Tamamo-no-Mae (玉藻前) is a legendary figure in Japanese mythology and folklore. In the Otogizoshi, a collection of Japanese prose written in the Muromachi period, Tamamo-no-Mae was a courtesan under the Japanese Emperor Konoe.  She was said to be the most beautiful and intelligent woman in Japan.  Tamamo-no-Mae's body mysteriously always smelled wonderful, and her clothes never became dirty.  Tamamo-no-Mae was not only beautiful, but she was very wise in all subjects.  Although she appeared to be only twenty years old, there was no question that she could not answer.  She answered every question posed to her, whether about music, religion, or astronomy.  Because of her beauty and intelligence, everyone in the Imperial Court adored her, and Emperor Konoe fell deeply in love with her.

After some time had passed, the Emperor suddenly and mysteriously fell ill.  He went to many priests and fortune-tellers for answers, but they had none to offer.  Finally, an astrologer told the Emperor that Tamamo-no-Mae was the cause of his illness.  The astrologer explained that the beautiful young woman was in fact an evil fox with nine tails (kitsune), who was making the Emperor ill in a evil plan to take the throne.  Following this, Tamamo-no-Mae disappeared from the court.

The Emperor ordered Kazusa-no-suke and Miura-no-suke, the most powerful warriors of the day, to hunt and kill the fox.  After escaping from the hunters for some time, the fox appeared to Miura-no-suke in a dream.  Once again in the form of the beautiful Tamamo-no-Mae, the fox told Miura-nosuke would kill it the next day, and begged for its life.  Miura-no-suke refused.

Early the next day, the hunters found the fox on the Plain of Nasu, and Miura-no-suke shot and killed the magical creature with an arrow.  The body of the fox became the Sessho-seki, or Killing Stone, which kills anyone that comes in contact with it.  Tamamo-no-Mae's spirit became Hoji and haunted the stone.

Hoji is said to have haunted this stone until a Buddhist priest called Genno stopped for a rest near the stone and was threatened by Hoji.  Genno did a certain spiritual ritual, and begged the spirit to consider her spiritual salvation, until finally Hoji surrendered and swore to never haunt the stone again.

In Matsuo Bashō's famous book, The Narrow Road to the Deep North (Oku no Hosomichi), Bashō tells of visiting the stone.

The stone split on March 5, 2022. While some have humorously said that Tamamo-no-Mae is now free, there is a far more general belief that the split is an omen of impending tragedy.

Tamamo-no-Mae's legend served as base for the noh drama Sesshō-seki ("The Killing Stone") and the kabuki play Tamamo-no-Mae (or The Beautiful Fox Witch).

References

Mailahn, Klaus: Der Fuchs in Glaube und Mythos, Münster 2006, 190-194,

Japanese folklore
Japanese mythology

Tamamo-no-Mae


Daniel Nathans (October 30, 1928 - November 16, 1999) was an American biologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978. His parents were both Russian Jews who came to the U.S for a better life.

Daniel Nathans parents, Samuel and Sarah Nathans met each other in the U.S and were married in Philadelphia in 1910. Sarah Nathans (Daniel's mother) came to the U.S from Russia when she was 18 years old. Samuel Nathans (Daniel's father) came to the U.S when he was a teenager. Daniel was born on October 30, 1928. He was the last of nine children in his family. He attended the University of Delaware in 1950 and earned a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry. He then attended the Washington University in St. Louis and earned a Master's Degree in 1954.

In 1978, he won a Nobel Prize with Werner Arber and Hamilton Smith for finding restriction enzymes. He won a National Medal of Science in 1993. Nathans died on November 16, 1999 at the age of 71.

Other websites
 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1978/nathans-autobio.html
 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/nathans.html

1928 births
1999 deaths
American biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Jewish American scientists
Scientists from Wilmington, Delaware

Daniel Nathans


Friedrich Mohs (29 January, 1773 - 29 September 1839) was a German mineralogist.

Job and Career
Scientist Mohs was born in Germany. He was a minerologist who studied minerals, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.

He moved to Austria in 1801 where he found a job identifying minerals in a collection that belonged to a rich banker. He used physical characteristics of the crystals to determine what they were. One of the characteristics he used to identify minerals was their hardness.

He knew that some of the minerals could scratch others and that if a mineral could make a scratch on another, it must be harder than the mineral that was scratched. He found that all minerals could scratch the mineral talc, so it must be very soft. He also found that diamonds were so hard that no other minerals could scratch them.

In 1812, Mohs made a scale from 1 to 10 to describe mineral hardness. He gave harder minerals larger numbers and softer minerals smaller numbers. Talc, the softest mineral, he assigned to 1, the smallest number on the scale. Diamond, the hardest mineral, he assigned to 10, the highest number on the scale.

This scale was called Mohs scale of mineral hardness, named after Friedrich Mohs.

Later Career
In 1812, Mohs became professor in Graz, Austria. In 1817, Mohs replaced his mentor Werner, who had died, as a tutor at the mining academy in Freiberg, Saxony, starting in 1818. In 1826, he was appointed as a professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna.

Mohs ended his remarkable career as a mining advisor at the Mining University in Leoban, Austria, and died aged 66, while holidaying in Italy.

References

German scientists
1773 births
1839 deaths
Mineralogists

Friedrich Mohs


Girolamo Savonarola (21 September 1452 – 23 May 1498), was an Italian Dominican priest and leader of Florence from 1494 until his execution in 1498. Savonarola is famous for burning books, and for the destruction of what he considered immoral art. Savonarola was a priest but he preached against the moral corruption of the clergy and the Church of Rome. His main enemy was Pope Alexander VI. He is sometimes seen as a forerunner of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation, however he remained a devout Roman Catholic.

In the twentieth century, a movement for the canonization of "Frà Savonarola" began to develop within the Roman Catholic Church, particularly among Dominicans. Many believe that his excommunication and execution were not legal. However, his beatification and canonization is opposed by many Jesuits, who think Savonarola's attacks on the papacy to have been a serious crime.

Early years
Savonarola was born in Ferrara, which was the capital of the independent Duchy of Ferrara.

In his youth he studied the Bible, and then went to the University of Ferrara. He wrote two poems which showed his anger at morally corrupt clergymen. The first, about the end of the world, was written when he was only 20. Savonarola wrote the second poem "De Ruina Mundi" ("On the Downfall of the World") in 1475. In this poem he said the Roman Curia was "a false, proud whore".

Florence

Savonarola became a Dominican friar in 1475, and entered the convent of San Domenico in Bologna. He studied theology. In 1479 he went to the convent of Santa Maria degli Angeli. In 1482 the Dominicans sent him to Florence, the 'city of his destiny'. After five years, he went back to Bologna where he became 'master of studies'.

He returned to Florence in 1490 and began to preach about the end of the world. He had visions and prophecies which he said had come to him from God and the saints. Several disasters made his prophecies real. He spoke about the failing power of the ruling Medici family. Savonarola never tried to make war on the Roman Curia. He wanted to put an end to the sins of the popes who cared more about their riches and power than they did about God .

After Charles VIII of France invaded Florence in 1494, the ruling Medici were removed.  Savonarola became the new leader of the city, both as a secular leader and priest. He set up a rather modern democratic republic in Florence. Savonarola wanted to make Florence a city devoted to God, a good "Christian and religious Republic." Homosexuality had been acceptable in Florence, and many were important people. One of Savonarola's first laws was to make sodomy a crime which would be punished by death.

In 1497, he and his followers went to the Piazza della Signoria, and began to burn mirrors, cosmetics, obscene pictures, pagan books, gaming tables, musical instruments, fine dresses, women's hats, and the works of immoral and ancient poets. They also burnt paintings by some famous artists, such as Sandro Botticelli and Michelangelo. This event is now called the "Bonfire of the Vanities".

The Fall
Florence soon became tired of Savonarola. The city had become an unhappy place to live. Savonarola's promises that God would change things in the city did not come true, and his predictions of the end of the world did not happen. During his Ascension Day sermon on May 4, 1497, groups of young men rioted in the streets, people began singing and dancing, and the taverns reopened. The riot became a revolution.

Excommunication and execution

On May 13, 1497, Savonarola was excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI. In 1498, Alexander demanded his arrest and execution. On April 8, soldiers attacked the Convent of San Marco and after a bloody battle Savonarola's guards and religious supporters were killed. He surrendered and during the next few weeks was tortured to make him say that he was gulity of heresy, corruption, and other crimes against the Church.

On the day of his execution he was taken out to the Piazza della Signoria with Fra Silvestro and Fra Domenico da Pescia, two religious friends of Savonarola. They were stripped of their clerical clothing, and called heretics and schismatics. The three men were put on crosses,and burned alive. Savonarola died in the same place where he had burnt the paintings and books.

Niccolò Machiavelli, author of The Prince, also saw and wrote about the execution. The Medici soon retook control of Florence.

References

Other websites
 Catholic Encyclopedia with a page about Girolamo Savonarola

1452 births
1498 deaths
Executed people
Italian Roman Catholic priests
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
People from Ferrara

Girolamo Savonarola


George Leonard Carey, Baron Carey of Clifton  (born 13 November 1935) is a retired Anglican bishop who was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1991 to 2002, having previously been the Bishop of Bath and Wells.

During his time as archbishop the Church of England ordained its first women priests and the debate over attitudes to homosexuality became more prominent, especially at the 1998 Lambeth Conference of Anglican bishops.

