Constant Permeke (31 July 1886 – 4 January 1952) was  a Belgian painter and sculptor.  He is said to be the leading figure of Flemish expressionism.

Permeke was born in Antwerp. When he was six years old the family moved to Ostend.  His father was curator of the Municipal Museum of Arts. Permeke went to school in Bruges from 1903 until 1906. In 1906 he was drafted into the Belgian army. After his military service ended in March 1908, Permeke returned to Ostend.  He roomed together with another artist, Gustave De Smet. In 1909 he returned to Latem where he lived as a recluse.  In 1912 Permeke married Maria Delaere and the newlyweds settled in Ostend.

When World War I started, Permeke was in the defense of Antwerp.  He was wounded in action near the town of Duffel. His wounds forced him to be evacuated to the United Kingdom.  In 1916 he moved to Chardstock in Devonshire and started painting again, mostly colorful English landscapes. After the end of the war, the Permeke family returned to Ostend in 1919.

In 1921 Permeke was able to exhibit his work in Antwerp and in Paris. Between 1922 and 1924, Permeke regularly went to Astene. In 1926 Permeke went to Vevey in Switzerland where he mainly painted mountain scenes. In 1929 he moved to Jabbeke.  Starting in 1937 Permeke tried his hand at sculpting as well.

During World War II, Permeke was forbidden to paint by the German occupiers.  His art was seen by them as Entartete Kunst. His son Paul was arrested and sent to Germany as a forced labourer. After the war, Permeke was made director of the Royal Academy in Antwerp.  He only worked there one year. In 1948 his wife died. Emotionally scarred and ailing, Permeke had to be nursed by his daughter.

Constant Permeke died 4 January 1952. He was buried next to his wife at the cemetery in Jabbeke. A statue which Permeke had commissioned by his friend George Minne was placed on the grave of his beloved wife.

In 1997, Belgium recognized Permeke by dedicating the 1,000 franc bill to him and his work. The bill was used until Belgium started using the euro in 2002.

1886 births
1952 deaths
Belgian painters
People from Antwerp
Belgian sculptors

Constant Permeke


Robert Wild (Wylde) (1615–1679) was an English clergyman and poet, ejected from his living in 1662. Despite presbyterian views, Wild was a royalist in politics. John Dryden called him 'the Wither of the city.' He wrote extensively, often anonymously and controversially.

Life
Wild was the son of Robert Wild, a shoemaker of St. Ives, Huntingdonshire. After a private school education at St. Ives, he was admitted as a sizar to St. John's College, Cambridge, on 26 January 1632, and was made a scholar in 1634. He graduated as a B.A. at the beginning of 1636, an M.A. in 1639, and B.D. of Oxford on 1 November 1642. He was made a D.D. per litteras regias on 9 November 1660.

As a young man, Wild held strong Puritan views, and was inducted into the living of Aynhoe, Northamptonshire, on 22 July 1646 by order of the House of Commons. Wild's reputation for irregular wit gave his friend Richard Baxter so much uneasiness that he visited Aynhoe, intending to rebuke him. However, after having sat in the corner of the church, and listened to his sermon, he changed his mind and instead asked Wilde to rebuke him sharply, for having listened to the reports!

Wild was ejected by the Act of Uniformity 1662. He lived at Aynhoe a year or two after 1662, supported amongst others by Sir John Baber, Charles II's physician, to whom, for a timely gift of ten crowns, Wild addressed The Grateful Nonconformist (1665). Later Wild was living at Oundle. He was indicted in July 1669 at Warwick and Coventry assizes for keeping a conventicle.

By his wife, Joyce, Wild had at least two sons, both of whom were reportedly conforming ministers. He died at Oundle of a fit of apoplexy, and was buried there on 30 July 1679.

Works
His best-known poem is Iter Boreale. Attempting Something upon the Successful and Matchless March of the Lord General George Monk from Scotland to London. By a Rural Pen. It was printed on 23 April (London, 1660), and at once became popular, as a tribute to General George Monck. An edition Poems by Robert Wild was published by John Hunt in 1870.

Notes

Bibliography
Hunt, John. Poems by Robert Wilde,  with a historical and biographical preface and notes (Strahan, 1870).

1615 births
1679 deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
People from St Ives, Cambridgeshire
English male poets
People from Aynho

Robert Wild (poet)


The City of Skulls is an adventure module for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game, set in the game's World of Greyhawk campaign setting.

Plot summary
The adventure takes place in the Kingdom of Furyondy and the Empire of Iuz following the Greyhawk Wars.  The city referenced in the book's title is Dorakaa, the capital of Iuz's empire.

Publication history
The module bears the code WGR6 and was published by TSR, Inc. in 1993 for the second edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons rules.

The module was written by Carl Sargent with cover art by Jeff Easley and interior art by Eric Hotz.

The publication was designed for use with the From the Ashes updated setting information for Greyhawk and Sargent's sourcebooks Iuz the Evil and The Marklands.  None of these are strictly necessary for use of the module, however.

Reception
City of Skulls was ranked the 26th greatest Dungeons & Dragons adventure of all time by Dungeon magazine in 2004, on the 30th anniversary of the Dungeons & Dragons game.

References

Sargent, Carl. The City of Skulls (TSR, 1993).

External links
 The City of Skulls at the TSR Archive

Greyhawk modules
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1993

The City of Skulls


The Advanced Placement Program, or AP, is a program that offers higher level school classes for high school students in Canada and the United States. Good Schools Guide International says it is "much more difficult than most classes", although it is not as difficult as the IB program.

History
After World War II, the Ford Foundation gave money to committees studying education. The program was started at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, by the then college president Gordon Chalmers which was then called the "Kenyon Plan". The first study was conducted by three preparatory schools—the Lawrenceville School, Phillips Academy, and Phillips Exeter Academy—and three universities—Harvard University, Princeton University, and Yale University. In 1952 they gave the report General Education in School and College: A Committee Report which said to allow high school seniors to study college level material and to take achievement examinations that allowed them to get college credit for this work. The second committee, the Committee on Admission with Advanced Standing, developed and put the plan to choose a curriculum. A pilot program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines.

The College Board, a non-profit organization based in New York City, has run the AP program since 1955. From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program. It makes and keeps guidelines for the teaching of higher level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and universities. These activities are funded through fees charged to students taking AP Exams.

In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations. Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses, though the College Board allows any student to take any examination, regardless of participation in the course. Therefore, home-schooled students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an equal opportunity to take the examination.

As of the 2011 testing season, exams cost $87 each, though the cost may reduced for poor students who cannot pay for it. The exam reduction is $22 per exam from College Board plus an additional $8 rebate per fee-reduced exam from the school. There may be further discounts depending on the state. Out of the $87, $8 goes directly to the school to pay for the administration of the test, which some schools will reduce to lower the cost to the student.

On April 3, 2008, the College Board announced that four AP courses – French Literature, Latin Literature, Computer Science AB, and Italian Language and Culture – will be gone after the 2008–2009 school year due to no money.

Difficulty

Advanced Placement coursework is made to be very hard for average high school students. Most AP courses are sufficient preparation for the AP exams that students can take at the end of the year. If students do well on these exams, they can skip the introductory courses in college.

The academic benefit of AP coursework, aside from being able to pass out of college courses with good AP exam scores, is that students get an extra GPA (Grade Point Average) point particularly for that class. An A+ or A in regular US History, for example, will factor in 4.0 GPA points to a student's grade; however, an A+ or A in AP US History would factor in 5.0 GPA points, which would improve that student's grade a lot.

AP courses are not required to go to college however, most students who apply to picky colleges and universities like Stanford University and MIT take multiple AP courses in high school. They do this for various purposes:
To boost their GPA
To earn college credits which allows them to end college earlier
To increase their chances of applying to more picky colleges
To give them a sense of how hard college is

Scoring
AP tests are scored on a 1 to 5 scale as follows:
5 - Very well-qualified
4 - Well-qualified
3 - Qualified
2 - Maybe qualified
1 - No recommendation
Grading the AP exam takes a long time. The multiple choice part is graded by a computer and the essays are scored by a group of teachers that do not teach at the student's school.

Students usually find out what they got on the test until the middle of July  .

Some students who do well on their AP exams may be allowed to skip a few classes in college. Generally, if a student gets a 4 or 5, then their university will award them credit; some colleges will also take a 3.

Similar articles
International Baccalaureate, a competitor to the AP Program

References

Education
Examinations

Advanced Placement Program


Wilderness or wildland is a natural environment on Earth which has not been much disturbed by humans.

"The most intact, undisturbed wild natural areas left on our planet—those last truly wild places that humans do not control and have not developed with roads, pipelines or other industrial infrastructure".

Wilderness areas can be found in reserves, estates, farms, conservation areas, ranches, National Forests, National Parks and even in urban areas along rivers, gulches or any undeveloped areas. These areas are important for the survival of species, biodiversity, ecology, conservation, solitude, and recreation.

Wilderness is deeply valued for cultural, spiritual, moral, and aesthetic reasons. Some nature writers believe wilderness areas are vital for the human spirit and creativity.

They may also preserve historic genetic traits and that they provide habitat for wild flora and fauna that may be difficult to recreate in zoos, gardens or laboratories.

From this point of view, it is the wildness of a place that makes it a wilderness. The mere presence or activity of people does not disqualify an area from being "wilderness". Many ecosystems that are, or have been, inhabited or influenced by activities of people may still be considered "wild." This way of looking at wilderness includes areas within which natural processes operate without human interference.

The WILD Foundation states that wilderness areas have two dimensions: they must be biologically intact and legally protected. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) classifies wilderness at two levels, Ia (Strict Nature Preserves) and Ib (Wilderness areas).

Probably no place on earth is completely untouched by humanity, either due to past occupation by indigenous people, or through global processes such as climate change. Activities on the margins of specific wilderness areas, such as fire suppression and the interruption of animal migration, also affect the wilderness.

Especially in richer , industrialized nations, it has a specific legal meaning as well: as land where development is prohibited by law. Many nations have designated wilderness, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States.

Many new parks are currently being planned and legally passed by various Parliaments and Legislatures at the urging of dedicated individuals around the globe who believe that "in the end, dedicated, inspired people empowered by effective legislation will ensure that the spirit and services of wilderness will thrive and permeate our society, preserving a world that we are proud to hand over to those who come after us".

