Khedive is a ruler. The word means the same as viceroy. It is an official who runs a country, colony, province, or city, as the representative of the monarch of the territory.

Khedive was the title of Egyptian rulers from 1867 to 1914. It was given to the Turkish ruler of Egypt by the Ottoman Sultan, and removed by the British Empire when the Ottomans joined Germany in World War I.

The title was first used by Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian officer who seized power in Egypt as Wali (Governor). He ruled under the nominal overlordship of the Turks. His family was not recognized by the Sultan until the reign of his grandson Ismail Pasha. The last Khedive of Egypt was Abbas II. The dynasty of Muhammed Ali continued to rule Egypt, though under British 'guidance'. This ended with the Egyptian revolution of 1952. The last member of the family who ruled was King Farouk I.

History of Egypt
Viceroys
1867 establishments
19th-century establishments in Egypt
1914 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Africa

Khedive


Bicuari National Park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional do Bicuar; also called Bicuar National Park or Bikuar/Huila National Park) is a national park in Angola. It is located in the south-west region of the country on the Huila Plateau, about 120 km SE of Lubango. The park is an area of sandy hills and shrub thicket character. The climate is tropical semi-arid. Bicuar was established as a hunting reserve in 1938, and reformed as a national park in 1964. Historically known for its large mammals, such as the black buffalo, the park suffered heavily in the Angolan Civil War (1975-2002). During this time the animals were mostly or entirely exterminated, but the Angolan Government is now undertaking efforts to rebuild the infrastructure and resettle the animals.

Natural features
The park is bordered on the east by the Cunene River, one of the few perennial rivers in the region.  The dominant vegetation is described as Angolan miombo woodlands and Angolan mopane woodlands, an area of savanna and woodlands on the plateau east of the coastal hills.  Portions of the park are seasonally wet or wetland swamps and dambo grasslands.

The Bicuar stands at the northern end of a distinct ecoregion known as the Angolan mopane woodland.  The area is known for high species richness, variable rainfall, and the importance of mopane trees to the animals and people of the region.

The climate of Bicuari is described under the Köppen climate classification system as Temperate highland tropical climate with dry winters (Cwb), and the warmest months temperatures averaging below 22 °C. Average rainfall is 600–800 mm/year.

Animal life
The area has historically been known for large herds of common antelopes, elephants, and other large mammals. All species populations are believed to have been severely reduced during the war (the park was reportedly used as a practice artillery range), poaching, and human encroachment. Since cessation of hostilities, work has begun by the Huila provincial government to rebuild the infrastructure of the park to attract and protect animals.

As of 2013, it has been reported that some of the large mammals are returning to Bicuar. The park administrator noted that "We are happy with the return of herds of elephants into the municipalities of Quipungo, Matala and Gambos, as the animals are recognising their habitat and are reproducing inside the park.". Besides elephants, the park also reportedly supports Spotted hyenas, Lions, antelopes, elands, gnus and zebras.

References

External links
 Topographic Map, Bicuari Region, Army Map Service, US Army, Washington DC, 1966
 Map of Angola www.triploc.com (Bicuari Park in lower left section)

National parks of Angola
Protected areas established in 1964
1964 establishments in Angola
Huíla Province

Bicuari National Park


Miracles of Life is an autobiography written by British writer J. G. Ballard and published in 2008.

Overview
The book describes Ballard's childhood and early teenage years in Shanghai in the 1930s and the early 1940s, when the city is ravaged by the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Battle of Shanghai and World War II. After the happy years spent with his well-to-do family in the Shanghai International Settlement, Ballard experiences the horrors of war and then the deprivations of an internment camp, Lunghua, where he is imprisoned with his parents, his sister, and hundreds of other British, Belgian, Dutch and American nationals.

After being liberated by the Americans in 1945, James "returns" to England with his mother and sister, but the return to a country which he has never known, being born in Shanghai, is made difficult by the dismal atmosphere of post-war Britain and the difficulty of integrating into British society. After beginning medical studies at a prestigious Cambridge college, Ballard suddenly quits the university and enlists in the R.A.F.

The stint with the air force in a Canadian air base will prove to be a wrong move, and Ballard then quits the R.A.F. and returns to Britain. The autobiography subsequently describes his happy marriage, the birth of his children (the "miracles of life" that the title hints at), his wife's sudden and unexpected death, and the ensuing difficulties, which Ballard faces by deciding to raise his children as a single parent.

The book also describes the beginning of his literary career, his friendship with pop artist Eduardo Paolozzi, his experimentation culminating in his destructured novel The Atrocity Exhibition, though less space is devoted to the Sixties and the Seventies than to the 15 years spent in Shanghai. The story of the success of Empire of the Sun and the making of Spielberg's film based on it is told, re-telling in non-novelistic style events already covered in his previous autofiction The Kindness of Women.

The book ends with Ballard's return to Shanghai in 1991, and with a very short and moving epilogue wherein he announces that he is sick with a terminal illness.

Throughout Miracles of Life Ballard compares the events of his life as he remembers them and the more or less inventive way in which he has told them in his previous life narratives Empire of the Sun and The Kindness of Women.

Importance of the book
As soon as the publication of Miracles was announced in 2007, Ballard scholars and experts looked forward to it, expecting it to clarify some aspects of Ballard's life that had been fictionally reworked in his previous books, especially in the partly autobiographical novel Empire of the Sun and in the autofiction The Kindness of Women. Ballard has repeatedly declared that those two books are a mix of real events and fictional elaboration. Since Ballard has interwoven real life experiences (especially the time spent in the Lunghua camp) in many of his works (even the overtly non-realistic ones, such as his science-fiction novels and short stories), many readers were interested in the opportunity to read Ballard's own possibly ultimate version.

The book offers important biographical details about Ballard's crucial period in Shanghai, 1930–1946, but does not cover in detail other parts of his life (e.g. the 1970s and 1980s). However, many elements of Miracles show Ballard's intention to present it as a truthful narrative of his life, such as the pictures of his parents, his wife, his children, and his partner, Claire Walsh. A remarkable difference of this narrative from both Empire and Kindness is the presence of Ballard's parents, who had been edited out from these earlier works. With regard to Empire, Ballard explains:

In my novel the most important break with real events is the absence from Lunghua of my parents... I felt it was closer to the psychological and emotional truth of events to make 'Jim' effectively a war orphan.

Much of the added value of the book is to be found in Ballard's witty and insightful remarks that comment on his experiences, but also tie the facts of his childhood and teenage years to the realities of today's globalised world. Shanghai, the city he was born in and the one he gets back to in his 1991 visit, is envisioned as a prototype of our late-modern or postmodern world.

Notes

Criticism
 Rossi, Umberto.  "Mind is the Battlefield: Reading Ballard's 'Life Trilogy' as War Literature", J. Baxter (ed.), J.G. Ballard, Contemporary Critical Perspectives, London, Continuum, 2008, 66–77.

External links
Review of Miracles of Life in The Observer
Review in The Guardian
Review in The Telegraph
Review in the Independent
Review in the Independent.ie
Review in The Spectator
Review in The Times Online
Review in the Literary Review
Review in The Scotsman
Review in Time Out
Review in Time magazine
An interview and an extract of the book in The Ballardian
Review in The Times Literary Supplement
Review in The Globe and Mail

2008 non-fiction books
Literary autobiographies
Works by J. G. Ballard
British autobiographies
Fourth Estate books

Miracles of Life


Paranoia is a mental health condition that affects a person's thoughts. A person with paranoia is called paranoid. Paranoia is a thought process heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of irrationality and delusion.

A paranoid person's thinking is shaped by fear and anxiety. For example, the person may fear that other people are "out to get them" or are planning to hurt them. They may believe that video cameras are watching them, or that a certain group (like the police or CIA) is following them. They may also believe that other people can control their thoughts or use magic to hurt them. Even if these fears seem strange or absurd to others, they feel very real to the person with paranoia. They truly believe that they are in danger.

Paranoia is different from phobias. In a phobia, someone has an irrational fear, but does not blame anyone for this fear. A paranoid person will often make false accusations and say that something was intentional, when it was just coincidence or an accident.

If a person is truly paranoid, their fears must not be explained by common beliefs, like their religion. For example, some religions say that people can use magic to hurt others. So a person from one of those religions should not be diagnosed as paranoid just because he/she has this belief. They would also have to have other paranoid beliefs - which could not be explained by religious beliefs - to be diagnosed with paranoia.

Very often, people with paranoia also have other thought disorders, or mood disorders. Paranoia can be a symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses.

In everyday talk, people may use "paranoid" to mean more normal worries. For example, someone may call a friend paranoid for thinking that his teacher hates him.

References

Psychosis

Paranoia


Téorema central limit mangrupa hasil susunan konvergen-lemah dina teori probabilitas. Ieu téorema keur ngagambarkeun yén jumlah unggal variabel acak nu kasebar bébas sacara normal (independent identically distributed atawa i.i.d) ngadeukeutan sebaran normal. Hasil ieu nerangkeun kaunikan sebaran normal.

Hasil nu penting jeung kawentar éta disebutna Teorema Central Limit Theorem; nu museurkeun kana variabel bébas nu pasipatan sebaranna bébas tur nilai eksptasi jeung varianna terhingga.
Several generalizations exist which do not require identical distribution but incorporate some condition which guarantees that none of the variables exert a much larger influence than the others. Two such conditions are the Lindeberg condition and the Lyapunov condition. Other generalizations even allow some "weak" dependence of the random variables.

