In the Star Trek franchise, the Klingon Empire makes use of several classes of starships. As the Klingons are portrayed as a warrior culture, driven by the pursuit of honor and glory, the Empire is shown to use warships almost exclusively and even their support ships, such as troop transports and colony ships, are armed for battle. This contrasts with the exploration and research vessels used by Starfleet, the protagonists of the franchise. The first Klingon ship design used in The Original Series, the D7-class battlecruiser, was designed by Matt Jefferies to evoke a shape akin to that of a manta ray, providing a threatening and instantly recognizable form for viewers. The configuration of Jefferies's design featured a bulbous forward hull connected by a long boom to a wing-like main hull with the engine nacelles mounted on each wingtip. Though a variety of Klingon ships have appeared in Star Trek, their design generally conforms to this style. Most Klingon vessels were physically built as scale models, although later computer-generated imagery was used to create the models. In recent years, many of the original studio models have been sold at auctions.

All Klingon ships are equipped with some form of sublight engine, and most of these ships are equipped with superluminal propulsion technology called warp drive. Klingon vessels are usually depicted as being heavily armed, equipped with particle beam weapons called disruptors and photon torpedoes, an antimatter weapon, as primary offensive weaponry. Later Klingon ships use cloaking devices. For The Next Generation and Deep Space Nine, Klingon ships were designed by Rick Sternbach to reflect technology exchanges as a result of an alliance between the Klingons and Starfleet. In the prequel television series Enterprise, Klingon ships are designed to appear more primitive than those chronologically later in the franchise. The interior of Klingon vessels is utilitarian in nature: this is intended to mimic an old submarine. Klingon ship names are usually preceded by the prefix "IKS", an abbreviation for "Imperial Klingon Starship".

The Original Series era

D7-class

The D7-class battlecruiser is the first Klingon starship observed in the Star Trek franchise. The vessel was designed by Matt Jefferies to be distinctive and quickly recognized by viewers. As Jefferies wanted the D7-class to appear "threatening, even vicious", the design was modeled on a manta ray in both basic shape and color. The spread-wing primary hull, long neck and bulbous command module configuration of the D7-class became the basic blueprint for Klingon vessels in the later television series. Jefferies's original model for the D7-class now resides in the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, along with the original studio model for USS Enterprise.

The D7-class model was originally produced for The Original Series episode "Elaan of Troyius"; however, as the episodes were not aired in their production order, the vessel first appeared in "The Enterprise Incident". It is shown to be armed with several disruptor banks that fire in pulses, and in the remastered version, with a torpedo launcher in the forward module. In one episode of The Animated Series, "More Tribbles, More Troubles", a D7-class battlecruiser is equipped with an experimental stasis weapon, capable of paralyzing target vessels. The vessel possesses both impulse engines and warp drive, allowing for faster-than-light travel. While Klingon vessels in the television series set after The Original Series possess cloaking devices, the Klingon D7-class does not at first. This is changed after "The Enterprise Incident", several D7-class battlecruisers are shown under Romulan control as the result of a technology exchange between the Romulans and the Klingons; these vessels use a cloaking device.

The appearance of the D7-class has been revisited several times in the Star Trek series; an entirely new studio model was created by Greg Jein for the Deep Space Nine episode "Trials and Tribble-ations". With an overall green hue, this model had a significantly more detailed hull in comparison to the bland gray of the original. A D7-class ship also appears in the Voyager episode "Prophecy"; however, as a CGI model of Jein's model was not available, the ship was instead portrayed with a CGI model of the K't'inga-class battlecruiser. The D7-class was again revisited for the remastered version of The Original Series, in which Michael Okuda created a new CGI D7-class model, with improved hull detail and Romulan bird markings for the D7-class vessels in "The Enterprise Incident". This remastered D7-class was digitally inserted into episodes earlier than their original appearances.

K't'inga-class
An upgrade of the design used for the D7-class vessel, the K't'inga-class battlecruiser was first conceived for use in the pilot episode of Star Trek: Phase II. When Phase II was abandoned, the story of the pilot was adapted for Star Trek: The Motion Picture, where three K't'inga-class battlecruisers are used in the opening scenes. Andrew Probert is credited as the designer of the K't'inga model in its design patent, while the class name was given by Gene Roddenberry in his novelization of The Motion Picture. Although sharing a nearly identical configuration with the D7-class, the primary difference in the K't'inga-class is the level of detail on the hull, enhanced to make the model appear more believable to viewers on screen. The configuration of the vessel's impulse engines also differs from that of the D7-class. The K't'inga model was later revisited for Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, in which Industrial Light & Magic enhanced the original studio model with glowing engine nacelles and changed the color from muted gray-greens to light gray with gold accents and maroon paneling. ILM's alterations were meant to "contrast... with the Enterprise-A, which is very smooth and monochromatic and cool, while this Klingon ship is very regal and ostentatious and warm". A CGI version of the ship, with a slightly modified nacelle design, was created for the later seasons of Deep Space Nine; this particular model was erroneously used to represent older Klingon ships in the Voyager episode "Prophecy" and the Enterprise episode "Unexpected". The original studio model for the K't'inga-class battlecruiser was later sold in a 2006 Christie's auction for US$102,000.

The K't'inga-class battlecruiser has similar armaments to the D7-class battlecruiser, with a photon torpedo launcher in the forward module and six disruptor cannons. In addition, the ship possesses an aft torpedo launcher and can fire a powerful disruptor beam from the forward module. The Voyager episode "Flashback" also shows the K't'inga-class using concussion weapons. Unlike the D7-class, the K't'inga-class uses a cloaking device. In The Next Generation episode "The Emissary", these ships are used as sleeper ships, which could travel for decades with its crew in suspended animation. However, the class is equipped with both impulse engines and warp drive. The class is stated to have a crew of 800 and a length of . The interior of the battlecruiser was designed by Douglas Trumbull, with the intent of appearing like "an enemy submarine in World War II that's been out at sea for too long". The K't'inga-class is used extensively throughout the Star Trek series, appearing from the first feature film set in 2273 to the closing episodes of Deep Space Nine set in 2375, often appearing as a ship of the line in battle scenes.

Bird-of-Prey classes

The Bird-of-Prey is one of the most common Klingon ships seen in the Star Trek franchise. Introduced in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, the Bird-of-Prey has featured in five of the films and frequently appears in The Next Generation and Deep Space Nine. Industrial Light & Magic designed and built the Bird-of-Prey for Star Trek III, assisted by the film's director, Leonard Nimoy. In early drafts of the script, the Bird-of-Prey was to be a Romulan vessel; although this idea was later dropped, the Bird-of-Prey maintained its cloaking device as a plot point in the film and the Romulan bird feather patterns on its wings were kept. The Bird-of-Prey is the first Klingon vessel depicted with a cloaking device; all classes chronologically later in the series would also use a cloaking device. The wings of the Bird-of-Prey are able to move, lowering to attack, maintaining just above horizontal in flight mode and raising high when the ship lands. However, as the studio model's mechanism for moving the wings broke, in later Star Trek series' episodes the wings are usually fixed in either flight mode or attack mode. This was not rectified until the creation of a CGI model for the vessel. The studio models for the Bird-of-Prey were sold in the 2006 Christie's auction; the original model sold for US$307,200, while an enlarged wing, used for close-up shots in Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, was sold for US$8,400. The Boeing Bird of Prey developed by McDonnell Douglas's Phantom Works division was named after the Klingon Bird-of-Prey.

Although several variants are seen throughout the franchise, design notes state that the Bird-of-Prey has two main classes: the B'rel-class and the K'Vort-class. Both classes used the same studio model, differing in sizes in proportion to other starships depending on variant. The B'rel-class is a scout vessel, used for espionage, skirmishes and raids, while the K'Vort-class is a light cruiser. Both classes are armed with disruptor cannons mounted on the tips of the wings and a forward torpedo launcher. Likewise, both classes are equipped with cloaking devices and are capable of impulse and warp speeds. These design notes for the show hold that with a crew of only 12 and a length of , the B'rel-class is far smaller than the K'Vort-class, which measures  and possesses a crew of around 300. In its onscreen appearances, however, the Bird-of-Prey model was not scaled consistently to these notes, creating the impression of ships both far larger and smaller than the design notes intended. The interior of the Bird-of-Prey is similar to that of Douglas Trumbull's submarine-like designs for the K't'inga-class; some Birds of Prey are even shown with periscopes to allow the captain to personally target weapons. Despite relatively light armaments, Birds of Prey are shown to be effective craft; both the USS Enterprise and USS Enterprise-D are destroyed in part due to the activity of Birds of Prey. Most cloak-capable Star Trek vessels are unable to use weapons when cloaked; the film Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country features a modified experimental Bird-of-Prey that appeared to be able to fire torpedoes while cloaked although later observations revealed that the ship briefly decloaked.

The Next Generation era

Vor'cha-class

The Vor'cha-class attack cruiser is a powerful Klingon vessel that debuted in The Next Generation episode "Reunion". Its combat role is stated to be comparable to that of a heavy cruiser. The Vor'cha-class is the first new Klingon ship design portrayed outside of The Original Series era, and was designed by Rick Sternbach. The studio model for the ship was built by Greg Jein. Sternbach designed the Vor'cha-class to represent the alliance between the United Federation of Planets and the Klingon Empire by The Next Generation, and consequent technology exchange and collaboration. Thus, the nacelles of the craft were created to be similar to those on Starfleet vessels, while the color was intentionally placed as a midpoint between the dark green of the Bird of Prey and the light gray of the USS Enterprise-D. Sternbach's original concept sketches for the Vor'cha-class were sold at an auction in 2003 for US$850, while a studio model for the debris of a destroyed Vor'cha-class cruiser was sold on eBay in 2006 for US$1,025.

