Fridericus Simoons (Frederick John Simoons natus anno 1922 annoque 2022 mortuus) fuit geographus et anthropologus Americanus.

Vita
Patre Batavo, matre Belgica, Fridericus Simoons Philadelphiae die 2 Novembris 1922 natus est. Novarci in Nova Caesarea educatus est. Alumnus fuit universitatis Rutgersensis breveque temporis spatium Harvardianae. Ad studia geographiae culturalis conversus Berkeleiae apud universitatem Californiensem gradum doctoratus anno 1956 accepit, Caroli Sauer discipulus, dissertatione prolata The peoples and economy of Begemden and Semyen, Ethiopia.

Docuit apud universitatem Wisconsinensem ab anno 1957, interdum et alibi, sed ab anno 1969 fuit professor geographiae apud universitatem Californiensem in urbe Davis institutam. E quaesitionibus suis ethnographicis de consuetudinibus praesertim cibariis opera utilissima scripsit: Eat Not This Flesh (1961) de interdictionibus ciborum, Food in China (1991) de alimentis coquinisque Sinarum, Plants of Life, Plants of Death (1998) de usu plantarum tam edulium quam venenosarum, atque cum muliere Elisabetha Simoons A Ceremonial Ox of India (1968) de bubus in India sacris. Annum iam centesimum agens die 30 Iunii 2022 Sonoma in urbe mortem obiit.

Opera

Libri
 1960 : Northwest Ethiopia: Peoples and Economy. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
 1961 : Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances in the Old World. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
 1968 (cum Elizabeth S. Simoons) : A Ceremonial Ox of India: The Mithan in Nature, Culture, and History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
 1991 : Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry. CRC Press
 1998 : Plants of Life, Plants of Death. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Commentationes
 "Nineteenth-century mines and mineral spring resorts of Lake County, California." California Journal of Mines and Geology, 50:295-319, 1954.
 "The non-milking area of Africa." Anthropos, 49:58-66, 1954.
 "The agricultural implements and cutting tools of Begemder and Semyen, Ethiopia." Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 14:386-406, 1958.
 "Snow in Ethiopia: a review of the evidence." Geographical Review, 50:402-411, 1960.
 "Some questions on the economic prehistory of Ethiopia." Journal of African History, 6:1-13, 1965. [Reprinted in J.D. Fage and R.A. Oliver (eds.), Papers in African Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.]
 "Primary adult lactose intolerance and the milking habit: a problem in biological and cultural interrelations. I. review of the medical research." The American Journal of Digestive Diseases, 14:819-836, 1969.
 "The traditional limits of milking and milk use in southern Asia." Anthropos, 65:547-593, I970. JSTOR
 "Primary adult lactose intolerance and the milking habit: a problem in biological and cultural interrelations. II. a culture historical hypothesis." The American Journal of Digestive Diseases, 15:695-710, I970.
 "The antiquity of dairying in Asia and Africa." Geographical Review, 61:431-439, 1971. JSTOR
 "New light on ethnic differences in adult lactose intolerance." The American Journal of Digestive Diseases, 18:595-611, 1973.
 "The determinants of dairying and milk use in the old world: ecological, physiological, and cultural." Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 2: 83-90, 1973. [Reprinted in J.R.K. Robson (ed.), Food, Ecology and Culture. New York and London: Gordon and Breach, 1980.]
 "The sacred cow and the consitution of India." Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 2:281-295, 1973. [Reprinted in J.R.K. Robson (ed.), Food, Ecology and Culture. New York and London: Gordon and Breach, 1980.]
 "The purificatory role of 'the five products of the cow' in Hinduism." Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 3:21-34, 1974.
 "Rejection of fish as human food in Africa: a problem in history and ecology." Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 3:89-105, 1974.
 "Primary adult lactose intolerance and culture history." Modern Problems in Pediatrics, 15:125-141, 1974.
 "Fish as forbidden food: the case of India." Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 3:185-201, 1974.
 "Contemporary research themes in the cultural geography of domesticated animals." 64:557-576, 1974.
 "Lactose malabsorption: its biology and history." Advances in Pediatrics, 21:197-237, 1974. (with John D. Johnson and Norman Kretchmer)
 "Food habits as influenced by human culture: approaches in anthropology and geography." In Trevor Silerstone (ed.), Appetite and Food Intake, Life Sciences Report 2. Berlin: Dahlem Konferenzen, pp. 313-329, 1976.
 "Geographic perspectives on man's food quest." In Dwain N. Walcher, Norman Kretchmer, and Henry L. Barnett (eds.), Food, Man, and Society. New York and London: Plenum Press, pp. 31-53, 1976.
 "Perspective on milk drinking and malabsorption of lactose." (with John D. Johnson and Norman Kretchmer) Pediatrics, 59:98-109, 1977.
 "Lactose malabsorption among the Pima Indians of Arizona." (with John D. Johnson et al.) Gastroenterology, 73:1299-1304, 1977.
 "Lactose malabsorption among adult Indians of the Great Basin and American southwest." (with John D. Johnson et al.) American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 31:381-387, 1978.
 "Traditional use and avoidance of foods of animal origin: a culture historical view." Bioscience, 28:178-184, 1978.
 "Lactose malabsorption in Africa." African Economic History, 5:16-34, Spring, 1978.
 "The geographic hypothesis and lactose malabsorption: a weighing of the evidence." American Journal of Digestive Diseases, 23:963-980, 1978.
 "Questions in the sacred cow controversy." Current Anthropology, 20(3): 467-493, 1979.
 "Dairying, milk use, and lactose malabsorption in Eurasia: a problem in culture history." Anthropos, 74:61-80, 1979.
 "Cultural deterrents to use of fish as human food." Oceanus: The International Magazine of Marine Science, 22:67-71, 1979. (with Barbel Schöenfeld-Leber and Helen L. Issel).
 "Geographical and historical approaches." International Journal of Obesity, 4:387-394, 1980.
 "Geographic patterns of lactose malabsorption: a further interpretation of evidence for the old world." In David M. Paige and Theodore M. Bayless (eds.), Lactose Digestion: Clinical and Nutritional Consequences. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 23-48, 1981.
 "Celiac disease as a geographic problem." In Dwain N. Walcher and Norman Kretchmer (eds.), Food, Nutrition and Evolution: Food as an Environmental Factor in the Genesis of Human Variability. New York, Paris, Barcelona, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro: Masson Publishing, pp. 179-199, 1981.
 "Dogs as human food in northwest Africa." Appetite: Journal for Intake Research, 2:253-266, 1981.
 "Background to understanding the cattle situation of India: the sacred cow concept in Hindu religion and folk culture." (with Deryck 0. Lodrick) Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 106(1-2):121-137, 1981.
 "The traditional role of the Mithan or Gayal among the Aka of Arunachal Pradesh, India." (with Elizabeth S. Simoons) Journal of Cultural Geography, 2(1):1-12, Fall/Winter, 1981.
 "Breast-feeding of animals by women: its sociocultural context and geographic occurrence." (with James A. Baldwin) Anthropos, 77:421-448, 1982.
 "The sacred cow concept of India: its impact on other bovines, economic life, and human genetics." In Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt (eds.), India: Cultural Patterns and Processes. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, pp. 267-285, 1982.
 "Problems in the use of animal products as human food: some ethnographical and historical problems." In D.C. Beitz and R.G. Hanson (eds.), Animal Products in Human Nutrition. New York: The Academic Press, pp. 19-34, 1982.
 "Geography and genetics as factors in the psychobiology of food selection." In L.M. Barker, The Psychobiology of Human Food Selection. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing Co., pp. 205-224, 1982.
 "A geographic approach to senile cataracts: possible links with milk consumption, lactase activity, and galactose metabolism." Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 27(3):257-264, March, 1982.
 "Gayal or mithan." Chapter 4. In I.L. Mason (ed.), Evolution of Domesticated Animals. Harlow, Essex: Longman, pp. 34-39, 1983.

Bibliographia
 Daniel W. Gade, "Frederick J. Simoons, Cultural Geographer" in Journal of Cultural Geography vol. 7 (1987) pp. 135-141

Nexus externi
 Bio-bibliographia e situ interretiali Universitatis Californiae
 "Frederick John Simoons" apud AAG

Anthropologi Civitatum Foederatarum
Alumni Collegii et Universitatis Rutgersensis
Alumni Universitatis Californiensis Berkeleiensis
Auctores Anglici
Geographi Civitatum Foederatarum
Incolae Pennsilvaniae
Professores Universitatis Californiensis Davisensis
Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum
Scientiae cibariae eruditi
Professores Universitatis Wisconsinensis

Fridericus Simoons


Väinämöinen is an important person in Finnish mythology. He was a wise man and he knew magic. He was a hero and had many adventures.

Väinämöinen was also a god. As such, he was worshipped.

Magic of Väinämöinen was in his songs. When he sings hills shake and water moves. He sings his enemy, Joukahainen, to sink in swamp.

Väinämöinen was born before Earth. He was floating in the sea. He was born a grown man. Her mother, Ilmatar got pregnant by the water and wind and carried her son for 30 years. A bird (Sotka) made a nest on Ilmatar´s knee and when the bird hatched her eggs (six of them made of iron, one pure gold), it burned Ilmatar´s knee and finally Ilmatar moved her knee and all the eggs flew into the sky and on the earth and were broken. From those pieces the Earth and sky, the stars, The sun and the moon were born.

Finnish mythology

Väinämöinen


Reiner Knizia () is a prolific German-style board game designer.

Early life and education
Born in Germany, he developed his first game at the age of eight. He gained a Master of Science from Syracuse University in the United States and a doctorate in Mathematics from the University of Ulm in Germany. He went on to manage a two-billion-dollar financial company.

Career
Knizia has been a full-time game designer since 1997, when he quit his job from the board of a large international bank. Knizia has been living in England since 1993.

In addition to having designed over 700 published games, Knizia is highly acclaimed as a designer, having won the Deutscher Spiele Preis four times, a Spiel des Jahres (in addition to a Kinderspiel des Jahres and a special award), and numerous other national and international awards. At the Origins Game Fair in 2002 he was inducted into the Gaming Hall of Fame. His games frequently make appearances on various "top games" lists, including the GAMES 100 list, the BoardGameGeek top 100, and the Internet Top 100 Games List. Several gaming conventions host "Kniziathons", which are tournaments dedicated to celebrating Knizia-designed games.

Reiner Knizia started developing games for his play-by-mail game zine Postspillion, founded in 1985. The zine still exists, and the game Bretton Woods (also a Reiner Knizia design), which was started in 1987, is still going.

One of Knizia's best selling games is Lord of the Rings, published in 17 languages with over one million copies sold. His dice game Pickomino has also reached 1 million copies sold and his Keltis sold over 600,000 copies. His game Ingenious has been published in over 20 languages. In 2011, Knizia designed a Star Trek-themed game for NECA/WizKids, based on the 2009 film that 'reset' the Star Trek universe. In 2015 Ravensburger released Star Wars VII - Galaxy Rebellion based on the popular movie franchise.

A number of Knizia designs have been redeveloped for the electronic gaming & console markets. Ingenious (aka Einfach Genial) and Keltis have both appeared in CD-ROM versions; Lost Cities was adapted for Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade. An original game for the Nintendo DS, Dr. Reiner Knizia's Brainbenders was published in 2008; Keltis for the NDS followed in 2009. Other mobile implementations of Knizia titles include Lost Cities, Battle Line, Kingdoms, Medici, Ra, Through the Desert, Samurai and Tigris and Euphrates. Knizia has also designed various game applications specifically for the iPhone, including Robot Master, Dice Monster, Labyrinth and Pipes.

Over several years Knizia has developed a number of hybrid boardgames with electronic components, most notably with German publisher Ravensburger. The first of these was the King Arthur adventure game in 2003, later updated for use with the iPhone in 2014. Other titles include Die Insel, the award-winning Wer War's?, Der Drei ??? and in 2015 Captain Black (notable for a talking ghost pirate captain and a 90 cm3 foot3D ship).

Game characteristics

Knizia's games cover many board game genres. He has designed small two-player card games, children's games, and even a live-action roleplaying game.

One element of modern game design that Reiner Knizia has pioneered is abstract theme. Older themed games like Monopoly have traditionally developed their themes by trying to model or emulate the environment or situation they are thematically tied to. So Monopoly has players buying and developing properties as a real estate developer might. Knizia's thematic game designs tend not to try to model a specific environment, but instead try to invoke the thought and decision-making processes that are key to the theme. For example, Knizia's game Medici has a fairly abstract game system of drawing and buying cards that does not try to model any particular environment, but in the game-world, the players are always attempting to price risk, the key success factor in the investment banking business in which the Medicis made their fortune. A further example of this can be found in Knizia's game, Tigris and Euphrates. The players each take control of one of four different dynasties of Mesopotamia around 3,000 B.C. Each dynasty has priests, farmers, traders, and kings who are placed strategically on the board. The players take turns expanding their dynasties, controlling rivers, building temples, and attacking the other players' dynasties. Instead of Tigris and Euphrates having many complicated rules, the game is relatively simple and has very streamlined rules that does not attempt to emulate the real-life conflicts but rather abstracts this out, allowing for the players to focus on strategic decision making. This approach has allowed Knizia to develop games that are comparatively simple but require thoughtful game-play, while still retaining strongly thematic elements.

Using his understanding of principles in mathematics to full effect, pricing and evaluating risk are frequently recurring elements in Reiner Knizia games. Many of his most successful designs use auctions as a vehicle to price risk, as in Ra, Medici, and Modern Art.

Games

Some of Knizia's games are:
 Abandon Ship
 Age of War/Risk Express
 Amun-Re
 Winner, Deutscher Spiele Preis 2003
 Nominee, International Gamers Awards—General Strategy; Multiplayer
 Amphipolis
 Auf Heller und Pfennig (released in English as Kingdoms)
 Winner, Origins Award for Best Abstract Board Game of 2002
 Battle Line (released as Schotten-Totten in Germany)
 Beowulf: The Legend
 Blue Moon/Blue Moon Legends
 Blue Moon City
 Nominee, Spiel des Jahres 2006
 Carcassonne: The Castle
 Recommended, Spiel des Jahres 2004
 Clickbait (released by Big Potato Games)
 Drahtseilakt (released as Tightrope and Relationship Tightrope in the US)
 Dream Factory (released as Traumfabrik in Germany and Hollywood Blockbuster)
 Winner, Arets Spel for Best Adult Game
 Einfach Genial (released as Ingenious in the US and Mensa Connections in the UK)
 Nominee, Spiel des Jahres 2004
 Winner, Schweizer Spielepreis Best Strategy Game 2004
 High Society (card game)
 Indigo (board game)
 Ivanhoe
 Keltis
 Winner, Spiel des Jahres 2008
LEGO Ramses Pyramid
L.L.A.M.A.
 Nominee, Spiel des Jahres 2019
Loot
 Looting London (card game)
 Lord of the Rings
 Winner, Spiel des Jahres 2001 special prize for best use of literature in a game
 Lord of the Rings: The Confrontation
 Lost Cities
 Winner, International Gamers Award 2000 for Best 2-player strategy game
 Medici
 Recommended, Spiel des Jahres 1995
 Modern Art
 Winner, Deutscher Spiele Preis 1993
 Winner, Finnish Game of the Year 2008
 Recommended, Spiel des Jahres 1993
 My City (board game)
 Nominee, Spiel des Jahres 2020
 My Word!
 Orongo
 Pickomino/Heckmeck
 Prosperity
 Co-designed with Sebastian Bleasdale
 Qin (board game)
 Quo Vadis?
 Recommended, Spiel des Jahres 1992
 Ra
 Nominee, 2000 International Gamers Awards—General Strategy; Multi-player
 Samurai
 (Do You Know) Shakespeare?
 Star Trek: Expeditions
 Star Wars VII - Galaxy Rebellion
 Taj Mahal
 Winner, Deutscher Spiele Preis 2000
 Winner, Essen Feather 2000
 Through the Desert
 Recommended, Spiel des Jahres 1998
 Tigris and Euphrates
 Winner, Deutscher Spiele Preis 1998 for Best Family/Adult Game
 Recommended, Spiel des Jahres 1998
 Tower of Babel
 Winner, Schweizer Spielepreis best strategy game 2005
 Vampire
 Wer war's/Who Was It?
 Winner, Kinderspiel des Jahres 2008
 Winner, Deutscher Kinderspiele Preis 2008
Wettlauf nach El Dorado/The Quest for El Dorado
 Nominee, Spiel des Jahres 2017
 Winner's Circle (board game)
 Recommended, Spiel des Jahres 2001

This is by no means a complete list of his work.  He has been designing games since at least the 1990's.  For a complete list of his work, please visit his website at:

https://www.knizia.de/games/

See also
Going Cardboard (Documentary, includes an interview with Reiner Knizia)

References

External links
 Knizia Games
 Reiner Knizia video interview at Submarine Channel, 15 November 2011
 Postspillion
  (includes complete list of games)
 Reiner Knizia at Math Genealogy Project
 Reiner Knizia by the Numbers, interview with Reiner Knizia, 12 April 2006

Living people
Board game designers
1957 births
People from Illertissen

Reiner Knizia


The Benicia Arsenal (1851–1964) and Benicia Barracks (1852–66) were part of a large military reservation located next to Suisun Bay in Benicia, California. For over 100 years, the arsenal was the primary US Army Ordnance facility for the West Coast of the United States.

In 1847 a  parcel of land adjoining the Benicia city limits on the east was acquired for a military reserve. First occupation of the post was on April 9, 1849, when two companies of the 2nd Infantry Regiment set up camp to establish Benicia Barracks, which also housed the 3rd Artillery Regiment. In 1851, after the urging of General Persifor F. Smith, the first Ordnance Supply Depot in the West was established in Benicia. In 1852 it was designated Benicia Arsenal. Notable military personnel who were stationed there during this time include Ulysses Grant, Edward Ord, and Joseph Hooker, among others.

The grounds of the Benicia Arsenal are also famous for stabling one of the elements of the Army's Camel Corps. The short-lived Camel Corps was disbanded in 1863, but the Camel Barns, built in 1855, remain and are now the Benicia Historical Museum.

The Benicia Arsenal was a staging area during the Civil War for Union troops from the West, and the installation remained a garrisoned post until 1898 when troops were assigned to duty in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War. From 1911 to 1913, the arsenal was commanded by Colden Ruggles, who later served as the Army's Chief of Ordnance. During World War I, the Benicia Arsenal gave ordnance support to all large Army installations in the Western States as well as supplying Ordnance material to American expeditionary forces in Siberia. Italian Service Units of the 4th, 4th and 50th Italian Quartermaster Service Company worked at the Arsenal during World War 2.

In the 24 hours following the Pearl Harbor bombing, 125 separate truck convoys were loaded and dispatched from the Benicia Arsenal, leaving its stock of ammunition, small arms, and high explosives completely exhausted. Throughout the war, the arsenal supplied ports with weapons, artillery, parts, supplies, and tools. In addition, the arsenal overhauled 14,343 pairs of binoculars, manufactured 180,000 small items for tanks and weapons, and repaired approximately 70,000 watches. However, the arsenal is most famous for supplying munitions to Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle for the first bombing raid on Tokyo on April 18, 1942, launched from the USS Hornet.

Prior to 1940, the arsenal employed 85 civilian employees; by October 1942, the payroll had reached 4,545. The labor shortage in 1944 forced the arsenal commander to put 250 Italian and 400 German prisoners of war to work, alongside 150 juveniles from the California Youth Authority. Women comprised nearly half the civilian employee force. During the Korean War, the number of civilians reached an all-time high of 6,700 workers.

The Benicia Arsenal was deactivated in 1963, and the facility was closed in 1964. The arsenal has been redeveloped as work and sales space for artists and artisans.

Medal of Honor recipient John H. Foley is buried in the arsenal's cemetery.

See also
California Historical Landmarks in Solano County
National Register of Historic Places listings in Solano County, California
Gods and Generals by  Michael Shaara.
California during World War II

References

External links

Official Benicia Arsenal website
Benicia Historical Museum
Stone Quarries and Beyond.org: Photographic Tour of the Benicia Arsenal Grounds and Sandstone Quarries

Forts in California
Benicia, California
American Civil War army posts
Buildings and structures in Solano County, California
Military facilities in the San Francisco Bay Area
History of Solano County, California
History of the San Francisco Bay Area
Historic districts in California
California Historical Landmarks
Armories on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in Solano County, California
United States Army logistics installations
California in the American Civil War
American Civil War forts
Formerly Used Defense Sites in California
Infrastructure completed in 1851
1851 establishments in California

Benicia Arsenal


Managed motorways in the United Kingdom are motorways which use active traffic management. Their aim is to increase traffic capacity at times of peak traffic flow. They use variable speed limits and hard shoulder running at busy times. A "hard shoulder" is an inner lane which in normal times is only used for emergencies.

Active traffic management was first used in 2005. The system is now in operation on sections of the M1, M4, M6, and M42, and there are proposals for its use on sections of the M5, M25, M60 and M62.

Benefits include smoother traffic flows, more reliable journey times, fewer road traffic collisions, and reduced noise and harmful vehicle emissions. Where only variable speed limits are used, it is called a controlled motorway.

References

Managed motorway


Virginie was a French-language Canadian television series that aired Monday through Thursday on Radio-Canada (the French-language CBC television network). It debuted in 1996. The show examined the public and private lives of teachers, students, and families at the fictional Sainte-Jeanne-d'Arc high school. It frequently dealt with controversial social topics, such as teen drug use, ethnic prejudice, divorce, and other subjects touching on contemporary Quebec life. "Virginie" was a téléroman-style drama that often used "cliffhangers" in the storylines. It aired 120 episodes per year of 30 minutes each.

The series was produced and largely written by Fabienne Larouche. Virginie ended in December 2010 after 15 years on air; the last episode aired on December 15, 2010. The final episode drew more than 807,000 viewers in Quebec, or about 200,000 more than its average viewership for a typical episode. The program maintained a high level of popularity throughout its television run.

Current main characters

 Virginie Charest (Stéphanie Crête-Blais, 2007–2010) is a physical education teacher at the school.
 Frédéric Perreault (Maxime Denommée), boyfriend of Virginie Charest, is a member of the Royal 22e Régiment and currently based in Afghanistan. The 2009 season finale cliffhanger suggested that the character died on duty.
 Stéphane Lessieur (Peter Miller), former boyfriend of Virginie Boivin and father of her two children. He is currently a police officer with the Sûreté du Québec. He dated the sexologist of the school, Veronique. He is now dating Virginie Charest
 Bernard Paré (Jean L'Italien)
 Pierre Lacaille (JiCi Lauzon)
 Hercule Bellehumeur (Martin Larocque) He is an overweight gym teacher. He is dating Agathe, who is also a gym teacher. Hercule is always on a diet...but loves food and eating too much to resist!
 Péneloppe Belhumeur (Sonia Vachon) She was a teacher at Ste-Jeanne D'arc. She is the sister of Hercule Belhummeur, the gym teacher. She used to date Lacaille, and had a child with him.
 Hugo Lacasse (played by Patrice Bissonnette before the 2002 season, then by Fabien Dupuis)
 Michel Rivest (Marcel Leboeuf)
 Ghislaine Cormier (Louise Deschâtelets)
 Monique Rivest (Annick Bergeron)
 René Ouellet (Michel Forget)
 * Bobby Rajotte (Hubert Proulx)
 Pierre-Paul Laporte (Benoit Langlais)

Other current characters
 "Toutoune" Laporte (Eric Hoziel)
 Cathie Laurendeau (Joëlle Morin)
 Juge Pringle (Réjean Lefrançois)
 Agathe Sirois (Geneviève Néron)
 Sylvain Lajoie (Cédric Pépin)
 Véronique Gagnon (Christine Beaulieu)

Past characters
 Virginie Boivin (Chantal Fontaine, 1996–2008) was the main character until 2008 when she left the series. She was a physical education teacher at the school, who left to live in Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean with her two young children.
 Maurice Ladouceur (Jean-François Mercier) Maurice was killed by a drunk driver.
 Louise Pouliot (Pascale Desrochers) Louise left after giving birth to her child.
 Patrick Labbé as Gary Lamothe
 Monique Chabot as Cécile Boivin
 Claude Blanchard as Pierre Boivin
 Anne Dorval as Lucie Chabot
 Jean-François Pichette as Daniel Charron
 Marie-Joanne Boucher as Claudie Paré
 Julie Vincent as Dominique Latreille
 Frédéric Angers as Guillaume Tremblay
 Michel Daigle as Édouard Lirette
 Katerine Mousseau as Mireille Langlois
 Jacques L'Heureux as Julien Constantin
 Nathalie Gascon as Andrée Constantin*
 Véronique Bannon as Karine Constantin
 Patrice Godin as Marc Dubuc
 Pauline Martin as Suzanne Simoneau
 Bernard Fortin as Marc Dupras
 Muriel Dutil as Lise Bombardier
 Frédéric Pierre as Sylvestre Paul
 Alexandra Laverdière as Julie Constantin
 Marie-Josée Normand as Marilyn Potvin
 Fanny Lauzier as Véronique Bernier
 Jean Petitclerc as Michel Francoeur
 Denyse Chartier as Carmen Paré
 Yvan Ponton as Luc Paré
 Denis Bernard as Roger Tremblay
 Laurence Leboeuf as Évelyne Boivin
 Roxanne Gaudette-Loiseau as Pénélope Chabot-Charron
 Omar Sharif Jr. as Oliver Briscbois
 Béatrice Picard as Alice
 Cleo Tellier as Émilie
 Dominique Lévesque as Henri-Paul Dutrisac
 Maxim Roy as Marie-Claude Roy
 Pierre Curzi as Gilles Bazinet
 Robert Gravel as Gilles Bazinet
 Lucie Laurier as Karine Constantin
 Antoine Bertrand as Patrick Betrand
 Tony Conte as Pietro Curvo
 André Ducharme as Alain Gauthier
 Maxim Gaudette as Éric Pouliot
 Martin Gendron as Stéphane Pouliot
 Myriam Houle as Kim Dubé
 Nicole Leblanc as Yolande Lacaille
 Pierre Legris as Robert Bourdages
 Danièle Lorain as Sœur Jacinthe Lacroix
 Linda Malo as Sophie Lapierre
 Isabelle Maréchal as Andréanne Rocheleau
 Lise Martin as Sœur Rose-Marie
 Dominique Michel as Geneviève Leblanc
 Louis-David Morasse as Simon Laberge
 Iannicko N'Doua-Légaré as Claude Armand
 Patricia Nolin as Marie Lalonde
 Eric Paulhus as Guy Landry
 Julien Poulin as Jean-Louis Beaudry
 Adèle Reinhardt as Normande Legault
 Cleo Tellier as Élève principale
 Geneviève Rochette as Maria-Isabella Ortiz
 Martin Rouette as Videk Striknër
 Jason Roy Léveillée as Steve Ferron
 Isabelle Sénécal-Lapointe as Léa-Marie Clément
 Caroline Tanguay as Annie Legault
 Lily Thibeault as Josiane Despaties
 Daniel Thomas as Philippe Gagné
 Johanne-Marie Tremblay as Ginette Boivin
 Sonia Vachon as Pénélope Belhumeur
 Rosie Yale as Lily Péloquin

External links

References

1996 Canadian television series debuts
2010 Canadian television series endings
Ici Radio-Canada Télé original programming
Television shows filmed in Quebec
Téléromans
1990s Canadian drama television series
2000s Canadian drama television series
2010s Canadian drama television series

Virginie


Peter Stephens (3 January 1920 – 17 September 1972) was an English stage, film and television supporting actor, notable for his appearances in various BBC television shows throughout the 60s, most famously for his portrayal of the Bunteresque character Cyril in the Doctor Who serial The Celestial Toymaker. He was also the director of one film during his career.

Career
Stephens first appeared in films playing Major Lench in the 1956 John Boulting offering, Private's Progress, which starred Richard Attenborough as an innocent young recruit who gets involved with a gang of Army spivs. In the same year, he also made his first major television appearance as Hassan Ben Ali in "Albania", an episode of the ITC Entertainment adventure serial The Count of Monte Cristo. He took a lesser role in the ITV "Television Playhouse" production of Skipper Next to God, portraying a Dutch officer.

In 1957, he switched to the BBC, playing Monte in No Shepherds Watched, the story of a bungling criminal family headed by Warren Mitchell, whose plans for a robbery are foiled by a café owner, played by Mitchell's future Till Death Us Do Part fictional wife, Dandy Nichols.

His only film appearance that year was in the Columbia Pictures British black-and-white film, Kill Her Gently, directed by Charles Saunders but with no star names appearing in the main roles of a man, his wife, and his chance encounter with two known prison escapees, whom he then tries to employ to murder his spouse.

He appeared in two TV series in 1958 – the 6-part "demob" saga from the BBC called Fair Game, and the popular police programme Dixon of Dock Green (playing Todd in "The Key of the Nick").

Directing one film
Peter Stephens' only film as a director, Mustang!, was released through United Artists in 1959. It was based on the book Capture of the Golden Stallion by Rutherford Montgomery, and tells of the attempts by occupants of a ranch first to kill a troublesome wild mustang horse, and then to capture and tame it. He had been approached by film producers Robert Franklyn and Sam Abarbanel to make the Western in the early 1950s, and shooting took place in California and Oklahoma, with the final edit ready by 1955. Unfortunately, the picture quality was poor, reputedly because it had been shot with 16mm film and then enlarged to 35mm.

Returning to acting
He returned to Dixon of Dock Green once more in 1959, though playing an entirely different character, Chapman, in "Over and Out". He also took the role of Mr Lirriper in "The Runaways", part of the Tales from Dickens presentations by Fredric March.

His work in the early 1960s included regular appearances in some well-known productions for television, such as Maigret (1960), Danger Man (1961 and 1966) and the 1962 mini-series of Oliver Twist (featuring a very young Melvyn Hayes as the Artful Dodger) when Stephens played Mr Limbkins. He also played a councillor in Sir Francis Drake in 1962, after which he took time out to appear on the stage.

On 6 August 1964, Stephens opened at the New Arts Theatre in the London premiere of Alan Ayckbourn's play Mr Whatnot, portraying Herbert the Butler, amongst a cast which included Ronnie Barker, Ronnie Stevens and Judy Cornwell. He did find time to play two characters on television that year, Mr Dawson in "My Late Dear Husband", an episode in the popular Scottish series Dr Finlay's Casebook, and Mr Jinkins in the BBC's 13 part serial Martin Chuzzlewit, adapted from Charles Dickens' novel.

1965 saw a brief return to the cinema for him, portraying Sir Giles Redman in the 30-minute "Scales of Justice" featurette The Hidden Face. In television that year, he made appearances in single episodes of more anthology-style series, namely The Man in Room 17, Out of the Unknown, An Enemy of the State, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

Doctor Who and "Cyril"
Perhaps Stephens' best-remembered performances were in three episodes of season 3 of Doctor Who, the long-running British sci-fi series featuring a time-travelling Time Lord played in this series by William Hartnell. In the storyline popularly known as The Celestial Toymaker, he played both Cyril the kitchen boy and the animated playing card the Knave of Hearts. The producers subsequently received complaints from lawyers acting on behalf of the deceased author Charles Hamilton's estate. The character Cyril was said to bear a remarkable resemblance to William George Bunter, whom Hamilton wrote many books about under the pen name Frank Richards. The BBC finally issued a disclaimer, saying that Cyril was merely "Bunter-like".<ref>Cyril or Billy? The resemblance causes allegations of plagiarism against Doctor Who'''s producers, the BBC: IMDB.com website. Retrieved on 25 February 2008.</ref>

Stephens would portray a completely different character, Lolem, during episodes one and three of the 1967 serial The Underwater Menace while Patrick Troughton was playing the Doctor

Final years
Stephens made further 1967 television appearances in Adam Adamant Lives!, Dr Finlay's Casebook (for the second time, but as a different character), and played Felix Delmer in one episode of the BBC drama Champion House.

He continued his film career in 1967 by appearing in a 38-minute short film called Money-Go-Round, based on dealings at the Stock Exchange, and in which he played a tycoon. He followed this in the same year with a more prominent role as Farson in the full-length film Herostratus, whose plot involves issues on suicide, and featured minor roles for a young Helen Mirren and Malcolm Muggeridge, who played himself.

In the Wednesday Play series, he appeared as Captain Carruthers in the final part of Alan Plater's 1968 trilogy, To See How Far It Is, about a "humble pen-pusher in a cardboard factory" who, in his attempts to brighten up his life, ends up surrounded by "a little feminine company" on a cruise ship. He could also be seen on TV in that year in another anthology series, "ITV Playhouse", playing Mr Morrow alongside Nicky Henson and Ronald Fraser in Peter Wildeblood's play Rogues' Gallery: The Lives and Crimes of Jonathan Wild and Jack Sheppard.

Stephens' only cinema appearance of 1969 was as the Abbott of St Mary's in the Hammer/LWT co-production Wolfshead. He was very busy on the small screen however. He took the parts of Bellchamber in "Love All", an episode of the ITV series The Avengers, Quintin Blythe in one episode of Yorkshire Television's The Flaxton Boys serial, and Sir Timothy Grange in "When did You Start to Stop Seeing Things?", from the offbeat ghost-related television series Randall and Hopkirk. He also played Mr Bailey in seven instalments of the TV series Mr Digby Darling, which starred Peter Jones and Sheila Hancock.

After portraying Don Gutierre in the BBC's epic historical drama The Six Wives of Henry VIII, he made a cinema film alongside Jean Simmons called Say Hello to Yesterday, in which he played a businessman.

1971 saw many television appearances from Stephens. The list included Doctor in the House, Brett, Z-Cars, and portraying Beppo Bowles in Eyeless in Gaza.

He made a major film in 1971 with Pier Paolo Pasolini, I Racconti di Canterbury, an Italian language adaptation of Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, playing Justinus. He had previously appeared as a friar in the BBC's bawdy 1969 TV version. The friar turned up in episode 5, entitled "The Wife of Bath's Tale/The Clerk's Tale".

In late 1971 another film, Hammer Films' Twins of Evil, was released, starring Peter Cushing, and in which Stephens supported as a member of the Brotherhood, a fictional sect which fought vampirism in Central Europe in the 19th century.

In the final year of his life, he secured a regular role as the chairman of the board of St. Swithin's Hospital in four episodes of Doctor in Charge, the ITV comedy series based on Richard Gordon's books, and starring Robin Nedwell, George Layton, Geoffrey Davies and Richard O'Sullivan.

His last ever film was Go for a Take,    (released posthumously), an inward-looking treatment satirising the film industry, in which he took the part of a film director who has to contend with two men 'on the run' invading a set, pretending to be film extras.

Peter Stephens died on 17 September 1972; however, one further appearance occurred posthumously — his portrayal of Amlodd in HTV's historical adventure series Arthur of the Britons''. The episode he had completed before his death, "In Common Cause", was not broadcast until 24 October 1973.

Filmography

References

External links

1920 births
1972 deaths
English male film actors
English male television actors
English male stage actors
English film directors
20th-century English male actors
British expatriates in Brazil

Peter Stephens (actor)


Margaret Elphinstone (born 1948) is a Scottish author of novels, short stories and poetry. She is known especially for The Sea Road, a re-telling of the Viking exploration of the North Atlantic.

Biography
Margaret Elphinstone was born in Kent, England. At one point she studied at Queen's College in London. She also graduated with a degree in English from Durham University. She was until recently, Professor of Writing in the Department of English Studies at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, now retired. Her academic research areas are Scottish writers and the literature of Scotland's offshore islands.

She did extensive study tours in Iceland, Greenland, Labrador and the United States. She lived for eight years in the Shetland Islands and is the mother of two children.

Before becoming professor in Glasgow in 2003, she worked at a variety of jobs in different locations. Some of her experiences were later used in her books:

Islanders is based on her participation in archaeological excavations on the Shetland island of Papa Stour.
Two garden books emerged after her work as a gardener in Galloway.
Voyageurs arose after a one-year stay at Central Michigan University and canoeing adventures on the Ottawa River.

Bibliography
 1985 "Spinning the Green", short story
 1987 The Incomer or Clachanpluck, novel.
 1989 A Sparrow's Flight, novel.
 1991 An Apple from a tree, short stories.
 1994 Islanders, novel.
 2000 The Sea Road, novel. (Ger 2001: Der Weg nach Vinland), based on the life of Gudrid of Iceland
 2002 Hy Brasil, novel. (Ger 2004: Inselnotizen), based on the mythical island of Brasil
 2003 Voyageurs, novel. (Ger 2006: Stromaufwärts)
 2006 Light, novel.
 2009 The Gathering Night, novel.

...

Prizes

 1990 Scottish Arts Council Writer's Bursary
 1991 Scottish Arts Council Travel Award
for The Sea Road
 1993 Scottish Arts Council Writer's Bursary
 1994 Scottish Arts Council Travel Award
 2001 Scottish Arts Council Spring Book Award
for Hy Brasil
 1997 Scottish Arts Council Writer's Bursary
for Voyageurs
 2000 Scottish Arts Council Writer's Bursary

Reviews
 Gladstone, Mary (1987), A New Promise, a review of The Incomer, in Cencrastus No. 28, Winter 87/88, pp. 14 & 15,

References

External links
Website of Margaret Elphinstone
Margaret Elphinstone in booksfromscotland.com
Margaret Elphinstone in Contemporary Writers in the UK
Science fiction (German)
Scottish Arts Council
Margaret Elphinstone: Stromaufwärts. List Verlag 2006, p. 2 below. 522 pp.,

1948 births
Living people
Scottish women novelists
Scottish historical novelists
Academics of the University of Strathclyde
People educated at Queen's College, London
Writers from Glasgow
20th-century Scottish novelists
21st-century Scottish novelists
20th-century Scottish women writers
21st-century Scottish women writers
Women historical novelists
Alumni of St Mary's College, Durham

Margaret Elphinstone


Derivative work is a phrase used in copyright law. It is a piece of work (for example: a novel, a song or a painting) that is based on what someone else created.

Copyright law says that if someone writes a book, draws a picture, or writes a song, then it belongs to them. Other people are not allowed to copy it unless the person who created it says that they can. This is important because it means the person who created the work can sell what they created and get money.

A derivative work is one that is based on something else. If a person watches a movie, and then writes a story about the people in the movie, that story is a derivative work. If after hearing a song, someone sings the same tune with different words, the song they sung is a derivative work.

In the law, if someone else has a copyright on something, no one is allowed to create a derivative work unless they say it is allowed. So if someone watches a movie, they are not allowed to write a story about the people in the movie unless the people who made the movie give them permission.

This only applies to the things that are known about by the person creating the work. If a movie is made, but they do not go and see the movie, and then they write a book that has the same story as the movie, that is not a derivative work.

Intellectual property law

Derivative work


On 20 November 1992, a fire broke out in Windsor Castle, the largest inhabited castle in the world and one of the official residences of the British Monarch. The castle suffered extensive damage and was fully repaired within the next five years at a cost of £36.5 million, in a project led by the conservation architects Donald Insall Associates. It led to Queen Elizabeth II paying tax on her income, and to Buckingham Palace, the former monarch's other official residence, being opened to the public to help pay for the restoration work. This event was part of what Queen Elizabeth II called her annus horribilis.

Timeline of the fire

Early stages
The fire began in the Queen's Private Chapel at 11:15am when a curtain was ignited by a spotlight pressed up against it. Agents of the Royal Household were in the chapel at the time inspecting works of art. A fire alarm went off in the watch room of the castle fire brigade, manned by the Chief Fire Officer, Marshall Smith. The fire's location was shown by a light on a grid-map of the castle. Initially, the Brunswick Tower was lit up, but lights soon began to flash indicating that the fire had spread quickly to neighbouring rooms.

A major part of the State Apartments was soon ablaze. Building contractors working in a nearby room attempted to tackle the blaze with fire extinguishers. The  curtains eventually dropped to the floor and continued to burn, while those present hurriedly began removing paintings from the chapel, until the intense heat and raining embers forced them to leave at 11:32am.

At 11:36am, Smith pressed a switch to alert the control room at Reading fire station. He then activated the castle's public fire alarm and telephoned the Royal Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service on a direct line, giving the message, "Windsor Castle here; we have got a fire in the Private Chapel. Come to the Quadrangle as arranged". The castle still had its own twenty-person fire brigade, of whom six were full-time. Equipped with a Land Rover and pump tender, they were based in stables two miles south of the castle, and arrived on the scene at 11:41am. Appliances from the Fire and Rescue Service arrived at 11:44am. By 11:56am, 17 pumping appliances had been ordered. An operation to save furniture and works of art involving castle staff, building contractors and one of the Queen's sons, Prince Andrew, had commenced in rooms adjacent to the fire.

Subsequent events

By 12:12pm, there were 20 fire engines, and by 12:20pm there were 35. Over 200 fire-fighters had come from London, Buckinghamshire, Surrey, and Oxfordshire, as well as from Berkshire. The Fire Incident Commander was David Harper, Deputy Chief Fire and Rescue Officer of the Fire and Rescue Service. The Chief Officer, Garth Scotford, was out of the country, on holiday.

By 12:20pm, the fire had spread to St George's Hall, a banqueting hall and the largest of the State Apartments. The number of fire appliances now totalled 39 with 225 fire-fighters in attendance. Hoses were directed at all levels of the building surrounding the fire. As an indication of the fire's scale, there had been just one 30-appliance fire in the whole of Greater London since 1973.

By 1:30pm, tradesmen had created fire-breaks at the southern wall of the Green Drawing Room (at the end of St George's Hall on the east side of the Quadrangle) and at the northwest corner at Chester Tower, where joins the Grand Corridor. The fire-fighters had by this time started to bring the fire under control, though the roof of the State Apartments had begun to collapse.

At 3:30pm, the floors of the Brunswick Tower collapsed. Firemen had to temporarily withdraw to locate three men who were briefly lost in the smoke, and withdrew again because men were temporarily unaccounted for when part of the roof collapsed.

At 4:15pm, the fire had revived in the Brunswick Tower. As night fell, the fire was concentrated in the tower, which by 6:30pm was engulfed by flames up to  high.

At 7:00pm, the roof of St George's Hall finally collapsed.

By 8:00pm, after burning for nine hours, the fire was under control. It continued to burn for another three hours.

By 11:00pm, the main fire was extinguished, and by 2:30am, the last secondary fires were extinguished. Pockets of fire remained until the early hours of the morning, some 15 hours after it began. 60 firemen with eight appliances remained on duty for several more days. The fire had spread rapidly due to the large cavities and voids in the roof. 1.5 million gallons (7 million litres) of water from the mains water supply, a reservoir-fed hydrant, a swimming pool, a pond, and the nearby River Thames were used to fight it.

Salvage operation
Apart from the several hundred firemen directly involved in the fire-fight, staff and tradesmen helped the castle's fire brigade and volunteer salvage corps move furniture and works of art from the endangered apartments, including a  long table and a  long carpet from the Waterloo Chamber, to the safety of the castle's riding school. It was an enormous operation: 300 clocks, a collection of miniatures, thousands of valuable books and historic manuscripts, and old Master drawings from the Royal Library were saved. On fire officers' instructions, heavy chests and tables were left behind. All other items were placed on giant sheets of tarpaulin in the North Terrace and Quadrangle, and the police called in dozens of removal vans from a large part of the home counties to transport items to other parts of the castle.

Members of the Royal Household, including the 13th Earl of Airlie, assisted in the operation. The Royal Collection Department were especially active, including the director, Sir Geoffrey de Bellaigue; the surveyor of pictures, Christopher Lloyd; the deputy surveyor of the Queen's works of art, Hugh Roberts; the curator of Print Room, Mrs Roberts; and the librarian, Oliver Everett. The Household Cavalry arrived from nearby Combermere Barracks. Some 100 officers and men of the Life Guards proved invaluable for moving bulky items. In all, 125 castle staff, 125 contractors, 100 military personnel and 20 Crown Estate staff were involved in the salvage operation.

There had been no serious injuries and no deaths. Dean Lansdale, a decorator in the Private Chapel, burnt his hands while removing the three or four pictures he rescued. He was moved to the royal surgery and then to a hospital. A royal spokesman denied reports in the media that the surveyor of the Queen's pictures had suffered a heart attack. Five firemen were taken to hospital with minor injuries.

Extent of damage to the castle

Structural damage
The major loss was to the fabric of the castle. The false ceiling in St George's Hall and the void for coal trucks beneath the floor had allowed the fire to spread. It burned as far as the Chester Tower. Several ceilings collapsed. Apartments burnt included the Crimson Drawing Room (completely gutted), the Green Drawing Room (badly damaged, though only partially destroyed by smoke and water) and the Queen's Private Chapel (including the double-sided 19th century Henry Willis organ in the gallery between St George's Hall and Private Chapel, oak panelling, glass and the altar).

St George's Hall survived with the walls largely intact, but the ceiling had collapsed. The State Dining Room in the Prince of Wales Tower and the Grand Reception Room were also devastated. In total, 100 rooms were affected by the fire. Smaller apartments damaged or destroyed included the Star Chamber, Octagon Room, Brunswick Tower (covered in 12 feet (3.5 m) of debris), Cornwall Tower, Prince of Wales Tower, Chester Tower, Holbein Room and the Great Kitchen, which lost its plaster coving and most of the medieval timber. The external wall above the bay window of the Crimson Drawing Room (between the Prince of Wales and Chester Towers) was seriously calcified.

Contents

The most seriously damaged rooms had largely been emptied of their valuable contents the previous day, and some paintings were on loan to a travelling exhibition. Items from the Royal Collection lost include the Sir William Beechey equestrian portrait George III and the Prince of Wales Reviewing Troops, which at 13 feet (4 m) by 16 feet (5 m) was too large to remove; an  long 1820s sideboard by Morel and Seddon; several items of porcelain; several chandeliers; the Willis organ; and the 1851 Great Exhibition Axminster carpet was partly burnt. Peter Brooke, then Secretary of State for National Heritage, called the fire a national disaster.

Tourism
Tourists were allowed into the precincts within three days. The Queen was back in residence a fortnight later. The Gallery and Queen Mary's Dolls' House reopened in December. The State Apartments reopened in 1993 after rewiring was completed, with all major rooms open by Easter, when only St George's Hall and the Grand Reception Room stayed closed. Thus eleven of fifteen principal rooms of the State Apartments were open, and two were still undergoing long-term restoration, with two more having been destroyed.

Restoration project

Funding
It was initially feared that it would cost £60 million to restore the castle, though the final cost was £36.5 million (equivalent to £ million in ), and that drying out the castle would take 10 years. Occupied royal palaces like Windsor Castle are too valuable to insure, and items in the Royal Collection are not insured against loss. An independent trust for private donations towards the cost of the restoration was announced on 16 February 1993 by the Queen's bank, Coutts. On 29 April 1993 it was announced that 70% of the cost would be met by charging the public for entry into the castle precincts and £8 for admission to Buckingham Palace for the next five years. The Queen contributed £2 million of her own money, and she agreed to start paying income tax from 1993 onwards, making her the first British monarch to do so since the 1930s.

Planning

On 7 June 1994, details of the restoration project were announced. The architectural firm Donald Insall Associates was appointed by the Royal Household to take overall charge of the restoration, with Sidell Gibson dealing with the reconstruction of St George's Hall and the design of the new Lantern Lobby and Private Chapel. Over half the damaged and destroyed rooms, including the State and Octagon dining rooms, were to be restored as original. There were to be new designs for the St George's Hall ceiling (with steel reinforcing beams in the roof) and East Screen, as well as the Queen's Private Chapel and the Stuart and Holbein Rooms. However, only the Queen's Private Chapel and several modern rooms were to be restored in a modern style.

Designs were submitted to a Restoration Committee, whose chairman was Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and deputy chairman was Charles, Prince of Wales. Members included the David Ogilvy, 13th Earl of Airlie (Lord Chamberlain), Sir Hayden Phillips (Permanent Secretary of the Department of National Heritage), Norman St John-Stevas, Lord St John of Fawsley (Chairman of the Royal Fine Art Commission), Sir Jocelyn Stevens (Chairman of English Heritage), Frank Duffy (President of the Royal Institute of British Architects) and three senior palace officials.

The fire, catastrophic though it was, presented the opportunity for some major new architectural work. Although criticised by some people who thought it lacked imagination, the architects believed that, given the history of the building and the surviving fabric, the new work had to be Gothic.

Execution

The state dining room gilded sideboard, 19 feet long and made out of rare rosewood and oak, was originally designed by Augustus Pugin in the 19th century. It had to be replicated by Rugby-based N.E.J. Stevenson using only some photographs and descriptions.

New designs for St George's Hall and the Queen's Private Chapel were approved by the Queen on 24 January 1995. Designed by architect Giles Downes, the new roof for St George's Hall is an example of a hammer-beam ceiling. The new chapel and adjoining cloisters were realigned to form a processional route from the private apartments, through an octagonal vestibule, into St George's Hall. Downes's new roof is the largest green-oak structure built since the Middle Ages and is decorated with brightly coloured shields celebrating the heraldic element of the Order of the Garter; the design attempts to create an illusion of additional height through the Gothic woodwork along the ceiling. Commentators have noted that Downes's work does much to compensate for the originally flawed dimensions of the hall. The Lantern Lobby has oak columns forming a vaulted ceiling, imitating an arum lily.

The first stage of the structural restoration was completed in May 1996. Fitting out, originally planned to finish by spring 1998, occurred on 17 November 1997. The Queen held a reception in the newly restored hall for the architects and building contractors involved in the project. Heritage management software was used to restore Windsor Castle.

References

External links
 A day that shook the world: Windsor Castle fire (2010) at The Independent

Building and structure fires in England
Disasters in Berkshire
1992 Fires
1992 disasters in the United Kingdom
1992 in England
1992 in the United Kingdom
1990s fires in the United Kingdom
1992 fires
1990s in Berkshire
November 1992 events in the United Kingdom
Residential building fires
Events involving British royalty
Rebuilt buildings and structures in the United Kingdom
Elizabeth II
Prince Andrew, Duke of York

1992 Windsor Castle fire


The European Article Number (often shortened to EAN) is a standard to encode product numbers. The EAN is a special case of a Global Trade Item Number. The EAN is made of either 8 or 13 digits (EAN-8, and EAN-13). In many cases, the EAN allows to uniquely identify the item. Most of the time, the EAN is printed on the packaging of a product. Special scanners are able to decode these numbers. They then look up the product-specific data (such as the price) and print it on the bill, for exampe.

Note that the EAN is often encoded using a barcode (such as the ones in the example), but this does not have to be thecase. There are other machine-readable codes which can also be used.

EAN-13/GTIN-13
The standard EAN has 13 digits. The EAN is composed of different sections:

 Country-specific part: 3 digits
 Company part
 Article number: 3-5 digits
 Checksum digit

EAN-8/GTIN-8
The normal length of an EAN is 13 digits. There is also a shorter version called EAN-8, for small packages, where the full 13-digit number would take too much space on the package. The EAN-8 consists of:

 Country-specific part: 2-3 digits
 Article number: 4-5 digits
 Checksum digit

There are special organisations which give out both EAN-8 and EAN-13 numbers. Since EAN-8 numbers with a starting digit 2 are free use, many retailers (such as Aldi) use them for their own products. As an example, Aldi uses EAN-8 codes starting with 290 or 221; 290 and 221 are the country-specific parts "for internal use".

Barcodes

European Article Number


Enid Mary Starkie CBE (18 August 1897 – 21 April 1970), was an Irish literary critic, known for her biographical works on French poets. She was a Fellow of Somerville College, Oxford, and Lecturer and then Reader in the University.

Early life
Starkie was born in Killiney, County Dublin, Ireland. She was the eldest daughter of Rt. Hon. William Joseph Myles (WJM) Starkie (1860–1920) and May Caroline Walsh. The academic Walter Starkie was her brother. When she was two years of age her father accepted the post of Resident Commissioner of Education for Ireland. In Edwardian Dublin her upbringing was steeped in studies. Her father hired a French governess, Leonie Cora, to tutor his children in French and music. The children became imbued with everything French, from cooking to Le Printemps catalogues. Enid wrote, "My French governess never stopped talking of France, and she talked with all the nostalgia of the exile." Mlle. Cora had been a pupil of the French pianist and composer Raoul Pugno, and Enid learnt to play the piano, going on to win second medal for two years in succession at Feis Ceoil, the annual music festival in Dublin. She was educated at Alexandra College in Dublin, Somerville College at the University of Oxford, and the Sorbonne in Paris.

Oxford
Starkie read Modern Languages at Oxford and obtained a First in 1920. She taught modern languages at Exeter and then in the Faculty of Medieval and Modern Languages, University of Oxford. Her biography of Baudelaire (1933) was for many English readers their first introduction to the poet. She wrote perceptively on André Gide (1953), securing him an honorary doctorate at Oxford in 1947. She also played a major part in establishing the poetic reputation of Arthur Rimbaud (1938), receiving the first doctorate to be given in the Faculty of Modern Languages for her work Rimbaud in Abyssinia. She published two major volumes on Flaubert (1967, 1971). In 1951 she campaigned successfully to have the quinquennially elected Professor of Poetry at Oxford be a practising poet rather than a critic. She argued that "the Chair ought to go to someone outside the University, to someone who would not otherwise be heard in Oxford. There were enough people already engaged in talking about poetry as critics, indeed too many." C. S. Lewis was defeated by Cecil Day-Lewis in the first subsequent election. She also campaigned successfully for W. H. Auden (1956), Robert Graves (1961), and Edmund Blunden (1966) in subsequent elections for the Chair, leading one critic to complain that, "This was a serious academic affair until Dr. Starkie turned it into something like the Oxford and Cambridge boat race." She also secured an honorary doctorate for Jean Cocteau in 1956.

She was honoured as an officer of the Legion d'honneur in 1958, and as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1967. Many people regarded her as eccentric. An article in Time magazine portrayed her as "a brilliant Rimbaud scholar who pub-crawls about Oxford in bright red slacks and beret while smoking cigars." Francis Steegmuller wrote, "One of the things I most enjoyed about her was her true eccentricity, in a world where false eccentricity has become a kind of conformity. My wife is the novelist, Shirley Hazzard, and I always wonder when Enid will appear in one of her books."

Works
 Les sources du lyrisme dans la poésie d'Emile Verhaeren (1927)
 Baudelaire (1933)
 Rimbaud en Abyssinie (1933)
 Arthur Rimbaud in Abyssinia (1937)
 Arthur Rimbaud (1938) revised twice
 A Lady's Child (1941) autobiography
 Petrus Borel en Algérie (1950); (written in French)
 The French Mind: Studies in Honour of Gustave Rudler (1952); editor with Will Moore and Rhoda Sutherland
 André Gide (1953)
 Petrus Borel: The Lycanthrope (1954)
 Three Studies in Modern French Literature (Proust, Gide, Mauriac) (1960); with J. M. Cocking and Martin Jarrett-Kerr
 Arthur Rimbaud (1961) the final revision, a complete re-evaluation based on newly discovered materials. A New Directions book
 From Gautier to Eliot: 1851–1939; the Influence of France on English Literature (1962)
 Flaubert: the Making of the Master (1967)
 Flaubert the Master (1971)

Notes

References
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Starkie, Enid Mary (1897–1970), French scholar by Peter France.

External links

 Enid Mary Starkie (1897–1970), Critic and university teacher, National Portrait Gallery, London
 for a wonderful lambasting of her critiques of Flaubert, see "Flaubert's Parrot" by Julian Barnes  Flaubert's Parrot

1897 births
1970 deaths
20th-century Irish non-fiction writers
University of Paris alumni
20th-century Irish biographers
Literary critics of French
Scholars and academics from County Dublin
First women admitted to degrees at Oxford
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
Fellows of Somerville College, Oxford
People educated at Alexandra College
People from Killiney
Irish literary critics
Writers from County Dublin
20th-century Irish women writers

Enid Starkie


Wilhelm, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe-Bückeburg (9 January 1724 – 10 September 1777), born Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Graf zu Schaumburg-Lippe-Bückeburg, was a German ruler of the County of Schaumburg-Lippe-Bückeburg, an important military commander in the Seven Years' War, Generalfeldzeugmeister of the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a British field marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) and the grandson of George I of Great Britain.

Biography
He was born in London the son of Albrecht Wolfgang, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe and of his first wife Countess Margarete Gertrud of Oeynhausen (1701–1726), an alleged bastard daughter of George I of Great Britain and his mistress Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg.

He accompanied his father in his campaign in Dutch service during the 1740-1748 War of Austrian Succession, and was present at the Battle of Dettingen (1743). He then fought in Austrian service in their Italian campaign. He succeeded his father as Count on 25 October 1748.

Seven Years War

As Count and General of the Artillery (Generalfeldzeugmeister) he sided with Prussia during the Seven Years' War. He distinguished himself at the head of the allied artillery during the Battle of Minden and was rewarded with the overall command of the allied artillery.

Portugal
In 1762, at the request of the Marquis of Pombal (the Portuguese Secretary of State) he led, as Generalissimus, the allied troops in Portugal against the Spanish invasion. William conducted a brilliant defensive campaign of marches and counter-marches, so that the enemy, although it had a three-to-one superiority in numbers, always encountered defenders in a good position and never dared to risk an all-out attack. At the request of Pombal, Lippe stayed on for a year after the peace agreement of 1763.

He was also an influential military theorist and an advocate of defensive warfare. One of his best-known slogans is: "Kein anderer als der Defensivkrieg ist rechtmäßig!" ("Only defensive warfare is justified!")

He died at Wölpinghausen and was succeeded by his cousin the count of Lippe-Alverdissen, Philipp II. Ernst. As one of the greatest figures in German history, he is commemorated by a bust in the Walhalla temple.

Family

By 1764 Wilhelm had two children, Joseph and Olimpia Petronellia. They were born in Elvas, Portugal. Olimpia was baptized in the Church "Matriz" in the city of Campo Maior on 24 June 1764. Years after, before her marriage, Olimpia was recognized by her father's cousin, Philip II Ernst, and her name was changed to Olímpia Patronellia Ernestina de Schaumburg-Lippe. Olimpia died on 25 November 1822.

He was married on 12 November 1765 at Stadthagen to Countess Marie Barbara Eleonore of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1744–1776), daughter of Frederick Charles Augustus, Count of Lippe. They had two children; Countess Emilie (1771–1774) and an unnamed son (1772).

See also
 Conde de Lippe Fort, a fortress to protect Portugal during the Seven Years' War
 Wilhelmstein, an artificial fortified island in the lake Steinhuder Meer, constructed to the orders of the Count.
 Steinhuder Hecht, an experimental submarine, constructed at Wilhelmstein.

References

External links
Schaumburg-Lippe Nobility

1724 births
1777 deaths
Military personnel from London
People from Schaumburg-Lippe
German military personnel of the Seven Years' War
Counts of Lippe
House of Lippe
Field marshals of Portugal

William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe


Roger Eugene Maris (born Maras; September 10, 1934 – December 14, 1985) was an American professional baseball right fielder who played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He is best known for setting a new MLB single-season home run record with 61 home runs in 1961. The record remained unbroken until 1998 and remained the American League (AL) record until Aaron Judge broke it in 2022.

Maris played in the minor leagues from 1953 to 1956, and made his major league debut for the Cleveland Indians in 1957. He was traded to the Kansas City Athletics during the 1958 season, and to the New York Yankees after the 1959 season. Maris finished his playing career as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals in 1967 and 1968. Maris was an AL All-Star from 1959 through 1962, an AL Most Valuable Player in 1960 and 1961, and an AL Gold Glove Award winner in 1960. Maris appeared in seven World Series; he played for Yankees teams that won the World Series in 1961 and 1962 and for a Cardinals team that won the World Series in 1967.

Maris's home run record was controversial, as the previous single-season home run record (60, set by Babe Ruth in 1927) was set during a period when MLB teams played 154 games per season. Before Maris broke Ruth's record, the AL baseball season had been extended to 162 games. Maris hit his 61st home run in the last game of the season, which led to questions about the legitimacy of his record. In 1998, Mark McGwire set a new MLB record with 70 home runs; the same year Sammy Sosa also surpassed Maris' record with 66 home runs. In 2001, Barry Bonds surpassed that mark with 73 home runs, though all three players used performance-enhancing drugs.
Maris' AL single-season home run record stood until 2022, when Aaron Judge hit 62 home runs in a single season for the New York Yankees.

Early years
Roger Eugene Maris was born on September 10, 1934, in Hibbing, Minnesota; in 1955, his father changed the surname from Maras to Maris. Roger's parents, Rudolph S. "Rudy" Maras and Ann Corrine "Connie" (née Perkovich) were born in Minnesota, and were of Croatian heritage.

Maris' brother Rudolph, who was a year older, developed polio at age 18 in 1951. Maris' parents had a turbulent marriage and divorced in 1960. His father died in Fargo in 1992 at age 81. The Maris family moved to Grand Forks, North Dakota, in 1938, and to Fargo, North Dakota, in 1946. Maris entered Fargo Central High School in 1948. In 1950, Maris, a Catholic, transferred to Bishop Shanley High School in Fargo, and graduated from there in June 1952. Maris played both baseball and football for the Shanley Deacons. In football, Maris set a national high school record, which still stands, for most return touchdowns in a game, with four (two kickoff returns, one punt return, and one interception return). In that 1951 game, he also scored a fifth touchdown on a 32-yard run from scrimmage. He met his future wife, Patricia, in the tenth grade at a high school basketball game.

Minor league baseball career
Maris began play for the Indians' minor league organization at Fargo (the Fargo-Moorhead Twins) in 1953. He was named rookie of the year in the Northern League, then moved on to Keokuk, Iowa, the next season. In four minor league seasons from 1953 to 1956, Maris hit .303 with 78 home runs. In game two of the 1956 Junior World Series, Maris, playing for the Indianapolis Indians of the American Association (Triple-A league), set a record by driving in seven runs. With all five teams for which Maris played in the minors, the clubs' win-loss records improved from the prior season.

Major league baseball career

Cleveland Indians (1957–1958)
Maris made his major league debut on April 16, 1957, with the Cleveland Indians. Two days later, he hit the first home run of his career, a grand slam off Tigers pitcher Jack Crimian at Briggs Stadium in Detroit. He finished his rookie season with 14 home runs. On June 15, 1958, after playing in 51 games and hitting nine home runs for the Indians, he was traded to the Kansas City Athletics with Dick Tomanek and Preston Ward for Vic Power and Woodie Held.

Kansas City Athletics (1958–1959)
Maris played in 99 games and hit 19 home runs for Kansas City in 1958. In 1959, he played in 122 games and hit 16 home runs; he missed 45 games during the second half of the season as a result of an appendix operation. He was selected to play in the second of two All-Star Games held that year. In the late 1950s, Kansas City frequently traded their best young players to the New York Yankees—a practice which led them to be referred to as the Yankees' "major league farm team"—and Maris was no exception. In a seven-player deal in December 1959, he was sent to the Yankees with Kent Hadley and Joe DeMaestri in exchange for Marv Throneberry, Norm Siebern, Hank Bauer, and Don Larsen.

New York Yankees (1960–1966)
In 1960, Maris hit a single, double, and two home runs in his first game as a Yankee. He was named to the AL All-Star roster again and played in both games. He finished the season leading the AL in slugging percentage (.581), runs batted in (112), and extra base hits (64). He also hit 39 home runs and had a .283 batting average. He won the American League's Most Valuable Player award and was recognized as an outstanding defensive outfielder with a Gold Glove Award. The Yankees won the American League pennant, the first of five consecutive pennants, but lost a seven-game World Series to the Pittsburgh Pirates culminating in Bill Mazeroski's dramatic walk-off home run.

1961

In 1961, the AL expanded from eight to ten teams. In the expansion draft, the newly created Los Angeles Angels and Washington Senators were restricted to drafting players from AL rosters. The perceived result was that American League team rosters had become watered down, as players who would otherwise have been playing at AAA, if not lower, were now in the AL. The Yankees, however, were left mainly intact. In order to maintain a balanced schedule, AL owners extended the season from 154 games to 162 games in 1961. (The National League expanded its season to 162 games in 1962.) On January 23, 1961, an Associated Press reporter asked Maris whether the schedule changes might threaten Babe Ruth's single-season home run record; Maris replied, "Nobody will touch it ... Look up the records and you'll see that it's a rare year when anybody hits 50 homers, let alone 60."

Yankee home runs began to come at a record pace. One famous photograph lined up six 1961 Yankees, including Mantle, Maris, Yogi Berra and Bill Skowron, under the nickname "Murderers Row", because they hit a combined 165 home runs the previous season (the title "Murderers Row", originally coined in 1918, had most famously been used to refer to the 1927 Yankees). As mid-season approached, it seemed quite possible that either Maris or Mantle, or perhaps both, would break Ruth's 34-year-old home run record. Sportswriters began to play the "M&M Boys" against each other, inventing a rivalry where none existed, as Berra would tell multiple interviewers. More and more, the Yankees became "Mickey Mantle's team" and Maris was ostracized as an "outsider" and "not a true Yankee." Mantle, however, was felled by a hip infection causing hospitalization late in the season, leaving Maris as the single remaining player with the opportunity to break Ruth's home run record. In the middle of the season, baseball commissioner Ford Frick (a friend of Ruth) announced at a press conference that unless Ruth's record was broken in the first 154 games of the season, the new record should be shown separately in the "record books", with some "distinctive mark" next to it indicating it had been done in a 162-game season. The asterisk as such a mark was immediately suggested by New York Daily News sportswriter Dick Young. In spite of its formality, Frick's so-called ruling was merely a suggestion: Major League Baseball had no direct control over any record books until many years later. As he closed in on Ruth's record, Maris received death threats and NYPD detective Kieran Burke was assigned to watch over him.

