Genesis (din greacă γένεσις, înseamnă "origine") se poate referi la:

Literatură
 Book of Genesis (din engleză Cartea genezei)
 Genesis creation narrative, the specific creation story in the Book of Genesis
 The Book of Genesis (comics), carte comică de Robert Crumb
 Genesis (DC Comics), a 1997 DC Comics crossover
 Genesis (comics), a Marvel Comics villain
 Genesis, a fictional comics character in Preacher
 Genesis, a 1951 story by H. Beam Piper
 Genesis, a 2000 story by Poul Anderson
 Genesis (novel), a 2006 work by Bernard Beckett
 Genesis, the first part of Aldenicum poem by Avropa Karabasan
 Genesis, a 2007 story by Paul Chafe
 Genesis (journal), a scientific journal of biology
 Genesis (magazine), a pornographic magazine
 Genesis Publications, a British publishing company

Muzică
 Genesis P-Orridge (born 1950), muzician englez
 Genesis, o formație rock engleză
 Génesis, formație folk rock columbiană

Albume
 Genesis (Genesis album), al 12-lea album de studio de Genesis
 Genesis (Elvin Jones album), an album by American jazz drummer Elvin Jones recorded in 1971
 Genesis (Busta Rhymes album), the fifth studio album by Busta Rhymes
 Genesis (Job for a Cowboy album), the debut full-length album by Job for a Cowboy
 Genesis (Rotting Christ album), the seventh full length album by  Rotting Christ
 Genesis (Talisman album), the 2nd studio album by Talisman
 Genesis (The Gods album), the debut album by the British band The Gods
 Genesis (Joy Williams album), the third album from Christian pop artist Joy Williams
 Genesis (S.H.E album), the third studio album by Taiwanese Mandopop girl group S.H.E.
 The Genesis, a 2002 album by Yngwie Malmsteen
 Génesis (album), a 2012 album by Mary Ann Acevedo
 Genesis, a 2000 album by Coprofago

Cântece
 "Genesis" (song), cântec dey Michalis Hatzigiannis, la Eurovision 1998
 "Genesis", cântec de Justice
 "Genesis", cântec de Grimes
 "Genesis", cântec de Glass Casket
 "Genesis", cântec de Running Wild
 "Genesis", cântec de Jorma Kaukonen from his album Quah
 "Génesis", a Spanish song and single by Mary Ann Acevedo from her album "Génesis" (2012)
 "Génesis", a Spanish song by Mägo de Oz
 Génesis (Lucecita Benítez song), a 1969 Spanish song written by Guillermo Venegas Lloveras, winner of prize at the first World Festival of Latin Song
 "Génesis", a Spanish song by Argentine rock group Vox Dei

Software
 GENESIS (software), GEneral NEural SImulation System
 Genesis3D, a software library
 Genesis LPMud, the first MUD of the LPMud family
 Norton 360, codenamed Project Genesis or simply Genesis
 X-COM: Genesis, a computer game
 Genesis Rhapsodos, one of the Characters of the Final Fantasy VII series

Televiziune și film

Televiziune
 Genesis (Heroes), episodul pilot din Heroes
 Genesis (Quantum Leap episode)
 Genesis (Sliders), an episode of Sliders
 Genesis (Survivors), an episode of Survivors
 Genesis (Star Trek: The Next Generation), a 1994 episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation
 Genesis II (film), a 1973 science fiction TV movie created and produced by Gene Roddenberry
 Genesis Awards, television awards
 Genesis Entertainment, a News Corporation subsidiary
 Genesis Television Network, an American religious network
 TNA Genesis, a professional wrestling pay-per-view program
 Zoids: Genesis, the fifth anime installment of the Zoids franchise
 Genesis (Air Gear), a fictional Air Trek team in Air Gear
 Genesis (TV series), a Filipino series dubbed as a "science-fiction drama" on the GMA Network.

Film
 Genesis (1986 film) a Hindi film by Mrinal Sen
 Genesis (1999 film), a 1999 Malian film
 Genesis (2004 film), a 2004 documentary film
 [REC]³: Genesis (2012 film), a 2012 Spanish horror film directed by Paco Plaza
 Project Genesis and the Genesis Planet, a fictional technology and the planet created by it in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek III: The Search for Spock

Transportare

Vehicule
 Bertone Genesis, a concept truck
 GE Genesis, a locomotive
 Hyundai Genesis, a luxury sedan built by Hyundai Motor Company
 Hyundai Genesis Coupe, a sports coupe version
 SlipStream Genesis, kit aircraft
 Oasis class cruise ship, a class of Royal Caribbean cruise ships, formerly known as Project Genesis
 Yamaha FZR600 Genesis, a Motorcycle known as the FZR 600 genesis

Sondă
 Genesis (sondă), o sondă NASA folosită pentru a preleva probe solare
 Genesis I, o sondă privată produsă de Bigelow Aerospace
 Genesis II, apărută după  Genesis I

Companii

 Genesis Microchip, a semiconductor company acquired by STMicroelectronics in 2007
 Genesis Pharmaceuticals, a Pharmaceutical company in the Middle East, Egypt
 Genesis Energy Limited, a New Zealand electricity generator and retailer
 Genesis Energy, a solar company

Altele
 Genesis (camera), a high-definition camera by Panavision
 Genesis Rock, a sample of lunar crust retrieved by Apollo 15 astronauts
 Sega Genesis, a video game console also known as the Sega Mega Drive

Genesis (dezambiguizare)


The Sicilian defence, usually called just the Sicilian, is a chess opening, which starts with these moves:
1. e4 c5
In competitive chess, it is by far the most frequently played reply to the King's Pawn opening (1.e4).

Open variations 1e4 c5 2Nf3 followed by 3d4. A typical line is
1.e4 c5
2.Nf3 d6
3.d4 cxd4
4.Nxd4 Nf6
5.Nc3
Now Black decides where to put his KB: on e7 or g7; his QN will probably go to c6.

Closed variations 1e4 c5 2Nc3 not followed by d4. A typical line is
1.e4 c5
2.Nc3 Nc6
3.f4 d6
4.Nf3 g6
5.Bb5 Bg7
6.d3

Instead of 3.f4, a slower game with 3.g3 followed by Bg2 and d3 could be chosen by White.

ECO code B20–B99. ECO is the Encyclopaedia of chess openings.

Chess openings

Sicilian defence


Blow is a 2001 American biographical crime drama film directed by Ted Demme, about an American cocaine kingpin and his international network. David McKenna and Nick Cassavetes adapted Bruce Porter's 1993 book Blow: How a Small Town Boy Made $100 Million with the Medellín Cocaine Cartel and Lost It All for the screenplay. It is based on the real-life stories of U.S. drug trafficker George Jung (played by Johnny Depp) and his connections including narcotics kings Pablo Escobar and Carlos Lehder Rivas (portrayed in the film as Diego Delgado), and the Medellín Cartel.

Plot
George Jung and his parents Fred and Ermine live in Weymouth, Massachusetts. When George is 10 years old, Fred files for bankruptcy, but tries to make George realize that money is not important.

In the late 1960s, an adult George moves to Los Angeles with his friend "Tuna"; they meet Barbara, a flight attendant, who introduces them to Derek Foreal, a marijuana dealer. With Derek's help, George and Tuna make a lot of money. Kevin Dulli, a visiting college student from Boston, tells them of the demand for marijuana back home. They start selling marijuana there, buying marijuana directly from Mexico with the help of Santiago Sanchez, a Mexican drug lord. Two years later, George is caught in Chicago trying to import  of marijuana and is sentenced to two years' imprisonment. After unsuccessfully trying to plead his innocence, George skips bail to take care of Barbara, who dies from cancer. Her death marks the disbanding of the group of friends.

While hiding from the authorities, George visits his parents. George's mother calls the police, who arrest him. He is sentenced to 26 months in a federal prison in Danbury, Connecticut. His cellmate Diego Delgado has contacts in the Medellin cartel and convinces George to help him go into the cocaine business. Upon his release from prison, George violates his parole conditions and heads down to Cartagena, Colombia to meet with Diego. They meet with cartel officer Cesar Rosa to negotiate the terms for smuggling  to establish "good faith".

As the smuggling operation grows, Diego is arrested, leaving George to find a way to sell . George reconnects with Derek in California, and the two sell all the cocaine. George then goes to Medellín, Colombia and meets Pablo Escobar, who agrees to go into business with them. With the help of Derek, the pair become Escobar's top U.S. importer. At Diego's wedding, George meets Cesar's fiancée Mirtha and later marries her. However, Diego resents George for keeping Derek's identity secret and pressures George to reveal his connection. George eventually discovers that Diego has betrayed him by cutting him out of the connection with Derek. Inspired by the birth of his daughter and a drug-related heart attack, George severs his relationship with the cartel.

All goes well with George's newfound civilian life for five years, until Mirtha organizes a 38th birthday party for him. Many of his former drug associates attend, including Derek, who reveals that Diego eventually cut him out as well. The FBI and DEA raid the party and arrest George. He becomes a fugitive, and his bank account—heretofore under Manuel Noriega's protection in Panama—is seized by Noriega. One night, he and Mirtha get into a fight while driving. They are pulled over by police and Mirtha tells them George is a fugitive and has stashed a kilogram of cocaine in his trunk. He is sent to jail for three years, Mirtha divorces him, and takes custody of their nine-year-old daughter, Kristina Sunshine Jung.

Upon his release, George struggles to maintain his relationship with his daughter. He promises Kristina a vacation in California and seeks one last deal to garner enough money for the trip. George completes a deal with former accomplices but learns too late that the deal had been set up by the FBI and DEA, with Dulli and Derek having leaked the nature and location of the action in exchange for pardons for their involvement in his prior action. George is sentenced to 60 years at Otisville Correctional Facility in upstate New York. He explains in the end that neither the sentence nor the betrayal bothered him, but that he can never forgive himself for having to break a promise to his daughter.

While in prison, George requests a furlough to see his dying father, Fred. His mother denies the request. George records a final message to Fred, recounting his memories of working with his father, his run-ins with the law, and finally, too late, his understanding of what Fred meant when he said that money is not "real". An old man in prison, George imagines that his daughter finally comes to visit him. She slowly fades away as a guard calls for George. The film concludes with notes indicating that Jung will not be eligible for parole until 2015, and that his daughter has yet to visit him.

