Roger D. Fisher (May 28, 1922 – August 25, 2012) was Samuel Williston Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and director of the Harvard Negotiation Project.

Background
Fisher specialized in negotiation and conflict management. He was the co-author (with William Ury) of the book Getting to Yes, about "interest-based" negotiation, as well as numerous other publications. After serving in World War II as a weather reconnaissance pilot, Fisher worked on the Marshall Plan in Paris under W. Averell Harriman.  After finishing his law degree at Harvard, he worked with the Washington, DC, law firm of Covington & Burling, arguing several cases before the US Supreme Court and advising on several international disputes.  He returned to Harvard Law School and became a professor there in 1958. After having lost many of his friends in the war and seeing so many costly disputes as a litigator, Fisher became intrigued with the art and science of how we manage our differences.  Fisher and his students at the Harvard Negotiation Project (founded in 1979) began interviewing people who were known as skilled negotiators in order to understand what made them effective.  And he started his study of conflict with the question, "What advice could I give to both parties in a dispute that would be helpful and lead to better outcomes?"  This work led to the draft, "International Mediation: A Working Guide" (April, 1978), and, eventually, to the international best-seller, Getting to Yes.

In the late 1960s, Fisher conceived of a court-style debate show that handled one contemporary policy issue each week. The Advocates premiered in October 1969 on WGBH-TV.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Roger Fisher and his colleagues taught courses on negotiation and conflict management at Harvard, but they also worked as advisors on real negotiations and conflicts of all types, worldwide; including peace processes, hostage crises, diplomatic negotiations, and commercial and legal negotiations and disputes.  Fisher believed that keeping one foot in the real world helping people with real disputes was critical to producing theory and tools useful in the real world.  This tradition at the Harvard Negotiation Project produced a community of thinkers and practitioners that now spans the globe.

Fisher continued to teach and write through his sixties, seventies and eighties.  Follow-up books expanded his thinking about dealing with relationship challenges (Getting Together with Scott Brown), preparing effectively (Getting Ready to Negotiate with Danny Ertel), tools for dealing with bad actors and challenging parties (Beyond Machiavelli with Elizabeth Kopelman and Andrea Kupfer Schneider), galvanizing a group to do effective problem-solving (Getting It Done: How to Lead When You're Not in Charge with Alan Sharp and John Richardson), and the role of emotions in working relationships (Beyond Reason with Daniel Shapiro).  In addition, colleagues at the Harvard Negotiation Project expanded the tradition Fisher founded and led.  William Ury published Getting to Peace (1999),  Getting Past No (1993), The Third Side: Why We Fight and How We Can Stop (2000) and The Power of a Positive No (2007).  Douglas Stone, Bruce Patton and Sheila Heen produced Difficult Conversations: How to Talk About What Matters Most (1999).

Fisher's 2005 work,   (with co-author Daniel Shapiro, a Harvard psychologist) identifies five "core concerns" that everyone cares about: autonomy, affiliation, appreciation, status, and role.  The book shows how to use the core concerns to stimulate helpful emotions in negotiations ranging from the personal to international.  In Beyond Reason, Fisher documents many of his first-hand experiences negotiating around the world, from his involvement in negotiating the Iran hostage crisis to his advisory role in helping Jamil Mahuad, President of Ecuador (1998–2000), resolve a long-standing international border dispute.

Fisher received his bachelor's degree from Harvard in 1943 and his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1948. He taught at Harvard from 1958 to 1992.

In 1984, Fisher founded the Conflict Management Group (CMG) in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  CMG specialized in facilitating negotiations in conflicts worldwide.  CMG merged with the Mercy Corps humanitarian group in 2004. He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and of the International Editorial Board of the Cambridge Review of International Affairs.

International work
Throughout his career, Fisher made significant efforts to seek peace in the Middle East. Among these efforts included his involvement in Sadat's trip to Jerusalem and the Camp David summit that led to an Israeli–Egyptian peace treaty.  In this latter case, he helped devise a process called the one-text, where a facilitator shuttled back and forth between the parties, refining a proposed document until it could not satisfy the parties interests more effectively at which point the parties either approve the document or agree to start from scratch. President Carter and Secretary of State Vance created 23 drafts in 13 days before they had a proposal to which both sides could say yes.

He advised both the Iranian and United States governments in negotiations for the release of the American hostages in 1981 where his work helped lead to the breakthrough that enabled the resolution.

In the 1980s, Fisher worked to bring peace to El Salvador.

Later in his career, he helped resolve the Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute. Jamil Mahuad, the president of Ecuador and a former student of Fisher's asked for Fisher's advice soon after taking power in 1998.  Fisher, worried that domestic hardliners could cause either President to use the negotiations to posture, advised President Mahuad to avoid the typical photograph of the two Presidents shaking hands and instead get a photograph of them sitting side-by-side working off a common document. This photograph helped signal to the public in each country that the Presidents would not be taking an adversarial approach to the negotiation and helped lower rhetoric on both sides.

In South Africa, Fisher worked on the negotiations and constitutional process that led to the end of apartheid in South Africa.
From the 1980s to the mid 1990s, at the direction of then Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Bishop Joseph Seoka, he and his colleagues at the Conflict Management group, the African National Congress, the National Party, the Dutch Reformed Church, the Azanian People's Organization, and the Inkatha Freedom Party taught interest-based negotiation processes to the leaders of all the factions as well as advised them and their negotiators. The lead constitutional negotiators, Cyril Ramaphosa and Roelf Meyer, later stated in an interview that the cooperative interest-based negotiation process taught by Fisher and his team was the approach that they, their principals, and their constituencies used to hammer out the new constitution and democratic elections processes.

Preventing nuclear war
Fisher was known for a unique idea towards nuclear deterrence. In a March 1981 article in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, while discussing the importance on reaching a "wise decision", especially in terms of nuclear arms, he suggested implanting the nuclear launch codes in a volunteer. If the President of the United States wanted to activate nuclear weapons, they would be required to kill the volunteer to retrieve the codes.

See also
 Program on Negotiation
 Vicente Blanco Gaspar

Bibliography
Fisher, Roger, ed. (1964). International Conflict and Behavioral Science: The Craigville Papers. New York: Basic.
Fisher, Roger (1969). International Conflict for Beginners (foreword by Senator Edward M. Kennedy, illustrations by Robert C. Osborn). New York: Harper & Row.
Fisher, Roger (1972). Dear Israelis, Dear Arabs: A Working Approach to Peace. New York: Harper & Row.
Fisher, Roger (1978). International Crises and the Role of Law: Points of Choice. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Fisher, Roger, and William Ury (1981). Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Fisher, Roger (1981). Improving Compliance with International Law. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Fisher, Roger, and Scott Brown (1988). Getting Together: Building a Relationship That Gets to Yes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395470992. (Published in 1989 as Getting Together: Building Relationships as We Negotiate. New York: Penguin. ISBN 9780140126389.)
Fisher, Roger, William Ury, and Bruce Patton (1991). Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, 2nd ed. New York: Penguin.
Fisher, Roger, Elizabeth Kopelman, and Andrea Kupfer Schneider (1994). Beyond Machiavelli: Tools for Coping with Conflict. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Fisher, Roger and Danny Ertel (1995). Getting Ready to Negotiate: The Getting to Yes Workbook. New York: Penguin.
Fisher, Roger, Andrea Kupfer Schneider, Elizabeth Borgwardt, and Brian Ganson (1997). Coping with International Conflict: A Systematic Approach to Influence in International Negotiation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Fisher, Roger, Alan Sharp, and John Richardson (1999). Getting It Done: How to Lead When You're Not in Charge. New York: HarperBusiness.
Fisher, Roger, and Daniel Shapiro (2005). Beyond Reason: Using Emotions as You Negotiate. New York: Viking/Penguin.
Fisher, Roger, William Ury, and Bruce Patton (2011). Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, 3rd ed. New York: Penguin.

References

External links
 Faculty Directory entry
 Harvard Negotiation Project
 Beyond Reason website:  Full of free negotiation preparation and teaching resources
 The Advocates: Full length programs of Fisher's show on PBS

1922 births
2012 deaths
American instructional writers
American social sciences writers
Harvard Law School alumni
Harvard Law School faculty
Negotiation scholars
People associated with Covington & Burling
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers
20th-century American academics
21st-century American academics
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers

Roger Fisher (academic)


A joke is something said, written or done to make people laugh. There are many kinds of jokes; they can be questions with surprising answers or stories with unexpected endings. The humour of a joke comes from the surprise.

Jokes can be about anything. Jokes can be found anywhere: on the Internet, in books or heard from friends. Some jokes are about groups of people and can hurt people's feelings, for example if they are racist, homophobic or sexist.

Jokes are used in comedy, plays and movies.

Jokes could take the form of sarcasm or even try to poke fun at something to get a point across. People sometimes get hurt by jokes at them. If a joke is used to show a problem in someone's thought, it is normally called satire.

There are also practical jokes.

Related pages
April Fools' Day
Lie

Other websites

Humor

Joke


Field Marshal  Henry Seymour Conway (1721 – 9 July 1795) was a British general and statesman. A brother of the 1st Marquess of Hertford, and cousin of Horace Walpole, he began his military career in the War of the Austrian Succession. He held various political offices including Chief Secretary for Ireland, Secretary of State for the Southern Department, Leader of the House of Commons and Secretary of State for the Northern Department. He eventually rose to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces.

Family and education
Conway was the second son of Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Baron Conway (whose elder brother Popham Seymour-Conway had inherited the Conway estates) by his third wife, Charlotte Seymour-Conway (née Shorter). He entered Eton College in 1732 and from that time enjoyed a close friendship with his cousin Horace Walpole.

