Events
 King Charles V of France renounces the treaty of Brétigny and war is declared between France and England. The French recapture most of Aquitaine.
 Venice repels Hungarian invasion.
 Hugues Aubriot founds the Bastille in Paris.
 Tamerlane names the city of Samarkand as the capital of his empire.
 Košice becomes the first town in Europe to be granted its own coat of arms.
 The Turks invade Bulgaria.
 The Edward the Black Prince ends his military alliance with Pedro of Castile due to ill-health. Pedro subsequently loses the Battle of Montiel to an alliance between the French and his half-brother Henry II. Henry murders Pedro after the battle and becomes King of Castille for a second time.
 The Thai Kingdom of Ayutthaya conquers Cambodia for a second time.
 Financed by Charles V of France, Welshman Owain Lawgoch launches an invasion fleet against the English in an attempt to claim the throne of Wales. A storm causes Owain to abandon the invasion.
 Duong Nhat Le succeeds Tran Hao as King of Vietnam.

Births
 Isabeau de Bavière, queen of Charles VI of France (died 1435)
 William de Ros, 7th Baron de Ros, Lord Treasurer of England (died 1414)
 John Dunstable, English composer (died 1453)
 Jan Hus, Bohemian religious reformer (died 1415)

Deaths
 January 17 – King Peter I of Cyprus (murdered) (born 1328)
 March 23 – King Pedro of Castile (born 1334)
 August 15 – Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III of England
 September 12 – Blanche of Lancaster, wife of John of Gaunt (plague) (b. 1345)
 October 3 – Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol (born 1318)
 John Chandos, English knight
 Patrick Dunbar, 9th Earl of Dunbar (born 1285)
 Ramathibodi I, first king of Ayutthaya (born 1314)
 Agnes Dunbar, 4th Countess of Moray
 Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick

1369


Camembert cheese, more generally known as Camembert, is a French soft cheese. It originated in the village of Camembert in Normandy. Since 1983, the name Camembert de Normandie has been protected as Appellation d'Origine controlée (AOC).

Production
Camembert is made from unpasteurized cow's milk, and is ripened by the moulds Penicillium candida and Penicillium camemberti for at least three weeks. It is produced in small rounds, about 250 grams in weight, which are wrapped in paper and boxed in thin wooden boxes.

Characteristics
When fresh, it is quite crumbly and relatively hard, but it characteristically ripens and becomes more runny and strongly flavoured as it ages.

Camembert can be used in many dishes, but it is popularly eaten uncooked on bread or with wine or meat, to enjoy the subtle flavour and texture which do not survive heating.

History

Camembert was reputedly invented in 1791 by Marie Harel, a farmer from Normandy. However, the origin of the cheese we know today as camembert is more likely to rest with the beginnings of the industrialisation of the cheese-making process at the end of the 19th century. In 1890, an engineer, M. Ridel invented the wooden box which was used to carry the cheese and helped to send it for longer distances, in particular to America where it became very popular. These boxes are still used today.

Before fungi were properly understood, the colour of Camembert rind was a matter of chance, most commonly blue-grey, with brown spots. From the early 20th century onwards the rind has been more commonly pure white, but it was not until the mid-1970s that pure white became standard.

The cheese was famously issued to French troops in the First World War, becoming firmly fixed in the French popular culture as a result. It has many other roles in French culture, literature and history. It is now internationally known, and many local varieties are made around the world.

The cheese is said to have inspired Salvador Dalí to create his famous painting, The Persistence of Memory. Its "melting" watches were inspired by the sight of a melting wheel of over-ripe Camembert.

The Camembert de Normandie was granted a protected designation of origin in 1992 after the original AOC in 1983.

Related pages
 Brie, a similar cheese from a different region

References
Camembert: A National Myth by Pierre Boisard  claims that Camembert was one of the first globalised, homogenised and standardised foods.

Other websites
 Camembert website
 Camembert AOC
 Joseph Knirim, Marie Harel and the camembert cheese
 Castello's Camembert
 Saga Blue's Camembert

French cheeses
Orne

Camembert cheese


Frédéric François Chopin (; 22 Februar or 1 Mairch 181017 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin, wis a Pols componer an virtuoso pianist o the Romantic era that wrate for the maist pairt for solo pianae. He gained an haes mainteened renoun warldwide as a leadin muisicker o his era, that their "poetic genius wis based on a professional technique that wis withoot equal in his generation." Chopin wis born in whit wis than the Duchy o Warsaw an growed up in Warsaw, whilk in 1815 becam pairt o Congress Poland. A bairn prodigy, he completit his muisical educaton an componed his earlier warks in Warsaw afore leavin Poland at the age o 20, less nor a month afore the ootbreak o the November 1830 Uprisin.

At 21 he sattelt in Pairis. Thareefter, durin the last 18 years o his life, he gied only 30 public performances, preferrin the mair intimate atmosphere o the salon. He supportit hissel bi sellin his compositions an bi teachin the pianae, that he wis in heich demand for. Chopin formed a freendship wi Franz Liszt an wis admired bi mony o his muisical contemporars, includin Robert Schumann. In 1835 he obteened French ceetizenship. Efter a failed engagement tae Maria Wodzińska frae 1836 tae 1837, he mainteened an aften tribbelt relationship wi the French scriever George Sand. A cutty an unhappy veesit tae Majorca wi Sand in 1838–39 wis ane o his maist productive periods o composition. In his hinner years, he wis gien uphaud financially bi his admirer Jane Stirling, that atour arranged for him tae visit Scotland in 1848. Throu maist o his life, Chopin suffert frae puir health. He dee'd in Paris in 1849, at the age o 39, likely o tuberculosis.

Aw o Chopin's compositions involves the pianae. Maist are for solo pianae, tho atour he wrate twa pianae concertos, a few chaumer pieces, an a wheen sangs tae Pols lyrics. His keybuird style is gey individual an aften technically demandin; his ain performances wis notit for their nuance an sensitivity. Chopin inventit the concept o the instrumental ballade. His major pianae warks an aa includes mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, études, impromptus, scherzos, preludes an sonatas, some set furth only efter his deith. Influences on his composition style includes Pols fowk muisic, the clessical tradeetion o J. S. Bach, Mozart an Schubert, the muisic o aw them that he admired, as weel as the Pairis salons whaur he wis aft-times a guest. His innovations in style, muisical form, an harmony, an his association o muisic wi naitionalism, wis influential oot-throu an efter the late-Romantic period.

Chopin's muisic, his status as ane o muisic's earliest superstarns, his association (if only indirect) wi poleetical insurrection, his luve life an his early deith haes made him a leadin symbol o the Romantic era in the public consciousness. His warks bides popular, an he haes been the subject o a gey wheen films an biographies o varyin degrees o historical accuracy.

Notes

References

Citit soorces
 Rosen, Charles (1995). The Romantic Generation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-77933-4.

1810 births
1849 daiths
19t-century Pols fowk
Fowk frae Sochaczew Coonty
Pols fowk o French strynd
Varsity o Warsaw alumni
19t-century French fowk
Pols expatriates in Fraunce
Bairn clessical muisickers
Muisickers frae Warsaw
Pols clessical pianists
19t-century clessical componers
Romantic componers
Componers for piano
Pols male clessical componers
French male clessical componers
Piano pedagogues
Pols muisic eddicators
French muisic eddicators
Infectious disease daiths in Fraunce
Daiths frae tuberculosis
Buirials at Père Lachaise Seemetry

Frédéric Chopin


St Bees is a coastal village, civil parish and electoral ward in the Copeland district of Cumbria, England, on the Irish Sea.

Within the parish is St Bees Head which is the only Heritage Coast between Wales and Scotland and a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The Headland is also an RSPB bird reserve which is the only cliff-nesting seabird colony in north-west England. St Bees Lighthouse stands on the North Head which is the most westerly point of Northern England.

St Bees is a popular holiday destination due to the coastline and proximity to the Western Lake District.  In the village there is St Bees Priory dating from 1120, and St Bees School founded in 1583. The Wainwright Coast to Coast Walk starts from St Bees and the National Trail, the England Coast Path, runs along the coast. It has a railway station served by the Cumbrian Coast Railway.

Early history
Evidence of Mesolithic and Bronze Age habitation has been found in St Bees, but nothing of the Roman occupation, even though St Bees Head would have been a prominent observation point.
The name St Bees is a corruption of the Norse name for the village, which is given in the earliest charter of the Priory as "Kyrkeby becok", which can be translated as the "Church town of Bega", relating to the local Saint Bega. She was said to be an Irish princess who fled across the Irish Sea in the ninth century to St Bees to avoid an enforced marriage. Carved stones at the priory show that Irish-Norse Vikings settled here in the tenth century.

The Normans did not reach Cumberland until 1092, and when they took over the local lordships, William Meschin, Lord of Egremont, used the existing religious site to found a Benedictine priory for a prior and six monks sometime between 1120 and 1135. The priory was subordinate to the great Benedictine monastery of St Mary at York. The magnificent Norman doorway of the priory dates from just after this time; probably about 1150.

The priory had a great influence on the area. The monks worked the land, fished, and extended the priory buildings. The ecclesiastical parish of St Bees was large and stretched to Ennerdale, Loweswater, Wasdale and Eskdale. The coffin routes from these outlying areas to the mother church in St Bees can still be followed in places.

The priory was closed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries on the orders of Henry VIII in 1539. The nave and transepts of the monastic church have continued in use as the parish church to the present day, but much of the extensive monastic buildings were plundered or fell into decay.

Remarkably, the small village of St Bees produced two of the archbishops of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I: Edmund Grindal,  Archbishop of Canterbury and Edwin Sandys; Archbishop of York.

