Maine Road was a large football stadium in Moss Side, Manchester, England. It was home to Manchester City F.C. from when it was built in 1923 until 2003. It takes its name from the street it was built on which also had a remarkable history. The street was first known as Dog Kennel Lane.  It formed part of an ancient route south of Manchester.

When first opened, the stadium was the largest club ground in England and the second largest in the country after Wembley Stadium. Maine Road's record attendance was set in 1934, when 84,569 people attended an FA Cup tie between Manchester City and Stoke City.  It is the record for an English club ground (the 1923 FA Cup Final holds the world record). The following February the stadium recorded the highest Football League attendance. This stood at 79,491 for a game against Arsenal. The record has since been beaten for the League, but it is  still Manchester City's largest League crowd. The design of the ground changed several times over its 80-year history. Before it closed, Maine Road was an all-seater stadium, with a capacity of 35,150.

The 2002-03 season was Manchester City's last at Maine Road. The last match was played on 11 May 2003. The following season Manchester City moved to City of Manchester Stadium in east Manchester. Maine Road was torn down in 2004.

Construction
Plans to build Maine Road were first announced in May 1922.  It came after a decision by Manchester City F.C. to leave their Hyde Road ground.  Hyde Road did not have room for expansion and had been damaged by fire in 1920. Two sites in Belle Vue, East Manchester were suggested, but neither was considered good enough. To many City fans east Manchester was thought of as City's home. Many were disappointed when a site in south Manchester was chosen. A City director, John Ayrton, resigned from the Board later in the decade and helped to form an alternative MCFC, Manchester Central F.C., playing at Belle Vue.

A sixteen and a quarter acre former brickworking on Maine Road was purchased for £5,500. Maine Road had first been known as Dog Kennel Lane.  It was renamed Maine Road during the 1870s because of pressure from the Temperance Movement.

Stadium construction began late in 1922. Plans by architect Charles Swain proposed a 120,000 capacity ground based on the design of Hampden Park. These plans were reduced to give a capacity of 80,000. However, this figure was still the second largest in the country, behind Wembley Stadium, leading to a label of "The Wembley of the North". Wembley had opened in London only a few months earlier. This made a source of rivalry between the northern and southern divisions of builders Sir Robert McAlpine, who built both stadia. During construction, the stadium was supposedly cursed by a gypsy when Manchester City officials evicted a gypsy camp from the area. This curse was allegedly removed on 28 December 1998.  However, the gypsy curse is likely to be an urban myth, as such stories are endemic to a number of football league grounds. Construction took 300 days. The total cost £100,000. The first layout of the ground was one covered stand with a seating capacity of 10,000.  It had uncovered terracing on the other three sides, with gentle curves connecting the corners.

Early years
The first match at Maine Road took place on 25 August 1923, and saw 58,159 fans watch the home side beat Sheffield United 2-1.

The first changes to the ground took place in 1931, when the corner between the Main Stand and the Platt Lane end at the south of the ground was rebuilt to incorporate a roof. The highest attendance at an English football game of any type at a club ground was at Maine Road on the March 3, 1934, when Manchester City played Stoke City in front of 84,569 fans in the 6th round of the FA Cup. Changes at the Platt Lane end took place in 1935, extending the terracing and providing a roof for the full stand. This marked the peak capacity of the ground, estimated at around 88,000. Further changes were planned, but were suspended when Manchester City were relegated from Division One in 1938, and abandoned when World War II broke out.

The stadium was shared by Manchester United for a period after the Second World War, since Manchester United's Old Trafford ground had been partially destroyed during the Manchester Blitz. United paid City £5,000 per season, plus a share of gate receipts. The highest attendance for a League game at Maine Road occurred during this period, when 83,260 people watched Manchester United play Arsenal on January 17, 1948. This figure is a national record for a League game.

Floodlights were installed in 1953, and in 1957, prompted by the hosting of two FA Cup semi-finals in successive years, the side facing the Main Stand (which until that time was generally known as the Popular Side) was redeveloped and named The Kippax Stand after a nearby street. Over the course of the 1960s and 1970s, the Kippax became the part of the ground where the club's most vociferous fans congregated. In 1963, benches were installed at the Platt Lane end, meaning that Maine Road had more seats than any other English club ground of the time. The next major redevelopment came in the 1970s, with the construction of the North Stand, a cantilevered stand which remained in place until the closure of Maine Road. The 1980s saw ambitious plans for improvements: however, these plans were shelved due to financial pressures after the Main Stand roof had been replaced at a cost of £1 million.

Regeneration
By 1990, some areas of the ground looked antiquated, and the Platt Lane stand was demolished in 1992. Its place was taken by the all-seater Umbro Stand that also incorporated executive boxes, and was opened in March 1993. The stand was renamed back to the Platt Lane Stand in the late 1990s.

The era of standing accommodation at Maine Road came to an end in May 1994 as the stadium became all-seater to comply with the requirements of the Taylor Report with the demolition of the Kippax Street Terrace. The final match where standing was permitted took place on 30 April 1994, Chelsea the visitors for a 2–2 draw. Immediately prior to demolition the capacity of the Kippax terrace was 18,300. A three-tier stand was built in its place, holding nearly 14,000 spectators, and on its completion in October 1995 it was the tallest stand in the country.

The new stand was an impressive modern facility, but it also emphasised the haphazard nature in which the ground had been redeveloped, as all four sides were of differing heights and construction styles. There were further plans for expansion which would have taken the stadium's capacity to 45,000, but these were put on hold following City's relegation from the Premier League in 1996.

The move to the City of Manchester Stadium
There were plans for further expansion at Maine Road to take the capacity to 45,000 all-seated, but these were abandoned in favour of a move to the City of Manchester Stadium that was being constructed for the Commonwealth Games in 2002.

The final competitive match before the closure of the stadium took place on 11 May 2003. Manchester City ended the Maine Road era with a 1-0 defeat to Southampton, with Michael Svensson scoring the stadium's last goal. The final match was followed by short performances by musical acts Badly Drawn Boy and Doves.

City's final goal at the stadium was scored on 26 April 2003 by Marc-Vivien Foe, who died on 26 June that year from an undetected heart condition while representing the Cameroon national football team.

Toward the end of Maine Road's lifespan there were proposals for other sports teams to make use of the stadium following City's relocation; Stockport County once expressed interest in moving there from Edgeley Park, and in December 2000 Sale Sharks rugby union club was offered a lease for the stadium. However, none of the proposals came to fruition.

An auction of the ground's fixtures and fittings took place in July 2003, raising £100,000, which was donated to community projects in the Moss Side area, which was undergoing a lengthy regeneration process. Demolition began in late 2003, taking seven months. Two years later the go-ahead was given for a new housing development to take part on the site, consisting of 474 homes.

Pitch
For long periods of its history Maine Road had the widest pitch in England. However, the width was changed several times by managers wishing to alter the pitch size to suit their style of play. In the final season before the ground was closed, the pitch size was 107 x 71 metres (116.5 x 78 yards).

Other uses
Maine Road hosted two England internationals, the first was a 3-0 defeat of Wales on November 13, 1946 and the second a 9-2 win over Northern Ireland on November 16, 1949, England's first ever World Cup qualifier. In addition, A number of wartime internationals were held at the ground. Maine Road was also the venue for a number of rugby league matches, hosting the rugby league championship final eleven times between 1938 and 1956.

The stadium was used for several scenes in the 1948 motion picture Cup-tie Honeymoon. More recently, it was featured in the 2000 film There's Only One Jimmy Grimble and the 2003 ITV drama The Second Coming, which starred Christopher Eccleston.

Maine Road has also played host to a number of rock concerts, including The Rolling Stones, Simple Minds, Queen, Fleetwood Mac, Pink Floyd, Bryan Adams, Jean Michel Jarre, Dire Straits, David Bowie & Guns N' Roses.

In 1974, teen idol David Cassidy played the stadium.

The most high profile concert held at Maine Road was that of Mancunian band Oasis (themselves avowed Manchester City fans) in April 1996, a performance which was later released as a video, Oasis:...There and Then.

Prince also played the stadium twice in the early 1990s.

Maine Road Football Club
Maine Road also gives its name to a non-league football club, Maine Road F.C.. The club, who currently play in the North West Counties Football League Division One, was founded by a group of Manchester City supporters in 1955. The club previously based its headquarters at the social club adjoining Maine Road.

References

Footnotes

Other websites

1923 establishments in England
2003 disestablishments in England
Football stadiums in England
Sport in Manchester
Buildings and structures in Manchester

Maine Road


The MP-40 (German: Maschinenpistole 40) (English: Machine pistol 40), is a type of sub-machine gun. It is also known as the Schmeisser for Hugo Schmeisser, who designed other weapons but not this one. It was developed in the late 1930s and was first used in the early 1940s. It was used by the German Military during World War 2. It fired 9mm bullets and had a 32-round magazine. The weapon could only fire in full-automatic fire, but since the weapon had such a slow rate of fire of 500 rounds per minute, it was possible to fire individual bullets. It was one of the first weapons made completely out of plastic and steel, making it both cheap and quick to make. The design was so good and so reliable that British soldiers would often ditch their own Sten sub-machine guns and use the MP-40 instead. This would not have been a big problem since both weapons fire the same type of bullet and clip.

Submachine guns

MP-40


Juglans nigra, the eastern American black walnut, is a species of deciduous tree in the walnut family, Juglandaceae, native to North America. It grows mostly in riparian zones, from southern Ontario, west to southeast South Dakota, south to Georgia, northern Florida and southwest to central Texas. Wild trees in the upper Ottawa Valley may be an isolated native population or may have derived from planted trees.