Early army career
Conway joined the Molesworth's Regiment of Dragoons on 27 June 1737 as a lieutenant. He was transferred to the 1st Foot Guards and was promoted to captain on 14 February 1741 and to captain-lieutenant (the equivalent of lieutenant colonel) on 10 May 1742.

During the War of Austrian Succession he served on the staff of Field Marshal George Wade at Dettingen in June 1743 and on the staff of the Duke of Cumberland at the Fontenoy in May 1745. Appointed colonel of the 48th Foot on 6 April 1746, he took part in Culloden later that month during the Jacobite Rebellion. His next battle, in July 1747, was at Lauffeld, in which he narrowly escaped death, being captured by the French but released on parole a few days later. In July 1749, he transferred from the 48th Foot to the 34th Foot, and served with his regiment in the garrison of Menorca in 1751.

Early political career
Conway was elected unopposed to the Irish House of Commons in 1741 for County Antrim, and to the British Parliament for Higham Ferrers in December 1741 on the recommendation of Sir Robert Walpole. He was elected in 1747 for Penryn and for St Mawes in 1754, both in the Boscawen interest. He was promoted to major-general on 12 March 1755.

In April 1755, he was unexpectedly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland by William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, the new Lord Lieutenant. He then finally took his seat for County Antrim in the Irish House of Commons in October 1755. It was hoped that he would resolve the conflict in Irish politics between the Speaker, Henry Boyle on the one side and George Stone, Archbishop of Armagh and John Ponsonby: ultimately, he reached a compromise, acceptable to the British Ministry, in which Boyle was bought off with an earldom and John Ponsonby became Speaker. He became a Groom of the Bedchamber in April 1757 to both George II and George III (until 1764).

Seven Years' War

Conway was the British military second in command on the Rochefort expedition in 1757, and repeatedly advocated an attack on Fort Fouras, but his colleagues would only agree a night attack (which failed). Ultimately the expedition returned to Portsmouth having achieved nothing. Though Mordaunt (the commander in chief) was acquitted by his court-martial, the affair damaged both their reputations. In his displeasure, George II refused to employ Conway on the 1758 campaigns. He was not employed again until the next reign, except that he was sent to sign a cartel for an exchange of prisoners at Sluys in 1759. On 21 April 1759 he became colonel of the 1st The Royal Dragoons and on 25 August 1759 he was promoted to lieutenant general.

In 1761, he served in Germany as deputy to John Manners, Marquess of Granby, the British commander in the army led by Ferdinand of Brunswick. At the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 he commanded a corps which was at the centre of the line and not attacked. He was also present at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762, and captured the castle of Waldeck the following month. After peace preliminaries were signed at Fontainebleau in November, he supervised the embarkation of British troops from Europe, returning to England in March.

Later political career
Conway was re-elected to the House of Commons in April 1761, this time for Thetford and on 4 July 1761 he became a member of the Privy Council. having been previously appointed as a member of the Privy Council of Ireland in 1755. As a senior member of the Rockingham faction of the Whigs, he opposed the King's legal actions against the reformist John Wilkes in 1763 which resulted in his dismissal in 1764 as a Groom of the Bedchamber and as Colonel of the 1st Royal Dragoons. This led to the publication of accusation and counter-accusation in pamphlets, as it was feared that the government intended to purge the army of its political opponents.

He entered office with Lord Rockingham as Secretary of State for the Southern Department in July 1765 before switching to the Northern Department in May 1766, serving until January 1768, when he became a Minister without Portfolio. In these offices, Conway sought to urge a moderate policy towards the American colonies, being the principal supporter of the repeal of the Stamp Act, and opposing the taxation policies of Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend.

Return to the Army
Following his resignation in January 1768, Conway returned to the military, and was made a full general on 26 May 1772 and Governor of Jersey on 22 October 1772. He remained an important figure in the Commons, opposing the British attempt to suppress the American Revolt. He was rewarded with a cabinet position and the office of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in the new Rockingham ministry in March 1782. His political career came to an end in 1784 when he lost his seat in parliament due to his opposition to the new government of William Pitt and he focused thereafter on his military responsibilities retaining his post as Commander-in Chief until his complete retirement in January 1793. He was promoted to field marshal on 18 October 1793 and died, at his home, Park Place at Remenham in Berkshire, on 9 July 1795.

Family
On 19 December 1747 he married Caroline, the widow of Charles Bruce, 4th Earl of Elgin and 3rd Earl of Ailesbury, and daughter of Lieutenant-General John Campbell, later the 4th Duke of Argyll. They had one daughter, the sculptor Anne Seymour Damer.

See also
 Conway's Bridge at Park Place

References

Sources

External links

1721 births
1795 deaths
1st The Royal Dragoons officers
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5th Royal Irish Lancers officers
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Henry Seymour Conway


Sauerkraut ("sour herb") directly translated from German or "sour cabbage", is finely shredded cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria, including Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus. It has a long shelf-life and a distinctive sour flavor, both of which result from the lactic acid that forms when the bacteria ferment the sugars in the cabbage. It is therefore not to be confused with coleslaw, which receives its acidic taste from vinegar. It has its roots in cole flower marinated in honey and fluid from your belly.

History

Conservation of legumes with lactic acid has a long history. It was known and used both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. It was common to eat conserved cabbage during the winter months.

References

German food
Vegetables
Pickles

Sauerkraut


Musical composition can mean an original piece of music, the structure of a musical piece, or the process of making a new piece of music.  A composition is a piece of music (the word "composition" means "putting together", so a composition is something where music notes have been put together).  When a composer writes a piece of music he or she is making a musical composition.

The word "composition" can also mean learning the skill of how to compose.  Music students may go to music college to study composition.  They will do this by looking at famous pieces of music to see how the composers of the past wrote music.  They will study musical form, harmony, orchestration, counterpoint and learn about all the instruments and how to write well for them so that it sounds nice.

Other websites

 How to Compose Music www.artofcomposing.com
 Composition Today News, competitions, interviews and other resources for composers.
 Internet Concert Project: Album for the Young Student New Music , an online performance and documentary feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (January 2010)
 A Beginner's Guide to Composing , an online feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (February 2008)
 Gems of compositional wisdom
 A Practical Guide to Musical Composition
 ComposersNewPencil - Information, articles and music composition resources.
 How to compose music
 How to compose Music (Wikihow)
 Répertoire International des Sources Musicales, online database to locations of musical manuscripts from around the world
 How to Compose for New Age Piano
 Music composer | Music Arranger | Music Idea | Minus One
 best music composing software

Musical composition


The flag of Alabama was adopted by the Alabama state legislature on February 16, 1895.

Origin
It's believed that the crimson saltire of the Flag of Alabama was designed to look like the blue saltire of the Confederate battle flag. The Battle Flag was square-shaped, and Alabama's flag is sometimes shown as a square. The authors of a 1917 article in National Geographic expressed their opinion that because the Alabama flag was based on the Battle Flag, it should be square. In 1987, Don Siegelman issued an opinion in which the Battle Flag derivation is repeated, but concluded that the proper shape is rectangular, as it had been depicted numerous times in official publications and reproductions.

However, the saltire design of the Alabama state flag also looks like several other flags. It is identical to the saltire of St. Patrick, incorporated into the British Union Flag to represent the union of the United Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland. This has led to other origins being put forth as possibilities.

Alabama
Alabama

Flag of Alabama


Treyarch is an American video game developer company. Peter Akemann and Doğan Köslü started the company in 1996. Activision bought it in 2001. It is in Santa Monica, California.

In 2005, Gray Matter Interactive and Treyarch became one company.

As part of the 2007 Leipzig Games Convention, Activision announced that Treyarch would be one of three developers making their first James Bond game, Quantum of Solace. The game started to be sold on 31 October 2008 in Europe and 4 November 2008 in North America. Beenox and Vicarious Visions made the PC and handheld versions of the game. Treyarch also plays an important part in developing the Call of Duty series. They have made Call of Duty 2: Big Red One, Call of Duty 3, Call of Duty: World at War, and Call of Duty: Black Ops.

Call of Duty: Black Ops had the record for the biggest entertainment release ever for any kind of entertainment. It broke the record during the first day it was sold Sales from the game worldwide reached US $650 million within five days after its release.Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 later broke the record again.

Developed

References

Companies based in Santa Monica, California
American video game companies
1996 establishments in California

Treyarch


Nonmetals or non-metals are chemical elements which do not have the properties of a metal.

They gain electrons when reacting with a metal. They are generally not lustrous and are bad conductors of heat and electricity. Some are gases including: hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, neon or radon and others.  An example of a solid that is a nonmetal is sulfur. It is yellow and not shiny at all. An example of a liquid that is a nonmetal is bromine. It is red. A non-metal is a good insulator for heat and cold. Usually, gases or brittle solids are non-metals.

Elements on the periodic table can be classified as metal, semimetal, or non-metal. Five times more elements are metals than nonmetals. However, nonmetals are abundant and important.  Two of the nonmetals—hydrogen and helium—make up over 99 per cent of the observable Universe, and one—oxygen—makes up close to half of the Earth's crust, oceans and atmosphere. Living organisms are also composed almost entirely of nonmetals, and nonmetals form many more compounds than metals.

Nonmetal


Beany and Cecil is an American animated television series created by Bob Clampett for the American Broadcasting Company. The cartoon was based on the television puppet show Time for Beany, which Clampett produced for Paramount Pictures company and its Paramount Television Network beginning 1949. The series was broadcast first as part of the series Matty's Funnies during 1962, later renamed Beany and Cecil. A short-lived revival, The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil, was produced in 1988.