The design of the Vor'cha-class maintains the typical Klingon configuration with a forward module supported by a thick horizontal neck running aft and spreads out into a larger secondary hull. With a crew of 1,900 and a length of , Vor'cha-class vessels are one of the largest Klingon ships in the Star Trek universe. They are heavily armed, sporting 18 disruptor cannons as well as three photon torpedo launchers. In addition, the forward section of the cruiser is equipped with a particularly powerful disruptor beam. The ships are equipped with both warp and impulse engines, and make use of cloaking devices. In the Deep Space Nine episode "Return to Grace", the cruiser is stated to have enough firepower to threaten subterranean bases with orbital bombardments. The Vor'cha-class is frequently seen in The Next Generation and Deep Space Nine episodes depicting Klingon ships; in its earliest appearances, the class represents the flagship of the Empire, under the command of first Klingon Chancellor K'mpec and later Gowron. Later appearances use the ship as the mainstay vessel in Klingon fleet engagements.

Negh'Var-class
The Negh'Var-class warship is one of the largest and most heavily armed Klingon vessels seen in the Star Trek franchise. The class initially was designed by Rick Sternbach to appear as a Klingon attack cruiser for an alternate timeline in "All Good Things...", the series finale of The Next Generation. Sternbach built the studio model for the vessel on top of the existing studio model for the Vor'cha-class attack cruiser. A slightly modified studio model was used in the Deep Space Nine episode "The Way of the Warrior", in which the Negh'Var-class is properly introduced to the audience. A CGI version of the model was eventually produced for the Voyager series finale "Endgame", incorporating elements from the models used in both "All Good Things..." and "The Way of the Warrior". The Negh'Var-class is also used in the episodes "Shattered Mirror" and "The Emperor's New Cloak" as a flagship in the Mirror Universe; this version is meant to be far larger than the prime universe Negh'Var-class, to this end a  model of the underside of the vessel was created to dwarf the studio model of the USS Defiant in combat sequences. The studio model for the Negh'Var-class was sold in a 2007 auction for US$7,500.

The warship is introduced as the new flagship of the Klingon Empire in "The Way of the Warrior", under command of Chancellor Gowron and General Martok. As the studio model is built upon that of the Vor'cha-class, the Negh'Var-class shares many similarities in design in relation to the vessel's shape, color and nacelles. However, with a length of nearly  and a crew of 2,500, the Negh'Var-class is substantially bigger than the Vor'cha-class. The ship is equipped with a cloaking device. The class is heavily armed, with 20 disruptor banks and four torpedo launchers, as well as a large forward disruptor cannon protruding from the forward section. The Negh'Var-class only appears in a few episodes; other than in the climactic battle of "The Way of the Warrior", it is not used in any fleet battle scenes.

Enterprise era

D4-class
The D4-class battlecruiser was a proposed design for the first Klingon vessel to appear in Enterprise. The vessel was originally designed for usage in the fourth episode of the series, "Unexpected". Designed by John Eaves, the D4-class was meant to represent a direct predecessor to Jefferies's D7-class. The design was similar to that of the D7-class, closely following its configuration and shape and incorporating a more rugged and primitive construction to make the ship appear consistent with the earlier time period. Eaves's team was able to finish the design and Foundation Imaging created a computer-generated model for the episode. However, the producers rejected the model because they disliked how the model's windows were not prominent as they were on other ship designs, stating that it could only be used if significant changes were made to the vessel. With only a few hours before the episode's deadline for delivery and exhausted from their recent work on "Broken Bow", the pilot episode of Enterprise, Eaves's team was unable to work through the night to make the alterations. Therefore, the producers decided to use an older CGI model in its place; the only other model available was a K't'inga-class battlecruiser made for Deep Space Nine. The use of the K't'inga-class created a continuity error in the series, with the same ship design seemingly in use for 225 years. thus, the producers decided that the K't'inga-class model would not be used again as it did not fit with Enterprises theme. The designers involved later voiced their regret at having to use the older model, but acknowledged that there was no alternative due to the team's exhaustion.

Raptor-class
The Raptor-class is the first new Klingon ship design depicted in Enterprise. The vessel is the subject of the first-season episode "Sleeping Dogs". Produced by Herman Zimmerman's art department, it was the first Klingon ship to debut as a completely computer-generated model. John Eaves was responsible for developing the basic shape of the Raptor-class in concept art; Doug Drexler later refined Eaves's sketches to create a CGI mesh using LightWave 3D. Foundation Imaging converted Drexler's work into the final CGI model seen in the episode. Eaves's objective was to make the craft appear more primitive than the Klingon ships later in the franchise's chronology, with exposed piping and rugged design. Eaves stated that the design was made to look "like it is made up of different pieces that are attached to one another, as opposed to a uniform shape". Several designs of various sizes were proposed before Zimmerman settled on the Raptor-class. While the vessel is lightly based on Industrial Light & Magic's Bird of Prey, Eaves attempted to make the craft appear as a precursor to the D7-class. Drexler, who worked closely with Eaves during the creation of the CGI mesh, was allowed to deal with the closer details of the model, such as the position of the shuttlebay. Drexler felt that the design held qualities of both a PT boat and a 19th-century ironclad warship. The overall style of Eaves's design was later used as the basis for future Klingon ships in Enterprise.

Designated as a scout vessel, the Raptor-class is depicted as a stalwart vessel. Its hull, stated to be twice as thick as that of the Enterprise NX-01, can survive the pressures in the top  of a gas giant's atmosphere. Although designed by the production team as a precursor to the D7-class, the Raptor-class is far smaller; Eaves stated that his design would have had a crew of around 12. The ship is armed with two torpedo launchers and a disruptor array mounted towards the back of the ship. Like most Klingon ships, it has both impulse and warp drive. The Raptor-class only appears in one episode in the series, although its schematics are visible on several computer screens in later episodes.

D5-class
The D5-class cruiser is the primary Klingon capital ship used in Enterprise. Designed by John Eaves and compiled as a CGI model by Pierre Drolet of EdenFX, The D5 employed a basic Klingon battlecruiser shape: a small forward hull attached by a long, horizontal boom to a larger engineering hull, with aft-mounted impulse drive units above and two warp engines at the end of backswept pylons. The design is distinct from that of the chronologically later D7 ships by its bigger and less spherical forward hull, its larger, tapered nacelles, and engine pylons that sweep backward, not forward. The D5 was initially developed for the episode "Marauders" as a freighter, with visible cargo tanks on the model. This version of the ship was not held to be much of a threat to the Enterprise NX-01.

The episode "Judgement" introduced the battlecruiser variant at the behest of producer Rick Berman. The episode originally intended to use a D7-class battlecruiser, but Berman decided that a less advanced ship should be displayed, using the D5 designation. Thus the tanker model was modified to become the D5-class battlecruiser, and would be used for the rest of the show as this era's most powerful Klingon ship. Unlike the tanker, the D5-class was depicted as outmatching the Enterprise by a considerable margin. The battlecruiser possessed both disruptor beams and cannons, as well as forward and aft torpedoes, and is shown as capable of orbital bombardment. The ship was heavily armoured in addition to its shielding, and was capable of warp six. The designers intended and scaled the D5-class's onscreen appearances to be  in length; however, an onscreen panel notes a length of only .

Prior to the ship's appearance in Enterprise, the D5-class was alluded to in the Deep Space Nine episode "Once More Unto The Breach". Klingon commander Kor recalls that he commanded a D5-class ship called the IKS Klothos, an intentional reference by writer Ronald D. Moore to The Animated Series episode "The Time Trap". In that episode, the Klothos was depicted as a D7-class battlecruiser, the only Klingon ship design that existed at the time of production.

Bird-of-Prey
The Bird-of-Prey of the Enterprise era was intended as a predecessor to the Bird-of-Prey model originally designed for Star Trek III. The ship was designed by John Eaves, who used an abandoned concept for a modified Bird-of-Prey intended for Deep Space Nine as his starting point. The end design submitted by Eaves drew elements from this design sketch together with the previously debuted Raptor and D5-class ships, while echoing the original Bird-of-Prey design. The final design attaches an angular forward command section to a substantive engine section via a neck, with two warp nacelles placed above the ship's central impulse engine. Feather-patterned wings sweep downward to heavy weapons mounted on the tips. Elements from the abandoned D4-class design, such as exposed cabling, were also added to create a rougher appearing ship. The CGI model was created by Koji Kuramura at EdenFX. The Bird-of-Prey debuted in the episode "The Expanse" and made multiple appearances across Enterprise, used in roles such as a patrol ship or a destroyer accompanying the bigger D5-class battlecruiser. The design was intended to be  long with a top speed of warp 5, and was heavily armed with several wing, neck and head mounted disruptor cannons, and fore and aft photon torpedo launchers. A large belly cannon on the underside of the ship was placed by Eaves to evoke the design of the A-10 Thunderbolt.

See also
 Boeing Bird of Prey

Notes

References

External links

Klingons
Star Trek spacecraft
Fictional spaceplanes
Fictional military vehicles

Klingon starships


Markus Näslund (born July 30, 1973, in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden) is a retired Swedish ice hockey player in the NHL. He was born in Ornskoldsvik, Sweden. He plays for the New York Rangers and is currently an alternate captain. He was considered very skilled and valuable and he was given the Lester B. Pearson award for the Most Outstanding Player in 2004.

Playing career
Naslund began his career in Sweden, playing for Team Modo Hockey. Naslund was still quite young at that time. He played very well and was drafted by the NHL. In 1994, after being drafted by the NHL, he was taken in by the Pittsburgh Penguins. He started his rookie NHL years here. He did not play many games as he was not seen to be a great player at that time. Finally, the manager of the Penguins traded him to the Vancouver Canucks.

After being traded to the Canucks, Naslund was not used in games. The Vancouver coach thought that he was not very good, so Naslund asked to be traded. But he was not.
Suddenly, he was put in the lineup and did quite well compared to the rest of the team, which were struggling. In 2000, he was put with Todd Bertuzzi and they scored many goals together. Naslund was now a superstar and in 2004 he reached career highs and the NHL gave him the Lester B. Pearson award.
But in the 2006-2007 season, he struggled because Bertuzzi was traded away and it was much harder for him to score. But in the playoffs that year, he scored many goals in a short period of time. Naslund promised he would be much better next year. In the 2008 offseason, the Rangers signed Naslund to a two-year, $8 million contract. Naslund has spent most of his time with the Rangers playing on the team's first line with Scott Gomez as his center. On May 4, 2009 he announced his retirement from professional hockey.

Other websites

1973 births
Living people
New York Rangers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Swedish ice hockey left wingers
Vancouver Canucks players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Swedish Hockey League players

Markus Näslund


The Center for Biological & Computational Learning is a research lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

CBCL was established in 1992 with support from the National Science Foundation. It is based in the Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences at MIT, and is associated with the McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

It was founded with the belief that learning is at the very core of the problem of intelligence, both biological and artificial. Learning is thus the gateway to understanding how the human brain works and for making intelligent machines. CBCL studies the problem of learning within a multidisciplinary approach. Its main goal is to nurture serious research on the mathematics, the engineering and the neuroscience of learning.

Research is focused on the problem of learning in theory, engineering applications, and neuroscience.

In computational neuroscience, the center has developed a model of the ventral stream in the visual cortex which accounts for much of the physiological data, and psychophysical experiments in difficult object recognition tasks. The model performs at the level of the best computer vision systems.

See also
Tomaso Poggio director of CBCL

External links
The Center for Biological and Computational Learning (CBCL)
BBC:  Visions of the Future  -  February 29, 2008 - This is part of the excellent BBC series entitled "visions of the future". This short clip (3min) here shows work performed at CBCL (MIT) about a computational neuroscience model of the ventral stream of the visual cortex. The story here focuses on recent work by Serre, Oliva and Poggio on comparing the performance of the model to human observers during a rapid object categorization task.
THE DISCOVERY CHANNEL  [Toronto, Canada] by Jennifer Scott  (June 17, 2002): Video:Science, Lies & Videotape  -  Tony Ezzat and Tomaso Poggio.
NBC TODAY SHOW with Katie Couric (May 20, 2002): Video:* (100 kbit/s) (300 kbit/s) - Tony Ezzat and Tomaso Poggio.

Neuroscience research centers in the United States
Massachusetts Institute of Technology research institutes
Research institutes in Massachusetts


A scorched-earth policy is a military strategy. The goal is to destroy anything that might be useful to the enemy while the enemy is going through or running away from a place. Any useful things that could be used by the enemy may be targeted, for example food sources, water supplies, transportation, communications, industrial resources, and even the local people themselves.

The policy can be done by the military in enemy territory, or in its own home territory.

Notable historic examples of scorched-earth tactics include the Russian army's strategy during the failed Swedish invasion of Russia, the failed Napoleonic invasion of Russia, William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea in the American Civil War, colonel Kit Carson's subjugation of the American Navajo Indians, Lord Kitchener's advance against the Boers, the initial Soviet retreat commanded by Joseph Stalin during the German Army's invasion of the Soviet Union in the Second World War, the subsequent Nazi German retreat on the Eastern Front, and the burning 605-732 oil wells by retreating Iraqi military forces in the Gulf War.

References

Military tactics

Scorched earth


In natural language and in cognitive decision-making, alternative is  one of two things/(abstract or real objects)/actions which can be chosen. From a specific perspective/(point of view)/goal, alternatives are always equivalent.

In logic and mathematics, alternative is the element of logical disjunction.

In different contexts alternative (or Alternativism) may refer to :

 Alternative rock, a style of rock music
 Alternative dance and Alternative metal, subgenres of alternative rock
 Alternative hip-hop
 Alternative country
 Alternative algebra, an abstract algebra with alternative multiplication
 Alternative comics, one of several labels applied to a range of comic strips and books
 Alternative comedy, a range of styles used by comedians and writers in the 1980s
 Alternative culture, a variety of subcultures outside or on the fringes of so-called accepted mainstream culture
 Alternative dispute resolution, processes and techniques outside the traditional mainstream of jurisprudence
 Alternative lifestyle, a lifestyle that it is not within the generally perceived cultural norm
 Alternative media, media practices falling outside the mainstreams of corporate communication
 Alternative medicine, methods and practices used in place of, or in addition to, conventional medical treatments
 Alternative society, alternative models for society and social change
 Alternative education, alternatives to traditional education
 Alternative school, a school geared towards students whose needs cannot be met in the traditional school such as underachievers who do not qualify for special education, rather than educational alternatives for all students

Alternative


Front Page Woman is a 1935 American comedy film directed by Michael Curtiz. The screenplay by Laird Doyle, Lillie Hayward and Roy Chanslor based on the novel Women Are Bum Newspapermen by Richard Macauley.

Plot
Ellen Garfield refuses to marry fellow reporter Curt Devlin until he admits she is as good at her craft as any man. The two work for rival newspapers, and their ongoing efforts to better each other eventually leads to Ellen getting fired when Curt tricks her into misreporting the verdict of a murder trial. The tables are turned when she scoops him by getting the real perpetrator, Inez Cordoza, to confess to the crime. Forced to admit Ellen is a good reporter, he finally wins her hand.

Cast

 Bette Davis as Ellen Garfield
 George Brent as Curt Devlin
 Roscoe Karns as Toots O'Grady
 Wini Shaw as Inez Cordoza
 Walter Walker as Judge Hugo Rickard
 J. Carrol Naish as Robert Cardoza
 June Martel as Olive Wilson
 J. Farrell MacDonald as Hallohan
 Dorothy Dare as Mae LaRue
 I. Stanford Jolley (uncredited; his first acting role)
 George Chandler as Reporter
 Adrian Morris as Guard

Production
The film's working title was Women Are Born Newspapermen. The plots of the 1937 release Back in Circulation, allegedly based on a story by Adela Rogers St. Johns, and the 1938 Torchy Blane film Blondes at Work are very similar to Front Page Woman.

The Warner Bros. release was one of three 1935 films co-starring Bette Davis and George Brent. The two were paired on-screen a total of thirteen times.

This was the fourth collaboration for Davis and director Michael Curtiz. The two worked together a total of seven times.

Critical reception
The New York Times said, "The three writers who adapted it . . . did a clever script job and Michael Curtiz directed at a brisk pace. Add to that a cast with a neat sense of comedy and you have an excellent tonic for the mid-July doldrums."

Variety said, "[It] lacks authenticity and is so far fetched it'll hand newsscribes around the country a constant run of ripples. But it's light and has some funny lines and situations."

References

External links

1935 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
Films about journalists
Films directed by Michael Curtiz
Warner Bros. films
Films produced by Samuel Bischoff
Films scored by Heinz Roemheld
1935 films
1930s American films

Front Page Woman


Guardians o the Galaxy is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team o the same name, produced bi Marvel Studios an distributed bi Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the tent installment in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

Plot
In 1988, follaein his mither's daith, a young Peter Quill is abductit frae Yird bi the Ravagers, a group o space pirates led bi Yondu Udonta. Twenty-sax years later on the planet Morag, Quill steals an orb, efter which Korath, a subordinate tae the fanatical Kree, Ronan, intercepts him. Altho Quill escapes wi the orb, Yondu discovers his theft an issues a bounty for his captur, while Ronan sends the assassin Gamora efter the orb.

When Quill attempts tae sell the orb on the Nova Empire caipital warld, Xandar, Gamora ambushes him an steals it. A ficht ensues, drawin in a pair o boonty hunters: the genetically ingineered raccoon Rocket, an the tree-lik humanoid Groot. The Nova Corps arrives an arrests aw fower, imprisonin them in the Kyln. While thare, a pouerfu inmate, Drax, attempts tae kill Gamora due tae her association wi Ronan, who killed his faimily. Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan tae him. Gamora reveals that she haes betrayed Ronan, unwillin tae let him uise the orb's pouer tae destroy planets, stairtin wi Xandar. Learnin that Gamora haes a buyer for the orb, she, Quill, Rocket, Groot, an Drax wirk thegither tae escape frae the Kyln.

Elsewhaur, Ronan meets wi Gamora's adoptive faither, Thanos, tae discuss her betrayal. Accompanied bi Drax, Quill's group escapes the Kyln in his ship – the Milano – an flees tae Knowhere, a remote criminal ootpost in space biggit in the giant severed heid o a Celestial. A drunken Drax summons Ronan while the rest o the group meet Gamora's contact, the collector Taneleer Tivan. Tivan opens the orb, revealin an Infinity Stone, an item o immeasurable pouer that destroys aw but the maist powerful beins who wield it. Suddenly, Tivan's tormentit assistant grabs the Stone, triggerin an explosion that engulfs Tivan's airchive.

Ronan arrives an easily defeats Drax, while the ithers flee bi ship, pursued bi Ronan's follaers an Gamora's sister Nebula. Nebula destroys Gamora's ship, leavin her floatin in space, an Ronan's forces capture the orb. Quill contacts Yondu afore follaein Gamora intae space, givin her his helmet tae survive; Yondu arrives an retrieves the pair. Rocket, Drax, an Groot threaten tae attack Yondu's ship tae rescue them, but Quill negotiates a truce bi convincin Yondu that thay can recover the orb. Quill's group agrees that facin Ronan means certain daith, but that thay cannae let him uise the Infinity Stone tae destroy the galaxy. On Ronan's flagship, the Dark Aster, Ronan embeds the Stone in his warhammer, takin its pouer for himsel. He contacts Thanos, threatenin tae kill him efter the destruction o Xandar; hatefu o her adopted faither, Nebula allies wi Ronan.

Near Xandar, the Ravagers, the Nova Corps, an Quill's group, which breaches the Dark Aster, confront the Dark Aster. Ronan uises his empouered warhammer tae destroy the Nova Corps fleet. On the Dark Aster, efter Gamora defeats Nebula (who escapes), she unlocks Ronan's chambers, but the group find themselves ootmatched bi his pouer till Rocket crashes the Milano through the Dark Aster. The damaged Dark Aster crash-lands on Xandar, with Groot sacrificing himsel to shield the group. Ronan emerges frae the wreck an prepares tae destroy Xandar, but Quill distracts him, allaein Drax an Rocket tae destroy Ronan's warhammer. Quill grabs the freed Stone, an wi Gamora, Drax, an Rocket sharin its burden, thay uise it tae destroy Ronan.

In the aftermath, Quill tricks Yondu intae takin a container supposedly containin the Stone, an gies the real Stone tae the Nova Corps. As the Ravagers leave Xandar, Yondu remarks that it turned oot well that thay did nae deliver Quill tae his faither per thair contract. Quill's group, nou kent as the Guardians of the Galaxy, hae thair creeminal records expunged, an Quill learns that he is anly hauf-human, his faither bein pairt o an auncient, unkent species. Quill finally opens the last present he received frae his mither: a cassette tape filled wi her favorite sangs. The Guardians leave in the rebiggit Milano alang wi a sapling cut frae Groot.

In a post-credits scene, Tivan sits in his destroyed airchive wi twa o his livin exhibits: a canine cosmonaut an an anthropomorphic deuk.

References

2010s action films
2010s adventur films
2010s science feection films
2014 3D films
Alien abduction films
American adventur comedy films
American action comedy films
American films
American science feection action films
Comedy science feection films
Dolby Atmos films
Inglis-leid films
Films directit bi James Gunn
Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters
Films featurin Howard the Duck
Films set in 1988
Films set in 2014
Films set in Missouri
Films set in preeson
Films shot in Lunnon
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films uisin computer-generatit eemagery
Guardians of the Galaxy
IMAX films
Marvel Cinematic Universe films
Performance captur in film
Rotoscoped films
Screenplays bi James Gunn
Shepperton Studios films
Space adventur films

Guardians of the Galaxy (film)


Peter Annet (169318 January 1769) was an English deist and early freethinker.

Early life and work
Annet is said to have been born at Liverpool. A schoolmaster by profession, he became prominent owing to his attacks on orthodox theologians, as well as for his membership of a semi-theological debating society, the Robin Hood Society, which met at the Robin Hood and Little John at Butcher Row. Annet was very hostile to the clergy and to scripture, being a thoroughgoing deist. He distinguished himself by being extremely critical of the character and reputation of King David and the Apostle Paul. In 1739 he wrote and published a pamphlet, Judging for Ourselves, or Freethinking the Great Duty of Religion, a strong criticism of Christianity. For writing this and similar pamphlets, he lost his teaching position.

A work attributed to him, called A History of the Man after God's own Heart (1761), intended to show that King George II was insulted by a current comparison with King David. The book is said to have inspired Voltaire's Saul. It is also attributed to one John Noorthouck (Noorthook).

In 1763 he was condemned for blasphemous libel in his paper called the Free Inquirer, of which only nine numbers were published. After his release he kept a small school in Lambeth, one of his pupils being the politician James Stephen (1758–1832), who became master in Chancery.

Pillory and death
At age 68, Annet was sentenced to the pillory and a year's hard labour. He died on 18 January 1769.

Position
When the Christian apologists replaced the argument from miracles with the argument from personal witness and the credibility of Biblical evidence, Annet, in his Resurrection of Jesus (1744), assailed the validity of such evidence, and first advanced the hypothesis of the illusory death of Jesus, suggesting also that possibly Paul should be regarded as the founder of a new religion.
In Supernaturals Examined (1747) Annet roundly denies the possibility of miracles.

Annet stands between the earlier philosophic deists and the later propagandists of Thomas Paine's school, and seems to have been the first freethought lecturer (J. M. Robertson); his essays, A Collection of the Tracts of a certain Free Enquirer, are forcible but lack refinement. He invented a system of shorthand (2nd ed., with a copy of verses by Joseph Priestley).

Notes

References

External links

 Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

English religious writers
British deists
Freethought writers
English male non-fiction writers
Schoolteachers from Merseyside
1693 births
1769 deaths
People from Liverpool

Peter Annet


Year 120 (CXX) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

Roman Empire
 Emperor Hadrian visits Britain.
 Foss Dyke is constructed in Britain.
 An Indian ambassadorial contingent visits with Hadrian.
 Suetonius becomes Hadrian's secretary ab epistolis.
 Market Gate of Miletus, from Miletos, is built. (approximate date) It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.

Asia
 Change of era name from Yuanchu (7th year) to Yongning of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.
 The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujerat and a portion of central India.

Births

 February 8 – Vettius Valens, Hellenistic astrologer
 Irenaeus, Christian bishop and apologist
 Lucian, Syrian rhetorician and satirist, writing in the Greek language

Deaths

 Dio Chrysostom, Greek historian
 Nicomachus of Gerasa, Greek mathematician (approx. date)
 Sextus Pedius, Roman jurist
 Saint Matthias of Jerusalem, Bishop of Jerusalem
 Marcian of Tortona (or in 117), martyred saint
 Getulius, Saint Hermes, martyred saints

120

120


Aggressive NK-cell leukemia is a disease with an aggressive, systemic proliferation of natural killer cells (NK cells) and a rapidly declining clinical course.

It is also called aggressive NK-cell lymphoma.

Signs and symptoms
Patients usually present with constitutional symptoms (malaise, weight loss, fatigue), and hepatosplenomegaly is commonly found on physical exam. Lymphadenopathy is also found to a lesser extent. Due to the aggressive nature of the disease, patients may initially present at a more advanced stage, with coagulopathies, hemophagocytic syndrome, and multi-organ failure. Rarely, individuals who have an aggressive NK cell lymphoma that is associated with latent infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (see next section) present with or develop extensive allergic reactions to mosquito bites. The symptoms of these reactions range from a greatly enlarged bite site that may be painful and involve necrosis to systemic symptoms (e.g. fever, swollen lymph nodes, abdominal pain, and diarrhea), or, in extremely rare cases, to life-threatening anaphylaxis.

Cause
This disease has a strong association with the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), but the true pathogenesis of this disease has yet to be described. The cell of origin is believed to be an NK cell. Blastoid NK cell lymphoma appears to be a different entity and shows no association with EBV.

Sites of involvement
This disease is typically found and diagnosed in peripheral blood, and while it can involve any organ, it is usually found in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.

Diagnosis
Leukemic cells are invariably present in samples of peripheral blood to a variable extent. Pancytopenia (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia) is commonly seen as well.

Peripheral blood
The leukemic cells have a diameter mildly greater than a large granular lymphocyte (LGL) and have azurophilic granules and nucleoli of varying prominence. Nuclei may be irregular and hyperchromatic.

Bone marrow
Bone marrow involvement runs the spectrum between an inconspicuous infiltrate to extensive marrow replacement by leukemic cells. Reactive histiocytes displaying hemophagocytosis can be seen interspersed in the neoplastic infiltrate.

Other organs
Leukemic involvement of organs is typically destructive on tissue sections with necrosis and possibly angioinvasion, and the monotonous infiltrate may be diffuse or patchy.

Immunophenotype
The immunophenotype of this disease is the same as extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type and is shown in the table below. CD11b and CD16 show variable expression.

Genetic findings
Due to the NK lineage, clonal rearrangements of lymphoid (T cell receptor; B cell receptor) genes are not seen. The genome of the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is detected in many cases, along with a variety of chromosomal abnormalities.

Treatment

Currently Aggressive NK-cell leukemia, being a subtype of PTCL, is treated similarly to B-cell lymphomas. However, in recent years, scientists have developed techniques to better recognize the different types of lymphomas, such as PTCL. It is now understood that PTCL behaves differently from B-cell lymphomas and therapies are being developed that specifically target these types of lymphoma. Currently, however, there are no therapies approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifically for PTCL. Anthracycline-containing chemotherapy regimens are commonly offered as the initial therapy. Some patients may receive a stem cell transplant. Novel approaches to the treatment of PTCL in the relapsed or refractory setting are under investigation.

Epidemiology
This rare form of leukemia is more common among Asians in comparison to other ethnic groups. It is typically diagnosed in adolescents and young adults, with a slight predominance in males.

Research directions
Pralatrexate is one compound currently under investigations for the treatment of PTCL.

References

External links

Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Epstein–Barr virus–associated diseases
Rare cancers

Aggressive NK-cell leukemia


An ornithopter from the ancient Greek language is an aircraft that flies by flapping its wings. Designers try to make the flapping-wing flight of birds, bats, and insects seem real. Though machines may differ in form, they are usually built on the same scale as these flying creatures. Manned ornithopters have also been built, and some have worked. The machines are of two general types: those with engines, and those powered by the muscles of the pilot.

Aircraft

Ornithopter


The margin of error is a way to measure the sampling error in the results of a statistical survey. A bigger margin of error means that the results are less certain. Margins of error occur when a population is incompletely sampled. Usually, the margin of error is defined as the radius (half the width) of a confidence interval for a given sample.

Errors and residuals in statistics

Margin of error


A headframe (also known as a gallows frame, winding tower, hoist frame, pit frame, shafthead frame, headgear, headstock or poppethead) is the structural frame above an underground mine shaft so as to enable the hoisting of machinery, personnel, or materials.

Design
Modern headframes are built out of steel, concrete or a combination of both.  Timber headframes are no longer used in industrialized countries, but are still used in developing nations. Conventionally steel headframes are used when a drum hoist is employed, and concrete headframes are built for friction hoists; however a steel headframe can be used with a friction hoist for shafts with a smaller capacity and depth.

Steel headframes

A steel headframe is less expensive than a concrete headframe; the tallest steel headframe measures 87 m. Steel headframes are more adaptable to modifications (making any construction errors easier to remedy), and are considerably lighter, requiring less substantial foundations.  As steel headframes are easier to design, they have the potential to utilize "off the shelf" design tools.  Construction of a steel headframe can be easily interrupted and restarted if necessary for statutory holidays or bad weather, where slip forming concrete is not.  Upon mine closure and mine reclamation a steel headframe is easier to demolish and may have value as scrap metal.

A recently erected steel headgear in the Zambian copper belt town of Chililabombwe at the Konkola number 4 shaft has a total height of 81 metres to the top of the maintenance crane rail, with the centre-line of the head sheaves at 71 metres above the collar, making it the highest steel headgear in Africa.

Concrete headframes

Concrete headframes require less maintenance and are less susceptible to corrosion than steel headframes. There is much less waste of concrete during construction of a concrete headframe than there is of steel in construction of a steel headframe. Concrete headframes provide an enclosure upon construction, whereas steel headframes require cladding and insulation to protect from weather. Concrete headframes are less susceptible to vibrations and sway less during high winds. Concrete is usually more readily available than steel (except in remote locations), and the price is predictable, whereas fabricated steel prices can be volatile.

Symbolism

Headframes have become prominent features in historic mining regions. The Ruhr district of Germany and the South Wales Valleys in Britain are both examples of areas which are now associated with headframes due to the large number constructed to mine coal during the Industrial Revolution.  Most of these headframes have now been removed although both regions have turned non-operating mines with headframes into national museums; the German Mining Museum in Bochum and Big Pit National Coal Museum in Blaenavon.  Sporting teams from former coal mining regions such as Llanharan RFC and Cilfynydd RFC have headframes included in their club badges.

In the United States, over a dozen headframes can still be seen around the town of Butte, Montana.  Some of those headframes are illuminated at night with red LED lighting to commemorate Butte's copper mining heritage, and the headframe is easily the town's most iconic image.

In Yellowknife, Canada, the demolition of the Con Mine headframe has met significant public opposition. The headframe was the tallest structure in the Northwest Territories and is regarded by many in the town to be an important symbol of the region's mining heritage.

See also

Hoist (mining)
Underground mining
Barony A Frame

References

Underground mining
Mining terminology

Headframe


Espresso is a type of Italian coffee that is concentrated. In order to make espresso, coffee beans are powdered and hot water is added under high pressure. This is done using an espresso machine or a macchinetta. Usually, espresso is made using 7 grams of coffee beans. This gives espresso a very strong flavor. Because espresso is so strong, it is usually mixed with other coffee drinks in small amounts.

Drinks that use espresso
There are many drinks that use espresso, such as latte, cappuccino, caffe mocha and caffe macchiato.

Alternative spelling
It is sometimes spelled expresso, with an X. There is some debate as to whether this is an acceptable spelling.

Related pages
 Coffee

Coffee
Italian food

Espresso


Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd was a House of Lords case in English defamation law concerning qualified privilege for publication of defamatory statements in the public interest. The case provided the Reynolds defence, which could be raised where it was clear that the journalist had a duty to publish an allegation even if it turned out to be wrong.

In adjudicating on an attempted Reynolds defence a court would investigate the conduct of the journalist and the content of the publication. The subsequent case of Jameel v Wall Street Journal Europe affirmed the defence, which was subsequently raised successfully in several defamation proceedings. The defence was abolished by s4(6) Defamation Act 2013, being replaced with the statutory defence of publication on a matter of public interest.

Facts
Albert Reynolds had been the taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland until a political crisis in 1994. The Times had published an article in Ireland to the effect that Reynolds had misled the Irish Parliament; this article was then published in the United Kingdom. However, the UK version omitted an explanation that Reynolds had given for the events, which had been printed in the original article. Reynolds brought an action for defamation. The defences of justification and fair comment were unavailable, given the factual nature of the article. Times Newspapers Ltd appealed that the defence of qualified privilege be considered; the Court of Appeal denied this. The appeal to the House of Lords was therefore on the matter of whether the defence of qualified privilege be extended to cover the mass media.

Lords judgement: the ten criteria
Lord Nicholls, speaking for the majority, upheld Lord Bingham's judgement in the Court of Appeal, adding to it a non-exhaustive list of ten criteria against which attempts to use the defence of qualified privilege should be judged:

The elasticity of the common law principle enables interference with freedom of speech to be confined to what is necessary in the circumstances of the case. This elasticity enables the court to give appropriate weight, in today's conditions, to the importance of freedom of expression by the media on all matters of public concern.

Depending on the circumstances, the matters to be taken into account include the following. The comments are illustrative only.

 The seriousness of the allegation. The more serious the charge, the more the public is misinformed and the individual harmed, if the allegation is not true.
 The nature of the information, and the extent to which the subject-matter is a matter of public concern.
 The source of the information. Some informants have no direct knowledge of the events. Some have their own axes to grind, or are being paid for their stories.
 The steps taken to verify the information.
 The status of the information. The allegation may have already been the subject of an investigation which commands respect.
 The urgency of the matter. News is often a perishable commodity.
 Whether comment was sought from the plaintiff. He may have information others do not possess or have not disclosed. An approach to the plaintiff will not always be necessary.
 Whether the article contained the gist of the plaintiff's side of the story.
 The tone of the article. A newspaper can raise queries or call for an investigation. It need not adopt allegations as statements of fact.
 The circumstances of the publication, including the timing.

This list is not exhaustive. The weight to be given to these and any other relevant factors will vary from case to case. Any disputes of primary fact will be a matter for the jury, if there is one. The decision on whether, having regard to the admitted or proved facts, the publication was subject to qualified privilege is a matter for the judge. This is the established practice and seems sound. A balancing operation is better carried out by a judge in a reasoned judgment than by a jury. Over time, a valuable corpus of case law will be built up.

Qualified privilege, as defined and limited by this ruling, became known as the Reynolds defence after this case.

Subsequent developments
The ruling was affirmed in 2006 by the House of Lords in Jameel v Wall Street Journal Europe, where Lord Hoffmann, giving the lead judgment, stated that Lord Nicholls' criteria were not to be seen as obstacles or hurdles that any journalist had to overcome in order to avail him or herself of the privilege.

Defamation Act 2013
Section 4 of the Defamation Act 2013 created the defence of "publication on a matter of public interest". This replaced the common law Reynolds defence, abolished by subsection 4(6).  However the ten criteria set out in Reynolds are still considered relevant in some circumstances when considering whether a publication was in the public interest.  See Hay v Cresswell [2023] EWHC 882 (KB) for an illustration of this.

See also
 Walter v Lane, court case involving The Times
 New York Times v. Sullivan, a somewhat related case in the United States

References

English defamation case law
House of Lords cases
1999 in United Kingdom case law
The Times
United Kingdom constitutional case law

Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd


Bubur ayam (Indonesian for "chicken congee") is an Indonesian chicken congee. It is rice congee with shredded chicken meat served with some condiments, such as chopped scallion, crispy fried shallot, celery, tongcay or chai poh (preserved vegetables), fried soybean,  crullers (youtiao, known as cakwe in Indonesia), and both salty and sweet soy sauce, and sometimes topped with yellow chicken broth and kerupuk (Indonesian-style crackers). Unlike many other Indonesian dishes, it is not spicy; sambal or chili paste is served separately. It is a favourite breakfast food, served by humble travelling vendors, warung (small local shops), fast food establishments, and five-star hotel restaurants. Travelling bubur ayam vendors frequently pass through residential streets in the morning selling the dish.

Origin and variations

The origin of bubur ayam was derived from Chinese chicken congee. The traces of Chinese cuisine influences are the use of cakwe (youtiao), tongcay or chai poh and soy sauce. Bubur ayam employs a wide range of poultry products, such as shredded chicken meat for the main dish and different dishes made with chicken offal as side delicacies. Bubur ayam is often eaten with the addition of boiled chicken egg, chicken liver, gizzard, intestines and uritan (premature chicken eggs acquired from butchered hens), served as satay. There are some variants of bubur ayam, such as bubur ayam Bandung and bubur ayam Sukabumi, both from West Java. The later variant uses raw telur ayam kampung (lit. "village chicken egg", i.e. free-range eggs) buried under the hot rice congee to allow the egg to be half-cooked, with the other ingredients on top of the rice congee. The recipe and condiments of bubur ayam served by travelling vendors and warung are also slightly different with those served in fast food establishments or hotel restaurants.