Black walnut is an important tree commercially, as the wood is a deep brown color and easily worked. Walnut seeds (nuts) are cultivated for their distinctive and desirable taste. Walnut trees are grown both for lumber and food, and many cultivars have been developed for improved quality wood or nuts. Black walnut is susceptible to thousand cankers disease, which provoked a decline of walnut trees in some regions.

Black walnut is anecdotally known for being allelopathic, which means that it releases chemicals from its roots and other tissues that may harm other organisms and give the tree a competitive advantage. There is not, however, solid scientific consensus that allelopathic chemicals in black walnut are the primary source of its competitive growth in an area.

Description
Odor Most parts of the tree including leaves, stems, and fruit husks have a very characteristic pungent or spicy odor. This odor is lacking in the nut itself.
Trunk Height . Under forest competition, it develops a tall and straight trunk. When grown in an open area it has a short trunk and broad crown.
Bark The bark is typically grey-black and deeply furrowed into thin ridges that gives the bark a diamond shaped pattern.
Pith The pith of the twigs is chambered and light brown.
Buds The buds are pale silky and covered in downy hairs. The terminal buds are ovate, and  long, and slightly longer than broad, the lateral buds are smaller and superposed.
Leaves The leaves are pinnately compound and alternately arranged on the stem. They are  long, typically even-pinnate but there is heavy variation among leaves. The stems have 15–23 leaflets, when terminal leaf is included, with the largest leaflets located in the center,  long and  broad. The leaflets have a rounded base and a long pointed (acuminate) tip as well as having a serrated edge. The leaves are overall dark green in color and are typically hairy on the underside.
Leaf scar The leaf scar has three prominent bundle scars and has a notch on the side that points toward the tip of the branch (distal side)
Flowers Black walnut is monoecious. The male (staminate) flowers are in drooping catkins  long. These are borne from axillary buds on the previous year's growth. The female (pistillate) flowers are terminal, in clusters of two to five on the current year's growth.
Fruit Ripens during the summer/autumn into a spherical fruit (nut) with a brownish-green, semifleshy husk and a brown, corrugated nut. The whole fruit, including the husk, falls in October; the seed is relatively small and very hard.

 The fruit production tends to occur irregularly with some years producing larger crops than others (see mast year). Fruiting may begin when the tree is 4–6 years old, but large crops take 20 years. Total lifespan of J. nigra is about 130 years. Like other trees of the order Fagales, such as oaks, hickories, chestnuts, and birches, it is monoecious, with wind-pollinated catkins. Male and female flowers are in separate spikes, and the female flowers typically appear before the male on a single tree (dichogamy). As a consequence, self-pollination is unlikely. However, individual trees are commonly self-compatible; if they are not pollinated by neighboring trees, they may set self-fertilized seeds. For maximum seed germination, the seeds should be cold-moist stratified for 3–4 months, although the exact time depends on the seed source. The seedlings emerge in April or May. While most trees with taproots have a reputation for slow growth, black walnut is an exception and can achieve very rapid growth in the seedling stage, typically  their first year and even more in the second year. Black walnut will not leaf out until temperatures have warmed sufficiently. Leafout in spring is initiated when daytime highs reach approximately 70 °F (21 °C) and leaf drop in fall when daytime highs fall below 65 °F (15 °C). As such, the exact timing will vary in different regions of the US and depending on the weather conditions from year to year, leafout is typically early April in the southern part of its range and sometimes not until the end of May or beginning of June in cooler areas. Leaf drop in fall may begin in late September in cooler regions and not until November in southern areas.

Black walnut has a strong taproot, which makes the seedlings resilient, but difficult to transplant.

Black walnut is more resistant to frost than the English or Persian walnut, but thrives best in the warmer regions of fertile, lowland soils with high water tables, although it will also grow in drier soils, but much more slowly. Some soils preferred by black walnut include alfisol and entisol soil types. Black walnut grows best on sandy loam, loam, or silt loam type soils but will also grow well on silty clay loam soils. It prefers these soils because they hold large quantities of water, which the tree draws from during rainless periods.

Visually, black walnut is similar to the butternut (Juglans cinerea) in leaf shape, and the range also overlaps significantly. The fruits are quite different, and their presence makes an identification easy, as black walnut fruits are round (spherical) and butternuts are more oval-oblong shaped. When a fruit is not available, two species can be differentiated based on the leaf scars, or the place where the leaf meets the stem: butternut has a leaf scar with a flat upper edge and with a velvety ridge above that flat part, but black walnut has an indented leaf scar with no hairy ridge.

Ecology
Black walnut is primarily a pioneer species similar to red and silver maple and black cherry. Because of this, black walnut is a common weed tree found along roadsides, fields, and forest edges in the eastern US. It will grow in closed forests, but is classified as shade intolerant; this means it requires full sun for optimal growth and nut production.

Black walnut's native range extends across much of the eastern US. It is absent from the coastal plain south of North Carolina as well as the Mississippi Valley, and does not occur in the northern tier of the eastern US, where the frost-free season is too short for the nuts to develop. Its western range extends all the way to the eastern Great Plains, after which climate conditions become too dry for it.

Black walnut is one of the most abundant trees in the eastern US, particularly the Northeast, and its numbers are increasing due to epidemics that have affected other tree species, including emerald ash borer, chestnut blight, butternut canker, wooly hemlock adelgid, dogwood anthracnose, Dutch elm disease, and spongy moth infestations. Widespread clear-cutting of oaks due to spongy moth damage in the 1970s–1980s particularly aided in the tree's spread. The aggressive competitive strategy of black walnut such as its fast growth, alleopathic chemicals, and rodent-dispersed seeds, have also contributed.

 The nuts are food for many rodents and make up to 10% of the diet of eastern fox squirrels. The nuts are also eaten by species of birds. The leaves are browsed by white tailed deer, although they are not a preferred food.

Where the range of the eastern black walnut overlaps that of the Texas black walnut (J. microcarpa), the two species sometimes interbreed, producing populations with characteristics intermediate between the two species. J. nigra and J. cinerea often grow in the same range as well but they do not hybridize naturally.

The tree's roots often form endomycorrhizal relationships with fungi in the genus Glomus. Some endomycorrhizal relations improve the plant's growth.

Species often associated with J. nigra include yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), white ash (Fraxinus americana), black cherry (Prunus serotina), basswood (Tilia americana), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), oaks (Quercus spp.), and hickories (Carya spp.). Near the western edge of its range, black walnut may be confined to floodplains, where it grows either with American elm (Ulmus americana), common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), and boxelder (Acer negundo), or with basswood and red oak (Quercus rubra) on lower slopes and other favorable sites.

Cultivation

Planting
 While its primary native region is the Midwest and east-central United States, the black walnut was introduced into Europe in 1629 and is also cultivated in Hawaii. It is cultivated there and in North America as a forest tree for its high-quality wood. Black walnut plantings can be made to produce timber, nuts, or both timber and nuts. Patented timber-type trees were selected and released from Purdue University in the early 1990s. These trees have been sporadically available from nurseries. Varieties include Purdue #1, which can be used for both timber and nut production, though nut quality is poor compared to varieties selected specifically as nut producers.

Grafted, nut-producing trees are available from several nurseries operating in the U.S. Selections worth considering include Thomas, Neel #1, Thomas Myers, Pounds #2, Stoker, Surprise, Emma K, Sparrow, S127, and McGinnis. Several older varieties, such as Kwik Krop, are still in cultivation; while they make decent nuts, they would not be recommended for commercial planting.

Pollination requirements should be considered when planting black walnuts. As is typical of many species in Juglandaceae, Juglans nigra trees tend to be monoecious, i.e.. produce pollen first and then pistillate flowers or else produce pistillate flowers and then pollen. An early pollen-producer should be grouped with other varieties that produce pistillate flowers so all varieties benefit from overlap. Cranz, Thomas, and Neel #1 make a good pollination trio. A similar group for more northern climates would be Sparrow, S127, and Mintle.

Sometimes black walnut is planted as part of reclaiming mines. When growing young trees weed control is critical for healthy establishment of the trees, without weed control the young trees are harmed significantly in their growth rate.

Ornamental
J. nigra is also grown as a specimen ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, growing to  tall by  broad. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Uses

As food

Black walnut nuts are edible and shelled commercially in the United States. About 65% of the annual wild harvest comes from the U.S. state of Missouri, and the largest processing plant is operated by Hammons Products in Stockton, Missouri. NPR affiliate KCUR stated in an article that "Ralph Hammons began the company in 1946 with a nut cracking machine acquired from Tennessee." The Stockton Black Walnut Festival, which has been held annually since 1961, "brings the community together for a 3-day event jam-packed with activities including a carnival, tractor pull, nut roll and 2-hour parade," stated Alexa Hodges in a VOX article. The nutmeats provide a robust, distinctive, natural flavor and crunch as a food ingredient.  Popular uses include ice cream, bakery goods and confections.  Consumers include black walnuts in traditional treats, such as cakes, cookies, fudge, and pies, during the fall holiday season.  The nuts' nutritional profile leads to uses in other foods, such as salads, fish, pork, chicken, vegetables and pasta dishes.

Tapped in spring, the tree yields a sweet sap that can be drunk or concentrated into syrup or sugar that is not unlike the sap of sugar maple.

Nut processing by hand

The extraction of the kernel from the fruit of the black walnut is difficult.  The thick, hard shell is tightly bound by tall ridges to a thick husk. Rolling the nut underfoot on a hard surface such as a driveway is a common method; commercial huskers use a car tire rotating against a metal mesh.  Some take a thick plywood board and drill a nut-sized hole in it (from one to two inches in diameter) and smash the nut through using a hammer.  The nut goes through and the husk remains behind. American pioneers let the nuts dry in the sun, then removed the husks and let the kernels dry—making them less bitter.