References

Ecosystems
Conservation
Geography

Wilderness


Wadsworth Chapel, also known as the Catholic-Protestant Chapels, is actually two separate chapels under one roof on the campus of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in West Los Angeles, California.  The structure was built in 1900 and was closed in 1971 after being damaged in the 1971 Sylmar earthquake.  It is the oldest building on Wilshire Boulevard and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.  The structure has fallen into a state of disrepair due to the lack of funds within the Dept. of Veterans Affairs to pay for the required repairs and renovation.

Early history

The  Dept. of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in West Los Angeles was deeded to the federal government in 1888 to build the Pacific Branch of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers.  A series of Victorian dormitories were built in the 1890s, and Wadsworth Chapel was built in 1900 to provide a place of worship for the residents of the old soldiers' home.

Architecture

The building actually contains two separate chapels separated by a double brick wall, with a Catholic chapel at the north end and a Protestant chapel at the south end.  Each chapel has a separate entrance, with a tower and belfry.  Designed by J. Lee Burton, Wadsworth Chapel  had been called an "intricate little jewel box" by Christopher Alexander, the associate curator of architecture for the Getty Research Institute.

The building is noted for its eclectic exterior ornamentation and its combination of Colonial Revival (sometimes classified as Romanesque Revival) and Carpenter Gothic Victorian architecture.  The Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Board has described the Wadsworth Chapel and other original buildings on the Veterans campus as "the most monumental complex of Shingle-style Queen Anne structures ever constructed in the Los Angeles area."  The  building was built at a cost of $12,400 in 1900 with redwood siding and 21 different types of windows.

Though the exterior has been painted all white since 1941, the exterior was originally stained in dark earth tones, with white trim, as shown in old postcards of the chapel.  The Protestant chapel was damaged by fire in 1955.  The VA lacked funds to repair all of the fire damage, and the balcony of the Protestant chapel has been closed since that time.

Deterioration and renovation proposals

Both chapels have been closed to the public since the 1971 Sylmar earthquake loosened the foundation and caused the northeast bell tower to pull away from a gable.  Since 1971, the building has fallen into an ever-worsening state of disrepair, as the VA has been unable to fund necessary repair and restoration work.  Despite its neglect for more than 50 years, preservation experts note that the building, the oldest remaining building on Wilshire Boulevard, is a prime candidate for "architectural resurrection."  The VA has estimated the cost of renovation to be $11.5 million, with the required work including replacement of the masonry foundation, seismic retrofit and asbestos and lead paint removal.

The expenditure of large sums to renovate the chapel has become a subject of controversy within the veteran community.  With the VA lacking funds to provide necessary services to veterans of the Iraq War, many object to spending nearly $12 million to renovate a chapel that has been mothballed since 1972.  In a 2007 Los Angeles Times article, one veteran reflected ambivalence about the proposed renovation: "That is such a beautiful piece of workmanship and, yes, it cries out  to be repaired.....  At the same time, the veterans cry out to be repaired.  It's a moral issue." Efforts by the Veterans Park Conservancy to raise private funds to pay for the renovation had been unsuccessful as of 2007.  The Times noted: "The oldest building on Wilshire Boulevard is a fixerupper duplex of a most unusual sort."

See also
 List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles
 Streetcar Depot, West Los Angeles

References

External links
 Wadsworth Chapel preservation web site
 West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Old Soldiers Home website

Churches in Los Angeles
Roman Catholic churches in California
Chapels in the United States
Sawtelle, Los Angeles
Wilshire Boulevard
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1900
History of Los Angeles
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles
Towers completed in 1900
Towers in California
Bell towers in the United States
Carpenter Gothic church buildings in California
Shingle Style church buildings
Romanesque Revival church buildings in California
Victorian architecture in California
Chapels in Los Angeles
Roman Catholic chapels in the United States
Shingle Style architecture in California
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States

Wadsworth Chapel


संगोष्ठी (conference) लोगों का सम्मिलन (meeting) है जिसमें किसी विषय पर विचार-विमर्श एवं विचार विनिमय किया जाता है।

 शैक्षणिक संगोष्ठी (Academic conference), in science and academia, a formal event where researchers present results, workshops, and other activities.
 व्यापारिक संगोष्ठी (Business conference), organized to discuss business-related matters best effected there.
 समाचार संगोष्ठी (News conference), an announcement to the press (print, radio, television) with the expectation of questions, about the announced matter, following.
 Settlement conference, a meeting between the plaintiff and the respondent in lawsuit, wherein they try to settle their dispute without proceeding to trial
 Conference (sports), a grouping of geographically-related teams
 Conference call, in telecommunications, a "multi-party call"
 Conference hall, room where conferences are held
 Football Conference, an English football league
 In the Netherlands, a solo cabaret act, a type of stand-up comedy lasting one to two hours
 Parent-teacher conference, a meeting with a child's teacher to discuss grades and school performance.
 Unconference

सन्दर्भ

इन्हें भी देखें
अभिसमय या कॉन्वेन्शन

संचार

संगोष्ठी


Chinatown is the name used for neighborhood in any city outside of China where many Chinese immigrants came to live together. Chinatowns became common in cities around the world after China lost the first Opium War with the British Empire. After China lost, many Chinese people became poor, especially people living in Guangdong province. That was where most of the fighting took place. People from Guangdong went outside of China to look for work. They moved to places like Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the United States. When Chinese people moved to these places, they usually lived close together in the city they were staying. These became Chinatowns.

Famous Chinatowns around the world include those in San Francisco, New York City, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.

Most early immigrants came from provinces of Guangdong and Fujian in southeastern China. The common languages there are Toishanese, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, and Hokkien. So, these are common languages in many Chinatowns. Also, since most Chinatowns were created before the Chinese Communist Party took over mainland China, most Chinatowns use traditional Chinese characters. However, both simplified and traditional characters are often seen in Chinatowns in Malaysia.

References

Chinese culture

Chinatown


Computer software, also called software, is a set of instructions and documentation that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task. Software includes all different programs on a computer, such as applications and the operating system. Applications are programs that are designed to perform a specific operation, such as a game or a word processor. The operating system (e.g. Mac OS, Microsoft Windows, Android and various Linux distributions) is a type of software that is used as a platform for running the applications, and controls all user interface tools including display and the keyboard.

The word software was first used in the late 1960s to emphasize on its difference from computer hardware, which can be physically observed by the user. Software is a set of instructions that the computer follows. Before compact discs (CDs) or development of the Internet age, software was used on various computer data storage media tools like paper punch cards, magnetic discs or magnetic tapes.

The word firmware is sometimes used to describe a style of software that is made specifically for a particular type of computer or an electronic device and is usually stored on a Flash memory or ROM chip in the computer. Firmware usually refers to a piece of software that directly controls a piece of hardware. The firmware for a CD drive or the firmware for a modem are examples of firmware implementation.

Today, software has become an important part of our lives. software is used everywhere. software engineers are responsible for producing fault-free software which has literally become an essential part of our daily lives. Changeability and conformity are two of the main properties of software design. There are also different processing models for designing software including Build and Fix, Waterfall and Agile software processing design methods.

Types of Software
The  different types of software can be put into categories based on common function, type, or field of use. There are three broad classifications:
 Application software are the computer programs for performing user tasks such as word processing and web browsers.
 System software is used to start and run computer systems and networks. This includes operating systems.
 Computer programming tools (also known as development software) are used to create application and system software. This is done by translating and combining computer program source code and libraries into executable RAMs. These include compiler and linker.

Related pages

 Computer program
 Free software
 software engineering
 Concepts of Programming Languages
 Software Models

Computer science

Software


AF Corse is an Italian auto racing team founded by former racing driver Amato Ferrari in 1995 in Piacenza.  Strongly linked to the Maserati and Ferrari brands, AF Corse currently competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship, GT World Challenge Europe, European Le Mans Series, Asian Le Mans Series, DTM, and International GT Open, and are four-time champions of the GT2 class of the former FIA GT Championship. The team has also entered cars under Advanced Engineering, AT Racing, PeCom Racing, Spirit of Race, Formula Racing, 8Star Motorsports and MR Racing, and in association with Michael Waltrip Racing (AF Waltrip).

History
In 1995, Amato Ferrari (no relation to the family of Enzo Ferrari and his Ferrari car company) retired from driving and chose to concentrate on team management, initially entering the Italian Superturismo Championship. Following the series' demise in 1999, Ferrari launched a new team known as AF Corse (in English, "AF Racing"), named for his initials. The team turned to sports car racing, and within a year was contracted by Maserati. AF Corse was tasked with the development, maintenance, and transport of the Trofeo Cup, a one-make series based on the Maserati Coupé. The company would continue in this position until 2005.

During 2004, Maserati approached AF Corse about running their latest development in sports car racing: the new Maserati MC12 for the international FIA GT Championship. The team aided Maserati in testing and developing the car before running the two new racers in their home event at Imola. Drivers Fabrizio de Simone, Andrea Bertolini, Mika Salo, and Johnny Herbert were all assigned to the team, eventually earning AF Corse two victories before the season ended.  Once the development of the MC12 was satisfied, the company returned to running the Trofeo Cup, as well as running a Maserati Light in the 2005 Italian GT Championship.

AF Corse returned to the FIA GT Championship in 2006. This time however they would be running the latest Ferrari offering, the Ferrari F430, as well as competing in the series' lower category, the GT2 class. Salo was retained in the driving line-up, while newcomers Rui Águas, Jaime Melo, and Matteo Bobbi completed the standard line-up.  Victory was earned in the team's debut at Silverstone, and another two were earned over the season, including at the Spa 24 Hours. AF Corse won the class championship, beating fellow Ferrari competitor Scuderia Ecosse. The company retained their connection to Maserati however, entering a trio of cars in the new FIA GT3 European Championship.

As defending champions, AF Corse remained in the FIA GT Championship in 2007, although much on the team changed. While the Ferrari F430s remained, all new drivers were introduced to the team. Dirk Müller, Toni Vilander, Gianmaria Bruni, and Stephane Ortelli took over driving duties for the season, while Motorola announced their full sponsorship of the squad. The two cars dominated the 2007 season, winning nine of the ten events on the schedule and wrapping up another championship.

