David Loeb Goodis (March 2, 1917 – January 7, 1967) was an American writer of crime fiction noted for his output of short stories and novels in the noir fiction genre. Born in Philadelphia, Goodis alternately resided there and in New York City and Hollywood during his professional years. According to critic Dennis Drabelle, "Despite his [university] education, a combination of ethnicity (Jewish) and temperament allowed him to empathize with outsiders: the working poor, the unjustly accused, fugitives, criminals."

Biography

Early life
Goodis was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the oldest child of William Goodis and Mollie Halpern Goodis. William Goodis was a Russian-Jewish émigré born in 1882 who had arrived in America with his mother in 1890. David Goodis's mother, Mollie Halpern, was born in Pennsylvania also into a family of Russian-Jewish émigrés. In Philadelphia, Goodis's father co-owned a newspaper dealership and later went into the textile business as the William Goodis Company. A brother, Jerome, born in 1920, died of meningitis at age three. In 1922, another brother, Herbert, was born into the family.

Goodis attended Simon Gratz High School and was engaged in student affairs, editing the school newspaper, serving as student council president, and participating in athletics as a member of both the track and swim teams. He also had the distinction of being chosen valedictorian for the graduating class of 1935, delivering a speech entitled "Youth Looks at Peace". As a college student, he continued and expanded on the interests he had pursued as a high school student, contributing to the student newspaper as both writer and cartoonist. It was during this period that he purportedly tried his hand at novel writing with a book titled Ignited. The novel was never published, and no copy of it has been discovered. Goodis later claimed: "The title was prophetic. Eventually, I threw it into the furnace." Goodis graduated from Temple University in 1938 with a degree in journalism.

Pulp magazines
While working at an advertising agency, Goodis started writing his first published novel, Retreat from Oblivion. After it was published by Dutton in 1939, Goodis moved to New York City, where he wrote under several pseudonyms for pulp magazines, including Battle Birds, Daredevil Aces, Dime Mystery, Horror Stories, Terror Tales and Western Tales, sometimes churning out 10,000 words a day. The first pulp story published under his own name, titled "Mistress of the White Slave King", appeared in Gangland Detective Stories (November 1939). Over a five-year period, according to some sources, he produced 5 million words for the pulp magazines. While the quantity of his output far eclipses that of his predecessors Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler, unlike theirs, the vast majority of his pulp stories never have been reprinted.

Radio and screenplays
During the 1940s, Goodis scripted radio adventure serials, including Hop Harrigan, House of Mystery, and Superman. Novels he wrote during the early 1940s were rejected by publishers, but in 1942 he spent some time in Hollywood as one of the screenwriters on Universal's Destination Unknown. His big break came in 1946 when his novel Dark Passage was serialized in The Saturday Evening Post, published by Julian Messner, and filmed for Warner Bros. with Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall heading the cast. Delmer Daves directed what is regarded as a classic film noir, and a first edition of the 1946 hardcover is valued at more than $800.

Arriving in Hollywood, Goodis signed a six-year contract with Warner Brothers, working on story treatments and scripts. In 1947, Goodis wrote the script for The Unfaithful, a remake of Somerset Maugham's The Letter. Some of his scripts were never produced, such as Of Missing Persons and an adaptation of Raymond Chandler's The Lady in the Lake. Working with director Delmer Daves, he wrote a screen treatment for Up Till Now, a film which Daves described as "giving people a look at themselves and their [American] heritage". This film, too, was never made, but Goodis used some of its elements in his 1954 novel The Blonde on the Street Corner.

Goodis is also credited with writing the screenplay to The Burglar, a 1957 film noir directed by Paul Wendkos that was based on his 1953 novel published by Lion Books. It was the only solely authored screenplay by him to be produced as a movie. It was remade in 1971 by Henri Verneuil as the French-Italian film Le Casse starring Omar Sharif and Jean-Paul Belmondo.

Marriage and divorce
Until recently, it was generally believed that Goodis never married. His friend Harold "Dutch" Silver said Goodis never spoke of a wife, and no wife was mentioned in Goodis's obituary. Attorney correspondence also repeatedly stated that Goodis never married.

However, research by Larry Withers and Louis Boxer has produced a marriage license for Goodis and Elaine Astor. It shows that they were married on October 7, 1943, by Rabbi Jacob Samuel Robins, Ph.D., at Ohev Shalom Congregation, 525 South Fairfax Avenue, Los Angeles. According to a divorce decree found in the attic of Philadelphia's City Hall, Astor received a divorce on January 18, 1946.

Withers is Astor's son by a later marriage. He learned about her marriage to Goodis only after her death in 1986 from a stroke.

Return to Philadelphia
In 1950, Goodis returned to Philadelphia, where he lived with his parents and his schizophrenic brother Herbert. At night, he prowled the underside of Philadelphia, hanging out in nightclubs and seedy bars, a milieu he depicted in his fiction. Cassidy's Girl (1951) sold over a million copies, and he continued to write for paperback publishers, notably Gold Medal. There was a renewed interest in his works when François Truffaut filmed his 1956 novel Down There as the acclaimed Shoot the Piano Player (1960).

Goodis died at 11:30 pm on January 7, 1967 at Albert Einstein Medical Center, Northern Division, not far from his home. He was 49. His death certificate lists "cerebral vascular accident," meaning a stroke, as the cause of death. Days earlier, Goodis had been beaten while resisting a robbery. Some have attributed his death to his injuries. It is also that he died while shoveling snow. He was buried in Roosevelt Memorial Park in Pennsylvania.

The Fugitive and the lawsuit
In 1963, ABC television began airing The Fugitive, the fictional story of Richard Kimble, a doctor wrongfully convicted of murdering his wife. In the plot, Kimble subsequently escapes and begins a long search for the "one-armed man", the person he believes to be the real killer.

Goodis stated that The Fugitive was based on his novel Dark Passage. In 1965, he sued United Artists-TV and ABC for $500,000, alleging copyright infringement. His cousin's law firm, Goodis, Greenfield, Narin and Mann, represented him, and several groups supported him, including the Authors League of America, the Dramatists Guild, and the American Book Publishers Association. Coudert Brothers represented United Artists and ABC.

During a deposition on December 9, 1966, Goodis stated that The Saturday Evening Post had serialized Dark Passage, a fact that would become critical to the case.

One month later, Goodis was dead. After his death the lawsuit continued to wind its way through the courts.

The dispute did not so much concern whether the theme of Dark Passage had been used, but whether the book was in the public domain. In a victory for UA and ABC, the District Court held that Goodis had, in effect, "donated his work to the public domain" when he published it in The Saturday Evening Post without using a copyright notice that listed his name.

The Goodis estate appealed. In 1970, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed the lower court's decision and remanded the case for trial. The decision is reported at Goodis v. United Artists Television, Inc., 425 F.2d 397 (2nd Cir. 1970). The court wrote, "We unanimously conclude that where a magazine has purchased the right of first publication under circumstances which show that the author has no intention to donate his work to the public, copyright notice in the magazine's name is sufficient to obtain a valid copyright on behalf of the beneficial owner, the author or proprietor." (425 F.2d 398-399)

By then, Goodis's main beneficiary, his brother Herbert, was also dead. So in 1972, the Goodis estate agreed that the case now had only "nuisance value" and accepted $12,000 to settle the matter. Despite the significant difference between the initial claim and the final monetary settlement, the case is still regarded as a landmark decision in intellectual property rights and copyright law.

Influence
After his death, his work went out of print in the United States, but he remained a popular favorite in France. In 1987, Black Lizard began to reissue Goodis titles. In 2007, Hard Case Crime published a new edition of The Wounded and the Slain for the first time in more than 50 years. Also in 2007, Street of No Return and Nightfall were re-published by Millipede Press. His novel Down There was reprinted as part of American Noir of the 1950s in the Library of America. In March 2012, the Library of America published a selection of Goodis's novels under the title David Goodis: Five Noir Novels of the 1940s and 50s.

Goodis has influenced contemporary crime fiction writers, notably Duane Swierczynski and Ken Bruen. A character in Jean-Luc Godard's 1966 film Made in U.S.A. was named after Goodis. However, in Godard's 1972 film Tout va bien, the character Jacques (played by Yves Montand), a filmmaker, says he moved into making commercials as more "honest" work when, after May 1968, he was asked to direct a film based on a Goodis detective novel and decided he couldn't see himself making something so stupid.

