Walter J. Travis (January 10, 1862 – July 31, 1927) was an American amateur golfer during the early 1900s.  He was also a noted golf journalist and publisher, an innovator in all aspects of golf, a teacher, and golf course architect.

Golfing career
Travis was born in Maldon, Australia. He arrived in New York City in 1886 as a 23-year-old representative of the Australian-based McLean Brothers and Rigg exporters of hardware and construction products. Travis married Anne Bent of Middleton, Connecticut, on January 9, 1890, and later that year, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.  Shortly after their wedding, Travis and his wife  moved into their new home in Flushing, New York, where they would live until their move to Garden City, on Long Island, in 1900.

In 1896, while traveling in England, Travis learned that his Niantic Club friends of Flushing, New York, were intent on creating a new golf club.  He was scornful of the idea but, wishing to keep up with his friends, he purchased a set of golf clubs to take with him on his return to the United States.  As he said, "I first knelt at the shrine of the Goddess of Golf" in October 1896 on the Oakland links, just three months before his 35th birthday.  Within a month of hitting his first golf shot, Travis earned his first trophy by winning the Oakland Golf Club handicap competition.  Travis became, in his words, "an infatuated devotee" of the game.  He dedicated himself to the study of instructional books written by Horace Hutchinson, Willie Park, Jr., and others.  He practiced relentlessly.  Within a year, Travis won the Oakland Golf Club championship with a score of 82.

In 1898, Travis entered his first U.S. Amateur and lost to Findlay S. Douglas in the semi-final match.  By this time, he had caught the attention and respect of fellow competitors and, because of his late start in the game, Travis was respectfully referred to as "The Old Man" or "The Grand Old Man".  Driven by his intense and compulsive dedication to the game, Travis was soon the country's top amateur golfer, winning the U.S. Amateur in 1900, 1901, and 1903.  In 1904, he became the first player from America to win the British Amateur, a feat that would not be duplicated for another 22 years even with "wholesale assaults and single attempts to duplicate" his feat by great amateur golfers such as Jerome Travers, Francis Ouimet, and Bobby Jones. The news of Travis's British victory sparked a surge of interest in the game of golf throughout the United States.

In 1904, champion British golfer Harold Hilton described Travis: "In style, the American champion is essentially what may be termed a made golfer, for his is a style which by the wildest stretch of imagination could not be called ornate. Still, it boasts useful attributes; it is business-like and determined, and is one in which no energy is wasted. Like all golfers who really scored a success at the game, he keeps the right elbow well in to the right side, holding the hands very low, like Messrs. Hutchings, Fry and G. F. Smith—three of the best examples of golfers who have risen to eminence while lacking the advantage of playing the game in their youth. The swing of the club is not long—in fact, it might be termed a three-quarter swing—but it is sufficient to get a free action with the wrist, and although Mr. Travis does not obtain an abnormal carry, he nevertheless gets a long roll on the ball, and against the wind in particular he is beyond the average as a driver, especially as he appears to have mastered the art of the scientific hooking."

Among his other major victories as an amateur golfer were the following:  Three North and South Amateurs at Pinehurst, and four Metropolitan Golf Association Championships. When Travis won his fourth MGA Championship, in 1915, at the age of 53, he beat 28-year-old Jerome Travers in the final match.  Just the year before, Travers had eliminated Travis in the semi-finals of the U.S. Amateur.  With declining health diminishing his skills, Travis announced his retirement from competitive golf in 1916.

Overall, "Travis competed in 17 consecutive U.S. Amateurs from 1898 to 1914, compiling a 45-14 record, earning medalist honors three consecutive years (1900-02), and losing to the eventual champion on five occasions.  He competed in six U.S. Opens between 1902 and 1912 and was low amateur five times and tied for third low amateur the other." Travis placed second in the 1902 U.S. Open Championship.

In the January 28, 1922 issue of The American Golfer, the following response was given to a query about "How many tournaments Mr. Travis has won, counting in every variety?":

"Our opinion is that Mr. Travis has won more low gross, low net and open tourneys than any other living golfer.  He was practically unbeatable for a stretch of six years from 1898 to 1904 during which time he played in double or triple the number of events entered by either John Ball or Chick Evans.  A guess at the number of his trophies would place it over five hundred and perhaps nearer to a thousand.  In 1901, Travis was national champion and in 1915 he was again the Metropolitan champion.  His southern victories were numerous."

In a 1927 Golf Illustrated article, titled "The Figures Prove It", author John Kofoed offered the following match-play records of noted amateur players in major events:

(Source):

 "% Won" figures added to the Kofoed data.

Tournament wins
"This list does not include Travis's countless victories in noted club invitationals or championships, such as his 9 wins in the Garden City Golf Club's Spring Invitational that is now known as the Travis Memorial, nor his countless victories at Lakewood CC's Spring and Fall tourneys that attracted a large field of golfers from the metropolitan area.
1900 U.S. Amateur, Metropolitan Amateur
1901 U.S. Amateur
1902 Metropolitan Amateur
1903 U.S. Amateur
1904 The Amateur Championship, North and South Amateur
1906 South Florida Open
1909 Metropolitan Amateur
1910 North and South Amateur
1911  North and South Amateur
1912 North and South Amateur
1913  North and South Amateur
1913 Cuban Amateur
1913  South Florida Open  Low Amateur
1914 Cuban Amateur
1914 South Florida Open  Low Amateur
1914   Metropolitan Amateur
1915 Southern Florida Low Amateur
1916 Southern Florida Low Amateur

Major championships

Amateur wins (4)

Results timeline
Travis did not play in the Masters Tournament (not founded until 1934) or the PGA Championship (professionals only).

M = Medalist
LA = Low amateur
DNP = Did not play
WD = Withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place
R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in match play
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10

Sources: U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur, 1904 Open Championship, 1904 Amateur Championship

Contributions to golf

Travis was a prolific writer who wrote extensively on a variety of golf topics, and was published in the leading sports magazines of the time.  His first book, Practical Golf, published in 1901, received rave reviews from The New York Times (6/14/1901) for its depth, thoroughness, and clarity as a reference book. Practical Golf dealt with a variety of topics, including golfing techniques, golf equipment, construction of golf courses, the design and placement of hazards, rules of golf, and conduct of golf competitions.  His chapter on "Handicapping" was first published in the July 1901 issue of Golf, and described as "the authoritative treatise on handicapping" of its era. A second book, The Art of Putting, was released in 1904.

In 1908, Travis founded and published The American Golfer magazine.  The American Golfer was widely regarded as the most influential golf magazine of its time.  Travis, and other authors, used it as an effective voice for their views.  Travis stayed at the helm of "The American Golfer" as editor until he turned it over to Grantland Rice in the spring of 1920, and severed his connection with the magazine by the end of 1920.

Travis was not hesitant about trying new equipment in his efforts to improve his game.  He was the first to win a major event using the Haskell rubber-cored golf ball—the 1901 U.S. Amateur.  As reported in the Travis biography, "The Old Man", Travis had "dabbled with predecessors of the Haskell ball, but kept his involvement under wraps until shortly before the tournament" and he "had developed a feel for this type of ball with practice and was not afraid to debut it at the championship".  As Labbance reports, "Travis's bold move had not only prompted a change in golf balls but a change in golf as well".  It sounded the death knell for the gutta-percha ball, created the need for inserts in the face of wooden clubs to prevent splitting, and soon led to calls for the lengthening of golf courses due to the longer shots made possible by the Haskell.

Travis was innovative in his approach to golf course design. In a Practical Golf chapter on hazards, Travis was critical of the ubiquitous and, to him, unappealing cross-bunkers that stretched all the way across the fairway at predictable intervals.  Rather, he argued for more strategically and visually appealing bunkers placed along the edges of fairways, stating, "Hazards arranged somewhat upon the lines indicated, rather than slavishly following the system adopted on the great majority of our courses, would, I think, make the game vastly more interesting, and more provocative of better golf all around."

Many other innovative steps were taken by Travis throughout his career.  His use of the Schenectady center-shafted putter in his British Amateur victory attracted considerable comment and controversy.  Some six years later, the Royal and Ancient would issue a ban on all mallet-headed putters, including the Schenectady.  Travis conducted careful experiments with varying lengths of driver shafts, often using a driver with a shaft as long as 50 inches in his search for greater distance off the tee.  At his home course, Garden City Golf Club, Travis installed smaller sized cups on the practice green to help hone the accuracy of his putting.

Though he was innovative with his equipment, and practiced incessantly, Travis disdained the notion of physical training after his first trial of abstaining from smoking and drinking during an 1897 tournament.  He reported that he "putted like a baby", and would never again depart from his usual habits.

Throughout his career as a journalist, Travis produced numerous comprehensive and detailed golf instructional essays.  Given the reputation he earned as an outstanding putter, it was natural that many of his articles dealt with his well-proven principles of putting.  In one of his earliest articles, Travis wrote "The sum of it all is, that my experience shows conclusively that the really good putter is largely born, not made, and is inherently endowed with a good eye and a tactile delicacy of grip which are denied the ordinary run of mortals.  At the same time, less favored players may, by the adoption of methods which stood the test of actual experience, materially improve their game." His effectiveness as an instructor was demonstrated in the following example:

In 1916, while observing a 14-year-old Bobby Jones, Travis is reported to have commented that Jones' putting methods were "faulty".  There are accounts that suggest that young Jones held Travis in high esteem and eagerly agreed to meet Travis the following morning at 8 am for a putting lesson.  Unfortunately, Jones and his party awoke late and were over an hour behind schedule.  When they arrived, Travis had left. The lesson did not occur until years later, when Travis suggested a change in Jones's grip, altered his stance and recommended a longer and more sweeping stroke. A key point was to try to "drive an imaginary tack into the back of the ball".  There are some who have expressed the opinion that the Travis putting lesson helped Jones to become one of the great putters of all time.

