The Reader () is a novel by German law professor and judge Bernhard Schlink, published in Germany in 1995 and in the United States in 1997. The story is a parable, dealing with the difficulties post-war German generations have had comprehending the Holocaust; Ruth Franklin writes that it was aimed specifically at the generation Bertolt Brecht called the Nachgeborenen, those who came after. Like other novels in the genre of Vergangenheitsbewältigung, the struggle to come to terms with the past, The Reader explores how the post-war generations should approach the generation that took part in, or witnessed, the atrocities. These are the questions at the heart of Holocaust literature in the late 20th and early 21st century, as the victims and witnesses die and living memory fades.

Schlink's book was well received in his native country and elsewhere, winning several awards. Der Spiegel wrote that it was one of the greatest triumphs of German literature since Günter Grass's The Tin Drum. It sold 500,000 copies in Germany and was listed 14th of the 100 favorite books of German readers in a television poll in 2007. It won the German Hans Fallada Prize in 1998, and became the first German book to top The New York Times bestselling books list. It has been translated into 45 different languages and has been included in the curricula of college-level courses in Holocaust literature and German language and German literature. It was adapted by David Hare into the 2008 film of the same name directed by Stephen Daldry; the film was nominated for five Academy Awards, with Kate Winslet winning for her portrayal of Hanna Schmitz.

Synopsis

Characters
Michael Berg, a German man who is first portrayed as a 15-year-old boy and is revisited at later parts of his life; notably, when he is a researcher in legal history, divorced with one daughter, Julia. Like many of his generation, he struggles to come to terms with his country's recent history.
Hanna Schmitz, a former guard at Auschwitz. She is 36, illiterate and working as a tram conductor in Neustadt when she first meets 15-year-old Michael. She takes a dominant position in their relationship.
Sophie,  a friend of Michael's when he is in school, and on whom he probably has a crush. She is almost the first person whom he tells about Hanna. When he begins his friendship with her, he begins to "betray" Hanna by denying her relationship with him and by cutting short his time with Hanna to be with Sophie and his other friends.
Michael's father, a philosophy professor who specializes in Kant and Hegel. During the Nazi era he lost his job for giving a lecture on Spinoza and had to support himself and his family by writing hiking guidebooks. He is very formal and requires his children to make appointments to see him. He is emotionally stiff and does not easily express his emotions to Michael or his three siblings, which exacerbates the difficulties Hanna creates for Michael. By the time Michael is narrating the story, his father is dead.
Michael's mother, seen briefly. Michael has fond memories of her pampering him as a child, which his relationship with Hanna reawakens. A psychoanalyst tells him he should consider his mother's effect on him more, since she barely figures in his retelling of his life.
Jewish woman, who wrote about surviving the death march from Auschwitz. She lives in New York City when Michael visits her near the end of the story, still suffering from the loss of her own family.

Part 1
The story is told in three parts by the main character, Michael Berg. Each part takes place in a different time period in the past. Part I begins in a West German city in 1958. After 15-year-old Michael becomes ill on his way home, 36-year-old tram conductor Hanna Schmitz notices him, cleans him up, and sees him safely home. He spends the next three months absent from school battling hepatitis. He visits Hanna to thank her for her help and realizes he is attracted to her.  Embarrassed after she catches him watching her getting dressed, he runs away, but he returns days later.  After she asks him to retrieve coal from her cellar, he is covered in coal dust; she watches him bathe and seduces him. He returns eagerly to her apartment on a regular basis, and they begin a heated affair. They develop a practice of bathing and having sex, before which she frequently has him read aloud to her, especially classical literature, such as The Odyssey and Chekhov's The Lady with the Dog. Both remain somewhat distant from each other emotionally, despite their physical closeness. Hanna is at times physically and verbally abusive to Michael. Months into the relationship, she suddenly leaves without a trace. The distance between them had been growing as Michael had been spending more time with his school friends; he feels guilty and believes it was something he did that caused her departure. The memory of her taints all his other relationships with women.

Part 2
Six years later, while attending law school, Michael is part of a group of students observing a war crimes trial. A group of middle-aged women who had served as SS guards at a satellite of Auschwitz in occupied Poland are being tried for allowing 300 Jewish women under their ostensible "protection" to die in a fire locked in a church that had been bombed during the evacuation of the camp. The incident was chronicled in a book written by one of the few survivors, who emigrated to the United States after the war; she is the main prosecution witness at the trial.

Michael is stunned to see that Hanna is one of the defendants, sending him on a roller coaster of complex emotions. He feels guilty for having loved a remorseless criminal and at the same time is mystified at Hanna's willingness to accept full responsibility for supervising the other guards despite evidence proving otherwise. She is accused of writing the account of the fire.

At first she denies this, then in a panic admits it in order not to have to provide a sample of her handwriting. Michael, horrified, realizes then that Hanna has a secret that she refuses to reveal at any cost—that she is illiterate. This explains many of Hanna's actions: her refusal of the promotion that would have removed her from the responsibility of supervising these women and also the fear she carried her entire life of being discovered.

During the trial, it transpires that she took in the weak, sickly women and had them read to her before they were sent to the gas chambers. Michael is uncertain if she wanted to make their last days bearable or if she sent them to their death so they would not reveal her secret.

She is convicted and sentenced to life in prison while the other women receive only minor sentences. After much deliberation, he chooses not to reveal her secret for fear of making her situation worse, as their relationship was a forbidden one because he was a minor at the time.

Part 3
Years have passed, Michael is divorced and has a daughter. He is trying to come to terms with his feelings for Hanna and begins taping readings of books and sending them to her without any correspondence while she is in prison. Hanna begins to teach herself to read, and then write in a childlike way, by borrowing the books from the prison library and following the tapes along in the text. She writes to Michael, but he cannot bring himself to reply. After 18 years, Hanna is about to be released, so he agrees (after hesitation) to find her a place to stay and employment, visiting her in prison. On the day of her release in 1983, she commits suicide, and Michael is heartbroken. Michael learns from the warden that she had been reading books by many prominent Holocaust survivors, such as Elie Wiesel, Primo Levi, Tadeusz Borowski, and histories of the camps. The warden, in her anger towards Michael for communicating with Hanna only by audio tapes, expresses Hanna's disappointment. Hanna left him an assignment: give all her money to the survivor of the church fire.

While in the U.S., Michael travels to New York to visit the Jewish woman who was a witness at the trial, and who wrote the book about the winter death march from Auschwitz. She can see his terrible conflict of emotions and he finally tells of his youthful relationship with Hanna. The unspoken damage she left to the people around her hangs in the air. He describes his short, cold marriage, and his distant relationship with his daughter. The woman understands, but nonetheless refuses to take the savings Hanna had asked Michael to convey to her, saying, "Using it for something to do with the Holocaust would really seem like an absolution to me, and that is something I neither wish nor care to grant." She asks that he donate it as he sees fit; he chooses a Jewish charity for combating illiteracy, in Hanna's name. Having had a caddy stolen from her when she was a child in the camp, the woman does take the old tea caddy in which Hanna had kept her money and mementos. Returning to Germany, and with a letter of thanks for the donation made in Hanna's name, Michael visits Hanna's grave after 10 years for the first and only time.

Literary elements

Style
Schlink's tone is sparse; he writes with an "icy clarity that simultaneously reveals and conceals," as Ruth Franklin puts it, a style exemplified by the bluntness of chapter openings at key turns in the plot, such as the first sentence of chapter seven: "The next night I fell in love with her." His "clear and unadorned language enhances the authenticity of the text," according to S. Lillian Kremer, and the short chapters and streamlined plot recall detective novels and increase the realism. Schlink's main theme is how his generation, and indeed all generations after the Third Reich, have struggled to come to terms with the crimes of the Nazis: "the past which brands us and with which we must live." For his cohorts, there was the unique position of being blameless and the sense of duty to call to account their parents' generation:

But while he would like it to be as simple as that, his experience with Hanna complicates matters:

Hanna and Michael's asymmetrical relationship enacts, in microcosm, the pas de deux of older and younger Germans in the postwar years: Michael concludes that "the pain I went through because of my love for Hanna was, in a way, the fate of my generation, a German fate." This idea plays itself out in the scene where the student Michael hitchhikes to the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp site during the trial, to get what he hopes will be some sense of the place. The driver who picks him up is an older man who questions him closely about what he believes motivated those who carried out the killings, then offers an answer of his own:

After the man tells an anecdote about a photograph of Jews being shot in Russia, one that he supposedly saw, but which showed an unusual level of insight into what a Nazi officer might have been thinking, Michael suspects him of being that officer and confronts him. The man stops the car and asks him to leave.

Metaphor
Germany had the highest literacy rate in Europe; Franklin suggests that Hanna's illiteracy represented the ignorance that allowed ordinary people to commit atrocities. Nicholas Wroe, in The Guardian, likewise writes of the relationship between Hanna's illiteracy and the Third Reich's "moral illiteracy," and Ron Rosenbaum of Slate says that Hanna is "a stand-in for the German people and their supposed inability to 'read' the signs that mass murder was being done in their name, by their fellow citizens."

Michael's relationship with Hanna, partly erotic and partly maternal, stands for the ambivalent relationship of present-day Germany and its Nazi past: the past is "mother" of Michael's generation, and he eventually finds out, like other Germans of his generation, that his "parents" were guilty. "The paralyzing shame, the psychic numbing, the moral failures of the 'lucky late-born' are the novel's central focus," writes Suzanne Ruta in The New York Times. Only through his relationship with Hanna can Michael get well; Franklin interprets that to mean that "postwar Germany is sick, and it can begin to heal only through its encounter with the Nazi past." Richard Bernstein of the New York Times also notes that "In some sense, perhaps, Hanna can be seen to stand in for the larger German quandary of remembrance and atonement," but prefers not to read the novel as an allegory.

That said, the novel is about Michael, not Hanna; the original German title, Der Vorleser, specifically indicates one who reads aloud, as Michael does for Hanna.