Although a children's show, it incorporated satirical references to current events and personalities that adults found entertaining, and the show also attracted adult viewers. Some of the plots and remarks were recognizable as lampoons of current political issues.

Along with The Jetsons and The Flintstones, it was one of the first three color television series by the ABC television network (the initial season, though, was originally shown in black and white, as ABC was unable to broadcast color programs until September 1962).

History
Beany and Cecil was created by animator Bob Clampett after he quit Warner Bros., where he had been directing short cartoon movies. Clampett is said to have originated the idea for Cecil when he was a boy after seeing the top half of the dinosaur swimming from the water at the end of the 1925 movie The Lost World.

Clampett originally created the idea as a television series named Time for Beany, which was broadcast from February 28, 1949, to 1955. Time for Beany, a puppet show, featured the talents of veteran voice actors Stan Freberg as Cecil and Dishonest John, and Daws Butler as Beany and Uncle Captain.

Clampett revived the series in theatrical animated form, though Freberg and Butler did not reprise their roles. On 11 October 1959, the animated series was introduced as Matty's Funday Funnies, named for "Matty Mattel" the animated spokesperson for its primary sponsor Mattel Toys company. However, the series at that time featured old Paramount theatrical cartoons. The new Beany and Cecil cartoon series took over Matty's Funnies (sans "Funday") in January 1962 and was broadcast prime time Saturdays during the remainder of the 1961-62 television season, by the ABC Television Network. The newer cartoons replaced the Famous Studios cartoons of Casper the Friendly Ghost and Little Audrey among other parts of Matty's Funday Funnies. The program was later retitled The Beany and Cecil Show.

After 1962, the 26 shows (including 78 cartoons) were repeated during Saturday mornings for the next two years and on Sunday mornings for three more. The cartoon featured characters Beany, a boy, and Cecil the Sea-Sick Sea Serpent embarking on a series of adventures, often to discover ancient civilizations and artifacts. These escapades were rife with cartoon slapstick and puns.

Before the animated series, but concurrent with the puppet show, Clampett created a comic-book series of Beany and Cecil adventures for Dell Comics. The artwork for this series of comics, published from 1951–54, was drawn by Jack Bradbury.

In 1988, the show was revived as The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil by DiC Entertainment. Only eight episodes were made, and only five episodes broadcast. This version of the show was produced and directed by John Kricfalusi, who would later create The Ren and Stimpy Show, and made use of voices from Billy West, who also did voices for the characters Ren (for season 3 and later) and Stimpy.

Characters

Main characters
 Beany Boy – a young, cupid-faced boy with a propeller beanie cap that allows him to fly (the "Beanycopter", complete with helmet and propeller, became a popularly marketed novelty). Beany is a good-hearted lad. In most episodes, Beany would be kidnapped by a villain or get caught in a rough situation, crying "Help, Cecil! Help!" to which Cecil would reply "I'm a-comin', Beany-boy!" as he raced to the rescue. This has become something of a catchphrase. Beany was originally voiced by Jim MacGeorge for the 1960s series and by Mark Hildreth for the 1980s series.

 Cecil (or "Cecil the Seasick Sea Serpent") – a large green sea serpent with a slight lisp. He is fiercely loyal to Beany, but he is not very clever. Cecil's trusting good nature invariably results in him being taken advantage of by the bad people, and he often suffers a great amount of physical abuse (getting smashed flat, losing his head, having his skin burned off, being shattered to pieces), examples of cartoon physics. The end of Cecil's tail was never seen in most episodes; it always extended off-screen or was hidden behind an obstacle. This is likely a joking reference to the original Cecil, a hand puppet whose tail was likewise hidden (because it didn't exist). His neck often showed folds and creases like that of a sock puppet as well, another reference to the original Cecil. Cecil's tail did appear in "Beany and the Jackstalk" when his entire body became wound into the tension spring of a giant cuckoo clock. Cecil also has a superhero alter-ego known as Super-Cecil. In this guise, he wears a modified Superman shirt (complete with cape). It was Cecil who sang "A Bob Clam-pett car-tooooooo-OOOOOOOOON!" at the end of the opening song of each episode. Cecil was voiced originally by Irv Shoemaker for the 1960s cartoon and by Billy West for the 1980s cartoon.
 Captain Horatio Huffenpuff – also called "Uncle Captain", he is Beany's kindly uncle and the captain of the ship Leakin' Lena, which takes the pals from one destination to the other. The Captain is always willing to instruct Beany and Cecil on their latest assignment, but is rather cowardly and refuses to put himself in any personal jeopardy, locking himself below the deck or under a box labeled "Capt. Huffenpuff's Hiding Box" for most of the episodes. Uncle Captain was voiced by Jim MacGeorge for both series.
 Crowy – the navigator of the ship Leakin' Lena. He is a crow, and unsurprisingly spends most of his time in the ship's crow's nest. He speaks with a squawky voice and tends to faint whenever the ship encounters some sort of hazard. Crowy was voiced by Jim MacGeorge (though Don Messick did so in one episode).
 Dishonest John (or "D.J.") – a mobster villain and the main antagonist of the show. He is dressed formally like a Simon Legree character, and he is constantly scheming to foil Beany and Cecil's adventures. His catchphrase is his sinister laugh, "Nya-ah-ãhh!", and he occasionally refers to Cecil as a "tall toad", "worm" or "big salami" (referring to his big, limbless body). Whenever Dishonest John's schemes are revealed to the heroes, Cecil tends to respond with an aghast "What the heck! D.J., you dirty guy!". When Dishonest John receives his inevitable defeat, it is usually just as painful as the abuse Cecil has endured during the rest of the episode. Dishonest John also has a supervillain alter-ego known as The Bilious Beetle. In this guise, he can fly by his power and has a painful stinger. "D.J." also appeared disguised on occasion as the mechanical robotic octopus "Billy The Squid" usually in haphazard attempts to simulate sea storms to scare away the crew of the Leakin' Lena when on a treasure hunt. Dishonest John carried a business card that read: "Dirty deeds done dirt cheap. Special rates for Sundays and holidays". This was the inspiration for the AC/DC song "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap". In the 1980s series, one episode revealed that DJ is a member of a club called the Brotherhood of B.L.E.C.H. (short for Bad Guys, Losers, Evildoers, Crooks, and Horrible People). DJ was originally voiced by Irv Shoemaker for the 1960s series and by Maurice LaMarche for the 1980s series.