The shell itself is thicker than that of the English walnut, and there are additional, thick internal walls tightly surrounding the nutmeat. Walnuts are too tough and too large to be opened with a standard nutcracker, but simply cracking the shell open with a rock results in smashed and shattered nutmeats mixed with shell, unless done with some care and skill—and it is still nearly impossible to extract an intact half this way. As a result, a number of home walnut-cracking devices have been produced, involving vices, cams, or levers.

While the flavor of the Juglans nigra kernel is prized, the difficulty in preparing it may account for the wider popularity and availability of the English walnut.

Nutrition
Black walnut kernels are 5% water, 59% fat, 24% protein, and 10% carbohydrates. In a 100 gram reference amount providing 619 calories, the kernels supply several nutrients in "rich" amounts (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV), including the dietary minerals manganese (186% DV) and phosphorus (73% DV), among others; and B vitamins B6 (45% DV) and pantothenic acid (33% DV). Black walnut kernels are a moderate source of vitamin E (14% DV).

Analysis of black walnut fat content showed the most prevalent fatty acids are linoleic acid (33.8%), followed by oleic acid (15.3%), alpha-linolenic acid (2.7%), palmitic acid (1.9%), and stearic acid (1.5%).

Dye
Black walnut drupes contain juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), plumbagin (yellow quinone pigments), and tannin. These compounds cause walnuts to stain cars, sidewalks, porches, and patios, in addition to the hands of anyone attempting to shell them.
The brownish-black dye was used by early American settlers to dye hair. According to Eastern Trees in the Petersen Guide series, black walnuts make a yellowish-brown dye, not brownish-black. The apparent confusion is easily explained by the fact that the liquid (dye) obtained from the inner husk becomes increasingly darker over time, as the outer skin darkens from light green to black. Extracts of the outer, soft part of the drupe are still used as a natural dye for handicrafts.
The tannins present in walnuts act as a mordant, aiding in the dyeing process, and are usable as a dark ink or wood stain.

Industrial
Walnut shells are often used as an abrasive in sand blasting or other circumstances where a medium hardness grit is required. The hard black walnut shell is also used commercially in abrasive cleaning, a filtering agent in scrubbers in smoke stacks, cleaning jet engines, cosmetics, and oil well drilling and water filtration.

Wood

Black walnut is highly prized for its dark-colored, straight grained, true heartwood. It is heavy, strong, shock resistant and yet can be easily split and worked. Along with cedars (Thuja spp.), chestnut (Castanea spp.), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) black walnut is one of the most durable hardwoods in the US. The wood can be kiln dried and holds its shape well after seasoning, which makes this wood even more attractive for wood working.

Walnut wood has historically been used for gun stocks, furniture, flooring, paddles, coffins, and a variety of other wood products. Black walnut has a density of 660 kg per cubic meter (41.2 lb/cubic foot), which makes it less dense than oak.

Pests
Maggots (larvae of Rhagoletis completa and Rhagoletis suavis) in the husk are common, though more a nuisance than a serious problem for amateurs, who may simply remove the affected husk as soon as infestation is noticed. The maggots develop entirely within the husk, thus the quality of the nutmeat is not affected.  However, infestations of maggots are undesirable because they make the husk difficult to remove and are unsightly.  Maggots can be serious for commercial walnut growers, who tend to use chemical treatments to prevent damage to the crop.  Some non-chemical controls also exist, such as removing and disposing of infested nuts.

The walnut weevil (Conotrachelus retentus) grows to  long as an adult. The adult sucks plant juices through a snout.  The eggs are laid in fruits in the spring and summer. Many nuts are lost due to damage from the larvae, which burrow through the nut shell.

Black walnut is affected by European canker (Neonectria galligena). The infection spreads slowly but infected trees eventually die.

The walnut caterpillar (Datana integerrima) and fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) are two of the most serious pests, they commonly eat the foliage in midsummer and continue into autumn.

Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) larvae eat walnut kernels, as well as apple and pear seeds.

Important leaf sucking insects include species of aphids and plant lice including (Monellia spp. and Monelliopsis spp.), which suck the juices from leaves and often deposit a sticky substance called "honey-dew" on the leaf surface that may turn black and prevent photosynthesis; and the walnut lace bug (Corythucha juglandis), which causes damage when the adults and nymphs suck the sap from the lower surfaces of walnut leaflets.

A disease complex known as thousand cankers disease has been threatening black walnut in several western states.  This disease has recently been discovered in Tennessee, and could potentially have devastating effects on the species in the eastern United States. Vectored by the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis), a fungus, Geosmithia morbida, spreads into the wood around the galleries carved by the small beetles.  The fungus causes cankers that inhibit the movement of nutrients in black walnut, leading to crown and branch dieback, and ultimately death.

Allelopathy

While black walnut is considered allelopathic, meaning it excretes chemicals into its environment that harm competition, research over the past decade [which decade?] has questioned whether this long-held belief holds up to scientifically rigorous examination. Many publications that have repeated claims of black walnut allelopathy cite a very limited set of dated research literature, which has not held up to scientific scrutiny. Anecdotally, records of walnut toxicity to other plants have been observed as far back as the first century when Pliny the Elder wrote: "The shadow of walnut trees is poison to all plants within its compass."

Like other walnuts, the roots, inner bark, nut husks, and leaves contain a nontoxic chemical called hydrojuglone; when exposed to air or soil compounds it is oxidized into juglone that is biologically active and acts as a respiratory inhibitor to some plants. Juglone is poorly soluble in water and does not move far in the soil and will stay most concentrated in the soil directly beneath the tree. Even after a tree is removed the soil where the roots once were will still contain juglone for several years after the tree is removed as more juglone will be released as the roots decay. Well drained and aerated soils will host a healthy community of soil microbes and these microbes will help to break down the juglone.

Symptoms of juglone poisoning include foliar yellowing and wilting. A number of plants are particularly sensitive.  Apples, tomatoes, pines, and birch are poisoned by juglone, and as a precaution, should not be planted in proximity to a black walnut.

Interaction with horses
Horses are susceptible to laminitis from exposure to black walnut wood in bedding.

Largest trees
The US national champion black walnut is on a residential property on Sauvie Island, Oregon. It is  diameter at breast height and  tall, with a crown spread of .

The tallest black walnut in Europe is located in the Woluwe Park in the city of Sint-Pieters-Woluwe, Brussels, Belgium. It has a circumference of , height of exactly  (measured by laser), and was planted around 1850 (± 10 years).

The largest black walnut in Europe is located in the Castle Park in the city of Sereď, Slovakia. It has a circumference of , height of  and estimated age of 300 years.

See also
 English walnut, Persian walnut
 Taxonomy of walnut tree varieties
 Anthelmintic

References

Further reading

Petrides, G. A. and Wehr, J. (1998). Eastern Trees. Houghton Mifflin Company.
Little, Elbert L. (1980) National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Edition. Borzoi Books.

External links

A variety index and characteristics guide is available from Missouri Extension.
Guide to "Growing Black Walnuts for Nut Production" University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry

Walnut Council.org homepage
Flora of North America: Juglans nigra—Range distribution Map:
Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu: Juglans nigra images
Set of Black Walnut ID photos and range map
Harvesting Black Walnuts
Home Production of Black Walnut Nutmeats
Growing Black Walnut
Black Walnut crackers
Black Walnut Diagnostic photos: tree, leaves, bark and fruit
The Hiker's Notebook
Black Walnut Toxicity study
Juglans nigra - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)

nigra
Edible nuts and seeds
Trees of Eastern Canada
Trees of the Eastern United States
Trees of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Trees of the Northeastern United States
Trees of the North-Central United States
Trees of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
Trees of the Southeastern United States
Walnut, Black
Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
Symbols of Missouri
Trees of humid continental climate
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Plant dyes
Garden plants of North America
Ornamental trees
Flora of Texas
Trees of the Southern United States
Trees of North America
Trees of the United States
Trees of Canada
Trees of the South-Central United States

Juglans nigra


A joint-stock company is a business owned by people called shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion to the number of their shares (certificates of ownership). Some shareholders may own a larger proportion of a company's share than others. Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects on the continued existence of the company.

Incorporation, a legal process, gives a company a legal personality separate from shareholders, and limited liability. This means the shareholders are only liable for the company's debts to the value of the money they invested in the company. So, joint-stock companies are commonly known as corporations or limited companies.

History

Finding the earliest joint-stock company is a matter of definition. Around 1250 in France at Toulouse, 96 shares of the Société des Moulins du Bazacle (Bazacle Milling Company) were traded at a value that depended on the profitability of the Society's mills. This was probably the first company of its kind in history.

The much more famous, wealthy and powerful English (later British) East India Company was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600. The Royal Charter gave the newly created Honourable East India Company a 15-year monopoly on all trade in the East Indies. The Company transformed from a commercial trading venture to one which ruled India.

In 1602, the Dutch East India Company issued shares that were made tradable on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. This invention helped joint-stock companies to attract capital from investors as they could now easily trade their shares. In 1612 it became the first 'corporation' in intercontinental trade with 'locked in' capital and limited liability.

Closely held vs publicly traded corporations
The type of company most often referred to by the word "corporation" is a publicly traded corporation. In this type of company the shares are traded on a public stock exchange. For example, shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq in the United States. This is where shares of stock of corporations are bought and sold by and to the general public. Most of the largest businesses in the world are publicly traded corporations. However, the majority of corporations are said to be closely held, privately held or close corporations. This means that no ready market exists for the trading of shares. Many such corporations are owned and managed by a small group of businesspeople or companies. They can also be as vast as the largest public corporations.

