John Rankin Rathbone (17 March 1933 – 12 July 2002), known as Tim Rathbone, was the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for the seat of Lewes between 1974 and 1997.

Rathbone was the son of a Conservative MP also called John Rankin Rathbone, who represented Bodmin from 1935 until his death in the Battle of Britain in 1940. Rathbone's mother, Beatrice Wright then succeeded him as MP at the by-election, serving until 1945. Tim Rathbone was a great-nephew of Eleanor Rathbone, who had been an independent MP for the Combined English Universities between 1929 and 1946, and a staunch women's rights campaigner. He was a great-grandson of William Rathbone, a Liberal MP for Liverpool and later Carnarvonshire.

Rathbone was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, where he read Philosophy, Politics and Economics. After a spell as merchant banker, he emigrated in 1958 to the United States where he worked for the advertising firm Ogilvy and Mather until 1966 when he returned to the UK. In 1960, he married Margarita Sanchez y Sanchez, a Cuban, with whom he had three children: John-Paul, Michael and Cristina.

Upon his return to Britain, Rathbone was recruited by party chairman Edward du Cann to work for the Conservatives as Chief Publicity Officer. He was relatively ineffectual in this position, partly because his brief overlapped with other Conservative staffers. Rathbone moved to the Charles Barker Group, a leading advertising agency in 1968, where he remained for 18 years. He was appointed to a string of directorships within the group and was managing director of Ayer Barker until 1974.

In 1973, he was selected to fight the safe Conservative seat of Lewes, which he duly won in the February 1974 election. Upon entering Parliament, it was clear that Rathbone had a reforming zeal about him, and pushed for declaration of Members' interests, electoral reform and devolution. In 1981, he divorced his first wife and the following year married Susan Stopford Sackville.

Rathbone was also a staunch critic of apartheid: On a visit to Rhodesia, he proposed ousting Ian Smith and holding transitional elections for a majority black government. In 1986, he invited Oliver Tambo, a prominent member of the South African opposition to address Conservative MPs.

When the Conservatives entered government in 1979, Rathbone was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Gerald Vaughan, the Minister for Health, a position he held until 1982. He later served as PPS to other Ministers. He did not achieve high ministerial office however because of his rebelling tendencies, which saw many label him as a "wet". He opposed the Bill that scrapped the Greater London Council and other metropolitan authorities in 1984, and also the poll tax. He also became Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Drug Misuse. Rathbone was a relation of, and godfather to, the future Conservative leader David Cameron. He employed Cameron as a researcher from January to March 1985.

After losing his seat to the Liberal Democrats in the 1997 general election he became chairman of Sponsorship Consultancy Ltd. and in August 1998, was expelled from the Conservative Party by William Hague for his support of the breakaway Pro-Euro Conservative Party. He died from cancer in 2002, aged 69. He is buried in the churchyard of St Peter's Church, Lowick, Northamptonshire.

References
Times Obituary
Guardian Obituary

External links

1933 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People educated at Eton College
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
Tim
Politicians of the Pro-Euro Conservative Party

Tim Rathbone


Calunnia (), meaning "calumny", is a criminal offence under Article 368 of the Italian Penal Code (Codice Penale), which states:

Anyone who with a denunciation, complaint, demand or request, even anonymously or under a false name, directs a judicial authority or other authority that has an obligation to report, to blame someone for a crime who he knows is innocent, that is he fabricates evidence against someone, shall be punished with imprisonment from two to six years.  The penalty shall be increased if the accused blames someone of a crime for which the law prescribes a penalty of imprisonment exceeding a maximum of ten years, or another more serious penalty.  The imprisonment shall be from four to twelve years if the act results in a prison sentence exceeding five years, from six to twenty years if the act results in a life sentence.Calunnia e simulazione di reato, La Stampa, 2 March 2010

The mens rea of calunnia requires awareness and a willingness to blame someone of a crime that the accused knows is innocent.

Calunnia should be distinguished from criminal slander (ingiuria) and criminal libel (diffamazione) which relate to offences against personal honour in the Italian Penal Code.

Protection of legal interests

Traditionally, the crime of calunnia is said to protect a plurality of legal interests. The major protected legal interests are, at the same time, both the proper administration of justice and personal honour, and also possibly the personal freedom of the falsely accused. Historically, the Italian legal system has treated calunnia as detrimental to the interests of the State and the correct administration of justice. This is evidenced through the crime of calunnia being included among other crimes against the administration of justice in the Italian Penal Code, unlike in the French Penal Code or Belgian Penal Code, which place the equivalent of calunnia with crimes against honour.

Notes

Criminal Procedure
Criminal Procedure
Law of Italy
Speech crimes
Defamation

Calunnia


Marrow is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert Reed published in 2000.

Plot
When a jovian-sized, artificially-created structure enters the galaxy, a society of technologically advanced humans (capable of interstellar flight and functionally immortal) are the first to intercept and investigate it.  Finding it to be an intergalactic ship, they decide to convert it into a cruise ship, inviting alien races to join them in its massive, uncharted interior as it makes a slow circumnavigation of the Milky Way .

After thousands of years, with over 200 billion creatures living in its upper levels, a group of explorers discover a planet hidden in the core of the Great Ship.  As they explore it, however, an ionic blast cuts them off from the rest of the ship and destroys much of their technology. Because this planet, Marrow, is slowly expanding, the explorers reason that a new bridge can be built in another 5,000 years. They thus begin a civilization on the surface of Marrow.

The descendants of these original explorers come to believe that the large superstructure has been built to contain the Bleak, a race of nearly unstoppable insect-like creatures.  Calling themselves the Wayward, they take over the ship when the bridge is completed and attempt to steer it towards a black hole to destroy the Bleak.

One of the original explorers sees a vision of the Builders of the ship fighting the Bleak, containing them within the heart of Marrow and constructing the ship around it as a prison.  The Bleak, it is concluded, have twisted the Wayward into destroying the ship so that they may escape.  They stop the Wayward's plan by undermining the ship's control and command systems to divert the engines' thrust just enough to skim past the black hole .

The book ends with the suggestion that, with Marrow being a prison for the Bleak and the Great Ship an extension of that prison, the universe itself could be a further layer constructed by the Builders.

Reviews and criticism

While many readers had generally positive reactions to the novel, numerous criticisms were drawn. Some reviewers argue that the novel, while grand in premise, ends up muddled. Many note that Robert Reed visited on the Marrow planet/ship concept in three of his earlier works, "The Remoras", "Aeon's Child", and a short story also named "Marrow". Claude Lalumière viewed Marrow as essentially a world-building exercise unnaturally constrained into the novel form and would rather have seen a collection of short stories flesh out the world he'd created. Peter Tillman felt the novel had too many scientific errors to be true sci-fi and would be better classified as sci-fantasy.
Nevertheless, most reviewers agreed the book is entertaining and novel in its scope and premise. Reed himself defends his non-strict approach to science in his sci-fi writings, and seems to have intentionally left much of his work in the realm of fantasy.

Sequels

The sequel to Marrow is The Well of Stars (2004).