For 2008, AF Corse expanded to a three car team in the GT2 class. Vilander and Bruni are retained in the lead car, while Biagi returns to the squad to be joined by Christian Montanari in the second entry. The third car will be run under the Advanced Engineering name, with Argentinian Matías Russo and Luís Pérez Companc.

In 2010, the FIA GT Championship was dissolved and two new championships were born from it. The GT1 class of the former series became the FIA GT1 World Championship while the GT2 class formed the FIA GT2 European Championship. The GT2 series was suspended due to lack of entries. As a result, the AF Corse team joined the Le Mans Series. For the 2010 season, the team fielded three Ferrari F430 GT2s for the series' GT2 class. Drivers Matías Russo and Luís Pérez Companc campaigned the #94 Ferrari with Toni Vilander and former Grand Prix drivers Jean Alesi and Giancarlo Fisichella in the #95. ALMS regulars, with the Risi Competizione team, Jaime Melo and Gianmaria Bruni drove the Ferrari #96.

In 2011 AF Corse entered the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup with brand new Ferrari 458 Italia GT2s as well as the FIA GT3 European Championship with Ferrari 458 Italia GT3s. AF Corse won the ILMC in the GTE-Pro category, including the final round at Petit Le Mans. It also won the FIA GT3 driver's championship with Francisco Catellaci and Federico Leo.

The team also joined the International GT Open for the 2010 season in the Super GT class, which is largely reminiscent of the GT2 rules in the Le Mans Series. The team fields two Ferrari GT2 cars for drivers Jack Gerber & Rui Águas in the #6 car and Pierre Kaffer and Álvaro Barba in the #8 Ferrari. AF Corse will also field a third Ferrari (#7) for the AT Racing team with drivers Alexander Talkanitsa and his son Alexander Talkanitsa Jr.

For 2012, AF Corse competed in a variety of sports car championships throughout Europe and globally, including the FIA World Endurance Championship and GT1 World Championship with Ferrari F458 Italia GT2s and Ferrari F458 Italia GT3s, including a co-branded for GTE-Am class car with Michael Waltrip Racing, AF Waltrip. At the 24 Hours of Le Mans, amateur driver Piergiuseppe Perazzini collided with the No. 8 Toyota driven by overall-contender Anthony Davidson, sending the Toyota airborne at the Mulsanne Corner. Perazzini's Ferrari also flipped and landed on its roof after hitting the tyre barrier. Davidson suffered two broken vertebrae in the crash but was able to pull himself from the car in the immediate aftermath of the accident - though of course he was forced to abandon the race. The AF Corse #51 car driven by Gianmaria Bruni, Giancarlo Fisichella and Toni Vilander won the GTE Pro race beating Corvette, Porsche and Aston Martin.

Results

24 Hours of Le Mans

Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

AF Corse-Waltrip

AF Corse-Waltrip, also known as AF-Waltrip, is a former professional sportscar team. The company was a 50–50 partnership between Michael Waltrip Racing NASCAR co-owners Michael Waltrip and Rob Kauffman. In 2011, Michael Waltrip Racing entered into a technical alliance with AF Corse to provide them sportscars to race in the FIA World Endurance Championship and Rolex Sports Car Series. AF Corse-Waltrip shut down their sportscar team in 2013 to concentrate on NASCAR.

Racing Results

Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results

 There was no drivers championship that year, the result indicates team rank in the LMGTE Am Trophy.

Rolex Sports Car Series Points

References

External links

Auto racing teams in Italy
1995 establishments in Italy
Auto racing teams established in 1995
24 Hours of Le Mans teams
FIA GT Championship teams
FIA GT1 World Championship teams
European Le Mans Series teams
FIA World Endurance Championship teams
International GT Open teams
Blancpain Endurance Series teams
British GT Championship teams
World Series Formula V8 3.5 teams
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship teams
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters teams
Ferrari in motorsport

AF Corse


Tan Dun (, ; born 18 August 1957) is a Chinese-born American composer and conductor. A leading figure of contemporary classical music, he draws from a variety of Western and Chinese influences, a dichotomy which has shaped much of his life and music. Having collaborated with leading orchestras around the world, Tan is the recipient of numerous awards, including a Grawemeyer Award for his opera Marco Polo (1996) and both an Academy Award and Grammy Award for his film score in Ang Lee's Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000). His oeuvre as a whole includes operas, orchestral, vocal, chamber, solo and film scores, as well as genres that Tan terms "organic music" and "music ritual."

Born in Hunan, China, Tan grew up during the Cultural Revolution and received musical education from the Central Conservatory of Music. His early influences included both Chinese music and 20th-century classical music. Since receiving a DMA from Columbia University in 1993, Tan has been based in New York City. His compositions often incorporate audiovisual elements; use instruments constructed from organic materials, such as paper, water, and stone; and are often inspired by traditional Chinese theatrical and ritual performance. In 2013, he was named a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador.

Biography
Tan Dun was born in 1957 in a village in Changsha in Hunan, China. As a child, he was fascinated by the rituals and ceremonies of the village shaman, which were typically set to music made with natural objects such as rocks and water. Due to the bans enacted during the Cultural Revolution, he was discouraged from pursuing music and was sent to work as a rice planter on the Huangjin commune. He joined an ensemble of other commune residents and learned to play traditional Chinese string instruments. Following a ferry accident that resulted in the death of several members of a Peking opera troupe, Tan Dun was called upon as a violist and arranger. This initial success earned him a seat in the orchestra, and from there he went to study at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing in 1977. While at the Conservatory, Tan Dun came into contact with composers such as Toru Takemitsu, George Crumb, Alexander Goehr, Hans Werner Henze, Isang Yun, and Chou Wen-Chung, all of whom influenced his sense of musical style.

In 1986, he moved to New York City as a doctoral student at Columbia University, once again studying with Chou Wen-Chung, who had studied under Edgard Varèse. At Columbia, Tan Dun discovered the music of composers such as Philip Glass, John Cage, Meredith Monk, and Steve Reich, and began incorporating these influences into his compositions. He completed his dissertation, Death and Fire: Dialogue with Paul Klee, in 1993. Inspired by a visit to the Museum of Modern Art, Death and Fire is a short symphony that engages with the paintings of Paul Klee. On 15 June 2016, he created the Grand Opening Theme Song of Shanghai Disney Resort. On 1 August 2019 he was appointed as dean of the Bard College Conservatory of Music.

Music

Opera

During his time at Columbia University, Tan Dun composed his first opera, a setting of nature poems by Qu Yuan called Nine Songs (1989). The poems are sung in both Classical Chinese and contemporary English alongside a small ensemble of Western and Chinese instruments. Among these are a specially built set of 50 ceramic percussion, string, and wind instruments, designed in collaboration with potter Ragnar Naess. To emphasize the shamanistic nature of Qu Yuan's poetry, the actors dance and move in a ritualized manner.

Tan Dun's second work in the genre, Marco Polo (1996), set to a libretto by Paul Griffiths, is an opera within an opera. It begins with the spiritual journey of two characters, Marco and Polo, and their encounters with various historic figures of literature and music, including Dante Alighieri, William Shakespeare, Scheherazade, Sigmund Freud, John Cage, Gustav Mahler, Li Po, and Kublai Khan. These sections are presented in an abstract, Peking opera style. Interwoven with these sections are the travels of the real-life Marco Polo, presented in a Western operatic style. Though the score calls for traditional Western orchestral instrumentation, additional instruments are used to indicate the location of the characters, including recorder, rebec, sitar, tabla, singing bowls, Tibetan horn, sheng, and pipa. The opera won the Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition in 1998.

That same year, Tan Dun premiered his next opera, The Peony Pavilion, an adaptation of Tang Xianzu's 1598 Kunqu play of the same name. Directed by Peter Sellars in its original production, Tan Dun's work is performed entirely in English, though one of the characters must be trained in Peking or Kunqu style. The small ensemble of six musicians performs electronics and Chinese instruments onstage with the actors. Stylistically, the music is a blend of Western avant-garde and Chinese opera.

At this point in his career, Tan Dun had created many works for "organic instruments," i.e. instruments constructed from materials such as paper, water, ceramic, and stone. For his fourth opera, Tea: A Mirror of Soul (2002), co-authored by librettist Xu Ying, organic instruments factor prominently into the structure of the opera itself. The title of each act corresponds to the materials of the instruments being used, as well as the opera's plot. The first act, entitled "Water, Fire", opens with a tea ceremony onstage while percussionists manipulate glass bowls of water. The second act, "Paper", features music on rice paper drums and depicts the characters' search for The Classic of Tea, the first book to codify tea production and preparation in China. The third and final act, "Ceramic, Stones", depicts the death of the protagonist's love. Percussionists play on pitched flowerpots, referred to as "Ceramic chimes" in the score.

Tan Dun's most recent opera, The First Emperor (2006), was commissioned by the Metropolitan Opera with the title role created for Plácido Domingo. Co-authored by Tan Dun and Chinese novelist Ha Jin, the opera focuses on the unification of China under Qin Shi Huang, first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, and his relationship with the musician Gao Jianli. Like Tan Dun's previous operas, The First Emperor calls for Chinese instruments in addition to a full orchestra, including guzheng and bianzhong. The original Met production was directed by Zhang Yimou, with whom Tan Dun had collaborated on the film Hero.

Film and multimedia
Tan Dun earned more widespread attention after composing the score for Ang Lee's Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000), for which he won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, and a BAFTA Award.The Recording Academy. "Past Winners Search." Accessed 1 November 2013. http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search. Other film credits include the aforementioned Hero (Zhang Yimou, 2002), Gregory Hoblit's Fallen (1998), and Feng Xiaogang's The Banquet (2006).

Following the composition of the film score for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Tan Dun rearranged the music to create the Crouching Tiger Concerto for cello, video, and chamber orchestra. Containing edited footage from the film, this work reverses the role of music in film by treating video as secondary. This same technique was later applied to his film scores for Hero and The Banquet, resulting in the larger work known as the Martial Arts Cycle.

In 2002, Tan Dun continued experimenting with application of video in music The Map, also for cello, video, and orchestra. The Map features documentary footage depicting the lives of China's Tujia, Miao, and Dong ethnic minorities. The musicians onstage, including the cello soloist, interact with the musicians onscreen—a duet of live and recorded performance. The work was premiered and commissioned by the Boston Symphony Orchestra with Yo-Yo Ma.