In June 2017, Lord Carey of Clifton resigned from his last formal role in the church after Dame Moira Gibb's independent investigation found he covered up, by failing to pass to police, six out of seven serious sex abuse allegations relating to 17- to 25-year-olds against Bishop Peter Ball a year after Carey became archbishop. The next year the UK Child Sex Abuse Report confirmed Carey had committed serious breaches of duty in wrongly discrediting credible allegations of child sex abuse within the Church and failing to accompany disciplinary action with adding to the church's own safeguarding watchlist. In February 2018 Carey was granted permission to officiate by Steven Croft, the bishop of Oxford, allowing him to preach and preside at churches in the diocese. This was revoked on 17 June 2020 after the Church found Carey could have done more to pass to police allegations of beatings at schools and evangelical children's camps by John Smyth, a barrister who was given multiple recommendations by the church. Permission was restored to Carey by the Bishop of Oxford seven months later.

Early life
George Carey was born on 13 November 1935 in the East End of London in England. He attended Bonham Road Primary School in Dagenham, then failed his 11-plus. He then attended Bifrons Secondary Modern School in Barking before leaving at the age of 15. He worked for the London Electricity Board as an office boy before starting his National Service at age 18 in the Royal Air Force as a wireless operator, during which time he served in Iraq.

Conversion and ordination
Carey became a committed Christian at age 17 when he attended a church service with some friends. He said that "I had a conversion experience which was very real ... There were no blinding lights, simply a quiet conviction I had found something."

During his National Service, Carey decided to seek ordination and after his discharge he studied intensely, gaining six O-levels and three A-levels in 15 months. He studied at King's College London, graduated as a Bachelor of Divinity from the University of London in 1962 with a 2:1 degree, and was subsequently ordained. He later obtained a Master of Theology degree and a Ph.D. from the University of Durham. Carey is the first Archbishop of Canterbury since the Middle Ages not to have been a graduate of either Oxford or Cambridge. The last Archbishop of Canterbury before Carey who had not been a graduate of one or both was Simon Sudbury ( 1316–1381).

Offices
Carey was a curate at St Mary's Islington, worked at Oak Hill Theological College and St John's Theological College, Nottingham and became Vicar of St Nicholas' Church, Durham in 1975. Within two years he had trebled the congregation. He later wrote a book on his experiences there called The Church in the Market Place.

In 1981, Carey was appointed Principal of Trinity College, Bristol. He became Bishop of Bath and Wells in 1987; he was consecrated a bishop by Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Southwark Cathedral on 3 December 1987 (by which point his election must have been confirmed) and enthroned in February 1988.

When Robert Runcie retired as Archbishop of Canterbury, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, encouraged by her former Parliamentary Private Secretary, Michael Alison MP, put Carey's name forward to the Queen for appointment. The religious correspondent for The Times, Clifford Longley, commented that "Mrs Thatcher's known impatience with theological and moral woolliness ... will have been a factor."

Carey was confirmed as Archbishop of Canterbury on 27 March 1991 and enthroned on 19 April 1991.

On 31 October 2002, Carey retired, resigning the See of Canterbury, and the next day was created a life peer as Baron Carey of Clifton, of Clifton in the City and County of Bristol, meaning that he remained a member of the House of Lords, where he sat as a crossbencher. He was succeeded as archbishop by Rowan Williams. Living in the Diocese of Oxford, until 2017 Carey served there as an honorary assistant bishop, as is customary for retired bishops.

Carey was Chancellor of the University of Gloucestershire for seven years, resigning in 2010, and was president of the London School of Theology. He is also an Honorary Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Scriveners and a Distinguished Fellow of the Library of Congress (Washington, DC).

Handling of Peter Ball sex abuse allegations
During Carey's term as Archbishop of Canterbury, there were many complaints of serial sex abuse made against Peter Ball, the Bishop of Lewes and later of Gloucester until his resignation in 1993 after admitting to an act of gross indecency. Archbishop Carey wrote to the Director of Public Prosecutions and the Chief Constable of Gloucester police, supporting Ball and saying that he was suffering "excruciating pain and spiritual torment". In October 2015 Ball was sentenced to 32 months' imprisonment for misconduct in public office and indecent assault; he admitted the abuse of 18 young men aged 17–25.

Justin Welby, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 2013, commissioned an independent review by Dame Moira Gibb in February 2016 to deal with the systematic failing of the Church in handling Ball's case.

In a statement submitted by Carey to pre-trial hearings regarding Ball, Carey said: "I was worried that if any other allegations were made it would reignite a police investigation. I was told quite categorically that any past indecency matters would not be taken further." Carey said the senior CPS official told him: "As far as we are concerned he has resigned. He is out of it. We are not going to take anything any further." He has repeatedly asserted that he was not trying to influence the outcome of the investigation.

On 22 October 2016 The Daily Telegraph reported that Carey accepted that he deserved criticism over his support of Peter Ball. Carey had requested that his, rather than the Church's, lawyers should represent him at the government's Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse where Carey had been granted "core participation" status, with the Church of England paying for the lawyers.

Gibb's June 2017 report, "An Abuse of Faith", found that Carey was part of a cover-up that shielded Bishop Ball from prosecution. The review found that Carey had received seven letters from families and individuals following Ball's arrest in 1992, but passed only one (the least disturbing) to the police. Carey did not add Ball to the Church of England's "Lambeth List" which names clergy about whom questions of suitability for ministry have been raised, but provided Ball with funds, and wrote to Ball's brother Bishop Michael Ball in 1993, saying "I believed him to be basically innocent".  Graham Sawyer, who survived abuse by Peter Ball, wants the police to investigate Carey's role in the Ball affair.

Following production of the report, with its finding that he had covered up sex abuse allegations against bishop Peter Ball, Carey stated that the report made "deeply uncomfortable reading" and apologised to Ball's victims. Welby asked Carey to step down as an assistant bishop in the Church of England. On 26 June, having spoken to the Bishop of Oxford, Carey resigned from his post as an honorary assistant bishop within the Diocese of Oxford, his last formal role in the church. However, Carey did not resign his orders, nor his seat in the House of Lords.

His later granted permission to officiate, such as conduct weddings, in the Diocese of Oxford was removed after the failures to consider child protection in regards to leading schools' children's activity and Bible camps run by John Smyth in the 1970s.

In the 2020 BBC documentary about Ball, Exposed: The Church's Darkest Secret, Carey was portrayed in dramatic reconstructions by David Calder.

Theological and social positions

Carey's theological roots are in the Evangelical tradition of the Church of England. He strongly supported the ordination of women but also has close ecumenical links with the Roman Catholic Church, being chosen in 1976 to represent the Church of England at a meeting of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity in Rome.

Carey is tolerant of divorce and divorced people and the remarriage of divorced people. One of his sons is divorced and he also supported the marriage of the Prince of Wales to Camilla Parker-Bowles, whose first husband is living. He opposed homosexual relationships among members of the clergy, although he admits to having consecrated two bishops whom he suspected of having same-sex partners. He presided over the Lambeth Conference of 1998 and actively supported the conference's resolution which uncompromisingly rejected all homosexual practice as "incompatible with scripture".

Carey was criticised for his lack of neutrality on the issue of homosexuality by those attempting to reach a compromise position which had been presented to the conference by a working group of bishops on human sexuality.  Carey also voted against an expressed condemnation (which had been present in the original form of the resolution) of homophobia. The resolution as a whole prompted one of Carey's fellow primates, Richard Holloway, Bishop of Edinburgh and Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church, to declare "I feel gutted, I feel betrayed, but the struggle will go on".

Carey said:  "If this conference is known by what we have said about homosexuality, then we will have failed."  The resolution, however, was the beginning of an escalating crisis of unity within the Anglican Communion around the question of human sexuality, a crisis that continues. This resolution is at the heart of current divisions within the Anglican Communion on the issue. In 1999 he was one of four English bishops who expressly declined to sign the Cambridge Accord: an attempt to find agreement on affirming certain human rights of homosexuals, notwithstanding differences within the church on the morality of homosexual behaviour. In an interview with Sir David Frost in 2002 he said:  "I don't believe in blessing same-sex relationships because frankly I don't know what I'm blessing."

Carey was the first former archbishop of Canterbury to publish his memoirs, in 2004. The book, Know the Truth, mentions meetings with the Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles and his thoughts that they should marry. In 2005, they did marry in a civil ceremony; the Church carried out a blessing after civil marriage at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.

In 1998 he made a public call for the humane treatment of Augusto Pinochet, the former dictator of Chile, who was at the time in custody in the United Kingdom.

In 2000 Carey was critical of the document Dominus Iesus, issued by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith under Pope John Paul II, saying that it "did not reflect the deep comprehension that has been reached through ecumenical dialogue and cooperation [between Roman Catholics and Anglicans] during the past 30 years ... the Church of England and the worldwide Anglican Communion does not for one moment accept that its orders of ministry and Eucharist are deficient in any way. It believes itself to be a part of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church of Christ, in whose name it serves and bears witness, here and round the world."

Public statements since retirement

On homosexuality

In 1994, Archbishop Carey voted in the House of Lords to defeat equality legislation that would have lowered the age of consent for homosexual men, from 21 years, to the same age as for heterosexuals (16 years) and again, in 1998, he voted against the equalisation of age of consent, at that time 18, to 16.  Since his retirement, Carey has tolerated same-sex partnerships in secular law but continues to oppose same-sex marriage and church blessings of same-sex partnerships. In March 2006, he personally endorsed "with enthusiasm" a questionnaire to American bishops from what he described as "Lay Episcopalians who wish their Church to remain faithful to Orthodox Christianity" in relation to the controversy in that church over the ordination of an openly gay bishop. For this, he was chided by Frank Griswold, the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States, "for allowing himself to be used by others whose political ambition is to sow division".

