Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal philosophers, hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions. As jurisprudence has developed, there are three main aspects with which scholarly writing engages:
 natural law is the idea that there are unchangeable laws of nature which govern us, and that our institutions ought to match this natural law
 analytic jurisprudence asks questions like, "what is law?" "What are the criteria for legal validity?" or "what is the relationship between law and morality?" are other questions that legal philosophers may engage with
 normative jurisprudence asks what law should be like. It overlaps with moral and political philosophy, and includes questions of whether we should obey the law, on what grounds law-breakers might properly be punished, the proper uses and limits of regulation

Modern jurisprudence and philosophy of law is dominated today primarily by Western academics. The ideas of the Western legal tradition have become so pervasive throughout the world that it is tempting to see them as universal. Historically, however, many philosophers from other traditions have discussed the same questions, from Islamic scholars to the ancient Greeks.

Related pages
 Constitution
 Constitutional economics

Other websites
   Navigate to page for Encyclopedia of the Science of Law (Mellen, 2002).
 John Witte, Jr: A Brief Biography of Dooyeweerd, based on Hendrik van Eikema Hommes, Inleiding tot de Wijsbegeerte van Herman Dooyeweerd (The Hague, 1982; pp 1-4,132)
 LII Law about... Jurisprudence
 The Case of the Speluncean Explorers:  Nine New Opinions , by Peter Suber (Routledge, 1998.)  Lon Fuller's classic of jurisprudence brought up to date 50 years later.
 The Roman Law Library, incl. Responsa prudentium  by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev.
 Evgeny Pashukanis - General Theory of Law and Marxism
 Internet Encyclopedia: Philosophy of Law

Law

Jurisprudence


Floris V (24 June 1254 – 27 June 1296) reigned as Count of Holland and Zeeland from 1256 until 1296. His life was documented in detail in the Rijmkroniek by Melis Stoke, his chronicler. He is credited with a mostly peaceful reign, modernizing administration, policies beneficial to trade, generally acting in the interests of his peasants at the expense of nobility, and reclaiming land from the sea. His dramatic murder, engineered by King Edward I of England and Guy, Count of Flanders, made him a hero in Holland.

Early life
Floris was the son of Count William II (1227–1256) and Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg. His father was slain in 1256 by Frisians when Floris was just two years old.  Custody over Floris fell first to his uncle (Floris de Voogd from 1256 to 1258), then to his aunt (Adelaide of Holland from 1258 to 1263).  The fight over custody of Holland culminated in the battle of Reimerswaal on 22 January 1263, where Count Otto II of Guelders defeated Aleidis and was chosen regent by the nobles who opposed Aleidis.

Otto II served as Floris V's guardian until he was twelve years old (1266) and considered capable of administering Holland himself. Floris's mother, Elisabeth, continued to reside in Holland after her husband's death in 1256. She died on 27 May 1266 and is buried in Middelburg abbey church.  She died in the same year that Count Floris V was declared old enough to rule without guardianship, on 10 July 1266.

Political life

Floris was supported by the count of Hainaut of the house of Avesnes, who was an arch-enemy of the count of Flanders of the house of Dampierre. Floris married Beatrix of Dampierre, the daughter of Guy of Dampierre, count of Flanders, in 1269.

In 1272 Floris unsuccessfully attacked the Frisians (culminating in the Battle of Heiloo) in a first attempt to retrieve the body of his father. In 1274 he faced an uprising by nobles led by the powerful lords Gijsbrecht IV of Amstel, Zweder of Abcoude, Arnoud of Amstel, and Herman VI van Woerden, who held lands on the border with the  adjacent bishopric of Utrecht (the area of Amsterdam, Abcoude, IJsselstein, and Woerden) at the expense of the bishop. Gijsbrecht and Herman were supported by the craftsmen of Utrecht, the peasants of Kennemerland (Alkmaar, Haarlem, and surroundings), Waterland (north of Amsterdam) and Amstelland (Amsterdam and surroundings) and the West Frisians. He assisted the weak bishop, John I of Nassau, by making a treaty with the craftsmen. The bishop would become dependent on Holland's support, and eventually added the lands of the rebellious lords to Holland in 1279. He gave concessions to the peasants of Kennemerland. Kennemerland was a duneland, where the farmers had far fewer rights than the farmers in the polders. Floris got rid of the Avesnes influence and switched allegiance to the Dampierres.

In 1282 Floris again attacked the troublesome Frisians in the north, defeating them at the battle of Vronen, and succeeded in retrieving the body of his father. After a campaign in 1287–1288 he finally defeated the Frisians. In the meantime he had received Zeeland-bewester-Schelde (the area that controls access to the Scheldt river) as a loan from the Holy Roman King Rudolf I of Germany in 1287, but the local nobility sided with the count of Flanders who invaded in 1290. Floris arranged a meeting with count Guy of Flanders, but he was taken prisoner in Biervliet and was forced to abandon his claims and then set free.

Floris immediately wanted to resume war, but King Edward I of England, who had an interest in access to the great rivers for wool and other English goods, convinced Floris to stop hostilities with Flanders. When in 1292 Floris claimed the throne of Scotland in the Great Cause (his great-grandmother Ada being the sister of King William I of Scotland), he did not receive the expected support from Edward, but England did support his claims in a new, this time more successful, war on Flanders.

Capture and death

After Edward I moved his trade in wool from Dordrecht in Holland to Mechelen in Brabant, to gain Flanders's support against France, Floris switched sides to France in 1296. Edward I now prohibited all English trade with Holland and conspired with  Guy of Flanders to have Floris kidnapped and taken to France. The humiliated lords Gijsbrecht IV of Amstel and Herman of Woerden enter the scene again as part of the conspiracy. Together with Gerard van Velsen they captured Floris during a hunting party and brought him to Muiderslot castle. The news of the capture spread quickly; afraid of the people, four days later the lords together with their captive left the castle to get to a safer place. They were stopped by an angry mob of local peasants. In panic Gerard of Velzen killed the count, and the lords fled. Gerard of Velzen was captured later and killed in Leiden. The other conspirators fled to Brabant, Flanders and perhaps to Prussia, to which many colonists and crusaders from Holland migrated.

Legacy
The life and death of Floris V inspired songs, plays, and books in the Netherlands. Best known is the play Gijsbrecht van Aemstel by 17th century playwright and poet Joost van den Vondel, which is about the sacking of Amsterdam in the days after the death of Floris V.

The nickname "God of the Peasants" was introduced after Floris' death in the nobility, and was originally intended to be an insult. He earned the name because he behaved "as if he were the Good Lord himself with his peasants". He apparently knighted 40 peasants as members of the Order of St. James without permission of the church, provoking the anger of the church and of the 12 existing noble members of that knightly order. This story has no historical basis, just like another story that claims that Gerard of Velzen participated in the conspiracy because Floris supposedly raped his wife. What is certain is that Floris was remembered as a saint by the peasants of Holland, and that the "God of the Peasants" became a symbolic hero in the struggle for independence from Spain in the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648).

Family

Floris V was the son of Count William II of Holland and Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In c. 1271 Floris married Beatrice of Flanders, daughter of Guy de Dampierre, count of Flanders and Matilda, heiress of Bethune, Dendermonde, Richebourg and Warneton. Floris and Beatrice had several children including:
 John I, Count of Holland, who married Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward I of England. No issue. After John's death Elizabeth returned to England and married Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford.
 Margaret, engaged to Alphonso, Earl of Chester, son of King Edward I of England from 1281 to his death in 1284.

Floris had several illegitimate children, including:
 Witte van Haemstede (c. 1281-1321), son of Anna van Heusden (daughter of Jan van Heusden). Married Agnes van der Sluys had issue.
 Catherina van Holland (Katherin) (c. 1280- after 1328), married Zweder van Montfoort

References

External links

1254 births
1296 deaths
Counts of Holland
Competitors for the Crown of Scotland
Medieval child monarchs
Dutch murder victims
People murdered in the Netherlands
Assassinated Dutch people
Burials at Rijnsburg Abbey
People from Leiden
13th-century people from the Holy Roman Empire
Sons of kings
13th-century murdered monarchs
13th-century counts in Europe

Floris V, Count of Holland


The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. The main lineup from 1964 to 1978 was guitarist Pete Townshend, vocalist Roger Daltrey, bassist John Entwistle and drummer Keith Moon. They became known for their high energy live shows. The Who have sold about 100 million records. Many people think that The Who are the greatest live band of all time.

The Who rose to fame in the United Kingdom with a series of top ten hit singles including: "I Can't Explain", "The Kids Are Alright", "My Generation", "Who Are You", and "Love Reign O'er Me". The albums "My Generation", "A Quick One" and "The Who Sell Out" followed. Their fame grew with memorable shows at the Monterey Pop and Woodstock music festivals. "Tommy," released in 1969, was the first in a series of top ten albums in the United States.

Keith Moon died in 1978. The band released two more studio albums with drummer Kenney Jones before disbanding in 1983. They re-formed at events such as Live Aid and for reunion tours such as their 25th anniversary tour and the Quadrophenia tours of 1996 and 1997. In 2002 planning for recording an album of new material was put on hold after John Entwistle's death at the age of 57. Townshend and Daltrey continued to perform as The Who and in 2006 they released the studio album titled "Endless Wire."

The Who were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.