Tan Dun's most recent multimedia work, Nu Shu: The Secret Songs of Women (2013), is a 13-movement work for video, solo harp, and orchestra. Following years of ethnomusicological research in Hunan, the work captures the sounds of Nüshu script, a phonetic writing system devised by women speakers of the Xiangnan Tuhua dialect who had been disallowed from receiving formal education. Considered a dying language, Tan Dun's research resulted in a series of short films of women singing songs written in Nüshu, which are presented alongside the orchestral performance. As with The Map, the songs in the video are used in counterpoint to the live music.

Orchestral Theatre series
In the 1990s, Tan Dun began working on a series of orchestral pieces that would analyze the relationship between performer and audience by synthesizing Western classical music and Chinese ritual. According to the composer, If we look at the idea of 'art music' with its firm separation of performer and audience, we see that its history is comparatively short. Yet the history of music as an integral part of spiritual life, as ritual, as partnership in enjoyment and spirit, is as old as humanity itself.

In the first piece of the series, Orchestral Theatre I: O (1990), members of the orchestra make various vocalizations—chanting nonsense syllables, for instance—while playing their instruments using atypical techniques. For examples, the harp is played as a gushing, and the violins are played as percussion instruments.

Orchestral Theatre II: Re (1992) expands the concept of ritual by involving the audience. The orchestra is split, with the strings, brass, and percussion onstage, while the woodwinds surround the audience. The score also calls for two conductors, with one facing the stage, and the other facing the audience. The latter conductor cues the audience to hum along with the orchestra in certain sections of the music. The work's namesake derives from humming the solfège pitch "re".

The third piece in the series, Red Forecast (Orchestral Theatre III) (1996), involves more staging elements than its predecessors, adding television monitors, lighting, and even stage directions for the musicians. In this multimedia work, the orchestra is led by both a human conductor and a virtual conductor who appears on the monitors. While the human conductor leads, the monitors depict a variety of images from the 1960s and the Cold War: a collage of Mao Zedong, the Cultural Revolution, Martin Luther King Jr., John F. Kennedy, The Beatles, Nikita Khrushchev, and hydrogen bomb testing. In addition to the video, an audio recording of a weather forecast is played.

The final piece in the series, The Gate (Orchestral Theatre IV) (1999), focuses on three women of literary fame: Yu from The Hegemon-King Bids His Concubine Farewell, Juliet from Romeo and Juliet, and Koharu from The Love Suicides at Amijima. Based on the theme of sacrifice for love, The Gate is structured as a theme and variations. The style of each section corresponds to its respective character's country of origin. Additionally, Yu is played by a Peking opera singer (Shi Min), Juliet by a Western opera soprano (Nancy Allen Lundy), and Koharu by a Japanese puppeteer (Jusaburō Tsujimura). As in Orchestra Theatre II: Re, the orchestra is distributed onstage and amongst the audience. The Gate also incorporates video, but unlike the prerecorded images used in Red Forecast, a projection screen displays live images of the three actress-soloists, manipulated in real time by a video artist. The video artist for the 1999 premiere was Elaine J. McCarthy.

Organic music
Many of Tan Dun's works call for instruments made of materials such as paper, stone, or water, but the compositions that he classifies as "organic music" feature these instruments most prominently. The first major work for organic instruments was his Water Concerto for Water Percussion and Orchestra (1998), dedicated to Toru Takemitsu. According to the composer, the sounds made by the soloist are inspired by the sounds of everyday life growing up in Hunan. Basins are filled with water, and the contents are manipulated with bowls, bottles, hands, and other devices. Other water instruments used include the waterphone. Various means of amplification are used, including contact microphones on the basins.

The techniques devised in the Water Concerto were used again in Tan Dun's Water Passion After St. Matthew (2000). Written to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the death of Johann Sebastian Bach, the work for chorus, orchestra, and water percussion follows the Gospel of Matthew, beginning with Christ's baptism. The chorus doubles on tingsha, and the soprano and bass soloists double on xun. The score also requires Mongolian overtone singing from the soloists. As with Orchestral Theatre I: O, members of the orchestra play their instruments with techniques borrowed from non-Western traditions.

Tan Dun's next major organic work, Paper Concerto for Paper Percussion and Orchestra (2003), explores the acoustic range of paper. Instruments constructed from differing thicknesses of paper are used as cymbals, drums, or reeds. Additionally, sheets of paper are shaken or struck. These sounds are amplified primarily through wireless microphones worn by the musicians. This work was commissioned by the Los Angeles Philharmonic for the opening of the Walt Disney Concert Hall.

Earth Concerto for stone and ceramic percussion and orchestra (2009) draws from Gustav Mahler's Das Lied von der Erde (The Song of the Earth), which in turn draws from the poetry of Li Po. Ceramic instruments include percussion instruments similar to those Tan Dun had used in previous works, as well as wind instruments and xun.

Symphonies, concertos, and chamber works
In the mid-1990s, Tan Dun began working on another series of orchestral works known as the Yi series, named for the I Ching (Yi Jing in pinyin). Each numbered work in the series builds upon the original, Yi°: Concerto for Orchestra (published 2002), by adding a solo instrument. The first concerto in the series, Yi1: Intercourse of Fire and Water (1994), was written for and premiered by cellist Anssi Karttunen. The second work, Yi2: Concerto for Guitar and Orchestra (1996), combines flamenco and pipa techniques and was premiered by Sharon Isbin.

Originally titled Secret Land, Tan Dun wrote a concerto for twelve solo cellos and orchestra called Four Secret Roads of Marco Polo (2004). Commissioned and premiered by the Berlin Philharmonic, the work is a musical exploration of the Silk Road. To achieve these sounds, the cello soloists employ sitar and pipa techniques.

Tan Dun wrote a concerto for Lang Lang titled Piano Concerto: "The Fire" (2008), a commission by the New York Philharmonic. The concerto is reportedly inspired by the composer's love for martial arts, and the soloist is instructed to play certain passages of the music with fists and forearms. Other more tranquil sections evoke ancient Chinese instruments such as the guqin.

In 2008, Tan Dun was commissioned by Google and YouTube to write an inaugural symphony for the YouTube Symphony Orchestra (YTSO) project. The resultant work, Internet Symphony No. 1 "Eroica", was recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra and uploaded to YouTube in November 2008, thus beginning the open call for video audition submissions. Voted on by members of the YouTube community as well as professional musicians, the YTSO was assembled of 96 musicians from over 30 countries. In April 2009, a mashup video of the submissions was premiered at Carnegie Hall, followed by a live performance of the work.

Tan Dun has also conducted the BBC Scottish Symphony to record parts of the album Away from Xuan by fellow composer Chen Yuanlin, released in 2009.

He composed a symphonic poem for piano for pianist Yuja Wang titled "Farewell My Concubine for Peking Opera Soprano and Piano".

The work was commissioned by Guangzhou Symphony Orchestra and made its world premiere on 31 July 2015 in Xinghai Concert Hall with the orchestra conducted by Long Yu and Wang as piano soloist.

Theatre-inspired works
Though not explicitly opera, many of Tan Dun's works borrow operatic elements, in terms of both melody and staging. For example, his violin concerto, Out of Peking Opera (1987, revised 1994), quotes jinghu fiddling music often heard in Peking opera. Additionally, Ghost Opera (1994), for pipa and string quartet, includes minimal sets and lighting. Originally composed on commission for Kronos Quartet and Wu Man, Ghost Opera has been performed globally and recorded by Kronos for Nonesuch Records.

List of compositions
Some of the generic classifications included below are Tan Dun's own concepts, including "organic music" and "music ritual." "Organic music" refers to musical works performed on non-traditional instruments, typically involving organic materials such as paper, water, or stone. "Music ritual" refers to works derived from Chinese spiritual traditions.

Opera

 Marco Polo (1995)
 Peony Pavilion (1998)
 Tea: A Mirror of Soul (2002)
 The First Emperor (2006)
 Peony Pavilion (2010)

Symphonic works and concertos

 Self Portrait, from "Death and Fire" (1983)
 On Taoism (1985)
 Out of Peking Opera (1987)
 Death and Fire: Dialogue with Paul Klee (1992)
 Concerto for Pizzicato Piano and Ten Instruments (1995)
 Heaven Earth Mankind: Symphony 1997 (1997)
 Overture: Dragon and Phoenix, from Heaven Earth Mankind (1997)
 Requiem and Lullaby, from Heaven Earth Mankind (1997)
 Song of Peace, from Heaven Earth Mankind (1997)
 Yi1: Intercourse of Fire and Water (1994)
 Yi2: Concerto for Guitar and Orchestra (1996)
 2000 Today: A World Symphony for the Millennium (1999)
 Concerto for String Orchestra and Pipa (1999)
 Concerto for String Orchestra and Zheng (1999)
 Yi°: Concerto for Orchestra (2002)
 Four Secret Roads of Marco Polo (2004)
 Piano Concerto: "The Fire" (2008)
 Internet Symphony (2009)
 Symphony for Strings (2009)
 Symphonic Poem on 3 Notes (2011)
 Atonal Rock n' Roll (2012)
 Concerto for Orchestra (2012)
 Percussion Concerto: "The Tears of Nature" (2012)
 Double Bass Concerto: "Wolf Totem" (2015)
 Passacaglia: Secret of Wind and Birds (2015)
 Farewell My Concubine for Peking Opera Soprano and Piano (2015)

Chamber and solo music

 Eight Memories in Watercolor, for piano (1978, 2002)
 Eight Colors for String Quartet (1986)
 In Distance (1987)
 Silk Road, for soprano, voice, and percussion (1989)
 Traces, for piano (1989, 1992)
 Elegy: Snow in June, for cello and percussion (1991)
 Circle with Four Trios, Conductor and Audience (1992)
 Lament: Autumn Wind (1993)
 C A G E, for solo piano (1994)
 A Sinking Love, for soprano and 4 violas da gamba (1995)
 Concerto for Six (1997)
 Concerto for String Quartet and Pipa (1999)
 Dew Drop Falls, for solo piano (2000)
 Seven Desires for Guitar (2002)
 Secret Land, for 12 cellos (2006)
 Violin Concerto: The Love (2009)
 Chiacone—after Colombi, for solo cello (2010)
 Crouching Tiger Sonata for cello and piano (2016)

