Alvin C. York Institute, also known as Alvin C. York Agricultural Institute or York Institute, is a public high school in Jamestown, Tennessee, founded as a private agricultural school in 1926 by World War I hero Alvin York and later transferred to the state of Tennessee in 1937, which continues to operate it as a public high school. It is the only comprehensive secondary school in the United States that is financed and operated by a state government.

History
Alvin C. York established the school that carries his name during the 1920s in the county seat of his home county of Fentress. His goal was to give rural children the chance to obtain a high school education. Beginning in 1919 he toured the United States raising funds for the school, using his status as a war hero to get public attention and raising a total of $10,000. He also solicited and received funds from the state legislature, which contributed $50,000, and from Fentress County, which pledged $50,000. Classes began in 1929 and the school operated privately until 1937, when financial pressures related to the Great Depression led York to transfer the school to the state of Tennessee, which continues to operate it as a public school as a living memorial to York.

Campus
The school sits on a campus of over  that is said to be the world's largest public high school campus. The campus is designated as a Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency wildlife management area and includes a working farm where students participate in managing a herd of Limousin cattle. Five ponds on the campus are used for livestock watering, sport fishing, and waterfowl feeding and nesting.

Campus buildings currently in use include the Main Administration Building (c. 1980),
Social Sciences Building (a later addition to the original school), Science Building,
Alvin C. York JROTC Building (c. 1940s), and Fentress County Vocational Training Center (c. 1970s).

The Jamestown Community Center and Jamestown Community Park are located near the school on York Institute land.

Historic building
The original two-story brick administration building, built in 1928, is the centerpiece of the Alvin C. York Agricultural Institute Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The school building was replaced with a new building in the 1980s and subsequently has deteriorated. In 2005 the Tennessee Preservation Trust listed it on its yearly list of the state's "most endangered" historic sites.

In January 2008 the Tennessee Department of Education proposed that it be demolished, and estimated the cost of demolition at $3.6 million, while renovation would cost $3.7 million. Due to safety concerns, state officials blocked off access to the old building and all areas within  of the walls, thus preventing the use of four classrooms in the school's current main building, which is adjacent to the original building. On July 15, 2008, an agreement was reached between the state building and education departments and the Sgt. York Patriotic Foundation, which agreed to oversee and fund the restoration of the historic structure. As of January 2010, the building had been stabilized and initial remediation was complete, at a total cost of about $1 million.

Curriculum
The school enrolls students in grades 9 through 12. It operates on a block schedule, in which the fall and spring semesters are each divided into five blocks, and students take five classes each semester. York also offers vocational programs including agriculture, automotive technology, residential construction technology, metal technology, nursing, accounting, and information management systems.

York Institute was one of nine Tennessee school districts to participate in the Appalachian Mathematics and Science Partnership, funded by the National Science Foundation with the goal enhancing science, mathematics and technology education in Appalachian region schools with low socioeconomic status and student achievement.

Dual-Enrollment

Through the efforts of a local foundation and through cooperation with Roane State Community College, York Institute is able to provide its students with undergraduate-level college coursework free of charge to all students. Classes offered include College Algebra, American History I & II, English Comp I & II, Psychology, Sociology, Spanish, etc. Students enrolled in these courses obtain both college and high-school credit and can earn up to two years worth of college credit.

Vocational Certification

The York Institute also provides a CNA certification program to all students free of charge. The students can apply for and obtain their CNA licensure after a semester of coursework and clinical observation is completed. The school also provides a classroom and shop area for the Tennessee Technological Center to offer Welding courses at the school site.

Community Education
The Alvin C. York Institute also operates a community education program. The program consists of various classes, events, and resources that are available to the community at no cost. The major goal of this project is to involve parents and community members in educational programs. Community education classes allow the community to become familiar with the school their children or grandchildren attend. A concerted effort is made to enhance the value placed on education. Courses offered range from basic to graduate level courses as well as many arts and crafts courses. Funding for this program is provided by Union Bank of Jamestown.

Extracurricular activities and clubs
Extracurricular clubs and organizations offered at York Institute include:

 Chorus
 Drama
 Journalism
 Art
 Student Council
 JROTC
 Family Career Community Leaders of America (FCCLA)
 Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA)
 Fellowship of Christian Athletes (FCA)
 Student Christian Club
 Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA)
 Scholars' Bowl
 Future Farmers of America (FFA)
 Skills USA
 Envirothon
 Pep Club
 Math Club
 English Club
 Spanish Club
 BETA Club
 Tennessee Scholars
 National Honors Society
 Interact Club
 Future Teachers of America

Sports
 Football
 Boys & Girls Basketball
 Baseball
 Softball
 Boys & Girls Soccer
 Boys & Girls Track
 Boys & Girls Bowling
 Boys & Girls Golf
 Cross Country

Honors and awards
In 1989 York Institute was recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence. In 1992 it was one of 140 public secondary schools recognized by Redbook magazine as "America's Best Schools." It was a recipient of a Tennessee Department of Education 2006 Best Practices in Character Education Merit Award.

Notable alumni
Roger Crouch, astronaut
Lincoln Davis, U.S. Congressman

References

External links
York Institute website
York Institute—A Legacy in Distress by Dr. Michael E. Birdwell
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet: York, Alvin C., Agricultural Institute Historic District, Fentress County, Tennessee (additional documentation), by Michael E. Birdwell (August 28, 2008)

Schools in Fentress County, Tennessee
Public high schools in Tennessee
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Educational institutions established in 1926
1926 establishments in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Fentress County, Tennessee

Alvin C. York Institute


John Camillus Lehr (November 18, 1878 – February 17, 1958) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.

Lehr was born in Monroe, Michigan and attended St. Mary's private school and graduated from Monroe High School in 1897. He graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1900. He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in Monroe. He moved to Port Huron in 1905 and continued the practice of law there. He later returned to Monroe in 1916 and served as city attorney from 1918 to 1922 and 1928 to 1930. He was a member of the board of education of Monroe 1926 to 1936 and served as its vice president from 1930 to 1936.

In 1932, Lehr defeated seven-term Republican Earl C. Michener to be elected as a Democrat from Michigan's 2nd congressional district to the 73rd United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1933 to January 3, 1935. He was defeated by Michener in 1934.

Lehr was a delegate to the 1936 Democratic National Convention and was a member of the Monroe Port Commission from 1936 to 1942. On July 2, 1936, he was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to be United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan and served in that position until September 2, 1947. He resigned to devote his time as head of a fraternal beneficiary association in Detroit (The Maccabees), and was succeeded by his chief assistant Thomas P. Thornton.

John C. Lehr died in Monroe and was interred there in St. Joseph Cemetery.

References

External links

John C. Lehr at The Political Graveyard

1878 births
1958 deaths
School board members in Michigan
United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of Michigan
People from Monroe, Michigan
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan

John C. Lehr


(guitar, vocal) is a 1976 album by Richard Thompson. It was released by Island Records as a career retrospective after he and his wife Linda had gone into semi-retirement from the business of making and performing music following the release of Pour Down Like Silver (1975).

Most tracks are unreleased recordings from Thompson's career to date - though the two instrumental tracks were recorded specifically for this compilation. (guitar, vocal) spans Thompsons's early years with Fairport Convention as well as the time he spent performing and recording as a duo with wife Linda. The release was notable for two live cuts from the 1975 Richard and Linda Thompson tour — "Night Comes In" and "Calvary Cross" — which featured lengthy guitar solos by Thompson, and for the Fairport Convention tracks "The Ballad of Easy Rider" featuring an excellent vocal from Sandy Denny which was an unreleased track from the Liege & Lief sessions and "Poor Will and the Jolly Hangman" which had been recorded for and then omitted from that group's Full House album.

(guitar, vocal) has been out of print for some years now. Several tracks first released as part of this compilation have subsequently been included as bonus tracks on remastered Fairport Convention and Richard & Linda Thompson albums issued by Island Records. However the BBC version of Mr Lacey was unavailable elsewhere, until its release on the 19-CD boxset Sandy Denny : it did not feature on the recent Fairport Convention boxset.

Track listing
All songs written by Richard Thompson except where indicated otherwise.

Side one
 "Time Will Show the Wiser" (Emitt Rhodes) – this recording was included on Fairport Convention's first album. – 3:03
 "Throwaway Street Puzzle" (Ashley Hutchings, Thompson) – originally released as the b-side to "Meet On The Ledge," the single from Fairport's second album What We Did On Our Holidays. This song was a bonus track on the 2003 re-issue of What We Did On Our Holidays. – 3:18
 "Mr Lacey" (Hutchings) – this version is from a 1968 BBC radio broadcast is included on the 19-CD boxset Sandy Denny. – 2:53
 "The Ballad of Easy Rider" (Roger McGuinn) – Recorded during the sessions in 1969 for Fairport's Liege & Lief album. The 2002 re-issue of the Unhalfbricking album included "The Ballad of Easy Rider" as a bonus track as it was felt that the song fitted better with the mix of contemporary songs on that album rather than the traditional feel of Liege & Lief. – 4:34
 "Poor Will and the Jolly Hangman" (Thompson, Dave Swarbrick) – originally recorded during the 1970 sessions for Fairport's Full House album. Thompson was unhappy with the vocals and insisted that the track be omitted from the original album. However, the track was included on the 2001 re-issue of Full House. The recording included on (guitar, vocal) has extra vocals by Linda Thompson recorded in 1975. – 5:23

Side two
 "Sweet Little Rock 'n Roller" (Chuck Berry) – recorded in concert at the Troubador club in Los Angeles during Fairport's 1970 tour. – 4:18
 "A Heart Needs a Home" – this is a different recording and arrangement of the song included on the Hokey Pokey album. This track was included in the 2000 Island Years compilation. – 4:04
 "The Dark End of the Street" (Dan Penn, Chips Moman) – recorded during a concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall, London in April 1975. The same recording was included as a bonus track on the 2004 re-issue of the Pour Down Like Silver album. – 4:22
 "It'll Be Me" (Jack Clement) – recorded during a concert at Oxford Polytechnic in November 1975. The same recording was included as a bonus track on the 2004 re-issue of the Hokey Pokey album. – 4:22

Side three
 "Flee As a Bird" (trad., arr. Thompson) – recorded in 1976 for this compilation. – 3:11
 "Night Comes In" – recorded during a concert at Oxford Polytechnic in November 1975. The same recording was included as a bonus track on the 2004 re-issue of the Pour Down Like Silver album. – 12:24

Side four
 "The Pitfall/The Excursion" – recorded in 1976 for this compilation. – 3:02
 "Calvary Cross" – recorded during a concert at Oxford Polytechnic in November 1975. The same recording was included in the 2000 Island Years compilation. – 13:27

Personnel
 Richard Thompson — vocals, guitars, dulcimer, mandolin
 Sandy Denny, Judy Dyble, Iain Matthews, Linda Thompson — vocals
 Simon Nicol — guitars, mellotron
 Dave Swarbrick — violin, mandolin
 John Kirkpatrick — accordion
 Pete Ross — harmonica
 Ian Whiteman — electric piano, harmonium
 Pat Donaldson, Ashley Hutchings, Dave Pegg — bass
 Timi Donald, Martin Lamble, Dave Mattacks — drums

Production personnel
 Joe Boyd, Todd Lloyd — producer
 John Wood — producer, engineer
 Victor Gamm — engineer

References

1976 albums
Richard Thompson (musician) albums
Island Records albums
Albums produced by John Wood (record producer)

(guitar, vocal)


Elmar Oliveira (born June 28, 1950) is an American violinist.