Minor characters
 Cecilia McCoy - a she-serpent and Cecil's girlfriend. In the two-episode arc, Beany Blows His Top & Beany Flips His Lid, Dishonest John attempts to sabotage their relationship by disguising himself as another sea serpent named Rex.
 Davey Cricket – a cricket with a coonskin cap who lives in the backwoods of Eight-Nine-Tennessee. The character is a parody of Walt Disney's wildly popular segments on the Disneyland television show based on the life of American frontiersman Davey Crockett. In Cricket's self-titled episode, Dishonest John tries unsuccessfully to sign Davey to a lucrative Hollywood movie contract. He appeared in the episodes: Davey Cricket & Davey Cricket's Leading Ladybug.
 Go Man Van Gogh – a stereotypical cartoon beatnik/wild man who lives in the jungles of Wildsville on the Hungry I-Land. He often paints various things with his paintbrush, including paintings, vines to swing on, and fake backdrops to fool enemies (ala Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner). He also often plays a set of bongo drums, does scat singing, and speaks with various beatnik stereotype slang. Though he did not appear in many episodes, he was somewhat recurring. He was voiced originally by Lord Buckley in "The Wildman of Wildsville" (a 1959 short movie that was later broadcast as part of the television series) and then by Scatman Crothers after Buckley's death in 1960.
 Harecules Hare - a rabbit with superior intelligence. Hare had a computerized Thinking Cap and built a "Guided Muscle", a guided missile with a nose-cone in the form of a giant fist. He appeared in the episodes Ben Hare and Harecules Hare and the Golden Fleecing.
 Ben Hare - a rabbit and father to Harecules. He was a muscular health nut who believed that brawn was more important than brains and wished that his son would feel the same way. He appeared in the episodes Ben Hare and Harecules Hare and the Golden Fleecing.
 Jacques the Knife (or "Jack the Knife") – a friendly, jazz-singing sawfish with a heavy French accent. His name was an obvious spoof of Bobby Darin's 1959 hit song "Mack the Knife". His sawlike nose is used as a sword to help Cecil defeat Dishonest John in the episode "Hero by Trade". He spoke only in song, to a rendition of "Oh My Darling, Clementine" done in the styling Bobby Darin's version of the song. He also comes to Cecil's aid in the episode The Monstrous Monster.
 Little Ace From Outer Space – an astronaut mouse. In his self-titled episode, he was used by the people at Cape Banana Peel to discover "whether or whether there was any weather". Cecil and Dishonest John competed to get Little Ace back to the cape for a cash reward. In the episode "Rat Race From Space", he was sent in a rocket to be the first mouse on the moon only to end up in the ocean. He was voiced by Paul Frees.
 The Dreaded Three-Headed Threep
 Tear-A-Long the Dotted Lion – a muscle-bound lion obsessed with exercise and vitamins, a possible parody of fitness guru Jack La Lanne, who had a popular television exercise show about the same time as Beany and Cecil. His name is a pun of the phrase "Tear along the dotted line", but Tear-A-Long himself wasn't spotted. He spoke with a Southern U.S. accent similar to the Warner Brothers animated character Foghorn Leghorn. One of the original characters on the Time for Beany puppet show, the character was voiced by Daws Butler.
 Careless the Mexican Hairless – Cecil's jovial pet Chihuahua, introduced in the episode "Cecil Gets Careless" and so named because of his tendency to knock things over when he happily jumps and dances. He sings to the tune of the Mexican folk song "El Jarabe Tapatio". He is called a Mexican Hairless for comic effect; the actual breed aka Xoloitzcuintli is much larger.
 William Shakespeare Wolf – a starving out-of-work wolf and actor who was a foil for Rin Tin Can (a robot dog whose rise to fame coincided with the demise of his own acting career) as well as Harecules Hare and a duck named Graham Quacker, both of whom he attempted to eat.
 Beepin' Tom – a diminutive alien who flew about in an open-top flying saucer.  He is named for his habit of making beeping sounds. When he spoke, he would hum the first line of The Alphabet Song and then sing his phrase to the tune of the next line. A high pitched, accelerated voice similar to the Chipmunks was used for the character and the words he sang/spoke appeared as a rebus in a word balloon over his head. He appeared in the episodes Ain't I a Little Stinger? and Strange Objects.
 Hopalong Catskill – a frog wearing a cowboy hat who walked with a limp similar to that of Dennis Weaver's "Chester" on the TV show Gunsmoke and spoke with a Yiddish accent. His catchphrase was "Hey Shmendrick! Would you like a cup of coffee?" The character was voiced by Yiddish comedy singer Mickey Katz.
 Peking Tom – a Siamese alley cat who sang about being a "very hungry guy; I've got to get some food 'cause I'm too egg-foo-young to die".
 Cora the Clinging Vine (aka Flora) – a voluptuous vine who has a crush on Cecil (who does not reciprocate her advances). She sings "groovy" and Jazz scats to Cecil as he tries to escape from her. She appeared in the episodes Wildman From Wildsville and Capture of the Three-Headed Threep.
 Venus the Meanest and Venice the Menace – two space robots from Venus who at first were reported to be invading Earth but came down for a picnic. Venice the Menace's name is a play on Dennis the Menace (both the British and American versions), and acts like Linus Van Pelt from Peanuts including his thumb sucking and "dirty old" blanket.
 The Robot Ants – a group of ants brought by Venus the Meanest to be part of her picnic on Earth. They sing a march based on the children's song "This Old Man" that is shown in a speech bubble.
 The Boo Birds – a gang of mischievous ghost birds that haunt an abandoned castle where Cecil stayed. They sing a tune "Filet of Soul (Sole)" based on the song "When the Saints Come Marching In". Their catchphrase was "Whyyyy not?"
 Edgar Allen Po's Shadow – a shadow man who owns the Haunted Retreat Mansion in the episode Beany and Cecil meets the Invisible Man. He is based on Alfred Hitchcock and speaks with an accent like that of the cartoon character Elmer Fudd.
 So What and the Seven What-Knots – a dixie jazz band who performed in a jazz club in Las Vegas, Nevada to the tune of "When the Saints Come Marching In". They are based on the fairy tale, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. The names of the 'What-Knots' all spoofed on musicians & actors of the day, such as $tash-do (Satchmo), Elfis (Elvis Presley), Dizzy R. Nez (Desi Arnaz), Harpsie McChord (Harpo Marx), Fred McFurry (Fred MacMurray), Screw-Loose Lautrec (Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec) & Loverachi (Liberace).
 Stogie Bear – a detective bear who Beany and Cecil helped to arrest the gangster bears in the episode, The Warring 20's.
 Double Trouble Bubble Beast – a weird underwater creature who appeared in Ain't That a Cork in the Snorkel and Make a Sea-Serpent Sore!
 Dinah Saur, The Singing Dinosaur - a dinosaur named and patterned after Dinah Shore who lived on the island of No Bikini Atoll & sang to the tune of "When the Saints Come Marching In".
 Gigi - a french poodle. Featured in the episode DJ The DJ, she repeatedly thought she was being summoned by Cecil each time he would utter the "R-A-G-G" portion of the song "Rag Mop".
 Baby Ruthy - Beany's girlfriend, appears in Beany Blows His Top & Beany Flips His Lid. As he leaves to meet her, Huffenpuff tells him "You dine ashore..." (yet another Dinah Shore reference).
 Bridget the Crow - Crowy's girlfriend, she appears in Beany Blows His Top.
 U.S. Male - a postal ship, boyfriend of the Leakin' Lena, appears in Beany Blows His Top.
 Ida - Sweet as apple cider. Huffenpuff's girlfriend,  she appears in just one episode, but is referenced in others.
 The Fleastone Kops - the assisted Detective Fido Vance when The Pincher kidnapped actress Bridgette Bow Wow.
 Snorky - a mischievous serpent tied to many dubious historical events.

Music
Cecil often sang the Ames Brothers' song "Rag Mop" throughout the series. One episode ("Beanyland") featured Tchaikovsky's well-known celesta piece, Dance of the Sugarplum Fairy, from The Nutcracker. Other famed pieces of The Nutcracker were used in the series as musical interludes such as the Chinese Dance and Dance of the Reed-Flutes. Many other well-known classical music pieces were featured in the show as well, including The William Tell Overture (in the episodes "Beanyland" and "The Phantom of the Horse Opera"), Ride of the Valkyries and Flight of the Bumblebee. Some of the background music was also recycled from Leave It to Beaver, as well as some early Walter Lantz cartoons and incidental music from The Alvin Show. "The Can Can" was used in the episode Harecules Hare & The Golden Fleecing as the music for the Guided Muscle. The tune of "When The Saints Come Marching In" was used in several episodes, by the Singing Dinosaur, So What & The Seven What-Knots & the Boo Birds.

Influence
The AC/DC song "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap" is titled after the business cards of character Dishonest John, which read "Dirty deeds done dirt cheap. Holidays, Sundays and special rates".

Bob Dylan painted Beany in his 2017 Beaten Path painting Hamburger Stand, Long Beach, based on a home movie of Beany's Drive-in Restaurant in 1952.

Marvel Comics has a minor character code-named Warstar who is two separate aliens named "B'nee" and "C'cil".

The puppet origins and the form of Cecil inspired the famous science fiction author Larry Niven to invent an important extraterrestrial race called Pierson's Puppeteer as part of his Known Space series of novels and short stories (as originally stated in the story "The Soft Weapon". Beany and Cecil was also an inspiration for Joel Hodgson to create the show Mystery Science Theater 3000.

The artists
 Executive Producer: A.C.R. Stone
 Producer: Bob Clampett
 Animation Directors: Jack Hannah, Dick Kinney
 Story Material/Storyboards: Bob Clampett, Eddie Maxwell, Al Bertino, Jack Bonestell, Dale Hale, Lloyd Turner (Get Smart writer)
 Layout: Terrell Stapp, Willie Ito, Tony Sgroi, Homer Jonas
 Master Animator: Art Scott
 Animators: Lou Appet, Harry "Bud" Hester, Bill Nunes, Al Stetter, Frank Gonzales, Bill Southwood, Carl A. Bell
 Backgrounds: Curtiss Perkins, Robert Abrams, Marie Reed
 Music Underscore: Bob Clampett, Sody Clampett, Hoyt Curtin, Jack Roberts
 Music Published by Merrifield Music Co., Inc. (ASCAP)
 Production Assistants: Dick Elliott, John Soh, Jeanne Thorpe, Mike Sweeten
 Voice Talents of Jim MacGeorge, Irv Shoemaker and Bob Clampett as Cecil.
 A Bob Clampett Production, in association with Television Artists and Producers Corporation

The credits of the series did not show traditional job titles, but pictorial symbols indicating their jobs. Bob Clampett's writing credit was indicated by a typewriter typing out the words "...by Bob Clampett", for instance. Clampett also made sure to include his name in the lyrics of the often-repeated B&C theme song to gain more recognition with viewers and from the animation industry. Clampett finally got the rights from ABC to market his Beany and Cecil cartoons by video during the 1980s.

Episodes

Home video
The entire series was released on VHS and Betamax as thirteen volumes (each containing two episodes) by RCA Columbia Pictures Home Video in 1984, with the final releases issued by their "Magic Window" children's subsidiary imprint.

Image Entertainment released "Bob Clampett's Beany and Cecil the Special Edition" DVD in 2000, with 12 cartoon shorts and various show bumpers remastered from their original 35mm camera negatives. Bonus features included four complete episodes of Time for Beany, audio tracks of original story sessions, backstage footage, lost animated works from Bob Clampett's studio, and a still gallery. After a considerable delay, Volume 2 was released by Hen's Tooth Entertainment during 2009, containing 11 cartoon shorts, plus two more Time for Beany episodes, archival audio interviews with Bob Clampett, video interviews with celebrity fans of the series as well as animator Bill Melendez, original bumpers from Matty's Funday Funnies and other special features. To date, the entire cartoon collection has not been released on DVD or Blu-Ray disc, nor has it been made available for digital download.

References

External links
 Beany and Cecil DVD Website
 Beany and Cecil at Toon Tracker
 Beany and Cecil at Toonopedia

American children's animated comedy television series
English-language television shows
American Broadcasting Company original programming
Television series by Famous Studios
1960s American animated television series
1962 American television series debuts
1962 American television series endings
Animated television series about children
Animated television series about dragons
Television series created by Bob Clampett

Beany and Cecil


Military science (also military studies) is the science on war, army and military operations.