Closely held corporations have some advantages over publicly traded corporations. A small, closely held company can often make decisions much more rapidly than a publicly traded company, because there will generally be fewer voting shareholders or the shareholders would have common interests. A publicly traded company is also at the mercy of the market. It can have capital flow in and out based on what the company is doing and also what the competitors are doing. Publicly traded companies also have advantages over their closely held counterparts. Publicly traded companies often have more working capital.  They can also delegate debt throughout all shareholders. This means shareholders of publicly traded company will each take a much smaller hit to their returns as opposed to those involved with a closely held corporation. Publicly traded companies though suffer from this exact advantage. A closely held corporation can often stand a hit to profit with little or no long-term effect. A publicly traded company though often comes under extreme scrutiny if profit and growth are not evident to stock holders. If profits go down stock holders may sell, further damaging the company. Often this blow is enough to make a small public company fail.

References

Companies

Joint-stock company


A door is a hard, flat object a person can open and close so that person can go into a room or other place. It is found in houses and other buildings. Doors are also found in cars and cages.

The reasons for a door are:
 for people, animals, and objects to go through; some doors are for emergencies only (emergency exit)
 to keep cold or hot air outside (or inside, such as the door on a refrigerator)
 so that people cannot see or hear what happens on the other side (privacy and stopping noise)
 so that people do not fall out of the car or other vehicle
 so a person can decide who to let in—many doors have a lock

Types of doors

A revolving door is a group of doors that turn in a circle as a person pushes one. The person can go through, but wind and rain cannot get in.

A blind door is a fake door that is really part of the wall. People use them to make a room look nice.

An up-and-over door is often used in garages. Instead of hinges, it rolls up on rails so that it stays above the opening.

A fire door is a door that does not let fire go through. They are usually made of heavy steel.

A doggie door is a small door for dogs or other small pets. They are usually on the bottom of people-sized doors.

Basic English 850 words
Doors

Door


Yannick Vaugrenard (born 25 June 1950 in Trignac, Loire-Atlantique) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the west of France. He is a member of the Socialist Party, which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Budgets.

He is also a substitute for the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs, a member of the delegation to the EU–Romania Joint Parliamentary Committee, and a substitute for the delegation to the EU–Bulgaria Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Career
 Baccalauréat
 Worked at the Banque nationale de Paris (1972–1989)
 Special adviser to the Deputy Mayor of Nantes (1989–2004)
 First federal secretary, Loire-Atlantique Socialist Party (1990–2001)
 Deputy mayor of Trignac (1977–1989)
 Deputy mayor of Saint-Nazaire (1995–2001)
 Member of the Loire-Atlantique Departmental Council (1982–1994)
 Member of the Pays de la Loire Regional Council (1986–2004)
 First Vice-Chairman of the Pays de la Loire Regional Council (since 2004)

External links
 Official website (in French)
 European Parliament biography
 Declaration of financial interests (in French; PDF file)

1950 births
Living people
MEPs for West France 2004–2009
Socialist Party (France) MEPs
Senators of Loire-Atlantique
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Politicians from Pays de la Loire

Yannick Vaugrenard


The governor of New Mexico () is the head of government of New Mexico. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New Mexico's state government and the commander-in-chief of the New Mexico National Guard. As noted in the governor's seal, this gubernatorial office is a scion of the Spanish and Mexican governors of Nuevo México (1598) and the governors of the New Mexico Territory (1851). The officeholder is afforded the courtesy title of The Honorable for life. The current governor is Michelle Lujan Grisham, a Democrat, who was sworn in as the 32nd governor of New Mexico on January 1, 2019.

History
During the occupation of New Mexico by the United States Military starting in 1846, a military governor was appointed to oversee the area; military governors, at times, were assisted by civilian governors. In 1850, New Mexico was organized as a Territory, and the governor was appointed by the President of the United States. The office of governor was created in 1912 when New Mexico was officially admitted to the United States as the 47th state.

Election to the governorship

Requirements to hold office
Section Three of Article V of the New Mexico Constitution establishes the requirements a person must meet in order to become governor. The governor must be a citizen of the United States, be at least 30 years old, and have been a resident of New Mexico for at least five years prior to election.

Term(s) of office
Under Section One of Article V of the New Mexico Constitution, a governor may be elected any number of times, but not more than twice in a row.  Governors serving two consecutive terms are eligible to run again after sitting out one full term.

Relationship with lieutenant governor
The lieutenant governor of New Mexico is elected jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate in general elections.

Powers
While the governor heads the Executive Branch of the New Mexico state government, the governor does not have absolute power. Other state executives, such as the lieutenant governor, the secretary of state, and the attorney general are also elected to office.

Duties
Responsibilities include making annual State of the State addresses to the New Mexico State Legislature, submitting the budget, and ensuring that state laws are enforced.

Residence
Since 1954, the Governor of New Mexico has resided in the New Mexico Governor's Mansion. Prior to its construction, the governor's residence was located adjacent to the New Mexico State Capitol in downtown Santa Fe. Before 1909, the governor resided in the Palace of the Governors, which is listed as a National Historic Landmark. The Palace of the Governors is the oldest continuously occupied public building in the United States.

Line of succession

According to Section Seven of Article V of the New Mexico Constitution, in the event of the death, resignation, removal, impeachment, absence from the state, failure to qualify, or incapacity due to illness of the governor, the lieutenant governor is the first person in the order of succession and thus serves as governor.

If there is no lieutenant governor, or that person is unable to perform the duties of governor, the Secretary of State serves as governor. If there is no Secretary of State, the President pro Tempore of the Senate serves as governor. If there is no President pro Tempore of the Senate, or if that person is unable to perform the duties of governor, then the Speaker of the House serves as governor.

References

External links

1912 establishments in New Mexico

Governor of New Mexico


Richard Fitz Pons ( 1080 – 1129) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman, active as a marcher lord on the border with Wales.

He is described as a follower of Bernard de Neufmarché, and probably first builder of Bronllys Castle. He started construction at Llandovery Castle in 1116.

Family
His father was Pons Fitz Pons (c. 1034 – bef. 1086). He married Matilda Fitz Walter (died after 1127), daughter of Walter Fitz Roger, Sheriff of Gloucestershire, and Bertha de Ballun. The baron Walter de Clifford was one of their four children.

Richard was the heir of Drogo Fitz Pons and Walter Fitz Pons, both mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. He is now taken to be their nephew. They had lands in Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Pinxton in Derbyshire, and Glasshampton in Worcestershire.

Footnotes

Notes

FitzPons
FitzPons
FitzPons
FitzPons
Norman warriors

Richard Fitz Pons


GuideWorks, LLC is the joint venture of Comcast and Gemstar-TV Guide International that was formed in April 2004 for the purpose of creating navigation software (also known as Interactive Program Guides) for digital cable television. Comcast owns a majority stake in the venture.

The software developed by GuideWorks is widely deployed in Comcast digital cable systems throughout the USA, and delivers both Video On Demand and Digital Video Recorder features to consumers. Gemstar TV Guide markets the GuideWorks software to other cable companies.

Prior to the formation of the joint venture, Gemstar-TV Guide International, Inc developed and marketed the navigation software to Comcast and other cable operators. During this period, the name i-Guide became associated with the products, which gained a reputation for strong promotion of advertising similar to the ads that appear on web pages today. This advertising aspect underwent significant deemphasis after the formation of the GuideWorks joint venture in 2004.

In 2010, Rovi, the corporate descendant of Gemstar-TV Guide, pulled out of the venture. GuideWorks is now wholly owned by Comcast.

References

External links
 Official website
  Comcast
 Gemstar-TV Guide International, Inc.

Former joint ventures

GuideWorks


Makalani is the name given to a certain palm tree, growing in northern Namibia (Southern Africa). The local Owambo people call a full grown palm tree "Omulunga" and a sapling "Oshivale." These palm trees grow very high and it takes many years for a Makalani sapling to grow into a full-grown tree.

The seeds look like small coconuts, and the local people, the Owambos and Himbas, peel the outer ginger looking skin and carve the inner hard core to certain objects of art. The inner core is white with a dark brown skin, the size of a golf ball, and it is hollow inside. The Makalani fruit (Ondunga/Onduga)is very useful to the local people. It can be eaten and can also be used to brew Ombike/Owalende: the Oshiwambo brew that looks and taste similar to Whiskey.
There are now also some hotels, restaurants, and guesthouses which have adopted the name Makalani (in Namibia). These include Makalani Sugar processors, Makalani Holdings and Makalani Airtime Distributors.

Arecaceae
Trees

Makalani


The Sega Dreamcast VMU is a memory card made just for the Sega Dreamcast machine that plays video games. It is put in slot one or two on the Sega Dreamcast controller. It can save games, backgrounds and other extra features for the Sega Dreamcast. Also, it can save minigames that can be played on the remote itself running on a battery using D-pad, A, B, start, and select buttons. The games are shown on a small screen on the controller. (This screen usually shows pictures and game statistics when playing on the Dreamcast).

Technology
Sega

sv:Sega Dreamcast#VMU

VMU


Beyond the Grave is the fourth book in The 39 Clues series first published on June 2, 2009 and written by Jude Watson. Thematically the novel uses Biblical knowledge, prophecy, and spiritual topics to explore the afterlife. Amy and Dan Cahill, the protagonists, travel to Egypt because of a clue they discovered in The Sword Thief. The symbols in the middle of the book translate "Alistair was there the night they died."

Beyond the Grave was awarded one of Good Morning America pick for teen summer reading.

Plot summary
Amy and Dan head for Cairo, Egypt, with their au pair Nellie Gomez, to find a clue, hidden by Ekaterina founder, Katherine Cahill. They were tailed by Irina Spasky, but escape to a store with an Egyptian goddess statue, the Sakhet. There, a man, Theo Cotter, shows up and convinces them it's a fake. Discouraged, they go back to Nellie.

They went to the Hotel Excelsior and find the Ekaterina stronghold. They find three Sakhets, and get trapped there by Bae Oh, who is the hotel's owner, and leader of the Ekats, after he explains the history of the Sakhets. As they escape, one of Grace's friends, Hilary Vale, finds them and takes them to her house. She gives them a letter and a small Sakhet, sent from Grace and they find out Theo is Hilary's grandson. They head for Queen Nefertari's tomb in Luxor and get trapped by Irina, who picks up Grace's guidebook in the process.