Bibliography
 Retreat from Oblivion (1939)
 Dark Passage (1946)
 Behold This Woman (1947)
 Nightfall (1947) aka Convicted, The Dark Chase
 Of Missing Persons (1950)
 Cassidy's Girl (1951)
 Of Tender Sin (1952)
 Street of the Lost (1952)
 The Burglar (1953)
 The Moon in the Gutter (1953)
 Black Friday (1954)
 The Blonde on the Street Corner (1954)
 Street of No Return (1954)
 The Wounded and the Slain (1955)
 Down There (1956) aka Shoot the Piano Player
 Fire in the Flesh (1957)
 Night Squad (1961)
 Somebody's Done For (1967) aka The Raving Beauty

Filmography
Although Goodis's novels were occasionally adapted by Hollywood, it was mainly French filmmakers (François Truffaut, René Clément, Jean-Jacques Beineix) who were interested in his work.

The following is a list of adaptations in reverse chronological order.

 A Professional Man (1995) – adapted as part of the second series of Showtime's Fallen Angels (aka Perfect Crimes).
 Street of No Return – d. Samuel Fuller (1989)
 Descente aux enfers – d. Francis Girod (1986) from The Wounded and the Slain
  – d. Gilles Behat (1983) from Street of the Lost
 The Moon in the Gutter (La Lune dans le Caniveau) – d. Jean-Jacques Beineix (1983)
 And Hope to Die (original title La Course du lièvre à travers les champs) – d. René Clément (1972) from Black Friday and Raving Beauty
 The Burglars (Le Casse) – d. Henri Verneuil (1972) from The Burglar
 The Alfred Hitchcock Hour – episode: "An Out for Oscar" (broadcast April 5, 1963)
 Bourbon Street Beat – episode: "False Identity" (broadcast May 23, 1960)
 Shoot the Piano Player (Tirez sur le pianiste) – d. François Truffaut (1960) from Down There
 The Burglar – d. Paul Wendkos (1956). Goodis wrote the screenplay from his own novel
 Nightfall – d. Jacques Tourneur (1957)
  – d. Pierre Chenal (1956) from Of Missing Persons
 Dark Passage – d. Delmer Daves (1947)
 The Unfaithful – d. Vincent Sherman (1947). Goodis co-wrote the screenplay

A film adaptation of Cassidy's Girl was being developed by director Edward Holub in 2004.

A filmography of works based on Goodis's novels is appended to Eddie Duggan's 1988 article Life's a Bitch: Paranoia and Sexuality in the novels of David Goodis.

References

Bibliography
  (Originally published as Goodis, La Vie en Noir et Blanc. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1984.)

External links

1917 births
1967 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American mystery writers
American male screenwriters
American radio writers
American male novelists
American short story writers
American male short story writers
Novelists from Philadelphia
Temple University alumni
Place of death missing
Jewish American novelists
20th-century American male writers
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania
American Noir writers
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American Jews
Pulp fiction writers

David Goodis


Warner Theatre is a theatre located at 513 13th Street, N.W. in downtown Washington, D.C. The theatre is part of an office building called the Warner Building located on 1299 Pennsylvania Avenue.

History

The Warner Theatre was originally developed by Aaron and Julian Brylawski in 1922. Originally named the Earle Theatre, it was built in 1924 as a movie palace presenting live vaudeville and first run silent movies. It was designed by theatre architect C. Howard Crane of Detroit and Kenneth Franzheim. The Earle Theatre opened December 27, 1924. It had a rooftop garden, basement ballroom, and restaurant. It was said to be "just about the last word in theatre construction, a thing of beauty, a valuable addition to the architectural wealth of the nation's capital." In the 1930s, the basement of the theatre had a restaurant called the Neptune Room.

On August 12, 1943, the movie This Is the Army premiered there. In 1945, the theatre began showing movies exclusively.

The Earle featured its own precision dance troupe – much like the still-famous Rockettes – called the Roxyettes. They would perform before and after films until 1945. They had guest performances by Red Skelton and Jerry Lewis.

The theatre was renamed in 1947 in honor of its owner, Harry Warner, one of the founders of Warner Brothers. Harry Warner was said to have commented "I own that theatre. Put my name up there!"

Some of the biggest acts of the 1930s and 1940s came to the theatre, including Bob Hope, Jack Benny, Sophie Tucker, and Duke Ellington.

In the 1950s the theatre was redesigned for Cinerama movies. In the 1960s they showed such films as Ben-Hur, Doctor Zhivago, and Hello, Dolly!. By the 1970s, the Warner Theatre had fallen into disrepair and was briefly used to screen pornographic films before being revived as a live concert venue.

On June 15, 1978, The Rolling Stones performed a secret show at the theatre. Although the only notice given was on the building's marquee the morning before the show, all seats were quickly sold out.

The Warner Theatre closed for renovations in 1989. The Kaempfer Company's $10 million renovations restored the theatre back to its original splendor. The renovations included custom upholstery to match the originals, custom draperies from Portugal, gilt adorning the walls and ceiling, modern production, sound, and lighting equipment, and access to the parking garage. The theatre reopened in October 1992. Frank Sinatra performed for the reopening ceremony. It was his last DC performance before his death in 1998.

In 2007, it was the venue for the first annual Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song. The recipient of the first Gershwin Prize was Paul Simon.

On December 28, 2018, JBG Smith sold the property to CBRE Global Investors for $376.5 million.

The theatre is also home to The BET Honors ceremony, held annually.

The Warner Theatre has the long running tradition of having The Washington Ballet's performance of The Nutcracker every December.

Many other famous acts have played the venue over the years including Liza Minnelli, Shirley MacLaine, David Copperfield, Patti LaBelle, Bob Newhart, Prince, Bob Dylan, Gladys Knight, Kenny Rogers, Eddie Izzard, Tony Bennett, Jon Stewart, Jay-Z, Eddie Vedder, Johnny Cash, Jerry Garcia and John Kahn, David Chappelle, George Carlin, and B.B. King.

In front of the theatre is a Walk of Fame with numerous signatures from visiting artists.

See also
Theater in Washington, D.C.
House of Blues

References

External links
Warner Theatre official website

Music venues in Washington, D.C.
Theatres in Washington, D.C.
1924 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Theatres completed in 1924
Members of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Washington
Movie palaces
Penn Quarter

Warner Theatre (Washington, D.C.)


Edda or the plural Eddas or Eddur, including Poetic Edda (or Older Edda) and Prose Edda (or Younger Edda), are two collections of stories about Viking deities. They were made in around 9th to 13th century by Icelandic Christian historians.
Although the Eddur are the most important written records remaining today about Norse mythology, they are not very reliable because Christians hated pagan religions, and they changed the original tales to make the Norse gods and goddesses look silly, lusty, and barbaric.

The term "Edda" most likely refers to Oddi, a place where both Saemund Sigfusson (a cleric who is rumoured author of Older Edda), and Snorri Sturluson (a Christian politician, author of Younger Edda) lived.

Related pages

 Saga

Norse mythology

Edda


The Hungry Generation () was a literary movement in the Bengali language launched by what is known today as the Hungryalist quartet, i.e. Shakti Chattopadhyay, Malay Roy Choudhury, Samir Roychoudhury and Debi Roy (alias Haradhon Dhara), during the 1960s in Kolkata, India. Due to their involvement in this avant garde cultural movement, the leaders lost their jobs and were jailed by the incumbent government. They challenged contemporary ideas about literature and contributed significantly to the evolution of the language and idiom used by contemporaneous artists to express their feelings in literature and painting.

The approach of the Hungryalists was to confront and disturb the prospective readers' preconceived colonial canons. According to Pradip Choudhuri, a leading philosopher and poet of the generation, whose works have been extensively translated in French, their counter-discourse was the first voice of post-colonial freedom of pen and brush. Besides the famous four mentioned above, Utpal Kumar Basu, Binoy Majumdar, Sandipan Chattopadhyay, Basudeb Dasgupta, Falguni Roy, Subhash Ghosh, Tridib Mitra, Alo Mitra, Ramananda Chattopadhyay, Anil Karanjai,  Karunanidhan Mukhopadhyay, Pradip Choudhuri, Subimal Basak and Subo Acharya were among the other leading writers and artists of the movement.

Origins
The origins of this movement stem from the educational establishments serving Chaucer and Spengler to the poor of India. The movement was officially launched, however, in November 1961 from the residence of Malay Roy Choudhury and his brother Samir Roychoudhury in Patna. They took the word Hungry from Geoffrey Chaucer's line "In Sowre Hungry Tyme" and they drew upon, among others, Oswald Spengler's histriographical ideas about the non-centrality of cultural evolution and progression, for philosophical inspiration. The movement was to last from 1961 to 1965. It is wrong to suggest that the movement was influenced by the Beat Generation, since Ginsberg did not visit Malay until April 1963, when he came to Patna. Poets Octavio Paz and Ernesto Cardenal were to visit Malay later during the 1960s. The hungry generation has some of the same ideals as The Papelipolas and the Barranquilla Group, both from Colombia, and the Spanish Generation of 68.