Overview
The general purpose of the military science is to make clear how to win war. The historical root of the military science is the book that was written by Carl von Clausewitz who was a soldier in the Prussian army in the 19th century. In this book, Clausewitz made a discovery that war is an instrument for political act not only a violent action. Clausewitz suggested the relation between policy and war, and made it easy to define the being of the war as the means to enforce our will to the others with physical forces. This realistic view of the war that the political power controls military operations is meeting to the military science. The problem for military scientists is to study how to operate military actions.

Military science has some branches below.
Security study: seeing the national and international security policy that control military power.
Strategic study: seeing how to use military power.
Tactics: seeing how to win using military power.
Logistics: seeing how to make military power.
Military history: seeing the history of war and military operations.
Military intelligence: information about an enemy.
Military geography: seeing how geography affects war.
In military science today, there are branches of each kind of military force; the army fights on land, the navy fights in the sea, and the air force fights in the air.

The most basic ideas in military science can be cut down five words; defense, attack, military mean, military aim and political end. In military science, the all form of the battles can be identified with defense and attack. The defense is to destroy enemy attack waiting on own positions, the attack is to destroy enemy going ahead. The result of the battle depends on the amount military means and military aim. Military mean can be called combat power can be followed from the number and quality of military force. Military aim is the specific target to decide how to use military mean with attack or defense. In military science, political end has the idea of the most reason to fight war against enemy. In short, military science generally researches the cause and effects of military operations between attacker and defender in terms of military means and aim, starting from the political end.

History
In the ancient era, military science started from records on the art of war rather than the science of war. Herodotus and Thucydides wrote the history of the Persian war and Peloponnesian wars. About the same time, Sun Tzu, a strategist in ancient China, wrote The Art of War. This book showed that war is a serious way for the life and death of nations and surprise is important in the art of war. After the age of the Roman empire, Flavius Vegetius Renatus wrote Roman military theory in his book called On Military Affairs.  Vegetius noted Roman military power was based on discipline, which makes military organizations organized. The Roman way of war that Vegetius recorded had historical influences on military minds of people on Europe for a long time.

However, development of guns and artillery made military revolution that changed the art of war by the beginning of the modern age. Political modernization after religious reform also made important influences to the way of war because states got larger political power to establish modern military forces. The Napoleonic wars was caused by the changes in the way of war. Napoleon Bonaparte, who was one of the most experienced and known generals in military history, made a new idea on how to win wars in the Napoleonic wars. Considering the relations between force, space and time, Napoleon tried to attack the side and back of the enemy forces in battle through strategic movement and tactical surprise. The Napoleonic way of war was to spread out forces by the coming chance of fight, and concentrate forces at the most important time. This made it possible to win wars against the enemy even if his military force was weaker than the enemy force.

In this period, military theory made great progress. Antoine Henri Jomini, who served under Napoleon, wrote Napoleonic art of war as military theory in his Summary of the Art of War. Jomini said there are few rules in the science of war. Jomini's theory gave reasons on how Napoleon won his wars by keeping the universal rule of war. Clausewitz, who served under Prussia fighting against Napoleon in war, also explained the nature of war through scientific studies on the Napoleonic wars. In his book On War, Clausewtiz said the nature of war has laws that policy controls military operations in war. He also wrote that the mathematical model called law of number can be used to understand and how many results happen in a fight. In the debate of whether attack or defense was the stronger military action, Clausewitz supported defense because defending forces are able to use positions in a battle.

Napoleonic military theory changed military minds in the Western world in the late 19th century. Dennis Hart Mahan, who was in the United States army, was developed Napoleonic military art in his Elementary Treatise on Advanced Guard, Outposts, and Detachment Service of Troops and taught it in military school. Alfred Thayer Mahan, his son, wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 and became a naval strategist based on the military theory of Jomini and Clausewitz. In the Prussian army, Helmunth von Moltke lead studies of military theory, and made ideas of "Auftragstaktik" (mission tactics). By Moltke's study, Prussia got theories on how to move forces faster in the field and showed evidence of this theory through victory in the Franco-Prussian War. Alfred von Schlieffen, Prussian general and military theorist, made the plan of a two-front war against France and Russia, using fast strategic movement. In France, Charles J. J. J. Ardant du Picq developed military theory in his Battle Studies from the point of mental part of war. Ardnt du Picq thought military action is related to mental situations of military force.

During World War I and World War II, military scientists thought on the nature of total war. In World War I, Germany's general Hindenburg Ludendorff supported the idea of total war, appealing total effort by all nations for war. France's general Ferdinand Foch also said the victory depends on the will of the nation to fight the war. In this war, John Frederick Charles Fuller, who served in British army, found armored warfare important in land operations, because old land tactics could not work under modern firepower. In World War II, the air force started to develop as a military branch like the army and navy. Its military meaning was founded by an Italian soldier Giulio Douhet suggesting the use of strategic bombing to destroy the capital cities and industrial areas, not only the front. From the point of the naval view, aircraft can be used in sea battle with aircraft carriers. Ozawa Jisaburo, who served in Japanese navy, made an idea to put aircraft carriers on the center of naval power.

The end of the World War II in 1945 was the beginning of the Cold War between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It was necessary for military scientists to consider how to control nuclear weapons that superpowers developed in World War II. The nuclear weapons changed the strategic condition of the possible war. Military theorists had to consider how to avoid nuclear war and how to deal with nuclear strategy. Bernard Brodie, a military scientist in the United States, suggested to change the purpose of the military forces to deterrence from victory in his book The Absolute Weapons. The idea of deterrence is to control enemy nuclear attack by letting the enemy know his risk of nuclear counterattack. Military science is no longer for military operations, but for the whole of the national security policy. Basil Henry Liddell-Hart, British military strategist, also said the old idea of strategy is narrow to use in nuclear age. His discovery was the idea of strategy can be used in matters of national security. This kind of strategy called grand strategy, or national security strategy spread for military theorists today.

References
Brodie, B. 1959. Strategy in the Missile Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Clausewitz, C. von. 1984. On War. M. Howard and P. Paret, trans. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Dupuy, T. N. 1992. Understanding War: History and Theory of Combat. London: Leo Cooper.
Freedman, R. D. 1994. War. London: Oxford University Press.
Jomini, A.-H. 1992. The Art of War. G. H. Mendell and W. P. Lieut, trans. London: Greenhill Books.
Liddell Hart, B. 1954. Strategy: The Indirect Approach, 3rd edn. London: Faber and Faber.
Paret, P. 1986. Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Phillips, T. R. ed. 1940. Roots of Strategy. Harrisburg, Pa.: Military Service.

Military

Military science


The thermosphere is the fourth layer of the Earth's atmosphere. It is directly above the mesosphere (middle layer) and directly below the exosphere (top layer).

The name thermosphere is taken from the Greek word "thermos" which means 'heat'. This layer has high temperatures because it absorbs X-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Even though it has temperatures of 2,000 °C (3,360 °F), the density of the thermosphere is so low that it doesn't feel hot. The absorbed ionizing radiation also creates the ionosphere. Shortwave radio waves can bounce off the Kennelly-Heaviside layer (ionosphere) and go to distant parts of the Earth. This layer is very helpful in radio communication.

Layers of Earth's atmosphere

Thermosphere


The M60 is a type of American-made machine gun. The M60 fires 7.62mm NATO cartridges. The cartridges are fed into the gun using a belt. The United States Army started to use the M60 in 1957. It has been used by all the branches of the U.S. military. The United States Army used the M60 during the Vietnam War, Gulf War, Afghanistan War and the Iraq War. Recently, the U.S. military has started to replace the M60 with the M240 machine gun.

Machine guns

M-60 machine gun


The UK Coalition of People Living with HIV and AIDS (UKC) was a United Kingdom-based organisation. Due to debt, it ceased operations at 5 pm on 25 July 2007.

UKC was established in 1993 as a "not for profit" organisation run by and for people living with HIV. In its original form, it was led by peers who advocated on behalf of those who most required the help. The onus was on listening to what clients required and empowering them, thus giving them the skills to face further challenges rather than allowing them to become dependent of services.

Its mission was to "to ensure the diverse voices of people living with HIV and AIDS could be heard."

It supported people living with HIV with advocacy and advice services, and later devised an employability programme called Ensuring Positive Futures which aimed to support people living with HIV in the workplace. They shared offices and resources with the Denholm Elliott Project.

Positive Nation is an HIV and sexual health magazine, now published privately but established by the Coalition and published by them until 15 May 2007 when it had an annual readership of approximately 60,000.

UKC worked closely with HIV organisations across the EU in developing European policies and programmes, in addition to those in Uganda, South Africa and Zambia.

Its structure of HIV-positive people supporting and empowering other HIV-positive people was seen by the UN and the International Labour Organization as a useful model for HIV organisations in the developing world.

An article published on 7 September 2010 by Third Sector Magazine reported that the Metropolitan Police were currently investigating allegations of fraud at the defunct charity, and that no arrests had yet been made.

See also
 HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom

References

Health charities in the United Kingdom
HIV/AIDS organisations in the United Kingdom
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1993
2007 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations disestablished in 2007


Saul Perlmutter, youq 2011 nienz ndaej Nozbeiwj vuzlijyoz ciengj.

Gyauyuz
Saul Perlmutter was born one of three children in the Jewish family of professor emeritus of chemical and biomolecular engineering at University of Pennsylvania Daniel D. Perlmutter and professor emerita of Temple University's School of Social Administration Felice (Feige) D. Perlmutter (née Davidson). His maternal grandfather, the Yiddish teacher Samuel Davidson (1903–1989), immigrated to Canada (and then with his wife Chaika Newman to New York) from the Bessarabian town of Floreşti in 1919.