Early life
The son of Portuguese immigrants, Elmar Oliveira was born in Naugatuck, Connecticut. Oliveira was nine when he began studying the violin with his brother John. At age 16 he appeared in a nationally-televised concert from Lincoln Center of child prodigy performers hosted by Leonard Bernstein, as part of Bernstein's Young People's Concerts series. He later studied with Ariana Bronne and Raphael Bronstein at the Hartt College of Music and the Manhattan School of Music. In 1978 he won (ex aequo together with Ilya Grubert) the first prize at the Tchaikowsky Competition in Moscow.

Career
He was a Grammy nominee for his 1990 CD of the Barber Concerto with Leonard Slatkin and the Saint Louis Symphony. His recorded works for Artek, Angel, Sony Masterworks, Vox, Delos, IMP, Naxos, Ondine, Élan, and Melodiya range widely from works by Bach and Vivaldi to contemporary composers. His best-selling 1997 recording of the Rautavaara Violin Concerto with the Helsinki Philharmonic (Ondine) won a Cannes Classical Award and has appeared on Gramophone's "Editor's Choice" and other best recordings lists around the world.

Oliveira is a Distinguished Artist in Residence at the Lynn University Conservatory of Music in Boca Raton, Florida.

Violins
Elmar Oliveira performs on an instrument known as the "Stretton", made ca. 1729-30 by Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesu, and on several other violins by outstanding contemporary makers, including Michael Koeberling and John Young.  Before purchasing the Stretton in 1994, Oliveira owned and performed with the 1697 Molitor Stradivarius, which he purchased in 1989.

Awards and honors
Oliveira has received honorary doctorates from Manhattan School of Music and Binghamton University. He received the Order of Santiago, Portugal's highest civilian honor. He has served on the juries of some of the most prestigious violin competitions, including the Montreal, Indianapolis, Naumburg, and Vianna da Motta.

He remains the only American violinist to win the Gold Medal at Moscow's Tchaikovsky International Competition, which he did in 1978. He is also the first violinist to receive the coveted Avery Fisher Prize in 1983, in addition to capturing First Prizes at the Naumburg International Competition and the G.B. Dealey Competition.

References

External links
 Elmar Oliveira's website, http://www.elmaroliveira.com/
 Answers.com biography, http://www.answers.com/topic/elmar-oliveira?cat=entertainment
Elmar Oliveira International Violin Competition

American violinists
American male violinists
Living people
1950 births
American people of Portuguese descent
University of Hartford Hartt School alumni
Manhattan School of Music alumni
Prize-winners of the International Tchaikovsky Competition
21st-century violinists

Elmar Oliveira


In computing, rename refers to the altering of a name of a file. This can be done manually by using a shell command such as ren or mv, or by using batch renaming software that can automate the renaming process.

Implementations
The C standard library provides a function called rename which does this action. In POSIX, which is extended from the C standard, the rename function will fail if the old and new names are on different mounted file systems.

In SQL, renames are performed by using the CHANGE specification in ALTER TABLE statements.

Atomic rename
In POSIX, a successful call to rename is guaranteed to have been atomic from the point of view of the current host (i.e., another program would only see the file with the old name or the file with the new name, not both or neither of them). This aspect is often used during a file save operation to avoid any possibility of the file contents being lost if the save operation is interrupted.

The rename function from the C library in Windows does not implement the POSIX atomic behaviour; instead it fails if the destination file already exists. However, other calls in the Windows API do implement the atomic behaviour.

References

Computing terminology

Rename (computing)


The Scots Lawlands (Scots Gaelic: a' Ghalldachd, meanin roughly 'the non-Gaelic region' or Machraichean na h-Alba, an cried the Lowlands in Inglis), awtho no offeecially a geographical area o the kintra, for ordinar it is meant tae include thae pairts o Scotland no referred tae as the Hielands (or Gàidhealtachd), that is, awplace in an airtin sooth an east o a line (the Hieland Boonds Faut) atween Stanehyve an Helensburgh (on the Firth o Clyde). Confuisinly, some pairts o the Lawlands, sicas the Soothren Uplands isna pheesically 'law', an some sections o the Hielands, sicas Islay is laich-leein.

The Lawlands includes the tradeetional Scots coonties o  Ayrshire, Berwickshire, Clackmannanshire, Dumfriesshire, East Lowden[1], Fife, Kinross-shire, Kirkcudbrightshire, Lanrickshire, Mid-Lowden[2], Peeblesshire, Renfrewshire, Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Wast Lowden[3]  an Wigtounshire.

Tradeetional Scots coonties that includes baith Hieland an Lawland sections includes  Angus[4], Dunbartonshire, Stirlinshire, Perthshire, Kincardineshire, Aiberdeenshire, Banffshire an Moray.

Awtho Caithness, is whiles clessifee'd unner Hielands an Islands, it is aften conseedered 'Lawland' an aw, an is differentiatit frae the Gàidhealtachd whan, for ensaumple, talkin aboot Lawland Scots (awtho pairts o Caithness spak Gaelic intil the 20t century). Orkney an Shetland is whiles cried 'lawland', mainly acause o thair current langage, but haes their ain identity derived frae the Norse tae the pynt o a wheen o the islanders no conseederin thairsels Scots.

See forby

Scots Hielands

Geografie o Scotland

Scots Lawlands


Geraint Wyn Davies (, born 20 April 1957) is a Welsh-Canadian-American stage, film and television actor. Educated in Canada, he became a citizen of the United States in 2006. His most famous role as the vampire-turned police detective Nick Knight in the Canadian television series Forever Knight.

Early life and training
Geraint Wyn Davies was born on 20 April 1957 in Swansea, Wales, the son of a Congregationalist Christian preacher and a school teacher. At the age of 7 he moved with his family from Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire to Canada, where he attended Upper Canada College. He first acted at age 12, appearing in a school production of Lord of the Flies. He went on to study at the University of Western Ontario, where he studied economics before dropping out to pursue an acting career.

Career

Acting
His professional stage debut was in 1976 in Quebec City, when at 19 he appeared in The Fantasticks, Red Emma, and A Midsummer Night's Dream. He relocated from Quebec to London's Centre Stage theatre company, and later played the lead in The Last Englishman with the British Actors Theatre Company. He spent two seasons with Theatr Clwyd, touring Britain in Enemy of the People and Hamlet (for which he received the Regional Theatre Best Actor award), and a season with the Chichester Festival, in Henry VIII. In Canada, he appeared over several seasons with the Shaw Festival and Stratford Festival of Canada. He gained a reputation for his performances in The Music Cure, Candida, Cyrano de Bergereac, The Vortex, Goodnight Disgrace, Henry V, and The Three Musketeers. He sang his way through the Rodgers and Hart musical The Boys from Syracuse.

Other performances include My Fat Friend in Los Angeles and Sleuth with Patrick Macnee in Toronto. In 2004, he appeared in Washington, D.C. in the title roles of Cyrano de Bergerac .

In April 1996, Davies appeared as Petruchio in Shakespeare's The Taming of The Shrew, directed by Patrick Tucker of the Original Shakespeare Company. This three-performance run was presented as Shakespeare's own players may have done—with sparse rehearsal, eclectic costuming, and rotating roles. In Spring 1998, he appeared in the Moises Kaufmann production Gross Indecency: The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles. Gross Indecency earned the Garland Award for "Best Ensemble Cast from Backstage West" that year.

In August 1999, Davies starred in Leon Pownall's one-man show An Evening with Dylan Thomas at the Atlantic Theatre Festival in Nova Scotia, Canada. The following summer he returned to the Atlantic Theatre Festival in Pownall's Dylan Thomas and Shakespeare: In the Envy of Some Greatness. August 2001 saw the completion of Pownall's Dylan Thomas trilogy with Stranger in Paradise. In mid-2002, he returned to the Stratford Festival Theatre's main stage in My Fair Lady, as Henry Higgins, a role he alternated with Colm Feore. He reprised the role of Dylan Thomas at the Festival's Studio Theatre, and returned to the Atlantic Theatre Festival in August 2003 to perform Hughie (a one-act play by Eugene O'Neill). The evening was topped off by a presentation of The Sermon by David Mamet.

In 2004, Davies performed at the Lincoln in New York City as Edmund to Christopher Plummer's King Lear. In the summer of 2004, he starred in the title role of Cyrano in Barry Kornhauser's adaptation of Cyrano de Bergerac at The Shakespeare Theatre in Washington, D.C., for which he won the Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Resident Play. The next year, in 2005, he played Dylan Thomas for seven weeks in Do Not Go Gentle at the Arclight Theatre in New York City. While there, he did a reading of Tennessee Williams's letters at the New York Public Library, and performed in a reading of Eugene O'Neill's Days Without End. In September 2005, he joined in a reading of R. L. Stevenson's Treasure Island in Washington, D.C., and in October, took part in a staged reading of a new play by Austin Pendleton entitled H6R3, which blends Shakespeare's plays Henry VI and Richard III.

In 2006, he returned to The Shakespeare Theatre in Washington, D.C. to perform Don Armado in Michael Kahn's 1960s version of Shakespeare's Love's Labor's Lost. Following the American run, the play moved to the Royal Shakespeare Company at Stratford-Upon-Avon in the UK for a limited run. He was nominated but did not win The Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor, Resident Play for Don Armado. While in D.C., he participated in a reading of London Assurance by Dion Boucicault.