In about 1519 Edmund Grindal was born in Cross Hill House, St Bees, which still exists, and is marked with a plaque. He was probably educated at the priory across the valley. A devout Protestant, he made his mark in the reign of Edward VI, but had to flee to Strasbourg when the Catholic Mary I ascended the throne. On Mary's death the country once again became Protestant, and Grindal became Bishop of London, Archbishop of York and then Archbishop of Canterbury. His undoing was opposing Queen Elizabeth I on liberal religious meetings and he was suspended. He died in 1583 still in disgrace, but, virtually on his death bed, he founded St Bees School. The primary school in the village was established in the 1870s.

Modern growth

The site of the priory is an area of firm ground higher than the peat beds that fill the valley, and due to the absence of level ground it is logical that the original settlement would grow up there. However the area was constricted, and as the village expanded it grew up on the opposite side of the valley. The oldest existing house dates from the early 16th century and the present Main Street was based on a string of farms and farmworkers' dwellings.

The 19th century saw the start of great changes. In 1816 St Bees Theological College was founded, and proved popular as it was first for the training of Church of England clergy outside Oxford and Cambridge. To house the college, the monastic chancel of the Priory was re-roofed and served as the main lecture room, and additional lecture rooms were built in the 1860s. At one time the college had 100 students, and over 2,600 clergy were trained before it closed in 1895.

St Bees School embarked on an era of rapid expansion starting with the construction of the quadrangle in 1846 using compensation from the rich mine-owning Lowther family. They had illegally obtained the lucrative mineral rights for Whitehaven from the School in 1742 at a derisory sum. This was the first step in St. Bees School's rise from a local institution to becoming one of the new "public schools" on the fashionable model of Dr Arnold's Rugby School. By 1916 numbers had reached 350, many new buildings had been erected, and the school had become known nationally. The school was forced to close in 2015 because of financial struggles but re-opened a couple of years later. The closure of the school made many teachers and members of the community to leave the village, such as Reverend Clifford Swartz, the former Vicar of the local Protestant church and chaplain of St Bees School.

Perhaps some of the greatest changes were after 1849 when the Furness Railway reached the village. St Bees attracted the professional classes which commuted to Whitehaven or Workington. This led to the building of many of the larger houses and Lonsdale Terrace.
The railway brought tourists, and as early as 1851 the Lord Mayor of London stayed at the Seacote Hotel. This long history of attracting tourists for "bucket and spade" holidays has continued to this day.

The railway made possible the export of St Bees sandstone. Huge amounts of stone were quarried, much of it for building the boom town of Barrow-in-Furness. This industry died out in the 1970s, but has since been revived, and there are now two working quarries in the parish.

Agriculture was originally the mainstay of the village economy. Gradually, during the 19th century, service employment for the school and lodgings for the college gave additional income, and with the advent of commuters, the village's social mix was becoming more middle class. Tourism and quarries also provided employment, and many village men found work in the iron ore mines at Cleator. Thus the 19th century saw the change from a rural backwater based on agriculture, to the more diversified role of a dormitory village for professional and industrial worker alike, and its growth into a minor academic centre.

The start of the 20th century saw yet another decline in agriculture, and this has continued to today, when there are only a few farms left. Industrial decline also hit West Cumbria as a whole, particularly after the boom years of both world wars. However, following the Second World War, two major industries were established which have had a profound effect on the community. The former Marchon Chemical Company at Whitehaven, and UKAEA/BNFL at Sellafield both soaked up village labour released by the declining heavy iron and mining industries, and brought a large influx of the technical and scientific university-educated middle class into the village; rather like the first arrival of the professional classes a century earlier. There is now an extensive science park – Westlakes, on the northern fringe of the parish, at which the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority has its national headquarters.

The last two decades have seen a significant revival in tourism, boosted by the Coast to Coast walk and increasing recognition of the unique landscape of the St Bees Heritage Coast.

In 2014, it was rated one of the most attractive postcode areas to live in England.

St Bees Man

In 1981 an archaeological excavation at the priory revealed a vault with a lead coffin containing an astonishingly well preserved body – now known as the St Bees Man. He has been identified as Anthony de Lucy, a knight, who died in 1368 in the Teutonic Crusades in Lithuania. Although the body was over six hundred years old, his nails, skin and stomach contents were found to be in near-perfect condition. After his death the vault was enlarged to take the body of his sister, Maud de Lucy, who died in 1398. Effigies of Maud and Anthony can be seen in an extensive history display which includes the shroud in which he was wrapped.

Governance
St Bees is within the Copeland UK Parliamentary constituency. Trudy Harrison is the Member of parliament.

Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.

Transport links

The village is served by St Bees railway station on the Cumbrian Coast Line, with trains from Barrow-in-Furness, Lancaster, Preston and Carlisle. As from May 20, 2018, there are 30 stopping passenger trains Monday to Saturday, and 16 trains a day on Sundays.

The village is on the B5345 from Whitehaven to Iron Bridge junction near Beckermet.

Sport and recreation
The village has a football team which competes in the Cumbria County league.

There are facilities for rugby, football and cricket at the Adams recreation ground adjacent to the Seacote beach. This playing field was created in memory of Baron Adams of Ennerdale.
The sports facilities of St Bees School are also available, which include a sports hall, squash, tennis and fives courts, and an indoor swimming pool.

Coast-based recreational activities at St Bees are: windsurfing, kite-surfing, rock climbing, bouldering, swimming, jet-skiing, water-skiing, canoeing and para-gliding. These are undertaken on St Bees Head and off the large sandy surf beach.

The circular walk to St Bees Head and Birkhams quarry featured in the May 2012 booklet of the best coastal walks in UK published by the Daily Telegraph newspaper; it being one of only two walks covered in the north west of England.

Wainwright Coast to Coast walk

St Bees is the start of the Wainwright Coast to Coast Walk, which was devised by Alfred Wainwright in 1973. It is an  unofficial and mostly unsignposted long-distance footpath in Northern England.

As planned by Alfred Wainwright, it passes through three contrasting National Parks: the Lake District National Park, the Yorkshire Dales National Park, and the North York Moors National Park. Wainwright recommended that walkers dip their booted feet in the Irish Sea at St Bees and, at the end of the walk, in the North Sea at Robin Hood's Bay. At St Bees, the start is marked by the "Wainwright Wall" which explains the walk and its history. A new interpretation board and the steel banner were installed in summer 2013 by St Bees Parish Council and the Wainwright Society.

Gallery

St Bees Beach

See also

Listed buildings in St Bees
St Bees railway station

References

External links

 Cumbria County History Trust: St. Bees (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
 St Bees village web site home page
St.Bees on Google Maps
 St Bees Parish Council home page
St Bees Head Bird Reserve

Villages in Cumbria
Cumberland
Populated coastal places in Cumbria
Civil parishes in Cumbria
Borough of Copeland

St Bees


Idealism is the philosophy that believes the ultimate nature of reality is ideal, or based upon ideas, values, or essences. The external, or real world cannot be separated from consciousness, perception, mind, intellect and reason in the sense of science. The word comes from the Greek word ἰδέα.

In some doctrines of idealistic thought the ideal relates to direct and immediate knowledge of subjective mental ideas, or images.

Philosophical movements and positions
Reality

Idealism


Judith Weir CBE (born 11 May 1954) is a British composer. She is well known for her theatre works, choral music, orchestral music and chamber music.

Early life
Weir was born in Cambridge, England to Scottish parents. While she was still at school she trained with the composer John Tavener. She played the oboe in the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain. She then studied at the University of Cambridge where her teacher was Robin Holloway.

Career
Judith Weir's music has harmonies which are very exciting and original. Her Christmas carol Illuminare has become very popular, but it is quite difficult and needs a good choir to pitch the notes of the dissonant chords. She often uses medieval history as inspiration for her music, as well as music from her native Scotland, e.g. piobaireachd, which is a kind of variation form using small intervals. Her music often tells stories. Her operas include A Night at the Chinese Opera, The Vanishing Bridegroom, Blond Eckbert, and Armida, an opera for television.

From 1995 to 2000, she was the artistic director of the Spitalfields Festival in London. She has composed works for the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. She has received many honours, including the CBE in 1995.

Other websites
 Judith Weir's homepage at Chester Music (music publishers)
 Judith Weir (b 1954) (BBC)

1954 births
Living people
20th-century English composers
21st-century British composers
People from Cambridge

Judith Weir


General Santos City or General Santos, also known former named as Dadiangas, is a city in the Philippines. It is considered the tuna capital of the Philippines, located at Southern Central Mindanao in Soccsksargen region. It is classified as a highly urbanized city. It ranges from generally flat with scattered hills and isolated mountains in neighboring South Cotabato and Sarangani province, General Santos is an independent city from South Cotabato.

Tourism
General Santos City celebrates the "Kalilangan Festival" every month of February "Kalilangan" It is a social gathering marked by exchanging of amenities among traditional leaders, elders, allies, and subordinates in varying tones, The Tuna Festival is also celebrates in Month 5th of September, mean named "Tuna Capital of the Philippines, The Pacquiao Mansion is one of the place often visit in this city. People usually take of pictures in the front f Pacquiao's mansion, Another place to go also the Plaza Heneral it is actually big rutonda in the city it is the front the city hall. And you will find also a big monument dedicated to whom this twon is named by General Paulino Santos born from Camiling, Tarlac, One place you should not miss this tuna fish port located at Brgy. Tambler, this port is the most modern fisgh port in Mindanao, its just not Mindanao, to be the whole in Philippines.

Plaza Heneral
Dedicated to this name, Gen. Paulino Santos is placed on a 4.8 hectare land owned by the government of Philippines. People from different walks of life can enjoy in park day and night.