The Schenectady Putter
The Schenectady Putter and Walter Travis will be linked together forever in the history of golf.  The Schenectady Putter was invented by Arthur F. Knight, a General Electric engineer, who created a model reflecting his ideas in the summer of 1902 at his home course, Mohawk Golf Club in Schenectady, NY.  It is noteworthy that Devereux Emmet, the designer of Mohawk Golf Club, was the first golfer of note to be shown Mr. Knight's new aluminum putter while he was visiting Mohawk.  Emmet asked to take the putter with him back to his home course, Garden City Golf Club, where he proposed to "play with it, show it at Garden City and at Myopia and will then send it back to you". It is reported that "A day or two later Mr. Knight received a telegram from Mr. W. J. Travis ordering a putter like Mr. Emmet's, and one was hurriedly made and forwarded". Later, a second putter was sent to Travis which was declared "the best putter I have ever used."  Travis used this putter to finish second in the U.S. Open Championship held at Garden City Golf Club.  "Within a week thereafter, Mr. Knight received over one hundred letters from prominent golfers asking for a putter like Mr. Travis's".  Knight was not prepared for such a response and was particularly concerned about what to call it.  It is reported that he was "anxious to call it the 'Travis' putter'."  He arranged a meeting with Mr. Emmet and Mr. Travis.  Emmet had consistently referred to it as the "Schenectady Putter" and Travis agreed that Schenectady would be "a more suitable and lasting name for the putter than his own, in which view Mr. Knight rather reluctantly concurred."  After his initial success with the Schenectady Putter in 1902, Travis used the putter to win the 1903 U.S. Amateur and then, of course, the 1904 British Amateur.  The putter became an instant commercial success.

Schenectady putters, marked "Patent Applied For", were produced prior to its patent on March 24, 1903. The Schenectady Putter was among the "centered-shafted, mallet-headed implements" that were banned by Royal and Ancient Golf Club Committee on the Rules of golf in 1910, in response to a request from a golf club in New Zealand.  The R&A's ban included the Schenectady Putter.  There is no evidence that Travis's use of the Schenectady to win the 1904 British Amateur contributed to this controversial ruling, though the myth persists.  The ruling became controversial because, for the first time, an R&A ruling was not wholly adopted by the United States Golf Association.  The USGA agreed with the banning of mallet-headed clubs but ruled that the Schenectady Putter, and other center-shafted putters did not fall within this category.  The R&A ban on center-shafted putters was finally removed in 1951.

Long after he had retired from active competition, Travis agreed to a match with an old opponent, Findlay S. Douglas, to support the war effort of the Red Cross.  The match was held at Garden City Golf Club.  Following the match, Travis donated his Schenectady Putter to the Red Cross fund-raising auction.  A member of Garden City Golf Club, Lewis Lapham, had the winning bid of $1,700 and immediately donated the Schenectady to Garden City Golf Club where it would remain for the next 34 years.  In 1952, it was taken from the club, and never returned.

Golf course design

Travis became a student of the layout and design features of golf courses early in his golfing career as the result of trips to Great Britain.  In late 1901, Travis wrote an article, published in the Bulletin of the USGA, titled, "Impressions of British Golf".  He observed that in "England and Scotland ... you have golf—golf in its best and highest form".  He referred to the "radical difference in their physical configurations in relation to our courses."  He was impressed with the lack of trees, the number and placement of bunkers, the natural undulations of the greens, and the quality of turf. In a later article, Travis presented his ideas for the design of a "first class" golf course. In this article, Travis emphasized the importance of soil that provides natural drainage, land that is more or less undulating—neither flat nor hilly ... but a judicious blending of the two extremes and trees of any kind are non-existent—as they should be, and holes should be so laid out as to provide for the playing of every conceivable sort of stroke, with every club in one's bag.  He noted, diversity of play should be the aim of the architect of a first-class course.

Some have characterized Travis as a "penal designer".  However, a careful study of his writings leads to the conclusion that he was a firm believer in "thinking" and "strategic" golf; with the golfer given opportunities to avoid difficulty with well-considered and executed shots.

Travis's first project as a golf course architect was his collaboration with John Duncan Dunn in the 1899 design of Ekwanok Country Club in Vermont. However, much of Travis's early acclaim and notoriety as a golf course designer may be traced to his extensive remodeling of the Garden City Golf Club's Devereux Emmet course, that was unveiled when Garden City Golf Club hosted the 1908 U.S. Amateur Championship.  In all, nearly 50 golf courses bear his mark, either as an original design, or as a remodeling project. Other Travis-designed courses that still exist include:  Camden Country Club, Cape Arundel Golf Club, Country Club of Scranton,  Country Club of Troy, Cherry Hill Club, Garden City Country Club, East Potomac Golf Links, Granliden on Sunapee (9 holes), Jekyll Island Golf Club (Great Dunes), Lochmoor Club (assisted John Sweeney), Lookout Point Country Club, North Jersey Country Club, Onondaga Golf and Country Club, Orchard Park Country Club, Pennhills Club, Round Hill Club, Stafford Country Club, The Golf Club at Equinox, Westchester Country Club (West, South and Short courses), White Beeches Golf & Country Club, and Yahnundasis Golf Club.

Noted courses that were extensively redesigned by Travis include: Canoe Brook Country Club (North Course), Columbia Country Club (with Harban and White),  Grand Mere Golf Club in Quebec, Country Club of Buffalo (now Grover Cleveland Golf Course), Sunningdale Country Club, Lakewood Country Club, Country Club of New Canaan, Louisville Country Club, Poland Spring Golf Club, Stamford Golf club, and Westchester Hills Golf Club.  Through consultations, he influenced the design of:  Pinehurst No. 2, National Golf Links of America, Pine Valley Golf Club, and Cobbs Creek Muni. Through Travis's consultations with the original designers, several noted courses reflect his influence, including Pine Valley Golf Club, National Golf Links of America, and Pinehurst No. 2.  Following his restoration of Hollywood Golf Club in 2021, golf architect Brian Schneider presented Walter Travis design elements in this interview.

Travis could lay claim to being the first "U.S. Open Doctor" with his remodeling of the Country Club of Buffalo and Columbia Country Club courses just prior to their hosting the U.S. Open in 1912 and 1921, respectively. Travis remained active as a designer to the end, making a last visit to inspect the construction of his course at the Country Club of Troy a month before his death on July 31, 1927.

Death and legacy
Travis died in Denver, Colorado on July 31, 1927. His induction into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1979 was in recognition of his legacy as the first three-time champion in the U.S. Amateur Championship and the first non-Brit to win the British Amateur Championship. His willingness to experiment led to landmark changes in the landscape of golf equipment, especially his use of the Haskell golf ball to win the 1901 U.S. Amateur Championship.  His most enduring legacy may be the many premier golf courses he designed or remodelled throughout his career.   Four Travis-designed or redesigned courses are regularly included in Golfweek's rankings of  America's top 100 "Classic" courses:  Country Club of Scranton, Ekwanok Country Club (assisted John Duncan Dunn), Westchester Country Club's West course, Hollywood Golf Club (redesigned Mackie's work), and Garden City Golf Club (remodeled Emmet's work).

In 2019, Travis was inducted into the New York State Golf Association's Hall of Fame.

In 1999, Golf World magazine ranked Travis second in its Top Ten List of Underrated Golf Course Architects''.

References

External links

The Walter J. Travis Society

Australian male golfers
American male golfers
Amateur golfers
Golf course architects
World Golf Hall of Fame inductees
Golfers from New York (state)
Emigrants from the British Empire to the United States
People from Maldon, Victoria
1862 births
1927 deaths
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)

Walter Travis


The place of birth is the place where a person was born. This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Sometimes a person's place of birth decides the ethnicity of the person.

Human geography
Migration
Identification documents

Place of birth


The nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) is a small bird. It used to be put in the thrush family Turdidae. Now it is put on the Old World flycatchers, a group often called the chats or chat-thrushes. Its resemblance to thrushes is an example of convergent evolution.

It is a migratory insectivorous species. It breeds in forests and scrubs in Europe and south-west Asia. The distribution is more southerly than the very closely related thrush nightingale Luscinia luscinia. It nests on the ground in or next to dense bushes. It passes the winter southern Africa. Studies have shown that nightingales seem to choose places to breed that meet certain criteria (Wink 1973):
 less than 200 meters above mean sea level
 mean air temperature during the growing season above 14 °C
 more than 20 days/year on which temperatures are above 25 °C
 less than 750mm of rain per year.
 no closed canopy.

The Nightingale is slightly larger than the robin, at around 15-16.5 cm length. It is plain brown above except for the reddish tail. It is buff to white below. Sexes are similar.

Nightingales are named so because they frequently sing at night as well as during the day. The name has been used for well over 1,000 years, being highly recognizable even in its Anglo-Saxon form - 'nihtingale'. It means 'night songstress'. Early writers assumed the female sang; in fact, it is the male.

The song is loud, with an impressive range of whistles, trills and gurgles.  Its song is particularly noticeable at night because few other birds are singing.  This is why its name (in several languages) includes "night".  Only unpaired males sing regularly at night, and nocturnal song is likely to serve attracting a mate.  Singing at dawn, during the hour before sunrise, is assumed to be important in defending the bird's territory.  Nightingales sing even more loudly in urban or near-urban environments, in order to overcome the background noise.  The most characteristic feature of the song is a loud whistling crescendo, absent from the song of thrush nightingale. It has a frog-like alarm call.

Culture
 A Provençal folk song, The Nightingale Which Flies, inspired Tchaikovsky when composing his Humoresque opus 10-2.

References
  Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

 Wink, Michael (1973): Die Verbreitung der Nachtigall (Luscinia megarhynchos) im Rheinland. Charadrius 9(2/3): 65-80. [Article in German] PDF fulltext

Other websites

 Internet Bird Collection: Nightingale videos. Retrieved 2006-DEC-09.

 The Freesound Project: High-quality Nightingale sound file  (requires free account to download). Retrieved 2006-DEC-09.

 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (British)- Nightingale . Retrieved 2007-JUN-11.

 Rose and nightingale in Persian art   and in Persian literature

 Nightingale song and behavioural ecology
Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta

Passeri
Birds of Europe
Birds of Asia
Birds of Africa
National symbols of Croatia
National symbols of Iran

Nightingale


enDreaming of You is the sixth and final studio album and second posthumous album by Mexican American Tejano pop singer Selena, released on July 18, 1995, by EMI Records and EMI Latin. The album was re-released on September 24, 2002, as part of the 20 Years of Music Collection series, with extra tracks, music videos, and spoken liner noteTo You" were released as promotional singles. "I'm Getting Used To You" peaked at number twenty-three on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. "Tú Sólo Tú" peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Tracks and Regional Mexican Songs charts.