Discography
Studio albums
 My Generation (1965)
 A Quick One (1966)
 The Who Sell Out (1967)
 Tommy (1969)
 Who's Next (1971)
 Quadrophenia (1973)
 The Who by Numbers (1975)
 Who Are You (1978)
 Face Dances (1981)
 It's Hard (1982)
 Endless Wire (2006)
 TBA (2015)

Other websites
Hear the Who on the Pop Chronicles.

1964 establishments in the United Kingdom
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1964
Musical groups from London
Warner Bros. Records artists

The Who


Redband trout are a group of three recognized subspecies of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).  They occur in three distinct regions in Pacific basin tributaries and endorheic basins in the western United States.  The three subspecies are the Columbia River redband trout (O. m. gairdneri), the McCloud River redband trout (O. m. stonei) and the Great Basin redband trout (O. m. newberrii).

The Columbia River redband trout is found in the Columbia River and its tributaries in Montana, Oregon, Washington and Idaho. Anadromous populations of  O. m. gairdneri are known as redband steelhead.  The McCloud River redband trout is found in small tributaries of the McCloud River and Pit River which are tributaries of California's Sacramento River.  The Great Basin redband trout is found in seven distinct basins in southeastern Oregon, and parts of California and Nevada on the periphery of the Great Basin.  Redband trout have often been confused with cutthroat trout (Oncorynchus clarki).  Redband trout are prized game fish.

Redband trout populations have been declining across its range as a result of habitat changes or destruction, the introduction of alien and hatchery-raised fish species, and seasonal drought. However, as of 2000, the population of Great Basin redband trout was not a candidate for listing as threatened or endangered by the standards established by the United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service.

Physical characteristics
The redband trout are generally similar in appearance to the coastal rainbow trout (O. m. irideus) but have larger, more rounded spots, parr marks that tend to remain into adulthood, are more orange-red around the lateral line and have very distinct white tips on the anal, dorsal and pectoral fins. They will exceed  at maturity, which they reach within three years. The redband trout subspecies find their ideal habitat in clean, cool, relatively small and low gradient streams, but are capable of enduring higher water temperatures (75–80 °F; 24–27 °C) than other trout that may co-habit the same streams. As with other trout, they feed on insects, crustaceans and forage fish, depending on their size.

Notes

Further reading
 Behnke, R.J. 1992.  Native Trout of Western North America.  American Fisheries Society Monograph 6.  Bethesda, MD. (From the American Fisheries Society Website: This book results from almost four decades of research and practical experience with this group of fishes. This work addresses the evolution, taxonomy, and present distributions of members of this group of fishes (cutthroat, rainbow, Gila, and related indigenous troutof the West), and proposes a conservation philosophy to sustain them.)
 Muhlfield, Clint. [n.d.] Status of Redband Trout in Montana (This document, written by an agent from Montana's Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks and found on the website of the Montana Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, provides a concise overview of the status, characteristics, threats and management practices of the Redband trout.)
 Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-399).  Passed October 30, 2000.  (While not an officially designated threatened or endangered species, the Redband Trout is recognized as important resource, and this law sets aside land in Oregon for protection and research of Redband Trout.)

Oncorhynchus
Trout, Redband
Trout, Redband
Cold water fish
Fish common names

Redband trout


Hilary Hahn (born November 27, 1979) is an American Grammy Award–winning violinist.

Biography
She was born into a Lutheran family and moved to Baltimore, Maryland at the age of three and began playing the violin one month before her fourth birthday in the Suzuki Program of Baltimore's Peabody Conservatory.

Hahn became interested in the violin after taking a walk with her father in their Baltimore neighborhood (Zaustinsky 1999). The two passed a branch of the Peabody Conservatory that advertised music lessons for four-year-olds and observed a music lesson where a young boy was playing Twinkle Twinkle Little Star. Hahn began taking lessons the following week and participated in a Suzuki class for about a year.

In 1995 Hahn made her international debut in Germany with a performance of the Beethoven Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in D Major with Lorin Maazel and the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. The concert was broadcast on radio and television throughout Europe.  A year later, Hahn debuted at Carnegie Hall in New York as a soloist with the Philadelphia Orchestra.

By the age of sixteen, Hahn had completed the Curtis Institute's university requirements, but elected to remain at the Institute for several more years to pursue additional elective courses, until her graduation in May 1999 with a Bachelor Of Music degree. During this time she regularly coached violin with Jaime Laredo, and studied chamber music with Felix Galimir and Gary Graffman.  In an interview with PBS in December 2001, Hahn stated that of all the musical disciplines, she is most interested in musical performance (PBS Interview).

Hahn has played with orchestras such as the London Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Singapore Symphony Orchestra, just to name a few. She debuted with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in March 2007.

She began performing and touring in a crossover duo with singer-songwriter Josh Ritter in 2005 and (early 2007) with singer-songwriter Tom Brosseau.

Career
In 2001, Time Magazine named Hahn as "America's Best" young classical musician.  Throughout her career, Hahn has performed with numerous orchestras around the globe. She previously recorded five albums with Sony Classical, but now records exclusively for Deutsche Grammophon.

In 1996 Sony Music signed Hahn to an exclusive recording contract, which made her one of the youngest exclusive artists in the label's history.  Hahn's first recording, released in 1997, featured selected solo sonatas and partitas by J.S. Bach, and spent weeks as a bestseller on the Billboard classical charts.

In addition to being a solo violinist, Hahn has also performed as a chamber musician.  Since the summer of 1992 she has performed nearly every year with the Skaneateles Chamber Music Festival in Skaneateles, New York.  Between 1995 and 2000 she spent performing and studying chamber music at the Marlboro Music Festival in Vermont, and in 1996 she served as an artist and a member of the chamber music mentoring program of The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center.

From Sony Classical to Deutsche Grammophon

Hahn signed with Deutsche Grammophon in 2003 after her contract with Sony expired in 2002.  After Hahn completed her part of the contract with Sony, which was for five recordings over six years, she decided against renewing the contract due to the fact that she and Sony did not agree on her future projects (Lark Ascending).

Personal
In an interview with Strings Magazine conducted in 1999, Hahn cited several people as being influential on her development as a musician and a student.  Two of these influences include David Zinman, the conductor of the Baltimore Symphony and Hahn's mentor since she was ten, and Lorin Maazel, with whom she worked in Europe with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra.  In the interview, Hahn also stated that she enjoys watching movies, reading, and writing in her free time.  Other hobbies that she lists include: meeting new people, exploring cities, ballet, working out, swimming, and bike riding.  She also enjoys animals and rowing (The Daily Princetonian).

What she plays

Hilary Hahn plays an 1864 Vuillaume violin( II Cannone Guarneri copy) that was formerly owned by the Russian violinist Samuel Lande who was a friend of Klara Berkovich, Hahn's first teacher.  Hahn uses Dominant strings and bows by French bow makers Paul Jombar and Emil Miquel (Zaustinsky 1999). But now, she plays on the 1865 Vuillaume violin( Alard Stradivarius copy) which she bought at Tarisio Auctions.

On playing Bach

As of 1999, Hahn has stated that she plays Bach more than any other composer and that she has played solo Bach pieces every day since she was eight (Zaustinsky 1999).  The following is an excerpt from the liner notes to Hahn's album Hilary Hahn Plays Bach:

"Bach is, for me, the touchstone that keeps my playing honest.  Keeping the intonation pure in double stops, bringing out the various voices where the phrasing requires it, crossing the strings so that there are not inadvertent accents, presenting the structure in such a way that it's clear to the listener without being pedantic - one can't fake things in Bach, and if one gets all of them to work, the music sings in the most wonderful way."
(Saint Paul's Sunday)

In a segment on NPR entitled "Musicians in Their Own Words", Hahn speaks about the surreal experience of playing the Bach Chaconne (from the Solo Violin Partita No. 2) alone on the concert stage.  In the same segment, she also discusses her experiences emulating a lark while playing The Lark Ascending by Ralph Vaughan Williams.  The complete transcript can be found here:
Musicians in Their Own Words

Discography
 Hilary Hahn Plays Bach (1997)
 Hilary Hahn, violin
 Beethoven Violin Concerto/Bernstein Serenade (1999)
 Hilary Hahn, violin
 Baltimore Symphony Orchestra
 David Zinman, conductor
 Grammy Nominee - Best Instrumental Soloist Performance with Orchestra
 Barber & Meyer Violin Concertos (2000)
 Hilary Hahn, violin
 Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra
 Hugh Wolff, conductor
 Brahms & Stravinsky Violin Concertos (2001)
 Hilary Hahn, violin
 Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields
 Sir Neville Marriner, conductor
 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra)
 Mendelssohn & Shostakovich Concertos (2002)
 Hilary Hahn, violin
 Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra
 Marek Janowski and Hugh Wolff, conductors
 Bach Concertos (2003)
 Hilary Hahn, violin
 Margaret Batjer, violin; Allan Vogel, oboe
 Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra
 Jeffrey Kahane, conductor
 The Village (film) Motion Picture Soundtrack (2004)
 Hilary Hahn, featured violinist
 Music composed by James Newton Howard
 Elgar: Violin Concerto; Vaughan Williams: The Lark Ascending (2004)
 Hilary Hahn, violin
 London Symphony Orchestra
 Colin Davis, conductor
 Mozart Violin Sonatas (2005)
 Hilary Hahn, violin; Natalie Zhu, piano
"To Russia My Homeland" from the album Worlds Apart by ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead (2005)
 Paganini: Violin Concerto No. 1 / Spohr: Violin Concerto No. 8 - Gesangsszene (2006)
 Hilary Hahn, violin
 Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra
 Eiji Oue, conductor
"Witch's Web" from the album So Divided by ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead (2006)
"Fork in the Road" and "Blue Part of the Windshield" from the album Grand Forks by Tom Brosseau (2007)
 Schoenberg: Violin Concerto; Sibelius: Violin Concerto (2008)
Hilary Hahn, Violin
Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra
Esa-Pekka Salonen, Conductor