After Amy and Dan had escaped, they are trapped again by Jonah Wizard, who leaves them on a deserted island on the Nile. After Jonah leaves them, and heads for Paris they are chased by a crocodile across the island, but are saved by a local fisherman. They find out Hillary and Theo tricked them to get their hands on the Sakhet that Grace left for Amy and Dan. They use the Sakhet to successfully fool Irina into thinking that she has to go to Rabat, Morocco. They go to Aswan for the island Philae and the next clue.

After an unsuccessful attempt to find the clues under the Nile River with Alistair, Amy and Dan find something leading them back to Cairo. After arriving, they find a store which Grace once visited. The store owner, Sami, gives them a Senet board. After opening the puzzle, they discover their clue; myrrh

It ends with the stronghold getting destroyed, and Amy and Dan finding a mysterious cloth with letter Ms in a pattern, indicating that it must have been the Madrigals.

Clue
Clue: 1/2 a gram of myrrh

Location: Russia

References

External links
 Scholastic 39 Clues books page

The 39 Clues novels
2009 American novels
Collaborative fiction
Sequel novels
Novels set in Egypt
2009 children's books
Children's books set in Egypt

Beyond the Grave (novel)


Ismaïl Omar Guelleh (Somali: Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle. Arabic: اسماعيل عُمر جليه) (born 27 November 1947) is an Djiboutian politician. He became the President of Djibouti in May 1999.

Biography
From Mamassan clan, one of the components of the Somali tribe Issas, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh is the grandson of Guellé Mohamed, better known as Guelleh Batal, one of the signatories of the "agreement franco of August 30, 1917, which ratifies the "free transfer to the French Government of the coasts, harbors, harbors, islands and territories occupied from time immemorial by the Issa tribes". In recognition, Guelleh Batal obtained from the French administration the position of recruiter on behalf of the CFE.

The father of Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, son of Guelleh Batal, is Omar Guelleh, one of the first native teachers in the 1930s before working, following the path of his father, on behalf of the French-Ethiopian Railway Company. (CFE) which built the line linking Djibouti to Addis Ababa and whose headquarters were in Dire Dawa, a city itself created by the company.

The grandfather of the latter, Oumar Ali Adal, "would be one of the first Issas to have joined the wet Penguin in front of what will become Djibouti".

In Dire Dawa, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh follows traditional teaching at the Koranic school, then at the French school Charles-de-Foucault in Djibouti.

In 1964, at the age of 18, Ismail Omar Guelleh began working in the General Intelligence of the French Territory of the Afars and Issas, because he speaks Amharic, Somali, Arabic, French, French Italian and English.

In 1974, he was suspended because he was suspected of transmitting information to the independence movement [ref. necessary]. He then invested himself in the African Popular League for Independence (LPAI) chaired by Hassan Gouled Aptidon (who belongs to the same extended family group, or "clan"), which militates for independence.

In 1977, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh is a member of the delegation that negotiates with France the independence of his country. Independence was proclaimed on June 27, 1977. The new President of the Republic, Hassan Gouled, appointed him head of his cabinet. He is therefore involved from the beginning in the management of the country facing an external conflict, the Ogaden war between Somalia and Ethiopia, and internal tensions.

References

Other websites

1947 births
Living people
Djiboutian politicians
Presidents (government)
Current national leaders

Ismaïl Omar Guelleh


Las Águilas-Jungle Park is a zoological and botanical park located near the Los Cristianos beach on the Canary Island of Tenerife. Consisting of  of jungle with over 500 animals, the park contains a number of walking paths with tunnels, suspension bridges, waterfalls, lagoons, and caves. The park also boasts daily flight shows featuring exotic birds and birds of prey.

Las Águilas-Jungle Park is operated by Spanish tourism group Aspro Ocio S.A. It is the largest such group operating in Europe and is better known for its chain of parks called Aqualand.

One of the park's main attractions are two white lions from South Africa these make up a big cat collection including leopards, jaguars, Bengal tiger, white tigers and pumas. The park also has a large primate collection including orangutans, gibbons, chimpanzees, mandrill, lemurs, capuchin monkeys, titi monkeys and Saimiri.  The park's bird collection includes cranes, ibises, flamingoes, swans, storks, parrots, macaws, vultures, falcons, eagles and penguins.  Other animals include pygmy hippopotamus, crocodiles, caiman, raccoons, red panda and meerkats.

Gallery

Notes

External links

 All Information, gallery and reviews
 Review and Photos from the park

Tourist attractions in Tenerife
Parks in Tenerife
Companies of the Canary Islands
Aspro Parks attractions

Las Águilas Jungle Park


The European sprat is a kind of fish. It is related to the herring. It lives in the ocean, all around Europe. It has about 12% fat in its flesh. It is a source of many vitamins. It is an important fish for commercial fishing, and can be found in many cans in shops. It can also be salted, to preserve it better.

Clupeiformes

European sprat


The Navier–Stokes equations are kinds of partial differential equations, mathematical equations that describe the motion of fluids. The equations are named after Claude-Louis Navier and George Gabriel Stokes. The equations happen when you apply Newton's second law to fluid dynamics with the guess that the stress, or internal forces, comes from the sum of a diffusing viscous term (based on which way the velocity is changing), plus a pressure term.

They are very useful because many important things flow. Scientists and engineers use the equations in mathematical models of weather, ocean currents, water flow in a pipe, how air flows around a wing, and how stars move inside a galaxy. The Navier–Stokes equations in their full and simplified forms help with the design of aircraft and cars, the study of blood flow, the design of power stations, the analysis of pollution, and many other things. Together with Maxwell's equations (the equations for electricity and magnetism) they can be used to model and study how things that can flow and conduct electricity can produce (and react to) magnetic fields.

The Navier–Stokes equations are also of great interest in a purely mathematical sense. Somewhat surprisingly, given how useful these equations are, mathematicians have not yet proven that in three dimensions solutions always exist, or that if they do exist, then they do not contain any bad points where they become infinite. These are called the Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness problems. The Clay Mathematics Institute has called this one of the seven most important open problems in mathematics, and offered a US$1,000,000 prize (approx. €0.9M or £0.8M as of May 2022) for a solution or a counter-example.

The Navier–Stokes equations dictate not position but rather velocity (how fast the fluid is going and where it is going). A solution of the Navier–Stokes equations is called a velocity field or flow field, which is a description of the velocity of the fluid at a given point in space and time. Once the velocity field is solved for, other quantities of interest (such as flow rate or drag force) may be found. This is different from what one normally sees in classical mechanics, where solutions are typically paths of a particle over time. Studying velocity instead of position makes more sense for a fluid, but for visualization purposes one also can compute various paths that a particle could flow along.

References

Partial differential equations
Fluid mechanics

Navier–Stokes equations


Enzo Cucchi (born 14 November 1949) is an Italian painter. A native of Morro d'Alba, province of Ancona, he was a key member of the Italian Transavanguardia movement, along with his countrymen Francesco Clemente, Mimmo Paladino, Nicola De Maria, and Sandro Chia. The movement was at its peak during the 1980s and was part of the worldwide movement of Neo-Expressionist painters.

Cucchi's first major Retrospective was held at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York 1986 and his works are held in numerous museum collections including the Museum of Modern Art New York, the Tate London and the Art Institute of Chicago.  Cucchi lives and works in Rome and Ancona.

Biography
Enzo Cucchi was born in 1949 in Morro d'Alba, a farming village in the province of Ancona in central Italy. As an autodidactic painter Cucchi was lauded in his early years even though he was more interested in poetry. He frequently visited poet Mino De Angelis, who was in charge of the magazine Tau. Through La Nuova Foglio di Macerata, a small publishing house, he met with art critic Achille Bonito Oliva, an important figure in the artist's prospective career. In its catalogues La Nuova Foglio di Macerata published writings of artists such as Cucchi's Il veleno è stato sollevato e trasportato! in 1976. Frequent trips to Rome in the mid-seventies revived Cucchi's interest in visual arts. He moved to Rome, temporarily abandoned poetry and dedicated himself exclusively to the visual arts. Here Cucchi met with different artists such as Sandro Chia, Francesco Clemente, Mimmo Paladino and Nicola de Maria with whom he began to work in close contact and to establish dialectical and intellectual dialogues.

Achille Bonito Oliva was the first to name this young generation of Italian artists of the seventies as a group: In Flash Art Magazine, no. 92–93, 1979, he used the term Transavanguardia for the first time. The official proclamation of the Transavanguardia took place at the  1980 Venice Biennial. The term was an idiom for the art of this young generation following the Avant-garde art of the sixties. These artists no longer sought to evoke discomfort in the spectator by all means and to force him to go beyond the work to grasp it fully.

The members of the Transavanguardia-group have diverse working methods. Their identity as a group is not dependent on rules or any binding language of expression, but they share a preference for motifs gathered from imaginable reality and the free use of past and present. Cucchi uses forms suggestive of the landscape, legends and traditions of his home-region.  He shows nature, history and culture in a playful relationship with our technical world, using symbols like a train or an ocean-liner and employing colour in terms of idea, expansion and motion rather than for pictorial sensation. His artwork is often accompanied by poetic texts some of which have been published.

Aside from the numerous Transavanguardia- group-exhibitions, his  work has been the subject of solo shows in galleries, museums and cultural sites all over the world.

Works
In the late 1970s, Cucchi's highly original work conspicuously stood out in a scene dominated by conceptual art. Art critic and dealer Mario Diacono supported him by exhibiting his work in Italy and the United States. Since 1979 Cucchi has maintained a co-operative relationship with gallery owner Emilio Mazzoli in Modena and with Bruno Bischofberger who had represented him since 1981 and since 1995 exclusively worldwide. Between 1981 and 1985 also Gian Enzo Sperone frequently exhibited Cucchi's work in his galleries in Rome and New York. Consequently, his experimental expressionist style gradually became influential whereas he set out to expand the material qualities in his art by painting or drawing directly on walls, using ceramics, mosaic or painted images as a part of sculpture and by creating free installation spaces.

Cucchi's varied interests have led him beyond the bounds of ordinary exhibitions. He has made outdoor sculptures for the Brueglinger Park in Basel in 1984, and the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art in Humblebaek, Denmark in 1985, a fountain for the garden of the Museo d'arte contemporanea Luigi Pecci in Prato in 1988 and the Fontana d'Italia at York University in Toronto. And a fountain in the center square of his home town, Morro d'Alba.

He also contributed to the Lucio Amelio's contemporary art collection in the Royal Palace of Caserta. The Neapolitan gallerist, after the Irpinia earthquake of 1980, asked to the major artists of that time a work about the earthquake in order to get through that terrible experience; his work Senza titolo consists in four rusty iron panels, which symbolizes the violence of the passing of time, with a vessel in the middle, a precariousness image typical of his art.

Between 1992 and 1994 he collaborated with architect Mario Botta on the chapel built on Monte Tamaro near Lugano, Switzerland, where Cucchi assisted with designing the interior of the chapel, mainly the main altar and the executed murals for the apse and nave. Cucchi enjoys close relationships with poets and writers like Paolo Volponi, Goffredo Parise, Giovanni Testori, Ruggero Guarini, Alberto Boatto and Paul Evangelisti. He has made illustrations for their books while they have written on his art.
Cucchi has also been active in the field of stage design: He has designed costumes and sets for productions such as Rossini's and Respighi's La Bottega Fantastica at the Rossini Opera Festival in Pesaro and Heinrich von Kleist's Penthesilea, both in 1986, Puccini's Tosca at the Teatro dell'Opera in Rome, from 1990–1991, Pennisi's Funeral of the Moon in Gibellina, in 1991 and an adaptation of Erasmus' In Praise of Folly, in 1992. In 1996 he designed the curtain for the Teatro la Fenice in Senigallia and a mosaic on the sidewalk in front of La Rotonda al Mare".

Selected exhibitions
FL - Wizard Gallery, Milano 2014
BIASA ArtSpace, Seminyak, Bali, Indonesia, 2010
EMMA, Espoon Kaupunki, Finland, 2009
Museo Correr, Venezia, 2007
Academie de France à Rome, Villa Medici, Roma, 2006
Artium, Centro Museo Vasco de Arte Contemporaneo in Vitoria-Gasteiz, España, 2002
Mosaico nella Stazione Termini, Roma, 2000
Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv, 1999 and 2001
Deichtorhallen Hamburg, Hamburg, 1999
Artiscope Gallery, Brussels, 1999
Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum, Aachen, 1997
Museo di Capodimonte, Napoli, 1996
Sezon Museum of Art, Tokyo, 1996
Museo di Palazzo Reale Arengario, Milano 1995
Collezione "Terrae Motus", Reggia di Caserta, 1994
Castello di Rivoli Museo d'Arte Contemporanea, Turino 1993
 Artiscope Gallery, Brussels, 1993
Museo Cantonale d'Arte, Lugano, 1993
Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg, 1992
Carré d'Art, Musée d'Art Contemporain, Nîmes, 1991
Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona, 1991
Wiener Secession, Wien, 1988
Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, München 1987
Musée d'art moderne Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris 1986
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York 1986
Fundación Caja de Pensiones, Madrid; capc Musée d'Art contemporain, Bordeaux, 1985
Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humblebaek, 1985
Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, 1983
Kunsthaus Zürich, 1982, 1984 and 1988
Documenta 7, Kassel, 1982
Gallery Gian Enzo Sperone, Roma, 1981
Galerie Bruno Bischofberger, Zürich, 1981
Incontri Internazionali d'Arte, Roma, 1977

Bibliography

References

External links
Artist page at artnet.com
  Enzo Cucchi

1949 births
Living people
People from the Province of Ancona
20th-century Italian painters
21st-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian contemporary artists
Contemporary painters
Postmodern artists
Transavanguardia
20th-century Italian male artists
21st-century Italian male artists
Neo-expressionist artists

Enzo Cucchi


The Magna Carta was a document that was sealed by King John after negotiations with his barons  and their French and Scots allies at Runnymede, Surrey, England in 1215.

There they sealed the Great Charter, called in Latin Magna Carta. It established a council of 25 barons to see John keep to the clauses, including access to swift justice, parliamentary assent for taxation, scutage limitations, and protection from illegal imprisonment.

Because he was forced to seal the charter, John sought approval to break it, from his spiritual overlord Pope Innocent III. Denouncing it as "not only shameful and demeaning but also illegal and unjust", the Pope agreed. The Magna Carta is still considered one of the most important documents ever written, having inspired the way we view issues of justice and liberty and influenced laws regarding such throughout the world.

The Magna Carta has influenced English law right down to the present day. It is one of the most celebrated documents in the History of England. It is recognized as a cornerstone of the idea of the liberty of citizens.

Content
The Magna Carta contains 63 clauses written in Latin on parchment. Only three of the original clauses in Magna Carta are still law today. One defends the freedom and rights of the English Church, another confirms the liberties  customs of the City of London and other towns. This clause (translated) is the main reason the Carta is still famous:

"No free man shall be seized, imprisoned, stripped of his rights or possessions, outlawed, exiled. Nor will we proceed with force against him except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land. To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice".

This clause limits the power of rulers, and introduces the idea of lawful process and the idea of a jury. The BBC summarised the main points of the document as:

No one is above the law, not even the king.
Everyone has a right to a fair trial.
No taxation without representation.

The BBC said the Magna Carta "established a number of important principles, which have been copied around the world... It inspired the US Constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights".

History
The origin is in the medieval feudal system, in which the King's word was law. It solved, at the time, a conflict between King John and his main men: the barons and bishops. Dispute grew between the barons and bishops and King John over taxes and disputes with the Pope.

The barons chose their time to put John under pressure. John had lost a battle against the French, been excommunicated by the Pope (1209–1213), and feared civil war at home. He met the barons at Runnymede, 20 miles south-west of London, in June 1215. The negotiation was managed by John's half-brother, William Longspée, and Elias of Dereham, steward to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Stephen Langton.

The content of the Carta was designed to re-balance power between the King and his subjects, but especially between John and the barons. When King John set his seal on Magna Carta he conceded the fundamental principle that even as king he was not above the law.  That meant kings would not have as much power as they did before.  The Carta also laid down rules of inheritance, and that convictions required some kind of official process. It stated that people had rights not to be unlawfully imprisoned. In other words, the king is bound to rule within the law.

Thirteen original copies of the Carta were made and distributed.  Only four survive today.  The four copies are in The British Library, The Bodleian Library, Lincoln Castle and Salisbury Cathedral.  The Magna Carta was sent out again in 1220 by Henry III.  In 2009 UNESCO recognized it in its Memory of the World register.  The British Library brought all four copies together in February 2015, so that scholars could examine them side by side.

Related pages
 Loyumba Shinyen

References

Politics of the United Kingdom
13th-century treaties
13th century in England
1215
English law

Magna Carta


The turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), is a bird found throughout most of the Americas. It is also known as the turkey buzzard (or just buzzard), and in some areas of the Caribbean as John crow or carrion crow.

It is one of three species in the genus Cathartes, ranging from southern Canada to the southernmost tip of South America. It lives in open and semi-open areas, including subtropical forests, shrublands, pastures, and deserts.

The turkey vulture got its common name from the resemblance of the adult's bald red head and its dark plumage to that of the male wild turkey. The name "vulture" comes from the Latin word vulturus, meaning "tearer", and is a reference to its feeding habits.

Vultures
Cathartidae
Birds of North America
Birds of South America
Birds of Central America

Turkey vulture


Exorcism is the practice of evicting demons or other spiritual beings. This practice is quite ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions. There are different types of exorcisms. Exorcisms can be performed on people, animals and places. These rituals are done by people called exorcists. Exorcisms are usually done for religious reasons. The reasons vary, and the exorcisms can be different based on religions and which exorcists does them.

Theology

Exorcism


Manierre Dawson (December 22, 1887, Chicago, Illinois – August 15, 1969, Sarasota, Florida) was an avant-garde painter and sculptor. He was born and raised in Chicago, but lived most of his life in Michigan.

Manieerre's work been called "surprising and prophetic". During a tour of Europe in 1910, he started painting true abstract works. Back in America, he became convinced that he could not earn a living at art, and became a farmer. He was forgotten until a rediscovery in 1963. He may have been the first person to paint a completely abstract work. He was probably the earliest American abstract artist, slightly ahead of Arthur Dove.

Early career
After working for a year with a firm of architects, he was granted a six-month leave-of-absence for an educational tour of Europe.  He departed in mid-June 1910 for his only trip abroad. He made his way across England to France, south through Germany, across Switzerland to Italy, back north for a second stay in Paris, and around northern Germany before embarking from Bremerhaven in late-November. In Sienna, he met and exchanged ideas on painting with John Singer Sargent.  During his return visit to Paris he attended a Saturday evening soirée at the apartment of Gertrude Stein and he saw paintings by Paul Cézanne in the gallery of Ambroise Vollard.

1911 through 1914 were the most productive years of his career. In 1914, Dawson participated in two group exhibitions. Summers spent at the family's retreat in Mason Country, Michigan were his most productive periods during his early career and provided rudimentary knowledge of growing and marketing fruit. He met Lilian Boucher, the daughter of a local farmer, and fell in love. They married in July 1915 and three children were born over the next five years.