Cast

Johnny Depp as George Jung
Jesse James as Young George
Penélope Cruz as Mirtha Jung
Franka Potente as Barbara "Barbie" Buckley
Rachel Griffiths as Ermine Jung
Paul Reubens as Derek Foreal (Richard Barile)
Jordi Molla as Diego Delgado (Carlos Lehder)
Cliff Curtis as Pablo Escobar
Max Perlich as Kevin Dulli
Miguel Sandoval as Augusto Oliveras
Ethan Suplee as "Tuna"
Alan James Morgan as Young "Tuna"
Ray Liotta as Frederick "Fred" Jung
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Martha Oliveras
Kevin Gage as Leon Minghella
Tony Amendola as Santiago Sanchez
Bobcat Goldthwait as Mr. T
Michael Tucci as Dr. Bay
Monet Mazur as Maria
Lola Glaudini as Rada
Jennifer Gimenez as Inez
Emma Roberts as Kristina Sunshine Jung
Jaime King as Older Kristina

Soundtrack
Blows soundtrack is a compilation of songs and artists from the 1950s to the 1970s. Graeme Revell also composed the original score for the film.

Track listing

Tracklist adapted from Discogs.

Release
Blow was released to North American theaters on April 6, 2001. To promote the film, pocket-size rectangular mirrors were distributed at advance screenings. The promotional items attracted criticism for appearing to promote cocaine use, as the mirrors resembled ones used to cut cocaine.

Blow performed below expectations at the box office. With a budget of roughly $53 million, it managed to earn just under $53 million domestically, but raised just over $30 million internationally for a worldwide total of $83,282,296.

Reception
The film holds an approval rating of 55% at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 141 reviews, with a weighted average score of 5.8/10. The site's consensus is: "With elements that seem borrowed from movies like Goodfellas and Boogie Nights, Blow is pretty much been-there-done-that despite another excellent performance from Johnny Depp. It, also, becomes too sentimental at the end." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.

Rob Gonsalves from eFilmCritic.com gave the film four out of five stars stating: "Blow isn't really a classic, but it's a sobering story well-told."

Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half out of four stars; he questioned the value of making Jung the subject of this film, stating: "That's the thing about George [Jung]. He thinks it's all about him. His life, his story, his success, his fortune, his lost fortune, his good luck, his bad luck. Actually, all he did was operate a toll gate between suppliers and addicts. You wonder, but you never find out, if the reality of those destroyed lives ever occurred to him." David Nusair of Reel Films also questioned making a film about Jung, stating "The biggest problem with Blow is that Jung is such a complete moron." Nusair concludes that while it "is not a bad film ... the central character of George Jung just doesn't seem worthy to be the center of attention."

Christopher Smith from Bangor Daily News gave the film a "D+", stating "Blow is ultimately more about charisma than it is about truth, more about Depp's smooth strut and tousled hair than it is about George Jung's fatal flaws—his stupidity, desperation, ego and small-town greed."

Penélope Cruz was nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for her performances in Blow as well as Captain Corelli's Mandolin and Vanilla Sky.

References

External links

  (2008 archive)

2001 films
2001 crime drama films
2000s American films
2000s biographical drama films
2000s English-language films
American biographical drama films
American crime drama films
American films about cannabis
Biographical films about drug traffickers
Cultural depictions of Pablo Escobar
Films about cocaine
Films about Colombian drug cartels
Films about the illegal drug trade
Films about Mexican drug cartels
Films about organized crime in the United States
Films about Pablo Escobar
Films based on biographies
Films based on non-fiction books about organized crime
Films directed by Ted Demme
Films scored by Graeme Revell
Films set in Massachusetts
Films set in 1955
Films set in 1968
Films set in 1969
Films set in 1976
Films set in 1980
Films set in 1987
Films set in 1990
Films set in 1994
Films set in Boston
Films set in Colombia
Films set in Connecticut
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in New York (state)
New Line Cinema films

Blow (film)


"Follow Me Up to Carlow" (euskaraz Jarraitu Nazazue Carlowera) irlandar folk abestia da. Bere gaia honako hau da: 1580ko Bigarren Desmond Matxinadan zehar, Glenmalureko Gudan Fiach McHugh O'Byrne buruzagi irlandarrak 3.000 gudari ingeles aurka lortutako garaipena.

Hitzak

Lift MacCahir Óg your face, brooding o'er the old disgrace
That black FitzWilliam stormed your place, drove you to the Fern
Grey said victory was sure - Soon the firebrand he'd secure
Until he met at Glenmalure with Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne.

Bis;
Curse and swear Lord Kildare
Fiach will do what Fiach will dare
Now FitzWilliam, have a care
Fallen is your star low
Up with halberd out with sword
On we'll go for by the lord
Fiach MacHugh has given the word,
Follow me up to Carlow!

See the swords of Glen Imall, flashing o'er the English Pale
See all the children of the Gael, beneath O'Byrne's banners
Rooster of a fighting stock, would you let a Saxon cock
Crow out upon an Irish rock- fly up and teach him manners.

From Tassagart to Clonmore, there flows a stream of Saxon gore
Och, great is Rory Óg O'More, sending the loons to Hades.
White is sick and Lane is fled, now for black FitzWilliam's head
We'll send it over, dripping red, to Queen Liza and the ladies.

Kanpo estekak
 Planxty taldearen "Follow Me Up To Carlow" abestiaren bertsioa. Hitzak ere bertan ikusten direlarik

Irlandako abestiak

Follow Me Up To Carlow


The Masoretic Text is a copy of the Hebrew Bible that was written by the Masoretes between the 6th and 10th centuries.

The Masoretic Text is an authority because it is the source for most translations of the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament.

Standardisation
Before the first century CE, there were some small differences between copies of the Hebrew Bible. During first century CE, Jewish Bible specialists agreed on the same words, a process called standardisation.

Between about 100 and 300 CE, a group of Jewish Bible specialists called the Tannaim copied this Hebrew Bible. Then between about 300 and 500 CE, another group of Jewish Bible specialists called the Amoraim continued the work of the Tannaim. The Masoretes then continued the Amoraim's work for the next 500 years.

The Masoretes' Work
The Masoretes were very careful when they copied the Bible. When they thought there was a mistake in the work of the Amoraim or the other specialists, they wrote a note in the side of the book, rather than change the book. After they copied a book, they counted the verses, words and letters in each book to make sure there were no mistakes.

The Masoretes also added vowel points to make the Bible easier to read because the Hebrew writing does not show vowels.

There were two main places where Masoretes worked: Babylon and Israel. The Masoretes also wrote book about the Bible called the Masorah.

Further reading
The Journey from Texts to Translations: The Origin and Development of the Bible, by Paul D. Wegner (1999), BridgePoint Books.

Hebrew Bible

Masoretic Text


Gujranwala Division, () once a district of Lahore Division, was an administrative division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. The division, headquartered at the city of Gujranwala, covered an area of 17,206 km2, the population according to the 1981 census was 7,522,352 this had risen by almost four 4 million to 11,431,058 according to the 1998 census.

It was administratively subdivided into the following districts.

Gujranwala
Gujrat
Hafizabad
Mandi Bahauddin
Narowal
Sialkot

References

Gujranwala Division


Stevens–Johnson syndrome is a disease of the skin. In most cases, it is caused by an allergic reaction to drugs. This accounts for about half the cases. Lymphoma, and other infections are responsible for most other cases. The disease is characterized by cell death that causes the epidermis to separate from the dermis. Since this is similar to what happens in burn, some of the same methods are used to treat patients.

Skin problems

Stevens–Johnson syndrome


"September 1, 1939" is a poem by W. H. Auden written shortly after the German invasion of Poland, which would mark the start of World War II.  It was first published in The New Republic issue of 18 October 1939, and in book form in Auden's collection Another Time (1940).

Description

The poem deliberately echoes the stanza form of W. B. Yeats's "Easter, 1916", another poem about an important historical event; like Yeats's poem, Auden's moves from a description of historical failures and frustrations to a possible transformation in the present or future.

Until the two final stanzas, the poem briefly describes the social and personal pathology that has brought about the outbreak of war: first the historical development of Germany "from Luther until now," next the internal conflicts in every individual person that correspond to the external conflicts of the war. Much of the language and content of the poem echoes that of C.G. Jung's Psychology and Religion (1938).

The final two stanzas shift radically in tone and content, turning to the truth that the poet can tell, "We must love one another or die," and to the presence in the world of "the Just" who exchange messages of hope. The poem ends with the hope that the poet, like "the Just", can "show an affirming flame" in the midst of the disaster.

History of the text
Auden wrote the poem in the first days of World War II while visiting the father of his lover Chester Kallman in New Jersey (according to a communication of Kallman to friends, see Edward Mendelson, Later Auden, p. 531).

Even before printing the poem for the first time, Auden deleted two stanzas from the latter section, one of them proclaiming his faith in an inevitable "education of man" away from war and division.  The two stanzas are printed in Edward Mendelson's Early Auden (1981).

Soon after writing the poem, Auden began to turn away from it, apparently because he found it flattering to himself and to his readers. When he reprinted the poem in The Collected Poetry of W. H. Auden (1945) he omitted the famous stanza that ends "We must love one another or die." In 1957, he wrote to the critic Laurence Lerner, "Between you and me, I loathe that poem" (quoted in Edward Mendelson, Later Auden, p. 478). He resolved to omit it from his further collections, and it did not appear in his 1966 Collected Shorter Poems 1927–1957.

In the mid-1950s Auden began to refuse permission to editors who asked to reprint the poem in anthologies.  In 1955, he allowed Oscar Williams to include it complete in The New Pocket Anthology of American Verse, but altered the most famous line to read "We must love one another and die."  Later he allowed the poem to be reprinted only once, in a Penguin Books anthology Poetry of the Thirties (1964), with a note saying about this and four other early poems, "Mr. W. H. Auden considers these five poems to be trash which he is ashamed to have written."

Reception
Despite Auden's disapproval, the poem became famous and widely popular.  E. M. Forster wrote, "Because he once wrote 'We must love one another or die' he can command me to follow him" (Two Cheers for Democracy, 1951).

