Fear Factor is an American stunt/dare reality game show. It was created by Endemol Netherlands. The program was first aired on June 11, 2001.

About the show
The original Dutch version of the program was called Now or Neverland. When Endemol USA and NBC changed it to be shown in America in 2001, they changed the name to Fear Factor. Fear Factor has many different versions which are shown in different countries.

The program has contestants compete against each other in a series of stunts. The person who finishes better and/or quicker than all the other contestants gets a prize of US$50,000. For the first five years the program was made, the contestants were usually three men and three women. Each person played for themselves. In the sixth year, the show changed. They started using four teams of two people. The members of each team had some relationship with one another, for example Father-daughter, Husband-wife, or friends. Each team played for a shared prize of the same amount. Fear Factor is hosted by comedian Joe Rogan and executive produced by Matt Kunitz. The main music for the program is composed and written by Russ Landau. Other music used on the show is made from rhythmic themes most notably taken from the popular game Half-Life.

Fear Factor was an attempt by NBC to compete with the successful series, Survivor. The program was very popular for the network in the summer of 2001. It had strong ratings for the next couple of years, but in later years, the ratings were not as good. In 2006, Fear Factor was being shown at the same time as TV ratings champion, the Fox talent series American Idol on Tuesday nights. It did not get good ratings during this time. During the sixth season, NBC decided to not show the program for the rest of the year to make room for the sitcom Joey. That series was only shown for a few weeks. NBC canceled Fear Factor in May of 2006. The network began showing the remaining episodes of the sixth season on June 13, 2006. These episodes were shown throughout the summer. In 2004, Fear Factor became the first network reality show to be syndicated. Over its six seasons, Fear Factor earned NBC a reported $600 million from selling advertising during the program.

On May 31, 2011, NBC announced that Fear Factor would be revived for a new season. Eight episodes, two of which were 30 minutes long, were ordered. Rogan returned as host of the show. The revival began on December 12, 2011. On May 13, 2012, NBC announced the cancellation of the show. The last episode aired on July 16, 2012.

References

Other websites
 Official Fear Factor website
 UK Gameshows Page: Fear Factor (about the UK version)
 Fear Factor - France on TF1
 Fear Factor India
 Fear Factor Turkey

American reality television series
NBC network shows
English-language television programs

Fear Factor


Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soil and their minerals through direct contact with the Earth's atmosphere, waters, or living things. It is a natural process.

Weathering occurs in one place with little or no movement, and should not be confused with erosion which is when rocks and minerals are moved to another place by ice, water, wind or gravity.

Mechanical weathering
Mechanical or physical weathering is when the rocks and minerals are broken down but the Chemical composition remains the same. Mechanical weathering physically breaks up rock.

Wind
Wind can blow water or small particles such as sand against the rock thus breaking it down.
The wind blowing over your skin removes body heat.local winds are the winds that blow over short distances.

Rain
Rain is another force that works slowly. The force of raindrops on some rocks make them wear down. Rain also can make a chemical change in some rocks, because it is usually slightly acidic. The water mixes with the minerals in the rock to break it down.

Temperature

Changing temperature can make a rock crack. Every day when the sun shines on the rock, its surface is heated. Heat causes the surface to expand (get bigger) a little. The inside of the rock, though, does not heat up as fast as the outside of the rock. The inside of the rock stays cooler. At night, the surface cools down and contracts. The expanding and contracting makes some places on the surface weak, and a crack is made.

Also, if water gets into a crack in a rock and the temperature goes below the freezing point, the water will freeze and expand. After some time, the rock may be weak enough to break into pieces.

Ice
Ice, which can be miles thick, grinds the surface of the rock below it. The particles are carried with the ice, and if a glacier ends up in the sea, so does all the material carried with it.

Lava or magma
Lava or magma can cause weathering when molten rock touches older rock. It causes the older rock to change form to a different crystal structure.

Chemical weathering
Chemical weathering is the breaking down of rock which changes the chemical composition.

Carbon dioxide cycle
The carbon dioxide cycle is the most important for weathering. CO2 is put into the atmosphere mostly by volcanoes, and it is taken out of the atmosphere by photosynthesis, and by one other process.

While it is in the air, CO2 can dissolve in water droplets to form weak carbonic acid.

When rain hits rock it does so with mechanical energy and dilute acid. The acid dissolves many types of minerals and rocks though, of course, very slowly. When a mineral like feldspar is dissolved, it lets sodium ions into the sea; chlorine ions come from other minerals. The sea tastes salty because of the elements which have been dissolved out of rocks.

Related pages
Erosion
Pedogenesis

References

Weather

Weathering


Sympathy exists when the feelings or emotions of one person lead to similar feelings in another person so that they share feeling. Mostly sympathy means the sharing of unhappiness or suffering, but it can also mean sharing other (positive) emotions. In a broader sense, it can refer to the sharing of political or ideological sentiments, such as in the phrase "a communist sympathiser".

The psychological state of sympathy is closely linked with that of empathy, but is not identical to it. Empathy is understanding and feeling another person's emotions as they feel them, but makes no statement as to how they are viewed.

Sympathy, by contrast, implies a degree of equal feeling, that is, the sympathiser views the matter similarly to how the person themselves does. It thus implies concern, or care or a wish to reduce negative feelings others are experiencing.

Related pages
empathy
pity
liking

Emotions

Sympathy


Tom "Tiny" Wharton OBE (3 November 1927 in Glasgow – 9 May 2005 in Newton Mearns) was a Scottish football referee in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Known as Tiny, due to his colossal 6'4" frame, he was one of the most iconic and respected officials of his generation.

He was raised in the Parkhead area of Glasgow; the brothers John Cairney (actor and writer) and Jim Cairney (footballer with York City) were childhood acquaintances.

An engineer by profession, Wharton took up refereeing at the age of 21 and had reached Class I status within 3 years. He refereed a number of important and high-profile games during his career, including the Scottish Cup finals of 1961–62, 1962–63, 1965–66 and 1970–71, and the League Cup finals of 1960–61, 1962–63, 1966–67 and 1970-71.

Wharton's prowess was recognised outside Scotland as well and he officiated 16 international matches, from Belfast to Brazil. He also oversaw 24 international club fixtures, including the 1962 Cup Winners Cup Final between Atlético Madrid and Fiorentina at Hampden Park. He officiated in qualifying matches for the 1962 and 1970 World Cups, as well as UEFA Euro 1968 qualifying.

In later years, Wharton was chairman of the Scottish Football Association's Referee Supervisors Committee between 1976 and 1990 and served as part of FIFA's Referees Committee between 1981 and 2000. He was awarded the OBE in 1990 for his services to Scottish football and FIFA's Order of Merit in Gold in 1992. He was described by FIFA president Sepp Blatter as "one of the world's most distinguished refereeing officials". In 2003, he retired from the SFA's Referee Supervisors Committee.

References

External links
Obituary by Brian Wilson, The Guardian, 19 May 2005
Obituary by Tam Dalyell, The Independent, 16 May 2005
Scottish Football Hall of Fame profile

1927 births
2005 deaths
Parkhead
Sportspeople from Glasgow
Scottish football referees
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees
Scottish Football League referees

Tiny Wharton


Paul Howard Manship (December 24, 1885 – January 28, 1966) was an American sculptor. He consistently created mythological pieces in a classical style, and was a major force in the Art Deco movement. He is well known for his large public commissions, including the iconic Prometheus in Rockefeller Center and the Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial in Geneva, Switzerland. He is also credited for designing the modern rendition of New York City's official seal.

Manship gained notice early in his career for rejecting the Beaux-Arts architecture movement and preferring linear compositions with a flowing simplicity. Additionally, he shared a summer home in Plainfield, New Hampshire, part of the Cornish Art Colony, with William Zorach for a number of years. Other members of the highly social colony were also contemporary artists. Manship created his own artist retreat on Cape Ann, developing a 15-acre site on two former granite quarries in Lanesville, a village of Gloucester, MA. A local nonprofit, the Manship Artists Residency + Studios was established in 2015 to preserve this estate as an artist residency program.

Life

Early life and education
Paul Howard Manship was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on December 24, 1885, the son of Charles H. and Mary Etta (Friend) Manship. His father, born in Mississippi, was a clerk for the St. Paul gas company, and with his wife, who was born in Pennsylvania, were parents of seven children. Charles and Mary were married in St. Paul, on July 14, 1870, and raised their family in a home they owned at 304 Nelson (later Marshall) Avenue. Paul H. Manship began his art studies at the St. Paul School of Art in Minnesota.  From there he moved to Philadelphia and continued his education at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.  Following that he migrated to New York City where he enrolled in the Art Students League of New York, studying anatomy with George Bridgman and modeling under Hermon Atkins MacNeil.  From 1905 to 1907 he served as an assistant to sculptor Solon Borglum and spent the two years after that studying with Charles Grafly and assisting Isidore Konti.

In 1909, at Konti's urging, he entered the competition for, and won, the Rome Prize and shortly thereafter decamped for Rome where he attended the American Academy from 1909 until 1912.  While in Europe he became increasingly interested in Archaic art, his own work began to take on some archaic features, and he became more and more attracted to classical subjects.  He also developed an interest in classical sculpture of India, and traces of that influence can be observed in his work (see Dancer and Gazelles in Gallery).  Manship was one of the first artists to become aware of the vast scope of art history being newly excavated at the time and became intensely interested in Egyptian, Assyrian and pre-classical Greek sculpture.

Career

When he returned to America from his European sojourn, Manship found that his style was attractive to both modernists and conservatives.  His simplification of line and detail appealed to those who wished to move beyond the Beaux-Arts classical realism prevalent in the day.  Also, his view of and use of a more traditional "beauty" as well as an avoidance of the more radical and abstract trends in art made his works attractive to more conservative art collectors.  Manship's work is often considered to be a major precursor to Art Deco.

Manship produced over 700 works and always employed assistants of the highest quality.  At least two of them, Gaston Lachaise and Leo Friedlander, went on to create significant places for themselves in the history of American sculpture.

Although not known as a portraitist, he did produce statues and busts of Theodore Roosevelt, Samuel Osgood, John D. Rockefeller, Robert Frost, Gifford Beal and Henry L. Stimson.  Manship was very adept at low relief and used these skills to produce a large number of coins and medals. Among his more prominent are the Dionysus medal, the second issue of the long running Society of Medalists; the first term inaugural medal for Franklin D. Roosevelt; and the John F. Kennedy inaugural medal. Additionally, during WW II he designed the U. S. Merchant Marine's Distinguished Service Medal, Meritorious Service Medal and Mariner's Medal.

Manship was chosen by the American Battle Monuments Commission to create monuments following both the First and Second World Wars.  They are located respectively in the American Cemetery at Thiaucourt, France in 1926, and in the military cemetery at Anzio, Italy. His work was also part of the art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics and the 1932 Summer Olympics.

Affiliations and awards
For a number of summers early in his career, Manship found social and artistic companionship in Plainfield, New Hampshire, then part of the Cornish Art Colony, which attracted sculptors such as Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Herbert Adams, Daniel Chester French, and William Zorach. He visited first in 1915, returned the next three years, and then returned again a decade later. This period in his life has been recognized as significant, and Harry Rand observed that "Manship recognized 1916 as the year of his artistic maturity...[he] seemed to express modern ideas in terms of the primitive.

Manship served on the board of the Smithsonian American Art Museum and chaired the board.  Manship was affiliated with the National Academy of Design, the National Sculpture Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Letters.  He served on the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts from 1937 to 1941.  His many honors include a Pierpont Morgan fellowship, a Widener Gold Medal from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, and the award of Chevalier from the French Legion of Honor.  Manship's extensive papers, maquettes and sculptures are housed in the Smithsonian's Archives of American Art. In 2004 the Smithsonian mounted a retrospective of Manship's career which resulted in a reappraisal of the sculptor's work.

There is a gallery dedicated to the display of Manship's work at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

Manship was father of the artist John Paul Manship (1927–2000).

Museums with Manship works

 Addison Gallery of American Art (Andover, Mass.)
 Amon Carter Museum (Texas)
 Art Institute of Chicago
 Ball State University Museum of Art (Muncie, Ind.)
 Brigham Young University Museum of Art (Provo, Utah)
 Cincinnati Art Museum
 Cape Ann Museum (Gloucester, Mass.)
 Carnegie Museum of Art  (Pittsburgh, PA)
 Castle Hill on the Crane Estate, the Trustees of Reservations (Ipswich, MA)
 Cleveland Museum of Art
 Colby College Museum of Art (Waterville, Me.)
 Corcoran Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.)
 Courtauld Institute of Art (London)
 Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art (Bentonville, Ark.)
 Dayton Art Institute (Ohio)
 Delaware Art Museum (Wilmington, Del.)
 Harvard University Art Museums
 Heckscher Museum of Art (Huntington, N.Y.)
 Honolulu Museum of Art
 Hudson River Museum (Yonkers, N.Y.)
 The Huntington (San Marino, Calif.)
 Indianapolis Museum of Art
 Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum (Boston)
 Kalamazoo Institute of Arts (Kalamazoo, MI.)
 Joslyn Art Museum (Omaha, Neb.)
 Los Angeles County Museum of Art
 Minneapolis Institute of Arts
 Minnesota Museum of American Art (Saint Paul)
 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
 Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
 National Academy of Design (New York City)
 National Gallery of Art (Washington D.C.)
 National Museum of Wildlife Art (Jackson Hole, Wyo.)
 New Britain Museum of American Art (Connecticut)
 New Orleans Museum of Art
 North Carolina Museum of Art (Raleigh, NC)
 Norton Museum of Art (West Palm Beach))
 R.W. Norton Art Gallery (Shreveport, LA)
 Seattle Art Museum (Seattle, WA)
 Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington D.C.)
 Speed Art Museum (Louisville, Ky.)
 Toledo Museum of Art (Ohio)
 Utah Museum of Fine Arts (Salt Lake City, Utah)
 Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (Richmond, VA)
 Walker Art Center (Minneapolis)
 Westmoreland Museum of American Art (Greensburg, Penn.)

Public sculpture

 Indian Hunter, Boston
 Earth, Air, Water and Fire, bronze reliefs for the American Telephone & Telegraph Building (now 195 Broadway), Manhattan, New York City, 1914
 Sphinxes, Untermyer Gardens, Yonkers, New York, 1917
 J. Pierpont Morgan Relief Plaque, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York City, 1920
 Indian Hunter and his Dog, Cochran Park, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1926
 Abraham Lincoln: The Hoosier Youth, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1932
 Waldo Hutchins bench, bench's sundial's small Art Deco bronze gnomon sculpture of a female dancer trailed by a wind-blown gown and flowing scarves, Central Park, Manhattan, New York City, 1932
 Paul Rainey Memorial Gateway, Bronx Zoo, New York City, 1934
 Prometheus, Rockefeller Center, New York City, 1934.
 Group of Bears, Bronx Zoo, New York City, 1926–39 ,  in Central Park and in Jerusalem Biblical Zoo.
  Time and the Fates of Man Sundial, 1939 World's Fair, Queens, New York City, 1939
 Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial, Palais des Nations, United Nations Office, Geneva, Switzerland, 1939.
 Franklin Roosevelt Memorial, Keneseth Israel Synagogue 1946
 President Albert Murphree, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 1946
 Lehman/Tisch Gateway, Central Park Zoo, Manhattan, New York City, 1961
 Theodore Roosevelt statue, Theodore Roosevelt Island, Washington, D.C., 1967

Gallery

References

Further reading
 Conner, Janis and Joel Rosenkranz, Rediscoveries in American Sculpture, Studio Works 1893–1939, University of Texas, Austin, Texas  1989
 Greenthal, Kozol, Rameirez & Fairbanks, American Figurative Sculpture in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston  1986
 Manship, John, Paul Manship, (New York, Abbeville Press, 1989, )
 Murtha, Edwin, Paul Manship,  (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1957)
 Nishiura, Elizabeth, editor, American Battle Monuments: A Guide to Military Cemeteries and Monuments Maintained By the American Battle Monuments Commission, Omnigraphics Inc., Detroit, Michigan  1989
 Opitz, Glenn B., editor, Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers,  Apollo Book, Poughkeepsie NY, 1986
 Proske, Beatrice Gilman, Brookgreen Gardens Sculpture,  Brookgreen Gardens, South Carolina, 1968
 Rand, Harry, Paul Manship,  (London, Lund Humphries Publishers Limited, 1989, )
 Rather, Susan, Archaism, Modernism and the art of Paul Manship, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 1993
 Vitry, Paul, Paul Manship: Sculpteur Americain, Editions De La Gazette Des Beaux-Arts, Paris, 1927

External links

Links to Paul Manship sculpture images and references
Manship Artists Residency + Studios (MARS), Gloucester, MA
Two works by Manship (Insecula)
Detailed biography (cached pages from the Internet Archive with no images)
Page 1 | Page 2 | Page 3 | Page 4 | Page 5

Modern sculptors
Art Deco sculptors
Art Students League of New York faculty
1885 births
1966 deaths
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
National Academy of Design members
Artists from Saint Paul, Minnesota
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
National Sculpture Society members
Sculptors Guild members
Sculptors from New York (state)
Sculptors from Minnesota
Olympic competitors in art competitions
Presidents of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Paul Manship


The Ojai Music Festival is an annual classical music festival in the United States. Held in Ojai, California (75 miles northwest of Los Angeles), for four days every June, the festival presents music, symposia, and educational programs emphasizing adventurous, eclectic, and challenging music, principally by contemporary composers.  A secondary focus of the Festival is the discovery or rediscovery of rare or little known works by past masters.

The primary performance venue is the Libbey Bowl, an open-air setting not far from the center of Ojai.

History

Background
Before the music festival itself was established, the Ojai valley itself had attracted artists, musicians and thinkers.  In the early 1920s, a trust organized by Annie Besant, the head of the Theosophical Society, bought  in the valley.  This land  was eventually used for the official residence of her young Indian protégé, Jiddu Krishnamurti.  Krishnamurti proved to be a respected spiritual thinker in his own right, and Ojai became one of his bases.  Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, his talks in the valley drew a diverse group of notable Southern Californians, including Igor Stravinsky, Greta Garbo, Christopher Isherwood, Bertolt Brecht, Thomas Mann, Charles Chaplin, Bertrand Russell and Charles Laughton.  The composer John Cage wrote to his lover in 1935, "I was walking and thinking of you in Ojai, an open space of country, and suddenly I knew what wildness was.  I am sure there is something unexplainably and mysteriously sacred about the Valley, something including evil."  The idyllic setting even famously served as Shangri-La in the 1937 Frank Capra film, Lost Horizon.

There was no festival in 2020.

Founding the Music Festival
The Ojai Music Festival was founded in 1947 by East Coast music aficionado John Leopold Jergens Bauer.  It was originally intended to be a "Salzburg Festival of the West" with eight weeks of music, opera, dance, and theater; but while those ambitious early plans were never realized, a more modest festival developed.  Mark Swed of the Los Angeles Times described those early years:
Ojai's allure made it easy to attract not only name soloists but the best Hollywood musicians for its ensembles. By 1949, The New York Times was running a composite sketch of participants in that year's festival, illustrating the Juilliard String Quartet rehearsing, the pianist Shura Cherkassky performing and Thor Johnson conducting. Ladies in capes and fancy hats paraded. Bohos in sandals sat under oak trees.

Artistic directors
In 1954, Lawrence Morton was appointed as the Festival Artistic Director. A man of broad musical tastes, Morton was a visionary whose constant curiosity and unwavering integrity shaped the Festival's future direction. Already heading up the famously progressive Monday Evening Concerts in Los Angeles, Morton and his influence were described by Mark Swed:
 ... what [Morton] wanted was new plus old plus unusual.  He was close to Stravinsky. At Ojai, he talked Copland into conducting for the first time. He brought the French composer Pierre Boulez to the Festival in 1967, when Boulez's career as a conductor was just beginning, and Boulez has been back six more times, most recently in 2003. [In 2005] I asked Boulez, who is 81, if he would ever return to Ojai. He said yes, he hoped so. . . .
. . . Like wealthy patrons most places, Ojai's often have traditional tastes, and Morton pushed some donors too far in the '50s. He left for Paris in 1960 on a Guggenheim Fellowship, and the Festival immediately went pop with acts such as Anna Maria Alberghetti and Family.  [According to other sources, Morton had received a cable from the new Board president instructing him to "cancel all contracts", which resulted in the cancellation of intended music director, Nadia Boulanger.]

But it quickly swung back to the other extreme. In 1962, when Luciano Berio was the composer in residence, he, Milton Babbitt and Gunther Schuller debated for four days the direction of music and where the 12-tone technique, jazz and tradition all fit in. The great jazz flutist and clarinetist Eric Dolphy played Edgard Varèse's flute solo, "Density 21.5", that spring.

Under Morton's leadership, the Ojai Festival began the practice of having the artistic director engage a different music director each year, building the scheduling around that person. Nine individuals have served:

 Lawrence Morton (1954–1970, 1981–1987)
 Gerhard Samuel (1971–1975)
 William Malloch (1978–1980)
 Jeanette O'Connor (1987–1990)
 Christopher Hunt (1991)
 Ara Guzelimian (1992–1997)
 Ernest Fleischmann (1998–2003)
 Thomas W. Morris (2004–2019)
 Ara Guzelimian (since 2020)

Whereas Fleischmann tended to organize each year's Festival according to themes, Morris has eschewed this concept. As David Mermelstein reported:
"I'm not a big believer in too much dramaturgy", Morris says. "The idea of building programs or festivals around some kind of specific theme, I find not a compelling idea in general. You find some pieces that fit the theme well, and then you have to find something to round it out, and that can lead to some less good pieces being performed. There should be some rhyme or reason to programming, but it shouldn't be too restricted in its thinking."

Music directors

The Festival has enjoyed collaborations with many highly regarded composers, conductors, directors, and musicians who have served as Music Director; these include:  Igor Stravinsky, Aaron Copland, Pierre Boulez, Robert Craft, Michael Tilson Thomas, Lukas Foss, John Adams, Peter Sellars, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Daniel Lewis, Kent Nagano, Simon Rattle, and Rhiannon Giddens to name a few.

In recent years, instrumentalists such as Emanuel Ax, Mitsuko Uchida, Patricia Kopatchinskaja, Vijay Iyer, Matthias Pintscher, Pierre-Laurent Aimard, and the Emerson String Quartet have also served as Music Director.

Resident artists:  composers, soloists, ensembles, and others
In addition to the composers who have served as Music Director, many others have been resident artists at the festival, including:  Luciano Berio, Milton Babbitt, Peter Maxwell Davies, Elliott Carter, Olivier Messiaen, David Del Tredici, Mauricio Kagel, and György Ligeti.  More recently, resident composers have included Steve Reich, Magnus Lindberg, Thomas Ades, Mark-Anthony Turnage, and Osvaldo Golijov.

A diverse group of notable musicians have been part of the Festival, including the jazz musician Eric Dolphy, pianist/conductor James Levine, sitar player Ravi Shankar, soprano Dawn Upshaw, and mezzo-soprano Lorraine Hunt-Lieberson, to name just a few.  Sol Babitz, the Festival's first concertmaster, was a confidant of Stravinsky, and Babitz's expertise in Baroque period performance practice and research into early music fascinated and influenced the composer.

During the 1970s and 1980s, jazz was a featured part of every Festival. Musicians and ensembles who appeared included such greats as Oscar Peterson, Bobby Hutcherson Quartet, Milt Jackson, the Heath Brothers, Ray Brown, the Toshiko Akiyoshi - Lew Tabackin Big Band and many others. These concerts were organized by two local board members, syndicated radio show host Fred Hall ("Swing Thing") and Lynford Stewart.

Since 1970, the Los Angeles Philharmonic has been a frequent participant in the Festival.  Other notable resident orchestras have included the Lyon Opera Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, New World Symphony, Philharmonia Baroque,  Atlanta Symphony, and St. Paul Chamber Orchestra. The "Ojai Festival Orchestra", composed of Southern California's most talented, sometimes legendary, studio musicians and freelance orchestral instrumentalists, has been the mainstay of the Ojai Festival over its lifespan.

Many chamber groups and other ensembles have also been resident at the festival, including:  the Juilliard String Quartet, the Tokyo String Quartet, the Kronos Quartet, the Emerson String Quartet, the Sequoia Quartet, the Pacific Chorale, Chanticleer, and Toimii.  In addition, groups representing other musical genres have also been features at the festival, including Indian music, mariachi, Balinese music, and West African drum music.

In addition to musicians, the Festival has also hosted visual and performing artists of all kinds, most notably the potter Beatrice Wood, French artist Marcel Duchamp, and theater/opera director Peter Sellars. For many years, Ojai Festival posters were designed by renowned modern artists including Robert Rauschenberg, Kenneth Noland, Richard Diebenkorn, David Hockney and Eliot Porter.

Libbey Bowl
After a widespread effort by the Ojai community, the old Libbey Bowl shell and building, originally built in 1957 by local volunteers, was demolished in July 2010. The new Libbey Bowl, opened for the 65th Music Festival in June 2011, features several acoustic, structural, environmental, and aesthetic improvements, while still retaining the familiar, rustic characteristics of the original structure.

References

External links
 Ojai Music Festival
 Orange County Register review of 2005 Ojai Festival
 Alan Rich review in L.A. Weekly of 2006 Ojai Festival:  "Ojai at 60:  Osvaldo Golijov and György Ligeti"
 Alan Rich review in L.A. Weekly of 2007 Ojai Festival:  "Ojai: Survival and Revival:  The return of 'the wondrously indescribable festival-like-none-other' "
 Libbey Bowl Project

Classical music festivals in the United States
Ojai, California
Music festivals in California
Annual events in California
Organizations based in Ventura County, California
1947 establishments in California
Music festivals established in 1947
Tourist attractions in Ventura County, California

Ojai Music Festival


Milarepa (c. 1052—1135) is the most famous yogi, poet and Buddhist saint of Tibet. A collection of his teachings in the form of poetic songs called The Hundred Thousand songs of Milarepa, and his biography The Life of Milarepa are two of the most popular books in Tibet.

Milarepa was a student of Marpa and the teacher of Gampopa. Together these three (Marpa, Milarepa and Gampopa) are considered to be the founders of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.

Life
Milarepa was born in the village of Kya Ngatsa in the Gungthang province of western Tibet to a family of farmers. He was named Mila Thöpaga, which means "Mila, a joy to hear."  When his father died, Milarepa's uncle and aunt took all of the family's wealth and property and mistreated Milarepa, his mother and sister. At his mother's urging, Milarepa left home and studied magic so that he could take revenge on his uncle and aunt.

While his aunt and uncle were having a party to celebrate the marriage of their son, Mila took his revenge by summoning a great hail storm to demolish their house, which killed 35 people. The villagers were angry and set off to look for Milarepa, but his mother got word to him and he sent anther hailstorm to destroy their crops.

Mila later came to regret his evil actions and so became determined to practice the Buddha's teachings. Setting out to find a teacher, he was eventually led to Marpa the translator. Marpa proved a harsh task master. Before Marpa would teach Mila, he had him build and then demolish three towers in turn and go through many other trials. Eventually Mila was granted the teachings of the Six Yogas of Naropa and Mahamudra.  After practicing these teacings very diligently for twelve years in remote Himalayan caves of Tibet and Nepal, Mila attained the complete enlightenment. He is said to be the first to achieve this state within one lifetime. During his meditation practice he ate mostly nettle soup which made his skin turn green, and wore only a single cotton robe. He became known as Milarepa, which means the "Mila, the cotton clad one".

Later Milarepa become a wandering teacher and attracted many disciples, of whom the most well known were Rechungpa and Gampopa. Rechungpa followed the yogic lifestyle of his teacher while Gampopa, a Kadampa monk, eventually established a monastery a Daglha Gampo which became the first Kagyu institution. Later Gampopa's immediate disciples and their successors established the various branches of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.

Further reading

 The Life of Milarepa, translated by Andrew Quintman, Penguin Classics, 2010,
 The Life of Milarepa, translated by Lobsang P. Lhalungpa, Book Faith India, 1997,
 Milarepa, The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa, translated by Garma C.C. Chang, City Lights Books, 1999,

References

1052 births
1135 deaths
Tibetan Buddhism

Milarepa


For most animals, defence against predators is vital. Being eaten is not the only threat to life: parasites and diseases may also be fatal. But many animals are carnivores, and others, especially small animals, are often eaten.

Since life is about reproduction, anything that keeps a creature alive long enough for it to reproduce will be selected for. The next generation comes from the fertilised eggs of the previous generation.

Not surprisingly, then, animals have developed a wide range of defences against predation. Some of these defences apply also to plants: herbivory on plants can be very damaging, and reduce a plant's fertility. Many plants have some defence against herbivores.

Primary defences
Primary defences make it less likely that there will be a meeting between the predator and the prey. In many cases this means the predator has not noticed or recognised the prey.

Definitions
There are various definitions of what a primary defence is:
Robinson 1969: those defences which operate before a predator starts any prey-catching behaviour.
Kruik 1972 and Edmunds 1974: defences which operate whether or not a predator is nearby.

Methods

For palatable prey
If the prey is good to eat, it must either make itself scarce, or it must look as though it is not good to eat. A third possibility is that the prey is too small to bother with. In other words, the effort of catching and eating it would not be worth the effort expended by the predator.
Hiding away (anachoresis): many small animals live in holes or crevices. This way they cannot be seen unless the predator searches carefully, which some birds do. Also, sooner or later, the hidden animal must come out into the open. But while hidden, it is relatively safe. Very common is for the prey to hide during the part of the day its main predator is active.
Crypsis: this is the general term for animals which use camouflage to resemble their background. They are visible, but usually not seen (noticed).
Batesian mimicry: a tasty animal pretends it is foul-tasting by resembling warning colouration.

For prey with defences
Defences may be of two kinds. Either the prey is uneatable because it has some kind of chemical defence, or its body is protected by spines or stings. In that case the predator will reject it so long as the prey advertises its defence.
Warning colouration (aposematism): the opposite of camouflage. The animal signals to predators that it is unpleasant to eat.
Warning sounds: Sometimes the same principle occurs with senses other than sight. Warning sounds allow the animal to stay hidden. Rattlesnakes are a good example: they need crypsis to avoid alerting their prey, and use the rattle to avoid being accidentally injured by large animals. Moths of the Arctiidae and Ctenuchidae families are foul-tasting, but might be eaten by bats at night. These moths emit clicks when they hear bats in flight. That the clicks work is shown by a neat experiment. Bats eat mealworms if thrown up by the experimenter. They ignore the mealworms thrown by hand if moth clicks are played at the same time.
The second kind of defence is very obvious. It is to carry armour and/or offensive weapons like horns. These are permanent visible defences. For larger prey animals this can be effective if linked to another defence. Thus, in natural habitats, elephants have tusks, and they also have huge size. Antelope have horns, and can also run fast. Almost all large herbivores live in herds, which undoubtedly is safer than living alone.

Secondary defences

These work when a predator detects a prey, or when a prey notices a predator. The function of secondary defences is to increase the chance of the prey surviving the encounter (meeting).

Methods

Withdraw to a prepared retreat: many methods. The pearl-fish Carapus apis retreats backwards into the anus, and then into the body cavity of a sea cucumber (Holothuria).p138 It turns out that the fish, when a juvenile, is a parasite on the sea cucumber. Although it is free-living as an adult, it is still able to re-enter the holothurian when danger threatens. Better-known examples include the tortoise, which just withdraws its head and legs under its shell, and the hermit crab, which retreats into its shell when in danger.
Flee: run or fly away: a popular plan. Animals may flee in a straight line, or zig-zag. Another method is to fly showing some flash colour, and then suddenly settle completely still in camouflage. There are a number of moths with bright hind wings which are covered when at rest.
Bluff: look threatening or startling (deimatic behaviour). The prey may adopt a posture which causes the predator to pause. This is sometimes called a 'startle display'. The predator may not know whether the display is  a genuine threat or a bluff. Either way, the prey has improved its chance of escape.
Play dead (thanatosis): many vertebrate predators reject dead animals. Many predators strike to kill only on prey which move. That includes cats, lizards and mantids. A number of insects play dead when attacked. Some larger animals also do this, like the American Opossum. What playing dead does is avoid releasing the predator's inherited killing behaviour.
Deflect or distract the attack. Many offer a non-essential part of the body, for example, butterflies whose wings have small 'targets' near the edges. Cuttlefish squirt out a cloud of black ink, turn pale and swim fast away from the ink. The Kentish plover, which lays its eggs on the ground, lures attackers away from the eggs. It uses a remarkable impression of being damaged with a broken wing. When the predator is well away from the eggs, the bird flies off.p175 Other plovers sit on imaginary nest sites: both methods are distraction displays. Quite a number of animals can break off a non-essential part of their body, and may regenerate it later.p179
Fight back (retaliation or fighting defence): there are a very large number of animal weapons, and many are used for face-to-face fighting. Bombardier beetles squirt hot poisonous liquid at attackers. Large herbivores often carry weapons: Triceratops, Iguanodon, elephants, deer, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus. Almost always the weapons are used for several functions, not just fighting predators.
Band together: many animals use defensive groups against predators. Very common in birds and mammals.

Costs of defence
Everything costs something. All defences incur costs. For survival, an animals needs food, and needs to stay alive to reproduce. Energy and time spent on defence can be considerable, but justified if it makes reproduction more likely. There are these kinds of costs:
Internal costs: protection given by some chemicals may slow growth
Opportunity costs: hiding reduces feeding
Environmental costs: best places for defence may not be best for life functions
Design and self-damage costs: body shape or colour for crypsis may not be best for mate recognition.

Related pages
Defence against herbivory

References

Other sources

Coevolution
Predation

Defence against predators


Yugoslavia was a country in Europe that lay mostly in the Balkan Peninsula. It existed in one of three forms from 1918 to 2006. Yugoslavia means "land of the south Slavs". The name comes from people who left Poland, which was to the north of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia contained a wide range of different ethnic groups that spoke different languages, used different alphabets and worshipped different religions. These included Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Herzegovinians, Montenegrins, Macedonians and Albanians.

From 1918 until 1928 it was called the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. From 1928 until World War II it was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After WWII it was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with six republics, 2 autonomous provinces: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia and two autonomous provinces in Serbia: Vojvodina in the north, and Kosovo, next to Albania.

In 1991, came the independence of Slovenia, Croatia, in 1992, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, causing the end of the country. Serbia and Montenegro, were the last two republics in the Socialist Yugoslavia. In 1992, they formed a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) which ended in 2006 with Montenegro declaring independence.

Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1945)
In 1903 the Serbian king was murdered and replaced with Peter I. After this Serbia became more nationalist. Tensions with Austria-Hungary heightened when it conquered Bosnia in 1908. During this period Serbia managed to extend its borders and capture Kosovo and North Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire. Many Serbian nationalists wanted to create a unified state for the Slavs of the Balkans. Covert gangs attempted to assassinate Austro-Hungarian officials, like the Bosnian governor. In June 1914 a Bosnian Serb called Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This event eventually led to the outbreak of the Great War (World War One).

Yugoslavia came into existence in 1918 after World War I. The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which came from a part of Austria-Hungary, joined with the Kingdom of Serbia. The King of Serbia became the king of the new country. Southern territories of Yugoslavia were taken by Serbia from the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars (1912-13).

For ten years it was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. It began using the name 'Yugoslavia' in 1929. The name 'Yugoslavia' is Serbo-Croatian for 'Land of the Southern Slavs'. The Kingdom was invaded by Axis powers in 1941 and quickly fell during World War II. The Federal Democratic Republic was declared in 1943 with the King's approval, but the monarchy was abolished shortly after.

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1992)
A People's republic was created in 1945 by a newly established communist government. It was ruled by Josip Broz Tito from then until 1980. The country renamed itself SFR Yugoslavia in 1963. It was made up of six individual Socialist Republics: SR Croatia, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SR Macedonia, SR Montenegro, SR Serbia, and SR Slovenia. The SFR Yugoslavia was different from other socialist states of the Cold War, deciding to keep itself out of it. Yugoslavia was the only socialist state to have open borders and allowed Yugoslavs and tourists to freely move around the country. Yugoslavia also kept warm relations with the West. It was also an enemy of the Soviet Union after the Tito-Stalin split as Stalin considered him a traitor. In 1968 the Soviet Union invaded socialist Czechoslovakia to stop its leader from making the country freer. Tito told the Czechoslovak leader that he was willing to fly to Prague to help him face the Soviets if he wanted.

The Yugoslav republics began turning against one another in the 1970s and 1980s. Josip Tito ruled Yugoslavia with an iron fist and crushed any nationalist movements that wanted to see the country break up. His government forced the six republics to stay part of Yugoslavia. When he died in 1980, the new leaders were less strict and let nationalist feelings grow in the republics of Yugoslavia. The breakup was caused by many things like nationalism, economic difficulty, and ethnic problems. The Socialist state was dissolved in 1992 during the Yugoslav wars. Serbia and Montenegro stayed together as FR Yugoslavia.

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia/Serbia & Montenegro (1992-2006)

After the dissolution of the SFR Yugoslavia, only Serbia and Montenegro were willing to remain in the union.  They renamed themselves the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992. The country was led by the controversial statesman Slobodan Milosevic from 1996 until 2000. He was widely accused of having his opposition assassinated in 2000. Yugoslavia applied for UN membership in October 2000 and was granted the following month. For most of its existence, the country was involved in what was called the Yugoslav Wars. There was much ethnic violence including mass genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995) and ethnic cleansing in Kosovo (1998). It was the worst act of war seen in Europe since World War II. The country was bombed by NATO forces in 1999 during the Kosovo war. In the late 1990s, separatism was growing in Yugoslavia and the country dropped the name Yugoslavia in favor of a state union in 2003. Serbia and Montenegro became independent states in 2006, formally ending the last remaining parts of Yugoslavia

Now, Yugoslavia has been split up and made into these countries:
 Slovenia
 Croatia
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Montenegro
 Serbia
 Kosovo (considered by some countries to be part of Serbia)
 North Macedonia

References

Yugoslavia


Terrastock is a music festival organised periodically by Phil McMullen, formerly editor of the Ptolemaic Terrascope and since 2005 the publisher of the Terrascope Online website.  The event typically features independent bands playing psychedelic rock. It has been held on six occasions in the USA and once in London, UK.

Origin
The first Terrastock event was initially conceived by Phil McMullen and Robert Jaz of the Providence, Rhode Island based band V. Majestic in the winter of 1996/1997. Robert Jaz had asked McMullen about holding a benefit concert in Providence, RI for the Ptolemaic Terrascope Zine. As the two formulated a plan for the benefit which quickly grew into more of a festival idea, McMullen suggested the name Terrastock and the two agreed. A wishlist lineup was conceived and a framework originated. The festival was then fully organized by McMullen and Jaz along with Mark Stone of the Providence-based band Medicine Ball, as well as the Newport, RI based record label Flydaddy, which was run by former Sub Pop employees, Kevin O'Leary and Adam Silverman. Flydaddy had previously released a Ptolemaic Terrascope benefit compilation called 'Succour.'

An arrangement was made with a friend of Robert Jaz's, the poster artist, James Draper, who was also the operator of an art gallery/speakeasy performance space called The Renegade Gallery/The Rogue Lounge which was located in Providence within an industrial space in the old Atlantic Mills. The space hosted the three-day festival and garnered much national and local press.

In November 2010 McMullen "unashamedly" admitted that the Terrastock festivals "were directly influenced and inspired by the now legendary Zig Zag Benefit Concert".

Chronology
Terrastock 1: The Rogue Lounge, Providence, Rhode Island, 25 –27 April 1997
Terrastock 2: Custer Avenue Stages, San Francisco, 17 –19 April 1998
Terrastock 3: University of London, London, 27 –29 August 1999
Terrastock 4: The Showbox, Seattle, 3 –5 November 2000
Terrastock 5: The Axis, Boston, 11 –13 October 2002
Terrastock 6: AS220 & the Pell Chafee Performance Center, Providence, Rhode Island, 21 –23 April 2006
Terrastock 7: Mellwood Art & Entertainment Center, Louisville, Kentucky, 19 –22 June 2008

Terrastock Lineups

Terrastock 1
Silver Apples, Abunai!, Windy and Carl, Thee Hydrogen Terrors, Deviants, Cul de Sac, Barbara Manning, Science Kit, The Azusa Plane, The Lothars, Primordial Undermind, Orans, Neutral Milk Hotel, Supreme Dicks, Mary Lou Lord, Tadpoles (band), Flying Saucer Attack, Medicine Ball, The Bevis Frond, Damon and Naomi, Alva, The Olivia Tremor Control, Major Stars, The Alchemysts, Papas Fritas, Bardo Pond, Hilkka, Lhasa Cement Plant, V. Majestic, Hovercraft, Richard Davies, Magic Hour

Terrastock 2
50 Foot Hose, The Azusa Plane, Roy Montgomery, Grimble Grumble, Kendra Smith, Major Stars, The Mountain Goats, Alastair Galbraith, Mick Farren & the Deviants, Bevis Frond, Medicine Ball, V Majestic, Windy and Carl, Young Fresh Fellows, Damon and Naomi, Masaki Batoh & Michio Kurihara of Ghost, Tom Rapp, Stone Breath, Neutral Milk Hotel, The Olivia Tremor Control, Elf Power, The Loud Family, Primordial Undermind, Alva, Loren Mazzacane Connors, Green Pajamas, Spaceheads, Silver Apples, Alchemysts, Pelt, SubArachnoid Space, Cul de Sac, The Lothars, Bardo Pond, Clockbrains, Mudhoney, Brother JT & Vibrolux

Terrastock 3
Bardo Pond, Man, Green Pajamas, Lucky Bishops, Windy and Carl, Freed Unit, Spaceheads, The Azusa Plane, Pat Orchard, Air Traffic Controllers, The Bevis Frond, Alchemysts + Simeon, Damon and Naomi, Tom Rapp, Spacious Mind, Warser Gate, The Lothars, Kirk Lake, Pop Off Tuesday, Bablicon, Mac MacLeod, Abunai!, Hood, Broken Dog, My Drug Hell, White Hotel, Piano Magic, Arco, The Autumn Leaves, Green Ray

Terrastock 4
Ethereal Counterbalance, Voyager One, The Lothars, Windy and Carl, The Monkeywrench, Tarentel, Wellwater Conspiracy, Abunai!, Charalambides, Damon and Naomi, Ghost, Major Stars, The Minus Five, Martyn Bates, Crome Syrcus, Pat Orchard, Subarachnoid Space, Amber Asylum, The Linus Pauling Quartet, The Green Pajamas, Doug Yule, Moe Tucker, Stone Breath, Delicate AWOL, Donovan's Brain, Six Organs Of Admittance, Kinski, Bardo Pond, Children Of The Rainbow, Country Joe McDonald, The Alchemysts, The Bevis Frond

Terrastock 5
NonLoc, Pat Orchard, ST37, Stone Breath, The Iditarod, Hopewell, The Essex Green, Charalambides, Major Stars, Windy and Carl, Ghost, Ethereal Counterbalance, Greg Weeks, The Lucky Bishops, Paik, Six Organs of Admittance, Dipsomaniacs, Landing, Motorpsycho, Surface of Eceon, Damon and Naomi, Tom Rapp, The Hushdrops, The Alchemysts, Lilys, Barbara Manning & the Go-Luckys!, The Sunshine Fix, The Lothars, Sonic Youth, Delicate AWOL, The Bevis Frond, Lockgroove, Bardo Pond, Kinski, The Spacious Mind, Subarachnoid Space, Acid Mothers Temple

Terrastock 6
Avarus, Bardo Pond, Black Forest/Black Sea, Bridget St. John, Brothers of the Occult Sisterhood, Charalambides, Cul de Sac, Damon and Naomi, Fursaxa, Ghost, Glenn Jones, The Green Pajamas, Kemialliset Ystävät, Kinski, The Kitchen Cynics, Sharron Kraus, Landing, Larkin Grimm, Lightning Bolt, The Magic Carpathians Project, Major Stars, Marissa Nadler, MV+EE with the Bummer Road, Paik, P.G. Six, Jack Rose, Salamander, St. Joan, Spacious Mind, Spires that in the Sunset Rise, Tanakh, Thought Forms, Urdog, Windy and Carl

Terrastock 7
The Photographic, Parlour, Elephant Micah, Dead Maids, Hush Arbors, United Bible Studies, Sharron Kraus, Ignatz, Antietam, Black Forest/Black Sea, Sleeping Pill, Tanakh, Plastic Crimewave Sound, The Linus Pauling Quartet, Major Stars, Damon and Naomi, Helena Espvall, Oneida, Wooden Shjips, Tara Jane O'Neil, Kinski, MV+EE with the Golden Road, Bardo Pond, Grails, Motorpsycho, Sapat, Mono, Kohoutek, Sexfist, Rob Sharples, Thee American Revolution, Insect Factory, Simply Saucer, Pelt, Jack Rose and the Black Twig Pickers, The Entrance Band, Windy and Carl, Paik, Makoto Kawabata

See also
Ptolemaic Terrascope
 Woolf Music (event also curated by McMullen/Terrascope Audio Entertainments)

References

External links
Terrascope events page
Woolf II – A Terrascope Celebration 2019
The Terrastock Nation
Review of Terrastock 5

Music festivals in the United States
Music festivals in London
Recurring events established in 1997

Terrastock


Eclipse RDF4J (formerly OpenRDF Sesame) is an open-source framework for storing, querying, and analysing RDF data. It was created by the Dutch software company Aduna as part of "On-To-Knowledge", a semantic web project that ran from 1999 to 2002. It contains implementations of an in-memory triplestore and an on-disk triplestore, along with two separate Servlet packages that can be used to manage and provide access to these triplestores, on a permanent server. The RDF4J Rio (RDF Input/Output) package contains a simple API for Java-based RDF parsers and writers. Parsers and writers for popular RDF serialisations are distributed along with RDF4J, and users can easily extend the list by putting their parsers and writers on the Java classpath when running their application.

RDF4J supports two query languages: SPARQL and SeRQL.

RDF4J's RDF database API differs from comparable solutions in that it offers a stackable interface through which functionality can be added, and the storage engine () is abstracted from the query interface. Many other triplestores can be used through the RDF4J API, including Ontotext GraphDB (built as a SAIL), Mulgara, and AllegroGraph. Through the stackable interface, functionality can be added to all of these stores. It can, for example, be used to add indexing and query capabilities to all compatible stores:
 Free text search capabilities can be added through the LuceneSail.
 Geospatial (GeoSPARQL) and free text search can be added through uSeekM.

RDF4J
In May 2016, Sesame officially forked into an Eclipse project called RDF4J, in recognition of Aduna no longer being involved in its development. This official fork brings the core developers with it and is supported by several commercial companies.

See also

 CubicWeb
 Jena

 Mulgara

References

External links

Semantic Web
Resource Description Framework
Triplestores

RDF4J


The Invention of Lying is a 2009 American romantic comedy film written and directed by comedian Ricky Gervais and writer Matthew Robinson in their directorial debuts. The film stars Gervais as the first human with the ability to lie in a world where people can only tell the truth. The cast also includes Jennifer Garner, Jonah Hill, Louis C.K., Jeffrey Tambor, Fionnula Flanagan, Rob Lowe, Philip Seymour Hoffman and Tina Fey.

The film premiered at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival on September 14, 2009 and was released in the United States on October 2, 2009 by Warner Bros. Pictures and Focus Features. It grossed $32.7 million against a $18.5 million budget.

Plot
The film is set in an alternative reality in which lying does not exist and people are straightforward about what they think and feel.

Mark Bellison is a screenwriter, in a film industry limited to historical readings because there is no fiction. One night he has a date with the beautiful and wealthy Anna McDoogles. She tells Mark she is not attracted to him, because of his looks and failing financial situation, but is going out with him as a favor to his best friend, Greg Kleinschmidt.

The next day, Mark is fired from his job because of the lack of interest in his films (which are set in the lackluster 14th century), and his landlord threatens to evict him for not paying his rent. Crestfallen, he goes to the bank to close his account. The teller informs him that the computers are down and asks him how much money he has in his account. Mark then has an epiphany that enables him to tell the world's first lie, which is that he has $800—the amount he owed his landlord—in his account. He then lies in a variety of other circumstances, initially for personal gain; he prevents a police officer from arresting Greg for drunk driving, convinces a stranger woman to have casual sex with him to prevent the end of the world (but fakes a call from NASA confirming the world has been saved after deciding that this was exploitative), breaks the bank at a casino, and writes a screenplay about the world being invaded by aliens in the 14th century that ends with the claim that everyone's memories were erased. He becomes wealthy from the film's success. Mark soon realises that lying can also be used to help others, such as stopping his depressive neighbour Frank Fawcett from committing suicide. Soon after, Mark convinces Anna to go out with him again. She congratulates Mark for his financial success and admits that he would be a good husband and father, but she is still not attracted to him due to how his genetics and appearance would not be a good factor in what she wants her child to be and look like.

Mark then gets a call that his mother, Martha, has had a heart attack and rushes to the hospital. There, the doctor tells him that Martha is going to die. She is scared of death, believing that it will bring an eternity of nothingness. Mark, through tears, tells her that death instead brings a joyful afterlife and she dies happy. Mark soon receives worldwide attention as the news of his supposed information about death spreads. After encouragement from Anna, he tells the world, through ten main points, that he talks to a "Man In The Sky" who controls everything and promises great rewards in the good place after death, as long as you do no more than three "bad things".

Some time later, Anna and Mark are together in a park and Anna asks him, if they marry, if his now being rich and famous would make their children more physically attractive. Mark wants to lie, but does not because of his love for Anna, and says "No". Meanwhile, Mark's rival, Brad Kessler, pursues Anna romantically, motivated by his jealousy at Mark's success. Though Brad's selfish and cruel manner makes Anna uncomfortable, she continues dating him and they become engaged. Before the wedding, Greg appears and convinces Mark that he has not missed his chance with Anna. Mark reluctantly attends Anna and Brad's wedding, where he objects to the marriage. The officiant, however, informs him that only the Man in the Sky can stop the wedding. Brad and Anna both ask Mark to ask the Man in the Sky what Anna should do, but Mark refuses to say anything and leaves, wanting Anna to choose for herself. Anna walks out and Mark confesses his ability to lie. Anna struggles to understand the concept and asks why he did not lie to convince her to marry him; Mark states that it "wouldn't count". Anna confesses that she loves him.

Some time later, Anna and Mark are shown happily married with a son (and another child on the way), who appears by his actions to have inherited his father's ability to lie.

Cast
 Ricky Gervais as Mark Bellison
 Jennifer Garner as Anna McDoogles
 Jonah Hill as Frank Fawcett
 Louis C.K. as Greg Kleinschmidt
 Jeffrey Tambor as Anthony James
 Fionnula Flanagan as Martha Bellison
 Rob Lowe as Brad Kessler
 Tina Fey as Shelley Bailey
 Christopher Guest as Nathan Goldfrappe
 Roz Ryan as Nurse Barbara
 Jimmi Simpson as Bob Scott
 Shaun Williamson as Richard Bellison
 Bobby Moynihan as Bellison's Assistant
 Dreama Walker as Receptionist
 Ashlie Atkinson as Bank Teller
 Donald Foley as Yelling Man
 Martin Starr as Waiter
 Ruben Santiago-Hudson as Landlord
 John Hodgman as Wedding Overseer
 Nate Corddry as News Reporter
 Stephanie March as Blonde Woman on the Street
 Matthew Robinson as Person #4
 Jason Bateman as Doctor (cameo)
 Stephen Merchant as Man at the Door (cameo)
 Philip Seymour Hoffman as Jim The Bartender (cameo)
 Edward Norton as Traffic Cop (cameo)
 Karl Pilkington as Cave Man (cameo)
 Eric André as Mansion Man (cameo)
 Donna Sorbello as Anna's mother

Production

Development
Matthew Robinson's script which was titled This Side of the Truth at the time, was included in 2007 official Black List of the "most liked" un-produced scripts in Hollywood. Robinson and producer Lynda Obst sent Ricky Gervais the script out of the blue in the hopes that it would spark his interest. Gervais loved it and eventually flew Robinson to London to retool the script and make the movie. Robinson's original idea for a feature film grew from a skit he wrote about two people on a date who do not have the ability to lie. He later expanded on the idea for more skits with the same premise and then adapted them into a full film script.

Media Rights Capital and Radar Pictures financed the film. However, 1821 Pictures sued Radar Pictures for breach of contract over failure to pay a $450,000 production fee. Shooting took place primarily in Lowell, Massachusetts; location shoots also took place in Quincy, Andover, North Andover, Sudbury, Tewksbury, Boston, Massachusetts, and Haverhill, Massachusetts. Principal photography was completed in June 2008. During production the film was originally titled This Side of the Truth, same as the script.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack includes Elvis Costello's otherwise-unreleased rendition of the Cat Stevens song "Sitting".

Songs also include: Eddie and the Hot Rods' "Do Anything You Wanna Do", Donovan's "Catch the Wind", Supertramp's "Give a Little Bit", and Electric Light Orchestra's "Mr. Blue Sky".

Release
Warner Bros. owns the rights for the film's North American distribution, while Universal Pictures owns the rights to release the film outside of North America. The film was released in North America on October 2, 2009. Its world premiere occurred two weeks earlier at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival on September 14, 2009.

The DVD and Blu-ray were released on January 19, 2010. Gervais briefly promoted the DVD during his hosting duty at the 67th Golden Globe Awards in a joking manner, referring to its modest box office results.

Reception

Critical reception
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 56% of 188 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The site's consensus says, "It doesn't quite follow through on its promise, and relies too heavily on shopworn romantic comedy tropes, but The Invention of Lying is uncommonly sly and funny." On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from film critics, the film has a rating score of 58 based on 31 reviews, suggesting "mixed or average reviews".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three and a half stars out of four saying "in its amiable, quiet, PG-13 way, [it] is a remarkably radical comedy".  Xan Brooks of The Guardian was also favourable, giving the film four out of five stars, although he was critical of some aspects: "It is slick and it is funny. But it is also too obviously schematic, while that romantic subplot can feel awfully synthetic at times."  Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called it a "mostly funny if melancholic defense of deceit" that "looks so shoddy that you yearn for the camerawork, lighting and polish of his shows, like the original The Office, because, really, these days TV rarely looks this bad."  In some scenes, Dargis says "lying becomes a means to transcendence, an escape from the quotidian, from our oppressive literal-mindedness, from our brute selves. For the most part, though, Mr. Gervais prefers to shock us with our own brutality...[with] unvarnished truths [that] begin to feel heavy, cruel."

Box office
The film opened at #5 with $7,027,472 behind Zombieland, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs in its third weekend, the Toy Story/Toy Story 2 3-D double feature, and Surrogates in its second weekend. The film has grossed $18,451,251 in the United States, and $13,955,256 internationally, with a worldwide gross of $32,406,507.

References

External links

2009 films
2009 directorial debut films
2009 romantic comedy films
2020s English-language films
American romantic comedy films
Films about lying
Films about screenwriters
Films directed by Ricky Gervais
Films produced by Dan Lin
Films produced by Lynda Obst
Films shot in Massachusetts
Films with atheism-related themes
Films with screenplays by Ricky Gervais
Focus Features films
Media Rights Capital films
Universal Pictures films
Warner Bros. films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The Invention of Lying


Gaetano Bresci (November 10, 1869 - May 22, 1901) was an Italian American anarchist who killed Italian King Umberto I. He is still considered a hero by many anarchists and republicans.

Life
Bresci was born in Tuscany, and he went from Italy to the United States, he lived for many time Paterson, New Jersey, where there was a large Italian-American community. He was one of the founders of La Questione Sociale, the Italian language anarchist paper published in Paterson.

In 1898, the high bread prices led to demonstrations all over Italy. In Milan, an unarmed group of workers, women and children marched together for protesting, near the palace, which was surrounded by a strong military force under command of General Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris. The people ignored the order to stop, so the General gave the signal of fire with rifles and cannons, resulting in a massacre of innocent people. Ninety people died, one of whom was Bresci's sister.

Umberto I's killing
King Humbert later decorated Bava-Beccaris, and the king after said thanks to him,for "the defense of the royal house", the king did not do anything for the innocent people died, he decorated the murtder, this is the reason that made Bresci determined to kill the king.Bresci had his loan to the paper returned (without telling his comrades why), and with the money he went to Italy. In Monza, where the king was visiting on July 29, 1900, he shot him three times.

Bresci was captured and put on trial, where he was defended by the anarchist lawyer Francesco Saverio Merlino. He was sentenced in Milan on August 29, 1900, to life imprisonment on the jail of Santo Stefano Island near Ventotene, where lot of other anarchists had also been sent over the years. Less than a year later he was found dead in prison. It is not clear whether he committed suicide, as officially announced, or whether he was murdered by his guards.

Other websites
Gaetano Bresci Page in the Anarchist Encyclopedia

1869 births
1901 deaths
Italian anarchists
Assassins
Italian criminals

Gaetano Bresci


Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472 (2008), was a United States Supreme Court case about racial issues in jury selection in death penalty cases.  Justice Samuel Alito, writing for the 7–2 majority, ruled that the prosecutor's use of peremptory strikes to remove African American jurors violated the Court's earlier holding in Batson v. Kentucky.  Justice Clarence Thomas dissented.

Trial court
Allen Snyder was charged with first-degree murder in the August 1995 stabbing to death of Howard Wilson. The State of Louisiana sought the death penalty.  Voir dire for the jury began on August 27, 1996.  In accordance with Louisiana law, the parties were permitted to use their peremptory strikes up until the time when the final jury was sworn and thus were permitted to strike jurors whom they had initially accepted when the jurors' panels were called. Eighty-five prospective jurors were questioned as members of a panel. Thirty-six of these potential jurors survived challenges for cause; five of the thirty-six were African American; and all five of the prospective black jurors were eliminated by the prosecution through the use of peremptory strikes. The jury found petitioner guilty and determined that he should receive the death penalty.

During the trial, the prosecutor kept referring to the O. J. Simpson murder case, implying that the defendant might get away with murder. He persisted even after the judge made him promise to stop in the middle of the trial. Outside of the court, he was referring to the case as his O.J. case. This behavior put more emphasis on his dismissal of every black juror as likely having a basis in race. One of the black juror candidates was recognized by the prosecution as friendly to the police, typically considered a valuable juror for the prosecution, but this candidate was likewise dismissed: another argument for racism in jury selection.

Procedural history
Snyder appealed his conviction, arguing that under Batson v. Kentucky, the prosecution should not have been permitted to exercise its peremptory jury challenges based on race.  The Louisiana Supreme Court conditionally affirmed petitioner's conviction, rejecting petitioner's Batson claim, but remanded the case for a nunc pro tunc determination of petitioner's competency to stand trial.  On remand, the trial court found that petitioner had been competent to stand trial, and the Louisiana Supreme Court affirmed that determination.

Snyder then petitioned the Supreme Court of the United States for a writ of certiorari.  While Snyder's petition was pending, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Miller-El v. Dretke; as a result, they granted Snyder's petition, vacated the judgment, and remanded the case to the Louisiana Supreme Court for further consideration in light of Miller-El. On remand, the Louisiana Supreme Court again rejected Snyder's Batson claim, this time by a vote of 4 to 3. The U.S. Supreme Court again granted certiorari.

Decision
The question the Supreme Court posed to the parties was: Did the state's dismissal by peremptory challenge of all of the African American potential jurors amount to a violation of the Equal Protection Clause? Petitioner claimed that at least two of the African American jurors were struck from the jury for purely race-based reasons.  Respondent claimed that the race-neutral reasons offered at voir dire were legitimate, and the trial court agreed.  Petitioner argued that the trial court should have applied closer scrutiny to the respondent's reasoning.

Justice Samuel Alito, writing for the Court, concluded that the trial judge had acted improperly in allowing the prosecutor to peremptorily strike the African American jurors.  Alito noted that the reasons given by the prosecution for striking the jurors applied equally well to the white jurors the prosecution did not strike.

Justice Clarence Thomas wrote a dissent, which Justice Scalia joined. Thomas wrote that the court improperly second-guessed the fact-based decisions of the trial court, and that a higher standard of deference ought to have been applied to the trial court's determinations.

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 552

References

External links

Batson challenge case law
Legal history of Louisiana
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
2008 in Louisiana
2008 in United States case law

Snyder v. Louisiana


Microsoft Paint, also called MS Paint or simply Paint is a computer program made by Microsoft. It allows people to create picture files as well as edit picture files saved on their computer. Microsoft Paint is also a program for adding texts to images saved on a computer. There are various tools to help people edit photos, including:
 the paint bucket
 pencils
 spray can
 eraser
 line and curved line tools
 multiple shape tools
 text tool
 cut out tool

The program has a color palette displayed on the bottom left of the screen, as well as an "Edit Colors..." menu, allowing users to create all the shades they need.

Using the selection tools (the 2 tools at the top if the tools bar), users can select all or part of an image and then cut, copy, delete and paste it.

Many digital artists or editors prefer programs like Photoshop, but many on a tighter budget or with less time on their hands use Paint. Because of this, there are many Internet tutorials to help enhance the creative skill of every Microsoft Painter.

References

Microsoft software
Graphics software

Microsoft Paint


The Bourne Estate is an Edwardian housing estate in the London Borough of Camden Central London. It is bounded by Clerkenwell Road to the north, Gray's Inn Road to the west, Leather Lane to the east and Baldwins Gardens to the south. It is also intersected by Portpool Lane, which forms part of the estate itself.