==

Dreaming of You


The Nikon Coolpix 995 was announced on April 25, 2001 to supersede the Coolpix 990 in the Nikon Coolpix series. Similar in appearance to the 990, changes include a switch to a high-impact plastic case for the lens half of the swivel body, a pop-up flash to reduce red-eye by moving the bulb away from the lens, an increase in zoom capability to 4x, CompactFlash Type II compatibility and use of the EN-EL1 rechargeable Li-Ion battery in place of the previous four AA batteries.

The Coolpix 9xx series of cameras is noteworthy for the swivel style body.  This allowed the user to rotate the lens with respect to the LCD screen and controls providing comfortable viewing in a wide range of shooting positions.  The swivel body also allowed a physically much larger lens to be packaged into the camera with a wide telephoto range and exceptional macro capabilities.  The internal lens does not use a pop out design and a fixed 28mm threaded lens mounting ring was included at the front.  The diameter of the mounting ring happens to coincide with that of most clinical microscopes, resulting in the 9xx series becoming popular for hand-held eyepiece-projection photomicrography. This mounting ring is present on the entire series, making them system cameras; a set of intercompatible telephoto, wide-angle, and fish-eye converters were available, and worked on any of the 9xx cameras.

The Coolpix 9xx cameras were widely considered among the best cameras in their price range. Photographic quality was considered excellent with some minor lens distortions and chromatic aberration. Downsides of the Coolpix 995 included a concern about the robustness of the CF compartment door.

The Coolpix 995 was later superseded by the Coolpix 4500, then by the Coolpix S4, with a 6 megapixel sensor, more point-and-shoot type photography features and less manual modes, among other changes, and the Coolpix s10, with more advanced features such as vibration reduction and a lithium ion battery.

See also

 Nikon Coolpix 950
 Nikon 4500
 Nikon Coolpix S4

References

External links
Nikon Coolpix 995 on Porter Electronics (Website where they are still available)

995
Cameras introduced in 2001
Digital cameras with CCD image sensor

Nikon Coolpix 995


Relative humidity is a way of describing how much humidity is present in the air, compared to how much there could be. Meteorologists often use the relative humidity as a measurement to describe the weather at various places.

When the temperature is warm, more water vapor can be in the air than when it is cold. If the actual amount of vapor is compared to the total amount there could be as a fraction, then the number tells if the air feels dry or moist. The value is usually written in percent, where 0% means that the air is totally dry, and 100% means that it is so moist that mist or dew is about to form.

When the temperature is lowered to the dew point, relative humidity become 100% and the water vapor  condenses, making precipitation as dew, rain or snow (etc.).

Weather measurements
Meteorology

Relative humidity


Manuela Saenz was born in Quito, Ecuador. She  was born  in 1797. She was born during the Spanish colonial  rule.  Manuela Saenz's nickname was Manuelita. She had an affair with a military officer. She left her husband in 1822. She is known as a war hero because she helped a lot of countries be independent from the Spanish rule. Manuela Saenz died in Paita, Peru, She died in the year 1856. Manuela Saenz body was put into a communal grave, She died  of a diphtheria epidemic. It was her price for being in love and working  with Simon Bolivar. Saenz's remains have been carried through Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. Governments across the world have removed Manuela Saenz's remains as a symbol, They also are having ceremonies to honor her and her help to many countries.

Manuela Saenz and Simon Bolivar's relationship
Saenz was called "la libertadora del libertador" because she saved Simon Bolivar's life twice, Manuela Saenz  followed Simon bolivar on his campaigns and saved his life, she let him escape out the window. Manuela is quoted to have said "Go ahead, cowards, kill me! Kill a woman!" when she was making time so Simon could escape.

In May 1822 Manuela joined Simon Bolivar and his soldiers on the battlefield. Manuela Saenz joined Simon Bolivar to liberate South America. Manuela is known as the mistress of Simon Bolivar.

Bolivar had a fever and only Saenz had read to Bolivar when he was sick with a  fever, Simon Bolivar died. Saenz attempted to kill herself with a snake after Bolivar died, Saenz thought that no matter if Simon Bolivar died, his influence would never die because he gave so many people freedom. After Simon died she became a shopkeeper, Simon Bolivar had many lovers but it was only Saenz who he took with him into the most dangerous marches of the wars of independence in Latin America.

Manuela Saenz fighting for other countries' rights
Manuela went through inequality in her childhood and she wanted independence and a change. She was fighting battles in the 1820's. She wore men's clothes and a mustache from a dead Spanish soldier. Manuela Saenz acted like a nurse on the battlefield at Ayacucho,Ecuador. When the rebels won she earned a rank of lieutenant.

She worked as an officer, military hero, and spy in the 1800s she also acted as a nurse and a combatant spy expert, army general, mistress and protector of South America. When she was 26 she ran away from a convent and became a spy in Peru in the year 1822. After Simon Bolivar died his enemies send Manuela out of Colombia and send her to Peru. She Continued her political activity in Peru. People believed that women should not be involved in politics so it was easier for them to be smugglers and spies. When she was trying to get people's attention she sent letters to people of power. She was exiled because she was accused of trying to overthrow the government. In her letters she shows that women wanted to become involved with politics.

References

1797 births
1856 deaths
Politicians from Quito
Feminists
History of Colombia
History of Ecuador
19th century in South America
Peruvian politicians
Deaths from diphtheria

Manuela Saenz


Ernest Ansermet (born Vevey, Switzerland, 11 November 1883; died 20 February 1969) was a Swiss conductor.

Life
Ansermet was born in Vevey, Switzerland.  He started his career as a professor of mathematics at the University of Lausanne.  He soon became more interested in conducting.  He spent a year in Berlin to learn something from Arthur Nikisch and Felix Weingartner.  In 1912 he began conducting at the Casino in Montreux. From 1915 to 1923 was the conductor for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.  He travelled with them to France where he met  Debussy and Ravel.  He talked to them about how they wanted their works to be played. During World War I, he met Stravinsky, who was exiled in Switzerland.  This made him very interested in Russian music.

In 1918, Ansermet started an orchestra of his own, the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande (OSR).  He remained conductor of this orchestra until he retired in 1966.  He made this into an internationally famous orchestra.  They travelled to many countries in Europe and America.  They gave first performances of many modern works.  After World War II they made many recordings for Decca Records.

Ansermet was largely self-taught.  His conducting was very different from that of many of the other famous conductors of the time such as Pierre Monteux, Wilhelm Furtwängler and Otto Klemperer.  He did not like the way that Stravinsky kept making changes to his works.  He conducted works by Arthur Honegger and Frank Martin, but did not like serial music such as that of Arnold Schoenberg.

He died in Geneva on 20 February 1969.

References
Groves Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed Stanley Sadie, 1980;

1883 births
1969 deaths
Conductors

Ernest Ansermet


The Line of Control (LOC) is the line that marks where the region of Kashmir is divided. The land on one side of the line is controlled by India, and the land on the other side is controlled by Pakistan. It is not a legal international border, but is the effective boundary between the two countries. India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir between 1947 and 1948. The line originally marked the military front when the two countries declared a ceasefire on 1/2 January 1949. The fronts gradually became a solid boundary. It was formally named the Line of Control after the Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972.

All of Kashmir was previously the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. The part of the region that is now under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The two parts that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The Line of Control is  long.

Another cease-fire line separates the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area of Aksai Chin. This is further to the east and is called the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Although the other side is controlled by India, China regards this line as part of its border with Pakistan. China and Pakistan have agreed on a border, but India has not.

Fencing
India has built a fence along its side of the Line of Control. It is currently  long. It only runs part of the length of the line, the rest of the Line of Control is too inaccessible for construction of a barrier. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. Pakistan has objected to the construction of the barrier, saying it violates both bilateral accords and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions on the region.

Related pages
 Wagah
 Indo-Bangladeshi barrier
 Line of Actual Control
 Kashmir conflict
 Wakhan
 Border dispute

References

Kashmir
Territorial disputes of India
Territorial disputes of Pakistan
Defensive walls

Line of Control


American English or US English is the dialect of the English language spoken in the United States of America. It is different in some ways from other types of English, such as British English. Most types of American English came from local dialects in England. During the 18th and 19th centuries, pronunciation changed less in America than in England.

Use
Many people today know about American English even if they live in a country where another type of English is spoken. They hear and read American English through the media, for example movies, television, and the Internet, where the most common form of English is American English.

Because people all over the world use the English language, it gets many new words. English has been changing in this way for hundreds of years. For example, the many millions who speak Indian English frequently add American English words to go along with its British English base and many other words from the various Indian languages.

Sometimes people learn American English as it is spoken in the US. For example, in telephone call centers in India and other places, people often learn American English to sound more like their customers who call from the US. These people often keep using American English in everyday life.

Spelling

There are many words that sound the same in both American and British English but have different spellings. British English often keeps more traditional ways of spelling words than American English.

Vocabulary
There are also some words in American English that are a bit different from British English, e.g.:
 aeroplane is called "airplane"
 ladybird is called "ladybug"
 lift is called "elevator"
 toilet is called "bathroom", "restroom" or "comfort station"
 lorry is called "truck"
 nappies are called "diapers"
 petrol is called "gas" (or "gasoline")
 the boot of a car is called a "trunk"
 a dummy is called a "pacifier"
 trousers are called "pants"
 underground is called "subway"
 football is called "soccer"
 braces are "suspenders" ("suspenders" in British-English are a type of clothing worn around the lower leg to stop socks/sox from sagging, or around the upper leg by people wearing stockings)

Regional accents
General American English is the kind most spoken in mass media. It more vigorously pronounces the letter "R" than some other kinds do. "R-dropping" is frequent in certain places where "r" sound is not pronounced after a vowel. For example as in the words "car" and "card" sounding like "cah" and "cahd". This occurs in the Boston area.
Some regional accents of American English include

Appalachian English - This is the stereotypical hillbilly accent. This accent is completely rhotic and can even have phantom Rs (in words they don't belong)

General Southern - This is a range of accents which tend to be rhotic or semi-rhotic, have glide deletion (in which I is converted to broad A)

Tidewater English - A non-rhotic (r-dropping) southern variety that also has a "Scottish" or "Canadian" raising of the "ow" diphthong in words like "house" "about" "brown", etc.