References

 HilaryHahn.com Biography.  Retrieved from the World Wide Web on December 14, 2005:
 (Lady Ascending) Hilary Hahn - The Lady Ascending: An interview with Réjean Beaucage, November 5, 2003.  From ''La Scena Musicale'' Vol. 9, No. 3.  Retrieved from the World Wide Web on December 14, 2005:
 (NPR) Musicians in their own Words.  Features in the Series produced by David Schulman and Jeffrey Freymann-Weyr.  Retrieved from the World Wide Web on December 14, 2005:
 (PBS Interview) Great Performances.  Dialogue. The Art of Violin.  Hilary Hahn.  Retrieved from the World Wide Web on December 14, 2005:
 (Saint Paul's Sunday) American Public Media: Saint Paul's Sunday.  Retrieved from the World Wide Web on December 14, 2005
 (Sony Bio) SonyClassical Hilary Hahn Biography.  Retrieved from the World Wide Web on December 14, 2005:
 (The Daily Princetonian) Ross, Adrian. The Daily Princetonian Q&A: A moment with Hilary Hahn.  Retrieved from the World Wide Web on December 14, 2005:
 Zaustinsky, Julia. All Things Strings Cover Story: Hilary Hahn: Fulfilling her Promise.  Excerpted from ''Strings Magazine'' August/September 1999, No. 80.  Retrieved from the World Wide Web on December 14, 2005:
 Reel, James. A Star Ascending.  Excerpted from ''Strings Magazine'' January 2005, No. 125.

Other websites
 Official Website
 Her site at Deutsche Grammophon

Hahn, Hilary
Grammy Award winners
1979 births
Living people

Hilary Hahn


Fyne Times is a UK based free gay and lesbian magazine, with five regional editions, that was established in September 2001. Edited by Jill Rayner, it is based in Abingdon, near Oxford and is produced by Fyne Associates.

Fyne Times is a lifestyle magazine which strives to have no gender bias or adult content and is found in outlets such as libraries, colleges, youth clubs, hotels and other mainstream venues.

The magazine is also the host of the Gay Greats series written by Natalie Thorne, which has been running since 2002. Fyne Times was also the first gay publication to carry recruitment advertising from one of the armed forces when an advert for the Army appeared in February 2002, soon after the ending of the ban on LGBTs serving in the armed forces.

In February 2004, the magazine welcomed the creation of Welsh lovespoons for gay and lesbian lovers celebrating Valentine's Day.

During 2003-04 the Crown Prosecution Service of Dorset, because of concerns over the reluctance of victims to report homophobic crime, published several articles in the Fyne Times.

References

External links

Fyne Times website

LGBT-related magazines published in England
Lifestyle magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 2001
Free magazines

Fyne Times


Generalized anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder which consists of excessive and irrational worry of everyday things. This worry tends to interfere with normal daily functioning: people who have GAD anticipate disasters and they're always concerned about health matters, money, death, their own futures or family trouble. Physical issues include though are not limited to trembling, numbness, muscle tension, sweating or hot flashes for at least six months. Between six and eight million American adults have GAD.

Anxiety disorders

Generalized anxiety disorder


Georg Arnold-Graboné (also Arnold Grabone; September 11, 1896 – February 10, 1982) was a painter of German impressionism and an art teacher. Because Grabone is not his real surname, sometimes his name appears as Georg Arnold-Graboné.

Biography

Early life
Born in Munich on September 11, 1896, Arnold was the son of the Regional-President Wilheim von Arnold. He went to study at Munich Art Academy. In 1914 the young Arnold passed his Abwalt (exit examination), and volunteered as an enlistee in the German Army. While serving in World War I. he suffered a head injury from a grenade explosion. The injury left him temporarily without hearing or speech. Because of his injuries he was discharged from the army. He returned to his Schwabian homeland.

Maturity
Without the benefit of any additional schooling, Arnold began to paint everything he saw. Although his speech and hearing returned, he could not abandon his love of painting. He began to study formally in Stuttgart and then studied Cubism in Vienna under Professor Lippert. Here he became a member of a circle of painters known as the "Licht-Gruppe".

Arnold abandoned these experimental forms and returned to more traditional painting. Some years later he would write "Ich bin kein freund der Abstracten kunst" (I am no friend of abstract art). After Vienna, Arnold returned to Munich where he studied landscape painting under Heinrich von Zügel and Leo von Konig. After Munich, he traveled to Berlin where he further refined his painting style under the well-known German impressionist Max Liebermann. Arnold once wrote that Liebermann made him into a true painter. On his stylistic naturalism, Arnold once wrote: "Ich gebe die Stimmung der Landschaft so wieder, wie ich sie emfinde und wie sie auch der Betrachter empfinden soll" (I show the texture of the landscape in the way that I feel it and, as also how I want the viewer to feel it)

In 1928 Arnold was awarded a gold medal in Vienna for his oil painting: Hardanger Fjord. In 1932 he moved to Zurich to teach at an art academy. He later became its Rector.

In 1936 he began to use the name Graboné as a "Künstlername" rather than Arnold. Graboné was derived from Garabronn, the place which contained his family home. His painter friends included Otto Pippel and Franz Xavier Woffel. Although he was financially successful as a painter, Arnold painted because of his love of the aesthetic. Once, it is told, he traded a painting for taxi fare.

Relationship with Eisenhower and Churchill
In 1951 U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was stationed in Garmisch as the commander of occupied Europe. Sir Winston Churchill encouraged Eisenhower to take up painting as a hobby. Eisenhower followed Churchill's advice and began to take lessons from Arnold-Graboné. At that time Arnold-Graboné had his studio only a few miles from Eisenhower's headquarters. For a period of time Eisenhower flew twice weekly from Paris to Fürstenfeldbruck, and then by automobile to Tutzing where he took his art lessons from the professor. They formed a friendship and one of Arnold-Graboné's paintings hung in the White House. Later the former president hung one of the paintings, "Zugspitze" in his home in Gettysburg. .

Arnold-Graboné's circle of American friends acquired at NATO headquarters also included General Nordstrom and Robert L. Scott (author of "God is my copilot"). The artist marketed his works to the junior officers stationed at NATO headquarters and he often invited them to exhibitions his work. As a consequence, many young American officers purchased paintings and brought them back to the United States.

Through Eisenhower, Arnold-Graboné eventually became acquainted with Sir Winston Churchill. Churchill was interested in the artist's spatula technique and asked him for some tutelage. The two of them spent several weeks one summer in the early 1950s painting together on the Isle of Man.

Although he maintained his studio in Tutzing the artist exhibited throughout the world. In the 1950s and 1960s Arnold-Graboné had exhibitions in the United States, including New York City, Chicago, Washington DC and Sarasota, Florida. Former President Lyndon B. Johnson owned in his private collection an original Graboné titled "Arber".

Death
After a fight with cancer, Arnold-Graboné died on February 10, 1982, near Starnberg in Bavaria. He was survived by his wife, Sofie, their one son, Warner, his daughter Renate Arnold (Renee Dow and Renee Hubbell) from his previous marriage, and his two grandsons, Robert Dow and Thomas Dow. His great grandchildren, Patrick Cooper  Dow and Jack Alexander Dow.

Artistic style
Arnold-Graboné became well known for his unique style of Palette knife painting. His technique used the texture of thickly applied paint to create an actual three-dimensional representation of a landscape. In Graboné's works, the colors are remarkable for their brilliance, distinguishing his landscapes from those of other pallet-knife painters. The brilliance is a result of Graboné's color-separation technique in knife-painting. His favorite subjects were of the Alps of Bavaria and South Tirole, the Isle of Capri, the English Garden in Munich, the lake region surrounding Starnberg, and fishing boats on the North Sea. His unusual signature is incised into the wet paint with the opposite end of the brush, almost invariably on the bottom left hand of his oil paintings (and on the bottom right for watercolors).

Selected works

See also
 Max Liebermann
 Dwight D. Eisenhower
 Winston Churchill
 List of German painters

References
d'ART, Arnold Grabone Biography by Donald Van Riper,
Dwight D. Eisenhower Library document; Dwight D. Eisenhower Personal Holding List, page 124
Newspaper Valley News June 5, 1958

20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
German Impressionist painters
German landscape painters
Deaths from cancer in Germany
1896 births
1982 deaths

Georg Arnold-Graboné


The Denham Tracts constitute a publication of a series of pamphlets and jottings on folklore, fifty-four in all, collected between 1846 and 1859 by Michael Aislabie Denham, a Yorkshire tradesman. Most of the original tracts were published with fifty copies (although some of them with twenty-five or even thirteen copies). The tracts were later re-edited by James Hardy for the Folklore Society and imprinted in two volumes in 1892 and 1895. It is possible that J.R.R. Tolkien took the word hobbit from the list of fairies in the Denham Tracts.