In late April 2006, Carey said in a televised interview that the ordination of Bishop Gene Robinson of New Hampshire, US, in 2003 verged on heresy because Bishop Robinson is gay and lives in a long-term relationship. His association with Episcopalians Concerned agitated some, and his decision to confirm anti-gay dissidents who refused the ministry of the Bishop of Virginia puzzled the same people. Carey, who remembered the difficulties of the 13th Lambeth Conference that he had presided over in 1998, sought to avoid a major schism in the communion by refraining from further consecrations of gay people.

In April 2010, Carey submitted a witness statement to an appeal court considering the dismissal of a relationship counsellor who had refused to work with homosexuals, in which he suggested that intervention by senior clerics, including himself, was "indicative of a future civil unrest".  In the same statement, he suggested that cases engaging religious rights should not be heard by any of the judges who had decided the previous cases, "as they have made clear their lack of knowledge about the Christian faith."  His submission was rejected by the Court as "misplaced" and "deeply inimical to the public interest".  Carey's position was widely criticised in the press.  Andrew Brown, writing in The Guardian, suggested that the effect of the judgment was to say that Carey was "a self-important and alarmist twit who has no idea what he is talking about". The Church Times commented that "One might be forgiven for thinking that Lord Carey of Clifton has generated more column-inches since retiring as Archbishop of Canterbury than he did when in office. His latest foray into the nation's media is more than usually regrettable, as it strikes at the heart of the independence of the judiciary." However, his position was supported by his former colleague, the retired Bishop of Rochester, Michael Nazir-Ali.

On Muslims
As Archbishop of Canterbury, Carey was active in inter-faith work and worked for better relations with Muslims, calling for "deeper dialogue" between the two faiths. On 25 March 2004, after his retirement, he made a speech lamenting the lack of democracy and innovation in Muslim countries, suggesting a lack of critical scholarship toward the Qur'an and saying that moderate Muslims should "resist strongly" the take-over of Islam by extremists. He also criticised the majority of Muslims, who do not support extremists, for not denouncing them. Some viewed his speech as an outspoken attack on Islam; Carey responded: "Those who took the trouble to read my lecture will have noted that I was as critical of the West, of Christianity and, for that matter, also sharply critical of Israel's policy with respect to Palestine."

In September 2006, he backed Pope Benedict XVI in the controversy over his comments on Islam and declared that "there will be no significant material and economic progress [in Muslim communities] until the Muslim mind is allowed to challenge the status quo of Muslim conventions and even their most cherished shibboleths."

On matters of trade
In February 2006, Carey attracted more controversy by declaring in a letter to The Times that a General Synod motion supported by his successor, Rowan Williams, in favour of disinvestment in a company active in the occupied territories of Israel made him ashamed to be an Anglican.

In September 2009, Carey provoked outrage among some Anglicans by making positive remarks about the arms trade. He was quickly condemned by a number of Christian activists, particularly since the Lambeth Conferences in 1988 and 1998 had resolved to oppose the arms trade.

On Anglican unity
In April 2006, when criticism of his post-retirement activism on a number of fronts had been voiced in an open letter by liberal laypersons in the church, he issued a public statement complaining that such comments were "mischievous and damaging to the Anglican Communion". In an interview for the BBC, on 23 April 2006, he said "I think this is a mischievous letter from Australia and I hope the authors will reflect and repent."

In May 2006, he made a speech to the Virginia Theological Seminary, subsequently published on his personal website, which said "When I left office at the end of 2002 I felt the Anglican Communion was in good heart" but that, as a result of subsequent events "it is difficult to say in what way we are now a Communion."  This was reported on 11 June 2006 in the Sunday Telegraph and on 12 June 2006 in The Guardian and The Independent as an attack on his successor. An email from Carey on the day of publication was circulated in which he strongly denied this and said "I am hopping mad and will want a retraction from the Sunday Telegraph, otherwise I will lodge a complaint."

In November 2006, Carey was barred from delivering a Church Mission Society lecture at Bangor Cathedral by the Dean of Bangor, who viewed that Carey had become "a factor of disunity and of disloyalty to Rowan Williams, a divisive force."

On the British and migration
Carey wrote an opinion piece in The Times on 10 September 2008 in which he said: "Immigration must be kept under control if we are to retain the essentials of British society that have been built up over the generations. [...] If this scale of immigration continues, with people of different faiths, cultures and traditions coming here, what will it mean to be British?"

In January 2010, Carey gave an interview on BBC Radio 4's Today programme, in which he said as part of the Balanced Migration Group he would want to start a debate on the UK's migration policy. He said that while the UK migration policy should not "give preference to any particular group", the points-based immigration system should give preferences to certain prospective migrants based on their values and backgrounds. In the same interview, however, he states that he was worried that the UK will become less of a Christian country and that he believes migration policy should foster the preservation of the Christian heritage of the United Kingdom.

On ecumenical matters
In October 2009, Carey said it was inexcusable that the Vatican gave a relatively short notice of its offer to receive some Anglo-Catholics into the Roman Catholic Church within a personal ordinariate, but he nonetheless gave a cautious welcome to the offer.

On marriage
In February 2012, speaking at the launch of the advocacy group Coalition for Marriage, Carey voiced his opposition to the government's proposal to legalise same-sex marriage, stating that he was "worried and disappointed" and calling the proposal "cultural vandalism". In March 2013, Carey spoke of being "very suspicious" that behind plans for gay marriage "there lurks an aggressive secularist and relativist approach towards an institution that has glued society". In May 2013, Carey claimed same-sex marriage could set a "dangerous precedent" which could lead to sibling marriage or polygamy. Carey criticized the British government for seeking to change the definition of marriage to "a long-term commitment between two people of any sex, in which gender and procreation are irrelevant".

On religious freedom
Carey was a leading advocate for the rights of Christians in advance of a case on religious freedom, begun on 4 September 2012 at the European Court of Human Rights, regarding the case of two workers forced out of their jobs over the wearing of crosses as a visible manifestation of their faith.

On assisted suicide
In July 2014 he announced that he had changed his view on euthanasia in favour of the legalisation of assisted dying for terminally-ill patients.

On Syrian Christians
On 18 July 2015, he lent his name and efforts to the Barnabas Fund, a charity which aimed to place Syrian Christians, whom ISIS target as part of their Islamic supremacist doctrine, at the front of the UK refugee queue. He called on government to "welcome Christian refugees and give them priority as asylum seekers. Syrian and Iraqi Christians are being butchered, tortured and enslaved. We need the British Government to work with charities like the Barnabas Fund and others to evacuate those who are in desperate fear of their lives." He was joined by Lord Weidenfeld and the Revd Andrew Wright, Vicar of Baghdad, as well as many others, in his effort.

Family
Carey married Eileen Harmsworth Hood in 1960. They have two sons, Mark (an Anglican priest) and Andrew (formerly Deputy Editor of the Church of England Newspaper and later a freelance journalist); and two daughters.

Select bibliography
1977: I Believe in Man - a study of Christian anthropology (Hodder & Stoughton)
1984: The Church in the Marketplace – details how he transformed St Nicholas' Church, Durham
1986: The Gate of Glory – a study of Christian doctrines of the crucifixion.
1989: The Great God Robbery
1997: God Incarnate: Meeting the Contemporary Challenges to a Classic Christian Doctrine
1998: Canterbury Letters to the Future
2004: Know the Truth – autobiography
2012: We Don't Do God: The marginalisation of public faith with Andrew Carey (Monarch)

Honours, awards and legacy
In 2011, the George Carey Church of England Primary School in Creekmouth, Barking was opened.

Honours
 Life peerage ( Created 1st November 2002)
 2002: Royal Victorian Chain (House of Windsor)
 2009: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I (House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies)

Honorary degrees
1991: Honorary D.D. degree from the University of Kent (Kent, England)
1992: Honorary D.D. degree from the University of Bath (Bath, Somerset, England)
1992: Honorary D.D. degree from the University of Nottingham (Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England)
1993: Honorary D.D. degree from Durham University (Durham, County Durham, England)
1995: Honorary D.D. degree from the Open University (England)
1999: Honorary D.D. degree from The University of the South (Sewanee, Tennessee, USA)
1999: Honorary D.D. degree from City University (London)
1999: Honorary D.D. degree from the University of Notre Dame (Notre Dame, Indiana, USA)
2000: Honorary D.D. degree from the Southern Methodist University (University Park, Texas, USA)
2002: Honorary D.D. degree from Wycliffe College (Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
2005: Honorary Ph.D degree from the University of Cambodia (Phnom Penh, Cambodia)
2006: Honorary D.D. degree from the University of Cambridge (Cambridge, England)

Styles
 The Reverend George Carey (1962–1987)
 The Right Reverend Doctor George Carey (1987–1991)
 His Grace The Most Reverend and Right Honourable Doctor George Carey, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of all England(1991–2002)
 The Right Reverend and Right Honourable Lord Carey of Clifton  (2002–present)

References

Citations

Sources

External links
Lord Carey of Clifton at UK Parliament
Carey's official website (2012 archived copy)
Information on the Archbishop of Canterbury website (2011 archived copy)
Biography on Debrett's website

1935 births
Living people
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
20th-century English Anglican priests
Evangelical Anglican bishops
Converts to Christianity
Bishops of Bath and Wells
Archbishops of Canterbury
20th-century Anglican archbishops
21st-century Anglican archbishops
English anti-same-sex-marriage activists
Child sexual abuse scandals in Anglicanism
Carey of Clifton, George Carey, Baron
Alumni of King's College London
Doctors of Divinity
Fellows of King's College London
Alumni of Trinity College, Bristol
Carey of Clifton, George Carey, Baron
People associated with the University of Gloucestershire
Alumni of the London College of Divinity
People from Dagenham
Staff of Trinity College, Bristol
Staff of St John's College, Nottingham
20th-century Anglican theologians
21st-century Anglican theologians
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

George Carey


Mark Brandon "Chopper" Read (November 17, 1954 – October 9, 2013) was an Australian mobster who was born in Melbourne, Victoria. During his criminal career in the Melbourne mafia scene, he was convicted of many crimes, including armed robbery, assault, attempted murder, arson, impersonating a police officer and kidnapping. Read retired from a life of crime and wrote a series of fiction books based on his life as a criminal.