Charleston and Savannah English - Almost extinct accents that are non-rhotic

Boston English (also east New England English) - This is the most famous non-rhotic American accent and what most other non-rhotic American varieties often get compared to. Other Bostonian features include limited Canadian raising of the "ow" diphthong (before voiceless consonants such as in words like "house" and "about").

New York City English - One of the most recognizable dialects in the US, NYC English is characterized by variable non-rhoticity or semi-rhoticity, a rounding of the long o sound ( making " coffee" and "thought" sound like "cawfee" and "thawt").

South Louisiana English - This group of non-rhotic accents can be heard in New Orleans and its surrounding areas and can be described as a combination between New York City English and Southern American English.

Northern Midwest English - The accents of this area tend to sound a lot like Canadian English.

Valley girl and surfer dude - This accent is common to southern California and has features like " vocal fry" (creaky voice), and "upturn" at the ends of sentences.

References

Other websites

 American English -Citizendium

American English


The spaghetti squash (Cucurbita pepo) is an oblong seed-bearing variety of winter squash. The fruit can range either from ivory to yellow or orange in color. The orange varieties have a higher carotene content. Its center contains many large seeds. Its flesh is bright yellow or orange. When raw, the flesh is solid and similar to other raw squash; when cooked, the flesh falls away from the fruit in ribbons or strands like spaghetti.

Nutrition
It is a superfood that contains lots of nutrients, including folic acid, potassium, vitamin A, and vitamin C, It is low in calories, averaging at least 42 calories per 1-cup (155 grams) serving.

Sources

Vegetables
Cucurbitaceae

Spaghetti squash


Lake Bronson State Park is a state park off of Kittson County Highway 28 East near Lake Bronson in the northwestern corner of Minnesota.

Geology
The park is now dominated by Lake Bronson, and represents a transition between prairie and forest which supports a variety of wildlife. Thousands of years ago the area was covered by Glacial Lake Agassiz. Lake Agassiz retreated in stages leaving gravel ridges along a generally flat terrain. Streams quietly cut through these ridges and the dam that created Lake Bronson is blocking one of these ridges along the South Branch of the Two Rivers.

History
Kittson County has no natural lakes, which is unusual for Minnesota.  In the early 1930s, during the Great Depression, Kittson County was going through a drought.  Local officials decided to build a reservoir on the South Branch of Two Rivers near the city of Bronson.  Supporters lobbied the state and federal government to fund the project, and in 1936, funding was finally made available.  By this time, the plan had evolved into a recreation area in addition to the reservoir.  Kittson County was lacking in recreation facilities, and officials realized that county residents and tourists would appreciate a park.

Construction of the reservoir started in April 1936 with crews from the Works Progress Administration.  It was difficult to find a stable bedrock foundation for the dam, so crews needed to squeeze water from the "quicksand" foundation.  Pumps were used to pull water from the quicksand while the dam was built.  Since the sand would get wet and soft again, the pumps were not a permanent solution.  Rather, the dam was designed with ten seepage pipes that drain into a drainage tunnel passing through the dam's three spillways.  The dam, completed in June 1937, created a  reservoir and was well received by local residents.

The land surrounding the new reservoir was designated a state park, and several fieldstone structures were built.  The most prominent of these was a  hexagonal stone water tower.  Other structures, such as an office, a garage, a picnic shelter, and bathing facilities followed.  In 1939, the city of Bronson renamed itself "Lake Bronson" to commemorate the new reservoir.

The park is now a prime recreational destination in northwest Minnesota, visited by tourists from North Dakota and southern Canada as well as Minnesotans. Fishing, swimming, canoeing, and water skiing are popular on the lake, and snowmobiling and cross-country skiing are enjoyed during the winter. The park was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Media References
The park is continually mentioned in David Robbins Endworld series of books, as it is the home of the Family (the main characters in the Series) known as The Home.

References

External links

Lake Bronson State Park website

1937 establishments in Minnesota
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1937
Protected areas of Kittson County, Minnesota
Rustic architecture in Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota
Works Progress Administration in Minnesota
Bronson
Bronson
National Register of Historic Places in Kittson County, Minnesota

Lake Bronson State Park


This is a list of cities and towns (and former towns) and villages in Pembrokeshire, Wales.

Most places in blue have their own article; those in red do not. Some (annotated (r)) are currently redirected to their parent parish (for which see GENUKI) or community (see list at the foot of this page) and may be sufficiently notable for their own article. Coordinates can usually be found in List of United Kingdom locations.

GENUKI also has a list of Pembrokeshire place names extracted from Lewis's 1833-44 A Topographical Dictionary of Wales, which link to further sources and historical information.

Some are stub articles that need expanding; for a list, see :Category:Pembrokeshire geography stubs.

For other principal areas in Wales, see List of places in Wales.

A
Abercych, Abereiddy, Abercastle, Albert Town(r), Ambleston, Amroth, Angle, Axton Hill(r)

B
Bateman's Hill(r), Bayvil, Begelly, Bentlass, Bethlehem(r), Blackpool, Blaenffos, Boncath, Bosherston, Boulston, Brawdy, Bridell, Brimaston(r), Brithdir Mawr, Broadfield, Broad Haven, Broadmoor(r), Broadway(r), Broom(r), Brynberian, Brynhenllan, Burton, Bwlchygroes

C
Caerfarchell, Caldey Island, Camp Hill, Camrose, Canaston Bridge, Capel Colman, Carew, Carew Cheriton, Carew Newton(r), Carnhedryn, Carreg-wen, Castellan, Castlebythe, Castlemartin, Castlemorris, Churchton, Cilgerran, Cilgwyn(r), Cilrhedyn, Clarbeston, Clarbeston Road(r), Clunderwen, Clydau, Coedcanlas, Cold Blow,  Cold Inn, Cosheston, Coxlake(r), Cresselly(r), Cresswell Quay(r), Crinow, Croes-goch, Cross Hands(r), Crosswell, Crymych, Crundale, Crunwere, Cuffern(r), Cwmcych, Cwm yr Eglwys, Cippyn(r)

D
Dale, Dinas Cross, Dreenhill(r), Druidston(r)

E
East Williamston, Eglwyswen, Eglwyswrw

F
Fachelich, Felindre Farchog, Fishguard, Flimston(r), Ford(r), Foxhall, Freystrop, Freshwater East, Freshwater West

G
Gelli, Glandwr, Glanrhyd(r), Glogue, Goodwick, Granston, Greenway, Gumfreston, Gwastad(r)

H
Hakin, Haroldston St. Issell's, Haroldston West, Hasguard, Haverfordwest, Hayscastle, Hazelbeach(r), Henry's Moat, Herbrandston, Hermon, Hill Mountain, Hodgeston, Hook, Houghton, Hubberston, Hundleton

J
Jameston, Jeffreyston, Johnston, Jordanston (Llanstadwell Community)(r), Jordanston (parish)

K
Keeston(r), Kilgetty, Kingheriot

L
Lambston(r), Lammas Ecovillage, Lampeter Velfrey, Lamphey, Lawrenny, Leonardston, Letterston, Liddeston, Little Haven, Little Hasguard(r), Little Honeyborough(r), Little Newcastle, Little Milford, Llanddewi Velfrey, Llandeilo Llwydarth, Llandeloy, Llandissilio, Llandruidion, Llanfair-Nant-Gwyn, Llanfair-Nant-y-Gôf, Llanfihangel Penbedw, Llanfyrnach,  Llangloffan(r), Llangolman, Llangwm, Llanhowell(r), Llanion, Llanllawer, Llanreath, Llanreithan, Llanrhian, Llanstadwell, Llanstinan, Llanteg, Llantood, Llanungar,  Llanwnda, Llanycefn(r), Llanychaer, Llanychlwydog, Llawhaden, Llys y Fran, Loveston(r), Ludchurch, Lydstep(r), Lydstep Haven

M
Maenclochog, Maiden Wells, Manorbier, Manorbier Newton, Manordeifi, Manorowen, Marloes, Martletwy, Mascle Bridge(r), Mathry, Meline, Merlin's Bridge, Middle Mill, Milford Haven, Millin Cross, Milton(r), Minwear, Molleston,  Monington, Monkton, Morvil, Mounton, Moylgrove, Mynachlog-ddu

N
Narberth, Nash, Newchapel, Nevern, New Hedges, New Moat, Newgale, Newport, Newton North(r), Newton Mountain, Neyland, Nine Wells, Nolton(r), Nolton Haven

P
 Panteg, Paran, Pembroke, Pembroke Dock, Pembroke Ferry, Penally, Penffordd, Pennar, Penparc, Penrydd, Pentlepoir, Pentre Galar, Pen-y-Bryn(r), Penycwm, Penygroes, Pleasant Valley, Pontfaen, Pontrhydyceirt, Pontyglasier, Port Lion, Porthclais, Portheiddy, Porthgain, Poyston Cross(r), Prendergast, Puncheston, Pwllcrochan, Pwllgwaelod

R
Ramsey Island, Redberth, Reynalton, Rhoscrowther, Rhoshill, Rhosson, Rhosycaerau, Robeston Wathen, Robeston West, Roch(r), Rogeston, Rosebush, Rosemarket, Rudbaxton

S
 Sageston(r), Sandy Haven, Saundersfoot, Sardis (Saundersfoot community), Sardis (Burton community), Scleddau, Simpson Cross, Slebech, Solva, South Dairy, Spittal, Square And Compass, St Brides, St David's, St Dogmaels, St Dogwells, St Edrins, St Elvis, St Florence, St Ishmael's, St Issells(r), St Nicholas, St Petrox, St Twynnells, Stackpole(r), Stackpole Estate,  Star, Stepaside, Steynton, Summerhill

T
Talbenny, Tavernspite, Tegryn, Templeton, Tenby, Thomas Chapel, Thornton, Tiers Cross, Trecadwgan, Trecwn, Trefasser, Treffgarne, Treffgarn Owen, Treffynnon, Trefin, Tremaenhir, Tremarchog, Troopers Inn, Tufton

U
Upton, Uzmaston

V
Vorlan

W
Wallis(r), Walton East, Walton West, Walwyn's Castle, Warren, Waterston, West Williamston(r), Whitchurch, Whitehill(r), Whitechurch, Wisemans Bridge, Wiston, Withybush(r), Wood, Wooden, Woodstock, Wind Mill Hill, Wolf's Castle, Wolfsdale(r)

Y
Yerbeston(r)

See also
List of places in Pembrokeshire (categorised)
List of United Kingdom locations

References

Pembrokeshire

List of places in Pembrokeshire


List of church architecture terms. The terms used in church architecture were developed first for the Gothic architecture  cathedrals of the mediaeval era. The terms, with variations, are used for all kinds of Christian churches.