List of the original tracts

I.

 «A collection of Proverbs and Popular Sayings related to the Seasons, the Weather, and Agricultural pursuits. Gathered chiefly from oral tradition.»Lond. printed for Percy Society by T.Richards, 100. St. Martin's Lane. 1846, pp. 73.

II.

 «A Myth of Mildridge; a story anent a Witless Wight's Adventures with the Mildridge Fairies in ye Bishoprick of Durham; now more than two centuries ago.»A Broadside of three columns, August 1849. Fifty copies.

III.

 «The Noble Nevills.» A notice of their Monuments in Staindrop Church, co. Durham. A Broadside of two pages. Oct. 1849. Fifty copies

IV. Slogans; and War and Gathering Cries.

 (1) «Slughorns of the North of England.»1st edit. Six pages, January 1850. Fifty copies.
 (2) «The Slogans; or, Gathering Cries of the North of England.»2nd edit. Twenty-four pages, Decem. 1850. Novo-Castro-Sup-Tynam. Printed by M. & M.W.Lambert, Grey-st. Fifty copies.
 (3) «Slogans of the North of England.»3rd edit., beautifully printed in colours, with many engravings. One hundred and ten pages. June, 1851. Newcastle upon Tyne, imprinted by George Bouchier Richardson, at the sign of the River God Tyne, 38, Clayton-st., West.  Cr. 8vo., a few copies printed in 4to.

V.

 «A Collection of English Border Rhymes, Proverbs and Sayings in connexion with the Feudal Period.»Twelve pages, July, 1850. Fifty copies.

VI. Co: Pal: Durham. – Five Parts.

 Part I. «A collection of Bishoprick Rhymes, Proverbs and Sayings, in connexion with the Border and Feudal periods.» Twelve pages, August, 1850. Fifty copies. Inscribed «To the families of Hylton and Conyers.»
 Part II. «A collection of Rare and Popular Rhymes, Proverbs, Sayings of Reproach and Praise, &c., &c., relating to the City of Durham and its Inhabitants.»Pages 13 to 28, January 1851. Fifty copies. Inscribed «To ye Clargy, Lawers, and Olde Maids, of ye afore-named Cittie, &c.»
 Part III. «Rare and Popular Rhymes, Proverbs, Sayings, Characteristics, Reproaches, &c., &c., relating to the Inhabitants of certain Towns and Villages; and also to particular Families and Individuals in the County of Durham.»Pages 29 to 50, April, 1851. Fifty copies. Inscribed «To Joseph Ritson, Esq.»
 Part VI. «Rare and Popular Rhymes, Sayings, Characteristics, &c., &c., relating to certain Towns and Villages in the County of Durham.»Pages 51 to 78, May, 1851. Fifty copies. Inscribed «To Sir Cuthbert Sharp.» Civ. Dunelm. Imprinted by Will. Elliott Duncan & Sons, in Saddler-street.
 Part V. «Supplement to the Local Rhymes, Proverbs, Sayings, &c., &c., of the County of Durham.»Eight pages, September 1858. Fifty copies. Civ. Dunelm. Imprinted by Will. Duncan & Sons, in Saddler-street, 1859.

and 42 more pamphlets.

List of spirits and fairies
This is a long list of spirits, fairies, bogies and other creatures, based on an older list in the Discoverie of Witchcraft, dated 1584, with many additions, a few repetitions and mention of many creatures that do not appear elsewhere. While the fact that the tracts contain creatures that are not referenced anywhere else could indicate that Denham had researched the subject more thoroughly than others of his time, a lack of other sources makes some think this unlikely despite Denham being regarded as a trustworthy source of information.

"What a happiness this must have been seventy or eighty years ago and upwards, to those chosen few who had the good luck to be born on the eve of this festival of all festivals; when the whole earth was so overrun with ghosts, boggles, Bloody Bones, spirits, demons, ignis fatui, brownies, bugbears, black dogs, spectres, shellycoats, scarecrows, witches, wizards, barguests, Robin-Goodfellows, hags, night-bats, scrags, breaknecks, fantasms, hobgoblins, hobhoulards, boggy-boes, dobbies, hob-thrusts, fetches, kelpies, warlocks, mock-beggars, mum-pokers, Jemmy-burties, urchins, satyrs, pans, fauns, sirens, tritons, centaurs, calcars, nymphs, imps, incubuses, spoorns, men-in-the-oak, hell-wains, fire-drakes, kit-a-can-sticks, Tom-tumblers, melch-dicks, larrs, kitty-witches, hobby-lanthorns, Dick-a-Tuesdays, Elf-fires, Gyl-burnt-tales, knockers, elves, rawheads, Meg-with-the-wads, old-shocks, ouphs, pad-foots, pixies, pictrees, giants, dwarfs, Tom-pokers, tutgots, snapdragons, sprets, spunks, conjurers, thurses, spurns, tantarrabobs, swaithes, tints, tod-lowries, Jack-in-the-Wads, mormos, changelings, redcaps, yeth-hounds, colt-pixies, Tom-thumbs, black-bugs, boggarts, scar-bugs, shag-foals, hodge-pochers, hob-thrushes, bugs, bull-beggars, bygorns, bolls, caddies, bomen, brags, wraiths, waffs, flay-boggarts, fiends, gallytrots, imps, gytrashes, patches, hob-and-lanthorns, gringes, boguests, bonelesses, Peg-powlers, pucks, fays, kidnappers, gallybeggars, hudskins, nickers, madcaps, trolls, robinets, friars' lanthorns, silkies, cauld-lads, death-hearses, goblins, hob-headlesses, bugaboos, kows, or cowes, nickies, nacks, waiths, miffies, buckies, ghouls, sylphs, guests, swarths, freiths, freits, gy-carlins, pigmies, chittifaces, nixies, Jinny-burnt-tails, dudmen, hell-hounds, dopple-gangers, boggleboes, bogies, redmen, portunes, grants, hobbits, hobgoblins, brown-men, cowies, dunnies, wirrikows, alholdes, mannikins, follets, korreds, lubberkins, cluricauns, kobolds, leprechauns, kors, mares, korreds, puckles, korigans, sylvans, succubuses, blackmen, shadows, banshees, lian-hanshees, clabbernappers, Gabriel-hounds, mawkins, doubles, corpse lights or candles, scrats, mahounds, trows, gnomes, sprites, fates, fiends, sibyls, nicknevins, whitewomen, fairies, thrummy-caps, cutties, and nisses, and apparitions of every shape, make, form, fashion, kind and description, that there was not a village in England that had not its own peculiar ghost. Nay, every lone tenement, castle, or mansion-house, which could boast of any antiquity had its bogle, its spectre, or its knocker. The churches, churchyards, and crossroads were all haunted. Every green lane had its boulder-stone on which an apparition kept watch at night. Every common had its circle of fairies belonging to it. And there was scarcely a shepherd to be met with who had not seen a spirit!"

References

External links
The Denham tracts : a collection of folklore Complete text and scans of the 1895 edition at archive.org.

Book series introduced in 1846
English folklore
Northumbrian folklore
Pamphlets
Works about folklore

Denham Tracts


Waren Tay (1843 – 15 May 1927) was a British ophthalmologist who was a native of Yorkshire.

In 1881 Waren (often misspelt Warren) Tay first described the red spot on the retina of the eye that is present in Tay–Sachs disease. He reported this condition in the Volume I edition of the Ophthalmological Society, an organization in which he was a founding member. Here he described the symptoms in a child who also had neurological problems. Later in the Volume IV edition, he gave a complete description of the clinical symptoms of the disorder, and also reported that another member from the same family had this retinal condition.

In 1874 at the London Ophthalmic Hospital, Tay was the first to describe a condition that consisted of small white or yellow dots in the choroid around the macula in the eye, which are the manifestations of senile macular degeneration. Nowadays, this condition is sometimes referred to as "Hutchinson's disease", named after Tay's mentor, surgeon Jonathan Hutchinson.

Tay himself had glaucoma and was blind in one eye. He was a keen cyclist, and he was described by his friends as "a walking encyclopaedia of medicine".

Notes

External links
Warren Tay @ Who Named It

1843 births
1927 deaths
British ophthalmologists
Medical doctors from Yorkshire

Waren Tay


Theodor Schwann (7 December 1810 – 11 January 1882) was a German scientist who isolated and named the enzyme pepsin. He also played a key role in promoting the idea of the cell as the foundation of living organisms. His work on the cell has recently been re-assessed, because the idea had been discussed before him.

Cell history
Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke (1635–1703). He used a compound microscope with two lenses to look at the structure of cork, and to look at leaves and some insects. He did this from about 1660, and reported it in his book Micrographica in 1665.

Many other naturalists and philosophers tried out the new instrument. The structure of plants was investigated by Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) and Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694). Grew's major work was The anatomy of plants (1682). It is not clear who first saw animal cells, Malpighi, Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680) or Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723).p17

Leeuwenhoek's discoveries and drawings of 'little animalcules' opened up a whole new world for naturalists. Protozoa, and microorganisms generally were discovered. Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg's book Die Infusionsthierchen summarised what was known in 1838. Lorenz Oken (1779–1851) in 1805 wrote that infusoria (microscopic forms) were the basis of all life.

The work of the Czech Jan Purkyně (1787–1869) and his student and collaborator Gabriel Valentin (1810–1883) was "unjustly denigrated by the nationalistic Germans. They have a claim to some priority in the cell theory".Chapter 9

Johannes Müller (1801–1858) also made great contributions. It was, however, his student Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden (1804–1881) who got the credit for the cell theory, despite the fact that some of their observations were not correct, and their credits to previous workers were "a travesty".p97 As understood now, the cell theory includes these important ideas:
 All living things are made of cells.
 The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms.
 Every cell comes from another cell that lived before it.
 The nucleus is the core element of the cell.

The key works of Schwann and Schleiden were published in 1838 and 1839.
These ideas still are the basic ideas of cell theory.

References

1810 births
1882 deaths
German biologists

Theodor Schwann


Grindcore is an extreme genre o muisic that stairtit in the early- tae mid-1980s. It draws inspiration frae some o the maist abrasive muisic genres – includin daith metal, industrial muisic, noise an the mair extreme varieties o hardcore punk.

Grindcore is characterized bi hivily distorted, doun-tuned guitars, heich speed tempo, blast beats, an vocals which conseest o incomprehensible grouls, or heich-pitched shrieks. Early groups lik Napalm Death are creditit wi layin the grundwork for the style. It is maist prevalent the day in North Americae an Europe, wi popular contributors sic as Brutal Truth an Nasum. Leerical themes range frae a primary focus on social an poleetical concerns, tae gory subject matter an black humour.

Characteristics
Grindcore relies on staundart hardcore punk an hivy metal instrumentation: electric guitar, bass an drums. Housomeivver, grindcore alters the uisual practices o metal or rock muisic wi regaird tae sang structur an tone. The vocal style is "rangin frae heich-pitched shrieks tae law, throat-shreddin grouls an barks." In some cases, leerics daena even exist. Vocals mey be uised as merely an addit soond effect, a common practice wi baunds sic as the experimental Naked City.

A characteristic o some grindcore sangs is the "microsang", lastin anerlie a few seiconts. In 2001, the Guiness Warld Records awardit Brutal Truth the record for "Shortest Music Video" for 1994's "Collateral Damage" (the sang lasts fower seiconts). In 2007, the video for the Napalm Death sang "You Suffer" set a new "Shortest Music Video" record: 1.3 seiconts. Ayont the microsang, it is characteristic o grindcore tae hae short sangs in general; for example, Carcass' debut album Reek of Putrefaction (1988) consists o 22 tracks wi an average lenth o 1 minute an 48 seiconts.

Mony grindcore groups experiment wi doun-tuned guitars. While the vinyl A-side o Napalm Death's debut, 1987's Scum, is set tae staundart tunin, on side B, the guitars are tuned doun 2½ steps. Thair seicont album an 1989's EP wur tuned tae C♯. Harmony Corruption, thair third full-lenth album, wis tuned up tae a D. Bolt Thrower went further, droppin 3½ steps doun (A).

Blast beat

The blast beat is a drum beat characteristic o grindcore in aw its forms, awtho its uisage predates the genre itsel. In Adam MacGregor's definition, "the blast-beat generally comprises a repeatit, saxteent-note figur played at a vera fast tempo, an dividit uniformly amang the kick drum, snare an ride, crash, or hi-hat cymbal." Blast beats hae been describit as "maniacal percussive explosions, less aboot rhythm per se than sheer sonic violence." Napalm Death coined the term, tho this style o drummin haed previously been practiced bi ithers. Daniel Ekeroth argues that the blast beat wis first performed bi the Swadish D-beat group Asocial on thair 1982 demo. D.R.I. ("No Sense"), S.O.D. ("Milk"), Sarcófago ("Satanas"), an Repulsion an aa includit the technique prior tae Napalm Death's emergence.

Leerical themes
Grindcore leerics are teepically provocative. A nummer o grindcore muisickers are committit tae poleetical an ethical causes. For example, Napalm Death's sangs address a variety o anarchist concerns, in the tradeetion o anarcho-punk. Thir themes include anti-racism, feminism, anti-militarism, an anti-caipitalism. Ither grindcore groups, sic as Cattle Decapitation an Carcass, hae expressed disgust wi human behaviour, ainimal abuise, an are, in some cases, vegetarians. Carcass' wirk in pairticular is aften identifeed as the oreegin o the goregrind style, which is devotit tae "bodily" themes. Groups that shift thair bodily focus tae sexual matters, sic as Gut an the Meat Shits, are whiles referred to as pornogrind. Seth Putnam's leerics are notorious for thair black comedy, while The Locust tend toward satirical collage, indebted tae William S. Burroughs' cut-up method.

Hardcore punk genres
Hivy metal subgenres

Grindcore


When a person agrees to do something or to not do something, that person is making a promise. A promise can be made verbally (by saying it), or it can be written down as a contract. Breaking a promise, or not keeping it, is often just bad manners, but it can sometimes be illegal, such as when a contract is not kept.

A vow is a special promise.  It is mostly used in a religious sense or in ceremonies such as marriages when the couple who are being married make their "marriage vows", promising to be faithful to one another.

An oath is a promise in the legal sense.  When someone has to give evidence in a court of law they "swear an oath".  This means that they promise they will tell the truth.

Ethics
Law

Promise


A tank is an armored fighting vehicle, typically armed with a large cannon mounted on a turret and a few machine guns.

A tank is covered in thick armour to protect it from enemy weapons. Tanks have tracks that wrap around its wheels to spread out its weight and let it cross rough terrain. Most tanks have a powerful gun and one or more machine guns.

A tank normally has 3-5 crew members with at least a driver, commander and gunner.  There may also be a loader, who handles the ammunition for the main gun (so the gunner doesn't have to take eyes off the target).  Some WWII tanks also had a separate soldier responsible for the radio.  Since then, tank crews have evolved to have each person do one of these things, but in their early stages, the commander was often the loader and radio operator, and in a few tanks was also the driver.

Using

The first tanks were made by the British Royal Navy and French car manufacturers during World War I as a way of attacking enemy trenches. They were called tanks to trick the Germans into thinking they were water carriers for the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. Their use in a surprise attack in the Battle of the Somme caused fear among the German soldiers but their small numbers and poor reliability prevented them from making much difference.

Tanks became a main weapon during World War II, when the German Army introduced a way of using them called Blitzkrieg.  Battles between great numbers of tanks were fought, especially between the Germans and the Soviet Union. The Battle of Kursk was the biggest. Well-known World War II tanks were the German Panzer IV, Panther and Tiger I, Soviet T-34 (made in the largest numbers of any tank of the war and second most ever), the British Matilda, Churchill and Cromwell, and the American M4 sherman (second most produced tank of the war) and Stuart tanks.  There were plans for much larger and more heavily armoured tanks such as the Maus but they were determined to be of little use.  Their huge weight would have made moving them very difficult, and their huge size would have made them easy targets for heavy artillery.

Old tanks are often modified for other uses like carrying soldiers or equipment. Combat engineers use special tank-based vehicles, for example minesweeper tanks or bridge-layer tanks.

The tank is a major part of all large armies today. Tanks have replaced the cavalry everywhere and do the things that soldiers on horseback did in the past. Most modern tanks are of the heavy or Main Battle Tank type, able to fight other tanks. Compared to older types MBTs are very heavy (Russian MBTS being about 40 tons and Western around 60 tons) with a 120 mm (Western) and 125 mm (Russian) calibre cannon and 2-3 machine guns. Marines and other specialized forces also use some light tanks.

Related pages
 Anti-tank gun
 Military vehicle#Combat vehicles

Other websites

Army

Tank


Raaz () is a 1981 Indian Hindi-language thriller film directed by Harmesh Malhotra, starring Raj Babbar and Sulakshana Pandit. It is a remake of the 1976 Kannada film Premada Kanike.

Plot
At the railway station Bhavani Junction, Seema is waiting for her train to start her journey to an estate for the purpose of her employment in the household of Kunwar Chandrapaal Singh as the governess of a little girl. One handicapped man who moves with the help of crutches is also wandering at the station. The train comes and Seema boards it. In her compartment, she finds a strange fellow-passenger Sujeet who tries to make advances to her, but she keeps him at bay. Suddenly another stranger enters with a revolver in his hand and as the train passes through a dark tunnel, shoots Sujeet dead and then sits there himself (in the train compartment) relaxing. Frightened, Seema finds one more revolver lying on the floor of the compartment, but the moment she grabs it, the killer strikes her hand and throws that revolver out of the window of the running train. When the train is about to reach some station, the killer exits and then only does she start shouting for the incident of the murder that has taken place in front of her eyes.

After giving her statement to the police, Seema reaches her employer's house and then she comes face-to-face with a person who is none else than the killer of Sujeet. Now she is in deep trouble. She wants to run away from that house and that place, but can't because her condition is more or less that of a house-arrest. Local cop Khan, who is the investigating officer of Sujeet murder case, wants to take her full statement because he smells that she knows much more than she has told to the police, but now she is under even higher pressure to keep her lips tight because her beloved niece, who has been hitherto staying in the hostel, has been brought to the household of Kunwar Chandrapaal Singh. The handicapped stranger who moves with the help of crutches, is also found roaming about that household. When questioned about it, he terms himself as a novelist and his claim is unreliable because his activities are weird and suspicious. A greedy person, who happens to be the son of the partner of Kunwar's father, is also there in the scenario who keeps on extorting money from him.

Gradually, Seema comes close to Kunwar Chandrapaal Singh and then she becomes aware of his deceased wife and the misdeed and betrayal of Sujeet, who once happened to be a fast friend of Kunwar. One day Khan arrests her under the charge of Sujeet's murder, because of her finger-prints being found on the revolver thrown out of the train (found out by the police later), which coupled with the deductive reasoning applied by Khan, culminates into a conclusion drawn by him that she alone is the murderess. At the time of her arrest, Kunwar is out of station. When he returns, he not only learns of her arrest, but also the fact that she has confessed for Sujeet's murder. What happens thereafter takes the movie to its climax in which the complete suspense of Sujeet's murder is unravelled.

Cast
Raj Babbar as Kumar Chandrapal Singh
Sulakshana Pandit as Seema
Kader Khan as Inspector Khan
Sujit Kumar as Sujit
Sarika as Sunita
Helen as Dancer

Soundtrack
The music was composed and all lyrics penned by Ravindra Jain.

References

External links

1980s Hindi-language films
1981 films
Films directed by Harmesh Malhotra
Hindi remakes of Kannada films
Indian thriller films

Raaz (1981 film)


SuomenJoutsen is a steel-hulled full-rigged ship with three square rigged masts. Built in 1902 by Chantiers de Penhoët in St. Nazaire, France, as Laënnec, the ship served two French owners before she was sold to German interest in 1922 and renamed Oldenburg. In 1930, she was acquired by the Government of Finland, refitted to serve as a school ship for the Finnish Navy and given her current name. Suomen Joutsen made eight long international voyages before the Second World War and later served in various support and supply roles during the war. From 1961 on she served as a stationary seamen's school for the Finnish Merchant Navy. In 1991, Suomen Joutsen was donated to the city of Turku and became a museum ship moored next to Forum Marinum.

History

Laënnec (1902–1922)

In 1902, the French shipping company Société Anonyme des Armateurs Nantais ordered two 3,100-ton full-rigged ships from Chantiers de Penhoët in Saint-Nazaire. The first ship, launched on 7 August 1902, was christened Laënnec after René Laennec, a French doctor and inventor of the stethoscope. On 18 September 1902 she was followed by the second ship, named Haudaudine after Pierre Haudaudine, which was lost off the coast of New Caledonia on 3 January 1905. On 23 October 1902 Laënnec left Saint-Nazaire and headed to Cardiff, England, to load coal bound for Iquique, Chile.

Laënnec was almost sunk on her maiden voyage when she collided with an English steam ship Penzance in the Bay of Biscay, sinking the fully laden steamer within minutes. Laënnec, also seriously damaged, was towed to Barry for repairs. One of the reasons for the incident was that she was not carrying enough sailing ballast on her voyage from the shipyard, and as a result her rudder was not completely submerged in water, significantly reducing the maneuverability of the ship. Towards the end of the nine-month voyage, while carrying potassium nitrate from Chile to Bremerhaven, Germany, a minor mutiny broke out when four crew members disobeyed orders from Captain Turbé.

In 1906 Laënnec was sold to a French shipping company Compagnie Plisson. She made several voyages across the Atlantic Ocean and around Kap Horn to the Pacific Ocean, and around the Cape of Good Hope to Australia under the command of Captain Achille Guriec. On her way back to Europe she carried wheat or potassium nitrate.

On 12 December 1911, while unloading potassium nitrate at the port of Santander, Spain, Laënnec was severely damaged when a storm pushed her against the pier and ripped the ship from her moorings, causing the full-rigged ship to drift against a Dutch steam ship Rhehania. As there was no shipyard large enough to accommodate Laënnec in Santander, the ship was emptied and inclined until her damaged hull plating was exposed and could be repaired within the harbour. The repairs took 20 days and the ship, which by that time had become a popular attraction for the local people, left Spain on 1 February 1912. In 1914 the main mast of Laënnec broke off and fell over the starboard side when the ship was struck by a heavy storm in the North Atlantic Ocean. She was towed to Brest for repairs. On 12 June 1916 Captain Guriec died onboard Laënnec while the ship was passing the Cape of Good Hope on her way back to Europe. The command was assumed by the first mate who, according to some sources, also perished before the ship arrived in England. Later the command was given to Captain Émile Delanoë.

When the First World War broke out, Laënnec was equipped with two deck guns. Due to the presence of German U-boats in Europe, the ship spent the war years trading in the United States East Coast. After the war, she arrived back to her home port, Saint-Nazaire, after a 150-day voyage from Australia to be stripped and laid up. On 1 December 1920 Laënnec was put for sale.

Oldenburg (1922–1930)

In late November 1922, after having been laid up for two years, Laënnec was sold to a German shipping company H. H. Schmidt & Co. from Hamburg. After refitting she was renamed Oldenburg after the city of Oldenburg and, through an agreement with the German school ship association Deutscher Schulschiffverein, she became a school ship for the German merchant navy. Among the men who received their training onboard Oldenburg over the years was the German U-boat ace Günther Prien.

In 1925, while rounding Kap Horn, Oldenburg lost her main mast in a storm and had to seek shelter due to damaged rigging. After emergency repairs in Montevideo, Uruguay, she crossed the Atlantic and headed back to Hamburg. However, due to strong easterly winds she was forced to pass the British Isles on the northern side instead of the English Channel. 78 days after leaving the Río de la Plata estuary, Oldenburg was taken into tow by a German tugboat and towed to Hamburg.

In 1928 Oldenburg was sold to another German shipping company, Seefart Segelschiffs-Reederei GmbH from Bremen. In 1930, on her last voyage under the German flag, Oldenburg was almost lost when the cargo of phosphate shifted in heavy weather. After two weeks in a heavy storm, the longitudinal bulkhead gave way and the ship assumed a list of 55 degrees. Lifeboats, spare yards and the kitchen stove were lost overboard. However, the crew managed to righten the ship and sail her to Malmö, Sweden. After unloading the ship was moved to Bremerhaven to be laid up.

SuomenJoutsen (1930–)

Acquisition and refitting

Although the school ship was left out from the Finnish Naval Act of 1927, the Finnish Navy decided to keep looking for a suitable vessel and purchase it separately from the major fleet renewal program. Over the years, opinions both in favor and against a school ship had been presented, but it was generally agreed that such vessel would be in many ways beneficial for the Finnish Navy. Initially there was also disagreement about the type of the ship — some were in favor of a modern steam ship that could be used in the local waters while the others preferred a traditional sailing ship that would teach the cadets traditional seaman skills and bring them closer to merchant mariners. The latter was also recommended by foreign naval officials, and finally the Finnish Navy agreed on a sailing ship. This was further helped by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 that had brought the prices down, and the fact that windjammers had been largely replaced by steam ships.

In April 1930, the Parliament of Finland allotted 4,000,000 Finnish markkas for procuring a second-hand full-rigged ship and refitting it as a school ship for the Finnish Navy. During the summer of 1930, the Finnish officials inspected a number of Finnish and foreign ships that were offered for sale. These included Gustav Erikson's four-masted barques Pommern and Herzogin Cecilie, and several other ships, but all were deemed either too large or too dilapidated. In the end, the most suitable candidate came from Germany where Oldenburg, a 28-year-old former school ship of the German merchant navy, was offered for sale. After inspecting the ship in Bremen, the Finnish officials purchased her in August 1930 and the German crew sailed the ship to Helsinki.

After having been handed over to the Finnish Navy, Oldenburg was towed to Uusikaupunki for refitting. The work, which began in late 1930 and continued until November 1931, included replacing part of the bottom plating, building an additional tweendeck, refurbishing the rigging, painting the whole ship and rebuilding her cargo holds to accommodate up to 180 men. The shipyard was responsible for the structural alterations while 62 future crew members and cadets of the Finnish Navy were responsible for the other tasks, including carrying 1,200 tons of stones to the ship as sailing ballast.

On 1 November 1931, after a number of delays, Oldenburg was renamed SuomenJoutsen (Swan of Finland) after Finska Svan, a Swedish 16th century warship that took part in the naval action of 7July1565 between Sweden and Denmark. After launching, SuomenJoutsen broke her moorings in the strong breeze and damaged two ships, gunboat Karjala and Osmo, a laid-up full-rigged ship built in 1869, before she was brought under control. On 4 November 1931, she left the shipyard for Helsinki, under tow and escorted by minelayer M-1.