History

This movement is characterized by expression of closeness to nature and sometimes by tenets of Gandhianism and Proudhonism. Although it originated at Patna, Bihar  and was initially based in Kolkata, it had participants spread over  North Bengal, Tripura and Benares. According to Dr. Shankar Bhattacharya, Dean at Assam University, as well as Aryanil Mukherjee, editor of Kaurab Literary Periodical, the movement influenced Allen Ginsberg as much as it influenced American poetry through the Beat poets who visited Calcutta, Patna and Benares during the 1960-1970s. Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, now a professor and editor, was associated with the Hungry generation movement. Shakti Chattopadhyay, Saileswar Ghosh, Subhas Ghosh left the movement in 1964.

More than 100 manifestos were issued during 1961–1965. Malay Roy Choudhury's poems have been published by Prof P. Lal  from his Writers Workshop imprint. Howard McCord published Malay's controversial poem Prachanda Boidyutik Chhutar (i.e. Stark Electric Jesus} from Washington State University in 1965. The poem has been translated into several languages of the world. Into German by Carl Weissner,in Spanish by Margaret Randall, in Urdu by Ameeq Hanfee, in Assamese by Manik Dass, in Gujarati by Nalin Patel, in Hindi by Rajkamal Chaudhary, and in English by Howard McCord.

Impact

The works of these participants appeared in Citylights Journal 1, 2 and 3 published between 1964 and 1966, edited by Lawrence Ferlinghetti, and in special issues of American magazines including Kulchur edited by Lita Hornick, Klactoveedsedsteen edited by Carl Weissner, El Corno Emplunado edited by Margaret Randall,  Evergreen Review edited by Barney Rosset, Salted Feathersedited by Dick Bakken, Intrepid edited by Alan De Loach, and San Francisco Earthquake, during the 1960s. The Hungry Generation, also known as Hungryalism, challenged the mainstream literary genres. The group wrote poetry and prose in completely different forms and experimented with the contents. The movement changed the literary atmosphere of Bengal altogether. It had influences in Hindi, Marathi, Assamese and Urdu literatures.

Hungryalists and Krittibas
There is a misconception that the Hungryalists and the Krittibas group were the same and that the Krittibas magazine was a Hungryalist platform. This is incorrect as the Krittibas was a group from the fifties. The Hungryalist movement was a sixties decade phenomenon. Krittibas magazine in its editorial had openly declared that they have no relations with the movement and that they do not approve of the philosophy of the movement.

See also
 List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture

References

Sources
The autobiography of Malay Roy Choudhury is available in Vol 215 of "Contemporary Authors" published by Thomas Gale. ()
There are Hungry Generation Archives in Northwestern University in Illinois as well as Bangla Academy in Dhaka, Bangladesh. At Kolkata the Little Magazine Library and Research Centre run by Sandip Dutta has a separate section on the Hungryalist publications as well as trial papers of the famous Hungry generation case in which some of the colleagues of Malay turned against the movement and gave undertakings to have withdrawn from the movement. Trial papers are archived in Bankshall Court, Kolkata (9th Court of Presidency Magistrate), Case No. GR. 579 of 1965; State of West Bengal Vs Malay Roy Choudhury
Hungry Kimbadanti written by Malay Roy Choudhury and published by De Books, Kolkata (1997)
Hungry Andolon issue of Haowa 49 magazine (2003) edited by Samir Roychoudhury and Murshid A. M.
Hungry Andolon O Drohopurush Kotha written by Dr. Bishnu Chandra Dey and published by Sahayatri, Kolkata 700 009 (2013)
Chandragrahan Hungry Andolon Special issue edited by Pranabkumar Chattopadhyay2, Dumdum, Kolkata 700 030 (October 2014)

External links

 BBC Documentary on Hungryalist movement
 The Hungry Generation (TIME 1964)
Hungryalist Movement: A Photo-Text Album
Hungry Generation (blog)

Culture of Kolkata
Bengali-language literature
Bengali language
Indian literary movements

Hungry generation


Monocytes are a type of white blood cell, part of the human body's immune system. They are usually identified in stained smears by their large two-lobed nuclei. They are a kind of reserve cell which turn into macrophages and immune helper cells called dendritic cells.

Monocytes work at two speeds in the immune system:
 To gradually replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells under normal conditions, and
 To move quickly (~ 8-12 hours) to infected tissue in response to inflammation signals. There they divide and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to cause an immune response.

Half of all monocytes are stored as a reserve in the spleen; the rest are circulating or in tissues.

Physiology

Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from stem cell precursors called monoblasts. Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about one to three days and then typically move into tissues throughout the body. They make up three to eight percent of the leukocytes in the blood.

Monocytes which migrate from the bloodstream to the tissues will then differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells, which then stay in the tissue. Macrophages are responsible for protecting tissues from foreign substances. They are cells that possess a large smooth nucleus, a large area of cytoplasm and many internal vesicles for processing foreign material.

Monocytes and their macrophage and dendritic cell progeny serve three main functions in the immune system. These are phagocytosis, antigen presentation and cytokine production.
 Phagocytosis is the process of uptake of microbes and particles followed by digestion and destruction of this material. Monocytes are also capable of killing infected host cells using antibodies.
 Microbial fragments that remain after such digestion can serve as antigens. This process is called antigen presentation and it leads to activation of T lymphocytes. These mount a specific immune response against the antigen.
 Other microbial products can directly activate monocytes and this leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

References

Immunology
Blood cells

Monocyte


A souq or souk (also spelled soq, souk, esouk, suk, sooq, souq, or suq) is an open-air marketplace or commercial quarter in an Arab, or Berber city. A souk or souq is a free-market where vendors can say the going market price for their products. The term is often used for the market in any Arab or Muslim city. In modern times, it appears in Western cities, too. It may also be the weekly market in some smaller towns where no tribal conflicts would be allowed.

Street markets
Arabic words and phrases

Souq


Victoria is a commercial an residential aurie o inner ceety Lunnon, lyin wholly athin the Ceety o Wastmeenster, namit efter Queen Victoria.

The aurie is vaguely defined as the streets aroond Victoria Station, includin Victoria Street, Buckingham Palace Road, Wilton Road, Grosvenor Gardens, an Vauxhall Bridge Road. Victoria consists predominantly o commercial property an private an social hoosin, wi retail uises alang the main streets.

Victoria contains ane o the busiest transport interchynges in Lunnon, includin the leetit railway station an the unnergrund station, as well as Terminus Place, which is a major hub for bus an taxi services. Victoria Coach Station, 800m soothwast o the railway station, provides road-coach services tae lang-distance UK an continental destinations.

Victoria Street runs on an east-wast axis frae Victoria station tae Broad Sanctuary at Wastmeenster Abbey. Cardinal Place, athort the street frae Wastmeenster Cathedral, opened in 2006 an contains a selection o restaurants, banks an shops, includin a Marks and Spencer store. Further alang the street, there is a lairge House of Fraser depairtment store (umwhile the Army & Navy) opposite Wastmeenster Ceety Haw. At the Broad Sanctuary end is the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills biggin, the heidquarters o Transport for London at Windsor House, an New Scotland Yard, heidquarters o the Metropolitan Police Service.

Local schuils
Three notable schuils are closest tae the Victoria neebourheid, Westminster City School for Boys an Coat Hospital for Girls, as well the independent Westminster School at Deans Yard near Westminster Abbey.

See an aw
Pimlico

References

Auries o Lunnon
Destricts o the Ceety o Wastmeenster

Victoria, Lunnon


The Trojan Horse is a large wooden horse from the Trojan War in Greek mythology. In the Trojan War, the Greeks were fighting against the city of Troy.  The war started when Helen, the queen of Sparta, was kidnapped by Paris, prince of Troy.  The Greeks waged war on Troy to win Helen of Troy back.

The Greeks could not enter the city or win the war. Because of this, Odysseus, one of the Grecian leaders, thought of a way to trick the Trojans.  The Greeks built a large wooden horse out of a ship and left it outside the gates of the city as a present for the Trojans, then sailed away. The Greek ships hid behind a nearby land mass. The Trojans took the horse and put it inside their city, thinking it was a victory gift from the Greeks.  The Trojans had a festival to celebrate their victory. Odysseus chose a horse so that Athena (goddess of wisdom and strength) would grant them good luck after the battle. After the Trojan victory festival ended, the Greeks, who were hiding inside the horse, came out. They opened the city gates to let the other Greeks enter Troy. The Greeks easily overpowered the unsuspecting Trojans and took control of the city. Because of the Trojan Horse, the Greeks won the Trojan War.

Today the word "Trojan horse" is used for things that are similar to that story: something that looks good, but in truth has another purpose, usually bad. An example for this is a type of computer virus called a Trojan horse.

Other websites
 Trojan horse -Citizendium

Greek mythology

Trojan Horse


Henry Cranke Andrews (fl. 1794 - 1830), was an English botanist, and an artist who illustrated plants. As he always published as Henry C. Andrews, and due to difficulty finding records, the C. was referred to as Charles, from 1961 until a record of his marriage registration was found in 2017.