Translations
 French: "" ("The Great Ship"), Bragelonne, 2006,
 Russian: "" ("The Vital Force"), AST, 2003, .
 Spanish:  ("Marrow"), La Factoría de Ideas, 2007,

References

2000 American novels
American science fiction novels
Novels by Robert Reed
Tor Books books
Fiction about black holes
Novels about extraterrestrial life
Novels set in prison

Marrow (novel)


Romance comics is a genre of comics. Stories are about love, courtship, marriage, divorce, heartbreak and other aspects of romance. Most stories in the past featured teens and young adults. The stories were set in contemporary times. Joe Simon and Jack Kirby took credit for inventing the genre. They noticed many adults were reading comics after WWII, but only children's comics were available on newsstands. The two created a title for adults called Young Romance. Its success and popularity led other publishers to glut the market with love titles. The genre was unaffected by the Senate subcommittee investigation into a supposed link between comic books and juvenile crime. The romance genre died in the 1970s with the last issue of Young Love and the onset of the women's movement. Some romance comics are still published. They are spoofs of the originals or take a more contemporary stance on love such as lesbian and gay romance.

Comics

Romance comics


The Second War of Scottish Independence began in 1333 when Edward III of England did not accept the 1328 Treaty of Northampton any more, under which England recognised the legitimacy of the dynasty established by Robert Bruce.  Edward was determined to support the claim of Edward Balliol, the son of the former king, John Balliol, over David II, Bruce's son and heir.  Balliol had ruled in Scotland for a short time in the autumn of 1332, but was thrown out of the country later in the year.  The war itself lasted until 1357, when David II was released from English captivity.  English involvement in Scotland was also one of the factors that lead to the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War with France in 1337.

Related pages
Wars of Scottish Independence
First War of Scottish Independence

References
PRIMARY

 Anonimalle Chronicle, 1333-81, ed. V. H. Galbraith, 1927.
 Bower, Walter, Scotichronicon, ed. D. E. R. Watt, 1987-96.
 Brut, or the Chronicles of England, ed. F. W. D. Brie, 1906.
 Capgrave, John, The Book of the Illustrious Henries, ed. F. Hingeston, 1858.
 Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, ed. J. Bain, 1857.
 Fordun, John, Chronicles of the Scottish Nation, ed. W. F. Skene, 1872.
 Gray, Thomas, Scalicronica, ed. H. Maxwell, 1913.
 The Lanercost Chronicle, ed. H. Maxwell, 1913.
 Wyntoun, Andrew, The Original Chronicle of Scotland, ed. F. J. Amours, 1907.

SECONDARY

 Balfour-Melville, E. W. M, Edward III and David II, 1954.
 Campbell, T., England, Scotland and the Hundred Years War, in Europe in the Late Middle Ages, ed. J. Hale et al., 1970.
 Duncan, A. A. M., Honi soit qui mal y pense: David II and Edward III, in the Scottish Historical Review, vol. 67, 1988.
 Nicholson, R., Edward III and the Scots, 1965.
 Nicholson, R., Scotland: the Later Middle Ages, 1974.
 Brown, C.K., "The Second Scottish War of Independence", 2001
 Paterson, R. C., Edward Balliol, in Military History, April 2003.
 Reid, R. C., Edward de Balliol, in Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Antiquarian and Natural History Society, vol. 35 1956-7.

Wars of independence
History of the British Isles
Wars involving England
14th century in Scotland

Second War of Scottish Independence


Informed consent is the right of a citizen who will undergo medical treatment or care to know about the kind of treatment or service that will be provided by the doctor as well as the procedures involved. It also includes the right to refuse any treatment or care without prior approval.

Informed consent is part of the medical ethics to avoid medical abuse or accidents. It has been admitted as one of the human rights in some international agreements, and also in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Medicine
Ethics
Legal terms

Informed consent


Tripy Makonda (born 24 January 1990) is a French footballer who plays as a left back for FC Blue Boys Muhlenbach in Luxembourg.

Makonda is a France youth international and has represented his nation at under-18, under-19, and under-20 level. Before joining Brest, he had been at Paris Saint-Germain since 2002 and made his professional debut during the 2008–09 season.

Career
Makonda began his career at the age of five years joining Nicolaite de Chaillot, but had dreams of playing for the biggest Parisian club Paris Saint-Germain. He moved to sports club AC Boulogne-Billencourt in 1998, which also housed future French star Hatem Ben Arfa. During his time at A.C.B.B., he often played against the youths of Paris Saint-Germain, which is how he gained the attention of the club. Despite other offers from Ligue 1 clubs Lens and Toulouse, he refused to pass on the opportunity to play with his favorite club.

After spending nearly six years at the Camp des Loges, Makonda joined Paris Saint-Germain's Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division for the latter part of the 2007–08 season. His performances caught the eye of manager Paul Le Guen, who called up the young midfielder for the senior team's Coupe de France semi-final match against Amiens SC, though he wouldn't make his debut. Makonda was promoted to the senior squad the following season and assigned the number 24 shirt. He made his professional debut on 18 February 2009 in a UEFA Cup match against German club VfL Wolfsburg playing 64 minutes before being substituted out. He made his league debut on 12 April 2009 in a match against Lille. Makonda started the match and played the full 90 minutes in a 0–0 draw. On 22 June 2009, he signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with the club until 2012. He played for the capital club from 2009 to 2011, but struggled to secure a regular place. He made only nine league appearances over three seasons.

Makonda signed a four-year contract with Ligue 1 Brest on 22 July 2011.

On 2 February 2015, Makonda signed a deal with Académica valid for the next two and a half seasons. He made his league debut in a 2–0 away victory over Moreirense.

International career
Makonda is a France youth international having played for the under-18, under-19, and under-20 teams. He participated in the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship with the under-19 team. Makonda played in all four of the squad's matches including the semi-final, where they suffered elimination losing 3–1 in extra time to England.

See also
Sub-Saharan African community of Paris

References

External links

 Profile at L'Équipe

1990 births
Living people
Men's association football fullbacks
French men's footballers
French expatriate men's footballers
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
Stade Brestois 29 players
Académica de Coimbra (football) players
AS Poissy players
FC Blue Boys Muhlenbach players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National 2 players
Championnat National 3 players
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Luxembourg National Division players
French sportspeople of Republic of the Congo descent
France men's under-21 international footballers
France men's youth international footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
French expatriate sportspeople in Luxembourg
Expatriate men's footballers in Luxembourg
Sportspeople from Ivry-sur-Seine
Footballers from Val-de-Marne
Black French sportspeople

Tripy Makonda


Takfir wal-Hijra ( - Excommunication and Exodus) is a violent radical Islamist extremist group. The group that was founded in Egypt in the 1960s. Today Takfir wal-Hijra has members or supporters in several other countries, allied to Al-Qaeda. In Spain the group is also known as Martyrs for Morocco.

Members of the group are radical Islamists. It looks like the members of the group are not bound by the usual Islamic religious constraints. They adopt non-Islamic appearances. They might  shave their beard or wear a tie. They do this to be hard to detect in crowds. Sometimes, even other Muslims have problems detecting them. They can drink alcohol and even eat pork to deceive their enemies. They believe that any means justify the end and, that killing other Muslims can be justified in their cause and that Western society is heathen and it is their duty to destroy it.