A close echo of the line "We must love one another or die," spoken by Lyndon Johnson in a recording of one of his speeches, was used in the famous Johnson campaign commercial "Daisy" during the 1964 campaign.  In the ad, the image of a young girl picks petals from a daisy, then is replaced by the image of a nuclear explosion, which serves as an apocalyptic backdrop to the audio of Johnson's speech. Johnson's version of the line, inserted into a speech by an unidentified speechwriter, was "We must either love each other, or we must die."

A reference to the poem titles Larry Kramer's 1985 play The Normal Heart.

In 2001, immediately after the 11 September 2001 attacks, the poem was read (with many lines omitted) on National Public Radio and was widely circulated and discussed for its relevance to recent events.  Charles T. Matthews from the University of Virginia commented on the prescience of the 1939 poem reflecting the cultural sorrow experienced in response to 11 September by quoting the last two couplets of Auden's third stanza of the poem:

The American historian Paul N. Hehn used the phrase "A Low, Dishonest Decade" for the title of his book A Low, Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930-1941 (2002) in which he argues that "economic rivalries … formed the essential and primary cause of World War II."

References

External links
 Original text of the poem
 Auden on Bin Laden, by Eric McHenry (Slate.com)
 New York Times "Beliefs" column about the poem
 Sleepwalking toward Baghdad, by Gary Kimaya (Salon.com)
 The right poem for the wrong time, by Ian Sansom (The Guardian)

Poetry by W. H. Auden
1939 poems
Articles containing video clips
World War II and the media

September 1, 1939


Ciro Wayne Mancuso (born 1949) was a Nevada-based drug dealer convicted of running a $140-million marijuana smuggling operation for more than a decade. In cooperation with a foreign exchange student from Thailand, Mancuso built one of the largest domestic drug cartels in U.S. history.

The son of immigrants from Italy, Mancuso was a real estate developer before venturing into the lucrative narcotics business. His smuggling operation began in the late 1960s, when he teamed up with a group of college friends from Tahoe Paradise College. At first, they only sold marijuana at their college, but soon the business grew and they became involved with the Italian-American Mafia. When authorities moved in on their growing operation at a small farm in Clay County, Kansas, they began importing marijuana from Mexico. Later Mancuso teamed up with a Thai exchange student to import more potent marijuana into San Francisco. Mancuso soon realized that there was more profit to be made selling cocaine and integrated it into his marijuana operation.

It took the government twelve years to build a case against Mancuso. Anthony White, assistant U.S. Attorney for the District of Nevada, brought charges against Mancuso in 1990 and it was hailed as one of the largest drug conspiracy cases in state history. The indictment alleged that Mancuso used a multi-state cocaine and marijuana smuggling operation to buy ranches, mountaintop retreats, beach-front estates and anything else he might want.

Mancuso was sentenced to nine years in prison on June 27, 1995. His sentence was greatly reduced because of his cooperation with the government in cases against other alleged organization members and Mancuso's lawyer Patrick Hallinan. As a result of his assistance to the government, Mancuso was allowed to keep $5 million in proceeds from his trafficking business. Hallinan was subsequently acquitted of obstruction of justice and drug conspiracy charges. Mancuso's property in Hawaii was seized by the federal government and sold; the $800,000 proceeds were forwarded to the California and Nevada law enforcement agencies that pursued him.

His daughter, Julia Mancuso, was a decorated member of the U.S. Ski Team until retiring following an injury.  She won the gold medal in the giant slalom at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy, the silver medal in the downhill at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada, and the bronze metal in the women's combine event at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. After his release from prison in March 2000, Ciro Mancuso again became involved in Julia's skiing career. Father and daughter have maintained a close relationship, and she credits him with helping her in her ski career, particularly when it comes to setting her up with a trainer in Maui.

References

External links
Leagle.com – U.S. v. Mancuso – U.S. District Court – November 17, 1989

1949 births
Living people
American cannabis traffickers
American people of Italian descent
American gangsters of Italian descent
Cannabis in Nevada

Ciro Mancuso


Linear regression is a way to look at how something changes when other things change using math. A linear regression uses a dependent variable and one or more explanatory variables to create a straight line. This straight line is known as a "line of regression".

Linear regression was the first of many ways of performing regression analysis. This is because models which depend linearly on their unknown parameters are easier to fit than models which are non-linearly related to their parameters.  Another advantage of linear regression is that the statistical properties of the resulting estimators are easier to determine.

Linear regression has many practical uses. Most applications fall into one of the following two broad categories:
 Linear regression can be used to fit a predictive model to a set of observed values (data). This is useful, if the goal is prediction, forecasting or reduction. After developing such a model, if an additional value of X is then given without its accompanying value of y, the fitted model can be used to make a predicted value of y (written as ).
 Given a variable y and a number of variables X1, ..., Xp that may be related to y, linear regression analysis can be applied to quantify the strength of the relationship between y and the Xj, to assess which Xj has no relationship with y at all, and to identify which subsets of the Xj contain redundant information about y.

Linear regression models try to make the vertical distance between the line and the data points (that is, the residuals) as small as possible. This is called "fitting the line to the data." Often, linear regression models try to minimize the sum of the squares of the residuals (least squares), but other ways of fitting exist. They include minimizing the "lack of fit" in some other norm (as with least absolute deviations regression), or minimizing a penalized version of the least squares loss function as in ridge regression. The least squares approach can also be used to fit models that are not linear. As outlined above, the terms "least squares" and "linear model" are closely linked, but they are not synonyms.

Usage

Economics

Linear regression is the main analytical tool in economics. For example, it is used to guess consumption spending, fixed investment spending, inventory investment, purchases of a country's exports, spending on imports, the demand to hold liquid assets, labor demand and labor supply.

Related pages

 Curve fitting
 Logistic regression
 Ordinary least squares

References

Statistics

Linear regression


Hans Fallada, born as Rudolf Wilhelm Friedrich Ditzen, (July 21, 1893 in Greifswald - February 5, 1947 in Berlin) was a German writer and politician.

Famous works from him are Kleiner Mann - was nun? (Little Man, What Now?), Jeder stirbt für sich allein (Every man dies alone), Wolf unter Wölfen (Wolf Among Wolves) and Der Alpdruck (Nightmare in Berlin).

In 1945 (after the Surrender of Germany) he was mayor of the village of Feldberg in the south of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

He was also a beekeeper.

He had 3 children. The name of his first wife was Anna Ditzen, while the name of his second wife was Ulla Losch.

There is a Hans-Fallada-Haus in the village of Carwitz.

1893 births
1947 deaths
Beekeepers
German mayors
German novelists
Politicians from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Hans Fallada


Mau district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India. Mau town is the district headquarters of this district. It is 90km away from Varanasi. The district is surrounded by Ghazipur district on the south, Ballia district in the east, Azamgarh district in the west, and by Gorakhpur and Deoria districts on the north.

River Tamasa flows in mau district which is a tributary of saryu river. Mau is specially known for textil Weaver's. Mostly region of up are occupied by farming. Sitla mata mandir is situated at the center of the city 2km from railway station. Mau city is known as Maunath bhanjan.

Districts of Uttar Pradesh

Mau district


Boston Terriers are a dog breed. They are considered to be one of the few American breeds as they can trace their origins to Boston, Massachusetts. It's hard to believe that these comical, family friendly dogs were originally bred to be ferocious pit-fighting dogs tracing their ancestors to an English Bulldog and the now extinct English White Terrier.

They are usually very small, but can also be bred as medium sized dogs. They are considered to be cute dogs and are getting ever more popular. They are in many commercials and many celebrities have them.

Boston Terriers are a smart breed of dogs.  They can be extremely hyperactive, but overall are well behaved with training.  Their excitement and enthusiasm is a perk of their personality. They are compactly built with short, round heads, short tails, but strong limbs.  They have a smooth coat, with colors of brindle, seal brown or black and evenly marked with white.

Boston Terriers are inside dogs that love affection. This breed is balanced with being independent (sometimes stubborn) and affectionate and wanting attention from humans. They require very little work when a part of a family and they are good dogs for children.

Caring for a Boston Terrier requires little work. With a short coat, Bostons might need a bath every one to two weeks. Brushing is not necessary although it helps remove loose hair and reduces shedding. Bostons love rawhides (a chewy animal skin) and other chew toys that help with keeping their teeth healthy. Brushing your dog's teeth is recommended by vets for any breed. Boston Terriers do have sensitive stomachs and will eat grass when their stomach is upset but for the most part, this breed does not have restrictions on what they can eat.

Terriers
FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in the United States

Boston Terrier


John Marston (June 12, 1795 – April 7, 1885) was an officer in the United States Navy.

Early career
During the War of 1812, Marston served as a messenger and carried the first news of Commander Isaac Hull's capture of HMS Guerriere to John Adams at Quincy, Massachusetts.  The former president's influence gained him an appointment as midshipman, the warrant being dated April 15, 1813.

Marston saw some service during the War of 1812, and was later aboard USS Constitution when Lord Byron visited the famous frigate. In 1825 Marston was promoted to the grade of lieutenant, and was aboard USS Brandywine when she conveyed Marquis de Lafayette to France. In 1827–29 Marston served in the Pacific squadron, and again in 1833 and 1834.

In 1840 he was assigned to the frigate USS United States, and in the following year was commissioned commander. In 1850 he was assigned to the command USS Yorktown, on the coast of Africa, and he was in charge of the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard from 1853 until 1855, when he was promoted to captain.

Civil War
Although placed on the retired list in December 1861, Marston was assigned to USS Cumberland, of the Brazil squadron, in which service he continued for a year, when he was commissioned commodore, July 16, 1862.  Marston was in command of the frigate USS Roanoke at Hampton Roads when CSS Virginia destroyed USS Congress and USS Cumberland.

Later career
Marston was promoted to rear admiral in March 1881, and for several years after the Civil War, he was in charge of the navy-yards at Portsmouth and Philadelphia, and of the naval station at Key West in 1867. He also acted as a lighthouse inspector, 1863–66. In his many voyages he served under Commodores John Rodgers, Isaac Hull, Matthew C. Perry, and Isaac Chauncey, of the old navy, and had seen altogether, before his retirement, half a century of active service.

