In geometry, a radius o a raing or speere is a line segment frau its mid pynt til its perimeter. A radius is hal the lenth o the diameter in the same raing or speere. The radius o a regular polygon is the distance frau the pynt to a vertex.

Spheres
Raings
Lenth

Radius


Fred Sherry (born 1948) is an American cellist who is particularly admired for his work as a chamber musician and concert soloist. He studied with Leonard Rose at the Juilliard School before winning the Young Concert Artists International Auditions in 1968. In 1971 he co-founded the Speculum Musicae and in 1973 he co-founded the Tashi Quartet. Since the mid-1980s he has been a regular performer with Bargemusic and the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, the latter of which he served as Artistic Director for between 1989–1993. He has appeared as a soloist with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, New Japan Philharmonic, Boston Symphony Orchestra, and L'Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. He currently serves on the faculty at the Juilliard School, the Manhattan School of Music, and Mannes College The New School for Music.

Discography

With Chick Corea
 The Leprechaun (Polydor, 1976)
Lyric Suite for Sextet (ECM, 1982) with Gary Burton
Children's Songs (ECM, 1983)
Septet (ECM, 1984)
With Steve Swallow
Carla (Xtra Watt, 1987)
With John Zorn
Chimeras (Tzadik, 2003)
Rituals (Tzadik, 2004)
Magick (Tzadik, 2004)
Mysterium (Tzadik, 2005)
From Silence to Sorcery (Tzadik, 2007)
What Thou Wilt (Tzadik, 2009)
Music and Its Double (Tzadik, 2012)
Fragmentations, Prayers and Interjections (Tzadik, 2014)

References

American classical cellists
Cello pedagogues
Living people
1948 births
Juilliard School alumni
Juilliard School faculty

Fred Sherry


Lysanias  was the ruler of a small realm on the western slopes of Mount Hermon, mentioned by the Jewish historian Josephus and in coins from c. 40 BC. There is also mention of a Lysanias in Luke's Gospel.

Lysanias in Josephus
Lysanias was the ruler of a tetrarchy, centered on the town of Abila. This has been referred to by various names including Abilene, Chalcis and Iturea, from about 40-36 BC. Josephus is our main source for his life.

The father of Lysanias was Ptolemy, son of Mennaeus, who ruled the tetrarchy before him. Ptolemy was married to Alexandra, one of the sisters of Antigonus, and he helped his brother-in-law during the latter's successful attempt to claim the throne of Judea in 40 BC with the military support of the Parthians. Ptolemy had previously supported Antigonus's unsuccessful attempt to take the throne of Judea in 42 BC.

Josephus says in The Jewish War that Lysanias offered the Parthian satrap Barzapharnes a thousand talents and 500 women to bring Antigonus back and raise him to the throne, after deposing Hyrcanus though in his later work, the Jewish Antiquities, he says the offer was made by Antigonus. In 33 BC Lysanias was put to death by Mark Antony for his Parthian sympathies, at the instigation of Cleopatra, who had eyes on his territories.

Coins from his reign indicate that he was "tetrarch and high priest". The same description can be found on the coins of his father, Ptolemy son of Mennaeus and on those of his son Zenodorus who held the territory in 23–20 BC.

Lysanias in Luke
Luke 3:1 mentions a Lysanias () as tetrarch of Abilene in the time of John the Baptist.

According to Josephus the emperor Claudius in 42 AD confirmed Agrippa I in the possession of Abila of Lysanias already bestowed upon him by Caligula, elsewhere described as Abila, which had formed the tetrarchy of Lysanias:

"He added to it the kingdom of Lysanias, and that province of Abilene"

Archaeological Lysanias

Two inscriptions have been ascribed to Lysanias. The name is conjectural in the latter case.

The first, a temple inscription found at Abila, named Lysanias as the Tetrarch of the locality.

The temple inscription reads:

It has been thought that the reference to August lords as a joint title was given only to the emperor Tiberius (adopted son of Augustus) and his mother Livia (widow of Augustus). If this analysis is correct, this reference would establish the date of the inscription to between 14 AD (when Tiberius began to reign) and 29 AD (when Livia died), and thus could not be reasonably interpreted as referring to the ruler executed by Mark Antony in 36 BC. However, Livia received suitable honors while Augustus was still alive, such as "Benefactor Goddess" (Θεα Εύεργέτις) at a temple at Thassos, so there would be no clear reason that "August Lords" could not be Augustus and Livia.

Possible identity of the two figures
The reference to Lysanias in Luke 3:1, dated to the fifteenth year of Tiberius, has caused some debate over whether this Lysanias is the same person son of Ptolemy, or some different person.

Some say that the Lysanias whose tetrarchy was given to Agrippa cannot be the Lysanias executed by Antony, since his paternal inheritance, even allowing for some curtailment by Pompey, must have been of far greater extent. Therefore, the Lysanias in Luke (28–29) is a younger Lysanias, tetrarch of Abilene only, one of the districts into which the original kingdom was split up after the death of Lysanias I. This younger Lysanias may have been a son of the latter, and identical with, or the father of, the Claudian Lysanias.

But Josephus does not refer to a second Lysanias. It is therefore suggested by others that he really does refer to the original Lysanias, even though the latter died decades earlier. In The Jewish War Josephus refers to the realm as being "called the kingdom of Lysanias", while Ptolemy writing c. 120 in his Geography Bk 5 refers to Abila as "called of Lysanias"

The explanation given by M. Krenkel (Josephus und Lucas, Leipzig, 1894, p. 97) is that Josephus does not mean to imply that Abila was the only possession of Lysanias, and that he calls it the tetrarchy or kingdom of Lysanias because it was the last remnant of the domain of Lysanias which remained under direct Roman administration until the time of Agrippa.

References

 WRIGHT, N.L. 2013: "Ituraean coinage in context." Numismatic Chronicle 173: 55–71. (available online here)

1st-century BC monarchs in Asia
People in the canonical gospels
Gospel of Luke

Lysanias


Michigan Bell is the subsidiary of AT&T serving the state of Michigan. Following the Bell System divestiture on January 8, 1984, the company became a subsidiary of Ameritech, the Regional Bell operating company that served the midwestern United States.  Ameritech was subsequently acquired by SBC Communications, which later changed its name to AT&T.

Michigan Bell was one of the 22 Local Exchange Carriers that were part of the original AT&T Bell System until the 1984 divestiture, after which Michigan Bell and four other Midwestern telephone companies became part of Ameritech, the midwestern Regional Holding Company. Ameritech was one of the seven original Bell Regional Holding Companies, or "Baby Bells". By the early 1990s, Ameritech phased out state specific names such as Michigan Bell in favor of using the Ameritech name for marketing purposes. After Ameritech's acquisition by SBC Communications, the former Ameritech companies were briefly marketed as SBC Ameritech, as a transition to a unified "SBC" brand name in all 13 states in which SBC then did business. When this had been accomplished, in 2005, SBC Communications acquired AT&T. The newly merged company began marketing itself throughout the United States as the "new" AT&T. Michigan Bell is still the legal entity that provides telecommunications services in Michigan under the AT&T name. It is headquartered in Detroit.

AT&T subsidiaries
Bell System
Defunct telecommunications companies of the United States
Companies based in Detroit
American companies established in 1904
Telecommunications companies established in 1904
1904 establishments in Michigan

Michigan Bell


Reconstructionist Judaism is a movement within Judaism that started in the 1920s. People like Mordecai Kaplan (1881-1983) believed that Judaism is like a civilization that constantly develops. The Jewish society therefore develops much like any other society. As a result, the Jewish religion needs to adapt to these changes. There are about 13 million Jews in the world, about half of them live in the United States. Of these, about three percent, or 180,000 people, see themselves as Reconstructionist.

Other websites
Archived site of the former Jewish Reconstructionist Federation JRF
New site of the Jewish Reconstructionist Movement  JRM
Reconstructionist Rabbinical College  RRC
Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association   RRA
University Synagogue Orange County US

Jewish denominations

Reconstructionist Judaism


Publius Ovidius Naso. better known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was an Ancient Roman poet. He was born on March 20, 43 BC in Sulmona, then called Sulmo. People today  do not know when he died. It was probably either 17 AD or 18 AD. He died in Tomis, which is modern-day Constanţa in Romania.

With Virgil and Horace he is considered among the three great poets of Latin literature. Ovid usually wrote in verses. Ovid was the most widely read classical author in medieval times and the Renaissance.

Works

Works by Ovid (with approximate dates of publication)
 Amores ("The Loves"), five books, published 10 BC and revised into three books ca. 1 AD.
 Metamorphoses, ("Transformations"), 15 books. Published ca. AD 8.
 Medicamina Faciei Feminae ("Women's Facial Cosmetics"), also known as The Art of Beauty, 100 lines surviving. Published ca. 5 BC.
 Remedia Amoris ("The Cure for Love"), 1 book. Published 5 BC.
 Heroides ("The Heroines"), also known as Epistulae Heroidum ("Letters of Heroines"), 21 letters. Letters 1–5 published 5 BC; letters 16–21 were composed ca. AD 4–8.
 Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love"), three books. First two books published 2 BC, the third somewhat later.
 Fasti ("The Festivals"), 6 books extant which cover the first 6 months of the year, providing unique information on the Roman calendar. Finished by AD 8, possibly published in AD 15.
 Ibis, a single poem. Written ca. 9 AD.
 Tristia ("Sorrows"), five books. Published 10 AD.
 Epistulae ex Ponto ("Letters from the Black Sea"), four books. Published 10 AD.

Lost works, or works by other poets
 Consolatio ad Liviam ("Consolation to Livia")
 Halieutica ("On Fishing") — generally considered spurious, a poem that some have identified with the otherwise lost poem of the same name written by Ovid.
 Medea, a lost tragedy about Medea
 Nux ("The Walnut Tree")
 A volume of poems in Getic, the language of Dacia where Ovid lived in exile, not extant (and possibly fictional).