School ship (1931–1939)

Due to delays during the refitting and later problems with the steam heating system, the first voyage of SuomenJoutsen was delayed until late December. Captain Arvo Lieto proposed postponing the departure until the next autumn as Christmas was drawing near and the sea was already freezing, but on 21 December 1931 President P. E. Svinhufvud ordered the ship to begin her first international school sailing under the Finnish flag. SuomenJoutsen was towed to the sea on the following day, but she had to wait for favourable winds outside Porkkala until 28 December, at which point she had already been grounded once. The streak of bad luck continued when the ship was anchored in Trongisvágsfjørður in Suðuroy, Faroe Islands, after stopping to purchase more lubrication oil at Trongisvágur. SuomenJoutsen dragged her anchors in a storm measuring 11–12 on the Beaufort scale, drifting stern first towards the shore. After two trawlers and a tugboat managed to get the full-rigged ship safely to the harbour, it was found out that the rudder had been damaged and the ship was towed to England for drydocking. After repairs, SuomenJoutsen continued to the Canary Islands, where she remained for three weeks while Captain Lieto was relieved of command and replaced by John Konkola, who served as the captain of the school ship for six full and two partial voyages. From the Canary Islands, SuomenJoutsen headed south, but the refrigeration system failed  before the Equator and she had to turn back before a line-crossing ceremony could be held. However, the crew got some consolation when news about the end of prohibition in Finland reached the ship while she was sailing towards Finland in the Baltic Sea. SuomenJoutsen arrived in Finland on 22 May 1932 and was drydocked at Suomenlinna shortly thereafter.

The second voyage of Suomen Joutsen began on 18 October 1932, and after stopping briefly in the Canady Islands and Cape Verde, she crossed the Equator on 11 December for the first time flying the Finnish flag. On 24 December, the crew celebrated traditional Finnish Christmas outside Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and arrived at the port on the following morning. The visit of "Cisne Blanco de Finlandia", the white swan of Finland, was widely covered in local newspapers. From Rio de Janeiro, Suomen Joutsen continued her voyage to Montevideo, Uruguay, and then, against her original sailing plan, to Buenos Aires. After leaving Argentine and visiting a number of ports in the Caribbean, Suomen Joutsen crossed the Atlantic and finally arrived in Finland on 3 May 1933. On the way back, her crew caught a number of sea turtles for the Helsinki Zoo.

On her third international sailing, Suomen Joutsen left Helsinki on 1 November 1933 and headed to the Mediterranean, where she visited the ports of Marseille, Alexandria and Naples. While heading towards Gibraltar on her way to the Atlantic, an English steam ship tauntingly offered to tow the Finnish full-rigged ship which was sailing slowly close to the wind. However, shortly afterwards the wind changed its direction and Suomen Joutsen overtook the steamer with a towing line hanging from the stern hawsehole, offering to provide assistance for the slower ship. After stopping briefly at the Canary Islands, the ship crossed the Atlantic and arrived in Haiti on 10 March 1934 after 25 days of sailing. The return voyage began six days later. On 6 April, while in the middle of the Northern Atlantic, Suomen Joutsen was hit by hurricane-force winds that caused the ship to list almost 56 degrees. She survived the worst storm of her career without major damage and arrived in Helsinki on 16 May 1934.

Suomen Joutsen began her fourth voyage on 30 October 1934 and arrived at her first stop, Cartagena in Spain, in late November. While sailing towards the Greek port city of Piraeus outside Sardinia on 7 December, she was overtaken by the Italian 51,000-ton ocean liner SS Rex which passed Suomen Joutsen at full speed of  from a distance of only . Although the holder of the Blue Riband was a sight to behold, seeing a full-rigged ship underway in the open seas was also becoming a rare treat. After visiting various ports in the Mediterranean, the ship returned to the Atlantic and stopped briefly at Ponta Delgada, but crossed neither the Atlantic nor the Equator. Suomen Joutsen returned to Helsinki on 3 May 1935.

The fifth voyage of Suomen Joutsen was the longest the ship had ever done under the Finnish flag. After leaving Helsinki on 9 October 1935, the ship stopped briefly at Lisbon, Portugal, and then continued across the Atlantic, eventually arriving in the Panama canal on 26 December. It took eleven and a half hours to transit the  canal. After leaving Panama behind, Suomen Joutsen headed south and crossed the Equator on 4 January 1936 with appropriate ceremonies. Later the ship stopped at Callao in Peru and Valparaiso in Chile, where five men escaped after a local barkeeper had offered them full upkeep for playing at his bar. The men were later caught by local officials and returned to Finland, where they were sentenced for six months in prison. After leaving Chile, Suomen Joutsen sailed around the Cape Horn without major difficulties and arrived in Buenos Aires on 21 March. From Argentine, the ship continued to Rio de Janeiro, where she encountered the Brazilian school ship Almirante Saldanha, whose purchase had been inspired by the previous visit of the white swan of Finland. Suomen Joutsen sailed out on 14 April and due to heavy weather and headwinds, it took seven weeks to reach the Azores. On 9 May, Captain Konkola turned 50 and after the crew had sung "Happy Birthday to You" at 6:30 in the morning, he stuck his head out from the cabin door and yelled "Steward, give them booze!" Suomen Joutsen arrived in Helsinki on 4 July 1936. After a number of disagreements regarding the use of tugboats in the foreign ports, Captain Konkola decided to sail the full-rigged ship all the way to the harbour, crossing the narrow Kustaanmiekka strait at full sail. Finally, when the bow had already been moored at Katajanokka, he allowed the tugboat to push the stern against the pier and the fifth voyage was over.

On her sixth voyage, the most important stop of Suomen Joutsen was New York City, where the ship arrived on 3 March 1937. Prior to this, the ship had visited Portugal, Senegal and a number of ports in the Caribbean after leaving Helsinki on 2 November 1936. However, the ship's first and only visit to the United States under the Finnish flag was an important milestone and a major media event. When the ship was sailing up the Hudson River, an American film crew came on board to capture her arrival, and Suomen Joutsen remained the center of attention for the six days she was moored at the western end of the 35th Street. When the ship left New York, a member of the crew was accidentally left on the shore. However, he managed to talk a local tugboat captain to take him back to the school ship and, for solving the problem on his own initiative, was left without punishment. After stopping at Oslo, Suomen Joutsen arrived in Helsinki on the May Day of 1936. Among the first people to leave the ship was a man carrying a living crocodile under his arm, captured for the Helsinki Zoo.

The seventh voyage of Suomen Joutsen began on 20 October 1937 and took the ship first across the Atlantic to South America. After calling Montevideo, she continued east to Cape Town, stopping at Tristan da Cunha along the way. The seventh voyage has often been called the unluckiest one as three crew members were lost before the ship arrived back in Finland on 12 May 1938. On 7 February, a seaman fell from the bow mast and was buried at sea on the following day. On the way to Cape Town, a sergeant became ill and later died in a hospital in South Africa on 10 March. On 10 May, a member of the regular crew fell to the sea while painting the hull when the ship was underway in the Baltic Sea. Many thought that the deaths were due to the crew killing three albatrosses earlier in the voyage. Finally, when Suomen Joutsen was outside Helsinki, a small airplane flew too close to the ship and crashed into the sea, but the pilots were rescued.

Suomen Joutsen left for her eighth and last international voyage on 27 October 1938. After stopping at Copenhagen for provisions and clearing the English Channel — and almost colliding with the Polish passenger ship Piłsudski — she continued to the Bay of Biscay. However,  waves forced Suomen Joutsen to turn back on 23 November and head to Bordeaux to wait for the weather to clear. Captain Konkola, concerned about his ailing health, was relieved of his duty and replaced by Unto Voionmaa on 3 December 1938. Under his command, Suomen Joutsen crossed the Atlantic twice, calling the ports of Pernambuco in Brazil and San Juan in Puerto Rico. On her last stop at Rotterdam, there were already signs of a major conflict in the air, and had the war started before the ship arrived in Finland, she would have headed to the United Kingdom. Suomen Joutsen arrived in Helsinki on 22 April 1939, after which she never left the Baltic Sea again.

Second World War (1939–1945)

During the summer of 1939, the rigging of SuomenJoutsen was partially dismantled and her hull was painted dark grey. She was used as a supply ship for the Finnish submarine fleet within the Finnish archipelago. When the Winter War broke out on 30 November 1939, she was stationed in Högsåra with the submarines and coastal defence ships Väinämöinen and Ilmarinen. After three Soviet scout planes flew over the ships, the fleet moved hastily to another safe location near Nagu only hours before eight four-engined enemy bombers overflew the previous anchorage. During the first weeks of the war, SuomenJoutsen was assigned to "moving supply depot" under the Archipelago Sea Fleet that consisted of the full-rigged ship and a number of barges and tugboats. She served in this task until the Winter War ended with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940. During the Interim Peace she was stationed in Naantali.

When the Continuation War started on 25 June 1941, SuomenJoutsen resumed her old tasks as a moving supply depot under the Archipelago Sea Fleet. Since the Finnish Navy now had a dedicated submarine tender, icebreaker Sisu, the former school ship was relegated to supply motor torpedo boats. After the war ended on 19 September 1944, SuomenJoutsen was used as an accommodation ship in Turku.

During the war, around 150 men were stationed on SuomenJoutsen. The ship was lightly armed with only two machine guns and around 40 rifles. She survived the war largely intact, with only minor shrapnel damage from Soviet air raids.

After the war (1945–1961)

After the war, SuomenJoutsen participated in the demining of the Finnish coastal waters, for which purpose she was fitted with an engine repair shop and a sauna for the crews of the minesweepers. She served in this task until the mine clearance was finished in 1948, but was afterwards used as an accommodation and supply ship for different branches of the Finnish Navy. In 1955–1959 she was stationed in Upinniemi.