Read started his criminal career as a child; robbing drug dealers as a teenager. During this time he was the leader of a gang. While in prison as an adult, Read made another prisoner cut off his ears so he could leave prison where a gang wanted to have him killed. Read claims that he killed 19 people during his time as a criminal. His first book was written in 1991 while he was in prison. In 2000, a movie called Chopper was made about Read's life and based on his books, it stars Eric Bana as Read.

Read has stated that he had attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, hepatitis C, cirrhosis and liver cancer. He died of liver cancer in Melbourne.

References

1954 births
2013 deaths
Arsonists
Australian criminals
Australian autobiographers
Deaths from liver cancer
Kidnappers
People convicted of assault
People convicted of attempted murder

Mobsters
Writers from Melbourne

Chopper Read


The Royal Scots Fusiliers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army that existed from 1678 until 1959 when it was amalgamated with the Highland Light Infantry (City of Glasgow Regiment) to form the Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment) which was later itself merged with the Royal Scots, King's Own Scottish Borderers, the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment), the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and the Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons) to form a new large regiment, the Royal Regiment of Scotland.

History

Naming Conventions
In the late 17th century, many English and Scottish politicians viewed standing armies or permanent units as a danger to the liberties of the individual and a threat to society itself. The experience of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the use of troops by both the Protectorate and James VII and II to repress political dissent created strong resistance to permanent units owing allegiance to the Crown or State. Regiments were deliberately treated as the personal property of their current Colonel, carried his name which changed when transferred and disbanded as soon as possible. This makes tracing the origins of modern regiments very complex, particularly since many regimental histories were written in the late 19th or early 20th century. This was partly due to the 1881 Childers Reforms; the abolition of the numbering system for regiments was as bitterly resisted then as the various amalgamations have been since and establishing precedence or age became almost an obsession.

The Earl of Mar's Regiment of Foot (1678–1689)
The regiment was formed in Scotland in September 1678 by the Earl of Mar for service against dissident Covenanters and helped suppress Presbyterian rebellions at Bothwell Bridge in 1679 and the 1685 Argyll's Rising. Thomas Buchan, a Scottish Catholic and professional soldier replaced the Earl as Colonel in July 1686.

When William III landed in England on 5 November 1688 in what became known as the Glorious Revolution, the regiment was shipped to London. There was very little fighting; the vast majority of James VII and II's army simply changed sides and Buchan followed him into exile in France. The position of Colonel was filled in March 1689 by Francis Fergus O'Farrell, an Irishman who had served William since 1674 and it became O'Farrell's Regiment in accordance with the practice of the time.

The Nine Years War and Scotland (1689–1702)
The regiment spent the Nine Years' War in Flanders and took part in most of the major engagements, including Walcourt, Steinkirk and Landen. In July 1695, it was part of the garrison when O'Farrell surrendered Deinze to the French without resistance. The regiment became prisoners until exchanged in September; Ellenberg, commander of Diksmuide which surrendered in a similar fashion at the same time was executed, while O'Farrell was cashiered along with eight other officers. The officers concerned were later reinstated with O'Farrell ending his career as a Major-General.

His replacement was Robert Mackay, nephew of Hugh Mackay former commander of the Dutch Scots Brigade; he died in December 1696 and was succeeded by another Scot, Colonel Archibald Row. After the Treaty of Ryswick ended the Nine Years' War in September 1697, the regiment went to Scotland where it spent the next few years.

The date at which it became a Fusilier unit is debated, but it first appears as O'Farrell's Fusiliers on an Army list of 1691. 'Fusilier' is a specific designation while 'fusil' was originally a light-weight musket carried by units guarding the artillery train, so it may have been equipped with these before 1691. The original Fusilier regiments all had an exploding bomb emblem, so it may also relate to grenades; for example, only Fusilier regiments, the Grenadier Guards plus one or two others were later allowed to use the British Grenadiers regimental march.

The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713)

The Regiment returned to Flanders when the War of the Spanish Succession began in May 1702 and formed part of the army led by the Duke of Marlborough. In August 1704, the regiment took part in the Battle of Blenheim; in their assault on the village, now Brigadier-General Row famously ordered his men not to fire until he struck his sword upon the palisade; he was shot and mortally wounded as he did so. The regiment suffered heavy casualties, the new Colonel being Viscount Mordaunt, who himself lost an arm at Blenheim.

Shortly after the Battle of Ramillies in May 1706, Mordaunt exchanged regiments with Colonel Sampson de Lalo, a French Huguenot refugee who previously commanded what later became the 28th Regiment of Foot. Under de Lalo, it fought at Oudenarde and the capture of Lille, one of the strongest defences in Europe whose Citadel is regarded as Vauban's masterpiece. de Lalo was killed at Malplaquet in September 1709, a battle technically an Allied victory but which incurred casualties so severe they shocked Europe.

Malplaquet and the huge financial costs of the war meant the focus changed to capturing fortresses as each side attempted to improve its bargaining position prior to peace talks; the war ended in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht. Mordaunt, reappointed Colonel after de Lalo's death, died of smallpox in April 1710 and was succeeded by Thomas Meredyth. He was dismissed for political reasons in December and replaced by the Earl of Orrery.

21st (Royal North British Fusilier) Regiment of Foot (1713–1877)

The regiment was awarded the title "Royal" around 1713, returning to England in August 1714 on the death of Queen Anne who was succeeded by George I. During the Jacobite Rising in 1715, it fought at Sheriffmuir against forces led by its founder's son, the 6th Earl of Mar. The Rebellion was defeated but in July 1716 Orrery was removed due to his Jacobite sympathies and replaced by George Macartney. Macartney was a Whig loyalist involved in the 1712 Hamilton–Mohun Duel who went into exile when charged as an accessory to murder, returning when George I became King.

Britain was at peace during this period and the regiment remained on garrison duty until the War of the Austrian Succession broke out in 1742. It fought at Dettingen in June 1743 and Fontenoy in April 1745, a British defeat famous for the British and French commanders politely inviting each other to fire first. During the 1745 Rising it was part of the force that defeated the Jacobite army at Culloden in April 1746 but was back in Flanders when the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748.

In 1751, the system whereby regiments were numbered by seniority was formalised and it became the 21st Regiment. With the exception of the capture of Belle Île in 1761 during the 1756-63 Seven Years' War, the next 20 years were spent on garrison duty in Gibraltar, Scotland, West Florida and Quebec before returning to England in 1773.

The regiment saw action at the Siege of Fort Ticonderoga in July 1777 during the American Revolutionary War, took part in the Siege of Bergen op Zoom in March 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars and saw combat at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 during the War of 1812. The regiment then served under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Haines at the Battle of Inkerman in November 1854 during the Crimean War.
A second battalion was raised in 1805 serving initially in Ayr and Greenock, Scotland and then in Ireland for the next three years.

21st (Royal Scots Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot (1877–1881)
The regiment finally saw the restoration of "Scots" in their title in 1877.

Childers Reforms
The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Churchill Barracks in Ayr from 1873, or by the Childers Reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment. Under the reforms the regiment became The Royal Scots Fusiliers on 1 July 1881. It became the County Regiment of Ayrshire, Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire, Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire and Wigtownshire in South-West Scotland. This made them a Lowland Regiment and forced them to adopt trews. The regiment saw action at the Battle of the Tugela Heights in February 1900 during the Second Boer War. Captain Hugh Trenchard was seriously wounded while serving with the regiment near Krugersdorp at this time.

In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the Territorial Force and the latter the Special Reserve; the regiment now had one Reserve and two Territorial battalions.

First World War

The 1st Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of 9th Brigade in the 3rd Division in August 1914 for service on the Western Front. It saw action at the Battle of Mons in August 1914, the First Battle of Ypres in October 1914, Battle of the Somme in Summer 1916, the Battle of Arras in April 1917 and the advance to the Hindenburg Line in September 1918 and was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Deneys Reitz in the closing stages of the war.

The 2nd Battalion landed at Zeebrugge as part of the 21st Brigade in the 7th Division in October 1914 for service on the Western Front. It saw action at the First Battle of Ypres in October 1914, the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March 1915, the Battle of Loos in October 1915, the Battle of the Somme in Summer 1916, the Battle of Arras in April 1917 and the Battle of Lys in April 1918.

The 1/4th and 1/5th Battalions landed in Gallipoli  as part of the 155th Brigade in the 52nd (Lowland) Division in June 1915; after being evacuated in January 1916 they moved to France in April 1918 for service on the Western Front.

The 6th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 27th Brigade in the 9th (Scottish) Division in May 1915 for service on the Western Front. Lieutenant Colonel Winston Churchill commanded the battalion when it was located near Ploegsteert Wood during Spring 1916. The 7th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 45th Brigade in the 15th (Scottish) Division in July 1915 for service on the Western Front. The 8th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 77th Brigade in the 26th Division in September 1915 for service on the Western Front but soon moved to Salonika.