Other websites

 University of Virginia, "Ovid Illustrated: The Renaissance Reception of Ovid in Image and Text"

 Latin and English translation
 Perseus/Tufts: P. Ovidius Naso Amores, Ars Amatoria, Heroides (on this site called Epistulae), Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris. Enhanced brower. Not downloadable.
 Sacred Texts Archive: Ovid  Amores, Ars Amatoria, Medicamina Faciei Femineae, Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris.
 The Metamorphoses of Publius Ovidius Naso ; elucidated by an analysis and explanation of the fables, together with English notes, historical, mythological and critical, and illustrated by pictorial embellishments: with a dictionary, giving the meaning of all the words with critical exactness. By Nathan Covington Brooks. Publisher: New York, A. S. Barnes & co.; Cincinnati, H. W. Derby & co., 1857 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & layered PDF  format)
 Original Latin only
 Latin Library: Ovid Amores, Ars Amatoria, Epistulae ex Ponto, Fasti, Heroides, Ibis, Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris, Tristia.
 Gutenberg Project: Fasti  With introduction and extensive notes in English by Thomas Keightley. Plain text version.
 Works by Ovid
 English translation only
 New translations by A. S. Kline Amores, Ars Amatoria, Epistulae ex Ponto, Fasti, Heroides, Ibis, Medicamina Faciei Femineae, Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris, Tristia with enhanced browsing facility, downloadable in HTML, PDF, or MS Word DOC formats. Site also includes wide selection of works by other authors.
  Two translations from Ovid's Amores by Jon Corelis.
 English translations of Ovid's Amores with introductory essay and notes by Jon Corelis
 Some English translations of Ovid by famous literary figures
 Commentary
 Perseus/Tufts: Commentary on the Heroides of Ovid

References

43 BC births
10s deaths
Ancient Roman poets

Publius Ovidius Naso


Legalism was one of the four main philosophies in Chinese history during the Warring States Period. It is a political philosophy which says that people are bad by nature and need to be controlled by the government. It was introduced by Qin Shi Huang.

One of the most important contributors to Legalism was Han Fei (). He said that a ruler must use following tools to govern a state:
 Fa (; literally "law or principle"): The law must be known by everyone. Everybody under the ruler is equal before the law. If you do what law wants you will be rewarded. If you break the law or try to break it, you will be punished.
 Shu (; literally "method, tactic or art"): These are methods the ruler has to use so that nobody is able to abolish the system.
 Shi (; literally "legitimacy, power or charisma"): The position of the ruler is important, not the ruler himself.

Related pages
 Confucianism
 Taoism

Other websites
 "The Book of Lord Shang"

Legalism


The early romantic guitar, the guitar of the Classical and Romantic period, shows remarkable consistency from 1790 to 1830. Guitars had six or more single courses of strings while the Baroque guitar usually had five double courses (though the highest string might be single). The romantic guitar eventually led to Antonio de Torres Jurado's fan-braced Spanish guitars, the immediate precursors of the modern classical guitar.

From the late 18th century the guitar achieved considerable general popularity though, as Ruggero Chiesa stated, subsequent scholars have largely ignored its place in classical music. It was the era of guitarist-composers such as Fernando Sor, Ferdinando Carulli, Mauro Giuliani and Matteo Carcassi. In addition several well-known composers not generally linked with the guitar played or wrote for it: Luigi Boccherini and Franz Schubert wrote for it in several pieces, Hector Berlioz was a proficient guitarist who neither played keyboards nor received an academic education in music, the violin virtuoso Niccolò Paganini played guitar informally and Anton Diabelli produced a quantity of guitar compositions (see List of compositions by Anton Diabelli).

History

The first known guitar built to be strung with single strings rather than pairs of strings was built in 1774 by Ferdinando Gagliano in Naples. This guitar, which was displayed in the Heyer Museum, Cologne before that museum was dispersed, showed some important differences from the modern classical guitar. It had 5 single strings, inlaid brass frets, a long neck relative to string length (the fretboard meeting the body at the 11th fret), a pegged bridge and a characteristic figure-8 shaped tuning head. It lacked only a sixth string to make it identical with the early romantic guitar.

The earliest extant six-string guitar was built in 1779 by Gaetano Vinaccia (1759 – after 1831) in Naples, Italy. The Vinaccia family of luthiers is also known for developing the mandolin. This guitar shows no sign of modification from a double-course guitar. The authenticity of guitars before the 1790s is often in question. Moretti's 6-string method appeared in 1792.

Around the same time France also began to produce guitars with six single courses and Spain soon followed. Italian, French, and Spanish six-string guitars differed from the baroque guitar in similar ways. In addition to the advances already mentioned the guitar was gradually given more pronounced curves and a larger body while ornamentation was more restrained, remaining mostly around the edges of the body and the sound hole, which lacked a decorative rose to allow more volume. Frets were no longer of tied gut but fixed strips of some harder material, first ebony or ivory then metal. Wooden pegs were later replaced by metal tuning machines.

Technique

The many instructional books of the time show no standard playing technique but rather a reliance upon earlier traditions. For example, they often recommend that the right hand be supported on the guitar's table although the Spanish guitarist Nicario Juaralde took the modern view, warning against a loss of right-hand freedom. The thumb and first two fingers were mainly used for plucking with, in the 19th century, a free stroke (tirando) more commonly than the rest stroke (apoyando) that was favoured in the 20th century. Unlike most classical guitarists today, players were divided as to whether or not use fingernails. Fernando Sor, for example, did not use them while his compatriot Dionisio Aguado did.

The narrower fretboard of the romantic guitar allowed the left-hand thumb to be used by some guitarists to fret the sixth string although Fernando Sor deprecates this in his method, recommending that the left-hand thumb remain at the rear centre of the neck and noting that the "high" thumb position aids neither bass-string fingering nor support of the guitar. Romantic guitars often had a neck-strap around the player's neck while Dionisio Aguado invented a "tripodion" for holding the instrument. Aguado also advocated a relaxed posture, leaning back in a chair with both feet solidly on the ground rather than using a footstool to achieve the later conventional posture, the edge of the chair being used to keep the guitar from sliding down to the right, bringing the neck upward, closer to the player's torso, rather than projecting to the left.

Composers

Antoine de Lhoyer (1768–1852)
Francesco Molino (1768–1847)
Ferdinando Carulli (1770–1841)
François de Fossa (1775–1849)
Joseph Küffner (1776–1856)
Fernando Sor (1778–1839)
Anton Diabelli (1781–1858)
Mauro Giuliani (1781–1829)
Niccolò Paganini (1782–1840)
Dionisio Aguado (1784–1849)
Carl Blum (1786–1844)
Charles Michael Alexis Sola (1786–1857)
Matteo Carcassi (1792–1853)
Josiah Andrew Hudleston (1799–1865)
Johann Kaspar Mertz (1806–1856)
Napoléon Coste (1805–1883)
Adam Darr (1811–1866)
Eduard Bayer (1822–1908)
Giulio Regondi (1822–1872)
Jacques Bosch (1825–1895)
Julian Arcas (1832–1882)
Francisco Tárrega (1852–1909)

Luthiers

 Johann Georg Stauffer
 René François Lacôte
 Jean Nicolas Grobert
 Christian Frederick Martin
 Antonio de Torres Jurado
 Louis Panormo
 Joseph Pons
 Etienne Laprevotte
 Gennaro Fabricatore

Further reading
Heck, Thomas Fitzsimons: Mauro Giuliani: Virtuoso Guitarist and Composer. 1995.
Heck, Thomas Fitzsimons: The Birth of the Classic Guitar and its Cultivation in Vienna, Reflected in the Career and Compositions of Mauro Giuliani (d. 1829). Yale University. 1970. (Thesis)
Ribouillault-Bibron, Danielle: La Technique de guitare en France dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle. 1980. (Thesis) 1
Walter, Adrian Charles: The Early Nineteenth-Century Guitar: An Interpretative Context for the Contemporary Performer, with a Specific Focus on the Compositions of Mauro Giuliani and Fernando Sor. 2008. (Thesis) 1
Frédéric Ben Attar, Frédéric Carpino and Ingrid Riollot: Les Guitares romantiques (Musée de la Lutherie et de l'Archèterie Françaises, Mirecourt) 1
Sinier de Ridder: La Guitare
La Guitare, tome I: Paris 1650–1950 1, 2
La Guitare, tome II: Mirecourt, les provinces françaises 1, 2
Erik Pierre Hofmann, Pascal Mougin, Stefan Hackl: Stauffer & Co. 1
Christof Hanusch: Masterpieces of German Instrument Making – "Weissgerber" Guitars by Richard Jacob 1, 2, 3
 James Westbrook: The Century that Shaped the Guitar. 2005.

References

External links

 The guitar in the 19th century
 The guitar chamber trio from 1780 to 1830: its style and structure Thesis by Robert C Liew
 Franz Schubert's Chamber Music with Guitar: A Study of the Guitar's Role in Biedermeier Vienna by Stephen Mattingly

Classical guitar
Romantic music
Acoustic guitars

Romantic guitar


The Huygens-Fokker Foundation () is a "centre for microtonal music" founded on February 15, 1960, housed in the Muziekgebouw aan 't IJ (Amsterdam, Netherlands), and named for Christiaan Huygens and Adriaan Fokker (inventor of 31 equal temperament and creator of the Fokker organ). The Foundation's library possesses a large archive of correspondence, scores, books, and other publications. The Foundation presents frequent concerts (originally in Teylers Museum) presenting contemporary, early, popular, and improvised microtonal music. They maintain contact with other organizations dedicated to microtonality including Tonalsoft, the Harry Partch Institute, the Logos Foundation, and individuals such as Kyle Gann. They published the journal Thirty-One and presented MicroFest Amsterdam 2011. They house the 31-tone Fokker organ with new MIDI-connections in the BAM Hall. The current director is Sander Germanus.

See also
Carrillo-piano
Euler-organ
Acoustical Society of the Netherlands ()
Dutch Microtonal Society ()

External links
Official link for Huygens-Fokker Foundation

Microtonality
Music organisations based in the Netherlands
Organisations based in Amsterdam
Christiaan Huygens

Huygens-Fokker Foundation


Freyr / Frey(Old Norse: "[the] Lord") is the god of prosperity, fair weather, and fertility in Norse mythology, associated with sacral kingship, and virility. A member of the Vanir, he is the son of Njördand twin brother of Freya. Husband of Gerðr, Freyr rides into battle on the massive shining boar Gullinbursti (Old Norse: "Golden maned" or "bristled") and possesses the mighty ship Skíðblaðnir (Old Norse: "assembled from thin pieces of wood"), both forged by the drawrven brothers collectively known as the Sons of Ivaldi. Skíðblaðnir is said to always have a favorable breeze and can be folded together and carried in a pouch when not in use. Freyr once wielded the legendary sword Sümrbranðr (Old Norse: "Sword of summer"), which was said to be able to fight by itself.

When Freyr snuck in and sat on Odin's throne Hliðskjálf (on which one can see anything, anywhere across the Nine Worlds), instead of seeing Freyja (who was recently lost somewhere), Freyr came across Gerðr, a beautiful giantess native to Jötunheimr. He fell in love, and sent his servant Skírnir to woo her for him, but Gerðr refused to marry the god until Skirnir threatened to kill Gerðr with Freyr's sword and damage her lands. Gerðr finally agreed to marry Freyr, who then gave his sword to Skírnir as a reward.

Frey's realm is Álfheimr, the land of the elves. He is the patron god of Sweden. Statues of Odin, Thor, Frey, Frigg, and Freyja are often found in ancient temples.