Personal life
Marston was a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church. His oldest son, Matthew R. Marston, entered the regular army, and was brevetted major for gallantry during the siege of Vicksburg.

Marston died on April 17, 1885.

1795 births
1885 deaths
Union Navy officers
People from Boston
People from Massachusetts in the War of 1812
United States Navy commodores
United States Navy officers
Military personnel from Massachusetts

John Marston (sailor)


Oradea (pronunciation in Romanian: , Hungarian: Nagyvárad, colloquially also Várad, German: Großwardein, former , ) is the capital city of Bihor County, in Crişana, Romania.  There are 206,527 people in the city according to the 2002 census. Oradea is one of Romania's richest cities. Oradea is near the Hungarian border, on the river Crişul Repede. There are many Hungarians in the city.

Economy (money, trade, and work)
6.0% of people in Oradea are unemployed (they do not have work).

Ethnicity (different groups of people)
In the 20th century, the city changed from having a mainly Hungarian population to mainly Romanian.

In 2002, the people belonged to these ethnic groups (races):
 Romanians: 145,295 (70.4%)
 Hungarians: 56,830 (27.5%)
 Roma: 2,466 (1.2%)
 Germans: 566 (0.3%)
 Slovaks: 477 (0.2%)
 Jews: 172
 Ukrainians: 76
 Bulgarians: 25
 Russians: 25
 Serbs: 17
 Czechs: 9
 Turks: 9

Quarters (parts of the city)

The city is made up of several areas. They are called quarters (cartiere in Romanian):
 Centru Oradea (city centre)
 Vie
 Nufărul
 Rogerius
 Velenţa
 Cantemir
 Ioşia

Vie
The name Vie means vine in Romanian. It is the part of the city where the richest and most important people live. Vie is on the hills overlooking Oradea. Vie is popular with the elite (the powerful people) for two main reasons: it is close to Oradea, within walking distance of the railway station and the city centre; and it is peaceful and has fresh air. Vie has many mansions (big houses). In the north of Vie, at the top of the hills, there are also farms that grow grapes for making wine.

Vie also has the County Hospital of Oradea (Spitalul Judetean), the tuberculosis hospital (Spital TBC), and the mental (mind) hospital. In communist times, blocks of flats were built at the bottom of the hills.

The border between Vie and the city centre of Oradea is the railway station and railway tracks. Everything above the main railway station of Oradea is considered to be part of Vie. Despite its nearness to the railway station and Oradea, Vie is not easy to reach by public transport (except of course the part near the station), because many of its roads are unpaved (have a bad surface), and very steep. Some parts of the quarter are within walking distance of the railway station and the main supermarkets and shops of Oradea, but others are more only easy to get to by car. There is a bus service that serves the three hospitals in the region, and the houses among them.

Nufărul
Like Rogerius, Nufărul is like a mini-city, with supermarkets, large blocks of flats and more. It is on the eastern outskirts (the edge) of Oradea, and is near to Băile Felix, the famous spa resort. It is possible to get to Nufărul by tram and bus. It is perhaps the fastest growing area, because of its position: many highways and national roads lead from Oradea to other Romanian cities and pass through Nuf&atilderul. For example, Nufărul was home to the second McDonalds (now there are many more) in Oradea, as well to many supermarkets that were not in central Oradea. Even though Nufărul has a lively market and excellent transport, education and shopping, it is not as nice as central Oradea, because it was planned and rebuilt in communist times.

The name Nufărul means water lily in Romanian. It has this name because there are many water lilies in the area.

Rogerius
Rogerius is located at the western end of the city, near Borş, on the Hungarian border. It is the city's largest district other than the city centre, and is home to many communist-era housing estates, as well as a large market. You can get to Rogerius by tram from the city centre and other parts of Oradea, as well as by bus. It is also the first part of Oradea visitors will see when coming from Western Europe or Hungary through via Borş. The western part of Rogerius has factories from Communist times, including a chemical factory called Sinteza.

Iosia
Unlike many of the other outer quarters of Oradea, Iosia does not have many large apartment blocks and is still fairly rural (like being in the country). It is located in the city's far southwest. The quarter is one of the most beautiful in Oradea, and has most of the facilities and amenities of the city. For tourists, it shows what Romanian country life is like while still being in the city close to all the excellent facilities that Oradea is home to.

Transport (getting around)
There is a public transport system run by Regia Autonomă Oradea Transport Local. There are three tram lines and some bus routes. The city has three train stations: central, Vest and Est. Vest Station is in the quarter of Ioşia, and the central station (called simply Oradea) is in the city centre, near the quarter of Vie.

Architecture (buildings)
The city has many Baroque buildings. It was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire many times in history.

Attractions

The city centre is beautiful and worth visiting, as well as many other sites:
 Muzeul Ţării Crişurilor – a baroque museum famous for its windows.
 Catedrala barocă – the biggest baroque cathedral in Romania
 Cetatea Oradea – Oradea's Fortress, in the shape of a pentagon
 Biserica cu Lună – a church with a clock which shows the phases of the moon
 Pasajul "Vulturul Negru" – the "Black Eagle" Passage
 Muzeul "Ady Endre" – the house of one of the best Hungarian poets
 Teatrul de Stat – the State Theatre, designed by two Austrian architects who built around 100 theatres and opera houses in Europe in the 19th century
There are around 100 churches in Oradea, and three synagogues (Jewish places of worship). Only one of the synagogues is still being used. Oradea also has the biggest Baptist church in Eastern Europe

People
 King Attila
 Ödön Beothy
 Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
 Michael Haydn
 Frida Kahlo
 Bela Kun
 Julia Varady
 Archbishopric of Oradea

References

Other websites

 Oradea & Bihor
 Oradea web portal

County capitals of Romania
Municipalities of Romania
Cities in Romania

Oradea


A short circuit is a problem in an electrical circuit where two or more wires that are not supposed to come in contact with each other touch.  A short circuit can result in a very high current flowing through the circuit. The high current can destroy components, melt insulation and start a fire. If there is enough voltage, it can also cause an explosion called arc flash. Circuit breakers and fuses are devices that detect short circuits and (usually) shut the power off before any damage can be done.

A "short circuit" also happens when there is a bypass of electrical current. As electricity is "lazy", when there is a bypass without a "load" (e.g. Bulb), it will travel that route of least electrical impedance.

The term "short circuit" is frequently misused to describe any electrical problem.

References

Electricity

Short circuit


The Christian right (known as the religious right in the United States) is the name for right-wing Christian political and social movements. They also exist in other countries, such as Canada. However, the term is most often used in the United States. These groups have a strong support of conservative social and political ideas. Usually, this comes from a belief that the United States was founded on a strong belief in God. It also come from a belief that American laws and policies should be based on what is in the Bible. Members of the Christian right can be from any branch of Christianity, including Catholicism. However, the religious right is most often used with Evangelical Christians, Fundamentalists (such as Born-agains) and Mormons. About 15% of Americans say they are part of the Christian or religious right.

People have used religion in politics for thousands of years, and people in the United States have used religion for conservative politics in the United States for hundreds of years. For example, those who wanted a conviction in the Scopes trial, largely Democrats, would later be called the religious right. However, the term first came into use in the 1970s. Jerry Falwell was one of the first to use it. He and others felt that the country and institutions (such as schools and colleges) were run by left-wing intellectuals who did not believe in God. They thought that most people believed in God and did not care for left-wing intellectuals. The fight between left-wing intellectuals and the religious right is often called the "culture wars".

Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and Donald Trump were elected in part due to support from the religious right.

As well as the Christian right, there is something called the Christian left. However, it is not as well-known or powerful.

Issues

Here are some issues that the Christian right feels strongly about:

Abortion
The Christian right became more popular again in the 1970s under Falwell due to abortion. This was in response to the Roe v. Wade decision made by the U.S. Supreme Court. Most members of the Christian right feel that life begins at conception. They think that killing a fetus is murder. Therefore, they think abortion should be illegal in most or all cases. This is called being "pro-life". Though the right has not until recently been able to get rid of Roe (and it is now considered to be a precedent by most judges), they have been successful in making it harder to get abortions in some states.

Sexuality
Many members of the Christian right believe that the Bible says it is bad to be homosexual (gay or lesbian). They used to support sodomy laws. Today, they are mostly against allowing gay marriage. They have had many laws and initiatives passed to stop gay people from marrying (such as California's Proposition 8). Some of these were found to be unconstitutional in the courts. To make stopping gay marriage constitutional, many have pushed for an amendment to the United States constitution to ban gay marriage.

Evolution
Many members of the Christian right do not believe in evolution, because it goes against the creation story of the Bible. They instead favor creationism or intelligent design. Most biologists believe that evolution is true and that arguments against evolution are weak. In a few places, they have been successful in teaching intelligent design alongside evolution in public schools.

Prayer in schools
Many members of the Christian right want to allow prayer in public schools and display of things related to Christ in public or government places. As with gay marriage, this has been questioned in the courts, usually due to the freedom of religion clause in the First Amendment.

References

Conservatism
Christianity in the United States

Christian right


Mario Party 5 is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube console. It is the fifth game in the Mario Party series. It was developed by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo. It was released on November 10, 2003 in North America, on November 28, 2003 in Japan, and on December 5, 2003 in Europe.

Gameplay

Mario Party 5 plays the same as the first four Mario Party games. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player that wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. Boards have different types of spaces, including blue spaces which add coins, red spaces which take away coins, and Bowser Spaces which causes Bowser to appear and do a bad event. The game introduces the DK Space, where Donkey Kong appears to cause an event to happen. Unlike Bowser events, these events are always good. Also new to the game is the Capsule system, which replaces the item system from past games. Capsules are containers that hold a single item. Players can get capsules by passing by the "Capsule Machine" on the board. Each capsule does something different, including increasing the number of dice blocks a player can roll, and taking away coins from an opponent. Capsules can be thrown up to ten spaces away.

Ten characters are playable. New to the series as a playable character are Toad, Boo, and Koopa Kid. Because of the addition of the DK Space, Donkey Kong is no longer a playable character.

In addition to the main party game, players can also play a mode called Super Duel Mode. In Super Duel Mode, players build a battle vehicle to use in tournaments or fight against friends. Players are able to change their vehicle by using different parts. Parts can be bought with the points from mini-games.

References

2003 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Mario Party games
Nintendo GameCube-only games
Party video games
Board games

Mario Party 5


Myra Ellen "Tori" Amos (born August 22, 1963) is an American singer and songwriter. She has won many awards for her music. Tori Amos sings in the mezzo-soprano range.

She was born in Catawba County, North Carolina. Her father, Edison Amos, is a Methodist minister. She claims her mother, Mary Ellen Amos, is part Cherokee Indian. Her grandfather, Calvin Clinton Copeland, was very important to her as a child. The things he taught her continue to be important to her as an adult.

Early life

Tori Amos was a talented child. She was able to play piano at the age of two and a half years. When she was two, her family moved to Baltimore, Maryland. When she was five years old, she was already writing her own songs on the piano. At age five she won a scholarship to an important music school called the Peabody Conservatory of Music. Tori enjoyed writing her own music and making songs up. She did not like playing music that was written by other people as much as she liked playing her own music. Because of this, they took her scholarship away at the age of eleven.

When Tori was 14, she began singing and playing piano at bars. Her father came with her to make sure she was safe. She won a singing contest by singing a song she wrote called "More Than Just a Friend". When she was 18, Tori recorded her first song. It was called "Baltimore." The song was entered into a contest being held by the Baltimore Orioles, a baseball team. Tori won the contest. The song was released on a 7" vinyl record. The song on the other side of the record was called "Walking With You". This record was Tori's very first music release, and 500 copies were made. Today it is considered a valuable item, and costs a large amount of money.

Music career begins

When Tori was 21, she changed her name from Myra Ellen to Tori. She moved to Los Angeles, California to try and become a professional singer and musician. She put together a rock band which was called Y Kant Tori Read. The name of the band was a joke about when she went to piano school and did not want to read sheet music, instead making up her own music. The band included guitarist Steve Caton, drummer Matt Sorum, bass guitarist Brad Cobb and keyboard player Jim Tauber. The band was signed to a recording contract with Atlantic Records. In 1988 they released their first and only album, also called Y Kant Tori Read. It was released on 12" vinyl records, cassette tapes and compact discs. The album's style was rock and roll. It was a very different type of music from what Tori would become famous for later in her life.

The album did not sell many copies. It was considered a failure. The band broke up. Matt Sorum then joined the band Guns N' Roses, where he became well known. Brad Cobb became a successful musician also, playing in many different bands. Steve Caton later went on to perform with Tori on other projects until the year 1999.

Solo career

Tori was disappointed with the failure of her album. She had to continue recording more albums for Atlantic Records because of an agreement to record up to six albums if they asked her to. Tori put together an album by herself, but when she played the music for the people at the record label, they did not like it. She spent more time on the music, changing some of the songs until the record company was pleased.

In 1991, Tori released Little Earthquakes, her second album (after Y Kant Tori Read.) This album was a success. The lyrics on the album were about personal memories and emotions Tori had. They were about topics like religion, sex and growing up. One song, called "Me and a Gun," was personal because it was about a time when Tori was raped.

In 1993, Tori released Under the Pink, her third album. This album was even more successful than the last. The lyrics were still about topics from Little Earthquakes. It included a song called "Icicle" which was about childhood masturbation.

Tori released Boys For Pele, her fourth album, in 1996.. This was a much longer album, having 18 songs. The music was more complex and included different styles of music and types of musical instruments. Critics had different opinions about the album. Some reviews said the lyrics were hard to make sense of and that the music was not easy to listen to. Other reviews said the songs were very interesting and unique. Despite the mixed opinions, Boys For Pele was successful world-wide.

In 1998, Tori released From the Choirgirl Hotel, her fifth album. Instead of focusing mostly on piano and many different instruments, this album included a style of music called "electronica". This type of music often uses computers to create musical sounds and rhythms. Tori also included a full band on most of the songs, including guitar, drums and bass guitar. The lyrics of the album were still very personal. Some topics included Tori's own miscarriages of several babies, and her marriage. Most of the reviews of this album were very positive. In the first week, the album sold more copies than any of her other albums did in their first week. However, the album's total sales were not as high as any of her previous ones.

Tori released her sixth album, To Venus and Back in 1999. This was a double album. Many times, a double album means that there are two discs, cassettes or records included and has more tracks than a normal album. But To Venus and Back, had two albums packaged together under one concept. The first album in the set was called Orbiting, and was a full new album of 11 recorded songs. The second album in the set was called Live: Still Orbiting, and was a collection of live concert songs recorded at Tori's performances across the world. Orbiting was also an electronica theme like From the Choirgirl Hotel. Lyrics were about things like growing up, losing her babies in her miscarriages and homosexuality. The album received mostly positive reviews. A single from the album called Bliss was the first song from a major record label to be sold on the internet as a digital song.

Tori now felt that her record label was not doing enough to promote her music and albums. She had only one album left to record and release for them according to their agreement. In 2001, she released her seventh album Strange Little Girls. This album included songs that other singers and bands had written and recorded, but they were sung by Tori with a new idea of what they mean. Tori did not want to give her own songs to the record label if they were not going to properly promote them. The album featured Tori's versions of songs by performers like Neil Young, the band Slayer and the rapper Eminem. The album was a "concept album," which means that all of the songs were about one idea. The concept was to take songs that had been sung by men and sing them from a woman's point of view. The album received both good and bad reviews, but it did not sell nearly as many copies as her other albums.

In late 2001, Tori got a new contract with the record label Epic. In 2002, she released her eighth album, called Scarlet's Walk, another concept album. In this concept, Tori created a story about a woman named Scarlet. Scarlet took a journey across America after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 that happened in New York City. Scarlet meets a lot of different characters, mostly men. She has romances, friendships and gets involved in many situations. Each song is about one of the people she meets or one of the things that happens to her. The album was more successful than Strange Little Girls, but did not meet the success of her other albums. However, the single "A Sorta Fairytale" was her most successful American radio single. The music video for this song featured Academy Award winning actor Adrien Brody.

In 2003, Tori released a greatest hits album called Tales of a Librarian. The album was the final part of her agreement with Atlantic Records. She took many of her older songs and changed them in a recording studio, giving them new sounds. She also included two brand new songs. Also that year, Tori's new label, Epic joined with another label called BMG. Tori has said in interviews that this was not what she wanted to happen, and that the new people in charge were more interested in making money than in making good music. She also had a part in a movie called Mona Lisa Smile. Tori played a singer at a wedding reception.

In 2005, Tori released her ninth album, The Beekeeper. This album had a more traditional pop and rock musical style. It was described as adult contemporary music. The album was unusually long, with 19 songs on a regular edition and 20 songs on a special edition. The lyrics were about personal things in Tori's life. Many of them were about sickness and death. This is because in the year she recorded it, her mother nearly died of a heart attack, and then her older brother died in a car accident. Compared to her other albums, the album did not sell very well. The reviews of the album were both good and bad. Many said the album was too long. Later that year, Tori released a series of albums which were called The Original Bootlegs. There were six albums in total, each with two CDs. Each album was of a full-length live concert performed for her "The Beekeeper" tour. The albums were at first sold separately, and later put together in a box-set. That year she also released a biography called Piece by Piece. It was a best seller.

In 2006, Tori released a DVD called Fade to Red. It was a compilation album of all her music videos. That same year she also released a complex box-set of music called A Piano. This set had five CDs and compiled tracks spanning all the way back to the album Little Earthquakes. The package for the set was shaped like a piano keyboard.

In 2007, Tori released her tenth album, American Doll Posse, another concept album. This time Tori created several characters, but instead of just writing stories about them, she dressed up like them and created personalities for them. Tori would wear costumes and wigs for the characters during her concert performances. Each song on the album was supposed to be sung by one of the characters. The themes and music style of this album was very much like The Beekeeper. The album was even longer, with 23 tracks on the regular version and 26 on the special edition. It sold around the same number of copies as the previous album, and reviews were similar as well. Again, many said the album was too long. Later that year, Tori released a series of albums which were called Legs & Boots. There were 27 full double-albums released. Each one was the content from a live show during her tour for the album American Doll Posse. These albums were only available online; there were no CD versions.

In 2008, Tori made an agreement with Epic Records and left the label. She released a live concert DVD called Live in Montreaux 1991/1992. She then signed a contract with a new record label, Universal Republic.

In 2009, Tori released her eleventh album, Abnormally Attracted to Sin. Though the album got almost all good reviews, it did not sell any better than her more recent albums. Later that year, she released an album called Midwinter Graces. The album was like a holiday or Christmas album, but Tori called it a "seasonal album." It has both traditional carols and original songs by Tori.

In 2011 she released her first classical album, Night of Hunters on the classical label Deutsche Grammophon.

2012-now
In 2012 she made her own record label, Transmission Galactic. On October 1 her thirteenth album, Gold Dust, was released in the UK. One single was released, "Flavor". The song first appeared on her 2009 album Abnormally Attracted to Sin.

She said in an interview that she will release a new album in 2014.

Discography
 Little Earthquakes (1992)
 Under the Pink (1994)
 Boys for Pele (1996)
 From the Choirgirl Hotel (1998)
 To Venus and Back (1999)
 Strange Little Girls (2001)
 Scarlet's Walk (2002)
 The Beekeeper (2005)
 American Doll Posse (2007)
 Abnormally Attracted to Sin (2009)
 Midwinter Graces (2009)
 Night of Hunters (2011)
 Gold Dust (2012)
 Unrepentant Geraldines (2014)
 Native Invader (2017)
 Ocean to Ocean (2021)

Awards and nominations
Amos was added to the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame on October 11, 2012.

Grammy Awards

|-
| 1995
| Under The Pink
| Best Alternative Music Album
|
|-
| 1997
| Boys for Pele
| Best Alternative Music Album
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999
| From the Choirgirl Hotel
| Best Alternative Music Album
|
|-
| "Raspberry Swirl"
| Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
| To Venus and Back
| Best Alternative Music Album
|
|-
| "Bliss"
| Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
| Strange Little Girls
| Best Alternative Music Album
|
|-
| "Strange Little Girl"
| Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|}

Brit Awards

|-
| 1995
| —
| Best International Female
|
|}

Q Awards

|-
| 1992
| —
| Best New Act
|
|}

MTV Video Music Awards

|-
| rowspan=4|1992
| rowspan=4|"Silent All These Years"
| Best Female Video
|
|-
| Best Cinematography in a Video
|
|-
| Best New Artist in a Video
|
|-
| Breakthrough Video
|
|}

Echo Klassik Awards

|-
| 2012
| Night of Hunters
| Klassik Ohne Grenzen (crossover classical) prize
|
|}

References

American singer-songwriters
Mezzo-sopranos
People from Salisbury, Maryland
Musicians from Baltimore
Singers from Baltimore
Writers from Baltimore
Singers from North Carolina
1963 births
Living people

Tori Amos


The Broad Left was a political faction within the National Union of Students of the United Kingdom (NUS) during the 1970s. It consisted of a working relationship between the Labour Party, the Liberal Party, Plaid Cymru, the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), and other, non-aligned, supporters in order to work as a single voting bloc against the Conservative and some Trotskyist student groups. It held the union presidency from 1973 to 1982.

The Broad Left movement should not be confused with the Student Broad Left movement, a later NUS faction.

Notable members
Those elected to the NUS executive on the Broad Left ticket include the following:

 David Aaronovitch (CPGB; NUS President, 1980–82)
 Charles Clarke (Labour; NUS President, 1975–77)
 Trevor Phillips (Non-aligned Broad Left; NUS President, 1978–1980)
 Sue Slipman (CPGB; NUS President, 1977–78)
 Andrew Lansley (President of the Guild of Students)

Student politics
National Union of Students (United Kingdom)
Factions

Broad Left


Dionysius IV born Cheppad Peelipose (Aramaic and Malayalam: Piyliypaos, in English Philip) (1781 – 9 October 1855), was 12th Malankara Metropolitan from 27 August 1825, until he abdicated in 1852 and 107th Successor to the Holy Apostolic Throne of St.Thomas.

His tenure was a period of turmoil in the Malankara Syrian Church. When the Anglican Missionaries tried to interfere in the faith and administration of the Malankara church, the Church severed its relations with the Anglican missionaries through the historic Mavelikkara Synod of 1836. A negligible number of the members of the Church joined the C.M.S. Church. Remaining members were divided into two factions, one upholding the traditions that entered the Church, and the other in support of restoration based on principles propagated during the missionary activity of the Church Mission Society (CMS).

Early life
Philipose Dionysius was born in 1781 at the Aanjilimootil family in Pallippad, a place near Cheppad. Cheppad is a scenic village located at Karthikapally Taluk of Alapuzha district in Kerala State, India. It is halfway between Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram on the National Highway 47.

Malankara Metropolitan
Punnathara Dionysius Metropolitan (Dionysius III) died 17 May 1825.  To select a successor, representatives of the parishes met together at Pallikara palli under the leadership of Philixinos II of Thozhyoor Church who was the Acting Malankara metropolitan at that time when the throne was vacant.  The names of Cheppad Anjilimootil Philipose Malpan, Kalloopara Adangapurathu Joseph Malpan and Kottayam Eruthickal Markose Kathanar were proposed. Eruthickal Markose Kathanar withdrew his candidacy during the process and that left 2 strong contesters. After prayer, they cast lots (cleromancy), and the lot fell to Philipose Malpan. The title Malpan represents for those who teach in the Theological Seminary. Adangapurathu Joseph Malpan later became the Vicar General of 72 Parishes at Malankara Syrian Church. Ittup Rampan  Malpan (the Senior person among the 3 teachers of the Seminary "Ittup Rampan- who became Malankara Metropolitan as Dionysius II", "Adangapurathu Joseph Malpan", "Punnathra Kurien Malplan") was the source for the Orthodox Seminary "Old Seminary", as he took the initiative to submit an application to the proper authority in AD 1813, and the construction was completed in AD 1815. Palakkunnathu Abraham Malpan joined the Seminary at a later stage to teach Syriac language there. At first, there were only 5 students, and in the following years the number of students grew significantly. Back then the Angamali Seminary was also available for Syrian Orthodox Church to educate students from the northern part of Malankara.

Philipose Ramban was consecrated by Geevarghese Mar Philexenos II (Kidangan) of the Malabar Independent Syrian Church on 27 August 1825 at Kottayam Cheria palli. Philipose Ramban was given the episcopal title Cheppad Philipose Dionysius. He was the fourth bishop in the Malankara Church to get this title Dionysius

Consecrations
In 1829, Dionysius IV consecrated Geevarghese Koorilose (Kuthoorey) (1829–56), as the Metropolitan of Thozhyoor church.

Obstacles During His Reign

Problems with C.M.S. Missionaries
The relation between the missionaries who came from England was cordial during the first few years. But soon they began to interfere in the internal affairs of the church. They tried to change the liturgy and practices of the Malankara church to their system. Without permission, they began worshipping using Anglican liturgy in Old Seminary chapel.  A letter from the bishop of Calcutta in 1835 suggested
to ordain only those who completed their studies from the Seminary and received the certificate from the Principal,
to raise a fund to increase the salary of the priests,
to submit the accounts of the Church every year to the British Resident for annual auditing and
to conduct the church services in vernacular, Malayalam.

The Metropolitan rejected all these suggestions outright. Soon Dionysius convened a meeting of the representatives of the parishes at Mavelikara (16 January 1836) and officially rejected the suggestions of the Anglican Bishop, stating that decisions on such a matter pertaining to faith was within the ambit of the Patriarch of Antioch. It has to be noted that even though the Association rejected those suggestions then, each of them was implemented in the Malankara Church in time. It can be concluded that the reason behind the rejection of the suggestions of the Anglican Bishop was that the Church was ready to accept timely changes only with the consent of an established authority & within a disciplined structure, and not simply based on a demanding letter from a Bishop of a foreign Church.

Soon the C.M.S. missionaries formed the C.M.S. Church. By a government award known as Cochin Award, they were given a few properties of the Malankara Church. The Association at Mavelikara gave official recognition to the Patriarch of Antioch as the spiritual head of the Malankara Church. Hence, it was at this time Malankara Church came to be referred to as Jacobite Church.

Problems with Abraham Malpan

Dionysius IV did not support reformation movement initiated by Abraham Malpan and his supporters. Abraham Malpan did not attend the Mavelikara Synod of 1836. When Abraham Malpan used the revised liturgy and brought about changes in practices, that offended and disappointed Dionysius IV, and suspended Malpan from religious duties & refused priesthood to the deacons trained under him. Dionysius remained staunch in his stand of upholding the traditional faith and liturgy of the Church.

Palakunnathu Deacon Mathews, a deacon trained under Abraham Malpan and was his nephew; through Malpan's encouragement and spiritual nurturing but without the permission of the Malankara Church and the Malankara Metropolitan, he went to Antioch. He was consecrated with the episcopal title Mathews Athanasius by Patriarch of Antioch, Ignatius Elias II (1838–47), in 1843.

In 1846, the Patriarch sent a Metropolitan Euyakim Kurilos to Malankara. In 1852 Dionysius IV abdicated due to poor health. At this time it was necessary for the government to find the successor of Dionysius for the purpose of paying the interest to a fixed deposit (Vattipanam) with the government. Mathews Athanasius and Kurilos made claims. The Maharajah of Travancore appointed a committee of four senior government officers (known as Kollam Panchayat), They decided that a foreign bishop could not be regarded as the Malankara Metropolitan. So the Maharajah issued a proclamation in favour of Mathews Athanasius on 30 August 1852. Even though Athanasius lacked the support of the general assembly of the Church (Malankara Palli-Yogam), the fact that he was a native favoured him.

Last days
After abdicating, Valia Methrachen (Dionysius IV) was bedridden due to ill health. The people who were with him all these years left him for the changes that had happened. When Mathews Athanasious become aware of this he immediately came to Cheppadu and had done all things necessary for Cheppadu thirumeni. He stayed with him for more than two months and he arranged aide and medical help from Thiruvalla. On 9 October 1855, Cheppad Philipose Dionysius died and was laid to rest at Cheppad Valiya palli (St. George Orthodox Church). The last ceremonies were done by Mathews Athanasious.

The Church remembers Dionysius on 12 October.

Succession

See also
  Mar Thoma Syrian Church
 Indian Orthodox Church
 List of Catholicoi of the East and Malankara Metropolitans
 List of Syrian Malabar Nasranis

References

Further reading
Rev. Dr. Joseph Cheeran, Adv. P. C. Mathew Pulikottil, K. V. Mammen Kottackal. (2002). Orthodox Sabha Charitravum samskaravum (History and Culture of the Orthodox Church).
Ittoop Writer (1869). Malayalathulla Suryani Chistianikauleday Charitram (History of Syrian Christians in the land of Malayalam).

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043211/http://www.indianchristianity.org/orthodox/former_catholicos1.html

Oriental Orthodoxy in India
People from Alappuzha district
Syriac Orthodox Church bishops
1781 births
1855 deaths
19th-century clergy
Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church bishops
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Christians

Dionysius IV of Cheppad


Princess Street is a road in south Mumbai, India. The official name of this road is Samaldas Gandhi Marg, named after the Indian freedom fighter who had led the Arzi Hukumat (Temporary Government) of the erstwhile princely state of Junagadh in 1947. The road links the Marine Drive flyover with Crawford Market, and is known for its shops selling chemicals, medicines and medical equipment. It serves the busy Marine Lines railway station as well as the adjoining localities of Thakurdwar and Bhuleshwar to its north and Dhobitalao to its south.

References

Neighbourhoods in Mumbai
Streets in Mumbai
Retail markets in Mumbai

Princess Street (Mumbai)


In computer science CDR coding is a compressed data representation for Lisp linked lists. It was developed and patented by the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and implemented in computer hardware in a number of Lisp machines derived from the MIT CADR.

CDR coding is in fact a fairly general idea; whenever a data object A ends in a reference to another data structure B, we can instead place the structure B itself there, overlapping and running off the end of A. By doing this we free the space required by the reference, which can add up if done many times, and also improve locality of reference, enhancing performance on modern machines. The transformation is especially effective for the cons-based lists it was created for; we free about half of the space for each node we perform this transformation on.

It is not always possible to perform this substitution, because there might not be a large enough chunk of free space beyond the end of A. Thus, some objects will end in a real reference, and some with the referenced object, and the machine must be able to tell by reading the final cell which one it is. This can be accomplished with some inefficiency in software by the use of tagged pointers, which allow a pointer in a final position to be specifically tagged as such, but is best done in hardware.

In the presence of mutable objects, CDR coding becomes more complex. If a reference is updated to point to another object, but currently has an object stored in that field, the object must be relocated, along with any other pointers to it. Not only are such moves typically expensive or impossible, but over time they cause fragmentation of the store. This problem is typically avoided by using CDR coding only on immutable data structures.

External links

Lisp (programming language)
Data compression

CDR coding


Eugene B. Borowitz (February 20, 1924 – January 22, 2016) was an American leader and philosopher in Reform Judaism, known largely for his work on Jewish theology and Jewish ethics. He also edited a Jewish journal, Sh'ma, and taught at the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion.

He was awarded the Maurice N. Eisendrath Bearer of Light Award by the Union for Reform Judaism (2005), selected as a Scholar of Distinction for a retrospective on his work by the Jewish Publication Society (2002) and given the Jewish Cultural Achievement medal for scholarship by the National Foundation for Jewish Culture. He received the National Jewish Book Award (1974) for The Mask Jews Wear. Jewish Spiritual Journeys: Essays in Honor of Eugene B. Borowitz on his 70th Birthday was published in his honor in 1997.

As is apparent from a bibliography of his works, Borowitz was a prolific author.

During the Korean War, he served as a chaplain for the U.S. Navy. Borowitz held degrees from Ohio State University, Columbia University and HUC-JIR.

Early life
Borowitz grew up in Columbus, Ohio, and attended Ohio State University. After graduation, he went to Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, where he was ordained as a Rabbi in 1948 and received his D.H.L. in 1950.

Career
Borowitz became the founding rabbi of the Community Synagogue in Port Washington, New York, while at the same time pursuing a PhD. in religion from the joint program sponsored by Columbia University and Union Theological Seminary. In 1957, he was appointed as director of the Religious Education Department of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. Because of this, he switched to Columbia's doctoral program in education and received the Ed.D. in 1958. From 1962 until his death, he was a faculty member at the New York campus of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, where he became the Sigmund L. Falk Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Education and Jewish Religious Thought. He was elected as the first Jewish president of the American Theological Society in 1981 and served until 1982  He celebrated his hundredth semester with the college in 2012.

Borowitz is best known for his development of "covenant theology," a term he first introduced in a 1961 article in Commentary. His work concerned itself with the dilemma of the postmodern Jew: committed to individual autonomy, but nevertheless involved with God, Torah and Israel. His interest in redefining covenant led him to significant work in normative ethics, some of which was collected in his book Exploring Jewish Ethics (264), and his teaching on the subject led to the volume, Reform Jewish Ethics and the Halakhah (298). Borowitz's work in covenant theology found its mature expression in his 1991 book, Renewing the Covenant (273).

One of Borowitz's most significant accomplishments was his founding of Sh'ma, a Journal of Jewish Responsibility in 1970. He was its publisher and editor for twenty-three years, and he served as Senior Editor from 1993 to 1997. Sh'ma provided a forum where voices from all segments of the Jewish community could be heard on a wide range of controversial topics. Borowitz wrote numerous short book reviews for Sh'ma.

Personal life
Borowitz died on January 22, 2016, at the age of 91 at his home in Stamford, Connecticut.

Selected publications and edited works
 Eugene B. Borowitz: Rethinking God and Ethics, Eds. Hava Tirosh-Samuelson and Aaron w. Hughes, Boston, MA: BRILL, 2014.
 Renewing the Covenant, translation by Menashe Arbel and Ilon Shamir, Eds. Ilon Shamir and Yehoyadah Amir, Tel Aviv: HaKibbutz HaMeuchad, 2014.
 A Touch of the Sacred: A Theologian's Informal Guide to Jewish Belief   (with Frances W. Schwartz), Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2007.
 A Life in Covenant: the Complete Works of Eugene B. Borowitz, 1944-2007, by Amy W. Helfman, updated by Sarah Wolf, 2007.
 The Talmud's Theological Language-Game, a Philosophical Discourse Analysis. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2006.
 Studies in the Meaning of Judaism. Philadelphia: the Jewish Publication Society. 2002.
 Reviewing the Covenant: Eugene B. Borowitz and the Postmodern Renewal of Jewish Theology, Peter Ochs with Eugene B. Borowitz. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2000.
 Judaism After Modernity, Papers from a Decade of Fruition. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1999.
 The Jewish Moral Virtues (with Frances W. Schwartz). Philadelphia: the Jewish Publication Society, 1999.
 Choices in Modern Jewish Thought (2nd ed.). W. Orange, NJ: Behrman House, 1995.
 Renewing the Covenant. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991.
 Exploring Jewish Ethics Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990.
 Explaining Reform Judaism (With Naomi Patz) New York: Behrman House, 1985. Liberal Judaism New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1984.

Selected works

Bibliography, 1944-1999, additional works.

 Contemporary Christologies: A Jewish Response. US: Paulist Press International, 1980.
 Exploring Jewish Ethics: Papers on Covenant Responsibility. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990.
 Liberal Judaism. New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1984.
 Reform Jewish Ethics and the Halakhah: An Experiment in Decision Making (Editor).  Behrman House Publishing, 1995.
 Renewing the Covenant: A Theology for the Postmodern Jew. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991.
 The Talmud's Theological Language-Game, a Philosophical Discourse Analysis. Albany: State University of New York, 2006.

Religion Lectures Given at the Chautauqua Institution
 The Jewish Moral Virtues Today: Daily lectures given at the Chautauqua Institution by Rabbi Eugene B Borowitz in the summer of 2000. Topics Include:
 Wisdom
 Trustworthiness
 Wealth
 Repentance
 Loving God
 National Affairs: Ethics and Public Life: Daily lectures given at the Chautauqua Institution by Rabbi Eugene B Borowitz and Fr. Stanley Harakas in the summer of 1993.
 The Moods of the Psalms: Daily lectures given at the Chautauqua Institution by Rabbi Eugene B Borowitz in the summer of 1990. Topics Include:
 Awe
 Understanding
 Ambivalence
 Anguish
 Confidence

The Temple Sinai Ark Tapestry: A Masterwork of American Jewish Folk Art
A book describing the creation of the Temple Sinai Ark Tapestry can be read here

References

Sources
 Batnitzky, Leora. "Postmodernity and historicity : reflections on Eugene Borowitz's postmodern turn" in Religious Studies Review, 27,4 (2001): 363-369.
 Borowitz, Eugene B., Yudit Kornberg Greenberg, Susan Handelman, David Novak, Peter Ochs, Thomas Ogletree, Norbert Samuelson, Edith Wyschogrod. Reviewing the Covenant: Eugene B. Borowitz and the Postmodern Renewal of Jewish Theology. Edited by Peter Ochs.  Albany: SUNY Press, 2000.
 Breslauer, S. Daniel. "Building a postmodern Reform Judaism : the example of Eugene B. Borowitz" in Platforms and Prayer Books: Theological and Liturgical Perspectives on Reform Judaism.  Edited by Dana Evan Kaplan, 247-260. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002.
 Breslauer, S. Daniel. "[On] Eugene B. Borowitz, 'Reform Judaism Today: Book Two: What We Believe' (1977)" in Judaism 28,3 (1979): 382-384.
 Daum, Robert A. "Two views on authority -Bleich and Borowitz" in Journal of Reform Judaism 33,1 (1986): 55-64.
 Dorff, Elliot. "Autonomy vs. community: the ongoing Reform/Conservative difference" in Conservative Judaism 48,2 (1996): 64-68.
 Duff, Nancy J. "[On] Eugene B. Borowitz, "Contemporary Christologies: a Jewish Response" in Union Seminary Quarterly Review 38, 2 (1983): 231-235.
 Ellison, David Harry. "Eugene B. Borowitz" in Interpreters of Judaism in the Late Twentieth Century, 17-39.  Edited by Stephen T. Katz.  B'nai B'rith Book Service 1993.
 Ellison, David Harry. "Eugene B. Borowitz: a tribute" in Jewish Book Annual 51 (1993): 125-236.
 Helfman, Amy W. . "Bibliography of the writings of Eugene B. Borowitz" in Eugene B. Borowitz: Studies in the Meaning of Judaism (JPS Scholar of Distinction Series), 443-465.  Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2002.
 Kolodny, Ralph L. . "Catholics and Father Coughlin: Misremembering the past" in Patterns of Prejudice 19, 4 (1985): 156-25.
 Kraut, Benny. "A liberal Jew looks at Christianity" in Tradition 21, 4 (1985) 80-86.
 Levitt, Laura S. . "Covenant or contract? Marriage as theology" in Cross Currents 48,2 (1998): 169-184.
 Melamed, Abraham. "[On] Eugene B. Borowitz, 'Renewing the Covenant : a Theology for the Postmodern Jew' (1991)" in Jewish Political Studies Review 6,1-2 (1994): 179-186.
 Mittleman, Alan Lee. "[On] Eugene B. Borowitz, 'Renewing the Covenant: a Theology for the Postmodern Jew' (1991)" in Jewish Political Studies Review 6,1-2 (1994): 173-179.
 Ochs, Peter W. . "Borowitz and the postmodern renewal of theology" in Cross Currents 43,2 (1993): 164-183.
 Samuelson, Norbert Max. "A critique of Borowitz's postmodern Jewish theology" in Zygon 28,2 (1993): 267-282.
 Talmage, Frank Ephraim. "[On] Eugene B. Borowitz, "Contemporary Christologies : a Jewish Response"  in Journal of Reform Judaism 30, 3 (1983): 72-75.
 Weiss, Andrea L. "Creative readings of the covenant: a Jewish-Christian approach" in Journal of Ecumenical Studies 30,3-4 (1993): 389-402
 Yuter, Alan J. "A theology for liberal Jews : is it possible? A reflection on Eugene Borowitz's 'Renewing the Covenant; a Theology for the Postmodern Jew' (1991)" in Le'ela, 35 (1993) 29-32.

links
 NLA HUC-JIR biography
 NLA Eugene Borowitz bibliography on HUC-JIR
 Eugene Borowitz collection on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner
 Sh'ma, A Journal of Jewish Responsibility

1924 births
2016 deaths
Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion alumni
Ohio State University alumni
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) alumni
Jewish ethicists
American Reform rabbis
Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion faculty
Philosophers of Judaism
American Jewish theologians
United States Navy chaplains
Rabbis in the military
Korean War chaplains
Writers from Columbus, Ohio
People from Port Washington, New York
Writers from New York (state)
20th-century American rabbis
21st-century American rabbis

Eugene Borowitz


The Reichstag building was designed as a home to the parliament of the German Empire. It was opened in 1894. The original building's design was made by Paul Wallot. It was built on the site of an old palace in Berlin, Germany.