Second World War
The 1st Battalion spent the whole war as part of the 29th Independent Infantry Brigade Group. The battalion participated in the Battle of Madagascar in 1942 as did the 2nd Battalion, a unique achievement for the regiment to have both its regular battalions involved in the same action. They were then transferred to India to fight in the South-East Asian Theatre. In 1944 the 29th Brigade became part of the 36th Infantry Division, previously a British Indian Army formation and one of two British divisions fighting the Japanese. The 36th Division spent the rest of the war under command of the British Fourteenth Army.

The 2nd Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers was serving in Edinburgh on the outbreak of war under Scottish Command, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Walter Clutterbuck. In early October 1939 the battalion was grouped with the 2nd Seaforth Highlanders and 2nd Northants to create the 17th Infantry Brigade, which was assigned to the 5th Infantry Division. They were sent as an independent brigade group to France in late 1939 to join the rest of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and were involved in the Battle of Dunkirk and had to be evacuated to England. After 2 years spent on home defence in the United Kingdom, the battalion and brigade were detached from the 5th Division, and like the 1st Battalion, fought in Madagascar. The battalion next saw service fighting in Sicily. In 1944 the division fought in the Battle of Anzio in some of the fiercest fighting of the Italian Campaign thus far. The Anzio landings were an attempt to outflank the German Gustav Line, one of many defensive lines the Germans had created across Italy. After the fierce fighting there, the 2nd RSF and the rest of 5th Division were withdrawn, in July 1944, to Palestine to rest and refit. They returned to Italy briefly in early 1945 but were transferred, along with I Canadian Corps from British Eighth Army, to Belgium to join the 21st Army Group in the Allied invasion of Germany.

The 4/5th and 6th battalions both saw service in the European Campaign in 1944-1945 with the 6th also serving in France in 1940, assigned to 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and part of the BEF. The 4/5th Battalion was the TA 4th and 5th battalions merged and became part of 156th Infantry Brigade assigned to the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division. Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Corbett commanded the 6th Battalion during the Battle of France in June 1940. The 6th Battalion was reassigned to the 46th Infantry Brigade part of 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, the 2nd Line duplicate of the 52nd, and served with them during the Battle of Normandy.

The 50th (Holding) Battalion was raised in late May 1940 and was later redesignated the 11th Battalion in October and was assigned to the 222nd Infantry Brigade, where it remained until September 1942 when it transferred to the 147th Infantry Brigade, alongside the 1/6th and 1/7th Duke of Wellington's Regiment, part of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, where it was to remain for the rest of the war.

Amalgamations of 1959
The Royal Scots Fusiliers were amalgamated with the Highland Light Infantry (City of Glasgow Regiment) in 1959 to form the Royal Highland Fusiliers, (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment). The regular 1st battalions of the two Regiments combined at Redford Barracks, Edinburgh to form the 1st Battalion of the new regiment (1 RHF).

Battle honours
The Regiment was awarded the following battle honours. Those shown in bold from the two World Wars were those selected to be emblazoned on the King's Colour.

Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, Malplaquet, Dettingen, Bellisle, Martinique 1794, Bladensburg, Alma, Inkerman, Sevastopol, South Africa 1879, Burma 1885–87, Tirah, Relief of Ladysmith, South Africa 1899–1902
The Great War (18 battalions): Mons, Le Cateau, Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914, Aisne 1914, La Bassée 1914, Ypres 1914 '17 '18, Langemarck 1914, Gheluvelt, Nonne Bosschen, Neuve Chapelle, Aubers, Festubert 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Flers-Courcelette, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916, Arras 1917 '18, Scarpe 1917 '18, Arleux, Messines 1917, Pilckem, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, St Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Rosières, Lys, Estaires, Hazebrouck, Bailleul, Béthune, Scherpenberg, Drocourt-Quéant, Hindenberg Line, Canal du Nord, Courtrai, Selle, France and Flanders 1914–18, Doiran 1917 '18, Macedonia 1916–18, Helles, Gallipoli 1915–16, Rumani, Egypt 1916–17, Gaza, El Mughar, Nebi Samwil, Jerusalem, Jaffa, Tel Asur, Palestine 1917–18
The Second World War: Defence of Arras, Ypres-Comines Canal, Somme 1940, Withdrawal to Seine, Odon, Fontenay le Pesnil, Cheux, Defence of Rauray, Mont Pincon, Estry, Falaise, Le Vie Crossing, La Touques Crossing, Aart, Nederrijn, Best, Le Havre, Antwerp-Turnhout Canal, Scheldt, South Beveland, Lower Maas, Meijel, Venlo Pocket, Roer, Rhineland, Reichswald, Cleve, Goch, Rhine, Dreirwalde, Uelzen, Bremen, Artlenberg, North-West Europe 1940 '44–45, Landing in Sicily, Sicily 1943, Sangro, Garigliano Crossing, Minturno, Anzio, Advance to Tiber, Italy 1943–44, Madagascar, Middle East 1942, North Arakan, Razabil, Pinwe, Shweli, Mandalay, Burma 1944–45
4th Battalion: South Africa 1900–02
5th Battalion: South Africa 1900–01

Victoria Crosses
Victoria Crosses awarded to members of the regiment were:

Second Lieutenant Stanley Henry Parry Boughey, First World War (1 December 1917)
Sergeant Thomas Caldwell, First World War (31 October 1918)
Second Lieutenant John Manson Craig, First World War (5 June 1917)
Fusilier Dennis Donnini, Second World War (18 January 1945)
Private David Ross Lauder, First World War (13 August 1915)
Private George Ravenhill, Second Boer War (15 December 1899)

Colonels of the Regiment
Colonels of the regiment were:

1678–1686: Col. Charles Erskine, 5th Earl of Mar; resigned June 1686;
1686–1689: Col. Thomas Buchan; removed for refusing to swear allegiance to William III, March 1689;

21st Regiment of Foot
1689–1695: Brig-Gen. Francis Fergus O'Farrell; cashiered September 1695 for the surrender of Deinze (later reinstated);
1695–1697: Col. Hon. Robert Mackay; died of disease December 1696;
1697–1704: Col. Archibald Row; killed at Blenheim May 1704;
1704–1706: Brig-Gen. John Mordaunt, Viscount Mordaunt; transferred to 28th Foot June 1706;
1706–1709: Maj-Gen. Sampson de Lalo; killed at Malplaquet September 1709.

The North British Fusiliers
1709-1710: Brig-Gen. John Mordaunt, Viscount Mordaunt; reappointed September 1709, died of smallpox April 1710;
1710: Lt-Gen. Thomas Meredyth; removed for political opposition to the Harley Tory government December 1710;
1710-1716: Maj-Gen. Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of Orrery; removed for political opposition to the Whigs July 1716;

The Royal North British Fusiliers
1716–1727: Lt-Gen. George MacCartney
1727–1738: Maj-Gen. Sir James Wood, 2nd Baronet
1738–1752: Gen. John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll, KT

21st (Royal North British) Fusiliers
1752–1770: Gen. William Maule, 1st Earl of Panmure
1770–1789: Lt-Gen. Hon. Alexander Mackay
1789–1794: Gen. Hon. James Murray
1794–1803: Gen. James Inglis Hamilton
1803–1816: Gen. Hon. William Gordon of Fyvie
1816–1843: Gen. James Ochoncar Forbes, 17th Baron Forbes
1843–1853: Gen. Sir Frederick Adam, GCB, GCMG
1853–1870: Gen. Sir George de Lacey Evans, GCB
1870–1890: Gen. Sir Frederick William Hamilton. KCB

The Royal Scots Fusiliers
1890–1909: F.M. Sir Frederick Paul Haines, GCB, GCSI, CIE
1909–1919: Lt-Gen. John Thomas Dalyell
1919–1946: Marshal of the RAF (Col.) Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard, GCB
1946–1957: Maj-Gen. Sir Edmund Hakewill Smith, KCVO, CB, CBE, MC
1957–1959: Brig. Archibald Ian Buchanan-Dunlop, CBE, DSO

See also
21st Royal Scots Fusiliers F.C.

References

Sources

Further reading

Fusilier regiments of the British Army
Fusilier regiments
Scottish regiments
Military of Scotland
Military units and formations of Scotland
Military units and formations in Ayrshire
1678 establishments in Scotland
Military units and formations established in 1678
Regiments of the British Army in World War II
Regiments of the British Army in World War I
Regiments of the British Army in the Crimean War
Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War
Military units and formations disestablished in 1959
1959 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Peninsular War

Royal Scots Fusiliers


Piscines Bernat Picornell () is a swimming venue situated in the Olympic Ring in Montjuïc, Barcelona. The venue consists of three swimming pools: a 50m indoor pool, a 50m outdoor pool, and a pool for diving. It hosted the swimming events, synchronized swimming events, the water polo final, and the swimming part of the modern pentathlon event for the 1992 Summer Olympics.

The swimming pools are for public use and are open all year long.

History
The venue, named after the Catalan swimmer and founder of the Spanish Swimming Federation Bernat Picornell i Richier, was built to host the 1970 European Aquatics Championships. In 1990, refurbishment works began for the 1992 Olympics; the main changes were that the training pool was covered and that temporary grandstands were installed, boosting the capacity to more than 10,000 spectators.

Since the 1992 Olympics, the outdoor swimming pool, with capacity for 3,000 spectators, has hosted several Spanish and Catalan swimming championships as well as the synchronized swimming events for the 2003 World Aquatics Championships. In 2013, it hosted the water polo events for the 2013 World Aquatics Championships, since the city of Barcelona repeated as host ten years later.

See also
Piscina Municipal de Montjuïc

References
1992 Summer Olympics official report. Volume 2. pp. 181–4.