Maris had 59 home runs after the Yankees' 154th game and therefore failed to beat Ruth's 60 home runs within the original season length. Maris hit his 61st home run on October 1, 1961, in the fourth inning of the last game of the season, at Yankee Stadium in front of 23,154 fans. Boston Red Sox pitcher Tracy Stallard gave up the record home run, which was caught by fan Sal Durante in the right field bleachers. Maris was awarded the 1961 Hickok Belt as the top professional athlete of the year and won the American League's MVP Award for the second straight year. It is said, however, that the stress of pursuing the record was so great for Maris that his hair occasionally fell out in clumps during the season. Within a few years the asterisk controversy died down and all prominent baseball record keepers listed Maris as the single-season record holder. Incidentally, it was later found that the Yankees stole signs from the bench that year, specifically having the help of pitcher Bob Turley and his distinct whistle; Tony Kubek noted that the stealing was so good that Turley wasn't allowed off the bench even when he got hurt, and he estimated that Mickey Mantle hit 50 home runs due to Turley. When Maris went up to the plate for that famous home run, Maris heard the sign relayed to him and hit it out for a home run (coincidentally, the third base coach of the Yankees in Frank Crosetti was a teammate of Ruth).

1962–1966

In 1962, Maris made his fourth consecutive All-Star team appearance and his seventh and final All-Star game appearance. He made a game-saving play in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 of the 1962 World Series against the San Francisco Giants. With the Yankees leading 1–0 and Matty Alou on first, Willie Mays doubled toward the right-field line. Maris cut off the ball and made a strong throw to prevent Alou from scoring the tying run; the play set up Willie McCovey's series-ending line drive to second baseman Bobby Richardson, capping what would prove to be the final World Series title for the Yankees until 1977.

In 1963, Maris played in only 90 games, hitting 23 home runs. Maris was injured in game two of the 1963 World Series, in which the Yankees were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers in four games.

In 1964, he rebounded, appearing in 141 games, batting .281 with 26 home runs. Maris hit a home run in Game 6 of the 1964 World Series, in which the Yankees lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games. In 1965, his physical problems returned, and he had off-season surgery to remove a bone chip in his hand. In 1966, the Yankees' and Maris's fortunes continued to decline as he played most of the season with a misdiagnosed broken bone in his hand. On December 8, 1966, he was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals for Charley Smith.

St. Louis Cardinals (1967–1968)
Maris played his final two seasons with the Cardinals, helping the team to win the 1967 and 1968 pennants and the 1967 World Series. In the 1967 World Series, he hit .385, with a home run and seven RBI. It was the best World Series performance of Maris' career.

Later years and death
In the 1970s and 1980s, Maris and his brother owned and operated Maris Distributing, the Budweiser beer distributorship in Gainesville, Florida (and Ocala, Florida), where he moved after retiring from baseball after the 1968 season. Gussie Busch, who owned both the Cardinals and Anheuser-Busch, got Maris started in the beer business. Maris also coached baseball at Gainesville's Oak Hall High School, which named its baseball field after him in 1990.

In 1978, Maris returned to Yankee Stadium on Old Timers Day, ending a decade-long boycott from the Yankees. He was introduced by Mantle and got a standing ovation from the crowd.

Maris was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 1983. In response, Maris organized the annual Roger Maris Celebrity Golf Tournament to raise money for cancer research and treatment. He died of the disease at age 51 on December 14, 1985, at M.D. Anderson Hospital in Houston, Texas and was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Fargo, North Dakota.

Media appearances
Maris and Mantle starred in a 1962 film, Safe at Home!, playing themselves. That year, Maris, Mantle, and Yankee teammate Yogi Berra also made appearances in the film That Touch of Mink, starring Cary Grant and Doris Day.

In 1980, Maris, Mantle, Whitey Ford, Elston Howard, and other former Yankee players made appearances in the film It's My Turn, starring Michael Douglas and Jill Clayburgh.

Also in 1980, Maris appeared on the November 11 episode of the variety show Hee Haw along with Barbara Mandrell and Sonny Curtis.

Maris' wife, Pat, appeared as herself on October 2, 1961, episode of the game show To Tell the Truth. She received three of the four possible votes.

Legacy

Despite the statements made by Commissioner Frick in 1961, no asterisk was subsequently used beside Maris's home run record in any record books. The Guinness Book of World Records did, however, differentiate the Maris home run record and the Ruth home run record as distinct and separate for a number of years. Speaking at the 1980 All-Star Game, he said, "They acted as though I was doing something wrong, poisoning the record books or something. Do you know what I have to show for 61 home runs? Nothing. Exactly nothing."

Maris's single-season MLB home run record was broken by Mark McGwire, who hit 70 in 1998. Barry Bonds set a new MLB record with 73 home runs in 2001. Maris's home run mark was also surpassed by McGwire in 1999 (with 65) and by Sammy Sosa (with 66 in 1998, 63 in 1999, and 64 in 2001). McGwire, Sosa, and Bonds have all been linked to performance-enhancing drugs. Maris remained the AL record-holder for most home runs in a season until Aaron Judge hit his 62nd home run on October 4, 2022, in the Yankees' 161st game of the year.

In 1964, Maris received North Dakota's Roughrider Award.

In 1977, Maris was inducted into the North Dakota American Legion Baseball Hall of Fame.

A Roger Eugene Maris plaque dedication and No. 9 retirement ceremony in Monument Park at Yankee Stadium was held on July 22, 1984 (Old-Timers' Day). The inscribed plaque, subtitled "Against All Odds", calls Maris "A great player and author of one of the most remarkable chapters in the history of major league baseball." Maris participated in the ceremony, wearing a Yankee #9 uniform. Elston Howard (No. 32), a teammate of Maris, was honored along with Maris.

The Roger Maris Museum, which opened in 1984 at the West Acres Shopping Center in Fargo, and the Roger Maris Cancer Center at Sanford Hospital in Fargo are both named after Maris.

The United States Postal Service issued a "Roger Maris, 61 in 61" commemorative stamp on September 17, 1999, as part of the Celebrate the Century series. This places him in rarer company than even being elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame, as only 30 baseball players have been given their own commemorative U.S. postage stamp as of 2022.

Actor Barry Pepper portrayed Maris in the 2001 HBO film 61*, directed by Billy Crystal.

In 2005, in light of accusations of steroid use against the three players who had, by then, hit more than 61 home runs in a season (McGwire, Sosa and Bonds), the North Dakota Senate wrote to Major League Baseball to express the opinion that Roger Maris's 61 home runs should be recognized as the single-season record.

Maris was inducted into the Baseball Reliquary's Shrine of the Eternals in 2009.

As of 2010, Newman Signs Inc., which holds the naming rights to Newman Outdoor Field in Fargo, continued to use billboard signage to declare Maris as the "Legitimate Home Run King".

On September 24, 2011, at Yankee Stadium, the Yankees celebrated the 50th anniversary of Maris's single-season home run record.

In October 2022, he was inaugurated in the Croatian-American Sports Hall of Fame.

Hall of Fame candidacy
Maris was considered for election to the National Baseball Hall of Fame via voting of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BWAA) from 1974 to 1988. To date, Maris has not been elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.

In 1977, sportswriter Greg Hansen criticized baseball writers in the St. Petersburg Independent for excluding Maris from the Hall of Fame after Maris received only 72 votes in that year's voting. Hansen noted that there were many outfielders in the Hall of Fame who had never won two MVP awards, and that no one else had ever hit 61 home runs in a season. "To show you what an injustice this is to the man, Maris finished just a notch ahead of Harvey Kuenn, for crying out loud." Hansen wrote that Maris had resented the media's intrusion on his privacy; he said that Maris's tense relationship with the media had affected the voting. Hansen also wrote that Maris had told him after the voting that he knew he would never get inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame: "I'll leave the Hall of Fame to the geniuses that vote on it. I will never get in. I have always known that. I will not argue with you about why or why not I should be elected."

In 2010, the Baseball Hall of Fame established a Golden Era Committee (replacing the Veterans Committee) to vote on the possible Hall of Fame induction of previously overlooked players along with retired umpires, managers and executives who made the greatest contributions to baseball between 1947 and 1972.
Beginning in December 2011, this committee voted every three years on ten candidates from the era selected by the Baseball Writers' Association of America's (BBWAA) Historical Overview Committee. Maris did not appear on the first Golden Era Committee ballot in 2011 or on the second one in 2014 (one former player was voted to the Hall of Fame in 2011 and no one was voted in by the committee in 2014).

In August 2011, George Vecsey of The New York Times called Maris "a terrific player for a few brief years". Vecsey wrote that while Maris had two seasons where he played at Hall of Fame caliber, and while Maris played in an era that was not influenced by performance-enhancing substances, he did not believe that Maris's career statistics were worthy of induction.

Golden Days Committee
In July 2016, four new committees were established. The Golden Days Era Committee (1950–1969) was scheduled to meet and vote for the first time in December 2020 for the 2021 Hall of Fame induction. Maris is the 24th former player on the Hall of Fame rated list of 85 eligible candidates for the Golden Days Committee Ballot. In August 2020, the Hall of Fame rescheduled The Golden Days Committee winter meeting in 2020 to December 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The committee's ballot consists of ten candidates compiled by the BBWAA's Historical Overview Committee. Maris was named one of the ten finalists, but ultimately was not part of the chosen class, which consisted of Minnie Miñoso, Tony Oliva, Jim Kaat, and Gil Hodges.

MLB statistics
Maris's major league statistics:

MLB awards
Maris's major league awards:

Other awards, honors, and achievements

 Hickok Belt (1961)
 Sporting News Player of the Year (1961)
 World Series champion: 1961, 1962, 1967
 AL leader in home runs, runs scored, and total bases: 1961
 AL leader in runs batted in and extra base hits: 1960, 1961
 AL leader in slugging average: 1960
 AL leader in double plays turned as right fielder and outfielder: 1959
 AL leader in fielding average as right fielder: 1960, 1964
 NL leader in fielding average as right fielder: 1967
 New York Yankees No. 9 retired / Monument Park honoree: 1984

MLB records
Home runs, season, MLB: 61 (1961)
 Broken by Mark McGwire on September 8, 1998

Home runs, season, AL: 61 (1961)
 Broken by Aaron Judge on October 4, 2022

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball home run records

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading

External links

1934 births
1985 deaths
Major League Baseball right fielders
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
American League All-Stars
American League home run champions
American League RBI champions
Gold Glove Award winners
American League Most Valuable Player Award winners
Cleveland Indians players
Kansas City Athletics players
New York Yankees players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Indianapolis Indians players
Burials in North Dakota
Deaths from cancer in Texas
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
People from Fargo, North Dakota
Sportspeople from Hibbing, Minnesota
Sportspeople from Fargo, North Dakota
Baseball players from Minnesota
Baseball players from North Dakota
Catholics from Minnesota
Catholics from North Dakota
American people of Croatian descent
American people of Hungarian descent
American people of Slovak descent

Roger Maris


Black Friday is the day after Thanksgiving in the United States. Even though it falls on a Friday, which is the last day before the weekend, and comes right after Thanksgiving Thursday, it is not a federal holiday. There are some states, however, that observe this day instead of Columbus Day for workers of the state government.