Organic music

 Water Concerto for water percussion and orchestra (1998)
 Paper Concerto for paper percussion and orchestra (2003)
 Water Music (2004)
 Earth Concerto for stone and ceramic percussion with orchestra (2009)

Music ritual

 Nine Songs (1989)
 Orchestral Theatre I: O (1990)
 Orchestral Theatre II: Re (1992)
 Ghost Opera
 Red Forecast (Orchestra Theatre III) (1996)
 The Gate (Orchestral Theatre IV) (1999)
 Buddha Passion (2018)

Oratorio

 Water Passion (2000)

Movie scores
 Don't Cry, Nanking (1995)
 Fallen (1998)
 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
 Hero (2002)
 The Banquet (2010)

Multimedia

 Crouching Tiger Concerto, for cello and chamber orchestra (2000)
 The Map: Concerto for Cello, Video and Orchestra (2002)
 Hero Concerto (2010)
 The Banquet (2010)
 Martial Arts Cycle (2013)
 Nu Shu: The Secret Songs of Women (2013)

Recordings

CD

DVD

 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001)
 Hero (2004)
 Lang Lang: Live at Carnegie Hall (2004)
 The Map (2004)
 Tea: A Mirror of Soul (2005)
 The Banquet (2006)
 The First Emperor: Metropolitan Opera (2008)
 Marco Polo (2009)
 Paper Concerto: Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra (2009)
 Water Concerto: Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra (2009)

Awards and honors
 Second prize at the Dresden International Weber Chamber Music Composition Competition, 1983, String Quartet: Feng Ya Song
 Academy Award, Best Original Score, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
 Grammy Award, Best Soundtrack, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
 BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
 Grawemeyer Award, Music Composition, Marco Polo
 Musical America Composer of the Year, 2003
 Shostakovich Award, 2012
 Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, 2011
 Musikpreis der Stadt Duisburg, 2005
 The Eugene McDermott Award in the Arts, 1994
 The Glenn Gould Protégé prize, 1996

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
21st-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Chinese composers
Chinese film score composers
Male film score composers
Best Original Music BAFTA Award winners
Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners
Georges Delerue Award winners
1957 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Chinese conductors (music)
Chinese classical composers
Chinese male classical composers
Members of Committee of 100
Musicians from Changsha
Chinese opera composers
Male opera composers
City of Toronto's Glenn Gould Protégé Prize winners
20th-century male musicians
21st-century male musicians

Tan Dun


Copyright is a law that gives the owner of a work (for example, a book, movie, picture, song or website) the right to say how other people can use it. Copyright laws make it easier for authors to make money by selling their works. It is one part of a group of laws about intellectual property (the others being trademark and patent law). It helps protect authors from other people copying their works without permission and/or for commercial purposes.

With copyright, a work can only be copied if the owner gives permission. If someone copies a work without permission, the owner can say they infringed their copyright. When this happens, the owner may sue for the amount that should have been paid. Most cases are handled by civil law. In more serious cases, a person who copies a work that is protected under copyright could be arrested, fined or even go to prison.  Commonly, the copyright law will protect the authors and their heirs for 50 to 100 years since the author's death, or the first day of multiple authors' deaths.

Many countries have modified their copyright law to meet international standards. However, there are still differences in national laws.  In some countries, someone violating copyright law will be sued only to the civil law courts but other countries they can also be charged by criminal courts.

History of
Copyright was originally made in the 18th century for books. Before printing presses were made, books could only be copied by hand, which would take time. But when printing presses were made, books could be copied faster and easier. Because of this, some books were copied by people who did not own the book themselves. So lawmakers gave only owners the right to copy. National laws were somewhat standardized by international treaties.

Because technology got better over time, copyright began to cover other types of media such as pictures, sound, and film.  Commonly, copyright violation warning would be shown at the beginning of the media to warn audiences against violating copyright law.

Who owns copyright?

In most countries, authors automatically own the copyright to any work they make or create, as long as they do not give the copyright to someone else.

In most countries, there is no need to register the copyright, and some countries do not even have procedures to register copyrights. But, where registration is available, many authors register anyway, especially for works that are sold for money. That is because registration helps to prove that the copyright of a work belongs to a certain author.

If an author gets paid to make a work for someone else, the person who pays for making the work (for example, the author's employer) will often get to own the copyright instead of the author themselves. For example, if a person working for a company, Microsoft creates a new computer software program at work, the Microsoft company would own the copyright. It is very common that the company will instead register the copyright to avoid their employees from claiming their works.

Length of copyright protection
Copyright laws usually protect owners of copyright beyond their lifetime. In some countries, such as Canada and New Zealand, works are protected for 50 years after the last living author dies. In other countries, like the United States and the European Union, the protection lasts for 70 years after death. When the period of copyright protection has ended, the written document, musical composition, book, picture, or other creative work is in the public domain. This means that no one owns the copyright and everyone is free to copy, use and change them without having to ask for permission or pay the owner.

Fair use
There is an exception to the rules of copyright, called fair use. This means that people can copy a very small amount of a work to use in reviews or in research reports.

An example of fair use is when newspaper writers quote several sentences from a copyright-protected document to tell the story. Another example of "fair use" is when a university professor quotes several sentences from a copyright-protected book in a review of the book, or in a research report.

Copyright in different countries

Different countries have different copyright laws. Most of the differences are about:
 whether or not the government's work falls under copyright,
 how much longer copyright lasts after the author dies or after the work is created or published, and
 what is and what is not fair use.
Because of these differences, a certain piece of work may be under copyright in one country, and in the public domain in another.

Problems with copyright

Creativity

Some people argue that copyright laws make it easier for people to make new works and think of new ideas. After all, if authors get to make money for the time, effort and money they put in, then they will want to make more works later, and make more money.

But others believe that copyright laws make it harder to be creative. Without copyright, other people could reuse existing work, and copyright law often stops that.

Publisher control

If an author wants to sell a work, it's often easiest to give the copyright to a publisher. The publisher will do all the selling, and in return for that service, will keep part of the money. But the publisher has many different things to sell, and they may not want to sell the work the author made. Authors often find it very hard to find a publisher willing to sell their work.

But without a publisher, it can be even harder for an author to sell his or her work. In many markets, a few big publishers own the copyrights to almost everything available, and stores will not want to sell works published by small authors themselves. Many people say copyright law helps big publishers stay in control, and keeps smaller authors out of the market. (tragedy of the anticommons).

Open content

As a solution to these problems, groups of authors have come up with the idea of open content. With open content, authors give everyone permission to copy, change and give away or sell their works, as long as they follow certain rules. These rules are explained in an open content license. Some possible open content rules are:

 If a person changes the work, or if a person makes a new derivative work based on it, they must give the original author credit (they must say who wrote it).
 If a person publishes the changed or derivative piece of work, they must let others use it under the same free license.
 Under some licenses, a person cannot sell the piece of work or use it to make money.

The term for Open Content is sometimes called Copyleft.

Related pages
 Intellectual property
 Patent
 Property law
 Public domain

References

 World Intellectual Property Organisation. "Understanding Copyright and Related Rights " (PDF). WIPO. pp. 6–7. Retrieved August 2008.
 Garfinkle, Ann M; Fries, Janet; Lopez, Daniel; Possessky, Laura (1997). "Art conservation and the legal obligation to preserve artistic intent". JAIC 36 (2): 165–179.
 17 U.S.C. § 201(b); Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730 (1989)
 "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States 1 January 2008.", Cornell University.

Copyright


Maggie Flynn is a 1968 musical with a book by Morton DaCosta and music and lyrics by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore, and George David Weiss.

Based on an idea by John Flaxman, it was inspired by a true story set in the New York Draft Riots of 1863. The title character, an Irish woman providing asylum for orphaned children of refugee slaves, is on the verge of marrying a Union Army colonel. Her vagabond husband Phineas Flynn (who abandoned her to pursue a theatrical career and whom she had presumed was dead) returns to the scene. The cast of characters includes Confederate insurgents, prostitutes and drunks, bigoted socialites, circus performers, and some African-American kids endangered by the draft riots.

Production
The Broadway production, directed by DaCosta and choreographed by Brian Macdonald, opened on October 23, 1968, at the ANTA Playhouse, where it ran for 82 performances and 6 previews. The cast included Shirley Jones and husband Jack Cassidy, who was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical, and Robert Kaye as Col. John Farraday. Among the orphans were newcomers Irene Cara, Giancarlo Esposito, and Stephanie Mills.

Critics found the basic situation of Jones and the children threatened by political unrest to be too similar to The Sound of Music, albeit told in an unrelentingly darker manner. They thought that efforts to equate the New York Draft Riots with contemporary protests against the Vietnam War were heavy-handed and counter-productive. "It is worth noting that two of the first night critics came up with the same line, calling Maggie Flynn the best Broadway musical since Her First Roman — thereby honoring a desperately lousy mishmash that opened three days earlier."

An original cast recording was released by RCA Victor and re-released on CD by DRG in 2009.

Plot
During the American Civil War, Maggie Flynn, a young Irish woman living in New York City, marries Phineas, a charming scoundrel who leaves her to join the circus. Maggie runs an orphanage for black orphans, and soon is engaged to Colonel John Farraday, a steady and faithful beau. However, Phineas, now called "The Clown," returns to win back his wife. They become caught up in the New York Draft Riots of 1863,  and the orphanage is burned down.

Songs

Act I
 Never Gonna Make Me Fight
 It's a Nice Cold Morning
 I Wouldn't Have You Any Other Way
 Learn How to Laugh
 Maggie Flynn
 The Thank You Song
 Look Around Your Little World
 Maggie Flynn (Reprise)
 I Won't Let It Happen Again
 How About a Ball?
 Pitter Patter
 I Won't Let It Happen Again (Reprise)

Act II
 Never Gonna Make Me Fight (Reprise)
 Why Can't I Walk Away?
 The Game of War
 Mr. Clown
 Pitter Patter (Reprise)
 The Riot
 Don't You Think It's Very Nice?
 Mr. Clown (Reprise)
 Maggie Flynn (Reprise)

Award nomination
 1969 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical - Jack Cassidy

Notes

References
 'Not Since Carrie:' Forty Years of Broadway Musical Flops by Ken Mandelbaum, St. Martin's Press (1991), pages 90–91 ()
Open a New Window: The Broadway Musical in the 1960s by Ethan Mordden, Palgrave (2001), pages 213-15 ()

External links
 Internet Broadway Database listing

1968 musicals
Broadway musicals
Musicals set in New York City
Musicals inspired by real-life events
Musicals set in the 1860s
Fiction set in 1863

Maggie Flynn


Guitar Hero is a music video game, released on November 8, 2005 for the PlayStation 2. The game uses a guitar-shaped controller that allows players to simulate the playing of rock music. Guitar Hero has earned comparisons to Dance Dance Revolution played with a guitar. Despite a high price for the guitar/game bundle, Guitar Hero was very successful and had several sequels; Guitar Hero II and Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, as well as other games in the music game genre. The game features artists such as David Bowie, Judas Priest, Sum 41 and Deep Purple

2005 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Guitar Hero

Guitar Hero (video game)


The salivary glands make saliva. Saliva keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system wet and slippery. It also helps break down food when you are chewing. This helps food go down the throat to the stomach.