External links

Official site

Venues of the 1992 Summer Olympics
Bernat Picornell
Sports venues in Barcelona
Olympic modern pentathlon venues
Olympic swimming venues
Olympic synchronized swimming venues
Olympic water polo venues

Piscines Bernat Picornell


In the People's Republic of China, provinces are broken into areas called prefectures. They are a kind of administrative division.

Prefectures are the second-level divisions of China. First, the country is broken into provinces and autonomous regions. Second, provinces and autonomous regions are broken into prefectures of various kinds. Third, prefectures are broken into counties. Fourth, counties are broken into towns and subdistricts.

Any second-level division of China can be called a prefecture. However, prefecture also means a particular kind of second-level division. For this reason, second-level divisions are also called prefecture-level divisions.

The kinds of prefecture-level divisions include:
Prefectures: In the past, they were the most common type. Now most of them were changed into prefecture-level cities. There are only 7 today. All of them are in far-out rural areas.
Prefecture-level cities: Most of them are very large. They are not just a city, but also contain rural areas. County-level cities and counties may be inside a prefecture-level city. A prefecture must meet certain standards to become a prefecture-level city. There are 299 prefecture-level cities today, so they are the most common kind.
Leagues: They are in Inner Mongolia. There are only 3 leagues today, because the others were changed into prefecture-level cities.
Autonomous prefectures: They have large numbers of ethnic minorities: people who are not Han Chinese. There are 30 autonomous prefectures today.

References

Subdivisions of China

Prefectures of China


Bert Lahr (born Irving Lahrheim, August 13, 1895 – December 4, 1967) was an American entertainer. He was born Irving Lahrheim in New York City. He started his career in vaudeville. He performed in Broadway musicals. He was in Cole Porter's  musical DuBarry was a Lady in 1939. He was also in the movie The Wizard of Oz in 1939. He played the Cowardly Lion. Lahr was married twice. He had three children. He died of cancer, aged 72.

1895 births
1967 deaths
Actors from New York City
Cancer deaths in New York City
Vaudeville performers
American musical theatre actors
American movie actors

Bert Lahr


A park is an open place in a city or town for nature.  There are often trees, benches, statues, and ponds in a park.  Some parks built in big cities are very large.  These can have fountains or picnic areas.

A park is an open area,often found with trees,benches,statues,etc.
There is also lots of nature around, such as flowers, animals, trees, and much more.
It is mostly used for recreational activities such as walking, exercising, cycling, playing,etc.
A play park can even have swings,slides and some adventurous activities.

Sometimes, countries or regions set up national parks. These are usually large areas of land. Those areas are made to protect the habitats of animals. Very often, a special permit is necessary to enter. Building things in the park is usually forbidden, or needs a special permit.

An example of a national park is Yellowstone National Park.

A park can also be an amusement park or water park in which the rides and shows are the main attractions.

Related pages
 Botanical garden
 Garden

Park


CFS is an acronym for:

 Call for service
 Canada Flight Supplement
 Canadian Federation of Students
 Canadian Forces Station
 Canadian Forest Service
 Carrier Frequency Shift, a term used by the British Military to refer to RTTY
 Center for Financial Studies, a research institute affiliated with Goethe University Frankfurt
 Central Flying School
 Certificat de formation à la sécurité
 Charlottesville Fashion Square, an enclosed shopping mall in the Charlottesville, Virginia area
 Chemins de Fer Syriens, the Syrian state railway system
 Chicken fried steak
 Child and family services
 Chronic fatigue syndrome
 Citizens for Sunshine, an Ohio nonprofit promoting access to public records
 Cold-formed steel
 Combat Flight Simulator WWII Europe Series (CFS1)
 Compact File Set (File format), an open file format for archiving and compressing files.
 Committee on World Food Security
 Completely Fair Scheduler, a Linux operating system scheduler
 Congo Free State
 Conservative Future Scotland, the youth branch of the Scottish Conservative Party
 Continuous Flow System, printer ink feeding via tubes and bottles
 Co-operative Financial Services Ltd.
 Country Fire Service
 Corpo Forestale dello Stato, the Italian state forestry department
 Craigmillar Festival Society, a disestablished community organisation from Edinburgh, Scotland
 Cubic feet per second (cfs), a unit of flow rate

CFS may also refer to:
 Coffs Harbour Airport, IATA airport code

CFS


A Fibula is an ancient brooch.  (Plural: fibulae).  Technically, the latin term fibulae meant Roman brooches, but the term is widely used for brooches from the entire ancient and early medieval world.  Unlike modern brooches, fibulae were not only decorative, they originally served a practical function: to fasten clothes, including cloaks.  Fibulae replaced straight pins that were used to fasten clothing in the Neolithic period and Bronze Age.  In turn, fibulae were replaced as clothing fasteners in the Middle Ages by buttons.  Their descendent, the modern safety pin, remains in use today.

There are hundreds of different types and variations of fibulae.  They are usually divided into families or groups based on historical period, geography and/or cultural grouping.  Fibulae are also divided into classes based on their general forms.

Further reading

 Hattatt, Richard.  A Visual catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches.  Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2000.

Archaeology
Jewelry

Fibula (brooch)


国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund,簡稱:IMF)勒1945年12月27号成立,监督各国个钞票搭仔恚率、提供技術搭資金協助,个国际机构;伊个總部勒到華盛頓。

外部链接
 International Monetary Fund website
 Finance & Development - A quarterly magazine of the IMF
 Annual Reports of the Executive Board
 World Economic Outlook Reports
 IMF Publications
 IMF Fiscal Affairs Department (FAD)
 August Review - Global Banking: The IMF
 Kenneth Rogoff - The sisters at 60
 How the IMF Props Up the Dollar System
 IMF's Origins as a Blueprint for Its Future, Anna J. Schwartz, National Bureau of Economic Research
 Center for International Finance & Development University of Iowa research center, includes a 300 page E-book on the IMF and World Bank.
 Political Forecasting? The IMF's Flawed Growth Projections for Argentina and Venezuela by David Rosnick and Mark Weisbrot, Center for Economic and Policy Research
 What's the difference between the IMF and the World Bank? by economist Arthur MacEwan, in Dollars & Sense magazine
 "Monetary Freedom Act" HR 391, by Congressman Ron Paul, 1981
 Bretton Woods Project Critical voices on the World Bank and IMF
 Eurodad report: Critical conditions: The IMF maintains its grip on low-income governments

国际货币基金组织


Brigadier-General John Nicholson (1822-1857) was a British officer of the East India Company, who served and died in British India. He is especially famous today and remembered as the 'Saviour of Delhi' who gave his life and died at Delhi, in September 1857 during the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence), so that the British empire might be saved.

Nicholson was a very strict and honest administrator, and always took stern action to check crime and dishonesty. Because of this, he was deified (made into  a deity, or god) by some Indian people in his lifetime. The people who worshiped him were called Nikal Saynis.

Nicholson was buried near Delhi when he died but there is a famous monument, the Nicholson Memorial (also called Nicholson's Obelisk) near Taxila in Pakistan. This was made here by the British people ruling here many years ago, because Nicholson had spent a lot of time in that area.

Related pages
 East India Company
 Indian Rebellion of 1857
 Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan

1822 births
1857 deaths
Colonial officials of British India

John Nicholson


Owen Dylan Morris (born 13 May 1968 in Caernarfon, Wales) is a music producer who has worked with rock bands like Oasis and The Verve.

He started working in the music industry as a sound engineer at Spaceward Studio in Cambridge when he was 16.  He continued as an engineer until 1994 when he started producing some work for Oasis at the end of the Definitely Maybe sessions.  Morris continued working with Oasis for their next two albums (What's the Story) Morning Glory? and Be Here Now.  Morris appears on the cover of (What's the Story) Morning Glory? holding the album's master tape.

He also produced The Verve album A Northern Soul, Ash's 1977 and the debut United Kingdom album, For God's Sake for the singer Sek Loso.  In 2000 he recorded and produced Ash's album Free All Angels. He produced The Paddingtons debut album "First Comes First," which was released in October 2005 on Poptones Records. In the early summer of 2006 he produced Hats Off to the Buskers, the debut album of The View through Columbia Records.

He developed an engineering technique called "Brick Walling" on Definitely Maybe.   The effect made Definitely Maybe louder than other albums at the time.  The NME described the resulting sound as "an ear-splitting sonic stew".

References

Oasis (band)
Living people
1968 births
British record producers

Owen Morris


A gene pool is the set of all possible variations (alleles) of all genes of a population. It is a concept in population genetics.

For example, plants have genes that say what colour their flowers will be. The gene pool of peas has an allele for red flowers and another one for white flowers.

Classical genetics

Gene pool


110 is a cartridge-based film format used in still photography. It was introduced by Kodak in 1972. 110 is essentially a miniaturized version of Kodak's earlier 126 film format. Each frame is , with one registration hole. Cartridges with 12, 20, or 24 frames are available on-line. Production variations sometimes have allowed for an additional image.

The film is fully housed in a plastic cartridge, which also registers the image when the film is advanced. There is a continuous backing paper, and the frame number is visible through a window at the rear of the cartridge. The film does not need to be rewound and is very simple to load and unload. The film is usually pre-exposed with frame lines and numbers, a feature intended to make it easier and more efficient for photo finishers to print.

Unlike later competing formats, such as disc and APS film, processed 110 negatives are returned in strips, without the original cartridge.

History

The 110 cartridge was introduced by Kodak in 1972 with Kodak Pocket Instamatic cameras with Kodachrome-X, Ektachrome-X, Kodacolor II, and Verichrome Pan film. The new pocket-sized cameras became immediately popular, and soon displaced competing subminiature cameras, such as the Minolta 16 series, from the market. The 110 film width is 16 mm. A four-frame strip measures 111 mm.

The 16 mm film width allowed Kodachrome film in 110 size to be processed on the existing processing machines that processed movie films in the Standard 8 mm film and 16 mm film sizes.

Fujifilm stopped manufacturing 110 format film in September 2009.
Lomography re-commenced 110 film production in 2011. As of mid-2021, they offer 110 Black and White, Color Negative, and Color Slide (Peacock) films, among others.

Estes Industries has long marketed several model rockets, the most notable being the Astrocam, with a simple 110 camera in the nose; the shutter is triggered when the nose cone separates from the rocket body.

Tyco (in their Spy Tech line of toys) made two toy spy cameras in the early 1990s  that utilized 110 film, called the Hidden Camera and Reese's Camera.  The Reese's Camera natively looked like a Reese's candy box, while the Hidden Camera came with a removable cardboard cover sleeve with small cutouts for the trigger button and front lens that made it resemble a Good & Plenty candy box.  The Hidden Camera had a periscope-like attachment that used a mirror for taking pictures around corners or behind objects.  The Hidden Camera's shape and size is similar to that of the Minox B.

The only new 110 film available on the market is currently produced by Austrian analogue photography company, Lomography.

Design and technical issues

Although the format is most closely associated with cheaply produced, low-cost cameras, Canon, Minolta, Minox, Pentax, Rollei, Voigtländer, and others, as well as Kodak, offered sophisticated, expensive 110 cameras, with excellent multi-element focusing lenses and precise, electronically controlled exposure systems. Such cameras are capable of making high-quality images on 110 film. Some of these cameras are quite small and still hold appeal to subminiature-photography enthusiasts.

The small negative size of 110 film makes it difficult to enlarge successfully. For these reasons, the 110 format is associated with prints that are often rather grainy and unsharp. This has led to the misconception that the cartridge itself is incapable of holding film flat enough for making high-quality negatives.

The 110 cartridge, as specified by Kodak, has a plastic tab on one end. Camera designers had the option of using this tab to sense film speed, enabling sophisticated cameras to switch between high- and low-speed film. A short tab indicated high-speed film, and a long tab indicated low-speed film. Kodak left it to the film manufacturer to decide which film speeds were high or low. Only a few cameras took advantage of this feature: Rollei A110, Canon 110 ED 20, Minolta 110 Zoom SLR Mark I/II, Minox 110S, Voigtlander Vitoret 110 EL, Pentax Auto 110 and the Kodak Ektralite 10.

Some manufacturers would vary the low speed ASA setting and then change it in later models. For example, Minox 110S low speed was 64 ASA (Kodachrome then being made for 110) and high 400 ASA: but Canon 110 ED has 80 ASA only, with the 110 ED 20 having 80 and 400 ASA.

The last 110 film that Kodak produced was ISO 400 speed packed in a cartridge that senses as "low" speed. As shown in the photograph to the right, these cartridges can be modified by hand so that they signal the proper speed to the camera.

Film types

Although the format is commonly associated with print film, Kodak also produced Kodachrome 64 slide film in 110 cartridges until 1982.
In 2012 Lomography re-introduced slide film for 110 with their Peacock 200 ASA model. However, since not all 110 cameras have a settable ASA dial (low or high, depending on presence of a notch in the cassette), a neutral-density filter has to be used over the lens or the exposure compensation dial has to be used where available. Otherwise, over-exposure by a factor of x2 will result, leading to over-exposed images.

Along with standard-sized slides that fit into standard projectors, 110 slide film could also be processed into smaller format slides.  The latter requires special Pocket Carousel projectors.  or the Leica 110 projector. The sub-miniature slides are mounted in small mounts, or for Kodachrome mounted in 35mm-sized mounts with a 110 frame.  There are also mount adapters available that allow the small mounts to be projected in a common 35mm projector. These adapters were not entirely satisfactory however, as to project the smaller slide at a size comparable to that from 35mm the projector had to be moved further from the screen, resulting in a dimmer image. Dedicated 110 projectors overcame this by using a brighter lamp.

Kodak's Verichrome Pan was the only 110 black and white film produced until 2012, when Lomography manufactured their "Orca" Black and White film at 100 ISO speed. This speed is supported by most 110 cameras. Lomography went on to launch color, redscale, and slide film cartridges which, along with black and white, are the only 110 film types in production as of 2022.

See also

 Category: Film formats
 Film format
 List of color film systems
 List of film formats

References
International standard: ISO 13450

External links
 110 Cameras at Sub Club, a site on subminiature photography.
 Rollei 110 cameras at Rolleigraphy.

Film 110
Film formats

110 film


The Australian Oxford Dictionary, sometimes abbreviated as AOD, is a dictionary of Australian English published by Oxford University Press.

The AOD combines elements of the previous Oxford publication, The Australian National Dictionary (sometimes abbreviated as AND), which was a comprehensive, historically based record of 10,000 words and phrases representing Australia's contribution to English. However, The Australian National Dictionary was not a full dictionary, and could not be used as one in the normal sense. The AOD borrowed its scholarship both from the AND and from The Oxford English Dictionary, and competed with the Macquarie Dictionary when it was released in 1999.

Like the Macquarie, the AOD combines elements of a normal dictionary with those of an encyclopaedic volume. It is a joint effort of Oxford University and the Australian National University.

The AODs current editor is Bruce Moore. Its content is largely sourced from the databases of Australian English at the Australian National Dictionary Centre and The Oxford English Dictionary. It also draws on the latest research into International English.

The second edition contains more than 110,000 headwords and more than 10,000 encyclopaedic entries.

In addition to the flagship Australian Oxford Dictionary, shorter versions including the Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary, Australian Paperback Oxford Dictionary, Australian School Oxford Dictionary, Australian Students Oxford Dictionary and Australian School Oxford Dictionary are also published.

Publications

Australian Oxford Dictionary
First edition ():
Second edition (Australian Oxford Dictionary Second Edition) (/): Includes over 110,000 headwords.
?th impression (2004-12-06)

Australian Oxford Paperback Dictionary
Second edition (/):
?th impression (1996-12-01)
Fourth (fifth?) edition (): Includes over 70,000 headwords.
/ (includes 12 months free access to the Online Australian Dictionary & Thesaurus)
?th impression (2011-11-07)
?th impression (2012-04-05)

References

External links
Oxford University Press page: Australian Oxford Dictionary (2 ed.), Australian Oxford Paperback Dictionary 5th edition
Oxford Reference page: 2nd edition
Australian National University page: Oxford Dictionaries
WordWeb page: Australian Oxford Dictionary

Australian books
Australian English
English dictionaries
Oxford dictionaries

Australian Oxford Dictionary


A business entity is an organisation which sells a product or service, usually to make a profit. Different countries have different types of business entity. Most countries have similar types of business entity. The following list has a few examples of business entities which exist in the United Kingdom:
 Private company limited by shares (usually shortened to 'Ltd.'). Private limited companies are split into shares, small parts of the business that belong to people who buy them. Shareholders have limited liability, meaning when they borrow money and need to repay this, they only have to repay an amount which is agreed on before this. Shares cannot be offered to the general public.
 Public limited company (usually shortened to 'PLC'). Public limited companies are also split into shares. Unlike private limited companies, these shares can be sold and traded to the public. Just like private limited companies, shareholders (people who own shares) have limited liability.
 Limited liability partnership (usually shortened to 'LLP'). Limited liability partnerships are owned by two or more people. These people have signed an agreement on how they will run the business, and how the profits (the money made) will be split. All partners in an LLP have limited liability.

References

Business law

Types of business entity


Cornel Campbell aka Don Cornel or Don Gorgon (born 23 November 1945 in Kingston, Jamaica) is a reggae singer, best known for his trademark falsetto voice, and his recordings at Studio One in the late 1960s and his later work with Bunny Lee in the 1970s.

Biography
Campbell has one of Jamaican music's distinctive falsettos. His first name was mistakenly spelled with two L's on a record and has been commonly misquoted since. He prefers the correct spelling: Cornel Campbell. Campbell's singing career began in his local church choir.

At age eleven, in 1956, he was introduced to trombonist Rico Rodriguez, who took him to Clement Dodd's studio, where he recorded his first single, "My Treasure". Further singles followed, including "Turndown Date", as Jamaican music transformed from rhythm and blues to ska, with backing from The Skatalites.

He later recorded for King Edwards backed by The Bell Stars, before moving on to Duke Reid's Treasure Isle, where he formed The Sensations along with Jimmy Riley, Buster Riley, and Aaron Davis. When The Sensations split, Campbell emerged as leader of his own new vocal group, The Eternals, with Ken Price and Errol Wisdom, recording perennial favourites such as "Queen of the Minstrel" and "Stars". He was also briefly a member of The Uniques in the 1960s, although he may not have contributed to any recordings by the group at that time.

Solo career
In 1971, performing now as a solo artist, Campbell began a long association with Bunny Lee, initially working in the lovers rock genre, but soon working more roots songs into his repertoire.  His self-titled debut album appeared in 1973, but his popularity peaked in the mid-1970s with the 'flying hi-hat' sound (played by drummer Santa Davis), leading to major Jamaican hits "Natty Dread in a Greenwich Farm", "Dance in a Greenwich Farm", and "The Gorgon".

He later enjoyed a huge hit in the early 1980s rub-a-dub era with "Boxing" for Joe Gibbs. Throughout the 1970s, he also recorded with other record producers such as Winston Holness ("I Heart Is Clean") and Winston Riley ("Them A Bad"). By the late 1970s, Campbell's popularity had begun to wane and he increasingly concentrated on love songs, and after the mid-1980s, new recordings were less common, although he has maintained a strong following.