The name "Black Friday" started to be used sometime after World War II, but it was not popular outside of Philadelphia until around 1975

Traditions
Many Americans see Black Friday as the official beginning of the Christmas holiday season, a time when many people go shopping for gifts to give to their family and friends on Christmas Day. On Black Friday, many stores have big sales, and it is common to see long lines of people waiting outside stores and in malls to get the best deals first before they run out. Because of this, stores usually open around 6 am in the morning or later. Some stores, though, started opening at 5 am and even 4 am in the late 20th century. Now, a few stores even open at midnight. Shoppers like to stay out all day to get what they need, making Black Friday the busiest shopping day of the year.

On the first Monday after the long weekend is Cyber Monday, when many people go online shopping.

References

Days

Black Friday


The Golden Charter of Bern (also: Golden Bull, in German: Goldene Handfeste or Berner Handfeste) is a medieval charter purporting to have been issued by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. It establishes the town privileges of Bern (now the capital of Switzerland), making it an Imperial Free City and, effectively, an independent state. The charter is dated to 1218, but is now believed by most scholars to be a Bernese forgery from the middle of the 13th century.

The charter's 54 articles provided for extensive privileges, including the free election of the Schultheiss (i.e., mayor) and the right to autonomously legislate. It also provided for the establishment of an Imperial Mint, which was established in 1228 at the latest, to coin Berner Pfennige. These rights were formally confirmed by King Rudolf I in 1274, and the issue of the charter's authenticity thus made moot. The charter is called "golden" due to its impressive (and undoubtedly authentic) golden bull, or seal. Its face shows Frederick on the throne with his Emperor's regalia, circumscribed "Frederick, by the Grace of God Roman King, ever increasing the Empire, King of Sicily."

The issue of whether the charter — regarded as Bern's founding document for centuries — is authentic has been contentious among historians since the 1860s. Modern researchers now seem to agree that it is a forgery done on behalf of Bern's government during the middle of the 13th century, done to establish in writing the rights the city had in practice seized decades previously. They point out that the exceptional liberties granted by the charter were very atypical for the time, and that the writing seems to match that of one writer in the Frienisberg monastery. Monasteries, at that time, were masters of the pia fraus, the "pious fraud" of falsifying documents to match a dead benefactor's supposed intent. On the other hand, X-ray analysis in 2002 did not reveal any indication that (as had been assumed) the authentic bull had been removed from an authentic document and then re-affixed to the Bernese charter.

See also
History of Bern

References

Literature
 Rainer C. Schwinges, Erfolgreich gefälscht — die Goldene Handfeste in: Rainer C. Schwinges (ed.), Berns mutige Zeit: Das 13. und 14. Jahrhundert neu entdeckt, Bern, Schulverlag blmv AG und Stämpfli Verlag AG, Bern 2003,  and , p. 231–232.
 Barbara Spalinger, Die Goldbulle der Handfeste im Röntgenbild, in: Schwinges (2003), op.cit., p. 233.
 Karl H. Flatt, Das Bernbiet im Früh- und Hochmittelalter, in: Peter Meyer (ed.), Berner — deine Geschichte, Büchler Verlag, Bern 1981, , p. 58.

1210s in law
Golden Bulls
History of Bern
Political charters
Medieval charters and cartularies
1210s in the Holy Roman Empire
1218 in Europe

Golden Charter of Bern


Spiritualism haes various flavors tae it.

Maist Spiritualist wid gree tae th' follaein nine principles:  1) We hawp in Infinite Intelligence; 2) we hawp that th' phenomena o' Nature, baith physical 'n' spiritual, ur th' expression o' Infinite Intelligence; 3) we affirm that a correct understanding o' sic expression 'n' living in accordance therewith constitute true religion; 4) we affirm that th' existence 'n' personal identity o' th' individual continue efter th' change cried death; 5) we affirm that communication wi' th' so-called deid is a fact, scientifically proven by th' phenomena o' Spiritualism; 6) we hawp that th' hi'est morality is contained in th' Golden Rule: "Do unto others as ye wid huv thaim dae unto you."  7) we affirm th' moral responsibility o' th' individual, 'n' that we mak' oor ain happiness or unhappiness as we obey or disobey Nature's physical 'n' spiritual laws; 8) we affirm that th' doorway tae reformation is ne'er closed against ony soul 'ere or hereafter; 9) we affirm that th' precept o' Prophecy 'n' Healing ur Divine attributes.

Spiritualism haes a tendencey tae wane whin times ur guid, 'n' tae thrive whin times ur ill (such as in times o' war). Lik' ony denomination, Spiritualism haes various branches tae it.

New releegious movements

Speeritualism


Quantitative reséarch is the numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations reflect. It is used in a wide variety of natural and social sciences, including physics, biology, psychology, sociology and géology.

Quantitative reséarch begins with the collection of statistics, based on réal data, observations or questionnaires. In the field of héalth, for example, reséarchers might méasure and study the relationship between dietary intake and méasurable physiological effects such as weight loss. Opinion surveys are a form of quantitative reséarch in which respondents are asked a set of fixed questions and their responses are tallied. In the field of climate science, reséarchers compile and compare statistics such as temperature or atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Sometimes quantitative reséarch uses proxies as stand-ins for other quantities that cannot be directly méasured. Tree-ring width, for example, is considered a reliable proxy of ambient environmental conditions such as the warmth of growing séasons or amount of rainfall. Although scientists cannot directly méasure the temperature of past yéars, tree-ring width and other climate proxies have been used to provide a semi-quantitative record of average temperature in the Northern Hemisphere back to 1000 A.D. When used in this way, the proxy record (tree ring width, say) only reconstructs a certain amount of the variance of the original record. The proxy may be calibrated (for example, during the period of the instrumental record) to determine how much variation is captured, including whether both short and long term variation is revéaled. In the case of tree-ring width, different species in different places may show more or less sensitivity to, say, rainfall or temperature: when reconstructing a temperature record there is considerable skill in selecting proxies that are well correlated with the desired variable.

Quantitative reséarch is often contrasted with qualitative research, which is the non-numerical examination and interpretation of observations for the purpose of discovering underlying méanings and patterns of relationships. Qualitative reséarch is generally considered to be exploratory and inductive in nature. It is used to get a general sense of what is happening and to form théories that can then be tested using quantitative reséarch, which is viewed as confirmatory and deductive in nature.

Panalungtikan kuantitatif


Woodruff (Galium odoratum) is a plant used for herbical medicine. It grows to 30-50 cm long.

Uses
Dried woodruff is used in potpourri and as a moth deterrent. It is also used in Germany, to flavour May wine, syrup for beer, brandy, sausages, jelly, jam, a soft drink (Tarhun), ice cream, and tea. In Germany it is also used to flavour Sherbet (powder). Mixed with German "corn schnapps" (alternative: vodka), it is a popular drink among people at parties. It is also called "Korn Brause" or "Korn ahoi". Also, Waldmeister flavoured jelly made from vodka is popular at parties too.

Herbs
Rubiaceae

Woodruff


Joan Colom i Altemir (April 1921 – 3 September 2017) was a Spanish photographer renowned for his portraits of Barcelona's underworld and working class, especially in the infamous neighbourhood of Raval.

Colom was born in Barcelona. He was a self-taught photographer, and produced his best-known pictures while working during the week as an accountant. In 1957 he became a member of the Agrupació Fotogràfica de Catalunya (AFC), and co-founded in 1960 the artist's group El Mussol ("The Owl"). In 1962 he was presented in Paris along with fellow photographers Xavier Misserachs and Oriol Maspons as part of the "New Avantgarde" movement, strongly inspired by masters such as Brassaï, Francesc Català Roca, Henri Cartier-Bresson or Man Ray. He was awarded the National Photography Prize by Spain's Ministry of Culture in 2002, as well as the Golden Medal for Cultural Merit by the Barcelona city council, the National Visual Arts Prize by the Generalitat de Catalunya and the Creu de Sant Jordi in 2006. In 2011 the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya (MNAC) was granted by the artist part of his photographic material.

References

External links
El País article

1921 births
2017 deaths
Photographers from Catalonia
El Raval
People from Barcelona
Street photographers

Joan Colom


The Berlin Philharmonic (in German: Die Berliner Philharmoniker), is an orchestra from Berlin, Germany. It is one of the greatest orchestras in the world. The conductor of the orchestra is Sir Simon Rattle.

History

The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra was founded in Berlin in the spring of 1882. By 1887 they were known by their present name. Hans von Bülow became their conductor that year and made them into a world class orchestra. Other great conductors were also invited to conduct as guests: Hans Richter, Felix von Weingartner, Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler, Johannes Brahms and Edvard Grieg.

In 1895, Arthur Nikisch became chief conductor, and was followed in 1923 by Wilhelm Furtwängler. The orchestra continued to perform throughout World War II. After Furtwängler fled to Switzerland in 1945, Leo Borchard became chief conductor, but a few months later he was accidentally shot and killed by American forces occupying Berlin. Sergiu Celibidache then took over as chief conductor for seven years, from 1945 to1952. Furtwängler returned in 1952 and conducted the orchestra until his death in 1954.

Herbert von Karajan led the orchestra from 1955 until he resigned in April 1989. He was a very strict conductor who had to be obeyed in everything he did. The orchestra made lots of great recordings with him.

After Karajan, Claudio Abbado became principal conductor. He helped the orchestra to learn new works, not just the well known classical and romantic works but also the more modern 20th century works. He stopped conducting the Berlin Philharmonic in 2002. At the time Germany was being reunited the orchestra had financial problems.

In June 1999, the musicians chose Sir Simon Rattle as their next chief conductor. Rattle made the orchestra into a self-governing body. This meant that they made their own financial decisions and chose the works they would perform and who would be invited to perform with them.

The first concert hall of the orchestra was destroyed during WWII in 1944. Since 1963, the orchestra has had a new concert hall called the Philharmonie. On 20 May 2008, a fire broke out at the Philharmonie. A quarter of the roof was damaged and the orchestra could not play there for some time.

The orchestra have won many awards for their playing.

UNICEF appointed the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra and Sir Simon Rattle as Goodwill Ambassadors in November 2007.

On 18 December 2008 the Orchestra announced that a Digital Concert Hall would be built. This new internet platform will allow music fans all over the world to see and hear the Philharmonic's concerts – live or on demand.

Principal conductors
 Ludwig von Brenner (1882-1887)
 Hans von Bülow (1887-1892)
 Arthur Nikisch (1895-1922)
 Wilhelm Furtwängler (1922-1945)
 Leo Borchard (May-August 1945)
 Sergiu Celibidache (1945-1952)
 Wilhelm Furtwängler (1952-1954)
 Herbert von Karajan (1954-1989)
 Claudio Abbado (1989-2002)
 Simon Rattle (2002-present)

Other websites
 Berliner Philharmoniker official website

German orchestras

Berlin Philharmonic