Little is known about the current organization or hierarchy of the group. Several groups which adhere to the same ideology have possibly used the name independently of each other.

References

1960s establishments
Islamic terrorism
Rebel militia groups in Africa
Islamic organizations based in Egypt

Takfir wal-Hijra


Matthew Abram "Matt" Groening ( ; born Februar 15, 1954 in Portland) is an American cartoonist, writer, producer, animator, an vyce actor. He is the creator o the comic strip Life in Hell (1977–2012) an the telly series The Simpsons (1989–present) an Futurama (1999–2003, 2008–2013). The Simpsons haes gone on tae acome the langest runnin U.S. primetime telly series in history, as well as the langest runnin animatit series an sitcom.

References

1954 births
20t-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American writers
Album-cover an concert-poster airtists
Alternative cartoonists
American animators
American agnostics
American airtists
American cartoonists
American comic strip cartoonists
American film producers
American male comedians
American male muisickers
American male televeesion actors
American male vyce actors
American fowk o Canadian strynd
American fowk o German strynd
American fowk o Norse strynd
American satirists
American male screenwriters
American televeesion producers
American televeesion writers
Annie Awaird winners
Airtists frae Portland, Oregon
Futurama
Lincoln High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni
Livin fowk
Male televeesion writers
Oregon Democrats
Peabody Awaird winners
Primetime Emmy Awaird winners
Reuben Awaird winners
Rock Bottom Remainders members
Shawrunners
The Evergreen State College alumni
The Simpsons
Writers frae Portland, Oregon

Matt Groening


Joseph Mallord William Turner (Covent Garden, London, 23 April 1775 – Chelsea, London, 19 December 1851) was an English painter and artist. He was one of the greatest artists of landscape painting, with a great mastery of light and colour.

His father was a maker of wigs. His mother was ill with mental problems, and the young Turner was sent to live with his uncle in Brentford, West London, where he first started to paint.

Turner became a student at the Royal Academy of Art school in London when he was 14 years old. He was accepted into the academy a year later. He had a watercolour painting in 1790 in the academy's important art show. He had only been studying for a year. In 1802, at the age of only 28, he was elected a member of the Royal Academy, and later became its Professor of Perspective.

In 1802, Turner travelled around Europe, visiting France and Switzerland. He also went to the Louvre in Paris. During his life, he often travelled across Europe, visiting Venice in Italy several times. As his personal style developed, he began to produce paintings that were generalised or exaggerated in form and colour, rather than realistic or detailed. These caused much argument as to their artistic value, but nowadays are his best loved works. On his death, he left 300 oils and 20,000 watercolours to the British nation. Some of his watercolours are the most abstract or generalised of his paintings.

Turner never married, although he had two children with his mistress Sarah Danby. For much of his life, he lived with his father, who helped him in his studio until he died in 1829.

In his early career, Turner was influenced by the painters Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin, who painted "historical" landscapes.

Turner became interested in natural catastrophes, and natural phenomena such as sunlight, storm, rain, and fog. He was fascinated by the violent power of the sea. His paintings revolve around the light of the sun, shown in infinite variety. His work showed some of the ideas of the impressionists decades before they arrived on the scene. Monet, in particular, studied Turner's methods.

His most famous paintings include The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up. Often called just The Fighting Temeraire, this is a picture of a famous warship that was used in the Battle of Trafalgar. Other pictures include Rain, Steam and Speed, which shows a steam train crossing a bridge, and Snowstorm which shows a steamship in a snowstorm trying to get into a harbour. In order to get the right feeling into this painting, he had himself tied to a ship's mast during a storm, so that he could see what it was like. Some of his most famous paintings show the roughness of nature, with bleak landscapes and violent storms.

But also there is beauty and a sense of calmness in pictures such as Crossing the Brook, a stunning scenic view of the Tamar Valley and River from New Bridge near Gunnislake in Cornwall, painted in 1815, a view which can still be admired today.

As he grew older, Turner's behaviour became a bit odd, and he became depressed quite often. He died in Chelsea on 19 September 1851, and was buried next to the painter Joshua Reynolds in St Paul's Cathedral.

Even while Turner was alive, some people thought he was a genius. Some people complained that the pictures he painted when he was older were not realistic, and some even joked that they could have been painted with a mop. However, most think that his way of painting shows complete mastery.

References

1775 births
1851 deaths
Artists from London
English painters
Royal Academicians
Deaths from cholera
Infectious disease deaths in London

J. M. W. Turner


Charles William Hempel (1777–1855) was an English organist.

Life
Hempel was born at Chelsea, Middlesex, on 28 August 1777, and showing very early indications of musical talent was placed under the tuition of his relative, Augustus F. C. Kollmann, organist and composer. He made rapid progress, and at the age of eight performed during the service at the king's German chapel, St. James's. He was placed later at a boarding-school in Surrey, where all his leisure time was devoted to music and drawing. In 1793–4 he was on the continent, chiefly at Leipzig and Dresden, where he cultivated his taste for music.

Not finding employment in London, he removed to Truro in Cornwall, where in May 1804 he was elected organist of St. Mary's Church (which later became Truro Cathedral). He held this post for forty years, supplementing his income by teaching music. In 1805 he composed and printed Psalms from the New Version for the use of the Congregation of St. Mary's, and in 1812 Sacred Melodies for the same congregation. These melodies became very popular, and some of them are still found in musical collections. A Morning and Evening Service, twenty Original Melodies, and two Anthems, dedicated to the Hon. George Pelham, bishop of Lincoln, was published in 1820. For the use of his pupils in 1822 he printed an Introduction to the Pianoforte, comprising Elementary Instruction, with a series of Practical Lessons.

Hempel also became known as a poet in 1822 by his work entitled The Commercial Tourist, or Gentleman Traveller, a satirical poem in four cantos. This book was embellished with coloured engravings designed and etched by J. R. Cruikshank, and in 1832 went to a third edition.

In his later life he moved to Exeter, where he made an improvident second marriage. His death is involved in some obscurity. The West Briton states that he died at his son's residence, Wolsingham Place, Kennington Road, London, on 14 March 1855; but a more trustworthy source, the registrar-general's return, says that after acting as a banker's clerk he died in the workhouse, Prince's Road, Lambeth, London, on 14 March 1855. His eldest son was Charles or Carl Frederick Hempel.

References

External links

1777 births
1855 deaths
English organists
British male organists

Charles William Hempel


The 39 Clues is a series of ten adventure books written by different authors including Rick Riordan, Gordon Korman etc.. In the series, the two main characters, Dan and Amy Cahill's grandmother. In her will, she says each person can get one million dollars or search for clues around the world and become super powerful. There are also online and card games. in book ten it states that all who pass through the gauntlet will get double the amount they turned down.

Characters

Cahill Branches
The fictitious Cahill family has supposedly changed the world more than any other family. Most famous people are apparently Cahills. They are split into five branches, the Lucians, Ekatrinas, Tomas, Janus, and Madrigal.

The Lucians are good leaders and spies, and are also good with poisons.

The Ekaterinas are very inventive and good scientists.