Perlmutter spent his childhood in the Mount Airy neighborhood of Philadelphia attending Greene Street Friends School for the elementary grades, followed by Germantown Friends School for grades 7 through 12. He graduated with an AB in physics from Harvard magna cum laude in 1981 and received his PhD in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1986.  Perlmutter's PhD thesis titled "An Astrometric Search for a Stellar Companion to the Sun" described the development and use of an automated telescope to search for Nemesis candidates under Richard A. Muller.  At the same time, he was using this telescope to search for Nemesis and supernova, which would lead him to his award winning work in cosmology.  Perlmutter attributes the idea for an automated supernova search to 1968 Nobel laureate Luis Alvarez, who shared his idea with Perlmutter's research adviser.

Hung
Perlmutter heads the Supernova Cosmology Project at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. It was this team along with the competing High-z Supernova Search Team led by Riess and Schmidt, which found evidence of the accelerating expansion of the universe based on observing Type Ia supernova in the distant universe. Type Ia supernova occurs whenever a white dwarf star gains enough additional mass to pass above the Chandrasekhar limit, usually by stealing additional mass from a companion star.  Since all Type Ia supernovae are believed to occur in essentially the same way, they form a standard candle whose intrinsic luminosity can be assumed to be approximately the same in all cases.  By measuring the apparent luminosity of the explosion from Earth, researchers can then infer the distance to supernova.  Comparing this inferred distance to the apparent redshift of the explosion allows the observer to measure both the distance and relative velocity of the supernova.

The Supernova Cosmology Project concluded that these distant supernovae were not receding as quickly as would be expected due to the Hubble expansion alone, and, by inference, the expansion of the universe must have been accelerated over the billions of years since the supernovae occurred. The High-z Team also came to a similar conclusion. The two teams' reports were published within weeks of each other, and their conclusions were readily accepted by the scientific community due to corroborating theories. This conclusion has subsequently been supported by other lines of evidence. These findings initiated new lines of research to understand the nature of the universe, including the exploration of dark matter.  For this work Perlmutter was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared jointly with Riess and Schmidt.

Perlmutter is also a lead investigator in the Supernova/Acceleration Probe project, which aims to build a satellite dedicated to finding and studying more supernovae in the distant universe.  This will help to better constrain the rate at which the universe is accelerating.

He is also a participant in the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project, which aims to increase our understanding of recent global warming through improved analyses of climate data.

Perlmutter is a professor and currently teaches at UC Berkeley.

Ciengj

In 2002, Perlmutter won the Department of Energy's E. O. Lawrence Award in Physics. In 2003, he was awarded the California Scientist of the Year Award, and, in 2005, he won the John Scott Award and the Padua Prize. In 2006, he shared the Shaw Prize in Astronomy with Adam Riess and Brian P. Schmidt. The same year, Perlmutter won the Antonio Feltrinelli International Prize.

Perlmutter and his team shared the 2007 Gruber Cosmology Prize (a $500,000 award) with Schmidt and the High-Z Team for discovering the accelerating expansion of the universe.

In 2011, Perlmutter and Riess were named co-recipients of the Albert Einstein Medal.

Perlmutter shared the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Riess and Schmidt.  The Nobel Prize includes a SEK 10 million cash award (approximately USD 1.5 million).  Perlmutter will receive one-half of the cash prize, while Riess and Schmidt will split the other half.

Vunz ndaw ranz
Saul Perlmutter has two sisters: Shira Perlmutter (b. 1956), a lawyer, and Tova Perlmutter (b. 1967), a nonprofit executive.  He is married to Laura Nelson, an anthropologist at Cal State East Bay, and has one daughter, Noa.

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Saul Perlmutter


Homer is the name of the Greek poet who wrote the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. These are the earliest works of Greek literature which have survived to the present day, and are among the greatest treasures of the ancient world. They are a product of Mycenaean culture. The Iliad tells the story of the Trojan war, which took place around 1190 BC. The manuscripts of Homer were written much later, probably later than 800 BC.

The history
What makes the history of this period so difficult is that the Mycenaean civilization was followed by several hundred years of decline, from which little or no writing has survived. This period, the Greek Dark Ages, ended around 800 BC, when once again we find Greek writing, though this time in their newly developed alphabetic script. Therefore, there is a distinct possibility that the Homeric epics had a life, perhaps a long life, as oral literature, spoken by story-tellers.

We know little about Homer, and the later Greeks also knew little about him. Some have doubted he was a real person; others think he was a woman.
A legend, has it that he was a blind poet who lived in Ionia. There is no definite evidence for any of these ideas.

There is archaeological evidence that Troy existed. The site of Troy has been discovered, and excavated. Therefore, it is a fair guess that the epic began as a long oral poem based on the siege of Troy, but with details added and changed as time went on. Homer's poetry is different from other poetry because it had to be short in order to be memorized.

The date of Homer, and the transcription
The date of Homer's existence is not known. Herodotus said that Homer lived 400 years before his own time, which would place him at around 850 BC; but other ancient sources gave dates much closer to the time of the Trojan War. The date of the Trojan War was given as 1194–1184 BC by Eratosthenes.

Today, "the date of Homer" means the date of the writing down the oral poems, rather than the life of Homer. This is called the transcription date. The language suggests that the earliest possible date for the transcription is 800 BC, and the latest possible date is 600 AD.

References

Ancient Greek poets

Homer


The head is the part of the body where the brain is. It is also where the face is. Different things may be worn on the head, for example a headband or a hat.

Some people get pains in their head occasionally, known as headaches. Also, some people have worse pains in their head called migraines.

A head in English can also mean a person in charge of something, such as the head of a company.

Also, the word head can also mean the front of something. An example of this is the word "Headline", meaning large words on the front page of a newspaper.

Basic English 850 words

Head


Aerospace concerns the atmosphere o the Yird an space inby it.  Maistlins the wird is uised tae mean the industry that researches, designs, maks, rins, an maintains vehicles traivellin thro this air an space.  Aerospace is a gey wide field, wi mony commercial, industrial an military uisses.

Aerospace isna the same as airspace, which is a wird uised tae spik aboot the pheesical air space richt abuin a pynt on the grun.

Owerview
In maist industrial kintras, the aerospace industry is a jynt wark atween public an private industries. For exemplar, some kintras haes a space programme unner the command o the govrenment, sic as NASA in the Unitit States, ESA in Europe, the Canadian Space Agency in Canadae, the Indian Space Research Organisation in Indie, RKA in Roushie, the China National Space Administration in Cheenae, the Iranian Space Agency in Iran an SUPARCO in Pakistan.

Alang wi thae public space programmes, mony companies mak technical tuils an components sic as spaceships an satellites. Some weel-kent companies warkin on space programmes are Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, EADS, an Boeing. Thae companies taks pairt forby in ither airts o aerospace sic as the makkin o aircraft. Mony kintras haes air transport companies an aw, exemplars bein Air France and Air India amang mony ithers.

Aerospace

Aerospace


The South American plate is a major tectonic plate which includes the continent of South America. It also includes part of the Atlantic Ocean seabed. This extends east to the African plate. They meet at the southern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

The easterly edge is a divergent boundary because it has been moving west for about 60 million years. Its western and southern edges are complicated, with a number of small plates. The Nazca plate on the western edge is moving under the South American plate. This subduction has caused the Andes mountain chain.

Tectonic plates
Geography of South America

South American plate


Deuterocanonical books means "second canon" in Greek. It usually means the parts of the Bible that are only used by some Christian churches (mostly Roman Catholic and Orthodox). The books only exist in Greek language manuscripts that were written by the Jewish people living in Greek speaking areas of the Mediterranean Sea between 250 and 50 BC, as were all of the books of the Old Testament. It was not until circa 900 AD that the Old Testament as known in Jewish and Protestant religions was written in Hebrew and limited to the current so-called "canons".

The books are not part of the Jewish Tanakh (also called the Hebrew Bible), although they were quoted as Scripture well into the Middle Ages as is found in the Jewish Mishna and later Rabbinical writings, even into the 6th century AD. The current Jewish canon was closed by the time of the Masoretic Text in the 10th century AD.

Some books considered deuterocanonical by Catholics are:

 The Book of Tobit
 The Book of Judith
 The First Book of Maccabees, also called 1 Maccabees
 The Second Book of Maccabees, also called 2 Maccabees
 The Wisdom of Solomon, also called The Book of Wisdom
 The Book of Sirach, also called Ecclesiasticus
 The Book of Baruch, with the Letter of Jeremiah as its last chapter

The Book of Daniel and the Book of Esther are longer in Catholic Bibles than in Protestant Bibles because they have more stories.

Many, but not all Protestant churches do not accept these books as inspired by God and use the derogatory term for them: Apocrypha. Martin Luther considered these books good to read while John Calvin read and studied them but did not think they should be part of the Bible. The Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church,

Books of the Bible

Deuterocanonical books


Ash trees are medium to large trees of the genus Fraxinus of the family Oleaceae (Olive-tree like). The family contains between 45 and 65 species. Some of them are evergreen, but most are deciduous. They grow in most parts of the world. The seeds are commonly known as keys in English. They are a type of fruit known as a samara. Most of the ash species have light-green, oval shaped, pinnate leaves. The central stem of the compound leaf has 9 – 13 leaflets (small leaves) in pairs, with one at the tip. There are no stalks to the side leaflets. The leaflets are pointed and toothed, with hairs on the lower surface. The leaves appear relatively late in spring, and are amongst the first to be shed in autumn.

The buds are black, sooty or velvety in appearance and are sometimes compared to a Bishop's Mitre in shape.

Ash wood is used to make various tools, handles, baseball and softball bats and bows. It also makes very good firewood. Ash trees are also perfect material for old fashion shafts for bow and arrows.

In Norse Mythology, the world tree Yggdrasil is commonly thought to be an ash tree. The first man, Askr, was formed from an ash. The first woman was made from an alder.

Threats

The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) is a wood-boring beetle. It was accidentally introduced to North America from Asia by solid wood packing material in the late 1980s. It has killed tens of millions of trees in 15 states in the United States and adjacent Ontario in Canada. Research is being done with three Asian wasps which are natural predators of the beetle biological control.

The European ash, Fraxinus excelsior, has been affected by the fungus  which causes "ash dieback". The disease has infected about 90% of Denmark's ash trees. In October 2012 ash dieback was found in mature woodland in Suffolk. In 2016, the ash tree was reported as in danger of extinction in Europe.

References

Trees
Oleaceae

Ash tree


Emir (; female: ; emira; (Persian and Urdu: ) "commander" or "general", also "prince"; also transliterated as amir, aamir or ameer) is a high title of nobility or office. It is used throughout the Arab world and historically in some Turkic states and Afghanistan. Emirs are usually considered high-ranking sheiks, but in monarchical states the term is also used for princes; then "emirate" means more or less the same as principality in this context.
Emir is used also as a name in Turkey like Emir Niego and Emir Sevinc.
Emir is the most common spelling in English and many other languages (for example, United Arab Emirates). The spelling amir, that is closer to the original Arabic, is more common for its compounds (e.g., admiral) and in individual names.

Related pages

Islamic titles
 Caliph
 Mahdi
 Sheikh
 Sayyid
 Sultan

Other websites
 WorldStatesmen Religious Organisations – see also many present Muslim countries

Heads of state

Emir


Narabedla Ltd. is a science fiction novel by American writer Frederik Pohl, published by Ballantine Books in 1988. "Narabedla" is the name of the star Aldebaran written backwards.

Plot summary
Narabedla Ltd. is a corporation that is owned by aliens and run by their human agents. The main character is an accountant who specializes in doing the tax returns of singers, dancers, and other performers. He had been majoring in singing himself, with a minor in accounting, when he comes down with an adult case of mumps. Mumps makes one's glands swell. It can ruin a singing voice by making the glands in the throat swell and it can make a man's testes swell, rendering him impotent.

The main character notices some of his clients disappearing.  Their disappearances follow a similar pattern.  They are talented, but bad reviews or other kinds of bad luck have prevented them achieving full success.  They experience a period of no gigs.  They confide in the main character that they have signed mysterious contracts for a long, lucrative tour of private gigs.  Then they disappear. What his clients are not aware of is that their tour will be for aliens, on alien planets.

The main character does some amateur detective work.  He begins to suspect that the President of the mysterious Narabedla corporation is involved. He gets knocked out and wakes up on an alien planet dozens of light years away from Earth.  His imprisonment is quite pleasant.  There is a small community of Earth artists, some of whom are perfectly happy spending the rest of their lives performing before appreciative alien audiences. The main character decides that he will try to escape.

External links

1988 American novels
1988 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Fiction set around Aldebaran
Novels by Frederik Pohl

Narabedla Ltd.


The pig footed bandicoot {Chaeropus ecaudatus) is a small marsupial. The distribution range of species was later reduced to an inland desert region, where it was last recorded in the 1950s. It is now believed to be extinct.

Description
The pig footed bandicoot has a body which around 23-26 centimetres and a tail 10-15 centimetres. The bandicoot has a pointed ears and large, slender limbs. It had a broad head and a slender snout. Its fur was coarse and straight. Its colour varied from a grizzled grey through fawn orange-brown.

Habitat
The pig footed bandicoot is known to live in the western Victoria and New South Wales. It inhabited a fairly wide range of types: from grassy woodland and grassland plains to the spinifex country and parched flats of central Australia.

Diet/ food sources
The pig footed bandicoot only eats plants.

Other websites

Marsupials of Australia

Pig footed bandicoot


The Australian Electoral Commission, or the AEC, is the Australian federal government agency in charge of federal elections and referendums. State and local government elections are run by the Electoral Commission in each state and territory.

The AEC also draws the boundaries for seats and makes regular changes to keep all seats roughly equal in population numbers. It organizes Commonwealth electoral roll which is a list of people who can vote in elections. The electoral roll is used by the state and territory Electoral Commissions to for their elections.

The AEC also plays a leading role in electoral education and industrial voting (votes on industrial action).

History and structure
The AEC began in 1902, as a part of the Department of Home Affairs. In 1973, it became the Australian Electoral Office. In February 1984 it became the Australian Electoral Commission.

The AEC is run by a Chairman who is a Judge, or a retired Judge, of the Federal Court, the Electoral Commissioner and a non-judicial member who is usually the Australian Statistician). The Electoral Commissioner has the powers of a Secretary of a Department under the Public Service Act 1999 and the Financial Management and Accountability Act 1998. The Chairperson and the third, non-judicial member both hold their offices on a part-time basis.

The AEC has a National Office in Canberra and State Offices in Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney.

Each federal electorate has a Divisional Returning Officer responsible for the House of Representatives elections within their division.  Each State also has an Australian Electoral Officer responsible for the Senate elections.

Duties

The AEC's major duties are to run federal elections, by-elections and referendums. Election Rolls must always be up-to-date. The AEC must also follow up people who do not vote. After the election the AEC provides detailed election results. The AEC is answerable to the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters of the Parliament of Australia. It reports to Parliament on how elections were carried out and the success of the elections in general.

References

Other websites
The Australian Electoral Commission website

Government agencies of Australia
Organizations based in Canberra
Elections
1984 establishments in Australia

Australian Electoral Commission


A particle accelerator, also called an atom smasher, is a machine that accelerates (speeds up) particles and makes them travel at very high speeds.  Accelerators work by pushing particles like electrons, protons, or atomic nuclei (the centers of atoms) with electric fields and by steering them with magnetic fields. Their main use is to study particle physics.

The largest accelerators are used to study particles smaller than atoms; smaller accelerators are used to study atomic nuclei and make radioactive materials.   There are two kinds of particle accelerators: linear accelerators and circular accelerators. Linear accelerators move the particles in a line, while circular accelerators move the particles in a circle.   One example of a particle accelerator is the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. It is very big, stretching through two countries.  Another example is the Tevatron in the United States.  The cathode ray tube, used in 20th century televisions and computer monitors is also a simple accelerator for electrons.

When accelerated particles hit other particles such as atoms, smaller pieces come out. This helps people see particles smaller than an atom. Normally those particles cannot be seen, but they can in the particle accelerator.  This is because in some ways energy and matter are the same thing. At the high speed created in these machines, some of the movement energy is changed into matter. It is the opposite process that nuclear weapons use; nuclear weapons turn matter into energy.  Small amounts of antimatter are also created during the process.

The particle accelerator at CERN was set up to search for the Higgs Boson particle, which would complete the Standard Model of Particle Physics.

Particle accelerators often use very advanced technology. This makes them cost a lot of money which is usually paid by governments.

References

Nuclear physics

Particle accelerator


Meningitis happens when the brain's lining becomes inflamed. This lining is called the meninges. Aseptic meningitis occurs when there are signs of meningitis. However, when a sample of brain fluid is taken, bacteria do not grow. This condition is often treatable. In many cases, recovery takes 7–10 days.

Viral infection due to:
Enterovirus (e.g., Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease; Conjunctivitis)
Sexually transmitted disease (e.g., herpes, Syphilis, HIV and AIDS)
Other viruses, such as West Nile Virus
Parasitic infection (e.g., Lyme Disease)
Mycoplasma (a type of pneumonia)
Tuberculosis
Fungal infection
Bacterial Meningitis that has not been fully treated
Certain drugs
Autoimmune diseases (e.g., Sarcoidosis, Behcet's Disease)

These factors increase the chance of developing aseptic meningitis:
Being exposed to someone with a viral illness
Working in a daycare or healthcare setting
Having a compromised immune system
Taking certain drugs (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
Being a child or teenager (affects children and teens more often than adults)

Diseases and disorders of the brain

Aseptic meningitis


The Darth Vader grotesque is a limestone grotesque by Jay Hall Carpenter. It is located at the Washington National Cathedral in Northwest, Washington, D.C., United States. Though sometimes seen as a graffito or form of vandalism on the church (due to the pop culture subject matter contrasted with the holy building), it is a deliberate approved addition.

The Darth Vader grotesque is one of many grotesques that are part of the National Cathedral's rain control system. The grotesques deflect rainwater by bouncing it off the tops of their heads and away from the stone walls.

In the 1980s, during the construction of the northwest tower, a children's competition was run by National Geographic World to draw grotesques for the building. Christopher Rader won third-place, with his drawing of Star Wars villain Darth Vader. The head was sculpted by Jay Hall Carpenter and the stonecarver was Patrick J. Plunkett. The Darth Vader grotesque is difficult to see with the naked eye, and binoculars are generally needed to spot it. It is located on the north side of the cathedral. Other winning designs were a raccoon, a girl with pigtails and braces, and a man with large teeth and an umbrella.

References

Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.
1980 sculptures
Works based on Star Wars
Grotesque
Limestone sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Grotesques
1980 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Washington National Cathedral

Darth Vader grotesque


A homonym is a word that has more than one meaning. For example, right means moral, the opposite of left, and a personal freedom.

Definition: one of a group of words that share the same spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings.

The point is that homonyms are both homophones (they sound the same) and homographs (they look the same).

