huskers made four NCAA tournament appearances and qualified for the Big Ten Tournament seven times. He had a coaching record of 267-193-1, which was the fourth-best in Nebraska baseball history for a head coach.

Erstad was named Big Ten Coach of the Year in 2017 after leading the Huskers to the conference championship during the regular season. Six times, Nebraska finished in the top four of the conference standings, including four times in the top two. Three times, Nebraska finished second in the Big Ten Tournament.

Erstad resigned as coach of the Nebraska Cornhuskers after eight seasons on June 3, 2019.

Head coaching record

Personal and hometown
Erstad has three children with his wife, Jessica: a daughter, Jordan Elizabeth, and two sons, Zack and Adam.

During Erstad's tenure with the Angels, his hometown carried all Angels games over the radio; most North Dakota stations only carry Minnesota Twins games. As of July 2009, he ranked second to Travis Hafner in all-time home runs hit by a player born in North Dakota.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
All-American college baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American football punters
American League All-Stars
Anaheim Angels players
Arizona League Angels players
Baseball players from North Dakota
California Angels players
Charlotte Knights players
Chicago White Sox players
Corpus Christi Hooks players
Falmouth Commodores players
Gold Glove Award winners
Houston Astros players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Los Angeles Angels players
Major League Baseball center fielders
Major League Baseball first basemen
Nebraska Cornhuskers baseball coaches
Nebraska Cornhuskers baseball players
Nebraska Cornhuskers football players
People from Jamestown, North Dakota
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Salt Lake Bees players
Salt Lake Stingers players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Vancouver Canadians players

Darin Erstad


A lucid dream is essentially a dream in which the person is aware that he or she is in the dream. In a lucid dream, the person does not have to be in control of his or her surroundings for the dream to be lucid, and only being aware of the dream itself is sufficient condition for the dream to be described as lucid.

The art of lucid dreaming is the art of being able to control your surroundings in the dream itself. People who lucid dream can usually control everything that happens in their dream. They can teleport, fly, make something appear, or even make everything disappear. Regular lucid dreamers usually do so for spiritual reasons but there certainly are people who do it for fun or to avoid bad dreams.

Ways to lucid dream
Although some people can have lucid dreams without trying, most people do not have them often. It is important to be able to remember dreams, because if the dreamer does not remember them, he or she will not know if they were lucid dreams or not. Remembering dreams becomes easier if they are written in a dream diary upon waking up.

There are some ways that help make lucid dreams more likely. Stephen LaBerge, a psychologist who studies lucid dreams, made the MILD (mnemonic induction of lucid dreaming) technique. To do this, the dreamer must wake up after having a dream, and visualise himself or herself being in the dream again, except now knowing it is a dream. The dreamer should think "the next time I am dreaming, I want to remember I am dreaming", and should concentrate on this while returning to sleep. There are many other ways to help someone lucid dream. One other way is to fall asleep while keeping the mind awake. This is called the WILD (wake induced lucid dreaming) technique. It is easiest to perform after waking up from a few hours of sleep.

Other websites

Dreamviews Lucid Dreaming Community & Resource
Lucidipedia
Lucidity.com
LD4all
Sleep

Lucid dream


James Wyatt  (3 August 1746 – 4 September 1813) was an English architect, a rival of Robert Adam in the neoclassical and neo-Gothic styles. He was elected to the Royal Academy of Arts in 1785 and was its president from 1805 to 1806.

Early life
Wyatt was born on 3 August 1746 at Weeford, near Lichfield, Staffordshire, England.

Early classical career
Wyatt spent six years in Italy, 1762–68, in company with Richard Bagot of Staffordshire, who was Secretary to Charles Compton, 7th Earl of Northampton's embassy to the Venetian Republic. In Venice, Wyatt studied with Antonio Visentini (1688–1782) as an architectural draughtsman and painter. In Rome he made measured drawings of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica, "being under the necessity of lying on his back on a ladder slung horizontally, without cradle or side-rail, over a frightful void of 300 feet".

Back in England, his selection as architect of the proposed Pantheon or "Winter Ranelagh" in Oxford Street, London, brought him almost unparalleled instant success. His brother Samuel was one of the principal promoters of the scheme, and it was doubtless due to him that the designs of a young and almost unknown architect were accepted by the committee. When the Pantheon was opened in 1772, their choice was at once endorsed by the fashionable public: Horace Walpole pronounced it to be "the most beautiful edifice in England".

Externally it was unremarkable, but the classicising domed hall surrounded by galleried aisles and apsidal ends was something new in assembly rooms, and brought its architect immediate celebrity. The design was exhibited at the Royal Academy, private commissions followed, and at the age of 26 Wyatt found himself a fashionable domestic architect and on 27 August 1770 an Associate of the Royal Academy. His polished manners secured him friends as well as patrons among the great, and when it was rumoured that he was about to leave the country to become architect to Catherine II of Russia, a group of English noblemen is said to have offered him a retaining fee of £1,200 to remain in their service. His major neoclassical country houses include Heaton Hall near Manchester (1772), Heveningham Hall in Suffolk (circa 1788–99),  and Castle Coole in Ireland, as well as Packington Hall, Staffordshire, the home of the Levett family for generations, and Dodington Park in Gloucestershire for the Codrington family. On 15 February 1785 Wyatt was elected an Academician of the Royal Academy, his diploma work being a drawing of the Darnley Mausoleum.

Later classical work
In later years, he carried out alterations at Frogmore for Queen Charlotte, and was made Surveyor-General of the Works. In about 1800, he was commissioned to carry out alterations to Windsor Castle which would probably have been much more considerable had it not been for George III's illness, and in 1802 he designed for the King the "strange castellated palace" at Kew which was remarkable for the extensive employment of cast iron in its construction.

Between 1805 and 1808 Wyatt remodelled West Dean House in West Dean, West Sussex. Wyatt's work was remarkable because it is built entirely of flint, even to the door and window openings, which would normally be lined with stone.

In 1776, Wyatt succeeded Henry Keene as Surveyor to Westminster Abbey (in which year he was appointed Elizabeth, Countess of Home's architect on Home House, though he was sacked and replaced by Robert Adam a year later). In 1782 he became, in addition, Architect of the Ordnance. The death of Sir William Chambers brought him the post of Surveyor General and Comptroller of the Works in 1796.

Wyatt was now the principal architect of the day, the recipient of more commissions than he could well fulfil. His widespread practice and the duties of his official posts left him little time to give proper attention to the individual needs of his clients. As early as 1790, when he was invited to submit designs for rebuilding St Chad's Church at Shrewsbury, he broke his engagements with such frequency that the committee "became at length offended, and addressed themselves to Mr. George Stewart". In 1804, Jeffry Wyatt told Farington that his uncle had lost "many great commissions" by such neglect. When approached by a new client, he would at first take the keenest interest in the commission, but when the work was about to begin he would lose interest in it and "employ himself upon trifling professional matters which others could do". His conduct of official business was no better than his treatment of his private clients, and there can be no doubt that it was Wyatt's irresponsible habits which led to the reorganization of the Board of Works after his death, as a result of which the Surveyor's office was placed in the hands of a political chief assisted by three "attached architects".

Wyatt was a brilliant but facile designer, whose work is not characterized by any markedly individual style. At the time he began practice the fashionable architects were the brothers Adam, whose style of interior decoration he proceeded to imitate with such success that they complained of plagiarism in the introduction to their Works in Architecture, which appeared in 1773. Many years later Wyatt himself told George III that "there had been no regular architecture since Sir William Chambers – that when he came from Italy he found the public taste corrupted by the Adams, and he was obliged to comply with it". Much of Wyatt's classical work is, in fact, in a chastened Adam manner with ornaments in Coade stone and Etruscan-style medallions executed in many cases by the painter Biagio Rebecca, who was also employed by his rivals. It was not until towards the end of his life that he and his brother Samuel (with whom must be associated their nephew Lewis) developed the severe and fastidious style of domestic architecture which is characteristic of the Wyatt manner at its best. But among Wyatt's earlier works there are several (e.g., the Christ Church gateway and the mausoleum at Cobham) which show a familiarity with Chambers' Treatise on the Decorative Part of Civil Architecture, and so permit the belief that if his artistic integrity had been greater Wyatt might have continued the Chambers tradition instead of falling in with the "corrupt taste" of the brothers Adam. Had he been given the opportunity of designing some great public building, it is possible that he would have shown himself a true disciple of Chambers; but his career as a government architect coincided with the Napoleonic wars, and his premature death deprived him of participation in the metropolitan improvements of the reign of George IV.

Gothic architecture

Meanwhile, Wyatt's reputation as a rival to Robert Adam had been eclipsed by his celebrity as a Gothic architect. Every Georgian architect was called upon from time to time to produce designs in the medieval style, and Wyatt was by no means the first in the field. However, whereas his predecessors had merely Gothicized their elevations by the addition of battlements and pointed windows, Wyatt went further and exploited to the full the picturesque qualities of medieval architecture by irregular grouping and the addition of towers and spires to his silhouettes. Never, indeed, have the romantic possibilities of Gothic architecture been more strikingly demonstrated than they were by Wyatt at Fonthill Abbey and Ashridge; and although crude in scale and often unscholarly in detail, these houses are among the landmarks of the Gothic revival in England. In his lifetime Wyatt enjoyed the reputation of having "revived in this country the long forgotten beauties of Gothic architecture", but the real importance of his Gothic work lay in the manner in which it bridged the gap between the rococo Gothic of the mid 18th century and the serious medievalism of the early 19th century.

Of his cathedral restorations, inspired as they were by the mistaken idea that a medieval church ought to be homogeneous in style and unencumbered by screens, monuments, and other obtrusive relics of the past, it can only be said that the Chapters who employed him were no more enlightened than their architect, and that at Westminster Abbey at least he accomplished an urgent work of repair in an unexceptionable manner. His activities at Salisbury, Durham, Hereford, and Lichfield were bitterly criticized by John Carter in his Pursuits of Architectural Innovation, and it was due in large measure to Carter's persistent denunciation that, in 1796, Wyatt failed to secure election as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. In the following year, however, he was permitted to add F.S.A. to his name by a majority of one hundred and twenty-three votes.

Wyatt was elected to the Royal Academy in 1785, and took an active part in the politics of the Academy. In 1803 he was one of the members of the Council which attempted to assert its independence of the General Assembly of Academicians, and when the resultant dissensions led Benjamin West to resign the Presidency in the following year, it was Wyatt who was elected to take his place. But his election was never formally approved by the King, and in the following year he appears to have acquiesced in West's resumption of office. Wyatt was one of the founders of the Architects' Club in 1791, and sometimes presided at its meetings at the Thatched House Tavern.

In 1802 Wyatt built a new house for John Egerton, 7th Earl of Bridgewater on the Ashridge estate in Hertfordshire which is now a Grade I listed building. In 1803 Thomas Johnes hired Wyatt to design Saint Michel's Hafod Church, Eglwys Newydd, in Ceredigion, Wales.

Family and death
Wyatt died on 4 September 1813 as the result of an accident to the carriage in which he was travelling over the Marlborough Downs with his friend and employer, Christopher Bethell-Codrington of Dodington Park. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

He left a widow and four sons, of whom the eldest, Benjamin Dean, and the youngest, Philip, were notable architects. Matthew Cotes (1777–1862), the second son, became a well-known sculptor, whose best work is the bronze statue of George III in Cockspur Street off Trafalgar Square. Charles, the third son, was for a time in the service of the East India Company at Calcutta, but returned to England in 1801; nothing is known of his later career.

Pupils and employees
He had many pupils, of whom the following is an incomplete list: William Atkinson; W. Blogg; H. Brown; Joseph Dixon (perhaps a son of the draughtsman); John Foster, junior of Liverpool; J. M. Gandy; C. Humfrey; Henry Kitchen; James Wright Sanderson; R. Smith; Thomas and John Westmacott; M. Wynn; and his sons Benjamin and Philip Wyatt. Michael Gandy and P. J. Gandy-Deering were also in his office for a time.

Wyatt's principal draughtsman was Joseph Dixon, who, according to Farington, had been with him from the time of the building of the Pantheon.

List of architectural works
Wyatt's known works include the following.

