mats are a traditional Japanese flooring. The top surface is made of woven straw. Traditional tatami are packed with straw. Nowadays some of them are packed with styrofoam.  Tatami are individual mats. They have a uniform size and shape. They have borders of brocade or plain green cloth.

Tatami were originally a luxury item for the rich at a time when lower classes had mat-covered dirt floors. Tatami were gradually popularized. They finally reached the homes of commoners towards the end of the 17th century.

History
Japanese people have used tatami since the Nara Era (710-794). They were knitted and became thicker like modern tatami.  People who lived in the Heian Era stepped onto tatami to show their power and they spread the tatami only in a necessary part of the room.

The use of tatami was a little different from now. The shoin style of traditional Japanese residential architecture began in the Kamakura Era. During this time, people stopped spreading tatami around the room and placing them in the middle.  They started to spread tatami through the room. People decided to spread tatami by the hearth and sit erect with their legs folded under.

Tatami has been changing together with people's life style. Tatami became common for people in the middle of the Edo Era. Farmers started to use them in the Meiji Era. The removal of tatami regulation made them more common in the Meiji Era. Japanese people often dry the tatami. If the tatami'''s surface was discolored, people often turned them over. With the economic growth after World War Two people started to use chairs and carpets. Japanese people think flooring is not relaxing or soundproof enough, so people still use tatami now.

Making Tatami Tatami is made with a rush plant, igusa. Rush is planted in the rice fields in August. The seedlings are dug out in November, and a good seedling is chosen. The chosen seedlings are planted in the rice fields again in December. By the end of June to the middle of July, the high-quality rush grows up to about one meter tall and it will be harvested the next year.

The rush should be dry after harvesting, and keep the peculiar smell and the color of the rush. The rush is selected according to length and the thickness, and it is checked for bruising.

After the harvest ends, tatami is made. Because Japanese rooms are different sizes, tatami are made in different sizes. The base of the tatami is made first. Tatami is woven with a special machine. It similar to the weaving on a kimono. The next part is the wick of tatami, called toko. When the toko is 40 centimeters or more thick, and the shape is straightened. The mat is complete, and that is called mushiro. The tatami is complete when it is joined to the toko and the decoration on the mat edges are sewn.

 Igusa Igusa is a perennial plant of the family of igusa. Igusa smells good. It has a fresh, grassy smell. In English, they are called rushes. Igusa blooms from May through June. The plant grows up to a length of 100 centimeters or less. They grow in marshes where sunshine is good. In Japan, there are 30 kinds of igusa growing in many different areas.Tatami is made from natural igusa that must be flexible from the root to the tip, and the thickness and the color varies slightly.  About 4000 to 7000 igusa are used for the tatami. Generally the best tatami uses more and longer igusa rushes.

There are many benefits in using igusa such as air purification, heat insulation, elasticity, cooling (especially in hot summer seasons), eco-friendly and sound absorbing qualities. Igusa tatami is also smooth to the touch, so it is comfortable for babies and young children. Most Japanese like tatami. Many homes have at least one tatami room.

TatamiTatamiberi is the cloth that covers the edge and also decorates the tatami. Some tatami don't have it. In English, it is called the mat edge. The width of tatamiberi is about three centimeters. The material on the tatamiberi is cotton yarn, a synthetic material string, and a gold thread. The features change according to what strings are combining with tatamiberi. The woven color handle sets off the room. There are two types, and the atmosphere of the room changes by the tatamiberi.

There are many kinds of tatamiberi. But tatamiberi was used to show status. For example, the emperor,  ministers,  priests, and  scholars had different styles. It was recorded in "Amanomokuzu" in 1420.

Japan has etiquette about tatamiberi. Japanese are taught not to step on the tatamiberi. It is easy to tear tatamiberi when stepping in the weakest part. Stepping on tatamiberi fades the color on the edge of cotton and hemp in the tatami. Therefore, etiquette means "not to hurt the mat carelessly stepping when you visit another house, pay it attention". Also, family crests were embroidered on the tatamiberi'' in old times, too. Stepping on the family crest was taboo.

References

 Okitatami.com. Iguchi tatami fusuma. Retrieved on 3 Jun 2009.
 Tatamilife. com. DAIKEN. Retried on 2 July 2009.
 知って得する豆知識.OCN. Retrieved on 15 May 2009.
 My Flower Pictorial Book. Retrieved on 15 May 2009.
 Ohmiya blog.高田織物株式会社.Retrieved on 15 May 2009.
 Ohno-naiso. Ohnonaiso.Retrieved on 14 May 2009.
 Tatami no dekirumade no koutei.Ishiiseitatmi. Retrieved on 14 May 2009.

Japanese culture
Furniture

Tatami


Power forward is a position in basketball.  Power forwards play a role similar to that of a center in what is called the "post" or "low blocks". They usually play offensively with their backs towards the basket and position themselves defensively under the basket in a zone defense or against the power forward from the other team in a man-to-man defense.

Basketball

Power forward (basketball)


Necessary But Not Sufficient is a 2000 novel authored by Eliyahu Goldratt with co-authors Eli Schrangenheim and Carol A. Ptak. Necessary But Not Sufficient is written as a "business novel" and shows the fictional application of the theory of constraints to enterprise resource planning (ERP) and operations software and organizations using that software. The fourth of five published Goldratt business novels, this one does not share any of the settings or characters of the previous three novels (only The Goal and It's Not Luck shared the same characters).

Quotes
"Technology is a necessary condition, but it's not sufficient. To get the benefits at the time that we install the new technology, we must also change the rules that recognize the existence of the limitation." (p. 125)

Editions

2000 novels
Theory of constraints

Necessary But Not Sufficient


Within the field of anthropology and other social sciences, ethnography is a form of research that relies on a range of sources of data, but usually tends to rely mainly on participant observation. However, the term also refers to the product of this type of research, which of course normally takes a textual form. As a result, ethnography is also sometimes seen as a genre of writing, one used to describe patterns of human social interaction in particular contexts.

Within the context of ethnography, the term 'realism' is often used to refer to the assumptions that some kinds of ethnographic work make about the phenomena to be investigated, and how these are to be understood. However, 'ethnographic realism' has also been used to refer to a style of writing that narrates the author's experiences and observations as if the reader were witnessing or experiencing events first hand. A work written using ethnographic realism may be referred to as a realist ethnography, and classified as a subgenre of ethnography.

Styles of ethnographic realism
George Marcus and Dick Cushman described and categorized realist ethnographies under certain characteristics.
Totalizing description
Omniscient narration
Native interpretation
Generalizations
Jargon

References

Anthropology
Ethnography
Realism (art movement)

Ethnographic realism


Fustat was the first Arab capital in Egypt.  It was founded in 641 AD, after the Arabs conquered Alexandria.  The Arabs did not want their capital to be so far away as Alexandria, which is why they made Fustat, which was far from the sea and closer to Arabia, and was on their side of the Nile river.

Fustat became a beautiful and powerful city for over 500 years, but then it was destroyed in 1168, when its vizier Shawar told his army to burn the city.  Shawar did not want the crusaders to capture the city, so he burned it instead.

Today there is not much left of Fustat, but some buildings can be seen in Old Cairo.

Cities in Egypt
641 establishments
Establishments in Egypt
7th-century establishments in Africa
Cairo

Fustat


Cholesterol is a molecule that is found in animal cells and body fluids. Cholesterol is not found in plant sources. It is a type of lipid which is a fat or fat-like molecule.  Cholesterol is a soft waxy substance. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid that is called a steroid. Steroids are lipids that have a special chemical structure. This structure is made of four rings of carbon atoms. Cholesterol is found especially in animal fats.

Cholesterol is the main steroid synthesized by animals. Other steroids include hormone steroids like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone. These and other steroid hormones are made by changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol. This is an example of chemical synthesis.

Hypercholesterolemia means that cholesterol level is too high in the blood. High cholesterol levels show that heart disease may develop.

Related pages
Bile
Metabolism

Lipids

Cholesterol


Cyworld is a social networking service created by SK communications.
The name can be interpreted in two ways. The first meaning is simply short for "cyber world" and the second meaning is "사이(Korean word for relationship) world."
In Cyworld, making the raltionship as friends is called "being 1chon". 1chon means very very close relative like family in Korea.

The users can easily update pictures, videos clips, and blogs and share them with other users through what is called "minihompy." It is similar to that of Facebook or Myspace in U.S.

The statistics shows that there are about 22,000,000 users in South Korea, which is about the half of the population of South Korea. Although it is mainly used by Koreans, the SK communications has expanded the cyworld services into other countries, such as China, Japan, Vietnam, and U.S.A starting on 2005.

Social networking

Cyworld


Brihadratha Maurya was the last ruler of the Maurya Empire. He was the ruler from 187 BC-180 BC. He was killed by his general Pushyamitra Sunga in 180 BC.

During his rule, the Mauryan Empire got smaller. Using this, his general Pushyamitra Sunga defeated Brihadratha with a huge army. Brihadratha Maurya died in the war. After his death, Pushyamitra Sunga founded the Sunga dynasty controlling the Mauryan territories.
Indian monarchs
180s BC deaths

Brihadratha Maurya


Sexual reassignment surgery (SRS) is also called gender reassignment surgery,  sex reassignment surgery or a sex change. SRS is one or more surgeries that are done to change the body's genitals or other sexual characteristrics. Transgender people may get SRS to make their body match their gender identity.

There are many different kinds of surgeries that fall under the category of "sexual reassignment surgery."

For transgender women ("male-to-female" transgender people), some types of sexual reassignment surgery are:
Phallectomy (removing the penis)
Orchiectomy (removing the testicles)
Vaginoplasty (where a surgeon creates a vagina)
Breast implants
Voice therapy

For transgender men ("female-to-male" transgender people), some types of SRS are:
Mastectomy (removing the breasts)
Hysterectomy (removing the uterus)
Phalloplasty (where a surgeon creates a penis; however, this surgery is more difficult and dangerous than vaginoplasty for transgender women)

Transgender people may get one of these surgeries, a combination, or no surgeries at all. Every person is different.

Some international laws on human rights cover SRS. For example, the Declaration of Montreal and the Yogyakarta Principles say that transgender people must be allowed SRS. These laws say that if health insurance companies did not cover SRS, they would be discriminating against transgender people.

Related pages
Transsexualism
Sex assignment
Body modification

Surgery
Transgender

Sexual reassignment surgery


The Continental Army was the fighting force of the thirteen British colonies in the American Revolutionary War. It was created in 1775 by the First Continental Congress. Most of the army was disbanded in 1783 after the conclusion of the war. The army was officially closed by a resolution of Congress in 1784. A Legion of the United States partly replaced it in 1792, and the United States Army replaced it in 1796.

Congress elected George Washington as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army when it was formed. He led the army until it was disbanded.

United States Army
American Revolutionary War
1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1784 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in the United States

Continental Army


The Opel Kadett wis a sma family caur produced bi the German automobile manufacturer Opel atween 1937 an 1940, an then again frae 1962 till 1991, when it wis replaced bi the Opel Astra, (brandit in the UK as the Vauxhall Astra MK3).

Oreeginal model (1937–1940)

The first Opel caur tae cairy the Kadett name wis presentit tae the public in December 1936 bi Opel's Commercial-Technical director, Heinrich Nordhoff, who wad in later decades acome kent for his leadership role in buildin up the Volkswagen company.

The new Kadett follaed the innovative Opel Olympia in adoptin a chassis-less monocoque construction, suggestin that lik the Vauxhall 10 introduced in 1937 bi Opel's Inglis sister-company, the Opel Kadett wis designed for hie volume law cost production. Competitive pricin led tae commercial success, an Kadetts continued tae be produced durin the early months o the war: bi the time production wis interruptit in 1940 follaein intensification o hostilities, 107,608 o thir Opel Kadetts haed come aff the assembly line at Opel's Rüsselsheim plant, which haed been the first major caur plant in Germany tae apply the assembly-line production techniques pioneered bi Henry Ford.

Efter the war, Opel production facilities frae Rüsselsheim (caurs) an Brandenburg an der Havel (trucks) wur cratit up an transportit tae the Soviet Union as pairt o a lairger reparations package agreed upon bi the victorious pouers. Frae 1948 the prewar Kadett wis manufactured as the Moskvitch 400/420: it continued tae be produced on the edge o Moscow as a Moskvitch till 1956.

Kadett A (1962–1965)

The Kadett wis re-introduced in October 1962, 22 years efter the oreeginal model wis discontinued.

In 1957 Opel Product Director Karl Stief wis mandatit bi General Motors headquarters in Detroit tae develop "the perfect Anti-Volkswagen" ("einen perfekten Anti-VW"). The development team wis heidit up bi Stief, supportit bi Hans Mersheimer (caur-body) an Werner K. Strobel (ingine an runnin gear), unner conditions o sic secrecy that even nou vera little is kent o the development history o the 1962 Kadett. 649,512 o caurs haed been biggit at the company's new Bochum factory bi the time it wis replaced in Julie 1965.

The caur later became kent as the Kadett A. In addition tae the standard saloon thare wis an L (luxury model), a coupé, an an estate (cawed Caravan). The new Opel OHV ingine wis available as 1.0 wi 40 hp (30 kW) an as 1.0 S wi 48 hp (36 kW).

The Kadett clearly featurt a muckle mair modren design than the Volkswagen Beetle which then dominatit the mercat for smaw family caurs in Germany an various surroondin kintras. The Kadett affered mair passenger space, massively mair luggage space an a muckle less encumbered view oot. Its watter cooled ingine enabled it tae provide a far mair effective heater. Even fuel consumption wis unner maist conditions superior tae that o the Volkswagen, an mony commentators muckle preferred the Opel's handlin an its licht an effective brakes tae those o the mercat leader.

Housomeivver, bi the mid-1970s the Kadett's greatest relative weakness wis awready painfully apparent, as the caurs disappeared rapidly frae German roads while the Beetles endured. The Kadett's bodywirk wis no well protectit frae corrosion.

On the Breetish motorin show Top Gear, Richard Hammond drove a Kadett A, which he loved sae muckle he named Oliver, throu the middle o Botswana durin a 2007 challenge. He later haed the caur shipt tae the Unitit Kinrick an restored, an it remains in his possession.

Kadett B (1965–1973)

The Kadett B came in 1966 an endit in 1973, wi twa an fower door saloons (the latter in notchback an, frae 1967, an aa in fastback form), a three-door estate, an twa coupés (regular an fastback, or Coupé F). Thare wis a sportin Opel Kadett Rallye, wi a 1.9 L ingine. Additionally, the twa-seat Opel GT wis hivily based on Kadett B components, its body made bi a French contractor, Brissonneau & Lotz. Generally, the Kadett B wis significantly lairger than the Kadett A.

1966 wis the year that Opel opened thair new plant at Bochum, devotit exclusively tae Kadett production.  Atween 1965 an 1973 Opel produced 2,691,300 Kadett Bs which maks this model ane o the maist successfu Opels tae date in terms o sales volume.   The Kadett benefittit on the domestic mercat frae a progressive slowin o demand for the auld Volkswagen Beetle, while the Ford Escort an Volkswagen Golf which wad compete for sales mair effectively against the Kadett C baith got aff tae a relatively slow stairt respectively in 1968 an 1974.

A "luxury" derivative o the Kadett B wis sauld as the Opel Olympia A.

The Kadett B wis sauld in the Unitit States throu Buick dealers frae 1967 till 1972 simply as the Opel. U.S. models wur later grantit the front end an trim o the new Opel Olympia, introduced in 1966 as an upmarket version o the Kadett. The caur teuk pairt in the Trans-Am Series durin its commercial life. Kadett A an B wur technically semple caurs whose task wis tae compete wi the mercat leader, the Volkswagen Beetle.

This lack o sophistication caused the US caur magazine Car and Driver tae publish a hichtlie critical test o the Kadett in 1968, featurin photos o the caur in a junkyard. Reportedly, GM wi'drew ony ads frae that magazine for several months as a consequence.

Kadett C (1973–1979)

The Kadett C appeared in 1973 an wis Opel's version o General Motors' "T-Car". The T-Car wis an aa biggit in Japan bi Isuzu an sauld as the Isuzu Gemini an in Australie whaur it wis marketit as the Holden Gemini. In Sooth Korea, Saehan Motor then Daewoo Motor biggit a version kent as the Daewoo Maepsy an Maepsy-Na.

The Kadett C formed the basis o the Breetish Vauxhall Chevette, which haed a restyled front end an launcht wi a hatchback body, in addition tae uisin a 1256 cc OHV (ower-heid valve) Vauxhall ingine rather than the 1196 cc OHV Opel ingine. The Chevette made the Kadett C notable bi allouin it tae acome Opel's first hatchback — a version named Kadett City appeared in August 1975, based on the Chevette's hatchback body.  The Kadett's coupé body style wis niver manufactured as a Chevette housomeivver.  Awtho Kadett C production endit in 1979, the Chevette wis produced till Januar 1984. Unuisually for Vauxhall models, the Chevette wis importit tae Germany startin in 1979 tae satisfee the needs o the rear wheel drive traditionalists an wis quite a success for a year or twa. This import version, housomeivver wis niver offeecially badged as an Opel or a Vauxhall - bein named simply as 'Chevette'.

The Kadett C the day is a cult caur in Germany, especially in fastback (coupé) form. The maist sought efter versions o the Kadett C Coupé are the Rallye an GT/E models. Thir models wur biggit first wi the Bosch fuel injectit 1897 cc OHC (ower-heid cam) Opel ingine, an follaed bi the updatit 1998 cc OHC ingine. Conversions uisin the newer GM Family II ingine are common.

Includit in the range frae 1976 wis vera rare version, the Aero-Kadett, an open-top Kadett wi targa roll bar, detachable ruif insert an a separate convertible tap aft o the roll bar (lik the contemporary Lancia Beta Speeder). This caur wis biggit in very leemitit nummers bi Karosserie Baur in Stuttgart.  Ane clue concernin its rarity is the manufacturer's recommendit retail price o DM 15,500 at a time when Volkswagen's trustit (if slower an hivier) 1303 Cabriolet wis affered for DM 12,735.

The Kadett C reacht the Unitit States as the Buick–Opel. In reality, housomeivver, this wis an Isuzu Gemini; an updatit version o this caur wis marketit in the USA as the Isuzu I-Mark in the early 1980s.

In Brazil, the Kadett C wis released sax month afore its European release, as Chevrolet Chevette. It wis available wi a choice o three petrol ingines, in 1.4 L, 1.6 L, an 1.0 L displacements (the latter available ae for the 1992/3 model year); 1.4 L an 1.6 L versions wur an aa available runnin on ethanol.

This Chevette went throu several redesigns — first front an rear panels seemilar tae the Opel version, then a leuk seemilar tae the Breetish Vauxhall Chevette, an finally a design reminiscent o the updatit USA Chevrolet Chevette version. It wis available in several different bodies: hatchback (1979–87), estate (cawed Chevrolet Marajó, 1980–89), pickup (Chevy 500, 1984–95) an saloon (1973–93). The Chevette sauld ower 1.6 million units in Brazil, bein replaced bi the Chevrolet Corsa.

Kadett D (1979–1984)

The Kadett D wis introduced in November 1979, goin on sale in the UK some five month afore the Breetish version, the Vauxhall Astra Mark 1, wis launcht in Aprile 1980. Aw models wur designed as three- or five-door hatchbacks an estates or station wagons. Thare wur an aa twa- an fower-door sedans, which uised the same bodyshells as the hatchbacks, but thir wur suin dropped. An aa dropt, in comparison tae the C Modell wis the Coupé.

Technologically, the Kadett D wis a major departure, as it wis Opel an Vauxhall's first front wheel drive caur. It an aa introduced the Family II ingine design wi an single owerheid camshaft, aluminium alloy cylinder heid, hydraulic valve lifters, wi capacities o 1300 an 1600 cc, an haed a unique transaxle design which alloued the clutch tae be replaced athoot removin the transmission unit.

Later, an 1800 cc version wis introduced for the Kadett/Astra GTE model. This range o ingines wis an aa uised for later models o the Corsa/Nova, an the mid-sized Cavalier/Ascona. The Kadett D wis an' a' equipped wi a 1600 cc diesel ingine that wis possible tae drive as cheap as 5.0 L/100 km, an a cairy-ower 1196cc OHV ingine. It wis an aa produced as IDA Kadett in Kikinda, Yugoslavie.

In Lithuanie an the Ukraine thir are still common, 31 years later, thair reliability bein a factor. The maist common versions are 1.3 an 1.6 S models.

Kadett E (1984–1991)

The Kadett E (Vauxhall Astra Mark 2 in the UK) wis introduced in 1984, an wis votit 1985 European Caur o the Year, lairgely due tae its advanced aerodynamic body stylin. The 1984 model wis an aa developt intae a mair conventional three-box design wi a buit (trunk), badged as the Vauxhall Belmont in the UK an the Opel Monza in Sooth Africae, launcht in Januar 1986. This wis awardit 1985 Semperit Erse Caur o the Year in Ireland.

The Kadett E wis votit European Caur o the Year for 1985.

A convertible version wis an aa available, for the first time in 1987, biggit bi Bertone o Torino/Italy, bringin it tae line wi key competitors sic as the Ford Escort an Volkswagen Golf which wur available as cabrios afore. For the 1988 model, capacities wur raised tae 1400, 1800 an a new 2000 cc ingine, again uised on the GSi an Vauxhall Astra GTE. In 1988, a 16-valve twin-cam version wis developed for a hie performance GSi/GTE model, yieldin 156 hp (115 kW) in manufactured form.

The Kadett E haes been seen as a grey import in the UK, but it is no as popular as the Vauxhall Astra Mark 2. It wis niver offeecially sauld in Breetain, an bi 1989 General Motors wis ae marketin the Vauxhall brand in the UK.

In the late 1980s an early 1990s, Sooth African Kadett GSi's wur upgradit for tourin caur competitions an aroond 500 wur biggit for homoligation purposes. Thay featurt mair aggressive cams, a locally developt limitit slip differential an special 15" wheels, thay wur nicknamed the Superboss, produced 125 kW (168 hp).

The Kadett E wis introduced in Brazil as the Chevrolet Kadett, but the three-door station wagon wis cawed the Chevrolet Ipanema.

It formed the basis o the Daewoo LeMans (later kent as the Daewoo Cielo, Racer an Nexia) in Sooth Korea, an an' a' as Heaven in Chile (Nexia bein the HB version), which wis sauld in the Unitit States an New Zealand as the Pontiac LeMans, an in Canadae (initially) as the Passport Optima. LeMans sales endit in 1993. The Nexia is still bein produced at UzDaewoo plant in Asaka, Uzbekistan. The Cielo wis last bein produced at Automobile Craiova, a semi-independent (frae GM) plant in Craiova, Romanie (the license expired in Hairst 2006).

Kadett name
In 1992, GM Europe decidit tae standardise model names athort its twa brands, an Opel adoptit Vauxhall's name for the Kadett, Astra, for the replacement caur for Europe which debuted that year. Anerlie in Sooth Africae, the Kadett name continued on the first Opel Astra hatchback till 1999, when aw models teuk the Astra name.

Housomeivver, unner Opel's internal namin convention, successive generations o the Astra platform are treatit as a logical continuation o the Kadett lineage - hence the oreeginal 1992 Astra wis designatit Astra F in relation tae the previous Kadett E - this convention haes continued throu tae the current (2009) Astra J.

References

Freemit airtins

 Classic Opel Pairts database
 private Kadett C Hamepage
 Opel Kadett C club - Belgium Holland Hamepage

Kadett
Compact caurs
Hatchbacks
Vehicles introduced in 1937
1962 introductions
1930s automobiles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles

Opel Kadett


Alberto Castillo (December 7, 1914 – July 23, 2002) (nickname: Riobal) was a prominent Argentine tango singer and actor.  He was born Alberto Salvador De Lucca in the Mataderos district of Buenos Aires, the son of Italian immigrants Salvatore De Luca and Lucia De Paola (from Teggiano, near Salerno). Castillo made his professional debut in the 1930s and began a successful recording career in 1941; his first hit was his cover of the Alfredo Pelala tune "Recuerdo".

Castillo sang with the orchestras of Julio De Caro (1934), Augusto Berto (1935) and Mariano Rodas (1937) and Ricardo Tanturi (1939).

With his keen sense of rhythm and his tendency to go hoarse, Castillo made a name for himself as the main interpreter of the black-oriented genres of candombe and milonga. One of his most successful recordings was "Cien Barrios Porteños" (The one hundred barrios of Buenos Aires), to the point that presenters would announce him as "the singer of the 100 barrios".

Beginning in 1946, Castillo appeared in a number of Argentine films.

Castillo was also a physician by training. This fact famously convinced his fiancée's parents to let her marry Alberto, because he was "more than just a tango singer", and was used as a plot device in the Argentine movie Moon of Avellaneda (Sp: "Luna de Avellaneda"), where Castillo is summoned to deliver a baby right after finishing his set at a carnival fair (the story is fictitious). Castillo did have a short stint as a sports physician. In December 1951, the Vélez Sársfield soccer team, which he supported, was on a tour of Brazil, and several players came down with heatstroke in Pernambuco, where Castillo was scheduled to perform. A member of the Vélez delegation contacted Castillo, who tended to the players and stayed with the team for the remainder of the tour, rescheduling some of his shows to fit the team's agenda.

Among his later releases was a cover of his candombe hit "Siga el Baile", recorded with Argentine band Los Auténticos Decadentes. Castillo was the mentor of many other tango artists, such as Silvia Gabriela.

Castillo is buried in La Chacarita Cemetery in Buenos Aires.

Selected filmography
 The Tango Returns to Paris (1948)

References

External links

 Alberto Castillo on Tango.info
 "Profile - Alberto Castillo". The Tango Times: Summer 2002.

1914 births
2002 deaths
Singers from Buenos Aires
Argentine male actors
20th-century Argentine male singers
Tango singers
Argentine gynaecologists
Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery

Alberto Castillo (performer)


The Second International (1889–1916) was an organization created on July 14, 1889, by socialist and labour parties who wanted to work together for international socialism. It continued the work of the First International, which stopped being an organization in 1886. However, it did not include the still-powerful anarcho-syndicalist movement and trade unions.

Among the Second International's most famous actions were its 1889 declaration of May 1 as International Labor Day and its 1910 declaration of March 8 as International Women's Day.

The International's permanent executive and information body was the International Socialist Bureau (ISB). It was located in Brussels and formed after the International's Paris Congress of 1900. Emile Vandervelde and Camille Huysmans of the Belgian Labour Party were its chair and secretary. Vladimir Lenin was a member from 1905.
Dadabhai Nauroji attended its Paris commune in 1906.

International organizations
1889 establishments
Political organizations
1916 disestablishments

Second International


Ronald James Sider (September 17, 1939 – July 27, 2022), was a Canadian-born American theologian and social activist. He was the founder of Evangelicals for Social Action, a think-tank which seeks to develop biblical solutions to social and economic problems through incubating programs that operate at the intersection of faith and social justice.

Sider was also a founding board member of the National Religious Partnership for the Environment. He was the Distinguished Professor of Theology, Holistic Ministry and Public Policy at Palmer Theological Seminary in St. Davids, Pennsylvania.

Education and career
Sider attended the Waterloo Lutheran University, in Waterloo, Ontario, and received a BA in European history in 1962. While at Waterloo, he came in contact with the apologetic work of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, and set his sights on a career in academia. Upon graduating from Yale University with an M.A. (history, 1963), B.D. (divinity, 1967), and PhD (history, 1969), he expected to teach early modern European history on secular university campuses, and continue his apologetic work for IVCF. In 1968, he accepted an invitation from Messiah College to teach at its newly opened Philadelphia Campus in the inner city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The racism, poverty, and evangelical indifference he observed at close hand made a deep impression that led him to write the book, Rich Christians in an Age of Hunger.

What he saw as the injustice of the inner city motivated Sider to work toward developing a biblical response to social injustice. He brought together a network of similarly concerned evangelicals, which in 1973 became the Thanksgiving Workshop on Evangelical Social Concern. It was this conference that issued The Chicago Declaration of Evangelical Social Concern. Twenty years later, a similar gathering of evangelical leaders resulted in the Chicago Declaration II: A Call for Evangelical Renewal. In 2004 he was a signatory of the "Confessing Christ in a World of Violence" document.

He signed his name to a full-page ad in the 5 December 2008 New York Times that objected to violence and intimidation against religious institutions and believers in the wake of the passage of Proposition 8. The ad stated that "violence and intimidation are always wrong, whether the victims are believers, gay people, or anyone else." A dozen other religious and human rights activists from several different faiths also signed the ad, noting that they "differ on important moral and legal questions," including Proposition 8.

Publications
Sider published over 30 books and wrote over 100 articles in both religious and secular magazines on a variety of topics including the importance of caring for creation as part of biblical discipleship.

In 1977, Sider's Rich Christians in an Age of Hunger, was published. Hailed by Christianity Today as one of the one hundred most influential books in religion in the 20th century, it went on to sell over 400,000 copies in many languages. He later authored Good News Good Works (published by Baker Book House), a call to the church to embrace what Sider sees as the whole gospel, through a combination of evangelism, social engagement and spiritual formation. Its companion book tells stories about effective ministries that bring both evangelism and social transformation together.

Completely Pro-Life, published in the mid-1980s, calls on Christians to take a consistent stand opposing abortion, capital punishment, nuclear weapons, hunger, and other conditions that Sider sees as anti-life. Cup of Water, Bread of Life was published in 1994. Living Like Jesus (1999) has been called Sider's Mere Christianity. Just Generosity: A New Vision for Overcoming Poverty in America (1999, 2007) offers a holistic, comprehensive vision for dramatically reducing America's poverty.  Churches That Make a Difference (2002) with Phil Olson and Heidi Rolland Unruh provides concrete help to local congregations seeking to combine evangelism and social ministry. Recent publications include: Fixing the Moral Deficit: A Balanced Way to Balance the Budget (2012); Just Politics: A Guide for Christian Engagement (2012); The Early Church on Killing: A Comprehensive Sourcebook on War, Abortion, and Capital Punishment (2012); The Spiritual Danger of Donald Trump: 30 Evangelical Christians on Justice, Truth, and Moral Integrity (2020).

Ecumenical relations
In August 2009, he signed a public statement encouraging all Christians to read, wrestle with, and respond to Caritas in Veritate, the social encyclical by Pope Benedict XVI. Later that year, he also gave his approval to the Manhattan Declaration, calling on evangelicals, Catholics and Orthodox not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage and other matters that go against their religious consciences.

Criticism
Sider's opponents typically criticize his ideas as consisting of bad theology and bad economics. The most thorough critiques come from the American Christian right, specifically from Christian Reconstructionists. David Chilton's book, Productive Christians in an Age of Guilt Manipulators (1986), with a foreword by Gary North, argues that Sider's book takes a position contrary to the biblical teachings on economics, poverty, and giving, and that the economic model it provides is untenable. Sider significantly revised the book for the twentieth anniversary edition, and, in an interview with Christianity Today magazine said, "I admit, though, that I didn't know a great deal of economics when I wrote the first edition of Rich Christians. In the meantime, I've learned considerably more, and I've changed some things as a result of that. For example, in the new, twentieth-anniversary edition, I say more explicitly that when the choice is democratic capitalism or communism, I favor the democratic political order and market economies."

Family
Sider was the child of a Canadian Brethren in Christ pastor. He attended Oxford Circle Mennonite Church, was the father of three and lived in Lansdale, Pennsylvania, with his wife Arbutus, a retired family counselor. They celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary in 2011, and they had six granddaughters. Sider's son Theodore (Ted) is a tenured professor of philosophy at Rutgers who has published over 50 scholarly articles and three books with Oxford University Press.

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links

Obituary with Details
Evangelicals for Social Action
The Sider Center for Ministry and Public Policy

Oxford Circle Mennonite Church

1939 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century evangelicals
21st-century American male writers
21st-century evangelicals
American Christian pacifists
American consistent life ethics activists
American evangelicals
Canadian Christian pacifists
Canadian evangelicals
Canadian Mennonites
Evangelical theologians
Mennonite writers
Messiah University
Palmer Theological Seminary
People from Fort Erie, Ontario
Religion and politics
University of Waterloo alumni
Yale Divinity School alumni

Ron Sider


George Edwards Theodore Goodridge Roberts (July 7, 1877 – February 24, 1953) was a Canadian novelist and poet. He was the author of thirty-four novels and over one hundred published stories and poems.

He was the brother of poet Charles G. D. Roberts, and the father of painter Goodridge Roberts.

Life
Roberts was born in Fredericton, to Emma Wetmore Bliss and Anglican Rev. George Goodridge Roberts. The poet Charles G. D. Roberts, and the writers William Carman Roberts and Elizabeth Roberts MacDonald, were his siblings.

He published his first poem in 1889, when he was eleven, in the New York Independent (where his cousin Bliss Carman was working), and his first prose piece (a comparison of the Battle of Waterloo and the Battle of Gettysburg) in the Century two years later.

Roberts attended Fredericton Collegiate School, though (since school records were lost in a fire) the exact years are unknown. He later went to University of New Brunswick (UNB), but left without graduating. He published poetry in UNB's University Magazine.

In 1897 he moved to New York City, living with his brothers Charles and William and working at The Independent. In 1898 the magazine sent him to Cuba, as a special correspondent, to cover the Spanish–American War. While on the island he contracted malaria—he was sent back to New York and consulted specialists, who sent him back to Fredericton "to die."

An unnamed surgeon saved Roberts's life, and he was nursed back to heath by Frances Seymour Allen (whom he would subsequently marry). The next year he travelled to Newfoundland, where he helped to found and edit The Newfoundland Magazine. He published his first book of poetry Northand Lyrics, an anthology edited by Charles G.D. Roberts and featuring his three siblings in 1899, and his first novel, The House of Isstens, in 1900.

In 1901 Roberts sailed on a barkentine to Brazil. In 1902 he returned to Fredericton and briefly edited a second magazine, The Kit-Bag.

Roberts married Frances Seymour Allen in November 1903, and they had a two-year honeymoon in Barbados where their first child was born. They would have four children: William Goodridge, Dorothy Mary Gostwick, Theodora Frances Bliss and Loveday (who died as an infant).

Roberts averaged three novels a year from 1908 until 1914. At that time his "many novels of adventure and romance" already enjoyed a "wide popularity in English-speaking lands."

A former militiaman, Roberts re-enlisted in 1914 when World War I broke out, serving as a lieutenant in the 12th Canadian Infantry Battalion, commanded by Lt.-Col. Harry Fulton McLeod of Fredericton—Roberts' entire family followed him to England. When the 12th Battalion was assigned to a reserve and training roll in early 1915, Roberts was transferred to a position perhaps better fitted to his combination of military knowledge and literary skill. "In the summer of 1915, he was transferred to the Canadian War Records Office at the request of Max Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook. Roberts wrote official reports and battlefield accounts and published three works in collaboration with others." He was promoted captain early in 1916.

When Roberts was in Europe he left his manuscripts and papers, including work not yet published, with a Dr. Wainwright in Saint John, who stored them in his basement. They were destroyed in the spring of 1919 when the Saint John River flooded.

In 1929 Roberts wrote a weekly column for the Saint John Telegraph-Journal, "Under the Sun." From April through September 1930 he edited another small magazine, Acadie.

In 1932 he undertook his last major sea cruise, sailing through the Panama Canal to Vancouver and back. The same year he did a cross-Canada reading tour, which "culminated with festivities in Vancouver."

Roberts moved to Toronto in 1935, and in 1937 briefly edited another magazine, Spotlight. In 1939 he relocated to Aylmer, Quebec, where he briefly founded another magazine, Swizzles.He returned to New Brunswick in 1941, and in 1945 moved to Digby, Nova Scotia, where he would die eight years later. He is buried beside Charles G.D. Roberts and Bliss Carman in Fredericton's Forest Hill Cemetery.

Writing
The Dictionary of Literary Biography (DLB) says that T.G. Roberts's "poetry and fiction, staggering in sheer quantity and variety, show at their best Roberts's most enduring gifts: in his poetry a love of nature well served by a keen eye for local color and detail, a good ear for clean, clear rhythm and rhyme, and a forceful, uncluttered narrative line; and in fiction a talent for presenting his abiding perception of universal struggles between good and evil either in mythic tales of adventure or in regional stories animated by local settings, customs, and dialects."

Of the poems in his 1926 collection, The Lost Shipmate, The Encyclopedia of Literature commented: "Had this volume appeared forty years earlier it might have won for Theodore a reputation equal to that of his brother Charles or of Bliss Carman. Poems such as 'The sandbar' and 'Magic' are unmatched in Canadian poetry for a facility and clarity of image suggestive of high-realist painting.

The Merriest Knight
The writing that Roberts is most likely to be recognized for today is The Merriest Knight, his collection of Arthurian tales. This looks like the one book by Roberts currently in print - ironically, considering that it was never published as a book during  Roberts's lifetime.

Roberts began to write Arthurian fiction in the 1920s; most of these stories, though, were published in the late 1940s and early 1950s in the fiction magazine Blue Book. Roberts planned to publish them as a collection, but died in 1953 before he could do so. In 2001 Mike Ashley, editor of the Mammoth publishing group, brought them out under his Green Knight imprint.

Recognition
The University of New Brunswick awarded Roberts a Doctorate of literature in 1930.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1934.

Publications

Fiction

 The House of Isstens. Boston: L.C. Page, 1900.
 Hemming the Adventurer. Boston: L.C. Page, 1904.
 Brothers in Peril: A Story of Old Newfoundland, 1905. Boston: L.C. Page & Company, 1905.Red Feathers: a story of remarkable adventures when the world was young. Boston: L.C. Page, 1907. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
 Captain Love. Boston: L.C. Page & Company, 1908.
 Flying Plover: His Stories, Told Him by Squat-by-the-Fire. Boston: L.C. Page, 1909.
 A Cavalier of Virginia: a romance. Chicago: M.A. Donohue, 1910.
 Comrades of the Trails. Boston: L.C. Page & Company, 1910.
 Love on a Smokey River. 1911.
 A Captain of Raleigh's: a romance. Boston: L.C. Page & Company, 1911.
 A Soldier of Valley Forge. with Robert Neilson Stephens. Boston: L.C. Page, 1911.
 Blessington's Folly. London: John Long, 1912.
 Rayton: a backwoods mystery. Boston: L.C. Page, 1912.
 The Harbor Master. Chicago: M.A. Donohue, 1913.
 Two Shall Be Born. New York: Cassell, 1913.
 The Wasp. Toronto: Bell & Cockburn, 1914.
 The Toll of the Tides. 1914.
 In the High Woods. London: John. Long, 1916.
 Forest Fugitives. Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild & Stewart, 1917.
 The Islands of Adventure. London; Toronto: Hodder and Stoughton, 1918.
 Jess of the River. London : John Long, 1918.
 The Exiled Lover. London: John Long, 1919.
 Honest Fool. New York: F.A. Munsey, 1925.
 The Master of the Moosehorn and Other Backwoods Stories. London; Toronto: Hodder and Stoughton, 1919.
 Moonshine. London: Hodder and Stoughton, [1920?].
 The Lure of Piper's Glen. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1921.
 The Fighting Starkleys. George Varian illus. Boston: Page, 1922.
 Musket House. 1922.
 Tom Akerley : his adventures in the tall timber and at Gaspard's clearing on the Indian River. Boston: L.C. Page, 1923.
 Green Timber Thoroughbreds. New York: Garden City, 1924.
 The Stranger from Up-Along. Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, Page & co., 1924.
 The Red Pirogue: a tale of adventure in the Canadian wilds. Boston: L.C. Page, 1924.
 The Oxford Wizard. Garden City, NY: Garden City Pub., 1924.
 The Lost Shipmate. Toronto: Ryerson, 1926.
 The Golden Highlanders. Boston: L.C. Page, 1929.
 The Merriest Knight: The Collected Arthurian Tales of Theodore Goodridge Roberts. Mike Ashley ed. Green Knight, 2001.

Non-fiction
 Patrols and Trench Raids. 1916.
 Battalion Histories. 1918.
Thirty Canadian V.Cs 23 April 1915 to 30 March 1918, with Robin Richards and Stuart Martin. London: Skeffington, 1918.
 Loyalists: a compilation of histories, biographies and genealogies of United empire loyalists and their descendants. Toronto: T. Goodridge Roberts, 1937.

Poetry
 Northland Lyrics, William Carman Roberts, Theodore Roberts & Elizabeth Roberts Macdonald; selected and arranged with a prologue by Charles G.D. Roberts and an epilogue by Bliss Carman. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1899.
 Seven Poems. private, 1925. chapbook.
 The Lost Shipmate. Toronto: Ryerson Chapbook, 1926.
 The Leather Bottle. Toronto: Ryerson, 1934.
 That Far River: Selected Poems of Theodore Goodridge Roberts. Martin Ware, ed. London, ON: Canadian Poetry Press, 1998.

Except where noted, bibliographical information courtesy St. Thomas University.

References

External links

 Theodore Goodridge Roberts in Canadian Poets. - Biography & 5 poems (The Maid, The Blind Sailor, Private North, The Lost Shipmate, The Reckoning)

1877 births
1953 deaths
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian short story writers
Canadian Anglicans
Canadian male novelists
Canadian male poets
Canadian male short story writers
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Writers from Fredericton

Theodore Goodridge Roberts


Antoine-Joseph (known as Adolphe) Sax (November 6, 1814 – February 4, 1894) was a Belgian inventor and musician who played the flute and clarinet.  He is best known for inventing the saxophone.

Biography
Adolphe Sax was born in Dinant in Wallonia, Belgium.  Adolphe began to make his own instruments at an early age.  He entered two of his flutes and a clarinet into a competition at the age of fifteen.  He studied those two instruments at the Royal School of Singing in Brussels.

Adolphe's first important invention was an improvement of the bass clarinet design.  He patented this at the age of twenty-four. In 1841, Sax moved to Paris.  Around this time he invented the saxophone.

He got a job teaching at the Paris Conservatoire starting in 1867.

Sax suffered from lip cancer between 1853 and 1858 but made a full recovery. He died in 1894 in Paris.

Books about Adolphe Sax
 Adolphe Sax, sa vie son oeuvre, Malou Haine, Brussel University Press, Brussel, 1980
 Sax, Mule & Co, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, H & D, Paris, 2004

1814 births
1894 deaths
Belgian inventors
Belgian musicians
Clarinetists
People from Namur (province)

Adolphe Sax


The Song of Hiawatha is an epic poem written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was first published in 1855. The poem was loosely based on the legends of Native American peoples. In 1857, Longfellow estimated that the work had sold 50,000 copies.

The Song is about Hiawatha and his beloved Minnehaha. It is set along the south shore of Lake Superior. The poem was very popular, but critics did not like it.

Composers and painters were inspired to create works based on the poem. A 2005 television movie was based on the poem.

Story
Hiawatha's birth is foretold by a "mighty" peace-bringing leader named Gitche Manito. A woman named Nokomis falls from the moon. Nokomis gives birth to Wenonah. She grows to be a beautiful young woman. Nokomis warns her not to be seduced by the West Wind. She does not listen to her mother, and Hiawatha is born.

Hiawatha has childhood adventures, falls in love with Minnehaha, slays the evil magician Pearl-Feather, invents written language, discovers corn, and other episodes. The poem closes with the approach of a canoe to Hiawatha's village. It contains "the Priest of Prayer, the Pale-face." Hiawatha welcomes him with joy.

The "Black-Robe chief" brings word of Jesus Christ. Hiawatha and the chiefs accept the Christian message. Hiawatha says good-bye to Nokomis, the warriors, and the young men. He says, "But my guests I leave behind me / Listen to their words of wisdom, / Listen to the truth they tell you." He endorses the Christian missionaries. He launches his canoe for the last time westward toward the sunset. Then he departs forever.

Gallery

Other websites
The Song of Hiawatha
Unabridged audiobook at LibriVox
2 short radio segments of Linen's writing from California Legacy Project Radio Anthology (scripts and audio) including San Francisco (in imitation of Hiawatha).
Rena N. Coen, "Longfellow, Hiawatha and some 19th century painters", Papers Presented at the Longfellow Commemorative Conference, April 1-3 1982, National Park Service, Longfellow National Historical Site

19th-century American poems
Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Epic poems

1855 books

The Song of Hiawatha


Weapons of mass destruction are weapons that can cause a lot of damage to many people. In general, people see the following as weapons of mass destruction:
Chemical weapons, like poisonous gases (e.g. nerve gases)
Biological weapons. Those are usually germs, or other small living things that may cause a disease. E.g. Smallpox or Anthrax.
Nuclear weapons

Related pages
 CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) weapons

Weapons

Weapon of mass destruction


This article is about the French national capital in general. For the current capital, see Paris.

The capital of France is Paris.  In the course of history, the national capital has been in many locations other than Paris.

History

List of capitals of France
Tournai (before 486)
Soissons (486-ca. 900)
Paris (900-1419) The residence of the kings of France, but they were consecrated at Reims.
Orléans (1108) One of the few consecrations of a French monarch to occur outside of Reims occurred at Orléans, when Louis VI the Fat was consecrated in Orléans Cathedral by Daimbert, archbishop of Sens and from 13 December 1560 to 31 January 1561, the French States-General met here.
Troyes (1419–1422) For a short time during the Hundred Years' War, the town was the seat of the royal government.
Bourges (1422–1444) Charles VII was forced to flee from Paris.
Tours (1444—1527) Louis XI made château de Plessis-lez-Tours his residence.
Paris (1528—1588) Francis I had established his court in Paris
Tours (1589—1594) faction of parliamentarians, faithful to the king was sitting at Tours.
Paris (1594—1661)
Paris (1661-1682) Paris is the official capital, but Louis XIV disputed that Versalles will be the politic centre.
Versailles (1682–1715) In 1682, Louis XIV made Versailles his residence.
Paris (1715–1722)
Versailles (1722–1789) On October 5 and 6, 1789, a throng from Paris invaded the castle and forced the royal family to move back to Paris. The National Constituent Assembly followed the king to Paris soon afterward, and Versailles lost its role of capital city.
Paris (1789–1871)
Versailles (1871–1879) The French Third Republic established Versailles as its seat of government in March 1871 after the Paris Commune took control of Paris.
Paris (1879–1914, 1914-1940)
Bordeaux (September 1914) The French government was relocated from Paris to Bordeaux very briefly during World War I, when it was feared that Paris would soon fall into German hands. These fears were alleviated after the German Army was pushed back at the First Battle of the Marne
Tours (10–13 June 1940) Tours served as the temporary capital of France during the Second World War after the government fled Paris due to the German advance.
Bordeaux (June 1940) The French government was relocated from Paris to Tours then Bordeaux very briefly during World War II, when it became apparent that Paris would soon fall into German hands.
Vichy (1940-1944) The Parliament abolished the French Third Republic here and replaced it with the French State.
Paris (1944–present) With the liberation of Paris in 1944, Charles de Gaulle established the Provisional Government of the French Republic, restoring Paris as the French capital.

References

History of France

Capital of France


Blue is a colour.

Blue mey an aa refer tae:

Ainimals an mascots
 Blue (Don Cherry's dug), a dug awned bi ice hockey commentator Don Cherry
 Blue (NFL mascot)
 Breetish Blue, a variant o the Breetish Shorthair cat breed
 Roushie Blue, a cat breed
 Polyommatinae, a subfaimily o butterflies
 Blue, a mascot o the Varsity o Kentucky Wildcats

Chemicals an dyes
 Engineer's blue, a pigmented paste uised tae assist in the matin o components
 Laundry blue, a dye uised in washin (especially white) fabrics
 Markin blue, a dye uised in metalwirkin
 100LL, a teep o aviation fuel

Companies an products
 Blue Inc, a Lunnon-based chain o fashion retail stores
 Blue Microphones, a microphone manufacturer
 Labatt Blue, a Canadian brand o beer produced bi Labatt Brewin Company

Computin an mathematics
 Blue (programmin leid)
 Blue (queue management algorithm)
 Best Linear Unbiased Estimator, a concept in statistics

Feectional chairacters
 Blue (Pokémon Adventures), the protagonist's rival in the manga adaptation o Pokémon in Pokémon Adventures
 Green (Pokémon Adventures), who wis cried Blue in the oreeginal Japanese version, in Pokémon Adventures
 Blue (Blue Gender)
 Blue (Saga Frontier character)
 Blue (Wolf's Rain)
 Blue Chessex, a character in Degrassi: The Next Generation
 Blue, the rival character in the video gemmes Pokémon Red an Blue, an the main inspiration for the anime chairacter Gary Oak
 Blue, the title character o Blue's Clues
 Blue, a cat in U.S. Acres bi Jim Davis
 Blue, a chairacter in Snow bi Orhan Pamuk
 Joseph "Blue" Pulaski, a chairacter in the film Auld Schuil

Film
 Blue (1968 film), a film starrin Terence Stamp
 Blue (1993 film), a film bi Derek Jarman
 Blue (2001 film), a Japanese romantic drama
 Blue (2003 film), a Sooth Korean war film
 Blue (2009 film), a Bollywood action film
 Three Colors: Blue, a 1993 French drama bi Krzysztof Kieślowski

Muisic

Baunds
 Blue (Inglish baund), a 2000s pop/R&B vocal group frae Ingland
 Blue (Scottish baund), a 1970s pop/saft rock baund frae Scotland
 Bruford Levin Upper Extremities or B.L.U.E., a 1990s Breetish rock group

Albums
 Blue (Angela Aki album), 2012
 Blue (Closterkeller album), 1992
 Blue (Diana Ross album), 2006
 Blue (Double album), 1985
 Blue (Down by Law album), 1992
 Blue (Flashlight Brown album), 2006
 Blue (Gary Chaw album), 2006
 Blue (The Jesus Lizard album), 1998
 Blue (Joni Mitchell album), 1971
 Blue (LeAnn Rimes album), 1996
 Blue (The Mission album), 1996
 Blue (Phil Keaggy album), 1994
 Blue (Terje Rypdal album), 1987
 Blue (Simply Red album), 1998
 Blue (Third Eye Blind album), 1999

Sangs
 "Blue" (A. S. Blue sang), 2011
 "Blue" (Bill Mack sang), 1958, covered bi several artists an popularized bi LeAnn Rimes (1996)
 "Blue" (Joni Mitchell sang), 1971
 "Blue" (A Perfect Circle sang), 2003
 "Blue" (The Rasmus sang), 1997
 "Blue" (The Verve sang), 1993
 "Blue" (Vivid sang), 2011
 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)", a 1999 sang bi Eiffel 65
 "Blue", bi Angie Hart frae the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "Conversations with Dead People"
 "Blue", bi Big Bang frae Alive
 "Blue", bi the Birthday Massacre frae Violet
 "Blue", bi Elastica frae Elastica
 "Blue", bi Eve's Plum frae Envy
 "Blue", bi Fine Young Cannibals frae Fine Young Cannibals
 "Blue", bi the Jayhawks frae Tomorrow the Green Grass
 "Blue", bi Kevin Ayers frae Yes We Have No Mañanas (So Get Your Mañanas Today)
 "Blue", bi LaTour frae LaTour, an frae the Basic Instinct movie soundtrack
 "Blue", bi Linkin Park
 "Blue", bi Lucinda Williams frae Essence
 "Blue", bi Orthodox Celts frae The Celts Strike Again
 "Blue", bi the Seatbelts frae Cowboy Bebop Blue
 "Blue", bi Serj Tankian frae Elect the Dead
 "Blue", bi the Smashing Pumpkins frae Lull
 "Blue", bi Sugababes frae Angels wi Dirty Faces
 "Blue", bi Utada Hikaru frae Ultra Blue
 "Blue", bi Yngwie Malmsteen frae Alchemy
 "Blue (And Broken Hearted)", a sang written bi Lou Handman

Ether
 Blue (piano concerto), a composition by Matthew Keeng
 Blue (video), a DVD bi the Birthday Massacre
 Blue, a guitar owned by Billie Joe Armstrong

Fowk
 Blue (name)

Places
 Blue, Arizona, U.S.
 Blue, Oklahoma, U.S.
 Blue, Wast Virginie, U.S.
 Blue, Ontario, a umwhile tounship amalgamatit intae Dawson, Ontario, Canadae
 The Blue, a mercat place in Bermondsey, Lunnon

Publications
 Blue (magazine), a gey men's magazine
 Blue (manga), a 1997 manga bi Kiriko Nananan
 Blue (tourism magazine), a 1997-2000 American adventure traivel magazine
 Blue, a 1991 novel bi James Heneghan

Televeesion an video gemmes
 Blue (TV channel)
 "Blue" (Red Dwarf), an episode o Red Dwarf
 Pokémon Red an Blue, the first twa gemmes in the Pokémon franchise
 Blue (YouTube series), a 12-episode shaw starrin Julia Stiles on the WIGS YouTube channel

Ether uises
 Blue (university sport)
 Blue Schuil, a progressive independent schuil in New York Ceety
 Case Blue, a German militar offensive
 Blue, a slang term uised tae address a basebaw umpire
 Blue, a temperature level o cooked meat

See also

 Blues (disambiguation)
 The Blue (disambiguation)
 Blu (disambiguation)
 Bluing (disambiguation)
 Bloo, fictional character in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends
 Blue movie (disambiguation)
 The Blue Album (disambiguation)

Blue (disambiguation)


Christian of Whithorn was Bishop of Whithorn (1154–1186), the second incumbent of that Episcopal See since it had been resurrected by King Fergus of Galloway earlier in the 12th century.

It has been suggested by some scholars that Christian had been a Cistercian monk, possibly one of the brethren at Holm Cultram in Cumberland. Christian was consecrated as Bishop of Whithorn in December 1154. Christian was the successor of Gilla Aldan. Christian spent his first few years as Bishop of Whithorn under the reign of Fergus, King of Galloway. However, when Fergus passed power on to his two sons, Uchtred and Gilla Brigte, it was the former with whom Christian spent his time, that is until Uchtred's death at the hands of Gilla Brigte's son in 1174. Christian was a frequent witness to Uchtred's charters, and even appears alongside Uchtred in a charter of King Máel Coluim IV of Scotland. Indeed, Christian and Uchtred together brought areas such as Desnes Ioan outside of the control of the Bishopric of Glasgow into the control of Whithorn.

There is strong cumulative evidence that Christian was an English nominee, and indeed, Christian was consecrated on exactly the same day that King Henry II of England received his coronation. Christian firmly maintained the position of Whithorn as a suffragan of York. This was in contrast to the stances of the other "Scottish" bishoprics, who firmly rejected the pretensions of the two English archbishops to control the Scottish church. Indeed, Christian was the only "Scottish" bishop to attend the English episcopal Council at London in 1176–1177.

In contrast to his relations with Uchtred, Christian's relations with Gilla Brigte seem to have been strained. Reginald of Durham reported that Christian was persecuted by "a certain powerful man", and this man can only have been Gilla Brigte, in whose lands Whithorn actually lay. For most of his time as bishop, Christian predominantly resided in Cumberland, perhaps indicating the hostility of Gilla Brigte.

He died on 7 October 1186, at Holm Cultram, where he was buried.

Notes

References
Oram, Richard, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000), pp. 164–87

12th-century births
1186 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Bishops of Galloway (pre-Reformation)

People from Cumberland
12th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops
Burials at Holmcultram Abbey

Christian of Whithorn


Eusebian canons, Eusebian sections or Eusebian apparatus, also known as Ammonian sections, are the system of dividing the four Gospels used between late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The divisions into chapters and verses used in modern texts date only from the 13th and 16th centuries, respectively. The sections are indicated in the margin of nearly all Greek and Latin manuscripts of the Bible, and usually summarized in canon tables at the start of the Gospels. There are about 1165 sections: 355 for Matthew, 235 for Mark, 343 for Luke, and 232 for John; the numbers, however, vary slightly in different manuscripts.

The canon tables were made to create a sense of divinity within the reader's soul, to understand and reflect upon the various colors and patterns to achieve a higher connection with God.

Authorship

Until the 19th century it was mostly believed that these divisions were devised by Ammonius of Alexandria, at the beginning of the 3rd century ( 220), in connection with a Harmony of the Gospels, now lost, which he composed. It was traditionally believed that he divided the four Gospels into small numbered sections, which were similar in content where the narratives are parallel. He then wrote the sections of the three last Gospels, or simply the section numbers with the name of the respective evangelist, in parallel columns opposite the corresponding sections of the Gospel of Matthew, which he had chosen as the basis of his gospel harmony. It is now believed that the work of Ammonius was restricted to what Eusebius of Caesarea (265-340) states concerning it in his letter to Carpianus, namely, that he placed the parallel passages of the last three Gospels alongside the text of Matthew, and the sections traditionally credited to Ammonius are now ascribed to Eusebius, who was always credited with the final form of the tables.

The Eusebian Tables

The harmony of Ammonius suggested to Eusebius, as he says in his letter, the idea of drawing up ten tables (kanones) in which the sections in question were so classified as to show at a glance where each Gospel agreed with or differed from the others. In the first nine tables he placed in parallel columns the numbers of the sections common to the four, or three, or two, evangelists; namely: (1) Matt., Mark, Luke, John; (2) Matt., Mark, Luke; (3) Matt., Luke, John; (4) Matt., Mark, John; (5) Matt., Luke; (6) Matt., Mark; (7) Matt., John; (8) Luke, Mark; (9) Luke, John. In the tenth he noted successively the sections special to each evangelist. Sections "Mark, Luke, John" and "Mark, John" are absent because no text is common to Mark and John without a parallel in at least Matthew.

The usefulness of these tables for the purpose of reference and comparison soon brought them into common use, and from the 5th century the Ammonian sections, with references to the Eusebian tables, were indicated in the margin of the manuscripts. Opposite each section was written its number, and underneath this the number of the Eusebian table to be consulted in order to find the parallel texts or text; a reference to the tenth table would show that this section was proper to that evangelist. These marginal notes are reproduced in several editions of Tischendorf's New Testament.

Eusebius's explanatory letter to Carpianus was also very often reproduced before the tables.

Illuminated canon tables
The tables themselves were usually placed at the start of a Gospel Book; in illuminated works they were placed in round-headed arcade-like frames, of which the general form remained remarkably consistent through to the Romanesque period. This form was derived from Late Antique book-painting frames like those in the Chronography of 354.  In many examples the tables are the only decoration in the whole book, perhaps other than some initials. In particular, canon tables, with Evangelist portraits, are very important for the study of the development of manuscript painting in the earliest part of the Early Medieval period, where very few manuscripts survive, and even the most decorated of those have fewer pages illuminated than was the case later.

Images

See also
 Chronicon (Eusebius)

Notes

References

External links

 British Library illuminated manuscripts - add "canon tables" to search box for many examples

Canonical Gospels
Christian terminology
Iconography of illuminated manuscripts

Eusebian Canons


In the New Testament, the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, are written in a very similar style. They are referred to as the synoptic gospels.The forth of the evangelists, John, also tells similar stories, but his style of writing is different. The synoptic problem is to explain why three of the four evangelists have a very similar structure, and the fourth does not.

 There might have been one common text that is now lost, that three of the four evangelists used.
 There might have been a profession of "evangelists", which learned the texts by heart, and which then recited or told them when they were asked.
 There might have been two sources. The gospel of Mark is the oldest. Matthew and Luke used the text of Mark, plus this other common source, plus other texts to which they had access.
 Two-gospel hypothesis. This hinges on the fact that Matthew and Luke share  things which are absent in Mark. John is still more different than Mark.

The strong parallelism among the three gospels suggests they were written at more or less the same time. Or, Matthew and Luke made use of the gospel of Mark as a source.

References

Gospels

Synoptic Gospels


The Copenhagen convention in the game of contract bridge is a conventional overcall which shows a two-suited hand. It was first devised by Mr. John Trelde and Mr. Gert Lenk, both of Copenhagen, Denmark. While it is rarely used in North America (where Michaels cuebids are most popular), it is fairly popular in Europe, especially Denmark.

The requirement for a bid in the Copenhagen convention is a two-suited hand with at least five cards in each suit and typically an opening hand. Point count requirements vary, but it is commonly agreed that an overcall using this convention is constructive and should be made on hands that hold the prospect of winning the auction. When made on very weak hands, the chances are the opponents will win the auction and will have been warned about the unbalanced holding, leading to games that would not have been bid otherwise. Given that a bid using the Copenhagen convention is forcing for one round, most partnerships apply no upper limit to its high card strength.

To use the convention, when the opponents make a one level opening, you make one of three bids.  To show the bottom two unbid suits, bid 2 NT.  To show the top and bottom unbid suits, bid 3.  To show the top two unbid suits, bid 3. If the opponents have bid two suits, both at the one level, then the only overcall is 2 NT, which shows the two unbid suits.

As opposed to Michaels cuebids, the 3 and 3 jump overcalls aren't available as natural bids. Bids at the two level (barring 2 NT) are natural. The Copenhagen convention is more precise in terms of uniquely defining the specific suits denoted than standard Michaels cuebids.  However, the lowest level the hand can be played at is the three level, and rarely will a nine card trump suit fit be found. This goes against the Law of Total Tricks, which states the three level should have at least a nine card fit.  The Ghestem convention and its variants have similar advantages but also allow some fits to be found at the two level by using a cuebid at the 2 level rather than 3.

See also
Michaels cuebid
Ghestem

References
BridgeGuys.com description of the Copenhagen Convention

Bridge conventions

Copenhagen convention (bridge)


There are two different meanings of the word cryptosystem.
 One is used by the cryptographic community.
 The other is a general meaning which is how the word cryptosystem is understood by the public.

General meaning

In this meaning, the term cryptosystem is used as shorthand,  or as an abbreviation for "cryptographic system". A cryptographic system is any computer system that involves cryptography. Such systems include for instance, a system for secure electronic mail which might include methods for digital signatures, cryptographic hash functions, key management techniques, and so on.

Meaning in the cryptographic community

In this meaning, a cryptosystem refers to a set of algorithms needed to implement a method of encryption and decryption.

Typically, a cryptosystem consists of three algorithms:
 Key generation algorithm.
 Encryption algorithm.
 Decryption algorithm.

The term cipher (sometimes cypher) is often used to refer to a pair of (encryption/decryption) algorithms. Therefore, the term "cryptosystem" is most often used when the key generation algorithm is important.  For this reason, the term "cryptosystem" is commonly used to refer to public key techniques; however both "cipher" and "cryptosystem" are used for symmetric key techniques.

"Cryptographic system" vs. "cryptosystem"

The Internet Security Glossary RFC 2828 advises against using the term "cryptosystem", giving the following definitions.
cryptosystem
(D) ISDs SHOULD NOT use this term as an abbreviation for cryptographic system. (For justification, see: crypto.)
crypto
ISDs SHOULD NOT use this abbreviated term because it may be misunderstood. Instead, use "cryptography" or "cryptographic".

References

Cryptography

Cryptosystem


Tertön () is a term within Tibetan Buddhism meaning a person who is a discoverer of ancient hidden texts or terma. Many tertöns are considered to be incarnations of the twenty five main disciples of Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche), who foresaw a dark time in Tibet. He and his consort Yeshe Tsogyal hid teachings to be found in the future to benefit beings. A vast system of transmission lineages developed. Scriptures from the Nyingma school were updated by terma discoveries, and terma teachings have guided many Tibetan Bon and Buddhist practitioners.

The termas are sometimes objects like statues, and can also exist as dharma texts and experiences. Tertöns discover the texts at the right time and place. The teachings can be relatively simple transmissions as well as entire meditation systems. Termas are found in rocks, water and the minds of incarnations of Guru Rinpoche's students.

Prominent Nyingma tertöns
According to generally accepted history, the rediscovering of terma began with the first tertön, Sangye Lama (1000–1080).

The Five Tertön Kings
Throughout the centuries, many Nyingmapas were known as tertöns. Five of them were widely recognized as very important ones and called the "five tertön kings:"
 Nyangral Nyima Özer (1124–1192)
 Guru Chöwang (1212-1270), also known as Guru Chökyi Wangchuk
 Dorje Lingpa (1346–1405)
 Pema Lingpa (1445/50–1521)
 Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820–1892)

Female Tertöns
Some influential female tertöns have all been considered to be emanations of Yeshe Tsogyal:

 Jomo Menmo (13th century), the consort of Guru Chöwang
 Mingyur Paldrön
 Sera Khandro (1892–1940)

Other influential female tertöns include:

 Tāre Lhamo (1938–2003)
 Ayu Khandro (Long Life Dakini, 1839–1953)

Other Nyingma tertöns
Other important Nyingma tertöns include:

 Zhangtön Tashi Dorjé (1097–1167), revealed the Vima Nyingthig
Rinchen Lingpa (1295–1375)
 Sangye Lingpa (1340–1396)
Rigdzin Gödem (1307–1408), revealed the Northern Treasures
Karma Lingpa (14th. century), revealed the Kar-gling zhi-khro, which includes the Bardo Thödrol
Thangtong Gyalpo (1385–1510)
 Ratna Lingpa (1403–1471)
 Kunkyong Lingpa (1408–1489)
 Tennyi Lingpa Padma Tsewang Gyalpo (1480–1535)
Lhatsün Namkha Jikmé (1597–c.1650)
Jatsön Nyingpo (1585–1656), revealed the Könchok Chidü
 Namchö Mingyur Dorje (1645–1667), known for the Namchö (Sky Dharma)
Terdak Lingpa (1646-1714)
 Jigme Lingpa (1729–1798), known for the Longchen Nyingthig
 Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa (1829–1870)
 Dudjom Lingpa (1835–1904), revealed part of the Dudjom Tersar
 Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje (10 June 1904 – 17 January 1987), reincarnation of Dudjom Lingpa, revealed part of the Dudjom Tersar
 Jigme Phuntsok (1933 – 7 January 2004)

In other Tibetan Buddhist schools
The 15th Karmapa Khakyab Dorje of the Karma Kagyu Lineage was a tertön. There was a prophecy from Yeshe Tsogyal that he should take tantric consorts. Initially, he wished to stay a monk, but his health was failing. Meditation masters told him he would die if he didn't fulfill his functions as a tertön. In 1892, he was convinced to marry when he was 20 years old. By the time the 15th karmapa died, he had accumulated 40 boxes of termas, texts and objects.

Another noteworthy tertön is Tsangpa Gyare, founder of the Drukpa Lineage (12th century).

The Drikung Kagyu also have a Dzogchen terma tradition, the Yangzab Dzogchen, based on termas revealed by Rinchen Phuntsog (16th century).

The 5th Dalai Lama was a tertön who revealed a Dzogchen terma cycle through his pure visions known as the Sangwa Gyachen (Bearing the Seal of Secrecy). The Fifth Lelung Jedrung, Lobzang Trinle (b.1697 - d.1740) was also a terton.

Tertön practices
Consorts, with whom they practice sexual yoga or karmamudra to accelerate and enhance their capacity for realization, are thought to be very important to tertöns. Fremantle (2001: p. 19) states that:

One of the special requirements for the discovery of termas is the inspiration of the feminine principle, just as it was necessary for their concealment. The great majority of tertöns have been men, and generally they are accompanied by their wives or female companions (who need not necessarily have a sexual relationship with them). Alternatively, something representing the tertön's complementary energy, whether male or female, must be present.

Yet, even very realized female practitioners bring forth terma, sometimes with an living male consort and sometimes alone. Dakini Sera Khandro is a notable example of a woman tertön.

Although the authenticity and value of a terma may be questioned or debated, tertöns are exempt from being judged according to their behavior and lifestyle, with Guru Rinpoche having cautioned that "hidden enlightened beings appear in uncertain form" and, by contrast, "fool-deceivers are great hypocritical mimics of the dharmic practitioner".

References

 Trungpa, Chögyam (2005). Interview With Karma Senge About Kyere Gompa. Accessed May 22, 2021.

External links
 Biographies of Treasure Revealers (Tertons) on The Treasury of Lives

History of Tibetan Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhist literature
Treasure of Asia
Tibetan words and phrases

Tertön


Conduit is a tube that electrical wires are run through. Conduit protects the wire from damage. The most common type of conduit is called electrical metallic tubing (EMT). Conduit is common in commercial and industrial installations, and in garages and unfinished basements in homes. General wiring in homes is usually done with NM cable (commonly referred to by the trade name Romex), not conduit. Conduit is usually made of metal, but it can also be made of plastic.

Electrical wiring

Electrical conduit


Ikariam is a browser-based massively multiplayer online (MMO) game. It is from the company Gameforge AG. Ikariam is a strategy, text/picture based game. Ikariam was released in 2008. It is currently, as of May 2, 2012, on version 0.5.0. The game is set during the era of Ancient Greece.

Gameplay

The aim of the game is to expand the town which is controlled by a player, to gather resources and conquer other players. The game can be played for short periods of time. The player can build and research and it is during real time so the player can return at a later point and assign the town's people a new tasks. Upon registering, players are given control of a small town. The town's people pay taxes to the player or can be sent to gather resources instead. The game world is split into islands, each of which can support up to 16 (or up to 17 if the player purchases ambrosia) players and their towns. Each island has a structure called a Saw Mill. There are four types of islands, one is a crystal, one is sulfur, one is wine, and one is marble. With those four resources the player may construct buildings such as barracks, shipyards and academies. Citizens of the town can then be trained as soldiers, sent to research new technologies, or perform other tasks, which they are paid tax money for undertaking. Citizens must be kept happy to prevent them from leaving the town. Citizens happiness factors change multiple ways, the construction of a tavern is one of the best ways to gain happiness. Another way to gain is by building museums and set up cultural treaties with other players.

The game also provides four advisors to guide the player throughout the game; they are shown in the top right of the screen. From left to right the names are: Towns, Military, Research and Diplomacy.

Towns shows all the information on what has finished building, or any extra events.
Military shows all fleet or unit movement done by you or another player that is interacting with your towns.
Research shows all the research your able to research and also shows your research points you can spend to unlock new things.
Diplomacy shows all messages that went back and forth between you and another player or your alliance.

Business Model
Ikariam is free-to-play but players may opt to purchase in-game advantages via a Microtransaction system. This will give them access to a sixth resource called Ambrosia, which can be used for Ikariam Plus, the premium version of Ikariam.

Alliances
On building an embassy and upgrading it to level three a player is then able to create an alliance. An alliance is a group of players with the same interests or goals. The players can also put their own units into each others towns for extra defense. With an alliance you can do join raids and work together on taking over towns. If you are the leader of the alliance, how many members you can have in your alliance depends on your embassy level. Also, you get a small amount of "bonus" resources each day, depending on the number of people in your alliance. An alliance has three jobs that can be assigned by the leader: the Diplomat, the General and the Home Secretary. The diplomat is responsible for making treaties, answering messages sent to the alliance, and editing the external alliance page which is viewable by all players. The General is responsible for overlooking all alliance members military movements, and has the ability to call off any attacks being made by alliance members. The Home Secretary is responsible for editing ranks within the alliance and editing the internal alliance page which is viewed only by the alliance members.

Worlds
There are many worlds in Ikariam. The current worlds go from Alpha to Ypsilon.

Other websites
 Ikariam UK
 Ikariam US
 WikIkariam, the Ikariam wiki (approved by Gameforge)

2008 video games
Real-time strategy video games
Online games

Ikariam


William Duckworth (January 13, 1943 – September 13, 2012) was an American composer, author, educator, and Internet pioneer. He wrote more than 200 pieces of music and is credited with the composition of the first postminimal piece of music, The Time Curve Preludes (1977–78), for piano. Duckworth was a Professor of Music at Bucknell University. Together with Nora Farrell, his wife, he ran Monroe Street Music, the publisher of many Duckworth's pieces.

Biography
Duckworth was born in North Carolina in 1943. He obtained a bachelor's degree in music from East Carolina University, then master's and doctorates in music education from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. He studied composition under composer Ben Johnston and wrote his Ph.D. dissertation on the notation of composer John Cage. Duckworth received a 2002 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award, as well as a fellowship from the National Endowment of the Arts in 1977. Duckworth collaborated with his future wife, Nora Farrell, on his internet projects before marrying her. Over the years Duckworth enjoyed a close collaboration with James Jordan who frequently performs Duckworth's music with his world-renowned choral ensembles. Duckworth died at his home in West New York, N.J., after a long fight with pancreatic cancer.

Work as a composer
Duckworth wrote more than 200 pieces of music. His best-known compositions include The Time Curve Preludes, 24 short pieces for piano, and Southern Harmony, which consists of 20 pieces for an eight-part chorus and employs features of shape note singing and minimalism. Other works include Mysterious Numbers, written for chamber orchestra, Imaginary Dances, for solo piano, and Simple Songs about Sex and War, written in collaboration with poet Hayden Carruth. "The Time Curve Preludes" were recorded by Bruce Brubaker in 2009, and by R. Andrew Lee in 2011. In the last months of his life, Duckworth completed a piano concerto for Brubaker.

Publications
Author:
 Theoretical Foundations of Music 1978 with Edward Brown
 Talking Music: Conversations With John Cage, Philip Glass, Laurie Anderson, and Five Generations of American Experimental Composers 1995 ()
 A Creative Approach to Music Fundamentals 1981 ()
 20/20: 20 New Sounds of the 20th century 1999 ()
 Virtual Music: How the Web Got Wired for Sound 2005 ()

Editor:
 Sound and Light: La Monte Young & Marian Zazeela 1996 ().
 John Cage at Seventy-Five 1989.

Foreword:
 Jazz: American Popular Music by Thom Holmes (2006).

Career in education
Duckworth was professor and former chairman of the Department of Music at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Penn. A 1992 profile in Rolling Stone magazine described him as a "hip, bright, innovative teacher." Duckworth instructed Martin Rubeo, founder of the alternative rock band Gramsci Melodic, when the latter was a student at Bucknell University.

Internet activities
Much of Duckworth's late music was composed and performed as part of 'Cathedral'. Conceived in 1996 and launched on June 10, 1997, Cathedral is a work in music and art which depicts five "mystical moments in time": The building of the Great Pyramid in Giza, the building of Chartres Cathedral, the 19th century Native American Ghost Dance movement, the detonation of the atomic bomb, and the creation of the World Wide Web.

More recently, Cathedral has served as the site for the distribution of The iPod Opera 2.0: The Myth of Orpheus, the Chronicler and Eurydice, podcast in 26 episodes as MP3 and QuickTime video files. The video episodes may be downloaded and played on many different kinds of computer systems, including Apple OS, Windows and Linux computers, while the MP3 files may be downloaded and burned as an audio disk. The completion of the podcast in February 2007 was timed to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the first performance of Monteverdi's L'Orfeo.

Cathedral features an instrument called the PitchWeb, which allows anyone with a computer to play along with the Cathedral Band when the band is performing live over the Internet. Duckworth plays the PitchWeb on a laptop computer when the band performs live.

Cathedral was conceived during a conversation Duckworth had with his wife, Nora Farrell, a software designer who specializes in music and publishing web applications. Farrell collaborated with Duckworth on Cathedral and elements of it such as "The iPod Opera 2.0." As a member of the Cathedral Band, she edits the PitchWeb contributions by outside musicians.

A chapter in Duckworth's 2005 book, Virtual Music: How the Web Got Wired for Sound, discusses the Cathedral site.

References

Further reading
Gillespie, Don C. 2001. "Duckworth, William (Ervin)". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.

External links
William Duckworth
The Time Curve Preludes streamed for free from Irritable Hedgehog Music
Lovely Music Artist: William Duckworth
THE UNIVERSITY OF AKRON BIERCE LIBRARY: Composer Archives: William Duckworth
William E. Duckworth, Music Department -- Bucknell University
Cathedral

Monroe Street Music

East Carolina University alumni
1943 births
2012 deaths
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Musicians from North Carolina
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign School of Music alumni
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Bucknell University faculty
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

William Duckworth (composer)


Arsine, also known as arsenic hydride or hydrogen arsenide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsH3. It has hydrogen and arsenide ions in it. The hydrogen is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsine is a colorless gas. It is a reducing agent. It has a weak garlic odor. It easily burns to make arsenic trioxide in excess air or arsenic in small amounts of air. It breaks down to arsenic and hydrogen when heated. It can dissolve in water. It is heavier than air. Arsine reacts violently with oxidizing agents, such as the halogens.