Horizontal layout
Nave, where the congregation sits.
Aisles round the edges. The aisles may be quite grand, major features of the cathedral.
The transept makes the cross shape.
The crossing is where the transept crosses the nave.
The quire (choir) is the area between the nave and the 'sacred' area (the presbytery and sanctuary). The quire is separated from the nave by a 'rood screen'. It often has choir stalls where members of the choir sit.
Liturgical east end:
The presbytery is where the priest(s) conduct liturgy, such as Mass.
The sanctuary, not pictured here, is where the altar is.
The ambulatory (from the Latin 'to walk'), space for walking, with radiating chapels around the outer wall of the ambulatory.

Other terms
Altar: any structure where offerings are made for religious purposes.
Apse: round (hemi-spherical) part at east end of church.
Chancel: space around the altar
Lancet window: tall, thin window, often pointed at top.
Reredos: decorated screen behind altar
Rood screen or chancel screen: decorated screen which divides the chancel from the nave.

Religion-related lists
Church architecture

List of church architecture terms


Fallowfield is an area of the city of Manchester, England. It lies two miles south of Manchester City Centre and is bisected east/west by the Wilmslow Road and north/south by the former Fallowfield Loop railway line, now a cycle path. According to the 2001 UK census it has a population of 14,132.

References

Districts of Manchester

Fallowfield


James Hilton (9 September 1900 – 20 December 1954) was an English writer. He wrote several best-selling novels including Lost Horizon and Goodbye Mr. Chips. Lost Horizon introduced an imaginary place called Shangri-La and made it popular.

Biography
James Hilton was born in Leigh. His father, John Hilton, was the headmaster of Chapel End School in Walthamstow. James Hilton partially based the character Mr. Chipping in Goodbye, Mr. Chips on his father.

Hilton wrote his two most famous books while living in an ordinary semi-detached house on Oak Hill Gardens, Woodford Green. The house is still there, and a small, blue sign says it was Hilton's home.

He was married twice, first to Alice Brown and later to Galina Kopineck. Both marriages ended in divorce. He died in Long Beach, California from liver cancer.

Novels
Hilton became a successful writer when he was still young. He published his first novel, Catherine Herself, when he was 20 years old.  Several of his books were international bestsellers. Some successful films were made based on his novels. Three of the best known movies are: Lost Horizon (1933), Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1934), and Random Harvest (1941). Many copies of Lost Horizon were sold in the 1930s as one of the first Pocket Books. The serial number was "1". Some people call it the novel that began the popularity of paperback books.

Lost Horizon
Lost Horizon is supposedly set in Tibet, and especially in a secret, imaginary valley called Shangri-La. Shangri-La now means any perfect, pleasurable place or utopia.

It is unsure exactly where and how Hilton got his ideas about Tibet. He may have been inspired to write Lost Horizon and to invent Shangri-La" by reading the National Geographic Magazine by Joseph Rock. Rock was an Austrian-American botanist and ethnologist who explored southwestern China and areas near Tibet. Hilton have also read articles by early travelers in Tibet that he found in the British Library for more ideas Christian Zeeman may also have been the model for the hero of the story. He disappeared while living in Japan and there were rumors that he was living secretly in a Zen Buddhist monastery. Some say that the isolated valley town of Weaverville, California, in far northern Trinity County, was Shangri-La. However, this is  a misunderstanding of a comment by Hilton in a 1941 interview. In that interview, Hilton said that Weaverville reminded him of Shangri-La. Coincidentally, Junction City (about 8 miles from Weaverville) now has a Tibetan Buddhist centre with the occasional Tibetan monks in saffron robes.

After the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo, the US President Franklin D. Roosevelt told the press that the airplanes had taken off from Shangri-La. This was a kind of joke to hide the secret that they had taken off from aircraft carriers. Later, the US Navy gave that name to an aircraft carrier, and Roosevelt named his Maryland presidential retreat "Shangri-La".  (That retreat is now called Camp David since President Dwight D. Eisenhower renamed it after his grandson.) Zhongdian is a mountain region of Southwest China that has now been renamed Shangri-La (Xianggelila) because it may have inspired Hilton's book

Work in Hollywood
Hilton lived and worked in Hollywood beginning in the mid-1930s. He won an Academy Award in 1942 for his work on the screenplay of Mrs. Miniver. That film was based on the novel by Jan Struther. Hilton was the host of The Hallmark Playhouse (1948–1953) for CBS Radio. One of his later novels, Morning Journey, was about the movie business.

Hilton's books
Catherine Herself, 1920
Storm Passage, 1922
The Passionate Year, 1924
Dawn Of Reckoning (Rage In Heaven), 1925
Meadows Of The Moon, 1926
Terry, 1927
The Silver Flame (Three Loves Had Margaret), 1928
Murder at School (U.S. title: Was It Murder?), published under the pen-name Glen Trevor, 1931
And Now Goodbye, 1931
Contango (Ill Wind), 1932
Knight Without Armour (Without Armor), 1933
Lost Horizon, 1933
Goodbye, Mr. Chips, 1934
We Are Not Alone, 1937
To You, Mr Chips, 1938
Random Harvest, 1941
The Story Of Dr. Wassell, 1944
So Well Remembered, 1945
Nothing So Strange, 1947
Twilight Of The Wise, 1949
Morning Journey, 1951
Time And Time Again, 1953

Other versions of his works
Some of Hilton's novels became films:
Lost Horizon (1937, 1973)
Knight Without Armour (1937)
We Are Not Alone (1939) with a screenplay by Hilton
Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939, 1969, 1984, 2002)
Random Harvest (1942), reprised on radio in 1943
So Well Remembered (1947) starring John Mills and narrated by Hilton

Hilton co-wrote the book and lyrics for Shangri-La, an unsuccessful 1956 Broadway musical adaptation of Lost Horizon.

References

Other websites
James Hilton Society (June 2009)
Works by James Hilton at Project Gutenberg Australia
Lost Horizon: NonProfit Fan Club of James Hilton's Book and Inspired Arts

English novelists
1900 births
1954 deaths
British ethnologists
Writers from Lancashire

James Hilton


Pope Gelasius I was the bishop of Rome from 1 March 492 to his death on 19 November 496. Gelasius was a prolific author whose style placed him on the cusp between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Some scholars have argued that his predecessor Felix III may have employed him to draft papal documents, although this is not certain.

During his pontificate he called for strict Catholic orthodoxy, more assertively demanded obedience to papal authority, and, consequently, increased the tension between the Western and Eastern Churches. Surprisingly, he also had cordial relations with the Ostrogoths, who were Arians (i.e. Non-trinitarian Christians), and therefore perceived as heretics from the perspective of Nicene Christians. The feast of Saint Valentine of February 14 was first established in 496 by Pope Gelasius, who included Valentine among all those "... whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to God."

Place of birth
There is some confusion regarding where Gelasius was born: according to the Liber Pontificalis he was born in Africa ("natione Afer"), while in a letter addressed to the Roman Emperor Anastasius he stated that he was "born a Roman" ("Romanus natus"). J. Conant opined that the latter assertion probably merely denotes that he was born in Roman Africa before the Vandals invaded it.

Acacian schism

The papal election of Gelasius on 1 March 492 was a gesture of continuity: Gelasius inherited the conflicts of Pope Felix III with Eastern Roman Emperor Anastasius and the patriarch of Constantinople and exacerbated them by insisting on the obliteration of the name of the deceased Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople from the diptychs, in spite of every ecumenical gesture by the contemporaneous Patriarch Euphemius (q. v. for details of the Acacian schism).

The split with the Emperor and the Patriarch of Constantinople was inevitable, from the Western view, because they adopted the Monophysite heresy of Jesus Christ having only a Divine nature. Gelasius authored the book De duabus in Christo naturis (On the dual nature of Christ), which described Catholic doctrine in the matter. Thus Gelasius, for all the conservative Latinity of his style of writing, was on the cusp of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages.

During the Acacian schism, Gelasius advocated the primacy of the See of Rome over the universal Church, both East and West, and he presented this doctrine in terms that became the model for successive popes, who also claimed papal supremacy because of their succession to the papacy from the first supreme pontiff, Peter the Apostle.

In 494, Gelasius authored the very influential letter Duo sunt to Anastasius on the subject of the relation of Church and state, which letter had political impact for almost a millennium after.

Suppression of the Lupercalia

Closer to home, after a long contest Gelasius finally suppressed the ancient Roman festival of the Lupercalia, which had persisted for several generations among a nominally Christian population. Gelasius' letter to the Senator Andromachus treated the primary contentions of the controversy and incidentally provided some details of the festival, which combined fertility and purification, that might have been lost otherwise. Although the Lupercalia was a festival of purification, which had given its name "dies februatus", from "februare" ("to purify"), to the month of February, it was unrelated to the Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, also commonly denominated "Candlemas", which latter feast commemorates the fulfillment of the Holy Family's ceremonial obligations pursuant to Mosaic law 40 days after the birth of the first son. In the instance of the Holy Family, that occurred 40 days after Christmas, scire licet, on 2 February.

Death
After a brief yet dynamic ministry, Gelasius died on 19 November AD 496. His feast day is 21 November, the anniversary of his interment, not his death.

Works

Gelasius was one of the most prolific authors of the early bishops of Rome. Over 100 Gelasian letters survive, although 49 of these are fragmentary, some as short as several lines. Additionally, 6 treatises are extant that bear the name of Gelasius. According to Cassiodorus, the reputation of Gelasius attracted to his name other works not by him. Although his dogmatic letters connected to the Acacian Schism were widely circulated in late antiquity (and have been the focus of much scholarly interest), the majority of Gelasius' letters were in fact concerned with the administration of the church of suburbicarian Italy.