There are three main pairs of salivary glands. They are
 the parotid,
 the submandibular and
 the sublingual glands.

There are also many small glands in the tongue, cheeks, lips and palate. All of those glands make mucous.

Salivary secretions and structure
Saliva consists of two fluids, mucous and serous.

Mucous
Mucous (slime) is a saccharide glycoprotein called mucin. With water it makes the slippery lubricant used in many parts of the body, where it lines the moving parts, surfaces and tubes. Here it lubricates the mouth, throat and alimentary canal.

The mucous also has antiseptic qualities: it contains lysozyme and immunoglobulins. Mucous, with its antiseptic molecules and slime, traps fungi, bacteria and viruses and prevents infections. The body produces about a litre of mucous per day, in the mouth and other places.

Serous Fluid
The serous fluid contains the enzyme amylase which acts in the digestion of carbohydrates. Minor salivary glands on the tongue secrete the amylase. The parotid gland produces purely serous saliva. The other major salivary glands produce mixed (serous and mucus) saliva.

Another type of serous fluid is secreted by the two layered serous membranes which line the body cavities. The serous fluid between the two layers acts as a lubricant and reduces friction from muscle movement.

Types of salivary gland
 The parotid gland makes serous secretion only.
 The submandibular glands are mixed glands. They give serous and mucous secretions.
 The sublingual glands make mucous only.

Structure of salivary glands
The glands are inside a capsule, of connective tissue. Inside, it is made of little parts called lobules. Blood vessels and nerves go into the lobules. There are three main types of cells in the major salivary glands:
 Serous cells  are shaped like a pyramid. They are joined together in a group that is shaped like a ball.
 Mucous cells are usually shaped like a cube. They are joined together to make a tubules, which are very small tubes.
 Myoepithelial cells are all around the part of the gland where the saliva comes out. They can squeeze the saliva gland so the saliva comes out faster.

The small tubes go into ducts. Those ducts go into larger ducts that have little stripes on them, called striations. Those go into ducts between the lobes of the gland (called interlobar or excretory ducts). The main duct of the salivary glands then opens into the mouth.

Where the glands are
There are three salivary glands:
 The two parotid glands are near the ear (par- = next to, -otid = ear). They are the largest salivary glands.
 The sublingual gland is under the tongue.
 The submandibular gland is in the shape of a "U". It is under the chin bone which is called the mandible.

Medical notes
See mumps

Ducts can get blocked. This would cause pain and swelling of the gland.

Tumours of the salivary glands can occur. These are usually benign. Investigation is done by a sialogram, which is a radiocontrast study of a salivary duct.

References

Other websites
 Salivary Gland Disorders
 Illustration
 Illustration
 Photo
 eMedicine

Mouth
Exocrine system
Glands

Salivary gland


The history of colonialism goes back thousands of years, colonialism is the taking over of one country by another. In ancient times peoples such as the Hittites and the Incas were involved in colonialism.

However people usually use the word colonialism to talk about the European overseas empires rather than land-based empires. Overseas empires include British rule in India and French rule in Algeria - both of which could only be reached by ships.

Land based empires are usually described as imperialism and include:

 The Mongol Empire, a large empire stretching from the Western Pacific to Eastern Europe
 The Empire of Alexander the Great
 The Umayyad Caliphate
 The Persian Empire
 The Roman Empire
 The Byzantine Empire.

The Ottoman Empire was created across Mediterranean, North Africa and into Southern Europe and existed during the time of European colonization of the other parts of the world.

European colonialism began in the fifteenth century when the  Spanish and Portuguese began exploring the Americas, and the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and East Asia.

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, England, France and Holland made their own overseas empires. However the end of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century many European colonies in the Americas gained their independence.

Spain and Portugal became weakened after the loss of their New World colonies and could not get back the power they once had. But Britain, France and Holland turned their attention to South Africa, India and South East Asia and began expanding.

In the nineteenth century Europe underwent industrialisation, the population got larger, armies became more organised and had better weapons produced in factories. This time became known as the era of New Imperialism. Very quickly European powers were able to take over land and included the Scramble for Africa.

After World War I the European countries who had lost the war had to give up their colonies to the countries that had won the war. For instance Britain which won the war took over Tanzania from Germany (which had lost the war)

After World War II however Europe's colonies started to become independent. In 1999 Portugal returned the last of Europe's colonies in Asia, Macau, to China, ending an era that had lasted five hundred years.

History of colonialism


Dead Kennedys are a hardcore punk band from San Francisco. The band was led by Jello Biafra. Other original members were Klaus Fluoride, D.H. Peligro, and East Bay Ray. The band plays songs with strong political messages. During the 1980s, they had many fans in the punk rock music scene.

The Dead Kennedys formed in June 1978. In 1980, one of their songs called "California Über Alles" became popular in the punk music scene. In 1980, they recorded and released a song called "Holiday in Cambodia". That same year, they made their first album, Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables. In the early 1980s, the band toured all over the United States, Europe, and Australia.

In July 1987, the band broke up. After they broke up, they were charged with the crime of obscenity. A person saw the band's album Frankenchrist and complained to the Attorney General for the State of California and to Los Angeles prosecutors. The album included a picture that showed nine penises. In August 1987, the criminal trial ended but the jury could not make a decision. The album was banned from many record stores in the United States.

Discography

Studio albums
 Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables - September 1980 (# 33)
 Plastic Surgery Disasters - November 1982
 Frankenchrist - October 1985
 Bedtime for Democracy - November 1986

Extended Play records
 In God We Trust, Inc. - December 1981

Singles
 California Über Alles - June 1979
 Holiday in Cambodia - May 1980
 Kill the Poor - October 1980 (# 49)
 Too Drunk to Fuck - May 1981 (# 31)
 Nazi Punks Fuck Off! - November 1981
 Bleed for Me - July 1982
 Halloween - December 1982

Videos
 The Early Years Live - July 1987
 The Lost Tapes - July 2003
 Live at DMPO's on Broadway - February 2004
 Farewell Tour Again with Dead Kennedys - May 2014

Other websites

 Official site of the Dead Kennedys
 Alternative Tentacles - Record Label Launched by Dead Kennedys

1978 establishments in California
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Hardcore punk
Musical groups established in 1978
Musical groups from San Francisco
Musical groups disestablished in 1986
1980s disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in California
1986 disestablishments in the United States

Dead Kennedys


Lawrence Hryb (), also known by his Xbox Live Gamertag "Major Nelson", is a former Director of Programming for the Microsoft gaming network Xbox Live. His blog "Xbox Live's Major Nelson" provides an inside look at operations at Microsoft's Xbox division. He picked the Gamertag "Major Nelson" after a character by the same name on the 1960s U.S. television comedy I Dream of Jeannie after it was recommended to him by his TiVo. Larry dedicated his Gamertag to Larry Hagman (the actor who played Major Nelson) after his death in 2012. Prior to joining Microsoft in 2001, he was a former programmer  and on air host with radio broadcaster Clear Channel Communications. Hryb graduated from Syracuse University with a degree in Television, Radio and Film production from the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications.

Work at Microsoft

Professional
Larry Hryb worked as the Director of Promotions for Clear Channel Communications in Hartford, Connecticut for WKSS from 1989 to late 2000. In early 2001, he began working with Microsoft; his first role at the company was as the editor in chief of MSN music. Hryb moved into Xbox division of Microsoft in 2003. Hryb was instrumental in the development of the Xbox One, Xbox 360, Xbox LIVE, Kinect and the 'New Xbox Experience'.

Hryb has advised dozens of gaming and non-gaming companies and communities on how to best engage with their audiences using digital tools and social networks. In 2012, he was named one of Mashable's '13 Bona Fide Geeks to Follow'. Hryb performs product reviews and mentions through his various social media outlets - Twitter, his podcast, Google Plus page, YouTube profile, and his personal blog - for lifestyle-related products and services.

In July 2023, Hryb announced he had decided to "take a step back and work on the next chapter of my career." He thanked fans and colleagues and said the Official Xbox Podcast would return with a new format after its summer hiatus.

Podcast

Hryb is most known for his popular weekly podcast "Major Nelson Radio", available on iTunes, Xbox Music Marketplace, and from his site. He does interviews as well. Direct from inside the Microsoft Xbox team, Hryb and his colleagues including regular co-hosts Laura Massey ("lollip0p"), and Eric Neustadter ("e") discuss Xbox One, Xbox 360, Kinect, Zune, gaming, technology, other next generation consoles (including the PlayStation 4, and Wii U), among other subjects. His show regularly hosts interviews with people in the gaming community, and offers prizes to listeners through his "Name the Game" contest, where he plays a short audio clip from a game, and a winner is drawn from the correct entries. Additionally, regular features of the podcast include "Xbox 101", a segment devoted to various features on the Xbox One or Xbox Live, Gadget discussion where they discuss the latest and greatest gadget. Many companies have contacted Larry to review or cover their products to reach this audience, but Larry has declined stating that he only wants to talk about products he actually uses and are of high quality and value. Recently, as convergence takes place with the auto industry, they have also started looking at vehicles that use technology in a new and exciting ways.