Norse gods and goddesses

Freyr


Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, KG, KB, FRS (16025 May 1671) was an important commander of Parliamentary forces in the First English Civil War, and for a time Oliver Cromwell's superior.

Early life
He was the eldest son of Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester by his first wife, Catherine Spencer, granddaughter of Sir William Spencer of Yarnton, Oxfordshire, England, was born in 1602, and was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (1618–1622).

Career
Montagu accompanied Prince Charles during his 1623 trip to Habsburg Spain in pursuit of the Spanish Match.  He was Member of Parliament for Huntingdonshire in the "Happy Parliament" of 1623–24, the "Useless Parliament" of 1625, and the Parliament of 1625–26. At the time of Charles I's coronation in February 1626, he was made a Knight of the Bath to reward him for his service to Charles in Spain.  In May, with help from George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Montagu was elevated to the House of Lords, receiving his father's barony of Kimbolton and being styled Viscount Mandeville as a courtesy title, since his father had been created Earl of Manchester in February when Parliament convened.

His first wife, who was related to the Duke of Buckingham, having died in 1625 after two years of marriage, Mandeville married in 1626 Anne Rich, daughter of Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick.

The influence of his father-in-law, who was afterwards admiral on the side of the parliament, drew Mandeville to the popular side in the questions in dispute with the crown, and at the beginning of the Long Parliament he was one of the recognised leaders of the popular party in the Upper House, his name being joined with those of the Five Members of the House of Commons impeached by the king in 1642. At the outbreak of the Civil War, having succeeded his father in the earldom in November 1642, Manchester commanded a regiment in the army of Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, and in August 1643 he was appointed Major-General of the parliamentary forces in the eastern counties (the Eastern Association), with Cromwell as his second in command. Manchester developed cyphers to send coded messages to his allies. He soon appointed his provost-marshal, William Dowsing, as a paid iconoclast, touring the churches of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire destroying all "Popish" and "superstitious" imagery, as well as features such as altar-rails.

Having become a member of the Committee of Both Kingdoms in 1644, he was in supreme command at the Battle of Marston Moor but in the subsequent operations his lack of energy brought him into disagreement with Cromwell, and in November 1644 he strongly expressed his disapproval of continuing the war. Cromwell brought the shortcomings of Manchester before Parliament in the autumn of 1644 and in April the following year, anticipating the Self-denying Ordinance, Manchester resigned his command. He took a leading part in the frequent negotiations for an arrangement with Charles, was custodian with William Lenthall of the Great Seal from 1646 to 1648, and frequently presided in the House of Lords. He opposed the trial of the king, and retired from public life during the Commonwealth but after the Restoration, which he actively assisted, he was loaded with honours by Charles II. In 1660, he was nominated by the House of Lords to be one of the Commissioners for the Great Seal of England. In 1667 he was made a General, and he died on 5 May 1671. Manchester was made a Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1661, and became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1667.

Men of such divergent sympathies as Baxter, Burnet and Clarendon agreed in describing Manchester as a lovable and virtuous man, who loved peace and moderation both in politics and religion.

Personal life
Lord Manchester was five times married, leaving children by two of his wives. He married firstly, Susannah Hill on 6 February 1623. She was a daughter of John Hill and Dorothy (née Beaumont) Hill (a daughter of Anthony Beaumont of Glenfield and sister of Mary Villiers, Countess of Buckingham). Through her aunt, Susannah was a first cousin of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. They had no children.

He married secondly, 1 July 1625, Lady Anne Rich, daughter of Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick and the former Frances Hatton (daughter and heiress of Sir William Newport, who later took the surname Hatton to inherit the estates of his uncle, Sir Christopher Hatton). Before her death on 16 February 1642, they were the parents of three children:

 Robert Montagu, 3rd Earl of Manchester (1634–1682), who married Anne Yelverton, the only daughter of Sir Christopher Yelverton, 1st Baronet.
 Lady Frances Montagu, who married Henry Saunderson.
 Lady Anne Montagu (d. 1689), who married her second cousin Robert Rich, 5th Earl of Warwick, the son of Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland.

On 20 December 1642, ten months after the death of his second wife, he married her first cousin, Essex, Lady Bevill.  She was the widow of Sir Thomas Bevil and a daughter of Sir Thomas Cheek and the former Lady Essex Rich (a daughter of Robert Rich, 1st Earl of Warwick). Before her death on 28 September 1658, they had a daughter:

 Lady Essex Montagu (d. 1677), who married Henry Ingram, 1st Viscount of Irvine in 1661.

In July 1659, Lord Manchester married Eleanor, Dowager Countess of Warwick, as his fourth wife.  Eleanor, who had been his second wife's stepmother, was a daughter of Sir Richard Wortley and sister of Sir Francis Wortley, 1st Baronet.  At the time of their wedding, she had been thrice widowed, first from Sir Henry Lee, 1st Baronet, then Edward Radclyffe, 6th Earl of Sussex and, lastly, of Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick. The Earl and Countess Eleanor had no children together.

After his fourth wife's death in 1666, Lord Manchester was married for a fifth, and final, time to Margaret, Dowager Countess of Carlisle on 31 July 1667.  Margaret, a widow of James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle, was the third daughter of Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford and the Hon. Katharine Brydges (second daughter and co-heiress of Giles Brydges, 3rd Baron Chandos). She survived him and died in 1676.

Film portrayal
Manchester was portrayed by actor Robert Morley in the 1970 film Cromwell.  He is inaccurately depicted sitting in the House of Commons in Cromwell's presence although he had been a member of the Lords since 1626.

References

Further reading

Lord Clarendon: History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. 7 vols. Oxford, 1839
Lord Clarendon: Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, Lord High Chancellor of England and Chancellor of the University of Oxford. Oxford, 1827
SR Gardiner: History of the Great Civil War, 1642–1649. 4 vols. London, 1886–1891
The Quarrel between the Earl of Manchester and Oliver Cromwell: documents collected by J. Bruce, with a historical preface completed by D. M. Masson. London, 1875 (Publications of the Camden Society. New Series, 12)
Sir Philip Warwick: Memoires of the Reigne of King Charles I, with a Continuation to the Happy Restauration of King Charles II. London, 1701.

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1602 births
1671 deaths
Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Huntingdonshire
Edward Montagu, 02nd Earl of Manchester
Roundheads
Lay members of the Westminster Assembly
Fellows of the Royal Society
English MPs 1624–1625
English MPs 1625
English MPs 1626
Earls of Manchester
Parliamentarian military personnel of the English Civil War
Impeached British officials

Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester


The Mazurka is a Polish country dance.  It comes from an area called Mazovia near Warsaw where the people are called Mazurs.  It was known in the 16th century.  In the 17th century its popularity spread all over Poland and by the 19th century it was becoming known in England and then the United States.  The Mazurka is very similar to the Kujawiak which is a dance from another district near Warsaw.

The Mazurka is a lively dance in 3/4 metre.  It has lots of dotted rhythms and the fourth note of the scale is often sharpened.   The dancers often click their heels on the 2nd or 3rd beat of the bar.  The speed is not always fast, it can be slow, but it is a wilder dance than the waltz which is also in 3/4 time and had become very popular as a ballroom dance.

The composer Frédéric Chopin wrote more than 50 mazurkas for the piano.  Chopin really shows his genius in these pieces.  They are very beautiful  and there is a lot of variety and interest in them.  Many of them are not all that difficult to play.  Some of them have very chromatic bits in them.

There were other classical composers who wrote Mazurkas, but none of them are as good as those of Chopin.  Some Russian composers like Glinka and Tchaikovsky wrote several mazurkas.  It was danced a lot in Russia in the 19th century and it is mentioned a lot in Russian novels.  In the 20th century Karol Szymanowski wrote several mazurkas.

Ballroom dances
Musical forms

Mazurka


Noel Philip Yeo Liat Kok (Chinese: 杨烈国; born 1946), DUNU (First Class), is the Chairman of Economic Development Innovations Singapore,  Advanced MedTech Holdings and Accuron Technologies. From April 2007 to March 2018, Yeo was Chairman of Standards Productivity and Innovation for Growth (SPRING Singapore), a government development agency with the mission to grow small and medium enterprises and startups.

Yeo was Special Adviser for Economic Development in the Prime Minister's Office (April 2007 – August 2011), Senior Adviser for Science and Technology, Ministry of Trade and Industry (April 2007 – July 2008),  Executive Chairman of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (February 2001 – March 2007), Executive Chairman of the Economic Development Board (January 1986 -January 2001), Executive Co-Chairman of the Economic Development Board  (Feb 2001 to March 2006), Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Defence for Defence Research, Logistics and Industry (September 1979 to December 1985).

Education
Yeo was a student of St. Joseph's Institution in Singapore. He graduated in 1970 in Applied Science (Industrial Engineering) from the University of Toronto under a Colombo Plan scholarship. He obtained a Master of Science (Systems Engineering) from the University of Singapore in 1974. In 1976, he obtained a Master in Business Administration from Harvard University under a Fulbright scholarship.

Yeo has been conferred honorary PhDs from University of Toronto, Karolinska Institutet in Sweden, National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University,  Monash University and Imperial College London for his work in Economic Development in Singapore and Asia.

Career
Philip Yeo served in the Singapore Administrative Service from June 1970 to 31 March 1999. He served in various appointments in the Ministry of Defence, including Permanent Secretary for logistics, technology research & development and defence industries. He became acquainted with then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee and Defence Minister Howe Yoon Chong during his time in service. He left MINDEF to assume the appointment of chairman, Economic Development Board in January 1986.

During his EDB chairmanship, Yeo redirected EDB's focus from the traditional fields to new areas of business. These included: Internationally exportable services; developing high-tech industries like biomedical science, semiconductors, aerospace and speciality chemicals; nurturing local small and medium-sized enterprises and encouraging Singapore companies to make direct investments abroad. Yeo pioneered Singapore's participation in overseas infrastructure development projects such as those in the Bintan Industrial Estate and the Wuxi-Singapore Industrial Park in China.

During this time, Philip Yeo also served as the first Chairman of the National Computer Board (now Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore) from 1980 to 1987. He played a leading role in formulating and championing Singapore's first national computerisation plan to evolve the nation into the information age.

Yeo was the Chairman of A*STAR from 2000 to 2007. As Chairman of A*STAR he was credited with developing Singapore to become a leading centre for biomedical research and development in Asia within fields such as the biological mechanisms of infection, functional genomics, and stem cell research. To that end he recruited, amongst many others, accomplished researchers like Edison Liu, Nancy Jenkins, Neal Copeland, and David P. Lane to work on biomedical research in Singapore's biomedical hub Biopolis.

Yeo stepped down as Chairman of A*STAR and become chairman of the Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (Spring Singapore) on 1 April 2007. He was also appointed senior adviser on science and technology to the Minister for Trade and Industry.

