A computer keyboard is an input device that allows a person to enter letters, numbers, and other symbols (together, these are called characters) into a computer. It is one of the most used input devices for computers. Using a keyboard is often called typing.

A keyboard contains many mechanical switches or push-buttons called "keys". When one of these is pushed, an electrical circuit is closed, and the keyboard sends a signal to the computer that tells it what letter, number, or symbol it would like to be shown on the screen. The computer then shows the character on the screen, usually at the place where the flashing text cursor is.

Besides entering characters, computer keyboards also have special keys that change the symbol (such as shift or caps lock or give the computer special commands (such as the arrow keys, CTRL and ALT). Different computer operating system use different special keys or use them differently. Special commands can also be activated through combinations of keys, called keyboard shortcuts. Some of the most common shortcuts on Windows programs are: Ctrl + C, to copy some text or a picture; Ctrl + V, to paste what was copied; and Ctrl + F, to find a certain word on a document or web page.

A keyboard can be joined to a computer using a wire, but can also be wireless (like those that use Bluetooth). Most wired 21st-century keyboards connect to a USB socket on the computer, but older ones use a round, purple DIN connector.

Types

There are different types of keyboards. They can be based on the way the keys work; for example, laptops have keys that do not move a lot, because the keyboard has to be very thin in order to fit inside the laptop. On the other hand, video game players often like keyboards with keys that move a lot, so that they feel the key working. Gaming keyboards also need fast reaction times. In between these two types, an ergonomic keyboard is made to be easier for people to type for long periods of time, without hurting their hands or arms.

There are also different ways the keys on a keyboard are arranged, usually to deal with different regions and languages of the world.  Most computer keyboards have the keys in six rows, but some laptops use only five or even four rows to save space. The most popular layout is called QWERTY, which is based on the first six letters on them. The QWERTY design was made so that the most common letters would not make the moving parts of a mechanical typewriter "jam", or stop working. Now, even though most people do not use typewriters anymore, the design stayed because people were used to it. Other layouts have been developed, for example the Dvorak keyboard, which puts the most common letters in the places that are easiest to reach.

Risks
Keystroke logging is making a record of each key that is pressed.  Keystroke logging can be used to measure employee activity.  Hackers can also use keystroke logging to get private information, such as passwords.  This can be done by putting a piece of hardware in the keyboard or on the cable, or by installing malware in the computer.  A wireless keyboard makes it especially easy for the hacker to detect the wireless signals.

The use of any keyboard may cause repetitive strain injury to the hands, wrists, arms, neck or back.  The risks of injuries can be reduced by taking frequent, short breaks to get up and walk around, a couple of times every hour. Users should also vary tasks throughout the day, to avoid overuse of the hands and wrists. When using a keyboard, a person should keep the shoulders relaxed with the elbows at the side, with the keyboard and mouse positioned so that they are comfortable to use. The chair height and keyboard should be adjusted so that the wrists are straight, and not resting on sharp edges of tables or the computers themselves. Some technology ranging from special keyboards to pen-tablet interfaces or speech recognition software can reduce the risk of injury. Pause software reminds the user to pause frequently.

Researchers are studying if keyboards can spread diseases.  Some keyboards were found to contain five times more germs than a toilet seat.

Related pages

Computer mouse
QWERTY
Dvorak (keyboard layout)

References

Writing tools

Keyboard (computer)


In Plenty and In Time of Need – Barbadoso nacionalinis himnas. Žodžių autorius – Irving Burgie (1926-). Kompozitorius – C. Van Roland Edwards (1912–1985). Himnas tapo oficialus, Barbadosui 1966 m. paskelbus nepriklausomybę.

Žodžiai
In plenty and in time of need
When this fair land was young
Our brave forefathers sowed the seed
From which our pride was sprung
A pride that makes no wanton boast
Of what it has withstood
That binds our hearts from coast to coast
The pride of nationhood

Choru:
We loyal sons and daughters all
Do hereby make it known
These fields and hills beyond recall
Are now our very own
We write our names on history's page
With expectations great
Strict guardians of our heritage
Firm craftsmen of our fate

The Lord has been the people's guide
For past three hundred years.
With Him still on the people's side
We have no doubts or fears.
Upward and onward we shall go,
Inspired, exulting, free,
And greater will our nation grow
In strength and unity.

Choru

Nuorodos
 Barbadoso himnas
 MIDI
 MP3
 Youtube

Barbadoso atributika
Valstybiniai himnai

Barbadoso himnas


Charles Chandler Egerton (1798–1885) was an English surgeon.

Life
Egerton was born at his father's vicarage of Thorncombe in Dorset in April 1798, and received his medical education at the then united hospitals of St. Thomas's and Guy's. In 1819 he became a member of the College of Surgeons. Four years later he was appointed by the East India Company assistant-surgeon on the Bengal establishment to practise as an oculist, and especially to take charge of those Indo-European lads at the lower orphan school who had contracted disease of the eyes. He dealt successfully with the epidemic there, and during his stay in India he held the first position as an oculist at the Eye Hospital, which was established under his own immediate care, and afterwards at the Medical College Hospital.

He was appointed the first surgeon at the Calcutta Medical College Hospital, and held that position until he retired from the service. The establishment of the college for teaching the "natives" anatomy by actual dissection was mainly due to his exertions. Early in 1817 he left India, and, retiring from practice, resided at Kendal Lodge, Epping, until his death, which took place there in May 1885, at the age of eighty-seven.

References

1798 births
1885 deaths
19th-century English people
English surgeons
People from Dorset

Charles Chandler Egerton


Vision (formerly nWeb) was a mobile browser developed by Novarra Inc. that ran on Java Platform, Micro Edition. It was first released in 2002, and the final release was in 2009.

Functionality
Mobile phone users can access and use the same web sites on their wireless handsets that they visit using personal computers. Full web pages load in seconds due to compression and in-network processing of content by the server.

Content Type Support: "Street" HTML, HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0, XHTML Basic, XHTML MP, cHTML, HDML, WML 1.1, Cascading Style Sheets v1, CSS v2, W-CSS, Tables, Frames, Forms, JavaScript 1.5, ECMAScript v3, ECMAScript Mobile Profile, HTTP cookies, Basic Authentication, gzip, Multi-Part MIME, GIF, Animated GIF, JPEG, BMP file format, WBMP

Multimedia Support: Adobe Flash, FLV, WMV, AVI, MPEG-2/MPEG-4, 3GP, 3GP2, MP3, SVG Tiny, SMIL, MIDI (supported on handsets with appropriate APIs)

Network Protocols and Security: HTTP1.1, HTTPS, SSL 2.0/3.0, WTLS, Certificates

Push: WAP 2.0 Push Access Protocol (PAP)

Download: OMA Download 1.0, MIDP OTA 1.0 & 2.0

Features
On-Device Portal: Locally store pages with categories and sites that can be predefined by the service provider and updated over the air, also "History" and "Favorites" can be customized by the end user
PC View:  Site pages load with a visual representation of the full web page.
Fit to Screen View: Choice of reformatted layout with image sizes adapted to fit within the width of the phone's screen.
Content Prioritization and Mobile Navigation Aids:  The browser attempts to automatically find the main information on a web page and focus on that content. Additionally, a user can "jump to" other prioritized content such as login, search or forms.
Adobe Flash and Streaming Video (Streaming media): The browser adapts Flash animations, Flash video, and other video formats to a format supported by the handset (usually RTSP/3GPP).
RSS: Users can view or subscribe to an available RSS feed on a site.
Widget engine: Ability to run widgets on mobile handsets.

References

Mobile web browsers
Web browsers
News aggregators
Discontinued web browsers

Vision Mobile Browser


Ubehebe Crater ( ) is a large volcanic crater of the Ubehebe Craters volcanic field in the northern half of Death Valley, in Death Valley National Park, California, United States.

Geography
Ubehebe Crater is located at the north tip of the Cottonwood Mountains. The crater is half a mile (one kilometer) wide and  deep. The age of the crater is estimated from 2,000 to 7,000 years old.

In 2012, new evidence suggested that the crater may be as young as 800 years old, although this estimation was a lower bound, and it is still possible the crater is much older than that.

Geology
The crater was formed when magma migrated close to the surface and the heat of the magma caused groundwater to flash into steam, throwing large quantities of pulverized old rock and new magma across the stony alluvial fan draped across the valley floor. The magma rose through a fault that lies along the western base of Tin Mountain. Movement on this fault was responsible for uplift of the entire Cottonwood Mountains range.

Eruptions

Geologists call the resulting large steam explosions hydrovolcanic or phreatic eruption and the pits created are known as maars. Ubehebe was the last and largest in a series of similar eruptions in the immediate area (its eruption exceeded the tensile strength of the bedrock by 10 times). Earlier eruptions created a group of much shallower maars to the south and another to the west. Little Hebe is a spatter cone that grew in the middle of one of the largest maars in the south group. The only significant deposit of lava in the volcanic field is contained in Little Hebe.

All of the maar-forming eruptions sent out fallout debris that mantled a broad area around the volcanic field (dozens of steam explosions issued from Ubehebe alone). The resulting light to dark gray cinder deposits consist of finely fragmented volcanic rock mixed with pulverized bedrock and are thickest immediately next to Ubehebe (). Rills and gullies that were  deep dissected the area prior to the eruptions and were buried by the fallout. Erosion has since re-excavated these features, exposing layers of cinder that still overlay adjacent ridges.

A type of pyroclastic flow called a base surge was sent out of Ubehebe by one of the explosions. It started after a large column of debris was thrown skyward then began to collapse. A doughnut-shaped cloud of hot ash and gas (the base surge) speed  from the base of the column while staying close to the ground, plastering the Ubehebe-facing side of all objects in the area.

Sediments

Miocene-aged mostly reddish orange-colored conglomerate makes up the exposed bedrock in Ubehebe's walls. These sediments were deposited by streams and contain limestone, mudstone, quartzite and volcanic cobbles that are up to  in diameter. There is also a difference in color between these seabed sediments: On the left these sediments are yellowish in hue while on the right they are orange. The reason is due to a fault that separates the two different sedimentary units; over time at least  of vertical displacement along this fault has resulted in the abutment of these two different sedimentary units. Fallout debris dip  over the fault scarp on the pre-eruption surface but have not been offset by it.

Within Ubehebe small alluvial fans have been built on the crater wall along with talus slumps from debris flows. White silt covers the crater bottom of Ubehebe and some surrounding craters.

Visiting
There are three major trails at the crater. One trail goes from the parking area to the bottom of Ubehebe, a second circumnavigates the crater rim, while a third trail leads off to Little Hebe.

Winds at the rim of Ubehebe are very strong and often gust above .

See also
Geology of the Death Valley area
Racetrack Playa

References

Death Valley
Death Valley National Park
Volcanoes of Inyo County, California
Maars of California
Protected areas of the Mojave Desert
Volcanology
Volcanoes of California

Ubehebe Crater


The Personality Assessment System (PAS) is a descriptive model of personality formulated by John W. Gittinger.
The system has been used by scientists in studying personality and by clinicians in clinical practice.
A major feature of the PAS is that a personality profile can be systematically interpreted from a set of
Wechsler Scales subtest scores.

The PAS has two aspects which distinguish it from other personality models. They are the use of
the Wechsler subtests, an objective test, to determine a personality and the use of a developmental model
in which the description of personality includes development through adolescence.

Krauskopf has proposed that differential aptitudes are the "cause" of personality differences.

The reason is that people prefer to use aptitudes they feel they are better at than ones where they feel
weaker. Krauskopf calls this hypothesis "radical" because so little attention has been paid to the idea.
With this "radical hypothesis", the use of an intelligence test, the
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale to obtain personality information makes sense.

Description
This very brief description is based primarily on the most recently published description of
the PAS  although there is no disagreement with other
descriptions.

The PAS is based on premises (among others) that behavior is determined by both heredity and
environment and behavior is determined by an interacting system of traits. Furthermore, these
traits can be modified through learning to such an extent that some might be nearly opposite
to the original genetic direction. Gittinger's original formulation defines three primitive dimensions
to which must be added general ability level which is referred to in the PAS as Normal Level.
There is an additional dimension related to psychological energy. In the theory, gender and age
also affect the final personality description.

The first dimension is Internalizer-Externalizer which is an ability to manipulate internal stimuli
or symbols without being distracted by the external world. This is similar, but not identical, to
the familiar introversion-extroversion dimension. The internalizer relies more on his own
experience and internal landscape and is likely to be less active than externalizers. The externalizer
is dependent on input from the outside and is more dependent on relating for the sake of relating.
Gittinger called this the intellectual dimension.

The Regulated-Flexible dimension can be viewed by thinking of a regulated person as one who can
see details within a whole, but not the whole. The regulated person is more stimulus bound and less able to see the "big picture". The regulated person is more procedurally oriented and emotionally insulated. The flexible person is involved with relationships and has attention diverted from step by step procedures. In theory, the regulated person has a high sensory threshold which is therefore satisfied less often than
a flexible person. Gittinger called this the procedural dimension.

The Role Adaptable-Role Uniform dimension refers to a person's skill in meeting demands that
others make of him. It is thus a social dimension. The behavior related to this dimension is generally without awareness. The adaptable person easily plays a variety of roles, being charming and moving easily in many different situations always making good first impressions. The role uniform person is able to handle
only a few social roles at best and is often said to be socially inept. The behavior is most apparent in new social situations, since the role uniform may comfortable and accepted in a very familiar situation. The role adaptive can suffer from making good first impressions and then not understanding the unrealistic expectations others place upon him. Gittinger called this the social dimension.

A compensation (or lack thereof) is learned behavior a person adopts in childhood to go against their natural dimensions. This is done to gain better coping skills which their natural dimensions do not initially provide. Once developed, compensation tends to be strongly ingrained and resistant to external pressure. Finally, modification (or lack thereof), much like compensation, is a learned behavior to counter the individual's initial dimensions but it is developed in adulthood and is much more fragile and resistant to pressure. This behavior is learned to cope with adult responsibilities.

As the environment places demands upon a person to learn to compensate for weaknesses, the person may compensate to such an extent as to actually appear to have the opposite primitive trait. For example, a primitive externalizer may compensate and appear more as an internalizer. However, there are differences between an uncompensated primitive externalizer and a compensated internalizer. The compensated adjustment is a more tense adjustment and requires more rehearsal and more display of consistency. Also, a person who is compensated often reacts negatively to seeing their primitive trait displayed in others. A person may compensate in none, one, two or all three dimensions. The PAS calls the adjustment including compensation the basic level.

The PAS defines an additional level of adjustment called the contact or surface level.
At the surface level, there are four possible adjustments. A person who is not compensated may either become modified, that is, attempt to display the opposite of their primitive trait on the surface or they may remain completely uncompensated and unmodified, retaining their primitive trait. A person who is compensated at the basic level may revert towards their primitive trait on the surface (this is called a controlled adjustment) or continue to move towards the opposite (this is called a repressed adjustment).
A person makes adjustments in all three dimensions independently. For example, a person might
have a modified adjustment in one dimension, a controlled adjustment in another, and a repressed
adjustment in the third.

Subtest scales
Externalizer-Internalizer Dimension

Regulated-Flexible Dimmension

Unacceptable-Acceptable Dimmension

A key feature of the PAS is that the profile of a particular person may be derived from their scores
on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The development of the PAS actually began when John Gittinger noticed certain behaviors which seemed to relate to subtest scores on the Wechsler. Over the years, as he observed many people, he developed the full theory and the method of translating Wechsler scores into PAS profiles. Many refinements in the method used to produce PAS profiles from Wechsler scores were made
with the 2001 method and one much older method the most extensively used by psychologists using the PAS.

Applications
The PAS has been used for many applications over the years. A sample of applications include
education, career analysis, self-help, and intelligence gathering.

DuVivier  discusses the importance of working with individual differences when
analyzing college student success and drop-out rates with particular attention to avoiding drop-out.
She uses an "Impressionistic Model Analysis" based on the PAS.

Downs  studied college students majoring in mathematics and mathematics education.
In the study, most students in both groups were primitive regulated, in fact, compensated regulated.
Pure mathematics majors tended to be primitive and basic role uniform whereas mathematics education majors tended to be primitive role adaptive.

Meyers  studied several police forces and discovered that police tended to be either
primitive role adaptive or compensated role uniform people.

Wilton  describes an entire toolbox of building life skills,
everything from child training to dealing with obnoxious people to building security. She bases her
work on her understanding of individual differences which she credits foremost to John Gittinger and the
PAS.

DeForest  describes the use of the PAS in two aspects of intelligence gathering in Vietnam. One use was to develop interrogation methods appropriate to the personality type of the
subject. According to the DeForest's report of the work, Vietnamese were very similar to each other, especially at the primitive level, and this led to develop of a consistent method of interrogation.
The PAS was also used to identify personalities that were likely to remain loyal, as opposed to ones who would flip-flop according to who they were dealing with at the moment. This was used to select subjects from among captives or deserters to return to enemy locations to gather intelligence.

CIA connection

John Gittinger, the developer of the PAS, worked as a psychologist for the Central Intelligence Agency during the time he developed the PAS. Early publications describing the PAS appeared in academic publications and did not mention Gittinger's employer.

While the PAS has been used in many contexts such as education and clinical work, it was developed by John Gittinger who worked with a number of other CIA employees. Gittinger and his PAS work were related to a wide range of projects, some of which were part of the set of projects known as Project MKUltra.
Gittinger was a witness and identified as a CIA psychologist at Senate hearings into Project MKUltra.

The relationship of Gittinger, the PAS and MKULTRA is discussed by Marks in chapter 11 of his book
based upon examination of thousands of documents. Earlier articles on the PAS in professional and academic journals never mentioned John Gittinger's employer.
While Marks' book is critical of the CIA and the MKULTRA project, Marks reports of Gittinger's passion for his personality system and describes it quite thoroughly. Marks also reports that Gittinger was very concerned that Marks' 1974 article connecting Gittinger, the PAS, and the CIA would damage Gittinger's
professional career. Marks also reports that Gittinger was "humiliated" by the 1973 hearings saying Gittinger was interested in talking about his personality system, not the drug and sex scandals being pursued by the Senate committee. Note that Gittinger retired from government service in 1978.

The use of the PAS by a CIA psychologist in the field is described in DeForest's book. The book describes the work of a psychologist, Bill Todd (a pseudonym) in Vietnam.
Treverton says that this book "is one
for intelligence fans, not an assessment but a lively tale of a spymaster and his agents-"

Manning's review in the New York Times says,
"Orrin DeForest, the principal author of the book, certainly comes across as a disaffected C.I.A. person, and its contents are certainly self-serving. Whether the book is also misleading is difficult for someone outside the spook fraternity of hired dissemblers to ascertain. Nevertheless, Slow Burn has its virtues anyway."

Literature

The PAS was developed primarily during the 1950s and 1960s with continued refinement since then.
Due to the uniqueness of the developer, John W. Gittinger, and the nature of John Gittinger's career,
the literature is somewhat unusual in two ways. First, while there are many journal articles published
about the PAS and research using the PAS, only a small number are authored or co-authored by John Gittinger.
Second, much research has been conducted which has not been published. Krauskopf and Suanders'
book

has the most thorough discussion of the theory of the PAS, how it relates to other theories in psychology, and of research concerning the PAS. This book has a very extensive bibliography of both research on the PAS itself and works using the PAS. Gittinger's
major work, a 1964 work called the PAS Atlas contains the most complete
description of the wide range of possible personality profiles. The PAS Atlas was never formally published by Gittinger. A revised version, which improved readability and usability, was published in 1992.

Gittinger did publish two shorter descriptions of the PAS in academic journals with coauthor J. F. Winne in 1973.

An extensive summary of the relationship of the Wechsler and the PAS is available from Matarazzo
in chapter 14 (Personality and Related Correlates of the Wechsler Scales) of the standard reference on
the Wechsler.

PAS and MBTI

Krauskopf and Saunders discuss how the PAS relates to other differentialconcepts. Due to personal interactions at conferences, perhaps the relationship of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to the PAS has received more discussion and thought than other comparisons. The two systems have relationships but an individual's profile in one system is not readily derived from the profile of the other. Research and conference discussions suggest that
conscious choices as defined by preferences made on the MBTI questionnaire define an individual's MBTI profile. Similarity, choices in one's life-style define a person's PAS third or surface dimension.

In the PAS terms, the face one shows to the world is the result of an individual's conscious and unconscious screening process. Like the MBTI profile, the PAS surface dimension reflects who a person is or how he/she wants to be seen.

The MBTI and PAS diverge on the source of what goes into one's public persona. The first two dimensions of the PAS represent measurable, developmental interactions of Nature and Nurture at play in forming one's "basic" or core personality. Based on motivations emanating from the basic personality, the surface persona is the result of an individual's largely, but not entirely, conscious choices to maximize strengths and to minimize weaknesses. Once the individual's basic or core personality is formed, it is immutable. In contrast, the surface dimension is subject to subtle transformations through life experiences such as education, therapy, illness, trauma, and/or aging.

So, while both the MBTI and the third dimension of PAS result from conscious choices about the identity a person wishes to project, these respective models vary as to the sources governing the decisions going into the choice of one's public persona.

Footnotes

References

Downs, R.R. (1973) A personality assessment of college seniors majoring in mathematically related fields. EdD, Ball State University, Dissertation Abstracts, 34A, 4735.

Gittinger, John, (1992) PAS Atlas, MARS Assessment Technology Inc, Sterling Virginia, Edwin W. Gunberg editor.

Manning, Robert, (1990) Review of Slow Burn, New York Times, April 22, 1990.
Meyers, B. A, (1973) Personality characteristics of higher and lower rated policement. MS project. University of Missouri, Columbia

Treverton, Gregory F, (1990) Review of Slow Burn, Foreign Affairs, Summer 1990

Winne, J. F., and Gittinger, J. W, (1973a) An introduction to the Personality Assessment System, Journal of Clinical Psychology, Monograph Supplement, 38, 1-68

External links
 http://www.pasf.org/

Personality theories

Personality Assessment System


Robert Knox,  (4 September 1793 – 20 Dizember 1862) wis a Scots anatomist, zoologist, ethnologist an doctor. He wis the maist popular lecturer on anatomy in Britain, whaur he introducit the theory o transcendental anatomy, but is nou best kent for his involvement in the Burke an Hare murthers. Difficulty in obteenin cadavers for dissection efter the passage o the Anatomy Act an disagreements wi profeesional colleagues ruined his career, an a muive tae Lunnon did no impruive matters. His later pessimistic view o humanity contrastit sharply wi his youthful attachment tae the ideas o Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.

Knox devotit the latter pairt o his life tae theorisin on evolution an ethnologie. His wirk on the latter wis controversial, an wis uised tae justifee the view, shared widely bi his contemporars, that Anglo-Saxons are an innately superior fowk. This hairmit his legacy, an owershadaeed his contributions tae evolutionar theory. this is beautiful

References

1791 births
1862 daiths
Scots anatomists
Scots zoologists
Fowk frae Edinburgh
Fowk eddicatit at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Proto-evolutionar biologists
Buirials at Brookwood Seemetry
Scots nan-feection writers
Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh
Fellaes o the Ethnological Society of London
Breetish Airmy personnel o the Napoleonic Wars
72nd Highlanders officers
Breetish Airmy regimental surgeons
Scots surgeons
Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh
Breetish ethnologists
Scots curators
Varsity o Paris alumni
19t-century Scots fowk
19t-century Breetish scientists

Robert Knox


In quantum mechanics, the mathematical formalism is very difficult to interpret physically. However, there are many ideas about the interpretations and meanings of quantum mechanics. There are no facts to prove any interpretation over the others, but there are some that are more accepted than others.

Background material
Main article: Quantum mechanics

The main ideas of quantum mechanics are the postulates of Schrödinger and Heisenberg. The Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation that describes the wavefunction of an object.  The equation can be given by

The basic meaning of this equation is that a particle, such as an electron, is not just a point-like particle, but also a type of wave. The philosophical implications will be explored shortly. Another fundamental of quantum mechanics is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. This bizarre theory is the idea that the position and the momentum of an object cannot both be known. The greater the certainty of the position of an object, the less the certainty of the momentum of the object. The mathematical formulation of this is given by

This can further be generalized by stating that

Where  is the operator of  and . This law also gives rise to an uncertainty between energy and time, which can be expressed in the same way as the relation between momentum and position.

Probability waves
Another important fact of quantum mechanics is that the electron behaves in a very weird way. At first, no one really knew what the wavefunction meant physically. Max Born, a theoretical physicist, explained that the wavefunction is a probability wave. In other words, wherever the wave is denser, that is where the particle is most likely found, but it won't necessarily be found there. The way to find the probability
() of the position of the particle in the region  is given by

For example, if  is equal to .5, then there is a 50% chance of finding the particle within that region. This shows us that the location of a particle is probabilistic; one can never say that the particle will definitely be found at a certain point in space, but rather, one can only give the probability of finding the particle within that region.

Copenhagen interpretation
The most well-accepted interpretation of quantum mechanics and the most boring one is the idea called Copenhagen interpretation. This interpretation builds upon the probability-wave notion, but brings in a radical new idea called the superposition principle. The best way to explain this principle is by showing it mathematically. If the functions  are solutions of the Schrödinger equation, then the superposition of those wavefunctions is also a solution. i.e.,

Where  is the superposition of the various wavefunctions. This idea implies that a particle occupies every possible wavefunction it can. This implies that a particle occupies more than one position at the same time. In other words, a particle exists in at least two different positions simultaneously. When an observer comes and actually measures the position of the particle, something called the wavefunction collapse occurs. So when someone observes the particle, the following happens:

→

In simple terms: when there is no observation or observer, then a particle occupies many positions simultaneously; when an observation takes place, the wavefunction collapses and the particle exists only in one position.

Many-worlds interpretation
The many-worlds interpretation is by far the most fantastic interpretation of quantum mechanics. This interpretation says that rather than the wavefunction collapsing, each possibility actually occurs, but in separate universes. This means that the universes branch off for each possibility. Also it says that you can live forever according to quantum suicide.

Quantum determinism
The interpretation presented by Albert Einstein himself, states that the outcome of some random event is predetermined. So, rather than a particle existing as a probability wave, this interpretation says that the particle exists only in one position, but we just perceive it to be a probability. This idea is much less popular, but nonetheless mentionable.

Which one is right?
So, of the three main interpretations of quantum mechanics, which one is correct? Physicists seem to think that the Copenhagen interpretation is the most likely, but no one is for sure.

References

Quantum mechanics

Interpretations of quantum mechanics


La fanciulla del West, meaning The Girl of the Golden West, is an opera by Puccini. The opera is three acts long. It was based on the play The Girl of the Golden West by David Belasco. The first showing of the opera was at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, in 1910.

1910s operas
1910 works

La fanciulla del West


A posthumous name is an honorary name given to someone after their death. This type of name was common with naming royalty in the countries of Japan and China. They were also sometimes used in Vietnam and Korea.

History
This idea was created during the Zhou Dynasty in China. The first person to be named in this way was Ji Chang, named by his son. His son, Ji Fa of Zhou, called his father the "Civil King". This meant that he found his father to be good and sympathetic to the people he ruled.

These sort of names were not used during the Qin Dynasty. During that time, these names were not thought to show respect. Posthumous names were used again during the Han Dynasty.

Chinese emperors
Chinese posthumous names, for rulers, end in one or both symbols for "emperor", Huángdì. This can be shortened to Dì.

These names were sometimes very long. They can be good names or bad. Good names are called respectful names (or zūn hào in Chinese). Some of these names are:
 "pitiful", for those who were often sad during their rule.
 "lamentable", for those who lose their spouse's and pass away at an early age.
 "civil", for those who had sympathised with their people. This is one of the most honorable names.
 "majestic", for those who showed virtue to the people.

Japanese emperors
The posthumous names of Japanese emperors are called teigō. Some names are given a long time after their death. Others are given right after the emperor had died.

Some of these names tell about the place they were born or lived in, or traits they had that their people admired.

Some also put together two previous emperors' or empresses' names, like Empress Meishō. The empresses before her were called Gemmei and Genshō. So her name became Meishō.

Related pages
 Personal name
 Family name
 Given name
 Regnal name
 Surname

Other websites
 Posthumous names in China

Names

Posthumous name


A carriage return, sometimes known as a cartridge return and often shortened to CR, <CR> or return, is a control character or mechanism used to reset a device's position to the beginning of a line of text. It is closely associated with the line feed and newline concepts, although it can be considered separately in its own right.

Computers

In computing, the carriage return is the name of a computer character that directs a printer or screen display to return to the start of a line when printing or displaying text. The origin of its name is as you'd expect: it told a teletype that its print carriage (the cylinder that held the paper) should return to the beginning of a line. On some systems, such as older Macintoshes, it also creates a new line, like the line feed character.

Control characters

Carriage return


A prince is a member of the highest aristocracy

Prince may refer to:

The Prince, a book written by Niccolò Machiavelli in the 16th century
The Little Prince, a novel by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
PRINCE2, a project management method
Prince (album), the second album by Prince
The Prince (song), the first single by Madness
Prince (cigarette), a brand of cigarettes
Prince Sports, Inc., a maker of sporting goods
Prince Motor Company, a maker of automobiles in Japan from 1952 until they joined with Nissan in 1966
Prince XML, a software product from YesLogic
The Prince (Pournelle), a book by Jerry Pournelle and S.M. Stirling.
 Prince, a South Devon Railway 2-4-0ST steam locomotive
Princes (company), a food manufacturing company based in the United Kingdom
The Prince, song by Dimond Head, made famous by Metallica

People

Prince (musician), stage name of pop music artist Prince Rogers Nelson, known from 1993 to 2000 as  (or informally, "The Artist Formerly Known as Prince")
"Prince" Naseem Hamed, British boxer
Bonnie Prince Geoffie the reluctant, the McGillicuddy Serious Party's pretender to the throne of New Zealand
Oldest son of Michael Jackson
Prince Johnson, Liberian politician
Mahesh Babu, a popular Indian movie actor from Tollywood who was given the title "Prince" by his fans after his first film
Prince Polley a Ghanaian footballer

Fictional characters
The Prince from Prince of Persia
The Prince, Katamari Damacy'''s main character
Eileen Prince, mother of Severus Snape in the Harry Potter series
Short name for "Demon Prince" for Beelzebub (Sand Land) in Sand LandIsambard Prince from LEXX''

Related pages
 Princess (disambiguation)

Prince (disambiguation)


Mercurio's Menu is an Australian television cooking show hosted by Paul Mercurio. The series follows Paul as he travels to different regions of Australia and highlights the region's local cuisines, as well as talk to local chefs. It is produced by WTFN and airs on Channel Seven and a number of other stations in Australia and New Zealand. It is also shown on the Australian Network which beams out to more than 44 countries across Asia, the Pacific and Indian subcontinent. It has also been sold to various countries including Israel, Spain and others.

History
The program first premiered in February 2008, and aired in most regions of Australia at 5:30 pm on Sundays. The second season premiered on 14 February 2009 at 5:30 pm on Channel Seven. The third season began on 11 April 2010. The fourth series started in NSW in May 2011. A special one-hour episode filmed in Kenya and featuring the Koricho Tea fields was screened nationally on Saturday 28 May 2011.

Dishes
Mercurio's Menu has led to the development of a number of original dishes, many of them evidently masterminded by Mercurio himself. These include "Pasodoble Pizza Pockets", "Strictly Stroganoff", "Mercurio Muffins" and "Failure Pie With 90s Throwback Sauce".

None of the recipes in Mercurio's Menu cook book have names such as those suggested above. The recipes from series 1, 2 and 3 can be found on Lifestyle network.

Availability
Mercurio's Menu can be seen on various television stations. In Australia, it airs at 5.30 pm every Sunday on Channel Seven and most of its regional affiliate stations, such as Prime and Southern Cross. Some stations air the show at a different times due to sports coverage commitments – for instance the show is aired in Victoria at 5.30pm on a Saturday. The show also airs on 7Two every Saturday at 9pm.

In New Zealand, the show airs on weekday afternoons on subscription channel Food Television.

Series one, two and three aired on Foxtel in Australia in August 2011.

Episodes
Series One – 2008

Episode 1 – Gold Coast

Episode 2 – Townsville

First airing on 17 May 2008, this episode featured stories from Townsville and Magnetic Island. Paul visited The Watermark and Aquarius on the Beach in Townsville before boarding SunFerries to travel to Magnetic Island. Whilst on Magnetic Island, Paul visited Moke Magnetic and Barefoot Art Food Wine. With the help of executive chef Sean Calliste, Paul created a prawn, avocado and boccocini pizza. Also featured in this episode is Meg Coffey. Other features of this episode include barramundi, ice cream, prawns, beer, sugarcane and Paul's Great Walk for Cancer.

Series Two – 2009

Series Three – 2010

Series Four – 2011

References

Mercurio's Menu the cook book was released in November 2009 and is still available to purchase through bookshops and on line. It is published by Murdoch Books. The book features the recipes from series one and two.

External links
 WTFN Entertainment

Seven Network original programming
2008 Australian television series debuts
Australian non-fiction television series

Mercurio's Menu


Abū Saʿīd Abū'l-Khayr or Abusa'id Abolkhayr () (December 7, 967 - January 12, 1049), also known as Sheikh Abusaeid or Abu Sa'eed, was a famous Persian Sufi and poet who contributed extensively to the evolution of Sufi tradition.

The majority of what is known from his life comes from the book Asrar al-Tawhid (اسرارالتوحید, or "The Mysteries of Unification") written by  Mohammad Ibn Monavvar, one of his grandsons,  130 years after his death.

The book, which is an important early Sufi writing in Persian, presents a record of his life in the form of anecdotes from a variety of sources and contains a collection of his words.

During his life his fame spread throughout the Islamic world, even to Spain. He was the first Sufi writer to widely use ordinary love poems as way to express and illuminate mysticism, and as such he played a major role in foundation of Persian Sufi poetry. He spent most of his life in Nishapur.

Biography

Abū-Sa'īd  was born in the village of Mihne,  part of  Greater Khorasan, today   located near mihne in Akhal Province. His father was a herbalist and physician with an interest in Sufism.

He then moved and lived in the city of Nishapur, and subsequently moved back to Meyhaneh after a few years. Abū-Sa'īd's formal education included Islamic scholarship and Arabic literature that he continued until the age 23 when he left them for Sufism.

He also traveled to and spent time in small towns around the same province visiting other Sufis or his teachers.
He studied jurisprudence and hadith for many years in Marv and Sarakhs until, in an important event in his life, he abandoned his studies and joined the circle of Sufis and turned to the valley of mysticism. After receiving the method of Sufism from Sheikh Abolfazl Sarakhsi and Abul-Abbas Qassab Amoli, Sheikh Abu Said returned to his original country and practiced austerity for seven years and went to Nishabur at the age of 40.

Mysticism

His mysticism is a typical example of the Khorasani school of Sufism. He extracted the essence of the teachings of the past Sufis of this school (and to some extent other schools as well) and expressed them in a simpler, and in a sense deeper, form without the use of philosophy.

He held a special reverence for earlier Sufis, especially Bayazid Bastami and Hallaj.
Moreover, in Asrar al-Tawhid, Tazkiratul Awliyā and Noorul Uloom it has been written that Abū-Sa'īd went for the visit of Shaikh Abul Hassan Kharaqani and got deeply influenced by his personality and state.

His system is based on a few themes that appear frequently in his words, generally in the form of simple emotional poems.

The main focus of his teachings is liberation from "I", which he considered the one and only cause of separation from God and to which he attributed all personal and social misfortunes. His biography mentions that he would never call himself "I" or "we" but "they" instead. This idea of selflessness appears as Fotovvat (a concept very near to chivalry) in his ethical teachings and as Malaamat, a kind of selflessness before the Beloved which he considers a sign of perfect love in his strictly mystical teachings.

Both of these concepts in a certain sense are spiritual forms of warrior ethics. Despite their simplicity he believed that the full application of these teachings to one's life requires both divine grace and the guidance of an experienced Sufi, and is impossible through personal efforts alone. His picture as portrayed in various Sufi writings is a particularly joyful one of continuous ecstasy. Other famous Sufis made frequent references to him, a notable example being the Persian Sufi poet Farid al-Din Attar, who mentions Abū-Sa'īd as his spiritual guide. Many miracles are attributed to him in Sufi writings.

Poetry

Many short Persian poems are attributed to him and he is considered one of the great medieval Persian poets. The attribution of these poems has always been doubtful and due to recent research, it is generally believed that he wrote only two poems in his life. The attribution of so many poems to Abū-Sa'īd was due to his great fondness for poetry. His love for poetry can be seen from the fact that he usually used love poetry written by non-Sufis in his daily prayers. Even his last words were a poem, and at his funeral instead of the recitation of Qur'anic verses, he requested the following poem.

Another example of the poems attributed to him.

Views on Islam

Abū-Sa'īd insists that his teachings and Sufism as a whole are the true meaning of Islam. He based his teachings on the mystic interpretation of verses from Sufism and some hadiths  and was considered a learned Sufism scholar. Nevertheless, his interpretations of Sufism were considered an ocean of knowledge in exegesis of the Sufism.

To this day this has been one of the causes of criticizing him from a religious point of view. In general he was bold in expressing his mystic opinions as can be seen from his praise of Hallaj who was considered a heretic by most of the Pseudo-Sufis and most ignoramus laymen of the time due to irrelevant conclusions without a depth of support of the great majority of the Islamic scholars of the time and present modern era, although the common opinion about Hallaj changed in time.

Relationship with Avicenna

There is evidence that Abū-Sa'īd and Avicenna, the Persian physician and philosopher, corresponded with one another. Abū-Sa'īd records several meetings between them in his biography. The first meeting is described as three days of private conversation, at the end of which Abū-Sa'īd said to his followers that everything that he could see (i.e. in visions), Avicenna knew, and in turn Avicenna said that everything he knew Abū-Sa'īd could see, in realistic theory presents the  superlative connection between Islamic Saints of God (أولياء, Awliya) revealing the reliability of such spiritual powers as believed to be placed on them by Allah ( الله, God).

References

Further reading
 E.G. Browne. Literary History of Persia. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five years in the writing). 1998.
 Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. ASIN B-000-6BXVT-K
 The modern Abil Khair Abil Khair Organization @ Khanqah Khairiyyah

See also

List of Persian poets and authors
Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
Persian literature
Sufi poetry
Sufism outside of Iran Khairiyyah

967 births
1049 deaths
Sufi mystics
10th-century Persian-language poets
11th-century Persian-language poets
Poets from Nishapur
Sufis from Nishapur
Samanid-period poets

Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr


Heart of a Dog is a novel by Mikhail Bulgakov. It is a biting satire of the "New Soviet man". It was written in 1925 at the height of the NEP period, when Communism seemed to be weakening in the Soviet Union.

Its theme is "the [Communist] revolution's misguided attempt to radically transform mankind". It has elements of fantasy and science fiction, and wit and humour.

The book's publication was at first forbidden in the Soviet Union. It circulated in samizdat until it was officially released in the country in 1987. It is "one of novelist Mikhail Bulgakov's most beloved stories" featuring a stray dog "named Sharik, who takes human form" as a slovenly but self-important New Soviet Man. The dog's internal monologue at the start, grumbling at his life in the city, sets the scene for the novel.

Plot
Moscow, 1924.
After a terrible day, a stray dog thinks about his bad luck to live on the streets of Moscow. Then, to his surprise, successful surgeon Filip Filippovich Preobrazhensky arrives and offers the dog a piece of sausage. Overjoyed, the dog follows Filip back to his flat, where he is given a stock dog name, Sharik.

At the house, Sharik gets to know Dr. Preobrazhensky's household, which includes Doctor Bormenthal, Professor's student and protegé and two female servants. Despite the Professor's vocal anti-communism, his frequent medical treatment of the Party leaders makes him untouchable. He refuses to reduce the size of his seven-room flat, and treats the Bolsheviks on the housing committee with contempt. Impressed by his new master, Sharik slips easily into the role of "a gentleman's dog".

After Sharik's health improves, the Professor prepares to operate on him. Sharik is dragged by the scruff of the neck into the lab. There, he is sedated and an operation begins. As Bormenthal assists, the Professor gives him a human pituitary gland and human testicles.

During the weeks after the operation, the household is stunned as Sharik begins transforming into an incredibly unkempt human. In the aftermath, the Professor and Bormenthal patiently attempt to teach Sharikov basic etiquette. Instead, Sharikov mocks the idea of manners as relics of Tsarism. He insists that it is better to behave, as he puts it, "naturally". As a result, Sharikov curses in front of women, refuses to shave, and dresses like a slob.

Meanwhile, Sharikov turns the Professor's life into a living hell. He is caught attempting to rape one of the female servants. Enraged, Bormenthal beats Sharikov up and forces him to apologize. Infuriated, Sharikov leaves the apartment and remains gone for several days.

Later, Bormenthal begs the Professor for permission to dose Sharikov with arsenic, calling him a man with "the heart of a dog". The Professor is horrified and orders Bormenthal not to "slander the dog". He explains that the human body parts, which came from a drunk, are responsible for all of Sharikov's defects. Bormenthal then suggests that they redo the operation, using the body of a genius. Again the Professor refuses, explaining that the operation was meant to improve the human race. Breaking with his former beliefs, the Professor admits that any peasant woman could give birth to a genius and that eugenics are a waste of time. In conclusion, the Professor refuses to permit Sharikov's murder or to undo the operation, which could easily kill him as well.

Soon after, Sharikov returns, explaining that he has been granted a job by the Soviet State. He now spends his work-day strangling vagrant cats, whose fur is used to imitate that of squirrels. Soon after Sharikov brings home a female co-worker, whom he introduces to the Professor as his new common law wife.

Instead of giving them their own room, as Sharikov demands, the Professor takes the woman aside and explains that Sharikov is the product of a lab experiment gone horribly wrong. The woman, who had believed that Sharikov was a Red Army veteran wounded during the Russian Civil War, leaves the apartment in tears. Seething with hatred, Sharikov threatens to fire her. Again Bormenthal beats Sharikov up and makes him promise not to do anything of the sort.

The following day, a senior Party official arrives and tells the Professor that Sharikov has denounced him to the secret police, the Cheka. Explaining that nothing is going to happen to him due to the State's distrust of Sharikov, the Party official departs. When Sharikov returns, the Professor and Bormenthal order him to leave the flat permanently. Instead, Sharikov refuses and draws a revolver. Enraged, the Professor and Bormenthal pounce upon him.

That night, an ominous silence reigns in the flat and the lights are left on for many hours after bedtime. Over the days that follow, the Professor and Bormenthal look far more relaxed than at any time before Sharikov's arrival. Eventually, the police arrive with a search warrant. They demand to see Sharikov. Unintimidated, the Professor orders Bormenthal to summon Sharikov, who is slowly being transformed back into a dog. The Professor explains the change as a natural phenomenon, although it is obvious to the reader that in fact he and Bormenthal have simply performed the reverse operation. The police depart.

In the aftermath, the fully canine Sharik blissfully resumes his status as a gentleman's dog. However, he is soon terrified to see the Professor bringing home a human brain and removing the pituitary gland...

Translations
 1968. Heart of a dog. Translator: Mirra Ginsburg. New York: Grove Press; Picador, London: ISBN 0-330-30739-8
2013. A Dog's Heart. Hesperus. ISBN 978-1-843-91402-0
1989. Heart of a dog. Translated by Michael Glenny.  London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 978-0-002-71304-7
2007. A Dog's Heart. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Translated with notes by Andrew Bromfield, with an introduction by James Meek. ISBN 978-0-140-45515-1

References

Russian novels
1925 books
Books by Mikhail Bulgakov

Heart of a Dog


The Pantheon (meaning "Temple of all the gods") is a building in Rome. It was originally built as a temple to the gods of Ancient Rome, and rebuilt about 126 AD during Hadrian's reign. Today, it is not known what gods were included.

The Pantheon is the best preserved of all Roman buildings. Since it was built, it has always been used. The design of the current building is sometimes credited to Trajan's architect Apollodorus of Damascus, but it may also been Emperor Hadrian's architects who designed it. Scholars now agree that it was not Hadrian himself who built it. Since the 7th century, the Pantheon has been used as a Roman Catholic church. The Pantheon is the oldest standing domed structure in Rome. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, .

The Pantheon dome is the largest dome made mainly of unreinforced concrete. It does, however, contain other materials. According to the Jutland Archaeological Society investigations, the lower section of the dome is made of concrete with alternating layers of bricks and volcanic ash (tuff). The spaces between the bricks and ash were filled with mortar.

The term pantheon is sometimes used for a building where well-known dead people are buried.

References

Buildings and structures in Ancient Rome
2nd-century buildings and structures

Pantheon


For the area of dry land see desert.

A dessert is a type of food that is eaten after lunch or dinner, and sometimes after a light meal or snack. It is usually a sweet food, like ice cream, cookies, and cakes. In some countries, cheeses such as Brie cheese and fruit are served as dessert. Some desserts are made from natural resources like fruit juice used in sherbet. Others are simple, like pudding and birthday cake. Many desserts are baked (cooked in an oven). Some desserts are served with whipped cream as a topping.

The term dessert can apply to many confections, such as biscuits, cakes, cookies, custards, gelatin's, ice creams, pastries, pies, puddings, sweet soups, and tarts. Fruit is also commonly found in dessert courses because of its naturally occurring sweetness. Some cultures sweeten foods that are more commonly savoury to create desserts.

Types of desserts

Baked desserts
Baked desserts are made by putting the ingredients in a hot oven. Baked desserts include cakes and muffins (a mixture of flour, eggs, sugar, oil, baking powder, and flavorings); sweet breads such as banana bread and raisin bread (a mixture of flour, sugar, oil, baking powder, and flavorings); cookies such as chocolate chip cookies (a mixture of flour, eggs, sugar, oil, and flavorings). Puddings and custards (a mixture of milk, eggs, sugar, and flavorings) can be made in the oven.

Fried desserts
Fried desserts are made using a cooking process called deep frying. To deep-fry food, a large pot filled with oil is heated, and then the food is placed into the pot. Deep-fried desserts include doughnuts.

Frozen desserts
Frozen desserts are made by blending the ingredients in a freezer. Frozen desserts include ice cream (a mixture of cream, milk, sugar, and flavorings), milk shakes (a mixture of ice cream, milk, and flavorings), and sherbet (also spelled "sorbet") (a mixture of water, sugar, and flavorings).

Chilled desserts
Some desserts are made without using the oven or the freezer. Trifle is an English dessert made by soaking ladyfinger biscuits in sherry, covering them with whipped cream, and then letting it chill in the refrigerator. Some types of instant pudding and instant mousse desserts can be made without cooking; a person simply mixes the instant pudding powder with milk and chills it in the refrigerator.

Popular desserts from around the world

 France: Crème Brûlée
 America: Apple Pie
 United Kingdom: Sticky toffee pudding
 Middle East: Baklava
 Greece: Galaktoboureko
 Italy: Tiramisu
 Peru: Picarones
 Russia/Australia: Pavlova
 Spain: Tarta de Santiago
 Turkey: Turkish delight/Lokum
 Japan: Mochi
 Belgium: Belgian waffle
 India: Gulab Jamun
 Bangladesh: Kheer

References

Desserts

Dessert


Poglish, also known as Polglish and Ponglish (Polish: , język polgielski; German: ), is a blend of two words from Polish and English. It is the product of macaronically mixing Polish- and English-language elements (morphemes, words, grammatical structures, syntactic elements, idioms, etc.) within a single speech production, or the use of "false friends" or of cognate words in senses that have diverged from those of the common etymological root. Such combining or confusion of Polish and English elements, when it occurs within a single word, term, or phrase (e.g., in a hybrid word), may, inadvertently or deliberately, produce a neologism.

Poglish is a common phenomenon among persons bilingual in Polish and English; and is a manifestation of a broader phenomenon, that of language interference. As with the mixing of other language pairs, the results of Poglish speech (oral or written) may sometimes be confusing, amusing, or embarrassing.

Several portmanteau words have been formed, blending the words "Polish" and "English". Polglish (from as early as 1975) was followed by Pinglish (1984), Polilish (1997), Ponglish (2002), and Poglish (2006).

An expression that has been used by some native Polish-speakers to denote the mixing of Polish- and English-language elements in oral or written speech is "half na pół" ("half-and-half").

Mis-metaphrase
One of the two chief approaches to translation, "metaphrase" also referred to as "formal equivalence", "literal translation", or "word-for-word translation" must be used with great care especially in relation to idioms.  Madeleine Masson, in her biography of the Polish World War II S.O.E. agent Krystyna Skarbek, quotes her as speaking of "lying on the sun" and astutely surmises that this is "possibly a direct translation from the Polish".   Indeed, the Polish idiom "leżeć na słońcu" ("to lie on the sun", that is, to sunbathe) is, if anything, only marginally less absurd than its English equivalent, "to lie in the sun".

"False friends"
Some erroneous lexemic substitutions made by Polonia – members of the Polish diaspora – are attributable not to mis-metaphrase but to confusion of similar-appearing words (false cognates or "false friends") which otherwise do not share, respectively, a common etymology or a common meaning.

Thus, some Poles living in Anglophone countries, when speaking of "cashing a check", will erroneously say "kasować czek" ("to cancel a check") rather than the correct "realizować czek" ("to cash a check").

Latin calques
A remarkably high proportion of Polish terms actually have precise metaphrastic equivalents in English, traceable to the fact that both these Indo-European languages have been calqued, since the Middle Ages, on the same Latin roots.

"Chicago Polish"
Some Polish expatriates in Chicago – especially those who have lived there a long time – speak Poglish on a daily basis. A most common feature of their Poglish is the Polonization of English words. A Polonian attempting to speak this kind of Polish-English melange in Poland would have great difficulty making himself understood.

In popular culture
Anthony Burgess' novel, A Clockwork Orange, has been translated into Polish by Robert Stiller in two versions: one rendered from the book's original English-Russian melange into a Polish-Russian melange as Mechaniczna pomarańcza, wersja R (A Mechanical Orange, version R); the other, into a Polish-English melange as Nakręcana pomarańcza, wersja A ["A" standing for the Polish word for "English"] (A Wind-Up Orange, version A). The latter Polish-English version makes a fairly convincing Poglish text.

BBC Look North (East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire) Television produced a report on Poglish in Boston, Lincolnshire, which has a large Polish population.

A large number of English-derived neologisms exist in Polish, spoken especially by Poland's youth. Phonetically-read English words, such as "szoping"  ("shopping"), tend to occur, and are seen as slang expressions.

See also
 Bilingualism
 Code-switching
 False friends
 Hybrid word
 Language contact
 Language interference
 Language transfer
 Mixed language

Notes

References
 Christopher Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil," The Polish Review, vol. XXVIII, no. 2, 1983, pp. 83–87.
 Madeleine Masson, Christine:  a Search for Christine Granville, G.M., O.B.E., Croix de Guerre, with a Foreword by Francis Cammaerts, D.S.O., Légion d'Honneur, Croix de Guerre, U.S. Medal of Freedom, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1975.
 Christopher Kasparek, "Krystyna Skarbek:  Re-viewing Britain's Legendary Polish Agent," The Polish Review, vol. XLIX, no. 3, 2004, pp. 945–53.

Polish language
Macaronic forms of English
Polish-American culture in Chicago

Poglish


The  is considered one of the classic books of ancient Chinese history. It is traditionally attributed to a writer with the surname of Guliang in the disciple tradition of Zixia, but versions of his name vary and there is no definitive way to date the text. Although it may be based in part on oral traditions from as early as the Warring States period (475–221 BCE), the first references to the work appear in the Han Dynasty, and the peak of its influence was the 1st century BCE. Along with the  and , the work is one of the Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals.

Written in question and answer style, the work annotates the Spring and Autumn Annals covering the period between the first year of State of Lu ruler Duke Yin of Lu () (722 BCE) and the fourteenth year of his later counterpart Duke Ai of Lu () (481 BCE). Like the  the  is written as a didactic explanation of the subtle political and social messages of the Spring and Autumn Annals rather than in the anecdotal style of the . It is an important book for the study of the development of Confucianism from the Warring States Period through the Han Dynasty.

Today, the book is usually considered to be the work of the Han Dynasty Confucian scholars and contains about 30,000 Chinese characters. Its focus is on clarifying Confucian debate on the political significance of the Spring and Autumn Annals in a style somewhat similar to the  but with many differences in both doctrine and interpretation. Its major concerns include the ritual code, political and familial hierarchies, and hereditary succession. In general, the  uses a somewhat simple explanatory style rather than the grandiloquent language adopted by the .

Notes

References
Bai Yulin 白玉林 and Dang Huaixing 党怀兴 (2006). Shisanjing daodu 十三经导读 [Reading Guide to the Thirteen Classics]. Beijing: Chinese Social Science Publishing House.  (paperback) Available online: http://lc.search.dglib.cn/ebook/read_11710055.html

External links

 《春秋穀梁傳 - Guliang Zhuan》 Chinese text at the Chinese Text Project
 'Gongyang's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals' 《春秋公羊傳》 Chinese text with matching English vocabulary at Chinese Notes

Chinese history texts
Chinese classic texts
Confucian texts
5th-century BC history books
Han dynasty texts
Chinese literature
Thirteen Classics

Guliang Zhuan


Jagua tattoo is a temporary form of skin decoration resulting from the application of an extract of the fruit  Genipa americana, also known as jagua.  This fruit has been used for body ornamentation and medicinal purposes in many areas of South America for centuries. It has recently been introduced in North America and Europe as an addition to henna body art, also called mehendi, mehandi, or mehndi in India. (The term "henna tattoo" is often used as a generic term for temporary tattoos.)

The jagua tattoo method involves the surface application of a dye which then sets within a few hours, staining the upper layer of skin, or epidermis. The body sloughs off this layer of skin continuously and eventually, the tattoo fades and disappears.

The term "tattoo" is more commonly associated with the permanent surgical insertion of pigment underneath the skin, as opposed to pigments applied to the skin's surface. Both mehndi (henna) and jagua tattoos stain the top skin layer. In the case of jagua the color develops and darkens over several days until blue-black.

While henna tattoos are associated with Indian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, jagua body art was invented by circum-Caribbean tribes and indigenous peoples of the Amazon region.

The fruit
Genipa americana is a species of Genipa, native to northern South America (south to Peru), the Caribbean and southern Mexico, growing in profusion in rainforests. It is commonly called huito; the alternate name jagua  may refer to other species of Genipa as well. To the Inca, it was known as hawa or wituq. In the British islands of the West Indies, it was called the marmalade box.

It is a medium size tree growing to 15 m tall. The leaves are opposite, lanceolate to oblong, 20–35 cm long, and 10–19 cm broad, glossy dark green, with an entire margin. The flowers are white, yellow, or red, with a five-lobed corolla 5–6 cm diameter. The fruit is a thick-skinned edible berry 5–8 cm diameter.

Indigenous uses
Native tribes in the Amazon traditionally use the juice of the jagua fruit for body ornamentation.  Certain tribes, such as the Matses Indians of Peru also insert it underneath the skin to create permanent markings on the body.  Additionally, the fruit is used for a host of purported medicinal purposes.  Peoples known to use the jagua fruit (currently or in the past) include: The Zapara, Shuar, Tsachila, Emberá-Wounaan, Yucuna, Kuna, Yuqui, Tikuna, Yagua, Arakmbut, Ka'apor, Canelos-Quichua, Amazonian Kichwas and Shipibo-Conibo.

Western uses
"Jagua tattoo" is a term used by people in the body art industry to refer to a form of temporary tattoo, which is created using the juice or extract of the Genipa americana or jagua fruit. Designs created with jagua appear blue/black in color on the skin and resemble a real tattoo (henna tattoos are reddish-brown in color). Depending on a variety of factors, the stain on the skin lasts one to two weeks, fading gradually as the skin exfoliates.  Some henna artists use the jagua tattoo preparations as an additional temporary tattoo option, and some professional tattoo artists use it to give their customers the option of 'trying out' a tattoo before using permanent ink.

Several companies selling temporary tattoo kits have introduced products made with jagua as a base.

See also
 Body painting

References

External links

Body art
Indigenous peoples of Panama topics
Indigenous culture of the Amazon

Jagua tattoo


An importer is a software application that reads in a data file or metadata information in one format and converts it to another format via special algorithms (such as filters).  An importer often is not an entire program by itself, but an extension to another program, implemented as a plug-in.  When implemented in this way, the importer reads the data from the file and converts it into the hosting application's native format.

For example, the data file for a 3D model may be written from a modeler, such as 3D Studio Max.  A game developer may then want to use that model in their game's  editor.  An importer, part of the editor, may read in the 3D Studio Max model and convert it to the game's native format so it can be used in game levels.

Importers are important tools in the video game industry. A plug-in or application that does the converse of an importer is called an exporter.

See also
 Data scraping
 Web scraping
 Report mining
 Mashup (web application hybrid)
 Metadata
 Comparison of feed aggregators

Video game development

Importer (computing)


Chris Harman (8 November 1942 – 7 November 2009) was a British journalist and political activist, and a member of the Central Committee of the Socialist Workers Party. He was an editor of International Socialism and Socialist Worker.

Life

Born Christopher John Harman into a working-class family, he attended Leeds University (where he joined the Socialist Review Group in 1961) and the London School of Economics (LSE) where he began (but did not complete) a doctorate under the supervision of Ralph Miliband. He was instrumental in publishing the magazine of the LSE Socialist Society, The Agitator, and was a leading member of the International Socialists (as the SRG had become) by 1968. He was involved in the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign and outraged many leftists when, at a meeting in the Conway Hall, he denounced Ho Chi Minh for murdering the leader of the Vietnamese Trotskyist movement, Tạ Thu Thâu, in 1945 after crushing the workers' rising of that year in Saigon.

His main role in the IS (from 1977 the Socialist Workers Party, or SWP) was as a theorist and he produced numerous books and articles on a wide variety of topics. Almost all his writing appeared in the publications of the IS and SWP or has been published by related publishing houses, such as Bookmarks. He was first editor of Socialist Worker in 1976-77 and returned to the role after a break in 1982, remaining in the post until 2004, when he started editing the SWP's theoretical quarterly International Socialism Journal.

Harman's work on the May 1968 events in France and other student and workers' uprisings of the late 1960s, The Fire Last Time, was recommended by rock band Rage Against the Machine in their album sleeve notes for Evil Empire.

Harman died on 7 November 2009, following a cardiac arrest while lecturing at the Socialist Days conference of the Center for Socialist Studies (CSS) in Cairo, Egypt.  He is buried in Highgate Cemetery, London, a few yards from Karl Marx's tomb and adjacent to his comrade Paul Foot.

Selected works

Books and pamphlets
Education, capitalism and the student revolt (1968)
Russia: How the Revolution Was Lost (1967)
Unemployment and how to fight it (with Dave Peers) (1971)
The struggle in Ireland (1975)
Why Labour fails (1979)
New technology and the struggle for socialism (1979)
The summer of 1981: a post-riot analysis (1981)
Days of Hope: The General Strike of 1926 (with Duncan Hallas) (1981)
Gramsci versus Reformism (1983)
The Revolutionary Press (Summer, 1984)
Explaining The Crisis: A Marxist Reappraisal (London, 1984)
The Changing Working Class: Essays on Class Structure Today (with Alex Callinicos) (London: Bookmarks, 1987)
Russia: from workers' state to state capitalism (with Peter Binns and Tony Cliff) (London, 1987)
Class Struggles in Eastern Europe, 1945-1983 (London, 1988)
The Fire Last Time: 1968 And After (London, 1988)
The revolutionary paper (1991)
In The Heat of the Struggle: 25 Years of Socialist Worker (editor) (with an introduction by Paul Foot) (1993)
Economics of the Madhouse: Capitalism and the Market Today (London, 1995)
How Marxism Works (London, 1997)
The Lost Revolution: Germany 1918-23 (London, 1997)
Marxism and History: Two Essays (London, 1998)
A People's History of the World (1999)
The Prophet And The Proletariat: Islamic fundamentalism, class and revolution (London, 1999)
The IMF, Globalisation and Resistance (2000)
Revolution in the 21st Century (2007)
Capitalism's New Crisis: What do socialists say? (2008)
Zombie Capitalism: Global Crisis and the Relevance of Marx (London, 2009)
Selected Writings (2011)

Articles
"Party and Class"
"Gramsci Versus Reformism"
"The 'workers's' government" (with Tim Potter)
"The State and Capitalism Today"
"The Summer of 1981 – a post-riot analysis"
"Women's Liberation and Revolutionary Socialism"
"Base and Superstructure"
"From Feudalism to Capitalism"
"The Myth of Market Socialism"
"Engels and the origins of human society"
"The Prophet and the Proletariat"
"Analysing Imperialism"
"The workers of the world"
"Anti-capitalism: Theory and Practice"
"Spontaneity, strategy and politics"
"Gramsci, the Prison Notebooks and philosophy"
Trotsky and the New Stalinism

References
Notes

Sources

  Available online here
  Available online here
  Available online here

External links

Chris Harman Internet Archive
Chris Harman's Back Pages (Blog containing notes, position papers and old articles)
International Socialism Journal
Chris Harman on Ho Chi Minh, 1969, from The Left in Britain, 1956–68, edited by David Widgery
"Taking Apart the West". Richard Seymour reviews Harman's People's History of the World in New Statesman, July 2008.

Obituaries and posthumous articles on Chris Harman
Chris Harman (1942-2009: Links to obituaries, sites, articles, videos etc. + books online, on Modkraft.dk
Chris Harman: A life in the struggle by Ian Birchall, International Socialism, 125, (2010)
Obituary by John Molyneux, The Independent, 19 November 2009.
RIP Chris Harman, The Third Estate Blog, 7 November 2009
Obituary by Alex Callinicos, Socialist Worker, 9 November 2009.
Obituary by Michael Rosen, The Guardian, 9 November 2009.
Chris Harman and 1968 by John Rose
Another Side of Chris Harman by Joseph Choonara, International Socialism, 125, (2010)
A whiff of teargas by Andy Durgan, International Socialism, 125, (2010)
Tribute by Panos Garganas
'A thinker and a polemicist' by Larry Elliott
"Obituary: Chris Harman 1942-2009", Alex Callinicos, Socialist Worker 14 November 2009
Chris Harman, 1968 and the historic Open Letter to the Polish Communist Party by John Rose, International Socialism, 158 (2018).
Chris Harman and the critique of political economy by Alex Callinicos, International Socialism, 165 (2020).

1942 births
2009 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Leeds
British anti-capitalists
British economics writers
British Marxist historians
British Marxists
British newspaper editors
British Trotskyists
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Marxist theorists
British Marxist writers
Socialist Workers Party (UK) members

Chris Harman


Henry Fielding (22 April 1707 – 8 October 1754) was an English writer and magistrate. He was born in Sharpham, Somerset. He wrote many plays from 1728 until 1737. Then, he wrote many famous novels such as Tom Jones, Joseph Andrews, and Amelia. He was friends with the writers Samuel Johnson and Christopher Smart and the politician William Pitt the Elder.

Fielding went to school at Eton College. In 1728, he left school to go to London and write plays. The License Act shut down the London theatre in 1737 and Fielding began to write novels. Then, he became a magistrate and created the Bow Street Runners, London's first police force.

In 1754, he became sick and he went to Lisbon, Portugal to be treated. He died in Lisbon and was buried in the English Cemetery.

1707 births
1754 deaths
18th-century English writers
English novelists
English playwrights
English Christians
Judges
People educated at Eton College
People from Glastonbury
Writers from London

Henry Fielding


Complexity theory is a type of Computer science. It looks at how hard a problem is to do for a computer, and how good particular solutions (algorithms)  to that problem are. Different algorithms that solve a problem may be better or worse in multiple ways. An algorithm may be faster than some other algorithm, but it may need more resources, like memory.

Part of complexity theory is understanding how algorithms perform in their worst-case scenario. An algorithm's worst-case scenario is a problem that will take a long time, or lots of resources, to solve. If people know how good an algorithm is in its worst case, they can guarantee that the algorithm will be at least that good in every case. People are also interested in how a certain algorithm does on average; many algorithms are very inefficient in their worst case, but are okay on most cases. Knowing how good an algorithm is on average lets people know what to generally expect when using that algorithm.

Related pages
Computational complexity theory

Computer science

Complexity theory


No man's land is land that is not part of any country. It may be unclaimed territory, or an area that is under dispute and not occupied because of fear or uncertainty.

During war (especially World War I), it is a term used for the area of land between two enemy trenches. Usually nobody was alive there. It was full of shell holes, dead bodies, and barbed wire, and raked by machine gun fire. Attacks were made across no man's land but few attacking soldiers survived.

Related pages
Terra nullius

International law

No man's land


The Erie Canal is a canal in New York State. It runs for 365 miles from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. It connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean.  The State authorized it in 1808, and it was built between 1818 and 1825.  It was the first route between the eastern coast of the United States and the Great Lakes. The Canal caused a burst of population in western New York. It also helped New York City become a large port. Today, the Canal is part of the New York State Canal System.

Other websites
"The Erie Canal"

Transport in New York (state)
Great Lakes
Canals

Erie Canal


The parables of Jesus can be found in Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, and in some of the gospels not in the Bible. They are found mostly in the three synoptic gospels. They are a key part of the teaching of Jesus: they form about one third of his recorded teachings. Christians place emphasis on these parables, since they are believed to be the words of Jesus.

Jesus' parables are seemingly simple and memorable stories, often with imagery, and each conveys a message. Scholars have commented that although these parables seem simple, the messages they convey are deep, and central to the teachings of Jesus.

Many of Jesus' parables refer to simple everyday things, such as a woman baking bread (parable of the Leaven), a man knocking on his neighbor's door at night (parable of the Friend at Night), or the aftermath of a roadside mugging (parable of the Good Samaritan); yet they deal with major religious themes, such as the growth of the Kingdom of God, the importance of prayer, and the meaning of love.

In Western civilization, these parables formed the prototype for the term parable and in the modern age, even among those who know little of the Bible, the parables of Jesus remain some of the best known stories in the world.

Roots and sources
As a translation of the Hebrew word מָשָׁל mashal the word parable can also refer to a riddle. In all times in their history the Jews were familiar with teaching by means of parables and a number of parables also exist in the Old Testament. The use of parables by Jesus was hence a natural teaching method that fit into the tradition of his time. The parables of Jesus have been quoted, taught, and discussed since the very beginnings of Christianity.

Canonical gospels

The three synoptic gospels contain the parables of Jesus.  The Gospel of John contains only the stories of the Vine and Good Shepherd, which some consider to be parables, else it includes allegories but no parables. Several authors such as Barbara Reid, Arland Hultgren or Donald Griggs comment that "parables are noticeably absent from the Gospel of John".

The Catholic Encyclopedia states: "There are no parables in St. John's Gospel. In the Synoptics ... we reckon thirty-three in all; but some have raised the number even to sixty, by including proverbial expressions." The Gospel of Luke contains both the largest total number of parables (24) and eighteen unique parables; the Gospel of Matthew contains 23 parables of which eleven are unique; and the Gospel of Mark contains eight parables of which two are unique.

In Harmony of the Gospels, Cox and Easley provide a Gospel harmony for the parables based on the following counts: Only in Matthew: 11, only in Mark: 2, only in Luke: 18, Matthew and Luke: 4, Matthew, Mark and Luke: 6. They list no parables for the Gospel of John.

Other documents
Parables attributed to Jesus are also found in other documents apart from the Bible. Some of these overlap those in the canonical gospels and some are not part of the Bible. The non-canonical Gospel of Thomas contains up to fifteen parables, eleven of which have parallels in the four canonical Gospels. The unknown author of the Gospel of Thomas did not have a special word for "parable," making it difficult to know what he considered a parable. Those unique to Thomas include the Parable of the Assassin and the Parable of the Empty Jar.

The noncanonical Apocryphon of James also contains three unique parables attributed to Jesus. They are known as "The Parable of the Ear of Grain", "The Parable of the Grain of Wheat", and "The Parable of the Date-Palm Shoot".

The hypothetical Q document is seen as a source for some of the parables in Matthew, Luke, and Thomas.

Purpose and motive
In the Gospel of Matthew (13:10-17) Jesus provides an answer when asked about his use of parables:

The disciples came to him and asked, "Why do you speak to the people in parables?" He replied,
"The knowledge of the secrets of the kingdom of heaven has been given to you, but not to them. Whoever has will be given more, and he will have an abundance. Whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him. This is why I speak to them in parables:
Though seeing, they do not see; though hearing, they do not hear or understand."

While  and  may suggest that Jesus would only speak to the "crowds" in parables, while in private explaining everything to his disciples, modern scholars do not support the private explanations argument and surmise  that Jesus used parables as a teaching method. Dwight Pentecost suggests that given that Jesus often preached to a mixed audience of believers and non-believers, he used parables to reveal the truth to some, but hide it from others.

Christian author Ashton Axenden suggests that Jesus constructed his parables based on his divine knowledge of how man can be taught:

This was a mode of teaching, which our blessed Lord seemed to take special delight in employing. And we may be quite sure, that as "He knew what was in man" better than we know, He would not have taught by Parables, if He had not felt that this was the kind of teaching best suited to our wants.

In the 19th century, Lisco and Fairbairn stated that in the parables of Jesus, "the image borrowed from the visible world is accompanied by a truth from the invisible (spiritual) world" and that the parables of Jesus are not "mere similitudes which serve the purpose of illustration, but are internal analogies where nature becomes a witness for the spiritual world".

Similarly, in the 20th century, calling a parable "an earthly story with a heavenly meaning", William Barclay states that the parables of Jesus use familiar examples to lead men's minds towards heavenly concepts. He suggests that Jesus did not form his parables merely as analogies but based on an "inward affinity between the natural and the spiritual order."

Themes
A number of parables which are adjacent in one or more gospels have similar themes. The parable of the Leaven follows the parable of the Mustard Seed in  Matthew and Luke, and shares the theme of the Kingdom of Heaven growing from small beginnings. The parable of the Hidden Treasure and parable of the Pearl form a pair illustrating the great value of the Kingdom of Heaven, and the need for action in attaining it.

The parables of the Lost Sheep, Lost Coin, and Lost (Prodigal) Son form a trio in Luke dealing with loss and redemption.

The parable of the Faithful Servant and parable of the Ten Virgins, adjacent in Matthew, involve waiting for a bridegroom, and have an eschatological theme: be prepared for the day of reckoning. The parable of the Tares the parable of the Rich Fool, the parable of the budding fig tree, and the parable of the barren fig tree also have eschatological themes.

Other parables stand alone, such as the parable of the unforgiving servant, dealing with forgiveness; the parable of the Good Samaritan, dealing with practical love; and the parable of the Friend at Night, dealing with persistence in prayer.

Parables of the Kingdom of Heaven: hearing, seeking and growing

Parables of loss and redemption

Parables about love and forgiveness

Parables about prayer

Eschatological parables

Other parables

Art

Of the thirty or so parables in the canonical Gospels, four were shown in medieval art almost to the exclusion of the others, but not mixed in with the narrative scenes of the Life of Christ.  These were: the Ten Virgins, the Rich man and Lazarus, the Prodigal Son and the Good Samaritan.  Artists famous for depicting parables include Martin Schongauer, Pieter the Elder Bruegal and Albrecht Dürer.  The Workers in the Vineyard also appears in Early Medieval works.  From the Renaissance the numbers shown widened slightly, and the various scenes of the Prodigal Son became the clear favorite, with the Good Samaritan also popular.  Albrecht Dürer made a famous engraving of the Prodigal Son amongst the pigs (1496), a popular subject in the Northern Renaissance, and Rembrandt depicted the story several times, although at least one of his works, The Prodigal Son in the Tavern, a portrait of himself as the Son, revelling with his wife, is like many artists' depictions, a way of dignifying a genre tavern scene.  His late Return of the Prodigal Son (Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg) is one of his most popular works.

Poetry and hymns
As well as being depicted in art and discussed in prose, a number of parables form the inspiration for religious poetry and hymns. For example, the hymn "The Ninety and Nine" by Elizabeth C. Clephane (1868) is inspired by the parable of the Lost Sheep:

There were ninety and nine that safely lay
In the shelter of the fold.
But one was out on the hills away,
Far off from the gates of gold.
Away on the mountains wild and bare.
Away from the tender Shepherd's care.
Away from the tender Shepherd's care.

Similarly, "My Hope Is Built" (Edward Mote, c. 1834) is inspired by the parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders, and "How Kind the Good Samaritan" (John Newton, c. 1779) is inspired by the parable of the Good Samaritan.

Harmony of parables
A sample Gospel harmony for the parables based on the list of key episodes in the Canonical Gospels is presented in the table below. For the sake of consistency, this table is automatically sub-selected from the main harmony table in the Gospel harmony article, based on the list of key episodes in the Canonical Gospels. Usually, no parables are associated with the Gospel of John, just allegories.

Parallels outside the canonical gospels
A number of parables have parallels in non-canonical gospels, the Didache, and the letters of Apostolic Fathers . However, given that the non-canonical gospels generally have no time sequence, this table is not a Gospel harmony.

Related pages
 Gospel harmony
 Miracles of Jesus
 Parable
 Parables in the Qur'an

References

Further reading

 Lisco, Friedrich Gustav and Fairbairn, Patrick, 1850. The Parables of Jesus Daniels and Smith Publishers, Philadelphia

 Oxenden, Ashton, 1864. The parables of our Lord William Macintosh Publishers, London.

 Snodgrass, Klyne, 2008. Stories with Intent: A Comprehensive Guide to the Parables of Jesus William B Eerdmans Publishing Co
 Sumner, John Bird, 1850. The parables of our lord and saviour Jesus Christ C. Cox Publishers, London.

 Trinder, William Martin, 1816.  Sermons on the parables of Jesus Christ Baldwin, Cradock and Joy Publishers, London.

Other websites

 List of biblical parables
 Another list, slightly different and only of the synoptic Gospels
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Parable
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Parable
 PBS: Frontline: From Jesus to Christ: The Parables
 Parables of Jesus at WikiChristian

Christian genres

Parables of Jesus


The Casino de Paris, located at 16, rue de Clichy, in the 9th arrondissement, is one of the well known music halls of Paris, with a history dating back to the 18th century. Contrary to what the name might suggest, it is a performance venue, not a gambling house. The closest métro/RER stations are Liège, Trinité – d'Estienne d'Orves, and Haussmann – Saint-Lazare.

The first building at this location where shows could be mounted was erected by the Duc de Richelieu around 1730, while after the Revolution the site was renamed Jardin de Tivoli and was the venue for fireworks displays. In 1880 it became the Palace Theatre, which housed shows of different types, including wrestling.

It was at the beginning of the First World War, however, that the modern Casino de Paris began to take shape, when the venue was converted into a cinema and music hall. After the bombardments of the First World War caused performances to be interrupted, the revue format was resumed, one which lasted through a good part of the twentieth century.

Over the decades, performers who have played the Casino de Paris have included Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier, Josephine Baker, Micheline Bernardini, Tino Rossi, Essi Moh, Line Renaud, Shakin' Stevens, Carla Bruni, Violetta Villas, Georges Guétary, and Zizi Jeanmaire; writers who have contributed work have included Serge Gainsbourg and Jean Ferrat; Yves Saint Laurent designed for the Casino in the 1970s, and poster artists have included Erté and Jules Chéret.

See also
 Olympia (Paris)
 Jubilee!
 Peepshow
 Sirens of TI
 Absinthe
 Moulin Rouge
 Le Lido
 Folies Bergère
 Paradis Latin
 Cabaret Red Light
 Tropicana Club

References
Official Site
"Plus qu'une salle de spectacles, un des hauts lieux dans l'histoire des revues hautes en couleurs de la capital" from Le Figaro
"At the Big Casino de Paris" from The New York Times, November 2, 1890

Music halls in Paris
Buildings and structures in the 9th arrondissement of Paris
Music venues in France
Édouard Niermans buildings

Casino de Paris


Samobor is a city in Zagreb County, Croatia, population 36,206 (2001). It is west of Zagreb, between the eastern slopes of Samoborsko gorje (Samobor hills, the eastern part of the Žumberak Mountains), in the Sava river valley. It is part of the Zagreb metropolitan area.

Samobor has been there since 1242, according to a document of endowment by King Bela IV. It is one of the earliest tourist resorts in the region, with the first tourist facilities dating back to 1810, oriented towards anglers, hunters and hikers.

Cities in Croatia
Zagreb County

Samobor


Lake Mälaren is the third largest lake in Sweden after Lakes Vänern and Vättern. Its surface area is 1,140 km², its average depth is 12 meters and its greatest depth is 64 m. The lake drains, from southwest to northeast, into the Baltic Sea. The two largest islands in Mälaren are Selaön (91 km²) and Svartsjölandet (79 km²). The lake was previously known as Løgrinn. The Viking settlements Birka on the island of Björkö and Hovgården on the neighbouring island Adelsö have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993, as has Drottningholm Palace on the island of Lovön.

Other websites

Lakes of Sweden

Mälaren


Microfinance is the idea to provide services banks and insurance companies provide to those people who usually are not served by such businesses. It is an important form of development aid. Serving these people is usually very expensive for banks and insurance companies; that is why they usually do not do it. Speciaized NGOs like Oikocredit provide these services:
Banking and other services are based on a personal relationship, rather than commercial interests.
Very often, several people apply for a loan or insurance together.

As an example, microfinance allows people in underdeveloped countries to start their own businesses for their family.

References

Finance

Microfinance


Gaston of France, Son of France, Duke of Orléans (Gaston Jean Baptiste; 25 April 1608 – 2 February 1660) was the third son of King Henry IV of France and his wife Marie de Medici. As a son of the king, he was born a Fils de France.  As a young boy he was given the title of Duke of Anjou. Later he had the title Duke of Orléans. As the eldest surviving brother of King Louis XIII, he was known at court as Monsieur. He was also one of the first princes to use the style of Royal Highness. He is often also referred to as Gaston d'Orléans.  His grandson the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany was named in his honour.

Children

Marguerite and Gaston d'Orléans had five children, three of whom survived into adulthood:
Marguerite Louise d'Orléans (28 July 1645 – 17 September 1721) married Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and had children.
Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans (26 December 1646 – 17 March 1696) married Louis Joseph of Lorraine, Duke of Guise and had children.
Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans (13 October 1648 – 14 January 1664) married  Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy but died childless.
 Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois (Paris, 17 August 1650 – Paris, 10 August 1652) died young.
Marie Anne d'Orléans (Paris, 9 November 1652 – Blois, 17 August 1656) died young.

Gaston had an illegitimate daughter by Marie Porcher:
Marie bâtarde d'Orléans 1 January 1631, Paris.
He also had an illegitimate son by Louise Roger de La Marbelière:
Jean Louis bâtard d'Orléans, Count of Charny, (1638, Tours-1692, Spain).

Titles and styles

25 April 1608 - 6 August 1626 [His Royal Highness] The Duke of Anjou.
6 August 1626 - 2 February 1660 [His Royal Highness] The Duke of Orléans

Other websites

1608 births
1660 deaths
Dukes and Duchesses of Valois
Dukes and Duchesses of Anjou
Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis

Gaston, Duke of Orléans