Early life and career
He lived in Knightsbridge. He was married to the daughter of John Kennedy of Hammersmith, a nurseryman who helped Andrews to write descriptions of the plants he illustrated.

Andrews was a good and unusual botanical artist. He was not only an artist, but also engraver, colorist, and publisher in a time when most artists were only employed to make small drawings. The Botanist's Repository was his first publication. It was issued in London in a series of ten volumes between 1797 and 1812. It provided affordable images of plants to the growing population of amateur gardeners in Britain.

Works
The Kew publication, Curtis's Botanical Magazine, wrote that Andrews' work was very accurate. Andrews' images have a more artistic appeal compared to the publications of his rival, which were focused more on scientific descriptions.

Publications
Botanists Repository, Comprising Colour'd Engravings of New and Rare Plants (10 vols.) (London, 1797–1812)
Coloured Engravings of Heaths 1794-1830 4 vols.
The Heathery 1804-1812 6 vols.
Geraniums or A Monograph of the Genus Geranium (London 1805-1806 2 vols.)
Roses 1805-1828

References

1830 deaths
English botanists
English artists
Engravers

Henry Charles Andrews


Ellen David is a Canadian actress. She was co-nominated for a 2007 Gemini Award for Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series in The Business episode Check Please and nominated for a 2005 Prix Gemeaux for Meilleur rôle de soutien féminin : comédie (Best supporting actress : comedy). She also won the Award of Excellence from the Montreal chapter of the ACTRA Awards in 2015 for her body of work.

Career
Her other roles include Tripping the Rift, Arthur, The Little Lulu Show, Mambo Italiano, Law & Order, Ciao Bella, Naked Josh, For Better or For Worse, Mona the Vampire, Simon in the Land of Chalk Drawings, Postcards from Buster, Animal Crackers, Fred's Head, Are You Afraid of the Dark?, Pig City, Daft Planet, What's with Andy?, Splinter Cell, The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo, Sirens, Largo Winch, 2001: A Space Travesty, A Walk on the Moon, Random Encounter, Afterglow, Moose TV, Caillou, Princess Sissi, Ripley's Believe It or Not!, Lucky Luke, The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures, Spaced Out, Billy and Buddy, Marsupilami, Wunschpunsch, Edward, A Miss Mallard Mystery, Winx Club, Prudence Gumshoe, Pet Pals, Creepschool, The Kids from Room 402, Kitou, Tupu, Shaolin Kids, The Bellflower Bunnies, Fred the Caveman, Jim Button, X-DuckX, My Goldfish is Evil, Lola and Virginia, The Tofus, Potatoes and Dragons, Tommy and Oscar, Nunavut, Dragon Hunters, Mica, Wombat City, Gene Fusion, Iron Nose, Martin Morning, Kit and Kaboodle, Okura, Pinocchio 3000, Deadbolt, Barney's Version, Urban Angel, Scent of Murder, Going to Kansas City, Fatal Affair, Street Legal, Night Heat and 18 to Life.

She is a graduate of Wagar High School. Her voice can be heard on the PBS series Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat as Mama Miao.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Canadian voice actresses
Living people
Actresses from Montreal
Anglophone Quebec people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses

Ellen David


Pudukkottai district is a district in Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The city of Pudukkottai is its district headquarters. Pudukkottai district is a least urbanised district in Tamil Nadu.

Population
As of 2011, the district had a population of 1,618,345 with a sex-ratio of 1,015 females for every 1,000 males. A total of 179,688 were under the age of six, constituting 91,696 males and 87,992 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 17.6% and .08% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 68.62%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The district had a total of 387,679 households. There were a total of 761,693 workers, comprising 192,462 cultivators, 234,344 main agricultural labourers, 10,170 in house hold industries, 203,272 other workers, 121,445 marginal workers, 16,808 marginal cultivators, 70,805 marginal agricultural labourers, 3,771 marginal workers in household industries and 30,061 other marginal workers.

Reference

Pudukkottai district

Pudukkottai district


Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) was a French king, who ruled from 1715 until his death. He is the great-grandson of Louis XIV whom he succeeded at age of five. He was called "The Beloved" (French: le Bien-Aimé). His failure to provide strong leadership and badly needed reforms contributed to the crisis that brought on the French Revolution.

Early life and reign
Louis was born at Versailles on 15 February 1710, the son of Louis, Dauphin of France and his mother Marie Adélaïde of Savoy. Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France, governed as regent until Louis reached his legal majority in 1723. In 1725 the king married Maria Leszczyńska, daughter of Stanisław I of Poland. The following year his former tutor, André Hercule de Fleury, became the chief minister. Fleury gave France a stable administration until his death 17 years later. Thereafter Louis himself was in nominal control, but he took only a sporadic interest in government and never followed any consistent policy at home or abroad. He was frequently influenced by his mistresses, the most powerful of whom was the marquise de Pompadour.

Wars and death
France was involved in three wars during Louis's reign. As a result of the first, the War of the Polish Succession (1733-35), France gained the province of Lorraine. The second, the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48), which marked the beginning of a colonial struggle with Britain, was indecisive. In the last, the Seven Years' War (1756-63), France, crippled by corruption and mismanagement, lost most of its overseas possessions to the British. French foreign policy in this period was made chaotic by Louis's "secret diplomacy," as his agents in other countries sometimes pursued aims that were in conflict with those of his own ministers. The situation improved somewhat in the 1760s, when a new minister, the duc de Choiseul, restored some order to the government and tried to repair the damage done by the Seven Years' War. In the last years of his reign, Louis cooperated with his chancellor, René de Maupeou, in an effort to reform the country's inequitable and inefficient system of taxation. In 1771 the parlements, or sovereign courts, which had opposed reform, were reorganized and stripped of their power to obstruct royal decrees. Measures were then implemented to tax the previously exempt nobility and clergy, but these were reversed after the king's death at Versailles on 10 May 1774. Louis XV died of smallpox as a defeated and unpopular king. He was succeeded by his grandson, Louis XVI, who was later guillotined during the French Revolution.

Children
Louise Élisabeth of France (14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) married Philip, Duke of Parma and had issue.
Henriette of France (14 August 1727 – 10 February 1752) died unmarried.
Louise of France (28 July 1728 – 19 February 1733) died in childhood.
Louis, Dauphin of France (4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) married Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain; had issue then married Marie Josèphe of Saxony and had issue.
Philippe of France, Duke of Anjou (30 August 1730 – 17 April 1733) died in childhood.
Marie Adélaïde of France (23 March 1732 – 27 February 1800) died unmarried.
Victoire of France (11 May 1733 – 7 June 1799) died unmarried.
Sophie of France (17 July 1734 – 3 March 1782) died unmarried.
Stillborn Child  (28 March 1735 – 28 March 1735).
Thérèse of France (16 May 1736 – 28 September 1744) died in childhood.
Louise Marie of France (5 July 1737 – 23 December 1787) was a nun.

1710 births
1774 deaths
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
Deaths from smallpox
House of Bourbon
Infectious disease deaths in France
Kings and Queens of France
People from Versailles
Princes of Andorra

Louis XV


Charles Tidwell (February 3, 1921 – May 4, 1990) was an American race car driver, best known for his career driving stock cars in the NASCAR, GASCAR (Georgia Association of Stock Car Automobile Racing), and MARC (now ARCA) circuits. His racing career lasted from 1948 to 1959. Tidwell set track records at Albany, Georgia and Macon, Georgia during his career.

Tidwell was likely the first NASCAR driver to have a personal human mascot;  "Little Willie" Leonard, an African American small person whom he befriended in spite of the racial prejudices that existed during the time. Little Willie traveled the racing circuit with Tidwell and danced in front of the grandstands for the crowd.

"The Flying B", as he was called by his opponents, raced with such greats as Fonty Flock, Tim Flock, Bob Flock, and, Lee Petty, Buck Baker, Junior Johnson, Fireball Roberts, and Nero Steptoe (aka "The Wild Indian).  He also raced against the first woman racecar driver to compete against men in the state of Georgia, Ethel Flock Mobley, who was the sister of the Flock brothers. Tidwell lost his hearing during his racing career and was very likely the first totally deaf racecar driver.

Tidwell first married Mildred Smith and together they had two daughters, Sandra Tidwell and Charlotte Mae Tidwell. They later divorced and in 1963 he married LaTrelle Russ and they had one daughter, Angela "Connie" Tidwell. Charles Tidwell died in 1990 from complications related to diabetes. His daughter, Angela "Connie" Tidwell Frady, is the owner of his legacy. Charles Tidwell is buried at Macon Memorial Park Cemetery in Macon, Georgia.

