Si Jerome David Salinger  (/ˈsælɪndʒər/; Enero 1, 1919 – Enero 27, 2010) , sarong Amerikanong parasurat na bantog huli sa saiyang nobelang The Catcher in the Rye.

Nagpublikar si Salinger nin nagkakapirang mga halipot na usipon sa Story magazine kan kinaamayi kan 1940 bago sya magserbe sa Ika-duwang gerang pangkinaban. Kan 1948, an saiyang istoryang "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" nagluwas sa The New Yorker na nagi man kapinunan kan saiyang mga nagsunod na mga naisurat.

Naipublikar an The Catcher in the Rye kan taon 1951 asin nagin bantog man tulos ini. Nagin impluwensyal an saiyang pagsasaladawan kan mga inaagihan kan mga soltero huli sa saiyang karakter na si Holden Caulfield. Binasa kan mas kadakol na tawo an libro asin nagi man ining kontrobersiyal.

An pagigin bantog kan The Catcher in the Rye nagkawsa tanganing matawan ini nin labing atensyon asin pagsuysoy. Nagin mas patago si Salinger hasta sa diit na sana an saiyang mga bagong ipigruruluwas na obra. Pigsundan nya an nobelang ini nin koleksiyon nin mga halipot na usipon, sa titulong Nine Stories (1953); sarong bolyum na igwa nin laog na novella asin mga halipot na usipon, Franny and Zooey (1961); asin sarong bolyum na naglalaog nin duwang novella, Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction (1963). An saiyang huring naipublikar na novella na igwa nin titulong "Hapsworth 16, 1924," nagluwas sa The New Yorker kan Hunyo 19, 1965. Makalihis an panahon, nag-atubang sya nin pirang legal na remalaso kan 1980 kontra sa biographer na si Ian Hamilton asin man sa pagluwas kan mga memoirs kan huring parte kan 1990 gikan sa duwang tawong harani saiya: si Joyce Maynard, dati nyang kaiuluson; asin man si Margaret Salinger, saiyang aking babayi.

Lista kan mga gibo

Mga Libro

 The Catcher in the Rye (1951)
 Nine Stories (1953)
"A Perfect Day for Bananafish" (1948)
 "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut" (1948)
 "Just Before the War with the Eskimos" (1948)
 "The Laughing Man" (1949)
 "Down at the Dinghy" (1949)
 "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor" (1950)
 "Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes" (1951)[165]
 "De Daumier-Smith's Blue Period" (1952)
 "Teddy" (1953)
 Franny and Zooey (1961)
 "Franny" (1955)
 "Zooey" (1957)
 Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction (1963)
 "Raise High the Roof-Beam, Carpenters" (1955)
 "Seymour: An Introduction" (1959)
 Three Early Stories (2014)
 "The Young Folks" (1940)
 "Go See Eddie" (1940)
 "Once a Week Won't Kill You" (1944)

Mga naipublikar asin naiantolohiyang mga usipon

 "Go See Eddie" (1940, republished in Fiction: Form & Experience, ed. William M. Jones, 1969 and in Three Early Stories, 2014)
 "The Young Folks" (1940, republished in Three Early Stories, 2014)
 "The Hang of It" (1941, republished in The Kit Book for Soldiers, Sailors and Marines, 1943)
 "The Long Debut of Lois Taggett" (1942, republished in Stories: The Fiction of the Forties, ed. Whit Burnett, 1949)
 "Once a Week Won't Kill You" (1944, republished in Three Early Stories, 2014)
 "A Boy in France" (1945, republished in Post Stories 1942–45, ed. Ben Hibbs, 1946 and July/August 2010 issue of Saturday Evening Post magazine)
 "This Sandwich Has No Mayonnaise" (1945, republished in The Armchair Esquire, ed. L. Rust Hills, 1959)
 "Slight Rebellion off Madison" (1946, republished in Wonderful Town: New York Stories from The New Yorker, ed. David Remnick, 2000)
 "A Girl I Knew" (1948, republished in Best American Short Stories 1949, ed. Martha Foley, 1949)

Mga naipublikar asin dai naiantolohiyang mga usipon

 "The Heart of a Broken Story" (1941)
 "Personal Notes of an Infantryman" (1942)
 "The Varioni Brothers" (1943)
 "Both Parties Concerned" (1944)
 "Soft-Boiled Sergeant" (1944)
 "Last Day of the Last Furlough" (1944)
 "Elaine" (1945)
 "The Stranger" (1945)
 "I'm Crazy" (1945)
 "A Young Girl in 1941 with No Waist at All" (1947)
 "The Inverted Forest" (1947)
 "Blue Melody" (1948)
 "Hapworth 16, 1924" (1965)

Mga nainot na usipon na dai naisapublikar

Mga media portrayal asin reperensya

 In W. P. Kinsella's 1982 novel, Shoeless Joe, the main character "kidnaps" the reclusive Salinger to take him to a baseball game. When the novel was adapted for cinema as Field of Dreams, Salinger's character was replaced by the fictional Terence Mann (played by James Earl Jones), amid fears that Salinger might sue.
 In the 2002 film The Good Girl, the character of Holden (played by Jake Gyllenhaal) adopts the name because of his admiration of The Catcher in the Rye. Coincidentally the film also stars Zooey Deschanel who was named after the character from Salinger's Franny and Zooey.
 Salinger is portrayed by Chris Cooper in James Steven Sadwith's 2015 film Coming Through the Rye.
 Salinger appears as a character (voiced by Alan Arkin) in several 2015–2016 episodes of BoJack Horseman (season 2 episodes 6, 7, 8, 10 and season 3 episode 1), where he is said to have faked his own death to escape public attention and ironically pursue a career in television production. He quotes numerous lines from his works, bemoaning how The Catcher in the Rye has become his only recognizable work. In humorous contrast to his real-life beliefs, this rendition of Salinger loves Hollywoo and ends up managing a game show, which he aptly names Hollywoo Stars and Celebrities: What Do They Know? Do They Know Things? Let's Find Out.
 Salinger was portrayed by Nicholas Hoult in the 2017 film Rebel in the Rye.
 Salinger's name is mentioned in the title for The Wonder Years song "You're Not Salinger. Get Over It."
 In the book and TV show You by Caroline Kepnes, one of the characters, Peach, is named as being a relative of Salinger.
 In the film Man at Bath (2010), the character Dustin Segura-Suarez holds Franny and Zooey in his hands while taking a bath; the novel's themes of family suicide, detachment, and hauntings play important roles in Honoré's film, Dans Paris (2006).
 The Catcher in the Rye plays a major part in the South Park episode "The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs", as the boys are inspired to write their own book when they feel Salinger's book does not live up to its controversial reputation.
 The anime TV series Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex heavily references J. D. Salinger works including Catcher in the Rye, The Laughing Man and A Perfect Day for Banana Fish.
 The 2018 anime series Banana Fish displays themes found in A Perfect Day for Banana Fish, and protagonist Ash Lynx mirrors Seymour Glass. Other references to Salinger's work are found in episode titles; episode 1 is titled "A Perfect Day for Banana Fish" and episode 24 is titled "The Catcher in the Rye".
 Salinger is a 2013 documentary film that tells the story of Salinger's life through interviews with friends, historians, and journalists.
 My Salinger Year is a film for release in 2020, based on the 2014 memoir by Joanna Rakoff.

Mga Tala

Citations

Toltolan

 Mueller, Bruce F.; Hochman, Will (2011). Critical Companion to J. D. Salinger: a Literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0816065974.
 Alexander, Paul (1999). Salinger: A Biography. Los Angeles: Renaissance. ISBN 1-58063-080-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
 Crawford, Catherine, ed. (2006). If You Really Want to Hear About It: Writers on J. D. Salinger and His Work. New York: Thunder's Mouth. ISBN 1-56025-880-2.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
 Grunwald, Henry Anatole, ed. (1962). Salinger, the Classic Critical and Personal Portrait. New York: Harper Perennial, Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06185-250-3.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
 French, Warren (1988). J. D. Salinger, Revisted. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-7522-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
 Hamilton, Ian (1988). In Search of J. D. Salinger. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-53468-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
 Kubica, Chris; Hochman, Will (2002). Letters to J. D. Salinger. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-17800-5.
 Lutz, Norma Jean (2002). "Biography of J.D. Salinger".  In Bloom, Harold (ed.). J. D. Salinger. Bloom's BioCritiques. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. pp. 3–44. ISBN 0-7910-6175-2. OCLC 48473975.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
 Maynard, Joyce (1998). At Home in the World. New York: Picador. ISBN 0-312-19556-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
 Salinger, Margaret (2000). Dream Catcher: A Memoir. New York: Washington Square Press. ISBN 0-671-04281-5.
 Slawenski, Kenneth (2010). J. D. Salinger: A Life Raised High, London, Pomona Books. ISBN 978-1-904590-23-1

 Reprinted in Bloom, Harold, ed. (2001). J. D. Salinger. Bloom's BioCritiques. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. pp. 77–105. ISBN 0-7910-6175-2.

Mga panluwas na takod

 J. D. Salinger, Enigmatic Author, Dies at 91, The New York Times, January 28, 2010
 The Reclusive Writer Inspired a Generation, Baltimore Sun, January 29, 2010
 JD Salinger – Daily Telegraph obituary
 Obituary: JD Salinger, BBC News, January 28, 2010
 J.D. Salinger (1919–2010): An appreciation World Socialist Web Site. February 2, 2010.
 Implied meanings in J. D. Salinger stories and reverting
 Dead Caulfields – The Life and Work of J.D. Salinger
 Catching Salinger – Serialized documentary about the search for J.D. Salinger
 J.D. Salinger biography, quotes, multimedia, teacher resources
 On J.D. Salinger by Michael Greenberg from The New York Review of Books
 Essay on Salinger's life from Haaretz
 Works by J. D. Salinger at Open Library
 J.D. Salinger – Hartog Letters, University of East Anglia
 Salinger and 'Catcher in the Rye'  — slideshow by Life magazine
 The Man in the Glass House — Ron Rosenbaum's 1997 profile for Esquire
 J. D. Salinger on IMDb
 J. D. Salinger at Library of Congress Authorities, with 18 catalog records

J. D. Salinger


Shampoo is a  beauty care product. It is used to remove natural oils from hair. It is like liquid soap, but it is made to wash hair. It is sold in stores, and many people use it to make their hair clean. After people use shampoo, they might use a conditioner, which makes the hair soft. Together they have a good effect on a person's hair. The people who make shampoo try to make it smell nice. They also try to make the shampoo healthier.

In addition to shampoo for hair, there are body shampoos made to wash an entire body.

Hygiene

Shampoo


Rachel Elizabeth Dare is a red haired fictional character in Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson & the Olympians stories. Unlike other big characters in the series, none of her parents are gods. Instead, they both are mortal. Despite this, Rachel has the ability to see through Mist, a thing that makes most humans unaware of the Olympians and immortals. She has the power to predict things, which is not common even with demigods. Because of these powers, the Oracle of Delphi passes into her from the cursed remains of the previous oracle. She therefore becomes the next Oracle of Delphi, Oracle of the Gods as well as the resident oracle at Camp Half-Blood. By becoming the Oracle, she gives up her romance with Percy because the Oracle must be a maiden.

Background

The Titan's Curse

In this book, Rachel first appears at the Hoover Dam (in which they have a dam problem). Percy is being chased by a group of Spartoi when she sneezes. Percy turns around and his sword, Riptide, goes through her body. He realizes she knows it is a sword. He also finds out that she can see through the Mist. She saves Percy from the Spartoi by sending him into a restroom behind her and the skeletons to the generator room, which makes electricity.

The Battle of the Labyrinth

In The Battle of the Labyrinth, more details on Rachel's life are given. She shows up at Percy's new school, Goode High School. She can see that two cheerleaders are really empousai and helps Percy escape from Kelli, one of the empousai. Later, Percy asks her to help him navigate Daedalus's Labyrinth, a maze he built, to find him. She goes with Percy and Annabeth through the maze. After finding out Daedalus has made a deal with Kronos, she escapes with Percy and Annabeth. Eventually, the three find Kronos's headquarters. Kronos has started to live in Luke Castellan's body and tries to catch Percy. Rachel appears with Annabeth and Nico di Angelo and throws her blue plastic hairbrush at Luke's eye. This confuses Kronos and lets Percy escape. She also helps find Pan, the lost god of nature. She is there when he dies.

Later, she leaves Percy, Annabeth, Nico, Grover Underwood, and Tyson. Before she does, she tells them that her father is a rich businessman who buys forests. He cuts them down and use them to build shopping malls. Pan's death affects her, mainly because of her father's job. She wants to hang out with Percy again. Annabeth is not happy about this. Percy promises to call her. He says that he has memorized her phone number. Rachel is happy about this. Percy thinks of inviting her to his birthday party. He is too afraid to do so.

Rachel and Percy become good friends in The Battle of the Labyrinth. Annabeth becomes jealous of her. Rachel also sees that Percy and Annabeth like each other more than they will admit.

The Last Olympian

The Last Olympian begins with Percy driving her to the beach in Paul Blofis's Toyota Prius. She asks him to go with her and her parents on a vacation in St. Thomas, which he refuses nicely. They are interrupted by Percy's pegasus, Blackjack. He lands on the car with Charles Beckendorf riding him.

Percy goes to sink the Princess Andromeda, a ship which Kronos is using as his base. Rachel kisses him for good luck before he leaves. In Percy's dreams, he sees Rachel writing things in Ancient Greek. She is drawing pictures of things she has never seen before, like a picture of Luke Castellan at age nine. When she goes on vacation with her parents, she asks them to return to New York by making a deal with her father to go Clarion Academy. Clarion Academy is a finishing school (a girls' school that teaches culture and social things) for girls that her mother also went to. This was all because she felt that Percy was in danger. Later on, Rachel flies to Camp Half-Blood on Blackjack. She takes in the spirit of the Oracle because Hades lifts the curse he had put on it. She says the next Great Prophecy. Rachel then goes back to the mortal world for the school year, leaving the campers without their oracle until the next summer.

Personality
Rachel's father is extremely wealthy, but she does not like the way her familly lives. She prefers helping charity. She also likes art, and sketched multiple realistic images of the past and future (sometimes things she never could have seen, like a 9-year-old Luke Castellan).

Rachel is a love interest for Percy, which created tension between her and Annabeth. However, she explains that she was attracted to Percy because he was the one who led her to her destiny as the Oracle. As the Oracle, she cannot fall in love or have children. She has respect for Annabeth and Percy's relationship.

Powers and abilities
She can see through the Mist, an unusual ability for most mortals.
She became the Oracle, allowing her to see the future.
She can navigate through the Labyrinth.

Reference

Other websites
Official UK Site

Percy Jackson and the Olympians characters

Rachel Elizabeth Dare


Vitamin D is a hormone. It is a steroid which is made in the body under the right conditions. To make it, the body needs sunlight, which acts on the lower layers of the skin.

However, if the body does not make enough, it can be found from food sources in tiny amounts.  In fact, many countries add it automatically to certain foods like milk. Supplements can be easily found in most developed countries.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble nutrient. This means that any portion not used immediately is stored in fat tissue for future use.

What it does
As a hormone, Vitamin D does many things in the body.  It was first discovered as the substance which could prevent and cure rickets. It controls the levels of calcium ions and phosphates in the blood, as well as calcium and magnesium absorption in the intestines. It helps bones grow and form. It is also good for the immune system.

Different kinds
In total, there are 5 different forms, D1 to D5. The most common ones are D2 and D3 (see images).

D3 (also called cholecalciferol) is the kind produced by the body. It is also found naturally in marine oils and in lanolin (oil from sheep's wool), the most common source for supplements.

D2 (also called ergocalciferol) is produced by fungi. It is similar to D3, but not exactly the same.

Getting enough
D3 is made in the skin from cholesterol, and changed into a more active form by the liver. However, the skin will not make it unless enough ultraviolet light shines on it. As sunlight contains ultraviolet light, getting enough sun is one way of getting enough D3.

Many things can keep the skin from making enough D3. Winter sunlight may be too weak. Melanin, which protects skin from damage, also keeps it from making D3, which is why people with darker skin are more prone to deficiency. Older people are also prone, because aging skin makes less D3, even with enough sunlight. Clothing, glass, sunscreens and sunblocks also shield the skin from getting enough ultraviolet light to make D3.

It is hard to know how much supplemental Vitamin D, if any, is needed. Less than 25 micrograms (1000 IU) per day, but up to 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day is considered safe. A recent panel of Vitamin D researchers concluded that at least 20-25 mcg (800-1000 IU) per day would help most adults.

Few foods naturally contain much D3. Fish do, especially oily ones, such as salmon, sardine and mackerel. Many kinds of edible mushrooms contain some D2, like shiitake. Mushrooms grown in full sunlight tend to have more.

References

Other websites
Benefits and sources of Vitamin D
Benefits of Vitamin D
Factsheet on Vitamin D
FDA takes Vitamin D drugs and feeds them to prisoners

Fat-soluble vitamins
Steroid hormones

Vitamin D


Lasbela district is a coastal district of Balochistan province, Pakistan. It became a separate district in the Kalat division on 30 June 1954. The name is derived from the words Las which signifies a plain, the greater part of the area being a flat plain, and Bela which means "jungle" and is also the name of the principal town of the district. Uthal is the district headquarters. The district is divided into 9 tehsils and 21 union councils.

Tehsils
 Bela Tehsil
 Dureji Tehsil
 Gadani Tehsil
 Hub Tehsil
 Kanraj Tehsil
 Lakhra Tehsil
 Liari Tehsil
 Sonmiani Tehsil
 Uthal Tehsil

Lasbela District


Easington Community Science College is a multi-gender comprehensive school for ages 11–16. It is in the village of Easington, in County Durham, north east England. It specialises in science but also teaches English, maths, modern foreign languages, information communication technology, drama, physical education, history, geography, religious education, design and technology, statistics, media, art and music. It has about 70 classrooms.

Many former students of this school have become famous, like Matt Baker and Adam Johnson. The school has a very good history for P.E. Lots of their former students are now football players. In 2011 the students were moved into the new school which is a lot more modern. The school also has a specialised music corridor for students to practise their instruments this leads straight into the hall.

Easington has 5 house groups:
Brenkly
Porter
Dryden
Seymour
Wallace

These were all named after victims of the 1951 Easington Colliery pit disaster. The school colours are red and black.

Colleges and universities in England

Easington Community Science College


The Unitit States Capitol is a buildin whaur aw members o Congress meet. It is whaur the Senate an aw o the Hoose o Representatives meet. It is whaur new laws are made an proposit.

1800 establishments in Washington, D.C.
African-American history o Washington, D.C.
Biggins an structurs in Washington, D.C.
Capitol Hill
Capitol
Legislative biggins
Seats o naitional legislaturs
Govrenment biggins in Washington, D.C.
Govrenment biggins completit in 1811
Laundmerks in Washington, D.C.
Capitol
Govrenment biggins on the Naitional Register o Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Terminatin vistas in the Unitit States
Tourist attractions in Washington, D.C.
Benjamin Henry Latrobe biggins an structurs
William Thornton biggins
Charles Bulfinch biggins
Greek Revival airchitectur in Washington, D.C.
Neoclessical airchitectur in Washington, D.C.

Unitit States Capitol


The concept of type enforcement (TE), in the field of information technology, is an access control mechanism for regulating access in computer systems. Implementing TE gives priority to mandatory access control (MAC) over discretionary access control (DAC). Access clearance is first given to a subject (e.g. process) accessing objects (e.g. files, records, messages) based on rules defined in an attached security context.  A security context in a domain is defined by a domain security policy. In the Linux security module (LSM) in SELinux, the security context is an extended attribute. Type enforcement implementation is a prerequisite for MAC, and a first step before multilevel security (MLS) or its replacement multi categories security (MCS). It is a complement of  role-based access control (RBAC).

Control

Type enforcement implies fine-grained control over the operating system, not only to have control over process execution, but also over domain transition or authorization scheme.  This is why it is best implemented as a kernel module, as is the case with SELinux. Using type enforcement is a way to implement the FLASK architecture.

Access

Using type enforcement, users may (as in Microsoft Active Directory) or may not (as in SELinux) be associated with a Kerberos realm, although the original type enforcement model implies so. It is always necessary to define a TE access matrix containing rules about clearance granted to a given security context, or subject's rights over objects according to an authorization scheme.

Security

Practically, type enforcement evaluates a set of rules from the source security context of a subject, against a set of rules from the target security context of the object. A clearance decision occurs depending on the TE access description (matrix). Then, DAC or other access control mechanisms (MLS / MCS, ...) apply.

History

Type enforcement was introduced in the Secure Ada Target architecture in the late 1980s with a full implementation developed in the Logical Coprocessing Kernel (LOCK) system. The Sidewinder Internet Firewall was implemented on a custom version of Unix that incorporated type enforcement.

A variant called domain type enforcement was developed in the Trusted MACH system.

The original type enforcement model stated that labels should be attached to subject and object: a "domain label" for a subject and a "type label" for an object. This implementation mechanism was improved by the FLASK architecture, substituting complex structures and implicit relationship. Also, the original TE access matrix was extended to other structures: lattice-based, history-based, environment-based, policy logic... This is a matter of implementation of TE by the various operating systems. In SELinux, TE implementation does not internally distinguish TE-domain from TE-types. It should be considered a weakness of TE original model to specify detailed implementation aspects such as labels and matrix, especially using the terms "domain" and "types" which have other, more generic, widely accepted meanings.

References

 P. A. Loscocco, S. D. Smalley, P. A. Muckelbauer, R. C. Taylor, S. J. Turner, and J. F. Farrell. The Inevitability of Failure: The Flawed Assumption of Security in Modern Computing Environments. In Proceedings of the 21st National Information Systems Security Conference, pages 303–314, October 1998.
 L. Badger, D. F. Sterne, D. L. Sherman, K. M. Walker and S. A. Haghighat, A Domain and Type Enforcement UNIX Prototype, In Proceedings of the 5th USENIX UNIX Security Symposium, June 1995.
 W. E. Boebert and R. Y. Kain, A Practical Alternative to Hierarchical Integrity Policies, In Proceedings of the 8th National Computer Security Conference, page 18, 1985.
 LOCK - A trusted computing system

Operating system security
Computer security models

Type enforcement


Rear-wheel drive, or RWD, is when a car uses its rear wheels to move. This is good for dry roads, and for acceleration, or how fast you move forward, as the weight is pushed backwards on the back wheels. But, RWD cars can spin out, also called oversteer or fishtail. This can cause crashes if the driver is new and not familiar with RWD cars.

Automotive technologies

Rear-wheel drive


Beverly Hills Brats is a 1989 American comedy film. Directed by Jim Sotos, the film starred Peter Billingsley, Martin Sheen, Burt Young, Terry Moore, George Kirby, Ruby Keeler (in her final film) and Whoopi Goldberg in a cameo role.

Plot
Scooter (Billingsley) is a teen from a wealthy Beverly Hills family. After his plastic surgeon father (Sheen) remarries, Scooter is virtually ignored by his father and stepmother (Moore), and treated badly by his two other spoiled siblings, Sterling (Ramon Estevez) and Tiffany (Cathy Podewell). Scooter devises a plan to fake his own kidnapping to get his parents' attention and enlists the help of two bumbling crooks, Clive (Young) and Elmo (Kirby). After Scooter is "kidnapped" and a ransom is demanded, he quickly realizes that his plan failed to work and his parents don't miss him.

Cast
 Peter Billingsley as Scooter
 Martin Sheen as Dr. Jeffery Miller
 Terry Moore as Veronica
 Burt Young as Clive
 George Kirby as Elmo
 Cathy Podewell as Tiffany
 Ramon Estevez as Sterling
 Natalie Schafer as Lillian
 Fernando Allende as Roberto
 Joe Santos as Spyder
 Robert Tessier as Slick
 Ruby Keeler as Goldie
 Vito Scotti as Jerry
 Pat Renella as Lt. Gofield
 Whoopi Goldberg as herself
 Cort McCown as Bart
 Tonya Townsend as Tulip
 Duncan Bravo as Manny
 Jimmy Justice as Deacon
 Aron Eisenberg as Simon
 Michael J Aronin as the Cop

External links

1989 comedy films
1989 films
1980s teen comedy films
1980s English-language films
American comedy films
Films set in Beverly Hills, California
Films scored by Barry Goldberg
Films about kidnapping in the United States
Films directed by Jim Sotos
1980s American films

Beverly Hills Brats


Liutold of Eppenstein ( – 12 May 1090) was Duke of Carinthia and Margrave of Verona from 1077 until his death.

Biography
He was the second son of Markwart, Count of Eppenstein (d. 1076) and his wife Liutbirg, daughter of Count Liutold of Plain. His grandfather Adalbero of Eppenstein had already been Duke of Carinthia until he was deposed by Emperor Conrad II in 1035. Nevertheless, the Upper Styrian House of Eppenstein had remained powerful in the Carinthian lands, making it difficult for foreign rulers appointed by the emperor to prevail against the local nobility.

Liutold regained the ducal title, as his predecessor, the Zähringen duke Berthold II had supported the German antiking Rudolf of Rheinfelden during the Investiture Controversy and therefore was deposed by King Henry IV in 1077. The king, having returned from Canossa, appointed Liutold instead, who had given him safe conduct across Predil Pass and through his Carinthian possessions on his way back to Germany. The Eppenstein domains however were significantly narrowed, as Henry gave the Veronese Friuli and Istria region to the newly established Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia), while the Carinthian March of Styria remained under the rule of the Otakars.

Liutold later accompanied Henry IV to his coronation in Rome and also had Eppenstein Castle rebuilt. Although he had married twice, he died without issue. He was succeeded by his younger brother Henry. Liutold is buried at St. Lambrecht's Abbey in Styria.

Sources

Dukes of Carinthia
1050s births
1090 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Burials in Austria
11th-century people from the Holy Roman Empire

Liutold of Eppenstein


The 2010-2011 ABA season was the tenth season of the American Basketball Association that lasted from November 5, 2010, the finish of the regular season in late February, and the championship series at the end of March 2011. The Southeast Texas Mavericks ended up defending their league championship from 2009, winning their second straight championship by defeating the Gulf Coast Flash 2–0.

Over sixty teams plan were originally scheduled to compete during the 2010–11 season.  However, much of that list included teams that had no plans to start the season and teams which disappeared before the season began.

The league also planned to host over 800 games among the teams combined during the season.

Regular season

November
The regular season started on November 5, 2010, with the expansion team St. Louis Pioneers on the road to defeat the Chicago Steam, 93–73. The next day, they did it again, winning over the Steam, 91–81 on November 6.

The Tri-State Showcase took place from November 12–14 between nine teams in Dallas, Texas. The teams featured were the Dallas Impact, North Dallas Vandals, North Texas Fresh, Texas Rim Rockers, Texas Fuel, West Texas Whirlwinds, Oklahoma Stallions, Houston Red Storm, and Colorado Kings. The nine teams played a total of thirteen games in the three days. It was held at the Lakewest Family YMCA, home of the Impact.

A big announcement was made on November 13 when the league announced five more expansion teams to form a division in Canada in the 2011 season. Franchises would be put in five regions: Oshawa, Toronto, Mississauga, Hamilton and Northwest Ontario.  The Canadian teams, however, disappeared from listings in Summer 2011 and were replaced by a team ABA-Canada, which failed to start in the 2011–2012 season.

The Canadian Division was not the only announced 2011 expansion franchises. Before and during the first month of the ABA regular season, league offices reported new teams starting up in Richmond, Norfolk, Flint, Little Rock, Atlanta, Lynchburg (Virginia), among others.

On November 23, it was announced that the 2011 ABA All-Star Game would be held in Jacksonville, Florida, at Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena.

December
On December 2, the defending champion Southeast Texas Mavericks improved to 5–0 with an 84-point beatdown of Texas Fuel, 147–63. Nine players scored in double figures and Currye Todd scored a game-high 22 points. The Southeast Texas Mavericks, after recently extending their regular season game winning streak to twenty, were later defeated on the road against the Gulf Coast Flash by two points on December 21, falling to 9–1.

In late December, Marlo Saunders of the West Texas Whirlwinds surpassed 1,000 points scored and 500 rebounds in his short two-year career in the ABA, joining teammates Ray Williams and Charncy Ephriam as the only Whirlwinds to accomplish the feat.

February
The 2011 ABA All-Star Game resulted in a 123-122 Eastern conference win over the West, in front of a crowd of 4,488 at the Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena in Jacksonville, Florida. Kayode Ayeni, a forward from the Jersey Express, was rewarded with the game's Most Valuable Player award after scoring a game-high 25 points.

Playoffs
After the ABA All-Star Game, the playoffs started.  All teams still playing were eligible to enter.  Jacksonville Giants and Southeast Texas Mustangs were given byes to the final rounds, to be played at home of the Mustangs. Other teams were given byes to later rounds, based on season performance. The Gulf Coast Flash won the Eastern Conference title over the East Kentucky Energy, and the Mustangs beat the Giants to win the Western. The last four teams played in a double-elimination tournament. The Mustangs beat the Flash 2-0 and won the title for the second time.

League Standings

From USBasket.com

References

American Basketball Association (2000–present) seasons
ABA

2010–11 ABA season


A cream pie is a type of pie filled with a rich custard or pudding that is made from milk, cream, flour, and eggs. It can come in many forms, like vanilla, lemon, lime, banana, coconut, and chocolate. A common feature of all cream pies is the whipped cream topping. The pudding-like filling is related to the French crème patissière which is a main ingredient of many French cakes and tarts.

Desserts
Pies

Cream pie


Fundamentalt engelsk (Basic English) er en ordliste som omfatter 850 ord, der er inddelt og registreret af englænderen Charles Kay Ogden i et forsøg på at simplificere det engelske sprog. Basic English står for British American Scientific International and Commercial English.

Almindelig anvendelighed – 100 ord
come, get, give, go, keep, let, make,
put, seem, take, be, do, have, say,
see, send, may, will, about, across,
after, against, among, at, before, between,
by, down, from, in, off, on, over,
through, to, under, up, with, as, for,
of, till, than, a, the, all, any,
every, no, other, some, such, that, this,
I, he, you, who, and, because, but,
or, if, though, while, how, when, where,
why, again, ever, far, forward, here,
near, now, out, still, then, there,
together, well, almost, enough, even, little,
much, not, only, quite, so, very,
tomorrow, yesterday, north, south, east, west,
please, yes.

Ting – 400 generelle ord

A-F
account, act, addition, adjustment,
advertisement, agreement, air, amount, amusement,
animal, answer, apparatus, approval, argument,
art, attack, attempt, attention, attraction,
authority, back, balance, base,
behaviour, belief, birth, bit, bite,
blood, blow, body, brass, bread, breath,
brother, building, burn, burst, business,
butter, canvas, care, cause, chalk, chance,
change, cloth, coal, colour, comfort,
committee, company, comparison, competition,
condition, connection, control, cook, copper,
copy, cork, cotton, cough, country, cover,
crack, credit, crime, crush, cry, current,
curve, damage, danger, daughter, day, death,
debt, decision, degree, design, desire,
destruction, detail, development, digestion,
direction, discovery, discussion, disease,
disgust, distance, distribution, division, doubt,
drink, driving, dust, earth, edge, education,
effect, end, error, event, example, exchange,
existence, expansion, experience, expert,
fact, fall, family, father, fear, feeling, fiction,
field, fight, fire, flame, flight, flower,
fold, food, force, form, friend, front,
fruit

G-O
glass, gold, government, grain, grass, grip, group, growth, guide, harbour,
harmony, hate, hearing, heat, help, history,
hole, hope, hour, humour, ice, idea,
impulse, increase, industry, ink, insect,
instrument, insurance, interest, invention, iron,
jelly, join, journey, judge, jump, kick,
kiss, knowledge, land, language, laugh, law,
lead, learning, leather, letter, level, lift,
light, limit, linen, liquid, list, look,
loss, love, machine, man, manager, mark,
market, mass, meal, measure, meat, meeting,
memory, metal, middle, milk, mind, mine,
minute, mist, money, month, morning, mother,
motion, mountain, move, music,
name, nation, need, news, night, noise, note, number,
observation, offer, oil, operation, opinion,
order, organization, ornament, owner

P-Z
page, pain, paint, paper, part, paste,
payment, peace, person, place, plant, play,
pleasure, point, poison, polish, porter,
position, powder, power, price, print,
process, produce, profit, property, prose,
protest, pull, punishment, purpose, push,
quality, question, rain, range, rate, ray,
reaction, reading, reason, record, regret,
relation, religion, representative, request,
respect, rest, reward, rhythm, rice, river,
road, roll, room, rub, rule, run, salt,
sand, scale, science, sea, seat, secretary,
selection, self, sense, servant, sex, shade,
shake, shame, shock, side, sign, silk,
silver, sister, size, sky, sleep, slip,
slope, smash, smell, smile, smoke, sneeze,
snow, soap, society, son, song, sort,
sound, soup, space, stage, start, statement,
steam, steel, step, stitch, stone, stop,
story, stretch, structure, substance, sugar,
suggestion, summer, support, surprise, swim,
system, talk, taste, tax, teaching, tendency,
test, theory, thing, thought, thunder, time,
tin, top, touch, trade, transport, trick,
trouble, turn, twist, unit, use, value,
verse, vessel, view, voice, walk, war,
wash, waste, water, wave, wax, way,
weather, week, weight, wind, wine, winter,
woman, wood, wool, word, work, wound,
writing, year.

Ting – 200 beskrivende ord
angle, ant, apple, arch, arm, army,
baby, bag, ball, band, basin, basket,
bath, bed, bee, bell, berry, bird, blade,
board, boat, bone, book, boot, bottle,
box, boy, brain, brake, branch, brick,
bridge, brush, bucket, bulb, button, cake,
camera, card, cart, carriage, cat, chain,
cheese, chest, chin, church, circle, clock,
cloud, coat, collar, comb, cord, cow, cup,
curtain, cushion, dog, door, drain, drawer,
dress, drop, ear, egg, engine, eye, face,
farm, feather, finger, fish, flag, floor,
fly, foot, fork, fowl, frame, garden,
girl, glove, goat, gun, hair, hammer,
hand, hat, head, heart, hook, horn, horse,
hospital, house, island, jewel, kettle, key,
knee, knife, knot, leaf, leg, library,
line, lip, lock, map, match, monkey, moon,
mouth, muscle, nail, neck, needle, nerve,
net, nose, nut, office, orange, oven,
parcel, pen, pencil, picture, pig, pin,
pipe, plane, plate, plough, pocket, pot,
potato, prison, pump, rail, rat, receipt,
ring, rod, roof, root, sail, school,
scissors, screw, seed, sheep, shelf, ship,
shirt, shoe, skin, skirt, snake, sock,
spade, sponge, spoon, spring, square, stamp,
star, station, stem, stick, stocking, stomach,
store, street, sun, table, tail, thread,
throat, thumb, ticket, toe, tongue, tooth,
town, train, tray, tree, trousers, umbrella,
wall, watch, wheel, whip, whistle, window,
wing, wire, worm.

Egenskaber – 100 beskrivende ord
able, acid, angry, automatic, beautiful,
black, boiling, bright, broken, brown, cheap,
chemical, chief, clean, clear, common,
complex, conscious, cut, deep, dependent,
early, elastic, electric, equal, fat, fertile,
first, fixed, flat, free, frequent, full,
general, good, great, grey, hanging,
happy, hard, healthy, high, hollow, important,
kind, like, living, long, male, married,
material, medical, military, natural, necessary,
new, normal, open, parallel, past, physical,
political, poor, possible, present, private,
probable, quick, quiet, ready, red, regular,
responsible, right, round, same, second,
separate, serious, sharp, smooth, sticky,
stiff, straight, strong, sudden, sweet, tall,
thick, tight, tired, true, violent, waiting,
warm, wet, wide, wise, yellow, young.

Egenskaber – 50 generelle ord
awake, bad, bent, bitter, blue, certain,
cold, complete, cruel, dark, dead, dear,
delicate, different, dirty, dry, false,
feeble, female, foolish, future, green, ill,
last, late, left, loose, loud, low, mixed,
narrow, old, opposite, public, rough, sad,
safe, secret, short, shut, simple, slow,
small, soft, solid, special, strange, thin,
white, wrong.

Referencer

Kilde
 850 ord inddelt og registreret af Charles Kay Ogden i The ABC of Basic English (1932) .

Engelske ord

Fundamentalt engelsk (ordliste)


Sewall Green Wright (21 December 1889 – 3 March 1988) was an American geneticist. He was a founder of population genetics, and contributed to evolutionary theory. He also did original work in statistics in a field called path analysis.

With R.A. Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane, he was a founder of theoretical population genetics. He is the discoverer of the inbreeding coefficient and of methods of computing it in pedigrees. He extended this work to populations, calculating the degree of inbreeding of members of populations as a result of random genetic drift. Together with Fisher, he pioneered methods for calculating the distribution of gene frequencies among  populations as a result of the interaction of natural selection, mutation, migration and genetic drift.  The work of Fisher, Wright, and Haldane on theoretical population genetics was a major step in the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis of genetics with evolution. Wright also made contributions to mammalian genetics and biochemical genetics.

Genetic drift
What appears to happen in evolution is that the rate of change in any organism varies a lot. There seem to be times when change is rapid, and times when almost no change occurs.
Wright tried to explain stasis, which is when no visible change occurs. His explanation was that organisms come to occupy adaptive peaks. In order to evolve to another, higher peak, the species would first have to pass through a valley of maladaptive intermediate stages. In other words, they get stuck on one peak, and can't get to another because getting there would make them less competitive.

Wright though getting to another peak might be possible. It might happen by genetic drift if the population is small enough. If a species was divided into small populations, some could find higher peaks. If there was some gene flow between the populations, these adaptations could spread to the rest of the species. This was Wright's shifting balance theory of evolution. There has been much skepticism among evolutionary biologists as to whether this happens in natural populations. Wright had a long standing and sometimes bitter debate about this with R.A. Fisher, who felt that most populations in nature were too large for the effects of genetic drift to be important. Research by Dobzhansky and E.B. Ford showed that natural selection in the field was a much stronger force that Wright had expected. Wright's own biographer now doubts the validity of Wright's idea.

Anecdote
An anecdote about Wright, disclaimed by Wright himself, describes a lecture during which Wright tucked an unruly guinea pig under his armpit, where he usually held a chalkboard eraser: at the end of the lecture, Wright absent-mindedly erased the blackboard with the guinea pig.

References

 Wright, Sewall. 1984. Evolution and the genetics of populations: genetics and biometric foundations, 4 volumes. Chicago.

1889 births
1988 deaths

Scientists from Massachusetts
American evolutionary biologists
American geneticists

Sewall Wright


In botany, medullary rays (pith rays or wood rays) are sheets or ribbons of cells running from the inside of the plant to the outside. That is, they run at right angles to the xylem and phloem, which run vertically. While the plant is alive, these medullary cells are alive. They carry nutrients (sap) towards the surface of the tree.

In wood products the rays can be seen running perpendicular to the growth rings. If wood is cut into boards with the growth rings roughly perpendicular to the face of the board, the medullary rays often produce beautiful "figure" such as silver grain, medullary spots, pith flecks, etc.

The function of medullary rays is to carry chemicals which fight invasion by insects and fungi, and block any damaged areas. The cells deposit tannins and resins which block up the damaged area. This process is called tylosis.

References

Plant anatomy
Plant tissues

Medullary ray


आज्मा  वा आस्थ्मा रेस्पिरेटरी सिस्टमयागु छगु क्रोनिक ल्वे ख। थ्व ल्वेय् मनुयागु एअरवे कन्स्ट्रिक्ट जुइ, इन्फ्लामेसन जुइ व सोंय् म्युकस प्येपुना च्वनि। थन्यागु इपिसोड थ्व ल्वे छगु वा येक्व ट्रिगरं याना जुइ। थ्व ल्वेयागु ट्रिगर एलरजेन, ख्वांगु फे, मोइस्ट फे, व्यायाम, एक्जर्सन, इमोसनल स्ट्रेस आदि ख। मचातेगु दथुइ थ्व ल्वय् भाइरल संक्रमणं (गथे कि-सेखं चाइगु याना अप्व जुगु खने दु)।   थ्व कथंया एअरवे न्यारोविङ (airway narrowing)तेसं व्हीज, डिस्प्निया, नुगःपा कस्सेजुइगु, व मुसु वैगु थेंन्यागु लक्षण क्येनि। थ्व लक्षणतेत ब्रोंकोडाइलेटर बिया लंके ज्यु। थन्यागु एपिसोडतेगु दथुइ अप्व उसाँय् मदुपिं बांलागु थें जुइ तर गब्लें-गब्लें सासः ल्हाय् थाकुगु थें जुइफु।

The symptoms of asthma, which can range from mild to life threatening, can usually be controlled with a combination of drugs and environmental changes.

Public attention in the developed world has recently focused on asthma because of its rapidly increasing prevalence, affecting up to one in four urban children.

इतिहास
आज्मा धागु खंग्व युनानी खंग्व आजीन नं वगु ख,थ्व खंग्वयाग अर्थ "शार्प (sharp) सासः" ख। थ्व खँग्व दक्ले न्ह्य होमरयागु इलियाडय् च्वयातगु खने दु।
हिपोक्रेटिज नं थ्व खँग्वयात ल्वेयागु रुपे ४५० बी सीय् दक्ले न्ह्य छ्येलादिल। हिप्पोक्रेटिजयागु विचा कथं थ्व ल्वे अप्व याना टेलर, एन्ग्लर्स व मेटलवर्करय् खने दु। ६ शताब्दी धुंका ग्यालेननं आज्मायागु बारेय् येक्व च्वव्या दिल। वेकलं थ्व ल्वे ब्रोंकसयागु आंशिक वा पूर्ण रुपे अब्स्ट्रक्सन जुया जुइगु धैगु खं विचा याना दिल। ११९० ए डीय् मोसेस मोइमोनिडेज, छम्ह मध्ययुगीय र्‍याबाइ, दार्शनिक, व चिकित्सकं थुकियागु बारेय् येक्व च्वया दिल व थ्व अवस्थायागु प्रिभेन्सन, डायग्नोसिस् व ट्रिट्मेन्टयागु बारेय् च्वया दिल।
१७औं शताव्दीय् बर्नार्डिनो रामाजिनी नं अर्ग्यानिक धु व थ्व ल्वेयागु छुं सम्बन्ध दुगु खं सीका दिल। ब्रोंकोडाइलेटरयागु छ्येलेज्या १९०१ निसें न्ह्येथन तर १९६०यागु दशक तक्क नं थ्व ल्वेयागु इन्फ्लामेटरी भागयागु बारेय् चिकित्सकत अनभिज्ञ जुल। थ्व भाग सी धुंका एन्टि-इन्फ्लामेटरी वास नं थ्व ल्वेयागु रेजिमेनय् तेनिगु ज्या जुल।

लक्षण
छुं मनुय् आज्मा क्रोनिक रेस्पिरेटरी इम्पेयरमेन्टयागु रुपे खने दै। मेमेपिंय् थ्व ल्वे इन्टर्मिटेन्ट ल्वेयागु रुपे खने दै व थ्व ल्वेयागु लक्षण इन्टरमिटेन्ट कथलं अपर रेस्पिरेटरी संक्रमण, तनाव, वायुय् दैगु एलर्जेन, वायु प्रदुषक (दसु कुं) वा व्यायामं याना जुइ।

आज्मायागु एक्युट एट्याकयाट आज्मा अट्याक धाई। थन्यागु अट्याकयागु हलमार्क डिस्प्निया व व्हीज वा स्ट्राइडरय् छगु जुइ। Although the former is "often regarded as the sine qua non of asthma,"
some patients present primarily with coughing, and in the late stages of an attack, air motion may be so impaired that no wheezing may be heard. When present the cough may sometimes produce clear sputum. The onset may be sudden, with a sense of constriction in the chest, breathing becomes difficult, and wheezing occurs (primarily upon expiration, but can be in both respiratory phases).

Signs of an asthmatic episode include wheezing, rapid breathing (tachypnea), prolonged expiration, a rapid heart rate (tachycardia), rhonchous lung sounds (audible through a stethoscope), and over-inflation of the chest. During a serious asthma attack, the accessory muscles of respiration (sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles of the neck) may be used, shown as in-drawing of tissues between the ribs and above the sternum and clavicles, and the presence of a paradoxical pulse (a pulse that is weaker during inhalation and stronger during exhalation).

During very severe attacks, an asthma sufferer can turn blue from lack of oxygen, and can experience chest pain or even loss of consciousness. Just before loss of consciousness, there is a chance that the patient will feel numbness in the limbs and palms may start to sweat. Feet may become icy cold. Severe asthma attacks may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Despite the severity of symptoms during an asthmatic episode, between attacks an asthmatic may show few signs of the disease.

डायाग्नोसिस
आज्मायात छगु रिभर्सिबल एअरवे अब्स्ट्रक्सनया कथं परिभाषित यानातगु दु। Reversibility थमंतुं (spontaneously) वा निदान (treatment) याना जुइ। थुकिया दक्ले आधारभूत पीक एक्स्पिरेटरी फ्लो रेटया लनेज्या  व क्वय् बियातगु क्राइटेरियायात ब्रिटिस थोर्‍यासिक सोसाइटी नं आज्माया डायग्नोसिसया आधार कागु दु:
 ≥२०% difference on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks;
 ≥२०% improvement of peak flow following treatment, दसु:
 १० मिनेट इन्हेल्ड &बेटा;-अगोनिस्ट (दसु., साल्ब्युतामोल);
 ६ (खु) वातक्क इन्हेल्ड कर्तिकोस्तेरोइद (दसु, बेक्लोमेथासोन);
 १४ न्हु ३०mg प्रेद्निसोलोन.
 ≥२०% decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger (e.g., exercise).

In many cases, a physician can diagnose asthma on the basis of typical findings in a patient's clinical history and examination. Asthma is strongly suspected if a patient suffers from eczema or other allergic conditions—suggesting a general atopic constitution—or has a family history of asthma. While measurement of airway function is possible for adults, most new cases are diagnosed in children who are unable to perform such tests. Diagnosis in children is based on a careful compilation and analysis of the patient's medical history and subsequent improvement with an inhaled bronchodilator medication. In adults, diagnosis can be made with a peak flow meter (which tests airway restriction), looking at both the diurnal variation and any reversibility following inhaled bronchodilator medication.

Testing peak flow at rest (or baseline) and after exercise can be helpful, especially in young asthmatics who may experience only exercise-induced asthma. If the diagnosis is in doubt, a more formal lung function test may be conducted. Once a diagnosis of asthma is made, a patient can use peak flow meter testing to monitor the severity of the disease.

In the Emergency Department doctors may use a capnography PMID 16187465 which measures the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide along with pulse oximetry which shows the amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood, to determine the severity of an asthma attack as well as the response to treatment.

Differential diagnosis
Before diagnosing someone as asthmatic, alternative possibilities should be considered. A physician taking a history should check whether the patient is using any known bronchoconstrictors (substances that cause narrowing of the airways, e.g., certain anti-inflammatory agents or beta-blockers).

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which closely resembles asthma, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older patient, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration (as measured by spirometry), and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy.

Pulmonary aspiration, whether direct due to dysphagia (swallowing disorder) or indirect (due to acid reflux), can show similar symptoms to asthma. However, with aspiration, fevers might also indicate aspiration pneumonia. Direct aspiration (dysphagia) can be diagnosed by performing a Modified Barium Swallow test and treated with feeding therapy by a qualified speech therapist. If the aspiration is indirect (from acid reflux) then treatment directed at this is indicated.

A majority of children who are asthma sufferers have an identifiable allergy trigger. Specifically, in a 2004 study, 71% had positive test results for more than 1 allergen, and 42% had positive test results for more than 3 allergens.

The majority of these triggers can often be identified from the history; for instance, asthmatics with hay fever or pollen allergy will have seasonal symptoms, those with allergies to pets may experience an abatement of symptoms when away from home, and those with occupational asthma may improve during leave from work. Occasionally, allergy tests are warranted and, if positive, may help in identifying avoidable symptom triggers.

After a pulmonary function test has been carried out, radiological tests, such as a chest X-ray or CT scan, may be required to exclude the possibility of other lung diseases. In some people, asthma may be triggered by gastroesophageal reflux disease, which can be treated with suitable antacids. Very occasionally, specialized tests after inhalation of methacholine — or, even less commonly, histamine — may be performed.

Asthma is categorized by the United States National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute as falling into one of four categories: mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent and severe persistent.  The diagnosis of "severe persistent asthma" occurs when symptoms are continual with frequent exacerbations and frequent nighttime symptoms, result in limited physical activity and when lung function as measured by PEV or FEV1 tests is less than 60% predicted with PEF variability greater than 30%.

There is no cure for asthma. Doctors have only found ways to prevent attacks and relieve the symptoms such as tightness of the chest and trouble breathing.

Pathophysiology

Bronchoconstriction
During an asthma episode, inflamed airways react to environmental triggers such as smoke, dust, or pollen. The airways narrow and produce excess mucus, making it difficult to breathe.
In essence, asthma is the result of an immune response in the bronchial airways.

The airways of asthmatics are "hypersensitive" to certain triggers, also known as stimuli (see below). In response to exposure to these triggers, the bronchi (large airways) contract into spasm (an "asthma attack"). Inflammation soon follows, leading to a further narrowing of the airways and excessive mucus production, which leads to coughing and other breathing difficulties.

Stimuli
There are many different categories of stimuli:
 Allergenic air pollution, from nature, typically inhaled, which include waste from common household pests, such as the house dust mite and cockroach, grass pollen, mould spores, and pet epithelial cells;
 Indoor Allergenic air pollution from Volatile organic compounds, including [perfume]s and perfumed products.  Examples include soap, dishwashing liquid, laundry detergent, fabric softener, paper tissues, paper towels, toilet paper, shampoo, hairspray, hair gel, cosmetics, facial cream, sun cream, deodorant, cologne, shaving cream, aftershave lotion, air freshener and candles, and products such as oil-based paint.
 Medications, including aspirin, β-adrenergic antagonists (beta blockers), and penicillin.
 Food allergies such as milk, peanuts, and eggs.  However, asthma is rarely the only symptom, and not all people with food or other allergies have asthma.
 Use of fossil fuel related allergenic air pollution, such as ozone, smog, summer smog, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, which is thought to be one of the major reasons for the high prevalence of asthma in urban areas;
 Various industrial compounds and other chemicals, notably sulfites; chlorinated swimming pools generate chloramines—monochloramine (NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2) and trichloramine (NCl3)—in the air around them, which are known to induce asthma.
 Early childhood infections, especially viral respiratory infections.  However, persons of any age can have asthma triggered by colds and other respiratory infections even though their normal stimuli might be from another category (e.g. pollen) and absent at the time of infection. 80% of asthma attacks in adults and 60% in children are caused by respiratory viruses.
 Exercise, the effects of which differ somewhat from those of the other triggers;
 Allergenic indoor air pollution from newsprint & other literature such as, junk mail leaflets & glossy magazines (in some countries).
 Hormonal changes in adolescent girls and adult women associated with their menstrual cycle can lead to a worsening of asthma.  Some women also experience a worsening of their asthma during pregnancy whereas others find no significant changes, and in other women their asthma improves during their pregnancy.
 Emotional stress which is poorly understood as a trigger.