Originally, Hryb produced the podcast by himself. The podcast used to consist of him giving a monologue and breaking to play prerecorded interviews. On November 6, 2006, he celebrated his '200th' podcast, which was marked with a nearly two and a half hour show. Hryb openly admits that he added to the show number and the figure doesn't accurately reflect the number of shows made. Hryb switched to a #1xx numbering around July 18, 2005, when he did show #136 after the previous '7/10/05 Blogcast'. Major Nelson was interviewed on the Video Game Outsiders Podcast (show #50), where he commented  "About a year and a half ago, I started numbering my shows at 100...it makes it sound cooler, bigger numbers are always better."

Personal life
Hryb is married to Taylor Johnson, the author of The Happy Girl blog and lives in the state of Washington. During Show 478 of the Major Nelson podcast he expressed interest in classical music, noting that he nearly minored in it during his college studies. In 2006, Next Generation Magazine named Hryb one of the "Top 25 People of the Year" in video gaming. Also, in 2009 he was featured on Wired.com's "100 Geeks You Should Be Following On Twitter". Hryb has worked with multiple Fortune 500 companies, advising them on how to use social media to better connect with the community. He revealed that his guilty pleasure is KFC mashed potatoes. Larry Hryb has admitted to having coulrophobia and claustrophobia after waking up from a dream involving the 2010 Copiapó mining accident.

References

External links

 Major Nelson's official blog

1976 births
American bloggers
Living people
Microsoft employees
Microsoft evangelists
People in the video game industry
S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications alumni
Syracuse University alumni
Businesspeople in software
Xbox Game Studios

Larry Hryb


Sir Richard Arkwright (3 January 1733 – 3 August 1792) was an English inventor and a leading entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution.

He invented the spinning frame. This was later called the water frame after the change to water power. Arkwright patented the technology in 1767.

A self-made man, Arkwright's achievement was to combine power, machinery, and semi-skilled labour. In the new   cotton industry, this created mass production more than a century before Henry Ford.

Arkwright had great mechanical abilities and a genius for organisation. This made him, more than anyone else, the creator of the modern factory system. The water frame is still used today.

Arkwright was born in Preston, Lancashire, England and died in Cromford, Derbyshire at the age of 59.

References

1733 births
1792 deaths
English inventors
People from Preston, Lancashire

Richard Arkwright


Williamstown is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, only 8 km south-west of the central business district. In 2006 there were 12,733 people living in Williamstown. It is located on Hobson's Bay, part of Port Phillip Bay, at the mouth of the Yarra River.

Williamstown is about 15 minutes by car from Melbourne using the West Gate Freeway or a 30-minute train journey from Flinders Street Station. Ferries on the Yarra River from Melbourne's Southbank take about 1 hour. There is also a ferry across the bay from St.Kilda on weekends and holidays.

History of Williamstown

Indigenous history
The first people to live in the Williamstown area were the Yaluki-willam clan of the Kulin people, an Indigenous Australian people. They lived and hunted along the coast from Werribee to Williamstown. The Yalukit-willam were part of the Bunurong, a language group of six clans along the coast from the Werribee River, to the Mornington Peninsula, Western Port Bay and Wilsons Promontory. They ate shell fish, birds, fish, eels, eggs, snakes, kangaroos and possums which were found across their lands. They called Williamstown, "koort-boork-boork",  ("She-oak, She-oak, many") meaning "many she-oaks", a native tree. The head of the Yalikut-willam tribe at the time of the arrival of the first white settlers was Benbow. He became a guide to John Batman, the first European to settle in Melbourne.

The numbers of indigenous people went down quickly after 1835 because of diseases like typhoid. With racism and loss of hunting lands, it was impossible for them to keep up their traditional life style.

Exploration and settlement

The first European to arrive at Williamstown was Acting-Lieutenant Robbins, who explored Point Gellibrand in 1803. The mouth of the Yarra River was later explored in May and June 1835 by John Batman. He thought that the area now called Melbourne would be a good settlement site. The site of Williamstown he named Port Harwood, after the captain of one of his ships.

In November 1835, Captain Robson Coltish, of the barque Norval sailed from Launceston,  with a cargo of 500 sheep and 50 Hereford cattle. Captain Coltish chose the area now known as Port Gellibrand, as a goood place to unload his cargo. Within weeks, many ships began making their way across Bass Strait. Because of the sheltered harbour, many people decided to settle in the immediate area.

Governor Richard Bourke and Captain William Lonsdale visited the new settlement at Port Phillip Bay in 1837. They both thought the main settlement would be at the river mouth. They renamed it William's Town after the king, William IV. It was Melbourne's first harbour and port for the Port Phillip district until the late 19th century.

William's Town was named after the king and Melbourne was named after the British prime minister Lord Melbourne. This made people believe that William's Town was to be the capital of the new Colony. The first streets of old William's town were laid out in 1837 with that in mind. But a lack of fresh water at William's Town meant that it became necessary to change the city centre to the inland site of Melbourne.

The first land sales took place in 1837. Convicts built a 30 metre stone jetty in 1838. This is where Gem Pier now stands. That same year a ferry service between Melbourne and Williamstown was started. The steamer 'Fire Fly' carried passengers, sheep and cattle from Tasmania. By 1839, Williamstown had a pier and government stores built by convicts. The main part of the town was centred on Nelson Place. About 100 buildings were built, including two hotels, the Ship Inn and the Woolpack. The first cemetery in Victoria was started at Point Gellibrand.

The first lighthouse, made of wood with an oil-burning light at the top, was built at Point Gellibrand in 1840. In that same year a water police superintendent was appointed to Williamstown (and Williamstown is the present-day home of the Victorian Water Police).

In 1841 the census said there were about 259 people living in Williamstown. It is believed that there were many more. There were three hotels in Williamstown by 1841 and most of the men worked at the port. Being a busy port, there were numerous lodging houses and a constantly changing population. The years 1842 and 1843 there was an economic recession  and Williamstown's population went down.

In 1842 the arrival of the ship Manilus threw the small colony into a frenzy. Forty-five of the ship's 243 passengers had died from yellow fever during the journey from Scotland's shores. The sick were taken to a quickly built quarantine camp. Those that died were buried in a makeshift graveyard.

Also in 1842, St Mary's School (the oldest continuously operating Catholic school in Victoria) was started in a small timber chapel with a wood shingle roof. Mr. John Wilson was the first teacher/principal. The earliest records show there were six boys and eight girls in July 1844.

In 1847 Steamboat Pier was built and a permanent customs house was set up. The water police and customs officers remained here until the Melbourne Harbour Trust developed river channels closer to the Melbourne CBD in the 1890s.

A bluestone lighthouse was built in 1849-50 to replace the wooden one. It only operated as a lighthouse until 1860, when a Pile Light was built and anchored off Shelly Beach. It was then used as a time ball tower.

References

Suburbs of Melbourne

Williamstown, Victoria


A litter box (sometimes called a sand box, a litter tray or a litter pan) is a place for cats and some other pets to use as a toilet. Litter boxes usually need to be cleaned regularly. Cats, for example, wish to have their box cleaned every two to three days. Some cats create litterboxes in places like playgrounds and sandpits. Litterboxes usually produce bad smells, which can be avoided by special litter. Many people buy a special kind of clay to fill the box, for this reason.

Pets

Litter box


The promenade deck is a deck found on several types of passenger ships and riverboats. It usually extends from bow to stern, on both sides, and includes areas open to the outside, resulting in a continuous outside walkway suitable for promenading, (i.e., walking) thus the name.

On older passenger ships, the promenade deck was simply the top outside deck below the superstructure, and was enclosed by a railing. Lifeboats are typically kept on davits accessible from the promenade. A 1919 glossary of marine terminology defined the promenade deck as a deck above the ship's saloon, usually for the exclusive use of first-class passengers.

On a Mississippi riverboat, the promenade deck is the second deck, or floor, up from the waterline, above the main deck, and below the Texas deck.

On modern cruise ships with superstructures as high and broad as the hull, the promenade deck is often largely enclosed, with railing-lined "cutouts" and wooden decking to recall the old days. The promenade may be used for jogging as well as walking, and signs indicate the mileage.

Centerline promenade

Many cruise ships and cruiseferries built by Aker Finnyards and its predecessor Kvaerner Masa-Yards have a wide, multi-deck promenade running along the center-line of the ship through most of the superstructure, also referred to as a horizontal atrium. This allows the majority of cabins on the upper decks to have a window, either to the port or starboard side or to the promenade. This design was first used in the cruiseferries  and , built in 1990 and 1991, respectively. This was notably carried onto the ,  and the  cruise ships operated by Royal Caribbean International, where it is referred to as the Royal Promenade.

References

External links
Video clips of various Promenade Decks

Shipbuilding
Ship compartments

Promenade deck


Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies is a 2012 American action comedy horror B movie directed by Richard Schenkman, with a screenplay by Schenkman based upon the story concept of Karl Hirsch and Lauren Proctor. Produced by The Asylum, and starring Bill Oberst Jr., the film was released direct-to-video on May 29, 2012, following its May 28 theatrical premiere screening at the Telfair Museum of Art Jepson Center in Savannah, Georgia.

In the tradition of The Asylum's catalog, the film is a mockbuster of the 20th Century Fox film Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter.

Plot
After his mother Nancy Lincoln falls victim to an illness that requires her to be tied to her bed, vicious and cannibalistic, 10-year-old Abraham Lincoln sees his father Thomas Lincoln commit suicide at her bedside. Taking up a scythe, the distraught young Abe tells his mother that he loves her before beheading her. He then joins others in his community in containing a local zombie outbreak.

When an adult Abraham Lincoln has become President of a fracturing United States, he is apprised of rumors concerning a prominent Confederate stronghold. He is told that a regiment of 30 men had gone to Confederate Fort Pulaski to seize it from the Confederates and only one man returned barely alive. When questioning the survivor, Lincoln discovers the soldier has an illness that seems to bring corpses back to life. He then personally leads a team of the newly established secret service to accompany him in investigating the fort.

They get to the fort and are attacked by Confederate survivors led by General Stonewall Jackson as well as by several of the infected people. Abe kills one of his men who had been bitten by one of the infected and explains to the others in his party that if they are bitten or scratched by an infected person, or if an infected person's blood makes contact with their mouths or eyes, that they too will become infected and, within twenty-four hours, would no longer be considered "human". More are lost when attempting to investigate the surrounding neighborhood, and Abe encounters an old flame turned prostitute Mary Owens who is sheltering her help, including a young Theodore Roosevelt, daughter Sophia and prostitute Annika to protect them from the invasion.