Early life
Charles Tidwell was the son of Lillie Mae Clark Tidwell and Charlie Clifton Tidwell. He was born in Crawford County (Lizella), Georgia and raised in Macon, Georgia. He was the eldest of three sons. His siblings were, Billy L. Tidwell, who also raced cars, and Jesse B. "Pop" Tidwell.

Tidwell attended Virgil Powers Elementary School and Lanier High School in Macon, Georgia. He joined the Army just before WWII started. He was a sergeant and served on the front lines in France, Germany, and Austria. He was in the infantry and tank division. He was injured when he was struck with shrapnel. He eventually had to have his left pinky finger amputated due to the injury. Tidwell was awarded the Bronze Star Medal for his service.

At the end of World War II, Tidwell drove a tank in a parade at Columbus, Georgia, escorting General George S. Patton.

After the war, Tidwell owned Tidwell's Used Cars on Broadway in Macon, Georgia with his father, Charlie Tidwell. He also owned a service station at one time. He owned the T&T Garage at 4007 Broadway in Macon, Georgia until his retirement in 1977.

Tidwell also enjoyed riding motorcycles and was a licensed pilot.

Racing career
Charles Tidwell raced on dirt tracks all over the southeastern United States from 1948 to 1959, owning a small track at one time in Talladega, Alabama. He drove with a cigar clenched between his teeth, once swallowing a burning cigar when he was in an accident and was hanging out of the door of his car.

His hometown was Macon, Georgia, where he entered many races at the Central City Park racetrack. He was also on the board of governors with GASCAR.

Tidwell's main car number was "6". He chose this number because his home was at 6 Dessau Place in Macon, Georgia. The names of some of his racecars were "The Flying B", "The Dutchess" (his nickname for his first wife, Mildred Smith Tidwell), "Flying Saucer, and "Ali Khan". He built many of his own cars and mixed his own fuel formulas.

According to the Macon newspaper, he was rated as the top driver on the Strictly Stock circuit in the southeast and in his home state, Georgia. During his third year of racing, he won 34 track victories in one year, which was a mark no other Georgia driver could equal. He also held the title of Southeastern Champion for 8 years. The Macon Telegraph had this to say about Tidwell, "This young blond fellow is completely fearless and has the grit and determination that sets him apart everywhere he goes. He is both a demon on his motorcycle and in his racecar."

In June 1949, he set a track record at Central City Park Speedway at a speed of 32.2 seconds, and he also set a track record at the Albany, Georgia speedway for 31.2 seconds in 1952.

Tidwell raced at the first annual race held at the Darlington Raceway in Darlington, South Carolina. During that race, he drove an Oldsmobile 88, number 102, called the Heart of Georgia Special. He also raced at Daytona, Florida when the races were still being held right on the beach.

Due to popular demand, Tidwell and his rival, Barney Smith were matched to compete in a special 5-lap winner take all race, held September 11, 1949 at Central City Park Speedway in Macon, Georgia. The race was listed as a special feature event. Tidwell took the checkered flag for the victory in front of a crowd of 5,000.

Tidwell once participated in an added attraction at the Warner Robins, Georgia track, ran by the Warner Robins Civil Air Patrol, in which he raced six laps against a Cub airplane, flown by licensed pilot, Clive Hyatt of the Warner Robins Civil Air Patrol. Hyatt kept his wing tip almost right on top of Tidwell's car the whole race and would get ahead of Tidwell at the back leg of the track when the wind was at his back. Tidwell was the winner of the race.

A few years after he lost his hearing, Tidwell retired from racing in 1959.

Later in years, Charles Tidwell said that the only place he ever wanted to race and never did was Indianapolis, Indiana.

Charles Tidwell's racing memorabilia was on display at the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in Talladega, Alabama for ten years and now may be seen at the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in Macon, Georgia.

References

  NASCAR
 NASCAR 2
  Driver Database

External links
 Charles Tidwell's Glory Days

1921 births
1990 deaths
NASCAR drivers
Deaths from diabetes
Sportspeople from Bibb County, Georgia
Racing drivers from Georgia (U.S. state)

Charles Tidwell


Archie Comics is a comic book company in the United States. Its most famous and popular title is "Archie". This comic book is about a teenage boy named Archie Andrews and his friends: Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Reggie Mantle, Sabrina Spellman, and Jughead Jones. Every character in this comic book is fictional, and they were created by Bob Montana. All characters were based on people he knew in Haverhill, Massachusetts. Other popular titles by Archie Comics include "Sabrina the Teenage Witch", "Sonic the Hedgehog", and Josie and the Pussycats. Archie's first appearance was in Pep Comics #22 on December 22, 1941. The first edition was drawn by Montana and written by Vic Bloom.

Archie lives in a small town named "Riverdale", in a state that is not known. However, in the early years of the Archie comics, Riverdale was in Massachusetts. This is known because a character Mr. Lodge was a senator for that state, but this is no longer part of the story.

Characters

The Archie Gang: Main characters

Archibald "Archie" Andrews, main character, a typical teenage boy with a great interest in dating, who sometimes can be clumsy.

Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper, the girl-next-door, very sweet.

Veronica "Ronnie/Ron" Lodge, the rich, sometimes nice and sometimes snobbish girl.

Forsythe Pendleton "Jughead" Jones III, - Archie's best friend. Jughead is sarcastic, obsessed with food, lazy, and apathetic towards girls.

Reginald "Reggie" Mantle, a conceited practical joker. He occasionally dates Veronica and sometimes, although very rarely, goes on dates with Betty. He is also obsessed with another girl, Midge, which usually gets him in trouble with Moose, who beats up Reggie.

Parents (of the main characters)
Of all the parents, Veronica's father and Archie's parents appear most often.
 Mr. Hiram Lodge, Veronica's rich father often hates meeting Archie because Archie is clumsy and causes him trouble.
 Mr. Frederick "Fred" Andrews, Archie's father is pear-shaped, old-fashioned, and balding.
 Mrs. Mary Andrews, Archie's typical all-American suburban mother.

The Faculty
 Mr. Waldo Weatherbee, the school principal, popularly referred to as 'The Bee'. He is often a victim of Archie's clumsiness, and he often punishes Archie by keeping him after school.
 Miss Geraldine Grundy, a teacher at Riverdale High who is usually shown as an English teacher. She also teaches every subject except gym or chemistry. Most students consider her a "nice" or "good" teacher. She is old with white hair.
 Miss Bernice Beazley, the grouchy school cafeteria cook. No one likes her food except Jughead. She is not well liked by the students.

Comic companies
American comic books

Archie Comics


The fire triangle is used to show the rule that a fire needs three things to burn. These things are heat, fuel, and oxygen. If one of these three is removed, the fire will be put out. In the middle of the fire triangle there is also a chemical reaction.

Without heat, a fire cannot begin. If fire becomes cool enough, it will not keep burning. Heat can be removed by using water. This only works on some types of fire. Separating burning fuels from each other can also reduce the heat. In forest fires, burning logs are separated and placed into safe areas where there is no other fuel. Turning off the electricity in an electrical fire removes the heat source, but other fuels may have caught fire. They will continue burning until the firefighters deal with them and their fire triangles. Without oxygen, a fire can not start. Oxygen may be removed from a fire by covering it in some way. Some foams and heavy gases (for example, carbon dioxide) are often used for this. The fire can also be closed off away from a source of oxygen. Once all the oxygen in the closed off area is used by the fire, it will go out if it cannot get more oxygen because it needs oxygen. And can be used

Fire

Fire triangle


A Passion cantata is a cantata. The cantata takes its theme from the Passion of Jesus Christ, in other words his suffering until his death at the cross. Larger cantatas with this theme are known as oratorios.

Today, most of them are performed in the week before Easter.

Famous Passion cantatas

English
In the English repertoire, the two classics are The Crucifixion (1887) by Sir John Stainer and Olivet to Calvary (1904) by John Henry Maunder. Other works include Sir Arthur Somervell's The Passion of Christ (1914), Charles Wood's St. Mark Passion (1921), Eric Thiman's "The Last Supper" (1930) and William Lloyd Webber's "The Saviour" (1942).

German
The most famous Passion cantatas are probably the two composed by Johann Sebastian Bach: the St John Passion (1724) and the St Matthew Passion (1727).

Latin
One notable work in Latin is Arvo Pärt's Passio Domini Nostri Jesu Christi secundum Joannem (The Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ according to John) of 1982.

References

Musical forms

Passion cantata


Jose T. Almonte was the National Security Advisor and Director-General of the National Security Council in the Cabinet of Philippine President Fidel V. Ramos.  He was also the head of the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency and the Director of the Economic Intelligence and Investigation Bureau (EIIB) during the administration of Pres. Corazon Aquino.

Prior to his retirement from the Armed Forces of the Philippines in 1986, Brig. Gen. Almonte was the Deputy Chief of Staff for Civil-Military Relations.