Transportation
Buses and modern services vehicles are served in this city, as well as air transportation, The "General Santos International Airport", stylized named as "General Santos City Airport". Hub airline for Philippine Airlines, Cebu Pacific, AirAsia and others.

Other websites
 Official Website of the City of General Santos

 Philippine Standard Geographic Code

Cities in the Philippines

General Santos City


Commodus (Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus, 31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was Roman emperor from 177 to 192. He was co-emperor with his father Marcus Aurelius from 177 until his father's death in 180. From 180 to his death in 192, Commodus was the only emperor.

His accession as emperor was the first time a son had succeeded his father since Titus succeeded Vespasian in 79. Commodus was the first emperor "born to the purple", that is, born during his father's reign.

Sole reign (180–192)
The reign of Marcus Aurelius had been marked by almost continuous warfare, even though he preferred books to war. That of Commodus was comparatively peaceful in the military sense but was marked by political strife, and the arbitrary and capricious behaviour of the emperor himself. In the view of Dio Cassius, a contemporary observer, his accession marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron". The historian Edward Gibbon took Commodus's reign as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire.

Despite his notoriety, Commodus's years in power are not well chronicled.
Commodus remained with the Danube armies for only a short time before negotiating a peace treaty with the Danubian tribes. He then returned to Rome and celebrated a triumph for the conclusion of the wars on 22 October 180.

Unlike the preceding Emperors Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, Commodus had little interest in the business of administration. He left the running of the state to a succession of favourites, beginning at this time with Saoterus, a freedman from Nicomedia who had become his chamberlain.

This state of affairs led to a series of conspiracies and attempted coups, which in turn eventually provoked Commodus to take charge of affairs, which he did in an increasingly dictatorial manner.

Nevertheless, though the senatorial order came to hate and fear him, the evidence suggests that he remained popular with the army and the common people for much of his reign. He made lavish shows of gifts (recorded on his coinage) and he staged and took part in spectacular gladiatorial combats.

One of the ways he paid for his mass entertainments was to tax the senatorial order, and on many inscriptions, the traditional order of the two nominal powers of the state, the Senate and People (Senatus Populusque Romanus) is provocatively reversed (Populus Senatusque...).

The conspiracies of 182
At the outset of his reign, Commodus, aged 19, inherited many of his father's senior advisers. He also had five surviving sisters, all of them with husbands who were potential rivals. Four of his sisters were considerably older than he; the eldest, Lucilla, held the rank of Augusta as the widow of her first husband, Lucius Verus.

The first crisis of the reign came in 182, when Lucilla engineered a conspiracy against her brother. Her motive is alleged to have been envy of the Empress Crispina. Her husband, Pompeianus, was not involved, but two men, alleged to have been her lovers, attempted to murder Commodus as he entered the theatre.

They bungled the job. They were seized by the emperor's bodyguard, and executed; Lucilla was exiled to Capri and later killed. Pompeianus retired from public life. One of the two Praetorian Prefects, Tarrutenius Paternus, had actually been involved in the conspiracy, but was not detected at this time. In the aftermath, he and his co-Prefect Sextus Tigidius Perennis organised the murder of Saoterus, the hated chamberlain.

Commodus took the loss of Saoterus badly, and Perennis now seized the chance to advance himself by implicating Paternus in a second conspiracy. Executions followed. Perennis took over the reins of government and Commodus found a new chamberlain and favourite in Cleander, a Phrygian freedman who had married one of the emperor's mistresses, Demostratia. Cleander was in fact the person who had murdered Saoterus.

After those attempts on his life, Commodus spent much of his time outside Rome, mostly on the family estates at Lanuvium. Though physically strong, he was mentally lazy, and his chief interest was in sport: taking part in horse racing, chariot racing, and combats with beasts and men, mostly in private but also on occasion in public.

Britainnia

In Britain in 184, the governor Ulpius Marcellus pushed the Roman frontier north to the Antonine Wall, but the soldiers revolted against his harsh discipline. Perennis had all the legionary legates in Britain dismissed.

On 15 October 184 at the Capitoline Games, a Cynic philosopher publicly denounced Perennis before Commodus, who was watching. He was immediately put to death. According to Dio Cassius, Perennis, though ruthless and ambitious, was not personally corrupt and generally administered the state well.

However, the following year, a detachment of soldiers from Britain (they had been drafted to Italy to suppress brigands) denounced Perennis to the emperor as plotting to make his own son emperor. They had been enabled to do so by Cleander, who was seeking to dispose of his rival. Commodus gave the soldiers permission to execute Perennis and his wife and sons. The fall of Perennis brought a new spate of executions. Ulpius Marcellus was replaced as governor of Britain by Pertinax; brought to Rome and tried for treason, Marcellus narrowly escaped death.

Cleander's rise and fall (185–190)
Cleander took power into his own hands and enriched himself by selling public offices: he sold and gave entry to the Senate, army commands, governorships, and even replacement consulships, to the highest bidder.

Unrest around the empire increased, with large numbers of army deserters causing trouble in Gaul and Germany. A revolt in Brittany was put down by two legions brought over from Britain. In 187, one of the leaders of the deserters, Maternus, came from Gaul intending to assassinate Commodus at the Festival of the Great Goddess in March, but he was betrayed and executed.

In the same year, Pertinax unmasked a conspiracy by two enemies of Cleander. As a result, Commodus appeared even more rarely in public, preferring to live on his estates. Early in 188, Cleander disposed of the current praetorian prefect, and himself took over supreme command of the Praetorians at the new rank of a pugione ("dagger-bearer") with two praetorian prefects subordinate to him. Now at the zenith of his power, Cleander continued to sell public offices as his private business. The climax came in the year 190, which had 25 suffect consuls—a record in the 1,000-year history of the Roman consulship—all appointed by Cleander (they included the future Emperor Septimius Severus).

In the spring of 190, Rome was afflicted by a food shortage, for which the official actually in charge of the grain supply managed to lay the blame on Cleander. At the end of June, a mob demonstrated against Cleander during a horse race in the Circus Maximus: he sent the praetorian guard to put down the disturbances, but Pertinax, who was now City Prefect of Rome, dispatched the Vigiles Urbani to oppose them.

Cleander fled to Commodus, who was at Laurentum in the house of the Quinctilii, for protection, but the mob followed him calling for his head. At the urging of his mistress Marcia, Commodus had Cleander beheaded and his son killed. Other victims at this time were the praetorian prefect Julius Julianus, Commodus's cousin Annia Fundania Faustina, and his brother-in-law Mamertinus. Papirius Dionysius was executed too.

Commodus continued to rule through a cabal, which now consisted of Marcia, his new chamberlain Eclectus, and the new praetorian prefect Quintus Aemilius Laetus, who about this time also had many Christians freed from working in the mines in Sardinia. Marcia is alleged to have been a Christian.

A new order (190–192)
During 191, the city of Rome was extensively damaged by a fire that raged for several days, during which many public buildings including the Temple of Pax, the Temple of Vesta and parts of the imperial palace were destroyed.

Commodus presented himself as the fountainhead of the Empire and Roman life and religion. He also had the head of the Colossus of Nero adjacent to the Colosseum replaced with his own portrait, gave it a club and placed a bronze lion at its feet to make it look like Hercules, and added an inscription boasting of being "the only left-handed fighter to conquer twelve times one thousand men".

Commodus the gladiator
The emperor also had a passion for gladiatorial combat, which he took so far as to take to the arena himself, dressed as a gladiator. The Romans found Commodus' naked gladiatorial combats to be scandalous and disgraceful.  It was rumoured that he was actually the son, not of Marcus, but of a gladiator whom his mother Faustina had taken as a lover at the coastal resort of Caieta. In the arena, Commodus always won since his opponents always submitted to the emperor. Thus, these public fights would not end in a death. Privately, it was his custom to slay his practice opponents. For each appearance in the arena, he charged the city of Rome a million sesterces, straining the Roman economy.

Military officials in Rome were enraged at his behaviour in the arena. Often, wounded soldiers and amputees would be placed in the arena for Commodus to slay with a sword. Citizens of Rome missing their feet through accident or illness were taken to the arena, where they were tethered together for Commodus to club to death while pretending they were giants. These acts may have contributed to his assassination.

Commodus was also known for fighting exotic animals in the arena, often to the horror of the Roman people. According to Gibbon, Commodus once killed 100 lions in a single day.p106 Later, he decapitated a running ostrich with a specially designed dart. and afterwards carried the bleeding head of the dead bird and his sword over to the section where the Senators sat and gesticulated as though they were next. On another occasion, Commodus killed three elephants on the floor of the arena by himself. Finally, Commodus killed a giraffe which was considered to be a strange and helpless beast.p107 "Commodus killed a camelopardalis or giraffe...the most useless of the quadrupeds."

Assassination
In November 192, Commodus held Plebian Games in which he shot hundreds of animals with arrows and javelins every morning, and fought as a gladiator every afternoon, naturally winning all the bouts. In December he announced his intention to inaugurate the year 193 as both consul and gladiator on 1 January.

At this point, the prefect Laetus formed a conspiracy with Eclectus to supplant Commodus with Pertinax, taking Marcia into their confidence. On 31 December Marcia poisoned his food but he vomited up the poison; so the conspirators sent his wrestling partner, Narcissus, to strangle him in his bath. On his death, the Senate declared him a public enemy and restored the original names to the city of Rome and its institutions. Commodus' statues were thrown down.

Commodus was succeeded by Pertinax, whose reign was short lived, being the first to fall victim to the Year of the Five Emperors. Commodus's death marked the end of the Nervan-Antonian dynasty, and the beginning of the end for the Western Roman Empire.