While SuomenJoutsen served as a supply ship for the minesweeping fleet, her crew rebuilt the rigging dismantled before the war and the school ship spent a couple of days sailing in the Baltic Sea in late 1948. Although there were plans to reactivate her as a school ship for either the Finnish Navy or the Finnish Merchant Fleet, or both, there were issues with her naval ensign — as a naval school ship she would not be allowed to carry cargo or be crewed by civilians, but a civilian flag would force her to pay expensive harbour fees. There was also no longer need for a civilian full-rigged school ship. In 1949–1951, SuomenJoutsen conducted a number of short training and promotional sailings in the Baltic Sea, but never ventured further than the southern tip of Gotland.

Although everything was ready for the first post-war school sailing, President J. K. Paasikivi was against the voyage — sailing a full-rigged ship so soon after the war while the Finnish war reparations to the Soviet Union were still being paid was deemed too flamboyant. It was Paasikivi who, as the director of the Finnish Export Society in the 1930s, had been one of the major supporters of SuomenJoutsen. The danger of stray naval mines had also not completely disappeared. In 1961, the Finnish Navy purchased HMS Porlock Bay, a Bay class frigate, as the new school ship.

Seamen's school (1961–1991)

In the late 1940s, the Finnish Seamen's Union proposed the Finnish government that SuomenJoutsen should be turned into a stationary seamen's school. As nothing happened, the Union renewed its proposal with a different tone in the late 1950s when it learned that the government was planning to sell the old full-rigged ship for German scrap dealers and, in fact, the first payment had already been made. The Union gave its ultimatum on 29 April 1959 and when the government did not react, the crews of the inspection ships under the Finnish Maritime Administration went on a strike on 2 May. Before the action could spread, the government acceded and it was agreed that SuomenJoutsen would be stationed in Turku. However, due to intentional delays nothing happened until Niilo Wälläri, the leader of the Finnish Seamen's Union, presented his final ultimatum on 13 January 1960: if the preparations to turn SuomenJoutsen into a seamen's school did not begin immediately, the Finnish state-owned icebreakers would go into strike on 15 January, effectively stopping all foreign trade. Two days later, icebreaker Sampo began towing the former school ship through the icefields towards Turku, where the convoy arrived on 17 January 1960. This was also one of the last missions of the old steam-powered icebreaker before she was decommissioned and sold for scrap.

SuomenJoutsen was rebuilt again in 1960–1961 and most of her interior was converted into classrooms, workshops and student accommodation — only the captain's salon remained in its original shape. Two new classrooms were also built on the deck, slightly altering the appearance of the vessel. The first classes were held on 1 March 1961, and on 4 May the school was officially opened. On the same day, the naval ensign was replaced with the civilian flag.

SuomenJoutsen served as a seamen's school for 27 years, during which time 3,709 students received their basic training on board the full-rigged ship. In the 1980s, the facilities on board the school ship were becoming too small and increasingly obsolete, and there were talks about closing the school by the end of the decade. There was also discussion about turning SuomenJoutsen to a museum ship. The school closed its doors in 1988 and three years later SuomenJoutsen was handed over to the city of Turku.

Museum ship (1991–)

SuomenJoutsen has been open to the public since 1991. She is one of the largest museum ships in Finland, slightly shorter but bigger by gross register tonnage than the four-masted barque Pommern in Mariehamn, Åland, and considerably bigger than the wooden barque Sigyn which is moored next to her. SuomenJoutsen was moved from her original location next to Forum Marinum in 2002. Her extensive renovations since the late 1990s included drydockings in 1998 and 2006. Since 2009 she has hosted a permanent exhibition about her career.

On 25 July 2001, Suomen Joutsen received minor damage when the 1938-built steamer Ukkopekka collided with the museum ship. However, the damaged shell plating and frame were above the waterline, so the ship was in no danger of sinking.

In 2006 Pekka Koskenkylä, the founder of Nautor, revealed that the Swan line of luxury sailing yachts was named after Suomen Joutsen.

In September 2016, Suomen Joutsen was towed to Turku Repair Yard for drydocking. After inspection and maintenance of the underwater parts, which is typically done once in a decade, the museum ship should be good for another ten years. The ship returned to Forum Marinum in late October.

International voyages under the Finnish flag

During her time as the school ship of the Finnish Navy, SuomenJoutsen carried out eight long sailing voyages in 1931–1939. Although her rigging was refitted for sailing after the Second World War, she was only used for short voyages in the Baltic Sea until her retirement.

 First voyage (22 December 1931 – 22 May 1932)
 Helsinki, Finland - Copenhagen, Denmark - Faroe Islands - Hull, England - Las Palmas, Canary Islands - 5.5° N - Ponta Delgada, Azores - Vigo, Spain - Helsinki, Finland

 Second voyage (20 October 1932 – 3 June 1933)
 Helsinki - Las Palmas, Canary Islands - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - Montevideo, Uruguay - Buenos Aires, Argentine - Saint Lucia - Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands - Ponta Delgada, Azores - Helsinki, Finland

 Third voyage (1 November 1933 – 15 May 1934)
 Helsinki, Finland - Marseille, France - Alexandria, Egypt - Naples, Italy - Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands - Port-au-Prince, Haiti - Lisbon, Portugal - Helsinki, Finland

 Fourth voyage (31 October 1934 – 3 May 1935)
 Helsinki, Finland - Cartagena, Spain - Piraeus, Greece - Saloniki, Greece - Beirut, Lebanon - Haifa, Israel - Alexandria, Egypt - Casablanca, Morocco - Ponta Delgada, Azores - Gravesend, England - Helsinki, Finland

 Fifth voyage (9 October 1935 – 2 July 1936)
 Helsinki, Finland - Lisbon, Portugal - La Guaira, Venezuela - Cartagena, Colombia - Colón, Panama - Balboa, Panama - Callao, Peru - Valparaiso, Chile - around the Cape Horn - Buenos Aires, Argentine - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - Ponta Delgada, Azores - Helsinki, Finland

 Sixth voyage (2 November 1936 – 1 May 1937)
 Helsinki, Finland - Oporto, Portugal - Dakar, Senegal - Ciudad Trujillo, Dominican Republic - Vera Cruz, Mexico - Havana, Cuba - New York City, United States - Oslo, Norway - Helsinki, Finland

 Seventh voyage (10 October 1937 – 12 May 1938)
 Helsinki, Finland - Funchal, Madeira - Montevideo, Uruguay - Tristan da Cunha - Cape Town, South Africa - Calais, France - Helsinki, Finland

 Eighth voyage (27 October 1938 – 23 April 1939)
 Helsinki, Finland - Bordeaux, France - Casablanca, Morocco - Recife, Brazil - San Juan, Puerto Rico - Ponta Delgada, Azores - Rotterdam, Netherlands - Helsinki, Finland

An exhibition prepared by the Finnish Export Society was carried on three voyages.

General characteristics

SuomenJoutsen is a steel-hulled full-rigged ship with three square rigged steel masts. Both main mast and bow mast have six yards, the longest ones being  long and weighing four tons, while the mizzenmast has five yards. The height of her main mast, which consists of three parts, is  from the waterline. The sail area of SuomenJoutsen is  and three sets of sails, each weighing three tons, were carried on training voyages. Her standing and running rigging consist of over  of manilla ropes and steel cables. The typical sailing speed of SuomenJoutsen was around , but once in the North Sea she reached a record speed of  with only topsails and the foresail.

The overall length of SuomenJoutsen is . Her hull is  long at the waterline, has a beam of  at midship and depth of  to main deck. When she was carrying cargo, her tonnage was 2,393 register tons gross, 1,734 register tons net and 3,100 tons deadweight. The ship drew  of water when loaded, but as a school ship she sailed with a ballast draft of only . With 1,200 tons of stones as sailing ballast, her displacement was 2,900 tons and metacentric height . Later some of the stone ballast was replaced with concrete and iron. Internally her hull was divided into five watertight compartments.

When SuomenJoutsen was converted to a school ship for the Finnish Navy, her general arrangements were changed considerably in order to accommodate up to 180 men on long international voyages. In addition to living quarters, bathrooms and toilets, this included building kitchens and six refrigerated rooms for provisions, workshops for a carpenter, shoemaker and tailor, laundry room, hospital with ten beds and a small isolation ward, classroom, library, canteen, and more storage space for sails, ropes, paint, sand and coal. Nine freshwater tanks with a total capacity of 206 tons were also built, but in order to conserve water a traditional Finnish sauna was not provided. Instead, hot steam could be diverted into the washing rooms under the forecastle.

Originally built without auxiliary propulsion, SuomenJoutsen was refitted with two Skandia hot bulb engines, each producing 200 hp, coupled to three-bladed fixed pitch propellers. The twin-shaft propulsion arrangement was very uncommon at that time. In practice the engines were found out to be underpowered, but they could still be used to assist manoeuvering in ports and in heavy weather. Two generators (5 kW and 8 kW) were added to produce electricity for about three hundred lights. While SuomenJoutsen had a steam boiler for central heating, she did not have steam winches — anchors and yards were lifted using a manual capstan.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 Suomen Joutsen at Forum Marinum

Full-rigged ships
Training ships
Ships of the Finnish Navy
Museum ships in Finland
Tall ships of France
Tall ships of Germany
Tall ships of Finland
1902 ships
Tourist attractions in Turku
Museum ships in Turku

Suomen Joutsen