The estate is built in a free Classical style, with Arts and Crafts touches, developing the idiom established by the London County Council with the Boundary Estate and Millbank Estate in a formal direction.

The estate consists of a number of residential blocks which enclose a number of quiet shady courtyards containing mature trees, mostly London Plane trees.  The buildings are constructed in dusky red and yellow bricks and the design incorporates classical pediments and stucco pilasters as well as arts and crafts details such as gabled walls, and casement windows on the inner courtyards and decorative mouldings to the large arches on the access ways.

In 2013 planning permission was granted for a £14 million regeneration of the Bourne Estate. Matthew Lloyd Architects' scheme, developed with Camden Council and Tibbalds Planning and Urban Design, provides 75 new homes across two mixed tenure blocks. Landscaping is to be improved across the southern half of the estate with re-ordered public realm, sports and playspaces by Dally Henderson Landscape Architects.

History
Constructed from 1905–1909, it is regarded as one of London's best examples of tenement housing and the majority of the housing blocks within the Estate have been Grade II listed. The Estate was designed by the London County Council Architect's Department, by E. H. Parkes under W. E. Riley.

The Bourne Estate is the third of the three key estates built by the London County Council in the years of its greatest innovation. In Britain the Bourne Estate is the least known, but it has an international significance as the model for the much admired and highly influential public housing erected in Vienna immediately after the First World War. The Viennese model was subsequently brought back to England, as can be seen in the Ossulton Estate, Camden, listed some years ago, and in some private mansion blocks in central London of the 1930s.

The surrounding streets were laid out in the 17th century on an intersecting grid pattern from north to south, east to west.  Portpool Lane is part of the estate itself and derives its name from the old manor of Portpool which was held by Grays of Wilton, also for Gray's Inn.

The estate was originally bounded at its southern edge by factories and industrial buildings that were damaged during the Second World War and demolished.  To the southwest of the estate was Thanksgiving Model Buildings, built in 1850 for the 'Society for Improving the Conditions of the Labouring Classes', this block consisted of two four-storey buildings providing accommodation for 20 families and 128 single women.  Also badly bomb-damaged in 1943 during the Blitz, the buildings were subsequently demolished.

Two post-war residential blocks and sports and play facilities were added to this land, with Mawson Building to the South and Gooch Building to the southwest on the former site of Thanksgiving Model Building.  A major redevelopment of this part of the estate is planned by Camden Council to take place 2013–16, including the demolition of the unlisted Mawson Building and addition of new blocks in-keeping with the original Edwardian architecture.  These new blocks will be mixed private and social housing. Higgins Construction have been appointed to carry out this scheme. The works started in May 2014 and they are scheduled to be completed in August 2016.

A number of the buildings in the Bourne Estate appear to have been named after former Bishops of Ely, perhaps a reference to nearby Ely Place, as follows:

Shene, Ledham, Skipwith, Denys, Frewell, Scrope, Radcliffe, Redman, Nigel, Laney, Buckridge, Kirkby, Mawson and Gooch

Transport
The nearest London underground stations are Chancery Lane and Farringdon, with overground trains running from Farringdon.

References

External links

 Details
 Photo
 Northern Estate
 Southern Estate
 Plans for further development

Housing estates in the London Borough of Camden
Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden

Bourne Estate


An ICAO code is the code used by pilots and air traffic controllers to identify airports simply and easily.

The code is made up of four numbers or letters. These are not the same as IATA codes, which are often simpler, and are made to sound like the airport's name. For example, people who fly from Heathrow airport, are likely to know it best as either Heathrow, or by its IATA code: LHR. They are less likely to know its ICAO code: EGLL.

Airports
Geocodes

International Civil Aviation Organization airport code


Winford is a village and civil parish within the Chew Valley, Somerset, England. It is within the unitary authority of North Somerset about  south of Bristol. The parish has a population of 2,153.

The parish includes the village of Felton which is close to the A38, Bristol International Airport and Hartcliff Rocks Quarry and Lulsgate Quarry Sites of Special Scientific Interest. On Felton Common, between the village and the airport, is the church of St Katharine and the Noble Army of Martyrs, which was built around 1868, and the remains of a windmill which has been converted into a private house.

The small village of Regil also falls within the parish, although it has its own small church dedicated to St James, one pub, a village hall and several farms.

Winford village lies on the route of the Monarch's Way long-distance footpath and has one pub, a village post office and several farms in the surrounding area.

History

Winford was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Wenfre, meaning 'The carriage journey' from the Old English woenfaru. The term journey can also mean route.

The parish was part of the hundred of Hartcliffe.

Governance

The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, such as the village hall or community centre, playing fields and playgrounds, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council.

The parish falls within the Winford Ward of the unitary authority of North Somerset which was created in 1996, as established by the Local Government Act 1992. It provides a single tier of local government with responsibility for almost all local government functions within its area including local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection, recycling, cemeteries, crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. It is also responsible for education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning, although fire, police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, Avon and Somerset Constabulary and the South Western Ambulance Service.

North Somerset's area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters is in the town hall in Weston-super-Mare. Between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996, it was the Woodspring district of the county of Avon. Before 1974 that the parish was part of the Long Ashton Rural District.

An electoral ward exists with the same name. The ward starts in the south in Winford, visits Felton and ends in the north at Dundry. The total population of the ward taken at the 2011 census was 2,982.

The parish is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of the North Somerset constituency. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election, currently Liam Fox of the Conservative Party.

Ecology

Felton Common is a local nature reserve which consists of open calcareous grassland with scrub and bracken. There are birds including kestrel, skylark, song thrush, willow warbler, spotted flycatcher and several species of insects.

Winford Hospital

Primarily an orthopaedic Hospital, Winford Hospital was built in 1930.

Winford hospital was a part-military and part-civilian hospital. Wards A to D were for civilian use, while wards E to K, added to the hospital in 1940, were for treatment of war casualties (both service and civilian).

In 1964 a physiotherapy department was opened, including several treatment rooms and a hydrotherapy pool.

Winford Hospital was closed in 1996. The land has since been redeveloped as a small housing estate, known locally as Winford Heights.

Demographics
According to the 2001 Census the Winford Ward, had 1,316 residents, living in 527 households, with an average age of 41.9 years. Of these 73% of residents describing their health as 'good', 26% of 16- to 74-year-olds had no qualifications; and the area had an unemployment rate of 1.8% of all economically active people aged 16–74. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, it was ranked at 22,024 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived LSOA and 32,482 the least deprived.

Church

The Church of The Blessed Virgin Mary and St Peter in Winford dates from the 15th century. The 4-stage west tower has set back buttresses, moulded string courses and the north-east corner has a polygonal stair turret. Trefoil-headed open panel parapet with corner crocketted pinnacles and fine gargoyles. Top 3 stages have 2-light openings with hoodmoulds and lozenge stops, those below bell stage blind, those to bell stage louvred. First stage of west facade has deeply moulded pointed-arched doorway with 2-leaf doors and applied Gothick mouldings; light with intersecting tracery above. Atop this is a 3-light Gothic window. An unidentified and Shire Monuments in churchyard are also listed ()

Powdermill Farmhouse
Littleton gunpowder works is a Grade II* listed building.

Beech Court (formerly The Rectory)
A Grade II* listed building ()

Grade II listed buildings
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References

External links

 Map of Winford circa 1900

Villages in North Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset

Winford


Dani Rodrik (born August 14, 1957) is a Turkish economist and Ford Foundation Professor of International Political Economy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He was formerly the Albert O. Hirschman Professor of the Social Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He has published widely in the areas of international economics, economic development, and political economy. The question of what constitutes good economic policy and why some governments are more successful than others at adopting it is at the center of his research. His works include Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science and The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy. He is also joint editor-in-chief of the academic journal Global Policy.

Biography
Rodrik is descended from a family of Sephardic Jews.

After graduating from Robert College in Istanbul, he obtained an A.B. degree (summa cum laude) in Government and Economics from Harvard College in 1979. He then earned an M.P.A. degree (with distinction) from Princeton School of Public and International Affairs in 1981 and a Ph.D. degree in Economics from Princeton University in 1985, with the thesis titled Studies on the Welfare Theory of Trade and Exchange-rate Policy.

He had also been writing for the now defunct Turkish daily Radikal 2009–2016.

He joined the newly created World Economics Association as a member of the executive committee in 2011.

He is married to Pınar Doğan, a lecturer in Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School. She is the daughter of Turkish retired General Çetin Doğan who was acquitted of an aggravated life imprisonment for his alleged involvement in the alleged Sledgehammer coup plan.

As a scholar, he is affiliated with the National Bureau of Economic Research, Centre for Economic Policy Research (London), Center for Global Development, Institute for International Economics, and the Council on Foreign Relations, and is co-editor of the Review of Economics and Statistics. He has been the recipient of research grants from the Carnegie Corporation, Ford Foundation, and Rockefeller Foundation. Among other honors, he was presented the Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought in 2002 from the Global Development and Environment Institute.

On 8 November 2019, he received an honorary doctorate from Erasmus University Rotterdam.

On 21 January 2020, Pope Francis named him a member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences.

Work

His 1997 book Has Globalization Gone Too Far? was called "one of the most important economics books of the decade" in Bloomberg Businessweek.

In his article, he focused on three tensions between the global market and social stability. Pointing out that the so-called "globalization" has a dilemma of promoting international equality while exposing fault lines between the nation states with the skills and capitals to succeed in global markets and those without that advantage, he sees the free market system as a threat to social stability and deeply domestic norms. According to his analysis, there are three categories of reasons on why these tensions arise.

First, the tension is caused via globalization because reduced barriers to trade and foreign direct investments draw a vivid line between nations and groups that can take advantage of such cross-border relations and those who cannot. Rodrik refers to the first category of groups as highly skilled workers, professionals and those who are free to take their resources where they are most in demand. The second category would include unskilled workers and semiskilled workers, who, under globalization, as a resource become more elastic and easily substitutive.

The second source for tension comes because globalization engenders conflicts within and between nations over domestic norms and social institutions. Technology and culture are being more standardized around the world, and different nations with different norms and values tend to show repulsion toward such collective norms diffused internationally in a standardized form.

Lastly, the third threat of globalization arises because it has made it extremely difficult for national governments to provide social insurance.

Dani Rodrik is a regular contributor to Project Syndicate since 1998. He also founded Economics for Inclusive Prosperity (EfIP) with Suresh Naidu, Gabriel Zucman, and 11 additional founding members in February 2019.