Commodus in popular culture
There are a number of semi-fictional versions of his life. The most notable are the two films:

In 1964's The Fall of the Roman Empire. Marcus Aurelius is played by Alec Guinness, and Commodus by Christopher Plummer in this long (three hour) movie. This movie is now seen as a classic; its main deviation from history is the idea that Marcus was planning to disinherit Commodus by adopting a step-son, Livius (Stephen Boyd). Dramatically, this works well, though Boyd was criticised as being rather 'wooden'.The 'Battle of the Four Armies' involved 8,000 soldiers including 1,200 cavalry and was shot on an undulating plain at Manzanares el Real which allowed large numbers of soldiers to be visible over a long distance. The film's reconstruction of the Roman Forum at Las Matas near Madrid, at 400 x 230 meters (1312 x 754 feet) holds the record for the largest outdoor movie set. The various ancient Rome settings covered 55 acres (220,000 m2).
The 2000 Academy Award-winner for Best Picture, Gladiator starred Russell Crowe as Maximus, and Joaquin Phoenix as Commodus. Commodus serves as the main antagonist of the movie. He is depicted as cowardly, greedy and ruthless.The movie is only loosely based on historical events. Although the filmmakers consulted an academic expert with knowledge of the period of the Ancient Roman empire, historical discrepancies were incorporated by the screenwriters. At least one historical advisor resigned due to the changes made, and another asked not to be mentioned in the credits. Historian Allen Ward of the University of Connecticut believed that historical accuracy would not have made Gladiator less interesting or exciting: "creative artists need to be granted some poetic license, but that should not be a permit for the wholesale disregard of facts in historical fiction".The movie begins with an exciting battle scenario, using modern computer graphics. The battle also plays with history: much of the infantry combat is shown as one-on-one dueling between individuals. The highly organized Romans would not have allowed this to happen: the organized, cohort-based fighting style would have been used to wear down the Germans. The movie ends with the death of both Commodus and Maximus in the arena. The post of Emperor is then auctioned off...

References

2nd-century Roman emperors
160s births
192 deaths

Commodus


The Assembly Hall is located between Castlehill and Mound Place in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is the meeting place of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.

History

Following the Disruption in the Church of Scotland in 1843, the emergent Free Church of Scotland urgently required a new theological college (New College) in Edinburgh, an Assembly Hall and a home for the Free High Church (the member of St Giles' Cathedral who left at the Disruption). A complex of buildings was thus designed by William Henry Playfair and built between 1845 and 1950. The Assembly Hall itself was designed by David Bryce and built in 1858-9. The back of the Hall facing Castlehill was extended east by J. M. Dick Peddie in 1885, with further work in 1901-3.

In 1900, the United Presbyterian Church and a majority of the Free Church of Scotland united as the United Free Church of Scotland; the Assembly Hall was henceforth used by the newly united church. The United Free Church of Scotland and the Church of Scotland united in 1929. The Assembly Hall thus became the Assembly Hall of the reunited Church of Scotland. Overlooking the Moderator's chair, the centre of the south gallery was adapted to become the "Throne Gallery" for the Lord High Commissioner. Until 1929, the General Assemblies of the (old) Church of Scotland were held in St John's Highland Tolbooth Church (now 'The Hub'), the spire of which continues to overshadow the Assembly Hall and New College.

Interior

The Black and White Corridor occupies space on the north side and is so-named because of its distinctive chequered floor tiling. From the Black and White Corridor, steps lead down to the New College quadrangle (and Mound Place) and another staircase leads up to the Moderator's rooms and the Clerks' room (immediately above). Stairs also lead into the Rainy Hall of New College.

Other uses

Scottish Parliament

The Scottish Constitutional Convention met in the Assembly Hall on 30 March 1989, at which A Claim of Right for Scotland, a call for the creation of a Scottish Parliament, was signed by 58 out of 72 Scottish Members of Parliament. It was organised by the Campaign for a Scottish Assembly. The Scottish Parliament was declared open by the Queen on 1 July 1999.

Between 1999 and 2004 the Assembly Hall was the temporary debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament. The access to this facility was via a new glazed porch, discreetly placed in the SW corner of Mylne's Court off the Lawnmarket in the midst of some of the University of Edinburgh's Halls of Residence. All traces of this porch were eradicated, and the west wall where it stood returned to a blank wall, immediately after the new parliament opened. The old (and uncomfortable) dark green leather bench seating was removed. Temporary (and removable) desks and seating were installed and the Hall was carpeted. The Church of Scotland used the Edinburgh International Conference Centre for the 1999 General Assembly and the Usher Hall in 2001. When the Assembly Hall was returned to the Church of Scotland, the decision was taken not to reinstate the Victorian seating, and more modern auditorium-style seating was installed.

The Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament had an office within the Assembly Hall buildings; all other parliamentary offices were located in the former Midlothian County Buildings or the former extension to Midlothian County Buildings on the opposite side of the George IV Bridge.

Edinburgh Festivals
The first dramatic success of the Edinburgh International Festival happened in 1948 and it was staged to great acclaim at the Assembly Hall on the Mound — an adaptation of Sir David Lyndsay's The Thrie Estaites, the first performance of this play since 1552.

Until 1999, the Assembly Hall was rarely used except for meetings of the General Assembly and performances during the Edinburgh International Festival. The hall continues today, each August, to be used as a venue for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The hall is operated as a venue by the coincidentally named company Assembly, who are named after, but organisationally unconnected to, the Assembly Rooms, which they also run during the Fringe.

See also

Church of Scotland Offices

References

Further reading

J. Gifford, C. McWilliam and D. Walker, The Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh, Penguin Books, 1984, .

External links
Church of Scotland - Assembly Hall
Church of Scotland

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1846
Church of Scotland
Category A listed buildings in Edinburgh
Royal Mile
1846 establishments in Scotland
Scottish parliamentary locations and buildings

General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland


John Halle Gutfreund (14 September 1929 – 9 March 2016) was an American banker, businessman, and investor. He was the CEO of Salomon Brothers Inc, an investment bank that gained prominence in the 1980s. Gutfreund turned Salomon Brothers from a private partnership into a publicly traded corporation, which started a trend in Wall Street for investment companies to go public. In 1985, Business Week gave him the nickname "King of Wall Street".

Early life and education
Gutfreund grew up in a Jewish family in Scarsdale, a suburb of New York City. His father, Manuel Gutfreund, was the owner of a prosperous trucking company. He attended the Lawrenceville School. In 1951, Gutfreund graduated from Oberlin College in Ohio with a degree in English. He considered teaching literature but instead joined the Army. In 1953, he was discharged. His father belonged to the Century Country Club in Purchase, New York (which was at the time a center for the German Jewish establishment) where he often golfed with William (Billy) Salomon, the son of Percy Salomon, one of the three founding brothers of Salomon Brothers. At Billy Salomon's invitation, the young Gutfreund joined Salomon Brothers as a trainee in the statistical department.

Career
After several months, Gutfreund became a clerk in the municipal bond department, eventually becoming a trader. He rose quickly through the company and became a full partner at the age of thirty four. In 1978, Billy Salomon named Gutfreund to succeed him as head of the firm, becoming the highest paid Wall Street executive at the time.  Besides his executive office on the 43rd floor of 1 New York Plaza, Gutfreund frequently occupied a two-person desk at the head of the massive, double-decker 41st floor fixed income trading floor, known as 'the Room', where Gutfreund would regularly give advice to individual traders.

In early 1991, when Gutfreund was CEO of Salomon Brothers, a major scandal took place regarding the way Treasury bond trading was done by Salomon. Paul Mozer, head of the Government Bond desk at Salomon Brothers, was submitting bids in excess of what was allowed by the Treasury rules. When this was discovered and brought to the attention of Gutfreund, he did not immediately suspend Mr. Mozer. The exposure of Mr. Mozer's repeated violations of U.S. government bond auction rules resulted in a significant scandal during which regulators and some politicians called on the firm to be stripped of its Primary Dealer status. This action would have threatened the survival of the firm, then the largest participant in the U.S. government and mortgage bond trading markets. Warren Buffett, who through Berkshire Hathaway had recently acquired a $700 million preferred equity position in Salomon, became alarmed by the activities of the firm. Buffett actively took measures with Salomon in order to protect his investment, including briefly serving as CEO of Salomon Brothers. As a result of the scandal, Gutfreund and other senior managers of Salomon were forced to resign in 1991.

From January 2002, Gutfreund was senior managing director and executive committee member of the investment bank C.E. Unterberg, Towbin. He was also president of Gutfreund & Company, a New York-based financial consulting firm that specialized in advising corporations and financial institutions in the US, Europe and Asia.

Legacy
Gutfreund was featured prominently in the 1989 book Liar's Poker by Michael Lewis, a former employee of Salomon. Gutfreund would later tell Lewis that "Your fucking book destroyed my career, and it made yours."

The UJA-Federation of New York honored him for his charitable activities and contributions.

Personal life
Gutfreund was married twice:
In 1958, he married Joyce Low, the daughter of Teddy Low, a partner at Bear Stearns. They had three sons: Nick (b.1959), Josh (b.1961), and Owen (b.1963).
In 1981, he married flight attendant Susan Penn (maiden name Kaposta) (b. 1946), the daughter of a Hungarian American, US Air Force pilot father and a Spanish American mother. They had one child, John Peter (b. 1985).

Gutfreund died on 9 March 2016, aged 86.