Decretum Gelasianum

The most famous of pseudo-Gelasian works is the list De libris recipiendis et non recipiendis ("On books to be received and not to be received"), also denominated the Decretum Gelasianum, which is believed to be connected to the pressure for orthodoxy during his pontificate and intended to be read as a decretal by Gelasius on the canonical and apocryphal books, which internal evidence reveals to be of later date. Thus the determination of the canon of Sacred Scripture has traditionally been attributed to Gelasius.

Gelasian Sacramentary

In the Latin Catholic tradition, the pseudo Gelasian Sacramentary is in fact a liturgical book that was derived from Roman sources and transcribed, with inclusion of native Gallican liturgical elements, near Paris in the middle of the 8th century AD. While including the texts of some prayers that Gelasius composed, he was not a principal author or compiler of the book. The manuscript (Vatican, Vatican Library, Reg. lat. 316 + Paris, National Library, ms. lat. 7193, fol. 41–56) is actually titled the Liber sacramentorum Romanae ecclesiae (Book of Sacraments of the Roman Church). The attribution to Gelasius is premised in part at least on the chronicle of the Supreme Pontiffs that is denominated the Liber Pontificalis, which states of Gelasius that he "fecit etiam et sacramentorum praefationes et orationes cauto sermone et epistulas fidei delimato sermone multas" ("he also made prefaces to the sacraments and prayers in careful language and many epistles in polished language regarding the faith"). An old tradition linked the book to Gelasius, apparently based on the ascription of Walafrid Strabo to him of what evidently is this book.

Legacy

Cardinal Giuseppe Maria Tomasi quoted a portion of a missal that was attributed to Gelasius in the Mass that was entitled 'Contra obloquentes' and published it. The section read: "Grant, We beseech Thee, O Lord, that we do not trouble ourselves about the contradiction of spurious minds, but once that very wickedness has been spurned let us pray that you suffer us neither to be frightened by the unjust criticisms, nor to be attracted to the insidious flatteries, but rather to love that which Thou dost command ...". In 1751, Pope Benedict XIV published this quotation within his Apostolic Constitution "Providas" that attacked freemasonry.

See also

List of Catholic saints
List of popes
Famuli vestrae pietatis
Pope Saint Gelasius I, patron saint archive

References

Literature
The primary source for the biography of Pope Saint Gelasius I, beside the Liber Pontificalis, is a vita written by Cassiodorus' pupil Dionysius Exiguus.
Cohen, Samuel (2022). "Gelasius and the Ostrogoths: jurisdiction and religious community in late fifth‐century Italy". Early Medieval Europe. 30 (1): 20–44. doi:10.1111/emed.12519.
Norman F. Cantor, Civilization of the Middle Ages.
Neil, Bronwen, and Allen, Pauline (eds. and trans.). The letters of Gelasius I (492-496) : pastor and micro-manager of the Church of Rome. Turnhout, Belgium. pp. 8–9.
Catholic Encyclopedia, 1908.
 Rudolf Schieffer, Gelasius I, in Lexikon des Mittelalters, Bd. 4 (1989), Sp. 1197.

 Ullmann, W., Gelasius I. (492–496): Das Päpsttum an der Wende der Spätantike zum Mittelalter, Stuttgart, 1981.

External links

 Duo sunt: introduction and text in English
 Collected Works (Opera Omnia) in Migne's Patrologia Latina
 Fontes Latinae de papis usque ad annum 530 (Pope Felix IV)
 Liber Pontificalis
 Decretum Gelasianum: De Libris Recipiendis et Non Recipiendis

496 deaths
5th-century archbishops
5th-century Christian saints
African popes
Saints from Roman Africa (province)
Ancient Christians involved in controversies
5th-century Berber people
Ostrogothic Papacy
Papal saints
Popes
Year of birth unknown
5th-century popes
Berber Christians
5th-century writers in Latin
Burials at St. Peter's Basilica

Pope Gelasius I


Drought is a continuous period of dry weather, when an area gets less than its normal amount of rain, over months or even years.   Crops and other plants need water to grow, and animals need it to live.  Droughts can become dangerous to people and other land animals; causing famine and even creating deserts.

The word "drought" comes from the Old English drugað, drugoð "drought, dryness, desert," from Proto-Germanic *drugothaz, from Germanic root *dreug- "dry" (cf high/height) with *-itho, Germanic suffix for forming abstract nouns (see -th (2)).

A drought is a natural event, caused by other weather events like El Niño and high-pressure systems.  Drought can also be triggered by deforestation (people cutting down forests), by global warming, and by diverting rivers or emptying lakes.

Drought is a natural disaster which usually takes place slowly.  It is often difficult to decide when a drought started and sometimes when it ends too.  Its effects often build up slowly over a long period of time and may last from months to years after rain resumes.

Many people die every year in famines due to drought in subsistence farming areas. Conflicts can result from drought conditions.

References

Related pages
Water scarcity

Drought


An ultrasonic flow meter is a type of flow meter that measures the velocity of a  fluid with ultrasound to calculate volume flow. Using ultrasonic transducers, the flow meter can measure the average velocity along the path of an emitted beam of ultrasound, by averaging the difference in measured transit time between the pulses of ultrasound propagating into and against the direction of the flow or by measuring the frequency shift from the Doppler effect. Ultrasonic flow meters are affected by the acoustic properties of the fluid and can be impacted by temperature, density, viscosity and suspended particulates depending on the exact flow meter. They vary greatly in purchase price but are often inexpensive to use and maintain because they do not use moving parts, unlike mechanical flow meters.

Means of operation

There are three different types of ultrasonic flow meters. Transmission (or contrapropagating transit-time) flow meters can be distinguished into in-line (intrusive, wetted) and clamp-on (non-intrusive) varieties. Ultrasonic flow meters that use the Doppler shift are called reflection or Doppler flow meters. The third type is the open-channel flow meter.

Principle

Time transit flow meter
Ultrasonic flow meters measure the difference between the transit time of ultrasonic pulses propagating with and against the flow direction. This time difference is a measure for the average velocity of the fluid along the path of the ultrasonic beam. By using the absolute transit times  and , both the averaged fluid velocity  and the speed of sound  can be calculated. Using these two transit times, the distance between receiving and transmitting transducers  and the inclination angle , if we assume that sound has to go against the flow when going up and along the flow when returning down, then one can write the following equations from the definition of velocity:

 and

By adding and subtracting the above equations we get,

 and

where  is the average velocity of the fluid along the sound path and  is the speed of sound.

Doppler shift flow meters

Another method in ultrasonic flow metering is the use of the Doppler shift that results from the reflection of an ultrasonic beam off sonically reflective materials, such as solid particles or entrained air bubbles in a flowing fluid, or the turbulence of the fluid itself, if the liquid is clean.

Doppler flowmeters are used for slurries, liquids with bubbles, gases with sound-reflecting particles.

This type of flow meter can also be used to measure the rate of blood flow, by passing an ultrasonic beam through the tissues, bouncing it off a reflective plate, then reversing the direction of the beam and repeating the measurement, the volume of blood flow can be estimated. The frequency of the transmitted beam is affected by the movement of blood in the vessel and by comparing the frequency of the upstream beam versus downstream the flow of blood through the vessel can be measured.  The difference between the two frequencies is a measure of true volume flow. A wide-beam sensor can also be used to measure flow independent of the cross-sectional area of the blood vessel.

Open channel flow meters

In this case, the ultrasonic element is actually measuring the height of the water in the open channel; based on the geometry of the channel, the flow can be determined from the height.  The ultrasonic sensor usually also has a temperature sensor with it because the speed of sound in air is affected by the temperature.

See also
 Flow measurement
 Magnetic flow meter
 Turbine flow meter
 Advantages of Ultrasonic Flowmeters

References

Lipták, Béla G.: Process Measurement and Analysis, Volume 1. CRC Press (2003),  (v. 1)
Ultrasonic Acoustic Sensing Brown University
Lynnworth, L.C.: Ultrasonic Measurements for Process Control. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego.

External links

 Doppler Shift for Sound and Light at MathPages
 The Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms (D.A. Russell, Kettering University)

Ultrasound
Flow meters

Ultrasonic flow meter


Wimbledon Football Club was an English football club. The club began in Wimbledon in 1889.  In 2002 it moved to Milton Keynes and it 2004 it changed its name to Milton Keynes Dons F.C.  Many football fans in Wimbledon did not agree with the move.  They decided to start a new club there, which is called AFC Wimbledon.

The club played in the English Football League and won the FA Cup in 1988.  It was a professional football club, which means that the players get paid to play.

First move: out of Wimbledon
In 1992, the club decided that its ground at Plough Lane was too small and moved away from Wimbledon to Selhurst Park in Croydon.  This ground is owned by Crystal Palace F.C..  They stayed there for the next 12 years.

Second move: out of London, to Milton Keynes
In 2002, the club's owners decided that they wanted to move the club out of London.  Nobody really knows why they wanted to move.  They said that there were too many clubs in London, that not enough people were coming to watch the matches.  This meant that they did not collect enough money at the gate to pay everyone and that is why  they could not afford to stay.  They looked at Cardiff and Dublin before deciding to move to Milton Keynes.  Milton Keynes is a new city that is 45 miles (or 75 kilometres) north of London. When they said what they wanted to do, most of their fans stopped paying to see matches, which meant that they had even less money to pay everyone.

Before the move could happen, they had to get permission from the Football Association (the FA).  The FA is the association of all the football clubs in England.  The clubs elect a Committee to decide what to do about things.  Most things they have to decide are easy but this was not easy to decide.  Or maybe they knew what to decide but did not want to be the ones to decide it.  So they asked three clever men to study the problem and tell them what would be best to do.  These three men said that the club should be allowed to move.

Some members of the Committee did not like this decision and tried to stop it.  But the owners of Wimbledon F.C. said that they would get a judge to decide (in a court) if anyone tried to stop them.  It costs a lot of money to go to court and whoever loses has to pay for everybody.  The other clubs would not agree to pay if this happened, so the FA had to disagree the move.

But it was already too late for the owners of Wimbledon F.C.  They had no money left. They had borrowed money from the bank to keep going but now the bank wanted its money back.  When you cannot pay back what you borrow, this is called "going bankrupt" and that is what happened.  Luckily (or unluckily, depends on your point of view), the group in Milton Keynes that first wanted them to come, still wanted them.  So this group paid back some of the money and in 2002, the club moved to Milton Keynes.  They began playing in the National Hockey Stadium, beside Milton Keynes Central railway station and stayed there for two years until their new stadium was ready (2006).

