Amati is the name of a family of Italian violin makers. They made violins between about 1549 and 1740. They worked in Cremona in Italy, the town which is famous for violin making.

Andrea Amati: the founder of the family

The most famous member of the family was Andrea Amati who was born some time before 1511 and died in Cremona on 24 December 1577. He can be thought of as the inventor of the modern violin. He made violins, violas and cellos. A small number of his instruments are still in existence. They are dated between 1564 and 1574 and they have the coat of arms of Charles IX of France on the back.

His sons Antonio and Girolamo Amati

Andrea Amati's two sons were Antonio Amati who was born about 1540 in Cremona and died there on 14 February 1607 and Girolamo Amati who was born about 1561 in Cremona and died of the plague there on 21 October 1630. They are known as "The Brothers Amati", but they did not work much together. However, they both produced some great instruments. They made the shape of the f holes perfect and gave their instruments more strength. They also made some large violas and cellos. They had an enormous influence on all other violin makers.

Nicolò Amati
Nicolò Amati was the son of Girolamo Amati. He is now the most famous member of the family. He was born on 3 December 1596 and died on 12 April 1684. He was the most eminent of the family. He had become a very skilled violin maker by 1630 when his father died. During the next few years there was a lot of suffering because of the plague and not many people could afford to buy instruments. Then, after 1640, there was more demand again and Nicolò made many great instruments. Those that have survived are among the most sought-after and expensive violins today. He made instruments that were slightly wider and were known as the "Grand Pattern". Many other violin makers learned from him. These pupils include Andrea Guarneri and possibly also Antonio Stradivari.

Girolamo Amati
The last maker of the family was Nicolo's son, Girolamo Amati, known as Hieronymus II. He was born on 26 February and died on 21 February, 1740. Although he made some improvements to his father's instruments, they are not as good. Antonio Stradivari became the greatest violin maker at this time.

Related pages
Antonio Stradivari
Guarneri

References
Grove Music Online

Other websites
The Violin Site - Violin Making

Luthiers
Italian families

Amati


Guys and Dolls is a 1950 Broadway musical. The music and lyrics were written by Frank Loesser, and the speaking parts were written by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows. The story of Guys and Dolls is based on short stories written by Damon Runyon. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical.

What happens

Nathan Detroit, a gambler in 1920's New York City, needs a place to hold his illegal dice game where he will not be caught by the police. He finds a place, but the person who owns it wants one thousand dollars to rent it for the night. Nathan thinks he is out of luck, until he hears that the famous gambler Sky Masterson is in town. He bets Sky one thousand dollars that he cannot get Sarah Brown, a missionary, to go to Havana, Cuba with him. Because Sarah is very religious and moralistic, Nathan thinks she will never agree to go with him.

Nathan has another problem. He has been engaged to a woman named Adelaide for fourteen years, but they still are not married. Adelaide is so frustrated with him that she comes down with a cold. She tells him that if he does not marry her, she will leave him. Nathan promises to marry her, but then realizes that the night he said he would meet her is the same night as the dice game. He does not marry her, and Adelaide is extremely angry with him. She tells him she never wants to see him again.

Meanwhile, Sarah's mission is about to be closed down unless she can have it filled for a midnight prayer meeting later that week. Sky hears about this and makes a deal with her. If she goes to Havana with him, he will persuade the men he knows to go to the prayer meeting. Because Sarah is desperate, she accepts his offer. At first Sky is only taking her to Havana to win the bet, and Sarah is only going with him to save her mission, but while they are in Havana they fall in love. As Sky is saying goodbye to her, Nathan and the other gamblers run out of the mission, where they had been holding the dice game. Sarah thinks he only took her to Havana to get her away from the mission so Nathan could have the game there, and she is very angry with him.

Sky is still in love with Sarah, so he decides to keep his part of the deal. He makes a bet with all the gamblers. If he loses, he will give each of the gamblers a thousand dollars. If he wins, they will have to go to the prayer meeting. Sky wins the bet, and Sarah's mission is saved. Sarah realizes that he really does care about her.

Later, Sarah meets Adelaide. They talk about Nathan and Sky and realize that they are both in love. Sarah decides to marry Sky, and Adelaide decides to marry Nathan.

Broadway musicals
1950s musicals
1950 works

Guys and Dolls


For other meanings, see Billabong

Billabong is an Australian English word meaning a small lake left behind by a river when its course changes.

Billabongs appear often in Australian literature. One of the most famous is in the opening line of the famous folk song "Waltzing Matilda".

Bodies of water of Australia

Billabong (lake)


La famille Plouffe was a Canadian television drama, more specifically a téléroman, about a Quebec City family that first aired in the French language on Société Radio-Canada in 1953. The show was created to fill a void in francophone television in Canada. Whereas the English Canadian television branch of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation could broadcast English-language shows from American stations, the francophone component of the CBC, Radio-Canada had to develop its own programs for French Canadian viewers from the earliest days of television in Canada.  This show was one of the few that helped to launch the téléroman genre of programming in French Canada, around the same time the first telenovelas aired in Latin America.

The series was also broadcast live in English as The Plouffe Family on CBC Television the following year and ran on both networks until 1959. The series was revived in the 1980s as a miniseries.

The series was based on the novel Les Plouffe, by Roger Lemelin. It chronicled the daily life of a working-class family in the years following World War II. The family included patriarch Théophile, a former provincial cycling champion who had settled into life as a plumber, his wife Joséphine, a naive but kind-hearted mother who doted on her adult children Napoléon, Ovide, Cécile and Guillaume.

It was designated and preserved as a "masterwork" by the Audio-Visual Preservation Trust of Canada, a charitable non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the preservation of Canada's audio-visual heritage.

Cast

 Théophile Plouffe – Paul Guèvremont
 Joséphine Plouffe – Amanda Alarie
 Napoléon Plouffe – Émile Genest
 Ovide Plouffe – Jean-Louis Roux, Marcel Houben
 Guillaume Plouffe – Pierre Valcour
 Cécile Plouffe – Denise Pelletier
 Gédéon Plouffe – Doris Lussier
 Démérise Plouffe – Nana de Varennes
 Onésime Ménard – Rolland Bédard
 Rita Toulouse – Lise Roy, Jeannine Mignolet
 Blanche Toulouse – Lucie Poitras
 Jeanne Labrie – Thérèse Cadorette
 Stan Labrie – Jean Duceppe
 Père Alexandre – Guy Provost
 Martine Plouffe – Margot Campbell
 Aimé Plouffe – Jean Coutu
 Flora Plouffe – Ginette Letondal
 Agathe Plouffe – Clémence DesRochers
 Rosaire Joyeux – Camille Ducharme
 Jacqueline Sévigny – Amulette Garneau
 Alain Richard – Guy Godin
 Hélène Giguère – Françoise Graton
 Alphonse Tremblay – Ernest Guimond

References

External links

The Family Plouffe/La Famille Plouffe, Museum of Broadcast Communications
The Plouffe Family aka La Famille Plouffe - Canadian Communication Foundation

Ici Radio-Canada Télé original programming
1953 Canadian television series debuts
Téléromans
Television shows set in Quebec City
Television shows filmed in Quebec City
1950s Canadian comedy-drama television series
1959 Canadian television series endings
Black-and-white Canadian television shows

La famille Plouffe


WXP may also refer to the video game company WXP, a trade name for The Whole Experience, Inc.
WXP may also refer to Microsoft Windows XP

WXP, the Weather Processor, is a weather data manipulation and visualization package developed at Purdue University in the 1980s.  In 1989, WXP was adopted by Unidata as the Unix-based weather analysis tool and was distributed to over 40 universities.  WXP became a showcase venture for Unidata which at the time was promoting many of the new standards of software development and user interaction.  In 1992, WXP was copyrighted and sold commercially through the Purdue Research Foundation.  WXP version 4 became widely used in the university community to develop weather web site.  The primary developer of WXP Dan Vietor developed the wxp.eas.purdue.edu web site which became one of the first weather web sites on the World Wide Web.  With the move of the developer to Unisys in 1998, the rights to WXP were transferred to the Unisys corporation. As of 2020, Unisys no longer supports WXP but the developer continues to maintain and support it.

Although many developers have played a role in WXP over the years, Dan Vietor is generally regarded as the main contributor.  His work in developing WXP was honored at the 2005 American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, where he was presented the DeSouza Award by Unidata.

WXP is a commercially licensed product.  Additional information on licensing WXP can be obtained at WXP Overview.  WXP is still used by many web sites for data visualization including College of DuPage and Plymouth State University.

External links
wxp.vietorweather.net - Main WXP online reference web site
vietorweather.net - Web site operated by the developer that demonstrates the uses of WXP as a visualization tool.  It is a good source for real-time weather data.

Graphic software in meteorology
Science software
Science software for Linux

WXP


In geometry, an equilateral triangle is a triangle where all three sides are the same length and all three angles are also the same and are each 60°.
If an altitude is drawn, it bisects the side to which it is drawn, in turn leaving two separate 30-60-90 triangles

Other websites
 MathWorld - the construction of an equilateral triangle

Principal properties

Denoting the common length of the sides of the equilateral triangle as a, we can determine using the Pythagorean theorem that:
 The area is
 The perimeter is
 The radius of the circumscribed circle is
 The radius of the inscribed circle is  or
 The geometric center of the triangle is the center of the circumscribed and inscribed circles
 And the altitude (height) from any side is .
Denoting the radius of the circumscribed circle as R, we can determine using trigonometry that:
 The area of the triangle is
Many of these quantities have simple relationships to the altitude ("h") of each vertex from the opposite side:
 The area is
 The height of the center from each side, or apothem, is
 The radius of the circle circumscribing the three vertices is
 The radius of the inscribed circle is

In an equilateral triangle, the altitudes, the angle bisectors, the perpendicular bisectors and the medians to each side coincide.

Equal cevians
Three kinds of cevians are equal for (and only for) equilateral triangles:
 The three altitudes have equal lengths.
 The three medians have equal lengths.
 The three angle bisectors have equal lengths.

Coincident triangle centers
Every triangle center of an equilateral triangle coincides with its centroid, which implies that the equilateral triangle is the only triangle with no Euler line connecting some of the centers. For some pairs of triangle centers, the fact that they coincide is enough to ensure that the triangle is equilateral. In particular:
 A triangle is equilateral if any two of the circumcenter, incenter, centroid, or orthocenter coincide.
 It is also equilateral if its circumcenter coincides with the Nagel point, or if its incenter coincides with its nine-point center.

Six triangles formed by partitioning by the medians

For any triangle, the three medians partition the triangle into six smaller triangles.
 A triangle is equilateral if and only if any three of the smaller triangles have either the same perimeter or the same inradius.
 A triangle is equilateral if and only if the circumcenters of any three of the smaller triangles have the same distance from the centroid.

Points in the plane
 A triangle is equilateral if and only if, for every point P in the plane, with distances p, q, and r to the triangle's sides and distances x, y, and z to its vertices,

References

Polygons

Equilateral triangle


Jacaranda mimosifolia is a sub-tropical tree native to Asia that has been widely planted elsewhere because of its beautiful and long-lasting blue flowers. It is also known as jacaranda, blue jacaranda, black poui, or as the fern tree. Older sources call it Jacaranda acutifolia, but it is nowadays more usually classified as Jacaranda mimosifolia. In scientific usage, the name "jacaranda" refers to the genus Jacaranda, which has many other members, but in horticultural and everyday usage, it nearly always means the blue jacaranda.

Plants of Pakistan
Bignoniaceae

Jacaranda mimosifolia


Nazi Germany (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 to 1943, later known as the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945), is the period when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled Germany. It is also sometimes called the Third Reich (), which means the 'Third Empire' or 'Third Realm'. The first German empire was the Holy Roman Empire which lasted from the year 800 or 962 until it collapsed in 1806 in the Napoleonic Wars. The second was the German Empire of 1871 - 1918 which collapsed in 1918 when Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to abdicate the throne when the Weimar Republic was formed in 1918. The Nazis said they were making the third, even if itself never was the monarchy at all. However, the term 'Third Reich' was more popular in other countries. In Germany it was merely The Reich (pronounced 'rike') or the Greater German Reich ().

Adolf Hitler led Nazi Germany until it was defeated in World War II in the Battle of Berlin, when he killed himself in 1945. The Nazi Party was destroyed in the same year as its leaders ran away, were arrested, or killed themselves. Some were executed for war crimes by the Western and Soviet powers. Others survived, with some of them getting important jobs. However, their racial policies never again held power in Germany.

The Nazi government was formed under the idea that the "Aryan race" (pure white Germans) deserved to rule over all other races. This idea gained respect after the Great Depression made many important Germans poor and powerless. Hitler blamed the problems on Jews, communists, liberals, and many others. He made many Germans feel like they were innocent victims who had to take charge over Europe. The Nazis also tried to create an empire with colonies, and used their ally Italy's colonies in Africa as a model.

When the Nazi government was destroyed at the end of World War II, Germany was split into four "occupation zones". The Soviet Union took East Germany while the United Kingdom, France, and the United States took portions of West Germany.

History
The Nazis came to power in 1933 and made their power absolute with an "Enabling Act of 1933" and an unfair referendum. They centralized Germany, replacing local self-government. They strengthened the economy by doing business with major companies like General Motors and IBM. They expanded the Wehrmacht, Afrika Korps and Schutzstaffel to control the local police, and started the Gestapo to find, jail, and kill political enemies. They immediately banned Jews from important jobs, and soon restricted them in other ways. After a few years they built the armed forces far beyond the limits of the Treaty of Versailles. They also cooperated and made agreements with Italy and Japan.

World War II: 1939-1945
On September 1st, 1939, German forces attacked Poland, which began World War II. With over a million troops, Hitler's army easily took over Poland, losing about 59,000 soldiers. Their country was also attacked by the Soviet Union from the east. Poland lost over 900,000 soldiers.

On October 12, 1939, Hitler sent a letter to the United Kingdom promising peace. The British continued the war.

Hitler conquered France in the Battle of France. Then he sent the Luftwaffe to attack England. Winston Churchill, now Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, did not surrender. The Battle of Britain lasted from July to October 1940. When it failed, Hitler ordered the mass bombardment of London. That also failed, and Hitler decided to face east for his racial war of destroying the Slavs and Jews. This gave Britain time to regain power.

In 1941, Hitler ordered "Operation Barbarossa." It lasted from June 22, 1941 until December 5, 1941. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, had weakened his army with his Great Purges, which had killed many Russian officers before the war.

During Operation Barbarossa, many more Soviet soldiers died than Germans. At Stalingrad, however, about a million soldiers died on each side. While the Soviet Union could replace its losses, Germany could not.

After Stalingrad, the Germans lost their momentum. The Soviets learned from the long campaigns, fought better, and gained many new weapons from very efficient factories. The United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union fought together, and pushed against the smaller German army. In May 1945, they took over Berlin to win the war. Many people from all sides of the war died fighting in Europe, including:

 Around one million German soldiers.
 About one million French, British, and American soldiers.

While fighting in the Eastern Front:

 About 5 million German soldiers, and soldiers from other fascist countries died.
 About 7 million Soviet soldiers died fighting against them.
 About 2 million Soviet soldiers died in Nazi concentration camps and prisoner of war camps from starvation, disease, freezing to death, and executions.

Related pages
 Adolf Hitler
 World War II
 The Holocaust
 Holocaust victims

References

Notes

1930s establishments in Germany
1940s in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany

States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
States and territories established in the 20th century
Fascism
World War II

Nazi Germany


Count Alexander Petrovich Tormasov (; 22 August 1752 – 25 November 1819) was a Russian cavalry general prominent during the Napoleonic Wars.

Early life
Alexander Tormasov was born on 22 August 1752 into an old Russian noble family. At the age of ten, he entered service as a Page of Honour, then, aged 20 in 1772 he began military service as a lieutenant of the Vyatka infantry regiment. Within a few weeks he joined the staff of Yakov Bruce as aide-de-camp. Three years later Tormasov formed and headed the Finland Chasseur regiment with the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1782 Prince Potemkin charged to him an operation in the Crimea. Following that Tormasov commanded the Dolmatsky Hussars, on the base of which he formed and led the Aleksandrian light cavalry regiment with the rank of colonel.

Time as general
In 1788–1791 he took part in the Russo-Turkish War, serving at the Siege of Ochakov and the Danube river raids, and was promoted to major general on 21 March 1791. He commanded the left flank cavalry at the storm of Machin, for which he received the Order of St. George 3rd Class. In 1792 and 1794 he successfully acted against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and Kościuszko Uprising, commanding a column under Suvorov in the assault on Praga.

Like many other generals of this time, he was dismissed by Emperor Paul I on 11 July 1799 and was imprisoned in the Dünamünde fortress for several months. On 16 November 1800 he was restored in the army. On 15 September 1801, on the day of the coronation of the new Emperor Alexander I he was promoted to Full General of cavalry. Later he took up an administrative post until 1803.

Time as governor and commander
From 1803 Tormasov served as governor of Kiev, Minsk, and from 1807 Riga. From 1809 to 1811, he served as a Viceroy of Georgia and as the commander-in-chief in the Caucasus. After the French invasion of Russia began, Tormasov became the Chief Commander of the 40,000-man Third Reserve Army of Observation on 27 March 1812. Advancing North against Jean Reynier in mid July, he overwhelmed Klengel's Saxon brigade at Kobryn 27th, marking the first Russian victory in the campaign. Tormasov received the Order of St. George 2nd Class for this. Defeated in turn by Reynier and Schwarzenberg at Gorodetschna (Podobna, Prujany) 12 August, he then withdrew to Ratno to join with the corps of Pavel Chichagov, meeting him on the Styr River 18 September. The combined command then acted under the orders of Mikhail Kutuzov, and fought at Brest-Litovsk 9 October. Ordered to envelop the Grande Armée at Liady, he was however recalled to the main army by Kutusov after being repulsed at the 2nd Battle of Krasnoe 15 November. Appointed by Kutuzov with internal management of all troops in December, he was then made overall commander of the Russian main Army after Kutuzov's death.

In 1813 he commanded the Russian army at the Battle of Lützen, but then resigned due to failing health.

Late life and career
After leaving military service he became a member of the State Council. On 30 August 1814 he succeeded Count Fyodor Rostopchin as Governor-general of the Moscow Governorate. Two years later he received a comital title for his efforts in rebuilding the city.

After his death in Moscow on November 25, 1819, he was buried in the Donskoy Monastery. Tormasov's only son died in 1839 and thus this family became extinct.

References

Sources

External links

 Dictionary of Russian Generals

Governors-General of Kiev
1752 births
1819 deaths
Imperial Russian Army generals
Governors-General of Moscow
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)
1800s in Georgia (country)
Russian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Counts of the Russian Empire
Russian people of the Kościuszko Uprising
Russian people of the Napoleonic Wars
People of the Russo-Persian Wars
Russian people of the Polish–Russian War of 1792
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

Alexander Tormasov


Tzvi Tzur (, also transliterated Zvi Tsur,17 April 1923 – 28 December 2004) was an Israeli officer who served as the IDF's 6th Chief of Staff (1961–1963).

Biography

Early life
Tzur was born in the Zaslav in the Soviet Union (now Iziaslav in Ukraine) in 1923, as Tsvi Tsera Tsertenko, and made Aliyah to Mandatory Palestine at the age of two. In 1936, at the peak of the Arab revolt and the 1936–1939 pogroms he joined the Haganah in order to help protect the Jews from Arab rioters.

Military career
With the outbreak of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Tzur was appointed battalion leader in the Givati Brigade, and participated in Operation Pleshet, among others. Tzur was the founder of the fast jeep reconnaissance company, Samson's Foxes, which fought on the southern front. After the end of the war, he undertook organizing roles and went to study manpower management in the United States.

In 1956 he was promoted to the rank of Major General and was appointed as the commander of the central front. In 1958 he was appointed as deputy chief of staff and went for long period of study in France. He returned in September 1960. The following year he replaced Haim Laskov as the IDF chief of staff.

Chief of Staff
In January 1961 Tzur was appointed as the IDF Chief of Staff. One of his first actions was to appoint Major General Yitzhak Rabin as his deputy. Tzur's term was relatively quiet, except for border incidents with Syria, which shelled Israeli villages from the Golan Heights. The biggest IDF operation during Tzur's term, named Operation Swallow, was held on 16 March 1962, when the Golani Brigade raided Syrian outposts to the north of the Sea of Galilee in order to stop Syrian shelling. Seven Israeli soldiers and thirty Syrian soldiers were killed during the battle. However, the shelling was not stopped in the area and on 19 August 1963, Syrian forces murdered two civilians in Almagor.

Tzur sought to draw quality manpower to the IDF and decided in June 1961 to provide officers with a private car for their personal usage. The model chosen was a Citroën 2CV.

Tzur also prepared the IDF for a war with the Arab armies and built up the defense forces so that it could stop Arab attacks. In August 1961, the president of Egypt, Gamal Abdul Nasser, revealed that Israel had obtained Dassault Mirage III jet fighters in order to counter Egyptian Soviet-made MiG-19s. The Mirages proven themselves very well and served as the Israeli Air Force's main fighter for many years. The Mirages contributed substantially to Israel's victory in the Six-Day War and the elimination of the combined Arab airpower of Egypt, Syria and Jordan, as did other two notable acquisitions by Tzur, the Centurion tanks and MIM-23 Hawk surface-to-air missile technology.

Tzur retired from his position as Chief of Staff and from military duty at the end of December 1963.

Civilian and political career
After his retirement Tzur was appointed as the general manager of Mekorot, Israel's national water company. Under pressure from Moshe Dayan to enter the political fray, in the 1965 elections he was elected to the Knesset on the Rafi list, David Ben-Gurion's party. However, he resigned from the Knesset after just a month, and was replaced by Amos Degani, before returning to work in Mekorot.

With the appointment of Dayan as Minister of Defense in May 1967, Tzur was asked to assist Dayan and served as an adviser to the Minister of Defense for seven years.

After that, Tzur served at several managing positions, including the Israeli Aircraft Industries, the shipping company Zim, and "Hevra LeYsrael".

Tzur was active in public affairs until his last days, and on 29 April 2004 he signed a letter in support of Ariel Sharon's disengament plan. He died in December that year.

References

External links

1923 births
2004 deaths
Soviet Jews
People from Izyaslav
Soviet emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Haganah members
British Army personnel of World War II
Members of the 6th Knesset (1965–1969)
Israeli civil servants
Rafi (political party) politicians
Burials at Kiryat Shaul Cemetery

Tzvi Tzur


Phoenix is a 1998 American neo-noir crime film directed by British director Danny Cannon and starring Ray Liotta.  Liotta plays a cop whose gambling debt leaves him indebted to the underworld and desperate to find a way out without compromising his principles.

Plot
In Phoenix, Arizona, Harry Collins is a cop whose compulsive gambling has indebted him to a local gangster, Chicago.  As his losses mount and time counts down, Collins resorts to exploiting a young woman, Veronica, that he has picked up to distract his friends in a poker game.  Despite the successful distraction, he still loses, and he rejects Veronica's sexual advances, as he considers her to be bad luck.  When Collins drops her off at her house, Veronica's mother sees her daughter in tears and glares at Collins.  Collins later tracks down Veronica's mother, Leila, and defends himself, stating that he did not have sex with her.  Unimpressed, Leila rebukes him, which causes him to reassess his behavior and offer a sincere apology.  Surprised by his apology, Leila slowly warms to Collins, and they begin a romance.  Having lost his lucky lighter, Collins asks her for a keepsake, but Leila tells him that he must make his own luck and avoid whatever trouble in which he's become involved.

Meanwhile, Chicago cuts off Collins from his bookies and gives him 48 hours to either repay his debt or murder Joey, a young suspect held in custody.  Mike Henshaw, Collins' corrupt partner, suggests murdering Chicago, but Collins, unwilling to welch on a bet or murder Joey, decides instead to rob Louie, a local loanshark.  Collins recruits Henshaw and another corrupt cop, James Nutter, and, over their objections, brings in a more strait-laced cop, Fred Shuster.  Unknown to the others, Shuster has discovered that his wife, Katie, is having an affair with Henshaw.  Distraught and feeling betrayed, Shuster agrees to work with Lt. Webber to bring down the corrupt cops.  However, the robbery is botched when the trigger-happy Henshaw kills Louie before he can open the safe.  Collins hires a local locksmith to crack Louie's safe, and the group splits up.  Collins and Shuster arrive at the meeting point, but Lt. Webber is already there; Webber betrays Shuster, killing him, and shoots Collins in the gut.  Collins escapes, but Webber steals the money.

Nutter and Henshaw, suspecting that Collins has betrayed them, arrive at the meeting point and discover Shuster's body.  Before they can track down Collins and kill him, they are surrounded by the police.  When Nutter attempts to surrender, Henshaw kills him; Henshaw is killed in turn by the other cops.  Collins hitches a ride back to town and surprises Katie and Webber, who are having an affair.  Over their objections, Collins burns most of the money while denouncing them both for betraying Fred.  After alerting the cops to Webber's involvement, Collins takes enough money to pay off his gambling debt and meets with Chicago.  Amused, Chicago accepts the money but mocks Collins' reluctance to murder Joey; Chicago reveals that he has had Joey murdered in prison and points out that had Collins simply murdered Joey, all of this trouble could have been avoided.  Enraged, Collins kills Chicago and his bodyguards, then stumbles back to his car, where he apparently dies of his wounds.

Cast
 Ray Liotta as Detective Harry Collins
 Anthony LaPaglia as Detective Mike Henshaw
 Anjelica Huston as Leila
 Daniel Baldwin as Detective James Nutter
 Jeremy Piven as Detective Fred Shuster
 George Aguilar as "Mr. Fat"
 Tom Noonan as "Chicago"
 Xander Berkeley as Lieutenant Clyde Webber
 Al Sapienza as cop
 George Murdock as Sid
 Giancarlo Esposito as Louie
 Brittany Murphy as Veronica
 Kari Wührer as Katie Shuster
 Giovanni Ribisi as Joey Schneider
 Royce D. Applegate as Detective Dickerman

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 50% of six surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 5.5/10.  Lawrence Van Gelder, writing in The New York Times, stated that "character and conversation outweigh momentum and suspense in Phoenix but a gifted cast [...] splashes alluring color across its familiar noir".  Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times described the film as "a terrific neo-noir".  In a negative review, Leonard Klady of Variety called the film "largely tiresome and uninspired", more suited to pay cable.

Soundtrack
 "Ama" (written by Daniel Riddle and David Parks) performed by Hitting Birth
 "11 O'Clock" (Mark Sandman) by Morphine
 "Dogs of Lust (Germicide Mix)" (Matt Johnson) by The The
 "K. C. " (Guy Davis, Marc Olson, and Mike Williamson) by Sage
 "Terrified" (Hubert Clifford) by Hubert Clifford
 "Tragedy" (Clive Richardson) by Clive Richardson
 "Mas y Mas" (David Hidalgo and Louis Perez) by Los Lobos
 "Terraplane Blues" (Robert Johnson) by Robert Johnson
 "Untitled #1" (Josh Haden) by Spain
 "I Can't Win" (Leonard Johnson, Dave Richardson, and Cliff Knight) by Ry Cooder
 "From Four Until Late" (Robert Johnson) by Robert Johnson
 "Until Tomorrow" (Graeme Revell, Danny Cannon, and Gail Ann Dorsey) by Gail Ann Dorsey

References

External links

1998 films
1998 crime drama films
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
American neo-noir films
Films about organized crime in the United States
Films directed by Danny Cannon
Films set in Phoenix, Arizona
Films scored by Graeme Revell
Money lenders

Phoenix (1998 film)


Maurice Seezer (real name Maurice Roycroft, and previously known as The Man Seezer) is an Irish songwriter, musician, and film music composer. Born in 1960, he grew up in the Dublin suburb of Coolock, in a musical family.

Film scores written or co-written by Seezer include Angel Baby (1995), The Boxer (1997), Disco Pigs (2000), In America (2002), Get Rich or Die Tryin' (2005), The Pier (2011). He collaborated on three albums with Gavin Friday for Island Records from 1989 until 1995, Each Man Kills the Thing He Loves, Adam 'n' Eve and Shag Tobacco, and toured widely in Europe and North America with Friday during this period.

Since the early 90s Seezer contributed songs to soundtracks for Jim Sheridan, Baz Luhrmann and Michael Rymer: In the Name of the Father, The Boxer, In America, Romeo + Juliet, Moulin Rouge!, among others. He was a member of The Mohawks, Gavin Friday's backing band in Neil Jordan's Breakfast on Pluto.

Collaboration and production credits also include work with Bono, Maria McKee, Andrea Corr, Camilla Griehsel, Sinéad O'Connor, Paul Tiernan, Interference (Fergus O'Farrell) and Colin Vearncombe (aka Black).

In 2003, Seezer arranged a new version of Prokofiev's "Peter and the Wolf" for small ensemble with Friday narrating in aid of the Dublin-based charity, the Irish Hospice Foundation. The enhanced CD came with a 64-page cloth-bound book illustrated by U2′s Bono, with help from his daughters Jordan and Eve.

Composition work for theatre include original scores for Corcadorca's October 2012 production of Romeo and Juliet in Cork Opera House and the Corcadorca / Cork Opera House October 2013 joint production of Patrick McCabes play The Big Yum Yum,  both directed by Pat Kiernan.

A founding committee member of the Fastnet Short Film Festival, Seezer was Chair and Artistic Director of the festival from June 2009 until September 2013.

A member of the Ibero-American Short Film Jury at Guadalajara International Film Festival (FICG) 29, Mexico, in March 2014, Seezer also contributed to Talents Guadalajara at FICG 29.

He has been nominated twice for a Golden Globe (1994, 2004), twice for an Ivor Novello Award (1995, 2004), once for a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award (2004). In 2003 he won the Phoenix Film Critics Society award for Best Original Song ("Time Enough for Tears" performed by Andrea Corr for the film In America).

References

1960 births
Living people
Musicians from Dublin (city)
People from Coolock

Maurice Seezer


Jizang (. Japanese: ) (549–623) was a Persian-Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar who is often regarded as the founder of East Asian Mādhyamaka. He is also known as Jiaxiang or Master Jiaxiang () because he acquired fame at the Jiaxiang Temple.

Biography
Jizang was born in Jinling (modern Nanjing). Although his father had emigrated from Parthia, he was educated in the Chinese manner. He was quite precocious in spiritual matters, and became a monk at age seven. When he was young, he studied with Falang (法朗, 507–581) at the Xinghuang Temple () in Nanjing, and studied the three Madhyamaka treatises (The Treatise on the Middle Way, The Treatise on the Twelve Gates, and The One-Hundred-Verse Treatise) which had been translated by Kumarajiva more than a century before, and it is with these texts that he is most often identified. He became the head monk at Xinghuang Temple upon Falang's death in 581. At age 42, he began travelling through China giving lectures, and ultimately settled at Jiaxing Temple, in modern Shaoxing (), Zhejiang province.

In 597, Yang Kuang, later Emperor Yang, the second son of Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty, ordered four new temples in the capital Chang'an, and invited Jizang to be in charge of one of them, called Huiri Temple (). Jizang accepted, despite the fame of Yang's harshness. Zhiyi (538–597 CE), a respected figure of the Tiantai school, had accepted to become monk at another one of the new temples, and Jizang sought to visit him, but unfortunately he died before Jizang was able to meet him. He was, however, able to correspond with him regarding the Lotus Sutra. Later he moved to another new temple, Riyan Temple (). When the Sui dynasty was succeeded by the Tang dynasty in 617, he gained the respect and support of the new emperor, Gaozu as well, and became head abbot of four temples.

Between ages 57 and 68, he sought to make more copies of the Lotus Sutra so that more people could be familiar with it. He produced 2,000 copies of the sutra. He also made copies of some of his own commentaries.

Jizang was a prodigious writer, producing close to 50 books in his lifetime. He specialized in commentaries on the three treatises as well as texts from other Buddhist traditions, such as the Lotus and Nirvana sutras. His students included Hyegwan, Korean by nationality, who brought the Three Treatise School to Japan.

Philosophy
The general outlook of the Madhyamaka school is that commitments or attachments to anything, including a logical viewpoint, lead to dukkha (suffering). In commenting on Buddhist treatises, Jizang developed a general methodology of poxie xianzheng ("refuting what is misleading, revealing what is corrective"), by-passing the pitfalls of asserting the truth or falsehood of certain propositions in a final or rigid sense, but using them if they pragmatically lead to the ability to overcome the commitment to dichotomy. He noted that the tendency of many Buddhists to become committed to becoming unattached (shunyata or "emptying") is also itself a commitment that should be avoided. One can avoid this by engaging in the same deconstruction that allowed liberation in the first place, but applied to the false dichotomy between attachment and non-attachment (shūnyatā shūnyatā, or "emptying of emptiness").

Applying this to the traditional two levels of discourse inherited from the Madhyamaka tradition (the conventional, regarding everyday thoughts, and the authentic, which transcends this by analyzing the metaphysical assumptions made in the conventional thinking), Jizang developed his sizhong erdi ("four levels of the two kinds of discourse"), which takes that distinction and adds metadistinctions on three more levels:
 The assumption of existence is conventional, and the idea of nonexistence is authentic.
 The commitment to a distinction between existence and nonexistence is now considered conventional, and the denial of this duality is authentic.
 The distinction between committing to a distinction between existence and nonexistence is now conventional, and the denial of the difference between duality and non-duality is authentic.
 All of these distinctions are deemed conventional, and the authentic discourse regards that any point of view cannot be said to be ultimately true, and is useful only so far as it is corrective in the above sense.
Thus, the attachment to any viewpoint is considered detrimental, and is a cause of life's suffering. To repudiate the misleading finality of any viewpoint, on any level of discourse, is thus corrective and helps overcome destructive attachment.

Selected works
 Zhongguanlun shu (中觀論疏; "Commentary on the Madhyamika shastra")
 Erdi zhang (二諦章"Essay on the Two Levels of Discourse")
 Bailun shu (百論疏; "Commentary on the Shata Shastra")
 Shi er men lun shu (十二門論疏; "Commentary on the Twelve Gate Treatise)
 Sanlun xuanyi (三論玄義; "Profound Meaning of the Three Treatises")
 Erdi yi (二諦意"Meaning of the Two Levels of Discourse")
 Dasheng xuanlun (大乘玄論; "Treatise on the Mystery of the Mahayana")

Notes

Further reading
 Chan, Wing-tsit, trans. (1984). A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Includes translations of passages of "Treatise on the Two Levels of Truth" and "Profound Meaning of the Three Treatises."
 Cheng, Hsueh-Li (1984). Empty Logic: Madhyamika Buddhism from Chinese Sources. New York: Philosophical Library.
 Cheng, Hsueh-Li (2003). Jizang, in Antonio S. Cua, Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy, New York: Routledge, pp. 323–328
 Ducor, Jérôme & Isler, Henry W. (2022) : Jizang, Le Sens des arcanes des Trois Traités (Sanlun xuanyi / Sanron gengi) ; Genève, Librairie Droz; 416 pp.
 Fox, Allen (1995). "Jizang" in Great Thinkers of the Eastern World, Ian McGreal, ed. New York: HarperCollins, pp. 84–88.
 Fung Yu-lan (1952, 1953). A History of Chinese Philosophy, Vol. 2: The Period of Classical Learning, tr. Derk Bodde. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
 Kanno, Hiroshi (2002) "The Three Dharma-wheels of Jizang". In: Buddhist and Indian Studies in Honor of Professor Sodo Mori, Hamamatsu: Kokusai Bukkyoto Kyokai. ; pp. 397–412
 Liu, Ming-Wood (1996). Madhyamika Thought in China. University of Hawaii Press.
 Liu, Ming-Wood (1993). The Chinese Madhyamaka Practice of "p'an-chiao": The Case of Chi-Tsang, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 56 (1), 96-118
 Liu, Ming-Wood (1993). A Chinese Madyamaka theory of truth: the case of Chi-Tsang, Philosophy East and West 43 (4), 649-673
 Robinson, Richard (1978). Early Madhyamika in India and China. New York: Samuel Weiser Inc.

External links
Jizang, by Allen Fox, University of Delaware
Chi Tsang by Lin Sen-shou, on Tzu Chi Humanitarian Centre page

549 births
623 deaths
7th-century Chinese philosophers
Chinese scholars of Buddhism
Northern and Southern dynasties philosophers
Liang dynasty Buddhists
Chen dynasty Buddhists
Sui dynasty Buddhists
Tang dynasty Buddhist monks
Writers from Nanjing
Sui dynasty philosophers
Tang dynasty philosophers
Iranian philosophers
Madhyamaka scholars
Sanron Buddhist monks

Jizang


Combinatorial game theory, also known as CGT is a branch of applied mathematics and theoretical computer science that studies combinatorial games, and is distinct from "traditional" or "economic" game theory. CGT arose in relation to the theory of impartial games, the two-player game of Nim in particular, with an emphasis on "solving" certain types of combinatorial games.

A game must meet several conditions to be a combinatorial game. These are:
The game must have at least two players.
The game must be sequential (i.e. Players alternate turns.)
The game must have perfect information (i.e. no information is hidden, as in Poker.)
The game must be deterministic (i.e. non-chance). Luck is not a part of the game.
The game must have a defined amount of possible moves.
The game must eventually end.
The game must end when one player can no longer move.

Combinatorial Game Theory is largely confined to the study of a subset of combinatorial games which are two player, finite, and have a winner and loser (i.e. do not end in draws.)

These combinatorial games can be represented by trees, each vertex of which is the game resulting from a particular move from the game directly below it on the tree. These games can be assigned game values. Finding these game values is of great interests to CG theorists, as is the theoretical concept of game addition. The sum of two games is the game in which each player on her/his turn must move in only one of the two games, leaving the other as it was.

Elwyn Berlekamp, John Conway and Richard Guy are the founders of the theory.  They worked together in the 1960s. Their published work was called Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays.

Definitions

In the theory, there are two players called left and right.  A game is something that allows left and right to make moves to other games.  For example, in the game of chess, there is a usual starting setup.  One could also, however, think of a chess game after the first move as a different game, with a different setup.  So each position is also called a game.

Games have the notation {L|R}.   are the games the left player can move to.   are the games the right player can move to.  If you know chess notation, then the usual chess setup is the game

The dots "..." mean there are many moves, so not all are shown.

Chess is very complex.  It is better to think of easier games.  Nim, for example, is much simpler to think about.  Nim is played like this:
There are zero or more piles of counters.
On a turn, a player may take as many counters from one pile as that player wants.
The player who cannot make a move loses.

The easiest game of Nim starts with no counters at all!  In such a case, neither player can move.  That is shown as {|}.  Both sides are empty, because neither player can move.  The first player to go cannot move, and so will lose.  In CGT, people often write {|} as the symbol 0 (zero).

The next-easiest game has only one pile, with just one counter.  If the left player goes first, that player must take the counter, leaving right with no moves ({|}, or 0).  If instead right moves first, there will be no more moves for left.  So both left and right can make a move to 0.  That is shown as {{|}|{|}}, or {0|0}.  The first player to move will win.  Games equal to {0|0} are very important.  They are written with the symbol, * (star).

Game theory

Combinatorial game theory


A Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (or M.A.S.H. or MASH) was a medical center used during wars, to care for and fix injured soldiers who got hurt in the fighting. They were an alternative to field hospitals and real hospitals which were used in World War II. During the Korean War, thanks to these kinds of hospitals, soldiers had a 97% chance of surviving an injury. They were also used in the Vietnam War and the first Gulf War, but were gradually replaced by Combat Support Hospitals or CSHs which are used today.
Many people know about these places due to a well-known movie and later TV show called M*A*S*H, which was set was a hospital like this during the Korean War.

Hospitals

Mobile Army Surgical Hospital


Venice is a place in western Los Angeles, California, United States. It is known for its canals, beaches and circus-like Ocean Front Walk, which features performers, fortune-tellers and vendors.

In summer, the boardwalk is busy. Many tourists visit. It was home to early Beat poets and artists in Los Angeles. Its area codes are 310 and a 424 overlay. Its ZIP Code is 90291.

The borders are the Pacific Ocean on the southwest, Marina Del Rey on the southeast, Culver City on the east, Mar Vista on the northeast, and Santa Monica on the north.

Neighborhoods of Los Angeles

Venice, Los Angeles


Tor Johnson (born Tor Johansson, 19 October 1903 – 12 May 1971) was a Swedish professional wrestler and movie and television actor. During his wrestling career, he was billed as the Super-Swedish Angel.

Johnson was born in Sweden, the son of Karl J. Johansson and Lovisa Petersson. He began appearing in movies in 1934, usually as boxers or wrestlers. In the 1940s, he played lumbering thugs and scowling plug-uglies. He appeared with Bob Hope and Bing Crosby in Road to Rio (1947), in Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion (1950), and with Shirley Jones in the movie version of Carousel (1956).

He is best known though for his appearances in the low budget movies directed by Ed Wood. He played Lobo in Bride of the Monster and Night of the Ghouls, and the zombified Inspector Clay in Plan 9 from Outer Space.

In the early 1960s, he had guest appearances as wrestlers, thugs, and circus strongmen in various television series including Peter Gunn, Bonanza, and The Shirley Temple Show. Johnson died in San Fernando, California, from heart failure in 1971. He was buried at the Eternal Valley Memorial Park in Newhall, California.

References

Other websites

Tor Johnson bio on (re)Search my Trash

Swedish movie actors
Swedish television actors
Swedish wrestlers
Deaths from heart failure
1903 births
1971 deaths

Tor Johnson


Conservation

Conservation of natural things
 Conservation biology, the science of the protection and management of biodiversity
 Conservation genetics - "an interdisciplinary science that aims to apply genetic methods to the conservation and restoration of biodiversity."
 Conservation movement, to protect plants, animals and their habitats
 Conservation (ethic), an ethic of resource use, allocation, and protection, especially of the natural environment
 Conservationist, a person who advocates for conservation of plants, animals and their habitats
 Energy conservation, the reduction of non-renewable energy consumption
 Habitat conservation, a land management practice that seeks to conserve, protect and restore, habitat areas for wild plants and animals
 Water conservation, reducing the use of water to protect the environment
 Wildlife management, multidisciplinary practices, including conservation of species and their habitats
 Marine conservation, the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas
 Soil conservation, management strategies for prevention of soil being eroded from the earth's surface or becoming chemically altered

Conservation of made things
 Art conservation, protecting works of art
 Conservation-restoration, the profession devoted to the preservation of cultural property
 Photograph conservation
 Architectural conservation

Other
 Conservation laws, a set of laws in physics
 Conserved sequence - "similar or identical sequences which may occur within nucleic acid sequences, protein sequences, protein structures or polymeric carbohydrates".
 Conservation (psychology), learning development of logical thinking, according to Jean Piaget
 Conservation authority (Canada)
 Conserved name (Latin nomen conservandum), a scientific name with specific nomenclatural protection.

Related pages
:Category:Conservation for topics related to conservation of natural resources
 Environmentalism
 Historic preservation
 List of conservation topics
 Sustainability

Conservation


Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin (1739 – 21 January 1811) was a French architect, best known for his design for the Arc de Triomphe, Paris.

Biography
His neoclassic orientation was established from his early studies with the prophet of neoclassicism Giovanni Niccolò Servandoni and with the radical classicist Étienne-Louis Boullée in Paris and through his Prix de Rome sojourn (November 1759 – May 1763) as a pensionnaire of the French Academy in Rome. His time in Rome coincided with a fervent new interest in Classicism among the young French pensionnaires, under the influences of Piranesi and the publications of Winckelmann.

Returning to Paris, he was quickly given an appointment as an inspector of public works for the city of Paris, under the architect Pierre-Louis Moreau-Desproux, whose own time at the French Academy in Rome had predisposed him to the new style.  In this official capacity he oversaw the construction of Ange-Jacques Gabriel's Hôtel Saint-Florentin in the rue Saint-Florentin, where Chalgrin was able to design the neoclassical gateway to the cour d'honneur.

In 1764 (Eriksen 1974) he presented his uncompromisingly neoclassical plans for the Church of St. Philippe-du-Roule (illustration; constructed 1774–1784); its colossal Ionic order of columns, which separated the barrel-vaulted nave from the lower, barrel-vaulted aisles, was carried around the apse without a break. In this church, which was built 1772–84, he revived a basilica plan that had not been characteristic of French ecclesiastical architecture since the sixteenth century.

In 1775 he was appointed First Architect to the comte de Provence, brother of Louis XVI; he designed the pavilion of the comtesse de Provence at Versailles. In 1779 he was appointed overseer of the building projects of another brother of the king, the comte d'Artois.

In 1777 Chalgrin partly remodelled the interior of Church of Saint-Sulpice, which had been given a thoroughly neoclassical façade by Chalgrin's former master Servandoni over forty years before. He also designed the case for the great organ.

Towards the end of the French Revolution in 1798 Chalgrin threw up the buildings for the first Exposition des produits de l'industrie française, with an extremely tight deadline.
A large circle of porticos surrounded a Temple of Industry that would hold the objects of industries that the jury had selected.
After the Revolution Chalgrin extended the Collège de France and made alterations in the Palais du Luxembourg to suit it to its new use as the seat of the Directoire.

The Arc de Triomphe was commissioned by Napoleon to commemorate the victorious armies of the Empire. In 1806, Chalgrin and Jean-Arnaud Raymond were commissioned to create plans for the Arc, but their respective proposals were incompatible, leading to Raymond's resignation. The project was under way when Chalgrin died, and it was completed by Jean-Nicolas Huyot.

Chalgrin married Émilie, a daughter of the painter Joseph Vernet.  They had one son.

Major works
 1767–1769: Hôtel Saint-Florentin (later the Hôtel de Langeac, which served as Thomas Jefferson's domicile, 1785–89, then the Hôtel Talleyrand-Périgord), for the comte de Saint-Florentin (Paris, 2 rue Saint-Florentin); demolished 1842.
 1767–1770: Hôtel de Mademoiselle de Luzy (Paris, rue Férou)
 1774–1780: Additions to the Collège de France (Paris, rue des Écoles )
 finished 1775: Construction of Claude Nicolas Ledoux's designs for dwellings at Versailles for Madame du Barry and the comtesse de Provence
 1777–1780: Restoration of the façade and rebuilding the north tower of Saint-Sulpice (Paris)
 ????–1778: Hunting lodge,  "Rendez-vous de chasse de la Faisanderie" for the comte de Provence (Étiolles, Département Essonne),
 ????–1778: Chapelle du Saint-Esprit (Paris, rue Lhomond)
 1780: Ancienne Laiterie de Madame Versailles, 2 rue Vauban.
 ????–1780: Music pavilion for the comtesse de Provence  (Versailles, 111 avenue de Paris)
 1774–1784: Église Saint-Philippe-du-Roule (Paris)
 finished 1785: Pavilion and jardin à l'anglaise "Parc Balbi" (Versailles, destroyed 1798)
 1799–1805: Works at Palais du Luxembourg, the grand staircase and the "Salon des Messagers d'État" (Paris)
 1806–1811; completed after Chalgrin's death, in 1836: Arc de Triomphe, Place de l'Étoile (Paris)
 finished 1807: Restoration of the Théâtre de l'Odéon, Paris (burned 1818)

See also
 Neoclassicism in France

References

Sources
Svend Eriksen, Early Neo-Classicism in France (London: Faber & Faber), 1974. Chalgrin's biography p 163.

Further reading

Louis Hautcoeur, Histore de l'architecture classique en France, vol. IV second moitié du XVIIIe siècle (Paris) 1952. pp 212-19.
Michel Gallet, Demeures parisiennes, époque Louis XVI'' (Paris) 1964. p. 177.

1739 births
1811 deaths
18th-century French architects
19th-century French architects
French neoclassical architects
Architects from Paris
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts
Prix de Rome for architecture
Members of the Académie royale d'architecture
Date of birth missing

Jean Chalgrin


The Siege of Fort Zeelandia is the name for Koxinga's Invasion of Taiwan. The siege started in 1661 and ended in 1662. It ended the Dutch East India Company's rule over Taiwan. After the siege, the Kingdom of Tungning ruled over the island. This event was said to be "a war that determined the fate of Taiwan in the four hundred years".

Beginning
In 1659, after an unsuccessful attempt to capture Nanjing, Koxinga, leader of Ming loyalists began searching for a home for his men.

He Bin, who was working for the Dutch East India Company, fled to Koxinga's base in Xiamen and provided Koxinga with a map of Taiwan. The Dutch had established a post at Tayoan, that had two forts.  The first was Fort Zeelandia at the entrance to the bay at Tayoan which was the main Dutch settlement. The second was Fort Provintia also located at the bay. Frederick Coyett, the governor of Taiwan was at Fort Zeelandia with 1,800 men. Fort Provintia had 500 men.

The Siege

Koxinga's fleet set sail from Kinmen on March 23, 1661. His fleet consisted of hundreds of ships of various sizes, with 25,000 men aboard. The fleet arrived at Tayoan on April 2, and, after passing through a shallow waterway unknown to the Dutch, landed at Luermen.

The men laid siege to Fort Provintia and it surrendered on April 4. Three days after the capture of Fort Provintia, Koxinga's men surrounded Fort Zeelandia and demanded its surrender. Koxinga sent a Dutch priest, Anthonius Hambroek, to ask for this surrender. Hambroek did not do this and he was killed after returning to Koxinga's camp.

Koxinga's fleet then used cannons and they attempted to enter the fort, but many died. Koxinga then waited outside the fort. On May 28, news of Koxinga's attack reached Jakarta. The Dutch sent 10 ships and 700 sailors to help. The ships arrived on July 5 and had some small fights with Koxinga's fleet.

On July 23, the two sides fought as the Dutch ships tried to enter the fort. After a while, the Dutch ships had to retreat with two ships lost, three small vessels captured, and about a hundred casualties. The Dutch tried to break the siege again in October, but were beaten back by Koxinga's army. This victory, coupled with news of low morale among the garrison from deserted German mercenaries, convinced Koxinga to launched an assault in December.

On January 12, 1662, Koxinga's fleet began another bombardment, while the ground force prepare to assault the fort. With supplies dwindling and no sign of reinforcement, Coyett raised a white flag. The surrender was complete on February 1, and the Dutch East India Company left Taiwan on February 17.

Afterwards
Coyett was tried for surrendering and exiled to the Banda Islands. He was pardoned after help from his friends. He published a book named Neglected Formosa () in 1675. In the book he criticized the company for neglecting his pleas for reinforcement.

After the loss of Tayoan, the Dutch East India Company tried to recapture it. They joined with the Qing Empire to battle Koxinga's fleet, but failed.

Cultural influences
The battle was shown in the movie Zheng Chenggong 1661, which ends with Koxinga's victory over the Dutch. The movie's English title is Sino-Dutch War 1661.

Related pages
 Dutch East India Company
 Kingdom of Tungning

References

History of Taiwan
Fort Zeelandia
1660s

Siege of Fort Zeelandia


Anthony Ellison (born 1966) is a New Zealand cartoonist and animator.

Ellison is of Māori descent, from the Ngai Tahu iwi.

Ellison has been the political cartoonist for The Sunday Star-Times since 1988 and was at one stage the youngest political cartoonist in New Zealand. His cartoons addressed Māori issues but did not stereotype Māori and women. Frustrated by the limitations of the medium, Ellison abandoned political cartooning and began a bizarre weekly cartoon 'Meantime' for the New Zealand Listener. 'Meantime' survived two changes of editor before being dropped by the current editor who favoured a more conservative approach to the magazine.

More recently he is the creator of the controversial animated character 'Media Dog' for the media satire show Eating Media Lunch and also created the 1920s pastiche Happy Hori for the comedy show The Unauthorised History of New Zealand. According to an interview with Chris Slane, Ellison does not use story boards for his animations, "just writes a script, takes it into the recording studio and sees what happens".

In 2005, Ellison made his first foray into live action comedy with the one-off television pilot 'Barry'. New Zealand Listener TV critic Diana Witchel describes Ellison's television work as representing "some of the most disturbing material on television this side of Destiny TV" and goes on to say that 'Barry' "as comment on the pretensions of the intelligentsia, the gullibility of the media and the stunning incomprehensibility of late-night innovative comedy, it's a triumph."
In addition to editorial cartoons he has also published adult minicomics, including 'Popeye has a Fuck' (1977),'Tard' (1998), and 'Ray Gun Girls' (1999), which Pavement has described as "An unsettling mixture of Japanese school-girl eroticism, fifties ray-guns and haunting landscapes".

References

External links
 Search for work by Anthony Ellison on DigitalNZ.

1966 births
Living people
New Zealand editorial cartoonists
New Zealand animators
New Zealand comics artists

Anthony Ellison


Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (12 January 1746 – 17 February 1827) was a Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer. He was a humanist and romantic in his approach.

He founded several schools in German and French-speaking regions of Switzerland, and wrote explaining his principles of education. His motto was "Learning by head, hand and heart".

In 1780 Pestalozzi published anonymously a series of aphorisms, entitled The Evening Hours of a Hermit. They are his earliest works which outline ideas that would later be known as Pestalozzian.

He drew from these experiences and published four volumes of a story titled Leonard and Gertrude. These four volumes are about the lives of four characters: Gertrude, Glüphi, an unnamed parish clergyman and Arner. Gertrude is a wife and mother who teaches her children how to live moral upstanding lives. Glüphi, a school teacher, sees the success Gertrude has with her children and tries to model his school around her teachings. A parish clergyman also adopts Gertrude's teachings. The work of Gertrude, Glüphi and the clergyman are helped by Arner, a politician, who gets help from the state. Through these four, harmony is achieved and a comprehensive education is offered to all people.

His next endeavor, Enquiries into the course of nature in the development of the human race, was not so popular. His education was built on the idea that all understanding can be achieved through a psychologically ordered sequence of learning.

Pestalozzi's method was used by the cantonal school in Aarau that Albert Einstein attended. It has been credited with helping Einstein's process of visualizing problems and his use of thought experiments. Einstein said of his education at Aarau: "it made me clearly realize how much superior an education based on free action and personal responsibility is to one relying on outward authority."

References

Swiss teachers
1746 births
1827 deaths
People from Zürich

Johann Pestalozzi


Alan Bernard Gold  (July 21, 1917 – May 15, 2005) was the chief justice of the Quebec Superior Court from 1983 to 1992.

Born in Montreal, Gold received a B.A. from Queen's University in 1938 and a bachelor's degree in civil law from the University of Montreal in 1941. He was called to the Bar of Quebec in 1942, but first served with the Royal Canadian Artillery during World War II. As an arbitrator, he helped avoid a strike by the longshoremen at the Port of Montreal in 1968. In 1970, he was named chief judge of the Provincial Court of Quebec, now known as the Court of Quebec.

In 1990, he negotiated a settlement between the Quebec government and the Mohawk people in the Oka standoff. In 1993, he negotiated a settlement at Nationair, bringing the 16-month-long Lockout of its Flight Attendants to an end.

In 1993, after he had retired from the bench, he joined Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg LLP, a Montréal law firm. He represented the government of Saskatchewan in negotiating a settlement in the wrongful conviction of David Milgaard. He reviewed the out-of-court settlement between former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the federal government in Mulroney's anti-defamation suit in the alleged Airbus affair.

He served as chair of the board of Governors of McGill University, Chancellor of Concordia University and Associate Governor at the Université de Montréal. He served as Chairman of the Bar of Montreal's committee on access to justice in the English language in the judicial district of Montreal whose Report was submitted on March 31, 1995.

Gold was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1995 and was named a member of the Académie des Grands Montréalais in 1997. In 1985, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec.

He died in 2005 at the age of 87. His son, Marc Gold, was appointed to the Senate of Canada in 2016.

References
 Canadian Who's Who 1997 entry

1917 births
2005 deaths
Université de Montréal alumni
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Lawyers from Montreal
Judges in Quebec
Canadian university and college chancellors
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Officers of the Order of Canada
Chancellors of Concordia University

Alan B. Gold


Chloë Elise Hanslip (born 28 September 1987) is a British classical violinist.

Biography
Hanslip was born in Guildford, Surrey, and has been playing the violin since she was two. At the age of four she performed solo at the Purcell Room. When she was five,  she performed for Yehudi Menuhin and subsequently, at his invitation, studied with Natasha Boyarskaya at the Yehudi Menuhin School. At the age of ten, she had played in major concert halls throughout Europe and North America, including Carnegie Hall in New York City and the Royal Albert Hall in London.

In 1995 she began studying in Germany with Professor Zakhar Bron, the teacher of Maxim Vengerov and Vadim Repin. In addition to her lessons with Professor Bron, she has taken part in masterclasses and received guidance from Shlomo Mintz, Ida Haendel, Salvatore Accardo, Ruggiero Ricci and Maxim Vengerov.

In 1997 Hanslip was featured in a television documentary in Germany with Igor Oistrakh and Professor Bron. She was also featured in the BBC documentary Can You Make A Genius? screened in 2001 on BBC1 and played the child prodigy violinist alongside Ralph Fiennes and Liv Tyler in the film Onegin.

At 13 she was the youngest recording artist ever to be signed to Warner Classics UK. Her debut album, recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra under Paul Mann, was released in September 2001 to great critical acclaim. Her second CD, a recording of Max Bruch's Concerti No. 1 and No. 3 with the LSO under Martyn Brabbins, was released in 2002.

Chloë Hanslip has received numerous awards for her playing, including first prize and four special prizes in the 2nd International Violin Competition in Novosibirsk, Russia, resulting in concerts in Russia, France and Japan. In 2000 she was awarded a Scholarship by the Sibelius Foundation, one of Finland's highest honours, presented by the Finnish Ambassador. Also in 2000 she was nominated by Justus Frantz for the Prix Davidoff. In 2002 she was awarded the Echo Klassik Award for Best Young Artist for her debut album "Chloë".

In July 2001, Hanslip gave a private recital at Frogmore House, Windsor, for Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and performed at St. James's Palace in December 2001 before Princess Anne, the Princess Royal. Chloë was invited to perform again for the Duke of Edinburgh at the Old Royal Naval College, Greenwich in May 2002.

In October 2001, Hanslip performed at the Royal Albert Hall with the Philharmonia Orchestra and at New Year she gave two performances of Mendelssohn's Concerto in E minor as soloist with the LSO at the Barbican. She performed the Bruch Concerto No. 1 with both the London Mozart Players and the City of London Sinfonia to great acclaim and went on to perform with The Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, the Sønderjyllands Symfoniorkester and the Royal Scottish National Orchestra. She made her Japanese concerto debut with the Tokyo Philharmonic, in 2003. The same year, she won the Classical Brits Young Performer award.

In 2017, Hanslip became the first Artist in Association at the Northern Chamber Orchestra.

Hanslip plays a 1737 Guarneri del Gesù violin.

References

 Hanslip, Chloë and Averil (27 August 2006)."Relative Values". The Sunday Times Magazine, pp. 7–8.

External links
 Official website
 Hanslip's North American Management Schmidt Artists International

English classical violinists
Child classical musicians
1987 births
Living people
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century English musicians
21st-century English women musicians
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century English musicians
20th-century English women musicians
Musicians from Guildford
Musicians from Surrey
Women classical violinists

Chloë Hanslip