References

External links
 John Gutfreund is the former CEO of Salomon Brothers
 John Gutfreund's video interview
 Nightly Business Report Interview -- John Gutfreund of Gutfreund & Company Examines The Financial Crisis

1929 births
2016 deaths
Jewish American bankers
American financial company founders
American financiers
American investors
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
American stock traders
Businesspeople from New York City
Oberlin College alumni
Businesspeople from Scarsdale, New York
Lawrenceville School alumni
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American Jews

John Gutfreund


The Neckar (Swabian: Negger) is a 367 km long river in the South-West of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. Rising in the Black Forest, it flows through a steep valley in the Odenwald hills and passes through the cities of Tübingen (University), Nürtingen, Esslingen, Stuttgart (capitol of Baden-Württemberg, and Heidelberg (University). In Mannheim the Neckar joins the river Rhine.

Related pages
1223 Neckar

Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Rivers of Germany

Neckar


Newport Pagnell is a town in England. It is in the borough of Milton Keynes.

History
The town was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Neuport, which is an Old English word meaning New Market Town. At that time it was fairly new, having been founded by Norman invaders. The suffix "Pagnell" came later, when the manor passed into the hands of the Pagnell (Paynel) family.

At one time Newport Pagnell was one of the largest towns in the County of Buckinghamshire but today the new town of Milton Keynes has made it much less important.

Tickford Bridge, over the River Ouze, was built in 1810. It is the only iron bridge in Britain that still carries main road traffic. This is the oldest iron bridge in the world that is still in constant use. There is a plaque near the footbridge on the side that gives details of its history and construction. A large set of sluice gates used to control downstream flooding of the River Great Ouse is near the bridge.

Since 1954, Tickford Street in Newport Pagnell has been the home of the Aston Martin site, where all Aston Martin cars were built, until the recent opening of the new Ford Motor Company luxury division plant for Aston Martin built at Gaydon, Warwickshire.

The modern civil parish of Newport Pagnell stops at the M1, but the ecclesiastical parish extends to include Broughton and Caldecote. The parish church is dedicated to St Peter and St Paul.

Other websites

 The unofficial town website with historical pictures, pictures of the town carnival and a message board for locals and ex pats to keep in touch

Towns in Buckinghamshire

Newport Pagnell


A chemical burn is an uncomfortable sensation caused by the destruction of body tissue. It is destroyed by various chemicals. For example, concentrated sulfuric acid makes very bad chemical burns. Hydrochloric acid makes milder burns. There are several ways to protect against chemical burns, such as wearing gloves and a lab apron when working with chemicals. Each chemical has its own way to remove it from the skin, but normally drenching the burn with water should help.

References

Related pages
Chemicals
Burn

Burn, Chemical
Dermatology

Chemical burn


Syzygium luehmannii is a medium-sized coastal rainforest tree native to Australia. Common names include riberry, small leaved lilly pilly, cherry satinash, cherry alder, or clove lilli pilli.

The habitat is Australian riverine, littoral, subtropical or tropical rainforest. It grows on volcanic soils or deep sandy soils between the Macleay River in New South Wales to near Cairns in tropical Queensland. It is commonly grown as an ornamental tree and for its fruit, known as a riberry. The riberry is the national fruit of Australia.

Description

Occasionally reaching 30 metres in height and 90 cm in trunk diameter, the tree's crown is dense with small leaves, above a tall straight trunk. Large trees are buttressed at the base. The bark is red brown, light grey or pinkish grey with soft papery scales.

Leaves and flowers

The small, glossy, lance-shaped leaves are a shiny green when mature, but pink/red when young. They are opposite, simple, entire, lanceolate to ovate, 4 to 5 cm long, drawn out to a long prominent point. The leaf stalks are 2 to 3 mm long.

Flowers form in November or December. They are in small panicles at the ends of branchlets, half the length of the leaves or less. The white or cream petals form in fours or fives, 1.5 mm long. The stamina are 2 to 5 mm long.

Fruit and germination

The fruit matures from December to February, being a pear-shaped red berry, known as a riberry, growing to 13 mm long, covering a single seed, 4 mm in diameter. Seed germination is unreliable, complete after 25 days; however, cuttings strike readily. The fruit is eaten by the Australasian figbird, emu, and flying fox (pteropus).

Uses and cultivation

The tree commonly only reaches 8–10 metres in cultivation. The berry has a tart, cranberry-like  flavour, with a hint of cloves. It has been popular as a gourmet bushfood since the early 1980s and is commercially cultivated on a small-scale basis.

The fruit is most commonly used to make a distinctively flavoured jam and is also used in sauces, syrups and confectionery. It can also be eaten and enjoyed straight off the tree. The riberry plant is also very popular as a garden ornamental and street tree. It is easily maintained as a smaller tree by light pruning.

References

 Bruneteau, Jean-Paul, Tukka, Real Australian Food, .
 Floyd, A.G., Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia, .
 Cherikoff, Vic, The Bushfood Handbook, .
 Kersh, Jennice and Raymond, Edna's Table, .
 Low, Tim, Wild Food Plants of Australia, .

External links
 CSIRO plant profiles

luehmannii
Myrtales of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Trees of Australia
Bushfood
Crops originating from Australia
Garden plants of Australia
Ornamental trees
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller

Syzygium luehmannii


A constructed script (also artificial script, neography, and conscript for short) is a kind of writing system. It is a writing system that is specifically created by an individual or group, and is not like an evolved natural script. In contrast, natural scripts evolve and grow as part of a natural language or culture.

Some constructed scripts are made to be used for constructed languages. Other constructed scripts are used in linguistic experimentation or for other more practical uses in existing languages.

Writing systems

Constructed script


Národný bezpečnostný úrad (NBÚ) (National Security Authority in English) is the main body of state administration for the protection of classified information, cipher service and electronic signature. As the National Security Authority it fulfills tasks following the membership of the Slovak Republic in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union, provides the protection of foreign classified information submitted  to the Slovak Republic in accordance with international agreements, and cooperates with national security authorities of other states and security authorities of international organizations.

National Security Authority is controlled by Special Parliamentary Control Committee for the Control of NSA Activities.

NBÚ Director, Mr. Jozef Magala, was appointed into office of National Security Authority Director by National Council of the Slovak Republic on June 1, 2012.

References

External links
 https://www.nbu.gov.sk/en/authority/index.html

Slovak intelligence agencies

National Security Bureau (Slovakia)


Arturo Riccardi (30 October 1878 – 20 December 1966) was an Italian admiral during the Second World War, serving as the Ministry of Marine Director General of Personnel from 1935 to 1940 and Under Secretary of State of the Navy from 1941 until 1943. A specialist of aerial warfare, Riccardi frequently worked with senior German naval officers on the defense of the Italian peninsula.

Early career
Born to Adolph Riccardi and Ifigenia Rasini Di Mortigliengo in Pavia, Italy, (although other sources claim Saluzzo), Riccardi entered the Italian military academy to become a successful career soldier. Seeing action with the Italian marines in the Boxer Rebellion in 1900–1901, the Far East Campaign of 1905, and the First World War, Riccardi was awarded several medals for valor. These medals included the Bronze Medal of Military Valor, China Campaign Medal (1900–1901), Gold Cross for Seniority, War Merit Cross, Medal of War (1915–1918), Unit of Italy memorial medal, inter-allied Victory Medal, among others.

Interwar years
Heading the Cabinet to the Ministry of Navy from 6 February until 13 May 1925, Riccardi was finally made an admiral on 8 September 1932. Following his admission into the La Spezia (PNF) political party in 1934, he won promotion to vice admiral on 27 December 1935.

Riccardi would go on to hold a series of positions including Chief Executive Officer Official of the Case of Navy and Member of the Permanent Commission for the lighting system and signalling of the coasts on 12 August, as well as General Manager of the Staff and the Military Services to the Ministry of Navy on 22 August 1935, before becoming Ministry of Marine Director General of Personnel.

Second World War
Riccardi's first major engagement took place at the Battle of Taranto, when British carrier-borne torpedo bombers delivered a devastating surprise attack against Italian naval targets in the harbor of Taranto on the night of 11–12 November 1940.

Succeeding Admiral Domenico Cavagnari as chief of staff of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) on 11 December 1940, Riccardi became de facto commander of the existing Ministries for wartime aviation and naval forces. Riccardi did this in addition to his position as the Department of the Navy's Undersecretary of State.

Meeting with representatives of the Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, Riccardi led the Italian Royal Navy delegation, along with Raffaele de Courten, Emilio Brenta, and Carlo Giartosio during the Conference of Merano, from 13 February to 14 February 1941.

Riccardi was forced to surrender both positions on 25 July 1943, following the downfall of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's fascist regime. Under the new Pietro Badoglio administration,  Raffaele de Courten officially succeeded Riccardi as Naval Minister and, after 1945, the position came up in the new Ministry of Defense.

Honours
From the Italian Wikipedia
Commander of the Colonial Order of the Star of Italy (16 July 1936; also appointed Officer on the same date)
Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (28 September 1936; Commander: 15 June 1933; Officer: 1 June 1930; Knight: 6 December 1914)
Grand Cross with the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy (1 February 1940; Grand Officer: 27 October 1934; Commander: 12 November 1925; Officer: 14 December 1919; Knight: 14 December 1911)
Iron Cross (18 January 1943)
Bronze Medal of Military Valor (For China Campaign: 8 September 1904)
Allied Victory Medal (WWI)
Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy
Maurizian Medal
Italian War Cross
Gold Cross for Long Service
Commemorative Medal for the China Campaign 1900-1901
Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Austrian War 1915-1918

References

Parrish, Thomas and S. L. A. Marshall, ed. The Simon and Schuster Encyclopedia of World War II, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978.