Early in 2007, Davies headlined as Richard III by Shakespeare at The Shakespeare Theatre in Washington, D.C. He, along with friend Brent Carver, opened Toronto's CanStage production of The Elephant Man in mid-October. In 2008, he returned to Ontario's Stratford Festival to appear in Hamlet (as Polonius) and Fuente Ovejuna (as the King). He followed the Stratford season playing the Duke at the Red Bull Theater (NYC) production of Women Beware Women. He returned to Stratford in 2009, playing Duncan in Macbeth, Caesar in Julius Caesar and Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream. For the 2010 Stratford Festival season, he portrayed King Arthur in Camelot and Falstaff in Merry Wives of Windsor. The 2011 season featured him again in a singing role as King Arthur.

For the Stratford Festival's 60th season in 2013, Davies portrayed Duke Vincentio in Measure for Measure and the Earl of Leicester in Mary Stuart. The following year, he continued at the Stratford Festival, portraying Antony in Antony & Cleopatra and the Cook in Mother Courage. For the 2015 season, he portrayed Claudius in Hamlet, and Johann Wilhelm Mobius in The Physicists.

He played Prospero in The Tempest in the 2014-2015 season of The Shakespeare Theatre of Washington, D.C.

Audiobooks
He has voiced two audiobooks: Great American Suspense: Five Unabridged Classics and Great Classic Hauntings: Six Unabridged Stories.

Directing
Davies has directed several episodes of Forever Knight, Black Harbour, Pit Pony, Power Play and North of 60.

Music performance
In Forever Knight, Wyn Davies played the piano in the loft and co-wrote a song for the "Baby Baby" episode; he was featured in one of the selections on the first Forever Knight CD.

Davies produced a CD of his own works, Bar Talk, which is sold through his fan club with the proceeds going to a variety of charities such as Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, Children's Hospital Foundation in Washington D.C., the Atlantic Theatre Festival of Wolfville and The Stratford Festival's Shakespeare School in Stratford, Ontario.

Personal life
Wyn Davies was married to Canadian artist Alana Guinn from 1985 to 2006. They have two children.

On 13 June 2006, Wyn Davies became an American citizen, having been sworn in by Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

On July 5, 2012, he married actress Claire Lautier.

Filmography
Davies made his film debut in Deadly Harvest in 1977, and has since appeared in many films, among them RoboCop: Prime Directives (2000). In 2007 he appeared in a cameo in Nancy Drew and filmed a made-for-TV movie, Post Mortem for Lifetime.

Deadly Harvest (1977) - Michael Franklin
D.O.A. (1978) - Jon
A Paid Vacation (1979) - Rick Jarrell
The Boys from Syracuse (1986) - Antipholus of Syracuse
Learning to Fly (1986) - Young pilot
Daughters of the Country (1987) - Angus
The Taming of the Shrew (1988) - Hortensio
Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman (1989) - Allan Devlin
 (1992) - Anton/Tony
Hush Little Baby (1993) - Dr. Martin Nolan
Other Women's Children (1993) - Matt Stewart
Ghost Mom (1993) - Martin Mallory
Dancing in the Dark (1995) - Dr. Lambert
The Conspiracy of Fear (1996) - Timothy Straker
Trilogy of Terror II (1996) - Ben
One of the Hollywood Ten (2000) - Michael Wilson
Trudeau (2002) - Premier William G. Davis
American Psycho 2 (2002) - Daniels
Cube 2: Hypercube (2002) - Simon Grady
The Wild Dogs (2002) - Colin
Some Things That Stay (2004) - Mr. Murphy
I Know What I Saw (2007) - Detective Morgan
Pavane (2008) - Phil
 Antony and Cleopatra (2015) — Antony

Television
Davies was a regular in the cast of To Serve and Protect. Since Forever Knight he has appeared in several series. He has guest-starred in episodes of Katts and Dog, Highlander: The Series, Kung Fu: The Legend Continues, The Outer Limits, RoboCop: The Series, Diamonds, Sweating Bullets, 1-800-Missing, among others.

Hangin' In (1982) as Drake/Jonathan (2 episodes)
The Littlest Hobo (1982–83) as Adam Coulter/David Barrington (3 episodes)
The Judge (1986) as Allan Pearson (6 episodes)
Airwolf (1987) as Major Mike Rivers (24 episodes)
Dracula: The Series (1990–91) as Klaus Helsing (5 episodes)
Forever Knight (1992–96) as Det. Nicholas 'Nick' Knight/Nicholas de Brabant (70 episodes)
RoboCop (Canadian TV series) (1994) as Martin (episode: "Provision 22")
Black Harbour (1996–99) as Nick Haskell (34 episodes)
The Outer Limits (1996–2001) as David / Sheriff Grady Markham (2 episodes)
Robocop: Prime Directives (2001) (TV mini-series) as Dr. David Kaydick
Tracker (2001–2002) as Zin (12 episodes)
Slings and Arrows (2005) as Henry Breedlove (5 episodes)
24 (2006) as James Nathanson (6 episodes)
ReGenesis (2007–2008) as Carleton Riddlemeyer (18 episodes)
Murdoch Mysteries (2008, 2013) as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (3 episodes)
Frankie Drake Mysteries (2021) as Ned Drake (one episode)

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American people of Welsh descent
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male stage actors
Canadian male television actors
Welsh emigrants to Canada
People from Haverfordwest
Male actors from Swansea
Upper Canada College alumni
Canadian expatriate male actors in the United States
Canadian male Shakespearean actors
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors

Geraint Wyn Davies


Iðunn is a goddess in Norse Mythology. She is the goddess of youth, wife of Bragi, god of poetry. She guards the golden apples. These apples are eaten by the Norse gods to let them live until Ragnarok (the battle of the end of the world).

Norse gods and goddesses

Iðunn


In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Hall–Janko graph, also known as the Hall-Janko-Wales graph, is a 36-regular undirected graph with 100 vertices and 1800 edges.

It is a rank 3 strongly regular graph with parameters (100,36,14,12) and a maximum coclique of size 10. This parameter set is not unique, it is however uniquely determined by its parameters as a rank 3 graph. The Hall–Janko graph was originally constructed by D. Wales to establish the existence of the Hall-Janko group as an index 2 subgroup of its automorphism group.

The Hall–Janko graph can be constructed out of objects in U3(3), the simple group of order 6048:
 In U3(3) there are 36 simple maximal subgroups of order 168. These are the vertices of a subgraph, the U3(3) graph. A 168-subgroup has 14 maximal subgroups of order 24, isomorphic to S4. Two 168-subgroups are called adjacent when they intersect in a 24-subgroup. The U3(3) graph is strongly regular, with parameters (36,14,4,6)
 There are 63 involutions (elements of order 2). A 168-subgroup contains 21 involutions, which are defined to be neighbors.
 Outside U3(3) let there be a 100th vertex C, whose neighbors are the 36 168-subgroups. A  168-subgroup then has 14 common neighbors with C and in all 1+14+21 neighbors.
 An involution is found in 12 of the 168-subgroups. C and an involution are non-adjacent, with 12 common neighbors.
 Two involutions are defined as adjacent when they generate a dihedral subgroup of order 8. An involution has 24 involutions as neighbors.

The characteristic polynomial of the Hall–Janko graph is . Therefore the Hall–Janko graph is an integral graph: its spectrum consists entirely of integers.

References

Group theory
Individual graphs
Regular graphs

Hall–Janko graph


Heavy metals are metals or chemical compounds containing metals with relatively high density, high atomic weights, or atomic numbers.

This might mean up to 96 out of the 118 known chemical elements.  Mercury, lead and bismuth are examples. The term is widely used in science. They have a density of more than 5 g/cm3.  All of them are denser than iron

The term is sometimes used for any toxic metal, or metalloid such as arsenic, regardless of density.

The term heavy metals includes chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, silver, gold, cadmium, antimony, mercury, thallium, tungsten, platinum and lead.

The heaviest metal by density is osmium. Although most heavy metals are toxic, not all of them are. For example, gold, which is one of the heaviest metals, is non-toxic and chemically inert in the body. Some gold compounds are toxic, however. More specific definitions of a heavy metal have been proposed but none is widely used.

Heavy metals are scarce in the Earth's crust because most have sunk into the Earth's core. Many are used in modern life. They are used, for example, in golf clubs, cars, antiseptics, self-cleaning ovens, plastics, solar panels, mobile phones, and particle accelerators.

References

 Kumar V, Abbas AK & Aster JC 2013, 'Environmental and nutritional diseases,' in V Kumar, AK Abbas & JC Aster (eds), Robbins basic pathology, 9th ed, Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA.
 Newman MC & Unger MA 2003. Fundamentals of ecotoxicology, 2nd ed. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL.
 Sengupta AK 2002, 'Principles of heavy metals separation', in AK Sengupta (ed), Environmental separation of heavy metals: engineering processes, Lewis, Boca Raton, FL.

Related pages
Hyperaccumulator
Metals

Heavy metals


Birkenhead is a toon wi-in the Metropolitan Borough o Wirral in Merseyside, Inglan. Historically in Cheshire, it is on the Wirral Peninsula, alang the wast bank o the River Mersey, opposite the city o Liverpull. The Birkenhead Urban Airie definit as the contiguous biggit-up airie alan

ng the eritern side o the Wirrai had a total populatio of 325,264 in the 2011 Census. In the 2011 census, the iParliamentary constituency o Birkenheadihad a population o 88,818. The Birkenhead an Tranmere electoral ward, coverin smaaerce airie,ihad a population o 15,879.

References

Touns in Merseyside

Birkenhead


Donovan Phillips Leitch (born 10 May 1946 in Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish-born pop singer and guitarist, who was popular in the 1960s. Early in his career he was compared to Bob Dylan, but he developed his own musical style, which included elements of jazz and Indian music. (Donovan and Dylan met during 1965, and became friends.)

Donovan's best-remembered songs include "Catch The Wind", "Mellow Yellow", "Sunshine Superman", "Happiness Runs", and "Hurdy Gurdy Man". He helped the Beatles with their song "Yellow Submarine", and two Beatles (John Lennon and Paul McCartney) sang on his song "Atlantis".

Donovan was one of the first pop musicians to denounce the use of drugs, after his own arrest for hashish possession in 1966, and his seeing friends begin to use "hard drugs" like heroin and speed (amphetamine). The liner notes to his 1967 album A Gift From a Flower to a Garden called upon young people to "stop the use of all drugs, and heed the quest to seek the Sun." (He later resumed occasional marijuana use, and drinking alcohol.)

After the 1960s, Donovan's music was not as popular as it had been, but it is remembered now as part of the flower power era. Many of his songs now appear in television commercials. He continued to make albums regularly through the 1980s, and sometimes in the 1990s. He also continued to tour, and some of his later albums are of live performances. He published an autobiography, The Hurdy Gurdy Man, in 2005.

Two of Donovan's children, Donovan Leitch and Ione Skye, are actors.

Other websites

 Official Site
 Donovan Unofficial Site
 Complete discography
 Hear Donovan on the Pop Chronicles (1969).

1946 births
Living people
British pop musicians
Scottish singers
British autobiographers

Donovan


Jeanne Clemson (1922 – September 12, 2009) was an American artistic director, theater director, actress, educator and preservationist. Clemson was considered  instrumental in the efforts to save the Fulton Opera House, located in downtown Lancaster, Pennsylvania, from demolition during the 1950s and 1960s. She is also credited with restoring live theater productions to the Fulton.

The Fulton Opera House is now a National Historic Landmark, designated in 1964.

Biography

Early life
Clemson was born Jeanne Hershberger in 1922 in Bedford County, Pennsylvania to parents, Fred L. and Olive Bussard Hershberger. She was raised in Everett, Pennsylvania.

She received her bachelor's degree in drama, with a minor in applied music, from Penn State University. She also obtained her teaching certification from Penn State. Clemson further earned her master's degree from the School of Speech at Northwestern University on a scholarship.

She met her future husband, Charles R. Clemson, during her freshman year at Penn State University. The couple married in 1945. They had two children, Cheryl Jeanne and John Alfred.

Career

Clemson began her career by teaching music at the National Cathedral School in Washington D.C. The family next relocated to Western Pennsylvania before permanently moving to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, during the mid-1950s.

Clemson, who was a fan of theater, quickly became involved in the local Lancaster theater community and appeared at the Green Room Theatre, which was affiliated with Franklin and Marshall College. Until Clemson joined, the Green Room Theatre had been a male-only theater school. Local theater companies launched one or two theater productions a year at the time.

In the late 1950s, local activists, including Clemson, began to work for the preservation of the Fulton Opera House, a Lancaster Victorian structure constructed in 1870. The Fulton Opera House was in danger of demolition at the time. Clemson and others advocated not just preserving the Fulton Opera House, but also restoring it into a full-time theater again.

Efforts to save the Fulton Opera House and stage productions began to pay off.  The 1959 production of Our Town, starring Jeanne Clemson, marked that first time that a live theater production had been staged at the Fulton Opera House in thirty years. In 1964, the Fulton Opera House was added to the list of National Historic Landmarks and further placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Much of the credit in preserving the opera house went to Clemson. In a 2009 interview with the Intelligencer Journal, Rob Brock, head of the Lancaster Hole-in-the-Wall Puppet Theatre, noted, "I think there is a very good chance the Fulton would not be here without her involvement."

In 1968, Jeanne Clemson and Emily Pat Hoffman founded the Actors Company of Pennsylvania. The Actors Company grew considerable over the next three decades, further fueling local theater in Lancaster and other parts of Pennsylvania. The company expanded the local audience for local theater, as well as the pool of actors and other talent. Clemson, who served as the company's artistic director until 1996, carried out many of the tasks needed for the Actors Company's productions, including local casting, directing and costume design. Clemson's establishment of the Actors Company is also credited with laying the foundation for the establishment of other theater companies within Lancaster County, including the Ephrata Performing Arts Center, Theater of the Seventh Sister and the Independent Eye.

Clemson negotiated and oversaw the merger of the Actors Company of Pennsylvania and the Fulton Theatre Company in 1996. Following the merger, she continued to work with the Fulton Academy, which worked to introduce children to theater and acting. She remained on the Fulton Opera House's board of directors until her death in 2009.

Additionally, Clemson taught and headed the drama department at Lancaster Country Day School.  She joined the faculty of Lancaster Country Day in 1962, and remained at the school for 29 years, until her retirement from the school in 1991.

Death
Jeanne Clemson died from Parkinson's disease on September 12, 2009, at the Homestead Village retirement community in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, at the age of 87. Her husband, Charles Clemson, died in 2006 after 61 years of marriage.

A memorial service was held for Clemson on September 27, 2009, at the Unitarian Universalist Church, followed by a reception at the Fulton Opera House, the Lancaster landmark in which she is credited with preserving.

References

External links
Intelligencer Journal: Saying goodbye to a pillar of local theater

1922 births
2009 deaths
People from Bedford County, Pennsylvania
American theatre managers and producers
American theatre directors
American women theatre directors
Drama teachers
American stage actresses
Actresses from Pennsylvania
Penn State College of Education alumni
Northwestern University School of Communication alumni
Artists from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Actors from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American people
21st-century American women

Jeanne Clemson


The khaen (; spelled "Can" in English; Lao: ແຄນ; , , ;   - Ken; Vietnamese: khèn) is a Lao mouth organ whose pipes, which are usually made of bamboo, are connected with a small, hollowed-out hardwood reservoir into which air is blown. The khene is the national instrument of Laos. The khene music is an integral part of Lao life that promotes family and social cohesion and it was inscribed in 2017 on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Although it is associated with the Lao people of Laos and Isan (Northeast Thailand) nowadays, other similar instruments date back to the Bronze Age. In Cambodia, it is used among the ethnic Lao population of the province of Stung Treng and is used in lakhon ken, a Cambodian dance drama genre that features the khene as the main instrument In Vietnam, this instrument is used among the Tai peoples and the Muong people.

The khene uses a free reed made of brass and/or silver. It is related to Western free-reed instruments such as the harmonium, concertina, accordion, harmonica, and bandoneon, which were developed beginning in the 18th century from the Chinese sheng, a related instrument, a specimen of which had been carried to St. Petersburg, Russia.

The khene has five different lai, or pentatonic modes with specific drone pitches, organized into two families (thang san and thang yao). The thang san family includes lai sutsanaen (G A C D E), lai po sai (C D F G A), and lai soi (D E G A B), while the thang yao family includes lai yai (A C D E G) and lai noi (D F G A C). Lai po sai is considered to be the oldest of the modes and lai sutsanaen the "Father of the Lai Khaen."  Khene can be played as a solo instrument (dio khene), as part of an ensemble (such as wong pong lang and khene wong), or as an accompaniment to a Lao or Isan solo singer (mor lam). It is often played in combination with a traditional fretted plucked lute called phin.

Composers who have written notated music for the instrument include Annea Lockwood, Christopher Adler, David Loeb and Vera Ivanova.

Tuning
The khene has seven tones per octave, with intervals similar to that of the Western diatonic natural A-minor scale: A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. A khene can be made in a particular key but cannot be tuned after the reed is set and the pipes are cut.

Varieties
The khene comes in several varieties:
Khaen hok (แคนหก, hok meaning "six") - small khaen with 12 pipes in two rows of 6; usually used by children or beginners, or sold to tourists
Khaen jet (แคนเจ็ด, jet meaning "seven") - medium-sized khaen with 14 pipes in two rows of 7
Khaen pet (แคนแปด, pet meaning "eight") - medium-sized khaen with 16 pipes in two rows of 8; the most commonly used variety
Khaen gao (แคนเก้า, gao meaning "nine") - khaen with 18 pipes in two rows of 9; usually very long
Khaen sip (แคนสิบ, sip meaning "ten") - an "improved" version of the khaen paet; little used

Outside Southeast Asia

In the United States, the top master khaen artist is a blind Laotian-born player, Bounseung Synanonh.  Master Synanonh started playing the khaen at age twelve and later lost his eye sight at age 15. Master Synanonh immigrated to the U.S. as a refugee in the early 1980s.  In 1987, he performed for President Reagan at the White House.  He also recorded with the World Music Institute under the direction of Terry Miller, a world-renowned ethnomusicologist.  In 2007, he performed at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in Washington, D.C. In Thailand, one of the top virtuoso khaen soloists is the blind musician Sombat Simla. The instrument has also attracted a few non-Asian performers, including University of San Diego professor Christopher Adler, who also composes for the instrument; English musician Clive Bell (UK); Vancouver-based composer/performer Randy Raine-Reusch (Canada), who played khaen on Aerosmith's Pump (1989), Cranberries' To the Faithful Departed (1996), and Yes's The Ladder (1999); and Jaron Lanier (United States). Since the early 21st century, the California-born khaen player Jonny Olsen has achieved familiarity in Laos and Thailand by appearing on numerous Thai and Lao TV Shows and performing live concerts in Thailand and the U.S. Olsen is the first foreigner to win a khaen championship in Khon Kaen, Thailand in 2005. Stephen Molyneux (United States) has played the khaen on his releases The Arbitrary State (2010), The Stars Are the Light Show (2012), Wings and Circles (2016), and in select live performances. Molyneux bought a khaen in Bangkok in 2010 after developing an interest in the instrument while traveling in Laos and Thailand.

See also
 Water organ
 Sompoton
 Ploong
 Sheng (instrument)
 Lusheng
 Gourd mouth organ

Notes

Bibliography
 Miller, Terry E.  Traditional Music of the Lao: Kaen Playing and Mawlum Singing in Northeast Thailand (1985).  Contributions in Intercultural and Comparative Studies, no. 13.  Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
 Miller, Terry E.  An Introduction to Playing the Kaen (1980).  Kent, Ohio:  Terry E. Miller.
 Lilly, Joseph An Introduction to the Khaen of Laos:The Free-Reed Journal Articles and Essays Featuring Classical Free-Reed Instruments and Performers

External links
Educational Video about Khaen What is the khaen and how it is played
Khaen Baet and Khaen Hok
Khaen Repertories: The Developments of Lao Traditional Music in Northeast Thailand Accessed 13 May 2005.
Audio samples
Traditional Music and Songs in Laos: The Voice of the Lao Khen
Art of the States: khaen Three contemporary American works featuring the instrument
Jaron Lanier using his invented style of playing, extraordinary.

Bamboo musical instruments
Laotian musical instruments
Thai musical instruments
Mor lam
Sets of free reeds
Mouth organs

Khene


Agustín Magaldi (født 1. desember 1898 i Casilda nær Rosario i Argentina, død 8. september 1938 i Buenos Aires) var en tango- og milongasanger. Han fikk tilnavnet La voz sentimental de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires' sentimentale stemme). Magaldi stod bare tilbake for tangosangeren Carlos Gardel i popularitet.

Agustín Magaldi skildres i musicalen Evita av Andrew Lloyd Webber og Tim Rice. Ifølge musicalen bragte Magaldi Eva Duarte, den senere Eva Peron, til Buenos Aires, og omtales derfor som «the first man to be of use to Eva Duarte».

Imidlertid er det uenighet om denne historien overhodet er sann. I biografien Evita: The Real Life of Eva Perón av forfatterne Marysa Navarro og Nicholas Fraser hevdes det at det ikke finnes noe belegg for at Magaldi opptrådte i Evas hjemby Junín det aktuelle året.

''Most accounts of Evita's life say that she fell in love with the spotlight image of Magaldi or that she decided to seduce him and use him; but that, in either event, she was introduced to him, asked him to take her to Buenos Aires, and when he wavered, forced her way into his train compartment and rode with him to the city, thus leaving her family and becoming a married man's mistress. Yet there is no record of the tango singer's having come to Junín that year. Magaldi, a mild man who was devoted to his mother, used to bring his wife on tour, and it is hard to understand what he would have seen in small, skinny Eva María. If he did help her leave Junín, it is likely that his assistance was of the most innocuous kind. Evita's sister insists that doña Juana, prodded by don Pepe, accompanied Evita to the city. According to her account, mother and daughter kept visiting the radio stations until they found a programme for which a young girl was needed.»

Referanser

Eksterne lenker

 Agustín Magaldi , av Pablo Taboada og Ricardo García Blaya.
 Agustín Magaldi biografi og diskusjon om hans fødested (på spansk)

Argentinske sangere
Personer fra departementet Caseros i provinsen Santa Fe

Agustín Magaldi


Progressivism in the United States is a political philosophy and reform movement. Today in the United States it generally advocates policies that are generally considered social democratic and left-wing. But it has also expressed itself with right-wing politics, such as New-nationalism and Progressive Conservatism.

Progressive economic policies incorporate the socioeconomic principles and views of social democracy and political progressivism. These views are often rooted in the concept of social justice and have the goal of improving the human condition through government regulation, social protections and the maintenance of public goods. It is based on the idea that capitalist markets left to operate with limited government regulation are inherently unfair, favoring big business, large corporations and the wealthy. Specific economic policies that are considered progressive include progressive taxes, income redistribution aimed at reducing inequalities of wealth, a comprehensive package of public services, universal health care, resisting involuntary unemployment, public education, social security, minimum wage laws, antitrust laws, legislation protecting labor rights and the rights of labor unions.

It reached its height early in the 20th century. Middle/working class and reformist in nature, it arose as a response to the vast changes brought by modernization such as the growth of large corporations, pollution and corruption in American politics.

Historian Alonzo Hamby describes American progressivism as a "political movement that addresses ideas, impulses, and issues stemming from modernization of American society. Emerging at the end of the nineteenth century, it established much of the tone of American politics throughout the first half of the century".

While the modern progressive movement may be characterized as largely secular in nature, by comparison, the historical progressive movement was to a significant extent rooted in and energized by religion.

Progressive Era

Historians debate the exact contours, but they generally date the Progressive Era in response to the excesses of the Gilded Age from the 1890s to either World War I in 1917 or the onset of the Great Depression in the United States in 1929. Many of the core principles of the progressive movement focused on the need for efficiency in all areas of society, and for greater democratic control over public policy. Purification to eliminate waste and corruption was a powerful element as well as the progressives' support of worker compensation, improved child labor laws, minimum wage legislation, a limited workweek, graduated income tax and allowing women the right to vote. Arthur S. Link and Vincent P. De Santis argue that the majority of progressives wanted to purify politics. For some Progressives, purification meant taking the vote away from blacks in the South.

Regulation of large corporations and monopolies

Most progressives hoped that by regulating large corporations they could liberate human energies from the restrictions imposed by industrial capitalism. Nonetheless, the progressive movement was split over which of the following solutions should be used to regulate corporations.

Trust busting
Many progressives argued that industrial monopolies were unnatural economic institutions which suppressed the competition which was necessary for progress and improvement.

United States antitrust law prohibits anti-competitive behavior (monopoly) and unfair business practices. Presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft supported trust-busting. During their presidencies, the otherwise-conservative Taft brought down 90 trusts in four years while Roosevelt took down 44 in seven and a half years in office.

Regulation
Progressives such as Benjamin Parke De Witt argued that in a modern economy, large corporations and even monopolies were both inevitable and desirable. He argued that with their massive resources and economies of scale, large corporations offered the United States advantages which smaller companies could not offer. However, these large corporations might abuse their great power. The federal government should allow these companies to exist, but otherwise regulate them for the public interest. President Roosevelt generally supported this idea and incorporated it as part of his "New Nationalism".

Efficiency
Many progressives such as Louis Brandeis hoped to make American governments better able to serve the people's needs by making governmental operations and services more efficient and rational. Rather than making legal arguments against ten-hour workdays for women, he used "scientific principles" and data produced by social scientists documenting the high costs of long working hours for both individuals and society. The progressives' quest for efficiency was sometimes at odds with the progressives' quest for democracy. Taking power out of the hands of elected officials and placing that power in the hands of professional administrators reduced the voice of the politicians and in turn reduced the voice of the people. Centralized decision-making by trained experts and reduced power for local wards made government less corrupt but more distant and isolated from the people it served. Progressives who emphasized the need for efficiency typically argued that trained independent experts could make better decisions than the local politicians. In his influential Drift and Mastery (1914) stressing the "scientific spirit" and "discipline of democracy", Walter Lippmann called for a strong central government guided by experts rather than public opinion.

One example of progressive reform was the rise of the city manager system in which paid, professional engineers ran the day-to-day affairs of city governments under guidelines established by elected city councils. Many cities created municipal "reference bureaus" which did expert surveys of government departments looking for waste and inefficiency. After in-depth surveys, local and even state governments were reorganized to reduce the number of officials and to eliminate overlapping areas of authority between departments. City governments were reorganized to reduce the power of local ward bosses and to increase the powers of the city council. Governments at every level began developing budgets to help them plan their expenditures rather than spending money haphazardly as needs arose and revenue became available. Governor Frank Lowden of Illinois showed a "passion for efficiency" as he streamlined state government.

Governmental corruption
Corruption represented a source of waste and inefficiency in the government. William Simon U'Ren in Oregon, Robert M. La Follette in Wisconsin and others worked to clean up state and local governments by passing laws to weaken the power of machine politicians and political bosses. In Wisconsin, La Follette pushed through an open primary system that stripped party bosses of the power to pick party candidates. The Oregon System included a "Corrupt Practices Act", a public referendum and a state-funded voter's pamphlet, among other reforms which were exported to other states in the Northwest and Midwest. Its high point was in 1912, after which they detoured into a disastrous third party status.

Education
Early progressive thinkers such as John Dewey and Lester Ward placed a universal and comprehensive system of education at the top of the progressive agenda, reasoning that if a democracy were to be successful, its leaders, the general public, needed a good education. Progressives worked hard to expand and improve public and private education at all levels. They believed that modernization of society necessitated the compulsory education of all children, even if the parents objected. Progressives turned to educational researchers to evaluate the reform agenda by measuring numerous aspects of education, later leading to standardized testing. Many educational reforms and innovations generated during this period continued to influence debates and initiatives in American education for the remainder of the 20th century. One of the most apparent legacies of the Progressive Era left to American education was the perennial drive to reform schools and curricula, often as the product of energetic grass-roots movements in the city.

Since progressivism was and continues to be "in the eyes of the beholder", progressive education encompasses very diverse and sometimes conflicting directions in educational policy. Such enduring legacies of the Progressive Era continue to interest historians. Progressive Era reformers stressed "object teaching", meeting the needs of particular constituencies within the school district, equal educational opportunity for boys and girls and avoiding corporal punishment.

David Gamson examines the implementation of progressive reforms in three city school districts—Denver, Colorado; Seattle, Washington and Oakland, California—during 1900–1928. Historians of educational reform during the Progressive Era tend to highlight the fact that many progressive policies and reforms were very different and at times even contradictory. At the school district level, contradictory reform policies were often especially apparent, though there is little evidence of confusion among progressive school leaders in  Denver, Seattle and Oakland. District leaders in these cities, including Frank B. Cooper in Seattle and Fred M. Hunter in Oakland, often employed a seemingly contradictory set of reforms. Local progressive educators consciously sought to operate independently of national progressive movements as they preferred reforms that were easy to implement and were encouraged to mix and blend diverse reforms that had been shown to work in other cities.

The reformers emphasized professionalization and bureaucratization. The old system whereby ward politicians selected school employees was dropped in the case of teachers and replaced by a merit system requiring a college-level education in a normal school (teacher's college). The rapid growth in size and complexity the large urban school systems facilitated stable employment for women teachers and provided senior teachers greater opportunities to mentor younger teachers. By 1900, most women in Providence, Rhode Island, remained as teachers for at least 17.5 years, indicating teaching had become a significant and desirable career path for women.

Social work
Progressives set up training programs to ensure that welfare and charity work would be undertaken by trained professionals rather than warm-hearted amateurs.

Jane Addams of Chicago's Hull House typified the leadership of residential, community centers operated by social workers and volunteers and located in inner city slums. The purpose of the settlement houses was to raise the standard of living of urbanites by providing adult education and cultural enrichment programs.

Anti-prostitution

During this era of massive reformation among all social aspects, elimination of prostitution was vital for the progressives, especially the women. The anti-prostitution movement involved three main groups: Christians, Progressive Era feminists, and physicians. Many individuals active in the anti-prostitution movement shared some of the same perspectives from each of these groups.

Jane Addams, one of the most notable of early American social workers, wrote a book addressing prostitution. According to her argument in A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil, the reason why women resorted to prostitution was due to the inadequate salaries they received. However, she also mentions the absence of family oversight of female modesty, as young women migrated from rural to urban areas.

Although most prostitutes were born in America, the public believed that women were being brought into the United States and later sold into prostitution. The opposition against prostitution could have been a reflection of concerns regarding the influx of immigrants, the growth of cities, the development of industries, and the erosion of established moral standards.

Enactment of child labor laws

Child labor laws were designed to prevent the overuse of children in the newly emerging industries. The goal of these laws was to give working class children the opportunity to go to school and mature more institutionally, thereby liberating the potential of humanity and encouraging the advancement of humanity. Factory owners generally did not want this progression because of lost workers. Parents relied on the income of children to keep the family solvent.  Progressives enacted state and federal laws against child labor, but these were overturned by the US Supreme Court. A proposed constitutional amendment was opposed by business and Catholics; it passed Congress but was never ratified by enough states. Child labor was finally outlawed by the New Deal in the 1930s.

Support for the goals of organized labor
Labor unions grew steadily until 1916, then expanded fast during the war. In 1919, a wave of major strikes alienated the middle class and the strikes were lost which alienated the workers. In the 1920s, the unions were in the doldrums. In 1924, they supported Robert M. La Follette's Progressive Party, but he only carried his base in Wisconsin. The American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers after 1907 began supporting the Democrats, who promised more favorable judges as the Republicans appointed pro-business judges. Theodore Roosevelt and his third party also supported such goals as the eight-hour work day, improved safety and health conditions in factories, workers' compensation laws and minimum wage laws for women.

Prohibition
Most progressives, especially in rural areas, adopted the cause of prohibition. They saw the saloon as political corruption incarnate and bewailed the damage done to women and children. They believed the consumption of alcohol limited mankind's potential for advancement. Progressives achieved success first with state laws then with the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1919. The golden day did not dawn as enforcement was lax, especially in the cities where the law had very limited popular support and where notorious criminal gangs such as the Chicago gang of Al Capone made a crime spree based on illegal sales of liquor in speakeasies. The "experiment" (as President Herbert Hoover called it) also cost the federal and local treasuries large sums of taxes. The 18th amendment was repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1933.

Eugenics
Some progressives sponsored eugenics as a solution to excessively large or under-performing families, hoping that birth control would enable parents to focus their resources on fewer, better children while others, like Margaret Sanger advocated it. Progressives also advocated for compulsory sterilization of those deemed "unfit". Progressive leaders such as Herbert Croly and Walter Lippmann indicated their classical liberal concern over the danger posed to the individual by the practice of eugenics. Progressive politician William Jennings Bryan opposed eugenics on the grounds of his anti-evolution activism. In a paper titled The Progressives: Racism and Public Law, American legal scholar Herbert Hovenkamp (MA, PhD, JD) wrote:
When examining the Progressives on race, it is critical to distinguish the views that they inherited from those that they developed. The rise of Progressivism coincided with the death of scientific racism, which had been taught in American universities since the early nineteenth century and featured prominently in the scientific debate over Darwin's theory of evolution. Eugenics, which attempted to use genetics and mathematics to validate many racist claims, was its last gasp. The most notable thing about the Progressives is that they were responsible for bringing scientific racism to an end.

Purifying the electorate
Progressives repeatedly warned that illegal voting was corrupting the political system. They especially identified big-city bosses, working with saloon keepers and precinct workers, as the culprits who stuffed the ballot boxes. The solution to purifying the vote included prohibition (designed to close down the saloons), voter registration requirements (designed to end multiple voting), and literacy tests (designed to minimize the number of ignorant voters).

All of the Southern states used devices to disenfranchise black voters during the Progressive Era. Typically, the progressive elements in those states pushed for disenfranchisement, often fighting against the conservatism of the Black Belt whites. A major reason given was that whites routinely purchased black votes to control elections, and it was easier to disenfranchise blacks than to go after powerful white men.

In the Northern states, progressives such as Robert M. La Follette and William Simon U'Ren argued that the average citizen should have more control over his government. The Oregon System of "Initiative, Referendum, and Recall" was exported to many states, including Idaho, Washington and Wisconsin. Many progressives such as George M. Forbes, president of Rochester's Board of Education, hoped to make government in the United States more responsive to the direct voice of the American people, arguing:

[W]e are now intensely occupied in forging the tools of democracy, the direct primary, the initiative, the referendum, the recall, the short ballot, commission government. But in our enthusiasm we do not seem to be aware that these tools will be worthless unless they are used by those who are aflame with the sense of brotherhood. [...] The idea [of the social centers movement is] to establish in each community an institution having a direct and vital relation to the welfare of the neighborhood, ward, or district, and also to the city as a whole.

Philip J. Ethington seconds this high view of direct democracy, saying that "initiatives, referendums, and recalls, along with direct primaries and the direct election of US Senators, were the core achievements of 'direct democracy' by the Progressive generation during the first two decades of the twentieth century".

Progressives fought for women's suffrage to purify the elections using supposedly purer female voters. Progressives in the South supported the elimination of supposedly corrupt black voters from the election booth. Historian Michael Perman says that in both Texas and Georgia "disfranchisement was the weapon as well as the rallying cry in the fight for reform". In Virginia, "the drive for disfranchisement had been initiated by men who saw themselves as reformers, even progressives".

While the ultimate significance of the progressive movement on today's politics is still up for debate, Alonzo L. Hamby asks:
What were the central themes that emerged from the cacophony [of progressivism]? Democracy or elitism? Social justice or social control? Small entrepreneurship or concentrated capitalism? And what was the impact of American foreign policy? Were the progressives isolationists or interventionists? Imperialists or advocates of national self-determination? And whatever they were, what was their motivation? Moralistic utopianism? Muddled relativistic pragmatism? Hegemonic capitalism? Not surprisingly many battered scholars began to shout 'no mas!' In 1970, Peter Filene declared that the term 'progressivism' had become meaningless.

Municipal administration
The progressives typically concentrated on city and state government, looking for waste and better ways to provide services as the cities grew rapidly. These changes led to a more structured system, power that had been centralized within the legislature would now be more locally focused. The changes were made to the system to effectively make legal processes, market transactions, bureaucratic administration and democracy easier to manage, putting them under the classification of "Municipal Administration". There was also a change in authority for this system as it was believed that the authority that was not properly organized had now given authority to professionals, experts and bureaucrats for these services. These changes led to a more solid type of municipal administration compared to the old system that was underdeveloped and poorly constructed.

The progressives mobilized concerned middle class voters as well as newspapers and magazines to identify problems and concentrate reform sentiment on specific problems. Many Protestants focused on the saloon as the power base for corruption as well as violence and family disruption, so they tried to get rid of the entire saloon system through prohibition. Others such as Jane Addams in Chicago promoted settlement houses. Early municipal reformers included Hazen S. Pingree (mayor of Detroit in the 1890s) and Tom L. Johnson in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1901, Johnson won election as mayor of Cleveland on a platform of just taxation, home rule for Ohio cities and a 3-cent streetcar fare. Columbia University President Seth Low was elected mayor of New York City in 1901 on a reform ticket.

Conservation
During the term of the progressive President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) and influenced by the ideas of philosopher-scientists such as George Perkins Marsh, William John McGee, John Muir, John Wesley Powell and Lester Frank Ward, the largest government-funded conservation-related projects in United States history were undertaken.

National parks and wildlife refuges

On March 14, 1903, President Roosevelt created the first National Bird Preserve, the beginning of the Wildlife Refuge system, on Pelican Island, Florida. In all, by 1909, the Roosevelt administration had created an unprecedented 42 million acres (170,000 km2) of United States National Forests, 53 National Wildlife Refuges and 18 areas of "special interest" such as the Grand Canyon.

Reclamation
In addition, Roosevelt approved the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 which gave subsidies for irrigation in 13 (eventually 20) Western states. Another conservation-oriented bill was the Antiquities Act of 1906 that protected large areas of land by allowing the president to declare areas meriting protection to be national monuments. The Inland Waterways Commission was appointed by Roosevelt on March 14, 1907, to study the river systems of the United States, including the development of water power, flood control and land reclamation.

National politics
In the early 20th century, politicians of the Democratic and Republican parties, Lincoln–Roosevelt League Republicans (in California) and Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party all pursued environmental, political and economic reforms. Chief among these aims was the pursuit of trust busting, the breaking up very large monopolies and support for labor unions, public health programs, decreased corruption in politics and environmental conservation.

The progressive movement enlisted support from both major parties and from minor parties as well. One leader, the Democratic William Jennings Bryan, had won both the Democratic Party and the Populist Party nominations in 1896. At the time, the great majority of other major leaders had been opposed to populism. When Roosevelt left the Republican Party in 1912, he took with him many of the intellectual leaders of progressivism, but very few political leaders. The Republican Party then became notably more committed to business-oriented and efficiency-oriented progressivism, typified by Herbert Hoover and William Howard Taft.

Culture
The foundation of the progressive tendency was indirectly linked to the unique philosophy of pragmatism which was primarily developed by John Dewey and William James.

Equally significant to progressive-era reform were the crusading journalists known as muckrakers. These journalists publicized to middle class readers economic privilege, political corruption and social injustice. Their articles appeared in McClure's Magazine and other reform periodicals. Some muckrakers focused on corporate abuses. Ida Tarbell exposed the activities of the Standard Oil Company. In The Shame of the Cities (1904), Lincoln Steffens dissected corruption in city government. In Following the Color Line (1908), Ray Stannard Baker criticized race relations. Other muckrakers assailed the Senate, railroad companies, insurance companies and fraud in patent medicine.

Novelists criticized corporate injustices. Theodore Dreiser drew harsh portraits of a type of ruthless businessman in The Financier (1912) and The Titan (1914). In The Jungle (1906), socialist Upton Sinclair repelled readers with descriptions of Chicago's meatpacking plants and his work led to support for remedial food safety legislation.

Leading intellectuals also shaped the progressive mentality. In Dynamic Sociology (1883), Lester Frank Ward laid out the philosophical foundations of the progressive movement and attacked the laissez-faire policies advocated by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner. In The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), Thorstein Veblen attacked the "conspicuous consumption" of the wealthy. Educator John Dewey emphasized a child-centered philosophy of pedagogy known as progressive education which affected schoolrooms for three generations.

In the 21st century

Modern progressivism can be seen as encompassing many notable differences from the historical progressivism of the 19th–20th centuries. Some viewpoints of modern progressivism highlight these perceived differences like those of Princeton economics professor Thomas C. Leonard who viewed historical progressivism in The American Conservative as being "[a]t a glance, [...] not much here for 21st-century progressives to claim kinship with. Today's progressives emphasize racial equality and minority rights, decry U.S. imperialism, shun biological ideas in social science, and have little use for piety or proselytizing". Ultimately however, both historical progressivism and the modern movement share the notion that the free markets lead to economic inequalities that must be ameliorated in order to best protect the American working class.

Mitigating income inequality
Income inequality in the United States has been on the rise since 1970. Progressives argue that lower union rates, weak policy, globalization and other drivers have caused the gap in income. The rise of income inequality has led progressives to draft legislation including, but not limited to, reforming Wall Street, reforming the tax code, reforming campaign finance, closing loopholes and keeping domestic work.

Wall Street reform
Progressives began to demand stronger Wall Street regulation after they perceived deregulation and relaxed enforcement as leading to the financial crisis of 2008. Passing the Dodd-Frank financial regulatory act in 2010 provided increased oversight on financial institutions and the creation of new regulatory agencies, but many progressives argue its broad framework allows for financial institutions to continue to take advantage of consumers and the government. Among others, Bernie Sanders has argued for reimplementing Glass-Steagall, which regulated banking more strictly, and for breaking up financial institutions where market-share is concentrated in a select few 'too big to fail' corporations.

Health care reform

In 2009, the Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC) outlined five key healthcare principles they intended to pass into law. The CPC mandated a nationwide public option, affordable health insurance, insurance market regulations, an employer insurance provision mandate and comprehensive services for children. In March 2010, Congress passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which was intended to increase the affordability and efficiency of the United States healthcare system. Although considered a success by progressives, many argued that it did not go far enough in achieving healthcare reform as exemplified with the Democrats' failure in achieving a national public option. In recent decades, single-payer healthcare has become an important goal in healthcare reform for progressives. In the 2016 Democratic Party primaries, progressive presidential candidate Bernie Sanders raised the issue of a single-payer healthcare system, citing his belief that millions of Americans are still paying too much for health insurance and arguing that millions more do not receive the care they need. In November 2016, an effort was made to implement a single-payer healthcare system in the state of Colorado, known as ColoradoCare (Amendment 69). Senator Sanders held rallies in Colorado in support of Amendment 69 leading up to the vote. Despite high-profile support, Amendment 69 failed to pass, with just 21.23% of voting Colorado residents voting in favor and 78.77% against.

Minimum wage
Adjusted for inflation, the minimum wage peaked in 1968 at around $9.90 an hour in 2020 dollars. Progressives believe that stagnating wages perpetuate income inequality and that raising the minimum wage is a necessary step to combat inequality. If the minimum wage grew at the rate of productivity growth in the United States, it would be $21.72 an hour, nearly three times as much as the current $7.25 an hour. Popular progressives such as Senator Bernie Sanders and Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez have endorsed a federally mandated wage increase to $15 an hour. The movement has already seen success with its implementation in California with the passing of bill to raise the minimum wage $1 every year until reaching $15 an hour in 2021. New York workers are lobbying for similar legislation as many continue to rally for a minimum wage increase as part of the Fight for $15 movement.

Environmental justice

Modern progressives advocate strong environmental protections and measures to reduce or eliminate pollution. One reason for this is the strong link between economic injustice and adverse environmental conditions as groups that are economically marginalized tend to be disproportionately affected by the harms of pollution and environmental degradation.

Definition
With the rise in popularity of progressives such as Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Bernie Sanders, and Elizabeth Warren, the term progressive began to carry greater cultural currency, particularly in the 2016 Democratic primaries. While answering a question from CNN moderator Anderson Cooper regarding her willingness to shift positions during an October 2015 debate, Hillary Clinton referred to herself as a "progressive who likes to get things done", drawing the ire of a number of Sanders supporters and other critics from her left. Questions about the precise meaning of the term have persisted within the Democratic Party and without since the election of Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election, with some candidates using it to indicate their affiliation with the left flank of the party.

Progressive parties
Following the first progressive movement of the early 20th century, two later short-lived parties have also identified as progressive.

Progressive Party, 1912

The first political party named the Progressive Party was formed for the 1912 presidential election to elect Theodore Roosevelt. It was formed after Roosevelt lost his bid to become the Republican candidate to William Howard Taft, and became defunct by 1920.

Progressive Party, 1924

In 1924, Wisconsin Senator Robert M. La Follette ran for president on the Progressive Party ticket. La Follette won the support of labor unions, German Americans, and socialists by his crusade. He carried only Wisconsin, and the party vanished elsewhere. In Wisconsin, it remained a force until the 1940s.

Progressive Party, 1948

A third party was initiated in 1948 by former Vice President Henry A. Wallace as a vehicle for his campaign for president. He saw the two parties as reactionary and war-mongering, and attracted support from left-wing voters who opposed the Cold War policies that had become a national consensus. Most liberals, New Dealers and especially the Congress of Industrial Organizations, denounced the party because in their view it was increasingly controlled by "Communists". It faded away after winning 2% of the vote in 1948.

Farmer–Labor Parties

See also
 Center for American Progress
 Democratic socialism
 Left-wing populism
 Modern liberalism in the United States
 Progressivism

References

Further reading

Overview

 Buenker, John D., John C. Burnham, and Robert M. Crunden. Progressivism (1986) short overview
 Buenker, John D. and Joseph Buenker, eds. Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. Sharpe Reference, 2005. xxxii + 1256 pp. in three volumes. . 900 articles by 200 scholars
 Buenker, John D., ed. Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era (1988) online
 Cocks, Catherine, Peter C. Holloran and Alan Lessoff. Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era (2009)
 Chambers, John Whiteclay II. The Tyranny of Change: America in the Progressive Era, 1890–1920 (2000), textbook excerpt and text search
 Crunden, Robert M. Ministers of Reform: The Progressives' Achievement in American Civilization, 1889–1920 (1982) excerpt and text search
 Dawley, Alan. Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution (2003) excerpt and text search
 Diner, Steven J. A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era (1998) excerpt and text search
 Flanagan, Maureen. America Reformed: Progressives and Progressivisms, 1890s–1920s (2007).
 Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Who Were the Progressives? (2002)
 Gould, Lewis L. America in the Progressive Era, 1890–1914 (2000) excerpt and text search
 Gould, Lewis L. ed., The Progressive Era (1974), essays by scholars
 Hays, Samuel P. The Response to Industrialism, 1885–1914 (1957), old but influential short survey
 Hofstadter, Richard The Age of Reform (1954), Pulitzer Prize, but now sadly outdated
 Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 1885–1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (U of Kansas Press, 2001) pp. 149–80; online version
 Johnston, Robert D. "Re-Democratizing the Progressive Era: The Politics of Progressive Era Political Historiography," Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era (2002) 1#1 pp. 68–92
 Kennedy, David M. ed., Progressivism: The Critical Issues (1971), readings
 Kloppenberg, James T. Uncertain victory: social democracy and progressivism in European and American thought, 1870–1920 1986 online at ACLS e-books
 Leuchtenburg, William E. "Progressivism and Imperialism: The Progressive Movement and American Foreign Policy, 1898–1916," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 39, No. 3. (Dec., 1952), pp. 483–504. JSTOR
 Lears, T. J. Jackson. Rebirth of a Nation: The Remaking of Modern America, 1877-1920 (2009) excerpt and text search
 Link, Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era: 1913–1917 (1954), standard scholarly survey; online
 Mann, Arthur. ed., The Progressive Era (1975), readings from scholars
 Lasch, Christopher. The True and Only Heaven: Progress and its Critics (1991) excerpt and text search
 McGerr, Michael. A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920 (2003) excerpt and text search
 Mowry, George. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900–1912. (1954) general survey of era; online
 Noggle, Burl. "The Twenties: A New Historiographical Frontier," The Journal of American History, Vol. 53, No. 2. (Sep., 1966), pp. 299–314. in JSTOR
 Perry, Elisabeth Israels and Karen Manners Smith, eds. The Gilded Age & Progressive Era: A Student Companion (2006)
 Piott, Steven. American Reformers 1870–1920 (2006). 240 pp. biographies of 12 leaders online review
 Rodgers, Daniel T.  Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (2000). stresses links with Europe online edition
 Schutz, Aaron. Social Class, Social Action, and Education: The Failure of Progressive Democracy. (2010) introduction
 Stromquist, Shelton. Reinventing "the People": The Progressive Movement, the Class Problem and the Origins of Modern Liberalism (2006) excerpt and text search
 Thelen, David P. "Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism," Journal of American History 56 (1969), 323–341 JSTOR
 Wiebe, Robert. The Search For Order, 1877–1920 (1967) highly influential interpretation
 Young, Jeremy C. The Age of Charisma: Leaders, Followers, and Emotions in American Society, 1870-1940 (2017) excerpt and text search

National  politics

 Blum, John Morton The Republican Roosevelt. (1954). Series of essays that examine how TR did politics
 Brands, H.W. T.R.: The Last Romantic (2019) excerpt
 Clements, Kendrick A. The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (1992) online

 Coletta, Paolo. The Presidency of William Howard Taft (1973) online

 Cooper, John Milton The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt. (1983), influential dual biography online
 Edwards, Barry C. "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive?." Congress & the Presidency 41#1 (2014) pp 49–83  online
 Gould, Lewis L. The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (1991) online

 Harrison, Robert. Congress, Progressive Reform, and the New American State (2004) excerpt and text search
 Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition (1948), ch. 8–10 on Bryan, Roosevelt and Wilson. excerpt and text search
 Link, Arthur Stanley. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917 (1972), standard history; online
 Morris, Edmund Theodore Rex. (2001), very well written biography of Theodore Roosevelt covers 1901–1909 excerpt and text search
 Mowry, George E. Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement. (2001) standard history of 1912 movement; online
 Sanders, Elizabeth. Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers and the American State, 1877–1917 (1999) excerpt and text search
 ;  904pp; full scale scholarly biography; winner of Pulitzer Prize; online 2nd ed. 1965

External links

 "The Fifty Most Influential Progressives of the Twentieth Century" — Part I, Part II, Part III, slideshows by The Nation

History of the United States by topic
Political history of the United States
Progressive Era in the United States

Progressivism in the United States


The determinant of a square matrix is a scalar (a number) that indicates how that matrix behaves. It can be calculated from the numbers in the matrix.

The determinant of the matrix  is written as  or  in a formula. Sometimes, instead of  and , one simply writes  and .

Interpretation
There are a few ways to understand what the determinant says about a matrix.

Geometric interpretation

An  matrix can be seen as describing a linear map in  dimensions. In which case, the determinant indicates the factor by which this matrix scales (grows or shrinks) a region of -dimensional space.For example, a  matrix , seen as a linear map, will turn a square in 2-dimensional space into a parallelogram. That parallellogram's area will be  times as big as the square's area.<p>In the same way, a  matrix , seen as a linear map, will turn a cube in 3-dimensional space into a parallelepiped. That parallelepiped's volume will be  times as big as the cube's volume.

The determinant can be negative or zero. A linear map can stretch and scale a volume, but it can also reflect it over an axis. Whenever this happens, the sign of the determinant changes from positive to negative, or from negative to positive. A negative determinant means that the volume was mirrored over an odd number of axes.

"System of equations" interpretation
One can think of a matrix as describing a system of linear equations. That system has a unique non-trivial solution exactly when the determinant is not 0 (non-trivial meaning that the solution is not just all zeros).

If the determinant is zero, then there is either no unique non-trivial solution, or there are infinitely many.

Singular matrices
A matrix has an inverse matrix exactly when the determinant is not 0. For this reason, a matrix with a non-zero determinant is called invertible. If the determinant is 0, then the matrix is called non-invertible or singular.

Geometrically, one can think of a singular matrix as "flattening" the parallelepiped into a parallelogram, or a parallelogram into a line. Then the volume or area is 0, which means that there is no linear map that will bring the old shape back.

Calculating a determinant
There are a few ways to calculate a determinant.

Formulas for small matrices

For  and  matrices, the following simple formulas hold:

For  matrices, the formula is:One can use the Rule of Sarrus (see image) to remember this formula.

Cofactor expansion
For larger matrices, the determinant is harder to calculate. One way to do it is called cofactor expansion.

Suppose that we have an  matrix . First, we choose any row or column of the matrix. For each number  in that row or column, we calculate something called its cofactor . Then .

To compute such a cofactor , we erase row  and column  from the matrix . This gives us a smaller  matrix. We call it . The cofactor  then equals .

Here is an example of a cofactor expansion of the left column of a  matrix:

As illustrated above, one can simplify the computation of determinant by choosing a row or column that has many zeros; if  is 0, then one can skip calculating  altogether.

Related pages
Invertible matrix
Volume

References

Linear algebra

Determinant


Sky Ferreira (born July 8, 1992) is an American musician and actress. She performs indie-pop, alternative pop and folk music.

She appeared on the Spring/Summer 2011 issue of Vs magazine.

Ferreira was born in Venice Beach in Los Angeles.

Ferreira released her first album, Night Time, My Time in the United States on October 29, 2013 by Capitol Records. It got good reviews from music critics. Pitchfork gave it 8.1 out of 10. On November 27 2013 Night Time, My Time B-Sides: Part 1 was released. It has four songs.

She will tour with Miley Cyrus.

References

Actors from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
1992 births
Living people

Sky Ferreira


Nichols Point is a town in Victoria, Australia, located approximately 4 km from Mildura, Victoria. The Post Office opened on 8 April 1908 although known as Nicholl's Point until around 1949. The Post Office includes a small general store and bottle shop. In the 2021 census, Nichols Point had a population of 1,723.

The town has a Primary School with over 300 students. The Nichols Point School opened in May 1892, and classes were initially held in a "bough shelter" structure until the local Methodist Church was leased in July 1892 (on the corner of 5th Street and Koorlong Avenue). In 1907, the school moved into a brick building in Fifth Street. In 2007, a complete new school was opened in Koorlong Avenue.

The area is predominantly irrigated farmland.

Golfers play at the course of the Riverside Golf Club on Park Street.

Nearby is the Kings Billabong Wildlife Reserve, managed by Parks Victoria. Bordered by a wide stretch of the Murray River, home to majestic River Red Gums and a fantastic variety of birdlife, Kings Billabong Reserve is an ideal place to discover nature and history within minutes of Nichols Point and Mildura.

A major tourist attraction in the town is Woodsies Gem Shop. The shop includes Aladdins Cave and the human sized Crazy Maze with a playground. The store is located at Cnr Morpung & Cureton Ave. The store is one of Australia's largest gem and giftware complexes. It is also one of the locations for the annual country and music festival held in late September through to October.

Nichols Point Reserve ground gets used all year round by multiple sporting clubs. Nichols Point Cricket Club (Summer), Nichols Point Soccer Club & Mildura Tigers Rugby Club (Winter). It also gets used by the Nichols Point Primary School during interschool competitions.

References

Towns in Victoria (state)
Mallee (Victoria)

Nichols Point, Victoria


Dumbledore's Army (often referred to as the D.A.) is an association in the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling. It is started in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and continued in the last book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by member Neville Longbottom. This is an association created to prepare some pupils for beating Voldemort.

The leader, Harry Potter, teaches his friends how defend themselves against the Dark Lord. The idea for the D.A. came from Hermione Granger, who wanted the students to learn defensive spells which were not being taught by the new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher, Delores Umbridge.

Members:
Hannah Abbott,
Katie Bell,
Susan Bones,
Terry Boot,
Lavender Brown,
Cho Chang,
Michael Corner,
Colin and Dennis Creevey,
Marietta Edgecombe,
Justin Finch-Fletchley,
Seamus Finnigan,
Anthony Goldstein,
Angelina Johnson,
Lee Jordan,
Neville Longbottom,
Luna Lovegood,
Ernie Macmillan,
Padma Patil,
Parvati Patil,
Zacharias Smith,
Alicia Spinnet,
Dean Thomas,
Fred Weasley (later killed) and George Weasley,
Ginny Weasley..

Dumbledore's Army


Order has many meanings or uses:

Religious
 Holy orders are the rites or sacraments in which priests are ordained
 Religious order, a group of people that live together, and share some ideals

Honors
 Order (decoration), an award or medal

Legal and military
 Court order, made by a judge
 Executive order, issued by the executive branch of government
 General order, a published directive from a commander
 Standing order, a general order of unset duration, and similar ongoing rules in a parliament
 Direct order

In scientific classification
 Order (physics), the opposite of chaos or disorder (in the sense of randomness), or entropy
 Order (biology), a rank between class and family, or a taxon at that rank
 Order (chemistry), a concept of chemical kinetics
 Social order, a concept used in sociology, history and other social sciences. May mean lawfulness, but more often means class structure.

In mathematics
 Order (group theory), the cardinality of a group
 Order theory, a branch of mathematics that studies many different kinds of binary relations called orders
 Order (ring theory), a kind of an algebraic structure
 Orders of approximation, Big O notation
 Order of magnitude, a class of scale or magnitude of any amount
 Order, or degree of a polynomial

In computer science
 Canonical order, the order of elements that follows a certain rules or specifications

In telecommunications
 Modulation order, the number of different symbols that can be sent using a given modulation

Other uses
 Collating order, sequence for text, such as alphabetical
 Order (business), an instruction from a customer to buy
 Order (exchange), customer's instruction to a financial entity for a financial transaction
 Order (information processing), a measure of the number of objects or sub-systems in a system
 Order (organization), an organization of people united by a common fraternal bond or social aim.
 Architectonic orders
 Way of categorizing Electronic filters by steepness
 Way of categorizing the size of lighthouse Fresnel lenses
 "The Order"
 Order (food), a customer's choice of food at a restaurant or for delivery

Basic English 850 words

Order


Barium peroxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaO2. It contains barium and peroxide ions.

Properties
Barium peroxide is a gray-white solid. It reacts with water to make oxygen gas. When it is heated very hot, it releases oxygen and turns into barium oxide.

Preparation
It is made by heating barium oxide. This process used to be used to get oxygen from the air. Barium oxide was heated to around 300°C, absorbing oxygen and making barium peroxide. The barium peroxide was heated above 500°C, releasing the oxygen. Then it could be reused.

Uses
Barium peroxide can be used to make hydrogen peroxide by reaction with sulfuric acid. This also makes the solid barium sulfate.

Related pages
Barium oxide
Barium chloride

Barium compounds
Oxygen compounds

Barium peroxide


Maciej Rataj (born 19 February 1884 - died 21 June 1940) was a Polish politician of peasants movement. He was Speaker of the Parliament (Sejm). He was Acting President of Poland twice.

Rataj was an independence and peasant activist before Poland regained an independence in 1918. He became Member of Sejm in 1918. He was elected Speaker in the first regular term and held that post from 1922 to 1928. Previously, he was Minister for Religious Affairs in Wincenty Witos cabinet.

He was Acting President twice: from 16 December to 22 December 1922 and from 15 May to June 4 1926. For the first time he served between assassination of Poland's first President Gabriel Narutowicz and election of his successor Stanisław Wojciechowski. For the second, between Wojciechowski resignation after a May coup and election of Ignacy Mościcki.

After outbreak of the World War II, Rataj remained in occupied Poland and was murdered, along other prominent citizens, by Nazis in Palmiry.

Presidents of Poland
1884 births
1940 deaths
Legislative speakers
Polish murder victims

Maciej Rataj


Awamori is an alcoholic drink from Okinawa, Japan. Awamori is made from rice. It is fermented and distilled. Awamori is similar to shōchū, but very different from nihonshu, or sake. The amount of alcohol in Awamori is usually between 30% and 43% and sometimes up to 60%. After distillation, the drink is ready for bottling and drinking, but as a rule it is aged in ceramic containers for better taste. Ordinary varieties Awamori, are aged about 6 months, but are made and much more aged varieties - 20 and 25 years of aging. Small amounts of drinks made with addition of various spices, ginseng, and even canned snake.

People in Okinawa enjoy drinking Awamori with friends, families and so on. It is popular with tourists as a souvenir.

Most of the people in Okinawa drink Awamori with ice and water. Some people drink with it Jasmine tea, which is called Sanpincha in Okinawa. It makes the taste of Awamori better.

Awamori can improve if its maker takes time to let it mature. If it is matured a long time, the taste becomes mellow and its smell becomes sweet.

In the 19th century, ships from England, France and the United States reached the Ryūkyū Islands, and awamori was served to the crews.

References

Fermented drinks
Okinawa Prefecture

Awamori