Many football fans around England did not like the idea that a club could move.  They believe that a club belongs to a town and it is not like a furniture shop that closes down in one town and opens in another town.  Another reason that they did not like it is that they would love to see their own club get into the Football League.  The only way that they can do that is if they win their regional league, then win the Football Conference.  So they felt that Milton Keynes was "jumping the queue" to get into the League.  Because of this, many fans refused to attend ("boycotted") any games they played

Milton Keynes

In 2004, the new owners changed the name to 'Milton Keynes Dons F.C.' (usually just 'MK Dons'), which combined the name of their new home ('Milton Keynes') with the nickname ('Dons') from Wimbledon.  With this, Wimbledon FC ceased to exist.

But the boycott continued. In 2006, the Football Fans Federation proposed a way forward. The most important thing for the town of Wimbledon was the trophies (cups, shields) that the club had won when it was called Wimbledon F.C. The agreement was that Milton Keynes Dons F.C. would give these trophies to Merton Borough Council, which is the local government area that contains Wimbledon.  The league history of Milton Keynes Dons F.C. would start from 2004 which is when they changed their name.  The Fans Federation would ask fans to end the boycott.  Everybody agreed and this is what has happened.

English football clubs
1889 establishments in England
Defunct football clubs
2004 disestablishments in the United Kingdom

Wimbledon F.C.


John Gwyn Griffiths (7 December 1911 – 15 June 2004) was a Welsh poet, Egyptologist and nationalist political activist who spent the largest span of his career lecturing at Swansea University.

Early life
Born in 1911 in Porth in the Rhondda Valley, Griffiths was educated at Porth Grammar school before reading Latin at University College, Cardiff of the University of Wales (now Cardiff University), gaining a first class degree in 1932. He then graduated with a first class degree in Greek in 1933, and obtained a first class teacher's diploma in 1934. At Cardiff Griffiths was influenced by Classicist Kathleen Freeman who kindled the interest in Egyptology that would dominate his scholarly career.

Griffiths obtained an M.A. degree at Liverpool University on the influence of Ancient Egypt on Greek religion in the Mycenean period.  Between 1936 and 1937 he was an archaeological assistant with the Egyptian Exploration Society at Sesebi, Lower Nubia. Having studied at Queen's College, Oxford, from 1936 to 1939 he obtained a D.Phil. degree from Oxford University on the quarrel of Horus and Seth in 1949.

At Oxford, Griffiths met Käthe Bosse-Griffiths, a German-born refugee of German and Jewish ancestry, who shared academic and literary interests with him and was a scholar in Egyptology; later she became Keeper of Archaeology at Swansea Museum. They married on 13 September 1939 and set up home in 14 St. Stephen's Avenue, Pentre, Rhondda.

Griffiths' writing was influenced by the European avant-garde movement, especially that of Dadaist Kurt Schwitters. Griffiths, along with his wife, set up a writing and intellectual circle in the Rhondda for like-minded thinkers. The group, named the Cadwgan Circle (Cylch Cadwgan), had a membership of the finest writers in the Welsh language the Rhondda had ever produced, including Rhydwen Williams, Euros Bowen, Pennar Davies and J. Kitchener Davies.

Academic and political career
Griffiths took up a teaching post (Latin) at Bala Grammar School in 1934, and then teaching at his old school in Porth in 1939. He was a conscientious objector during the Second World War. In 1946 he was appointed lecturer in Classics at University College, Swansea. From 1957 to 1958 he was a Lady Wallis Budge Research Lecturer at University College, Oxford, and in 1959 he was promoted to a senior lectureship at Swansea, becoming reader in Classics in 1965. In 1973 he was awarded a personal Chair in Classics and Egyptology at Swansea.

In 1946 he and his wife moved to the Uplands, Swansea, and in 1957 to Sketty in Swansea. In 1946 he began editing the Welsh Magazine, Y Fflam (The Flame) with Euros Bowen, mainly as a response to W.J. Gruffydd's Y Llenor (The Literary Man), a Professor of Welsh at Cardiff, whom the Cadwgan Circle saw as the antiquated voice of Welsh language politics.

During this period Griffiths became more and more associated with the national party for Wales, Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru and from 1948 until 1952 edited the party's newspaper Y Ddraig Goch. Griffiths also stood as a Plaid Cymru candidate in the 1959 and 1964 general elections, on both occasions for the Gower constituency, but was not elected. Griffiths was also an important figure in the promotion of Welsh language in education and law, and on several occasions was arrested in nonviolent protests.

He lectured at a wide array of universities, including Cairo (1965–66 as visiting professor), Tübingen, Bonn and All Souls College, Oxford (as visiting fellow). Griffiths wrote several major works on Egyptian religion, as well as work on Latin and Greek texts. However, he is better known in Wales for his poetry, of which he published four collections of texts, all in the Welsh language. He also wrote literary criticism, most notably I Ganol y Frwydr (Into the Thick of Battle) in 1970.

He retired in 1979, but continued writing on classical and egyptological themes. Among his output are two of his most important academic texts, his editions of Plutarch's De Iside et Osiride (1970) and Apuleius of Madaura The Isis Book (1975), from the last book of the Golden Ass. He edited the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology between 1970 and 1978.

His later substantial books include The Origins of Osiris and his Cult (1980), Atlantis and Egypt (1991), The Divine Verdict (1991), and Triads and Trinity (1996) as well as contributing to The Cambridge History of Judaism (1999). He obtained D.Litt. (Oxford) and D.D. (Wales) degrees for his contributions to the study of the ancient world.

Griffiths had two sons with Bosse, Robat Gruffudd (b. 1943) and Heini Gruffudd (b. 1946).

Works of note

Poetry
 Yr Efengyl Dywyll (1944)
 Cerddi Cadwgan (1953) a collection of works from members of the Cadwgan Circle
 Ffroenau'r Draig (1961)
 Cerddi Cairo (1969)
 Cerddi'r Holl Eneidiau (1981)
 Hog dy Fwyell (2007) a full collection of J. Gwyn Griffiths' poems

Academic work
 The Conflict of Horus and Seth (1960)
 Plutarch's De Iside et Osiride (1970)
 Apuleius of Madaura The Isis Book (1975)
 The Origins of Osiris and his Cult (1980)
 The Divine Verdict: A Study of the Divine Judgement in the Ancient Religions (1990)
 Triads and Trinity (1996)
 Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, contributor (2001)

Literary criticism
 I Ganol y Frwydr (1970)

References

External links
  Professor J. Gwyn Griffiths Classicist and Egyptologist, The Independent 18 June 2004

1911 births
2004 deaths
British Egyptologists
Welsh classical scholars
Alumni of Cardiff University
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Academics of the University of Oxford
Academics of Swansea University
Plaid Cymru politicians
Welsh conscientious objectors
Welsh-language writers
People from Porth
20th-century Welsh poets

J. Gwyn Griffiths


The Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) is a fund established in the United Kingdom under the National Lottery etc. Act 1993.  The Fund opened for applications in 1994. It uses money raised through the National Lottery to transform and sustain the UK's heritage. From museums, parks and historic places to archaeology, the natural environment and cultural traditions, HLF provides grants to support all aspects of the UK's diverse heritage.

By 2008, HLF had awarded a total of £4 billion to more than 26,000 projects across the UK.

Conservation organisations of the United Kingdom

Heritage Lottery Fund


Tom Varner (born June 17, 1957 in Morristown, New Jersey, United States) is an American jazz horn  (French horn)  player and composer.

Varner grew up in Millburn, New Jersey, and studied piano in his youth with Capitola Dickerson of Summit, New Jersey. He holds a B.M. degree (1979) from the New England Conservatory of Music, where he studied jazz improvisation and composition with Ran Blake, George Russell, and Jaki Byard, and horn with Thomas Newell.  He also studied briefly in 1976 with jazz horn pioneer Julius Watkins.  Varner also holds an M.A. (2005) from the City College of New York, where he studied with Jim McNeely, Scott Reeves, and John Patitucci.

Biography
He has performed and recorded with Steve Lacy, Dave Liebman, George Gruntz, John Zorn, Bobby Watson, La Monte Young, Miles Davis with Quincy Jones, Bobby Previte, Jim McNeely, McCoy Tyner, Reggie Workman, the Mingus Orchestra, Franz Koglmann, and appears on more than 70 albums.  He also has 13 albums out as a composer/leader, with sidemen such as Steve Wilson, Tony Malaby, Ed Jackson, Ellery Eskelin, Tom Rainey, Cameron Brown, Drew Gress, Matt Wilson, Kenny Barron, Victor Lewis, Fred Hopkins, and Billy Hart.  Varner has been in the Down Beat Critics Poll Top Ten annually since the mid-1990s. He has been awarded grants from the Jack Straw Foundation, Seattle's 4Culture,  National Endowment for the Arts, the Chamber Music America/Doris Duke Foundation, and has been a resident at the MacDowell, Blue Mountain Center, and Centrum arts colonies.

Varner's first two recordings as a leader were influenced by Ornette Coleman, Steve Lacy, Charles Mingus, Anthony Braxton, and minimalists such as Steve Reich and Philip Glass, and featured Varner's horn with alto sax (Ed Jackson), bass (Fred Hopkins or Ed Schuller) and drums (Billy Hart), with no chordal instrument. His third recording was a more "straight-ahead" jazz project, with Kenny Barron, Jim Snidero, Mike Richmond, and Victor Lewis. The fourth project was a Sonny Rollins-influenced trio of horn, bass (Mike Richmond) and drums (Bobby Previte).  From that point (1987) on, most of Varner's work as a leader was for a quintet of horn and two saxes, bass, and drums, with frequent guest artists augmenting the ensembles.  Varner has combined contemporary chamber music with jazz and free improvisation in almost all of his subsequent projects.  His recent work (finished in 2008, released 2009), Heaven and Hell, is for a tentet of three brass, five reeds, and bass and drums. His newest CD, Nine Surprises, is for a nonet of three brass, four reeds, and bass and drums, and was released in Fall 2014. It features Seattle players Mark Taylor, Steve Treseler, Eric Barber, Jim DeJoie, Thomas Marriott, David Marriott, Phil Sparks, and Byron Vannoy.

Varner lived in New York City from 1979 to 2005, and now lives in Seattle. He is now Associate Professor of Music at Cornish College of the Arts.

Discography

As leader
1981 - Tom Varner Quartet (Soul Note)
1983 - Motion/Stillness (Soul Note)
1985 - Jazz French Horn (Soul Note)
1987 - Covert Action (New Note)
1991 - Long Night Big Day (New World)
1993 - The Mystery of Compassion (Soul Note)
1997 - Martian Heartache (Soul Note)
1998 - The Window Up Above  (New World)
1998 - The Swiss Duos (Unit)
1999 - Swimming (OmniTone)
2001 - Second Communion (OmniTone)
2009 - Heaven and Hell  (OmniTone)
2014 - Nine Surprises  (Tom Varner Music)

As sideman
Varner appears on over 70 recordings including:
 Rabih Abou-Khalil, The Cactus of Knowledge (Enja, 2001)
 Jamie Baum Septet, Moving Forward, Standing Still (OmniTone)
 William S. Burroughs, Dead City Radio (Island, 1990)
 Consuelo Candelaria/Jon Hazilla Quintet Last Sunday Morning, (Accurate)
 Steve Cohn/Reggie Workman/Tom Varner, Bridge Across the X-Stream (Leo)
 Miles Davis and Quincy Jones, Miles & Quincy Live at Montreux (Warner Bros.)
 Dominic Duval, American Scrapbook (CIMP)
 East Down Septet, Out of Gridlock (Hep)
 East Down Septet, Channel Surfing (Hep)
 Elin, Lazy Afternoon (Blue Toucan)
 Lou Grassi/Tom Varner/Ron Horton/Tomas Ulrich, Neo Neo (CIMP)
 George Gruntz Concert Jazz Band '83, Theatre (ECM, 1983)
 George Gruntz Concert Jazz Band '87, Happening Now! (Hat Hut, 1987)
 George Gruntz Concert Jazz Band, First Prize (Enja, 1989)
 Ed Jackson, Wake Up Call (New World) [as producer and player]
 Hans Kennel, Habarigani Brass (Hat Art)
 Neal Kirkwood, Neal Kirkwood Octet (Timescraper)
 Jim Knapp, It's Not Business, It's Personal (Origin)
 Franz Koglmann, Let's Make Love (between the lines)
 Franz Koglmann, Make Believe (between the lines)
 Franz Koglmann, Cantos I-IV (Hat Art)
Steve Lacy, Vespers (Soul Note, 1993)
 Steuart Liebig, Pomegranate (Cryptogramophone)
 Manhattan New Music Project, Mood Swing (Soul Note)
 Jim McNeely Tentet, Group Therapy (OmniTone)
 Natalie Merchant, Ophelia (Elektra)
 New York Composers Orchestra, Works by Ehrlich, Horvitz (New World)
 Orange Then Blue, Hold the Elevator (GM)
 Bobby Previte, Bump the Renaissance (Sound Aspects)
 Bobby Previte, Pushing the Envelope (Gramavision)
 Ken Schaphorst, Over the Rainbow—Music of Harold Arlen (Accurate)
 Peter Schärli Special Sextet, Blues for the Beast (Enja)
 Peter Schärli Special Sextet, Guilty (Enja)
 Roman Schwaller Nonet, The Original Tunes (JHM)
 Vern Sielert Dectet, From there to Here (Pony Boy)
 Burkhard Stangl/Ned Rothenberg/Werner Dafeldecker/Max Nagl/Tom Varner, Qui.t (Extraplatte)
 Ton-Art, Mal Vu, Mal Dit (Hat Art)
 Vienna Art Orchestra, Artistry in Rhythm (TCB)
 Bobby Watson, Tailor Made (Columbia)
 John Zorn Filmworks 1986–1990 (Elektra Nonesuch)

References

External links

Tom Varner's site

Tom Varner interview by Frank Tafuri
 Heaven and Hell info

Avant-garde jazz musicians
1957 births
Living people
American jazz horn players
Musicians from Seattle
City College of New York alumni
Musicians from Morristown, New Jersey
CIMP artists
Cornish College of the Arts faculty
New England Conservatory alumni
Orange Then Blue members

Tom Varner


Kurt Heinrich Sethe (30 September 1869 – 6 July 1934) was a German Egyptologist and philologist from Berlin. He was a student of Adolf Erman. Sethe collected numerous texts from Egypt during his visits there and edited the Urkunden des ægyptischen Altertums which is a standard catalogue of Ancient Egyptian literature and text.

Career
Among Sethe's many contributions to Egyptology, two are singled out by Gardiner (p. 433): "...the pronunciation of Middle Egyptian... The chief authorities to be consulted are Sethe's great work on the Egyptian verb, and a much later brilliant article entitled Die Vokalisation des Ägyptischen in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft"" (1923). Actually, Sethe was the first one to put forth a systematic theory of the Egyptian verb; it was no easy accomplishment, since the inflection of the Egyptian verb was done mainly by changing the vowels, and the Egyptians only wrote consonants.

Among Sethe's students were Hans Jakob Polotsky and Alan Gardiner. Sethe's anthology, Aegyptische Lesestuecke, is still used by some beginners in the study of the language. Sethe also published a comprehensive collection of Egyptian epigraphy, which he called Urkunden der Aegyptologie.

References
 Kurt Sethe: Das aegyptische verbum im altaegyptischen, neuaegyptischen und koptischen, Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1902.
 Kurt Sethe: Urkunden des Alten Reichs (= Urkunden des ägyptischen Altertums. Abteilung 1). 1. Band, 4. Heft. 2., augmented edition, Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1933, available online.
 at 2terres.hautesavoie.net
Gardiner, Alan. Egyptian Grammar. Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs. 3rd Ed., Rev. London: Oxford University Press, 1957 (1st ed. 1927).

1869 births
1934 deaths
German Egyptologists
German lexicographers
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Archaeologists from Berlin
People from the Province of Brandenburg
University of Tübingen alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
German male non-fiction writers

Kurt Sethe


Ralph Crane (fl. 1615 – 1630) was a professional scrivener or scribe in early seventeenth-century London. His close connection with some of the First Folio texts of the plays of William Shakespeare has led to his being called "Shakespeare's first editor."

Life
What little is known of Crane's life comes from his own writings. In 1621 he published a small collection of his own poems titled The Works of Mercy, Both Corporeal and Spiritual, which he dedicated to John Egerton, 1st Earl of Bridgewater. In the prefatory "Proem" to that volume, Crane indicated that he was a native Londoner, and the son of a successful member of the Merchant Taylors Company (a ' Freeman.'). A possibly relevant reference to a John Crane being in breach of Company ordinances in January 1568 appears in Clode's Memorials. The current  ODNB states there is no record of a Ralph Crane among attendees of the Merchant Taylors School, a benefit for Freemen's sons. Ralph Crane spent seven years as the law clerk to Sir Anthony Ashley (d:1601), secretary of the Privy Council; Crane later became a scribe working mainly for attorneys. Thomas Lodge obligated his Scylla's Metamorphosis to a Ralph Crane in 1589; this may have been the poet/scrivener. Crane turned to writing verse late in life, when he was "oppressed by ill health and poverty".

Shakespeare
Crane was working for the King's Men by 1618; he produced multiple transcripts of the company's plays over the next decade and more. The modern scholarly consensus holds that Crane transcripts constituted the copy from which at least five plays were set into type for the First Folio. Those five (in their Folio order) are:

 The Tempest – the first play in the volume
 The Two Gentlemen of Verona – the second play
 The Merry Wives of Windsor – the third play
 Measure for Measure – the fourth play
 The Winter's Tale – the fourteenth play

E. A. J. Honigmann, in his edition of Othello, suggested that Othello should be added as a sixth play to that list; and a few other Folio texts (from Henry IV, Part 2 to Timon of Athens) have been proposed by individual scholars, though without winning wide acceptance. As a result, Crane's scribal peculiarities concerning stage directions, speech prefixes, punctuation and other specifics have received intense attention from generations of scholars, critics, and editors of Shakespeare.

Others
Crane's work for the King's Men was not restricted to Shakespeare (or even to plays, as he copied out the last will and testament of Richard Burbage). The most notable of his other transcripts for the company may well be his manuscript of The Witch, the Thomas Middleton play that has a significant relationship with Macbeth. Crane transcripts provided copy for several plays in the first Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1647, including The False One, The Knight of Malta, The Prophetess, and The Spanish Curate. The 1623 quarto of John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi was "almost certainly" set into type from a Crane transcript.

None of Crane's Shakespearean manuscripts have survived, but Crane scripts of several other works are extant, in addition to the one for The Witch noted above. Two of the six extant manuscripts of Middleton's A Game at Chess are from Crane's hand. (Crane consistently changed all of Middleton's uses of "has" to "hath" in those transcripts, illustrating the complexities involved in using discriminators like "has/hath" and "does/doth" in stylometry studies.) The play Sir John van Olden Barnavelt, never printed in its own era, survived to modern times in a single Crane manuscript. (In that instance, Crane did a good job of preserving Fletcher's distinctive pattern of textual and stylistic preferences.)

Crane regularly produced what were called presentation manuscripts, copies of favored works for particular clients. On November 27, 1625 he sent his transcript of John Fletcher's play The Humorous Lieutenant to Sir Kenelm Digby. The extant manuscript of Ben Jonson's 1618 masque Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue, known as the Chatsworth manuscript, was a Crane presentation manuscript for Sir Dudley Carleton.

Notes

Sources
 Haas, Virginia "Ralph Crane: a status report." Analytical and Enumerative Bibliography. New series III (1989).
 Haas, Michael A. "Ralph Crane: a status report." Analytical and Enumerative Bibliography. New series III (1989).
 Howard-Hill, T. H. Ralph Crane and Some Shakespeare First Folio Comedies. Charlottesville, VA, Bibliographic Society of the University of Virginia, 1972.
 Roberts, Jeanne. "Ralph Crane and the Text of The Tempest." Shakespeare Studies 13 (1980).
 Wilson, F. P. "Ralph Crane, Scrivener to the King's Players." The Library, IV, 7 (1926).
 Clode, C.M. Memorials of the Guild of Merchant Taylors, London, 1875,note p. 217.(J.Crane apprenticed a foreigner)

Early editions of Shakespeare
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
17th-century English people

Ralph Crane