The Tomas are very tough and strong.

The Janus are very creative and good artists, musicians, and authors.

The Madrigals are trying to keep their other family members from being too violent/getting all 39 clues.

Characters
Dan Cahill is an 11-year-old boy who likes ninjas, video games, eating, gross stuff, and collecting things. Dan has asthma, but a photographic memory.

Amy Cahill is a 14-year-old girl who likes reading and museums. She is scared of public speaking. Dan and Amy live in Boston, Massachusetts

Grace Cahill is Dan and Amy's recently deceased (dead) grandmother. She took them to museums, and secretly got them ready for the hunt. Amy, Dan, and Grace are Madrigals.

Nellie Gomez is their au pair. She is about 22 years old, and can speak a lot of languages and fly an airplane. She has dyed (colored) hair.

Isabel Kabra is a Lucian and Dan and Amy's main enemy. She is very mean and has tried to kill both of them at different times. Her  children, Ian and Natalie Kabra help her.

Irina Spasky is a Lucian woman in her 40s or 50s. She appeared to be Dan and Amy's enemy, but turns out to be their ally.

Alistair Oh is a 64-year-old Korean man. His branch is Ekaterina. He has formed an alliances with Amy and Dan, but ends up betraying (breaking a promise) them. He is Bae Oh's nephew.

Jonah Wizard is a 15-year-old Janus boy and world-famous pop star. His mother, Cora Wizard, really pushes him to do well, and his father, Broderick Wizard, types on his BlackBerry a lot.

The Starling triplets, Ned, Ted, and Sinead are Ekaterinas who were severely injured in a bomb blast in Book 1, but get back in the hunt in Book 10.

The Holts are a Tomas family of five. They are all very strong. Amy and Dan made a temporary alliance with 15 year old Hamilton Holt.

Plot
In Book 1, the Cahills learn that their family is the most powerful family in the world. They split into groups and start on the clue hunt. They go to places where Benjamin Franklin went, including Boston, Philadelphia, and Paris.

In Book 2, Amy and Dan go to a monestary in the Alps, [where they are chased by monks], and Venice.

In Book 3, they go to Japan and South Korea, where they team up with Alistair, but he later abandons them.

In Book 4, they go to a tomb in an Egyptian pyramid where they meet Irina.

In Book 5, Amy and Dan team up with the Holts to go to different cities throughout Russia. They have to go to five cities in 36 hours to get into the Amber Room, which holds the fifth clue.

In Book 6, they go to a mine in Australia and almost get killed by Isabel. Irina turns out to be their ally, but then she dies in a fire in Indonesia caused by Isabel.

In Book 7, Amy and Dan go to Pretoria, in South Africa. While they are there, they barely escape out of a Tomas stronghold and discover that they are Madrigals.

In Book 8, Amy and Dan go to China, where they get separated. Dan stays with Jonah and his family for a while, but eventually he takes a train to Lhasa, near Mount Everest. In a village near Lhasa, Dan meets Amy as they both try to take a helicopter to go to Mount Everest.

In Book 9, they go to the Caribbean, where they learn more about their family branch, and that they need to unite the family.

In Book 10, they go to England and Amy and Dan successfully unite the family. They do this by having to go through a cave with explosions.

References

Series of books

The 39 Clues


Longitude is a way to say where a place is on the Earth. It is measured starting from an imaginary north–south line called the Prime Meridian. (A meridian is an imaginary line drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole.) Longitude says how far east (positive numbers) or west (negative numbers) of the Prime Meridian any place is.

Longitude is measured using degrees, the same way an angle is. The Prime Meridian is 0° (zero degrees), and the farthest away is +180° eastward and -180° westward. Unlike latitude, which has the equator as a natural starting position, there is no natural starting position for longitude. Other meridians have been used in the past, but most scientists now agree to use the Prime Meridian.

For centuries navigators at sea were seldom able to know their longitude. The problem was solved by making better clocks (chronometers) in the early 19th century.

Unlike  latitude, longitude does not maintain a constant distance between degrees since meridians all come together at the poles and are far apart at the equator. This means people near the North or South Pole can cross many degrees of longitude by travelling a short distance. The time difference between longitudes is 4 minutes per degree. The distance between degrees of longitude is maximum at the equator.

Related pages
 Latitude

What are the lines latitude and longitude

Lines of longitude
Measurement

Longitude


In the United States Congress, a bill is proposed legislation under consideration by either of the two chambers of Congress: the House of Representatives or the Senate. Anyone elected to either body can propose a bill. After both chambers approve a bill, it is sent to the President of the United States for consideration.

Bill writing
Ideas for legislation and drafts of legislation can come from many areas, including members of Congress, Congressional committees, constituents, lobbyists, state legislatures, the president, federal departments, and federal agencies. The House Office of the Legislative Counsel and Senate Office of the Legislative Counsel are available to create or modify legislation for members and committees.

Introduction and sponsors

In the House, a bill is introduced by a member placing a hard copy into a wooden box called a hopper. In the Senate, the bill is placed on the desk of the presiding officer.

The bill must bear the signature of the member introducing it to verify that the member actually intended to introduce the bill. The member is then called the sponsor of that bill. That member may add the names of other members onto the bill who also support it. These members are called co-sponsors. If a member was a co-sponsor and their name was on the bill when it was introduced, they are called an original co-sponsor. Additional co-sponsors to bills are printed in the Congressional Record in a section designated for that purpose. Members may also remove their names as co-sponsors from bills if the bill is later amended such that they no longer support it; this is typically done via a unanimous consent agreement. This action is also included in the Congressional Record.

After a bill is placed in the hopper, the House Clerk's office assigns a bill number, adds the committee(s) of referral, processes the paper and electronic versions of the bill and makes it available online through the Government Publishing Office and the Library of Congress.

Committees
With the assistance of the Parliamentarian, the Speaker of the House refers the bill to one or more committees. These committees consider legislation relating to each policy area of jurisdiction.  Thousands of bills are introduced in every session of Congress, and no single member can possibly be adequately informed on all the issues that arise. The committee system is a way to provide for specialization, or a division of the legislative labor. Sometimes called "little legislatures," committees usually have the final say on pieces of legislation. Committees only very rarely are deprived control of a bill, although this kind of action is provided for in the rules of each chamber.

By far the most important committees in Congress are the Standing Committees, permanent bodies that are established by the rules of each chamber of Congress and that continue from session to session.
Select Committees are created for a limited time and for a specific legislative purpose. For example, a select committee may be formed to investigate a public problem, such as child nutrition or aging.
A Joint Committee is formed by the concurrent action of both chambers of Congress and consists of members of each chamber. Joint Committees, which may be permanent or temporary, have dealt with the economy, taxation, and the Library of Congress.
 Conference Committees- No bill can be sent to the White House to be signed into law unless it passes through both chambers in original form. Sometimes called the "third house" of Congress, Conference Committees are in a position to make significant alterations to legislation and frequently become the focal point of policy debates.
 The House Rules Committee- Because of its special "gate-keeping" power over the terms on which legislation will reach the floor of the House of Representatives, the House Rules Committee holds a uniquely powerful position.