Early years
Jose Almonte was born to a poor family in Polangui, Albay on November 27, 1931.  According to Almonte in his memoirs, he has chosen to pursue a career in the military as this was one of the options which would allow him to pursue free education.

Military and political career

Military career
Jose Almonte entered the Philippine Military Academy as plebe on April 1, 1952, finishing with the Class of '56.

As a young Lieutenant, he was assigned in Gitingan in the mountains of Laguna and Quezon provinces during the waning days of the HUKBALAHAP.  A neighboring unit then was commanded by Korean War veteran Capt. Fidel Ramos, and it was here where Lt. Almonte forged a lifelong friendship with Capt. Ramos, who later became the President of the Philippines.

Almonte testifies that this was his only "field command" as he was confronted by his own troops about field mismanagement, that was led to a formal complaint up to the Company level.  Instead of being court-martialed for command responsibility as he requested, Almonte was sent to Fort McKinley to go through a Combat Intelligence course.  He testifies that this incident has made a profound impact on his idealism on soldiery and opened his "eyes to the realities and consequences of military mismanagement in the field."

During the administration of Pres. Diosdado Macapagal, Capt. Almonte served as the Deputy Commander of the Presidential Security Agency.

Under pressure from the American government, Pres. Ferdinand Marcos wielded support of its campaign in the Vietnam War.  Capt. Almonte was assigned in a three-man advance party along with Maj. Fidel Ramos to lay down the ground work for the arrival of the Philippine Civic Action Group (PHILCAGV).

Capt. Almonte acted as the Intelligence Officer for PHILCAGV.  And, in this capacity, without escaping controversy and the ire of the American intelligence community in Vietnam, Capt. Almonte was able to successfully contact his counterparts in the National Liberation Front, or commonly known as the Viet Cong.  This later on built Capt. Almonte's reputation as a deep-penetration agent, and one whose exploits is nothing less than "shadowy, sneaky, mysterious and enigmatic."

Building good relations with the local Viet Cong commander in the Tay Ninh Province, in the southwestern part of South Vietnam, he assured them that the PHILCAGV was in their country to help build and provide civic services and not conduct combat operations.  Unlike the South Korean contingent, PHILCAGV was able to keep its casualties down.  Instead of the usual one-year assignment, Capt. Almonte rotated three years in Vietnam with the PHILCAGV.  For his gallantry in Vietnam from 1967–1969, he was awarded by Pres. Marcos the Distinguished Conduct Star.

Upon return to the Philippines, he was once more assigned to work in Malacañan Palace as aide-de-camp to Executive Secretary Alejandro Melchor Jr.  It was during this career season that Maj. Almonte along with Sec. Melchor was able to establish the diplomatic ties between the Philippines and the USSR through the help of Prof. Ajit Singh Rye of the Institute of Asian Studies in the University of the Philippines.

It was through Prof. Rye that Sec. Melchor and Maj. Almonte was able to pave way for an endorsement to Indira Gandhi for a dialogue with Moscow. This was the plan as the Philippines then was considered as the United States' strongest ally in Southeast Asia, and a reliable partner during the Cold War.  However, the government of Pres. Marcos saw that the US was going to lose in Vietnam, and thus the need to establish ties with the "enemy."

With one visit to New Delhi in 1975, Maj. Almonte met with the Ambassador of the USSR, which no sooner led to a flight by Sec. Melchor and Maj. Almonte to Moscow where they were received as state guest. By 1976, the Philippines and the Soviet Union formally established diplomatic relations.

Considered as one of the level-headed thinkers and strategist in the AFP, Col. Almonte was approached by the leaders of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) during its infancy, to seek counsel and have him take as an advisor to the group.  Almonte worked with Lt. Col. Victor Batac in formulating long-term strategies of the group, leading him to be considered as the "Godfather of the RAM".

Almonte retired from the Armed Forces in 1986 with a rank of Major General.

Political career
Right after his retirement, Pres. Cory Aquino called on Almonte to take charge of Operation Big Bird, the government's efforts in recovering the hidden wealth of the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos in Switzerland and other offshore banking areas.  When the Operation Big Bird was wrapped up by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG), Almonte was tasked by Pres. Cory Aquino to head the EEIB.

From 1992 to 1998, Almonte was a key member of the Cabinet of the administration of President Fidel V. Ramos as National Security Advisor, and Director-General of the National Security Council.

In 1995 the Polytechnic University of the Philippines awarded him an Honorary Doctorate in Public Administration.

Controversies

On February 25, 2015, Almonte launched a book entitled "Endless Journey: A Memoir" as told to veteran journalist Marites Dañguilan-Vitug.

In the book, he recalled the late years of the regime led by strongman Ferdinand Marcos and the birth of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, a group of soldiers that led the military rebellion.

Leaders of the RAM, however, including Sen. Gregorio Honasan, then a colonel, belied Almonte's narrative in the book, which they called "dishonest and irresponsible."

"With particular respect to his dealings with and role in the activities of the RAM, Almonte has flatly concocted events that never happened..." Honasan said in an article he co-authored with fellow RAM members Felix Turingan and Rex Robles.

They particularly slammed Almonte's claims about RAM dealings with the United States. They said the memoirs "were directly in conflict with the reality at the time."

"The reply by Honasan, as quoted in the book, that we were simply asking for 'moral support' from the US government sounds artificial and asinine," the RAM leaders wrote in their article published by the Philippine Daily Inquirer.

Awards and citations
Distinguished Conduct Star
Order of Sikatuna, Rank of Datu

Bibliography
 Toward one Southeast Asia : collected speeches; Quezon City : Institute for Strategic and Development Studies, 2004. xvi, 318 p. : port. ; 23 cm.
My part in the 1986 people power revolution; Quezon City : Institute for Strategic and Development Studies, 2006. 80 p. : facsims ; 19 cm.
We Must Level the Playing Field; Metro Manila, Philippines : Foundation for Economic Freedom, 2007. xvi, 273 p. ; 26 cm.

See also
Fidel Ramos

References

1931 births
Filipino generals
Philippine Military Academy alumni
Filipino military personnel
Philippine Army personnel
Filipino military personnel of the Vietnam War
Reform the Armed Forces Movement
Living people
People from Albay
Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Star
National Security Advisers of the Philippines
Ramos administration cabinet members
Heads of government agencies of the Philippines
Corazon Aquino administration personnel

Jose T. Almonte


John Harvey Wheeler (October 17, 1918 – September 6, 2004) was an American author, political scientist, and scholar.  He was best known as co-author with Eugene Burdick of Fail-Safe (1962), an early Cold War novel that depicted what could easily go wrong in an age on the verge of nuclear war.  The novel was made into a movie, directed by Sidney Lumet and starring Henry Fonda, in 1964.  In later years, Wheeler was a founding editor of the Journal of Social and Biological Structures, 1982, and an early advocate of online education and the Internet as a democratizing tool.  He taught a course in "OnLine Publishing" for Connected Education in the mid-to-late 1980s.

Biography
Wheeler was born on October 17, 1918, in Waco, Texas.  He attended Subiaco Academy, earned his bachelor's and master's degree from Indiana University, and his PhD from Harvard University. He taught at Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University; became full professor of political science at Washington and Lee University, where he wrote Fail-Safe. In 1960, he became a longtime fellow at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara, California. While at CSDI he wrote, edited or contributed to a dozen books, including Democracy in a Revolutionary Era (1968) and The Virtual Library (1987).  Wheeler was an authority on Francis Bacon (1561–1626).  He died on September 6, 2004, in Carpinteria, California.

Books
Lattimore the Scholar, (1953), co-author with George Boas; Baltimore.
The Conservative Crisis, (1956), Public Affairs Press, Washington.
Fail-Safe, (1962) Eugene Burdick & Harvey Wheeler, McGraw Hill; Re-published, 1999, by Ecco Press, now part of Harper-Collins.
Democracy in a Revolutionary Era, (1968) Harvey Wheeler, Encyclopædia Britannica Bicentennial Perspectives; Published separately by Praeger. New York.
Democracy in a Revolutionary Era, (1970) Praeger, New York.
Beyond the Punitive Society, (1973) editor and contributor, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.
The Structure of Human Reflexion, (1990) Ed and contributor, Peter Lang, New York.

Filmography
Fail Safe (1964)
Fail Safe (2000)

References

External links

1918 births
2004 deaths
Indiana University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Deaths from cancer in California
20th-century American male writers

Harvey Wheeler


Chapter XV of the United Nations Charter deals with the UN Secretariat. It designates the UN secretary-general as the chief administrative officer of the organization, which includes the staff of ECOSOC, the Trusteeship Council, and other organs. Similarly to how the US Constitution requires the US president to deliver a State of the Union address to the US Congress, Article 98 of the UN Charter requires the secretary-general to "make an annual report to the General Assembly on the work of the Organization." Article 101 specifies criteria for employment at the UN, stating, "The paramount consideration in the employment of the staff and in the determination of the conditions of service shall be the necessity of securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity. Due regard shall be paid to the importance of recruiting the staff on as wide a geographical basis as possible." Chapter XV is analogous to Article 6 of the Covenant of the League of Nations.