Because this food is always served hot and with a soft texture, like soto ayam and nasi tim, bubur ayam is known as comfort food in Indonesian culture. The soft texture of the rice congee and boneless chicken also makes this dish suitable for young children or adults in convalescence. Because of its popularity, bubur ayam has become one of the Asia-inspired fast food menu items at McDonald's Indonesia and Malaysia, and also at Kentucky Fried Chicken Indonesia. Although almost all recipes of bubur ayam use rice, a new variation, called bubur ayam havermut, replaces rice with oats. In grocery stores, bubur ayam is also available as instant food, requiring only the addition of hot water.

Gallery

See also

 Arroz caldo
 List of porridges

References

External links

 Bubur Ayam Sukabumi recipe (in Indonesian)
 Bubur Ayam Bandung recipe (in Indonesian)
 Bubur Ayam Jakarta recipe (in Indonesian)

Indonesian chicken dishes
Congee
Indonesian Chinese cuisine
Indonesian rice dishes
Street food in Indonesia

Bubur ayam


A Happy Meal is a meal made by McDonald's, and aimed at children. They come in a cardboard box, containing a main meal, usually a hamburger, cheeseburger, or McNuggets; french fries; a small drink; and a toy.  Sometimes the toy ties in with a movie release.

McDonald's

Happy Meal


The Northern Hemisphere is the part of the planet that is north of the equator. It has about 90 percent of the world's population and most of the world's land. All of North America and Europe are in the Northern Hemisphere. Most of Asia, two-thirds of Africa and 10 percent of South America are also in this hemisphere. The three largest countries by population; India, China, and the United States, are in the Northern Hemisphere.

Related pages
 Southern hemisphere
 Eastern hemisphere
 Western hemisphere
 Seasons
 Solstice and equinox
 Equator
 Tropic of Cancer
 Tropic of Capricorn
 Arctic Circle
 Antarctic Circle

Hemispheres

Northern Hemisphere


The Lieutenancies Act 1997 (1997 c. 23) is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom.

A Lord Lieutenant is the Queen's representative in a county or other area.

The Lieutenancies Act sets out the areas in which Lords-Lieutenant work in Great Britain. It came into force on 1 July 1997.

These areas are usually called "ceremonial counties" or "preserved counties" in Wales.  In Scotland a Statutory Instrument (rule written by a minister) defines the size of the lieutenancy.  They are usually one local council area, but some council areas are too small or to large for one Lord Lieutenant.

For a list of the areas in England see Ceremonial counties of England

Other websites
Text of the act

1990s Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
1997 in the United Kingdom

Lieutenancies Act 1997


Transformers are make-believe robots that are made by a toy company named Hasbro. In the story, they come from a planet called Cybertron. There are two main types of Transformers. These are the Autobots, the good guys, and the Decepticons, the bad guys. The leader of the Autobots is named Optimus Prime, and the leader of the Decepticons is named Megatron. Transformers can transform into different things like cars, planes, guns, and animals. Transformers were first made in 1984. There have been many different Transformers toys and stories since then.

Generation One (1984–1992)

Some people call the first Transformers toys, shows, and comics "G1" or "Generation One". The first Transformers toys were made in Japan. In Japan, the toys were from different toy lines called Microman and Diaclone. Hasbro took some of the same toys, gave some of them different colors, and called them Transformers. They asked a comic book writer named Bob Budiansky to name the robots. Bob Budiansky also decided what the robots liked, what they disliked, and how they felt about things. In Japan, at first the robots did not have names and were not alive. They were just machines that were driven by people. Bob Budiansky also wrote the Transformers comic book that was made by Marvel Comics. Spider-Man was even in one of the early Transformers comics.

There was also a Transformers cartoon on TV. The TV show told a different story than the comic book. In the cartoon, the Autobots were looking for energy and the Decepticons chased them to Earth. In the comic book, the Autobots had to stop an asteroid (a big rock in space) from crashing into Cybertron. Another difference is that the story behind each character is different in the cartoon for a lot of robots, like the Dinobots, Jetfire (who is called Skyfire on TV), the Constructicons, and Omega Supreme. Even the way new robots were created was different. In the comic book, Optimus Prime uses the Creation Matrix to make new Transformers. In the cartoon, there is a computer called Vector Sigma that can make new robots.

In 1986, a Transformers movie was made. It was called The Transformers: the Movie and was a story about the future. In the story, it is the year 2005. Optimus Prime is killed by Megatron, and a new Autobot called Ultra Magnus becomes the new Autobot leader. The Autobots have to stop a planet-eating monster called Unicron, who can also transform into a giant robot. Unicron also meets Megatron and gives him a new body and a new name, and he becomes Galvatron. At the end of the movie, Unicron is destroyed.

The TV show also told the story of the year 2005. We learn that the Transformers were once robot slaves who had to work for aliens called Quintessons. The Autobots did not like being slaves, so they chased the Quintessons away from Cybertron. Kids liked Optimus Prime and were sad that he died, so the writers made a story in which he came back to life. In Japan, the TV show continued with new cartoons that were not seen in America.

The comic book was still being made after the TV show ended. Many robots who were not seen in the cartoon were in the comic book, like Darkwing and Skids. There was even a story about how the Transformers met G.I. Joe, another Hasbro toy line.

Beast Wars and Beast Machines (1996–2001)

Beast Wars was about Transformers who could turn into animals. They looked like real animals, but they were robots in disguise. The good guys were called Maximals, and their leader was Optimus Primal. The bad guys were called Predacons, and their leader's name was Megatron. (He was a different Megatron from the Decepticon leader.) In the story, the Maximals and Predacons crashed on Earth a very long time ago, but they did not know where they were. Also, there was too much energy on the planet and it hurt their bodies. They turned into animals to protect themselves from the energy. They could only turn into robots for a short time before the energy started to hurt them.

Later in the story, many of the robots turn into Transmetals, which means they looked like robot animals instead of real animals. The Predacons find out they are on Earth, and Megatron tries to find the Autobots and Decepticons, who are on a space ship called the Ark. Megatron tries to kill Optimus Prime, who is still sleeping, so that he can change the future.

There was another show called Beast Machines that continues the story that started in Beast Wars. At the end of Beast Wars, the Maximals tried to catch Megatron. At the beginning of Beast Machines, he escapes and takes control over Cybertron. There are only four Maximals left and Megatron tries to stop them. Megatron creates new robots called Vehicons, who try to catch the Maximals. Later, we learn that the Vehicons are really Maximals or Predacons that Megatron caught and tried to control. In the story, we also learn that even though Cybertron is a dead, metal planet, it used to be a living planet like Earth.

Fictional characters introduced in 1984
Toys

Transformers


In philosophy, the term sublime refers to something that is great. This greatness can be physical, moral, intellectual, metaphysical, aesthetic, spiritual or artistic. Very often, the term refers to something that is so great that it cannot be calculated, measured or imitated. Special skills are often needed to fully perceive or understand the sublime.

As a category in aesthetics, the main property is that its beauty is bigger than something that is merely beautiful. Sometimes, the sublime may be sacred and causes awe.

It is only western philosophy that makes a distinction between the beautiful and the sublime; there is no such distinction in eastern philosophy.The first known work in philosophy treating the sublime is called On the Sublime, and was written by an otherwise unknown writer who lived in the first or third century. This writer is often called Longinus. Longinus was a teacher of rhetoric, and used the sublime to describe great language in this context. According to Longinus, the sublime inspires awe and veneration, with greater persuasive powers. Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux translated this work into French, in the 16th century; in the 18th century the text was translated into English as well.

Philosophers who wrote about the sublime include Edmund Burke, Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Theodor W. Adorno, and Jean-François Lyotard. Writers include Friedrich Schiller and Victor Hugo.

Philosophy

Sublime (philosophy)


A department store is a store that sells many different products. It does not sell the products of only one company, as some other stores do. In a department store a person can usually buy clothing, furniture, electronics, and sometimes paint, hardware, toiletries, cosmetics, photographic equipment, jewellery, toys, and Sports equipment. Department stores are often upmarket places.

Some department stores sell products cheaper than other stores. They are then called discount department stores.

Department store


ICQ is a cross-platform instant messaging and VoIP client. The name ICQ derives from the English phrase "I Seek You". Originally developed by the Israeli company Mirabilis in 1996, the client was bought by AOL in 1998, and then by Mail.Ru Group in 2010.

The ICQ client application and service were initially released in November 1996, freely available to download. ICQ was among the first stand-alone instant messenger (IM)—while real-time chat was not in itself new (Internet Relay Chat (IRC) being the most common platform at the time), the concept of a fully centralized service with individual user accounts focused on one-on-one conversations set the blueprint for later instant messaging services like AIM, and its influence is seen in modern social media applications. ICQ became the first widely adopted IM platform.

At its peak around 2001, ICQ had more than 100 million accounts registered. At the time of the Mail.Ru acquisition in 2010, there were around 42 million daily users. Since 2013, ICQ has 11 million monthly users.

Microsoft Windows software
Social networking

ICQ


Sergeant is a rank used in  most militaries, police forces, and other uniformed organizations around the world. The word comes from the Latin serviens, "one who serves", through the French term Sergent.

A sergeant (Sgt) in the British Army wears three point-down chevrons, or "checks" on their sleeve. They usually serves as a platoon, troop, or group sergeant, or in a specialist position.

A Lance-Sergeant (LSgt) was originally a Corporal doing the work of a Sergeant. The job is now used mostly in the Guards, where it is given to all Corporals. A Lance-Sergeant in the Guards and Honourable Artillery Company wears three chevrons, and is considered senior or higher up to "normal" Corporals. For most purposes, he still remains a Corporal rather than an acting Sergeant (e.g., he will typically command a section). In the Household Cavalry, the same rank is Lance-Corporal of Horse.

The official spelling was Serjeant (Sjt) (still used by The Rifles) until after World War II, although the modern spelling had already been in common use for many years.

Military ranks

Sergeant


The Minnesota and International Railway was a subsidiary of the Northern Pacific Railway , a railway that operated in the western United States along the Canada–United States border. In 1970, the Northern Pacific merged with other lines to form the Burlington Northern Railroad.

History
This road began as a conglomeration of logging lines in north central Minnesota, along with the Northern Pacific's own nascent Brainerd and Northern, begun circa 1892 to build north to the border with Canada.

On July 17, 1900, the Northern Pacific formed the Minnesota and International to control these lines as a through-route between its terminal at Brainerd, Minnesota, and the border with Canada at International Falls, Minnesota. The line formed a 200-mile north–south route via Bemidji, Minnesota. An early 20th century train derailment two miles north of Nisswa Minnesota left multiple box cars sunken in the soil which remain buried today at a depth of approximately 15 feet underneath what is now the Paul Bunyan State Trail.

The corporate entity was folded into its parent company on October 22, 1941, and was operated as the Eighth Sub-division of the Northern Pacific's Lake Superior Division. Division headquarters were in Duluth, Minnesota.

As the Eighth Sub-division
In 1950, the Northern Pacific published a summary of branch line earnings for the system, Form 7251. For the Lake Superior Division, these totals were:

Lake Superior Division

$267,684 Ashland

$834,643 Cuyuna

$3,045,802 Cloquet

$82,035 Grantsburg

$1,380,797 International Falls

$5,610,961 Lake Superior Total

See also
 Minnesota and International Railway Trestle at Blackduck

References
 No author. "Branch Line Total Earnings Year 1950 As Shown On Form 7251." St. Paul [Minn.]: Office of the Vice-President, Northern Pacific, November 1, 1951, from NPTellTale YahooGroup Web page, http://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/NPTellTale/message/7926, accessed January 17, 2012.
 Umhauer, David E., and Haubrich, Kurt P. Mike and Ike and Morningtown: The Minnesota & International Railway Story. Writers Club Press, 2000.

Defunct Minnesota railroads
Predecessors of the Northern Pacific Railway
1900 establishments in Minnesota
1941 disestablishments in Minnesota

Minnesota and International Railway


Chuncheon is the capital city of Gangwon Province in South Korea. The city is in a small flat area surrounded by mountains. The Soyang River is around the city. It is the water source of the Han River. Because of this river, Chuncheon has lots of foggy days. Chuncheon is a popular tourist attraction among Korean and East Asian tourist thanks to the popular Korean drama Winter Sonata.

Tourism
Gang chon is a popular tourist attraction especially for university students in Korea because it is near Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. It has good accommodation and entertainment facilities.

Chungpyeongsa is a temple which was built in Goryeo Dynasty. Because it is located in a beautiful mountain, many people go there to enjoy the beautiful scenery and valleys with their family.

Namiseom is a popular tourist island which became famous as a filming location of Winter Sonata. It has a beautiful forest trail so that many couples and family who visit Chuncheon stop by there a lot. People can rent bikes or ride a short rail to look around the island.

Food
The city has several famous foods. One of them is 'dak galbi'. 'Dak galbi' is a stir-fried chicken with sliced cabbage, sweet potatoes, rice cakes, sesame leaves and picy 'go chujang' sauce. It is usually cooked on a big iron pan on the center of the table. There is even a 'dak galbi' street which has many famous 'dak galbi' restaurants in the downtown of the city. Another famous food is 'makguksu.' 'Makguksu' is thin buckwheat noodles served in a cold beef broth with sesame seeds, sliced beef, cucumber, and spicy sauce.

Transportation
Chuncheon has a train transportation named Gyeonchun Line. With this track, it takes about one hour and twenty minutes from Chuncheon station to Yongsan station in Seoul. Also, it has subway transportation to Seoul. It takes about one hour and forty minutes from Chuncheon station to Sangbong station in Seoul. People can take either train or subway in Chuncheon station and Namchuncheon station. It has bus transportation too. Near Namchuncheon station, there is Chuncheon Bus Terminal. This connects to all major cities in mainland Korea.

Cities in South Korea

Chuncheon


The Greater Coat of Arms of the Realm, (or "Grote Rijkswapen"), is the Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The components of the coats of arms were regulated by Queen Wilhelmina in a Royal decree of July 10th 1907.

Description

The shield is crowned with the Dutch royal crown and supported by two lions. They stand on a scroll Azure with the text "Je Maintiendrai" (medieval French for "I will endure".)

The monarch places this coat of arms on a mantle lined with Ermine. Above the mantle is a pavilion Gules again topped with the royal crown.

In the Royal decree it is stated that the male successors can replace the crown on the shield by a helm.

History
This version of the coat of arms is in use since 1907.

Netherlands
National symbols of the Netherlands

Coat of arms of the Netherlands


Geneviève Bujold (born 1 July 1942) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Anne Boleyn in the 1969 movie Anne of the Thousand Days.

Life and career

Bujold was born in Montreal, Quebec, into a Catholic French Canadian working-class family. She received a strict convent education for twelve years. After that, she entered Montreal's Conservatoire d'art dramatique. There she was trained in the great classics of French theatre. She made her stage debut as Rosine in Beaumarchais' Le Barbier de Séville in 1962.

Bujold got her first major break in 1965, while on a theatrical tour in Paris. She was noticed by French director Alain Resnais, who offered her a role in his movie La guerre est finie, opposite Yves Montand. This led to her staying in France for a time. There she appeared in two other movies: Philippe de Broca's Le Roi de Coeur, opposite Alan Bates, and Louis Malle's Le voleur, opposite Jean-Paul Belmondo.

Back in Canada, Bujold married screenwriter/director/producer Paul Almond in 1967. She starred in three of his movies; Isabel (1968), The Act of the Heart (1970) and Journey (1972). She won the Canadian Film Award for best actress for the first two. The couple divorced in 1973, but worked again together in Final Assignment (1980) and The Dance Goes On (1991). The latter also featured their son Mathew Almond (born in 1968).

Bujold appeared in Michel Brault's Entre la mer et l'eau douce (1967). She appeared in Claude Jutra's Kamouraska (1973), and won her third Canadian Film Award for best actress for that role.

Bujold made notable appearances on American television (Hallmark Hall of Fame, NBC) in George Bernard Shaw's classic plays; Saint Joan in 1967, and Caesar and Cleopatra in 1976, the later opposite Sir Alec Guinness. She also appeared in Jean Anouilh's Antigone in 1974 (Great Performances, PBS).

International recognition came in 1969, when Bujold portrayed Anne Boleyn in Charles Jarrott's movie Anne of the Thousand Days, opposite Richard Burton's Henry VIII. Her performance won her the Golden Globe Award for best actress in a leading role and an Academy Award nomination in the same category. The following year, she played Cassandra in Michael Cacoyannis's movie version of The Trojan Women, opposite Katharine Hepburn, Vanessa Redgrave and Irene Papas.

Bujold is fluent in both French and English. She has worked steadily in the United States, Canada and France. Notable movies have included; Earthquake (1974), L'incorrigible (1975), Swashbuckler (1976), Obsession (1976), Another man, another chance (1977), Coma (1978), Murder by Decree (1979), Monsignor (1982), Tightrope (1984), Choose Me (1984), Dead Ringers (1988), The Moderns (1988), Les noces de papier (1989), Mon amie Max (1994), The House of Yes (1997), Eye of the Beholder (1999), Finding Home (2003), etc.

In 1994, she was chosen to play the lead character in the popular television series Star Trek: Voyager. She made headlines when she quit after the first episode, finding the shooting schedule too demanding.

Geneviève Bujold has lived in Malibu, California, since 1974. She has a second son, Emmanuel (born in 1980), with companion Dennis Hastings.

Awards

 1967 - Prix Suzanne Bianchetti for most promising actress in Le voleur
 1968 - Canadian Film Award for best actress in Isabel
 1969 - Golden Globe Award for best actress in Anne of the thousand days
 1970 - Canadian Film Award for best actress in The Act of the Heart
 1973 - Canadian Film Award for best actress in Kamouraska
 1979 - Genie Award for best supporting actress in Murder by Decree
 1990 - Prix Gémeaux for best actress in Les noces de papier

References

 The Canadian Film Encyclopedia, The Toronto Film Festival Group, November 2007.

1942 births
Actors from Montreal
Canadian movie actors
Living people

Geneviève Bujold


Roland Anthony Oliver FBA (30 March 1923 – 9 February 2014) was an Indian-born English academic and Emeritus Professor of African history at the University of London.

Throughout a long career he was an eminent researcher, writer, teacher, administrator and organiser, who had a profound effect on the development of African Studies in the United Kingdom.

Biography

Oliver was born in Srinagar, Kashmir, India in 1923.

Following his undergraduate and doctoral studies at the University of Cambridge between 1941 and 1948, Roland Oliver joined the staff of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) at the University of London, where he was successively Lecturer, Reader and Professor until his retirement in 1986. His appointment as a lecturer in African history marked the beginnings of the contemporary academic field of African history. The African History Seminar that he founded and chaired at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) became the most important venue for the advancement of the academic discipline of African history anywhere in the world, and has profoundly influenced all subsequent scholarship on the subject.

He travelled extensively throughout Africa in 1949-50 and 1957–58 and visited the continent almost every year since then. In 1953, 1957 and 1961 he organised international conferences on African history and archaeology, which did much to establish the subject as an academic discipline.

He was a founding editor, with John Fage, in 1960 of the Journal of African History and, again with John Fage, in 1960 of the Cambridge History of Africa which appeared in eight volumes between 1975 and 1986.

In 1963, he carried out a survey of 250 working Africanist academics in the United Kingdom and founded the African Studies Association of the UK (ASAUK) itself. He became its fourth President in 1966–67.

Oliver was visiting professor at the University of Brussels (1961), Northwestern University (1962), and Harvard University (1967). From 1979 to 1993 he was president of the British Institute in Eastern Africa.

The Cambridge History of Africa, and his influential Oxford History of East Africa, were produced in a decade between the late 1970s and late 1980s. These histories recognised and celebrated the long, rich history of Africa, which for the first half of the 20th century was previously thought by historians to have only a history "created" by white travellers, administrators and settlers.

In 2004, Oliver was awarded the Distinguished Africanist Award of the African Studies Association of the UK (ASAUK) and in 1993 he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy.

He died on 9 February 2014 at the age of 90 in Frilsham, Berkshire, England.

Books
The Missionary Factor in East Africa, 1952.
Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa, 1957.
A Short History of Africa (with John Fage), 1962, 6th edition 1988.
Africa since 1800 (with Anthony Atmore) 1967.
Africa in the Iron Age (with Brian Fagan) 1975.
The African Middle Ages (with Anthony Atmore) 1981.
The African Experience: From Olduvai Gorge to the 21st Century, 1991, Revised 1999.
In the Realms of Gold: Pioneering in African History, 1997.

References

External links
http://asauk.net/awards/africanist.shtml
http://www.perseusbooksgroup.com/Westview/author_detail.jsp?id=287392
http://www.africana.co.uk/collections/col_oliv.shtml

1923 births
2014 deaths
Historians of Africa
English Africanists
Indian Africanists
Academics of SOAS University of London
Fellows of the British Academy
Northwestern University faculty
Harvard University staff
British expatriates in the United States
Presidents of the African Studies Association of the United Kingdom

Roland Oliver


Bidsar (बीदसर) or Beedsar is a village in the Laxmangarh tehsil of the Sikar district of Rajasthan state in India.

History

Before independence, the village was inhabited by Garhwal Jats.It is considered that a person, name Bida established Bidsar. The village was dominated by Garhwal Jats.

Location

The village is  east of Laxmangarh and  from Nawalgarh. The borders villages and towns including Birodi Bari, Bidasar, Mirzwash, Dundlod and Nawalgarh. On the road into the village there is a well that supplies water to the village next to an abandoned well. On the left side of the road is a common area for Holi celebrations. There are many houses and a few shops to the left of the same road in village common area. One Banyan tree is planted by late Shree Ramu Ram Garhwal. The village school is on the right of the road to Laxmangarh leads to the Government Secondary School.

Economy

About 80% (1500) of the population are engaged in farming. Village agriculture is dependent on the monsoon rains although today many farms use artesian wells for irrigation.

Transportation
Bidsar is connected by a two lane asphalt road to Laxmangarh and Nawalgarh. Nawalgarh Railway station 8 km from Bidsar, is the nearest railway station, which is  well connected from Jaipur, Delhi and other cities.

Education
The villagers claim to be fully literate while all children now attend school. However, many women remain illiterate, although literacy rates are improving. Many students of the village have obtained admission to pioneering engineering institutes as well as into medical colleges.

Religion

Villagers follow the Hindu religion. Jats, Harijans, Brahmins live in the village. They celebrate all major Hindu festivals.

Religious places
 Hari Baba Ashram, Bidsar (Chatarana Johra)
 Bala Giri Baba (Bhisrana Johra)
 Ganesh Ji Mandir (Kumana Johra)
 Shiv Mandir (Bidsar Bus Stand)

Other websites
 Details of Sarpanch in Sikar
 List of all villages of Rajasthan with their Panchayat Samiti
 Sikar District Official Web Page

Villages in India
Settlements in Rajasthan

Bidsar


Adolf, Duke of Jülich-Berg (c. 1370 – 14 July 1437), was the first Duke of the combined duchies of Jülich and Berg.  He was the son of William II of Berg and Anna of the Palatinate.

In 1397, Adolf rebelled against his father along with his brother William, ravaged Düsseldorf and imprisoned his father. He was outlawed and was subsequently subdued in 1405. Upon his father's death in 1408, Adolf became the 2nd Duke of Berg.  Adolf fought against Lorraine and other pretenders for Bar but surrendered after his capture in 1417. His father's cousin, Reginald, Duke of Jülich and Guelders, had no heirs and upon his death in 1423, Adolf succeeded him in three-fourths of the Duchy, the fourth quarter (called Jülicher Quart) was inherited by John II of Loon, Lord of Heinsberg and Löwenberg, grandson of the first duke of Jülich, William V. The dukedom of Jülich passed to Adolf, thus becoming the first duke of the combined duchies of Jülich and Berg. John II. of Loon-Heinsberg was than also called Lord of Jülich. Adolf also began a year-long hereditary war against the House of Egmond for the dukedom of Guelders but could not win even with financial support from Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, who supported Adolf in this fight despite Adolf's opposition to Sigismund's coronation at Aachen in 1414. Adolf supported the Roman candidate in the Council of Constance which ended the Western Schism. He traditionally fought against the Archbishop of Cologne. He later secured Monschau-Montjoie and in 1428 he seized Lievandal-Wevelinghoven.

Adolf had only one son who died before him so after Adolf's death in 1437, the dukedom of Jülich-Berg passed to his nephew Gerhard, son of his brother William. Adolf died in Cologne on 14 July 1437 and is buried at Great St. Martin Church, Cologne.

Family and children
In 1397, Adolf was betrothed to Catherine of Brunswick-Lüneburg, daughter of Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg but this marriage was never consummated. In 1400 Adolf was married at the Château de Dun to Yolande of Bar (the younger) (c. 1378 – 10 January 1421), daughter of Robert I, Duke of Bar and Marie of Valois. On 14 February 1430 in Mainz, Adolf married a second time to Elisabeth of Bavaria (c. 1406 – 5 March 1468), daughter of Ernest, Duke of Bavaria and Elisabetta Visconti. Adolf had one child by his first wife:

 Rupert (died 2 August 1431), married 26 February 1426 Marie of Harcourt, daughter of John VI, Count of Harcourt and widow of Reginald, Duke of Jülich and Guelders, whose title had passed to Rupert's father.

References

External links
 Genealogie-mittelalter.de

Counts of Ravensberg
Dukes of Berg
Dukes of Jülich
1370 births
1437 deaths
House of Jülich

Adolf, Duke of Jülich-Berg


Diamagnetism is a type of magnetism. They very weakly repel magnets. Most substances are diamagnetic. It was discovered in 1778 when someone saw that bismuth and antimony repelled a magnet. Diamagnetic things can be levitated. A frog was levitated in a very strong magnet. Water can be repelled by a magnet because it is diamagnetic. It is too weak to be noticed normally, though.

Magnetism

Diamagnetism


Margaret of York (10 April 1472 – 11 December 1472) was a namesake niece of Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy. She was the fifth child and fourth daughter of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville.

She was a younger sister of Elizabeth of York, Mary of York, Cecily of York and Edward V of England and older sister of Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, Anne of York, George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford, Catherine of York and Bridget of York.

She was born in Winchester Castle but died of natural causes eight months later. She was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Margaret's sarcophagus was originally placed to fit in the steps of the shrine of St. Edward the Confessor, but it was moved to the edge of the chapel at the time of the dissolution of the monasteries. The step edging around the sides can, however, still be seen.

An annotated history of the Abbey in the Abbey's library states that the lid was removed in more modern times and the sarcophagus found to be empty. The monumental brass originally on the top of Margaret's tomb is long since missing, but the original wording around the edge and on the surface plaque was recorded historically.

Ancestry

1472 births
1472 deaths
People from Winchester
House of York
York, Margaret
English princesses
15th-century English women
15th-century English people
Children of Edward IV of England
Royalty who died as children
Daughters of kings

Margaret of York (1472)


Where's Waldo? Exploring Geography is an educational video game based on the Where's Waldo? book series.

Summary
In the game, the player must find Waldo, locate the missing athletes of the world, and find the missing Champions Cup. While finding Waldo and the athletes, the player will gather clues that lead to other athletes and the Champions Cup.

The game's activities can be played at three levels of difficulty, and is appropriate for all ages. The software contains hundreds of bright, colorful images and a musical score that reflects the different cultures of the world.

All of the features in the game are designed for variable outcomes, including Waldo's location in each screen. This allows the player to play multiple times without repeating the past experience.

Aside from being a purely entertainment-based program, the game's exercises are based upon the 1994 National Geography Standards.

References

1996 video games
Children's educational video games
Inscape (company) games
North America-exclusive video games
Single-player video games
Video games based on Where's Waldo?
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games

Where's Waldo?: Exploring Geography


Disney's Aladdin Junior (Aladdin Jr.) is a musical. It is based on the 1992 Disney animated movie, Aladdin. The music was written by Alan Menken. The lyrics were written by Howard Ashman and Tim Rice. The musical is written to be performed by child actors. It is one of the musicals in the Broadway Junior series by Music Theatre International.

Other websites
Disney's Aladdin Jr  at Broadwayjr.com

Broadway musicals
Musicals based on fairy tales
Musicals based on movies
Musicals by Tim Rice

Disney's Aladdin Junior