See also
 Bill (law)
 Procedures of the United States Congress

References

External links

 Congress.gov - Current legislative activities
 https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=BILLS - List of bills, provided by the Government Publishing Office
 https://www.congress.gov/ - List of bills, provided by the Library of Congress

Terminology of the United States Congress
Statutory law

Bill (United States Congress)


George Leonard Berry (September 12, 1882December 4, 1948) was president of the International Printing Pressmen and Assistants' Union of North America from 1907 to 1948 and a Democratic United States Senator from Tennessee from 1937 to 1938.

Early life
Berry was born in Hawkins County, Tennessee, near Rogersville.  He left home at a very early age, becoming a pressman's assistant in 1891.  He worked in this trade and was a labor union activist, being elected president of its international union in 1907.

Pressmen's Home
During his tenure, the Pressmen's Union acquired and operated the former Hale Springs Resort, a mineral water resort in East Tennessee not far from Berry's boyhood home, as a sanatorium for its members suffering from "consumption" (tuberculosis), a common ailment of its members in that era, a residential trade school for its members to learn more advanced trades and increase their income, and as its international headquarters.

Berry had learned of its availability during a visit to his home area in conjunction with a search of the relatively nearby Asheville, North Carolina area, then renowned for its supposed curative properties with regard to respiratory disease.  This facility became known as the Pressmen's Home. It was designed to be largely self-sufficient, and one point had a large agricultural operation, and, prior to the coming of the Tennessee Valley Authority, its own hydroelectric power plant.

Political experience
In World War I, Berry participated in the American Expeditionary Force with the rank of major, serving overseas 1918–1919, and then returned home to resume active leadership of his union.  He was frequently a delegate to many national and international labor meetings and congresses, and at the 1924 Democratic Convention, was almost nominated for Vice President.  On May 6, 1937, he was appointed to the United States Senate by governor of Tennessee Gordon Browning to serve in the place of Nathan L. Bachman, who had died in office.

Turning the day-to-day operation of the union over to others, Berry moved to Washington, D.C. to attend to his senatorial duties.  Berry apparently enjoyed being a Senator well enough to desire election in his own right, and ran a campaign seeking the nomination to the balance of the term in the August, 1938 Democratic primary.

However, the people of Tennessee were apparently more interested having the sort of Senator more traditionally associated with the Democratic Party's Southern conservative wing than a labor activist, and Berry was defeated for the nomination by attorney Tom Stewart.  Governor Browning, who had appointed him to the Senate, was defeated for renomination by Prentice Cooper in the same primary.

Some political historians feel that these defeats can be almost entirely attributed to the influence of the Memphis-based political machine of E. H. Crump, who supported both Stewart and Cooper.  Berry's service as a Senator ended on November 8, 1938, when the votes in the general election indicating Stewart's election were tallied, even though Stewart did not actually take the seat until early the next year.

Death
Berry returned to day-to-day operation of the union and his interests, including agriculture, around the Pressmen's Home until his death.  (The union continued to operate the facility for several years after Berry's death.)  He was interred at Pressmen's Home but his body was later moved to McKinney Cemetery in nearby Rogersville.

See also
Pressmen's Home
Rogersville, Tennessee
United States Senate

External links

1882 births
1948 deaths
People from Rogersville, Tennessee
Tennessee Democrats
Democratic Party United States senators from Tennessee
Candidates in the 1924 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
Vice Presidents of the American Federation of Labor

George L. Berry


Vicente Acosta (24 July 1867 – 24 July 1908) was a Salvadoran poet.

Born in Apopa, Acosta published various diaries and papers, notably Diario del Salvador, La juventud salvadoreña, La república de Centro América, and El Fígaro. He was active in the newspaper La Unión, in which he signed under the pseudonym Flirt. At the time of the coup d'état of the Antonio brothers and Carlos Ezeta in 1890, Acosta was forced to flee from the country and did not return until it ended in 1894.

In 1904, he was founding director of La Quincena, an important cultural and scientific journal of the time. He participated with such people as Francisco Gavidia, Santiago I. Barberena and cousin of the writer, Arthur Ambrogi. According to David Escobar Galindo, Acosta was "one with romantic impulse, but soon found it better to write in modernism. He was modernist in two slopes: cosmic-metaphysics and vernacular". Francisco Gavidia mentioned Acosta describing him as "a sweet poet, of great descriptive dowries".

He died in 1908 in Tegucigalpa and collections of his poems were published after his death. An anthology was released in 1924.

Poetry
A poetry extract from El Platanar (1924):
EL PLATANAR

Impasible y compacto regimiento,
tendido en las cañadas  laderas,
luce el bosque triunfal de sus banderas,
que en sus manos alegre agita el viento.

Convidando al amable esparcimiento
están las verdes matas altaneras,
que se cargan de frutas tempraneras,
del encendido trópico al aliento.

Un sol canicular deja teñido
el verde platanar con tintas rojas
en el lienzo del aire estremecido.

Mientras, buscando alivio a sus congojas,
el rudo caporal duerme rendido
al plácido susurro de las hojas.

De "Poesías Selectas", San Salvador, 1924.

Selected works

La Lira Joven, poetry, San Salvador, 1890.
Poesías (publication), San Salvador, 1899.
Poesías Selectas (poetry anthology), San Salvador, 1924.

References

Cañas Dinarte, Carlos, (2000), Diccionario escolar de autores salvadoreños, San Salvador: Dirección de publicaciones e impresos]

Male poets
1867 births
1908 deaths
People from San Salvador Department
Salvadoran male writers
19th-century Salvadoran writers
Salvadoran poets
19th-century poets
19th-century male writers

Vicente Acosta


Trade paperbacks, or "trades" as they are commonly called, are collections of comic books that are usually bound in a better format than the comic magazines, using the same materials and methods as printed books. They are generally sold in bookstores and specialty comic book shops rather than at newsstands.

Unlike graphic novels, the material in a trade paperback is reprinted from comic magazines that were released in the standard 32-page format. Unlike comic books, which only tell one small part of a story, trade paperbacks usually collect a complete story, story arc, or a large part of a story. They usually reprint the material from 4 to 12 comic books, depending on the size of the trade and the story being collected.

Some famous examples of trade paperbacks:
 Watchmen
 V for Vendetta
 Batman: Year One

Comics

Trade paperback (comics)


New Horizons is a space probe launched by NASA on 19 January 2006, to the dwarf planet Pluto and on an escape trajectory from the Sun. It is the first man-made spacecraft to go to Pluto. Its flight took nine years. It arrived at the Pluto-Charon system on July 14, 2015.  It flew near Pluto and took photographs and measurements while it passed. At about 1 kilobit per second, it took 15 months to transmit them back to Earth.

Instruments include a Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI), a Ralph telescope of 75 mm aperture, an Alice ultraviolet imaging spectrometer, a Particle Spectrometer Suite to study solar wind and particles, a student dust counter (VBSDC), and a Radio Science Experiment (REX).

The primary mission of New Horizons is to study Pluto and its system of moons. The secondary mission is to study any objects in the Kuiper Belt, if something became available for a flyby.

