The Naval History & Heritage Command (NHHC) is at the historic Washington Navy Yard. It is an Echelon II command responsible for the preservation, analysis, and dissemination of U.S. naval history and heritage.  The NHHC is composed of 42 facilities in 13 geographic locations. This includes the Navy Department Library, ten museums and one heritage center, USS Constitution repair facility and detachment, and Historic ship NAUTILUS.

Mission
 Collect, preserve, protect and make available the artifacts, documents, and art that best embody our naval history and heritage for present and future generations.
 Advance the knowledge of naval history and heritage through professional research, analysis, interpretation, products and services.
 Make naval history and heritage "come alive" for our Sailors and Marines to enhance readiness and esprit de corps.
 Remind America of its need to maintain a strong Navy and Marine Corps to protect its citizens, their freedoms and the nation's maritime commerce.

Vision statement
Be the recognized authority on U.S. naval history and instill pride in America's naval heritage.

Director
The position of Director of Naval History was first established in 1944.

 Admiral Edward C. Kalbfus, USN, July 1944 – December 1945
 Vice Admiral Vincent R. Murphy, USN (ret.), December 1945 – June 1946
 Rear Admiral John B. Heffernan, USN (ret.), July 1946 – October 1956
 Rear Admiral Ernest M. Eller, USN (ret.), October 1956 – January 1970
 Rear Admiral F. Kent Loomis, USN (ret.), 24 January 1970 – 31 July 1970
 Vice Admiral Edwin B. Hooper, USN (ret.), August 1970 – July 1976
 Rear Admiral John D. H. Kane, USN (ret.), August 1976 – December 1985
 Dr. Ronald H. Spector, 21 July 1986 – 19 July 1989
 Dr. Dean C. Allard, 29 July 1989 – 31 January 1995
 Dr. William S. Dudley, 23 July 1995 – 30 September 2005
 Rear Admiral Paul E. Tobin, Jr., USN (ret.), 25 July 2005 – January 2008
 Rear Admiral Jay A. DeLoach, USN (ret.), 23 June 2008  – 14 May 2012
 Captain Henry J. Hendrix, USN, 14 May 2012 - present

Collections

The Command starts and maintains records, manuscripts, books, photographs, artifacts, and artwork that document the Navy's history. Extensive collections at the Command's headquarters on the Washington Navy Yard include:
Archives—Millions of official operational records, historical documents, personal papers, officer biographies, oral histories, and manuscripts related to naval operations, policy, and strategy, including ships' deck logs dating back thirty years and annual command operations reports of active U.S. Navy ships, aviation units, and shore commands
Historical Artifacts—More than 200,000 artifacts, such as shipboard equipment, anchors, bells, uniforms, flags, and weapons from some of the Navy's most famous fighting ships and personnel
Archaeological Artifacts-Over 9,000 artifacts recovered and documented from sunken military craft such as personal affects, ordnance, ship's rigging and hull elements, and ceramic vessels
Photos—More than 500,000 historic still photos in a dedicated photo collection, with thousands more in the records collections housed in the Command's archives
Art—More than 18,000 paintings, prints, drawings, and sculptures
Library—More than 150,000 books and 80,000 manuscripts related to naval, maritime, and military history in the official Navy Department Library

Similar collections that document the Navy's history in specialized areas of interest are located at the eleven official U.S. Navy museums nationwide.

Navy museums
There are fifteen official Navy museums. They are designed to educate a national audience about the history, customs, and traditions of the U.S. Navy. These museums are dedicated to community outreach and offer curriculum-based education programs, docent-led tours, special evening programs, summer activities, lectures, and musical performances that are open to the public and free of charge. For more information on the following Navy museums, visit the NHHC website:
U.S. Navy Museum – Washington, DC
U.S. Navy Submarine Force Library and Museum – Groton, CT
Naval War College Museum – Newport, RI
Hampton Roads Naval Museum – Norfolk, VA
U.S. Naval Academy Museum – Annapolis, MD
Patuxent River Naval Air Museum – Lexington Park, MD
National Museum of Naval Aviation – Pensacola, FL
Great Lakes Naval Museum – Great Lakes, IL
Naval Museum of Armament & Technology – Ridgecrest, CA
U.S. Navy Seabee Museum – Port Hueneme, CA
Navy Museum Northwest – Keyport, WA / Bremerton, WA

Related pages
United States Army Center of Military History

References

Other websites

 Naval Historical Foundation
 National Museum of the U.S. Navy
 Hampton Roads Naval Museum
 Great Lakes Naval Museum
 National Naval Aviation Museum
 Naval Museum of Armament and Technology
 Naval Undersea Museum
 Naval War College Museum
 Puget Sound Navy Museum
 Patuxent River Naval Air Museum
 U.S. Navy Seabee Museum
 Submarine Force Library & Museum
 U.S. Naval Academy Museum
 U.S. Navy Supply Corps Museum
 Navy Art Collection
 USS Constitution "Old Ironsides"
 Underwater Archaeology Branch

History of the United States
Organizations in Washington, D.C.

Naval History & Heritage Command


Reinforced concrete is concrete with long bars inside to make it stronger. The reinforcing material has greater tensile strength than concrete has. Usually the bars are steel. Galvanizing saves the steel from rusting and corrosion.  In rich countries, almost all concrete in buildings and roads is reinforced. Reinforced concrete is stronger, and can be even stronger if the steel is stretched to make prestressed concrete.

References

Building materials

Reinforced concrete


The pula is the currency o Botswana. It haes the ISO 4217 code BWP an is subdividit intae 100 thebe. Pula literally means "rain" in Setswana, acause rain is vera scarce in Botswana - hame tae muckle o the Kalahari Desert - an therefore valuable. Pula an aa means "blessing" as rain is considered a blessing. Thebe means "shield".

History
The pula wis introduced in 1976, replacin the Sooth African rand at par. Despite a 12% devaluation in Mey 2005, the pula remains ane o the strangest currencies in Africae.

Coins

In 1976, coins wur introduced in denominations o 1, 5, 10, 25 an 50 thebe an 1 pula. The 1 thebe wis struck in aluminium, wi the 5 thebe in bronze an the ithers in cupro-nickel. These coins were round except for the scalloped 1 pula. Bronze, dodecagonal 2 thebe coins wur introduced in 1981, but discontinued efter 1985. In 1991, bronze-platit steel replaced bronze in the 5 thebe, nickel-platit steel replaced cupro-nickel in the 10, 25 an 50 thebe an the 1 pula chynged tae a smawer, nickel-brass, equilateral-curve seiven-sidit coin. A similarly shapit, nickel-brass 2 pula wis introduced in 1994. In 1998, follaeinthe athdrawal o the 1 an 2 thebe, smawer 5, 10, 25 an 50 thebe coins wur introduced, wi the 5 an 25 thebe coins being seiven-sidit an the 10 an 50 thebe coins remainin roond. A bimetallic 5 pula wis introduced in 2000 composed o a cupronickel center in a brass ring.

Economy o Botswana

Botswana pula


Denys Puech (3 December 1854, Gavernac, Bozouls, Aveyron – December 1942, Rodez, Aveyron) was a French sculptor.

Biography

From a family of farmers (his brother was Louis Puech, Député for the Seine Department from 1898 to 1932, and Minister of Public Works from 3 November 1910 to 27 February 1911), he began as an apprentice in the marble workshop of François Mahoux in Rodez. In 1872, after two years training, he pursued an apprenticeship in Paris in the workshop of François Jouffroy then of Alexandre Falguière and Henri Chapu, at the same time following an evening course at the Beaux-Arts.

1881 and 1883 saw his first successes, when he twice won the second prize in the prix de Rome contest, for his Tyrtaeus singing the Messanians (Tyrtée chantant les Messéniennes) and Diagoras dying for joy on learning of his two victorious children's triumph at the Olympic Games (Diagoras mourant de joie en apprenant le triomphe de ses deux enfants vainqueurs aux Jeux Olympiques) respectively.  He at last won first prize in 1884, with Wounded Mezentius (Mézence blessé).

From then on he received several official commissions from the French Third Republic, sculpting (among others) busts of Jules Ferry (1895), Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve (1898), Émile Loubet (1901) and Benito Mussolini (1925). In all, 573 works are inventoried.  He founded a museum of fine art in Rodez in 1903 (now the Musée Denys-Puech). The building, inaugurated in 1910, was designed by him in conjunction with the architect Boyer to best show off his sculptures.

He was elected a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1905, and made a knight of the Légion d'honneur on 17 January 1908.  On 13 May 1908, he married princess Anina Gagarine Stourdza (1 June 1865 – 14 April 1918), a painter herself, of whom he sculpted a statue holding a painter's palette in 1914. He was Director of the French Academy in Rome from 1921 to 1933.

Among those who studied with him were the American sculptors Clara Hill, Ernest Keyser and Helen Farnsworth Mears.

Works
 Aurora, 1900, Paris, Musée d'Orsay.
 La Pensée, 1902, polychrome marble, Paris, Petit-Palais.
 Nymph of Night, 1904.

References

External links

  « Denys Puech » on Joconde database
  La Sirène Bronze version. Barbedien foundry
  Denys Pierre PUECH Biography & Photos
   <<Denys Puech et Son Oeuvre>> (Work available on "GOOGLE BOOKS" - Public Domain)
  Denys Pierre PUECH Grave site memorial (English and French)

1854 births
1942 deaths
People from Aveyron
Prix de Rome for sculpture
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts
20th-century French sculptors
19th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
19th-century French male artists

Denys Puech


Tanzanite is a blue-purple gemstone found in Tanzania, in the Mererani Hills near the city of Arusha and Mount Kilimanjaro. It is named after the country of Tanzania, where it is found. It is a kind of a mineral called zoisite. When it is first mined, tanzanite is usually a red-brown colour. It needs to be heated to 600 degrees Celsius in a special oven to bring out its purple colour.

Gemstones

Tanzanite


Balduína "Bidú" de Oliveira Sayão (11 May 1902 – 12 March 1999) was a Brazilian opera soprano. One of Brazil's most famous musicians, Sayão was a leading artist of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1937 to 1952.

Life and career

Bidu Sayão was born on 11 May 1902  to a family of Portuguese, French and Swiss heritage, in Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro. Her father died when she was five years old and her mother struggled to support her daughter's pursuit of a singing career. At just eighteen, Bidu Sayão made her major opera debut in Rio de Janeiro. Her performance led to an opportunity to study with the famous Elena Teodorini, first in Brazil, then in Romania; and then to study with Polish tenor Jean de Reszke, in Nice. During the mid-1920s and early 1930s, she performed in Rome, Buenos Aires, Paris, as well as in her native Brazil. While at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome, she met impresario Walter Mocchi (1870–1955). After his wife, soprano Emma Carelli, died in 1928, the two became romantically involved and were married. However, it did not last and in 1935 Sayão married Italian baritone Giuseppe Danise (1883–1963).

In 1930, she debuted at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan, and in the next year she sang a successful Juliette, in Gounod's Roméo et Juliette, at the Paris Opera. In the same year, she gained a great success with her debut at the Opéra Comique as Lakmé. She soon became one of the leading lyric coloratura sopranos in Europe, especially in Italy and France. Her repertoire included Lucia di Lammermoor, Amina in La sonnambula, Elvira in I puritani, Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos and Cecilia in Il Guarany, among other roles.

Metropolitan Opera

Bidu Sayão made her U.S. debut in a recital at Town Hall in New York City on 30 December 1935.  Her U.S. operatic debut followed on 21 January 1936, when she and Danise sang in the penultimate production of the Washington National Opera, a semi-professional company not associated with its modern namesake; the performance, of Léo Delibes's Lakmé, was marred by a fractious dispute in which the orchestra musicians declined to play without payment in cash, and ultimately the performance was accompanied by a portable organ, with some singers appearing in costume and some in street clothes owing to a similar demand by the stage hands and costume man. Altogether more dignified was her performance a few months later with the New York Philharmonic at Carnegie Hall singing La Damoiselle élue by Debussy. Her performance was under the baton of Arturo Toscanini, who would become her greatest supporter and lifelong friend.

She sang her first performance at the Metropolitan Opera as Manon on 13 February 1937, replacing the Spanish soprano Lucrezia Bori. The critics, including Olin Downes of The New York Times, raved about her performance and within a few weeks she was given the lead in La traviata, followed soon thereafter by Mimì in La bohème. She also contributed to the Mozart revival at the Metropolitan Opera, becoming the pre-eminent Zerlina (Don Giovanni) and Susanna (The Marriage of Figaro) of her generation.

She performed to much acclaim for the University of Michigan May Festival in 1948 with Conductor Thor Johnson.  She sang "Un Bel Di" from Madame Butterfly as an encore.

Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos had an artistic partnership with the diva that lasted many years. He made a number of recordings of his compositions, including a famous recording of the Bachianas Brasileiras No. 5.

Bidu Sayão and her husband Giuseppe Danise purchased an oceanfront property in Lincolnville, Maine. After fifteen years with the Metropolitan Opera, she gave her last performance in 1952, choosing to retire from opera while still at the top of her form. For the next two years she was a guest performer throughout the U.S., but in 1957 she decided to retire completely from public performance; two years later she made her final recording as the soprano soloist on Villa-Lobos' world premiere stereo recording of his cantata Forest of the Amazon with the composer conducting the Symphony of the Air.

Following her husband's death in 1963, Bidu Sayão lived quietly at her home in Maine. She returned to visit Brazil a last time in 1995 for a tribute to her during the Carnival in Rio de Janeiro. She died on 12 March 1999, aged 96, at the Penobscot Bay Medical Center in Rockport, Maine. Her ashes were scattered across the bay in front of her home.

Legacy

Following her last visit to her homeland, the government prepared plans to honor her memory. In 2000 the Bidu Sayão International Vocal Competition was established to promote Brazilian operatic talent through a world-class competition. Sayão's portrait, painted by Curtis Ether, hangs in the lobby of the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.

Bibliography
 The Last Prima Donnas, by Lanfranco Rasponi, Alfred A Knopf, Bidu Sayão, p. 507 (1982);

References

External links
Interview with Bidu Sayão, 1 April 1985

1902 births
1999 deaths
Brazilian operatic sopranos
Singers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
20th-century Brazilian women opera singers
People from Lincolnville, Maine
Columbia Records artists

Bidu Sayão


Frank John Glieber (April 5, 1934 – May 1, 1985) was an American sportscaster.  He called college football games for CBS Radio, the Dallas Cowboys, Cleveland Browns on CBS, and the Texas Rangers. While working for CBS, Glieber  called National Football League, National Basketball Association, college football, college basketball, soccer, tennis, bowling, and golf. He died of a heart attack in May of 1985.

References

Major League Baseball broadcasters
Golf broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Tennis broadcasters
Association football broadcasters
Bowling broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
People from Wisconsin
Deaths from myocardial infarction
1985 deaths
1934 births

Frank Glieber


Kot Adu is a city of Muzaffargarh District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city, which is subdivided into 3 Union Councils, is the capital of Kot Adu tehsil. It is located in the southern part of the province, and is a very historic city. It has a population of over 1 million, making it the 400th largest city in Pakistan. It is just east of the Indus River, more or less in the centre of the country, about 866 km from Karachi, 600 km from Islamabad, 100 km from Multan, 80 km from D.G. Khan, 60 km from Muzzafargarh, 60 km from Layyah and 16 km from Taunsa Barrage.

Kot Addu City, being a historic and prosperous city, attracts tourists and is known as the 'City of rivers'. The city was named after Addu Khan whose grave is still there in the middle of the city. Kot Addu has been considered for the capital of country due to strategic location of the city. It is politically and culturally rich. Many famous poets, singers and patricians were born in this tehsil.

Tehsils of Muzaffargarh District

Kot Addu Tehsil


David (Ebreu:דָּוִד, דָּוִיד,David,Dāwîḏ;beloved) wis the seicont king o the unitit Kinrick o Israel accordin tae the Hebrew Bible. He is depictit as a righteous king, although no athoot fault, as well as an acclaimed warrior, muisician an poet, traditionally creditit for composin mony o the psalms contained in the Book o Psalms.

Edwin Thiele dates his life tae c.1040–970 BC, his reign ower Judah c.1010–1003 BC, an his reign over the united Kinrick o Israel c.1003–970 BC. The Books of Samuel, 1 Kings, an 1 Chronicles are the ae source o information on his life an reign, although the Tel Dan stele records the existence in the mid-9t century o a Judean royal dynasty cawed the "Hoose o David".

David's life is particularly important tae Jewish, Christian, an Islamic cultur. In Judaism, David, or David HaMelekh ("David, the keeng"), is the Keeng o Israel, an the Jewish fowk. A direct descendant o David will be the Mashiach. In Christianity David is kent as an ancestor o Jesus' adoptive faither Joseph, an in Islam, he is kent as Dawood, considered tae be a prophet an the king o a naition.

References

10t-century BC Biblical rulers
11t-century BC Biblical rulers
Biblical murtherers
Buirials in Jerusalem
Cultur heroes

Keengs o auncient Israel
Keengs o auncient Judah
Ebreu Bible fowk
History o Jerusalem
Jewish royalty
Auld Testament saunts
Fowk celebratit in the Lutheran leeturgical calendar
Fowk frae Bethlehem
Shepherds
Statues in Salisbury Cathedral
Beuks o Samuel

David


In the Book of Genesis, chapters two and three, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil was a tree in the middle of the Garden of Eden, along with the Tree of Life. God Told Adam and Eve) to never eat from this Tree. When Eve and Adam, ate the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, they discovered that they were naked, and were banished from the garden and forced to survive through farming.

Different views of the tree itself

In Judaism
According to the Jewish tradition, God telling Adam and Eve not to eat from the Tree was to give them free choice and allow them to earn perfection instead of getting it with a simple deed. According to this tradition, Adam and Eve would have become perfect and immortal had they not eaten from the Tree. After failing, they were sentenced to a long time of hard work to get themselves back into God's trust.

In Christianity
In Christianity, the Tree of Knowledge is connected to the beginning of sin. By eating the fruit of the Tree, Adam and Eve tried to become like God.

Trees in other religions
In Buddhism, the Buddha became enlightened under a Bodhi tree. While the biblical tree is usually seen as representing pleasure, the Bodhi tree gave pure knowledge.

The symbol of the Tree
Symbolically, the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge tries to divide human action into Right or Wrong, Good or Evil and Lawful or Unlawful with privileges and punishments for each case.

Related pages

 Adam and Eve
 Knowledge
 Morality
 Original sin
 Pelagianism

Mythology

Tree of Knowledge


Wizard's First Rule is a book written by Terry Goodkind. It is the first book in the epic fantasy series called The Sword of Truth.  It was published by Tor Books on August 15, 1994 as a hardcover book, meaning the book was made with a hard cover.  The paperback book was released on July 15, 1997.  A special version of the book was released on June 23, 2001.  It featured art on the cover by Keith Parkinson.  This special version was also a paperback version of the book.

Characters in Wizard's First Rule
Richard Cypher
Kahlan Amnell
Zeddicus Zu'l Zorander
Adie
George Cypher
Michael Cypher
Darken Rahl
Demmin Nass
Chase
The Mud People
Giller
Queen Milena
Princess Violet
Rachel
Denna
Shota
Samuel
Brophy
Scarlet
Panis Rahl
 James the Court Artist

Plot summary

The main character in Wizard's First Rule is Richard Cypher.  Richard is a woods guide who lives in the area of the world called Westland.  Westland is the only part of the world that contains no magic.  Westland is set apart from the other lands of the world by a very evil magic boundary.  The boundary stops anyone from coming through into the Westland from the Midlands.  As a woods guide, Richard leads important political people through the woods to wherever they need to go in Westland.  Richard has a brother called Michael Cypher.  He is the First Coucilor of Westland.

Richard's father, George Cypher, was mysteriously killed in the beginning of the book.  Because of this, Richard entered a state of sadness.  When Richard finds out about an interesting vine left in a jar for him by his dead father, Richard decides to go into the forest to try to find the vine.  This leads him to help a traveller escape from 4 men that are chasing her through the forest.  The traveller is called Kahlan Amnell, and the people she is running from are called a quad.

Richard saves Kahlan from the quad.  After saving Kahlan, Richard learns that he had just helped someone who had come through the boundary.  Before then, it was not heard of for someone to come through the boundary.  Richard finds out that Kahlan is looking for the First Wizard.  Richard feels that she is in need of help.  Because of this, Richard takes Kahlan to his best friend, Zedd.

When he goes to visit his friend, Richard learns that his friend, Zedd, has kept many secrets from him.  Richard finds out that Zedd is really the wizard that Kahlan has been looking for.

Kahlan tells Zedd about some of the events that are taking place in the Midlands.  Darken Rahl, who is the villain in the book, is leading an army against the Midlands.  After hearing of these events, Zedd decides that Richard is the true Seeker.  In doing so, Zedd gives Richard the Sword of Truth.  Zedd then decided that they need to cross the boundary to stop Darken Rahl from conquering the world using the magic of the boxes of Orden.

Richard finds out that the boxes of Orden hold the power of life and death.  He also finds out that Darken Rahl needs 3 boxes and needs to open them in the correct order using the information written in the Book of Counted Shadows.  Richard was taught the Book of Counted Shadows as a little boy by his father.

Richard then finds a way through the boundary thanks to his friend, Chase.  Chase is a boundary warden.  Boundary wardens are officials who keep people from getting too close to the boundary.  Chase tells Richard that there is a pass through the boundary.  Chase leads them to the pass.

Along the way to the pass, Richard and his friends are attacked by underworld creatures.  This encounter leaves both Zedd and Chase in a state of sleep.  Soon after this event takes place, Richard and Kahlan reach the home of Adie.  Adie is a bone sorcereress, and is the only one who can tell Richard and Kahlan how to get through the boundary.  They leave Zedd and Chase in Adie's care, and cross through the boundary.

After they cross into the Midlands, Richard finds out that the Mud People are the only people who knows where the box of Orden is that they need to stop Darken Rahl from taking over the world.  After teaching the Mud People how to make roofs that do not leak, they give Ricahrd the information he needs.

The book then follows Zedd, Kahlan, Richard, and Chase, as they try to keep the box of Orden from Darken Rahl, who is trying to take over the world.

Wizard's First Rule
People will believe a lie either because they want to believe it's true or because they are afraid it might be true.
This rule was a big part of the story and it was also the way that Richard ends up killing Darken Rahl at the end of the book.

References

Other websites
 Official Terry Goodkind website

Sword of Truth books
1994 books

Wizard's First Rule


John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English poet. He is often ranked as one of the five most important poets of the Romantic movement in English literature; the other four are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Though Keats was the youngest of these poets, he also died before the others: he suffered from tuberculosis and died in Rome at the age of 25.

Keats was the son of an inn-keeper Thomas Keats, who died when Keats was nine years old and Frances Keats; and his mother died of tuberculosis in 1810. The young Keats began studying to be a surgeon, though his interest in literature grew stronger than his interest in medicine. He became a friend and follower of the poet and editor James Henry Leigh Hunt, and made his first attempts to write his own poetry. Keats's active writing life lasted only about six years, from the spring of 1814 through 1819.

His short life meant that he wrote less than many other poets. His longest poems, Endymion and Hyperion, tell stories from ancient Greek mythology. Many of his shorter poems are among the best known in English literature, including the ballad "La Belle Dame sans Merci" and his sonnets and odes.

Keats was an active letter-writer throughout his life, like many people of his time. Hundreds of his letters to friends and relatives have survived, and Keats is often called one of the great letter writers in the English language.

References

Other websites

The poetical works of John Keats, edited by William T. Arnold, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., London 1884.

1795 births
1821 deaths
Deaths from tuberculosis
English poets
Writers from London

John Keats


The Last Supper is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci.  It is a picture of the last supper of Jesus and his disciples. It shows how they reacted when Jesus said that one of them would betray him. Each disciple has their own expression showing their own reaction to what Jesus has just told them.

The painting is a mural on the wall of the Santa Maria delle Grazie rectory in the dining room in Milan, Italy. It measures 460 X 880 cm.  Da Vinci began painting it in 1495 and finished it in 1498, but did not work on it all the time between these years.  Some people think the painting has secret messages.

Paintings with Christian themes
Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci
15th-century paintings

The Last Supper


The Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury on 22 June 1948, carrying 493 passengers from Jamaica wishing to start a new life in the United Kingdom.  The passengers (including one stowaway) were the first large group of West Indian immigrants to the UK after the Second World War.

When the people from the Windrush arrived at port, they were faced with discrimination and racism because of the colour of their skin. Some people now call the Windrush a new journey for them as they all went through the racism, but in the end, came out just as equal as everyone else.

Before 1948, the ship, under the name of Monte Rosa, had been used for cruises in pre-war Germany, and then as a German troopship and prisoner transport ship, before being captured by the British and taken as a war prize.  She continued to be used as a British troopship after 1948, but sank in the Mediterranean Sea in March 1954 after a sudden and catastrophic fire in her engine room, just off the coast of Algeria.

References

Ships

HMT Empire Windrush


Frans David Oerder (7 April 1867 – 15 July 1944) was a Dutch-born South African landscape, still-life and portrait painter, etcher, and lithographer.

He was born in Rotterdam. Frans was the youngest of seven children born to a municipal employee, Johannes Carolus Oerder. His father felt that art as a career was foolish, but agreed to his training as a decorator.

From 1880 to 1885, Oerder studied art at the Rotterdam Academy, winning the King William III Gold Medal and Bursary, later touring in Italy and studying in Brussels under Ernest Blanc-Garin (1843–1916) with the help of a small inheritance from his father.

Following his brother, he emigrated to the South African Republic in 1890, and initially worked as house painter and decorator for the firm of De Wyn & Engelenburg. Pressed by a shortage of work he entered the employ of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg Maatschappij and painted poles along the Delagoa Bay railway line.

In the 1890s, Oerder was, along with Anton van Wouw and James Smith Moreland in Cape Town, one of only three artists in South Africa with recognised professional training. In 1894, he took up the position of art teacher at the Staatsmeisjesskool, which later became the Pretoria High School for Girls and at the same time rented a studio in Church Street East. He eked out a living by drawing newspaper cartoons and helping Anton van Wouw with commissions. A frequent visitor to the studio during this period was one of his art students, Pierneef.

In 1896, Oerder went on a painting holiday to Zululand, and arranged an exhibition of his work in Cape Town.

With the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War in 1899, he was appointed official war artist by President Paul Kruger. His sketches and paintings from this bitter period are held at the War Museum in Bloemfontein, the Africana Museum in Johannesburg and the art collection of the University of Pretoria.

In 1903, after the war, and no doubt still remembering his Zululand trip, Oerder travelled and painted along the East African coast, contracting malaria during the trip. He was elected a member of the South African Society of Artists in 1905, and with the tide finally turning in his favour, received several commissions to paint landscapes and portraits, such as that of General Louis Botha.

He found conditions difficult in postwar South Africa and in 1908 returned to the Netherlands via Italy. At first he settled in Brabant, but later moved to Amsterdam where he married a fellow painter, Gerda Pitlo, in 1910. Her interest in flower painting influenced him and he started on still life compositions, especially flower studies. His painting Magnolias was sold to the New York Graphic Society, becoming one of the most popular images ever and reproductions of this still life achieved record sales for the Society, Oerder receiving no royalties whatever. Oerder hadn't forgotten his ties to South Africa, and occasionally carried out commissions such as designing covers for the weekly magazine, Die Brandwag, and arranging an exhibition in Johannesburg.

He eventually returned to Pretoria with his wife in 1938. His work by now was widely acclaimed, and in a grand gesture the tower-room of the Pretoria City Hall was made available to him for use as a studio. Here he painted several important portraits, including that of Jan Smuts. He now had the time and inclination to travel and paint in the Cape Province, Natal and the Northern Transvaal.

Complications following on a bout of pneumonia left him debilitated, and he died in Pretoria in 1944. Throughout his career he had divided his output fairly evenly between landscape, portrait and still-life, with the Dutch influence always apparent.

Gallery

References

1867 births
1944 deaths
Dutch landscape painters
Dutch portrait painters
Dutch still life painters
Painters from Rotterdam
19th-century Dutch painters
20th-century South African painters
20th-century male artists
Deaths from pneumonia in South Africa
South African male painters
Dutch emigrants
Immigrants to the South African Republic
People of the Second Boer War

Frans Oerder


Trinity is an interactive fiction video game written by Brian Moriarty and published in 1986 by Infocom. It is widely regarded as one of the company's best works.

The plot blends historical and fantastic elements as part of a prose poem regarding the destructive power of the atomic bomb and the futile nature of war in the atomic age. The name refers to the Trinity test, the first nuclear explosion, which took place in July 1945. It is Infocom's twentieth game and the last game released by the company when it was solvent.

Plot

As the game begins, the player's character is spending a final day of a London vacation in the Kensington Gardens. The evening flight back to the United States is looking increasingly unlikely for a number of unusual reasons. Hordes of nannies are blocking all exits from the Gardens, and the grass actively resists efforts to be walked upon. Worst of all, a gleam on the horizon soon heralds the unwelcome arrival of a Soviet nuclear missile. Time begins to slow as the missile approaches, and with some ingenuity the player's character finds an incongruous door hovering in mid-air. There's no telling where it may lead, but it cannot possibly be worse than the alternative of being at ground zero of a nuclear detonation...

The doorway leads to a strange land, where impossible objects exist. Space and time do not seem to behave in the familiar ways here. Exploring this new environment, the player finds several other mysterious doors, each of which leads to another chapter in the history of nuclear weaponry. After visiting test sites (including ones in Siberia, Nevada, and the Eniwetok Atoll) and Nagasaki just before each device is detonated, the player has one scenario left to deal with. The final door leads to the New Mexico desert on July 16, 1945, mere minutes before the test-firing that will change the course of history. But something is wrong at the "Trinity" site, and without the player's intervention things will go horribly awry.

The player is witness to, or rather narrowly escapes being a witness to, a number of nuclear explosions in the game. The sites visited, and the markings on the sundial that represent them, are:
 London, near future (fictional, Omega)
 Low Earth Orbit, near future (fictional, Mercury)
 Nevada (underground), 1970 (historical, Pluto)
 Eniwetok Atoll, Pacific Ocean, 1952 (historical, Neptune)
 Siberia, 1949 (historical, Libra)
 Nagasaki, Japan, 1945 (historical, Mars)
 Trinity, New Mexico, 1945 (historical, Alpha)

Each of the symbols has a meaning relevant to the incident it represents. Trinity was the site of the first atomic explosion, and is therefore represented by an alpha, which is the first character of the Greek alphabet. The bombing of Nagasaki was an act of war, and Mars is the Roman god of war. The test in Siberia (actually in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic) was an example of another superpower attempting to establish balance in the nuclear arms race, and the zodiacal sign of Libra is represented by the scales, making a reference to restoring the balance. The Eniwetok Atoll test took place in the middle of the ocean; hence it is symbolized by Neptune, the Roman god of the sea.  The Nevada test is underground, and thus represented by Pluto, god of the underworld.  The fictional incident in London was chronologically the latest to take place, and omega is the last letter of the Greek alphabet. The symbols also appear at the corresponding locations in The Illustrated Story of the Atom Bomb comic, which was included with the game. The fictional Low Earth Orbit (Mercury) detonation is very likely a reference to the space interceptor subproject of the Strategic Defense Initiative, nicknamed "Star Wars", contemporary with the game's development. Trinity also includes numerous references to British children's literature, including the Alice books of Lewis Carroll, the Mary Poppins books of P. L. Travers, and especially J. M. Barries novel The Little White Bird.

Development
Brian Moriarty created Trinitys story in 1983. After joining Infocom in 1984 he proposed it to the company, but management believed that it was too large for the z-machine at the time. After completing Wishbringer Moriarty began working on Trinity in May 1985, researching the history of nuclear weapons and visiting the Trinity site and Los Alamos, New Mexico. He attempted to make the game accurately depict the geography of New Mexico and Kensington Gardens. Moriarty completed the game in June 1986, and later stated that "writing it wasn't a pleasant experience, I can tell you that. It's not easy to sit down and write that stuff ... It was hard to live with that game for a year". He added, however, that "Trinity is not a funeral, and [don't] be afraid of it. It's kind of a dark game, but it's also, I like to think, kind of a fun game, too. But I do want people to think about what they see."

Release
The packaging for Trinity contained several items, called feelies, related to the plot of the game. These feelies included:
 A map of the Trinity site
 A cardboard sundial marked with odd symbols
 The Illustrated Story of the Atom Bomb, an "educational" comic book laden with ironic statements regarding the feelings of patriotism, idealism, and jingoism surrounding the production of atomic weaponry
 Instructions on how to fold an origami crane (orizuru) using the Yoshizawa–Randlett system (a reference to Sadako Sasaki), and a small square of origami paper with which to do it.

Reception
In 1996, Next Generation listed Trinity at number 100 in their "Top 100 Games of All Time", commenting that "Trinity takes the same types of serious themes of A Mind Forever Voyaging, and adds to them a heavy dose of mythology and fantasy. ... this is not only one of the most socially and politically powerful game experiences ever created, but also a landscape upon which puzzles of trademark Infocom quality can appear." Later the same year, Computer Gaming World listed Trinity at #120 among their top 150 best games of all time. The editors called it "a tense, ethical tightrope walk through the Cold War".

Legacy
Trinity was included as one of the titles in the 2010 book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die.

Video game designer and programmer Jonathan Blow mentioned Trinity as one of his formative influences.

References

External links

Walkthrough, with maps
Infocom Bugs List entry

1980s interactive fiction
1986 video games
Adventure games
Amiga games
Anti-war video games
Apple II games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
Commodore 128 games
DOS games
Infocom games
Classic Mac OS games
Video games about nuclear war and weapons
Video games about time travel
Video games adapted into comics
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in London
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Nevada
Video games set in New Mexico
Video games set in the 20th century
Video games set in the Soviet Union
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Works about vacationing

Trinity (video game)


A time limit is a time horizon that is imposed on everyone at once.

It may be used to try to achieve fairness in some system of ethics.  For instance, if poor people and rich people are debating something, a time limit may be imposed so that the rich people cannot keep debating until the poor people have to go to work, and lose.

Time limits are very important in accounting so that everyone can report their results (for tax and investment purposes) at the same time.  This in turn creates deadlines for the accountant and those reporting.

However, the deadline is imposed by an authority, whereas the time limit is imposed by a system.  So there can be slack in a deadline, so that results do not have to be reported always very fast.

For example, in the United States of America, the end of the calendar year on December 31 is the time limit for taxes, but the deadline for reporting is April 15.  Sometimes the government allows more time, as it did for the families of those who were killed in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Related pages
 Time horizon
 Deadline

Time

Time limit


Hermes and the Infant Dionysos is a statue possibly made by the ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles. The statue was discovered in 1877 in the ruins of the Temple of Hera at Olympia, Greece. It is now in the Archaeological Museum of Olympia. The statue was probably made in the 4th century BC. This date is based on a remark by the 2nd century Greek traveller Pausanias.

Hermes stands 2.15 meters (7 ft. ½ in.) tall. He is missing two fingers of his left hand, both forearms below the elbow, the left foot, and his penis. Dionysos is missing his arms (except the right hand on Hermes' shoulder). He is missing the end of his right foot. Much of the tree trunk and the plinth are also lost. However, an ancient base survives, made of a grey limestone block between two blocks of marble.

The group is sculpted from a block of Parian marble. Hermes measures 2.10/2.12 meters, 3.70 m with the base. The right foot of Hermes is integral with a section of the base. The face and torso of Hermes are striking for their highly polished, glowing surface. The back shows the marks of the rasp and chisel. The rest of the sculpture is not completely finished. At the time of its discovery, the hair had some slight traces of cinnabar, a form of mercury sulfate with a red color that may have been a preparation for gilding. Cinnabar tints are seen on the sandal straps of the original foot, with traces of gilding. The sandal also bears the motif of a Heraclean knot.

Gallery

Ancient Greek marble sculptures
Olympia
4th-century BC works

Hermes and the Infant Dionysos


Perkeo of Heidelberg (born Clemens Pankert, according to other sources Giovanni Clementi; 1702–1735) was a notable jester and court dwarf of Elector Palatine Charles III Philip in Heidelberg. As guardian of the Great Heidelberg Tun, he has since become an unofficial mascot of the city and region. His name, story and image have been connected with a variety of festivals, traditional songs, cultural and scientific institutions, hotels, restaurants and private companies (in and out of the region) ever since.

Life

Pankert was apparently affected by dwarfism, possibly pseudoachondroplasia. He was born in Salurn in the County of Tyrol (present-day Salorno, South Tyrol) and originally practised as a button maker. Probably about 1718 he met with Prince Charles III Philip, who since 1712 ruled as a Habsburg governor over the lands of Tyrol and Further Austria. Philip took an interest in Pankert, and when he assumed the rule in the Electoral Palatinate, he brought him along to Heidelberg Castle as a cup-bearer and official entertainer for the court.

In Heidelberg, he allegedly adopted the nickname "Perkeo" for his drinking habitudes, as he famously replied "perché no?" ("why not?" in Italian) many times after being asked if he wanted another glass of wine at various court events. Perkeo quickly became celebrated for massive wine consumption despite his small figure, maybe on account of diabetes insipidus. Contemporary accounts document that he regularly drank between five and eight US gallons of wine a day. Since he knew much about wine, he was also given the responsibility of looking after the castle's wine stocks. Many found amusement in the striking contrast that tiny, funny Perkeo was in charge of the largest wine barrel in the world, the massive Heidelberg Tun, while famously having a strong love of drinking.

Aside from his official court duties, he is often celebrated for a variety of humorous legends connected to his life, his repartee and comical court pranks. These stories range from a tale of a mysterious clock that he used in wine production, a large key he had gotten on a misadventure into town to have an official uniform created, and most famously his demise. According to popular legend, Perkeo lived happily into his eighties having never drunk anything in his life, save for wine. Yet one day he took ill and the town doctor had him drink water. He died the next day.

Reception

Perkeo's fate was perpetuated in a letter by Victor Hugo (1802–1885), after his 1840 visit to Heidelberg Castle. Joseph Victor von Scheffel (1826–1886) added Perkeo's drinking song to his Gaudeamus collection, published in 1863. In Heidelberg, his commemoration is annually celebrated during the carnival (Fastnacht) season, likewise in Salorno (Maschggra).

The trademark PERKÊO for lamp components was registered under No. 1 by the German Imperial Patent Office on 16 October 1894 and is protected up to today. Perkeo is also the name of a historic inn in Heidelberg and of a Hedera helix (ivy) variety named in 1982. The PERKEO group at the Institute of Physics of the Heidelberg University examines free neutron decay.

Further reading
 Harry B. Davis: "What Happened in Heidelberg: From Heidelberg Man to the Present": Verlag Brausdruck GmbH, 1977.
 Victor Hugo: "Heidelberg" of Frankfurt am Main: Societäts-Verlag, 2003.

References

External links
 Heidelberg Institute of Physics

18th-century German people
18th-century Austrian people
Jesters
People from Salurn
People from Heidelberg
German people of Austrian descent
1702 births
1735 deaths

Perkeo of Heidelberg


Massoud Barzani (born 16 August 1946) was the first president of Iraqi Kurdistan. He became president on 14 June 2005.

Masoud Barzani succeeded his father, the Kurdish nationalist leader Mustafa Barzani, as the leader of KDP in 1979. Working closely with his brother Idris Barzani until Idris's death, Barzani and various other Kurdish groups fought the forces of the Iraqi government in Baghdad during the Iran–Iraq War. For much of this time, the Kurdish leadership was exiled to Iran.

Barzani was born in Iranian Kurdistan, during the short-lived Republic of Mahabad.

1946 births
Living people
Iraqi politicians
Kurdish politicians
Presidents (government)

Massoud Barzani


Richard Alexander Crooks (June 26, 1900 – September 29, 1972) was an American tenor and a leading singer at the New York Metropolitan Opera.

Biography
He was born the second son of Alexander and Elizabeth Crooks on June 26, 1900, in Trenton, New Jersey, and attended Trenton Central High School. Following several concert seasons as an oratorio and song recital specialist, including the American premier of Mahler's Das Lied von der Erde, he traveled to Germany where he made his operatic debut in Hamburg as Cavaradossi in Puccini's Tosca in 1927. After his tour in other European cities such as Berlin, Crooks returned to the US and made his American debut in 1930 in Philadelphia.  He became a star of the Metropolitan Opera, specializing in French and Italian operas. He participated in the farewell gala on March 29, 1936, for Spanish soprano Lucrezia Bori, which was broadcast nationally and preserved on transcription discs.

From 1928 to 1945, Crooks was the host of "The Voice of Firestone" radio broadcasts, in which he sang operatic arias, patriotic songs, folk songs, and popular hits such as "People Will Say We're in Love" from Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma! in 1943.  He also appeared on radio broadcasts with Bing Crosby, who remained a friend until Crooks's death.

Health problems forced Crooks to retire in early 1945. He continued to sing, however, at his church and elsewhere. Some of his performances were taped. He had married his childhood sweetheart and spent his later years in Portola Valley, California. An entire room in his house was devoted to framed, autographed photographs of singers, conductors, and U.S. presidents he had known. In conversations, he often praised two of the other great tenors he had heard in person: Enrico Caruso and Jussi Björling.

The Crooks family now resides in South Carolina.

Recordings
Aside from an unreleased disc for Columbia, Crooks recorded primarily for the Victor Talking Machine Company/RCA Victor. His first recordings date from the mid-1920s and were devoted mainly to operetta, especially ensemble medley recordings by the "Victor Light Opera Company."  Among these early electric recordings was a medley of The Student Prince by Sigmund Romberg, in which Crooks and Lambert Murphy alternated on the "Serenade."  Most of Crooks' early recordings were issued on the popular Victor black label, rather than the classical and operatic  Red Seal label. Crooks also made some records for Victor's German affiliate, Electrola, during the late 1920s.

In the late 1920s, Crooks was promoted to Victor's prestigious Red Seal label. He often said that his personal favorite was a 1928 recording of two arias by Richard Wagner: "In fernem Land" from Lohengrin and the "Prize Song" from Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. Crooks recorded a complete version of Schubert's Die schöne Müllerin in c.1934 (one of the early attempts to do so) with his teacher Frank LaForge at the piano, of which only numbers 1-3, 7-8, and 13-19 of the 20 songs were issued, and that not until 1941: the complete recording with the missing titles was issued on CD in 1997. Crooks also enjoyed making an album of Stephen Foster songs, which used authentic arrangements to recapture a vanished era of American music.  In early 1942, he released a recording of César Franck's "Panis angelicus" in the original Latin; the recording has been included in Nimbus Records' Prima Voce Christmas compilation The Spirit of Christmas Past. Among his last commercial recordings, made in January 1945, was a patriotic song called The Americans Come, which he had actually recorded as a teenager for Columbia.

The Metropolitan Opera has issued a number of recorded performances featuring Crooks on LP and CD.  One of his most memorable radio broadcasts was a 1940 Met performance of Gounod's Faust with Crooks in the title role; Helen Jepson sang Marguerite and Ezio Pinza sang Méphistophélès. Naxos Records issued the performance on CD, conducted by Wilfrid Pelletier, as taken from the original NBC master transcriptions.

His final private recordings were made in 1967 and 1968.   The recordings of Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring (J. S. Bach) and For You With Love (Elinor Remick Warren) were made at a wedding in Southern California on April 8, 1967. The notes for the Delos CD erroneously state that these were Richard Crooks last recordings. Actually, on November 15, 1968, Crooks sang in a performance with the Portola Valley United Presbyterian Church Choir at the Sequoias in Redwood City. On the recording, he sings "Panis angelicus" (in English) and Seek Ye The Lord.

Throughout the LP era, RCA Victor issued several albums highlighting many of Crooks's operatic arias and songs from the 1920s and 1930s, as well as a popular recording of Stainer's The Crucifixion, recorded in 1929, which featured Crooks, Lawrence Tibbett, the Trinity Choir, and Mark Andrews at the organ.
Delos has released a two-CD set of Crooks recordings, produced in cooperation with the Stanford Archives of Recorded Sound, including some performances that were never issued commercially and the 1967 recordings. There have been additional CDs released by ASV and Jewel, which show the great diversity of Crooks's recordings, including selections from operettas and popular songs.

Death
He was diagnosed with cancer in the mid-1960s and battled the disease until his death. He died on September 29, 1972, in Portola Valley, California, aged 72.

Legacy
For his work in recording, Crooks was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; located at 1648 Vine St. The Los Angeles Times, which has documented and photographed every star on the Walk as part of its ongoing Hollywood Star Walk project, has been unable to find Crooks' star (or the one for the film career of Geraldine Farrar). It is unknown if Crooks' star has been removed, or was never installed in the first place, or was simply overlooked by the Times crew.

Sources
Delos CD and liner notes
RCA Victrola LP and liner notes
Interviews with Crooks, 1967–72

References

External links

History of the Tenor - Sound Clips and Narration
Richard and Mildred Crooks Collection (ARS.0004), Stanford Archive of Recorded Sound
 Richard Crooks recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.

American operatic tenors
Musicians from Trenton, New Jersey
Trenton Central High School alumni
Singers from New Jersey
Classical music radio presenters
Deaths from cancer in California
1900 births
1972 deaths
20th-century American male opera singers
People from Portola Valley, California
Classical musicians from New Jersey
Singers from California
Classical musicians from California
Victor Records artists

Richard Crooks


Events
 July 6 – Mindaugas is crowned as King of Lithuania.
 July – William II, Count of Holland defeats the Flemish army at Westkapelle.
 A series of naval wars begins between the Italian city-states of Genoa and Venice, which will continue sporadically until 1371.
 King Henry III of England meets with English nobles and church leaders to reaffirm the validity of the Magna Carta.
 Pope Innocent IV returns to Rome, having left nine years earlier in 1244 to depose Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and being unable to return until after Frederick's death due to the agitation throughout Europe caused by that action.
 Having rebuffed the armed forces of Conrad IV of Germany, Pope Innocent IV offers Sicily to Edmund, son of King Henry III of England.
 Galicia becomes a vassal state to the expanding Mongol Empire.

Deaths
 January 19 – Dogen, Japanese founder of the Soto school of Zen Buddhism
 August 11 – Clare of Assisi, Italian follower of Francis of Assisi (born 1194)
 October 9 – Robert Grosseteste, English statesman and theologian
 Wenceslaus I, King of Bohemia
 Theobald IV of Champagne (born 1201)
 Saint Richard of Chichester
 King Henry I of Cyprus (born 1217)
 Amadeus IV of Savoy (born 1197)

1253


Trichoderma viride is a fungus and a biofungicide.

It is used for seed- and soil treatment for suppression of various diseases caused by fungal pathogens.

Biology
T. viride is a mold which produces spores asexually, by mitosis. It is the anamorph of Hypocrea rufa, its teleomorph, which is the sexual reproductive stage of the fungus and produces a typical fungal fruiting body. The mycelium of T. viride can produce a variety of enzymes, including cellulases and chitinases which can degrade cellulose and chitin respectively. The mould can grow directly on wood, which is mostly composed of cellulose, and on fungi, the cell walls of which are mainly composed of chitin. It parasitizes the mycelia and fruiting bodies of other fungi, including cultivated mushrooms, and it has been called the "green mould disease of mushrooms". The affected mushrooms are distorted and unattractive in appearance and the crop is reduced. Trichoderma viride is the causal agent of green mold rot of onion. A strain of Trichoderma viride is a known cause of dieback of Pinus nigra seedlings.

Uses
The fungicidal activity makes T. viride useful as a biological control against plant pathogenic fungi. It has been shown to provide protection against such pathogens as Rhizoctonia, Pythium and even Armillaria. It is found naturally in soil and is effective as a seed dressing in the control of seed and soil-borne diseases including Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium species. When it is applied at the same time as the seed, it colonizes the seed surface and kills not only the pathogens present on the cuticle, but also provides protection against soil-borne pathogens.

A closely related species, Trichoderma reesei, is used in the creation of stonewashed jeans. The cellulase  produced by the fungus partially degrade the cotton material in places, making it soft and causing the jeans to look as if they had been washed using stones.

References

External links
 Index Fungorum
 USDA ARS Fungal Database

Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Root vegetable diseases
Trichoderma
Fungi of Europe
Fungi described in 1794
Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon

Trichoderma viride


Mani is a god in Norse mythology. He was made when the sparks of the realm of fire were collected. The other gods were not pleased with Mani and his sister Sol. So the gods made them ride in carts. The purpose of the siblings being in the carts was to guide the moon and sun. The reason for the waxing and waning moons is because Mani took two kids so they would cover parts of the moon. The reason for lunar eclipses is Hati (the offspring of Fenrir who is to chase Mani) getting close to Mani. At Ragnarok, Hati will finally consume Mani.

Norse gods and goddesses

Máni


Pennsylvania is one of the 50 states in the United States of America. It is in the northeastern part of the country. It has a border with Ohio on the west, West Virginia on the south and west, Maryland and Delaware on the south, New Jersey on the east, and New York and Lake Erie on the north.

The state capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg. The largest city in Pennsylvania is Philadelphia. The state nickname of Pennsylvania is "The Keystone State". The current governor of Pennsylvania is Josh Shapiro.

Pennsylvania is well known for its role in the American Revolution, its large communities of Amish, and its heavy industry.

History
Pennsylvania was home to many Native American groups before Europeans settled there. These include the Delaware, Susquehanna, and Iroquois.

The first European settlers in Pennsylvania were from Sweden. They arrived in 1643. The area was later ruled by the Netherlands and Great Britain. In 1681, Charles II of England, gave the land to William Penn. Penn used the land to create a home for Quakers. The land became known as "Penn's Woods", as Pennsylvania has many forests. In Latin this is "Pennsylvania". This became adopted as the name of the colony.

Meanwhile, in the western part of the state, armies from France and Great Britain fought for control of the source of the Ohio River. This conflict was part of the French and Indian War. Great Britain eventually won the conflict for this location and built a fort called Fort Pitt. The fort grew into a city which is now called Pittsburgh.

The state of Delaware was once part of Pennsylvania. In 1704, Delaware formed when three Pennsylvania counties left the colony and created their own government.

Pennsylvania was one of the 13 colonies that fought Great Britain in the American Revolution. The United States Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin, an important figure in the Revolution, was also from Philadelphia. Pennsylvania was the second state to join the United States. Philadelphia was capital of the United States before Washington, D.C..

Later, Pennsylvania became an important center of industry. Kerosene was discovered in Titusville in the 19th century. This was the start of the oil industry in the United States. Large deposits of coal were found in and around Pittsburgh. This caused Pittsburgh to become a major industrial city.

Industry began leaving Pennsylvania in the late 20th century, because most heavy industry was being transferred to other nations. Many people left, too. It also caused many of its cities and towns to decay.

Geography
Most of Pennsylvania is part of the Appalachian Mountains, including the south central and northeastern areas of the state. Much of the rest of the state is very hilly, partly due to the closeness to mountains and partly due to the steep river valleys in the state. The Monongahela, Allegheny, and Ohio rivers are in the western part of the state, and the Susquehanna is in the central part of the state. The northwestern and southeastern parts of the state are mostly flat and low-lying.

Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest states in the United States, with a land area of 44,817 square miles. The highest point in the state is Mount Davis, at 3,213 feet above sea level. The lowest point is the Delaware River, which is at sea level.

Demographics
Pennsylvania is the 5th most populated state. In 2020, there were 13,002,700 people.

More than half of the people live in the areas of Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. Few people live in the north central area of the state. Towns and cities tend to be small in size and densely populated, more so than in other states. This is because many of the towns and cities in Pennsylvania were built around a specific factory or factories.

Education
Pennsylvania has many colleges and universities. Officially, the state's public university is Pennsylvania State University. Best known are a few private university systems which are partially (around 10%) funded by the state, like University of Pittsburgh. The state's most well-known private university is the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League institution. Pennsylvania also has a number of state run colleges in Bloomsburg, California, Cheyney, Clarion, East Stroudsburg, Edinboro, Indiana, Kutztown, Lock Haven, Mansfield, Millersville, Shippensburg, Slippery Rock, and West Chester. Those fourteen schools make up one of the largest state run higher education systems in the country. Other significant private universities are Carnegie-Mellon University, known for its computer science research, and Bucknell University.

Related pages
 List of counties in Pennsylvania

References

1787 establishments in the United States

Pennsylvania


Confidence is a novel by Henry James, first published as a serial in Scribner's Monthly in 1879 and then as a book later the same year. This light and somewhat awkward comedy centers on artist Bernard Longueville, scientist Gordon Wright, and the sometimes inscrutable heroine, Angela Vivian. The plot rambles through various romantic entanglements before reaching an uncomplicated, but still believable happy ending.

Plot summary

While sketching in Siena, Bernard Longueville meets Angela Vivian and her mother. Later, Bernard's friend and self-proclaimed "mad" scientist Gordon Wright calls Longueville to Baden-Baden to pass judgment on whether he should marry Angela. Bernard recommends against it, based on his belief that Angela is something of a mysterious coquette.

So Gordon marries the lightweight (in both senses) Blanche Evers. After a couple years Longueville again meets Angela at a French beach resort and realizes he loves her. They get engaged, and Angela tells Bernard that she had refused Gordon when he proposed to her. Eventually Angela manages to reconcile Gordon and Blanche, who were becoming estranged due to a supposed extramarital affair Blanche had. Everybody lives happily ever after.

Major themes
It may well be futile to look for themes in this account of rather entangled romances. The book only seems to say that people can always deceive themselves and life can't be regulated on "scientific" principles, which falls on the shoulders of Gordon as a main character.

Some have suggested that the contrast between scientist Wright and artist Longueville reflects the difference between William and Henry James. That's always a possibility, of course, but the book makes little of the comparison, instead preferring to make new connections between the two heroes. Angela's interventions at the book's conclusion, where she tidies up everybody's lives and makes things just perfect, some critics deem unbelievable.

References
 The Novels of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1983)
 The Novels of Henry James by Oscar Cargill (New York: Macmillan Co., 1961)

External links

 Original magazine publication of Confidence (1879)
 First American book version of Confidence (1880)
 Note on the various texts of Confidence at the Library of America web site

1879 British novels
1879 American novels
Novels by Henry James
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in Scribner's Magazine
Novels about artists
Chatto & Windus books

Confidence (novel)


A creative director is a person who makes high-level creative decisions; oversees the creation of creative assets such as advertisements, products, events, or logos ; and directs & translates  the creative peoples whom produce the end results. Creative director positions are often found within the television production, graphic design, film, music, video game, fashion, advertising, media, or entertainment industries, but may be found in other creative organizations such as web development and software development firms as well.

A creative director is a vital role in all of the arts and entertainment industries and can be seen as another element in any product development process. The creative director may also assume the roles of an art director, copywriter, or lead designer. The responsibilities of a creative director include leading the communication design, interactive design, and concept forward in any work assigned. For example, this responsibility is often seen in industries related to advertisement. The creative director is known to guide a team of employees with skills and experience related to graphic design, fine arts, motion graphics, and other creative industry fields. Some example works can include visual layout, brainstorming, and copywriting.

Communication design

Advertising
In the advertising industry, a creative director is determined to develop various marketing schemes and strategies for a company or client that they are hired by. Assuming one is hired by a company that is fairly well known and established, there would be some type of creative department or management that the director would work with. The creative director would also serve as the project manager that works directly with employers, and in most circumstances, they would be responsible for designing concepts for advertisements and other promotional needs for their clients. Some examples of their duties involve copywriting and laying out chronological advertisement plans which explain the ongoing process of a project. It is important for an advertisement creative director to meet their goals at specific deadline with maximum efficiency as possible. To do so, they must be able to guide the creative department effectively from start to finish. Educational requirements of this position involve a blending of skills in business and journalism. To even be considered as a creative director, one would need to have years of experience in advertising (as little as five to as many as ten years).

Advertising creative directors are usually promoted from copywriting or art directing positions. Familiarity with film-making techniques is also common. Creative directors rise to become executive creative directors or chief creative officers, a position with executive responsibility for the entire creative department, and some progress to chairman of a firm.

Creative directors usually possess a communication design, fine arts or animation degree. Copywriters may have degrees in journalism, language arts, or media innovation, or may develop more emphasis on advertising copywriting while pursuing a communication design degree.

Video games

With the increased team sizes and more specialized disciplines in the games industry, certain game designers are titled as "creative director", "executive designer", or "game director". A creative director in a video game company is usually responsible for product development across a number of titles and is generally regarded as the prime design authority across the company's product range. Some examples are Peter Molyneux, Sam Lake, Hidetaka Miyazaki, or Shigeru Miyamoto whose influence extends across more than one project.

The creative director has an important responsibility in this industry. The director must devise ideas to lead a video game project forward and many responsibilities involve working with various individuals or teams spread out within the entire project or video-game production. This can include cross-functional collaboration with the various disciplines involved in games development. Academically speaking, a creative director is usually degree educated but there are some circumstances where a high school education strongly focusing on aspects such as art, graphics, computer science, and math can be acceptable and provide some valuable insight to students who hope to aspire in this field of work. Some skills that a creative director working in the video game industry may have include proficiency in computer programming and graphic development (illustrations, fine art) and have excellent interpersonal and writing skills (since they deal with many other clients and management leaders). The exact skills a game director possesses will depend on their background in the industry. Creative director, or game director, is not usually an entry-level position, but in a smaller studio it can be. This is more common in start-up companies for instance though normally one would have to earn that role by showing their skills and development over a period of years. The entertainment industry is not always a meritocracy, however, and sometimes people just luck into or inherit such positions. Creative directors have often done their share of lower-level startup positions such as internships or assisting other directors in art-related work fields. It is all about advancing through the career chain, and once one has earned the position a creative director, they may be eligible to work for larger and more popular game developing companies depending on how successful they have been with past collaborative projects.

Films

The creative director in the film industry is referred to as the "production designer". A production designer carries a large responsibility of designing the look of a movie. The job is similar to a creative director's role in the video game industry in that they manage a team of employees and has to consistently develop new ideas and methods of working. It is vital that designers in this field are able to produce expressive and creative ideas and translate them into something cinematic. Usually a certain sum of funds is distributed among different departments in the production of a film (in this case, the art department). Creative directors must decide on how to distribute and use the funds in the most efficient and effective way to ensure maximum quality in the films art department. An example can include the structuring of scenes and sets once a film begins to undergo the shooting process. During this process, it is important for creative directors to understand what props and effects should be used and how they should be used among various sets and scenes of the film. Some important qualifications that one should have include being able to manage teams, having expertise in design (specifically in theatre, interior sets and art design), being open minded to new ideas and methods in regards to organizing film sets, and having an understanding of coordinating among different departments in order to move a project towards success. A creative director in the film industry usually starts out in lower ranks of the chain, such as an assistant to other art directors or as a draughtsman.

Music

Creative supervisors in the field of music typically have various key roles that make up the whole. It is in this artistic field where the individual must master tasks that are relatable to one another. This role would guide and direct other musicians (such as the music director or artistic director) for greater overall program effectiveness. The three roles in this sense can consist of: the active musician, the musical art director, and the instructor that teaches and informs music for society. The main requirements one would need to have is an extensive background and knowledge of music (being able to master one or more instrument), understanding the principles and theories behind music composition, developing an understanding and connection with musicians that the director would be working with to communicate music in a harmonic and creative sense, and most importantly being able to develop leadership skills among other musicians.

Fashion

Creative director is the highest creative position in a fashion house. The creative director does not design clothes, but instead formulates and impresses upon the designers an overarching concept or concepts for a certain collection and the label as a whole.
A fashion creative director's main role is to establish what designs should be created, what will appeal to the target market, and how the concepts will be applied and distributed in collaboration with fashion designers who are responsible for creating the clothing and fabrics.

See also
VFX creative director

References

Arts occupations
Management occupations
Design occupations
Advertising occupations

Business terms
Communication design

Creative director


Televisi kabel (, ) nyaéta sistim méré televisi, pamrograman radio FM jeung layanan lianna ka konsumén ngaliwatan sinyal frékuénsi radio nu ditepikeun langsung ka televisi ngaliwatan serat optik atawa kabel koaksial, henteu ngagunakeun cara udara saperti siaran televisi tradisional (ngaliwatan galura radio) nu mana dibutuhkeun ayana anté.

It should be noted that while the acronym CATV is often used to méan "Cable TV" or "Community Access Television," it originally stood for Community Antenna Television.  This comes from cable television's origins in 1948, when the first cable systems were started. Television signals could only be received by homes that were in the "line-of-sight" of the originating broadcast antenna, and péople in mountainous aréas could not receive the signal.  Large antennas were constructed in these aréas, and cable was run from the antenna to homes so they could receive programming, making these large antennas "community antennas."

It is most commonplace in North America, Europe, Australia and East Asia, though it is present in many other countries, mainly in South America and the Middle East. Cable TV has had little success in Africa, as it is not cost-effective to lay cables in sparsely populated aréas, and although so-called "wireless cable" or microwave-based systems are used, "direct-to-home" satellite television is far more popular, especially in South Africa.

Téhnologi
Technically, CATV involves distributing a number of television channels collected at a central location (called a headend) to subscribers within a community by méans of a branched network of optical fibers and/or coaxial cables and broadband amplifiers. Since the éarly 1990s, the most common architecture is the Hybrid fiber coaxial network.

As in the case of radio broadcasting, the use of different frequencies allows many channels to be distributed through the same cable, without separate wires for éach. A Set-top box or the tuner of the TV, VCR or radio selects one channel from this mixed signal.

The same program is often simultanéously broadcast by radio and distributed by cable, usually at different frequencies. Other programs may be distributed by cable only; rules restricting content (e.g. regarding nudity and pornography) are often more relaxed for cable than for over-the-air TV.

Traditional cable TV systems worked strictly by way of analog signals (i.e. using standard radio waves) but many modérn cable TV systems also employ the use of digital cable technology, which uses compressed digital signals, allowing them to provide many more channels than they could with analog alone.  modérn cable TV systems also offer other services such as Video on demand, telephony, and high-speed data.

Cable television is normally regarded as a natural monopoly, and most aréas are served by a single provider, though Australia is characterized by extensive duplication.

Sumebarna televisi kabel

Australia
Cable television services have been available in Australia since 1991 or 1992, with Galaxy TV being the first, it became insolvent in 1997, due to decréasing popularity with the launching of Foxtel and Austar in May of 1995, two cable services that offered more variety than Galaxy TV. In éarly 1997, Galaxy TV was declared insolvent, largely because of Foxtel and Austars popularity.  Foxtel immediately commenced in supplying programming to Galaxy's subscribers on an interim basis. In 1999 Foxtel was able to significantly boost its customer base by acquiring Galaxy TV's subscribers from the Australis Media liquidator and commenced offering its services on a satellite television platform. There are currently two major and four minor cable television providers in Australia - Foxtel and Optus TV. Minor providers include Austar, TransACT, Bright Telecommunications and Neighbourhood Cable, which only operate in limited aréas.

Like the United Kingdom, cable is a minority méans of receiving access to subscription television in Australia. Satellite distribution is more common.

Due to its history, financial backing and market dominance, most local versions of channels are either owned directly by Foxtel and Austar or through related companies.

In terms of coverage, Foxtel's cable network covers parts of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, and Perth. Optus's network covers small parts of Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane, though its restrictive subscription rules méans that many péople living in apartments or confined living aréas may be unable to be connected.

Austar is available by satellite in most of regional and rural Australia, but does have a small cable network in the city of Darwin. TransACT is only available in the city of Canberra, where a custom cable network was developed. A similar situation exists in Perth where a small aréa is covered by Bright Telecommunications as well in parts of Geelong, Ballarat and Mildura that are réached by Neighbourhood Cable.

Brazil

Cable television is distributed in Brazil by various companies. Two of them, NET and TVA, serve the majority of the country, and lesser companies, such as Viamax, TBL and VIVAX, operate regionally. Cable TV is the main distribution channel for premium TV in the metropolitan aréas, but in the rural aréas satellite television is used more frequently because of the limited availability of cables infrastructure. Free broadcast television is still the main distribution channel in the whole country, however.

Kanada

Hong Kong
Only one traditional cable provider operates in Hong Kong, i-Cable Communications Limited (branded as "CableTV"). Another three operators offers pay-TV via DSL, they are Now Broadband TV (PCCW), HKBN Digital TV and TVB PayVision.

Many in Hong Kong instéad watch subscription TV using satellite systems like STAR TV.

Méksiko
The first cable system started to operate in the éarly Sixties in Monterrey, as a CATV service (an antenna at the top of the Loma Larga, which could get TV signals from South Texas). Most of the other major cities didn't develop cable systems until the late Eighties, due to government censorship. By 1989 the industry had had a major impulse with the founding of Multivisión—a MMDS system who started to develop its own channels in Spanish—and the later development of companies such as Cablemas and Megacable.

Over the past few yéars, many US networks have started to develop content for the Latin American market, such as CNN en Español, MTV, Cartoon Network, Disney Channel, and others. The country also has a DTH service called SKY (Televisa & News Corp. owned). Recently DirecTV merged with Sky. The dominant company nowadays is Megacable and Grupo HEVI.

Selandia Anyar
TelstraClear operate a cable television network in Wellington, Kapiti and Christchurch. Customers can subscribe to plans incorporating between 25 and 95 channels. Most content is offered on behalf of Sky Network Television however some channels such as TBN, Discovery Travel and Adventure and Deutsche welle are broadcast exclusively through TelstraCléar.

Républik Irlandia

Afrika Kidul
South African Broadcasting Co-operation (SABC) and e-TV are the only broadcasters in the country with the SABC being the State-Owned and major broadcastor . The SABC has three channels which focuses on its diverse cultures, languages and heritages. These channels are called SABC 1, 2, and 3. On the other hand, e-TV has only one channel and struggles to broadcast all the programmes.

Singapura
StarHub Cable Vision is the sole cable television operator in Singapore, where private ownership of satellite dishes is banned. StarHub Cable Vision was formed as a result of a merger between StarHub and Singapore Cable Vision on 15 May 2002. The latter first began broadcasting as a terrestrial pay-television operator in 1992 as the first cable network was not completed until 1995. Around 15% of households and offices in Singapore are connected to the StarHub network.

United Kingdom
In the UK Cable Television had its origins in 1938, when the first Community Antenna TV systems were set up in towns including Bristol and Hull, for homes which couldn't receive transmissions over the air; however these signals were on the 405-line system. In the 1960s Rediffusion Vision was set up to provide cable television in the newer 625-line and PAL formats.

In the éarly 1980s Rediffusion Vision supplemented its service with other channels including The Music Box, Mirrorvision, Lifesyle Screensport, Sky Channel and TEN. The service was renamed to Rediffusion Cablevision.

In the United Kingdom, the current generation of cable television began in the late 1980s with the issue of franchises to many local operators. These small operations proved uneconomic and there has been a continuing process of consolidation and re-financing.

By 2000 the two principal cable operators were NTL and Telewest. NTL's cable service was originally known as CableTel and grew rapidly through the acquisition of, among others, ComTel (which itself had bought Telecential), Comcast, Diamond Cable and finally, in 1999, the residential and small business operations of Cable & Wireless. Telewest acquired local cable operators including Eurobell (Plymouth and Essex) Cable London (North franchise) Birmigham cable and large franchsies in the North éast and North West of England. The original Telewest cable-co was créated after mergers of United Artists and General Cable in the mid 90's.
In 2005 it was announced that NTL and Telewest would merge, after a period of co-operation in the preceding few yéars. This merger was completed on 3 March 2006 with the company being named ntl Incorporated. For the time being the two brand names and services are still being marketed separately.  However, following NTL's aqusition of Virgin Mobile, the NTL and Telewest services will be rebranded Virgin Media in the first quarter of 2007 créating a single cable operator covering more than 95% of the UK cable market.

There are a small number of other surviving cable television companies in the UK outside of NTL including Kingston Communications (East Riding of Yorkshire) and WightCable (Isle of Wight, Ayrshire, Carlisle and Lancashire).

Cable TV faces intense competition from BSkyB's Sky Digital satellite television service.  Most channels are carried on both platforms.  However, cable often lacks "interactive" féatures (e.g. text services, and extra vidéo-screens), especially on BSkyB owned channels, and the satellite platform lacks services requiring high degrees of two-way communication, such as true video on demand.

However, subscription-funded digital terrestrial television proved less of a competitive thréat. The first system, ITV Digital, went into liquidation in 2002. Top Up TV later replaced it, however this service is shrinking as the DVB-T multiplex owners are finding FTA broadcasting more profitable.

Another potential source of competition in the future will be TV over broadband. This was initially launched, using ADSL, in London, where it is provided by HomeChoice. An IPTV service was also provided in Hull by Kingston Communications, but this céased operations in April 2006. As the speed and availability of broadband connections incréase, more TV content can be delivered using protocols such as IPTV.

Amérika Sarikat

lolobana panongton televisi di Amérika meunang sinyalna tina CATV.

Éropa

According to the Européan Audiovisual Observatory, there were 58 million cable households in the Européan Union as of 31 December 2004, i.e. a rate of penetration of 32 % of the television households. 5.7 millions were connected to digital networks.

Swiss
In Switzerland, virtually all households have cable TV. Ironically, despite this good coverage, Switzerland has only a few public TV stations (two éach for the German, French and Italian-spéaking parts of the country); additionally, there is now only one upstart commercial network with coverage comparable to these state-run channels. To watch news or political information, Swiss channels are preferred, but in the entertainment sector (féature movies, comedies, talk shows), private TV stations from Germany, France and Italy are dominant.

Layanan dumasar-kabel lianna

Coaxial cables are capable of bi-directional carriage of signals as well as the transmission of large amounts of data. Cable television signals use only a portion of the bandwidth available over coaxial lines. This léaves plenty of space available for other digital services such as broadband internet and cable telephony.

Broadband internet is achieved over coaxial cable by using cable modems to convert the network data into a type of digital signal that can be transferred over coaxial cable. One problem with some cable systems is the older amplifiers placed along the cable routes are unidirectional thus in order to allow for uploading of data the customer would need to use an analog modem to provide for the upstréam connection. This limited the upstréam speed to 31.2k and prevented the always-on convenience broadband internet typically provides. Many large cable systems have upgraded or are upgrading their equipment to allow for bi-directional signals, thus allowing for gréater upload speed and always-on convenience, though these upgrades are expensive.

In North America and Europe many cable operators have alréady introduced cable telephone service, which operates just like existing fixed line operators.  This service involves installing a special telephone interface at the customer's premises that converts the analog signals from the customer's in-home wiring into a digital signal, which is then sent on the local loop (replacing the analog last mile, or POTS) to the company's switching center, where it is connected to the PSTN. The biggest obstacle to cable telephone service is the need for néarly 100% reliable service for emergency calls. One of the standards available for digital cable telephony, PacketCable, seems to be the most promising and able to work with the Quality of Service demands of traditional analog POTS service. The biggest advantage to digital cable telephone service is similar to the advantage of digital cable TV, namely that data can be compressed, resulting in much less bandwidth used than a dedicated analog circuit-switched service. Other advantages include better voice quality and integration to a VoIP network providing chéap or unlimited nationwide and international calling. Note that in many cases, digital cable telephone service is separate from cable modem service being offered by many cable companies and does not rely on IP traffic or the Internet.

Beginning in 2004 in the United States, the traditional cable television providers and traditional telecommunication companies incréasingly compete in providing voice, vidéo and data services to residences.  The combination of TV, telephony and Internet access is commonly called triple play regardless of whether CATV or telcos offer it.

Rujukan

Monopoli (ékonomi)

TV kabel


"A Touch of Evil" is a song by the English heavy metal band Judas Priest, from their 1990 album Painkiller. The record was released as the second single from the album via Columbia Records label.

Overview
It is the only song on the album that was co-written by producer Chris Tsangarides, who wrote the song's guitar riff, while the rest of the song was written by the main songwriting team of Rob Halford, K. K. Downing, and Glenn Tipton. Tsangarides would team up again with Tipton for songwriting eleven years later, for Judas Priest's album Demolition, released in 2001, on which the two of them wrote the songs "Subterfuge" and "Metal Messiah".

It is one of the few songs on the album on which the synthesizers (which had originally been featured on several songs, but had been removed from some) remained part of the song. These synthesizers were played by rock veteran keyboardist Don Airey. Between the slow drums and the eerie keyboards, the song was given a chilling sound, making it a sort of pseudo-ballad. However, when played live, the keyboard intro is replaced by a guitar riff.

The song's lyrics deal with demonic possession, black magic, and temptation to commit acts of evil. However, according to Halford himself, as cited in Metal Hammer in January 2004, the lyrics deal with a love-related theme, although metaphorically.

The song features a classically-inspired guitar solo by Glenn Tipton.

Personnel
 Rob Halford – vocals
 Glenn Tipton – lead guitar
 K. K. Downing – rhythm guitar
 Ian Hill – bass (credit only)
 Scott Travis – drums

with:
 Don Airey – keyboards, moogbass

Music video
A music video was made for the song, vividly depicting each element of the song's lyrics. The video shows a young boy having various visions of things, while flashing images of the band playing the song in between, similar to the way the band are seen in the "Painkiller" video. The song was edited for the music video, and was cut from 5:42 to 4:54, and—among other things—a notable amount of Tipton's guitar solo was cut out from the song.

Charts

References

1990 songs
1991 singles
Judas Priest songs
Songs written by Glenn Tipton
Songs written by K. K. Downing
Songs written by Rob Halford
Columbia Records singles
Heavy metal ballads

A Touch of Evil


The Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez is a Mexican Formula One circuit near Mexico City. It was named after racing driver Ricardo Rodríguez (the brother of Pedro Rodríguez, a Formula One driver). It was finished in 1962 and held its first Formula One race there in the same year, though it did not count for the championship. A year later, the Mexican Grand Prix started, and continued from 1963 to 1970, where F1 did not return until 1986, and left once again 1992. The track still hosts various events, and even hosted the Nationwide Series from 2005 to 2008, before leaving once again.

F1 winners

Formula One circuits
1962 establishments in North America
1960s establishments in Mexico

Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez


Eartha Kitt (January 17, 1927 – December 25, 2008) was an American singer and songwriter who had many hit songs. She was also an actress. Kitt died of colorectal cancer in Weston, Connecticut. She was the first musician to record the song "Santa Baby".

Early life and career
Kitt was born on a cotton plantation in North, South Carolina. She lived there for the first 7 years of her life, but when she turned 8 years old  her family moved to the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. While she lived in New York she attended the High School of Performing Arts. In 1943, while she was in New York, she started her career as part of the Katherine Dunham Company, a dance group founded by famous singer/dancer named Katherine Dunham. Along with Dunham, Eartha performed in Egypt, France, Greece, Turkey, New York, Las Vegas and Hollywood. She acted in the movie Casbah in 1948. It was her first role in a movie. In 1960 a star was put for her in the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2000 she did the voice of Yzma in The Emperor's New Groove.

From 2002 to 2006, she voiced Queen Vexus in the Nickelodeon animated series My Life as a Teenage Robot.

Eartha Kitt was on Broadway a couple of times in plays like New Faces and Timbuktu. She was also in many different movies, some of which are Synanon, The Mark of the Hawk, All by Myself and Accused. She made many different appearances on shows such as Colgate Comedy Hour, Batman, The Ed Sullivan Show, I Spy and Police Woman.

In her later years Eartha Kitt wrote four different memoirs. The first was called Thursday's Child, The second was called Tart is Not a Sweet, the third was called Alone With Me, The last one was called I'm Still Here; Confessions of a Sex Kitten. Eartha Kitt died on Christmas Day, 2008 in Weston, Connecticut.

References

 "Kitt, Eartha." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2014. Web.  12 May 2014.
 "Eartha Kitt." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014.

Actors from South Carolina
African American actors
African American musicians
American movie actors
American singer-songwriters
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in Connecticut
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Singers from South Carolina
1927 births
2008 deaths

Eartha Kitt


Truls Mørk (born Bergen, Norway,  25 April 1961) is a Norwegian cellist.

Mørk's parents were both professional musicians.  His mother began teaching him the piano when he was seven. He also played the violin, but soon changed to the cello, which his father taught him.

When he was 17 Mørk studied with Frans Helmerson, then Heinrich Schiff and the Russian cellist Natalia Schakowskaya.

Mørk won many prizes for his cello playing.  In 1982 he became the first Scandinavian musician to reach the finals of the Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow and won 6th Prize.  In 1989 he started giving concerts in many countries in Europe, then in 1994 the United States with the Oslo Philharmonic, including debuts at Carnegie Hall and the Kennedy Center.

He has won prizes for his recordings, especially of Bach's Suites for Solo Cello.  He loves chamber music and he started the International Chamber Music Festival of Stavanger.

Mørk is a Professor at the Norwegian Academy of Music, Oslo.

Mørk played a cello  made by Domenico Montagnana in Venice in 1723 for more than 30 years.  The cello's scroll (the bit at the top) was made by Stradivarius.  A Norwegian bank  loaned it to him. The instrument was recently bought by the Dkfm. Angelika Prokopp Privatstiftung, which loans it to cellist Harriet Krigjh

Other websites
 Official website

1961 births
Living people
Norwegian musicians
Cellists
Grammy Award winners
People from Bergen

Truls Mørk


Syriana is an 2005 American drama thriller movie, which has won Academy Award and Golden Globe Awards. It is directed by Stephen Gaghan and produced by Jennifer Fox, Michael Nozik, Georgia Kacandes, Steven Soderbergh, George Clooney. The movie stars Clooney, Matt Damon, Jeffrey Wright, Chris Cooper, and William Hurt.

Plot
The movie is about a lot of people doing complicated things. One of the people is a CIA agent (Clooney) who is angered when his boss tries to invade his privacy. Another person, Damon, whose child dies, gets a better job working for a king. Then another person, a lawyer, Jeffrey Wright finds out that the oil company is actually not good and should be removed from power immediately. The last part of the movie is about two Muslims who become suicide bombers because they feel offended.

Other websites

2005 drama movies
2005 thriller movies
2000s drama thriller movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama thriller movies
United Arab Emirates movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Drone movies
American independent movies

Syriana


The Château de Saint Cloud was a château in Paris, France. It was sometimes called the Palace of Saint Cloud. It was burned down during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. It was once a private property of Queen Marie Antoinette. Since December 2006, there has been a movement to rebuild the Château de Saint-Cloud.

Early history

The building was originally called the "he Hôtel d'Aulnay". In the 16h century, it was expanded into a château by the Gondi banking family. The estate was in the hands of the Gondi family till 1658. At that time it was bought by Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, the only brother of Louis XIV of France. The estate remained the personal property of the descendants of Philippe of France. It was a country residence, as opposed to the Palais Royal in the center of Paris.

Queen Marie Antoinette
After negotiating for a long time, the Château de Saint-Cloud was bought in 1785 by Louis XVI. He bought it for Marie Antoinette. She thought that the air of Saint-Cloud would be good for her children. Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who had not visited the château since his morganatic marriage to his mistress Madame de Montesson, sold it for 6,000,000 livres. Marie Antoinette started changing Saint-Cloud in 1787-1788. She used her preferred architect Richard Mique. He had also decorated parts of the Palace of Versailles for the queen.

Emperor Napoléon III

During the Second Empire, Emperor Napoléon III and Empress Eugénie held their imperial court at Saint-Cloud during the spring and the autumn. There was also a reception for Queen Victoria in honour of her 1855 visit to France. In 1859, a model railway was built in the private park. It was built for Napoléon, Prince Imperial, the 3-year-old son of emperor Napoléon III,.

Other websites

Napoléon III et la reine Victoria. Une visite à l'Exposition Universelle de 1855
 Official site of the Domaine National de Saint-Cloud

Buildings and structures in Paris
Saint-Cloud

Château de Saint Cloud