Preparation
Arsine is made by reacting any arsenic(III) compound with any hydride. It can also be made by reacting any arsenide with an acid. It was first made by reacting zinc, hydrochloric acid, and arsenic trioxide.

Uses
Arsine is used to make semiconductors like gallium arsenide. It was looked at as a chemical weapon. It is almost odorless (it kills before one smells it), heavy (spreads along the ground), and colorless. It was unstable though, easily igniting.

Safety
Arsine is extremely toxic. 0.00005% (0.5 ppm) can poison people; 0.025% (250 ppm) quickly kills people.

Related pages
Stibine
Bismuthine
Phosphine
Zinc arsenide

Arsenic compounds

Arsine


Nil Darpan (Bengali: নীল দর্পণ, The Indigo Mirror) is a Bengali-language play written by Dinabandhu Mitra in 1858–1859. The play was essential to Nil Vidroha, better known as the Indigo Revolt of February–March 1859 in Bengal, when farmers refused to sow indigo in their fields to protest against exploitative working conditions during the period of Company rule. It was also essential to the development of theatre in Bengal and influenced Girish Chandra Ghosh, who in 1872 would establish the National Theatre in Calcutta (Kolkata), where the first play ever commercially staged was Nildarpan.

Critical summary
The play was received with mixed results upon its release. It was allegedly translated by Michael Madhusudan Dutta and published by Reverend James Long, for which he was sentenced to prison and charged with sedition.

I present "The Indigo Planting Mirror" to the Indigo Planters' hands; now, let every one of them, having observed his face, erase the freckle of the stain of selfishness from his forehead, and, in its stead, place on it the sandal powder of beneficence, then shall I think my labour success...

It is evident from this wish that it was a piece meant to raise a voice among the elite intellectuals of Kolkata so that the farmers' revolt would be integrated with the urban thinkers. Unlike the Sepoy Revolt, the Indigo Revolt was effectively a revolt integrating the whole population of Bengalis with no distance kept between the several classes of society, which can be attributed to the effort by Mitra, Rev. James Long, and Michael Madhusudan Dutt.

Indian literature has a long-standing tradition of drama writing. For almost a millennium the only form of literature other than odes was drama. The distinction of Sanskrit drama by luminaries like Kalidasa was strong enough to keep audiences absorbed for centuries. But a dawn was coming by the mid-1800s in Bengal where the Bengal Renaissance saw the rise in western education and ideas, and therefore the styles of new forms of literature were seeping in. For example, Ram Narayan Tarkaratna (1823–1885) had already left the Sanskrit tradition and started writing social realism. The drama is markedly different from the earlier dramas of that period; notably, the first modern drama written in Bengali by Ram Narayan still had the old sadhu bhasa, the artificial Sanskritised dialect of modern Bengali as the writing medium.

The characters in the drama are the villagers and the indigo planters who have the money and the law in their hand.

Characters
 Male characters
 Golok Chandra Basu, a rich farmer. (গোলক চন্দ্র বসু, একজন সম্পন্ন চাষি)
 Nobin Madhab, son of Golok Chandra Basu. (নবীন মাধব, গোলক বসুর বড় ছেলে)
 Bindu Madhab, son of Golok Chandra Basu. (বিন্দু মাধব, গোলক বসুর ছোট ছেলে)
 Sadhu Charan, a neighbouring Ryot. (সাধু চরণ, গোলকের প্রতিবেশি রাইয়ত)
 Ray Charan, Sadhu's brother. (রাই চরণ, সাধু চরণের ছোট ভাই)
 Gopinath, The Dewan. (গোপীনাথ, নীলকরের দেওয়ান)
 Torap, A heroic figure.(তোরাপ, একজন প্রতিবাদী চরিত্র)
 Indigo planters. (নীলকর) :
 J. J. Wood. (জে জে ঊড, প্রধান নীলকর)
 P. P. Rose J. (পি পি রোজ, উডের ছেলে)
 The Amin or Land measurer. (জমির পরিমাপকারী)
 A Khalasi, a Tent-pitcher. (আমিন খালাসী, নীল সংগ্রাহক)
 Tadagir, Native Superintendent of Indigo Cultivation.
 Magistrate, Amla, Attorney, Deputy Inspector, pundit, Keeper of the Gaol, Doctor, a Cow-keeper, a Native Doctor, Four Boys, a Latyal or Club-man, and a Herdsman.

 Female characters
 Sabitri, Wife of Gokul Chunder. (সাবিত্রী, গোলক বসুর স্ত্রী)
 Soirindri, Wife of Nobin. (সৈরিন্দ্রী, নবীন মাধবের স্ত্রী)
 Saralota, Wife of Bindu Madhab. (সরলতা, বিন্দু মাধবের স্ত্রী)
 Reboti, Wife of Sadhu Charan. (রেবতী, সাধু চরণের স্ত্রী)
 Khetromani, Daughter of Sadhu & Reboti. (ক্ষেত্রমনি, সাধুচরণ ও রেবতীর মেয়ে)
 Aduri, Maid-servant in Gokul Chunder's house. (আদুরি, গোলকের বাড়ির কাজের মেয়ে)
 Podi Moyrani, a Sweetmeat maker. (পদী ময়রানী, বিনোদনকারিনী, রোগ সাহেবের সহচরী)

Legacy

The legacy of black humor in the play is well shared by contemporary dramatists like Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Girish Chandra Ghosh and Ardhendu Sekhar Mustafi. It was also important in development of the chalit bhasa, or colloquial dialect, which is free of the Sanskrit-influenced sadhu bhasa.

The trial of James Long

The proceedings of the trial of Reverend Mr. James Long first appeared in the second Edition (India) of the English version of the play, Nil Darpan (also transliterated as Neel Darpan or Nil Durpan). It included all the relevant documents and comments of the Indian-language and Anglo-Indian newspapers. It was published in 1903 by Messrs A. N. Andini and Co., Calcutta. Mr. Kumud Bihari Bose compiled it under the title: "The Trial of the Rev. James Long and the Drama of Nil Durpan," subtitled "Indigo Planters and all about them." The play dealt with the upheaval between the indigo planters and Indian ryots in different parts of Bengal, Bihar, and U.P. This conflict gave rise to the rift and division between the different classes of the society and between the different sections of the government as well.

Background of the trial of the play Nil Darpan

James Long criticized the colonial authorities and the European mercantile community for provoking the revolt by their treatment of the indigo cultivators. His view concurred that of Dinabandhu Mitra, who expressed his sentiments in a play entitled Nil Darpan (the original Bengali play was written by him) and published anonymously in Dhaka in 1860. Mitra sent Long a copy of the play as early as 1861. Long brought it to the notice of W.S. Seton-Karr, Secretary to the Governor of Bengal and ex-President of the Indigo Commission. Seton-Karr, sensing its importance, mentioned Nil Durpan in conversation with Lieutenant Governor Grant. Grant expressed a wish to see a translation of it and to print a few copies to be circulated privately among friends. After the discussion, Seton-Karr asked Long to arrange for a translation of the play in English. Michael Madhusudan Dutta translated it under the supervision of Long. Long, as the editor, cut out some coarse passages and wrote a short prefatory note for the play. When the translation was complete, Seton-Karr ordered the printing of five hundred copies in lieu of Grant's wish of a few copies. Then Long sent the translated manuscripts to Clement Henry Manuel, the proprietor of the Calcutta Printing and Publishing Press, to print five hundred copies, and the cost came to around Rs. 300. It was published in April or May 1861. Unknown to the Lieutenant Governor, Long began sending out the copies in official government envelopes that had the heading: "On her Majesty's Service". The translation revealed the nature of the oppression against the indigo workers. It naturally offended the establishment so much that the Anglo-Indian press started raising propaganda against the publisher and the translator. One of the leading newspapers named The Englishman and some indigo planters instituted a libel suit against Long and the printer C. H. Manuel. The words mentioned in Long's introduction to the play stated that what was presented in it was "plain but true". This was subsequently used by the planters in their prosecution of Long for publishing defamatory statements.

Counsel (acting on Long's advice) named Long as the one responsible, as Long had given Manuel a copy of the play for publication. The planters filed for only nominal damages, even as they had decided to prosecute Long for libel in a criminal suit.

Friday, 19 July 1861 was fixed as the first date for the trial and it lasted from then to 24 July at the Calcutta Supreme Court. It was regarded as the first "state trial of India under the Empire". Mr. Peterson and Mr. Cowie were prosecuted. Mr. Eglinton and Mr. Newmarch appeared on behalf of the defendant. Sir Mordunt Wells presided as the judge.

It is true that it becomes difficult to censor any literary work when it becomes so available in the public domain. That is why it became very urgent to find out the list of people who had the books after its printing. The issue of finding out the list was the concern for the first day of trial on 19 July 1861. The list submitted at the trial contained the number of copies that had been issued was said to be two hundred and two.

The agenda for the days of 20 to 24 July was to justify the two counts brought against James Long. The first count referred to libel or a supposed libel against the two leading newspapers named the Englishman and Hurkaru published in Kolkata. These two papers were alluded to in the preface of the play Nil Durpan:

The Editors of two daily newspapers are filling their columns with your praises; and whatever other people may think, you never enjoy pleasure from it, since you know fully the reason of their so doing. What surprising power of attraction silver has! The detestable Judas gave the great preacher of the Christian religion, Jesus and others, into the hands of Odious Pilate for the sake of thirty rupees; what wonder then, if the proprietors of two newspapers, becoming enslaved by the hope of gaining one thousand rupees, throw the poor helpless of this land into the terrible grasp of your mouths. Being aggrieved, Mr. Brett, the managing proprietor and formerly joint editor of the Englishman, brought a criminal prosecution against James Long. He claimed that the implied meanings of the allusions were defamatory because the extract indicates they wrote for reward from the indigo planters and not otherwise.

The second count, which concerned the interests of the society at large, was the alleged libel against that portion of the community called the indigo planters of Lower Bengal.

Sir Mordunt Wells accused Long of slandering European women in Nil Durpan: the question of shame was brought up through the episode of a woman riding on horseback with the magistrate of the zillah through the village, as well as injuring the reputation of every European in the country by calling them Planter or Civilian or Soldier. The fictitious characters named Mr. Wood and Mr. Rose in the play represent the indigo planters. This also became a reason for attacking Long.

Bibliography
Dinabandhu Mitra: Nil Durpan or the Indigo Planting Mirror, translated by Michael Madhusudan Dutt, edited by Sudhi Pradhan and Sailesh Sen Gupta (Calcutta: Paschimbanga Natya Academy, 1997)
Geoffrey A. Oddie, chapter Eight, The Aftermath: Nil Durpan, Trial and Imprisonment, Missionaries, Rebellion and Proto-Nationalism: James Long of Bengal 1814–87 (London: Routledge, 1999)''
Nurul Hossain Choudhury, "James Rev. Long", Banglapedia.

References

External links

 Full text of the play in English translation

Bengali-language plays
Indian plays
1859 plays
Literature of Indian independence movement
Plays set in the 19th century
Plays set in India
Bengal Presidency

Nil Darpan