References

Divisions and sections of the Charter of the United Nations
United Nations Secretariat


Puck is a character in a play called A Midsummer Night's Dream. This play was written by William Shakespeare. In this play, Puck is a servant to the Fairy King, Oberon. Puck has some amazing abilities. For example, he can travel around the world in 40 minutes. In spite of his abilities, Puck makes a few mistakes in the play that create confusion for the other characters. For example, he puts a love potion into the wrong person's eyes. He also plays tricks. He puts a donkey's head on one character.

Puck was not Shakespeare's invention. He was a character in folklore called 'pouke'. He was known as early as 1000 AD. He was an evil, dangerous demon. By the time of Geoffrey Chaucer, he had become linked with the Biblical devil. By Shakespeare's day, he was known as Puck, Robin Goodfellow, and Hobgoblin. He was a goblin who made mischief.

By the time of Shakespeare and other Elizabethan poets, Puck had become a combination of English folklore and English country life. Shakespeare writes that Puck would frighten the village girls, ruin the butter, and lead travelers in the night the wrong way. Mickey Rooney played Puck in a 1935 movie adaptation of Shakespeare's play.

Shakespeare used a description of Puck from Reginald Scot's The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584). Scot describes Puck with disapproval. He points out that people no longer believe in him. Scot also tells of a man whose head was replaced with the head of a donkey.

References

Fairies
Characters in Shakespeare's plays

Puck (Shakespeare)


George Thorogood (born February 24, 1950) is an American blues rock singer/guitarist. He is from Wilmington, Delaware. Thorogood is famous for his cover versions of blues standards. He says Elmore James, Hound Dog Taylor and Chuck Berry are the people who influenced him musically. George Thorogood has released sixteen studio albums.

Life
Thorogood was born on February 24, 1950 and was raised in Naamans Manor, a suburb of Wilmington. He was the middle one of five children. He graduated from Brandywine High School in 1968. He played semi-professional baseball. He turned to music after hearing a concert of John P. Hammond in 1970.

In 1976 he recorded his debut album: "George Thorogood & The Destroyers" with his band, The Destroyers. Sometimes the band is called "The Delaware Destroyers". In 1981 they got their first nationwide recognition. They played as support act for the Rolling Stones. In the 1980s they played a lot of concerts including the "50/50" tour of 1980, on which the band toured 50 US states in 50days. in 1982 released his best-known song, "Bad to the Bone", and an album of the same name. The song has been used frequently in television and film, including the sci-fi thriller Terminator 2: Judgment Day, the comedies Problem Child, and Problem Child 2, Stephen King's Christine, and many episodes of the television sitcom Married with Children. This track also was used during the intro to the movie Major Payne.

Band members

The Destroyers
 George Thorogood – lead vocals and lead guitar
 Jeff Simon – drums, percussion (1974–present)
 Billy Blough – bass guitar (1977–present)
 Jim Suhler – rhythm guitar (1999–present)
 Buddy Leach – saxophone, piano (2003–present)

Former members
 Ron "Roadblock" Smith – rhythm guitar (1974–1980)
 Hank "Hurricane" Carter – saxophone (1980–2003)
 Steve Chrismar – rhythm guitar (1985–1993)

Discography

Studio albums with the Destroyers
 1977: George Thorogood and the Destroyers (Gold)
 1978: Move It on Over (Gold)
 1979: Better Than the Rest (Recorded in 1974)
 1980: More George Thorogood and the Destroyers
 1982: Bad to the Bone (Platinum)
 1985: Maverick (Gold)
 1986: Nadine (CD Rerelease of Better Than the Rest)
 1988: Born to Be Bad (Gold)
 1991: Boogie People
 1993: Haircut
 1997: Rockin' My Life Away
 1999: Half a Boy/Half a Man
 2003: Ride 'Til I Die
 2006: The Hard Stuff
 2009: The Dirty Dozen
 2011: 2120 South Michigan Ave.

Live albums
 1986: Live (Platinum)
 1995: Live: Let's Work Together
 1999: Live in '99
 2004: 30th Anniversary Tour: Live
 2010: Live in Boston 1982

Compilations
 1992: The Baddest of George Thorogood and the Destroyers (Platinum)
 2000: Anthology
 2003: Who Do You Love?
 2004: Greatest Hits: 30 Years of Rock (Gold)
 2005: The Best Of George Thorogood and the Destroyers
 2007: Taking Care of Business (double disc of Ride 'Til I Die (w/ 2 bonus tracks) and 30th Anniversary Tour)

References

1950 births
Living people
American guitarists
Blues guitarists
American blues musicians
American rock musicians
Musicians from Wilmington, Delaware
Singers from Delaware

George Thorogood


Dyma restr o'r 67 rhanbarth gweinyddol sy'n cael eu hadnabod wrth yr enw County yn Nhalaith Alabama yn yr Unol Daleithiau, yn nhrefn yr wyddor

Autauga County
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St. Clair County
Shelby County
Sumter County
Talladega County
Tallapoosa County
Tuscaloosa County
Walker County
Washington County
Wilcox County
Winston County

Alabama

Rhestr o Siroedd Alabama


Cheese analogues are substitutes of cheese that are made to imitate the taste and the look of real cheese. Such substitutes replace the dairy milk by other plant-based ingredients. The fat in the milk is replaced by other kinds of fat of animal or plant origin. Sometimes the proteins found in milk are also replaced by proteins from other sources. Cheese analogues are usually used because of health reasons, for example lactose intolerance. They are also used as a personal choice (e.g. veganism, or for religious reasons). In most cases, Cheese analogue is kosher.

Cheese analogue cost less to make than real cheese. By carefully choosing the ingredients in the analogue, other characteristics such as the melting temperature and the taste can be changed. Flavour enhancers can be added to make the product taste similar to  Parmesan, feta or Camembert cheese, for example. Food coloring is used to match the color of a cheese product. Real cheese undergoes a ripening process, cheese analogues do not have this: Usually, vegetable oil is heated, and mixed with a premade powder and water. Flavour enhancers are added. After cooling, the product is ready for packaging.

In Europe, cheese analogue is used for gastronomy and in bakeries; In the United States, it is marketed as a replacement for real cheese. The arguments used cater to people who do not want to use real cheese for personal reasons, or that cannot use it for health reasons.

Cheese

Cheese analogue


Major Sir Desmond Morton  (13 November 1891 – 31 July 1971) was a British military officer and government official. Morton played an important role in organizing opposition to appeasement of Germany under Adolf Hitler during the period prior to World War II by providing intelligence information about German re-armament to Winston Churchill. At this time Churchill did not have any position in the government. In 1940 Morton was Churchill's personal assistant when he became prime minister.

Early years in military service
Morton joined the Royal Artillery in 1911.  He saw action in World War I, and was shot in the lung at the Battle of Arras in 1917. However, he survived and recovered, serving again with the bullet still inside. He served as aide de camp to Sir Douglas Haig, commander of the British Expeditionary Force from 1917 to 1918. He looked after the Minister of Munitions on several trips to the front during the war.

Civil Service
He was seconded to the Foreign Office in 1919 where he was head of the Secret Intelligence Service's Section V, dealing with counter-Bolshevism in the mid-1920s. In 1924 he was transferred by Churchill to the War Office and, was Head of the Industrial Intelligence Centre of the Committee of Imperial Defence from 1929 to 1939, responsible for providing intelligence on the plans and capabilities for manufacturing munitions in other countries. From 1930 to 1939 he was also a member of the CID sub-committee on Economic Warfare. From 1929, as he "found himself idle much of the time" he assisted Churchill who was writing his history of the Great War, The World Crisis. During 1930s he leaked documents and material information to bolster Churchill's fight against the rise of Fascism in Europe. Morton claimed that he had tacit approval by successive Prime Ministers, MacDonald, Baldwin and Chamberlain for this secret activity, but the evidence for this is unfounded because witness statements have not come forward. Morton lived only one mile away from Chartwell where he would walk across the fields to divulge his information to Churchill.

World War Two and post war
In 1939, he became the Principal Assistant Secretary at the Ministry of Economic Warfare, and became Churchill's Personal Assistant at no.10 Downing Street in 1940. Morton used to handle Ultra codes from Bletchley Park, as important messages were sent directly to the Prime Minister's Office. Later in the war these informal arrangements fell away to be replaced by a more structured bureaucracy, and with it Morton's influence declined.  He served on the UN's Economic Survey Mission for the Middle East in 1949, and served in the Ministry of Civil Aviation from 1950 to 1953.