In his role as Adviser for Economic Development in the Prime Minister's Office from April 2007 to August 2011, Yeo assisted in expanding Singapore's economic space through forging new economic links and providing strategic inputs in Singapore government partnerships with foreign governments who value Singapore's development expertise, including countries in the Middle East, Asia, Latin America as well as those in Russia.

From January 2009 to January 2010, Yeo was a member of World Health Organization Expert Working Group on R&D Financing.

Mr. Yeo was a member of the United Nations Committee of Experts in Public Administration (CEPA), established by the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) from 2010 to 2013 for the promotion and development of public administration and governance among Member States, in connection with the United Nations Development Agenda. He was a member of World Health Organization Expert Working Group on R&D Financing from January 2009 to January 2010. He is also Chairman of Economic Development Innovations Singapore Pte Ltd (EDIS) which is focused on developing and managing integrated cities and providing industrial development advice to overseas governments and government-related entities.

In the private sector Yeo has chaired numerous company boards, including: Singapore Technologies Holdings, Sembawang Corporation, and CapitaLand. Yeo was board member (from 1980) and Chairman of the Executive Committee of Singapore Technologies Holdings from 1987 to 1993. He also served as Chairman of Sembawang Corporation (1994–1998) and the successor Sembcorp Industries (1998–1999), Pidemco Land (1999–2000) and CapitaLand (2000–2003) formed from Pidemco after a merger in 2000. Yeo is currently the Chairman of a-iTrust (Ascendas India Trust – Asia's first listed India property trust) and Accuron Technologies. In addition, he is a non-executive director on the board of directors of City Developments Limited, and was appointed as one of the first non-Japanese outside directors of Hitachi alongside George Buckley, the former chief executive officer of 3M. In 2013, Yeo joined the board of directors of the Baiterek National Managing Holding of Kazakhstan, which is a trust management company which manages key Kazakh financial institutions like the Development Bank of Kazakhstan.  In December 2013, Yeo joined the Board of Kerry Logistics in Hong Kong. In April 2020, Yeo joined the Board of Sunway Berhad.

Yeo also serves as chairman on the board of social enterprise Project Fisher-men, which funds Singaporean social news website Mothership.

Public service and awards

For his public service, Yeo was awarded the Public Administration Medal (Silver) in 1974, the Public Administration Medal (Gold) in 1982 and the Meritorious Service Medal in 1991. In 1987, he was awarded the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship, USA for the period March to May 1987.

In 1994, the Indonesian Government conferred on Yeo its highest civilian honour, the Bintang Jasa Utama (the First Class Order of Service Award) in recognition of his role in fostering good bilateral ties between Indonesia and Singapore. In 1996, Yeo was conferred the Ordre National du Mérite (National Order of Merit) for his contribution and leadership in enhancing ties between Singapore and France.

In June 1997, Yeo was conferred an Honorary Doctorate in Engineering by his alma mater, the University of Toronto in recognition of an illustrious alumnus.

In February 1998, Mr. Yeo was honoured by the Belgium Government with the Commander of the Belgium National Order of the Crown for his personal merits in promoting the co-operation between Belgian and Singapore industries.

In November 1998, the international Society of Design and Process Science honoured Yeo with the K T Li Award for contributing significantly to economic and societal development. He was recognised for his contribution to Singapore's economic development and for his pioneering role in the development of Singapore's IT industry.

Mr Yeo was awarded the CEO Lifetime Achievement Award, Asia Pacific IPA Awards in 2003.

In May 2006, he was awarded an honorary doctorate of medicine by the Board of Research at Karolinska Institutet. The award was given for Yeo's efforts in building medical research and education in Singapore, in collaboration with leading universities throughout the world, including Karolinska Institutet. He was also cited for helping to catalyse collaborative agreements between Karolinska Institutet and A* STAR, and between Karolinska Institutet and the National University of Singapore. These agreements led to significant exchanges of researchers and students between Singapore and Sweden.

In the same month, Yeo was awarded the Nikkei Asia Prize for Science and Technology "in honor of his strong leadership in drafting and implementing Singapore's science and technology strategy, particularly in biomedical sciences."

On 9 August 2006, he was awarded the Order of Nila Utama (First Class), one of Singapore's most prestigious National Day Awards.

In September 2006, he was the first Singaporean to receive Harvard Business School's Alumni Achievement Award. Harvard credits him with moving Singapore's economy into manufacturing sectors like televisions, disk drives, petrochemicals, and most recently the biomedical sciences.

In November 2007, Yeo was conferred an Honorary Doctorate in Science by Imperial College of UK for his focus on building up Science and Technology in Singapore.

In December 2007, the Japanese government conferred the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold And Silver Star, which represents the second highest of eight classes associated with the award. Yeo is among eight Singaporeans, including Singapore Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew, who have received this conferment since 1967.

In April 2008, Yeo was awarded the Distinguished Service (Star) award by the National Trade Unions Congress in Singapore. The award is the Singapore Union's highest honour for a non-unionist. Yeo was conferred the award for his contributions to the transformation of Singapore and direct efforts of job creation.

In November 2008, Yeo was awarded the University of Toronto Engineering Alumni Medal 2008.

In March 2009, Yeo was awarded BioSpectrum's first Asia Pacific Life Time Achievement Award for the role he played in Singapore's rise as a hub for the life sciences industry and for setting up the Biopolis and Fusionopolis technology complexes.

In May 2013, Yeo was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Semiconductor Industry Association SEMI. The award was presented to Yeo for his pioneering and significant contributions to Singapore's economic development, especially in the promotion and growth of the semiconductor industry. During his tenure as Chairman of the EDB, Yeo was instrumental in leading Singapore's strategic growth and investment into the semiconductor industry, which today boasts an annual output of over $49 billion, hires over 42,000 employees and has 14 wafer fabrication plants.

In July 2017, Yeo was awarded Honorary Fellowship by King's College London, for the role that Yeo played in supporting Singaporeans to study at top universities around the world, including at King's.

Yeo was awarded the honorary Doctor of Letters by National University of Singapore in July 2011 and by Nanyang Technological University in July 2023.

Scholarships

One of the hallmarks of Philip Yeo has been his passion in developing people. In the course of his career the Government of Singapore has sent thousands of Singaporeans to top universities around the world on government funded scholarships. In return for government funding to complete their studies in university, these scholars make a commitment to return and serve the Singapore government for a period of six years.

When Yeo joined the EDB in 1986, EDB had a few MNCs who had donated annual scholarships: Sundstrand-EDB Scholarship(1982);  Minebea (1985). Some of the key scholarship programs that Yeo set up at EDB include:  Seiko Epson (1987–1988), Yokogawa Electric (1988), Shimano (1993), Daicel Chemicals (1994) and Siemens (1995);  Mobil (now ExxonMobil) (1997), Singapore Inc (SIS) (1997) and Promising Local Enterprise Scholarship (1996).

In 1989, Sir Paul Girolami, then Chairman of Glaxo, asked Yeo what Glaxo could do to demonstrate its appreciation to Singapore. Yeo immediately suggested a scholarship program. Shortly after that meeting, Glaxo sent S$50 million in two cash cheques to the EDB resulting in the creation of the Glaxo-EDB scholarship program. Since its launch in 1990, the Glaxo-EDB scholarship has trained over 300 BS/MSc scholars.

When Yeo arrived at the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) in 2001, he found that fewer than 20% of PhD holders in A*STAR's institutes were Singaporean, and few among them were young scientists. Yeo immediately set up his boldest scholarship yet by setting up the A*STAR Graduate Academy to implement the plan to train up 1,000 PhD scholars that would eventually return to Singapore and undertake research in fields like information technology, engineering, molecular biology, biochemistry and medicine. One of the hallmarks of Yeo's personal style is the amount of personal attention he gives to his scholars. He takes great pains to remember personal details about their background and also closely tracks their academic performance. He regularly meets with them to buy them meals whenever he is near their overseas universities on his regular business trips abroad.

In July 2013, a National University of Singapore scholarship was named after Yeo. The scholarship will send about 10 top student recipients outside Singapore each year for stints at top universities or startup technology companies.  Scholarship recipients will get to meet Yeo and also tap his vast network of contacts worldwide. It is hoped that the students will learn some of the following values from Yeo: "never say die, always dare to be different, always want to make a difference."

Controversy

In 1998, as Chairman of EDB, he decided to name publicly the holders of government scholarships who broke their bonds to shame them. This created a controversy generating public debates on whether those who received scholarship have a moral obligation to serve, or whether the scholarship is merely a contractual agreement which could be broken in return for the stated penalties. The debate culminated when MP Chng Hee Kok (庄熙国) questioned Yeo's decision. Yeo responded by calling for Chng to resign his seat in Parliament because of his view. This led to even more unhappiness at the audacity of a civil servant talking down to an elected Member of Parliament. Then Deputy Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong had to intervene in what was seen as a face-saving rebuke for both – that Philip Yeo was wrong to tell Chng Hee Kok to resign, but Chng had also been wrong in arguing that it was acceptable for scholars to break their bonds because they were merely legal contracts.

In May 2005, the controversy of A*STAR bond-breakers was revived when The New Paper published an article about him writing in his book that men in Singapore were wimps, whiny, and immature even though they have served the National Service (NS). The reason Yeo gave was that all bond-breakers since early 90s were Singapore men. The anger was further fuelled when a female A*STAR scholar, Chng Zhenzhi, backed his statements and openly declared that Singapore men were fine until "(once) they enter NS, they complain a lot." Philip Yeo served in the part-time NS Special Constabulary (SC) from 1976/78 with the rank of Inspector.

In the same month, Chen Jiahao, a Singaporean PhD candidate at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign was threatened with legal action for accusing A*Star and Philip Yeo of "bribing universities for taking in PhD students" under the moniker AcidFlask on his blog caustic.soda. Chen went on to accuse A*Star of "giving out gobs of honey to universities who will sign back-door agreements for taking in scholars without going through the formal application procedure." Philip Yeo and A*Star responded with threat of legal action, stating that the statements made in AcidFlask's blog would have been understood to mean that A*Star had acted corruptly in its dealings with universities. The statements also cast serious aspersions on A*Star's scholars to the effect that they were not admitted to their universities on merit but only because their universities were bribed by A*Star to do so. A*Star demanded a public apology from Chen and that the offending and defamatory postings in AcidFlask's 3 March 2005 blog be deleted. Chen chose to shut down his entire blog-site. All posts were removed voluntarily, and replaced with an unreserved apology to "A*STAR, its chairman Mr. Philip Yeo, and its executive officers for the distress and embarrassment" caused. The incidents upset several members of the local blogging community for his statements. In February 2007, Yeo, in the comments of another blog, revealed the exact posts that were considered defamatory.