Related pages
 Synonym

References

Words

Homonym


Events and trends
 Cecrops II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 40 years. He is succeeded by his son Pandion II. Pandion II was later driven into exile from Athens by the sons of Cecrops II's brother Metion. Metion took power. Pandion II went to Megara. He married the King's daughter and eventually inherited the throne. After his death, Pandion II's sons returned to Athens and drove out the sons of Metion.
 1307 BC—Adad-nirari I becomes king of Assyria.
 1300 BC—Pangeng moved the capital of Shang Dynasty to Yin.
 c. 1300 BC—Rise of the Urnfield culture.
 c. 1300 BC—1312 BC—the revelation of the Torah to Moses occurred.
 c. 1300 BC—Some people of "Eastern Woodlands" begin to build massive earthworks, mounds of earth and stone. Poverty Point, Louisiana is the earliest one.
 c. 1300 BC–1200 BC—Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, is built. Excavated by Christos Stamatakis in 1878.
 c. 1300 BC–1200 BC—The palace at Pylos is built.
 c. 1300 BC–1100 BC—Warrior vase, from Mycenae, Ancient Greece, is made. It is now at National Archaeological Museum of Athens.

Significant people
 Pangeng of China

1300s BC (decade)


John Burke (12 November 1786 – 27 March 1848) was an Irish genealogist, and the original publisher of Burke's Peerage. He was the father of Sir Bernard Burke, a British officer of arms and genealogist.

Origins
He was the elder son of Peter Burke of Elm Hall, Tipperary, by his first wife, Anne, daughter and coheiress of Matthew Dowdall, M.D., of Mullingar. In accordance with a family arrangement, his younger brother Joseph succeeded to the estate at the father's death on 13 January 1836. The Burke family were descendants of the Earl of Clanricarde via Dominick Burke (born 1664), of Clondagoff Castle, County Galway. Later generations have lived at Auberies, Bulmer, Essex.

Career
John Burke early engaged in literary work in London, but afterwards devoted himself to genealogical studies, and in 1826 he issued a Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the United Kingdom.
For the first time such a work was arranged alphabetically, as opposed to in the Ahnentafel or genealogical-table style, and peers and baronets were treated together.
The convenience of its method at once gave it great popularity. The Peerage was republished at irregular intervals until 1847, when it reached its ninth edition.
From that date it has been issued annually. A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerages of England, Ireland, and Scotland, extinct, dormant, and in abeyance, was first published by Burke in 1831 (3rd edit. 1846); later editions, prepared by Sir J. B. Burke, appealed in 1866 and 1883.

In 1831 Burke also issued what was intended to be the first of a series of annual handbooks, entitled The Official Calendar for 1831, but the series was not continued.
Between 1833 and 1838, he published A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, in four volumes; another edition was issued in 1838; and a third edition in two volumes between 1843 and 1849. The title was altered in the later editions to A Dictionary of the Landed Gentry and a supplementary volume appeared in 1844, containing corrigenda and a general index. It is known colloquially as Burke's Landed Gentry.

Burke was also the author of:
 The Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Females, including Beauties of the Courts of George IV and William IV, 2 vols. 1833
 A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England; 1838 (re-issued 1841 and 1844)
 The Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland, 1841
 A General Armory of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1842 (republished in Bohn's series in 1844 as Burke's Encyclopedia of Heraldry, and by Sir J. B. Burke in an enlarged form in 1878)
 Heraldic Illustrations, comprising the Armorial Bearings of all the Principal Families of the Empire, with Pedigrees and Annotations, 1844 (an illuminated supplement appeared in 1851)
 The Royal Families of England, Scotland, and Wales, and the Families descended from them, in 5 vols. 1847–51.

Burke was also the editor of a short-lived periodical, The Patrician.

Marriage and progeny
He married his cousin Mary O'Reilly (died 1846), second daughter of Bernard O'Reilly of Ballymorris, County Longford, Ireland. Mary is listed as one of the lost graves on the Burdett-Coutts memorial in Old St. Pancras Churchyard. By his wife he had two sons:
Peter Burke, a barrister
Sir Bernard Burke, genealogist and officer of arms

Death
Burke died at Aachen (formerly known as Aix-la-Chapelle) in Germany on 27 March 1848.

List of works

History of the Commoners
A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Enjoying Territorial Possessions or High Official Rank but Uninvested with Heritable Honours, 4 volumes (1833–1838) (subsequently published as Burke's Landed Gentry):
Vol.1, London, 1836 (archive.org)
Vol.2, London, 1835
Vol.2, ("Small Paper Edition"), London, 1837
Vol.3, London, 1836 (google books); Vol.3, London, 1836 (archive.org)
Vol.4
Vol. 4, ("Small Paper Edition"), London, 1838

History of Extinct BaronetciesA Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Ireland and Scotland'', by John Burke and John Bernard Burke,
1st Edition, 1838
2nd Edition, London, 1841
3rd Edition, 1844

Notes

References

Attribution

Irish genealogists
1786 births
1848 deaths
John

John Burke (genealogist)


Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 - December 21, 1940) was an Irish American writer. He is remembered mostly for his novel The Great Gatsby, and for being one of the main members of the Lost Generation.

Life

Fitzgerald was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He briefly went to the Nardin Academy– a private Roman Catholic school in Western New York. When his father lost his job, the Fitzgerald family returned to Minnesota. F. Scott Fitzgerald then went to the St. Paul Academy, but was thrown out of the school when he was aged 16 for not working hard enough. Fitzgerald went to another school in New Jersey and eventually went to Princeton University in 1913. While he was at Princeton, Fitzgerald wrote for a musical-comedy club at the university which led to him sending a novel off to a book publishing company, Charles Scribner's Sons. The editor liked Fitzgerald's writing, but did not publish the book. Fitzgerald left Princeton University to serve in the United States Navy in World War One, but the war ended shortly after he signed up.

Fitzgerald got engaged to Zelda Sayre in 1919. He moved into an apartment on Lexington Avenue in New York where he wrote short stories and worked in advertising. Zelda did not think that Fitzgerald's job was good enough and she broke off their engagement. Fitzgerald went back to his parent's home in St. Paul and worked on his first novel This Side of Paradise. This Side of Paradise was finally accepted by Charles Scriber's Sons in late 1919 and Zelda and Fitzgerald got engaged again. This Side of Paradise was published in 1920 and was very popular. Scott and Zelda got married in St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York. On October 26, 1921, their daughter Frances Scott Fitzgerald was born.

Fitzgerald's most famous book, The Great Gatsby, was first sold in 1925. Fitzgerald travelled a lot at this time – mainly to France, where he met a number of other Americans who had left the United States. It was around this time that Fitzgerald first met Ernest Hemingway. They became good friends, but Hemingway did not like Fitzgerald's wife, Zelda. Hemingway said that Zelda was insane, made Fitzgerald drink alcohol and that she did not allow him to do his best work. It is generally accepted, however, that Zelda had a big influence on Fitzgerald's writing.

Fitzgerald's other novels did not sell as well as his first novel while he was alive. He and Zelda spent a lot of money on parties and Fitzgerald had to try and make money by writing short stories. In the late 1920s, Fitzgerald started working on a fourth novel, but problems arose when Zelda's mental health got worse. The fourth novel, Tender is the Night, was not published until 1934. Some people say that the characters in the novel are very similar to Fitzgerald and Zelda themselves. Tender is the Night did not sell as well as This Side of Paradise in Fitzgerald's lifetime, and a number of critics said it was poor. The book is now considered to be one of Fitzgerald's better works, however.

Zelda's mental health did not improve and she went to live in a mental hospital while her husband worked on more short stories and his fifth novel.

Fitzgerald's health got worse; possibly due to the fact that he drank a lot of alcohol during his life. On December 21st 1940, he had a heart attack and died. The last words of The Great Gatsby are written on Fitzgerald's gravestone. His fifth and last novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon, was released after he died.

Works

Novels

 This Side of Paradise
 The Beautiful and Damned
 The Great Gatsby
 Tender is the Night
 The Love of the Last Tycoon

Short story collections
 Flappers and Philosophers (Short Story Collection, 1920)
 Tales of the Jazz Age (Short Story Collection, 1922)
 All the Sad Young Men (Short Story Collection, 1926)
 Taps at Reveille (Short Story Collection, 1935)
 Babylon Revisited and Other Stories (Short Story Collection, 1960)
 The Pat Hobby Stories (Short Story Collection, 1962)
 The Basil and Josephine Stories (Short Story Collection, 1973)
 The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald (Short Story Collection, 1989)

Short Stories
 Bernice Bobs Her Hair (Short Story, 1920)
 Head and Shoulders (Short Story, 1920)
 The Ice Palace (Short Story, 1920)
 May Day (Novelette, 1920)
 The Offshore Pirate (Short Story, 1920)
 The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (Short Story, 1921)
 The Diamond as Big as the Ritz (Novella, 1922)
 Winter Dreams (Short Story, 1922)
 Dice, Brassknuckles & Guitar (Short Story, 1923)
 The Freshest Boy (Short Story, 1928)
 Magnetism (Short Story 1928)
 A New Leaf (Short Story, 1931)
 Babylon Revisited (Short story, 1931)
 Crazy Sunday (Short Story, 1932)
 The Fiend (Short Story, 1935)
 The Bridal Party (Short Story)
 The Baby Party (Short Story)

Other
 The Vegetable, or From President to Postman (play, 1923)
 The Crack-Up (essays, 1945)

References

 .

 .

Writers from Saint Paul, Minnesota
1896 births
1940 deaths

F. Scott Fitzgerald