The space probe set the record for the fastest man-made object ever launched, with the Earth-relative speed of about 16.26 km/s, although, arguably, the Helios probes got a faster Sun-relative speed. It used a gravity assist from Jupiter to get its high speeds without having to burn as much monopropellant (weak rocket fuel) as needed to fly directly to Pluto.

On January 1, 2019 the probe flew by 486958 Arrokoth, a small Kuiper Belt object also called 2014 MU69  and nicknamed "Ultima Thule". Propellant is now scarce, but a target for a third flyby might be found. It will continue to report about its environment.

The New Horizons spacecraft is the 5th spacecraft to go faster than the escape velocity of the solar system. On April 17, 2021, it passed a distance of 50 AU from the Sun.

References

NASA spacecraft
Spacecrafts launched in 2000s
2010s in spaceflight

New Horizons


Food is what people, plants and animals eat to live. Every organism needs energy to carry on with the process of living which comes from food. Food usually comes from animals and plants. It is eaten by living things to provide energy and nutrition. Food contains the nutrition that people and animals need to be healthy. The consumption of food is normally enjoyable to humans.

It contains protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, water and minerals. Liquids used for energy and nutrition are often called "drinks". If someone cannot afford food they go hungry.

Food for humans is mostly made through farming or gardening. It includes animal and vegetable sources. Some people refuse to eat food from animal origin, like meat, eggs, and products with milk in them. Not eating meat is called vegetarianism. Not eating or using any animal products is called veganism.

Food produced by farmers or gardeners can be changed by industrial processes (the food industry). Processed food usually contains several natural ingredients and food additives (such as preservatives, antioxidants, emulsifiers, flavor enhancers). For example, bread is processed food.

Food processing at home is done in the kitchen, by the cook. The cook sometimes uses a cookbook. Examples of cooking utensils are pressure cookers, pots, and frying pans.

Food can also be prepared and served in restaurants or refectory (in particular for children in school).

The utensils used may be a plate, knife, fork, chopsticks, spoon, bowl, or spork.

Many people do not grow their own food. They have to buy food that was grown by someone else. People buy most of their food in shops or markets. But some people still grow most or all of their own food.

People may buy food and take it home to cook it. They may buy food that is ready to eat from a street vendor or a restaurant.

Other countries have their own way of eating food. An example of an ethnic food is Mexican food.

Production of food
Originally, people got food as hunter-gatherers. The agricultural revolution changed that. Farmers grew crops including those invented and improved by selective breeding. These improvements, for example the invention of maize, allowed feeding more people, and further improvements gave it a better taste.

Food shortage has been a big problem throughout history. Many people do not have enough money to buy the food that they need. Bad weather or other problems sometimes destroy the growing food in one part of the world. When people do not have enough food, we say that they are hungry. If they do not eat enough food for a long time, they will become sick and die from starvation. In areas where many people do not have enough food, we say that there is famine there.

Food and water can make people sick if it is contaminated by microorganisms, bad metals, or chemicals.

If people do not eat the right foods, they can become sick.
 If people do not eat enough protein, they get the disease called kwashiorkor.
 If they do not eat enough vitamin B1 (thiamine), they get the disease called beriberi.
 If they do not eat enough vitamin C, they get the disease called scurvy.
 If children do not eat enough vitamin D, they get the disease called rickets.

People may often have a variety of eating disorders that cause them to either eat too much, or not be able to eat certain things or amounts. Common diseases like Coeliac disease or food allergies cause people to experience ill effects from consuming certain foods that are normally safe. If people eat too much food, they can become overweight or obese. This causes numerous health problems. On the other hand, eating too little food, from lack of access or anorexia could cause malnutrition. Therefore, people have to balance the amount, the nutrition, and the type of food to be healthy.

Food in religions
Many cultures or religions have food taboos. That means they have rules what people should not eat, or how the food has to be prepared. Examples of religious food rules are the Kashrut of Judaism and the Halal of Islam, that say that pig meat cannot be eaten. In Hinduism, eating beef is not allowed. Some Christians are vegetarian (someone who does not eat meat) because of their religious beliefs. For example, Seventh-day Adventist Church recommends vegetarianism.

In addition, sometime beliefs do not relate to the religion but belong to the culture. For example, some people pay respect to Guān Yīn mothergod and those followers will not consume "beef" as they believe that her father has a shape of the cow.

References

Basic English 850 words

Food


Bruno Walter (pronounce: "Valter"), (born Berlin, 15 September 1876; died Beverly Hills, California, 17 February 1962) was a German-born conductor, pianist and composer. He was one of the greatest conductors of his time. He grew up in Germany, but later became an Austrian and, when the Nazis came to power, he moved to several other countries, finally settling in the United States where he became an American citizen. His name was originally Bruno Schlesinger but from 1896 he was usually known as Bruno Walter. Walter became his official surname in 1911 when he became an Austrian citizen.

Life

Early life and career
Bruno was born into a Jewish family in Berlin. He had his early musical education at the Stern Conservatory when he was eight, and played the piano in public when he was nine. He went to concerts which were conducted by the great Hans von Bülow. Two years later, in 1891, he heard Wagner operas in Bayreuth. These experiences made him want to be a conductor.

Bruno started his conducting career at the Cologne Opera in 1894. Later that year he went to the Hamburg Opera to work as a chorus director. There he met and worked with Gustav Mahler, from whom he learned a lot. Mahler found him a job conducting at the opera house in Breslau. This is when he changed his name from Schlesinger (meaning: "someone from Silesia") to "Walter". He then went to Riga, returning to Berlin in 1900 where he conducted at the Staatsoper Unter den Linden where he worked with famous people such as Richard Strauss and Karl Muck.

In 1901 Mahler invited Walter to be his assistant at the Court Opera in Vienna. At his first performance he conducted Verdi's Aida. He was becoming very famous all over Europe. He performed in Prague and in London where in 1910 he conducted Tristan und Isolde and Ethel Smyth's The Wreckers at Covent Garden. A few months after Mahler's death in 1911, Walter led the first performance of Das Lied von der Erde in Munich, as well as Mahler's Symphony No. 9 in Vienna the next year.

Years of fame in Europe
Walter became an Austrian citizen in 1911, but two years later he went to Germany to become the Royal Bavarian Music Director in Munich. The next year Walter conducted his first concert in Moscow. He continued to conduct during First World War, conducting operas by composers including Erich Korngold and Hans Pfitzner. Among his friends in Munich was Eugenio Pacelli who later became Pope Pius XII.

Walter left Munich in 1922 and went to New York the next year. He conducted the New York Symphony Orchestra in Carnegie Hall. He later conducted in Detroit, Minnesota and Boston.

When he returned to Europe, Walter was invited to play in many places, including Berlin Leipzig, Milan (La Scala) and London, where he was chief conductor of the German seasons at Covent Garden from 1924 to 1931.

In the late 1920s, the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler often complained that conductors at the Berlin opera were Jews. He often talked about Walter, adding that his real name was "Schlesinger". When the Nazis came to power in 1933 Walter left Austria. He often conducted the Concertgebouw Orchestra and was invited to conduct concerts in New York with the New York Philharmonic. When the Nazi's took power in Austria (the Anschluss) Walter was conducting in Paris. France offered Walter French citizenship. His daughter was in Vienna. She was arrested by the Nazis, but Walter managed to persuade them to free her.