Later career
Living in rural Michigan and struggling financially he made art from what was available (Portland cement, scraps of lumber, pieces of plywood).  Sheets of composite wood (brand names Novoply and Timblend) were laminated together for thickness and carved into freestanding sculptures.

The first real recognition of his work began in 1966 with a retrospective exhibition mounted by the Grand Rapids Art Museum.  An exhibition organized by the John and Mable Ringing Museum in Sarasota and shared with the Norton Gallery in West Palm Springs followed a year later. This exhibition brought Dawson to the attention of Robert Schoelkopf, who showed his work in New York in April 1969 and March 1981.
When Dawson was diagnosed with cancer in 1968, he sold the Michigan farm and moved to Sarasota permanently. He died on August 15, 1969.

Major paintings
 Prognostic, 1910, Milwaukee Museum of Art
 Xdx, 1910, Brooklyn Museum of Art
 Discal Procession, 1910, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC
 Lucrece, 1911, The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota
 Mrs. Darrow, 1911, Art Institute of Chicago
 Meeting (The Three Graces), 1912, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 Retrospect, 1913, The Museum of Modern Art, New York
 Letters and Numbers, 1914, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
 Figure by Window, 1915, Illinois State Museum, Springfield

Bibliography
 Gedo, Mary M. 1977. Manierre Dawson: the prophet in his own country. American Art Review 4, #3 (Dec. 1977), pp. 64-75, 121-125.
 Gedo, Mary Mathews 1981. Modernizing the master: Manierre Dawson's cubist transliterations. Art Magazine 55, #8 (April 1981), pp. 135-145.
 Adams, Henry and Randy J. Ploog 1999. Manierre Dawson American pioneer of abstract art. New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries.
 Ploog, Randy J. and Henry Adams 2003. Manierre Dawson: new revelations Chicago: Hollis Taggart Galleries.
 Bates, Geoffrey 2006. Manierre Dawson: an artist out of bounds. The Living Museum, 68, #1 pp. 8-13.
 Ploog, Randy J., Myra Bairstow, and Ani Boyajian 2011. Manierre Dawson (1887-1969): a catalogue raisonne. The Three Graces in association with Hollis Taggart Galleries, New York.

Further reading
 Davidson, Abraham A. 1981. Early American modernist painting, 1910-1935. New York: Harper and Row, 1981.
 Prince, Sue A. (ed) 1990. The old guard and the avant-garde: modernism in Chicago, 1910-1940. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 Kennedy, Elizabeth (ed) 2004. Chicago modern, 1893-1945: pursuit of the new. Chicago: Terra Museum of American Art.

References

Other websites
 Manierre Dawson catalogue raisonné
 Manierre Dawson, an American Kandinsky, New York Times.
 Manierre Dawson: a pioneer, Illinois State University.

1887 births
1969 deaths
American painters
Cancer deaths in Florida
Artists from Chicago

Manierre Dawson


Dacca District () is a district in the centre of Bangladesh. The district is part of the Dhaka Division, more than half of the district is made up of Dacca - the capital of the district and of Bangladesh too.

History

Dhaka has a very old history, the city area of Dhaka was ruled by the Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms century.

After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was ruled first by the Turkish and the Afghan governors from the Delhi Sultanate before the arrival of the Mughals in 1608.

During the rule of the Mughal the district was famous for its textile products - especially the Muslin. The Mughal governor Islam Khan was the first administrator of the city. Khan named the town "Jahangir Nagar" (City of Jahangir) in honour of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, although this name was dropped soon after Jahangir's death.

The city grew in size quite a lot under Mughal general Shaista Khan. The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometres (12 by 8 mi), with almost a million people. The city then passed to the control of the British East India Company in 1765 after the Battle of Plassey. The number of people in the city fell very much as the prominence of Kolkata rose, but development eventually followed. A modern civic water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply launched in 1878. The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for British and Indian soldiers.

References

Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
Districts in Dhaka Division

Dhaka District


John Gilbert (1812? – 28 June 1845) was an English naturalist and explorer. He collected animal specimens for English naturalist John Gould. Australia's rarest animal, Gilbert's Potoroo, Potorous gilberti, and the Gilbert-Einasleigh River were named after him.

Early life
Gilbert was born on 14 March, but the exact year is not known. It must have been between 1810 and 1815 and so most books use 1812. Gilbert was a taxidermist for the Zoological Society of London. He met English naturalist John Gould and went to Australia in 1838 with Gould. Gould paid him £100 a year to collect and preserve animals and birds for him

Australia
Gould and Gilbert arrived in Hobart on the ship Parsee on 19 September 1838. They were going to collect animal and bird specimens for Gould's books. Both worked in Tasmania for a few months. On 4 February 1839, Gilbert went to the Swan River settlement. He worked there for a year, mainly around Perth, collecting for Gould. Gilbert then sailed for Sydney, and in June 1840 took a ship to Port Essington in the north of Australia. In March 1841 he sailed to Singapore, stopping at Timor on the way. From there he sailed for London and arrived at the end of September. He had collected a very large number of birds for Gould, and made many notes on their habits.

In February 1842 Gilbert returned Australia to collect further specimens. He reached Perth in July and stayed for 17 months in Western Australia. He made his most interesting discoveries among the Wongan Hills, about 100 miles north-east of Perth. He was a fine naturalist and his notes on birds, their habits, diet, song and the names given them by the aborigines were all of great interest and value. Gilbert collected specimens of 432 birds, including 36 species new to Western Australia. He collected 318 mammals, including 22 species not previously known in the west. By the end of January 1844 he was back in Sydney and during the next six months worked his way to the Darling Downs in Queensland.

Explorer
Gilbert joined Ludwig Leichhardt's expedition in September 1844 which was going to cross Australia's north, from Brisbane to Port Essington. Gilbert, with his experience in the Australian bush, was unofficially the second in charge. The journey was much slower than planned and food supplies were getting low. On 28 June 1845, near the Gulf of Carpentaria, Gilbert was killed when aborigines attacked the explorers. He was buried at the site, but the grave has never been found. The rest of the group reached Port Essington in December 1845.

Leichhardt kept Gilbert's papers and his diary, which, however, was lost for nearly 100 years before its discovery by A. H. Chisholm.  Chisholm's research showed Gilbert as a man of much ability and fine character who somewhat ironically had a great respect for the aboriginals. There is a memorial to him in St James church, Sydney with the Latin phrase "Dulce et decorum est pro scientia mori" - "it is sweet and fitting to die for science."

References

 A. H. Chisholm, 'Gilbert, John (1810? - 1845)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, MUP, 1966, pp 441–442. Accessed 22 November 2008

Other websites
John Gilbert:  A collector extraordinaire  at the Australian Museum
Gilbert, John (1810? - 1845) at Bright Sparcs, Melbourne University

1845 deaths
English biologists
English naturalists
English explorers
1810s births
Exploration of Australia

John Gilbert (naturalist)


Henry Birks (30 November 1840 – 16 April 1928) was a Canadian businessman and founder of Henry Birks and Sons, a chain of high-end Canadian jewellery stores.

He was born to English immigrants from Yorkshire, England. His parents moved to Canada in 1832. Son of John Birks, a pharmacist, and Ann Marie, he did his schooling in commercial studies at the High School of Montreal.

In 1857, Birks was hired as a clerk at Savage and Lyman in Montreal, reputed to be the finest jeweller and watchmaker in the Province of Canada at that time.  Although Birks eventually became a partner in the firm in 1868, the company's later financial difficulties encouraged Birks to leave in 1877.

With an investment of C$3000, Birks opened his own small jewellery shop in 1879 on Saint James Street in the heart of Montreal's financial and commercial district.  In 1893, Birks went into partnership with his three sons (William, John and Gerald), and the name of the firm became Henry Birks and Sons.   As the focus of Montreal's commercial centre moved north towards Saint Catherine Street, the Birks store moved to new premises on Phillips Square in 1894, where the company still maintains a store and corporate offices.  Commencing in 1901, Birks oversaw the expansion of the company across the country, with stores opening in Canada's largest cities.

Henry Birks served as a prototype to many Canadian entrepreneurs of the 19th century. The son of English immigrants, his education was focused primarily on commerce, and he subsequently put it into practice by working in a large and successful firm.  As soon as the circumstances would permit, he started his own company, which prospered and ultimately became a Canada-wide commercial empire.

Five successive generations of the Birks family have been involved in Henry Birks and Sons since its founding in 1879.  One of Birks' sons, Gerald Birks, proposed an educational system for Canadian soldiers known as the Khaki University, which was ultimately implemented for all soldiers in 1917.

The William and Henry Birks Building at Montreal's McGill University, a Collegiate Gothic structure on University Street, is named in honour of Birks and one of his sons.

References

External links

1840 births
1928 deaths
Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople
Businesspeople from Montreal
High School of Montreal alumni
Burials at Mount Royal Cemetery

Henry Birks


The Ford Expedition is a full-size SUV biggit bi the Ford Motor Company.  Introduced in 1997 as a replacement tae the Ford Bronco, it wis previously slottit atween the smawer Ford Explorer an the lairger Ford Excursion, but as o the 2005 model year, it is Ford's lairgest an last truck-based, aff-road an tow capable SUV. Ford currently affers the staundart regular-sized model an the lairger EL/Max model, succeedin the Excursion which wis discontinued in 2005. It is the seicont Ford vehicle tae uise the Expedition name, as it wis pairt o the Explorer Sport's trim models durin the 1995 model year. Aw Expeditions wur oreeginally biggit in Wayne, Michigan. In 2009, Ford shiftit its current third generation (2007–present) model production tae Louisville, Kentucky as Ford haes begun convertin the Wayne assembly plant tae stairt biggin the future production o the Focus.