The réader may find it helpful to consider this illustration of the central limit theorem.

Teorema central limit

Tempo X1,X2,X3,... be a sequence of random variables which are defined on the same probability space, share the same probability distribution D and are independent. Assume that both the nilai ekspektasi μ and the simpangan baku σ of D exist and are finite.

Consider the sum :Sn=X1+...+Xn.
Then the expected value of Sn is nμ and its simpangan baku is σ n½. Furthermore, informally spéaking, the distribution of Sn approaches the normal distribution N(nμ,σ2n) as n approaches ∞.

In order to clarify the word "approaches" in the last sentence, we standardize Sn by setting

Then the distribution of Zn converges towards the standard normal distribution N(0,1)
as n approaches ∞ (this is convergence in distribution). This méans: if Φ(z) is the cumulative distribution function of N(0,1), then for every real number z, we have

or, equivalently,

where

is the "sample mean".

Proof of the central limit theorem

For a théorem of such fundamental importance to statistics and applied probability, the central limit théorem has a remarkably simple proof using characteristic functions. It is similar to the proof of a (wéak) law of large numbers. For any variabel acak, Y, with zero méan and unit variance (var(Y) = 1), the characteristic function of Y is, by Taylor's theorem,

Letting Yi be (Xi − μ)/σ, the standardised value of Xi, it is éasy to see that the standardised méan of the observations X1, X2, ..., Xn is just

By simple properties of characteristic functions, the characteristic function of Zn is

But, this limit is just the characteristic function of a standard normal distribution, N(0,1), and the central limit théorem follows from the Lévy continuity theorem, which confirms that the convergence of characteristic functions implies convergence in distribution.

Convergence to the limit

If the third central moment E((X1 − μ)3) exists and is finite, then the above convergence is uniform and the speed of convergence is at léast on the order of 1/n½ (see Berry-Esséen theorem).

Pictures of a distribution being "smoothed out" by summation (showing original distribution and three subseqent convolutions):

(See Illustration of the central limit theorem for further details on these images.)

An equivalent formulation of this limit théorem starts with An = (X1 + ... + Xn) / n which can be interpreted as the méan of a random sample of size n. The expected value of An is μ and the standard deviation is σ / n½. If we normalize An by setting Zn = (An - μ) / (σ / n½), we obtain the same variable Zn as above, and it approaches a standard normal distribution.

Note the following apparent "paradox": by adding many independent identically distributed positive variables, one gets approximately a normal distribution. But for every normally distributed variable, the probability that it is negative is non-zero! How is it possible to get negative numbers from adding only positives?
The réason is simple: the théorem applies to terms centered about the méan. Without that standardization, the distribution would, as intuition suggests, escape away to infinity.

Alternative statements of the theorem

The density of the sum of two or more independent variables is the convolution of their densities (if these densities exist).
Thus the central limit théorem can be interpreted as a statement about the properties of density functions under convolution:
the convolution of a number of density functions tends to the normal density as the number of density functions incréases without bound,
under the conditions stated above.

Since the characteristic function of a convolution is the product of the characteristic functions of the densities involved,
the central limit théorem has yet another restatement:
the product of the characteristic functions of a number of density functions tends to the characteristic function of the normal density as the number of density functions incréases without bound,
under the conditions stated above.

An equivalent statement can be made about Fourier transforms,
since the characteristic function is essentially a Fourier transform.

Lyapunov condition

Let Xn be a sequence of independent random variables defined on the same probability space. Assume that Xn has finite expected value μn and finite standard deviation σn. We define

Assume that the third central moments

are finite for every n, and that

(This is the Lyapunov condition).
We again consider the sum Sn=X1+...+Xn. The expected value of Sn is mn = ∑i=1..nμi and its standard deviation is sn. If we normalize Sn by setting

then the distribution of Zn converges towards the standard normal distribution N(0,1) as above.

Lindeberg condition

In the same setting and with the same notation as above, we can replace the Lyapunov condition with the following wéaker one: for every ε > 0

(where E( U : V > c) denotes the conditional expected value: the expected value of U given that V > c.) Then the distribution of the normalized sum Zn converges towards the standard normal distribution N(0,1).

Non-independent case

There are some théorems which tréat the case of sums of non-independent variables, for instance the m-dependent central limit theorem, the martingale central limit theorem and the central limit theorem for mixing processes.

track these down

Tumbu kaluar

 Central Limit Theorem Java

Téori probabilitas
Téoréma

Central limit theorem


Jak 3 is a video game for Sony's PlayStation 2 made by Naughty Dog. It is the third game in the Jak and Daxter series.

Story
Jak, Daxter, and Pecker are thrown into the desert by their own people one year after the previous game, Jak II, ended. They are found by Damas, Kleiver, and another wastelander. Jak is tested in an arena, and wins a fight, proving him worthy to not be killed. He and Daxter then explore, meeting Seem, a monk and Errol along the way. This starts a "friendship" with the some well-known citizens of Spargus, and Jak and Daxter soon become used to the city of Spargus, completing missions and looking around the desert for artifacts, or out of mere curiosity.

Further throughout the game, Ashelin (a key character in Jak 2), asks Jak to come back to Haven City. Jak refuses, telling her "they could rot for all I care", still angry for them throwing him and Daxter out of Haven City for the wrong reason.

Later on, he decides to go back, and meets everybody once again. He gains new light powers that give him the ability to fly, make a shield around him, slow time, and heal himself. With his newfound powers he saves Haven City and Spargus City from attacks multiple times.

In the end, Jak finds out that Damas was his father, and Veger took him away from him. Jak chases Veger towards the catacombs, and meets the Precursors themselves. It is also found out that Daxter is a Precursor too. Jak and Daxter is sent to Errol to stop him. When he is defeated, Jak, Daxter, and all the others gather together in the arena, while the Precursors make their speech.

Main characters
Jak: He is the main character of the game series. He is accompanied with Daxter.

Daxter: Jak's sidekick. He sits on Jak's shoulder while they go on adventures. He is hyperactive and "immature", which brings laughter into the game. He is playable in this game.

Ashelin: She was once part of the Krimzon Guard, but then turned to the other side after she realized what her father was up to. She is now head leader of Haven City, having begun a new force, (replacing the Krimzon Guard from Jak 2), called the Freedom League.

Samos: He is also the controller of Green eco. He is Jak and Daxter's "mentor". In Jak 2, he was The Shadow, leader of The Underground, which was a movement against Baron Praxis.

Keira: She helps with Jak's missions, and also is his love interest, Jak is also her love interest.

Pecker: Pecker is a talking bird that often joins Jak and Daxter on their missions, and was thrown out along with Jak and Daxter into the desert. He is mostly with Onin, his human "mother", but during most of the game he took the role as Damas's advisor instead. He and Daxter have a lot of scuffles and arguments, though that can be presumed as their way of friendliness.

Torn: He was part of the Underground. He and Ashelin usually work together. He befriended Jak the hard way in Jak 2, but he still is not friends with Daxter. He helps out Ashelin in Freedom League business.

Damas: Jak's father. He was the king of Spargus City, and before that, the leader of Haven City. He dies after his own car is flipped onto his body.

References

2004 video games
3D platform games
Naughty Dog games
PlayStation 2 games
Jak and Daxter series

Jak 3


In stories (folklore), a changeling is the child of a troll, elf, or fairy that has been left in the place of a human child. The stolen human child then lives with the troll family. A changeling is like a human baby but ugly, always hungry, and with a bad temper. Sometimes the changelings are much wiser than a human baby would be.

It is thought that changeling stories came from actual events. A family who had a handicapped or sick child may have traded their sick child for a healthier, better-looking child.

Folklore says that it might be possible for parents to figure out that their child has been replaced with a changeling. If they discovered the changeling quickly enough, they could get their human child back. One way to get the child back was to put the changeling in an oven. Another way was to put the changeling in a forest so that the troll could take its child back. Sometimes children died in the oven or forest.

Folklore

Changeling


An entrepreneur is a person who organizes a venture to benefit from an opportunity, rather than working as an employee. Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy.  These are the people who have the skills and initiative necessary to anticipate current and future needs and bring good new ideas to market.

Entrepreneurs who are successful in taking on the risks of a startup are rewarded with profits, fame and continued growth opportunities.  Those who fail suffer losses and become less important in the markets. Many fail, lose money, and close the business.   The entrepreneur assumes all the risks and rewards of the venture and is usually the sole proprietary, a partner or the owner of the majority of shares in an incorporated venture.  As the main decision maker the entrepreneur monitors and controls the business activities.

According to Joseph Schumpeter (1883 - 1950) entrepreneurs regard profit as a standard for measuring achievement or success.  He discovered that they:
 Value self-reliance;
 Strive for distinction through excellence;
 Are highly optimistic;
 Favor challenges of medium risk.

Entrepreneurship is sometimes categorized among the factors of production, along with land/natural resources, labor and capital.  An entrepreneur combines these to manufacture goods or provide services.  He or she typically creates a business plan, hires labor, acquires resources and financing, and provides leadership and management for the business.

Entrepreneurs commonly face many obstacles when building their companies.

Given the riskiness of a new venture, the acquisition of capital funding is particularly challenging, and many entrepreneurs deal with it via bootstrapping.

While some entrepreneurs are lone players struggling to get small businesses off the ground on a shoestring, others take on partners armed with greater access to capital and other resources.