External links
Scheda senatore RICCARDI Arturo
Arturo Riccardi

1878 births
1966 deaths
Italian admirals
Italian military personnel of World War I
Regia Marina personnel of World War II
Admirals of World War II
Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
Recipients of the War Merit Cross (Italy)
Recipients of the Bronze Medal of Military Valor
Recipients of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
20th-century Italian politicians

Arturo Riccardi


Gan Yavne () is a (local cooncil) in the Center Destrict o Israel, locatit adjacent tae the ceety o Ashdod. It wis foondit in 1931 an declared a local cooncil in 1950.

Gan Yavne lies east o the Tel-Aviv–Ashkelon heich-gate (Heich-gate No. 4). It is bordered tae the wast bi Ashdod, tae the north bi Gederot Regional Cooncil, an tae the east an sooth bi Be'er Tuvia Regional Cooncil.

Emblem
Gan Yavne's emblem represents "Torah an wirk", depictin the tablets o the Ten Commandments envelopin an orange an a lemon. These seembolise the foonders o Gan Yavne, who wur wirkin fowk wi a creative spirit, planters o vineyards an orchards, an hoose builders, upliftit bi the Zionist dream an love o Israel.

History
Gan Yavne wis established in 1931 bi the "Achuza Aleph" Company foondit bi several Jewish families frae Roushie an Poland, who haed settled temporarily in the Unitit States. The inspiration for its name "Gan Yavne", comes frae its proximity tae the historical Yavne. In the late 70's it wis kent as "Tachshit Hashfela", or the "Law-Land Jewel".

In the 1950's, Gan-Yavne absorbed Yemenite immigrants frae the "Magic Carpet" operation, an in the 1960's – immigrants frae North Africae an Kurdistan. Ower the years thay wur joined bi thoosans o residents frae aw ower the kintra, amang them new immigrants frae Tunisie an the umwhile Soviet Union.

Gan Yavne the day
The day, Gan Yavne is experiencin a biggin an development boom. Hunders o hoosin units an pretty suburbs are bein constructit. Alangside its rapid development, Gan Yavne preserves its unique veelage character. The day Gan-Yavne is the anerlie tounship alang Israel's coastline that is based on private hooses. Gan-Yavne's uniqueness, guid location, municipal services tae young an auld alike, as well as makin eddication, cultur an environmental cultivation its tap priority, are what mak Gan-Yavne sae attractive tae hunders o young families, choosin tae big thair hames here.

In the 1990s an 2000s Gan Yavne mair nor doubled its population, an became a popular "sleepin toun" for commuters. The development o heich-gate 4 ("the coastal road"), which is a freeway atween Tel Aviv an Gan Yavne junction, an an' a' the introduction o frequent rail service tae the nearbi Ashdod station, allous commuters tae traivel tae Tel Aviv in 30–45 minutes.

Educational facilities
23 kindergartens
3 state elementary schuils – "Ben Gurion", "Maccabim", "Ilan Ramon" an "Ehud Manor"
State releegious elementary schuil – "Sinai"
2 junior heichs/heich schuils  – "Ort Itzhak Rabin" an "Naomi Shemer"
Technological Seicontary Yeshiva – "Achuzat Yaakov" (Closed)
"Beit Apel" Childer's Veelage

Community an youth facilities
Community Cultur Center an Library
3 Pais Community Center extensions
Pais Community Center for the elderly
"Beney Akiva" & "Ha'Noar Ha'Oved Ve Ha'Lomed" Youth movements

Twin touns
  Puteaux, Fraunce (1973)

Local cooncils in Israel

Gan Yavne


Phycology (or algology), a part of botany, is the study of algae. Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are different from the higher plants by a lack of "normal" roots, stems or leaves. Many types have one cell and are very small or microscopic (including plankton and other microalgae); many others have many cells; some of these are very big, like seaweeds such as kelp and Sargassum.

Phycology includes the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue-green algae or cyanobacteria. Some microscopic algae are also in lichens.

A phycologist is a person who studies phycology...

Algae
Branches of botany

Phycology


Yellae is the colour o:
 A bananae
 A lemon

Yellae can represent licht an the sun's rays.
It can be a sign o couartiness an aw.

On road signs, yellae means "wairnin" or "danger". It is uised for tae mean this acause it is eith tae see. Some ainimals, like bees an hornets, uises the colour as a wairnin an aw, sae that ither ainimals will ken tae stey awa frae thaim.

Inkjet prenters uises yellae ink as ane o thair three basic colours, alang wi cyan ink an magenta ink.

Web Colour Code = #FFFF00

Colours

Yellae


Tropical Storm Beryl was the third tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. Developing from a tropical disturbance on July 18, it tracked generally northward, and strengthened to attain peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) under generally favorable conditions. After turning to the northeast, Beryl weakened over cooler waters. On July 21 it struck the island of Nantucket, and shortly thereafter it became extratropical. The extratropical remnants continued northeastward through Nova Scotia, and on July 22 it merged with an approaching cold front.

Beryl produced rough seas along the northeast United States coastline. In Massachusetts, its impact was limited to light rainfall and gusty winds, with no reported damage. Beryl later produced moderate rainfall and gusty winds across Atlantic Canada, resulting in some localized power outages though little damage. No deaths were reported.

Storm history

A cold front moved off the East Coast of the United States on July 16 and stalled off the coast of North Carolina. It slowly decayed into a surface low pressure trough, and developed into two disturbances; one was centered 290 miles (490 km) south-southeast of Cape Cod and another was located 200 miles (320 km) south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.  The first low quickly organized into an unnamed tropical storm, and the other area stayed broad and disorganized.  However, by July 18, the system became much better organized with improved banding features, and the area developed into Tropical Depression Two while located 220 miles (355 km) south-southeast of Cape Hatteras.

The depression moved slowly to the north-northwest through a break in the subtropical ridge, and as convective banding features became more visible the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Beryl. Throughout much of its duration, the storm tracked through an environment with light vertical wind shear and well-established upper-level outflow.  Shortly after becoming a tropical storm, the low-level circulation of Beryl became exposed with limited deep convection, though deep convection re-developed the following morning.  Outflow continued to improve, and with warm sea surface temperatures Beryl slowly strengthened further to reach peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) early on July 20 while located about 120 miles (190 km) east of Nags Head, North Carolina.

Beryl maintained peak winds for about 18 hours as it paralleled the Mid-Atlantic and New Jersey coasts, during which an eye-like feature developed in the center of the convection. Late on July 20, it began a slow weakening trend after passing over cooler waters. Steering winds ahead of an approaching mid-level trough caused Beryl to speed up northeastward, and early on July 21 the center of the storm crossed the island of Nantucket. The convection diminished as it moved through progressively colder waters, and shortly after 1200 UTC on July 21 Beryl became an extratropical cyclone a short distance east of Cape Cod. Hours later, it made landfall in southwestern Nova Scotia, and on July 22 the extratropical remnants of Beryl merged with an approaching cold front over Newfoundland.

Preparations
Forecasters originally predicted Beryl to brush the Carolinas; as such, a tropical storm watch was issued for the eastern coast of North Carolina from Cape Lookout northward to Currituck Beach Lighthouse. When a more northeastward track became apparent, a tropical storm watch was issued about 33 hours before moving ashore from Woods Hole to Plymouth, Massachusetts, including Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard. About 22 hours before landfall, the National Hurricane Center replaced the watch with a tropical storm warning for the same area, and also issued a tropical storm watch from Woods Hole, Massachusetts westward to New Haven, Connecticut and for the eastern portion of Long Island from east of Fire Island to Port Jefferson.  Expecting for the storm, the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency was activated as a trial run for the hurricane season. Local Red Cross chapters were opened, as well, with two volunteer teams placed on standby to assist.  Across southeastern Massachusetts, police departments maintained extra staff in preparation for any potential problems from the storm. Many fishermen secured their boats, while some business owners boarded up windows to prevent storm damage.

Several days prior to the passage of Beryl through Atlantic Canada, the Canadian Hurricane Centre issued gale warnings for the coastal waters off of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.  In anticipation of heavy rainfall, the agency also issued heavy rainfall warnings for western Nova Scotia, including Halifax.

Impact

The storm caused high waves along the East Coast of the United States, with 19 foot seas (5.97 m) in the open ocean.  Waves along the southern coast of Nantucket reached 10 feet in height as the storm approached the island, resulting in four people being rescued by lifeguards from rip currents.
High surf was also reported along the southern coast of Massachusetts and Rhode Island.  Beryl also produced a storm surge of 0.9 feet on Nantucket. Winds across southeastern Massachusetts were fairly light, with no sustained tropical storm force winds and wind gusts peaking at 44 mph; unofficially gusts reached 51 mph.

Beryl dropped moderate precipitation just offshore, though the maximum precipitation total in the United States was only 0.97 inches (24.6 mm) on Nantucket.  Rainfall along southeastern Massachusetts reached 0.33 inches at Chatham. The only reported damage were some downed telephone poles and fallen tree branches. Overall impact was minor; there were no reported power outages, deaths, injuries, or maritime emergencies in association with the storm.

The remnants of Beryl dropped moderate precipitation in Atlantic Canada, officially peaking at 2.8 inches (71 mm) in Scotts Bay, Nova Scotia with an unofficially higher total of 3.5 inches (88 mm); in some locations 1 inch of rain fell in an hour. Additionally, a station in Fredericton, New Brunswick reported 1.77 inches (45 mm) in 2 hours.  The rainfall caused some flooding, with some overflown streams flooding some streets. Moderate winds were reported along its path, which peaked at 60 mph (96 km/h) in southern Nova Scotia. The winds downed some tree limbs and led to some power outages. Overall damage was minor.