Public buildings
The Pantheon, Oxford St, London, 1770–1772, demolished 1937
Christ Church, Oxford, north and east sides of the Canterbury Quad, including the gate 1773–83
Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, 1776–94
Brasenose College, Oxford, redecorated the Library 1779–80
Holywell Music Room, Oxford, remodelled interior 1780
The Assembly Rooms, Chichester, Sussex, 1783
Worcester College, Oxford, interiors of the chapel and hall 1783, the chapel was redecorated by William Burges
Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, various buildings for the Board of Ordnance, 1783–1807
Oriel College, Oxford, the library and alterations to the provost's rooms 1788–91
Liverpool Town Hall, interiors 1783–1813
New College, Oxford, alterations to the Hall, Chapel & Library 1789–94
Merton College, Oxford, rebuilt Hall 1790–1794, again rebuilt by Sir George Gilbert Scott 1872-4
Lincoln's Inn, London, repairs to the chapel roof 1791
Balliol College, Oxford, rebuilt hall and redecorated the library 1792
Magdalen College, Oxford, alterations to the hall and chapel 1792-5
Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, 1796–1805
Royal Artillery Barracks, Woolwich, 1796-7
Palace of Westminster, restoration of the House of Lords 1800–1813, burnt 1834
Ripon Town Hall, Yorkshire, 1801
The King's Bench Prison, London, restoration and alterations 1803–1804, demolished
The Marshalsea Prison, London, restoration and alterations 1803–1805, demolished
Fenham Barracks, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1804–1806
The Naval Arsenal, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk 1806, demolished 1829
The Armoury, Shrewsbury 1806
The Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Berkshire, 1807–12 executed by John Sanders who modified the design, most notably using Greek Doric for the portico
Dorset House, Whitehall, London, adaptation as government offices 1808, demolished
The Market Cross, Devizes, Wiltshire, 1814

Churches
St. James Church, in the planned community of Milton Abbas, Dorset, 1774–86
St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, alterations 1787–1790
Salisbury Cathedral, restoration work 1787–93
St. Peter's Church, Manchester, 1788–94, demolished
Lichfield Cathedral, restoration 1788–95
Hereford Cathedral, restoration 1788–97
Milton Abbey, Dorset, restored Abbey church 1789–91
East Grinstead Church, Sussex 1789–1813
Durham Cathedral, restoration 1795-6
St. Kea Church, Cornwall, 1802 demolished 1895
Westminster Abbey, London, restoration work 1803
Hafod Church, Caernarvonshire, 1803, burnt down 1931
Weeford Church, Staffordshire, 1803
Henry VII Lady Chapel, Westminster Abbey, restoration 1807–13
Hanworth Church, Middlesex, 1808–13, rebuilt 1865

London houses
11–15 Portman Square, London, 1774
House, Grosvenor Square London, 1778-9
9 Conduit Street, London, 1779
Richmond House, London, addition of two rooms and staircase 1782, burnt down 1791
1 Foley Place, London, 1783, James Wyatt's own house, demolished 1925
Lichfield House, 15 St. James Square, London, alterations to the drawing room 1791-4
Montague House, 22 Portman Square, London, additions 1793, bombed in Blitz 1940
Queen's House (Buckingham Palace), London, alterations, rebuilt by John Nash 1825–1830
22 St. James Square, London, 1803
Old Palace Kew, London, repairs 1802–11
New Palace Kew, London, 1802–11, never completed owing to George III's insanity, demolished 1827-8
Devonshire House, London, the crystal staircase 1811–12, demolished 1924
Carlton House, London, refitted library 1812, demolished

New country houses
Abbeyleix House, County Laois, Ireland 1773
Gaddesden Place, Hertfordshire, 1768–73
Heaton Hall, Lancashire, 1772
Sheffield Park, Sussex, 1776
Farnham House, Cavan, , extended by Francis Johnston,
Grove House, Roehampton, 1777
Bryanston House, Dorset, 1778 rebuilt by Richard Norman Shaw, 1890
Hothfield Place, Kent, 1778–80, demolished 1954
Badger Hall, Shropshire, 1779–1783, demolished 1952
Roundway House, Wiltshire, 1780, partially demolished 1954
Fornham Hall, Suffolk, 1781–1782, demolished 1957
Lee Priory, Kent, 1782–1790, demolished 1954, a room survives in the V&A Museum
New Park, Roundway, Devizes, Wiltshire, 1783, demolished 1955
Sudbourne Hall, Suffolk, 1784, later extended and remodelled
Sunningdale Park, Berkshire, 1785, rebuilt
Wynnstay House, Denbighshire, 1785–1788, rebuilt in the 19th century
Stansted Park, Sussex, 1786–1791, rebuilt in 1900
Sufton Court, Herefordshire, 1788
Ammerdown House, Kilmersdon, Somerset, 1788
Gresford House, Denbighshire, c. 1790
Hartham Park, Wiltshire, 1790-1795
Castle Coole, County Fermanagh, 1790-1798
Frogmore House, Berkshire, 1792
Sundridge Park, Kent, 1792–1795, finished by John Nash
Henham Hall, Suffolk, 1793–1797, demolished 1953
Purley Park, Berkshire, 1795
Bowden House, Bowden Hill, Wiltshire, 1796
Fonthill Abbey, Wiltshire, 1796–1813
Trentham Hall, Staffordshire, 1797, remodelled by Sir Charles Barry, demolished
Stoke Poges Park, Buckinghamshire, 1797–1802
Wycombe Abbey, Buckinghamshire, c.1798
Dodington Park, Gloucestershire, 1798–1808
Norris Castle, Isle of Wight, 1799
Pennsylvania Castle, Dorset, 1800
Cranbourne Lodge, Windsor Great Park, 1800, demolished 1830
Nacton House, Suffolk, 1801
Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire, 1801–1813, work continued under Rev. T. Thornton after Wyatt's death
West Dean Park, Sussex, 1804, enlarged 1893
Ashridge, Hertfordshire, 1808–1813, completed by his nephew Sir Jeffry Wyatville after Wyatt's death
House at Streatham Surrey, 1810
Elvaston Castle, Derbyshire, 1812

Garden buildings and follies
Folly, Temple Island, 1771
Bridge, Chiswick House, attributed, 1774
Cobham Hall, Kent, Darnley Mausoleum, 1783
Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire, the Mausoleum, 1787–94
Broadway Tower, an isolated folly for Lady Coventry, 1794
Peper Harrow, Surrey, a conservatory 1797, demolished
Croome Park, Worcestershire, various garden buildings including the Panorama Tower, 1801

Alterations to country houses
Fawley Court, Oxfordshire, internal alterations 1771
Cobham Hall, Kent, alterations and additions, 1771–81, 1789–93, 1801–12
Crichel House, Dorset, interior alterations 1773
Charlton Park, Wiltshire, alterations 1774
Aubrey House, Notting Hill, London, alterations 1774
Shardeloes, Buckinghamshire, alterations to library, and garden buildings (demolished) 1774
Copped Hall, Essex redecoration of Library, burnt out in 1917
Milton Abbey, Dorset, interior decoration 1775-6
Belton House, Lincolnshire, Library & Boudoir 1776-7
Burton Constable Hall, Yorkshire, West Drawing Room & Entrance Lodges, 1776-8
Heveningham Hall, the interiors & orangery, plus the Rectory & Huntingfield Hall (a farm) 1776–84
Blagdon Hall, Northumberland, internal alterations 1778, Lodges to park 1787 & stables 1789–91
Ragley Hall, Warwickshire, alterations and interiors 1780
Sandleford Priory, Berkshire, alterations and additions 1780-6
Pishobury Park, Hertfordshire, reconstruction of an older house after a fire 1782-4
Plas Newydd, Anglesey, alterations & enlargements 1783–95 and 1811
Gunton Hall, Norfolk, enlargement 1785, partially demolished
Leinster House, Dublin, decoration of the gallery 1785
Cremore House, Chelsea, alterations 1785–1788, demolished
Goodwood House, Sussex, enlargements, kennels & dower house, 1787–1806
Powderham Castle, addition of music room 1788
Soho House, Birmingham, alterations, additions and interiors 1790s
Felbrigg Hall, Norfolk, alterations 1791–1804
Auckland Castle, County Durham, Gothic screen, inner gateway, processional route, Chapel, and Throne Room c.1795
Corsham Court, Wiltshire, alterations 1796
Cricket St Thomas, Somerset, alterations 1796–1800
Windsor Castle, Berkshire, alterations and interiors 1796–1800
Canwell Hall, Staffordshire, added wings and interiors, 1798, demolished 1911
Swinton Park, Yorkshire, North Wing 1798
Cassiobury House, Hertfordshire, alterations & additions 1799
Wilton House, Wiltshire, alterations 1801–11
Bulstrode Park, Buckinghamshire, 1807, rebuilt by Benjamin Ferrey 1862
Swinton Park, Yorkshire, south wing 1813
Chicksands Priory, Bedfordshire, alterations 1813–14
Draycot House Draycot Cerne, Wiltshire, design for a ceiling and bracket for a bust by Joseph Wilton 1784