Life in United States
On 1 November 1939, he sailed to the United States where he lived for the rest of his life. His home was in Beverly Hills, California. Many people who lived there had fled from Europe because of the Nazis. They became his friends. They included the German writer Thomas Mann. He worked with many famous American orchestras, including the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the NBC Symphony Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic and the Philadelphia Orchestra. After the war he often came back to Europe. He performed at the Edinburgh Festival and in Salzburg, Vienna and Munich. In his later life he made many stereo recordings with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra. He made his last live concert appearance on 4 December 1960 with the Los Angeles Philharmonic and pianist Van Cliburn. His last recording was a series of Mozart overtures with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra at the end of March in 1961. Bruno Walter died of a heart attack in his Beverly Hills home in 1962.

His reputation

Between 1923 and 1961 Walter made hundreds of recordings. The earlier recordings, made at a time when his conducting was at its best, are often rather poor recordings. When he made his last recordings, after stereo records had been invented, he was already quite ill. In his early years he gave some of the first performances of Mahler's music. He conducted the first performance of Das Lied von der Erde with the Vienna Philharmonic. In 1936 he made the first recording of the same work with the same orchestra which still had the same leader: Arnold Rosé who was Mahler's brother-in-law. This recording was made just before the Nazi Anschluss which forced Walter and Rosé into exile. Many years later, in 1952, Walter and the Vienna Philharmonic once again made a famous recording of Das Lied von der Erde with the singers Kathleen Ferrier and Julius Patzak. He also recorded Mahler's Ninth Symphony. Since Walter had worked closely with Mahler, and Mahler had never conducted either of these two great works of his, we can imagine that Walter's recordings show us how Mahler might have wanted the music to be played.
Walter made many recordings of other great Germanic composers, such as Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Johann Strauss II., and Anton Bruckner.

Walter was known as a kind, modest man, quite unlike some other conductors of the time who behaved like dictators. He was an excellent pianist and sometimes accompanied singers such as Kathleen Ferrier at recitals. He also composed several works. He wrote an autobiography called "Theme and Variations".

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980, vol 20, pp187–188; .

Other websites

The Bruno Walter Foundation

1876 births
1962 deaths
American autobiographers
20th-century American composers
American conductors
American pianists
Austrian composers
Austrian conductors
Austrian Jews
20th-century German composers
German conductors
German pianists
Jewish American musicians
Jewish German musicians
Musicians from Berlin
Naturalized citizens of the United States

Bruno Walter


David Knudsen Levine (born c. 1955) is department of Economics and Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Study Joint Chair at the European University Institute; he is John H. Biggs Distinguished Professor of Economics Emeritus at Washington University in St. Louis. His research includes the study of intellectual property and endogenous growth in dynamic general equilibrium models, the endogenous formation of preferences, social norms and institutions, learning in games, and game theory applications to experimental economics.

Biography
At UCLA, Levine obtained a B.A. in mathematics in 1977, and an M.A. in economics in the same year. He was awarded a Ph.D. in economics at MIT in June 1981. He became an assistant professor of economics at UCLA in July 1981, an associate professor of economics at the University of Minnesota in 1987, and a professor of economics at UCLA in the same year. In 1997 he became the Armen Alchian Professor of Economics at UCLA. In 2006 he moved to Washington University in St. Louis, where he became the John H. Biggs Distinguished Professor of Economics.

Levine was the coeditor of the Review of Economic Dynamics from November 1996 to June 2001, and of Econometrica from July 2003 to June 2008. He presided the Society for Economic Dynamics from July 2006 to June 2009.

Levine is a Fellow of the Econometric Society since 1989 and a research associate at NBER since 2006.

Research
David K. Levine conducts ongoing research in general equilibrium theory, focusing specifically on growth theory, innovation, and intellectual property. Collaborating with Michele Boldrin, Levine examines the role of increasing returns in growth and innovation.  They posit that little evidence exists for increasing returns at the aggregate level, and thus argue that there is no reason to believe that increasing returns play an important role in growth. This theory concludes that existing claims for the necessity of intellectual property in the process of growth and innovation are greatly exaggerated.

Levine also conducts research in the field of dynamic games.  He established with Drew Fudenberg that a long-lived player playing in opposition to short-lived players can substitute reputation for commitment. He developed with Eric Maskin the first "folk theorem" for games in which players do not directly observe each other's decisions, with applications for learning in games.  They argued that while learning theories cannot provide detailed descriptions of non-equilibrium behavior, they act as a useful tool in understanding which equilibria are likely to emerge.  One example of this, they put forward, explains how superstitions survive in the face of rational learning.

Levine currently studies the endogenous formation of preferences and social norms.  His analysis of experimental anomalies explores some of the limitations of the standard economic model of self-interested individuals.

Publications
 The Theory of Learning in Games, co-author with Drew Fudenberg
 Against Intellectual Monopoly, co-author with Michele Boldrin

Working papers
 http://www.dklevine.com/papers.htm

Podcast
 http://www.dklevine.com/podcasts.xml

References

External links
 Economic and Game Theory, by David K. Levine
 Against Monopoly: Defending the Right to Innovate
 Freshmeat account, author of cross-platform UNIX software
 Copyright Controversies: Freedom, Property, Content Creation, and the DMCA, a Cato Institute conference at which Levine spoke.
 Against Intellectual Property lecture , a recording of a free public lecture by David Levine at Simon Fraser University.
 Levine's academic CV

1950s births
Living people
20th-century American economists
21st-century American economists
Game theorists
Intellectual property activism
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
University of Minnesota faculty
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Academic staff of the European University Institute
Fellows of the Econometric Society

David K. Levine


Jacques Offenbach (20 June 1819, in Cologne – 5 October 1880, in Paris) was a French composer and cellist of the Romantic era. He is seen as one of the originators of the operetta form. He was of German-Jewish descent. He was one of the most influential composers of popular music in Europe in the 19th century. Many of his works are still played today.

Offenbach's many operettas, such as Orpheus in the Underworld, and La belle Hélène, were extremely popular both in France and elsewhere in the 1850s and 1860s.  They combined political and cultural satire with witty grand opera parodies.  His popularity in France declined in the 1870s after the fall of the Second Empire. He fled France, but during the last years of his life, his popularity came back. Several of his operettas are still performed.  While his name remains most closely associated with the French operetta and the Second Empire, it is Offenbach's one fully operatic masterpiece, Les contes d'Hoffmann (The Tales of Hoffmann), composed at the end of his career, that has become the most familiar of Offenbach's works in major opera houses.

1819 births
1880 deaths
19th-century French composers
Cellists

Jacques Offenbach


A unicycle is a pedal vehicle. It is like a bicycle, but it has only one wheel. It has a seat and pedals, but no chain or gears. There is no handlebar, it is steered by gripping the seat with the legs and twisting the body.  A rider keeps their balance by moving their arms, and controlling their speed. It is usually used for acting and performing. A unicycle is more expensive than a cheap bicycle, because unicycles are far less common.

