Television New Zealand (), more commonly referred to as TVNZ, is a television network that is broadcast throughout New Zealand and parts of the Pacific region. All of its currently-operating channels are free-to-air and commercially funded.

TVNZ was established in February 1980 following the merger of the two government-owned television networks, Television One (now TVNZ 1) and South Pacific Television (now TVNZ 2), under a single administration. It was the sole television broadcaster in New Zealand until November 1989 when private channel TV3 (now Three) was launched.

TVNZ operates playout services from its Auckland studio via Kordia's fibre and microwave network for TVNZ 1, TVNZ 2 and TVNZ Duke, with new media video services via the American-owned Brightcove which is streamed on the Akamai RTMP/HLS DNS based caching network. Its former channels include TVNZ Kidzone (closed 30 April 2016), TVNZ Heartland (closed 31 May 2015), TVNZ U (closed August 2013), TVNZ 7 (closed June 2012), TVNZ 6 (closed 2011), and TVNZ Sport Extra (closed 2009).

TVNZ is state-owned but commercially funded through advertising. There has been reoccurring debate about TVNZ's role and whether it should be treated as a public-service broadcaster or a fully commercial network.

History

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Ownership
!
!1
!2
!6
!7
!11
!12
!13
!14
!18
!20
!Sky 17
!Sky 46
|-
!rowspan=3|Separate
!1960
|NZBC TV
|
| rowspan="6"
| rowspan="7"
| rowspan="19"
| rowspan="19"
| rowspan="13"
| rowspan="16"
| rowspan="18"
| rowspan="6"
| rowspan="8"
| rowspan="9"
|-
!1975
| rowspan="14" |TV One
|TV2
|-
!1976
|South Pacific Television
|-
!rowspan=50|TVNZ
!1980
|TV2
|-
!1989
|Channel 2
|-
!1995
| rowspan="10" |TV2
|-
!2007
| rowspan="3" |TVNZ 6
| rowspan="2" |TVNZ Sport Extra
|-
!2008
| rowspan="3" |TVNZ 7
|-
!2010
| rowspan="50"
| rowspan="5" |TVNZ Heartland
|-
!2011
| rowspan="2" |U
| rowspan="5" |TVNZ Kidzone24
|-
!2012
|TV One Plus 1
|-
!2013
| rowspan="4" |TV One Plus 1
| rowspan="4" |TV2+1
|-
!2014
|-
!2015
|TVNZ Pop-up
| rowspan="50"
|-
! rowspan="2" |2016
| Duke
| rowspan="50"
|-
| rowspan=5 | TVNZ 1
|rowspan="5" |TVNZ 2
|rowspan="4" |TVNZ 1+1
|rowspan="5" |TVNZ 2+1
|rowspan="4" |TVNZ Duke
|-
! rowspan=2 |2018
|TVNZ Games Extra
|-
|rowspan="3"
|-
! 2020
|TVNZ Duke+1
|-
! 2022
|TVNZ Duke
|TVNZ 1+1
|rowspan=2 | TVNZ Duke+1
|
|
|}

Formation
TVNZ was created in February 1980, through the merger of Television One and South Pacific Television (which was renamed TV2). Until January 1989, it was paired with Radio New Zealand as the Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand (BCNZ).

The broadcaster was initially based in Television One's former headquarters at the Avalon television centre in Lower Hutt, with TV One broadcasting out of Avalon and TV2 broadcasting out of Auckland. However over the course of the 1980s, operations were gradually moved to Auckland. In 1989, TVNZ moved to a new television centre in central Auckland.

Broadcasting in New Zealand was deregulated in 1989. Private broadcasters were allowed to operate in competition to TVNZ. The Broadcasting Act 1989 also established the organisation now called NZ on Air which funds public broadcasting and independent media production in New Zealand.

Role as public broadcaster

The Labour-led government under Helen Clark from 1999 to 2008 pursued a programme of public broadcasting reforms. New Zealand's wide-ranging adoption of neoliberal policies in the mid-1980s and 1990s had large sections of the state sector privatised. As a state owned enterprise, TVNZ enjoyed enormous commercial success (sustaining two-thirds of the overall audience share) and paid the Crown substantial dividends (over $250 million between 1989 and 1999). However, the commercial success had been achieved through an unabashed pursuit of ratings through populist and tabloid content, and prior to the 1999 election the National-led government was evidently positioning TVNZ for commercialisation Labour-led administrations since 1999 explicitly recognised the market failures of a wholly commercial broadcasting sector (e.g. saturation-level advertising, low levels of local content, heavy reliance on cheap imports and a disregard for quality genres and in-depth news and current affairs) and re-emphasised television's cultural and democratic functions in their policy thinking.

The Clark government's highest profile broadcasting reform to date was the restructuring of TVNZ as a Crown entity in 2003. This introduced a dual remit whereby the broadcaster had to maintain its commercial performance (continuing dividend payments to the Crown) while simultaneously implementing a new public service Charter.

The TVNZ Charter would require the negotiation and reconciliation of potentially contradictory commercial and public service imperatives. The final version of the TVNZ Charter included a range of public service objectives and expectations.

However, this dual remit precluded any transformation of TVNZ into fully-fledged public service broadcaster, and TVNZ's efforts to balance its pursuit of commercial performance and Charter objectives were soon being criticised. Despite some investment in local content, including new documentaries and discussion programmes, the content on TV One and TV2 remained similar to the pre-charter schedules, with a continuing high proportion of light entertainment and reality-TV shows.

TVNZ continues to pay dividends to the Crown. However, from 2006 until 2009 TVNZ received $15.11 million each year from Government to assist it with fulfilling Charter obligations. There was much debate about the initial secrecy surrounding funding allocations and the programmes supported. The allocation of $5 million toward coverage of the 2008 Olympics, the rights for which are secured by a competitive tender between broadcasters, was possibly the most controversial. In 2009 the Government gave control of that funding to funding agency NZ On Air. NZ On Air announced the creation of the contestable "Platinum Fund" in April 2009, setting aside the $15.11 million for high quality drama, documentary and other programme types. Following the election of a National Party-led government under John Key in 2008, the Charter was abolished in favour of a return to the 1990s model of a full commercial broadcaster.

There is much debate on the future of TVNZ, which focuses on the nature of public service broadcasting and its commercial role. An example was in a memo called A More Public Broadcaster written by outgoing Chief Executive Ian Fraser to the board of TVNZ in October 2005, was obtained and released by Green MP Sue Kedgley. The memo outlined three (four) options.

These were:
 TV One as a fully non-commercial network, like ABC in Australia, charged with delivering Charter values, and possibly merging with Radio New Zealand and Māori Television
 TV One a semi-commercial broadcaster with no more than six minutes of advertisements an hour like SBS in Australia
 TV One and TV2 remaining unchanged, but two new public service channels being broadcast via digital television.
 TV One and TV2 are now fully commercial with 15 – 20 minutes of ads per hour, plus ads overplayed over programmes.

On 15 February 2006, a group of 31 prominent New Zealanders signed an open letter, published as a full-page newspaper advertisement, calling for better quality programmes and less advertising on TVNZ. These included mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary, and former governors-general Sir Michael Hardie Boys and Dame Catherine Tizard. However, they were accused of being out of touch and nostalgic for local programmes from the 1970s and 1980s, when New Zealand had only one or two TV channels. While the Broadcasting Minister, Steve Maharey, ruled out turning TVNZ into an entirely non-commercial broadcaster, on 25 February 2006, he stated that the Labour Government was "pretty much settled" on the introduction of two new free-to-air, non-commercial channels available via digital television. One screening high-end international documentaries, re-runs of One News and minority programmes with a high local content, and another, primarily for children, screening serious drama and arts at night. These channels would eventually become known as TVNZ 7 and TVNZ 6 respectively.

Digital era
In early 2006, TVNZ purchased Harmonic branded H.262 encoding equipment for the upcoming Freeview DTH service, which is an Electra 1000 on-the-fly video re-encoder.

On 14 November 2006, TVNZ announced plans to launch two commercial-free digital channels. The first, with the working title TVNZ News 24, would feature news, sport and special interest content, and be launched in late 2007. This would be followed by a channel featuring children's, families', arts and documentary programming, with the working title of TVNZ Home, in early 2008. While 80 per cent of the programming would be local content, 70 per cent of this would consist of repeats from TVNZ's existing channels or its archive.

In April 2008, TVNZ made another purchase of more H.264 encoding equipment for the upcoming Freeview HD DTT service, which are the Electra 7000 for HD and Electra 5400 for SD on-the-fly video re-encoders.

The proposal was criticised by TV3, which accused the Government of "bailing out" TVNZ and argued that the money would be better spent on new programming. Although Sue Kedgely welcomed the decision to make the channels (including children's programming) commercial-free, she accused the Government of tight-fistedness.

In late 2011, TVNZ and its pay-TV rival Sky Network Television announced the joint venture Igloo, which is to provide a low-cost pay-TV service for households not currently covered by Freeview or Sky. Igloo closed in 2017.

In mid 2013, TVNZ changed its on-screen branding to a more flat, modern look. TVNZ went fully digital in December 2013, with the accompanying shutdown of the analogue transmitters to free up spectrum for telecommunications use.

In January 2017 TVNZ launched their 'New Blood Web Series Competition' supported by NZ On Air. The competition is calling for aspiring content creators to submit a web series pilot episode. The winner will receive $100,000 to make a complete web series, which will launch through TVNZ's online channels.

Conflicts
In addition to debates over whether TVNZ should be a public broadcaster or a commercial one, there have been other controversies.

For 3 weeks in January–February 1999, John Hawkesby became a weekday newsreader for One News, replacing Richard Long (who moved to presenting weekend bulletins alongside Liz Gunn). The change was short-lived, and Hawkesby received a $5.2m payout.

In 2000, the Broadcasting Standards Authority ruled against TVNZ over inaccuracies in a news story about the drug Lyprinol (an extract from the New Zealand green-lipped mussel), which was erroneously touted as a cure for cancer.

In 2004 current affairs veteran of 15 years Paul Holmes sparked a public outcry after he referred to United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan as a "cheeky darkie" on his radio show on Newstalk ZB and subsequently chose not to renew his contract at TVNZ.

Also in 2004 there was the public outcry over newsreader Judy Bailey's $800,000 salary package, negotiated with head of news and current affairs at TVNZ Bill Ralston, she finished her final 12-month contract the following year after 34 years working at the broadcaster.

In late 2010, TVNZ garnered criticism over various comments made by Breakfast host Paul Henry. Henry had referred to Delhi Commonwealth Games organiser Sheila Dikshit as "the dip shit woman" and "Dick Shit", going on to state that "it's so appropriate, because she's Indian, so she'd be dick-in-shit wouldn't she, do you know what I mean? Walking along the street... she's just so funny, isn't she?" Henry also questioned whether the Governor-General of New Zealand Anand Satyanand was "even a New Zealander", going on to ask, "Are you going to choose a New Zealander who looks and sounds like a New Zealander this time ... are we going to go for someone who is more like a New Zealander this time?" Following widespread public complaints and official criticism, Henry was suspended from TVNZ for 2 weeks without pay, eventually resigning from the broadcaster. Henry's resignation polarised the New Zealand public, with supporters claiming he was a victim of political correctness, and critics accusing him of pandering to the lowest common denominator.

Proposed merger
Renewing previous debate about the role of TVNZ as a commercial broadcaster, the Sixth Labour Government has announced a proposal to disestablish TVNZ and Radio New Zealand (RNZ) and establish a single public media entity. The television and radio broadcaster would have a public-service role to provide content on a variety of platforms, "some of which may be advertising free". By mid-March 2021, the merger proposal was still in its early stages.

In late December 2021, former National Party Member of Parliament Simon Power was appointed as the chief executive of TVNZ. Power had recently stepped down as acting chief of Westpac Bank when the bank appointed Catherine McGrath as chief executive in November 2021. Power assumed the position in March 2022, on the 4th April 2023 Power Resigned effective from the 30th June 2023 with Brent McAnulty taking over as acting CEO.

In mid-June 2022, Broadcasting Minister Willie Jackson introduced draft legislation to TVNZ and fellow public broadcaster Radio New Zealand into a new non-profit autonomous Crown entity called Aotearoa New Zealand Public Media (ANZPM), commencing 1 March 2023. Under the proposed legislation, both TVNZ and RNZ would become subsidiaries of the ANZPM, which would be supported by both government and commercial funding. The new organisation would also be headed by a board and be governed by a media charter outlining its goals and responsibilities including editorial independence. The Government has also allocated NZ$370m over four years in operating expenditure and $306m in capital funding from the 2022 New Zealand budget for funding the ANZPM.

On 8 February 2023, Prime Minister Chris Hipkins announced that the merger of TVNZ and RNZ into ANZPM would be scrapped due to a shift in government priorities towards "cost of living issues." He confirmed that RNZ and NZ On Air would receive additional government funding. Prior to the public media entity's cancellation, the two public broadcasters had spent a total of NZ$1,023,701 on ANZPM; with TVNZ spending NZ$592,424 in the period between 1 March and 31 October 2022.

Governance

Board of directors
The TVNZ Board is the governing board of Television New Zealand. It is appointed by the Minister of Broadcasting and Media, who is  Willie Jackson. , the directors are: the chairperson Dame Therese Walsh (Wellington), deputy chairperson Andy Coupe (Hamilton), Abby Foote (Christchurch), Cameron Harland (Lower Hutt), Toko Kapea (Wellington), Kevin Malloy (Auckland), Julia Raue (Auckland) and Susan Turner (Auckland). Former board members include Roger MacDonnell (2010-2016).

Charter

The Fifth Labour Government introduced a "TVNZ Charter" in 2002. This was a list of objectives for TVNZ which specified it must broadcast a wide variety of New Zealand-made content; the broadcaster was given public responsibility to provide news, drama, documentaries and "promote understanding of the diversity of cultures". In 2008 the Government announced that the broadcaster was to become "more public-service" like. TVNZ responded by launching two commercial free channels; TVNZ 6 and TVNZ 7. By 2011 Prime Minister John Key announced the closure of these channels. 6 in 2011, and 7 in mid-2012, with much of their content put into TVNZ Heartland and TVNZ Kidzone24 which are only available behind a Sky TV paywall. The Fifth National Government abolished the Charter in 2011. Political opponents accused the Government of reducing TVNZ's commitments as a public broadcaster.

Channels

TVNZ 1

TVNZ 1 is TVNZ's flagship channel. Launched on 1 June 1960, it has a broad range of programming, including news, sport, food, drama, and comedy. Its news service is 1 News and its sports division is 1 Sport.

The channel, once the traditional home of television sport, has since lost the rights to most of the world's main sporting events, including the Olympics, and All Blacks test matches to pay television competitor Sky. TVNZ's outside broadcasting division, Moving Pictures was established in 1962. It provided the production facilities for such events with 8 outside broadcast trucks across the country. This wound up in the mid 2000s after then-Australian owned outside broadcaster Onsite Broadcasting started to expand and took the OB contract off Moving Pictures for the filming of major sports for Sky TV. OSB was then owned by Sky before it was sold to American OB provider NEP. TVNZ 1 also broadcasts rural focused programmes such as Country Calendar and Rural Delivery, Māori community presentations such as Waka Huia, Marae Investigates and Te Karere, a daily Te Reo news bulletin, and shows for minorities, such as Attitude, Neighbourhood, A Taste of Home and Tagata Pasifika. Elsewhere TVNZ 1 specialises in food shows, including the locally produced MasterChef, and international shows, mostly from the BBC and Network Ten Australia.

TVNZ 2

TVNZ 2 targets a younger audience than TVNZ 1. Launched on 30 June 1975, its line up consists of dramas, sitcoms, comedies, children's programming, and reality shows, most of which are produced in New Zealand or imported from the United States.

Locally produced content includes Shortland Street, Motorway Patrol and What Now, and international shows (which are predominantly American) include The Big Bang Theory, The Simpsons and The Walking Dead. TVNZ 2 is sold by TVNZ as the "home of entertainment".

TVNZ Duke

TVNZ Duke was launched on 20 March 2016. It initially broadcast between the hours of 6pm and midnight, although it occasionally screened live sport events outside of these hours. On average, the channel broadcasts from 10:30 am until late on weekdays, and from 7 am until late on weekends. It screens programming for a male audience with comedy, drama and factual series such as Two and a Half Men, Family Guy, The Simpsons, Everybody Hates Chris and River Monsters. It also screens a number of sporting events such as the Men's and Women's Hockey Pro Leagues and the Dream11 Super Smash domestic cricket tournament.

Timeshift channels
TVNZ broadcasts timeshift channels of its three television channels. These broadcast the Auckland feed, delayed by one hour. TVNZ 1+1 was launched on 1 July 2012, replacing TVNZ 7. TVNZ 2+1 was launched on 1 September 2013, replacing TVNZ U. TVNZ Duke+1 was launched on 17 November 2020.

Other services
Internationally, TVNZ has helped provide television services in Pacific Island nations such as the Cook Islands, Fiji, and the Solomon Islands. While TVNZ provides much of the programming, scheduling and continuity are done locally.

Because of its history TVNZ has inherited and developed its own services in the production and broadcasting services area. These include The New Zealand Television Archive, production facilities, television school.

TVNZ Archive

The TVNZ Archive collection contains over 600,000 hours of television spanning almost 55 years of New Zealand's public television history. It includes iconic New Zealand content such as documentaries, dramas, sports programmes and every TVNZ news broadcast from December 1986 to 2014. In a 2014 briefing to Minister Craig Foss, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage noted that the long-term preservation of the TVNZ Archive collection did not align with broadcaster's business needs and that transferring the collection to the Crown would allow for the proper preservation of the collection. Both the Ministry and TVNZ explicitly wanted to ensure the archive was preserved and that it was made increasingly available for re-use through online streaming and other means. On 1 August 2014 guardianship of the archive collection was transferred to the Crown. Budget 2014 included $24.4 million to facilitate the transfer and ongoing management of the archive.  Of that, $11.32 million was for the purchase of the TVNZ Archive facility at Avalon – including land, building, fixtures, fittings and plant. $5.066 million was for the depreciation and capital charge of the facility, and $8 million (spread over four years) was for the ongoing management of the archive. The building and land were transferred to the Department of Internal Affairs and the Ministry for Culture and Heritage took over guardianship of the collection. The Ministry appointed Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision as the initial archive manager.

TVNZ+

TVNZ+ is Television New Zealand's on-demand streaming platform, TVNZ OnDemand was launched 20 March 2007, and is available on PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 via the TVNZ app on PlayStation Network for New Zealanders. It is also available on FreeviewPlus, iOS, Android, Xbox One and Windows 10. The content uses geotargeting for New Zealand only connections via a US-based Brightcove media company using the Akamai RTMP network, with some local content being made available to an international audience via their YouTube channel. At the end of 2012, the contract with Brightcove was expanded to include streaming to iOS devices via the Akamai HLS network. From 2012, TVNZ OnDemand began uploading episodes of select shows prior to their airing on TVNZ channels and usually within a day of their original overseas airings (although sometimes this was weeks or months after their international airing). In September 2014, it was announced that episodes of seventeen shows would be uploaded within a day of their airings in the US, coinciding with the 2014–2015 season. One of the shows, Manhattan Love Story was cancelled by the US network ABC, but episodes continued to be uploaded to TVNZ OnDemand in line with their intended US airings, making TVNZ the de facto original broadcaster of the series. On 1 May 2016 (01.06 am), when TVNZ Kidzone (channel version) closed it is now on TVNZ OnDemand with lot of the shows to watch (it is still use the former channel programs). On June 13 the service rebranded to TVNZ+ after on Friday 10 TVNZ sent an email out to staff saying "exciting upgrade coming for TVNZ OnDemand."

Teletext

TVNZ began a teletext service in 1984 originally with the intention to help New Zealand's deaf community get improved access to news and information. A captioning service was available for certain television shows and could be accessed by browsing to page 801. The TVNZ Teletext service could be received on all TVNZ channels and the TVNZ service could be received on TV3 including captioning of some TV3 shows. Trackside also operated a Teletext service called TAB Text which only displayed the racing pages of Teletext.

A Teletext capable television was usually required to receive Teletext. With the arrival of digital television services such as Freeview, Teletext could be received through a Freeview decoder. In this case captions were normally accessed by subtitle button on a Freeview remote.

In December 2012, TVNZ announced the closure of their Teletext service from 3 April 2013. The captioning service would however continue to be available. TVNZ cited the reasons for the closure due to a decline in use particularly since most services are now available from the TVNZ website or other websites.

TiVo
On 26 March 2009 TVNZ announced that it had acquired a 33% stake in Hybrid Television Services (67% owned by Australia's Seven Media Group).  Hybrid TV is the exclusive licensee of TiVo products in Australia and New Zealand.  On the same day it was announced that TiVo would be arriving in New Zealand by Christmas 2009 (Hybrid launched it in Australia in July 2008). The TiVo service was discontinued on 31 October 2017.

Discontinued services
Between 1995 and 1997, TVNZ operated a network of regional TV stations under the 'Horizon Pacific' name and through a subsidiary called Horizon Pacific Television. Its broadcast content included BBC World and NZ documentary programming. The network consisted of newly formed stations ATV in Auckland, Coast to Coast in Hamilton, Capital Television in Wellington and Southern Television in Dunedin. TVNZ subsequently also purchased CTV, based in Christchurch. CTV continues to broadcast, but is no longer owned by TVNZ.

Horizon Pacific was replaced by a local 'free to air' version of the music video channel MTV, based on MTV's UK service and local programming, although the channel was dropped in 1998. Prior to MTV's demise, TVNZ had bought the channel's competitor, Max TV.

TVNZ also operated a satellite services division organising and downlink facilities and across the globe, but this service was wound down in 2005.

TVNZ operated TVNZ 6 from 2007 to 2011. TVNZ 6 was a digital-only, commercial-free television channel. It was available in 60.3% of New Zealand homes on the Freeview and Sky Television Digital platforms. TVNZ 6 was on air daily from 6 am to midnight.

TVNZ 7 was launched in March 2008 and was a commercial-free news and information channel. It was available via the Freeview and Sky platforms. The New Zealand Government, under Prime Minister John Key and Broadcasting Minister Jonathan Coleman decided to discontinue funding for TVNZ 7. The final broadcast ended at midnight on 30 June 2012. TVNZ 7 was replaced with time shift channel TV One Plus 1 (now TVNZ 1 +1).

TVNZ launched U on 13 March 2011. U was a 24-hour youth orientated channel available via both Freeview and Sky. TVNZ U was launched to fill the gap when TVNZ 6 closed in 2011. TVNZ U specialised in musical tastes, reality, gaming, fashion and informative youth orientated documentaries.

On 29 July 2013, TVNZ announced that the channel would be closed on 31 August 2013 and be replaced by a time shift channel, TV2+1 (now TVNZ 2 +1).

TVNZ Heartland was a pay-TV channel that launched on the Sky Television platform on 1 June 2010. It was TVNZ's first channel available exclusively on a pay-TV platform and featured 100% New Zealand made programming, mostly sourced from the TVNZ archives. The channel closed in May 2015.

TVNZ ceased delivering its Pacific Service in October 2015. The service was taken over by Pacific Cooperation Broadcasting Limited, who expanded the service in February 2016 as Pasifika TV.  The service became a collaboration of all major New Zealand broadcasters, as opposed to just TVNZ.  The transition of the service meant that it was now funded by Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and the objectives were broadened beyond supplying content, to focus on strengthening partnerships in the Pacific by building capacity and capabilities amongst the respective Pacific free to air broadcasters.

Transmission network

High Definition
TVNZ has offered HD broadcasts since July/August 2008, when the 2008 Summer Olympics were broadcast in High Definition. The service is offered on the Freeview|HD platform, using DVB-T transmission. Only TV One and TV2 are offered in HD, and the majority of programming is still up-converted from Standard Definition. From 1 July 2009 the HD versions of TV One and TV2 became available to Sky TV subscribers who have the MySky HDi decoders. Content on the HD versions of TV One and 2 are the same as the Standard Definition versions however when watching certain shows that broadcast in High Definition the HD logo is displayed next to the channel logo, this logo is not seen when watching the same show on the Standard Definition versions of TV1 and 2.

TVNZ has adopted 1080i as their HD broadcast format.

Kordia, formerly BCL, TVNZ's transmission partner
TVNZ's transmission network is operated by Kordia, formerly a subsidiary of TVNZ known as Broadcast Communications Limited until 2006. The company owns and operates the terrestrial transmission network used for broadcast of all major terrestrial television networks in New Zealand, including Discovery New Zealand. and Prime Television – TVNZ's major competitors, along with other voice and data telecommunications services.

Geographic history
TVNZ's primary television channel TV One is provided as four distinct terrestrial feeds, localising to viewers within and around the Auckland, Waikato, Wellington and Christchurch regions.  Localised satellite feeds were made available in 2010 to channel-locked SD receivers. Localised content currently only consists of targeted regional advertising spots toward the end of a commercial break.  Localised regional news programming was discontinued in the late 1980s and all localised versions for TV2 were discontinued in the early 2000s in favour of only national advertising.

TVNZ's predecessor, NZBC started as distinct stations in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin. Nationwide networked services were first introduced in July 1969 to broadcast the Apollo 11 landing footage, flown in specially from Australia, from Wellington simultaneously across all stations. However, the network was still incomplete, and in some places, outside broadcast vans were strategically placed to temporarily complete missing links. The network was fully completed in November that year.

The national television network consisted of microwave links linking the major transmitters via intermediate repeaters. In 1985, the microwave network extended from Maungataniwha in Northland to Obelisk in Central Otago via Auckland, Waikato, Taupo, Hawke's Bay (with a spur to Gisborne), Manawatu (with a spur to Taranaki), Wairarapa, Wellington, Marlborough (with a spur to Nelson and the West Coast), Canterbury, Dunedin and Southland. Broadcast relay stations served areas off the microwave network.

TVNZ also used to run telethons up until 1990 at locations around the country, viewers would be shown full coverage of the Telethon nearest their location. Originally when TVNZ began broadcasting TV One and TV2 on Sky Digital at the end of 2001 viewers would see only nationwide or Auckland advertisements when watching these channels through the Sky Digital service. In 2004 this was expanded to show one of three feeds for regional advertising spots targeting Auckland, Wellington or Christchurch with viewers outside of these regions seeing advertisements from the closest region. This was again dropped in March 2007 with a return to only nationwide advertising on TVNZ channels on Sky Digital before being reintroduced through the Freeview SD service. Regional advertising spots are only shown on TV One on both Digital and Analogue platforms however those that receive the HD version of TV One through their HD receiver will only see Auckland advertisements. Standard DVB satellite receivers will scan in all versions to be selected by the viewer.

Wellington-based Avalon Studios, long a nucleus of TV production in New Zealand, was finally put up for sale by TVNZ in 2011, with most of its remaining shows relocating to Auckland, completing a trend of northward drift by the broadcaster. TV production was spread evenly around the country in the 1970s, but according to Wellington-based TV personalities, the drift to Auckland began in 1980 with the formation of TVNZ, and the subsequent relocation of the TV One newsroom and headquarters to Auckland under then Prime Minister Rob Muldoon.

In Christchurch, the original TVNZ studios were located at Gloucester Street in the NZBC owned building used to broadcast 3YA and 3ZB. A 14-storey building was also built on Worcester Street as studios for various TVNZ shows, notable shows to be filmed here included What Now and The Son of a Gunn Show. In 1998 TVNZ closed its Christchurch studios. What Now was moved to the Wellington-based Avalon Studios for a few years but moved back to Christchurch to be filmed at the privately owned Whitebait studios. Prior to the 2011 Christchurch earthquake on 22 February, the Worcester Street building continued to house Christchurch radio stations previously owned by RNZ and now owned by NZME (formerly The Radio Network); stations included Newstalk ZB, Classic Hits 97.7 and 91ZM. The Gloucester Street building remained as Christchurch based newsroom for TVNZ until the building was badly damaged in the quake, and has since been demolished. The Worcester Street building was demolished on 5 August 2012 by implosion.

The Dunedin studios were used to film many iconic shows, such as Play School, University Challenge, Beauty and the Beast, and Spot On. When TVNZ scaled back its Dunedin studios in 1989, they were purchased by Ian Taylor, the founder of Animation Research and Taylormade Media.

DVB-S availability
TV One, TV2 and the hour delayed versions are available "in the clear" over DVB-S on Optus D1 as standard definition only. A Sky set-top box is not required, any satellite set-top box or tuner will work. However the high definition versions on DVB-S2 are scrambled and require a Sky Television H.264 set-top box such as MySky, which costs the price of a basic subscription plus addition MySky rental fee.

Civil Defence
TVNZ's functions are subject to lifeline utility requirements under NZ civil defence legislation. In practice, this status as a lifeline utility requires TVNZ to be able to function at least to a reduced level after an emergency, and to provide advice to civil defence authorities when requested.

Details prior to December 2013 digital switchover

Technical notes
New Zealand uses PAL B (7 MHz channel spacing) on VHF, and PAL G (8 MHz channel spacing) on UHF.
 While Australia also uses PAL B on VHF, the frequency allocations of NZ differ somewhat from Australia.
 Australia uses PAL B (7 MHz channel spacing) for UHF, so most UHF channels are on different frequencies.
 For stereo sound New Zealand uses NICAM on a non-standard offset from the monaural FM audio signal, while Australia uses the standard European offset for A2 Stereo.  With NICAM being a digital signal, it has a higher chance of drop out over distance and from interference than A2 Stereo.
 Because of these differences, some Australian TV sets (when taken to NZ) are only capable of mono sound reproduction, and many VHF channels may not be received (properly) or come in at all.
 TVNZ (for historical and technical reasons) uses the greatest number of VHF frequencies in New Zealand.

NICAM stereo
New Zealand has a near nationwide implementation of NICAM stereo sound for TV One and TV2.
NICAM stereo was first made available on TV2 in the Auckland region in 1989, also during the early 1990s Simulated Stereo was available in Wellington on TV2. NICAM stereo was not rolled out to the rest of the country or onto TV One until 1996 and for some regions (such as Southland) NICAM was not available until 2001. Rival network Three has offered NICAM stereo in all available regions since its launch in 1989; this is also the case with Prime TV. Stereo sound is available on all TVNZ channels if accessed through Sky Digital or Freeview.

Logos
In 1980, TVNZ was launched as Television New Zealand, the logo consists of a four red stars overlap together with the name below. Later in 1982, the logo changed to four point stars on the red and blue octagon shape. 5 years later, the octagon was changed to blue and the stars are changed to red. In 1994, it changed the name to TVNZ, the logo consists of the letters TVNZ colored in purple, red, green, and light blue. 10 years later, it consists of the name in a futuristic font with letters TV in black and letters NZ in light teal. Today, TVNZ launched a new logo consists of a blue spiral with the letters TVNZ in a new font.

Competitors
TVNZ's major competitors in the television market are
 Warner Bros. Discovery's Three, Bravo, Eden and Rush
 Sky Open
 Māori Television

New Zealand shows

References

Sources

 Chief outlines 'major problem at TVNZ The New Zealand Herald, 13 December 2005, retrieved 3 January 2006.
 TVNZ Annual Report for 2005 Retrieved 3 January 2006
 TVNZ Charter 2003 Retrieved 4 January 2006
 TVNZ Corporate Brochure 2005 Retrieved 3 January 2006

External links

Television networks in New Zealand
Publicly funded broadcasters
Television channels and stations established in 1980
New Zealand crown entity companies
New Zealand news websites
Companies based in Auckland
State media
1980 establishments in New Zealand

TVNZ


Joseph Warren Beach (January 14, 1880 – August 13, 1957) was an American poet, novelist, critic, educator and literary scholar.

Life
Joseph Warren Beach was born in Gloversville, New York. His parents were Dr. Eugene Beach, who was a physician, and Sarah Jessup Warren Beach. Beach had been drawn to the University of Minnesota from Gloversville, by the school's president, his father-in-law, Cyrus Northrop.  For teachers there, "he wrote his first poetry and his brilliant undergraduate papers," wrote University of Minnesota historian James Gray.

Following Beach's graduation from the University of Minnesota with a B.A. in 1900, he became an instructor in rhetoric. After earning his M.A. (1902) and Ph.D. (1907) at Harvard University, Beach returned to Minneapolis in 1907 to join the faculty of the department of English at the University of Minnesota. Starting as assistant professor, he became associate professor in 1917 and professor in 1924. Beach chaired the English department from 1940 to 1948, after which time he retired.  William van O'Connor, noted critic and professor in the English department, wrote that at the time of his death Beach was "the most distinguished scholar" the department had ever had on its faculty.

After retirement from the University of Minnesota, Beach continued teaching until his death.  He taught at Harvard University, the University of Illinois, the Sorbonne in Paris, the University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, France, Johns Hopkins University and the University of Vienna in Vienna, Austria.

Works
Beach was the author of a number of works of poetry, literary criticism, and fiction.  He was one of the first academic scholars to work on literary figures such as Henry James (The Method of Henry James (1918)), George Meredith (The Comic Spirit in Meredith (1911)), and Thomas Hardy (The Technique of Thomas Hardy (1922)).  Allen Tate called Beach's book on Henry James "a critical masterpiece, as its insights have not been replaced or improved upon to any great extent by later critics."  Beach was also an authority on nineteenth-century literature, and especially British Romantic poetry.  He published his magnum opus, The Concept of Nature in Nineteenth-Century English Poetry in 1936.  Beach's The Making of the Auden Canon (1957) was a study of how W. H. Auden revised his earlier-published poems as his view of the world changed.  His other books include The Outlook for American Prose (1926), American Fiction:  1920-1940 (1941), and Obsessive Images:  Symbolism in Poetry of the 1930s and 1940s (1960).

Beach also brought out three volumes of his own poetry – Sonnets of the Head and Heart (1903), Beginning With Plato (1944), and Involuntary Witness (1950) – as well as one novel – Glass Mountain (1930) – and a book of short stories – Meek Americans (1925). His letters and papers are housed in the Library of Congress and at the University of Minnesota library.

Family

By his first wife, Elisabeth Northrop (1871–1917, m. 1907), he had two sons, Northrop (1912-2002) and Warren (1914-1999). His second wife was the author Dagmar Doneghy (1888-1966), whom he married in 1918.

References
Life in The National Cyclopædia of American Biography (47, 1965: 596-97)
William Van O'Connor (editor), Forms of Modern Fiction: Essays Collected in Honor of Joseph Warren Beach (1959)

Notes

External links

At ''Representative Poetry Online

1880 births
1957 deaths
American male poets
American literary critics
Harvard University alumni
20th-century American poets
20th-century American male writers
University of Minnesota alumni
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers

Joseph Warren Beach


The Doctor of Philosophy, (PhD, Ph.D., DPhil or D.Phil.) is a degree which a person gets from a university by finishing a doctorate program. In many areas of study, the PhD / DPhil is the highest degree that a person can earn. This is called the "terminal degree". There are PhD / DPhil degrees for many different fields. Examples of these include PhDs / DPhils in literature, philosophy, history, science, mathematics and engineering. Some PhD / DPhil degrees have existed for hundreds of years, such as a PhD / DPhil in Canon Law. Other PhD / DPhil degrees were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, such as the PhD / DPhil in computer science.

Requirements for degree
To be admitted to a PhD / DPhil program, a person usually has to have completed their Bachelor's degree or master's degree that is related to the PhD / DPhil degree. For example, a person applying to be admitted to a PhD / DPhil degree in theater would normally have to have a master's degree such as a Master of Arts (MA) degree in theater, English literature or a related area.

Elements of a PhD / DPhil degree
The PhD / DPhil degree usually takes between three and six years of full-time study to complete. They may or may not require a master's degree beforehand. Many PhD / DPhil degrees begin with a period of graduate courses. After the PhD / DPhil student has taken these courses, they take examinations to test what the student knows about their area of study. After the student passes the exams, they begin to do original research. The product is a long research report called a dissertation (or a "thesis"). Some PhD / DPhil degrees also require students to pass exams in languages (such as French, German or other languages). Many PhD / DPhil students teach undergraduate students or assist professors with research during their PhD / DPhil studies.

As a requirement for university teaching
Requirements for university teaching vary in different subjects and in different countries. A PhD / DPhil is necessary or usual to become a university professor in many fields, especially in science. However, many famous professors have not had higher degrees, though that is less common today. In some fields, there is no PhD / DPhil, and so another degree is required to become a university professor. For example, the highest degree in Fine Arts fields such as printmaking or graphic design is the Master of Fine Arts (MFA) degree. A person with an MFA degree can become a university professor in some Fine Arts fields.

Other websites
 The Mathematics PhD in the United Kingdom: Notes on its History Contains information/links of more general relevance than mathematics.

Academia
Academic degrees

Doctor of Philosophy


The St. Louis Maroons were a professional baseball club based in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1884–1886.  The club, established by Henry Lucas, were the one near-major league quality entry in the Union Association, a league that lasted only one season, due in large part to the dominance of the Maroons.  When the UA folded after playing just one season, the Maroons joined the National League.  In 1887 the Maroons relocated to Indianapolis and became the Indianapolis Hoosiers, where they played three more seasons before folding.

St. Louis Maroons
The St. Louis Maroons debuted on April 20, 1884, at the Union Base Ball Park, defeating the UA Chicago club, 7–2.

Henry Lucas, the founder and president of the Union Association and owner of the Maroons, had stocked his team with most of the league's best talent.  They started the season 20–0, a mark that would not be topped in major American professional sports until the Golden State Warriors of the NBA surpassed it 131 years later in the 2015–16 season. The mark has never been surpassed in Major League Baseball, with the closest teams being the 1982 Atlanta Braves, the 1987 Milwaukee Brewers, and the 2023 Tampa Bay Rays (who all started started the season 13–0). The Maroons went 94–19 in that season, with their closest rivals, the Cincinnati Outlaw Reds, finishing 21 games behind.

For comparison, the Maroons' record would project to 135–27 under the modern schedule of 162 games, while Pythagorean expectation based on the Maroons' results (887 runs scored, 429 runs allowed) and a 162-game schedule would translate to a record of 132–30, but these results are of questionable merit, and serve to indicate something of the quality of the remainder of the organization, which many derided as the "Onion League".

One of the Maroons' major stars was pitcher Charlie Sweeney, best known today as the pitcher who left Old Hoss Radbourn to shoulder the pitching burden alone with the Providence Grays of the National League. Radbourn went on to pitch most of the rest of the Providence club's games, winning an MLB record total of 60. Sweeney won 24 with the Maroons after having already won 17 with the Grays, so he had a fair year as well.

After the Union Association collapsed, the National League was persuaded to bring the St. Louis Union entry into the established league, to try to provide some competition for the St. Louis Browns of the American Association. Unfortunately for the Maroons, the Browns were at the peak of their game, winning pennants four straight years (1885–1888). Meanwhile, the Maroons, facing much better competition in the National League, finished well off the National League pace in 1885 and 1886, not gaining anything in the latter season from new uniforms sporting large black diamonds on the chest.

Fred Dunlap hit for the cycle for the Maroons on May 24, 1886.

Following the 1886 season, the team was sold to the league, which in turn sold it to John T. Brush. He moved the team to Indianapolis, where they were renamed the Hoosiers.  Brush owned the stadium in Indianapolis, which had been previously used by the previous Hoosier team.

Indianapolis Hoosiers
This was the second major league team to bear the name Indianapolis Hoosiers, though they bore no relationship to the earlier team that played in . The Hoosiers three seasons in the National League from  to  and posted records of 37–89 (8th), 50–85 (7th) and 59–75 (7th), respectively.

The team played its weekday home games at Athletic Park. Due to blue laws, the club staged Sunday games outside the city limits, at Bruce Grounds in 1887 and at Indianapolis Park during 1888–89. When the team folded, Brush became part-owner of the New York Giants.

Baseball Hall of Fame member Amos Rusie made his big league debut with the 1889 Hoosiers.  Jack Glasscock hit for the cycle for the Hoosiers on August 8, 1889.

Baseball Hall of Famers

See also
St. Louis Maroons/Indianapolis Hoosiers all-time roster

1884 St. Louis Maroons season
1885 St. Louis Maroons season
1886 St. Louis Maroons season
1887 Indianapolis Hoosiers season
1888 Indianapolis Hoosiers season
1889 Indianapolis Hoosiers season

References

St. Louis Maroons team index page at Baseball Reference
1887-89 NL Hoosiers at Baseball Reference

Baseball teams established in 1884
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1889
Defunct Major League Baseball teams
Union Association baseball teams
Indianapolis Hoosiers
Maroons
1884 establishments in Missouri
1889 disestablishments in Indiana
Defunct baseball teams in Missouri
Defunct baseball teams in Indiana
Baseball teams disestablished in 1889

ja:インディアナポリス・フージャーズ

St. Louis Maroons/Indianapolis Hoosiers


Anton Raphael Mengs (22 Mairch 1728 - 29 Juin 1779) wis a German penter.

Mengs wis born in 1728 at Usti (Aussig) in Bohemia, but his faither, Ismael Mengs, a Dens penter, estaiblisht hissel finally at Dresden, whance in 1741 he teuk his son tae Rome. The appyntment o Mengs in 1749 as first penter tae Frederick Augustus, elector o Saxony didna hinder his spendin muckle time in Rame, whaur he haed mairiet on Margarita Quazzi that haed sat for him as a model in 1748, an abjured the Protestant faith, an whaur he became in 1754 guider o the Vatican schuil o pentin, nor did this hinder him on twa occasions frae obeyin the hoy o Charles III o Spain tae Madrid. Thare Mengs produced some o his best wark, an specially the ceil o the banqueting-haw, its subject bein the Triumph o Trajan an the Temple o Glore.  Efter the completion o this wark in 1777, Mengs gaed back tae Rame, an thare he dee'd, twa year efter, in puirtith, lea'in twintie bairns, o thaim sieven wis pensioned bi the keeng o Spain.

Asides mony pentins in the Madrid gallery, the Ascension an St Joseph at Dresden, Perseus an Andromeda at Saunt Petersburg, an the ceil o the Villa Albani maun be mentiont amang his chief warks. As o 1911, Henry George Percy, 7t Duke o Northumberland, possessed a Haly Faimilie, an the colleges o Aw Sauls an Magdalen, at Oxford, possessed altar-pieces bi Mengs's haund.

In his writins, in the Spanish, Italian an German leids, Mengs haes pitten furth his eclectic theorie o airt, that treats perfection as attainable bi a weel-schemed combination o diverse excellences Greek design, wi the expression o Raphael, the chiaroscuro o Correggio, an the licht o Titian. His intimacy wi Johann Joachim Winckelmann that wrate constant tae his dictation haes enhanced his historical importance, for he furmed nae scholars, an the creetic maunna concur in Goethe's juidgment o Mengs in Winckelmann und sein Jahrhundert; he maun deplore that sae muckle lair shuid hae been allied tae a total want o ineetiative an want o invention, an embodied wi a strained an airtifeecial mainerism.

Warks (a walin)
 Ascension (Dresden, Court Church), 1751/1766
 St Joseph (Dresden, Court Church), 1751/1766
 Charles III (Spain, Museo del Prado), 1761

Leeteratur
See Opere di Antonio Raffaello Mengs (Parma, 1780); Mengs Werke, übersetzt v. G. F. Prange (1786); Zeitschrift für bildende Kunst (1880); Bianconi, Elogio storico di Mengs (Milan, 1780); Woermann, Ismael und Raphael Mengs (Leipzig, 1893).

[This entry is foondit on an airticle frae the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.]

Ootwi Airtins
'Self-portrait' (1774) at the Walker Airt Gallerie, Liverpool
'Portrait o Charles III' (1761) at the Museo del Prado

1728 births
1779 daiths
18t-century German penters
18t-century Czech fowk
German Bohemian fowk
German fowk o German Bohemian strynd
German fowk o Dens strynd
Czech fowk o Dens strynd
Fowk frae Ústí nad Labem

Anton Raphael Mengs


Apep in Egyptian mythology was an evil demon. He was associated with darkness and chaos. He was often shown as a snake.

Apep's name was often incorrectly defined as he who was spat out. It was said that he had been formed by Neith, who had been the goddess of the ancient waters in the Ennead, from a length of spit she had spat at Nu, the god of the ancient waters in the Ogdoad. Some subsequent commentators speculated that Apep must have been an earlier creator, and chief god, thus explaining why he had so much anger towards Ra.

It was believed that Ra (the sun) each night passed into Duat and then battled with Apep, always winning except for certain days in which Ra is momentarily devoured, what the Egyptians saw as an eclipse.

Instead of being worshipped he was done the exact opposite and spat upon. Models would be made of wax and clay and then burnt, spat upon, and defaced.

Physical Description
Apep was a fifty foot long snake.  He was black, orange, and a little bit green. Apep was very strong. He symbolized darkness, storms, night, the underworld and death. Ramses sixth tomb depicted him, having nine heads, representing the souls he killed.
In some depictions he is shown being attacked by a cat. The cat represents Bast, the goddess of cats. Bast was Ra's 'Guardian', so to speak. Bast's job was to protect Ra on his trips through the Duat every night. this is how he became the physical description

Influences
 The asteroid 99942 Apophis, an Aten-class asteroid, is named in its honour, because it was at Level 4 on the Torino impact hazard scale between 2004 and 2006.
 The name Apophis was given to the first major false god enemy in the sci-fi series Stargate SG-1
 The name Apep Heidemann was given to the major enemy in the Japanese manga Seraphic Feather.
 In the Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game, there is a snake-like Trap Card Monster called 'Embodiment of Apophis'. Considering the original Yu-Gi-Oh!'s Egyptian origins, this befits the context of the card game.

Other websites
 Apep, Water Snake-Demon of Chaos, Enemy of Ra...
 ancient Egypt: The Mythology - Apep

Egyptian gods and goddesses

Apep


Public Announcement is an American R&B group, which was created by R.Kelly in 1991 after the R&B artist fired his former group MGM. They teamed with the singer for their collaboration album Born into the 90's (1992). The group is known for collection of R&B hit songs like "She's Got That Vibe", "Honey Love", "Slow Dance (Hey Mr. DJ)", "Dedicated", "Body Bumpin' (Yippie-Yi-Yo)", and "Mamacita".

Career

1991–1994: Born into the 90's
The group signed with Jive Records in 1991 after R. Kelly met the members from Public Announcement and auditioned them to be his backup singers and dancers. The group was originally R. Kelly backed up by Earl Robinson, Andre Boykins, and Ricky Webster. R. Kelly and Public Announcement released their collaboration album, Born into the 90's in January 1992. One of the last albums to be released during the new jack swing period of the early 1990s, the album included the hits "She's Got That Vibe", "Honey Love", "Dedicated", and "Slow Dance (Hey Mr. DJ)" all of which was led by Kelly, eventually leading to the album reaching a million copies domestically and going platinum.  (Overall, "Honey Love" and "Slow Dance (Hey Mr. DJ)" were the only two hits to reach No. 1 on the R&B chart during Public Announcement's tenure.) The group was billed as R. Kelly and Public Announcement essentially making the group backup members for Kelly rather than a cohesive unit. After a successful tour ended in 1993, Kelly parted ways with Public Announcement to begin a solo career, The group suddenly left the music industry after his departure. Public Announcement brought in a new member Big Mel. With Earl, Rick, Andre, and Mel, the group signed with Atlantic Records. They released a single "Take Advantage Of Me" but an album never materialized and Andre, Rick, and Big Mel left the group. Boykins and Big Mel worked on music together and individual careers. Boykins also continues to work closely with R. Kelly. According to his Myspace page, Boykins is currently a songwriter and producer at the Chocolate Factory studio in Chicago; he often tours with Kelly, and has been featured in many of Kelly's videos such as "I Wish", "When a Woman's Fed Up", and "Contagious" by The Isley Brothers to name a few.

Original member Earl Robinson recruited Chicago natives Feloney Davis, Glenn Wright, and Euclid Gray as new members of Public Announcement in 1996 and Davis took over as the lead singer. In 1997, they eventually scored a record deal with A&M Records and started working on their sophomore and solo debut album All Work, No Play. In 1998, they scored their first and only top five hit without Kelly, named "Body Bumpin' (Yippie-Yi-Yo)" released on February 3, 1998, which peaked at No. 5 Pop and No. 4 R&B. This album featured Feloney Davis taking over the lead vocals. Though having only one single hitting the Billboard charts, the album was a top twenty success on the R&B/Hip-Hop charts. After only a few years of being signed, they were dropped again.

1999–2002: Don't Hold Back
Shortly after touring, Euclid Gray left the group after the tour was over to pursue a gospel career and the group was dropped from A&M Records.

Gray was replaced with Chicago native Ace Watkins, signed with RCA Records and started work on their next album Don't Hold Back.

In 1999, a new song called "John Doe", from their album Don't Hold Back on Epic was released and was a minor R&B/Hip-Hop hit, which led to the album release being delayed. A few months later, in 2000, a new lead single called "Mamacita" was released. It was a moderate success entering number 39 on the Billboard Hot 100. After that, "John Doe" was re-released and went on to enter the Hot 100 at number 95.
Another single named "Man Ain't Supposed To Cry" was a top forty R&B/Hip-Hop hit.

After being let go by RCA Records, Feloney left the group to pursue a solo career with a single "I Don't Mind", shortly thereafter followed by Ace. In 2004, Feloney returned to the group, Ace was replaced by current member Mar-K Shaw, a native of Cincinnati, Ohio. Mar-K is the youngest member of the group and also the only member that is not from Chicago.

2005–present: When the Smoke Clears
In 2005, the group released their fourth album When the Smoke Clears on their own label, Boss Entertainment, through Fontana Music/Universal Records. After a hiatus, Feloney Davis, Glenn Wright, and Mar-K Shaw, with the return of Ace Watkins, the group began working on an expected follow-up album. Earl Robinson was not a part of the reunion.

2015: Continuation
In 2015, Felony Davis, Glenn Wright, Ace Watkins, and Mar-K Shaw were set to release the tentatively-titled Continuation, their fifth career album. It was scheduled to be released independently through local Chicago imprint Twoguard Music Group – TMG Records. The single, "Fireworks", was released on iTunes August 10.

Members
 Feloney Davis – (1996–present)
 Glenn Wright – (1996–present)
 Ace Watkins – (1999–present)

Former members
 R. Kelly – (1991–1993)
 Andre Boykins – (1991–1994)
 Raymond Price - (1991-1992)
 Earl Robinson – (1991–2006)
 Ricky Webster – (1991–1994)
 Big Mel – (1993–1994)
 Euclid Gray – (1996–1999)
 Mark Shaw – (2003–2018)
 Luther Whitener - (1991-1994)

Discography

 1992: Born into the 90's (with R. Kelly)
 1998: All Work, No Play
 2001: Don't Hold Back
 2006: When the Smoke Clears

Official tours
Co-headlining
60653 Tour (w/ R. Kelly) (1993)
Seagrams Gin Tour W/Mystical
90's R&B Tour

References

External links
Allmusic.com

American contemporary R&B musical groups
New jack swing music groups
R. Kelly
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical quartets from Illinois
Musical groups from Chicago
Jive Records artists
A&M Records artists
Epic Records artists

Public Announcement


Roger Stuart Deakin (11 February 1943 – 19 August 2006) was an English writer, documentary-maker and environmentalist. He was a co-founder and trustee of Common Ground, the arts, culture and environment organisation. Waterlog, the only book he published in his lifetime, topped the UK best seller charts and founded the wild swimming movement.

Patrick Barkham published a biography of Deakin in 2023 titled simply "The Swimmer".

Life
Deakin was born in Watford, Hertfordshire and he was an only child. His father was a railway clerk, from Walsall in the Midlands, who died when Deakin was 17. Educated at The Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, an independent school, based at the time in Hampstead in north west London, followed by Peterhouse, University of Cambridge, Deakin read English, under the auspices of writer Kingsley Amis.

Deakin first worked in advertising as a copywriter and creative director for Colman Prentis and Varley, while living in Bayswater, London. He was responsible for the National Coal Board slogan "Come home to a real fire".  Following this, he taught French and English at Diss Grammar School for three years.

In 1968, he bought Walnut Tree Farm, a semi-ruined Elizabethan moated, wood-beamed farmhouse on the edge of Mellis Common in Suffolk, near Diss, which he rebuilt and developed over many years and where he lived until his death. He dredged the moat, where he swam daily, planted woodland and bought more of the surrounding fields, where he grew hay and wild flowers. The land included several shepherds huts and Deakin went on to build a cabin for his son Rufus. The house was without central heating but housed an Aga and wide open fireplaces. A colony of swallows lived in the main chimney and for several years chickens and ducks shared his kitchen.

Deakin married Jenny Hind in 1973 with whom he had a son, Rufus, before the marriage was dissolved in 1982. Deakin died, aged 63, in Mellis, Suffolk. He had been diagnosed with a brain tumour only four months previously.
 He is survived by his partner Alison Hastie and his son. His archive has been given to the University of East Anglia, including writings on ancient trees, along with film banks, photographs, journals and Deakin's swimming trunks. The nature writer Robert Macfarlane was Deakin's literary executor. He commented:
Roger was one of those rare people whose character and passion is to be found in everything he made, collected, drew or wrote. His notes, written to himself, provide an insight into a beautiful mind and a sweet man. This archive will capture what it was like to be a passionate, engaged, subversive country intellectual living through a time of profound change. It is very appropriate that Roger's papers will remain within his beloved East Anglia.

Work
Walnut Tree Farm and its surroundings were the subject of two BBC Radio 4 documentaries, The House and The Garden, that he produced. A further documentary, Cigarette on the Waveney, covered the subject of a canoe trip down the nearby River Waveney.  He also made several television documentary films covering subjects as diverse as rock music, Essex, Hank Wangford, allotments and the world of horse racing. Deakin appears in The Wild Places by Robert Macfarlane, whose TV documentary The Wild Places of Essex includes scenes shot at Walnut Tree Farm.

In 1999, Deakin's acclaimed book Waterlog was published by Chatto and Windus. Inspired in part by the short story The Swimmer by John Cheever, it describes his experiences of 'wild swimming' in Britain's rivers and lakes and advocates open access to the countryside and waterways. The book also inspired a one-hour BBC Four documentary film Wild Swimming, in August 2010, presented by the anthropologist Alice Roberts. The film stated that he was the source for the voice of the swimmer in Alice Oswald's 48-page poem Dart, about the River Dart in Devon.

Deakin's book Wildwood appeared posthumously in 2007. It describes a series of journeys across the globe that Deakin made to meet people whose lives are intimately connected to trees and wood. In November 2008, Notes from Walnut Tree Farm was published to high critical appraisal. Alison Hastie and Terence Blacker, Suffolk critic and novelist, co-edited a collection of writing taken from Deakin's personal notebooks, largely focused on the wildlife and ecology of the area around his farmhouse.

Deakin was a founder director of the arts and environmental charity Common Ground in 1982. Among his environmental causes, he worked to preserve woodland, ancient rights of way and coppicing techniques of Suffolk hedgerows.

Bibliography

References

External links
Obituary from The Guardian
Roger Deakin Archive, University of East Anglia
The Wild Places Of Essex, BBC 2 television programme featuring Roger Deakin
Cigarette on the Waveney, BBC Radio 4 programme by Roger Deakin
 The House, BBC Radio 4 programme by Roger Deakin
 The Garden, BBC Radio 4 programme by Roger Deakin

1943 births
2006 deaths
British nature writers
English writers
English environmentalists
People educated at Haberdashers' Boys' School
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Schoolteachers from Hertfordshire
BBC people
People from Mid Suffolk District
People from Watford
Deaths from brain cancer in England

Roger Deakin


Outlaws is a first-person shooter developed and published by LucasArts on April 7, 1997. Set in the Wild West, it follows retired U.S. Marshal James Anderson, who seeks to bring justice to a gang of criminals who killed his wife and kidnapped his daughter. It uses an enhanced version of the Jedi game engine, first seen in Star Wars: Dark Forces. It is also largely credited as the first shooter game with a sniper zoom, as well as one of the first to feature a gun reloading mechanic. LucasArts' INSANE animation engine was used to render computer graphics animation sequences. These have special filters to look hand-drawn, and play between each mission and set up the action in the next area.

The game received generally favorable reviews from critics. While the graphics were often the topic of scrutiny and comparison to better looking titles of the time, such as Quake, reviewers were largely unanimous in praising the game's orchestral soundtrack, composed by Clint Bajakian, and solid gameplay. The voice cast includes veteran talent such as Jeff Osterhage, Richard Moll and John de Lancie. A free expansion, entitled Handful of Missions, was released in 1998. Community-created expansion levels are also available and have received media coverage. Although not a huge financial success, the game has a cult following.

Gameplay

Outlaws is a first-person shooter. Players control the character as he utilizes several American Old West weapons and items, such as a rifle, shotgun, dynamite and revolver. The player can activate the lantern inventory item to lighten dark areas, and use a shovel in specific areas to dig holes. In the lower difficulty levels, termed Good and Bad, the player is able to sustain several bullet wounds with no apparent ill effects. In the hardest difficulty level, Ugly, the player's resistance is reduced to one or two shots. This forces the player into a different style of play.  Where on the easier difficulty levels a player might charge into a gunfight heedless of Anderson's personal health, in Ugly mode, the player must use stealth and cover to win.

Aside from the main single player campaign, Outlaws includes a set of five discrete missions that chronicle Anderson's rise to the rank of U.S. Marshal. Each of the missions requires Anderson to either capture or kill a specific outlaw. Ranks (Deputy, Sheriff, and Marshal) are awarded on the accumulation of a set number of points. Points are awarded for recovering stolen gold, capturing/killing the outlaw, and for killing enemies. Each outlaw that the player captures or kills appears in a jail cell in Anderson's field office. More points are awarded for capturing an outlaw than for killing one, due to the difficulty in capturing one alive. Completion of the Historical Missions is not a requirement for playing the single player campaign.

Outlaws also features a multiplayer deathmatch in four variants, including a Kill the Fool with the Chicken mode. Multiplayer can be played over local area network, and it was one of the featured games on the MSN Gaming Zone before its demise. The player can assume the role of one of six characters from the main game: James Anderson, Matt "Dr. Death" Jackson, "Bloody" Mary Nash, Chief Two-Feathers, "Gentleman" Bob Graham, and "Spittin'" Jack Sanchez. Each character has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of speed/maneuverability, weapons selection, and resistance.

Plot
James Anderson, a retired U.S. Marshal, comes home after a trip to the general store to find his wife Anna dying and that his daughter Sarah has been kidnapped by two outlaws known as Matt "Dr. Death" Jackson and "Slim" Sam Fulton, under the employ of the railroad baron Bob Graham. Graham has hired several wanted outlaws to "enlighten" the people of the county to sell their land to him, so that he can make a profit off of a huge railroad. However, the psychotic Dr. Death misinterprets Graham's meaning of enlightenment, attacks Anna and leaves her for dead, kidnaps Anderson's daughter, and burns his home to the ground. After burying his wife, the retired Marshal picks up his gun once again and rides off to find his daughter. He travels around the old West, shooting his way through each member of Graham's hired outlaws.

On his journey Anderson is haunted by dreams of his father's murder as a child. He recalls that while the two were camping out in the wild, an unknown assailant shot his father in his sleep for no specific reason, but left young James alive, telling him "to keep that fear [of death], kid". After questioning more and more outlaws, Anderson is confronted by Dr. Death in an old mine. Anderson eventually gets the drop on him; he gets tangled up in a rope above a deep mine shaft. Dr. Death tells him that his daughter is hidden in an old Indian cliff village. After finding out that Anderson is not going to let him out of the pit, he teases Anderson about the murder of his wife. Anderson is enraged and puts his cigar in the pulley from which the rope is hanging, eventually burning up the rope and sending Dr. Death plummeting to his demise at the bottom of the shaft.

At the Indian village, Anderson is ambushed by renegade Indian Two Feathers. After defeating him, Two Feathers praises Anderson's strength in battle, and out of sympathy because he once had a child he had lost, tells him the real location of Sarah: Bob Graham's estate, Big Rock ranch. Anderson blasts his way into Graham's villa, and finally confronts him. After a fierce gunfight, Graham is believed dead and falls to the ground, and Anderson reunites with his daughter. Graham, clinging to life and gun trained on Anderson, reveals that he was the one who murdered Anderson's father. Just as Graham is about to finish off Anderson, Sarah manages to shoot Graham with Anderson's gun avenging her grandfather's death.  After a tearful reunion, father and daughter ride into the sunset.

Development

Outlaws is powered by an upgraded version of the Jedi engine, which was previously used on Star Wars: Dark Forces. LucasArts' INSANE animation engine is used to display the game's cutscenes. The game was also originally planned to have 12 unique multiplayer characters, each with their own in-game attributes. The final release halved that number to six characters. The game was inspired by western films such as The Good, the Bad and the Ugly and A Fistful of Dollars, as well as other Clint Eastwood westerns. It was released for Microsoft Windows on April 7, 1997. It is the first video game to feature a sniper zoom, and one of the earliest examples of a reloading mechanic. Despite the serious tone of the game, Outlaws maintained a few easter egg jokes, including Max of the Sam & Max series, hidden inside a building, a pair of grey aliens experimenting on a cow, and several references to the Indiana Jones series of games and movies.

In 1997, LucasArts released a patch to update the game to version 1.1 to add Glide and Aureal A3D, and another one to add Direct3D compatibility to the game in 2001, complementing the existing software rendering support. Shortly after the initial release, a small official expansion pack called Handful of Missions was released for free. It added four single player missions as well as multiplayer maps and updated the game to version 2.0. Outlaws is listed as one of noted game designer John Romero's all-time favorite games. On March 19, 2015, Disney Interactive re-released the game for Digital distribution on GOG.com. In contrast, the community-created XL Engine allows players to use their original CD to play through the game with a modern setting.

In 1998, LucasArts released a set of four single player missions, called Handful of Missions, for download from the official website. The package includes several new multiplayer missions, and a patch to update the game to version 2.0. The single player missions take place outside of the original game's story, and each level is unrelated to the next. Third party levels have been created by the game's community. On April 5, 2013 GameSpot and several other media outlets organized a playthrough of several LucasArts games to honor the then recently closed developer. GameSpot staff noted that the "community for [Outlaws] has created like 75 user generated maps." In reality more than 1,500 custom multiplayer maps have been created since Outlaws was released, and maps continued to be released until late 2012.

Music for the game was scored by composer Clint Bajakian. An orchestra was used with authentic instruments which was uncommon at that time. In total, Mixed Mode CD contains fifteen different audio tracks which were suitable for playback on a regular CD player. It is noteworthy that the crystal case of the game's original release had a tracklist printed on its back side as it is the case with most normal audio CDs.

Several veteran actors lend their voices to the game. Richard Moll of Night Court plays the game's main antagonist, Bob Graham. John de Lancie portrays Matt Jackson, the secondary antagonist. Veteran voice actor Jack Angel portrays two characters, George Bowers and Jack Sanchez. Jeff Osterhage, himself a veteran of western television films, voices the game's protagonist, U.S. Marshal James Anderson.

Reception

Outlaws received mostly positive reviews from critics. It has been featured in multiple Best Of lists since its release. Complex.com writer Gus Turner included it in his list of The 25 Best LucasArts Games. Of its legacy Turner said it was not a "major financial success, the title has only been able to attract a cult following since its release." Brittany Vincent of ShackNews placed it on her list of Five LucasArts Classics Ripe for Remakes, and noted that it "deserves another chance to woo gamers."

Next Generation stated that "Outlaws uses the Dark Forces engine, and it shows. The graphics are a bit outdated, a bit disorienting, and more than a bit pixelated in close. The game's saving grace is its plot, admittedly and oft-overlooked aspect of this genre."

GameSpot reviewer Chris Hudak commended the game's story and cinematic cutscenes, calling it a "movie-worthy experience" and citing the cinematic and musical influences of Sergio Leone's spaghetti westerns and Ennio Morricone's scores, respectively; he overall praised the game and called it "the most complete and faithful Old West shooter in the industry to date". In a retrospective review of the game, Kotaku editor Luke Plunkett praised the game's soundtrack and called the multiplayer "excellent." Plunkett cited the release of the visually superior Quake a year earlier and Half-Life not long after as factors that led to the game fading into obscurity for most players. The Escapist'''s Stew Shearer gave high marks for the game's villains; he called them "fun to hate." He stated that Outlaws "isn't just Doom with cowboys; you can tell that the developers put some real hard work into making the player feel like they're the hero in a Sergio Leone flick." The reviewer for Computer Games Magazine noted that while the game did not look as visually appealing as its competitors, other developers should "show as much thought in level and multiplayer design."

Some reviewers were more critical of the game. The reviewer for Computer Gaming World said that "There's nothing really wrong with Outlaws. There just isn't much right with it." The reviewer noted that the game had excellent music and art, but felt that the game had nothing new or innovative to offer players. Edge magazine's reviewer stated that "not for the first time, shown that it's not infallible." Charlie Brooker of PC Zone (UK) had to take time to warm up to the game. "when you start playing Outlaws, it feels downright cruddy." Brooker stated that after a lengthy amount of play his opinion changed, and ultimately he gave the game a favorable review.Computer Gaming World gave the soundtrack for Outlaws its 1997 "Musical Achievement" award. Outlaws was a finalist for the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences (AIAS) 1st Annual Interactive Achievement Awards in 1998 for "Outstanding Achievement in Sound and Music" award, which ultimately went to PaRappa the Rapper. In 2008 IGN selected the soundtrack from Outlaws'' to its "10 Great Videogame Albums" list.

References

External links

Official website archived via the Wayback Machine
LucasArts Entertainment's 20th anniversary recap

1997 video games
American Civil War video games
First-person shooters
LucasArts games
Sprite-based first-person shooters
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the United States
Video games with expansion packs
Western (genre) video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games with 2.5D graphics
Video games about police officers
Video games scored by Clint Bajakian
Video games set in the 19th century

Outlaws (1997 video game)


Pluralism is a concept used in many fields and mostly means that things are done in many parts or ways (as opposed to just a single way/thing in a system or dualism).

In political science it supports more than either one political party or two major dominant parties and thinks that even very minor parties are important.

In philosophy it contrasts monism and favours multiple ideas that could possibly form a structure than a reduced number of entities.

Related pages
Democracy
Multiculturalism

Social sciences
Politics

Pluralism


Toccata is the title that was often given to pieces of music for solo instruments from the Renaissance onwards.  The word comes from the Italian for to touch, also meaning to play a musical instrument.  These pieces were often quite difficult, with a lot of fast notes which showed off how well the person could play.

The first toccatas were written in northern Italy by composers such as Claudio Monteverdi and Giovanni Gabrieli.  They are pieces for the keyboard (harpsichord or organ) with lots of running scales in the right hand and accompanying chords in the left hand.

Toccatas became popular in Germany with composers such as Hans Leo Hassler who had studied in Venice with Gabrieli.  Many German Baroque organ composers wrote toccatas: Sweelinck (who was Dutch), Pachelbel, Buxtehude and Johann Sebastian Bach.  Bach wrote a Toccata and Fugue in D minor, which is one of the most famous pieces of Baroque organ music, and perhaps the most famous toccata ever written.

After the Baroque period composers did not often write toccatas.  The toccata became popular again in the late 19th century with the French organ composers such as Charles-Marie Widor whose Toccata from his Symphony No. 5 is very popular today, especially at weddings.  It has lots of quick notes in the right hand (and occasionally in the left) and a big tune in the pedals.  Another famous organ toccata is by Louis Vierne.  It is the last movement of his Symphony No. 1 (at this time French composers wrote organ works called "symphonies").

In the 20th century several composers wrote toccatas for piano including Prokofiev, Khachaturian, Ravel (part of Le Tombeau de Couperin) and Claude Debussy (part of Suite: Pour le Piano).

Related pages
Fugue
Prelude

Musical forms

Toccata


Digital multimedia broadcasting, or DMB, is a technology that allows sending digital signals to mobile devices, such as mobile phones. This makes it possible to listen to radio or watch television on such devices.

This technology was developed to replace earthly analog radio broadcasting. But, the technology can include more data in limited electric waves. It can transmit not only sound data that original object, but also DVD level movie data.

DMB is based on Eureka 147 DAB standard which is the European standard, and similar competing technologies is the mobile TV standard, DVB-H. The earthly DMB is decided to the ETSI standard (TS 102 427 and TS 102 428). Now, Republic of Korea can exercise for source of the DMB technology, the satellite DMB broadcast first began in Japan than in the Republic of Korea. In the March 13, 2004, TU Media playing a leading role in business and satellite DMB insert the world's first satellite for with Japan's partner, MBCo DMB 'hanbyeol'. However, In Republic of Korea, selection process for operators was long and put off service, the MBCo in Japan became first DMB country to start the full service all 40 channels from 19 October 2004.

DMB in Republic of Korea
Now, the digital multimedia broadcasting is divided by transmitting and receiving method the earthly DMB and satellite DMB, earthly DMB is provided free of charge like current earthly radio broadcasting and the satellite DMB broadcast is provided in the form of the monthly fee. In the Republic of Korea, TU media obtain permission for satellite DMB broadcasting and is broadcasting.

DMB can be received, when attach DMB receiver to the vehicle, or buy mobile phone has the ability to receive DMB, personal portable receiver or receiver which type of output to the monitor when connect personal computer. But there was a problem that the satellite DMB and earthly DMB is not compatible with each other, so user should purchased each terminal separately. However, the Samsung throw open the door to watch satellite DMB and earthly DMB one of the terminals by come out with SPH-B4100. But TU Media side,the satellite DMB service provider rejected the plan, the possibility of the activation of these two-way receiving terminal is currently unclear.

Comparing with terrestrial digital television and digital satellite broadcasting, terrestrial digital television is clear screen even though you are on the high-speed vehicles, but it is limited with range, and lack of channels is disadvantages.

Telecommunications

Digital Multimedia Broadcasting


The Price is Right was an Australian television game show. It aired in various forms from 1981 to 2012. It was based on the American game show of the same name.

Gameplay

Like the American version, people used their shopping skills to correctly guess the price of products. Some products were household items such as toothpaste. Others were expensive prizes such as trips and cars. Unique to the Australian version were two elements:
The two Showcase Showdown winners played the "Showcase Playoff." Here, they tried to guess the price of the Showcase to the dollar. At the start, the prizes in the showcase were shown. Then, the players would be given a $100 range (for example, if the Showcase price was $35,591, they would be given a range of $35,500 to $35,600). The two players bid back and forth until one correctly guessed the price of the showcase. For each incorrect guess, the host said if the guess was higher or lower than the actual price.
The winner of the Showcase Playoff moved to the Showcase. They had to order the prizes from least expensive to most expensive. If they had the prizes in the correct order, they won the showcase.

Starting in 2004, the Showcase was sometimes known as the "Mega Showcase." The showcase would be worth between $500,000 and $600,000. Before the price of the last prize was shown, the player would be offered a cash value of $1,000-$50,000 to quit if they wanted to. On 3 March 2005, a $664,667 showcase was won. At the time, this was the biggest win in the history of the The Price is Right franchise.

Show history
The show began as The New Price is Right in 1981, where it was hosted by Ian Turpie. He hosted from 1981 to 1986, and again when the show was revived in 1989. From 1981 to 1986, the show aired on Seven Network. When it came back in 1989, it aired on Network Ten. When the show came back in 1993, Larry Edmur became the host. He hosted three versions from 1993 to 2012. The first two versions, one from 1993 to 1998 and the second from 2003 to 2005, aired on Nine Network. The most recent version aired in 2012 on Seven Network.

Television game shows
English-language television programs

The Price is Right (Australian game show)


Magnetic tape is a long and narrow strip of plastic that thin magnetic material is coated on. Nearly all recording tape is of this type, whether used for recording audio or video or computer data storage.

Magnetic tape recording uses magnetic tape which moves on a recording head. Electrical signals are fed to the recording head, inducing a pattern of magnetization similar to the signal. A playback head can then pick up the changes in magnetic field from the tape and convert it into an electrical signal.

Devices that record and playback audio and video using magnetic tape are generally called tape recorders and videotape recorders respectively. A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape can be called a tape drive, a tape unit, or a streamer. Autoloaders and tape libraries are frequently used to automate cartridge handling.

History
Magnetic tape was first invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany. Pfleumer's invention used an iron oxide(Fe2O3) powder coating on a long strip of paper.

Magnetic tape has been used for data storage for over 50 years. In this time, many advances in tape have been made. Modern magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and cassettes.

Today, many other technologies like CD or DVD are replacing magnetic tape. However, innovation in the technology continues and tape is still widely used.

Strength and Weakness
When storing large amounts of data, tape can be cheaper than disk or other data storage options. Tape storage has always been used with large computer systems. Modern usage is a high capacity medium for backups and archives. As of 2019, the highest capacity tape cartridge can store 330 TB of data without using compression.

Magnetic tape data storage uses the Sequential access method for reading data. Tape has a longer access time than disk for random accesses since the deck must wind the tape to move from one location to another.

Related pages
Audio cassette
Electrical engineering
Floppy disk

Other websites

 History of Tape Recording Technology
 VidiPax Audio Format Guide

References

Storage devices

Magnetic tape


A stile is a simple wooden structure which helps people to climb over a fence in the countryside.  Where there is a footpath (a right of way) which goes through a field with animals, there may be a stile so that walkers can climb over out of the field.  The stile is there instead of a gate.  If there were a gate and there were animals in the field, the animals could escape if the gate were left open.  Stiles are, of course, a problem for people who are disabled.

There are many stiles in the countryside in the United Kingdom. Another way of letting walkers through but keeping animals in is to use a kissing gate.

Related pages

 Turnstile
 Kissing gate
 Cattle grid

Agriculture
Gates

Stile


The Wakulla Volcano was the name given to a prominent column of smoke, sometimes accompanied by bright light, seen coming from deep in the swamps of Wakulla County, Florida, from at least the Spanish occupation of Florida through 1886. The scientific assumption today is that the smoke came from a peat fire.

The first accounts of the smoke come from Seminoles living nearby, and by the 1830s, white settlers attributed the sight to campfires from white or Indian settlements, pirates, renegades, or a volcano. Over the years a number of folkloric explanations were given, along with plausibly naturalistic ones such as deep-burning peat fires. Several teams of investigators set out to solve the mystery during the late 19th century; the Smithsonian Institution holds correspondence from A. W. Barber between 1890 and 1894 concerning his experience there. Sightings occurred as far away as 20 miles, and were reported throughout much of the 19th century, but the phenomenon may have been visible much earlier; it has even been suggested that Wakulla, which may mean "mist" or "misting", received its name from the strange smoke. A number of explanations have been given, most famously that an active volcano stood out in the swamplands, but no one was able to locate the smoke's source before it disappeared forever on August 31, 1886, the day of the Charleston earthquake. Although a number of people have claimed to have found the crater of origin, modern geologists are quite certain no volcano could exist in Florida.

References

External links
 The Mystery of the Wakulla Volcano
 Wakulla County Courthouse
 Lurking in the swamp: The Florida volcano

Fires in Florida
Florida folklore
History of Florida
Wakulla County, Florida
Atmospheric ghost lights

Wakulla Volcano


For the region o Burkina Faso, see Centre-Sud Region.
Centro Sur Province is a province o Equatorial Guinea. Its caipital is Evinayong.

Centro Sur borders Gabon's Estuaire Province in the soothwast an Woleu-Ntem Province in the sootheast, an Cameroon's Sooth Province in the north.  Domestically, it borders Kié-Ntem Province in the northeast, Wele-Nzas Province in the sootheast, an Litoral Province in the wast.
Centro Sur Province contains three main touns, which are Akurenam, Niefang an Evinayong.

Provinces o Equatorial Guinea

Centro Sur Province


Adıyaman Province () is a province in sooth-central Turkey. The province wis creatit in 1954 oot o pairt o Malatya Province. Aurie 7,614 km². Population 590,935 (2010 est), up frae 513,131 in 1990. The caipital is Adıyaman.
The aurie haes been inhabitit syne the earliest times an mony ceevilisations hae settled here. There are therefore a number o places o historical interest which attract visitors. Nemrud Dağı is a major steid o interest here, notit for its sanctuary o statues biggit bi Antiochus Theos, king o Commagene. It is accessed through the toun o Kâhta.

A branch o the muckle Atatürk reservoir lees atween Adıyaman an the toun o Samsat, an wi mair investment the irrigation this coud become a rich agricultural zone. Currently it does feel impoverished an fowk travellin bi mule or donkey are a common sicht.

Politics
Till the 1950s Adıyaman wis a ceety in the province o Malatya, but wis made intae a province in its awn richt as a reward for votin for the winnin Democratic Pairty in the 1954 general election.

Adıyaman haes syne been kynd tae Islamist politeecian, Necmettin Erbakan. His muivement (then, the Naitional Salvation Pairty) scorit a landmark 15% here in 1973 a few years efter its modest beginnin, an his score went on tae gradually increase. Efter being damagit bi the military coup in 1980, Erbakan's pairty (which haed become the Welfare Pairty) came back tae win the province wi 29.24% an 23.53% in 1994 an 1999, respectively.

Even wi his breakaway pupil, the current Turkis PM Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's AKP winnin the 2004 local elections wi 41.11%, a faithful follaein o 15% (a rarity amang Turkey's provinces) o the electorate haed still votit for Erbakan, then Virtue Pairty, who thus came seicont efter AKP.

Geography
Adıyaman is traversit bi the northeasterly line o equal latitude an langitude.

Destricts
Adıyaman province is dividit intae 9 destricts:
Adıyaman (caipital destrict)
Besni
Çelikhan
Gerger
Gölbaşı
Kâhta
Samsat
Sincik
Tut

Notes

Provinces o Turkey
Adıyaman Province
Sootheastren Anatolie Region

Adıyaman Province


Devil's Backbone is a rock formation and peninsula formed by the flow of Fourteen Mile Creek into the Ohio River, and is currently situated in Charlestown State Park near Charlestown, Indiana and across the Ohio River from Louisville, Kentucky.  According to local legend, on this bedrock ridge once stood a stone fortress that was built by Welsh explorers led by Prince Madoc sometime in the 12th century.

The Backbone is believed to have been formed by the processes of glaciation where a combination of ice sheet advances, meltwater flows and a diversion of the Ohio River left an isolated bedrock ridge remaining between two valleys.

Rose Island, an amusement park popular during the 1920s that was destroyed by the 1937 Flood, stood on this rugged peninsula, at the base of the ridge on a level area.

Charlestown State Park hiking trails do not provide access to the Backbone, but a loop around the old Rose Island site passes below the ridge.

There is another location by the same name near Fort Ritner, Indiana, east of Bedford.

See also
Geography of Louisville, Kentucky

References

External links
 Satellite image of Devil's Backbone and Rose Island
 Geology Laboratory Manual, Hanover College – includes a more detailed description of how the Backbone probably was formed.

Rock formations of Indiana
Landforms of Clark County, Indiana
Charlestown, Indiana
Peninsulas of Indiana
Glacial erosion landforms

Devil's Backbone (rock formation)


The Duchy of Veragua () is a hereditary title in the Peerage of Spain. It was also a Spanish hereditary domain created in 1537 in the reign of King Charles I in a small section of the territory of Veragua (Gobernación de Veragua, which had been created in 1502 and extended along the Caribbean coasts of present-day Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama as far to the east as the Río Belén). The first Duke of Veragua was Admiral Luis Colón y Toledo, grandson and heir of Christopher Columbus.  Holders of this title also hold the title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea. The establishment of the duchy was the resolution of a longstanding dispute between the Spanish Crown and the heirs of Columbus, who had claimed a greater area. Luis Colón was also made Marquess of Jamaica.

The Dukedom was a perfect square of twenty-five leagues on a side, extending towards the west from the mouth of the Río Belén in the Caribbean, in what is today Panamanian territory. As Panama is less than twenty-five leagues in width at this point, the Duchy extended into the Pacific. By this circumstance, the area of the previous territorial division, Castilla de Oro, was split into two separated parts. The western part, from the Gulf of Nicoya to the border of the duchy, was united with Veragua Real (Royal Veragua) in 1540 to create the province of Nuevo Cartago y Costa Rica.

The first Duke of Veragua sent out various expeditions to try to enforce his authority throughout the territory, but they all resulted in disasters due to the resistance of the Indigenous peoples in their homeland and the difficulties of the topography and climate. In one of these expeditions the brother of the Duke, Francisco Colón, died at the hands of the natives.

In 1556 the Duke decided to return the domain to the Crown in exchange for an increased annual rent of 17,000 ducats (which was paid to his heirs up to 1898) and the retention of the title (which is still used in Spain). The current Duke of Veragua bears the same name as his ancestor, Cristóbal Colón.

In 1560, King Philip II created the Province of Veragua from the territory of the duchy, which was placed under the jurisdiction of the Royal Audiencia of Panama. This province corresponds approximately to the present-day Panamanian Veraguas Province.

List of Dukes of Veragua

See also
Veragua
Pleitos colombinos

References
This article is a free translation of the article Ducado de Veragua at the Spanish Wikipedia.

External links
 "Sinopsis histórica de la Provincia de Veraguas"
 GeneaAll.net

Colonial Central America
Colonial Panama
History of Nicaragua
Columbus family

Veragua
Spanish colonization of the Americas
1537 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Noble titles created in 1537
1537 in North America
16th century in Costa Rica

Duke of Veragua


St Merryn is a parish and village in north Cornwall, United Kingdom about three and a half miles south of Padstow and eleven miles north-east of Newquay. The Seven Bays of St Merryn, all with sandy surfing and holidaying beaches, are (from west to east) Porthcothan Bay, Treyarnon Bay, Constantine Bay, Booby's Bay, Mother Ivey's Bay, Harlyn Bay and Trevone Bay. As well as cliffs and beaches the Seven Bays area includes much farming land. The North Cornwall Coastal Path follows the clifftops and crosses all of the Seven Bays.

Villages in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall

St Merryn


In written Latin, the apex (plural: "apices") is a diacritic. It is close to the shape of an acute accent ( ´ ). The apex is used to show that a vowel is long and not short. That means that the vowel is pronounced for longer.

The shape and length of the apex can be different. It can even sometimes be different within the same writing. While pretty much all apices are made up of a line sloping up to the right, the line can be more or less curved, and is different in length from less than half the height of a letter to more than the height of a letter. Sometimes, it is put at the top with a hook, pointing out to the left. Rather than being centered over the vowel it changes, the apex is often drawn to the right.

Later, it developed into the acute accent, which is still used in some languages to mark vowel length. In particular, Czech and Slovak, Hungarian, Irish, and (a long time ago) Icelandic.

Details

Although not really known by some modern Latinists, the sign was actually used a lot during classical and postclassical times. The reason why it is not usually noticed is probably because of its smallish size and the fact that it is usually quite thin. People who look carefully will soon start to notice apices in the exhibits of any museum, not only in many of the more formal  epigraphic writings, but also in handwritten  palaeographic things.

Forgetting the apex, modern Latin spelling has recently started marking long vowels by using the macron. The macron is a sign that had always been used, and still is, to mark metrically long syllables (more recently called heavy syllables). This has caused confusion between syllable and vowel length in Latin, and most western dictionaries still cannot describe the nature of Latin vowels properly because of this. To make even more confusion, the acute accent is sometimes used in Latin to mark stressed syllables, just like in Spanish, when the macron is not used.

Identification with the sicilicus

The apex is often thought to be the opposite of another ancient Latin diacritic, the sicilicus, which is said to have been used above consonants to show that they should be pronounced as doubles. However, in his article Apex and Sicilicus, Revilo P. Oliver says that they are the same sign, a geminationis nota. This was used over any letter to show that the letter should be read twice.

If Revilo P. Oliver is right, the apex as a sign showing vowel length would have been made in the time when long vowels were written double. Then, when long vowels were not regularly written twice.

However, Oliver's view that the two marks were the same has recently been challenged.

Related pages
 Acute accent

References

Alphabetic diacritics
Latin language

Apex (diacritic)