Drawings
Few original drawings by Wyatt are known to be in existence: but in the RIBA library there are designs by him for Badger Hall, Fonthill Abbey, Downing College, and Ashridge Park. The Royal Academy has drawings for the mausoleums at Brocklesby Park and Cobham Hall. An album of Wyatt's sketches, in the possession of the Vicomte de Noailles, contains designs for chandeliers, torchères, vases, etc., a plan for Lord Courtown, etc. Those for Slane Castle are in the Murray Collection of the National Library of Ireland.

Portrayals
There is a portrait in the RIBA library, and a pencil portrait by George Dance is in the Library of the Royal Academy. The National Portrait Gallery has a bronze bust of Wyatt by John Charles Felix Rossi.

See also
 Wyatt family

Footnotes

References
   (1954): A Biographical Dictionary of English Architects, 1660–1840, Harvard, pp. 722 and onwards.
   (2012): Woolwich – Survey of London, Volume 48, Yale Books, London.  (online text)

External links

 James Wyatt's biography at Beckfordiana, the website for resources on the life and work of William Beckford of Fonthill.
James Wyatt & the Palace of Westminster - UK Parliament Living Heritage
 Packington Hall, Home of Rev. Thomas Levett, Whittington, Staffordshire, ca 1900

18th-century English architects
British neoclassical architects
Deaths by horse-riding accident in England
1746 births
1813 deaths
Royal Academicians
Road incident deaths in England
Burials at Westminster Abbey
People associated with Sandleford, Berkshire
Architects from Staffordshire
James

James Wyatt


Beauty and the Beast is a French folk story. It tells the story of a merchant who is lost in the woods. He finds the palace of a beast who wants to kill him, and makes a deal with the beast, to have his daughter in exchange. The daughter goes to live in the Beast's castle; the two fall in love; and the beast turns into a prince.

The story has been published and revised in many versions, most notably Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve's 1740 retelling and its revision in 1756 by Madame Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont.

It was the inspiration for many other stories, as well as a 1980s TV series starring Linda Hamilton and Ron Pearlman. Several movies have been based on it, most famously Jean Cocteau's 1946 version and the 1991 animated version by Disney, which was nominated for the Best Picture Academy Award and inspired a long-running Broadway musical.

Other websites
  Beauty and the Beast, audio version

Fairy tales

Beauty and the Beast


Caffe Bene is a coffee franchise in South Korea. It was founded in May 2008. The founder and CEO of Caffe Bene is Kim Sun-kwon, who has Italian-themed restaurants named Black Smith and drug stores named "December 24" as well. The head office of Caffe Bene is in Cheongdam-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul. In 2009, Caffe Bene started to gain brand recognition by promoting through the soap opera celebrities such as Han Ye-seul, and Choi Daniel. The brand's first-ever overseas store opened in New York in February, 2012, introducing drinks based on Korean traditional beverages such as the misugaru latte, a drink made of mixed grain powder. In August, 2013, Caffe Bene grew to over one thousand stores.

Caffe Bene's goal is to open 10,000 stores by 2020.

Differentiated Policy
Caffe Bene is different from other stores. Inside the stores there is hardwood and a blue color. It tries to make a relaxed atmosphere in European style. It also has outlets for laptop computers at built-in chairs.

Caffe Bene in Ulaanbaator
Caffe Bene opened a new store in Ulaanbaator, Mongolia on December 15, 2013. For this, Caffe Bene signed a franchise agreement with a local bakery enterprise named Monbakery. It is on the first floor of Max-mall in Ulaanbaator. It covers  and has 42 seats for customers.

In January, 2014, the second store is planned to open in Ulaanbaator.

Expansion plans
Caffe Bene plans to open more shops in the United States and China. They have 87 stores in China and plan to have 1,000 by 2014. Caffe Bene is also in other Asian countries including Japan, Cambodia and the Philippines, and the Middle East. Caffe Bene recently signed a partnership with Saudi Arabia-based KEDEN Group to start shops in Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates and Bahrain.

Caffe Bene plans to open 100 shops in the region within five years.

Companies of South Korea
Drink companies
Coffee
2008 establishments in South Korea

Caffe Bene