In 2006, Philip Yeo began to face criticism for his Biotech strategy. As billions in taxpayers' money had been spent to develop the Biomedical Industry in Singapore. Philip Yeo countered his critics by pointing out that Biomedical manufacturing output had quadrupled from S$6 billion in 2000 to S$23 billion in the 5 years that the country had been investing in the sector. In that short period, the Biomedical industry grew to account for over 5% of Singapore's GDP and 10,600 high value added jobs. In addition, Yeo also pointed out that during the 5 years of investment, more than 25 companies started research centres in Singapore, including three corporate R&D laboratories run by Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis.

In late 2006, Dr. Lee Wei Ling, head of National Neuroscience Institute, publicly questioned the policy of Philip Yeo and A*Star, asserting that they were wrong by putting public money on competing with western countries on cutting-edge research. She said that Singapore should instead focus on niche areas in Biotech research.

Yeo's work in developing the biomedical industry has received praises by some analysts including Nature correspondent David Cyranoski who wrote that "Singapore's impressive advances in biomedicine are driven by the energetic personality of Philip Yeo."

In response to his daughter's comments, Lee Kuan Yew has stated the following:
 "This issue has been deliberated over a period of several months in Cabinet and decided by PM Goh and cabinet. The policy has been continued by PM Lee and his cabinet. We have made significant investments in time and resources. We have to get the most out of what we have put in."

Private life
Yeo is married to Jane and has 2 children, Eugene (Gene) and Elaine. His son, Gene Yeo, received the Lee Kuan Yew Graduate Fellowship that funded his PhD in computational neuroscience at MIT and is now a tenured professor at University of California San Diego. Elaine is a Doctor of Clinical Psychology from Roosevelt University, Chicago.

See also
Agency for Science, Technology and Research

Notes

References
Philip Yeo Biography
Neither Civil Nor Servant : The Philip Yeo Story

External links
About A*Star

Saint Joseph's Institution, Singapore alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Singaporean chairpersons of corporations
Permanent secretaries of Singapore
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Living people
1946 births

Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class
Recipients of the Darjah Utama Nila Utama
Harvard Business School alumni
Recipients of the Pingat Pentadbiran Awam
Fellows of King's College London
Winners of the Nikkei Asia Prize

Philip Yeo


Celso Monteiro Furtado (July 26, 1920 – November 20, 2004) was a Brazilian economist and one of the most distinguished intellectuals of the 20th century. His work focuses on development and underdevelopment and on the persistence of poverty in peripheral countries throughout the world. He is viewed, along with Raúl Prebisch, as one of the main formulators of economic structuralism, an economics school that is largely identified with CEPAL, which achieved prominence in Latin America and other developing regions during the 1960s and 1970s and sought to stimulate economic development through governmental intervention, largely inspired on the views of John Maynard Keynes. As a politician, Furtado was appointed Minister of Planning (Goulart government) and Minister of Culture (Sarney government).

Biography
Born in Pombal, a city set in the semi-arid region of the state of Paraíba, Celso Furtado moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1939, to study law, and graduated from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) in 1944. That same year, he was conscripted to the Brazilian Expeditionary Force to fight in Italy, during World War II, alongside the Allies. Seeing countries destroyed in post-war Europe had a profound impact on him, leading to the decision that he would study Economics: he enrolled in a doctorate program at the University of Paris (Sorbonne), in 1946, and presented a thesis on the economy of Brazil during the colonial period.

In 1949, he moved to Santiago, Chile, where he joined the team of the newly created United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (best known by its Latin American acronym, CEPAL), which was then headed by Argentine economist Raúl Prebisch. While working at CEPAL, Furtado and Prebisch were decisive for the formulation of socioeconomic policies for the development of Latin America which emphasized industrialization and import substitution.

Upon his return to Brazil in 1959, he published his most famous book – The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times (in Portuguese: Formação Econômica do Brasil) – and  was appointed the director of the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDE) in charge of issues concerning states of the northeastern region, which are poor and face chronic droughts and desertification. During this period,  he developed a plan which resulted in the creation of the Superintendency for the Development of the Northeast (Sudene), a governmental agency that worked to stimulate economic growth in that region, and was appointed by Brazilian president Juscelino Kubitschek (1956–1961) the agency's first director. During the government of president João Goulart (1961–1964), Furtado became Minister of Planning and was responsible for Brazil's Triennial Plan of development.

Furtado was also one of the founders of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), an intergovernmental body created in 1964, whose work has since centered around issues related to development and the asymmetries of international trade.

With the Brazilian military coup d'état, in 1964, he was forced into exile and worked as professor at Yale University, in  the United States, and later at Cambridge University and the University of Paris (Sorbonne), in France. After the Law of Amnesty, in 1979, he returned to Brazil and was appointed Ambassador of Brazil at the EEC, in Brussels (1985–1986) and Minister of Culture in the government of president José Sarney (1985–1990).

In 2004, Celso Furtado was nominated to the Nobel Prize of Economics (Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences).

Published books
Furtado published more than 30 books during his lifetime.
 Contos da vida expedicionária – de Nápoles a Paris. RJ, Zelio Valverde, 1946
 A economia brasileira. RJ, A Noite, 1954
 Uma economia dependente. RJ, Ministério da Educação e Cultura, 1956
 Perspectivas da economia brasileira. RJ, Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros, 1958
 Formação econômica do Brasil. RJ, Fundo de Cultura, 1959
 Other editions:
 Formação econômica do Brasil. 14ª ed. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1976.
 Formação econômica do Brasil. 24ª ed. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1991.
 Formação econômica do Brasil. 34ª ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007.
 A Operação Nordeste. RJ, Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros, 1959
 Uma política de desenvolvimento econômico para o Nordeste. RJ, Imprensa Nacional, 1959
 Desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvimento. RJ, Fundo de Cultura, 1961
 Subdesenvolvimento e Estado democrático. Recife, Condepe, 1962
 A pré-revolução brasileira. RJ, Fundo de Cultura, 1962
 Dialética do desenvolvimento. RJ, Fundo de Cultura, 1964
 Subdesenvolvimento e estagnação na América Latina. RJ, Civilização Brasileira, 1966.
 Teoria e política do desenvolvimento econômico. SP, Editora Nacional, 1967
 Um projeto para o Brasil. RJ, Saga, 1968
 Formação econômica da América Latina. RJ, Lia Editora, 1969
 Análise do "modelo" brasileiro. RJ, Civilização Brasileira, 1972
 A hegemonia dos Estados Unidos e o subdesenvolvimento da América Latina. RJ, Civilização Brasileira, 1973
 O mito do desenvolvimento econômico. RJ, Paz e Terra, 1974
 A economia latino-americana. SP, Editora Nacional, 1976
 Other editions:
 A economia latino-americana. 4ª ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007
 Criatividade e dependência na civilização industrial. RJ, Paz e Terra, 1978
 Other editions:
 Criatividade e dependência. São Paulo: Círculo do Livro, 1980
 Criatividade e dependência. 2ª ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2008
 O Brasil pós-"milagre". RJ, Paz e Terra, 1981
 A nova dependência, dívida externa e monetarismo. RJ, Paz e Terra, 1982
 Não à recessão e ao desemprego. RJ, Paz e Terra, 1983
 Cultura e desenvolvimento em época de crise. RJ, Paz e Terra, 1984
 A fantasia organizada. RJ, Paz e Terra, 1985
 A fantasia desfeita. SP, Paz e Terra, 1989
 Transformação e crise na economia mundial. SP, Paz e Terra, 1987
 ABC da dívida externa. SP, Paz e Terra, 1989
 Os ares do mundo. SP, Paz e Terra, 1991
 Brasil, a construção interrompida. SP, Paz e Terra, 1992
 Obra autobiográfica de Celso Furtado, 3 vol., ed. de Rosa Freire d'Aguiar. SP, Paz e Terra, 1997
 O capitalismo global. SP, Paz e Terra, 1998
 O longo amanhecer. SP, Paz e Terra, 1999
 Em busca de um novo modelo. SP, Paz e Terra, 2002

English translations
 The Myth of Economic Development (2020), translation: Jordan B. Jones, Polity Press
 The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times (1963), Los Angeles: University of California Press
 Development and Underdevelopment (1964), Los Angeles: University of California Press
 The Colonial Economy In Brazil In the centuries XVI and XVII
 Accumulation and Development: The Logic of Industrial Civilization (1983), Oxford: Martin Robertson
 Economic Development of Latin America: A Survey from Colonial Times to the Cuban Revolution (1970), 2nd ed.: 2003, translation: Suzette Macedo, Cambridge University Press
 No to Recession and Unemployment: An Examination of the Brazilian Economic Crisis (1984), London: TW Foundation
 Global Capitalism (1998), translation: Jorge Navarrete, ©1999, Fondo de Cultura Economica, Mexico
(with Sue Branford)
 Obstacles to development in Latin America (1970), New York: Anchor Books-Doubleday
 Diagnosis of the Brazilian Crisis (1965), Los Angeles: University of California Press

Analysis
The Economic Growth of Brazil (original title, Formação Econômica do Brasil) is his best known book and considered by many to be a national classic. First published in 1959,  it depicts Brazil's economic history and the causes of underdevelopment.

In O Mito do Desenvolvimento Econômico (The myth of economic development, in Portuguese), published in 1974, Furtado almost prophetically refers to the "globalisation of the world economy" ("mundialização da economia") when describing the ongoing economic process known today as globalization and raises questions about issues we experience today:

1) The myth of economic development versus the need for natural resources for economic processes: it is mistaken to think that economic development and its benefits will some day reach everyone in the world if the model of economic development does not change. For instance, there are not sufficient natural resources available for everyone in the world if we take as a benchmark the economic model on which the economy was based in the 1970s and is also based currently, i.e. the model where consumerism and individualism are the basis for corporate actions. For instance, if everybody could afford to buy a car, our cities would be completely gridlocked. Furtado's critique of the myths of economic development was based on a report of the Club of Rome, which is summarized in Abstract of The limits to Growth: a report to The Club of Rome;

2) On poverty: in countries that have no "central" economies (countries that are not the base for giant corporations), at most 10% of population could reach the level of wealth achieved by people in the richest countries. Peripheral economies, which would not create an independent and more complete economy, would remain poor and experience growing disparities between their poor and their rich inhabitants;

3) On the world economic superstructure: The world superstructure of the capitalist economy (mainly IMF and GATT, which gave rise to the WTO (World Trade Organization) would, on the one hand, increase control over the world economy, also increasing freedom for capital flows and for the actions of big corporations, while, on the other hand, it would reduce the number of possible choices available for governments, mainly for poor country's governments. This is the kind of development that has been taking place for the last 30 years.

References

Works
 "The economic formation of Brazil", in Portuguese

External links

 Obituary from The Guardian
 The International Celso Furtado Center for Development Policies
 Celso Furtado in  História do pensamento econômico
 Global Capitalism (1998) translation
 Centro Internacional Celso Furtado

1920 births
2004 deaths
Brazilian economists
Ministers of Culture of Brazil
Ambassadors of Brazil to the European Economic Community
Development economists
Dependency theorists
Brazilian military personnel of World War II
People from Paraíba
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro alumni
University of Paris alumni
Sudene personnel
Brazilian expatriates in Italy
Brazilian expatriates in France

Celso Furtado


The Szeged Synagogue () is a synagogue in Szeged, Hungary. It is a 1902 building designed by the Jewish Hungarian architect Lipót Baumhorn (1860–1932), whose work is considered to contain the finest examples of the unique fin de siècle Hungarian blending of Art Nouveau and Historicist styles sometimes known as Magyar style. It served Szeged's large Neolog community.

The building's interior, with its  tall domed ceiling, draws on multiple historical styles to produce its overall Art Nouveau/Moorish Revival style.   The rib-like wall above the organ has Gothic origins, while the columns supporting the galleries are Roman.

The interior of the great dome, and all of the building's stained glass, are the work of the artist Miksa Róth.

The design of the Torah Ark alludes to the Holy of Holies in the Temple of Solomon by using sittimwood from the banks of Nile, the wood called for in the building of the Temple of Solomon in 1 Kings. The hinges are in the shape of the Hyssop plant, a plant used in the ancient Temple service.

The Szeged Synagogue is the second largest in Hungary after the Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest, and the 4th largest in the world.

References

External links
 Szeged Synagogue Website
 Leopold Baumhorn on Jewish.hu's list of famous Hungarian Jews

Synagogues in Hungary
Neolog Judaism synagogues
Judaism in Hungary
Art Nouveau synagogues
Buildings and structures in Szeged
Tourist attractions in Csongrád-Csanád County
Art Nouveau architecture in Hungary
Synagogues completed in 1902
Synagogue buildings with domes

Szeged Synagogue


Data mining, ogé dipikanyaho salaku pangaweruh-pamanggih dina database (KDD), nyaéta kabiasaan néangan sacara otomatis tina simpenan data nu loba keur pola. Keur migawekeun ieu, data mining maké téhnik komputer tina statistik sarta pola rekonstruksi.

Data mining has been defined as "The nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information from data" [1] and "The science of extracting useful information from large data sets or databases" [2].  Although it is usually used in relation to analysis of data, data mining, like artificial intelligence, is an umbrella term and is used with varied méaning in a wide range of contexts.

Used in the technical context of data warehousing and analysis data mining is neutral. However, it sometimes has a more pejorative usage that implies imposing patterns (and particularly causal relationships) on data where none exist.  This imposition of irrelevant, misléading or trivial attribute correlation is more properly criticized as "data dredging" in the statistical literature.

Used in this latter sense, data dredging implies scanning the data for any relationships, and then when one is found coming up with an interesting explanation. (This is also referred to as "overfitting the model".)  The problem is that large data sets invariably happen to have some exciting relationships peculiar to that data. Therefore any conclusions réached are likely to be highly suspect. In spite of this, some exploratory data work is always required in any applied statistical analysis to get a feel for the data, so sometimes the line between good statistical practice and data dredging is less than cléar.

A more significant danger is finding correlations that do not réally exist.  Investment analysts appéar to be particularly vulnerable to this. In his book Where Are the Customers' Yachts? ISBN 0471119792 (1940), Fred Schwed, Jr, wrote: "There have always been a considerable number of pathetic people who busy themselves examining the last thousand numbers which have appeared on a roulette wheel, in search of some repeating pattern. Sadly enough, they have usually found it."

Most data mining efforts are focused on developing a finely-grained, highly detailed modél of some large data set.  In Data Mining For Very Busy People [3], reséarchers at West Virginia University and the University of British Columbia discuss an alternate method that involves finding the minimal differences between elements in a data set, with the goal of developing simpler modéls that represent relevant data.

There are also privacy concerns associated with data mining.  For example, if an employer has access to medical records, they may screen out péople with diabetes or have had a héart attack.  Screening out such employees will cut costs for insurance, but it créates ethical and legal problems.

Data mining government or commercial data sets for national security or law enforcement purposes has also raised privacy concerns. [4]

There are many legitimate uses of data mining.  For example, a database of prescription drugs taken by a group of péople could be used to find combinations of drugs with an adverse réactions.  Since the combination may occur in only 1 out of 1000 péople, a single case may not be apparent.  A project involving pharmacies could reduce the number of drug réactions and potentially save lives.  Unfortunately, there is also a huge potential for abuse of such a database.

Basically, data mining gives information that wouldn't be available otherwise.  It must be properly interpreted to be useful.  When the data collected involves individual péople, there are many questions concerning privacy, legality, and ethics.

The a priori algorithm is the most fundamental algorithm used in data mining.

Tempo oge
Database
Data warehouse
Document warehouse
Machine learning
Pattern recognition
Statistika
Artificial intelligence
Statistik deskriptif
Hypothesis testing
Loyalty card
Business intelligence
Business performance management
Text mining

Rujukan
[1] W. Frawley and G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and C. Matheus, Knowledge Discovery in Databases: An Overview. AI Magazine, Fall 1992, pgs 213-228.

[2] D. Hand, H. Mannila, P. Smyth: Principles of Data Mining. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2001.

[3] T. Menzies, Y. Hu, Data Mining For Very Busy People. IEEE Computer, October 2003, pgs 18-25.

[4] K.A. Taipale, Data mining and Domestic Security: Connecting the Dots to Make Sense of Data , Center for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology Policy. 5 Columbia Sci. & Tech. L. Rev 2 (December 2003).

Tumbu kaluar
 Data Mining whitepapers, webcasts and case studies

Data management

Data mining


In botany, a staminode is an often rudimentary, sterile or abortive stamen, which means that it does not produce pollen. Staminodes are frequently inconspicuous and stamen-like, usually occurring at the inner whorl of the flower, but are also sometimes long enough to protrude from the corolla.

Sometimes, the staminodes are modified to produce nectar, as in the witch hazel (Hamamelis).

Staminodes can be a critical characteristic for differentiating between species, for  instance in the orchid genus Paphiopedilum, and among the penstemons.

In the case of Cannas, the petals are inconsequential and the staminodes are refined into eye-catching petal-like replacements.

A spectacular example of staminode is given by Couroupita guianensis, a tropical tree growing in South America also known as cannonball tree.

References

Plant anatomy

de:Staubblatt#Modifikationen

Staminode


USA Union is a 1970 album by blues musician John Mayall, featuring Harvey Mandel on guitar, Larry Taylor on bass and Don "Sugarcane" Harris on violin. The album was recorded on July 27 & 28th, 1970 at Larrabee Studios in LA and released by Polydor later in the same year John Mayall - Discography.

At the end of the sixties John Mayall was residing in Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles, California and had developed connections with local musicians,
befriending Harvey Mandel and Larry Taylor, who had both just departed Canned Heat. Taylor had appeared on one track of Mayall's previous album, Empty Rooms, the only studio recordings of his "Turning Point" band, and stayed on to replace Stephen Thompson (with whom he duetted on "To a Princess"); Mandel essentially replaced acoustic guitar specialist Jon Mark, and electric violinist Harris replaced saxophonist Johnny Almond. In the USA Union liner notes, Mayall noted that, after the Turning Point band broke up, he'd played a British music festival with an all-star lineup and then needed to form a new band swiftly when Polydor Records pressed him for a new album.

With his new all-American line up, Mayall pursued the jazzy blues experiment documented on his live album The Turning Point. This unusual format (electric guitars by Mayall and Mandel, Mayall playing piano and harmonica as well, Harris's electric violin, Taylor's acoustic and electric bass, and no drums) the band created a unique sound and recorded this series of songs mostly chronicling Mayall's then-romance with Nancy Throckmorton (a theme he first visited on Empty Rooms), who provided some photography for the album jacket. "Nature's Disappearing," the album's opening song, dealt with environmental issues, the only song on the album that didn't address Mayall's romance. On tour the band was joined by drummer Paul Lagos from Kaleidoscope. Jazz critic Leonard Feather wrote liner notes for the back of the album; inside the gatefold jacket, Mayall gave advice on preserving nature.

The USA Union lineup would appear as some of the core of Mayall's Back to the Roots set, which featured several notable Mayall alumni including Eric Clapton, John McVie, Mick Taylor,  Stephen Thompson and previous drummers Keef Hartley and Aynsley Dunbar. Mayall would keep the drumless format for just one more album, Memories, where Jerry McGee replaced Harvey Mandel as guitarist.

Track listing
All compositions by John Mayall
"Nature's Disappearing" – 5:58
"You Must Be Crazy" – 3:58
"Night Flyer" – 5:36
"Off the Road" – 2:51
"Possessive Emotions" – 5:22
"Where Did My Legs Go" – 3:48
"Took the Car" – 4:11
"Crying" – 6:30
"My Pretty Girl" – 4:24
"Deep Blue Sea" – 5:06

"Nature's Disappearing" reappeared in a new version on the album Wake up Call (1993); it can be heard as played in concert on the album Live from Austin, TX (2007; recorded September 1993).

On Polydor LP STEREO 2425 020 the tracks "You Must Be Crazy" and "Took the Car" have changed places, though the cover lists the tracks as above.

Personnel
 Don "Sugarcane" Harris – violin
 Harvey Mandel – guitar
 John Mayall – guitar, harmonica, keyboards, vocals
 Larry Taylor – bass guitar

Production
 Leonard Feather – liner notes
 Charles Fulcher – composer
 Bob Gordon – photography
 John Judnich – engineer
 Tapani Tapanainen – photography
 Nancy Throckmorton – photography

References

External links

1970 albums
John Mayall albums
Albums produced by John Mayall
Polydor Records albums

USA Union


Sultan Sultan Ali Iskandar Shah I ibni almarhum Sultan Ahmad Hussein Muazzam Shah I  was the 20th Sultan of Johor, who succeeded his father, Sultan Hussein after the latter died of natural cause in 1835. Over the next twenty years, Sultan Ali's claims to the office of Sultan of Johor were only recognised by some merchants and a few Malays. Like his father, Sultan Ali's was much of a puppet monarch and played a minimal role in the administrative affairs of the state, which came under the charge of the Temenggong and the British. In 1855, Sultan Ali ceded the sovereignty rights of Johor (except Kesang in Muar) to Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim, in exchange for a formal recognition as the "Sultan of Johor" by the British and a monthly allowance. Following the secession of Johor, Sultan Ali was granted administrative charge over Muar until his death in 1877, and in most administrative matters, was often styled as the "Sultan of Muar".

Sultan of Johor

Early years
Tengku Ali succeeded his father in 1835 as the Sultan of Johor, but was not recognised as the Sultan of Johor for the first few years of his reign. A proclamation by the British colonial government in September 1840 granted him the right as the legitimate heir as his father's successor, but not amounting to a recognition as the "Sultan of Johor".

In the 1840s, Johor began to receive the first Chinese settlers (mainly immigrants from Swatow and Chaozhou). The young Temenggong, Tun Daeng Ibrahim, took up the administrative tasks of the state. He imposed taxes upon these settlers, which went to the Temenggong's charge. However, unlike the Temenggong, Sultan Ali was unwilling to involve himself with the affairs of the state but at the same time complained of receiving insufficient allowance from the British. He was well known for his penchant for an extravagant lifestyle, and was chalking up considerable debts by the 1850s.

Meanwhile, loyalty among the local Malays in Johor to the ruling classes became increasingly divided between the royalty and the nobility. In 1852, Thomas Church, the Resident Councillor of Singapore, sums up the situation of the Malays along the East Coast of the Malay Peninsula:

In this neighbourhood, there are two parties, on one side, the Sultan of Lingga, the Sultan of Trengganu, and the young princes of Johore; on the other, the Raja Bendahara of Pahang, and the Temenggong Sri Maharaja.

Nevertheless, there was no major hostility as a result of the division of loyalty between the royalty and the nobility. In the same year, an English merchant, W.H. Read, controlled Sultan Ali's royal seal in exchange for a promise to liquidate his debts. Read had been an active supporter of Sultan Ali's claims for recognition as the legitimate ruler of Johor and the state's revenue, with the Temenggong as his vassal. As a result of economic and political pressure from these traders, the Governor did consider granting a formal recognition to Sultan Ali as the legitimate ruler of Johor, but in the process, he received a strong protest from Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim and his young son, Abu Bakar.

By the early 1850s, Johor was effectively under the control of the Temenggong; followers who attempted to act in Sultan Ali's interests were quickly expelled by force by the Temenggong's followers.

Secession of Johor
A series of negotiations between Sultan Ali and the Temenggong ensued with the British colonial government acting as the intermediary, after Sultan Ali had questioned the Temenggong's rights of keeping the state revenue to himself. Initially, the Temenggong proposed to split the trade revenue of Johor on condition that Sultan Ali surrendered his claims of sovereignty over Johor. The term was declined by Sultan Ali. Both parties agreed to seek the direct intervention of the British government, among which, the British Governor of the Straits Settlement, Colonel William John Butterworth, and his successor, Edmund Blundell were roped in to act as meditators.

The British favoured the prospect of the Temenggong in taking over the administration of Johor from the Sultan. Sultan Ali's claims to sovereignty were quickly refuted by the British and the Temenggong, who was quick to point out that the Sultan's late father, Sultan Hussein had never pursued active claims to his sovereignty rights over Johor in spite of his recognition by the British in the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty. At that time, Johor came under the effective charge of the Temenggong's late father, Abdul Rahman, as with Pahang, which was under the control of the Bendahara. Further documents revealed that if Johor were to be under the control of a monarch, de jure sovereignty would have been laid under the charge of the Sultan of Lingga, Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar Shah and not with Sultan Ali.

The Temenggong and Sultan Ali submitted their proposals to the British Governor in April 1854. The Temenggong agreed to the Sultan's request of his titular recognition as the Sultan of Johor, but was adamant of maintaining absolute charge over the whole of Johor. On the other hand, Sultan Ali had expressed his wish to the governor that the Kesang territory (around Muar) should be directly governed by him, citing reasons that some of his ancestors were buried there. The British persuaded the Temenggong to concede to Sultan Ali's request and accepted after much consideration.

A treaty was concluded on 10 March 1855, in which Sultan Ali formally ceded his sovereignty rights of Johor to the Temenggong permanently with the exception of the Kesang territory (around Muar). In exchange, Sultan Ali was guaranteed the recognition the title of "Sultan" by the Temenggong and the British government and received a lump sum of $5000 as compensation. Sultan Ali was also promised a further incentive of a monthly allowance of $500 from the Temenggong, under the pressure of Governor Edmund Blundell (the British Governor of Singapore), who hoped to put an end to  Sultan Ali's financial complaints and problems.

Sultan of Muar

Administration in Muar
Sultan Ali delegated the administrative affairs of Muar to the Raja Temenggung of Muar (also known by the title of Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar) and spent most of his time in Malacca. Muar was sparsely populated in 1855 and had a population of 800 and no formal structure of government was formed. In 1860, Sultan Ali reportedly borrowed $53,600 from a Chettiar money lender, Kavana Chana Shellapah. Sultan Ali signed an agreement with Shellapah to contribute a portion of his monthly allowance to repay his debt. However, Sultan Ali found himself unable to settle his debts in time, and an angry Shellapah wrote to the British government in 1866. Pressured to liquidate his debts in time, Sultan Ali granted Shellapah the right to trade off Muar to the Temenggong of Johor as mortgage if he is unable to pay off his debts in time.

His relations with Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim remained strained; in 1860, Sultan Ali allowed a Bugis adventurer, Suliwatang, the chiefs of Rembau and Sungei Ujong to settle in Muar and prepare themselves for an attack on Johor. Such bad blood between the Sultan and Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim passed down to the Temenggong's son, Abu Bakar, who succeeded his father after the former died in 1862. Shortly after Abu Bakar became the Temenggong of Johor, he sent a letter to Sultan Ali to reassert of Johor's sovereignty over Segamat. Continued disputes over the sovereignty of Segamat led to an outbreak of a war between the Temenggong's men with the Sultan's. Eleven years later in 1873, attempts made by Suliwatang to collect custom taxes from inhabitants at the Muar estuary led to further conflict with Abu Bakar's (who became Maharaja in 1868) men.

During the remaining years of Sultan Ali's reign, there was no visible economic activity in Muar. Nevertheless, he delegated the duty of collecting Muar's revenues to Suliwatang and his agents, all of whom were later poisoned and killed by the Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar. In 1868, Sultan Ali appointed Babu Ramasamy, a Tamil schoolmaster the duty collect the Muar revenues. A European miner approached Sultan Ali in 1872, in which he was granted exclusive mining rights over the entire Kesang territory for five years. Three years later, an American trader approached the Sultan, in which he gave the American the concessionary grant of purchasing  of land within the Kesang territory.

Death and succession dispute
Sultan Ali spent his last years in Umbai, Malacca, and supported himself with a small monthly stipend which the British East India Company had granted him. He built a palace for himself and lived with his third wife, Cik' Sembuk until his death in June 1877, and was buried in a Mausoleum within the confines of the Umbai mosque. Shortly before his death, Sultan Ali willed the Kesang territory to Tengku  Mahmud , his 11-year-old son with Cik' Sembuk. His decision was met with considerable disproval among the some Malays in Singapore, who felt that Tengku Alam should be the heir to the Kesang territory as he was the oldest son with Daeng Siti, who was the daughter of a Bugis nobleman, while Cik' Sembuk was a commoner. At the time of Sultan Ali's death, custody of the Kesang territory lay in the hands of Ungku Jalil, Sultan Ali's elder brother. Ungku Jalil handed over the custodianship of the Kesang territory to Maharaja Abu Bakar, after the British government held an election for the Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar and the territory's chieftains to decide on the destiny of the Kesang territory, and voted unanimously for Maharaja Abu Bakar as their leader. The British Governor handed over administrative charge of the Kesang territory over to the Maharaja, which upset Tengku Alam and many of his supporters. Their continued claims to the Kesang territory led to the instigation of the Jementah Civil War in 1879.

See also
Jementah Civil War

Notes

References

 Ali, al-Haji Riau, Hooker, Virginia Matheson, Andaya, Barbara Watson, The Precious Gift: Tuhfat Al-nafis, Oxford University Press, 1982,
 Burns, Peter L., Wilkinson, Richard James, Papers on Malay Subjects, Oxford University Press, 1971
 Carl A. Trocki, Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784-1885, Singapore University Press, 1979
 Ghazali, Abdullah Zakaria, Istana dan politik Johor, 1835-1885, Yayasan Penataran Ilmu, 1997,
 Jayakumar, S., Public international law cases from Malaysia and Singapore, NUS Press, 1974,
 Jessy, Joginder Singh, History of Malaya (1400–1959), jointly published by United Publishers and Peninsular Publications, 1961
 Khoo, Kay Kim, Melaka dan Sejarahnya, Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia, Cawangan Melaka, 1982
 Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Malaysian Branch, Singapore, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1937
 Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Malaysian Branch, Singapore, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1960
 Schimmel, Annemarie, Islamic Names: An Introduction, Published by Edinburgh University Press, 1989,
 Studer, Adolph G., American and British Claims Arbitration: William Webster: Appendix to the Memorial of the United States, Vol. III, 1913
 Swettenham, Frank Athelstane, British Malaya: An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008,
 The Numismatic Circular, by Spink & Son, 1970
 Turnbull, Constance Mary, A History of Singapore, 1819-1975, published by Oxford University Press, 1977,
 Turnbull, Constance Mary, A Short History of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, published by Graham Brash, 1981,
 Turnbull, Constance Mary, The Straits Settlements, 1826-67: Indian presidency to Crown Colony, Athlone Press, 1972,
 Winstedt, R. O., A History of Johore (1365–1941), (M.B.R.A.S. Reprints, 6.) Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1992,

1824 births
1877 deaths
People from Muar
History of Muar
History of Johor
Muar District
Child monarchs from Asia
House of Bendahara of Johor
Sultans of Johor

Ali Iskandar of Johor


The Bandit of Hell's Bend is a Western fiction novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, published in serial form in the Argosy All-Story Weekly in September and October 1924. The book version was first published by A. C. McClurg on June 4, 1925.

The novel is one of four Westerns that Burroughs wrote. He had two working titles for it: "The Black Coyote" and "Diana of the Bar Y".

Plot summary

Elias Henders is the prosperous owner of a ranch and a gold mine. Competing for his daughter Diana, ranch hand Colby sabotages recovering alcoholic foreman Bull, and takes his job. The local stage is repeatedly robbed of gold bullion from the owner's mine, and Bull is suspected. The cowardly sheriff does not take action on the robberies. Rich Easterner Wainwright tries to buy the mine and ranch for a low price, but Henders refuses the offer and discusses the property's true value with Diana. She is intrigued by Wainwright's Eastern-educated son Jefferson, who proposes marriage. However, when they are attacked by Indians during the roundup, he runs rather than defend her. Henders is mortally wounded in the battle.

Henders will bequeaths his property to his brother John back East so that he can take care of Diana, but John dies too. The Wainwrights pretend that Henders had agreed to a sale, but Diana knows better. Diana's Eastern cousin Lillian brings Corson, a lawyer, to try to seize the ranch and gold mine. They insist that the ranch and mine are nearly played out, and that they should sell the property, offering her a small amount. They show their ignorance about western ways. Bull encourages Diana that the property is worth more than they say, and advises her that the Wainwrights are often at the mine. The Eastern lawyer finally announces that Diana has no property rights due to the wills.