Related pages
 2006 Atlantic hurricane season
 List of hurricanes in Connecticut

References

Other websites
 NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Beryl

Hurricanes in the United States
Atlantic tropical storms
2006 Atlantic hurricane season
July 2006 events
2006 in Canada
2006 in the United States
2000s in New York (state)
2000s in Massachusetts

Tropical Storm Beryl (2006)


A sideboard, also called a buffet, is an item of furniture traditionally used in the dining room for serving food, for displaying serving dishes, and for storage. It usually consists  of a set of cabinets, or cupboards, and one or more drawers, all topped by a wooden surface for conveniently holding food, serving dishes, or lighting devices. The words sideboard and buffet are somewhat interchangeable, but if the item has short legs, or a base that sits directly on the floor with no legs, it is more likely to be called a sideboard; if it has longer legs, it is more likely to be called a buffet.

The earliest versions of the sideboard familiar today made their appearance in the 18th century, but they gained most of their popularity during the 19th century, as households became prosperous enough to dedicate a room solely to dining. Sideboards were made in a range of decorative styles and were frequently ornamented with costly veneers and inlays. In later years, sideboards have been placed in living rooms or other areas where household items might be displayed.

In traditional formal dining rooms today, an antique sideboard is a desirable and fashionable accessory, and finely styled versions from the late 18th or early 19th centuries are the most sought-after and most costly. Among its counterparts in modern furniture styles, the form is often referred to as a server. Some of the earliest production of sideboards arose in England, France, Poland, Belgium and Scotland. Later, American designs arose.  Characteristic materials used in historic sideboard manufacture include mahogany, oak, pine, and walnut.

See also
 Buffet – a way of serving food, rather than the item of furniture
 Cellarette (liquor cabinet)
 Chiffonier
 China cabinet
 Credenza
 Hutch (furniture)
 Madia (furniture)
 Sideboard (Edward William Godwin)
 Welsh dresser

References

External links

Furniture
Serving and dining

Sideboard


A wormhole is a theoretical passage through space creating a shortcut through time and space. It is not known whether or not they exist.

Scientists believe that if wormholes existed they could not be made following any traditional scientific methods. In order to hold a wormhole open, a form of theoretical exotic matter would be needed. Otherwise the wormhole would simply disappear very quickly after its creation. If plotted on a 2-dimensional plane, the wormhole bends the plane, like folding a paper, so that the two ends would be touching (as seen in the picture). The term wormhole was first used by John Wheeler, a theoretical physicist. It is also known as an Einstein-Rosen bridge. A wormhole is much like a tunnel with two ends each in separate points in space time. Researchers have no observational evidence for wormholes.

Wormholes are a common element in science fiction because they allow rapid interstellar, intergalactic, and sometimes even interuniversal travel. In fiction, wormholes have also served as a method for time travel. This popular fiction allows interstellar travel within human lifetimes. This would allow time travel, also a popular fiction. A proposed time-travel machine using a traversable wormhole would hypothetically work in the following way: One end of the wormhole is accelerated to some significant fraction of the speed of light, perhaps with some advanced propulsion system, and then brought back to the point of origin. Alternatively, another way is to take one entrance of the wormhole and move it to within the gravitational field of an object that has higher gravity than the other entrance, and then return it to a position near the other entrance. For both of these methods, time dilation causes the end of the wormhole that has been moved to have aged less, or become "younger", than the stationary end as seen by an external observer; however, time connects differently through the wormhole than outside it, so that synchronized clocks at either end of the wormhole will always remain synchronized as seen by an observer passing through the wormhole, no matter how the two ends move around.

References

Relativity

Wormhole


Lily May Ledford (March 17, 1917 – July 14, 1985) was an American clawhammer banjo and fiddle player. After gaining regional radio fame in the late 1930s as head of the Coon Creek Girls, one of the first all-female string bands to appear on radio, Ledford went on to gain national renown as a solo artist during the American folk music revival of the 1960s. In 1985, she was awarded a National Heritage Fellowship.

Biography

Early life and career
Ledford was born along the banks of the Red River in rural Powell County, Kentucky in 1917. She was the seventh of fourteen children born to tenant farmer Daw White Ledford and wife Stella May Tackett. Her father taught her to play banjo at a young age, and by age 12 she had learned to play the fiddle.  Lily loved the traditional dance tunes, and she often had to sneak off to play at area dances, as her mother considered this type of music to be "old drunkard songs".

In 1936, Ledford won a music competition at Mount Vernon, Kentucky, and the following year made her radio debut on WLS Chicago's National Barn Dance. Shortly after this appearance, she was recruited by John Lair for his new radio program, Renfro Valley Barn Dance, which was initially broadcast from Cincinnati and later moved to Mount Vernon. Ledford and Lair formed the Coon Creek Girls, with Lair providing the band's name, even though there was no such place as Coon Creek, as it was typical for early country music producers to give bands colorful rural-sounding names. The Coon Creek Girls originally consisted of Ledford on banjo and vocals, Ledford's sister Rosie on guitar, Evelyn Daisy Lange on bass, and Esther Violet Koehler on mandolin. The band made its radio debut on October 9, 1937. Lange and Koehler left in 1939, and were replaced by Ledford's sister, Minnie. The group performed at the White House in 1939 for President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his guests, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. The group made regular appearances on Renfro Valley Barn Dance until disbanding in 1957.

Folk music revival and later career

In the 1960s, musicologist Ralph Rinzler rediscovered Ledford, and invited her to play at the Newport Folk Festival in 1968. Delighted by the positive response she received from the folk music movement, Ledford became a regular at folk festivals across the U.S. and Canada, initially with her sisters, and then as a solo artist when her sisters were unable to join her. In 1971, she appeared at the "Man and His World Festival" in Montreal, and she played at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in Washington, D.C. the following year. In 1976, Ledford toured the Western U.S. and Canada with Mike Seeger's Old-Time Music Festival. In 1979, while on tour with the Red Clay Ramblers, Ledford recorded an album, Banjo Pickin' Girl, that was released on the Greenhays label in 1983. Around the same period, she appeared at the Mariposa Folk Festival in Orillia.

In the early 1980s, author Loyal Jones interviewed Ledford extensively as part of research conducted with a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts, and broadcast the interviews on National Public Radio. In 1980, Berea College published Coon Creek Girl, an autobiography Ledford had written in the late 1970s. Ledford stopped performing in 1983, when she was diagnosed with lung cancer. Just before her death in 1985, she was awarded a National Heritage Fellowship, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. Ledford inspired a generation of younger folk musicians, including Pete Seeger.

Repertoire

Ledford typically played a five-string banjo in the frailing, or "clawhammer" style taught to her by her father. She also occasionally played the fiddle. Notable recordings include versions of the old world ballad "Pretty Polly" and folk songs such as "Darling Cory", "Jim Along Josey," and "Kitty Clyde". Her fiddle recordings include a rendition of the folk song "Cackling Hen". In the 1970s and early 1980s, Ledford played at a relatively leisurely pace, often stopping to give extensive background information about the songs she was playing.

Discography

Coon Creek Girls
Coon Creek Girls: Lily May, Rosie, & Susie (1968, County Records 712)
Early Radio Favorites (1982/1983, Old Homestead Records OHCS 142)

Solo albums
Banjo Pickin' Girl (1983, Greenhays Recordings GR712)
Gems: Lily May Ledford (2000, June Appal Recordings JA 0078D)

Further reading
Kentucky Country: Folk and Country Music of Kentucky (1982)

References

External links

Lily May Ledford Music and Heritage Festival — annual festival held at Kentucky's Natural Bridge State Park
Lily May Ledford Collection — archive at Berea College
Berea College Sound Archives — contains several dozen mp3 recordings of Lily May Ledford and the Coon Creek Girls

People from Powell County, Kentucky
National Heritage Fellowship winners
American banjoists
Musicians from Kentucky
1917 births
1985 deaths
Musicians from Appalachia
20th-century American musicians

Lily May Ledford


Nanotechnology is a part of science and technology about the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale - this means things that are about 100 nanometres across

Nanotechnology includes making products that use parts this small, such as electronic devices, catalysts, sensors, etc. To give you an idea of how small that is, there are more nanometres in an inch than there are inches in 400 miles.
To give an international idea of how small that is, there are as many nanometres in a centimetre, as there are centimetres in 100 kilometres.

Nanotechnology brings together scientists and engineers from many different subjects, such as applied physics, materials science, interface and colloid science, device physics, chemistry, supramolecular chemistry (which refers to the area of chemistry that focuses on the non-covalent bonding interactions of molecules), self-replicating machines and robotics, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, biology, biological engineering, and electrical engineering.

Generally, when people talk about nanotechnology, they mean structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller. There are one million nanometers in a millimeter. Nanotechnology tries to make materials or machines of that size.

People are doing many different types of work in the field of nanotechnology. Most current work looks at making nanoparticles (particles with nanometer size) that have special properties, such as the way they scatter light, absorb X-rays, transport electrical currents or heat, etc. At the more "science fiction" end of the field are attempts to make small copies of bigger machines or really new ideas for structures that make themselves. New materials are possible with nano size structures. It is even possible to work with single atoms.

There has been a lot of discussion about the future of nanotechnology and its dangers. Nanotechnology may be able to invent new materials and instruments which would be very useful, such as in medicine, computers, and making clean electricity (nanoelectromechanical systems) is helping design the next generation of solar panels, and efficient low-energy lighting). On the other hand, nanotechnology is new and there could be unknown problems. For example, if the materials are bad for people's health or for nature. They may have a bad effect on the economy or even big natural systems like the Earth itself. Some groups argue that there should be rules about the use of nanotechnology.

The start of nanotechnology
Ideas of nanotechnology were first used in talk "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", a talk given by the scientist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. Feynman described a way to move individual atoms to build smaller instruments and operate at that scale. Properties such as surface tension and Van der walls force would become very important.

Feynman's simple idea seemed possible. The word "nanotechnology" was explained by Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 paper. He said that nanotechnology was the work of changing materials by one atom or by one molecule. In the 1980s this idea was studied by Dr. K. Eric Drexler, who spoke and wrote about the importance of nano-scale events . "Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology" (1986) is thought to be the willythirst book on nanotechnology. Nanotechnology and Nano science started with two key developments: the start of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Soon afterwards, new molecules with carbon were discovered - first fullerenes in 1986 and carbon nanotubes a few years later. In another development, people studied how to make semiconductor nano crystals. Many metal oxide nanoparticles are now used as quantum dots (nanoparticles where the behaviour of single electrons becomes important). In 2000, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative began to develop science in this field.

Classification of Nano materials
Nanotechnology has nanomaterials which can be classified into one, two and three dimensions nanoparticles. This classification is based upon different properties it holds such as scattering of light, absorbing x rays, transport electric current or heat. Nanotechnology has multidisciplinary character affecting multiple traditional technologies and different scientific disciplines. New materials which can be scaled even at atomic size can be manufactured.

Facts
 One nanometer (nm) is 10−9 or 0.000,000,001 meter.
 When two carbon atoms join together to make a molecule the distance between them is in the range of 0.12-0.15 nm.
 DNA double helix is about 2 nm from one side to the other. It develops into a new field of DNA nanotechnology. In future DNA can be manipulated that can lead to new revolution. Human genome can be manipulated according to requirements.
 A nanometer and a meter can be understood as the same size-difference as between golf ball and the Earth.
 One nanometer is about one twenty-five-thousandth the diameter of a human hair.
 Fingernails grow one nanometer per second.

Physical characteristics of nanomaterial
At nano scale physical properties of system or particles substantially change. Physical properties such as quantum size effects where electrons move different for very small sizes of particle. Properties such as mechanical, electrical and optical changes when macroscopic system changes to microscopic one which is of utmost importance.

Nano materials and particles can act as catalyst to increase the reaction rate along with that produce better yield as compared to other catalyst.
Some of the most interesting properties when particle gets converted to nano scale are substances which usually stop light become transparent (copper); it becomes possible to burn some materials (aluminum); solids turn into liquids at room temperature (gold); insulators become conductors (silicon). A material such as gold, which does not react with other chemicals at normal scales, can be a powerful chemical catalyst at nanoscales. These special properties which we can only see at the nano scale are one of the most interesting things about nanotechnology.

Notes

Related pages
Biophysics
Biotechnology

Other websites
 'The Next Big Thing: Nanotechnology' TV discussion
 Carbon Nanotubes video
 C60 fullerene video
 Funny introduction video to nano: The Nano Song
 Nanotechnology Image Gallery
 Kumiko Miyazaki, & Nazrul Islam, (November 2007). Nanotechnologysystems of innovation—An analysis of industry and academia research activities. Technovation, 27(11), 661-675. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.libdb.njit.edu:8888/science/article/pii/S0166497207000697
 Minna Allarakhia, & StevenWalsh, (March-April 2012). Analyzing and organizing nanotechnology development: Application of the institutional analysis development framework to nanotechnology consortia. Technovation, 32(3-4), 216-226. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.libdb.njit.edu:8888/science/article/pii/S0166497211001532

Nanotechnology


A hull is the body of a ship or boat. It is a central concept in floating vessels as it provides the buoyancy that keeps the vessel from sinking.

General features
Almost all watercraft, from small boats to the largest ships, have a general form that is necessary for  stability and efficient propulsion, which includes:
 horizontal cross-sections that have narrow, usually pointed, fronts (at the bow),
 smooth widening from the bow until roughly the middle of the length (midships), and often narrowing smoothly but usually significantly to the extreme end (the stern).

 A keel may be fitted on a hull to increase the transverse stability (if filled with a heavy weight), directional stability or to create lift as in a sail boat .
 Control devices such as a rudder, trim tabs or stabilizing fins may be fitted.

How does it float?
Archimedes, a Greek doctor, inventor, and mathematician, made the science of "hydrostatics", the study of liquids and pressure. The Archimedes principle says that the force holding up an object that is inside a liquid in part or totally. So, a ship actually does sink, until it moves an amount of water that is the same weight of the weight of the ship. The weight must be over a wide area to work. This explains why ships and boats (including submarines) float. An object's weight pulls down in the direction of gravity, but the water's buoyant (floating) force pushes it up. Because these forces counteract each other, the object seems to lose weight. NASA uses this principle to prepare their astronauts for the weightlessness of space, so they had the astronauts work on parts of the space ship inside water tanks 25 feet (7.6 m) deep.

Terms
Bow is the frontmost part of the hull

Stern is the rear-most part of the hull

Portside is the left side of the boat when facing the Bow

Starboard is the right side of the boat when facing the Bow

Waterline is an imaginary line circumscribing the hull that matches the surface of the water when the hull is not moving.

Midships is the midpoint of the LWL (see below).
It is half-way from the forwardmost point on the waterline to the rear-most point on the waterline.

Baseline an imaginary reference line used to measure vertical distances from.  It is usually located at the bottom of the hull.

Metrics

Hull forms are defined as follows:
 Block Measures that define the principle dimensions.  They are:
 Length Overall (LOA) is the extreme length from one end to the other (see also o/a)
 Length on the Waterline (LWL) is the length from the forwardmost point of the waterline measured  in profile to the stern-most point of the waterline. (see also w/l)
 Beam or breadth (B) is the width of the hull.  (ex: BWL is the maximum beam at the waterline)
 Depth (D) is the vertical distance from the top of the keel to the underside of the upper deck at the side.
 draft (d) or (T) is the vertical distance from the bottom of the hull to the waterline.
 Freeboard (FB) is depth plus the height of the keel structure minus draft.
Form Derivatives that are calculated from the shape and the Block Measures.  They are:
 Volume (V) is the volume of water displaced by the hull.
 Displacement (Δ) is the weight of water equivalent to the immersed volume of the hull.
 Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy (LCB) is the longitudinal distance from a point of reference (often Midships) to the centre of the displaced volume of water when the hull is not moving.  Note that the Longitudinal Centre of Gravity or centre of the weight of the vessel must align with the LCB when the hull is in equilibrium.
 Vertical Centre of Buoyancy (VCB) is the vertical distance from a point of reference (often the Baseline) to the centre of the displaced volume of water when the hull is not moving.
 Longitudinal Centre of Floatation (LCF) is the longitudinal distance from a point of reference (often Midships) to the centre of the area of waterplane when the hull is not moving.

Related pages
ship
submarine

References

Other websites
Nautical terms for the parts of sailing vessels
Description of hydrostatics and coefficients

Ship building

Hull (watercraft)


al-Hejaz, an aw Hijaz ( , literally "the barrier") is a region in the wast o present-day Saudi Arabie. Defined primarily bi its wastren mairch on the Reid Sea, it extends frae Haql on the Gulf o Aqaba tae Jizan.  Its main ceety is Jeddah, but it is probably better kent for the Islamic holy ceety o Medina. As the steid o Islam's holy places the Hejaz haes significance in the Arab an Islamic historical an poleetical landscape. The region is sae cried as it separates the land o Najd in the east frae the land o Tihamah in the wast.

History
Evidence suggests that the northren pairt o Hejaz wis pairt o the Roman province o Arabia Petraea.

The Biblical story o the Garden o Eden is in Genesis 2:10-12: "An a river went oot o Eden tae watter the garden; an frae thence it wis pairtit, an became intae fower heids. The name o the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land o Havilah, whaur there is gowd; An the gowd o that land is guiod: there is bdellium an the onyx stane."

Havilah is uisually associatit wi aither the Arabie Peninsulae or north-wast Yemen, but in the wirk associatit wi the Garden o Eden bi Juris Zarins, the Hejaz muntains appear tae satisfactorily meet the description. The Hejaz includes baith the Cradle o Gowd at Mahd adh Dhahab () an a potential soorce o the nou dreed oot Pishon River that uised tae flow  north east tae the Persie Gulf via the Wadi Al-Batin seestem.  Airchaeological research led bi Farouk El-Baz o Boston University indicates that the river seestem, nou prospectively kent as the Kuwait River, wis active 2500–3000 BC.

Due tae the presence o twa holy ceeties in Hejaz, the region went unner numerous empires throughoot its modren history. Hijaz wis later at the centre o the Caliphate, afore its caipital wis muivit tae Damascus. The region wis then unner the control o regional pouers sic as Egyp an the Ottoman Empire throu hintle o its later history, efter which the Hejaz haed a brief period o poleetical unthirldom in the early 20t century.

In 1916, Sharif Hussein ibn Ali, a descendant o Muhammad, proclaimit hissel keeng o an independent Hejaz, as a result o the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence. The ensuin Arab Revolt successfully owerthrew the Ottoman Empire. In 1924, housomeivver, ibn Ali's authority wis usurpit bi Ibn Saud o the neighborin region o Nejd, unitin it intae wha became kent as the Kinrick o Nejd an Hejaz an later the Kinrick o Saudi Arabie.

Geography
Geographically, the region is locatit alang the Great Rift Valley.  The region is an aw kent for its daurker, mair volcanic sand.  Dependin on the previous definition, Hejaz includes the heich muntains o Sarawat which topographically separate Najd frae Tehamah. Bdellium plants are an aw abundant in the Hijaz.

Ceeties

 Medina
 Ta'if

 Al Bahah
 Tabuk

See an aw

 Hijaz muntains
 Hejazi Arabic
 Hejazi turban
 Mizmar (dance)

 Kinrick o Hejaz
 Hejaz railway
 Hijaz scale
 Hijazi script
 Nejd

Notes

Geografie o Saudi Arabie

Hejaz