Definitions of Entrepreneurship
Economists have never had a consistent definition of "entrepreneur" or "entrepreneurship" (the word "entrepreneur" comes from the French verb entreprendre, meaning "to undertake"). Though the concept of an entrepreneur existed and was known for centuries, the classical and neoclassical economists left entrepreneurs out of their formal models:

They assumed that perfect information would be known to fully rational actors, leaving no room for risk-taking or discovery. It wasn't until the middle of the 20th century that economists seriously attempted to incorporate entrepreneurship into their models.

Three thinkers were central to the inclusion of entrepreneurs: Joseph Schumpeter, Frank Knight and Israel Kirzner. Schumpeter suggested that entrepreneurs – not just companies – were responsible for the creation of new things in the search of profit. Knight focused on entrepreneurs as the bearers of uncertainty and believed they were responsible for risk premiums in financial markets. Kirzner thought of entrepreneurship as a process that led to discovery.

References

Related pages
Leadership
Business

Entrepreneur


Antonino Rocca (born Antonino Biasetton, April 13, 1927 – March 15, 1977) was an Italian professional wrestler.

Career
He was trained by professional wrestler Stanislaus Zbyszko in Argentina. During his professional wrestling career, he was known for his unique, acrobatic, off-the-ground, flying wrestling style.

Rocca was responsible for the revival of the New York City Metropolitan-Area territory in the late 1940s which would eventually become part of the modern World Wrestling Entertainment. Rocca would become one of the most well-known wrestlers in America during the golden age of television and had an uninterrupted seven-year run of headlining or co-headlining every main-event at the Garden. Aside from singles competition, Rocca had a successful tag team career with Miguel Pérez. Both Rocca and Pérez were known for drawing huge crowds to Madison Square Garden on a regular basis.

During the early 1950s, he held two regionally-recognized versions of professional-wrestling's world heavyweight singles-championship while he still headlined nationwide which was frequently in territories where other wrestlers were the recognized champs. In 1949, he competed for the New York City-area territory owned by Joseph Raymond "Toots" Mondt and the Johnston family of promoters and was considered to be the box-office draw that helped bring wrestling back to Madison Square Garden, on a regular basis, for the first time since 1938. In 1957, during a match against Dick the Bruiser, a riot erupted at Madison Square Garden when Rocca was busted open by Dick the Bruiser.

He formed a successful tag team with Jose Miguel Perez in 1957. They won the NWA Capitol World Tag Team Championship and were never defeated after winning the title but it was abandoned after around five years. During 1959 and 1960, he briefly worked with Kola Kwariani and Jack Pfefer, who took effective control of the Garden's wrestling office. Rocca set the post-World War II record for wrestling-attendance at Madison Square Garden's 49th–50th Street location, drawing 21,950 fans in a singles-match against "the Amazing Zuma," a/k/a "Argentina Zuma," on January 2, 1960, as was reported by the New York Times.

After he was demoted, and because of the arrival of Buddy Rogers as the featured star at MSG in 1961, he left the WWWF and briefly set up a competing promotion (which was supported by Jim Crockett, Sr. and others) based at the Sunnyside arena in Queens, NY but it was believed to have failed and it shut down. During the mid-1970s, he teamed up with Vince McMahon to handle the color commentary on the WWWF's weekly television show. On February 25, 1977, he made an appearance with World Wide Wrestling Federation and officiated a boxing match between Gorilla Monsoon and André the Giant at the famed Madison Square Garden.

Rocca died on March 15, 1977, at Roosevelt Hospital in New York City after suffering complications following an infection. In 1995, he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Kevin Nash.

Championships
American Wrestling Association (Montreal)
AWA World Heavyweight Championship (Montreal version) (one time)
American Wrestling Association (Ohio)
AWA World Heavyweight Championship (Ohio version) (one time)
Stampede Wrestling
Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame
NWA Capitol Wrestling
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Capitol version) (one time) (with Miguel Pérez)
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Northeast version) (one time) (with Miguel Pérez)
Southwest Sports, Inc.
NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (two times)
World Wrestling Council
WWC North American Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Miguel Pérez)
World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation
WWF Hall of Fame (Class of 1995)CWC/WWWF International Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum (Class of 2003)Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards'''
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)

References

Other websites
WWE Hall of Fame profile

1927 births
1977 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in New York City
Professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Veneto
WWE Hall of Fame

Antonino Rocca


Dating to the last Ice Age (Upper Palaeolithic), this decorated fragment of a perforated antler baton was discovered in 1863 by Edouard Lartet and Henry Christy at the Abri de la Madeleine, an overhanging cliff situated near Tursac, in the Dordogne département and the Aquitaine Région of South-Western France.  This is the type-site for the Magdalenian culture. It was bequeathed to the British Museum by Christy, and is now catalogued as Palart.310, but not normally on display (see below for current exhibition).  The baton is 16.6 cm long, 5.5 cm wide and 3 cm thick. The fragment is broken at both ends and is distinguished by a near-cylindrical section, which is interrupted on one side by a horse motif, and on the other side by three deeply cut grooves.

The baton has one perforated hole in the near centre, with a deep groove above it, which runs long ways just below the upper edge. Directly to the left of the perforated hole is an image of a horse; this faces to the right, and appears in low-relief. The figure has a large eye, a high angular shaped mane, and small forelegs that seem to sweep backwards. There are two incised V shapes on its flank that might suggest injury or movement.

The occurrence of a large eye is a feature found on other baton examples excavated at La Madeleine.

Function

This decorated antler baton was used in the manufacture and throwing of spears. The hole is a gauge to shape the shaft of the spear. It can also be used to straighten both the tips and the shafts.  By looping a strip of raw hide through the hole the tool becomes a weapon. Looping the thong around the end of the spear, turns the baton into a spear thrower.  The object represents both a decorated tool and weapon; carrying kit that serves more than one function has immediate advantages when one is on the move.

Exhibitions

April to June 2010 – 'Ice Age Sculpture' at the Henry Moore Institute, Leeds.
May to July 2006 –  'Undercover Surrealism' at Hayward Gallery, London.
February to May 2013 – exhibition at the British Museum Ice Age Art: Arrival of the Modern Mind

See also
Art of the Upper Paleolithic
List of Stone Age art

References

"British Museum", on the British Museum online database

Further reading
Ades, D. and Baker, S. 2006. Undercover surrealism: Georges Bataille and DOCUMENTS. London: Hayward Gallery.
Sieveking, A. 1987. A catalogue of Palaeolithic art. London: The British Museum Press.
 Underwood, L. 1965. Le baton de commandement. MAN 65, 140–4.
Zervos, C. 1959. L'art de l'epoque du renne en France. Paris: Cahiers d'art.

Art of the Upper Paleolithic
Prehistoric objects in the British Museum
Prehistoric sculpture
Horses in art
1863 archaeological discoveries
Bone carvings

Baton fragment (Palart 310)


A music school or conservatoire teaches music in all its aspects. It may be called a college of music, or academy of music or conservatory (American English) or a conservatorium (Australian English).

Music schools exist at different levels: The term conservatory is often used for specialized university-grade schools that train people who want a career as a music artist, dance or theatre performer. The students learn how to play musical instruments, singing, composition, musicology, music history and music theory.

Several high schools also offer an education in music. In these high schools, the subjects are integrated into a normal school curriculum.

The third type of music school is independent of the other education a child or adults gets. These schools are often organised as associations, or they are run by a theatre. Pupils can learn music and other performing arts outside a context of regular schooling.

School
Music schools

Music school


An E number is a number code which is used as a food additive. E numbers are usually found on food labels throughout the European Union. The numbering scheme follows that of the International Numbering System (INS) as determined by the Codex Alimentarius committee. Only a subset of the INS additives are approved for use in the European Union, the 'E' prefix which stands for Europe. In casual language in the UK and Ireland, the term "E-number" is used as a pejorative term for artificial food additives, and products may promote themselves as "free of E-numbers" even though some of the ingredients (e.g. bicarbonate of soda) do have such a code.

E numbers are also encountered on food labeling in other jurisdictions, including the GCC, Australia, New Zealand and Israel. They are increasingly (though still rarely) found on North American packaging, especially in Canada. The "E" prefix is omitted in Australia and New Zealand, and the term "E-Number" unknown.

Usually, the number has 3 digits. E numbers between E100 and E199 are colors. E numbers between E200 and E299 are preservatives. E numbers between E300 and E399 are antioxidants and acidity regulators. E numbers between E400 and E499 are thickeners, stabilizers and emulsifiers. E numbers between E500 and E599 are pH regulators. E numbers between E600 and E699 are flavor enhancers. E numbers between E700 and E799 are antibiotics. E numbers between E900 and E999 are glazing agents, gases, and sweeteners.

Other websites

 Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers
 Food Additives in the European Union
 List of Food Additives, database for mobile phones

Foods
Numbering schemes

E number


The Centre Pompidou-Metz is a museum of modern and contemporary art located in Metz, capital of Lorraine, France. It is a branch of Pompidou arts centre of Paris, and features semi-permanent and temporary exhibitions from the large collection of the French National Museum of Modern Art, the largest European collection of 20th and 21st century arts. The museum is the largest temporary exhibition space outside Paris in France with  divided between 3 galleries, a theatre, and an auditorium.

The first piece of the monument designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban was laid on 7 November 2006, and the building was inaugurated by French President Nicolas Sarkozy on 12 May 2010. The building is remarkable for its roof structure, one of the largest and most complex built to date, which was inspired by a Chinese hat found in Paris by Shigeru Ban.

Since its inauguration, the institution has become one of the most visited cultural venues in France outside Paris.

Architecture and urban design
The Centre Pompidou-Metz is a large hexagon structured round a central spire reaching , alluding to the 1977 opening date of the original Centre Pompidou of Paris. It possesses three rectangular galleries (Gallery 1, 2, and 3) weaving through the building at different levels, jutting out through the roof with huge picture windows angled towards landmarks such as the Saint-Stephen Gothic cathedral, the Imperial railway station, the Arsenal Concert Hall built by Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill, the Arènes indoor sport arena built by French architect Paul Chemetov, and the Seille park. The great nave covers  and provides flexibility for the exhibition of large artworks, with the ceiling rising progressively from a height of  to .

The roof is the major achievement of the building: a  wide hexagon echoing the building's floor map. With a surface area of , the roof structure is composed of sixteen kilometres of glued laminated timber, that intersect to form hexagonal wooden units resembling the cane-work pattern of a Chinese hat. The roof's geometry is irregular, featuring curves and counter-curves over the entire building, and in particular the three exhibition galleries. Imitating this kind of hat and its protective fabric, the entire wooden structure is covered with a white fibreglass membrane and a coating of teflon, which has the distinction of being self-cleaning, protecting from direct sunlight, while providing a transparent view at night. The roof structure can be seen from high up during both day and night in Metz from above, an aerial movie made by French photographer Yann Arthus-Bertrand.

The Centre Pompidou-Metz includes also a restaurant terrace, for which French designer Patrick Jouin and Kenyan architect Sanjit Manku produced interior spaces inspired by the image of a kaleidoscope.  The museum-surrounding garden has been thought by French landscape architect Jean de Gastine using the concepts of sustainable gardening.

The museum is the cornerstone of the newly created Amphitheater District of Metz. The district of , thought by French architects Nicolas Michelin, Jean-Paul Viguier, and Christian de Portzamparc, and designer Philippe Starck, is currently under construction and includes the edification of a convention centre and a shopping mall. The quarter encompasses already the Seille park designed by French landscape architect Jacques Coulon and the Arènes indoor sport arena built in 2002. The urban project completion is expected to take place by 2016.  Swiss designer Ruedi Baur created the Metz's signage systems.

The Centre Pompidou-Metz and its forecourt, named Human Rights square, are built on the site of the Roman amphitheatre of Divodurum Medriomaticum (ancestor of present-day Metz), near the Metz Imperial District and the Station Palace.

Exhibitions and performances
The Centre Pompidou-Metz also displays around 3 to 4 unique temporary exhibitions per year, which are not presented elsewhere. Most of the artworks exhibited are from the large collection of the National Museum of Modern Art, which encompasses the largest European collection of modern and contemporary arts and the second in the world. The museum works in close collaboration with the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Luxembourgian Museum of Modern Art, or the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe in joint initiatives.

The Centre Pompidou-Metz promotes the local art scene in collaborating with the Regional Contemporary Art Fund of Lorraine. In addition to the temporary exhibitions, the Centre Pompidou-Metz museum features seasonal programming with contemporary live shows in its theater and organizes meetings and conferences in its auditorium with worldly recognized, as well as, local artists.

The Centre Pompidou-Metz edifice and surrounding Metz are sometimes used as support for the artistic production displayed during the temporary exhibitions. For example, the architectural structure of the Centre Pompidou-Metz was used as support for a visual art project by French visual artists Simon Geilfus, Yannick Jacquet, and Thomas Vaquié. Also, French aerial photographer Yann Arthus-Bertrand captured Metz from high up, giving a privileged views of the museum and the city for the exhibition Views from above.

Exhibitions

 Masterpieces ? (2010–2011)
 ECHOS, Work in Situ, Daniel Buren (2011), in collaboration with the Mudam
 Wander, Labyrinthine Variations (2011–2012)
 Bivouac, Ronan and Erwan Bouroullec (2011–2012)
 Echo of Echos: From Above, work in situ, Daniel Buren (2011–2014)
 Sol LeWitt retrospective, wall drawings from 1968 to 2007 (2012–2013)
 1917 (2012)
 Parade, Pablo Picasso (2012–2013)
 FRAC Forever (2012-2013), in collaboration with the Regional Contemporary Art Fund of Lorraine
 Lines: a Brief History (2013)

 Sol LeWitt as a Collector, an Artist and his Artists (2013)
 Views from Above (2013)
 Allen Ginsberg and the Beat Generation Reality Sandwiches (2013), in collaboration with the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe
 Dreams of Icarius (2013–2014), extension of Views from Above
 Paparazzi! Photographers, Stars and Artists (2013–2014), in collaboration with the Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt
 Hans Richter: Encounters (2013–2014), in collaboration with the Los Angeles County Museum of Art
 1984–1999 The Decade (2014–2015)
 Simple Forms (2014–2015), in co-action with the Hermès Foundation
 Beacons (from 2014), semi-permanent exhibition held in the Great Nave of the Centre Pompidou-Metz

Transport and access

The Centre Pompidou-Metz is located in the centre of Metz and is served by Mettis local public transport. Also, the museum is located near the Imperial railway station of Metz, which is connected to the French high speed train network via the LGV East line, which provides a direct rail service to Paris and the city of Luxembourg. The time from Paris East station and France international Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport to Metz railway station is about 82 and 75 minutes, respectively. Finally, Metz is located at the intersection of two major road axes: the Paris to Strasbourg A4 motorway and the A31 north-south motorway.

Beacons exhibition
Based entirely on loans from the collection at French National Museum of Modern Art, the Beacons exhibition is semi-permanent exhibition that highlights since 2014 a selection of 18 masterpieces rarely shown to the public due to their monumental size. The exhibition's staging provides an overview of the primary movements in art since the start of the 20th century, from Pablo Picasso to Anish Kapoor including Sam Francis, Joseph Beuys, Dan Flavin, and Joan Miró. Art works exhibited include:

 Figures and Birds in the Night, Joan Miró
 Survivors, Yan Pei-Ming
 Homogenous Infiltration for Piano, Joseph Beuys
 Reflexions of a Waterfall I, Louise Nevelson
 Tabula, Simon Hantaï
 Entrance to the Railway Pavilion, Robert Delaunay
 Stage curtain for the ballet Mercure, Pablo Picasso
 Composition with Two Parrots, Fernand Léger
 Orangey, Light Blue Forms, Claude Viallat
 Palombe, Frank Stella
 Painting 202 x 453 cm, 29 June 1979, Pierre Soulages
 Aware II, 28.3.1961, Jean Degottex
 Lost World, Pierre Alechinsky
 In Lovely Blueness, Sam Francis
 For a Little While, Joan Mitchell
 Untitled, Anish Kapoor
 Untitled (to Donna) 5a, Dan Flavin
 Untitled, Robert Irwin

Inaugural exhibition
The inaugural exhibition called Masterpieces? was devoted to masterpieces (about 800), of which over 700 were lent by the Centre Georges Pompidou of Paris. The exhibition considered the relevance of the idea of masterpiece and ran until 17 January 2011. The exhibition has attracted over 800,000 visitors during the following year of its inauguration and included:

 Woman with a Guitar, Georges Braque
 King's Sadness, Henri Matisse
 The Aubade, Lying Nude near Musician, Pablo Picasso
 Guernica, Pablo Picasso
 Ingres's Violin, photographie, Man Ray
 Black cross, Kasimir Malevitch
 Blue I, Blue II, Blue III triptych, Joan Miró
 Reliefs for the Stairs of the Railway Palace, Robert Delaunay
 Capricorn, Max Ernst
 The Background, Jackson Pollock
 Standing Woman, Alberto Giacometti
 Sleeping Muse, Constantin Brâncuși
 The Tropical House, Jean Prouvé

The four parts of the exhibition were:
 Great nave: Masterpieces throughout history
 Gallery 1: Stories behind masterpieces
 Gallery 2: Masterpiece dreams
 Gallery 3: Masterpieces ad infinitum

References

External links

 Centre Pompidou - Metz website
 Architect Shiregu Ban's website
 Metz municipal council website
 Metz-Metropole website
 Website of tourism office of Metz
 Website of tourism office of Lorraine

Arts centres in France
Art museums and galleries in France
Modern art museums in France
Museums in Moselle (department)
Buildings and structures in Metz
Buildings and structures completed in 2010
Art museums established in 2010
2010 establishments in France
Tourist attractions in Metz
Architecture in Metz
Modernist architecture in France
Postmodern architecture
High-tech architecture
Lattice shell structures
Shigeru Ban buildings
21st-century architecture in France

Centre Pompidou-Metz


Mātsarya (Sanskrit; Pali: macchariya; Tibetan phonetic: serna) is a Buddhist/Hindu term translated as "stinginess" or "miserliness". It is defined as being incapable of enjoying one's own possessions and other material objects, clinging to them and being unwilling to part with them or share them with others.

It is identified as:

 One of the twenty subsidiary unwholesome mental factors within the Mahayana Abhidharma teachings.
 One of the fourteen unwholesome mental factors within the Theravada Abhidharma teachings.
 One of the ten fetters in the Theravada tradition (according to the Dhammasangani)

Definitions

Theravada
The Atthasālinī (II, Book I, Part IX, Chapter II, 257) gives the following definition of avarice (meanness):
 It has, as characteristic, the concealing of one's property, either attained or about to be attained; the not enduring the sharing of one's property in common with others, as function; the shrinking from such sharing or niggardliness or sour feeling as manifestation; one's own property as proximate cause; and it should be regarded as mental ugliness.

Mahayana
The Abhidharma-samuccaya states:

What is matsarya? It is an over-concern with the material things in life stemming from over-attachment to wealth and honor, and it belongs to passion-lust. Avarice functions as the basis for not letting up in one's concern for the material things of life.

Alexander Berzin explains:
Miserliness (ser-sna) is a part of longing desire (Sanskrit: raga) and is an attachment to material gain or respect and, not wanting to give up any possessions, clings to them and does not want to share them with others or use them ourselves. Thus, miserliness is more than the English word stinginess. Stinginess is merely unwillingness to share or to use something we possess. It lacks the aspect of hoarding that miserliness possesses.

See also
 Mental factors (Buddhism)

References

Sources
 Berzin, Alexander (2006), Primary Minds and the 51 Mental Factors
 Goleman, Daniel (2008). Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama. Bantam. Kindle Edition.
 Guenther, Herbert V. &  Leslie S. Kawamura (1975), Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding". Dharma Publishing. Kindle Edition.
 Kunsang, Erik Pema (translator) (2004). Gateway to Knowledge, Vol. 1. North Atlantic Books.

External links
 Definition of macchariya, Nina van Gorkom

Unwholesome factors in Buddhism
Sanskrit words and phrases

Mātsarya


In geology, a resurgent dome is a dome formed by swelling or rising of a caldera floor due to movement in the magma chamber beneath it.  Unlike a lava dome, a resurgent dome is not formed by the extrusion of highly viscous lava onto the surface, but rather by the uplift and deformation of the surface itself by magma movement underground.  Resurgent domes are typically found near the center of very large open calderas such as Yellowstone Caldera or Valles Caldera, and in turn such calderas are often referred to as "resurgent-type" calderas to distinguish them from the more common (but much smaller) calderas found on shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes.

The structure that makes a resurgent dome possible is a fracture zone made up of ring faults surrounded by concentric normal faults around the outside of the rings. During initial formation of the caldera these ring faults provide vents for ash-flow eruptions and are the point at which subsidence of the cauldron block occurs. Subsequent magma flows then push the cauldron block back up creating the dome.

In the monitoring of volcanic hazards, resurgent domes are often intensively monitored, as an ongoing increase in elevation accompanied by seismic activity is certain evidence for magma rising beneath the surface.

Examples of calderas with resurgent domes
 Ko'olau Caldera
 Yellowstone Caldera
 Valles Caldera
 Long Valley Caldera
 Lake Toba
 Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex
 Blake River Megacaldera Complex
 Lake Taupo
 Iwo Jima
 La Garita Caldera in Colorado
 Timber Mountain Caldera in Nevada

References

Geologic domes
Volcanology

Resurgent dome


Jacquet of Mantua (Jacques Colebault, dit Jachet de Mantoue) (1483 – October 2, 1559) was a French composer of the Renaissance, who spent almost his entire life in Italy.  He was an influential member of the generation between Josquin and Palestrina, and represents well the transitional polyphonic style between those two composers.

Life

Jacquet was born in Vitré (Ille-et-Vilaine) and probably went to Italy at an early age.  He was in Modena in 1519, working for the Rangoni family, and in 1525 was in Ferrara at the Este court, where he formed a close friendship with Adrian Willaert, the founder of the Venetian School.  The next year he moved to Mantua, where he spent the rest of his life.  He became maestro di cappella at the cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, where his employer was Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga, the Bishop of Mantua.  Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga was fond of Jacquet, and the relationship was mutually beneficial; when Gonzaga became the president of the Council of Trent, and the most enthusiastic supporter of the Counter-Reformation, he was a forceful advocate for the music of his favorite composer.

In addition to being recognized by his employer, the Medici popes Leo X and Clement VII also praised his music.  Much of Jacquet's music circulated widely, especially his motet Aspice Domine which appeared in over 30 contemporary sources.

Jacquet seems to have died in debt, a strange occurrence for one so well-connected and esteemed, especially by the Medici; however his family received a pension from Cardinal Ercole.

Music

Jacquet wrote almost exclusively sacred vocal music.  He was attentive to the trends of the time, and his music shows a clear stylistic progression from an early reliance on late 15th century practices to a later grasp of the pervasive imitation used by the generation of composers after Josquin.  His craftsmanship is careful, and his counterpoint is fluid and graceful; parts are well-balanced, and occasional homophonic sections break the prevailing polyphonic texture.  Most of his music is full-textured, with all voices singing.

He wrote 23 masses which have survived, and well over 100 motets.  Many of the motets are for state occasions:  arrivals of dignitaries, marriages, tributes, laments and so forth.  Only three secular works have survived, and those are most likely early compositions; the more zealous leaders of the Counter-Reformation had a low opinion of secular music, and Jacquet seems to have obliged them.

In his later years, his music was simpler, and he wrote many hymns.  The tendency of the Council of Trent at this time was to encourage relatively simple music in which the words could be clearly understood; Jacquet was both following this trend, and showing the natural development of a style which had embraced complex polyphony early, and which later sought simplicity and clarity.

Recordings
2015 - Jacquet of Mantua: Missa Surge Petre & motets. The Brabant Ensemble, Stephen Rice (conductor). Hyperion CDA68088.
2003 - Jachet de Mantoue: Lamentations de Jérémie. Ensemble Jachet de Mantoue. Calliope CAL 9340.

Notes

References

 Article "Jacquet of Mantua", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
 Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.

External links

1483 births
1559 deaths
People from Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine
French classical composers
French male classical composers
Renaissance composers
Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine

Jacquet of Mantua


Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED). The part of the OLED that creates light is made of a very thin layer of organic compounds. The main use of OLED technology is for flat panel displays for smartphones and other mobile devices where they are in some ways better than LCDs. OLEDs can be used to make displays that can bend. These can be used in many different ways. For example, they can be used in clothing.

OLED provides high contrast of screen. It is characterized by low energy consumption (due to the absence of additional illumination).

Advantages and disadvantages

LCDs are in some ways better than OLEDs and some ways worse. OLEDs can make more colors and levels of brightness than LEDs. Unlike LCDs their colors do not change when viewed at an angle. They are also much cheaper to make. OLEDs make light, so they do not need a light shining through from the back as LCDs do. This also makes black parts of the screen able to be fully turned "off" making them darker. LCDs also need to use filters to work properly. These filters block much of the light created by the LED/CCFL. Because of backlighting and filtering, OLEDs use far less power than LCDs for the amount of light made. OLEDs also react faster to changes in electricity. They turn on and off much faster than LCDs.

LEDs will last longer than OLEDs. This is the biggest problem with OLEDs. Currently most OLEDs used in displays will work for about 5,000 hours of use. LEDs normally work for 60,000 hours. This may change as experiments in 2007 created a type of OLED that worked for 198,000 hours. The organic compounds that make up OLEDs are also more easily damaged by water.

OLED technology is currently patented by the Eastman Kodak company and several other companies. Because of this, a company must pay to be allowed to use it in their product.

How they work

There are several parts to an OLED:
 Substrate: the material the layers of the OLED are put on
 Emissive layer: the layer where light is made
 Conductive layer
 Anode
 Cathode

The emissive and conductive layers are made of special organic molecules that conduct electricity. The anode and cathode connect the OLED to the source of electricity.

When electricity is applied to an OLED, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged and the conductive layer becomes positively charged. Electrostatic forces cause electrons to move from the positive conductive layer toward the negative emissive layer. This causes a change in the electrical levels and makes radiation that has a frequency in the range of visible light.

OLED, as with all diodes, can only work if electricity flows through them in the correct direction. The Anode, connected to the emmisive layer must be at a higher electrical potential (more volts, more positive) than the cathode, connected to the conductive layer, for the OLED to work.

Electronic components
Display technology

Organic light-emitting diode


East Lynn is an unincorporated community in Wayne County, West Virginia, United States, located along the banks of Twelvepole Creek, approximately eight miles south of the county seat, Wayne. It was also known as Mouth of Little Lynn. East Lynn is a part of the Huntington-Ashland Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 287,702. New definitions from February 28, 2013 placed the population at 363,000.

History
East Lynn began as a small merchant community known as Twin Creek but eventually grew as a coal town. In 1868, the Adkins Mills Post Office was established and the community was known as Adkins Mills.  The Big Sandy, East Lynn & Guyan Railroad was formed in 1903 and merged with the Norfolk and Western in 1908. Also in 1908, East Lynn was incorporated.  East Lynn continued to grow in the 1910s and at various times had three movie theaters, doctors, lawyers, and a detective agency.  In the late 1910s, the residents decided to abandon the town's charter, and the town became unincorporated once again.  Much of the town was destroyed by fire in November 1919. East Lynn was rebuilt; however, it burned once again in February 1955. The coal mines shut down in the 1960s, and the railroad left, leaving the town dilapidated. The East Lynn Lake was created in the 1960s by the Army Corps of Engineers. Rockspring Development reopened a mine near East Lynn on Camp Creek, but  it has not created any new growth for the town itself.

Demographics
East Lynn is a part of the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 288,649.

References

Unincorporated communities in Wayne County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Coal towns in West Virginia

East Lynn, West Virginia


A lass, girl or quine is a female bairn. She is a female body that isna yet matured, awtho female teenagers mey be cried "girls" an aw. Whiles aulder fowk still caw growen up weemen as "girls", parteecular in expressions sic as "a nicht oot wi the lassies".

Wee lasses still hae the bouk o a bairn. It isna till thay reach puberty (aiblins aroond 11 tae 13 year auld) that thair bouks stairt tae mature an thay become a wumman.

The opposite o a lass is a lad/loun. A lad is a male bairn that will growe intae a man.

Bairnhuid
Weemen
Terms for females

Lass


Mr. Meaty is an American/Canadian television series, airing on CBC Television in Canada and the Nicktoons Network in the United States. It originally began in 2005, as a series of shorts that aired on Nickelodeon. The show features puppets working at a fast food restaurant called Mr. Meaty.

History
The show began as a series of shorts featured on CBC's The Void and in-between shows on Nickelodeon. Many of the original shorts can still be found on iTunes and TurboNick.

Characters
 Josh Redgrove is the 16-year-old cashier and the smarter of the two Mr. Meaty employees. He is the main character. Josh is into dating and girls and is often seen hitting on his female customers. He also enjoys making movies, indie-punk, and acting cool. His ambition is to become a filmmaker/rock star. On his job application, he mentions that he enjoys buttering bread and fixing holes. He is voiced by Jamie Shannon.
 Parker Dinkleman is the 15-year-old fry cook at Mr. Meaty. Dim-witted and dirty, Parker enjoys making movies with his friend Josh and cooking foods. Unfortunately, his gross habits scare away girls that Josh is talking to, and for this reason, Parker can be considered Josh's foil. His special skills that he wrote on his job application were "Nunchucks and stopping kids from running". Parker also used to be a member of the Bear Cub Scouts. He is voiced by Jason Hopley.
 Doug the Mall Cop is the beefy security guard with a buzz haircut, black shades, and a prominent bottom lip. He speaks with a macho attitude and is very dedicated to his job. He can be friendly to the kids of the mall, or pretty aggressive to troublemakers. In the episode, "Wedgelor," he thwarts the demon by going "commando" that day to work. He is terrified of zombies, and was trained in the martial arts (presumably by Ping, who works at Chop Schtick), and died. He seems to have a liking towards Josh and Parker, and wanted to be a hero to them (to the point of lying by pretend that he fought an army of zombies and even helped them with their movie). He is voiced by Todd Doldersum.
 Edward R. Carney is Mr. Meaty's 109-year-old founder and CEO (as pointed out in Mr. Meaty Employee Training Video #77), previously cryogenically frozen. Carney serves as the main villain in a few episodes. He will not rest, until every man, woman and child has a Mr. Meaty meal 5 times a day. He claims that he had nothing, but a bathtub full of pork butt and according to him, he rules "the ninth largest meat buffet in the universe". He is voiced by Marty Stelnick.
 Mr. Wink is the manager. He is hinted to have once been kind, but Carney used the electric chip to turn him cold, bitter, and robotic. His ancestor from many generations ago signed a contract, that forces him to work at Carney's side. Apparently, his opinion on being shocked is not as bad as it used to be; in the first few times, he would respond with terror, but later, he seems to see it coming, as he responds with a sarcastic "Oh, here it comes." before being electrocuted. He is voiced by Todd Doldersum.

Reception
Mr. Meaty received a great deal of criticism from vegetarians and parents who didn't like the gross-out humor. Many petitions were signed and sent to Nickelodeon to end the show.

Other websites
 CBC's Mr. Meaty Page
 Nickelodeon's Mr. Meaty Page

Canadian animated television series
2000s American animated television series
American teen television series
2006 American television series debuts
2000s teen television series
2009 American television series endings
Puppets
2000s American comedy television series
2006 Canadian television series debuts
Canadian teen television series
Adult animated television series
American animated television series
2000s American sitcoms
2000s animated television series

Mr. Meaty


James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde PC (19 October 1610 – 21 July 1688) was an Anglo-Irish (from English and Irish family) politician and soldier. From 1641 to 1647, he was the leader in the fight against the Irish Catholic Confederation. From 1649 to 1650 he was top commander of the Royalist forces fighting against Oliver Cromwell who wanted to invade Ireland. In the 1650s he lived in exile in Europe with Charles II of England. When Charles II was put back on the British throne during the restoration in 1660, Ormonde became very important in English and Irish politics.

Early life
The Butlers of Ormonde were an Old English dynasty. They had been very important people the southeast of Ireland since the Middle Ages. His father was Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles. Thurles is a place in County Tipperary. James was the oldest son.

His father died in 1619, when he was 9 years old. He became Viscount Thurles. His mother took him to England where his grandfather (Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond) made him go to a Catholic school. James I was King at the time. James I was a Protestant, and wanted to make sure that James would also be a Protestant. This would give him power in Ireland once James Butler went back to Thurles. James I placed James Butler under the care of archbishop George Abbot. When he was fifteen he went to live with his grandfather at Drury-lane."

It became very important in his life that he was a Protestant. Almost all his relatives were Catholics. This made his family not like him very much. They had land and possessions taken from them, and they were not treated fairly because they were Catholics. This did not happen to James.

In December 1629, he married Lady Elizabeth Preston. In 1634, on the death of his grandfather, he became Earl of Ormonde.

Rebellion and Civil War
In 1633 Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford became head of government in Ireland. He liked Ormonde. He wrote to Charles I saying that Ormonde was "young, but take it from me, a very staid head". Ormonde became Wentworth's friend and supporter.

Wentworth planned to take land from the Catholics in Ireland. He did this to get money for the British king. He also wanted to break the political power of the Irish Catholic gentry. Ormonde supported this plan.

The plans made his relatives very angry, and many of them opposed Wentworth. This led to armed rebellion. The opposition to Wentworth helped an impeachment of the Earl by the English Parliament. He was executed in May, 1641.

When the Irish Rebellion of 1641 started, Ormonde was in command of government troops based in Dublin. Most of the country was taken by the Catholic rebels, who included Ormonde's Butler relatives. Rebel leader Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret, was Ormonde's cousin. In spring 1642 Mountgarret and Ormonde were the commanders of the two sides at the battle of Kilrush, with Ormonde's side winning.

In spring 1642 the Irish Catholics formed their own government, the Catholic Confederation. The capital was Kilkenny. They started to organise their own troops. Also in early 1642 the king sent in troops from England and Scotland to help with the fight. The Irish Confederate War had started.

Ormonde cleared the area around Dublin of Confederate forces. He got control of the area historically known as the Pale. In March 1643 Ormonde brought his troops to New Ross. This was deep in the territory of the Catholic Confederation. He won a small victory there (Battle of New Ross) before returning to Dublin.

However, Ormonde was in a very difficult situation. The Confederates held two thirds of the island. The English Civil War had started in September 1642. This meant that there were not going to be more troops from England to help him. The King had even asked to send back the troops he had sent before.

Isolated in Dublin, Ormonde agreed to a ceasefire (to stop fighting) with the Catholics, which began in September 1643. The greater part of Ireland was given up into the hands of the Catholic Confederation. This left only districts in the north, the Dublin Pale, round Cork City, and certain smallish garrisons in the possession of Protestant commanders. This truce was strongly opposed by the Lords Justices and the Protestant community in general in Ireland.

In November 1643 the king appointed Ormonde as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. This was the highest post in the Irish government. Ormonde was told to stop the king's Parliamentarian enemies being helped from Ireland. He also had to deliver more troops to fight for the Royalist side in England. He was also given the king's authority to make peace with the Catholic Confederation. They could then allow their troops to fight against the Parliamentarians.

Negotiations with the Irish Confederates

Ormonde had a difficult job to do.

The Old native Irish and Catholic Irish of English descent ("the Old English") had their own government in Confederate Ireland. They would support King Charles I of England if he would allow them freedom to be Catholics, and give them self-government. On the other side, any deals he made with Catholic Confederates meant that his support among English and Scottish Protestants in Ireland would become less.

On August 25, 1645, Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester, acting on behalf of King Charles, signed a treaty (peace agreement) in Kilkenny with the Irish Catholic Confederates. He did not talk about this with the Irish Protestant community. Irish Protestants were strongly against this, and Charles was forced to undo the treaty almost immediately. He was afraid that almost all Irish Protestant would give support to the other side in the English Civil War.

On March 28, 1646, Ormonde, on behalf of the king, signed another treaty with the Confederates. This one gave them religious and other rights. However, the Confederates' General Assembly (their government) in Kilkenny did not like the deal. This was in part because of what the pope's ambassador (nuncio) Giovanni Battista Rinuccini said. He did not want the Catholics to compromise. The Confederates arrested those among them who had signed the treaty with Ormonde.

Ormonde then judged that he could not keep the Confederates out of Dublin. He asked for help from English Long Parliament and signed an agreement with them on June 19, 1647. At the beginning of August Ormonde handed over Dublin, together with 3000 royalist troops under his command, to the Parliamentarian commander Michael Jones. He had arrived from England with 5000 Parliamentarian troops. Ormonde in turn sailed to England. He said about his surrender that he "preferred English rebels to Irish ones."

The royalist and parliamentarian troops were fighting on different sides in the English Civil War. But in Ireland, they fought together against the Catholic Confederates. The combined troops won a major battle against the Confederates soon afterward near Dublin (Battle of Dungan's Hill).

Commander of Royalist Alliance
In March 1648 he joined the queen and the Prince of Wales in Paris. In September he went back to Ireland. He was going to try to get the Irish Confederates and the Irish Protestants to support the king now that the pope's nuncio was gone.

The Irish Confederates wanted to make a compromise now. Their battle against the English Parliamentarian forces was not going well. On 17 January 1649 Ormonde signed a peace with the rebels which said that they could practice their religion freely.

After Charles I was executed in 1649, he stated Ireland's support for Charles II. Ormonde was put in command of the Irish Confederates' armies and also the English Royalist troops who had come to Ireland. Almost all of Ireland was under his control before August 1649. Yet Ormonde was not able to stop the conquest of Ireland by Oliver Cromwell in 1649-50.

Most of the English and Protestant Royalist troops left Ormonde's side and went to fight for Cromwell in May 1650. The Irish Catholic troops were the only ones left under his command. They did not trust him. Ormonde was made to leave his command in late 1650. He returned to France later that year. In Cromwell's Act of Settlement 1652, all of Ormonde's lands in Ireland were taken from him.

Ormonde was great friends with Charles II and the queen mother in Paris. He went to Aix and Cologne with Charles when he had to leave France. He played an active part in the secret planning of the Restoration (the plan to put Charles II back on the throne of England.).

Ormonde's career after Charles II became King

After Charles II became king, Ormonde got a lot of different responsibilities and titles from the king. He was made
 commissioner for the treasury and the navy,
 Lord Steward of the Household,
 a Privy Councillor,
 Lord Lieutenant of Somerset,
 High Steward of Westminster, Kingston and Bristol,
 chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin,
 Baron Butler of Llanthony and Earl of Brecknock in the peerage of England,
 Duke of Ormonde in the Irish peerage
 Lord High Steward of England for Charles's coronation that year.

He also got back his lands in Ireland.  On 4 November 1661 he became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland again. He did not like it when Charles II stopped importing cattle from Ireland. In return, he stopped importing cattle from Scotland.

In March 1669, Ormonde was removed from the government of Ireland. He did not mind. He made sure that his sons and others that listened to him stayed in their posts. He was chosen as Chancellor of the University of Oxford on 4 August 1669.

In 1670 an attempt was made to kill the duke by an adventurer named Thomas Blood. Ormonde was attacked by Blood and his helpers while driving up St James's Street on the night of 6 December 1670. He was pulled out of his carriage, and taken on horseback along Piccadilly. They wanted to hang him at Tyburn. Ormonde managed to escape.

In 1677 the king decided that he would become the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland once again.

On his arrival in Ireland he set up a tax system, and reorganised the army. After the Popish Plot (1678) in England, Ormonde at once took action that would make Roman Catholics powerless. There were far more Catholics than Protestants in the country (15 Catholics for every 1 Protestant). In 1682 he went back to London at the request of the King, who he supported. The last thing he did as lord lieutenant was to declare Irish support for James II of England after the death of Charles II.

Ormonde lived in retirement at Cornbury in Oxfordshire. Ormonde died on 21 July 1688 at Kingston Lacy, Dorset. Ormonde was buried in Westminster Abbey on 1 August 1688.

References

Further reading
Thomas Carte, Life of the Duke of Ormonde (3 vols., 1735–1736; new ed., in 6 vols., Oxford, 1851)
Thomas Carte, Collection of Original Letters, found among the Duke of Ormonde's Papers (1739)
Carte Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford
Sir Robert Southwell, "Life of Ormonde",  printed in the History of the Irish Parliament, by Lord Mountmorres (i 792), vol. 1.
Correspondence between Archbishop Williams and the Marquess of Ormonde, edited by B. H. Beckham (reprinted from Archaeologia Cambrensis, 1869)
John Milton, Observations on the Articles of Peace between James, Earl of Ormonde, and the Irish-Rebels
Hist. MSS. Comm. Reps. ii.-iv. and vi.-x., esp. Rep. viii., appendix, p. 499, and Rep. xiv. App.: pt. vii.
Manuscripts of the Marquis of Ormonde, together with new series; Notes and Queries, vi. ser. v., Pp. 343~ ~al1
Gardiner's History of the Civil War
Calendar of Slate Papers (Domestic) and Irish,1633 – 1662, with introductions
Biographia Britannica (Kippis)
Scottish Hist. Soc. Publications: Letters and Papers of 1650, edited by S. R. Gardiner, vol. xvii. (1894)

Other websites

http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/ormond.htm

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1610 births
1688 deaths
People buried in Westminster Abbey
British Dukes and Duchesses
British generals
Knights of the Garter
Lord-lieutenants

James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde


An endospore is a structure made by bacteria for survival purposes. Bacteria turn to endosporea when they undergo stress, such as an increase in heat or lack of nutrients. This process is known as sporulation. Endospores are small, rounded, resting cells that form inside bacteria when conditions become unbearable. They have a tough coating which makes it resistant to radiation (like X-rays and UV light), chemicals, heat, salt concentration and extreme pH. Endospores have calcium dipicolinate in them, which keeps the DNA stable.  It is not fully understood what causes it to be so resistant.

A bacterial cell will make an endospore when it is low on food so it can survive until there is more food available in the environment. An endospore will actually contain all of the important parts of the bacterial cell, such as its DNA. Only two genera of bacteria can undergo sporulation to form endospores. They are the Bacillus and Clostridium species. Bacteria that can form endospores but are not in the endospore state are known to be in their vegetative state.

Endospores are highly dangerous bio-terrorist weapons. This is because they are smaller than the vegetative state. A bacterium, in itself, is already smaller than a eukaryotic cell. Therefore, considering the small size of endospore, a small volume of it can already contain a large quantity of it. Endospores are hard to eradicate.

The bacteria cell does fission and conjugation. Fission is a form of reproduction. Conjugation is not considered reproduction.

References

Microbiology
Bacteria

Endospore


TAAG Air Angola is the main airline of Angola, a country in Africa. The TAAG stands for Transportadora Aérea AnGolana. which is Portuguese for Angolan Air Transport. TAAG's main base of operations is in Luanda International Airport, in the capital of Angola. TAAG is unlike many other African airlines as it is a very successful airline making a lot of money, most other airlines in the region do not make profits.

Destinations

Most of TAAG's flights are to other African countries. In Europe, they only fly to Portugal, a country Angola has close ties to. They also fly to South America and the Caribbean.

Fleet

2x Boeing 737-200
4x Boeing 737-700
2x Boeing 747-300
3x Boeing 777-200ER

Airlines of Africa

TAAG Air Angola


Blood Alone is a Japanese manga series written by Masayuki Takano, author of Boogiepop Dual. It was originally published as a dōjinshi. The manga ended abruptly in Spring 2014, however the story was concluded in a dōjinshi.

Plot
Kuroe Kurose is a former vampire hunter, turned private detective and author. He lives in modern-day Yokohama with Misaki Minato, an adolescent girl who has recently been turned into a vampire. Kuroe's investigations often lead him to battle vampires and other undead creatures, sometimes with the support of Higure, a leading figure in the vampire world. Misaki meanwhile struggles to come to terms with her vampire nature and her love for Kuroe.

Characters
Kuroe Kurose
An author, private investigator, and former prolific vampire hunter. He takes care of Misaki and on some quasi-legal basis is her guardian. Unlike most humans, Kuroe is a match against a vampire in combat and has a number of abilities linked to his eyes: he is immune to farumek (a vampire's way of hypnotising humans) and can tell if a someone is a member of the undead posing as a human. This was due to an injury inflicted on his eyes by a vampire who had the Adivuarat Kurai—the Eyes That See the Truth. Kuroe is very affectionate with Misaki but seems unaware of her deeper feelings, often teasing her when she tries to convey them.

Misaki Minato
A young girl, about ten years old, and recently-turned vampire whose human nature is still mainly intact. The daughter of a famous musician and a talented pianist herself, she used to live in a lovely mansion in England while she was human but now lives with Kuroe in a more modest home in Japan. She is in love with him, getting very jealous when he mixes with other women. They even share the same bed (though there is no indication of anything untoward in their relationship). Sayaka once poked fun at Misaki for sleeping in the same bed as Kuroe to which Misaki answered that it was because his bed was so big and comfortable. Kuroe then said that Misaki is still afraid of monsters and ghosts. She is also terrified of thunder. Misaki appears to have a second vampiric personality which wakes up in times of great danger to protect herself, but minimizes the duration of her awakenings as much as possible to preserve the original personality.

Sayaka Sainome
The daughter of a rich doctor (deceased), currently working as head of a police forensics department.  She has known Kuroe since they were in school together.  She sometimes asks him to assist her in her work, because of his special abilities. She herself has the special ability of "seeing" (walking through) the last memories of the recently deceased. She is familiar with Kuroe and Misaki's situation. She appears to have feelings for Kuroe.

Higure
An elder vampire. He looks like a boy of Misaki's age but is in fact very old and is one of the few "elder generation" vampires in the world. He appears to be immensely powerful, both in terms of physical/vampiric abilities as well as having considerable influence amongst vampires. Higure instructs Misaki on the ways of the vampire and fills Kuroe in with details about them that he was previously unaware of. From his relationships with his male Renfields, Higure is heavily implied to be gay and has even set his sights on Kuroe.

Sly
An underworld figure acquainted with both Kuroe and Misaki, shown in volume 2 to be a vampire. He occasionally brings Kuroe jobs and helps both him and Misaki as an informant. He uses French honorifics (Monsieur, Mademoiselle) and has stated that he hates vampires. Sly's companion is a cat named Larry who has a habit of teasing Misaki.

Maria
A young girl described as a "Renfield", a slave to a vampire.  In volume 2 she had been ordered by her "blood parent" to kill her biological father, which Kuroe prevented.  Since then she lives with Higure and is just about the only same-age friend that Misaki has. She also has a crush on Kuroe.

Jessie
Kuroe's partner/supervisor while he was hunting vampires in London. She is proficient in hand-to-hand combat and uses knives that can discharge electricity. She has appeared only in flashback so her current whereabouts are unknown, but it is mentioned in chapter 30 that she is still alive. It was she who first put Misaki and Kuroe in touch with one another when an injury in battle prevented her from watching over Misaki who was already the target for vampires. She has an estranged brother named Johnny who met up with Kuroe seeking guidance on romance, as he had fallen in love with a vampire called Sophia who despite her appearance being similar to Misaki's age, is possibly as long lived as Higure.

Chloe
A very powerful sorceress who instructed Kuroe Kurose in how to confront vampires. Her name is also spelled Kuroe in Japanese and there is some indication that the fact that they share the same name is why she and her powers are closely linked to Kuroe. She is even known among the Aruhiek (elder vampires) as "Femme Sinistre" (French for "Sinister Woman", though the manga gives the translation as "the woman with the forbidden name"). Chloe greatly looks down vampires as a whole, deeming as unworthy of fighting seriously against. While Kuroe was operating in London, she appeared to him from time to time to berate him for not using his powers to their full ability. Chloe's magic seems to be revolved around the use of time and reality manipulation, which she has passed onto Kuroe. She later appears before Kuroe, giving him a rather elusive warning of a forthcoming threat. Her relationship with Kuroe has also appeared to turn somewhat more intimate.

The Count
An elder vampire similar to Higure and who lives in the same city. He appears as a blond young man. He looks upon humans as only fit for being Renfields and thus disapproves of Misaki's relationship with Kuroe, which is based more on free will and mutual affection rather than enslavement.

Motoe Kurose
Kuroe's older sister and only known surviving family member. She suffered from an unknown disease and since she was the only woman that Kuroe truly "loved" he would often skip school just to visit her. She disappeared one night in the hospital when a vampire abducted her and blinded the pursuing Kuroe whose eyes gained certain abilities of their own once they had healed. Kuroe believes that his sister is still alive and thus became a vampire hunter in hopes of finding her.

Aspects of vampires
Vampires
Humans become vampires by consuming the blood of a vampire who has previously consumed their own. Vampires are immortal and do not age physically. They can only operate at night. They need to consume blood regularly and must do so to survive when they are injured and lose a lot. They possess fangs that allow them to drink blood from humans, but can also, as Misaki does, drink blood from a glass. Other abilities include increased speed and healing.

A vampire Elder who is a powerful member of the vampire community. In spite of the term, many of them come across as young men: Higure has the body of an adolescent while the Count looks to be in his twenties or early thirties.

Aruta
Special powers possessed by the vampire Elders. The Aruta is different for each Elder: the Count can create multiple copies of himself to confuse his enemies; Higure can tear a victim in two from a distance; and an Aruhiek whom Kuroe and Misaki once confronted in England could turn his arms into huge swords.

Named after the servant of Bram Stoker's Count Dracula, a Renfield is a human who acts as a vampire's servant. He or she is a human who has drunken the blood of a vampire and thus possesses partial immortality. However, a Renfield also loses his own will and is thus devoted to his blood parent—the vampire whose blood he drank. The Renfield's feelings and memories are influenced by the blood parent according to the vampire's strength and skill. A Renfield of an Aruhiek can use the Aruta of their blood parent. Renfields are especially useful in doing the work of vampires in the daytime when their masters cannot.

A vampire with no affiliation to a blood clan or parent.

A form of hypnosis that allows vampires to bring humans under their control for a short period of time. Farumek has no effect on Renfields who are blood-linked to another vampire. Kuroe, despite being a human, is unaffected by farumek due to his eyes having qualities of Adivuarat Kurai (see below).

An element of a vampire's blood. Each vampire's straruda possesses its own "will" and special properties. If a vampire drinks blood that contains a straruda too powerful for him to handle he runs the risk of turning into a mindless beast. Elder vampires can manage such stradura better, though some aspects of their personality may change.

Vampire cannibalism. A Renfield completely separated from their blood parent can experience intense pain and the only way around that would be to come under the influence of a vampire of the same blood line or one possessing the blood of the Renfield's blood parent. An example of this is when Higure consumes the blood of Maria's original blood parent before killing him, freeing her from his influence and bringing her under Higure's own.

The "Red Sword", a guild of vampire assassins.

A vampire killer—from the Romanian term for "hunter" (Romania is the location of Transylvania, home of the most famous vampire of all).

The "Eyes That See the Truth" are an ability possessed by a certain vampire and his blood clan. The term is also used as if it were the name of that vampire, who was once the head of the Einseigrad Sparuda, and was also responsible for kidnapping Kuroe's sister and turning Misaki into a vampire. He also injured Kuroe's eyes and, once they had healed from the injury, Kuroe obtained certain powers of his own such as recognizing the living undead that pretend to be humans. Misaki also appears to have abilities linked to the Adivuarat Kurai—apparently using it to make Maria realise that her blood parent was an evil manipulator rather than a genuine father figure.

Volume list

German
 Volume 1, April 2007 ()
 Volume 2, May 2007 ()
 Volume 3, September 2007 ()
 Volume 4, June 2008 ()
 Volume 5, June 2009 ()
 Volume 6, February 2011 ()

French
 Volume 1, July 2006 (, )
 Volume 2, November 2006 (, )
 Volume 3, February 2007 (, )
 Volume 4, October 2007 (, )
 Volume 5, October 2008 ()
 Volume 6, June 2010 ()

Drama CD

 Drama CD: BLOOD ALONE, July 21, 2006
 Drama CD: BLOOD ALONE II, August 24, 2007
 Drama CD: BLOOD ALONE III, May 25, 2008

Main cast
  (played by Mai Nakahara)
  (played by Toshiyuki Morikawa)
  (played by Rie Tanaka)
  (played by Shinichiro Miki)
  (played by Sanae Kobayashi)

References

External links
 The author Masayuki Takano's website

ASCII Media Works manga
Dengeki Comics
Dengeki Daioh
Doujinshi
2005 manga
Kodansha manga
Seven Seas Entertainment titles
Shōnen manga
Seinen manga
Supernatural anime and manga
Vampires in anime and manga

Blood Alone


Jacques-André Naigeon (15 July 1738, Paris – 28 February 1810, Paris) was a French artist, atheist–materialist philosopher, editor and man of letters best known for his contributions to the Encyclopédie and for reworking Baron d'Holbach's and Diderot's  manuscripts.

Biography

After trying his hand at painting and sculpture, Naigeon became a friend and associate of Denis Diderot, whom he helped to work on the Encyclopédie. He soon became involved with the Coterie Holbachique, a group of radical French Enlightenment thinkers centered on the Paris salon of Baron d'Holbach. Naigeon quickly adopted the Baron's atheist principles and collaborated with him on his works, overseeing their clandestine printing in Amsterdam and editing d'Holbach's Morale Universelle and his Essai sur les préjugés. Priding himself on a thorough knowledge of the classics, Naigeon would also edit a French translation of the works of Seneca begun by Nicolas La Grange, publishing it along with Diderot's Essai sur les régnes de Claude et de Néron (Paris, 1778). Other editorial work included the Essays of Montaigne and a translation of Toland's philosophical letters.

Naigeon became the editor, compiler and commentator of Diderot's works after the latter made him his literary executor. He published an incomplete edition of Diderot's works in 1798 after writing Mémoires historiques et philosophiques sur la vie et les ouvrages de Diderot, an unfinished commentary on his life and works.

Naigeon's only original stand-alone work was Le militaire philosophe, ou Difficultés sur la religion, proposées au Père Malebranche (London and Amsterdam, 1768), which was based on an earlier anonymous manuscript and whose final chapter was written by d'Holbach. This work mostly repeated the atheist, anti-Christian, determinist materialist arguments found in the radical literature of the second half of the 18th century.

Naigeon continued his attacks on religion in his Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Philosophy in the Encyclopédie méthodique (1791–1794). In his address to the National Assembly in 1790 () he called for absolute freedom of the press, asking the Assembly to withhold the name of God and religion from their declaration of the rights of man.

Bibliography

Naigeon's works

 Les Chinois, a comedy written with Charles Simon Favart (1756)
 Le Militaire philosophe ou, Difficultés sur la religion proposées au R.P. Malebranche (London and Amsterdam, 1768) ;
 Éloge de La Fontaine (1775)
  (1790)
 Dictionnaire de philosophie ancienne et moderne 3 vol. (1791-1794)
 Mémoire sur la vie et les œuvres de Diderot (1821)

Secondary literature
 Alan Charles Kors, "The Atheism of D'Holbach and Naigeon," Atheism from the Reformation to the Enlightenment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992)
 Mario Cosenza, "All'ombra dei Lumi. Jacques-André Naigeon philosophe", (Fedoa - Napoli University Press, Napoli, 2020).

References

External links

 Le militaire philosophe - online text in French

1738 births
1810 deaths
Writers from Paris
Philosophes
French materialists
Determinists
Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–1772)
Atheist philosophers
French atheism activists
French atheists
French philosophers
Enlightenment philosophers
18th-century philosophers
18th-century French writers
18th-century French male writers
French translators
Denis Diderot
French male writers
18th-century atheists
19th-century atheists

Jacques-André Naigeon


Transmutation is a basic process in alchemy. The most important form of transmutation is the change of lead into gold. Alchemists tried and failed to change base metals (metals of very little value) into a metal of high value like gold.

However, more recent work by James Chadwick and Irène Joliot-Curie in nuclear physics has established that radioactivity does lead to elemental changes.

Physics
Occult
Chemical processes

Transmutation