Selected publications

References

External links

 Dani Rodrik's home page
 Dani Rodrik's latest research
 Dani Rodrik's weblog
 "Roads to Prosperity" Dani Rodrik's op-ed column for Project Syndicate

1957 births
Living people
Anti-globalization writers
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Harvard College alumni
Princeton University alumni
Institute for Advanced Study faculty
Robert College alumni
Harvard Kennedy School faculty
Trade economists
Academics from Istanbul
Turkish expatriates in the United States
Turkish Jews
20th-century Turkish economists
21st-century Turkish economists
Social Science Research Council
Peterson Institute for International Economics
American academics of Turkish descent
Academics of the London School of Economics

Dani Rodrik


Ascott-under-Wychwood is a village and civil parish in the Evenlode valley about  south of Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, England. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 560.

Toponym
The village is one of three named after the historic forest of Wychwood; the others being Shipton-under-Wychwood and Milton-under-Wychwood. "Ascott" is derived from the Old English ēast (east) and cot (cottage).

Manor and castle
Ascot d'Oilly Castle was built in about 1129–50 and a stone tower was added to it in the 13th century. The castle bailey is now occupied by the manor house, which is mainly 16th and 17th century but contains some 13th century buttressed and other stonework.

Parish church
Holy Trinity Church of England parish church was built in about 1200 in a transitional style from Norman to Early English. Surviving transitional work includes the south porch, and the four-bay arcade between the nave and the north aisle. The chancel arch and the lancet windows along the side of the north aisle are Early English.  Most of the present windows in the nave and chancel were inserted in the 14th and 15th centuries, including the Decorated Gothic east windows of the chancel and north aisle and the Perpendicular Gothic south windows of the chancel and west window of the aisle. Also Perpendicular Gothic are the chancel piscina and sedilia, the octagonal baptismal font and a small chapel next to the chancel.

The upper stages of the bell tower were built in the 15th century. The building was restored in 1857–59 under the direction of the Oxford Diocesan architect G.E. Street. Holy Trinity is a Grade II* listed building.  The tower has a ring of six bells. Five of these including the tenor bell were cast in 1744 by Henry III Bagley of Chacombe, Northamptonshire, who at the time also had a bell-foundry at Witney. The treble was cast in 1905 by Mears and Stainbank of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. There is also a Sanctus bell cast in 1797 by Thomas I Mears.  In 2001 the Church of England Benefice of Ascott-under-Wychwood, Chadlington and Spelsbury merged with that of Enstone and Heythrop to form the Chase Benefice.

Economic and social history

The Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway was built in 1845 and opened Ascott-under-Wychwood railway station to serve the village. The OW&WR is now the Cotswold Line and the station is served by Great Western Railway trains.  The village school was designed by the architect Clapton Rolfe and built in 1871.

In 1873 a farmer dismissed several men of Ascott-under-Wychwood because they had formed a branch of the National Union of Agricultural Workers. He hired labourers from the village of Ramsden to work as strikebreakers but a group of women from Ascott-under-Wychwood tried to dissuade the Ramsden labourers from working. 16 of the women were arrested, tried by magistrates in Chipping Norton and given short sentences of imprisonment in Oxford Castle. Their convictions were met with rioting in Chipping Norton, questions in Parliament and a royal pardon from Queen Victoria. The 16 are commemorated as the Ascott Martyrs. In 1874 at least four of the women emigrated with their families to New Zealand, where they now have numerous descendants. In 1973 on the centenary of the women's ordeal a commemorative bench was erected in the village.

Amenities
Ascott-under-Wychwood has a public house, The Swan. It was closed in 2010 but was re-opened in June 2013.  It also has a community shop, which was opened in 2003. An art gallery and craft shop opened in 2022 owned by the Japanese artist Motoko Aritake-Wild. https://www.forgeatwychwood.co.uk The village has two schools, which are both privately funded. Ascott-under-Wychwood Pre-school which provides pre-school learning for children aged 2–5 years and Windrush Valley Private School which provides learning and education for children aged 3–11 years.  The village has a cricket club, which plays on Memorial playing field, with a team in the Cherwell League on Saturdays, and friendly matches on Sundays.

References

15. Cricket club website
https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/ascottunderwychwoodcricketclub/

Sources

External links

Ascott-under-Wychwood Community Website

Civil parishes in Oxfordshire
Cotswolds
Villages in Oxfordshire
West Oxfordshire District

Ascott-under-Wychwood


The Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) is the public body that advises the UK Government and devolved administrations on UK-wide and international nature conservation.

Originally established under the Environmental Protection Act 1990, JNCC was reconstituted by the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006.

JNCC is led by the Joint Committee, which brings together members from the nature conservation bodies for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and independent members appointed by the Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs under an independent chair.

Support is provided to the committee by a company set up and controlled by the Committee solely for that purpose. The company employs around 130 people. They bring together scientific and technical expertise, extensive knowledge of policy at global, European and national levels and skills in working with other organisations. Staff are based in offices in Peterborough and Aberdeen.

The Joint Committee leads JNCC and has overall responsibility for its work. The Accountability Framework Document, Management Statement and Financial Memorandum provide the legal, administrative and financial framework within which the Joint Committee operates.

The membership of the committee is defined in schedule 4 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006. Current members are as below.

The committee meets four times in March, June, September and November. Members discuss strategic nature conservation and organizational issues as well as making high-level advice, strategy, funding and planning decisions.

The committee is committed to the principle of open government and has been holding open meetings since 2001. Members of the public are welcome to attend meetings as observers except when confidential issues are being discussed. Agendas and committee papers are made available one week ahead of meetings and draft minutes six weeks later. Inter-sessional papers, provided between committee meetings, are also available. Meetings are run in accordance with a set of standing orders.

Chairs and Current Members
 Peter Bridgewater (2007–2014)
 Chris Gilligan (2014-2020)

See also
 Geological Conservation Review
 Seabird Colony Register

External links
JNCC Official website
rECOrd (Local Biological Records Centre for Cheshire)

Conservation in the United Kingdom
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Non-departmental public bodies of the United Kingdom government
Joint committees
Geology of the United Kingdom
Environmental organisations based in the United Kingdom
Environmental organizations established in 1990
1990 establishments in the United Kingdom

Joint Nature Conservation Committee


Stoas  are unique to Ancient Greek architecture. They were covered walkways or porticos, mainly for public use. Early stoas were open at the entrance with columns, usually of the Doric order, lining the side of the building. They were well suited for the mild climate of Greece.

Later buildings of this style had two floors. A roof supported the inner colonnades. On the second floor were shops or offices. They followed Ionic architecture. Merchants could sell their goods. Artists could display their artwork. Religious gatherings could take place. Stoas usually surrounded the marketplaces of large cities.

References

Ancient Greek architecture

Stoa


Elizabeth Diane Frederickson Downs (born August 7, 1955) is an American convicted murderer. She was born Elizabeth Diane Frederickson in Phoenix, Arizona. In Oregon on May 19, 1983, she shot her three children and then shot herself in the arm. On June 17, 1984, she was convicted of murder, attempted murder and assault and sentenced to life imprisonment. Downs has been diagnosed with three cluster B personality disorders: antisocial, histrionic and narcissistic.

The movie Small Sacrifices is about her.

References

1955 births
Living people

American people convicted of assault
American people convicted of attempted murder
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
People from Phoenix, Arizona
People with antisocial personality disorder
People with histrionic personality disorder
People with narcissistic personality disorder

Diane Downs


Ultrasound is a type of sound with a frequency higher than humans can hear. This frequency, the upper limit of human hearing, is approximately 20,000 hertz (20 kilohertz).

Hearing ultrasound
Some animals, such as dogs, dolphins, bats, and mice, are able to hear sounds which have a frequency higher than upper-limit of the human ear. This makes them able to hear ultrasounds. Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, as in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing gets lower as a person gets older. This frequency limit is caused by the middle ear that acts as a low-pass filter. If ultrasound is fed directly into the skull bone and reaches the cochlea without passing through the middle ear, much higher frequencies (up to about 200 kHz) can be heard. This effect (sometimes called ultrasonic hearing) was first discovered by divers exposed to a high-frequency (ca. 50 kHz) sonar signal.

Medical ultrasonography is commonly used during pregnancy. Ultrasound is generally thought of as a "safe test" because it does not use destructive ionizing radiation like x-rays.

Ultrasonic cleaning
Ultrasonic cleaners are sometimes mistakenly called supersonic cleaners. They are used at frequencies from 20 to 40 kHz for jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, watches, dental instruments, surgical instruments and industrial parts. An ultrasonic cleaner works by the energy released from the collapse of millions of tiny (microscopic) bubbles near the dirty surface. The bubbles are formed by cavitation and collapse, forming small jets directed at the surface.

Medical procedures
Sound
Hearing

Ultrasound


Sir Brian Caldwell Cook Batsford (18 December 1910 – 5 March 1991) was an English painter, designer, publisher and Conservative Party politician. Born at Gerrards Cross in Buckinghamshire as Brian Caldwell Cook, he adopted his mother's maiden name, Batsford, in 1946. As Brian Cook, he was well known as the illustrator/designer of the dust jackets of the highly collectible Batsford books from the 1930s to the 1950s (including those in The Face of Britain series).

He was educated at Repton School, 1924-28 where he started to paint. In 1928 he began working for the production department of the publishing firm of B. T. Batsford, of which his uncle, Harry Batsford, was chairman. His first dust jacket was for The Villages of England (1932) when he was 21 years of age.  The distinctive vibrant colours of the jackets were achieved by the Jean Berté process, which used rubber plates and water-based inks. Following his uncle's death, he was chairman of Batsford, from 1952 until 1974.

As Flight Lieutenant Brian Cook he failed to defend the Conservative seat of Chelmsford at a by-election in April 1945 which was won by Ernest Millington for the short-lived Common Wealth Party. He was elected as member of parliament for Ealing South at a by-election on 12 June 1958.  He held the seat until it was abolished for the February 1974 general election, and did not stand for Parliament again.  He was knighted in 1974.
He was tenant of Lamb House, the National Trust property in Rye, East Sussex, 1980–87.

Selected bibliography
 The Britain of Brian Cook. London: Batsford, 1987.

References

External links
 Brian Cook Batsford - biography and gallery of designs
 Index to chess books printed by Batsford Ltd

1910 births
1991 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
Knights Bachelor
People educated at Repton School

Brian Batsford