As pressure from the opposing forces builds, a mob goes to hang Bull for the stage robberies, but Diana warns him in time. Bull discovers there are papers that will prove Diana's claim to the property, and that Lillian has seduced Colby to obtain his help. Bull actually does rob the stage, simply to obtain the papers supporting Diana. Diana recognizes him at the robbery, and is devastated because she is starting to have feelings for him. She orders the Wainwrights, Lillian and Corson off the property, and fires Colby.

Bull has the Mexican Gregorio deliver the important papers to Diana, showing that Lillian is not related to John and thus not entitled to the property. The villains try to take over the ranch. Bull catches Colby robbing the bullion stage, and has him watched in town, but he is released by the sheriff and his friends. Colby kidnaps Diana and heads for Mexico. He claims to be rescuing her, but she knows that she does not love him. Bull follows her doggedly, and eventually rescues her. They return to town, stop the illegal title transfers and announce their impending marriage.

Copyright

The copyright for this story expired in Australia before the American copyright did and it thus entered the public domain earlier there; the text is available via Project Gutenberg Australia. The story entered the public domain in the United States on January 1, 2021.

Comic strip adaptation

Al Martin Napoletano made a comic strip adaptation of The Bandit of Hell's Bend for The Jasoomian.

Footnotes

External links
ERBzine.com C.H.A.S.E.R ENCYCLOPEDIA Entry for THE BANDIT OF HELL'S BEND
Tarzan.com

Text of the novel at Project Gutenberg Australia
Edgar Rice Burroughs Summary Project page for The Bandit of Hell's Bend

1924 American novels
Novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs
Western (genre) novels
Works originally published in Argosy (magazine)
Southwestern United States in fiction
Novels adapted into comics
A. C. McClurg books

The Bandit of Hell's Bend


Buffington is an unincorporated community in Cherokee County, Georgia, United States.  It began as the location of Fort Buffington, one of the Cherokee Removal Forts used to contain the Cherokee before the beginning of the Trail of Tears in 1838.  After this time, Fort Buffington was either dismantled or fell into ruin, and only a state historical marker along State Route 20 stands to identify its former site. Today, Buffington is transforming from a rural to suburban community.

References

Unincorporated communities in Cherokee County, Georgia
Unincorporated communities in Georgia (U.S. state)

Buffington, Georgia


Urban Indians are American Indians and Canadian First Nations peoples who live in urban areas. Urban Indians represent a growing proportion of the Native population in the United States. The National Urban Indian Family Coalition (NUIFC) considers the term to apply to "individuals of American Indian and Alaska Native ancestry who may or may not have direct and/or active ties with a particular tribe, but who identify with and are at least somewhat active in the Native community in their urban area."

As defined by NUIFC, urban Indians may variously be permanent residents including long term residents, forced residents, or medium and short term visitors. Long-term residents are those who have been in a city for multiple generations. Some are descendants of the people who traditionally owned land that has been developed as an urban center. Forced residents are those who were forced to relocate to urban centers by government policy or by the need to access specialized health or other services. Medium and short-term visitors are in a city to visit family or friends, to pursue an education, etc. The term "forced residents" is a contested term.

Urban Indian populations are largely concentrated in cities in the Western United States and parts of the Midwest, with a few exceptions. Major U.S. cities with large Native American populations include Los Angeles, Tulsa, Oklahoma City, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, Anchorage, Seattle, Portland, Tucson, Albuquerque, and Minneapolis. Canadian cities with large First Nations populations, most of which are in the Prairie Provinces and Northern Canada, include Winnipeg, Edmonton, Calgary, Saskatoon, Regina, and Thunder Bay.

Brief history of the urbanization of Native Americans

The number of American Indians living in urban settings accelerated in the 1950s and 1960s because of the Indian termination policy of that era, which encouraged Native people to leave their reservations. During that period, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) also developed a "relocation" program that encouraged American Indians to move to urban areas.  While Native people were not "forced" to move, the BIA has been criticized for promoting unduly optimistic portrayals of life in urban areas.  Many Native people were simply unprepared for the challenges of city life, they often encountered discrimination and had difficulty getting jobs and housing, and many returned to their reservations. The program was abolished in the 1970s.  Since that era, however, many American Indians have moved to urban areas by their own choice and without any assistance from the BIA. The 2000 US Census indicated that 67% of Native Americans lived in urban areas, and by the 2010 Census the percentage of urban Native people had grown to 71%.

Much of the scholarly literature of the 1970s and 1980s focused on the great hardships that Native Americans encountered in urban areas, and especially the failure and abuses of the BIA's Relocation Program.  But, more recent scholarship has demonstrated that Native people were resourceful and able to adapt to the demands of urban living just as poor European immigrants had done in the 19th century.  This scholarship is represented by Douglas K. Miller's Indians on the Move, James LaGrand's Indian Metropolis, Joan Weibel-Orlando's Indian Country, L.A., and Shawnee-Sac and Fox-Seminole-Muscogee Creek scholar Donald Fixico's Urban Indian Experience in America.  Regarding prior negative stereotypes about adjustment, Native scholar Fixico has stated,
"This downtrodden image does not accurately portray urban Indians, particularly in the 1990s when at least three generations have survived the relocation years of the 1950s and 1960s.  The early image misrepresents the urban Indian population to an unfortunate degree, since many Indian citizens in cities hold professional positions and are members of the middle class in America." (p. 27).

Charles Wilkinson, a legal scholar and author of Blood Struggle, has stated:
"Relocation fell into disfavor because of the coercion and ineffectiveness, but one bright light began to shine years later.  Although relocation provided few benefits to the people it directly served, many of their children, having grown up in the cities, helped build the Indian professional middle class, which played a central role in revitalizing Indian life in the latter part of the twentieth century." (p. 85)

Wilma Mankiller, former Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, is a good example of the Indian professional middle class raised in an urban area.  Mankiller relocated with her parents in the 1950s to the San Francisco Bay Area.  She states in her autobiography, "We were not forced to do anything . . . our poverty had prompted the move.  In 1955, my father first started talking to the Bureau of Indian Affairs officials about the various forms of assistance for Cherokees.  Relocation was a possibility." (p. 68-69)   Relocation was difficult for the young Wilma, but she later attended San Francisco State College and learned techniques of community organization in the political climate of the Bay Area in the 1970s.  She took these skills back to the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma and has assisted with revitalization there.

Anthropologist James Clifford has argued that, although many Native Americans and other Indigenous peoples live in urban settings away from their ancestral homelands, this does not necessarily mean that their connection to those lands are severed. He points out that many Native Americans travel back and forth between cities and rural communities, and maintain active ties to their ancestral lands even while not occupying them full times. Clifford argues that this suggests that even for urban indigenous populations, the relations to ancestral homelands may be highly significant. This relation may take on a different meaning for them than for the people who inhabit their homelands continuously.

Future of Indian urbanization

Cherokee scholar Russell Thornton, a demographer and professor at UCLA, has pointed out that Native Americans tend to intermarry with non-Indians at an increasing rate.  He attributes this, partially, to the increased urbanization of the Native American population.  "Continued urbanization is likely not only to result in increased intermarriage as more and more Native Americans come in contact with non-Native peoples, but also to diminish further the identity of Native Americans as distinctive tribal peoples tied to specific geographical areas." Although there are issues facing urban Indigenous communities such as intergenerational expressions of violence against women or manifestations of marginalization in the form of substance abuse, urban Indigenous communities are not severed from their histories or cultures but rather finding new ways to revitalize what was lost and stand up to centuries of policies aimed at erasure.

Statistical measurements of health and quality of life

It is difficult to get a reliable number for the urban Indian population. In 1999, Kenneth Prewitt, director of the United States Census Bureau estimated that the US Census undercounted American Indians and Alaska Natives by just over 12 percent. The census relies on self-reporting of ethnic identity by those who respond, so there are also critics who believed that the indigenous American census numbers are inflated as more people claim Native American ancestry. Therefore, all numbers should be viewed with some caution.

The number of urban Indians is increasing. The 1970 census showed 62 percent of people who identified as American Indians or Alaska Natives living on Indian reservations or other Native lands; the 2000 census showed that number down to 39 percent. The highest concentration of Urban Indians is believed to be in Anchorage, Alaska, where over 10 percent of the population identify in the Census as having some Native ancestry, with 7.3 percent identifying that as their only ancestry.

Urban Indians suffer from many of the same health problems as Natives on reservations. Rates of prenatal care are lower than on reservations, and rates of infant mortality are higher. Compared to the general population, urban Indians have:
 38 percent higher rates of accidental deaths
 54 percent higher rates of diabetes
 126 percent higher rates of liver disease and cirrhosis
 178 percent higher rates of alcohol-related deaths.

Social indicators show a similar pattern.
 A poverty rate of 20.3 percent, compared to a general urban poverty rate of 12.7 percent.
 An unemployment rate 1.7 times higher than the general urban population.
 Homeownership less than 46 percent, compared to 62 percent for non-Indians.
 Their homes (owned or rented) are significantly more likely to lack plumbing facilities (1.8 times more likely than non-Indian urban residents), kitchen facilities (2 times more likely) and telephone service (more than 3 times more likely).
 1.7 times less likely to have a high school diploma than non-Indians.
 Three times more likely to be homeless than non-Indians.
 A higher rate of child abuse and neglect (5.7 cases per 1,000 children per year, vs. 4.2 for the total U.S. population).

See also
American Indian Center
History of Native Americans in Baltimore
Indian colony
Native American hip hop
There There, a 2018 novel about urban Indians in Oakland, California
Urban Māori
Urban Indian reserve

Notes

Further reading
 National Urban Indian Family Coalition (NUIFC), Urban Indian America: The Status of American Indian and Alaska Native Children and Families Today, The Annie E. Casey Foundation; National Urban Indian Family Coalition; Marguerite Casey Foundation; Americans for Indian Opportunity; National Indian Child Welfare Association, 2008. Online at http://www.aecf.org/KnowledgeCenter/Publications.aspx?pubguid={CCB6DEB2-007E-416A-A0B2-D15954B48600}, click to view PDF. Accessed online 2009-04-29. Footnotes above use the page numbers from the original document, which are consistently one greater than in the PDF.
Douglas K. Miller, Indians on the Move: Native American Mobility and Urbanization in the Twentieth Century (2019)
James LaGrand, Indian Metropolis: Native Americans in Chicago, 1945-75 (2002)
Joan Weibel-Orlando, Indian Country, LA (1991)
Donald Fixico, Urban Indian Experience in America (1991)

Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America

Native American topics
Urban culture
Urbanization

Urban Indian