The building was used by the parliament of the German Empire until 1918. The parliament of the Weimar Republic, also called the Reichstag, sat there until the 1933 Reichstag fire. The Third Reich seldom used its parliament, so the building remained empty and derelict until after German reunification.

Then it became the seat of the German parliament again in 1999 after a reconstruction led by British architect Lord Norman Foster.

Today's parliament of Germany is called the Bundestag. The Reichstag as a parliament dates back to the Holy Roman Empire and ceased to act as a true parliament in the years of Nazi Germany (1933-1945). In today's usage, the German term Reichstag refers to the building, while the term Bundestag refers to the institution.

The Reichstag dome
The original Reichstag dome was damaged in the 1933 fire and again during the war. It was replaced by a large glass dome. The new dome has a 360-degree view of the surrounding Berlin cityscape. The main hall of the parliament below can also be seen from inside the dome, and natural light from above emits down to the parliament floor. A large sun shield tracks the movement of the sun electronically and blocks direct sunlight which would make the space too hot and dazzle those below. Construction work was finished in 1999 and the seat of parliament was transferred to the Bundestag in April of that year. The dome is no longer open to anyone without prior registration.

Other websites

 panoramas and other images of the Reichstags building in Berlin

Buildings and structures in Berlin
Landmarks in Germany

1894 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in Germany

Reichstag (building)


A ligand is a biochemical substance. Its function is to bind to a biological molecule, and make the molecule perform a function. Ligand binding alters the shape of the receptor protein. This changes the protein's behaviour.

In a narrower sense, it is a signal triggering molecule, binding to a site on a target protein.

The binding occurs by intermolecular forces, such as ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The docking (association) is usually reversible (dissociation).

Ligands include substrates, inhibitors, activators, and neurotransmitters. The tendency or strength of binding is called affinity.

Related pages
Signal transduction
Cytokine
Agonist
Receptor antagonist

References
Biochemistry
Molecular biology

Ligand


A document (noun) is a piece of information that is used to communicate something. In most of the cases it is a paper that contains information in the form of ink marks, but nowadays documents can be digital as well.

To document (verb) means to produce an object by collecting and representing information.

Different sorts of documents
 Prototypical Documents: Letters, memos, legal forms, Instruction manual
 Documents of Record: Newspapers and magazines
 Books: Text book, Novels, Recipe books, Encyclopedia, Comic books
 Canonical Documents: The Bible,Iliad and Odyssey,Vedas, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Quran, Code of Hammurabi,Tao Te Ching
 Transactional Documents: Cheque, Contracts, Prescription, Receipt, Form (document), Postage Stamp
 Functional Documents: PDF files, PostScript files, XML files, Email
 Non-Prototypical Documents: Post-it notes, Fortune cookie strips, Maps, Paintings, milk cartons, cereal boxes
 Non-Classical Digital Documents: Web Page, Weblog, Wiki
 Boundary Examples: The plaque on the Pioneer 11 spacecraft, designed by astronomer Carl Sagan, and using information assumed to be universal is an extreme example of a document that is intended to communicate with aliens. On the other hand, the recorded and printed signals of the SETI project would constitute documents if they were discovered to contain alien communication.

Everyday use
When one views a document, they can see the connotations and denotations that appear in a search for document. From these usages, readers can infer one or more of the following typical contexts:

 Writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature)
 Anything serving as a representation of a person's thinking by means of symbolic marks
 A written certificate of ownership or obligation
 To record in detail; "The parents documented every step of their child's development"
 A digital file in a particular format
 To support or supply with references; "Can you document your claims?"
 Authentication
 An artifact that meets a legal notion of document for purposes of discovery in litigation

Document life cycle management
Technology to manage documents has developed with documents themselves.  They include practices for preserving, archiving, destroying, and managing documents. These together are called the "document life cycle"

 Physical preservation: Documents in traditional physical forms and in digital physical forms such as magnetic media must be physically preserved.  This aspect of document management deals with such issues as the aging of paper (acid-free paper helps with preservation) and the obsolescence of media such as floppy disk or videotape.

 Storage: This aspect includes management of limited resources such as shelf space and disk space, and optimal space utilization.  Modern libraries such as the University of Nevada and the University of Michigan often use complex space-saving technologies such as robotic retrieval systems for stacks and moving bookshelves.  The whole field of data compression can be viewed as made for the storage of digital documents.

 Cultural Preservation: This function, traditionally done by librarians involves the selection, arrangement and storage of documents in safe places.  The importance of this part of document management can be seen in the impact of historical events like the burning of the Library of Alexandria.  Today, library and information science has developed into an important academic job.

 Bibliometrics: This aspect of document management involves functions of indexing, creating statistics and taxonomies, and improving the usability of large collections of documents. The modern history of this management technology dates back to Melvil Dewey and the Dewey Decimal System. Today, the science of bibliometrics is largely concerned with managing the impact of electronic technologies. This aspect must also deal with ISBN numbers, Library of Congress data and other standards.

 Digital Content Management: The explosion of digital content has resulted in technologies being created to manage large collections of digital information generated by organizations. Such systems must manage access control and privileges, multiple electronic format, interface with printing systems and enable collaborative workflows around documents.

 Digital-Physical Interaction Management: As long as both paper and digital documents continue to be made and used, the modern management technologies to manage their interaction will continue. Key to this management is the management of large scale and systematic scanning of physical documents (such as the Google book scanning project).

 Destruction: With the increased cost of identity theft, corporate scandals and privacy concerns, the destruction of both paper and electronic documents  has become increasingly important to manage. Technologies such as shredders play a role, as do verifiable ways to destroy electronic documents to ensure compliance with privacy laws.

 Security: Shannon's information theory has led to an entire discipline that deals with the security of documents, and associated technologies such as encryption, as well as more physical security features such as watermarks and making currency documents that are safe from counterfeiting.

 Transportation: The entire mail system, as well as modern courier systems, is largely built on the need to physically move documents from one location to the other.

Related pages
 Archive
 Book
 Illuminated manuscript
 Seal (device)
 Typewriter

Software for document creation
 LaTeX (Open source)
 LibreOffice (Open source)
 Microsoft Office (made by Microsoft)
 Visual Studio Tools for Office
 OpenOffice (Open source)
 SATySFi (Open source)

Text editors

 GNU Emacs
 Notepad++
 Vim

References

 Sellen, A. J. and Harper, R. H. R., 2001, The Myth of the Paperless Office
 McLuhan, M., 1969, The Gutenberg Galaxy
 McLuhan, M., 1964, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
 Landow, G. P., 2006, Hypertext 3.0: Critical Theory and New Media in an Era of Globalization
 Bush, V., 1945, As We May Think, Atlantic Monthly, https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush
 Kelly, K. 2006, Scan This Book!, New York Times Magazine, http://www.kk.org/writings/scan_this_book.php
 Owen, D., 2004, Copies in Seconds: How a Lone Inventor and an Unknown Company Created the Biggest Communication Breakthrough Since Gutenberg—Chester Carlson and the Birth of the Xerox Machine
 Searle, J. R., 1997, The Construction of Social Reality
 Anderson, B., 2006, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, New Edition
 Levy, D., 2003, Scrolling Forward: Making Sense of Documents in the Digital Age
 Gladwell, M., 2002, The Social Life of Paper, New Yorker Magazine, http://www.gladwell.com/2002/2002_03_25_a_paper.htm
 Lewis, D. K., 2002 Convention: A Philosophical Study (Revised edition)
 Pedauque, R. T., Document: Form, Sign and Medium, as Reformulated for Electronic Documents
 Romano, F., 1989, Pocket Guide to Digital Prepress
 Sweet, J., 2003, Document Boundaries Master's Thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology

Document


¡Hola! is a weekly Spanish-language magazine specializing in celebrity news, published in Madrid, Spain, and in 15 other countries, with local editions in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Greece, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States and Venezuela. It is the second most popular magazine in Spain after Pronto. The title means "Hello!" in English and it is the parent magazine of the English-language Hello! and Hello! Canada and Hola! USA.

History and profile
¡Hola! was founded in Barcelona on 2 September 1944 by Antonio Sánchez Gómez, who continued to run the magazine until his death in the 1970s. He employed mainly relatives and to this day ¡Hola! remains a predominantly family run organisation, with Sánchez's wife still stepping in to provide layout for important royal wedding spreads. Later the headquarters of the magazine moved to Madrid.

Initially designed as a family magazine, Sánchez soon realized the potential for profit in the women's industry and initially focused on the doings of royalty, as well as offering a self-help section. Then the magazine became a gossip magazine, although the Spanish version still relies heavily on royalty for their gossip, whilst the English and Latin American versions focus more on Hollywood. The former Spanish Prime Minister Felipe González gave his first interview to the magazine when he was in office.

The magazine continues to grow and its edition in Argentina was launched in 2010.

Circulation
The combined readership of ¡Hola! and its various sister magazines is more than a million a week, a large growth from the original 4,000 copies which sold in its first week of production in 1944. The circulation of the magazine was 654,836 copies in 1993, making it the second best-selling magazine in Spain. The magazine was the third best selling magazine in the country with a circulation of 627,514 copies in 1997.

The circulation of ¡Hola! was 553,042 copies in 2005. Its circulation was 537,270 copies in 2008 and 475,049 in 2009.

See also
 List of magazines in Spain

References

External links

 Official US website

1944 establishments in Spain
Celebrity magazines
Magazines established in 1944
Magazines published in Barcelona
Magazines published in Madrid
Spanish-language magazines
Weekly magazines published in Spain

¡Hola!