The Uniques were revived in the late 1970s, with Campbell joining Jimmy Riley and Lloyd Charmers in the group. This line-up recorded the Showcase vol. 1 album, and Campbell and Riley recorded the Give Thanks album in 1979. The group was again revived in 1997, with a line-up of Riley, Cornell Campbell, and Al Campbell, the group recording a self-titled album.

In 2001, "King in My Empire", featuring Cornell Campbell, was released by Rhythm & Sound. The song was produced by Moritz Von Oswald and Mark Ernestus.

Albums

Solo
Cornell Campbell (1973) Trojan
Natty Dread in a Greenwich Farm (1975) Total Sounds
Dance in a Greenwich Farm (1975) Grounation
The Gorgon (1976) Total Sounds/Angen
Stalowatt (1976) Third World
Turn Back The Hands of Time (1977) Third World
Showcase (1978), Big Phil
Superstar (1979) Micron (reissued as Sweet Baby (1979) Burning Sounds/Abraham)
Yes I Will (1979) Micron
The Inspector General (1980) Imperial
Ropin''' (1980) JusticeBoxing (1982) StarlightBoxing Round (1982) Joe GibbsWhat's Happening To Me (1982) Joe GibbsFollow Instructions (1983) Mobiliser (reissued as Press Along Natty (1993) Tappa)Money (1983) Live & LearnFight Against Corruption (1983) Vista (reissued as Tell The People (1997) Prestige)Big Things (2000) Don OneRock My Soul (2008) Sip a CupNew Scroll (2013), Zion HighNothing Can Stop Us (2013), Strut – Cornell Campbell meets The SoothsayersSweet Baby (2021) Burning Sounds
Split albumsJohnnie Clarke Meets Cornell Campbell (1983) Vista (split with Johnnie Clarke)Cornell Campbell Meets The Gaylads (1984) Culture Press (split with The Gaylads)Double Top (1991) Tamoki Wambesi (split with Junior Reid)Barry Brown Meets Cornell Campbell (2001) Culture Press (with Barry Brown)

CompilationsReggae Sun (1980)Silver Jubilee (1993) RhinoSweet Dancehall Collection (1995) JA ClassicsCollection: 20 Magnificent Hits, Striker LeeMagic Spell (1999) Studio OneSings Hits From Studio One And More (1999) RhinoThe Minstrel (2000) WestsideI Shall Not Remove (2000) Blood & FireMy Confession (2002) CharlyOriginal Blue Recordings (2003) Moll SelektaNatty Dread (2005) TrojanMy Destination (2005) Kingston SoundsVery Best (2006) Super PowerLegend (2011), JusticeTwenty Love Songs (2011), Culture Town70 Greatest Hits (2013), Alexander Music Group12" Collection (2014), Alexander Music GroupI Man A The Stal-A-Watt (2019), 17 North Parade

With The UniquesShowcase Vol. 1 (1978) Third World/JackpotGive Thanks (1979) PlantThe Uniques'' (1999) Charm

See also
List of reggae musicians

References

External links
Cornell Campbell on Myspace
Album discography at Roots Archives
Album discography at Reggae Discographies
Rebel Base interview
Cornell Campbell interview with Sarah C of Vibes 93.8 FM, May 2008 (audio)

Video
PUNKCAST#23 Cornell Campbell & The Slackers @ The Cooler NYC –  15 September 2000. (RealPlayer)

1945 births
Living people
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
Jamaican reggae musicians
Island Records artists
Trojan Records artists
The Sensations (Jamaican group) members
The Uniques (Jamaican group) members

Cornell Campbell


In general usage, a financial plan is a comprehensive evaluation of an individual's current pay and future financial state by using current known variables to predict future income, asset values and withdrawal plans.  This often includes a budget which organizes an individual's finances and sometimes includes a series of steps or specific goals for spending and saving in the future. This plan allocates future income to various types of expenses, such as rent or utilities, and also reserves some income for short-term and long-term savings. A financial plan is sometimes referred to as an investment plan, but in personal finance, a financial plan can focus on other specific areas such as risk management, estates, college, or retirement.

Context of business
In business, "financial forecast"  or "financial plan" can also refer to an annual projection of income and expenses for a company, division, or department;
see .
More specifically, a financial plan can also refer to the three primary financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement) created within a business plan.
A financial plan can also be an estimation of cash needs and a decision on how to raise the cash, such as through borrowing or issuing additional shares in a company.

Note that the financial plan  may then contain prospective financial statements, which are similar, but different, to those of a budget.
Financial plans are the entire financial accounting overview of a company. Complete financial plans contain all periods and transaction types. It's a combination of the financial statements which independently only reflect a past, present, or future state of the company. Financial plans are the collection of the historical, present, and future financial statements; for example, a (historical & present) costly expense from an operational issue is normally presented prior to the issuance of the prospective financial statements which propose a solution to said operational issue.

The confusion surrounding the term "financial plans" might stem from the fact that there are many types of financial statement reports. Individually, financial statements show either the past, present, or future financial results. More specifically, financial statements also only reflect the specific categories which are relevant. For instance, investing activities are not adequately displayed in a balance sheet. A financial plan is a combination of the individual financial statements and reflect all categories of transactions (operations & expenses & investing) over time.

Some period-specific financial statement examples include pro forma statements (historical period) and prospective statements (current and future period). Compilations are a type of service which involves "presenting, in the form of financial statements, information that is the representation of management".  There are two types of "prospective financial statements": financial  forecasts & financial projections and both relate to the current/future time period.   Prospective financial statements are a time period-type of financial statement which may reflect the current/future financial status of a company using three main reports/financial statements: cash flow statement, income statement, and balance sheet. "Prospective financial statements are of two types- forecasts and projections. Forecasts are based on management's expected financial position, results of operations, and cash flows." Pro Forma statements take previously recorded results, the historical financial data, and present a "what-if": "what-if" a transaction had happened sooner.

While the common usage of the term "financial plan" often refers to a formal and defined series of steps or goals, there is some technical confusion about what the term "financial plan" actually means in the industry. For example, one of the industry's leading professional organizations, the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards, lacks any definition for the term "financial plan" in its Standards of Professional Conduct publication. This publication outlines the professional financial planner's job, and explains the process of financial planning, but the term "financial plan" never appears in the publication's text.

The accounting and finance industries have distinct responsibilities and roles. When the products of their work are combined, it produces a complete picture, a financial plan. A financial analyst studies the data and facts (regulations/standards), which are processed, recorded, and presented by accountants. Normally, finance personnel study the data results - meaning what has happened or what might happen - and propose a solution to an inefficiency. Investors and financial institutions must see both the issue and the solution to make an informed decision. Accountants and financial planners are both involved with presenting issues and resolving inefficiencies, so together, the results and explanation are provided in a financial plan.

Issues of definition
Textbooks used in universities offering financial planning-related courses also generally do not define the term 'financial plan'. For example, Sid Mittra, Anandi P. Sahu, and Robert A Crane, authors of Practicing Financial Planning for Professionals do not define what a financial plan is, but merely defer to the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards' definition of 'financial planning'.

Planning
When drafting a financial plan, the company should establish the planning horizon, which is the time period of the plan, whether it be on a short-term (usually 12 months) or long-term (two to five years) basis. Also, the individual projects and investment proposals of each operational unit within the company should be totaled and treated as one large project. This process is called aggregation.

See also
Capital budgeting
Financial planning (business)
Financial plan (budget)
Optimism bias
Personal budget
Reference class forecasting

References

External links
Prospective Analysis: Guidelines for Forecasting Financial Statements, Ignacio Velez-Pareja, Joseph Tham, 2008
To Plug or Not to Plug, that is the Question: No Plugs, No Circularity: A Better Way to Forecast Financial Statements, Ignacio Velez-Pareja, 2008
A Step by Step Guide to Construct a Financial Model Without Plugs and Without Circularity for Valuation Purposes, Ignacio Velez-Pareja, 2008
Long-Term Financial Statements Forecasting: Reinvesting Retained Earnings, Sergei Cheremushkin, 2008
The Plan for Financial Comfort, Phronesis Wealth Management, 2023
Personal finance
Financial management

Financial plan


Rockbrook () is a smaw aurie in Sooth Dublin.  It situatit sooth o Ballyboden on the R116 regional road, an is the steid o the Rockbrook Park School boys seicontar schuil.

Locatit in the veelage is the Merry Ploughboy public hoose which haes become a popular tourist destination for Erse muisic an dance.  The pub is awned bi the Merry Ploughboy tradeetional muisic group.

Dublin residential auries

Touns an veelages in Sooth Dublin

Rockbrook


Sir Bors the Younger is a legendary character in the King Arthur stories. He is one of the Knights of the Round Table. His father, Bors the Elder, was the King of Gaunnes. Bors the Younger and his brother, Lionel, rebelled against Claudas' court. Before they were captured by Claudas, the boys were rescued by one of the Lady of the Lake's servants. They, alongside Jaxon, grew up to become skilled knights. They then joined King Arthur's Round Table. Along with Galahad and Percival, Bors was one of the three to witness the wonders of the Holy Grail.
Bors is more known for his loyalty and faithfulness than his swordsmanship. Bors was always loyal to King Arthur, even if it meant risking his own life. Bors could be considered almost fearless, due to him never being afraid to fight beside other knights! Bors was known for his great power and agility, due to the fact that he had once slain 3 vicious dragons with a slash of his sword.

Arthurian legend
Characters in written fiction
Fictional knights

Sir Bors the Younger