The group makes their way back to the fort where Jackson refuses to kill the infected, believing them to only be sick and in need of care. He claims Lincoln's actions are only against the members of the Confederacy. Based on an old Bantu word he'd learned from his mother, Agent Brown names the infected persons "zombies". Pat Garrett volunteers to help Abe, and guides them to a nearby plantation that has farming implements and other weapons they can use to combat the threat.

When returning to the fort, Mary is splashed in the face with zombie blood and soon falls ill. Meanwhile, agent John Wilkinson protests the killing and asks to remain behind as the rest of the group heads into the township to kill off the infected. Being greatly outnumbered, only Abe, Theodore, and Sophia return when the others are slaughtered. Wilkinson, who is revealed to be a spy, plots to kill Lincoln while he is alone but changes his mind when he catches Abe praying, as in his mind prayer would ensure Lincoln's soul going to heaven. After being convinced by Pat Garrett that Lincoln is right and escape is unlikely, Stonewall shows Abe a secret cache of gunpowder. They then decide to use the explosive to blow up the fort after trapping and containing the zombies inside. When the fuse goes out, Stonewall ventures down alone to re-light it, but is over-run and killed by the zombies just after doing so. Abe and Brown escape just in time and the entire place goes up. Mary accepts her fate and goes off with Lincoln to die, much to Sophia's heartbreak.

Eighteen months later, Abe goes to visit Mary who had been in the care of a doctor investigating the illness in vain hope of finding a cure. As Abe cleans wounds caused by her restraining shackles, Mary grabs his hand, scratching his skin, infecting him (much to his horror), and forcing him to kill her. Knowing he is himself incurable, Abe requests that a message be sent to John Wilkinson, as earlier he had discovered that Wilkinson was actually John Wilkes Booth who had a plot to kidnap Lincoln in response to the end of the war and the Union the victor. The message gives Booth the information to know exactly where Lincoln would be the following night at the theater, thus leading to his assassination (purposely arranged by Lincoln to prevent another outbreak) at Booth's hands.

Cast
 Bill Oberst Jr. as Abraham Lincoln
Brennen Harper as 10-year-old Abraham Lincoln
 Chris Hlozek as Major John McGill
 Jason Hughley as Wilson Brown
 Jason Vail as John Wilkes Booth
 Don McGraw as General Stonewall Jackson
 Christopher Marrone as Pat Garrett
 Ron Ogden as Robert Chamberlin
 Chip Lane as Joshua Kearney
 Canon Kuipers as Young Theodore Roosevelt
 Kent Igleheart as Thomas Lincoln
 Rhianna Van Helton as Nancy Lincoln
 David Alexander as Edward Everett
 Bernie Ask as Edwin Stanton
 Debra Crittenden as Mary Todd Lincoln
 Kennedy Brice as Little Zombie Girl
 Claire Weinstein as Zombie Girl in the Closet
 Baby Norman as Mary Owens
 Hannah Bryan as Sophia
 Anna Fricks as Annika

Production
Casting took place in January 2012.  Using mostly local talent, filming began on January 28 in Savannah, Georgia. Originally the script was set to shoot at a fort in Tennessee, but Savannah and Fort Pulaski were subsequently chosen for location shooting of scenes where Lincoln confronts zombies who had overrun a Confederate stronghold.

Critical response
The choice of Bill Oberst Jr. in the lead role of Abraham Lincoln in Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies has been praised, with criticisms otherwise aimed at the film's plot, supporting cast members, character development, and historical inaccuracies.

Jason Adams of JoBlo wrote that the film was what might be anticipated from The Asylum, in its being "extremely repetitive" and having a script filled with "terrible lines."  Adams stated that the actors "pretty much suck post-colonial wastewater", except for Bill Oberst Jr.  Scott Foy of Dread Central offered similar praise for Oberst's acting, but "overwritten dialogue scenes, wildly uneven pacing, and sometimes confusingly staged action scenes prevent Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies from fully living up to its full potential."  KDVR reported that in the film, director Richard Schenkman had created "an enjoyable little movie that is juuussttt this close to being great camp".  Jessica Leigh Lebos of Connect Savannah wrote, "Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies is terrible. In the best possible way."  Lebos said Bill Oberst Jr. "gives a believable turn as Lincoln-as-badass while imbuing the character with the president's signature stalwart leadership; his Gettysburg Address is so compelling, you might forget you're watching a monster movie."  Whitney Scott Bain of Starburst called Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies "a sluggishly directed film from a weak script" but "aside from all the historical inaccuracies, laborious direction and bad script, it's Bill Oberest Jr's stand out performance as Abe Lincoln that steals the show. He's worth watching and he's what saves the picture."

See also
 Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln

References

External links

2012 films
2012 comedy horror films
2012 action comedy films
2012 independent films
American action comedy films
American Civil War films
American zombie comedy films
2010s English-language films
American action horror films
American alternate history films
Fictional depictions of Abraham Lincoln in film
Cultural depictions of Pat Garrett
Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt
Cultural depictions of John Wilkes Booth
Mockbuster films
American Civil War alternate histories
Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)
The Asylum films
Films directed by Richard Schenkman
2010s action horror films
Films set in Georgia (U.S. state)
2010s American films
Films about Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies


Calligraphy is the art of writing. The word is from the Greek language and means "beautiful writing". In the west, this was an interest in decorating words on the page. Calligraphy in the Western world was always considered a minor art.

East Asian calligraphy was a "high art" form before the Tang Dynasty. It continues to have a high status among the arts. It is practiced today by many people including school children.

References

Calligraphy

Calligraphy


Gadi Eizenkot, Hebrew: גדי איזנקוט, (born May 19, 1960 in Tiberias) has been the Chief of General Staff (Ramatkal) of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) since February 16, 2015.

Eizenkot has the rank of lieutenant general (rav aluf).

He has been an Israeli soldier since 1978. He commanded the following units: the Northern Command, the Golani Brigade, the Judea and Samaria Division, and the Operations Directive. In between he was military secretary to prime minister Ehud Barak from 1999 to 2001.

He fought in several wars, like the 1982 Lebanon War, the 2006 Lebanon War and the Gaza War.

Eizenkot is a Maghrebic Jew (he is of Jewish-Moroccan descent). During his youth he lived in Eilat. He studied history at Tel Aviv University and political science at Haifa University. He also studied at the United States Army War College.

He is married with five children, and lives in Herzliya.

References
 Ynetnews

1960 births
Living people
Haifa University alumni
Israeli generals
Israeli Jews
Jewish military people
People from Tiberias
Tel Aviv University alumni

Gadi Eizenkot


Gorgias is a book of dialogue by Plato, written about the nature of  rhetoric, virtue and justice.

Persons
The book is created by dialogues among persons as follow;
Socrates
Chaerephon, a friend of Socrates
Gorgias, a sophist
Polus, a student of Gorgias
Callicles, a sophist

Synopsis
In the preliminary discussion, Socrates and Gorgias agree that "persuasion is the chief end (goal) of rhetoric".

Socrates gets Gorgias to agree that there is a difference between belief and knowledge. A belief can be true or false, but there is no such thing as false knowledge (the word implies its correctness). The critical point in the dialogue is now reached:

Socrates: Shall we then assume two sorts of persuasion, one which is the source of belief without knowledge, as the other is of knowledge?

Gorgias: By all means.

Socrates: And which sort of persuasion does rhetoric create in courts of law and other assemblies... the sort of persuasion which gives belief without knowledge, or that which gives knowledge?

Gorgias: Clearly, Socrates, that which only gives belief.

Socrates: Then rhetoric, as would appear, is the artificer of a persuasion which creates belief about the just and unjust, but gives no instruction about them?

A bit later, the dialogue changes direction:

Polus: I will ask; and do you answer me, Socrates, the same question which Gorgias, as you suppose, is unable to answer: What is rhetoric?

Socrates: I should say a sort of experience.

Socrates: An experience in producing a sort of delight and gratification, Polus.

Polus: Then are cookery and rhetoric the same?

Socrates: No, they are only different parts of the same profession.

The dialogue continues. Socrates drives it towards a contrast between true knowledge produced by the art of philosophy, and the practical tricks of rhetoric. Rhetoric is pleasing and effective, but not an art, and  is closer to flattery.

Socrates says that virtue is more important than rhetoric. Rhetoric should depend on philosophy. Philosophy is an art, but rhetoric is just a skill.

So what started as an academic discussion ends as a very direct attack on the way law and politics were done in Athens.

Related pages

Gorgias
Sophist

Works of philosophy
4th-century BC books
Classical Greek literature

Gorgias (Plato)


Victor Amadeus of Savoy (Vittorio Amedeo Filippo Giuseppe; 6 May 1699 – 22 March 1715) was the eldest son of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans. He was the Heir apparent of Savoy from his birth and as such was styled as the Prince of Piedmont. He acted as Regent of Savoy from September 1713 till September 1714 in the absences of his father. He died of smallpox at the age of 15.

Biography

He was the fifth child and first son of his parents and was baptised with the names Vittorio Amadeo Giovanni Filippo. The eldest son he would remain close to his father all his life who in turn adored his son who was named after him. Though his parents were not close he also had a close relationship with his mother

The Prince of Piedmont was born in Turin in May 1699. He would remain close to his father all his life who in turn adored his son who was named after him. He was also close to his mother. From birth he was styled as the Prince of Piedmont. He was the brother of the Princess Maria Adelaide and Queen Maria Luisa of Spain. He acted as regent of the duchy of Savoy in 1713.  He was the heir to the Kingdom of Sardinia. There were plans for him to marry Elisabetta Farnese thus linking the duchies of Savoy and Parma by marriage but a union would never take place Elisabetta later marrying Philip V of Spain. Prior to 11 April 1713 the young prince was entitled to the style of "Highness" however after this date he was raised to the style of Royal Highness.

Piedmont died in Turin on 22 March 1715 having caught smallpox. He was buried at the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista and later moved to the Basilica of Superga outside Turin.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
6 May 1699 – 11 April 1713 His Highness the Prince of Piedmont [Prince of Savoy]
11 April 1713 – 22 March 1715 His Royal Highness the Prince of Piedmont [Prince of Savoy]

References

1699 births
1715 deaths
People from Turin
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Deaths from smallpox
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Regents
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont
Burials at the Basilica of Superga

Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont