Green Lantern is the name of several fictional superheroes that appear in comic books published by DC Comics. The first was Alan Scott and was created by writer Bill Finger and artist Martin Nodell in All-American Comics #16 in July 1940.

The most famous is Hal Jordan and was created by John Broome and Gil Kane in Showcase #22 in October 1959.

Each Green Lantern wears a power ring that allows the Green Lantern to control the physical world by strength of will.

Alan Scott was the Golden Age Green Lantern and his ring was powered by magic.

All of the Green Lanterns since then have worn rings that were not magic, but advanced technology. The Guardians of the Universe created the power rings and granted them to worthy candidates throughout the galaxy. These individuals make up the Green Lantern Corps, an intergalactic police force.

there are other lantern corps which represent different emotions and like Willpower the rings are only given to people who display a lot of a certain emotion, good or bad but not all.

Blue Lantern corps "Hope"

Red Lantern corps "Anger"

Orange Lantern corps "Greed"

Yellow Lantern corps "Fear"

Black Lantern corps "Death"

White Lantern corps "Rebirth"

Indigo Lantern corps "Compassion"

Green Lantern corps "Willpower"

Hal Jordans archenemy is Sinestro of the yellow lantern corps.

Golden Age Green Lantern: Alan Scott

Alan Scott was a young engineer when he found a metal lantern that glowed with a magical green flame. The flame told Alan how to build a ring. Alan used the power of the ring to fight crime. Alan was a founding member of the Justice Society of America.

Alan Scott's power ring had to be recharged every 24 hours and did not work on wood.

Silver Age Green Lantern: Hal Jordan

Hal Jordan was an airplane test pilot. Jordan was given his power ring by a dying alien named Abin Sur, whose spaceship had crashed on Earth. Jordan was a founding member of the Justice League of America and also a member of the Green Lantern Corps.

At First Hal Jordan's power ring didn't work on anything yellow.

Hal Jordan's hometown Coast City was destroyed in the early 1990s and he went insane. Jordan destroyed the Green Lantern Corps and renamed himself Parallax. Jordan later died, sacrificing himself to reignite a dying Sun only to return from the grave as the Spectre, the divine Spirit of God's Vengeance.

Hal Jordan was later brought back to life and he once again became a Green Lantern. He also made an oath to recharge the power ring:
"In brightest day, in blackest night
No evil shall escape my sight,
Let those who worship evil's might,
Beware my power...Green lantern's light!"

Bronze Age Green Lanterns

Guy Gardner

Guy Gardner was the second choice of Abin Sur and the backup to Hal Jordan.John Stewart

John Stewart, an architect, was chosen by the Guardians to replace Guy Gardner as the backup Green Lantern for Hal Jordan.

Modern Age Green Lantern: Kyle Rayner

'''Kyle Rayner

Kyle Rayner, a freelance artist, was given the last power ring, and restored the Guardians and Corps after Jordan destroyed them as Parallax. Later Kyle became Ion, the manifestation of willpower, for a short time.

DC Comics superheroes
DC Comics adapted into movies

Green Lantern


Ugo Tognazzi (23 March 1922 – 27 October 1990) was an Italian actor, director, and screenwriter.

Early life
Tognazzi was born in Cremona, in northern Italy but spent his youth in various localities as his father was a travelling clerk for an insurance company.

After his return to his native city in 1936, he worked in a cured meats production plant where he achieved the position of accountant. During World War II, he was inducted into the Army and returned home after the Armistice of 8 September 1943, and joined the Brigate Nere for a while. His passion for theater and acting dates from his early years, and also during the conflict he organized shows for his fellow soldiers. In 1945, he moved to Milan, where he was enrolled in the theatrical company led by Wanda Osiris. A few years later, he formed his own successful musical revue company.

Career
In 1950, Tognazzi made his cinematic debut in I cadetti di Guascogna directed by Mario Mattoli. The following year, he met Raimondo Vianello, with whom he formed a successful comedy duo for the new-born RAI TV (1954–1960). Their shows, sometimes containing satirical material, were among the first to be censored on Italian television.

After the successful role in The Fascist (Il Federale) (1961), directed by Luciano Salce, Tognazzi became one of the most renowned characters of the so-called Commedia all'Italiana (Italian comedy style). He worked with all the main directors of Italian cinema, including Mario Monicelli (Amici miei), Marco Ferreri (La grande abbuffata), Carlo Lizzani (La vita agra), Dino Risi, Pier Paolo Pasolini (Pigsty), Ettore Scola, Alberto Lattuada, Nanni Loy, Pupi Avati and others. Tognazzi also directed some of his films, including the 1967 film Il fischio al naso. The film was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.

He was a well-known actor in Italy, and starred in several important international films, which brought him fame in other parts of the world.

Roger Vadim cast Tognazzi as Mark Hand, the Catchman, in Barbarella (1968).  He rescues Barbarella (Jane Fonda) from the biting dolls she encounters, and after her rescue, he requests payment by asking her to make love with him (the "old-fashioned" way, not the psycho-cardiopathic way of their future).

In 1981, he won the Best Male Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival for Tragedy of a Ridiculous Man, directed by Bernardo Bertolucci.  While he worked primarily in Italian cinema, Tognazzi is perhaps best remembered for his role as Renato Baldi, the gay owner of a St. Tropez nightclub, in the 1978 French comedy La Cage aux Folles which became the highest grossing foreign film ever released in the U.S.

Personal life
Ugo Tognazzi died of a brain hemorrhage in Rome in 1990, although there were rumors that his chronic depression led to suicide. He is buried in the cemetery of Velletri.

His sons Ricky Tognazzi (b. 1955) and Gianmarco Tognazzi (b. 1967) are actors. Another son, Thomas Robsahm (b. 1964), is a Norwegian film director and film producer. His daughter, Maria Sole Tognazzi (b. 1971), is also a film director.

Filmography

Actor

 The Cadets of Gascony (1950) as Ugo Bossi
La paura fa 90 (1951) as Anastasio Lapin / Saverio Bompignac
Una bruna indiavolata (1951) as Carlo Soldi
Auguri e figli maschi (1951) as Mario
 The Enchanting Enemy (1953) as Direttore della fabbrica
Love in the City (1953) as Himself (segment "Italiani si voltano, Gli")
Sua altezza ha detto: no! (1953) as Ronchi
Siamo tutti milanesi (1953) as Filippo
If You Won a Hundred Million (1953) as Ugo (segment "Il principale")
Café Chantant (1953) as Se stesso / Himself
Assi alla ribalta (1954) as Himself
  Laugh! Laugh! Laugh! (1954) as Dottore
 Milanese in Naples (1954) as Franco Baraldi
La moglie è uguale per tutti (1955) as Ugo
Domenica è sempre domenica (1958) as Ugo
Toto in the Moon (1958) as Achille Paoloni
Mia nonna poliziotto (1958) as Lucio
Marinai, donne e guai (1958) as Domenico Campana
Il terribile Teodoro (1958)
Guardatele ma non toccatele (1959) as Maresciallo Valentino La Notte
Fantasmi e ladri (1959) as Gaetano
Non perdiamo la testa (1959) as Tony Cuccar
Policarpo, "ufficiale di scrittura" (1959) as The Starched Professor (uncredited)
Le cameriere (1959) as Mario, il Ladro
Le Confident de ces dames (1959) as Cesar
Noi siamo due evasi (1959) as Bernardo Cesarotti
La duchessa di Santa Lucia (1959) as L'avvocato
La cambiale (1959) as Alfredo Balzarini
La pica sul Pacifico (1959) as Roberto De Nobel
Tipi da spiaggia (1959) as Pasubio Giovinezza
La sceriffa (1959) as Colorado Joe
I baccanali di Tiberio (1960) as Primo, the Driver
Genitori in blue jeans (1960) as Renzino
Il principe fusto (1960) as Frate
Il mio amico Jekyll (1960) as Professor Fabius / Giacinto Floria
Le olimpiadi dei mariti (1960) as Ugo Bitetti
Femmine di lusso (1960) as Ugo Lemeni
Un dollaro di fifa (1960) as Alamo
Tu che ne dici? (1960) as Solitario
A noi piace freddo (1960) as Ugo Bevilacqua
Gli incensurati (1961) as Farinon
Sua Eccellenza si fermò a mangiare (1961) as Ernesto
Che gioia vivere! (1961) as 1. Anarchist
The Fascist (1961) as Primo Arcovazzi
Cinque marines per cento ragazze (1961) as Sergente Imparato
La ragazza di mille mesi (1961) as Maurizio d'Alteni
Il mantenuto (1961) as Stefano Garbelli (uncredited)
I magnifici tre (1961) as Domingo
Pugni pupe e marinai (1961) as Capo Campana / Tognazzi
Una domenica d'estate (1962)
La voglia matta (1962) as Antonio Berlinghieri
Psycosissimo (1962) as Ugo Bertolazzi
A Girl... and a Million (1962) as Un automobilista (uncredited)
I tromboni di fra' Diavolo (1962) as Sergente Visicato
I motorizzati (1962) as Achille Pestani
March on Rome (1962) as Umberto Gavazza
La donna degli altri è sempre più bella (1963) as Himself (segment "La luna di miele")
The Shortest Day (1963) as Pecoraio
RoGoPaG (1963) as Togni (segment "Il pollo ruspante")
Le ore dell'amore (1963) as Gianni
The Conjugal Bed (1963) as Alfonso
I mostri (1963) as The Father (segment "L'Educazione sentimentale") / Policeman (segment "Il Mostro") / Stefano (segment "Come un Padre") / Battacchi (segment "Il povero Soldato") / L'Onorevole (segment "La Giornata dell'Onorevole") / Latin Lover (segment "Latin Lovers-Amanti latini") / Pilade Fioravanti (segment "Testimone volontario") / The Traffic Warden (segment "L'Agguato") / The Car Owner (segment "Vernissage") / The Man at Cinema (segment "Scenda l'Oblio") / The Husband (segment "L'Oppio dei Popoli") / Guarnacci (segment "La nobile Arte")
I fuorilegge del matrimonio (1963) as Vasco Timballo
Le motorizzate (1963)
La donna degli altri è sempre più bella (1963) as Himself (segment "La luna di miele")
Alta infedeltà (1964) as Cesare (segment "Gente Moderna")
Liolà (1964) as Liolà
La Donna scimmia (1964) as Antonio Focaccia
La vita agra (1964) as Luciano Bianchi
Il magnifico cornuto (1964) as Andrea Artusi
Controsesso (1964) as The professor (segment "Professore, Il")
Una moglie americana (1965) as Riccardo Vanzi
I Complessi (1965) as Prof. Gildo Beozi (segment "Il Complesso della Schiava nubiana")
Io la conoscevo bene (1965) as Gigi Baggini
Oggi, domani, dopodomani (1965) as Man With Car (segment "L'uomo dei 5 palloni") (uncredited)
Menage all'italiana (1965) as Carlo Vignola Federico Valdesi
Break-up (1965) as Man With Car
Follie d'estate (1966)
Silly Toons (1966) as Simple Simon
Marcia nuziale (1966) as Frank
A Question of Honour (1966) as Efisio Mulas
I nostri mariti (1966) as Appuntato Umberto Codegato (segment "Il Marito di Attilia")
Le piacevoli notti (1966) as Uguccione de' Tornaquinci
The Seventh Floor (1967) as Giuseppe Inzerna
L'immorale (1967) as Sergio Masini
Il padre di famiglia (1967) as Remo
Gli altri, gli altri... e noi (1967)
L'harem (1967) as Himself (uncredited)
Straziami, ma di baci saziami (1968) as Umberto Ciceri
Barbarella (1968) as Mark Hand
Sissignore (1968) as Oscar Pettini
La bambolona (1968) as Giulio Broggini
Satyricon (1969) as Trimalchione
Porcile (1969) as Herdhitze
Il Commissario Pepe (1969) as Commissario Antonio Pepe
Nell'anno del Signore... (1969) as Cardinal Agostino Rivarola
Cuori solitari (1970) as Stefano
Venga a prendere il caffè... da noi (1970) as Emerenziano Paronzini
Splendori e miserie di Madame Royale (1970) as Alessio / Madame Royale
La califfa (1970) as Annibale Doberdò - il proprietario della fabbrica
La supertestimone (1971) as Marino Bottecchia detto 'Mocassino'
In nome del popolo italiano (1971) as Mariano Bonifazi
Stanza 17-17, palazzo delle tasse, ufficio imposte (1971) as Ugo La Strizza
Questa specie d'amore (1972) as Federico / Federico's father
L'udienza (1972) as Aureliano Diaz
Il maestro e Margherita (1972) as Nikolaj Afanasijevic Maksudov 'Maestro'
Il generale dorme in piedi (1972) as Col. Umberto Leone
Vogliamo i colonnelli (1973) as Onorevole Giuseppe 'Beppe' Tritoni
La grande abbuffata (1973) as Ugo
Property Is No Longer a Theft (1973) as The Butcher
Don't Touch the White Woman! (1974) as Mitch
Claretta and Ben (1974) as Gino Pistone
Permettete signora che ami vostra figlia? (1974) as Gino Pistone
Romanzo popolare (1974) as Giulio Basletti
La mazurka del barone, della santa e del fico fiorone (1975) as Baron Anteo Pellacani
La smagliatura (1975) as Georgis
Amici miei (1975) as Lello Mascetti
L'anatra all'arancia (1975) as Livio Stefani
Al piacere di rivederla (1976) as Mario Aldara
Telefoni bianchi (1976) as Adelmo
Cattivi pensieri (1976) as Mario Marani
Signore e signori, buonanotte (1976) as General in Toilet
La stanza del vescovo (1977) as Temistocle Mario Orimbelli
Casotto (1977) as Alfredo Cerquetti
Il gatto (1977) as Amedeo Pecoraro
I nuovi mostri (1977) as Il marito (segment "L'uccellino della Val Padana") / Il cuoco (segment "Hostaria") / Il figlio (segment "Mammina mammona")
Nenè (1977) as 'Baffo' - the barber (uncredited)
La mazzetta (1978) as Il commissario Assenza
Primo amore (1978) as Ugo
La Cage aux Folles (1978) as Renato Baldi
Dove vai in vacanza? (1978) as Enrico (segment "Sarò tutta per te")
L'ingorgo - Una storia impossibile (1979) as Professor
I viaggiatori della sera (1979) as Orso Banti
Sono fotogenico (1980) as Himself (uncredited)
La terrazza (1980) as Amedeo
Arrivano i bersaglieri (1980) as Don Prospero
Sunday Lovers (1980) as Armando (segment "Armando's Notebook")
La Cage aux Folles II (1980) as Renato Baldi
Tragedy of a Ridiculous Man (1981) as Primo Spaggiari
Scusa se è poco (1982) as Carlo Reani
Amici miei atto II (1982) as Conte Raffaello Mascetti
The Key (1983) as Un ubriaco (cameo)
Scherzo del destino in agguato dietro l'angolo come un brigante da strada (1983) as On. Vincenzo De Andreiis
Il petòmane (1983) as Joseph Pujol
Dagobert (1984) as La pape Honorius et son sosie
Bertoldo, Bertoldino e Cacasenno (1984) as Bertoldo
Fatto su misura (1984) as Dottor Nathan
La Cage aux folles 3 - 'Elles' se marient (1985) as Renato Baldi
Amici miei atto III (1985) as Lello Mascetti
Ultimo minuto (1987) as Walter Ferroni
Arrivederci e grazie (1988) as Carlo
I giorni del commissario Ambrosio (1988) as Giulio Ambrosio
Tolérance (1989) as Marmant
La batalla de los Tres Reyes (1990) as Carlo di Palma

Director
Il mantenuto (1961)
Il fischio al naso (1967)
Sissignore (1968)
Cattivi pensieri (1976)
I viaggiatori della sera (1979)

References

External links

1922 births
1990 deaths
Mass media people from Cremona
Italian male film actors
Italian male stage actors
Italian male television actors
Italian male radio actors
Italian film directors
Italian male screenwriters
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor winners
David di Donatello winners
Nastro d'Argento winners
20th-century Italian male actors
20th-century Italian screenwriters
Italian military personnel of World War II
20th-century Italian male writers
Italian male comedians

Ugo Tognazzi


Salto del Guairá () is a city in Paraguay. It is the capital of the department of Canindeyú.  The city is located about 200 km north of Ciudad del Este. It borders the Brazilian municipality of Guairá, across the Paraná River which marks the border between Paraguay and Brazil.

The name "Guaíra" comes from the Tupi language and means "place difficult to access". The name "Salto del Guaira", which means "Guaira Falls" in Spanish, is named after the Guaíra Falls (just like its Brazilian twin city), which was located on the border with Brazil. The falls was submerged after the construction of the Itaipu Dam in 1982.

The Colony Salto del Guairá, was founded on March 3 of 1959, by a private company called "Colonizadora Salto del Guairá S.A" according to a note received by the firm's directory, formed by Mr. José Luís Serrati, Mr. Ibrahin Abud and Mr. Carlos Ricardo Méndez Goncalvez. Before its foundation, the place was named reserve #10, and later, by Ministerial resolution on October 17 of 1972, the Church council was created. This depended of Hernandarias District, and, at that time it was integrated by three renowned neighbors: Col (SR.) Isabelino Pimienta Medina (+) as the president, Carmelo Peralta as the treasurer, and for the secretary position, Prof. Pedro Ramón Girett.

On July 30 of 1973, the Executive power passed law 390, creating the district of Salto del Guairá and also setting a third category Municipality, separating from the district of Hernandarias. That same year, with law #426 of Territory political division, on expense of the separation of the territories of Caaguazú and Alto Paraná that loses all the north area of the Itambey river, with the district of Salto del Guairá.

The Municipal board requested to be elevated to first category on May 29 of 1974, based on the legal dispositions and for having the requirements demanded. In consequence by Decree Law 7131 dated July 2 that year, it promoted to the First Class City of Salto del Guairá, becoming capital of Canindeyú Department.

Its establishment coincides with the period of advancing agricultural frontier eastward, the construction of the Itaipu Dam and the extinction of the waterfalls in Saltos del Guairá

Geographic location of the district of Salto del Guairá

Salto del Guairá is in the Department of Canindeyú, the eastern of the country, its geographical location is latitude 24 º 04 'S and longitude 54 ° 20 W. This makes District boundaries to the north with the cities of Novo Mundo (MS) and Guaira (PR), Brazil as the latter taking the limit Paraná River and east, separated from this country in the mountains Amambay and Mbarakayú and the Paraná River, respectively. To the south the river divides the Itambey Department of Alto Paraná and the mountains of San Joaquin Caaguazú. To the west, the rivers Curuguaty and Corrientes separate them from the Department of San Pedro.

Canindeyú department is a predominantly rural for approximately 8 of every 10 inhabitants live in the countryside.

Climate

It has a pleasant climate for his height (200m.snm) with around 1,483 mm. For rainfall, 21 °C average annual temperature, with between 0 °C July and August as a minimum and 39 °C, the maximum. The rate of evaporation is 1,073.

Bodies of water

The areas occupied by the district have two major classes of surface drainage, the water catchment area of river Piratiy and river Carapa.

Population and Surface

The District of Salto del Guairá has a total population of 145841 inhabitants; density; 9.9 inhabitants/km2 and the surface is 14,667 km2.

Political Division

Capital: Salto del Guairá

It is divided into nine districts: Salto del Guairá, Itanará, Ypehú, Corpus Christi, Gen. Francisco Álvarez Caballero, Curuguaty, Ygatimi, La Paloma and Katueté.

Existing infrastructure

The city of Salto del Guairá, as a pole of development in the north of the country has an interesting infrastructure, as it is endowed with public buildings, government, military establishments, public and private hospitals, places of sport and recreation, commercial premises, schools, colleges, universities and religious temples.

Economy

The department's principal economical activity is tourist commerce, selling tons of products to Brazilians. Also important is agriculture, especially the cultivation of soy by its largest production volume. Next in importance crops maize sugarcane wheat and cotton.

The rugged topography, with broad valleys and flat and undulating terrain encourage farming department, which places it in third place on the production of cattle, at the national level. It also has a large stock of pigs and cattle on a smaller scale produce horses and goats.

Among the main branches of industrial activities developed, we can mention because of its importance as follows: manufacture of parts and pieces of carpentry for buildings and transportation activities, storage and warehousing and timber, bakery developing, manufacturing ceramic not refractory to use in the structural development of dairy products among others.

Education

Canindeyú has a low educational level and a significant proportion of the population does not have any instructions.

Salto del Guairá has three schools and fourteen associated primary schools for basic education, six schools of secondary level, a Faculty of Law and Social Sciences and one of Economics, a subsidiary of the National University of Ciudad del Este. It also has the U. T C. D and U. P. A. P

Health

The health infrastructure, measured in terms of number of centers, health posts, hospitals and beds available, although it has been increasing, remains in deficit in relation with the population size. Currently, the department has 38 health facilities.

Communications

The city has the communications network TELECEL, Copaco, Personal and CTI with a central machine, through which subscribers can communicate directly with the capital, other cities in the country and the world.

The media and television network Canindeyú 95.5, 90.3 Radio Salto del Guairá, Radio Tricolor 103.9 Mbaracayu and cable TV. Besides the representatives of Ultima Hora, ABC Color and Semanario Regional Paranazâo River.

Roads

The Paraná River and the Itaipu Lake, with its strong potential waterway, have a reduced impact, becoming international channels of communication with Brazilian surrounding populations, such as the Mundo Novo and Guaira, with which there is a rafts system connection. Its main lines of communication are the land, although still unpaved for the most part, as the route 10 "La Residenta", which crosses the department from east to west and arrives at Salto del Guairá, with a branch until Ypehú And one that goes to Corpus Christi and it also joins to the superhighway that links with the department of Alto Paraná and other departments and major centers in the country.

Canindeyú has 1.056,2 km. of departmental roads and no paved neighborhoods. It also has airstrips for small-size airplanes.

Consular representation
Brazil has a Consulate in Salto del Guairá.

Sources
World Gazeteer: Paraguay – World-Gazetteer.com
 Geografía del Paraguay - Editorial Hispana Paraguay S.R.L.- 1a. Edición 1999 - Asunción Paraguay
 Geografía Ilustrada del Paraguay -  - Distribuidora Arami S.R.L.
 La Magia de nuestra tierra. Fundación en Alianza. Asunción. 2007.

References

External links
Webpage of Salto del Guairá

Populated places in the Canindeyú Department
Populated places established in 1959

Salto del Guairá


The E4 European long distance path or E4 path is one of the European long-distance paths. Starting at Tarifa  Andalusia, located at the southernmost end of the Iberian Peninsula, across the Strait of Gibraltar facing Morocco, it continues through Spain, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece to end in Cyprus. It also visits the Greek island of Crete.

It is more than  long, but the route through Romania and part of Bulgaria is not yet completely defined. An alternative route through Serbia, instead of Romania, has been defined.

Spain (2267 km)

 Andalucia, Murcia and Valencia: From Tarifa, the southernmost point of continental Europe, the E4 follows the GR 7 through Ronda, Alhama de Granada, Moratalla, Alcoi, Elda, Morella.
 Catalonia: GR 7 to Bellprat, then GR 172 to Montserrat and finally GR 4 into the Pyrenees. The E4 crosses the border to France east of Andorra. Last city in Spain is Puigcerda.

France (1374 km)

 Occitania: First city in France is Bourg-Madame. The E4 follows the GR 36 to the Montagne Noire via Carcassonne. After the Pic de Nore along the GR 7 through the Cévennes over Mont Aigoual and along the GR 68 to Villefort. From there along GR 44 and GR 4 to Pont-Saint-Esprit.
 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur: After crossing the Rhône climb Mont Ventoux and change to GR 9.
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes: GR 9 through Vercors and Chartreuse Mountains. Largest city on the way is Grenoble. From the Plateau de Retord the E4 follows the Grand Tour de la Valserine (red-yellow markings) to Lelex. From there again GR 9 and finally GR 5 to the Swiss border at La Cure.

Switzerland
Follows the Jura ridgeway through the north of the country ending at village Dielsdorf (300 km).

From Dielsdorf, the E4 continues along the southern shores of Lake Constance via the following settlements to the village of Rheineck on the German border (150 km):

Niederglatt – Bülach – Freienstein-Teufen – Irchel – Buch am Irchel – Dorf – Andelfingen – Truttikon – Oberstammheim – Stein am Rhein – Mammern – Steckborn – Berlingen – Mannebach – Ermatingen – Gottlieben – Kreuzlingen – Münsterlingen – Güttingen – Uttwil – Romanshorn – Egnach – Arbon – Steinach – Tübach – Goldach – Rorschacherberg – Buchberg – Rheineck

Germany/Austria

Alternative 1:
On the route of Nordalpine Weitwanderweg 01 (Nordalpine route 01) are exposed stretches - for experienced mountain walkers only

1. Western section of the route – 495 km
through Bregenzer Wald, Lechquellengebirge, Lechtaler Alps, Wetterstein-gebirge, Karwendelgebirge and Rofangebirge:

Bregenz (440 m) – Lustenauer Hut (1250 m) – 22 km, moderately difficult
Lustenauer Hut (1250 m) – Damüls (1428 m) – 33 km, difficult
Damüls (1428 m) – Biberacher Hut (1846 m) – 18 km, very difficult
Biberacher Hut (1846 m) –  Göppinger Hut (2245 m) – 16 km, difficult
Göppinger Hut (2245 m) – Ravensburger Hut (2234 m) – 31 km, very difficult
Ravensburger Hut (2234 m) – Stuttgarter Hut (2303 m) – 20 km, difficult
Stuttgarter Hut (2303 m) – Ansbacher Hut (2376 m) – 28 km, very difficult
Ansbacher Hut (2376 m) – Memminger Hut (2242 m), 25 km, very difficult
Memminger Hut (2242 m) – Steinsee Hut (2040 m) – 20 km, very difficult
Steinsee Hut (2040 m) – Anhalter Hut (2040 m) – 25 km, difficult
Anhalter Hut (2040 m) – Fernpass (1209 m) – 35 km, difficult
Fernpass (1209 m) – Ehrwald (994 m) – 20 km, moderately difficult
Ehrwald (994 m) – Meiler Hut (2366 m) – 39 km, difficult
Meiler Hut (2366 m) – Scharnitz (964 m) – 30 km, moderately difficult
Scharnitz (964 m) – Falken Hut (1846 m) – 30 km, moderately difficult
Falken Hut (1846 m) – Maurach am Achensee (958 m) – 35 km, moderately difficult
Maurach am Achsensee (958 m) – Steinberg am Rofan (1010 m) – 25 km, difficult
Steinberg am Rofan (1010 m) – Kufstein (504 m) – 43 km, easy

2. Middle section of the route – 441 km
through Kaisergebirge, Chiemgau Alps, Loferer Steingebirge, Hochkönig and Steinernes Meer, Tennengebirge, Dachstein Mountains and Totes Gebirge:

Kufstein (504 m) – Stripsenjoch Haus (1580 m) – 19 km, moderately difficult
Stripsenjoch Haus (1580 m) – Straubinger Haus (1598 m) – 35 km, moderately difficult
Straubinger Haus (1598 m) – Schmidt-Zabierow Hut (1966 m) – 39 km, difficult
Schmidt-Zabierow Hut (1966 m) – Lofer (626 m) – 16 km, moderately difficult
Lofer (626 m) – Ingolstatter Haus (2199 m) – 31 km, moderately difficult
Ingolstatter Haus (2199 m) – Riemann Haus (2177 m) – 8 km, moderately difficult
Riemann Haus (2177 m) –  Franz-Eduard-Matras Haus (2941 m) – 25 km, very difficult, on glacier
Franz-Eduard-Matras Haus (2941 m) – Werfen (548 m) – 27 km, difficult, on glacier
Werfen (548 m) – Lungötz (828 m) – 33 km, moderately difficult
Lungötz (828 m) – Adamek Hut (2196 m) – 29 km, very difficult
Adamek Hut (2196 m) – Simony Hut (2206 m) – 12 km, very difficult, on glacier
Simony Hut (2206 m) – Bad Goisern (500 m) – 32 km, moderately difficult
Bad Goisern (500 m) – Loser Hut (1497 m) – 34 km, moderately difficult
Loser Hut (1497 m) – Pühringer Hut (1638 m) – 25 km, moderately difficult
Pühringer Hut (1638 m) – Priel Refuge Hut (1422 m) – 20 km, difficult
Priel Refuge Hut (1422 m) – Vorderstoder (660 m) – 18 km, moderately difficult
Vorderstoder (660 m) – Spital am Pyhrn (647 m) – 38 km, moderately difficult

3. Eastern section of the route – 478 km
Through Rax, Semmeringgebiet, Bucklige Welt and Rosaliengebirge

Spital am Pyhrn (647 m) – Admont (641 m) – 24 km, moderately difficult
Admont (641 m) – Hess Hut (1699 m) – 35 km, moderately difficult
Hess Hut (1699 m) – Radmer an der Stube (702 m) – 20 km, difficult
Radmer an der Stube (702 m) – Eisenerz (769 m) – 20 km, moderately difficult
Eisenerz (769 m) – Sonnschien Hut (1525 m) – 25 km, moderately difficult
Sonnschien Hut (1525 m) – Voisthaler Hut (1660 m) – 17 km, moderately difficult
Voisthaler Hut (1660 m) – Turnaueralm (1570 m) – 25 km, moderately difficult
Turnaueralm (1570 m) – Neuberg, Krampen im Mürztal (756 m) – 31 km, moderately difficult
Neuberg, Krampen im Mürztal (756 m) – Schneealpen Haus (1788 m) – 31 km, moderately difficult
Schneealpen Haus (1788 m) – Karl-Ludwig Haus (1803 m) – 21 km, difficult
Karl-Ludwig Haus (1803 m) – Waxriegel Haus (1361 m) – 12 km, moderately difficult
Waxriegel Haus (1361 m) – Maria Schutz (760 m) – 30 km, moderately difficult
Maria Schutz (760 m) – Hochwolkersdorf (625 m) – 48 km, easy
Hochwolkersdorf (625 m) – Mattersburg (256 m) – 17 km, easy

After town Mattersburg the route of the E4 leaves the Nordalpine Weitwanderweg 01, and goes on other paths further.

Mattersburg (256 m) – Rust (123 m) – 32 km, easy
Rust (123 m) – Drassburg (234 m) – 20 km, easy
Drassburg (234 m) – Kobersdorf (320 m) – 28 km, easy
Kobersdorf (320 m) – Hochstrass (421 m) – 25 km, easy
Hochstrass (421 m) – Köszeg (271 m, border crossing point in Hungary) – 17 km, easy

Remark:
Generally there are detours on the route of E4 to avoid the very difficult sections.
You can find map sketches and description about the whole route in the book "Vom Neusiedler See zum Bodensee – Nordalpiner Weitwanderweg 01" in German.

Continue 2:

Subalpine route
to: Salzburg
Through Allgäu and Upper Bavaria via Neuschwanstein, Unterammergau, Bavarian Lakes (04)
550 km
to: Wienerwald
via Salzkammergut (04)
550 km
to: Hainburg an der Donau
E Austrian border path (07)
150 km

Hungary

On the route of the Országos Kéktúra (National Blue Trail) – 1118 km
Through the Little Hungarian Plain and along the Transdanubian Mountains and the North Hungarian Mountains.

Town Kőszeg (border crossing point) – peak of Irottkő – town Sárvár through the Mountains of Kőszeg and the Little Hungarian Plain – 70 km
Town Sárvár – town Sümeg through the Little Hungarian Plain – 70 km
Town Sümeg – town Keszthely and Lake Balaton through the Highland of Balaton – 47 km
Town Keszthely – town Tapolca – village Nagyvázsony through the Basin of Tapolca and the Highland of Balaton. On the basin the path climbs almost every spent volcano: Badacsony, Gulács, Csobánc and Szent György Mountain – 83 km
Village Nagyvázsony – village Városlőd – town Zirc – village Bodajk through the Bakony Mountains – 118 km
Village Bodajk – village Szárliget through the Vértes Mountains – 48 km
Village Szárliget – town Dorog through the Hilly Country of Gerecse – 67 km
Town Dorog – Budapest through the Pilis Mountains and Mountains of Buda – 40 km
Budapest – peak of Dobogókö (700 m) – village Visegrád, Danube Bend through the Buda and Pilis Mountains – 61 km
Village Visegrád – village Nagymaros – with ferry across the Danube
Village Nagymaros – peak of Hegyes-kö (centre mountain of Danube Bend) – village Kóspallag – peak of Csóványos (938 m) – village Nógrád through the Börzsöny Mountains – 38 km
Village Nógrád – village Becske – village Hollókő, it is a World Heritage Site – village Mátraverebély through the Hilly Country of Cserhát – 119 km
Village Mátraverebély – peak of Galyatetö – peak of Kékestető, 1014 m, the highest point of Hungary – village Sirok – village Szarvaskő through the Mátra Mountains – 65 km
Village Szarvaskő – village Bélapátfalva – village Bánkút – village Putnok – through the Bükk Mountains – 55 km
Village Putnok – village Aggtelek, its stalactite cave is a World Heritage Site – village Bódvaszilas through the Hilly Country of Aggtelek – 62 km
Village Bódvaszilas – village Boldogkőváralja through the Hilly Country of Cserehát – 65 km
Village Boldogkőváralja – town Sátoraljaújhely through the Zemplén Mountains – 55 km

In Sátoraljaújhely the route of the E4 leaves the path of the National Blue Trail and goes further on the route of Blue Tour of the Plain

On the route of Alföldi Kéktúra (Blue Tour of the Plain) – 262 km
Through the Great Hungarian Plain

Town Sátoraljaujhely – town Kisvárda – 63 km
Town Kisvárda – town Nyirbátor – 46 km
Town Nyirbátor – town Bánk – 75 km
Town Bánk – village Nagykereki – 78 km

After village Nagykereki the E4 leaves the path of Alföldi Kéktúra and goes to village Ártánd (border crossing point) – appr. 6 km

Remark:
You can find detailed hiker maps and travelogues about the section of the Országos Kéktúra in Hungarian in the following books:
Az Országos Kéktúra Írottkötöl Budapest, Hüvösvölgyig
Az Országos Kéktúra Budapest, Hüvösvölgytöl Hollóházáig

There are websites of Hungarian hikers about the completion of the Országos Kéktúra:
 Hörpölin&son's website about the Blue Tour – in English with travelogues and more than 1000 photos

Romania
The route of the E4 through Romania is not yet clearly defined. No organization is responsible for the trail's upkeep in Romania.

Serbia
As an alternative to Romania a route for the E4 through Serbia has been described by the Serbian Mountain Association (Planinarski Savez Srbije). This starts from border post from Hungary at the Serbian village of Dala. To reach this point in Hungary the route continues along the Alföldi Kéktúra from Nagykereki to Szeged. In Serbia the E4 crosses Vojvodina to reach Belgrade then follows the River Danube and various mountain ranges to the Bulgarian border at Dimitrovgrad, Serbia. The E4 has not been defined between the Serbian border and Sofia but the Sultans Trail route can be followed.
The trail in Serbia is not waymarked and the published booklet does not describe the route in detail.

Bulgaria

In Bulgaria, the marked trail begins on the village square of the Sofia suburb of Dragalevtsi. It passes the terminals of the Dragalevtsi chairlift, the ski resort Aleko and the highest peak of the Vitosha mountains, Cherni Vrah, and then leads down the other side of Vitosha, through the Verila hills to Rila.

In the Rila and Pirin Mountains, it is not marked as such, but the main trail leading through those mountains, marked in red, should be followed. Coming from Verila, the trail enters Rila following the Saparevska Vada irrigation ditch. It passes through the Seven Rila Lakes area and then climbs onto the ridge passing Malyovitsa peak. It continues via the shelter Kobilino Branishte, the hut at Ribni Ezera and the hut Macedonia towards the Predel saddle which separates Rila from Pirin.

From Predela, it reaches the main ridge of Pirin via the hut Yavorov and follows it via the three highest peaks of Pirin (Banski Suhodol, Kutelo and Vihren) and the ridge Koncheto, before descending to the Vihren refuge. It continues on the ridge  until the Vinarska Porta saddle, and then runs along Tevno Lake and down the Zhelezina stream towards Pirin hut. From there it is the only marked trail leading through the Central Pirin range, passing the peak Orelyak and the hut Popovi Livadi. It ends at Gotsev Vrah of the Slavyanka mountain at the Greek border, where trails lead down to Petrovo, where a bus to Kulata on the border can be taken (via Sandanski). Total length within Bulgaria is 250 km.

Responsible organisation(s): - (BTU): Tourist Union
Publication(s): Series of 5 maps with text in Bulgarian, German and English from BTU
The following (commercial) site provides much free helpful information about hiking in the mountains of Bulgaria: http://www.bghike.com/
Useful article about the Bulgarian sections of E3, E4 and E8: http://bulguides.com/long-distance-paths/
Online map with marked tourists paths, which can also find your current location, provided you have mobile coverage: https://map.bgmountains.org/

Greece

Introduction
An overview of walking in Greece, including sections of E4, can be found in Trekking in Greece (2018) by Tim Salmon and Michael Cullen and there is a guide book in German to the E4 in the Peloponnese by Rolf Roost (see bibliography). However, additional, current local information should be sought whenever possible and while a route exists from the Bulgarian border to the foot of the Peloponnese peninsula, it may be inadequately marked. E4 continues, via ferry from Yithio (Gythio), through Crete. E4 had originally been planned to start out from North Macedonia rather than Bulgaria.

The Greek National Tourist Office suggest that: "The E4 is ideal for hiking from May 15 until early October". However, spring comes to the Peloponnese in April, and "in northern parts and at the higher altitudes ... in June and even July". The north can still be rainy in May, but it should be more settled in Central Greece and the Peloponnese by early May. "There can be snow above 1600-1800m and on north-facing slopes until mid- to late May, [though] not enough to trouble experienced winter hill-walkers". Snow may be a problem on Mount Olympus until mid-June. The Tourist Office comments further: "The areas have a typical Mediterranean climate, with warm dry summers and considerable differences in day and night temperatures. Snowfall starts in November and snow is likely to linger into June".

A walk can take longer than anticipated because of poor way marking, or because paths are blocked, or dangerously eroded, and streams and rivers may be impassable. Walkers should therefore be prepared for long diversions, and never presume that you will reach the intended destination, including the final one, on time, or on a specific day. Flexible planning is advisable. Some sections follow paved roads, but there should be little traffic, in the spring and autumn.

Accommodation is not available every night, so that lightweight camping, or bivouac gear, is necessary, as well as several days supply of food. The Peloponnese "has the advantage of board and lodging for every night of the 14 days that it takes". Bears and wolves are found in the far north of Greece, "but you are much more likely to see signs of their presence than ever catch a glimpse of them". However, the safely guidelines for hiking in bear country should be followed, especially with regard to the storing of food. The Cicerone guide offers invaluable advice on sleeping and eating. In spring, in some areas, there may be springs and/or fast flowing streams, though ample reserves of water should still be carried. With regard to accommodation maps should not be trusted and even if there is a hotel it may only open in July and August, or at weekends. Mountain refuges may not be open. Coffee shops may provide simple meals. Some mountain villages are uninhabited in the winter and will only begin to come alive again after Easter, and not fully until high summer.

The Hellenic Federation of Mountaineering and Climbing is the  organisation, along with associated clubs, which has established and maintains E4, and it has published a leaflet about E4 with text in English, French and German, as well as descriptions of E4 and E6, with maps, in English and German.

Addresses
Hellenic Federation of Mountaineering and Climbing, 5 Milioni Street, GR-10673 Athina.
Hellenic Alpine Club Acharnon, Philadelphias Street 12, GR-13671 Acharnas.

Bibliography
 Tim Salmon, Michael Cullen, Trekking in Greece: The Peloponnese and Pindos Way. Cicerone, 2018
 Rolf Roost, Griechenland: E4 Pelopnnes (Conrad Stein, 2007)The Rough Guide to Greece. Latest edition.Greece (Lonely Planet). Latest edition.
Marc S. Dubin, Greece on Foot (1986). Long out of print.
John Hillaby, Journey to the Gods (1991). A long walk in Greece by a renowned British walker. It should be obtainable.
 Loraine Wilson, The High Mountains of Crete: The White Mountains and South Coast, Psiloritis and Lassithi.
Gert Hirner and Jakob Murböck, Walking Guide: Crete West (Rother Guides). Originally in German.
By a Collective, Walking Guide: Crete East'' (Rother Guides). Originally in German.

Maps
Maps from Anavasi cover much of the route and some can be bought with a guide book, including the Taygetos 1:50,000 sheet.

Route of E4 in mainland Greece
From Kulata (Bulgaria) the way crosses the border to Promachon (Promachonas). The route was originally planned to cross from North Macedonia to Florina.

Waymarking
Aluminum signs: on white background a yellow rhombus with black outline, with the words E4/6 in black. Coloured signs on rocks and trees: white background, a yellow parallelogram on the left and a black on the right.

Placenames
Because of the transliteration from the Greek alphabet, the spelling of place names can be confusing (some places also have an official and a local, or old, name).

Northern Greece
Promachon (Promachonas),  Rodhopoli, Doirani,  Archangelos, Pella, Loutraki, Skopos, Florina (300 km).

Nymphaeo, Amyntaeo (Amyndeo),  Rizomata, Dion, Litochoro (Litohoro), Olympus, Kokkinopilos,  Meteora,  Agrafa, Krassochori, Viviani (Viniani).

Central Greece
Karpenissi, Artotina, Kaloskopi, Delfi (Delphi), Itea (900 km, from Florina)

Peloponnese

Diakofto, Kalavryta, Daras, Vytina, Tripoli, Ano Doliana, Sparti, Mystras, Refuge of Taygetos, Kastania, Gythio[n] (Yithio) (300 km).
Ferry to  Kastelli Kissamou, Crete.

Crete
The first organized mapping and signage effort of the whole E4 in Crete was made by Giorgis N. Petrakis (Architect - Spatial Planner - Cartographer), and some indicative information on the segments of the trail can be found at : http://www.destinationcrete.gr/en/explore-the-island/e4-at-crete

Cyprus

Introduction
This new section of the E4 was inaugurated in 2005, and is 539 km long.  It connects Larnaka and Pafos international airports,  traversing the Troodos mountain range and Akamas peninsula. A brochure has been published by the Cyprus Tourist Organisation (for online information, see external links above).

In 2014 the Orientaction club produced 1/25000 hiking maps of the mountainous region of Cyprus which include a large part of the E4 trail.

References

External links
 E4 - map and information by the European Ramblers' Association
 A detailed description by John Hayes the first person complete the E4 from Tarifa to Budapest
 Waymarked Trails
 The Hungarian section of the E4 long distance path (Hörpölin&son's Blue Tour Website)
 E4 in Serbia
 Destination Crete - E4 Crete
 E4 Crete
 Map and description of E4 in Crete
 www.e4-peloponnes.info
 E4 in Cyprus

Hiking trails in France
Hiking trails in Switzerland
Hiking trails in Germany
European long-distance paths

E4 European long distance path


Gaius Iulius Vindex was a Roman governor who is famous for rebelling in 67/68AD against the Emperor Nero.

Vindex was the governor of a province in Gaul (modern-day France). He rebelled against Nero's high taxes. In order to become more powerful, he allied with the governor of Hispania (modern-day Spain), Galba (who would become ruler during the "year of the four emperors").

Vindex was killed in battle by Rufus, the governor of Germania (modern-day Germany), however, when Nero killed himself and Galba became emperor (June 68AD), Galba made coins dedicated to Vindex.

Roman people
68 deaths
Gaul

Vindex


Thallium(I) sulfate, also known as thallous sulfate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl2SO4. It has thallium and sulfate ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Thallium(I) sulfate is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is very toxic, though. It dissolves easily in water and is similar to potassium sulfate.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving thallium ore or thallium metal in sulfuric acid.

Uses
It was used in rat poison, but since it is so similar to other chemicals, it poisoned some people and was outlawed. It was also used for some medicines before it was found that it was too toxic. It stops plants from germinating. It is the main source of thallium in the laboratory and is used to make thallium(I) sulfide.

Toxicity
Thallium sulfate, like all thallium compounds, is very toxic. This is because the size of the thallium ion is very similar to the size of the potassium ion. After it goes into the cells, it cannot be used like potassium is used and so kills the cell. It also gets absorbed through the skin. Eating more than 1/2 gram can kill. It gets deposited in the kidney, liver, brain, and similar places. It has been blamed for the extinction of the Brown Fish Owl.

Related pages
Thallium(I) chloride
Thallium(III) halide
Thallium(III) oxide

Thallium compounds
Sulfur compounds

Thallium(I) sulfate


The Redstone Acceleration & Innovation Network (TRAIN) is an organization launched by FasterCures in 2004 established to create opportunities for medical research organizations to discuss and overcome research challenges that cut across all diseases. TRAIN brings together nonprofit disease research organizations to share information, as well as promote collaboration and innovation in disease research. Headed by FasterCures, TRAIN asserts that collaboration is crucial for efficient biomedical advancement. Participating researchers discuss successes, failures, and best practices that provide lessons learned and valuable ideas that could be scaled up to amplify productivity.

Originally named "The Research Acceleration & Innovation Network," TRAIN was renamed to "The Redstone Acceleration & Innovation Network" in order to honor a generous grant contribution from Sumner Redstone and the Sumner M. Redstone Charitable Foundation.

Participating research organizations
Accelerate Brain Cancer Cure
Accelerated Cure Project for Multiple Sclerosis
Alliance for Aging Research
Alpha-1 Foundation
ALS Therapy Development Institute
Autism Speaks
Ben & Catherine Ivy Foundation
Bonnie J. Addario Lung Cancer Foundation
Cure Alzheimer's Fund
CureDuchenne
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
The Epilepsy Therapy Development Project
FastForward, LLC (National MS Society)
Focused Ultrasound Surgery Foundation
Foundation Fighting Blindness
Foundation for Accelerated Vascular Research
Hydrocephalus Association
Institute for OneWorld Health
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
Lance Armstrong Foundation
Leukemia & Lymphoma Society
Life Raft Group
Lymphoma Research Foundation
Melanoma Research Alliance
Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
MPD Foundation
Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation
Myelin Repair Foundation
Pancreatic Cancer Action Network
Parkinson's Action Network
Prostate Cancer Foundation
Susan G. Komen for the Cure
TGen

References
Altevogt, Bruce, Sarah Hanson and Lori Nadig. Venture Philanthropy Strategies to Support Translational Research. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. 2009 February 25.
Rimer, Skip. "Sumner M. Redstone Charitable Foundation Awards $35 Million Grant to FasterCures/The Center for Accelerating Medical Solutions." Milken Institute. 2007 April 19. Retrieved 2009 July 1.
"Sumner M. Redstone Commits $105 Million to Fund Cancer and Burn Recovery Research and Patient Care." RedOrbit News. 18 April 2007. Retrieved 2009 July 1. http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/906598/sumner_m_redstone_commits_105_million_to_fund_cancer_and/index.html
"A 'Younger' Redstone Makes a Commitment." OnPhilanthropy News. April 25, 2007. Retrieved 2009 July 1. http://flip.onphilanthropy.com/news_onphilanthropy/2007/04/a_younger_redst.html

External links
FasterCures website
The Milken Institute website

Medical and health organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Health care quality
Organizations established in 2004


A resonator is something that resonates.  This may make a particular frequency of a sound or other vibration become bigger.

Electromagnetics

In electromagnetics a cavity resonator is a resonator composed of a space that is usually surrounded by a dielectric or metal which allows standing wave patterns at particular frequencies, eigenmodes, correlated to their size, shape, and material.

Music
Most musical instruments have resonators.  They are the parts which makes the sound louder.  A vibraphone, for example, has long tubes underneath the keys.  It also has a special effect: a mechanism which, when it is turned on, opens and shuts the resonators very quickly so that a trembling sound is heard.

The body of a violin is a resonator: without the body the sound of the string vibrating would hardly be heard, just as the sound of an elastic band stretched between two fingers can hardly be heard.

Musical instrument construction
Physics

Resonator


16 was a fan magazine published in New York City.

Origins
Founded in 1956, the first issue of 16 hit the newsstands in May 1957, with Elvis Presley on the cover.

Its longtime editor-in-chief, former fashion model and subscriptions clerk Gloria Stavers, transformed 16 from a standard general-interest movie magazine into a major fan magazine focused on the preteen female as its primary reader base. Stavers was editor from 1958 until 1975. She chose to cater to that particular demographic because of the many fan letters she had read from girls aged nine through 12 writing to popular celebrities in care of the magazine, and she remembered how she felt at that age and developed a formula to increase readership in that demographic.

Content

16s covers attracted readers by featuring sensational and hyperbole-laden headlines such as "The Day He Almost DIED!", head shots of various male entertainers, and very whimsical artwork. Although the articles were printed on newsprint, 16 featured colorful, glossy pin-up poster art.

Until the 1970s, most of the pin-ups of the celebrities were kept clean-cut, but 16 began to increasingly sexualize the posters they featured, in keeping with the more permissive times. 16 magazine also often offered contests that would award the winner an opportunity to meet with their favorite performer.

Most of the articles and features tended to lean on the lighter side. Rather than asking the artist serious questions about musical influences and social issues, it would offer the readers interviews asking a celebrity about his favorite color or meal, or would have him describe his "ideal girl" or dream date. If he was married, in a long-term relationship, or not heterosexual in orientation, that information was kept out of the magazine, as was any news about the celebrity that even hinted at scandal.

Stavers also attempted to expand the perception of teen idols by featuring such unlikely candidates as Star Trek actor Leonard Nimoy and shock rock pioneer Alice Cooper.

In 1997, in honor of its 40th year of publication, former 16 magazine editors Randi Reisfeld and music critic Danny Fields published the commemorative book "Who's Your Fave Rave?", a retrospective of 16 and a biography of its long-time editor styled to resemble an issue of the magazine. There was also an accompanying CD of the same name, featuring many of the pop acts promoted in the magazine throughout the years.

No-advertising policy

Despite the lack of serious journalistic content and fierce competition from Tiger Beat and other celebrity magazines, 16 remained the top-selling teen celebrity magazine for many years.

For at least 30 years of its publication, 16 magazine was entirely self-supporting. In 2001, 16 became part of Primedia's Teen Magazines groups and is considered a monthly "specials" issue focusing on a specific topic or act.

Despite this, no regular or special issue of 16 magazine was seen or published since, including online.  By this time, newer teen magazines had taken over, such as J14, M Magazine, Popstar! Magazine, and the resurrected Tiger Beat.

Celebrities featured and promoted in 16 magazine

1950s
In the 1950s, some of the teen idols featured in the pages of 16 magazine included Elvis Presley, Paul Anka, Dion, and Mousketeer Annette Funicello.

1960s
During the 1960s, 16 magazine introduced its readers to a variety of rock and roll/pop music acts, referred to by the editor and readers as "Faves". Some of those acts include The Beatles, Herman's Hermits, Paul Revere and the Raiders, The Monkees, The Cowsills, Jim Morrison, and The Doors. The appearance of the "faves" was highly selective. Some acts such as The Rolling Stones and The Beach Boys received very little coverage in comparison to other bands, and many of the popular Motown acts were virtually ignored.

1970s
In the 1970s, 16 began focusing primarily on bubblegum and pop acts, such as the Osmond Brothers (with particular emphasis on Donny Osmond), David Cassidy, Bobby Sherman, The Bay City Rollers, Rick Springfield, Jack Wild, Kiss and others. Female celebrities rarely appeared on its covers, but from time to time, a female star such as Susan Dey, Peggy Lipton, Maureen McCormick, or Karen Carpenter might write the occasional beauty or dating advice column.

1980s and beyond
During the 1980s and well into the 1990s, 16 continued to serve up one "boy band" after another, from new wave artists like Duran Duran to N'Sync. However, Destiny's Child broke the racial and gender barrier when they appeared on the cover.

See also

 Seventeen

References

External links
  About 16 magazine and how it was viewed in the industry
 Gloria Stavers and 16 Magazine

Celebrity magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Entertainment magazines published in the United States
Fanzines
Magazines disestablished in 2001
Magazines established in 1956
Magazines published in New York City
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Teen magazines

16 (magazine)


Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira () (born 17 May 1952 in Cambrils, Catalonia, Spain) is a Spanish politician. He was the Vice-president of the Catalan Government from 2006 to 2010. From 1996 to 2008 he was the leader of the Republican Left of Catalonia (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC).
ERC campaigns for Catalonia's independence from Spain and, secondarily, extend it to other Catalan Countries, the whole Catalan linguistic domain.

He was one of the two Vice Presidents of the Catalan autonomous government formed after the 2006 Catalan regional election. He now serves as vice president of the Ramon Llull Foundation. Previously, after the previous 2003 cabinet, he was appointed First Minister (Catalan: conseller en cap) of the Generalitat de Catalunya. After his, at times, controversial style, eventually the other partners in the cabinet forced him to resign after his action culminated in a secret meeting with representatives of the Basque separatist group ETA, which was leaked to the press; this was followed by general political pressure asking for his resignation.

Education and professional background
Carod-Rovira received a bachelor's degree in Catalan Philology from the UB. He then enrolled as a teacher of the Catalan language at the University School of Tarragona (from 1978 to 1982). In the University world, he was also professor and vice president of the Catalan Summer University (Universitat Catalana d'Estiu) between 1986 and 1995. Before this, he also worked as Head Technician of Generalitat's linguistic planning policy (1981–1988) and headed the Cultural Territorial Services of the Generalitat at Tarragona (1982 to 1984).

Civic background

Carod-Rovira has been involved in several civic organisations, among which are Òmnium Cultural (member of its board between 1986 and 1995 and president of its Tarragonès division), Llull-Federació d'Entitats dels Països Catalans (member of its board between 1991–1995), the castellers association Colla Jove Xiquets de Tarragona (colla means association), the Catalan Language Writers Association, the PEN Club of Catalonia and the Societat Catalana d'Onomàstica.

As a writer, he has published Rovira i Virgili i la qüestió nacional (1994), Marcel·lí Domingo, de l'escola a la República (1988), Tornar amb la gent (1997), Jubilar la Transició (1998), El futur a les mans (2003) and La nova Catalunya (2003). He also has contributed in the Catalans from America Dictionary and in the book America and Catalonia, as well as several encyclopedias and specialized magazines. He has won several awards for historical essays and journalism.

Political background
He was actively involved in the fight against the authoritarian government of Franco and was jailed in 1973 when the 113 members of the Permanent Board of Assembly of Catalonia were arrested and the board was dissolved. Before entering, in 1987, ERC, he was an active member of the Socialist National Liberation Party (PSAN) between 1970 and 1977 and of the Left Nationalists (NE) between 1980 and 1986. Carod-Rovira also wrote the Resolution about the right to self-determination of the Catalan Nation in 1989.

Carod-Rovira was first elected General Secretary of ERC in November 1996, in the 21st National Congress of the party at Vilafranca del Penedès. He was reelected in Girona (22nd National Congress) by July 1998 and in Tarragona (23rd National Congress) by March 2001.

Carod-Rovira is president of ERC since its 24th National Congress, held in Lleida on 3 and 4 July 2004.

After the Catalan elections in 2003, he achieved the position of First Minister of the Catalan government between December 2003 and January 2004 in the coalition government led by socialist Pasqual Maragall, when he was forced to resign over his secret meeting with ETA. He subsequently became a candidate for the Spanish Congress of Deputies in the elections of March 2004 and his party got 8 seats and almost quadrupled its popular support. This represented a major boost for ERC, which had had at most one seat since the establishment of the Spanish modern democracy in 1979. After the elections, Carod-Rovira asked for its substitution as a Deputy and remained in the Catalan Parliament.

Institutional background
Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira has been deputy at the Parliament of Catalonia since 1988 and also was First Minister of the Generalitat de Catalunya between December 2003 and January 2004. He was the Vice President of the Catalan Government in the eighth constituency.

References

External links
 Personal webpage (in Catalan)
 Deputy webpage (in Catalan)

1952 births
Living people
People from Baix Camp
Republican Left of Catalonia politicians
Presidents of the Republican Left of Catalonia
Members of the Parliament of Catalonia
First Ministers of Generalitat de Catalunya
General Secretaries of the Republican Left of Catalonia
Vice Presidents of Catalonia
Members of the 5th Parliament of Catalonia

Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira


Symptoms are used in diagnosis. The term is used in medicine, and in other fields such as fault-finding in engineering.

In medicine, it refers to things the patient feels or notices. It contrasts with signs, which are changes which a doctor sees in a patient. What a patient feels is subjective, whereas what a doctor sees is objective.

In diagnosis, all symptoms and signs are brought together to make a hypothesis as to what is going wrong. This might suggest further investigation or treatment. A complete investigation ends with a diagnosis that  summarizes all this.

 Pain is a symptom, and red color a sign, of a skin burn.
 Feeling sick is a symptom, and vomiting and diarrhea are signs, of food poisoning, cholera and other causes.
 Pain in the chest is a symptom, and cyanosis (blue color of skin) is a sign, of heart disease.
 Headaches, aching muscles and nausea are symptoms of influenza.

Similar terms
Symptomatic: having or showing symptoms.
Asymptomatic: not showing symptoms.
Asymptomatic carrier has the disease but shows no symptoms.

Symptom


Moraine State Park is a Pennsylvania state park on  in Brady, Clay, Franklin, Muddy Creek, and Worth townships in Butler County, Pennsylvania.

The park includes a man-made lake, Lake Arthur, formed by impounding Muddy Creek, which is  and is used for recreational purposes. The surrounding park is used for hiking, bicycling, group camping, picnicking, and hunting. Moraine State Park hosts the annual Regatta at Lake Arthur in August. The park was the location of the 1973 and 1977 National Scout Jamborees. Moraine State Park is at the intersection of Interstate 79 and U.S. Route 422 and shares a border with Jennings Environmental Education Center to the north.

Moraine State Park was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) and its Bureau of State Parks as one of "25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks".

History
Moraine State Park is named for the glacial moraines that cover its land. The moraines were formed at the conclusion of the Last glacial period, a time when glaciers covered much of North America. A tongue of the glacier reached into Pennsylvania and, as the ice receded, left deposits of gravel, sand and clay. These created a landscape of gently rolling hills.

The Erie was the area's dominant Indian tribe until they were all but wiped out by the Iroquois during the Beaver Wars of the 1600s. The French and Dutch demand for beaver pelts gave rise to great struggles for control of the territory between Indian nations as well as later open conflict between the British and French.

English Settlers followed French fur trappers into the Moraine State Park area during the 1700s. George Washington travelled through the park area while he was a young colonel with the Virginia Militia in his attempt to notify the French the area was claimed by the English.  Washington most likely stayed twice within park boundaries and was shot at and narrowly escaped being killed by an Indian just south of the park. There is a Pre-Revolutionary cabin behind the Davis Hollow Marina that is the headquarters of the Pennsylvania Chapter of the North Country Trail Association. Visitors may still book an overnight stay at the cabin.

Nearby historic structures also include Old Stone House, a historic tavern and trading stop that has been turned into a museum by Slippery Rock University. McConnell's Mill is a rustic early American grist mill and central attraction at neighboring McConnell's Mill State Park.

Farmers cleared the land of trees and drained the swamps, but farming was difficult due to the glacial till beneath the shallow soil. Other settlers turned to the natural resources left by the glaciers and mined sand and gravel deposits. Limestone and clay mines were opened in the area; shale was discovered and was mined, as well as bituminous coal. Coal mining was a profitable enterprise and seven coal beds were deep mined and later strip mined. Later still, wells were drilled to extract oil and natural gas from deep within the Earth. When the mines were cleared and the wells tapped out, the land was left barren. Since the mines were left uncapped, the topsoil eroded from the land.

The rebirth of the land in and surrounding Moraine State Park can be tied to the efforts of Frank W. Preston who moved to nearby Meridian in 1926. He had emigrated from England to establish a glass research lab. In addition to his work with glass, Preston was also a geologist and naturalist. On a trip to the Muddy Creek Valley he noticed that, despite the barren landscape that had been left by the oil wells and strip mines, the valley had a rich natural history of moraines. Preston worked to form the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, which used acquired the land which became Moraine State Park, recreated the glacial landscape and preserved open spaces. Muddy Creek was dammed to form Lake Arthur.

The Western Pennsylvania Conservancy worked with the state to reclaim the land. The mines were sealed, over 400 oil and gas wells were capped, and the land that had been stripped was covered again with back fill, and graded to resemble its former condition.  The soil was specially treated with fertilizer to allow for the growth of thousands of trees, shrubs and grasses. Lake Arthur was completed in 1970 with the opening of Moraine State Park on May 23, 1970.

Environment
Moraine State Park is part of the Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests ecoregion.

Recreation

Hunting
Hunting is permitted on  of Moraine State Park. Hunters are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the Pennsylvania Game Commission. The common game species are ruffed grouse, waterfowl, squirrels, pheasants, bear, turkey, white-tailed deer, and rabbits. The hunting of groundhogs is not permitted at the park.

Lake Arthur
Lake Arthur  is open for year-round recreational enjoyment. It is the home of the Lake Arthur Sailing Club and the Regatta at Lake Arthur. In addition to sailing, the lake is a popular fishing destination, and it has two swimming beaches. Osprey and bald eagles have made nests in the tree tops along Lake Arthur since the mid-1990s.

All boats up to  are permitted on Lake Arthur. All powered boats are prohibited in the Game Propagation Area. Sailing is an especially popular activity. Races and regattas are held over the course of the summers. Sailboats, rowboats, kayaks, motorboats, canoes, and pontoon boats are available to rent in the Crescent Bay Area. There are two fueling points for power boats. Tenants pay to keep boats at the park's two marinas. Davis Hollow houses both pontoons and sailboats, while Watts Bay houses sailboats and catamarans. Both marinas are on the North Shore. All boats must have a current registration from any state or a launch permit from the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. The lake is open to ice boating during the winter months. Ice boats must display a state park launch permit.

The Moraine Preservation Fund operates a Passenger boat available for tours and dinner cruises of Lake Arthur.  The organization also operates a gift shop and has been responsible for re-establishing many bird species, environmental education programs and attaining additional land for the park.

A section of the lake near Barber's Point is very popular for windsurfing. This is due to the higher than normal winds and relatively low boat traffic. All windsurfers are required to have a launch permit. Windsurfing lessons are available.

Lake Arthur is a warm water fishery. The native fish species are largemouth bass, bluegill, black crappie and channel catfish. The fish commission stocks  a population of walleye, muskellunge, and striped bass. All anglers are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. Lake Arthur is open during the winter months for ice fishing.

Two beaches at Moraine State Park are open for swimming daily, Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend from 11:00am until 7:00pm. Pleasant Valley Beach on the south shore is a 1,200 foot (365 m) grass and sand beach. It has a paved path that leads into the water and a sand volleyball court is nearby. Lakeview Beach on the north shore is a  long sand beach. Each beach has a bathhouse with showers and a snack stand.

Trails
The trails at Moraine State Park are all open to hiking. Some are also open to equestrian, cross-country skiing, bicycles, and mountain bikes. The North Country Trail which begins near Lake Champlain in New York passes through the park on its way to Lake Sakakawea in North Dakota. The Butler chapter of the North Country Trail Association maintains the Davis Hollow Cabin, a historic settler's cabin that hikers stop at to sleep and eat.

Hilltop Trail is a "moderate" hiking trail,  long. It is marked with green blazes. The trail begins and ends near the Bear Run Boat Launch. The trail is bumpy and grassy in sections before rising to steeper areas. It passes through different stages of forest regeneration, past bluebird houses and the remnants of a spring house. The trail is located on the South Shore,
Sunken Garden Trail is a "moderate" hiking trail,  long. It is marked with pink blazes. The loop trail begins and ends near the Pleasant Valley Boat Launch. The trail passes through a large wetland area, a stand of White Pine, a small pond and along the edge of Lake Arthur. It is located on South Shore.
Pleasant Valley Trail is an "easy" hiking trail,  long. It is marked with yellow blazes. Pleasant Valley Trail passes over hills and through valleys on the South Shore of Lake Arthur.
Wyggeston Trail is a "moderate" to "difficult" hiking trail,  long.  It is marked with orange blazes. The trail begins just west of Pennsylvania Route 528 on Christley Road and ends at Old Route 422. The trail is rough and rocky and passes through an undeveloped part of the park that includes historic remnants of an old house foundation, stone fences, and a historic oil pump house.
Glacier Ridge Trail is a "difficult" hiking trail,  long. It is part of the North Country Trail and is marked with blue blazes. Glacier Ridge Trail connects Moraine State Park with the Jennings Environmental Education Center via the North Shore.
Five Points Trail is an "easy" hiking trail,  long. It is marked with light green blazes and is near Lakeview Beach and the cabins on the North Shore.

Cemeteries
Being a man-made lake, several properties were purchased by the government for the creation of the lake. Some of these properties contained burial plots. The most famous of these plots is Snyder Cemetery. The cemetery is known for its frequent hauntings that have been perceived by many different people. Other cemeteries in the area include: Davis Cemetery, Shaffer Cemetery, McCandless Cemetery, Robertson Cemetery, Horse Cemetery and many others.

Staying overnight
Guests interested in staying overnight at Moraine State Park have three options. A limited number of guests may use a shelter on the North Country Trail that is available on a reservation basis. Organized large groups, such as Boy Scouts can use one of two large group tenting area. Both areas lack showers, but they do have picnic tables, cooking grills and fresh water. There are eleven modern cabins available to rent at Moraine State Park. They are heated with electricity and sleep up to six people in two bedrooms. The cabins also have modern bathrooms, kitchens, a dining/living area and a dock on Lake Arthur. Renters need to bring their own bed linens, towels, cookware and tableware.

Winter recreation
Moraine State Park is open year-round, and it stays busy with visitors during the winter months. Pleasant Valley and Sunken Garden Trails are part of a larger network of trails open for cross-country skiing. There are approximately  of trails open to snowmobiling. Sledding is a very popular activity on the south shore near the Pleasant View Picnic Area. A section of Lake Arthur, near the Pleasant Valley Day Use Area is maintained for ice skating.

Nearby state parks
The following state parks neighbor or adjoin Moraine State Park:

Jennings Environmental Education Center (Butler County)
McConnells Mill State Park (Lawrence County)

References

External links

State parks of Pennsylvania
Protected areas established in 1970
Parks in Butler County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Butler County, Pennsylvania

Moraine State Park


The flag of Christmas Island was adopted in 1986. It was designed by Tony Couch of Sydney, Australia.

Symbol of the Island
The blue field means the sea that surrounds the island while the green field means the plants of the island. The southern cross appears in the blue field, showing Christmas Island's connection with Australia as well as its location in the southern hemisphere. The bird is a Golden Bosun, native to the island. The yellow disc means the island's history in mining. There is a map of the island in the centre of the disc.

History of the Flag

Creation
In 1986, the Christmas Island Assembly held a competition for people to create a flag and coat of arms for Christmas Island. There was a prize of 100$ for the winner. Around 69 entries were submitted to the competition. The winning submission was made by Tony Couch, a man who lived in Sydney. The new flag was announced on April 14, 1986 by the Christmas Island Assembly.

Use of the Flag
The flag became the official (government accepted) flag of Christmas Island on January 26, 2002. This day is also Australia Day.

British Antarctic Territory
Christmas Island
Christmas Island

Flag of Christmas Island


The Year of the Five Emperors refers to the year 193 AD, in which there were five claimants for the title of Roman Emperor. The five were Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus and Severus.

Pertinax

The year 193 opened with the murder of Commodus on New Year's Eve, 31 December 192. The City Prefect Pertinax was proclaimed Emperor on New Year's Day, 1 January 193.

Pertinax tried to restore discipline in the Praetorian Guard, and did not pay them what they had expected. He was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard on 28 March 193. They then auctioned off the post of Emperor.

Didius

Later that same day, Didius Julianus outmaneuvered Titus Flavius Sulpicianus (Pertinax's father-in-law and also the new City Prefect) for the title of Emperor. Flavius Sulpicianus offered to pay each soldier 20,000 sestertii to buy their loyalty (eight times their annual salary; also the same amount offered by Marcus Aurelius to secure their favours in 161). Didius Julianus however offered 25,000 to each soldier to win the auction and was proclaimed Emperor by the Roman Senate on 28 March.

Severus

However, three other prominent Romans challenged for the throne: Pescennius Niger in Syria, Clodius Albinus in Britain, and Severus in Pannonia.

Severus marched on Rome to oust Didius Julianus and had him decapitated on 1 June 193, then dismissed the Praetorian Guard and executed the soldiers who had killed Pertinax.

Consolidating his power, Severus battled Pescennius Niger at Cyzicus and Nicea in 193 and then defeated him at Issus in 194.

Clodius Albinus initially supported Septimius Severus believing that he would succeed him. When he realised that Severus had other intentions, Albinus had himself declared Emperor in 195 but was defeated by Severus at the Battle of Lugdunum on 19 February 197.

References

2nd-century Roman emperors
193

Year of the Five Emperors


Harran, also known as Carrhae, is a district of Şanlıurfa Province in the southeast of Turkey.

Harran is an ancient city which was a major Mesopotamian commercial, cultural, and religious center. It is a valuable archaeological site. It is often identified as the place in which Abraham lived before he reached Canaan.

The city was the chief home of the Mesopotamian moon-god Sin, under the Babylonians and even into Roman times.

Carrhae is an ancient town on the site that doesn't exist anymore. It gave its name to the Battle of Carrhae (53 BC), fought between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire.

Harran's ruins are from Roman, Sabian, and Islamic times. T. E. Lawrence surveyed the site, and an Anglo-Turkish excavation was begun in 1951.

References

 Chwolsohn, Daniil Abramovic, Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus, 2 vols. St. Petersburg, 1856. [Still a valuable reference and collection of sources]
 Green, Tamara, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran. Leiden, 1992.
 Heidemann, Stefan, Die Renaissance der Städte in Nordsyrien und Nordmesopotamien: Städtische Entwicklung und wirtschaftliche Bedingungen in ar-Raqqa und Harran von der beduinischen Vorherrschaft bis zu den Seldschuken (Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts 40). Leiden, 2002 .
 Rice, David Storm, "Medieval Harran. Studies on Its Topography and Monuments I", Anatolian Studies 2, 1952, pp. 36–84.

Other websites
 Pictures of the city
 More pictures
 Harran Guide and Photo Album
 Livius.org: Harran (Carrhae)

Cities in Turkey
Assyria

Harran


Vitaly Bugrov (Russian Виталий Иванович Бугров, 14 May 1938 – 23 June 1994) was a notable Russian science fiction editor, critic, and bibliographer, one of the founders of the Soviet science-fiction fandom.

For many years a science fiction editor of the "Uralsky Sledopyt" (Ural Pathfinder) magazine, Bugrov played the pivotal role in organizing Aelita conventions and establishing the Aelita award in 1980, the only Soviet science fiction award before Perestroika. His articles popularized the early history of science fiction and were collected into two books. Vitaly Bugrov compiled (with Igor Khalymbadzha) model bibliographies of pre-Revolutionary and early Soviet science fiction.

In the 1980s he was a co-winner, with Dmitri Bilenkin, of the Ivan Yefremov Award and won life achievement in the "Velikoye Koltso, The Great Ring Award."

The Bugrov Memorial Award for editorship, criticism, and bibliography in the field of science fiction was established in 2002.

Every year, immediately after the Aelita Science Fiction Convention, fans, writers, and editors visit his grave, clean it, and remember his achievements.

Web sources

Russian speculative fiction critics
Russian science fiction writers
1938 births
1994 deaths
Ural State University alumni

Vitaly Bugrov


Chrysiasis is a dermatological condition induced by the parenteral administration of gold salts, usually for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Such treatment has been superseded as the best practice for treating the disease because of "numerous side effects and monitoring requirements, their limited efficacy, and very slow onset of action".

Similar to silver, a gold preparation used parenterally for a long period may rarely produce a permanent skin pigmentation – especially if the skin is exposed to sunlight or artificial ultraviolet radiation.

The skin's pigmentation (in this condition) has been described as uniformly gray, grayish purple, slate gray, or grayish blue, and is usually limited to exposed portions of the body. It may involve the conjunctivae over the scleras but usually not the oral mucosa. Location of pigment predominantly in the upper dermis leads to the blue component of skin color through the scattering phenomenon. It is much less likely to be deposited in the nails and hair.

Chrysiasis was said to have been much more common when medicines containing traces of gold were used for treatment of tuberculosis (commonplace forms of treatment nearly fifty years ago). Treatments containing gold traces were also used to treat cases of rheumatoid arthritis – but because the dose used for tuberculosis was higher than for arthritis, it has not afflicted many subscribing to such treatments.

Gold can be identified in the skin chemically by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and spectroscopy.

There is no way to reverse or treat chrysiasis.

See also
 Colloidal gold
 Gold salts
 Gold toxicity
 Skin lesion

Notes

References
 Jeghers - New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 231: 122 & 181, 1944
 Scamberg - "Chrysoderma - A permanent gold staining of the skin". Archives of Dermatology & Syphilis, Vol. 18. 862, 1928
 The University of Massachusetts Online Article on Skin Pigmentation Disorders

External links

Gold
Disturbances of human pigmentation

Chrysiasis


In the context of the behaviour of animals, dominance means that one animal, or a small group has a high social status. Because of this status, these animals get better access to resources, such as food. Dominance (and submission, the contrary) is always linked to the relationship of two animals, one of them has a higher social status than the other.

Ethology
Psychology

Dominance (ethology)


Joseph E. Bogen, M.D. (July 13, 1926 – April 22, 2005) was a neurophysiologist who specialized in split brain research and focused on theories of consciousness. He was a clinical professor of neurosurgery at the University of Southern California, Adjunct Professor of Psychology at UCLA, and a visiting professor at Caltech.

Childhood, education and family
Joseph E. "Joe" Bogen was born on July 13, 1926, in Cincinnati, Ohio.

He was raised in Ohio, moved to Southern California at 16 and graduated from Monrovia High School, Monrovia, California in 1943. He began undergraduate studies at Caltech in 1943, but left to join the United States Navy in 1944. He was deployed to the South Pacific and was honorably discharged in 1946. He completed his undergraduate education at Whittier College and received a B.A. in Economics in 1949. He enrolled in the University of Cincinnati and UCLA, followed by the USC School of Medicine.

In 1955, he married the former Glenda A. Miksch, R.N. They had three children, a boy named Glenn David, who died in infancy, and two daughters, Meriel and Mira.

Dr. Bogen  received his M.D. from the University of Southern California in 1956. From 1956-57 he completed an internship in  Surgery at the New York Hospital Cornell, from 1957–58, he completed his residency in Surgery at that institution. From 1958-59, he was a Fellow in Medical Sciences at the  National Research Council. From 1959-63, he was a Resident in Neurosurgery,  at White Memorial Hospital. In 1966, he received his board certification and was a Diplomate, American Board of Neurological Surgery.

Split brain research
Bogen was part of a research team at Caltech with Roger Sperry and H. G. Gordon which conducted the first split brain study. His early surgical interventions to control epilepsy laid the foundation for the development of modern ideas about the unique identities of the right and left brains. His work played a crucial role in the development of the split-brain experiments that won Caltech's Roger Sperry the 1981 Nobel Prize in physiology.

Theories of consciousness
Bogen argued that consciousness is subjectivity, that looking for consciousness is like looking for the wind, you can only see its effects. Bogen suggested that scientists look for a center (a nucleus) that has distributivity (i.e. widespread inward and outward connectivity) as a site that produces subjectivity as consciousness.

At the time of his death, Bogen had been researching the site in the brain where consciousness is located and was preparing a book about his findings.

Bogen lent his expertise in Wernicke's area to American psychologist Julian Jaynes (1920–97), assisting Jaynes in the development of the bicameral mentality hypothesis in 1976.

Popular culture

Bogen is quoted in Philip K. Dick's 1977 novel, A Scanner Darkly.
The software development book, Python For Unix and Linux System Administration was dedicated to him, by a co-author whom he mentored.
Bogen is quoted in James T. de Kay's 1979 Graphic Novel, The Natural Superiority of The Left-Hander.

Publications
Voluminous list of books and journal articles:
1954-1987
1988-2005
Co-Author Bogen, Joseph and Glenda, De Zure, R., Tenhouten, W.D., a... THE OTHER SIDE OF THE BRAIN

References

External links
Joe Bogen's Caltech Homepage
Bogen's Curriculum Vitae
PBS Interviews
 https://www.closertotruth.com/roundtables/consciousness-definablehttps://www.closertotruth.com/roundtables/consciousness-definable

1926 births
2005 deaths
American cognitive neuroscientists
American consciousness researchers and theorists
Keck School of Medicine of USC alumni
Whittier College alumni

Joseph Bogen


The Denver Post is a daily newspaper and website published in Denver, Colorado.  it has an average print circulation of 57,265. In 2016, its website received roughly six million monthly unique visitors generating more than 13 million page views, according to comScore.

Ownership

The Post was the flagship newspaper of MediaNews Group Inc., founded in 1983 by William Dean "Dinky" Singleton and Richard Scudder. MediaNews is today one of the nation's largest newspaper chains, publisher of 61 daily newspapers and more than 120 non-daily publications in 13 states. MediaNews bought The Denver Post from the Times Mirror Co. on December 1, 1987. Times Mirror had bought the paper from the heirs of founder Frederick Gilmer Bonfils in 1980.

Since 2010, The Denver Post has been owned by hedge fund Alden Global Capital, which acquired its bankrupt parent company, MediaNews Group. In April 2018, a group called "Together for Colorado Springs" said that it was raising money to buy the Post from Alden Global Capital, stating: "Denver deserves a newspaper owner who supports its newsroom."

History

In August 1892, The Evening Post was founded by supporters of Grover Cleveland with $50,000. It was a Democratic paper used to publicize political ideals and stem the number of Colorado Democrats leaving the party. Cleveland had been nominated for president because of his reputation for honest government.

However, Cleveland and eastern Democrats opposed government purchase of silver, Colorado's most important product, which made Cleveland unpopular in the state. Following the bust of silver prices in 1893, the country and Colorado went into a depression and The Evening Post suspended publication in August 1893.

A new group of owners with similar political ambitions raised $100,000 and resurrected the paper in June 1894. On October 28, 1895, Harry Heye Tammen, former bartender and owner of a curio and souvenir shop, and Frederick Gilmer Bonfils, a Kansas City real estate and lottery operator, purchased the Evening Post for $12,500. Neither had newspaper experience, but they were adept at the business of promotion and finding out what people wanted to read.

Through the use of sensationalism, editorialism, and "flamboyant circus journalism", a new era began for the Post. Circulation grew and eventually passed the other three daily papers combined. On November 3, 1895 the paper's was name changed to Denver Evening Post. On January 1, 1901 the word "Evening" was dropped from the name and the paper became The Denver Post.

20th and early 21st centuries
Among well-known Post reporters were Gene Fowler, Frances Belford Wayne, and "sob sister" Polly Pry. Damon Runyon worked briefly for the Post in 1905–1906 before gaining fame as a writer in New York.

After the deaths of Tammen and Bonfils in 1924 and 1933, Helen and May Bonfils, Bonfils' daughters, became the principal owners of the Post. In 1946, the Post hired Palmer Hoyt away from the Portland Oregonian to become editor and publisher of the Post and to give the paper a new direction. With Hoyt in charge, news was reported fairly and accurately. He took editorial comment out of the stories and put it on an editorial page. He called the page The Open Forum and it continues today.

In 1960, there was a takeover attempt by publishing mogul Samuel I. Newhouse. Helen Bonfils brought in her friend and lawyer Donald Seawell to save the paper. The fight led to a series of lawsuits as Post management struggled to maintain local ownership. It lasted 13 years and drained the paper financially. When Helen Bonfils died in 1972, Seawell was named president and chairman of the board. He was also head of the Denver Center for the Performing Arts (DCPA). The Center was established and financed primarily by the Frederick G. and Helen G. Bonfils foundations, with aid from city funds. The majority of the assets of the foundations came from Post stock dividends.

By 1980, the paper was losing money. Critics accused Seawell of being preoccupied with building up the DCPA. Seawell sold the Post to the Times Mirror Co. of California for $95 million. Proceeds went to the Bonfils Foundation, securing the financial future of the DCPA. Times Mirror started morning publication and delivery. Circulation improved, but the paper did not perform as well as required. Times Mirror sold The Denver Post to Dean Singleton and MediaNews Group in 1987.

In January 2001, MediaNews and E.W. Scripps, parent company of the now defunct Rocky Mountain News, entered into a joint operating agreement (JOA), creating the Denver Newspaper Agency, which combined the business operations of the former rivals. Under the agreement, the newsrooms of the two newspapers agreed to publish separate morning editions Monday through Friday, with the Post retaining a broadsheet format and the News using a tabloid format.

They published a joint broadsheet newspaper on Saturday, produced by the News staff, and a broadsheet on Sunday, produced by the Post staff. Both newspapers' editorial pages appeared in both weekend papers. The JOA ended on February 27, 2009, when the Rocky Mountain News published its last issue. The following day, the Post published its first Saturday issue since 2001.

The Post launched a staff expansion program in 2001, but declining advertising revenue led to a reduction of the newsroom staff in 2006 and 2007 through layoffs, early-retirement packages, voluntary-separation buyouts and attrition. The most recent round of announced buyouts occurred in June 2016.

In 2013, just before legalization in Colorado, The Denver Post initiated an online media brand  to cover cannabis-related issues. First led by Editor in Chief Ricardo Baca, the online publication has surged in popularity, beating the industry veteran High Times in September 2016. Thirty layoffs were announced for The Post in March 2018, according to the Denver Business Journal.

Management by Digital First Media
On September 7, 2011, John Paton – the CEO of Journal Register Company – was appointed CEO of MediaNews Group, replacing Singleton, who stayed on as the Posts publisher and CEO of MediaNews until his retirement in 2013. He remains non-executive chairman of the organization. With the move, the Post also entered into an agreement with the newly created Digital First Media, led by Paton, that would provide management services and lead the execution of the company's business strategy in conjunction with Journal Register. Paton stepped down as CEO of Digital First in June 2015, and was succeeded by longtime MediaNews executive Steve Rossi.

In the same announcement, the company said that it would no longer be seeking a sale.

In 2017, The Denver Post announced that its headquarters were moving to its printing plant in North Washington, Adams County.

Newsroom cuts and criticism
The operation of The Denver Post by Digital First Media, under the ownership of Alden Global Capital, has come under extensive criticism from workers at the newspaper and outside the organization. The hedge fund has made "relentless cost cuts" since taking ownership in 2010, despite the reported profitability of the Post, principally by laying off the newspaper's staff. Margaret Sullivan of The Washington Post called Alden Global Capital "one of the most ruthless of the corporate strip-miners seemingly intent on destroying local journalism." Under Digital Media First, the number of journalists in the newsroom was reduced by almost two-thirds by April 2018, to around 70 people. This represents a drastic fall from the over 250 journalists which The Denver Post employed before 2010, when it was purchased by Alden Media Group. At one point before 2009, the joint-operating agreement between The Denver Post and The Rocky Mountain News boasted a 600-strong staff of journalists, before the bankruptcy of the Rocky Mountain News that year.

The announcement of 30 more layoffs in March 2018, which reduced the paper's newsroom from 100 to around 70 people, prompted a denunciation of its owners from the editorial board of The Denver Post. The editorial decried Alden Global Capital as "vulture capitalists" who were "strip-mining" the newspaper; it concluded that "Denver deserves a newspaper owner who supports its newsroom. If Alden isn't willing to do good journalism here, it should sell the Post to owners who will." The editorial board pointed out that the cuts were hamstringing the ability of the Post to provide quality coverage of the fast-growing Denver region, and compared the size of its newsroom unfavorably to those of other newspapers in cities of comparable or smaller size to Denver. Alden's "harvesting strategy" is what prompted Greg Moore, editor of The Denver Post from 2002 to 2016, to step down.

The "open revolt" of the Denver Post against its owners garnered support and praise from other newspapers and journalists, including Mitchell Landsberg of the Los Angeles Times and Joe Nocera of Bloomberg View.

In 2020, a documentary, News Matters, was released that follows the bold attempt by Colorado journalists to save the 125-year-old Denver Post while the hedge fund owner Alden Global Capital slowly drains profits from the paper and dismissing journalists.

Editors
Editors of the Post have included:
 Arnold Miller
 Robert W. Ritter, 1989–?
 F. Gilman Spencer
 Neil Westergaard
 Dennis A. Britton
 Glenn Guzzo
 Gregory L. Moore, 2002–2016
 Lee Ann Colacioppo, 2016–present

Notable columnists
Former columnists include Woody Paige in sports, Tom Noel on local history, Mike Rosen on the commentary page. Other columnists included David Harsanyi, Al Lewis, Mike Littwin, Penny Parker and Michael Kane.

Awards

Pulitzer Prizes
The Denver Post has won nine Pulitzer Prizes:

1964: Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning by Paul Conrad
1967: Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning by Pat Oliphant
1984: Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography by Anthony Suau
1986: Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for a series on missing children
2000: Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting for its coverage of the Columbine High School massacre
2010: Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography by Craig F. Walker
2011: Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning by Mike Keefe
2012: Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography by Craig F. Walker
2013: Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting for its coverage of the 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting

References not listed below can be found on the linked pages.

National and international awards
2015: Pulitzer Prize finalist in Explanatory Reporting for coverage of Colorado's marijuana laws.
2007: Pulitzer Prize finalist in breaking news for The Denver Posts coverage of Colorado's back-to-back blizzards.
2007: Four awards for outstanding business coverage from the Society of American Business Editors and Writers (SABEW). The project-reporting winner was the Posts 2006 series on Colorado's mortgage foreclosure epidemic, "Foreclosing on the American Dream".
2007: Former Post staff writer Eric Gorski was awarded first place in "Best of the West" contest in the Business and Financial Reporting category for "The Gospel of Prosperity", a look at the finances of the Heritage Christian Center.
2007: Visual journalists at The Post won 10 awards in two international newspaper competitions – nine Awards of Excellence in the 28th annual Society of News Design judging and a bronze medal in the 15th annual Malofiej International Infographic Awards, held in Pamplona, Spain.
 Radio Television Digital News Association's Edward R. Murrow awards, including Lindsay Pierce/"Kailyn's Spirit" in 2016, three in 2015.

Local/regional awards
2007: The Denver Post won 22 top awards in two Colorado journalism contests, including the award for general excellence from the Colorado Associated Press Editors and Reporters (CAPER). The staff of denverpost.com was awarded top honors for online breaking news.
2007: The Mountain States Office of the Anti-Defamation League presented Denver Post editorial cartoonist Mike Keefe with its annual Freedom of the Press award.
2013: The Carson J Spencer Foundation "Media All-Star" award for responsible reporting on suicide.

Controversies
In February 2014, The Denver Post began publishing a section entitled "Energy and Environment", funded by Coloradans for Responsible Energy Development (CRED), a pro–natural gas group. The stories in the section are written by outsiders, not by DP reporters. A banner across the top of the section reads "This Section is Sponsored by CRED". Nevertheless, critics express concern that the section risks confusing readers about the distinction between advertising and reporting.

Another controversy arose in late January 2020, when Jon Caldara of the Denver-based Independence Institute, who had long written a weekly column for the Denver Post, was fired after publishing two conservative articles on sex and gender. In a column arguing for greater openness in public affairs, excoriating the Colorado legislature for avoiding the legally required referendum on a new state tax by repackaging it as a "fee" — and then prohibiting hospitals from listing the fee on patients' bills. On the same theme, he criticized the state's educational authorities for imposing a speech code forbidding speech considered "stigmatizing". "In case you hadn't noticed," he wrote, "just about everything is stigmatizing to the easily triggered, perpetually offended." Continuing on his theme of transparency, he also complained that the schools were not doing enough to make parents aware of the contents of their sex-ed curricula. While Caldara believes his "insistence" on the existence of only two sexes was "the last straw" for his column, he emphasizes "the reason for my firing is over a difference in style."  He was officially fired for failing to use "respectful language" and the lack of a "collaborative and professional manner."

References

Further reading
 History of Denver, by Jerome C. Smiley, 1901, page 672.
 Voice of Empire: A Centennial Sketch of The Denver Post, by William H. Hornby, page 8.

External links

 The Denver Post mobile website
 The Denver Post front page (updated)
 MediaNews Group

1892 establishments in Colorado
Newspapers established in 1892
Daily newspapers published in the United States
Mass media in Denver
MediaNews Group publications
Newspapers published in Colorado
Pulitzer Prize-winning newspapers
Pulitzer Prize for Public Service winners

The Denver Post