Vehicle Backgrund
The Expedition affers up tae nine passenger seatin (wi a front bench seat option on its XLT trim, which wis discontinued efter the 2009 model year) an a V8 ingine. It is seemilar tae the Lincoln Navigator, especially for the 2007–present model in Limited or King Ranch heich end trims; baith o which wur introduced for the 2005 model year.  Wi the 2011 model year Ford made chynges in the base level depairtment, wi the newly designatit XL trim a staundart an upgradin the XLT tae seicont level an replacin the Eddie Bauer trim that wis phased oot frae the entire Ford vehicle lineup. Ower 1,500,000 Expeditions hae been sauld syne its introduction.  A specially modified Special Service Vehicle version is an aa available frae Ford for law enforcement agencies, fire depairtments, an EMS agencies.

Expedition
Sport utility vehicles
Expandit length SUVs
Flexible-fuel vehicles
Aw-wheel-drive vehicles
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Vehicles introduced in 1997
Motor vehicles manufactured in the Unitit States

Ford Expedition


Delta is a place in British Columbia, Canada. Delta is a part of Metro Vancouver. Delta is next to the cities of; Richmond to the north, Surrey to the east, and New Westminster to the north east. Delta is also next to Point Roberts to the south, Point Roberts is a part of Whatcom County, Washington, USA. Delta is the biggest place in Metro Vancouver by how much land it has, Surrey is the second biggest. The mayor of Delta is Lois Jackson.

Delta has three towns; Ladner, Tsawwassen, and North Delta.

About Delta
Delta was made in 1868 by two people named William and Thomas Ladner. In 1879 Delta turned into a municipality.

In 1959, the George Massey tunnel was made and it connected Delta to Richmond. In 1986, the Alex Fraser bridge was made and it connected Delta to New Westminster. Four highways go through Delta; Highway 99, Highway 17, Highway 10, and Highway 91. The busy Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal is in Delta. Delta is also has a lot of farm land and the Burns Bog, which is the largest bog in North America.

Towns
Delta has three towns:

 North Delta - most people who live in Delta live here. North Delta is next to Surrey by Scott Road to the east and 96th Avenue to the north. The first and only Krispy Kreme donut shop in British Columbia is in North Delta. North Delta is also has the Scottsdale Centre shopping mall. 52,000 people live in North Delta.

 Ladner - a small town in north-west Delta. Ladner is the main centre of Delta. Ladner has a downtown centre. The Delta Municipal Hall, the Delta Hospital, the Delta Cable building, the Delta Museum, and the Delta School District head office are all in Ladner. Ladner also has an airport, which is called the Boundary Bay Airport. The main street in Ladner is Ladner Trunk Road, which turns into Highway 10. 25,000 people live in Ladner.

 Tsawwassen - a place named after a First Nations tribe. The busy Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal, which has ferries that go to Victoria, Nanaimo, and the Gulf Islands, is in Tsawwassen. Tsawwassen is also has Delta's only border crossing, which goes to Point Roberts, Washington, USA. Tsawwassen also has a beach and two Indian reserves. The Tsawwassen Town Centre Mall, South Delta's only shopping mall, is also in Tsawwassen. The main street for Tsawwassen is 56th Street. 25,000 live in Tsawwassen.

Other websites
Official website

Cities in British Columbia

Delta, British Columbia


French Creek State Park is a  Pennsylvania state park in North Coventry and Warwick Townships in Chester County and Robeson and Union Townships in Berks County, Pennsylvania. It straddles northern Chester County and southern Berks County along French Creek. It is located in the Hopewell Big Woods. The park is the home of two lakes: Hopewell Lake, a  warm water lake, and Scotts Run Lake, a  cold water lake. The state record smallmouth bass was caught in Scotts Run Lake. There are extensive forests, and almost  of hiking and equestrian trails. The park is also friendly to mountain bikers, having some renowned technical trails. Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, which features a cold blast furnace restored to its 1830s appearance, is surrounded by the park. The Six Penny Day Use Area and Group Camp are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. French Creek State Park is located off of Pennsylvania Route 345 to the south of Birdsboro.

French Creek State Park was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) and its Bureau of State Parks as one of "25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks".

History
The land in and surrounding French Creek State Park was once dominated by old-growth forests of American chestnut. These trees were cleared, beginning in 1771, and used to make charcoal to feed the iron furnace at nearby Hopewell Furnace. The forests were allowed to regrow and were cleared again approximately every twenty-five years. The furnace was in operation for 112 years until 1883. The damage caused by the colliers had a long-lasting effect on the ecology of this section of southeastern Pennsylvania. The thickly wooded hillsides that once provided a habitat for a wide variety of woodland creatures were stripped bare. But the forest slowly began to grow back.

The second growth forests that stand today at French Creek State Park are made up of a mixture of oak, maple and other mostly hardwood trees. The land was reclaimed by the efforts of the young men of the Civilian Conservation Corps created during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to offset unemployment. The CCC, invited to Pennsylvania by Governor Gifford Pinchot, worked to clear the forests and streams of brush. They also built many of the facilities still in use today at the park, including several tent camping areas, two small dams and lakes, two group camps, picnic areas, and extensive roads and trails throughout the park. They also began the restoration of the historic Hopewell Furnace.

Recreation

Hunting and fishing

Hunting is permitted on over  of French Creek State Park. Hunters are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the Pennsylvania Game Commission. The common game species are pheasants, squirrels, turkeys, white-tailed deer, and rabbits. The hunting of groundhogs is not permitted at the park.

The lakes at French Creek State Park offer two varieties of fishing. Scotts Run Lake is a cold water fishery. It is stocked with trout by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. Hopewell Lake is a warm water fishery. The common game fish caught in the lake are muskellunge, walleye, northern pike, chain pickerel and largemouth, pan fish, and smallmouth bass. Both lakes are open to ice fishing, weather permitting. Bait & tackle are available for sale near the rest rooms by the boat launch at Hopewell Lake.

Boating and swimming

Gas powered boats are prohibited in the lakes of French Creek State Park. All non powered and electric powered boats must have a current registration with any state or a launch permit for the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission.

The lakes are not open to swimming. A pool at nearby Hopewell Lake is open daily from 11:00am until 7:00pm from Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend.

Disc golf and orienteering
One disc golf course is open year-round at the park. The course winds through the woods near Hopewell Lake and provides both short and long pin locations. Score cards and maps of the course are available at the park.

There is a permanent Orienteering course that begins and ends near the boat launch area.  Maps are available at the park office.  Orienteering events are held at the park by the Delaware Valley Orienteering Association about 3 times a year.  More data on local Orienteering events can be found at http://www.dvoa.org

Trails

French Creek State Park has more than  of trails that are open to hiking and in some places horseback riding, mountain biking, and cross-country skiing.

Boone Trail is a  "moderate" hiking trail that is marked with blue blazes. This trail makes a loop through the park. It is closed to mountain biking in the vicinity of Hopewell Lake.
Buzzards Trail is a  "moderate" hiking trail. This trail follows the banks of Baptism Creek.
Horse-Shoe Trail is a  hiking and horseback trail that passes through French Creek State Park.  of the trail are in the park. Horse-Shoe Trail begins at Valley Forge National Historic Park and ends at the Appalachian Trail near Harrisburg.
Kalmia Trail is a  "moderate" hiking trail. The trail passes through a mature forest that is scattered with mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia).
Lenape Trail, named for the Lenape tribe that once inhabited the area, is a  "moderate" hiking trail. It is also a loop trail.
Mill Creek Trail is a  "difficult" trail. The trailhead is at Pennsylvania Route 345 and Shed Road. It is a backcountry trail and does not cross any other paved roads.
Raccoon Trail is a  "moderate" trail. It connects Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site with French Creek State Park.

Six Penny Trail is a  "moderate" hiking trail. It is a loop trail, set off in the woods and is connected to the campground contact station by a short connector trail.
Turtle Trail is a  trail that follows the western portions of French Creek.

Staying overnight
Visitors to the park have three options for overnight accommodations. There are 201 wooded and modern sites for tents or campers. This campground has a centrally located shower and toilet facility. Ten modern cabins are available to rent. Each cabin can sleep up to six with electric heat, a kitchen and private bathroom. Group camping, in cabins built by the Civilian Conservation Corps, is available to two separate locations. The facilities include dining halls, central washhouses, and cabins for campers and staff.

Forest fires
On April 9, 2012, a forest fire started on the eastern side of Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site due to fallen tree onto a powerline during an unusually warm and dry spring. The fire followed an unusual October ice and snowstorm that caused tree limb damage. This caused the forest to become a "tinderbox," according to officials. The fire burned approximately 750 acres, largely contained within the park. The forest fire caused the park's trails east of Rt. 345 and south of Shed Road to be closed. It also caused numerous evacuations around the eastern and southern edges of the park, though the fire never damaged any homes. This was the longest, largest, and most expensive fire operation in the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry's history. The fire was officially declared extinguished on April 23, 2012, two weeks after the fire began.

A forest fire was spotted in the park on April 1, 2016, almost four years after the previous fire and in the same approximate location. The fire was reported to have burned at least nine acres south of Miller's Point.

Nearby state parks
The following state parks are within  of French Creek State Park:
Evansburg State Park (Montgomery County)
Fort Washington State Park (Montgomery County)
Marsh Creek State Park (Chester County)
Nolde Forest Environmental Education Center (Berks County)
Norristown Farm Park (Montgomery County)
Ridley Creek State Park (Delaware County)

References

External links

State parks of Pennsylvania
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Berks County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Chester County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas established in 1946
Civilian Conservation Corps in Pennsylvania
Parks in Chester County, Pennsylvania
Parks in Berks County, Pennsylvania
Campgrounds in Pennsylvania
1946 establishments in Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Berks County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Chester County, Pennsylvania

French Creek State Park