There are two kinds of unicycles; giraffe unicycles and traditional unicycles. Giraffe unicycles are much taller than traditional unicycles, and use a chain so that the performer's legs do not have to stretch very far. Giraffe unicycles are mostly used by performers in circuses.

Unicycles are often used while the performer is simultaneously juggling or plate spinning. To do this, performers usually rock back and forth on the unicycle. This is called "idling". It lets the performer pay attention to what they are doing in their hands, instead of to the ground in front of them. To "idle" a unicycle, performers usually press one foot down, anchoring it in the bottom position of the wheel. This foot both provides support and completes the rocking motion that is necessary to keep the unicycle balanced.

Many other tricks can be done when riding a unicycle.  This includes going backwards, riding up and down steps, pedaling with only one foot, hopping in place, wheel-walking (putting the feet on the tire instead of on the pedals) and riding over obstacles.

References

Human-powered vehicles
Cycling

Unicycle


Gravesend is a town in Kent, England, UK. It is on the bank of the river Thames. One of the most famous landmarks in Gravesend is the Clock Tower, a scaled replica of Elizabeth Tower, the tower that houses Big Ben in the Palace of Westminster.

Gemma Arterton was born and raised in Gravesend. Some people say Pocahontas is buried there, however there is no proof of this.

Gravesend


The Scofflaws are a Huntington, Long Island, New York-based third wave ska band that debuted in 1988. Known for their rambunctious live shows, technically proficient horn solos and tight arrangements, the Scofflaws were one of the top third wave ska acts of the '90s and one of the most beloved bands on the now-defunct Moon Ska label, as well as the center and focal point of the once-thriving Long Island ska scene.

History
The band originally performed as the New Bohemians, initially with a stronger emphasis on novelty '60s, R&B and TV-show theme cover songs, bolstered by original ska-oriented anthems such as "Rudy's Back" and "Paul Getty". In 1988, they sold the New Bohemians name to Geffen Records (who had just signed Edie Brickell & New Bohemians), and regrouped as the Scofflaws.

The Scofflaws early sound was characterized by strong R&B and jazz influences as well as eclectic covers of such songs as Henry Mancini's "A Shot in the Dark", Danny Elfman's theme for Pee-wee's Big Adventure, Sergio Leone's "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" theme and the Skatalites instrumental "Ska-La Parisian". Original songs like "Rudy's Back", "Nude Beach" and "William Shatner" became cult favorites due to the offbeat lyrics and quirky vocal stylings of bandleader Richard "Sammy" Brooks, co-founder Mike Drance and trombonist Buford O'Sullivan.

Their self-titled debut studio album was released in 1991 by Moon Records, followed by Ska in Hi Fi in 1995, the concert recording Live! Vol. 1 in 1996, and their third studio album, Record of Convictions, in 1998.

They toured the United States several times, including stints as the openers for Desmond Dekker and Bad Manners.

The band's lineup saw frequent changes and served as a springboard for numerous New York ska musicians, as well as sprouting several spinoff groups. Original co-frontman Mike Drance left in 1994 to form the Bluebeats, while bassist Victor Rice went on to be a founding member of the New York Ska-Jazz Ensemble and continue a career in music production. Several Scofflaws members including O'Sullivan, Paul Gebhardt and Tony Calarco also played for fellow Moon Ska artists the Toasters as well as One Groovy Coconut and Royal Roost, and the Scofflaws have often shared members with fellow Huntington band Spider Nick & the Maddogs (whose leader, "Spider Nick" Martielli, composed Scofflaws favorite "Spider on My Bed").

Although the Scofflaws have not released a studio recording since 1998, Brooks continues to lead the band in live performances within the New York area.

Discography

Studio albums
The Scofflaws (1991, Moon Records)
Ska in Hi Fi (1995, Moon Ska Records)
Record of Convictions (1998, Moon Ska Records)

Live albums
Live! Vol. 1 (1996, Moon Ska)

Compilations
"Rudy's Back" on Ska Face: An All American Ska Compilation (1988, Moon Records)
"Rudy's Back" on Ska-Ville USA (Vol 3) - An All American Ska Compilation (1988, Ska' Records)
"Ali-Ska-Ba" and "Going Back to Kingston"NYC Ska Live (1990, Moon Records)
"Rudy's Back" on United Colors of Ska (1993, Pork Pie)
"The Whip" on Oi!/Skampilation Vol. #1  (1995, Radical Records)
"After the Lights Go Down Low" and "William Shatner" on SKA The Third Wave (1995, Continuum Records)
"Nude Beach" and "William Shatner" on This Are Moon Ska (1996, Moon Ska Records)
"Grazin' in the Grass" on Joint Ventures in Ska (1996, BIB Records)
"Dr. Ring-A-Ding" on Freedom Sounds: A Tribute to the Skatalites (1997, Shanachie Records)
"Man With the Golden Arm" on New York Beat Volume 2: Breaking and Entering (1997, Moon Ska Records)
"Watermelon Man" on Ska: The Instrumentals (1997, Beloved Recordings)
"William Shatner" on Skabadabadoo! (1997, Moon Ska Brasil)
"Groovin' Up (Live)" and "Parish" on SKA the Third Wave Vol. 5 - Swing It! (1998, Beloved Recordings)
"William Shatner" on Ska Party 1999 (1999, Beast Records)
"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" on The Official Long Island Ska Compilation 1999 Vol. 2 (1999, G-Note Records)

Members

Current
Richard "Sammy" Brooks – Lead vocals, tenor saxophone
John Soldo – Drums
Brian Duggan – Bass
Greg Bucking – Guitar
Jared Dubin – Trombone

Past
Mike Drance – Baritone saxophone, vocals
Jennifer South – Keyboards
Dennis Langel – Guitar
Scott Miller – Drums
Johnny Brooks – Bass
Bill Grillo – Drums
Paul Gebhardt – Alto saxophone
Victor Rice – Bass
Buford O'Sullivan – Trombone, vocals, theremin
Brian Lavan – Guitar
Tony Mason – Drums
Kerry Lafferty – Keyboards
Ben Klingberg – Guitar
Cary Brown – Keyboards
Fred Reiter – Baritone saxophone
Regina Bellantese – Baritone saxophone
Wendy Scher – Baritone saxophone
Glen Saunders – Acoustic bass, electric bass
Tony Calarco – Baritone saxophone, alto saxophone
Jerica Rosenblum – Keyboards
Matthew Voss – Alto saxophone
Daniel Voss – Baritone saxophone
Jay Nugent – Guitar
Tom McGee – Bass
Jay Hackett – Guitar
Glenn Hackett – Drums
Adoni Xavier – Guitar
Henning – Drums
Steven Prisco - Guitar
Hector Lopez – Drums
Joseph Freire - Guitar

External links
 The Scofflaws on MySpace
 The Scofflaws "Nude Beach" official 1995 video
HPSka.com 1997 interview with The Scofflaws
Ink 19 circa 1997 interview with The Scofflaws
 [ Allmusic: The Scofflaws]
 Buford O'Sullivan page
New York Times 2000 interview with former Scofflaws manager Scotto Savitt

American ska musical groups
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups from Long Island
Third-wave ska groups

The Scofflaws