The Reader abounds with references to representations of the Holocaust, both external and internal to Michael's narrative, some real and some invented by Schlink. Of the latter, the most important is the book by the death-march survivor that constitutes the basis of the case against Hanna. It is summarized at some length and even briefly quoted, although its title is never given. Michael must read it in English since its German translation has not yet been published: "(It was) an unfamiliar and laborious exercise at the time. And as always, the alien language, unmastered and struggled over, created a strange concatenation of distance and immediacy." On a second reading in later life, he says, "it is the book that creates distance." For Michael, written media alone cannot convey a full impression of the Holocaust: the victims are not sympathetic, and the oppressors are too faceless to be judged. He cannot muster up the empathy to "make the experience part of his internal life," according to Froma Zeitlin. Hanna, however, has the opposite experience upon reading books by Holocaust survivors. She tells Michael:

I always had the feeling that no one understood me anyway, that no one knew who I was and what made me do this or that. And you know, when no one understands you, no one can call you to account. Not even the court could call me to account. But the dead can. They understand. They don't even have to have been there, but if they do, they understand even better. Here in prison they were with me a lot. They came every night, whether I wanted them to or not. Before the trial I could still chase them away when they wanted to come.

When she asks the judge at her trial, "What would you have done?" about whether she should have left her job at Siemens and taken the guard position, her question indicates that she does not know that she could have acted differently, and her statement that there was "no alternative" claims a lack of moral responsibility. As a result of her shame at being illiterate, she has not only let the bulk of the crime be pinned on her, she has let those with a greater share of responsibility escape full accountability. Franklin writes that this is the moral center of the novel—that Hanna, as Michael puts it, chooses exposure as a criminal over exposure as an illiterate—and in Franklin's view the novel cannot recover from the weakness of this position. Franklin regards it not only as implausible, but the implication that Hanna chose the job and acted as she did because of her illiteracy appears intended to exonerate her. Her Nazism was accidental, and Franklin writes that Schlink offers no guidance about how to punish a brutality of convenience, rather than of ideology.

Michael is aware that all his attempts to visualize what Hanna might have been like back then, what happened, are colored by what he has read and seen in movies. He feels a difficult identification with the victims when he learns that Hanna often picked one prisoner to read to her, as she chose him later on, only to send that girl to Auschwitz and the gas chamber after several months. Did she do it to make the last months of the condemned more bearable, or to keep her secret safe? Michael's inability to both condemn and understand springs from this. He asks himself and the reader:

What should our second generation have done, what should it do with the knowledge of the horrors of the extermination of the Jews?  We should not believe we can comprehend the incomprehensible, we may not compare the incomparable, we may not inquire because to make the horrors an object of inquiry is to make the horrors an object of discussion, even if the horrors themselves are not questioned, instead of accepting them as something in the face of which we can only fall silent in revulsion, shame and guilt. Should we only fall silent in revulsion, shame and guilt? To what purpose?

Intertextuality
The books read in the novel, both by Michael to Hanna and by Hanna herself, are significant. Michael selects texts from the Enlightenment, "with its emphasis on moral and ethical absolutes," and German classics by which means he tries to reclaim German heritage. The texts include Friedrich Schiller's Intrigue and Love and Gotthold Lessing's Emilia Galotti.

Katharina Hall writes that the novel itself relies on intertextual knowledge: it "reworks the 'Väterliteratur' model of the 1970s and 1980s," which depicts the relationship between the first and second generations; here, however, the relationship is sexual rather than parent-child. She also notes the invoking of tropes present in mass-market romance fiction, though the gender roles are inverted.

Themes

Memory and History

The Reader takes readers back into history through the lens of young man who falls in love with the mystery of an older woman. The setting of this love story takes places in postwar Germany, specifically the 1960s, right when children started asking, "Daddy, what'd you do in the war?". An era compiled with many different memories and perspective that were absorbed into what one refers to as history. Through the study of history and memory comparison the German term, "Vergangenheitsbewältigung (VGB)", has emerged in literary publishings and is defined as "overcoming the past". The protagonist, Michael Berg, is faced with the predicament where it comes to light that the woman he once loved had an intimate role in the horrid actions of the Holocaust and struggles with his post memory. Questioning morality, comparability, silence, guilt, and shame; the author writes,At the same time I ask myself, as I had already begun to ask myself back then: What should our second generation have done, what should I do with the knowledge of the horrors of the extermination of the Jews? We should not believe we can comprehend the incomprehensible, we may not compare the incomparable, we may not inquire because to inquire is to make the horrors an object of discussion, even if the horrors themselves are not questioned, instead  of accepting them as something the face of which we can only fall silent in revulsion, shame and guilt. Should we only fall silent in revulsion, shame, and guilt? To what purpose?.Schlink puts readers into Michael's shoes and questions influence memories hold in the remembrance of history. Reflecting upon the responsibilities of the next generation and their interpretation of how things should be remembered and memorialized. An additional form of historical remembrance is the Lieux de mémoire project. A concept that considers the study of remembrance either through memorials and monuments or cities, symbols, and novels like this one and considers their effect on how history is viewed today.

Reception
The Reader sold 500,000 copies in Germany. It received several literary awards and many favorable reviews. In 2004, when the television network ZDF published a list of the 100 favorite books of German readers, it was 14th, the second-highest ranking for any contemporary German novel on the list. Critic Rainer Moritz of Die Welt wrote that it took "the artistic contrast between private and public to the absurd." Werner Fuld wrote in Focus that "one must not let great themes roll away, when one can truly write about them." In 1998 The Reader was awarded the Hans Fallada Prize, a German literary award.

As of 2002 the novel had been translated into 25 languages. Writing in The New York Times, Richard Bernstein called it "arresting, philosophically elegant, (and) morally complex." While finding the ending too abrupt Suzanne Ruta said in the New York Times Book Review that "daring fusion of 19th-century post-romantic, post-fairy-tale models with the awful history of the 20th century makes for a moving, suggestive and ultimately hopeful work." It went on to sell two million copies in the United States (many of them after it was featured in Oprah's Book Club in 1999) 200,000 copies in the UK, 100,000 in France, and in South Africa it was awarded the 1999 Boeke Prize.

Criticism
Schlink's approach toward Hanna's culpability in the Final Solution has been a frequent complaint about the book. Early on he was accused of revising or falsifying history. In the Süddeutsche Zeitung, Jeremy Adler accused him of "cultural pornography" and said the novel simplifies history and compels its readers to identify with the perpetrators. In the English-speaking world, Frederic Raphael wrote that no one could recommend the book "without having a tin ear for fiction and a blind eye for evil." Ron Rosenbaum, criticizing the film adaptation of The Reader, wrote that even if Germans like Hanna were metaphorically "illiterate", "they could have heard it from Hitler's mouth in his infamous 1939 radio broadcast to Germany and the world, threatening extermination of the Jews if war started. You had to be deaf, dumb, and blind, not merely illiterate… You'd have to be exceedingly stupid." (This refers to the January 30, 1939 statement to the Reichstag, later deliberately misdated to 1 September 1939)

Cynthia Ozick in Commentary Magazine called it a "product, conscious or not, of a desire to divert (attention) from the culpability of a normally educated population in a nation famed for Kultur." Ozick's reading of the novel was challenged by Richard H. Weisberg, who highlighted a passage in the novel where Hanna strikes Michael repeatedly with a leather strap drawing blood and splitting his lip. In Weisberg's view, Schlink has Hanna revert to concentration-camp mode, the split lip reminding us of the bloodletting of millions. Jeffrey I. Roth replied that Ozick had misread the novel, confusing the perspective of the immature and impressionable narrator, Michael Berg, who loves Hanna and cannot condemn her entirely, with the point of view of the author, Bernhard Schlink, who writes of Hanna, "That woman was truly brutal."  Roth found in Hanna an unsympathetic character who behaves brutally and never fully accepts her criminal responsibility, making Ozick's suggestion, that Schlink wants us to sympathize with Hanna and by extension her Nazi cohorts, implausible.

As critics of The Reader argued increasingly on historical grounds, pointing out that everybody in Germany could and should have known about Hitler's intentions towards the Jews, there has not been a great deal of discussion about the character "Hanna" having been born not in Germany proper, but in the City of Hermannstadt (modern-day Sibiu), a long-standing centre of German culture in Transylvania, Romania. The first study on the reasons Germans from Transylvania entered the SS painted a complex picture. It appeared only in 2007, 12 years after the novel was published; in general, discussions on The Reader have solidly placed Hanna in the context of Germany.

Schlink wrote that "in Israel and New York the older generation liked the book," but those of his own generation were more likely to criticize Michael (and his) inability to fully condemn Hanna. He added, "I've heard that criticism several times but never from the older generation, people who have lived through it."

Film adaptation

The film version, adapted by David Hare and directed by Stephen Daldry, was released in December 2008.  Kate Winslet played Hanna, with David Kross as the young Michael and Ralph Fiennes as the older man. Bruno Ganz and Lena Olin played supporting roles. It was nominated for five Academy Awards including Best Picture. Winslet won the Oscar for leading actress.

Notes

Further reading

BBC World Book Club. Podcast of Bernhard Schlink talking about The Reader, January 1, 2011, accessed January 20, 2011.
Oprah's Book Club. "The Reader", December 5, 2008, accessed January 20, 2011.
UC Santa Barbara. "Reading guide for Schlink: The Reader", accessed January 20, 2011.
Project work by a German class "The Reader by Bernhard Schlink - Summary, characterizations and interpretations", accessed March 31, 2015.
Vintage Books and Anchor Books. "The Reader Reading Group Guide", accessed January 20, 2011.
Complete book review, analysis and interpretation "The Reader - Bernhard Schlink - Projectwork", accessed December 18, 2012.

1995 German novels
German-language novels
German novels adapted into films
Novels about the aftermath of the Holocaust
Vergangenheitsbewältigung
Novels set in the 1950s
Novels set in the 1960s
Fiction set in 1958
Sexuality and age in fiction

The Reader


Divination (Greek μαντεια, from μαντις "seer") is an attempt to get information through omens or supernatural things. The verb form is to divine, but this should not be confused with the adjective divine. Divining the outcome of things has been done by many different methods, such as the ones listed below.

Divination is different from fortune-telling. Divination is more ritual, usually religious. Fortune-telling is more for personal things.

Types of divination

 Astrology (by celestial bodies)
 Ailuromancy (by the behaviour of felines)
 Augury (by the flight of birds)
 Aura-Soma, based on colors
 Bibliomancy (by book, frequently but not always a religious text)
 Cartomancy (by cards, e.g., playing cards, tarot cards, and non-tarot oracle cards; see also Taromancy)
 Cheiromancy (by palms; see Palmistry)
 Chronomancy (by time; lucky/unlucky days)
 Coscinomancy (by a sieve)
 Crystallomancy (by crystals or other reflecting objects; see also Scrying)
 Extispicy (from the entrails of sacrificed animals)
 Geomancy (by earth), includes Feng Shui divination
 Graphology (by handwriting)
 I Ching divination (ancient Chinese divination using I Ching): (But using an I Ching manual can make it also a form of Bibliomancy/Stichomancy)
 Heruspicy (by the organs of sacrificed animals)
 Necromancy (by trying to ask the dead)
 Numerology (by numbers)
 Oneiromancy/Incubatio (by dreams)
 Onomancy (by names)
 Ouija board divination
 Palmistry (by palm inspection)
 Phrenology (by the shape of one's head)
 Pyromancy, or pyroscopy (by fire)
 Rhabdomancy divination by rods
 Scrying ("seeing" in a crystal ball, a mirror, or water)
 Runecasting / Runic divination (by runes)
 Sternomancy (by markings or bumps on the chest)
 Taromancy (by specially designed cards: Tarot; see also Cartomancy)

Related pages
Oracle

Other websites

Apple Divination
Ancient Astrology and Divination on the Web , resources on Greco-Roman and Mesopotamian divination
W. R. Halliday, Greek Divination  (1913), a complete scanned edition of the most recent general treatment of Greek divination
1913 Catholic Encyclopedia: Divination
Divination Methods
 Encyclopedia Iranica: Divination
Theory of Divination by Tim Maroney, exploring different possibilities
The Sator Formula engraved on a human skull

Occult

Divination


The Pittsburgh Center for the Arts (PCA) is a non-profit community arts campus that offers arts education programs and contemporary art exhibitions in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.

It also provides services and resources for artists throughout Western Pennsylvania. PCA provides a venue for the community to create, see, support, and learn about visual arts. Founded in 1945, PCA is located at 6300 Fifth Avenue in the Shadyside neighborhood.  Though, according to the City of Pittsburgh Map, the center is located in the Point Breeze neighborhood.

Famed artist Keith Haring had his first one-man exhibition at the Pittsburgh Center for the Arts in 1978 before moving to New York City and becoming one of the most prolific artists of the late 20th century.

History

Founding
The PCA's opened on March 17, 1945, as the "Arts and Craft Center" at Fifth and Shady Avenues. Almost 1000 Pittsburghers gathered at the opening night ceremonies, headed by Mayor Cornelius D. Scully, J. Bailey Ellis, who was named chairman of the Center, and Mrs. Charles D. Marshall, who publicly turned the key to her home over to the city.

Ten artist groups comprised the center at its founding:
 Pittsburgh Drama League (founded 1913)
 Pennsylvania Guild of Craftsmen (founded 1944)
 Weavers Guild of Pittsburgh (founded 1940)
 Society of Sculptors (founded 1934)
 Pittsburgh Civic Ballet (founded 1941)
 Abstract Artists Group of Pittsburgh
 Musician's Club of Pittsburgh (founded 1913)
 Associated Artists of Pittsburgh (founded 1910)
 Contemporary Dance Group
 Authors' Club (founded 1918).

The first program after the grand opening was a musicale given by the Musician's Club on March 25, 1945. Each of the ten groups was responsible for holding five programs open to the public each year. The first Christmas Bazaar was held in November 1946, and continues today as the Holiday Sale.

The organization was chartered in July 1947. The first annual meeting to which all members of the various artist groups were invited was held on January 12, 1948. The newly revised by-laws were read and accepted. The elected board and officers were unpaid.

The center's dedication to improving the overall quality of life in Pittsburgh through education has been an essential part of its philosophy from the beginning. The first mention of classes appeared in the minutes of the June 1947 board meeting. University of Pittsburgh professor Walter Hovey, then president of the Pennsylvania Guild of Craftsmen, asked for the use of the kitchen in order to hold a jewelry class for some 40 students.

In addition to education, the center has always sought to promote regional art. In 1948, the first Everyman's Art Show was held, open to the region's amateurs. The first Artist of the Year show was held in January 1949, honoring painter Balcombe Greene. In the April 1954, the Center went on the air on WQED-TV with the weekly, half-hour series You, the Artists hosted by sculptor Everett Sturgeon. From 1981 to 1989, the center renewed its relationship with WQED with the weekly Lyceum (later Studio 13,) hosted by Mary Rawson. Ongoing attempts were made in print as well, starting from the earliest days with a mimeographed newsletter, Musings, from 1975-79 with Quidnunc, and later in expanded course catalogs and the quarterly Art Lines.

Reorganizing
Eventually, volunteers could not keep abreast of an increasingly complex artistic and organizational environment. By the late 1960s, the center's administration resembled "an octopus without a head," according to the Pittsburgh Press's Patricia Lowry. Artist Danny Butts was engaged as the center's first full-time director. He was succeeded by businessman Jerrold Rouby in 1970. Additional paid positions were added then: an education director and sales director. The Center's classes and enrollment expanded during Rouby's tenure.

In 1975, Audrey Bethel became the center's director. Under her leadership, the groundwork was laid for many changes. Nationally known artists visited the center, the board of directors was restructured, and the center's name was changed. Cheryl Towers became director in 1981, and later hired ceramicist Sande Deitch as full-time exhibitions director. Deitch became director of the Center in 1987; Murray Horne became exhibitions director.

Post-1990s

For the center, the late 1990s were marked with ambitious programs, but also financial difficulty. In February 2002, five staff—including Executive Director Laura Willumsen and Curator Vicky Clark—were laid off and the exhibitions department eliminated. In August 2004, 13 staff members were laid off. The center was approximately $1 million in debt, and its doors were closed.

The center has offered special prizes of Artist of the Year and Emerging Artist of the Year, along with its Biennial exhibitions of local contemporary artists. Previous winners of prizes include Delanie Jenkins, Clayton Merrill, and George Anastasios Magalios.

In September 2004, Charlie Humphrey became the unpaid interim director of PCA. The center reopened, after having been closed only for a few weeks. In relatively short order, missed payments to artists were rectified and relationships with foundations were repaired.

In January 2006, following votes by the Pittsburgh Filmmakers membership, Pittsburgh Center for the Arts board and Pittsburgh Filmmakers board, the merger of the two organizations became final. The Pittsburgh Filmmakers by-laws were carried over as the by-laws of the merged organization.

In Fall 2010, the combined Pittsburgh Filmmakers/Pittsburgh Center for the Arts entered into merger discussions with the Pittsburgh Glass Center.  By May 2011, the talks had failed, with the Pittsburgh Glass Center withdrawing from negotiations.

Facilities
Throughout the years many renovations were made at both the Marshall building, which houses the galleries, and the Scaife building, which houses the school. The last major renovation was to the Marshall building, which reopened March 24, 1990 with a dedication by Mayor Sophie Masloff to 800 guests, including Jane Marshall Fisher, granddaughter of the building's original donor.

The center has a campus arrangement of four buildings, three of which (two mansions and a carriage house) are rented from the city for $1.00 per year. The fourth structure houses newly built kilns.

PCA buildings
For the industrialists in the early 1900s, a major living area was Pittsburgh's East End, where a building boom was underway. A parade of mansions were commissioned along Fifth Avenue to what became known as "Millionaires Row" for some of the wealthiest and most celebrated families in Pittsburgh, such as the Mellons, the Benedums, and the Fricks.

In 1909, one of the most impressive mansions built was the 65-room Richard Beatty Mellon House on the  of land bordering Fifth Avenue, Shady Avenue and Beechwood Boulevard on what is now known as Mellon Park. Richard Beatty Mellon and his wife Jennie King Mellon raised two children, Sarah Cordelia King Mellon and Richard King Mellon. Jennie King Mellon had a love for flowers and had two very large flower gardens facing Beechwood Boulevard, which still exists in Mellon Park today. Next to the mansion was a garage and carriage house, which housed servants on the second floor. This carriage house was donated to the City and is now the Phipps Garden Center. The 65-room mansion was torn down in 1941.

In 1904, there was another earlier Tudor revival mansion built on the Mellon Estate. It was given as a wedding gift in 1927 to Richard Beatty's daughter Sarah, who married Alan Magee Scaife, fifth generation industrialist and the Director of Mellon National Bank. In February 1946, the Scaifes also donated their home and property to the City. This mansion is now the Scaife Building that houses the Pittsburgh Center for the Arts School.

Next door to the Mellon Estate, on the corner of Fifth and Shady Avenues, Charles D. Marshall, president and co-owner of the McClintic-Marshall Construction Company, which later became Bethlehem Steel, built his mansion. Completed in 1912, the Marshall mansion was an impressive formal 17th-Century Carolean-inspired building. In 1943, Charles Marshall also donated his house at 6300 Fifth Avenue to the city. The city was responsible for only the exterior maintenance. The Marshall mansion became the Arts and Crafts Center of Pittsburgh in 1945. In 1980, the name was again changed to what is now known as the Pittsburgh Center for the Arts.

External links

 PCA homepage

References

Culture of Pittsburgh
Organizations based in Pittsburgh
Arts centers in Pennsylvania
Tourist attractions in Pittsburgh
Houses completed in 1912
Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks
1945 establishments in Pennsylvania
Museums in Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh Center for the Arts


Charles Thomas Osborne (24 November 1927 – 23 September 2017) was an Australian journalist, theatre and opera critic, poet and novelist. He was the assistant editor of The London Magazine from 1958 until 1966, literature director of the Arts Council of Great Britain from 1971 until 1986, and chief theatre critic of Daily Telegraph (London) from 1986 to 1991.

He is the only author the Agatha Christie Estate has ever allowed to produce adapted works in her name.

Life and career
Osborne was born in Brisbane, Australia. He taught himself to play the piano and at age 18 he began singing lessons.

Osborne's father hailed originally from Devon and his mother was from Vienna, a fact to which he attributes his lifelong love of opera. He went to school locally, then studied at the University of Queensland. Osborne then worked in literary and musical journalism and in repertory theatre in Australia and Britain, where he settled permanently in 1953. He played the role of Front Gunner Foxlee in the film The Dam Busters (1955), and acted in many plays across the UK including Black Coffee by Agatha Christie, which he later adapted as a novel.

From 1958, he was assistant editor of The London Magazine, founded by John Lehmann, which publishes poems, short stories and literary reviews. Osborne himself wrote poetry from an early age. He published three collections of poetry, including Swansong in 1968.

Between 1971 and 1986 he was literature director of the Arts Council of Great Britain. This involved dispensing government grants, and Osborne, perhaps inevitably, given the nature of the position, became embroiled in the so-called "poetry wars" that took place during the 1970s. Osborne  gave an account of his tenure at the Arts Council in his autobiography Giving it Away: Memoirs of a Uncivil Servant.  This sheds light on his influential role at the Arts Council, as does Peter Barry's 2006 book, Poetry Wars: British Poetry of the 1970s and the Battle of Earl's Court.

Between 1986 and 1991, Osborne was chief drama critic for the Daily Telegraph. He continued to write journalism on a wide variety of arts, leading to Vogue magazine dubbing him an uomo universale (universal man).

Osborne wrote about opera and published books on Verdi, Wagner, Mozart, Puccini, Richard Strauss and the bel canto operas. His book, The Complete Operas of Verdi, was the first on that composer by someone who had actually seen all the operas staged. It was translated into Italian and published by . The Opera Lover's Companion appeared in 2004. He also from early years in London wrote sleeve notes LP covers, and served on the editorial board of Opera magazine from 1970 to 1999.

Osborne published an original novel, Pink Danube, in 2000 and adapted works for the stage as novels, which have been widely reprinted and translated into many languages. His novelised versions of Black Coffee (1998), The Unexpected Guest (1999) and Spider's Web (2000), all originally by Agatha Christie, have proved enduringly popular with readers. He also adapted Blithe Spirit (2004), by Noël Coward, and Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest.

Osborne held an honorary doctorate from Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, for services to the arts and was a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. He was a former president, and later council member, of the UK Critics Circle.

In 2009, the Italian state conferred on him the honorific title of Commendatore dell'Ordine della Stella della solidarietà italiana, known as the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity, for his outstanding contribution to the life and works of Verdi.

In 2011, The King's Head Theatre, London, staged a successful world premiere of an Oscar Wilde play, Constance. The only play by Wilde previously unproduced, Constance was unearthed, translated and adapted by Osborne from the original French. Professor Joseph Bristow, a Wilde scholar based at UCLA wrote "Constance presents us with a startling Wildean drama in an arresting style. I left the King's Head Theater realizing that Wilde might have truly become the Irish Ibsen of his day."

He died on 23 September 2017.

Selected works
 General
 Kafka, Oliver & Boyd, London 1967
 Swansong (poems), Shenval Press, London 1968
 The Opera House Album, Robson Books 1979
 W. H. Auden: The Life of a Poet, Methuen, London 1980
 Letter to W. H. Auden and Other Poems, Calder Publications 1984
 Giving it Away (memoirs), Secker & Warburg, London 1986
 Black Coffee (Agatha Christie), Collins Crime, London 1998
 The Life and Crimes of Agatha Christie, HarperCollins, London 1982, updated 1999
 Spider's Web (Agatha Christie), HarperCollins, London 1999
 The Unexpected Guest (Agatha Christie), HarperCollins, London 2000
 Murder in Three Stages (Agatha Christie), HarperCollins, London 2007

 Music
 The Complete Operas of Verdi, Victor Gollancz, London 1969
 Wagner and his World, Thames & Hudson, London 1977
 The Complete Operas of Puccini, Victor Gollancz, London 1981
 How to Enjoy Opera, Piatkus, London 1982
 The Dictionary of Opera, Macdonald & Co, London, 1983
 The Complete Operas of Wagner, Victor Gollancz, London 1990
 The Complete Operas of Strauss, Victor Gollancz, London 1992
 The Complete Operas of Mozart, Victor Gollancz, London 1992
 The Bel Canto Operas, Methuen Publishing Ltd, London 1994
 The Opera Lover's Companion, Yale University Press

References

Sources
Publisher's biographical note added to Osborne, Charles: The Complete Operas of Wagner (1992), Victor Gollancz Ltd, London

External links
 Entry at AustLit

1927 births
2017 deaths
Australian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Australian people of Austrian descent
Australian people of English descent
British music critics
British music journalists
British theatre critics
British writers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Opera critics
People educated at Brisbane State High School
Writers from Brisbane
University of Queensland alumni
Verdi scholars

Charles Osborne (music writer)


Drew Neitzel (born May 7, 1985) is an American former professional basketball player.

Basketball career

High school
Neitzel attended Wyoming Park High School in Wyoming, Michigan.  He holds the school career records for points (2,462) and assists (692), while ranking second in the state in assists and sixth in scoring.  Graduating in 2004, Neitzel received many honors and awards, including the 2004 Mr. Basketball of Michigan.  He was also awarded membership on the 2004 Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News Dream Team, Associated Press Class B Player of the Year, 2004 fourth-team Parade All-American, and Class B Academic All-State.  His single game high scoring effort was against Hudsonville in 2003 when he scored 57 points.

College
Neitzel started his college basketball career in 2004–05.  He appeared in 33 games, starting 14 of the final 15 contests. Ranked second on the team with 97 assists (2.9 per game) and an assist-to-turnover ratio of 2.06-to-1, he led all Big Ten freshmen in assists and led the Michigan State Spartans in assists in seven games. He was also named to the Big Ten All-Freshmen Team. He was a key part of a Spartan team that reached the Final Four, losing to eventual champion North Carolina.

During the 2005–06 season Neitzel started all 34 games at point guard averaging 8.3 points per contest and ranking third in the Big Ten in assists (5.56) first in assist-to-turnover ratio (2.86) and sixth in 3-point field-goal percentage (.404).  Neitzel started 35 of 36 games in 2006–07, averaging 35.7 minutes per game and 18.1 ppg to lead the team. He led the Big Ten in free-throw percentage (.879) and in 3-point field goals made (3.26 pg).

On February 28, 2007, Neitzel was named First-Team All-District 11 by the National Association of Basketball Coaches.  This honor made him eligible for the All-American Teams at the end of the season.

As of March 6, 2007 Neitzel was named to the First-Team All-Big Ten. Neitzel finished the regular season averaging 18.3 points per game, ranking fourth in the Big Ten. In conference games, he ranked third in scoring (18.3 ppg). He leads the conference in free-throw percentage (.884) and 3-point field goals made (3.2 per game), and ranks among the leaders in minutes played (2nd, 35.3 mpg) and assists (6th, 4.1 apg). He scored 20 or more points in 15 games, and averaged 25.8 points against the top two teams in the league, Ohio State and Wisconsin. He was selected as the Big Ten's Player of the Week three times (Nov. 20, Nov. 27 and Feb. 26) and was named National Player of the Week by ESPN.com's Andy Katz on Feb. 26. Among his other accolades, Neitzel was chosen to the John R. Wooden Award Midseason All-America team, and is one of 22 players who will appear on the final national ballot. His last game at Michigan State was against the Memphis Tigers in the Sweet Sixteen of the 2008 NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament.

In the 2007–08 season he averaged 13.9 ppg and averaged 35.2 minutes per game, starting in 35 of 36 games.  He led the Big Ten and ranked seventh in the nation in assist-to-turnover ration (2.84) and ranked fourth in assists (4.03 apg), free-throw percentage (.860), and 3-point field goals made (2.69 pg). He was named to the Academic All-Big Ten team in 2005–06, 2006–07, and 2007–08, and was second team All-American in 2006-07 and second-team Academic All-American in 2007–08.

Neitzel is MSU's all-time leader in career free-throw percentage (.866). He ranks among the Spartan career leaders in assists (4th, 582), 3-point field goals made (3rd, 273) and 3-point field-goal attempted (3rd, 684), points (14th, 1,534), games played (2nd, 138) and games started (t-5th, 117). He is one of just three players in Michigan State history and 12 players in Big Ten history with 1,500 points and 500 assists. He finished 10th in career assists in Big Ten history (582).

Professional career
After not being drafted in the 2008 NBA draft, Neitzel agreed to play with the Minnesota Timberwolves' summer league team. In the summer of 2008, he signed with German Basketball Bundesliga (first division) team Artland Dragons and played for the team as a combo guard.

Neitzel played for the Portland Trail Blazers during the 2009 summer league.

For the 2009–2010 season, he played with Élan Sportif Chalonnais, based in Chalon-sur-Saône, France.
He averaged 34 minutes, 11.7 points per game and a 2.7 to 1 assist to turnover ratio.

Neitzel played in Germany in 2010–11, averaging 7.7 points, 3.4 assists and 1.4 rebounds in 16 games for BBC Bayreuth.

Neitzel was put on the 2011-2012 Dallas Mavericks training camp roster.
It was confirmed on Sunday December 11, 2011 that Drew Neitzel had been acquired by the defending champs Mavericks. He was waived on December 21.

After basketball
Neitzel is currently working as a financial advisor for Wells Fargo in Grand Rapids, Michigan since retiring from basketball.

References

External links
 Michigan State Bio

1985 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Switzerland
Artland Dragons players
Basketball players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Basketball players from Grand Rapids, Michigan
BBC Monthey players
Élan Chalon players
Medi Bayreuth players
Michigan State Spartans men's basketball players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Point guards
Texas Legends players
People from Wyoming, Michigan
American men's basketball players
Pan American Games competitors for the United States

Drew Neitzel


Miguel Ángel Granados Chapa (March 10, 1941 – October 16, 2011) was a Mexican journalist writing for the Reforma newspaper. He was the recipient of the Premio Nacional de Periodismo in 2004 for his career, and again in 2006 for his column. He won the Pedro María Anaya medal in 2008 (an award given by the congress of Hidalgo), and the Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor in 2008.

Biography
Born in Mineral del Monte, Hidalgo, on March 10, 1941, he studied both law and journalism in the UNAM, and obtained a doctorate in History at the Universidad Iberoamericana.

He worked as editorial assistant director for Excélsior, director for Proceso, director for La Jornada, councilman for the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE), and ran for governor of Hidalgo in 1999.

He was the author of several books and had a column in the Reforma newspaper called "Plaza Pública", and a radio show with the same name on Radio UNAM.

Death
In his last contribution to Reforma's "Plaza Pública", Granados Chapa said goodbye to his readers with the statement: "This is the last time we meet. With this conviction, I say goodbye". He died in Mexico City on October 16, 2011.

References

External links
Medalla Belisario Dominguez
Conviven los Distintos
Entregarán medalla Belisario Domínguez a Granados Chapa
 Fallece el periodista Miguel Ángel Granados Chapa

1941 births
2011 deaths
Mexican journalists
Male journalists

Miguel Ángel Granados Chapa


Struve should not be confused with his grandfather, Otto Wilhelm von Struve (1819-1905).

Otto Struve (August 12 1897 – April 6 1963) was a Russian astronomer.  He was the grandson of Otto Wilhelm von Struve and the great-grandson of Friedrich Wilhelm von Struve.

Struve's education at the University of Kharkov was interrupted by World War I and the Russian Civil War, which left him a refugee in Turkey. He went to the United States in 1921, obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and eventually became head of the astronomy department there. In 1932, he was made joint director of the university's Yerkes Observatory and McDonald Observatory (which he founded and where a telescope is named after him). Struve may be regarded as the father of modern SETI. He was one of the few eminent astronomers in the pre-Space Age era to publicly express a belief that extraterrestrial intelligence was abundant.

Russian astronomers
1897 births
1963 deaths
Refugees

Otto Struve


Alexander Joseph Groesbeck (November 7, 1873 – March 10, 1953) was an American politician who served as attorney general and the 30th governor of Michigan.

Early life

Groesbeck was born in Warren, Michigan, the son of Macomb County Sheriff Louis Groesbeck and his wife Julia (Coquillard) Groesbeck. Groesbeck attended the public schools of Mount Clemens, Michigan, and of Wallaceburg, Ontario, where his parents resided for two years with their family. Groesbeck wanted to become a lawyer from an early age, and undertook the study of law in the office of an attorney at Port Huron, Michigan. He went on to earn a law degree from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1893. He was admitted to the bar that year and set up practice in Detroit where he rapidly gained the "respect, goodwill and confidence of his colleagues, because of his close conformity to the highest ethical standards of the profession".

Politics
Groesbeck's entrance into state politics came in 1912  he led efforts to select a delegation to the Republican National Convention favoring the renomination of President William Howard Taft. Groesbeck also actively led the party faction supporting Taft in the general election. That same year, Groesbeck was elected the state party chairman, serving until 1914. In 1914, he was a candidate for governor of Michigan, but lost in the Republican primary election to Chase S. Osborn. In 1916, Groesbeck was elected attorney general of Michigan, and was re-elected in 1918.

As reported in The New York Times, Attorney General Groesbeck supported a call for Henry Ford to run for the United States Senate as a Republican. This vision drew opposiotion from many other Republicans.

In 1920, he won the Republican primary election for governor and defeated Democrat and former governor Woodbridge N. Ferris in the general election. After being re-elected in 1922 and 1924, Groesbeck lost to Fred W. Green in the 1926 Republican primary election.
In 1924, he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, which chose President Calvin Coolidge to be re-elected.
In addition to Groesbeck's political work, he was one of the builders of the Flint-Saginaw Interurban Railway.

At the Detroit Club, he was instrumental in 1922 in selecting James Couzens to be the successful Republican candidate for the Senate seat left vacant by Truman Newberry.

In 1925, Groesbeck vetoed legislation that would have created a state poet laureate. Time magazine reported:
Forgetful of the state poets of republican Athens, the Governor's historical knowledge led him to describe the bill as "a reversion to monarchical customs" which "has no place in a republican form of government."
During his six years in office, the state's highway growth continued, prison reform measures were sanctioned, state titles for automobiles began, and state government was restructured and consolidated.

He was defeated in the 1930 Republican primary election by Wilber M. Brucker.

Groesbeck is recognized as an important "road builder" in Michigan, being the first governor to champion the use of concrete and "take Michigan out of the mud."

In 1924, he opposed a ballot initiative (sponsored by the Public School Defense League) to require attendance at public schools and outlaw private ones; this placed him at odds with the position of the then increasingly popular Ku Klux Klan, which supported the opposing candidate, James Hamilton.

Retirement, death and legacy

Groesbeck was later appointed chairman of the Michigan Civil Service Commission, and served from 1941 to 1944. Also in 1944, he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention which nominated for U.S. president, Thomas Dewey, who would lose to the three-term President Franklin Roosevelt in the general election. He was also a member of the Detroit Bar Association, the Michigan Bar Association and the American Bar Association, and in club circles was well known as a member of the Detroit Club and the Detroit Athletic Club.

Groesbeck's gubernatorial papers are kept in the Archives of the State of Michigan.

He died in Detroit and is interred there at Woodlawn Cemetery.

Groesbeck Highway (M-97) was named for the governor, both because of the local prominence of the Groesbeck family in Macomb county and Oakland County and because of his strong support for building roads and highways in Michigan.

He is memorialized by a state historical marker in the City of Warren.

References

Further reading
Fuller, George, Ed., Messages of the Governors of Michigan, Volume 4 (East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press) ; .
Woodford, Frank B. (1962) Alex J. Groesbeck Portrait of a Public Man (Detroit: Wayne State University Press) 1st Edition. Hardcover. . 366 pp.

External links
Alexander Groesbeck at Macomb County Historical Commission.
Digital picture of Alex Groesbeck, Michigan History, Arts and Libraries.
National Governors Association, Alexander Groesbeck, 30th Governor of Michigan.
Political Graveyard

1873 births
1953 deaths
Republican Party governors of Michigan
Michigan Attorneys General
Michigan lawyers
Michigan Republican Party chairs
Politicians from Detroit
People from Warren, Michigan
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Detroit)
20th-century American politicians
American expatriates in Canada

Alex J. Groesbeck


John Newton Brown (June 29, 1803 – May 14, 1868) was an influential Baptist teacher, minister and publisher in the 19th century.

He was born in New London, Connecticut, and attended Madison College (now known as Colgate University) where he graduated at the head of his class in 1823. Ordained the following year, he spent many years traveling New England, serving as minister in Buffalo, New York, Malden, Massachusetts, and Exeter, New Hampshire, as well as a teaching position at the Academical and Theological Institution of New Hampton, New Hampshire, before ill health forced him to travel south where he took up a ministry in Lexington, Virginia, in 1845.

In 1848 he became editorial secretary of the American Baptist Publication Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was editor of its publications the Christian Chronicle and National Baptist.  It was under his tenure that a number of influential works of the day were published under his direction.

Brown was one of the authors of the New Hampshire Confession of Faith in 1833, which was a more moderate expression of the more Calvinistic Baptist beliefs that existed at the time, and was widely accepted in the northern United States.  His name has become the one most associated with this work.

Brown also authored a book of poetry, "Emily and Other Poems," (1840) which was dedicated to a sister who had died young.

Brown died on May 14, 1868, in the Philadelphia neighborhood of Germantown.

References

19th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
1803 births
1868 deaths

John Newton Brown


Cambridge SCA (Cambridge Student Community Action) is a registered charity which encourages and provides community volunteering opportunities for the students of the University of Cambridge. Projects typically provide services to disadvantaged groups within the local community and provide students with valuable learning opportunities and a chance to make a difference. Cambridge SCA runs 10 of its own 'Internal Projects', each of which are headed by student Project Leaders - these projects include 'Big Siblings', 'Parklife', 'Betty Stubbens Musical Entertainment Group' and 'Teaching English as a Second Language'. They also offer volunteering opportunities with over 60 external organisations, such as Cambridge Carbon Footprint, Headway and the Cambridge Rape Crisis Centre.

History
Cambridge SCA became a registered charity in 1972 and has been providing volunteers into the community throughout; with experience of almost 40 years, it is one of the longest-running student charity organisations affiliated to the University of Cambridge.

Organisation
SCA is run by a student committee, a board of trustees, three of whom are from the student committee, and a body of College Reps. Project Leaders are responsible for the delivery of their own projects, but are supported by the student committee. There are also two staff members who deal with the day-to-day running of the charity and are the first point of call for volunteers, committee members or those in the community wanting to be helped by SCA projects.

Elections onto the student committee take place at the Annual General Meeting, which is held at the end of Cambridge's Lent term.

Internal projects
Cambridge SCA run 10 of their own projects. Students can volunteer with children through 'Big Siblings', 'Bounce', 'Parklife' and 'Craftroom'. Educational projects include 'Homework Help' and 'Teaching English as a Second Language'. Projects with elderly people are 'Betty Stubbens Musical Entertainment Group', 'Saturday Club' and 'Sunday Club'. There is also 'Taskforce' which provides sporadic one-off volunteering events when the need arises.

External projects
SCA is linked up with many external organisations, which provides a wide choice of volunteering opportunities for Cambridge volunteers. Arts Projects include the Cambridge Music Education and Outreach Group and Libra Theatre Company. External Children's Projects include the Scouts and Girlguides. Education Projects includes Cambridge Hands On Science (CHaOS), READ International and YMCA New Deal Provision for unemployed adults. Environmental Projects include the Botanical Gardens Education Programme, Cambridge Carbon Footprint and Cambridge Preservation Society. Healthcare Projects include Arthur Rank House, a local hospice, CAM-MIND, DHIVerse and Umbrella Autism. Projects with the Elderly include CONTACT and the St Martin's Centre. SCA also links up volunteers with many other miscellaneous organisations, such as Cambridge University Student Action For Refugees (STAR), Cambridge Women and Homelessness Group, Jimmy's Night Shelter and SOS Children's Villages.

References

External links

Clubs and societies of the University of Cambridge
Organisations based in Cambridge
Charities based in Cambridgeshire

Cambridge SCA


Charles Robert Darwin (12 Febuwari 1809 – 19 Epril 1882) em i bin wan man blong England blong stadi ol plant mo ol animol. He was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. Impoten theory blong em i theory blong evolusen (olsem wanem tefren kaen blong plant mo animol jenisim mo tanim long nararala kaen blong plant mo animol).

Pipol blong Yunaeted Kingdom

Charles Darwin


Archduke Eugen Ferdinand Pius Bernhard Felix Maria of Austria-Teschen (21 May 1863 – 30 December 1954) was an Archduke of Austria and a Prince of Hungary and Bohemia. He was the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights from the Habsburg dynasty.

Early life
Eugen was the son of Karl Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (son of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen) and of his wife Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria. He was born at the castle of Gross Seelowitz in Moravia (today Židlochovice near Brno in the Czech Republic). At his baptism he was given the names Eugen Ferdinand Pius Bernhard Felix Maria. His education was Spartan in character. His country living at Gross Seelowitz and holidays at Gmund alternated with a sound education and strict instruction.

At the Palais Erzherzog Albrecht (Archduke Albrecht's Palace, also known as the Albrechtspalais) in Vienna, Eugen received instruction in all the military subjects in addition to languages, music and the history of art. At the age of 14 in keeping with the family tradition and like his elder brother Friedrich, he also began his military career with the Tyrolean Kaiserjäger Regiment and was commissioned as a Leutnant on 27 October 1877. Shortly thereafter he was transferred as an Oberleutnant to a hussar regiment and in the following years participated in many lengthy manoeuvres.

In 1882, Eugen took an examination before a commission assembled by Archduke Albrecht that verified his suitability to attend the military academy at Wiener Neustadt. Eugen became then the sole archduke to attend the several year long course at the academy (1883–1885) and subsequently successfully graduated as a fully trained general staff officer.

Military career
In 1885, Eugen was assigned to the General Staff and rapidly rose through the ranks. He commanded a battalion of Infantry Regiment 13 as a lieutenant colonel before assuming command of the entire regiment as a colonel. Following a further regimental assignment as commanding officer of Hussar regiment 13, he assumed command of an infantry brigade in Olmütz and then a division in Vienna. In 1900 he was appointed to the command of XIV Army Corps in Innsbruck and promoted to General der Kavallerie on 27 April 1901. This command simultaneously also made him the commanding general in Innsbruck and the defence commander for the Tyrol. He was appointed eight years later as an army inspector and senior defence commander for the Tyrol. When in 1909 the possibility of a war against Serbia was in the air he alongside Archduke Franz Ferdinand and General Albori was named as a presumptive army commander.

Eugen also had exercised his influence in the field of personnel. He had urgently recommended Feldmarschallleutnant Conrad von Hötzendorf, his divisional commander at Innsbruck as the successor to the retiring chief of the general staff — General Beck-Rzikowsky. In 1911, the Archduke retired from active military service ostensibly for health reasons. Conrad von Hötzendorf however suggested in his memoirs that Archduke Franz Ferdinand had become increasingly jealous of the importance of Eugen.

In addition to his military career above all else, Eugen was called upon to perform his duty as the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. On 11 January 1887, Eugen entered the Teutonic Knights as a professed knight. At the same time he was chosen to be the coadjutor of his uncle, Archduke Wilhelm, then Hoch- und Deutschmeister.

When Archduke Wilhelm suddenly died, Eugen was enthroned as the new Hoch- und Deutschmeister on 19 November 1894 and in this office he also proved himself very effective. He further developed the institution of the volunteer nursing care (Marianer), founded new hospitals and improved the training of the sisters. Finally he had the central archives of the order in Vienna sorted out and extended.

World War I
At the outbreak of the First World War Eugen immediately reported for active duty. At first he was palmed off with a relatively unimportant post as the patron of the voluntary war welfare organization. Finally he was transferred in December 1914 to replace Oskar Potiorek and assume the post of commander of the forces in the Balkans with his headquarters at Peterwardein. Together with his chief of Staff, Feldmarschall-Leutnant Alfred Krauss, a very talented military theoretician with a decisive and vigorous character, he reorganized the hard hit 5th Army.

On 22 May 1915, Eugen was promoted to Generaloberst. Two days later on 24 May he was entrusted with the command of the southwestern front against Italy. He moved his headquarters to Marburg (Maribor) and now commanded a theatre stretching from the Swiss border to the Adriatic. His main objective here was straightforward defence against the many times numerically superior Italian forces. Only at the beginning was the designation "Southwest Front Command" clear. From March 1916, it functioned as Heeresgruppen-Kommando Erzherzog Eugen in Tyrol to the exclusion of the remaining parts of the front and at the beginning of the execution of the 12th battle of the Isonzo as Heeresfront Erzherzog Eugen with the allied German 14th Army and Heeresgruppe von Boroević under command but Heeresgruppe von Conrad was not immediately subordinate.

During the First Battle of the Isonzo Eugen traveled back and forth behind the front. He attended many conferences, appeared on the front lines and encouraged the troops and in this way achieved great popularity. At the same time he managed the rear areas in order to guarantee the best possible supply to the forward troops.

Before the great attack from the South Tyrol which took take place in the spring of 1916 Eugen assumed command as army group commander of the 11th and 3rd armies and took up headquarters at the estate of his cousin, the Graf von Bozen und Maurer, just outside Bozen (Bolzano). After initial success, the attack had to be broken off in consequence of the danger posed to the Russian front following the Brusilov Offensive of June 1916 and the subsequent transfer of formations to that threatened front. However, after breaking off the offensive, Archduke Eugen successfully withdrew his troops in the second half of June 1916 into secure positions.

In the further course of the war Eugen had to transfer more and more of his troops to the hard fighting Isonzo Army so that he soon had to manage without reserves in his own theatre of operations. Although he had only a very limited forces holding the Tyrolean front, he never considered withdrawing further and shortening his line. He was too personally attached to the land to do that.

Eugen was promoted to Field Marshal on 23 November 1916 and in the middle of March 1917 again took up his work as the commander of the southwest front. During the Caporetto offensive, Eugen was the actual commander employing his complete energy in the process. He recognized that this was the last favorable opportunity for the Central Powers. The Archduke, who normally was no great flayer of the soldiers could on this occasion not push hard enough. There appeared temporarily to be great confusion in the issuing of orders. It is possible that many blamed Eugen and his staff for this.

Against the will of the chief of the general staff, Generaloberst Baron Arz von Straußenburg, the Emperor Karl released Eugen from active service on 18 December 1917. The southwestern front command was terminated. The relief of Eugen does not appear to have been made for personal but on objective reasons. After Russia's withdrawal from the war and the shortening of various other fronts (Isonzo, Carinthia, Dolomites), the senior generals pushed at the Piave. With his very senior rank, Eugen could only be a commander in chief. Eugen was forced to go as the Emperor Karl himself took up the supreme command.

Eugen still enjoyed high renown and at the end of the war at the beginning of November 1918, the idea of Eugen becoming a regent was introduced. The last foreign minister Graf Andrassy and the member of parliament Dr. Franz Dinghofer of the German nationalist party had discussed this. However, Eugen would never have accepted such an offer without the consent of the emperor.

Military awards
Amongst the Archduke's considerable number of Austro-Hungarian awards here are the most important:
Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (13 April 1878)
Throat and Breast Cross of a Professed Knight of the Teutonic Order (11 January 1886)
Grand Master of the Teutonic Order (30 July 1894)
Military Merit Cross (30 November 1898)
Jubilee Commemoration Medal (2 December 1898)
Military Service Award III Class (24 October 1902)
Bronze Military Merit Medal (26 September 1905)
Brilliants to the Military Merit Cross (12 August 1908)
Second Expression of Appreciation (Silver Military Merit Medal 1911) (11 October 1908)
Military Jubilee Cross (2 December 1908)
Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen (30 March 1911)
Red Cross Merit Star with War Decoration (8 March 1915)
Bronze Military Merit Medal (War ribbon) (9 May 1915)
Military Merit Cross 1st Class with War Decoration (29 July 1915)
Large Military Merit Medal (24 May 1916)
Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa (15 January 1917)
Silver Military Merit Medal with Swords (26 June 1917)
Brilliants to the Military Merit Cross 1st Class with War Decoration and Swords (5 November 1917)
He also received the Swords to both his Large Military Merit Medal and Bronze Military Merit Medal at a later date to the original awards.

Additionally he was the possessor of a host of foreign awards and decorations:
Grand Cross of the Romanian Order of the Star (3 October 1881)
Grand Cross of the Royal Spanish Order of Charles III (25 June 1883)
Grand Cross of the Royal Portuguese Order of the Tower and Sword (7 March 1890)
Knight of the Royal Prussian Order of the Black Eagle (30 January 1891)
Grand Cross of the Grand Ducal Hessian Order of Ludwig (5 May 1892)
Grand Cross of the Grand Ducal Tuscan Order of St. Joseph (7 April 1896)
Knight of the Imperial Russian Order of St. Andrew with Chain (26 June 1896)
Knight of the Imperial Russian Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
Knight of the Imperial Russian Order of the White Eagle
Knight 1st Class of the Imperial Russian Order of St. Anna
Knight of the Siamese Order of the Royal House of Chakri (23 June 1897)
Knight of the Royal Swedish Order of the Seraphim (18 September 1897)
Royal Swedish Jubilee Commemorative Medal
Knight of the Papal Supreme Order of Christ (17 February 1904)
Grand Cross of the Ducal Saxe-Ernestine House Order (5 June 1904)
Collar of the Royal Spanish Order of Charles III (18 May 1907)
Grand Cross of the Papal Order of the Holy Sepulchre (24 September 1907)
Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (21 August 1908)
Commemoration Medal to the Regency of Queen Maria Christina of Spain (1909)
Grand Cordon of the Royal Belgian Order of Leopold (6 October 1910)
Royal Prussian Iron Cross 1st and 2nd Classes (30 March 1915)
Grand Commander of the Royal Prussian House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords (4 August 1915)
Grand Cross of the Royal Bavarian Military Order of Max Joseph (16 November 1915)
Imperial Ottoman Gold and Silver Imtiyaz Medals (15 January 1916)
Friedrich-August Cross, 1st and 2nd Classes of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (15 March 1916)
Royal Prussian Order Pour le Mérite (23 May 1916)
Grand Cross of the House Order of Vigilance or of the White Falcon with Swords of the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimer (2 December 1916)
Honour Award of the Royal Bulgarian Red Cross (1916/1917)
Oak leaves to the Royal Prussian Order Pour le Mérite (3 November 1917)
Royal Bulgarian Order of Bravery 1st Class (20 November 1917)
Grand Cross of the Royal Württemberg Military Merit Order (2 January 1918)
Royal Bavarian Honour Award to commemorate the Golden Anniversary of King Ludwig III (20 January 1918)

Later life

Following the collapse of the monarchy Eugen first settled in Lucerne and then at Basel where he lived modestly in a hotel from 1918 to 1934. In order to safeguard the existence of the Teutonic Order, Eugen voluntarily resigned his position as the Hoch- und Deutschmeister in 1923. He had been the last hereditary grand master of the order. In this way the possessions of the order were saved.

In 1934, Eugen settled at the order's convent at Gumpoldskirchen near Vienna. He participated at monarchical rallies, attended veterans' meetings and placed himself again at the service of the dynasty even though he himself no longer believed that he would live to see the restoration. Following the Anschluß of Austria to Germany in 1938 the Teutonic Order was dissolved and its possessions confiscated.

Eugen received, probably with the intervention of Hermann Göring and other senior military figures, a rented house at Hietzing where he survived the Second World War. In 1945, he fled to the Tyrol where he received through the French occupying power a small rented villa at Igls. On 21 May 1953, the whole of Innsbruck celebrated the field marshal's 90th birthday.

Eugen died on 30 December 1954 at Meran, at the time part of Italy, the oldest living member of the dynasty at the and later the 2nd oldest ever Archduke of Austria, surrounded by the brothers of his order from Lana. On 6 January 1955, he was buried in the St. Jakobskirche at Innsbruck next to Archduke Maximilian III (1558–1618).

Ancestry

Bibliography

 Rác, Robert. Arcivévoda Evzen Habsbursko-lotrinský 1863-1954: velmistr Rádu nemeckých rytíru. Sovinec/Eulenburg: Esmedia, 2005.
 Schildenfeld, Zoë von. Erzherzog Eugen, 1863-1963: ein Gedenkbuch. Innsbruck: F. Rauch, 1963.

References

1863 births
1954 deaths
People from Židlochovice
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Austrian princes
Austrian Roman Catholics
Field marshals of Austria
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Moravian-German people
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Max Joseph
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Annulled Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Recipients of the Gold Imtiyaz Medal
Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 1st class
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
Theresian Military Academy alumni

Archduke Eugen of Austria


William III (30 April 1425 – 17 September 1482), called the Brave (in German Wilhelm der Tapfere), was landgrave of Thuringia (from 1445) and claimant duke of Luxemburg (from 1457).  He is actually the second William to rule Thuringia, and in Luxembourg; he was the third Margrave of Meissen named William.

He was a younger son of Frederick I the Warlike, elector of Saxony, and Catherine of Brunswick and Lunenburg. On 2 June 1446 he married Anne of Luxembourg, daughter of Albert II, King of Germany, Bohemia and Hungary and Elisabeth of Luxembourg.  On behalf of his wife, he became Duke of Luxembourg from 1457 to 1469. They had two daughters, Margaret of Thuringia (1449–1501) and Catherine of Thuringia (1453 – 10 July 1534), who married Duke Henry II of Münsterberg.

William minted a silver groschen known as the Judenkopf Groschen. Its obverse portrait shows a man with a pointed beard wearing a Jewish hat, which the populace took as depicting a typical Jew.

Ancestors

1425 births
1482 deaths
Landgraves of Thuringia
Saxon princes
House of Wettin
Medieval Knights of the Holy Sepulchre

William III, Landgrave of Thuringia


The prime minister of Angola was a high government official in Angola re-established by Angola's 1992 constitution with limited powers as head of government.

Along with the rest of the Council of Ministers, the prime minister was appointed by the president. The position was originally created when Angola achieved independence from Portugal on 11 November 1975, but was abolished in 1978 when President Agostinho Neto consolidated his power. There was no prime minister until 1991, when President José Eduardo dos Santos reinstated the position following a peace agreement with the opposition party. The post was also vacant between 1999 and 2002.

The post was again abolished due to the 2010 Constitution of Angola, which integrates the functions of the prime minister into the office of the president, who is not subjected to the confidence of the parliamentary majority, contrarily to the prime minister.

List of prime ministers of Angola

See also
List of current Angolan ministers

Government of Angola
Angola, Prime Minister

Prime Minister of Angola


A fortress is a building designed to be defended, which means it was very hard for enemies to get inside. Fortification kept the people inside safe. There is little difference between a fortress and a castle. Fortresses normally have thick stone walls, thicker but less tall than in castles so artillery cannot break them. There were very small windows, without glass, so that soldiers inside could fire out through them. As time passed, the weapons they used changed, from bow and arrow, crossbow, gun or cannon. Soldiers outside had great difficulty firing into such small windows. The people defending the fortress were also able to drop things like rocks and boiling oil on the heads of those below. Successful attacks were usually sieges.

Fortresses were not designed for comfort. They were dark and often damp. The Tower of London is an example of a fortress.

Fortification

Fortress


The Chagossians (also Îlois or Chagos Islanders) are people who previously lived on the Chagos Islands. They are of African, Indian and Malay ancestry. They lived on Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos and the Salomon island chain, as well as other islands. They were forcibly removed from the islands by the British government in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This was done at the request of the United States government, so that Diego Garcia could become a military base. Most Chagossians now live in Mauritius and the United Kingdom. No Chagossians live in the Chagos Islands anymore, as it is now the site of the military base Camp Justice.

The Chagossians are mostly descended from African people, particularly from Madagascar, Mozambique and Mauritius. There is also a significant proportion of Indian and Malay ancestry. The French brought some to the Chagos islands as slaves from Mauritius in 1786. Others arrived as fishermen, farmers, and coconut plantation workers during the 19th century.

The Chagossians speak Chagossian Creole, a creole language based on French. It has words that come from various African and Asian languages. It is part of the Bourbonnais Creole family. Chagossian Creole is still spoken by some of their descendants in Mauritius and Seychelles. Chagossian people living in the UK speak English.

On 22 May 2019, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution [86] asking the United Kingdom to surrender the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius within six months.

References

Ethnic groups in Africa
Ethnic groups in Asia

Chagossians


Beer is the name of a village in Devon, South West England. It is famous for underground quarries started by the Romans which have supplied stone for many of England's Historic buildings. Fishing was also a large industry with smuggling connections and the ladies of Beer made the lace for Queen Victoria's wedding dress.

References

Villages in Devon

Beer, Devon


Kyle Broflovski (sometimes called Brovlofski or Broflofski) is a fictional character in the animated television series South Park. He is voiced by and influenced by Matt Stone, one of the people who made the show. Kyle is one of the four main characters.  The other three main characters are Stan Marsh, Kenny McCormick, and Eric Cartman. He is friends with Stan and Kenny. They are all in fourth grade. They all hang out with Eric Cartman. They do not like him because he can be mean and offensive. Kyle usually acts as the protagonist to Cartman's antagonist. Because Kyle is one of the few Jewish children on the show, he sometimes feels like an outcast between the main group of characters.

Appearance

Keeping with the animation style of South Park, Kyle is created from simple geometrical shapes. He is not given the same free range of motion like characters that are drawn by hand. In one of the earliest episodes, he was created out of construction paper cutouts and animated with the use of stop motion. Kyle is now animated with computer software. He is shown to give the sense that the show still uses the original animation technique.

Kyle wears a bright green cap with ear flaps (shapka or bomber-hat), a bright orange jacket, dark green pants, and lime-green mittens or gloves. When he is not seen wearing his cap (which does not happen very often), he is shown to have a bright red-to-auburn Jewfro. He does not like this hairstyle.

Character
Kyle lives with his family in the fictional town of South Park, Colorado. He has an adopted brother named Ike.  Ike is from Canada. Both Kyle and Ike are Jewish. Kyle is one of the smartest students in the fourth grade class at his elementary school. Cartman usually makes fun of Kyle because he is Jewish.

Family
Kyle's father, Gerald is a caring parent to Kyle who usually tries to teach him important morals and ethics. His mother, Sheila is a very overprotective and has a knack for fequently protesting in things that opposes or comes across her ideas or beliefs. Even though her personality sometimes bothers Kyle, he is known to have still loved her and would come to here defense when Cartman would make fun of Kyle's mom. Sheila is based on the stereotype about Jewish mothers. Kyle usually has a good relationship with his parents, although he sometimes would rebel against them.

Kyle also has one brother, Ike. Ike is his younger brother who was adopted from Canada. In the earlier episodes of the series, Kyle sometimes played a game he called "kick the baby", where he would punt Ike into the air. Kyle is shown to be caring for Ike and tries to protect him several times. In addition to his regular family, Kyle has a cousin who shares the same name with him. However, Kyle did not seem to like his cousin and tried to send him away several times.

References

Other websites
 Kyle Broflovski  at South Park Studios
 Kyle Broflovski at KyleFanClub
Kyle Broflovski at South Park archives, a South Park wiki

Comedy movie characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1992
South Park characters

Kyle Broflovski


The Toy Trawler Spaniel is an extinct breed of Spaniel which physically was similar to the King Charles Spaniel of the 16th century. It is considered to have descended from the original King Charles Spaniel, and the older variety of the Sussex Spaniel. It was employed as a sports dog first before becoming a toy and show dog. It was considered to be on the verge of extinction by 1920. A preserved specimen is kept in Tring at the Natural History Museum.

History

The specific origin of the breed is unknown, but in 1919, it was thought to have been descended from the originally curly-coated King Charles Spaniel and the old-fashioned curly-coated Sussex Spaniel. Its original purpose may have been as a sporting dog, but it became more frequently used as a toy dog. By 1907, the breed was more popular in Europe than in the U.K., especially in the Netherlands and Italy.

There is a preserved specimen at the Natural History Museum at Tring. Named Robin, it was bred by Lady Wentworth and was born in 1911. It died in 1920 when the breed was said to be "nearly extinct". Lady Wentworth wrote about using Toy Trawler Spaniels to re-breed the original King Charles Spaniel in her book Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors Including the History And Management of Toy Spaniels, Pekingese, Japanese and Pomeranians, published under the name of the "Hon. Mrs. Neville Lytton" in 1911.

Description
The Toy Trawler Spaniel was considered to be a throwback to the original King Charles Spaniel. The head was small and light, with an upwards tip on its short black nose. The top of the skull was flat and not dome-shaped, and had long ears set forward. Its coat was generally feathered quite long and was described as curly but not woolly, and its body was quite solidly built.

Its height was variable, ranging from  at the withers, although examples were given at , with proportionate weight given for a  high dog weighing .

The preferred colour was black with a white waistcoat, then red with a white waistcoat, but they also came in black and white and red and white. They were described as being very sweet, but also very bold and courageous, with timidity considered to be a fault in the show ring.

References
Specific

General

Extinct dog breeds
Dog breeds originating in the United Kingdom

Toy Trawler Spaniel


The word straight means something that goes in one direction without turns, bends, or curves.

Lines can bend in a curve. If lines do not bend, they are straight. For example, the edge of a circle is not straight. The edge of a circle bends in a curve.

Light bends in a curve in air and water, but travels in a straight line away from the earth or other bodies in outer space where there is no air.
The word "straight" is also a slang term for "heterosexual"

Basic English 850 words

Straight


David Pomeranz (born February 9, 1951) is an American singer, composer, lyricist, and writer for musical theater. He is also an ambassador for Operation Smile, a foundation dedicated to cleft lip and palate and a member of the Scientology dianetics movement.

Solo career
Born and raised on Long Island, Pomeranz expressed interest in music from an early age, singing in the synagog choir, learning to play the piano, guitar and drums, and writing and recording songs by the age of fourteen. From October 1968 to January 1969, he was lead singer for the Ohio-based rock band East Orange Express and when Pomeranz left the group, fellow member Dan Schear took over. When he was nineteen, MCA/Decca signed him to a contract that yielded two albums, New Blues and Time to Fly (the latter featuring Chick Corea), and he began touring the country as the opening act for Rod Stewart, Billy Joel, Three Dog Night and The Doors, among others.

In the late 1980s, Pomeranz collaborated with Russian rock star Alexander Malinin on the pre-glasnost "Faraway Lands", which they performed live in Moscow's Gorky Park for an episode of the television sitcom Head of the Class, the first time an American series filmed there. He also sang the song "Nothing's Gonna Stop Me Now", which was the theme song for the television series Perfect Strangers.

Pomeranz continued to tour as a solo act, appearing in such venues as the Hollywood Bowl, Kennedy Center, Olympic Stadium in Munich, and the Kremlin. He and David Shire collaborated on the theme song for the United Nations World Summit For Children entitled "In Our Hands", which the duo performed at the closing ceremonies for Ted Turner's Goodwill Games in Seattle. In 1999, Pomeranz recorded the CD Born for You – His Best and More in the Philippines, a compilation album that became the country's best-selling album of 1999 and the 13th best-selling album of all time. Additional recordings include The Eyes of Christmas and On This Day.

Composer
Pomeranz's songs include "Tryin' to Get the Feeling Again" and "The Old Songs", both recorded by Barry Manilow; and "It's in Every One of Us", which was featured in the TV specials John Denver and the Muppets: A Christmas Together, Rocky Mountain Holiday  and A Muppet Family Christmas, the Dave Clark musical Time, the film Big, and at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea. His work has been performed by artists as diverse as Bette Midler, Phoebe Snow, Freddie Mercury, Richie Sambora, Missy Elliott, The Carpenters, Harry Belafonte, Andrea Marcovicci, Donna Summer, Lillias White, The Hollies and Cliff Richard, and his various songwriting projects have amassed a total of twenty-two platinum and eighteen gold albums.

Pomeranz has composed for feature films, television (earning a 1981 Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Music and Lyrics for the CBS television movie Homeward Bound), and the stage, including the hit West End musical Time; Little Tramp, based on the life and career of Charles Chaplin, staged for the 1995 Eugene O'Neill Theater Festival in Waterford, Connecticut and presented in a 1996 concert version in St. Petersburg, Russia; and a musical adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities, produced by Bill Kenwright for the Theatre Royal, Windsor (1998) and the Alexandria Theatre in Birmingham (1999). With Kathie Lee Gifford he has written two projects, Under The Bridge, which premiered off-Broadway in January 2005, and Saving Aimee, based on the life of evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson, which debuted at the White Plains Performing Arts Center in October 2005 and was staged at the Signature Theatre in Arlington, Virginia in April–May 2007. In 2012, Saving Aimee was renamed to Scandalous and opened on November 15, 2012 in the Neil Simon Theatre on Broadway in New York City.

Discography

Albums

Studio albums
New Blues (1971)
Time to Fly (1971)
It's in Every One of Us (1975)
The Truth of Us (1980)
Come Home (1993)
Born for You: His Best and More (1999)
The Eyes of Christmas (2000)
On This Day (2001)
Hold Tight (2007)
A Personal Touch (2009)
You're the Inspiration (2012)

Compilation albums
Best of David Pomeranz (1999)

Collaboration albums
The Road to Freedom (with L. Ron Hubbard & Friends) (1986)

Singles
"If You Walked Away" (1975)
"The Old Songs" (1980; re-recorded 1999)
"King and Queen of Hearts" (Zapped! movie theme song) (1982, re-recorded 1999)
"Got to Believe in Magic" (Zapped! movie theme song) (1982, re-recorded 1999) (later covered by Juris in 2013)
"Born for You" (1999)
"On This Day" (2001)

References

External links

American male composers
21st-century American composers
American lyricists
Songwriters from New York (state)
Singers from New York City
Living people
1951 births
Jewish American songwriters
American Scientologists
Jewish American composers
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singers

David Pomeranz


Rakesh Agrawal (हिन्दी - राकेश अग्रवाल) is a computer scientist who until recently was a Technical Fellow at the Microsoft Search Labs. Rakesh is well known for developing fundamental data mining concepts and technologies and pioneering key concepts in data privacy, including Hippocratic Database, Sovereign Information Sharing, and Privacy-Preserving Data Mining. IBM's commercial data mining product, Intelligent Miner, grew out of his work. His research has been incorporated into other IBM products, including DB2 Mining Extender, DB2 OLAP Server and WebSphere Commerce Server, and has influenced several other commercial and academic products, prototypes and applications. His other technical contributions include Polyglot object-oriented type system, Alert active database system, Ode (Object database and environment), Alpha (extension of relational databases with generalized transitive closure), Nest distributed system, transaction management, and database machines.

Prior to joining Microsoft in March 2006, Rakesh was an IBM Fellow and led the Quest group at the IBM Almaden Research Center. Earlier, he was with the Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill from 1983 to 1989. He also worked for three years at a leading Indian company, the Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1983. He also holds a B.E. degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from IIT-Roorkee, and a two-year Post Graduate Diploma in Industrial Engineering from the National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Bombay.

Research and papers
Rakesh has been granted more than 55 patents. He has published more than 150 research papers, many of them considered seminal. He has written the 1st as well as 2nd highest cited of all papers in the fields of databases and data mining (13th and 15th most cited across all computer science as of February 2007 in CiteSeer). Wikipedia lists one of his papers Fast algorithms for mining association rules co-authored with Ramakrishnan Srikant published on VLDB in 1994 as one of the most influential database papers. His papers have been cited more than 6500 times, with more than 15 of them receiving more than 100 citations each. He is the most cited author in the field of database systems. His work has been featured in the New York Times Year in Review, New York Times Science section, and several other publications.

References

External links

Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Database researchers
IBM employees
IBM Fellows
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Rakesh Agrawal (computer scientist)


A , or  is a place for sex in Japan that specializes in oral sex. The client is served soft drinks and a young girl performs fellatio on him in a small room or booth. These places are very popular for young men because they are very cheap and the service is fast.

History

This kind of place started in the early 1960s and is an improved version of the very popular Kyaba-Kura (cabaret clubs). In these clubs a client pays to talk and drink with a girl, and in night salons men can masturbate in front of a girl, and ejaculate into either her hands or mouth, this is all done without touching the client.

Legal Status

Prostitution in Japan is strictly prohibited. But if there is no penetration in the encounter it is not considered prostitution. All these kinds of places (for sex) are in special zones in each city and are often hidden under a false or cover identities like restaurants, shops or sex shops. They can be easier to spot at night when all other businesses are closed, as these ones are open.

Location

This kind of sex place is usually in specific zones like entertainment areas or Red-light districts. Using a false name they can also be in almost every part of the city and are usually announced at the JR stations.

Inside a pink salon

The inside of a pink salon is usually dark, with quiet music. At the entrance customers must disinfect their hands and specially their nails if they are long. Most salons only allow entry to Japanese people and forbid entry to strangers. There are also snacks and beer free of charge. Alcoholic beverages must be paid for.

Pink salon system

The system of a pink salon is simple. Customers usually pay for 30–45 minutes of service, however the price depends on the time of the service. It usually costs around 2000-4000 Yen in the morning and 4000-12000 Yen at nights. The customer sits in a single sofa and a girl comes and provides the customer with service. The types of service include: genital touching, fellatio, footjob and cunnilingus. Customers do not need to wear a condom and it is common that they ejaculate in the girl's mouth.

It is also common that the fellatio is done by more than one girl, changing every 15 minutes (making a total of three girls in a 45-minute period).

References

Prostitution

Pink salon


There are six metropolitan counties in England, which each cover large urban areas, typically with populations of 1.2 to 2.8 million. They were created in 1974 and are each divided into several metropolitan districts.

There are no county councils any more since 1986. Most of their functions were taken over by the individual boroughs. So the boroughs became unitary authorities. The remaining functions were taken over by so-called joint-boards.

The metropolitan counties have population densities of between 838 (South Yorkshire) and 28 (West Midlands) people/km². Individual metropolitan districts range from 4 people/km² in Liverpool to only 500 people/km² in Doncaster.

Counties and districts
The six metropolitan counties and their metropolitan districts are:

The structure of Greater London is similar to the metropolitan counties, but it is not one.  It was created earlier in 1965, by the London Government Act 1963.
The idea for creating administrative areas based upon the large conurbations outside London based on the model of the County of London or Greater London.

The metropolitan counties were established by the Local Government Act 1972, the county councils were first elected in 1973, and were formally established in April 1974.

Since 1995, the cities of Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham and Sheffield have come together in the English Core Cities Group. This organisation has no distinct legal status but seems to move towards a role of these cities as regional capitals outside of London.

References

Metropolitan county