Honours and film portrayal

He was awarded the Military Cross in 1917, and a knighthood in 1945.

Morton was portrayed by Moray Watson in the 1981 mini-series Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years, and by Jim Broadbent in the 2002 film The Gathering Storm.

See also
Zinoviev letter
Ralph Wigram

References

Sources

Further reading

1891 births
1971 deaths
Royal Artillery officers
British Army personnel of World War I
MI6 personnel
Civil servants in the Ministry of Economic Warfare
Civil servants in the Ministry of Aviation
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Recipients of the Military Cross

Desmond Morton (civil servant)


Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic.

Bricks are man-made, and so is plaster, concrete, stucco and many other materials. However, they are usually still made out of natural materials, bricks being a good example. They are based on clay. Steel is based on natural types of iron.

One example of a man-made imitation is scagliola, which can imitate more expensive natural materials such as marble.

Building materials

Building material


A brothel is a bar, nightclub or hotel where sex workers are found. People go there to buy sex for money. Different countries have different regulations as to sex work.

Legality
Some countries where prostitution is legal allow it to happen in a brothel, others allow it to happen "on the street", still others allow both forms. Generally, sex work in a brothel is seen as safer for the worker than sex work on the street.

In some countries operating brothels is legal, in other countries it is illegal. Examples of countries where brothels are illegal are Canada and most of the United States. Brothels are legal in some countries from Europe, for example. A country which has permissive laws regarding sex work is the Netherlands. Laws can be unclear on whether brothels with sexbots are legal or not.

Most of the time, where legal, brothels need to be registered like other businesses. However even if it is legal to run a brothel, there may still be conflicts with the law. Examples of problem cases are:
The sex workers do not have a work permit (the right to work in a country)
The sex workers are too young (underage)
The sex workers are dependent on the people who run the brothel, or on so called pimps

History

Brothels have been known for most of recorded history. At first there was temple prostitution in many Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries.
In  Ancient Greece and Roman civilizations, brothels were established. Sometimes they were licensed institutions. This was first  recorded in Athens in 594 BC. Public sources of the time said it was good that Solon installed the brothel. People said this would reduce the problems caused by sexually unfulfilled  sailors and workers. It would also fill money into the public purse. This first official brothel was soon followed by many others, and also influenced the creation of special schools in which various classes of prostitutes (from slavegirls to future courtesans) were trained for their profession. In 2017, a brothel was opened with sexbots instead of human workers.

Business models

Brothels use a variety of business models:

In some, sex workers are held like slaves without the option to leave. They only get a small portion (or none) of the money paid by the patron. This is typical where human trafficking procures a large percentage of sex workers. It is common in those countries where sex work is forbidden or repressed. In some cases, sex workers are bought and sold by their keepers, making them slaves. All of this is illegal in most countries.
In others the workers are employees. They receive a small fixed salary and a portion of the money spent by the customer. (Maison close French for "closed house")
In still others, the workers pay a fee for use of the facilities. The brothel owner is not involved in the financial transaction between the sex worker and their client, they simply rent rooms to the workers. (Maison de passe, French for "trick house")

The third option (the brothel owner renting space and facilities to sex workers) gives some way for the brothel owner to say they did not know what was going on. This is especially the case where sex work is forbidden or restricted. Brothel owners often disguise their actions as running a massage parlor, a bar or a similar venue.

Allowing such places (while forbidding sex work) can also give politicians a way to save face when they do not want to put laws against sex work into practice.

References

Prostitution
Entertainment venues

Brothel


The Sorbs are Slavic people. They live mostly in Germany and Poland. There are 60,000 Sorbian people in the world. About 25,000 people speak one of the Sorbian languages.

In Germany and Poland Sorbs do not use the old fashioned words "Wends" or "Wendish" to describe themselves. American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves "Wends" or "Wendish". They think that "Sorb" and "Sorbian" are bad words.

Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian dialects are protected languages in parts of Germany under the European Charter for Minority or Regional Languages

Sorbs


The term utility station is used to describe fixed radio broadcasters disseminating signals that are not intended for reception by the general public (but such members are not actively prohibited from receiving). Utility stations, as the name suggests, do broadcast signals that have an immediate practical use, by means of analog or usually digital modes; most often utility transmissions are of a "point-to-point" nature, intended for a specific receiving station. Utility stations are most prevalent on shortwave frequencies, though they are not restricted to the shortwave frequencies.

Examples of utility station and modes
One common use of utility stations is disseminating weather information. Weather information is often broadcast using RTTY and sending synoptic codes, or weather charts are sent using radiofax, which are used by mariners and others. Airports make voice weather broadcasts on HF, known as VOLMET.  Some examples include New York Radio, which broadcasts weather information for locations in the eastern United States, or Shanwick Radio, which does the same for Europe.

HF frequencies are still often used for trans-oceanic air traffic control.
News agencies previously used RTTY for news stories, and, less commonly, radiofax for the images, although this is no longer done. Satellite communications and the Internet have replaced HF for this application.

Many maritime radio services are often known as utility stations, including as ship-to-shore and vice versa telephony and error-correcting radioteletype such as SITOR.

Military use of shortwave is also common, but nearly all transmissions are encrypted, with voice encrypted using modes such as ANDVT. Data transmission may make use of encrypted RTTY, use Link-11 for radar tracking data, or use of Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) modes to set up communication links automatically.

Some utility stations are on other frequency bands, including NOAA Weather Radio, traveler information stations, and the like; other utility-type signals are piggybacked on FM broadcast subcarriers.

See also
 Coast radio station
 Shortwave listening

External links
 Utility World with various sound samples of utility modes
 KB9UKD Digital Modes with mostly non-HF utility modes samples
 Police Scanner Information frequencies, audio feeds and links related to police scanners
 Global Frequency Database

Radio stations

Utility station


The Battle of Alnwick is one of two battles fought near the town of Alnwick in Northumberland, England. In the battle, which occurred on 13 November 1093, Malcolm III of Scotland, later known as Malcolm Canmore, was killed together with his son Edward by an army of English knights led by Robert de Mowbray.

Background
At the time that William II of England, known as William Rufus, came to power, the control of northern Northumbria was still an open question. William set about rectifying this by appointing strong barons who would control the border and prevent Scottish incursions. It appears that Malcolm Canmore had ambitions regarding both Cumbria and Northumbria, and in May 1091 he invaded Northumbria and besieged Durham. William Rufus was forced to lead a large army north to meet this threat. He advanced into Scotland with Malcolm retreating in front of his army. Eventually a truce was negotiated and William withdrew.

The following year William strengthened his position in Cumbria to prevent the possibility of a Scottish invasion there.

The events leading up to the next invasion are unclear, but in November 1093, Malcolm led an army into Northumbria and began to besiege Alnwick.

Battle

At that time Robert de Mowbray was Earl of Northumbria, having been pardoned following his part in the Rebellion of 1088 against William II. He was also governor of Bamburgh Castle, a stronghold on the Northumbrian coast. Mowbray did not have a sufficient force at his command to oppose the Scottish army in open battle. However he set out to try to relieve Alnwick. He arrived there with his forces on 13 November (known as St Brice's Day) and catching the Scottish army by surprise, the English knights attacked them before the ramparts of Alnwick.

Both Malcolm Canmore and his son Edward were killed in the fighting. The spring near which they died subsequently became known as "Malcolm's Spring" or "Malcolm's Well". With Malcolm's death the Scottish army found itself leaderless, and so headed back to Scotland. The body of Malcolm and his son were interred at Tynemouth Priory. There is uncertainty as to whether Malcolm's body was re-interred in Dunfermline Abbey.

Aftermath
Malcolm's death was soon followed by that of his queen, Margaret. The death of Malcolm and his heir meant that there was a dispute over the succession between Malcolm's surviving sons and his younger brother Donald Bane. Donald became king but a civil war began with Malcolm's sons trying to displace him. The lack of a strong, undisputed king in Scotland suited William Rufus well.

Robert de Mowbray, who defeated Malcolm, subsequently joined a baronial conspiracy against William Rufus in 1095, and, as a result, was dispossessed and imprisoned for life.

A rough stone memorial was placed to mark the place of the battle, north of Alnwick. This was replaced in 1774 by a more sophisticated one, Malcolm's Cross, erected by the Duchess of Northumberland.

References

John Sadler, Battle for Northumbria, 1988, Bridge Studios,
Norman McCord and Richard Thompson, ''The Northern Counties from AD 1000', 1998, Addison Wesley Longman Limited,

Alnwick
11th century in Scotland
1093 in England
Alnwick (1093)
History of the Scottish Borders
Alnwick (1093)
Alnwick
Alnwick 1093
1093 in Scotland

Battle of Alnwick (1093)