Bronchial inflammation
The mechanisms behind allergic asthma—i.e., asthma resulting from an immune response to inhaled allergens—are the best understood of the causal factors. In both asthmatics and non-asthmatics, inhaled allergens that find their way to the inner airways are ingested by a type of cell known as antigen presenting cells, or APCs. APCs then "present" pieces of the allergen to other immune system cells. In most people, these other immune cells (TH0 cells) "check" and usually ignore the allergen molecules. In asthmatics, however, these cells transform into a different type of cell (TH2), for reasons that are not well understood. The resultant TH2 cells activate an important arm of the immune system, known as the humoral immune system. The humoral immune system produces antibodies against the inhaled allergen. Later, when an asthmatic inhales the same allergen, these antibodies "recognize" it and activate a humoral response. Inflammation results: chemicals are produced that cause the airways to constrict and release more mucus, and the cell-mediated arm of the immune system is activated. The inflammatory response is responsible for the clinical manifestations of an asthma attack. The following section describes this complex series of events in more detail.

Pathogenesis
The fundamental problem in asthma appears to be immunological: young children in the early stages of asthma show signs of excessive inflammation in their airways. Epidemiological findings give clues as to the pathogenesis: the incidence of asthma seems to be increasing worldwide, and asthma is now very much more common in affluent countries.

In 1968 Andor Szentivanyi first described The Beta Adrenergic Theory of Asthma; in which blockage of the Beta-2 receptors of pulmonary smooth muscle cells causes asthma.
Szentivanyi's Beta Adrenergic Theory is a citation classic and has been cited more times than any other article in the history of the Journal of Allergy.

In 1995 Szentivanyi and colleagues demonstrated that IgE blocks beta-2 receptors.
Since overproduction of IgE is central to all atopic diseases, this was a watershed moment in the world of Allergy.

The Beta-Adrenergic Theory has been cited in the scholarship of such noted investigators as Richard F. Lockey (former President of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology), Charles Reed (Chief of Allergy at Mayo Medical School), and Craig Venter (Human Genome Project).

कारक
येक्व स्टडिज कथलं मस्तय् आज्मा, ब्रोंकाइटिस, व एक्युट रेस्पिरेटरी ल्वेयात वायुयागु क्वालिटी नाप स्वापू दुगु खं क्यंगु दु। One of the largest of these studies is the California Children's Health Study. From the press release The study showed that children in the high ozone communities who played three or more sports developed asthma at a rate three times higher than those in the low ozone communities. Because participation in some sports can result in a child drawing up to 17 times the "normal" amount of air into the lungs, young athletes are more likely to develop asthma.
Note that concentrations of ozone have risen steadily in Europe since 1870.

Another theory of pathogenesis is that asthma is a disease of hygiene. In nature, babies are exposed to bacteria and other antigens soon after birth, "switching on" the TH1 lymphocyte cells of the immune system that deal with bacterial infection. If this stimulus is insufficient, as it may be in modern, clean environments, then TH2 cells predominate, and asthma and other allergic diseases may develop. This "hygiene hypothesis" may explain the increase in asthma in affluent populations. The TH2 lymphocytes and eosinophil cells that protect us against parasites and other infectious agents are the same cells responsible for the allergic reaction. The Charcot-Leyden crystals are formed when the crystalline material in eosinophils coalesce. These crystals are significant in sputum samples of people with asthma. In the developed world, these parasites are now rarely encountered, but the immune response remains and is wrongly triggered in some individuals by certain allergens.

Finally, it has been postulated that some forms of asthma may be related to infection, in particular by Chlamydia pneumoniae.
This issue remains controversial, as the relationship is not borne out by meta-analysis of the research.
The correlation seems to be not with the onset, but rather with accelerated loss of lung function in adults with new onset of non-atopic asthma.
One possible explanation is that some asthmatics may have altered immune response that facilitates  long-term chlamydia pneumonia infection.
The response to targeting with macrolide antibiotics has been investigated, but the temporary benefit reported in some studies may reflect just their anti-inflammatory activities rather than their antimicrobic action.

Asthma and sleep apnea

It is recognized with increasing frequency, that patients who have both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and bronchial asthma, often improve tremendously when the sleep apnea is diagnosed and treated. CPAP is not effective in patients with nocturnal asthma only.

Asthma and gastro-esophageal reflux disease

If gastro-esophageal reflux disease is present, the patient may have repetitive episodes of acid aspiration, which results in airway inflammation and "irritant-induced" asthma. GERD may be common in difficult-to-control asthma, but generally speaking, treating it does not seem to affect the asthma.

Treatment
The most effective treatment for asthma is identifying triggers, such as pets or aspirin, and limiting or eliminating exposure to them. Desensitization to allergens has been shown to be a treatment option for certain patients.

As is common with respiratory disease, smoking adversely affects asthmatics in several ways, including an increased severity of symptoms, a more rapid decline of lung function, and decreased response to preventive medications.
Asthmatics who smoke typically require additional medications to help control their disease. Furthermore, exposure of both non-smokers and smokers to second-hand smoke is detrimental, resulting in more severe asthma, more emergency room visits, and more asthma-related hospital admissions.
Smoking cessation and avoidance of second-hand smoke is strongly encouraged in asthmatics.

The specific medical treatment recommended to patients with asthma depends on the severity of their illness and the frequency of their symptoms. Specific treatments for asthma are broadly classified as relievers, preventers and emergency treatment. The Expert Panel Report 2: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (EPR-2)
of the U.S. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, and the British Guideline on the Management of Asthma
are broadly used and supported by many doctors. A new draft Full Report of Expert Panel: Guidelines fo the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (EPR-3) was posted on the NHLBI web site for public review and comment but has been withdrawn from the NIH website pending formal dissemination,  although comments submitted by the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology about the proposed revised NHLBI asthma guidelines are still available online.  Bronchodilators are recommended for short-term relief in all patients. For those who experience occasional attacks, no other medication is needed. For those with mild persistent disease (more than two attacks a week), low-dose inhaled glucocorticoids or alternatively, an oral leukotriene modifier, a mast-cell stabilizer, or theophylline may be administered. For those who suffer daily attacks, a higher dose of glucocorticoid in conjunction with a long-acting inhaled β-2 agonist may be prescribed; alternatively, a leukotriene modifier or theophylline may substitute for the β-2 agonist. In severe asthmatics, oral glucocorticoids may be added to these treatments during severe attacks.

For those in whom exercise can trigger an asthma attack (exercise-induced asthma), higher levels of ventilation and cold, dry air tend to exacerbate attacks. For this reason, activities in which a patient breathes large amounts of cold air, such as skiing and running, tend to be worse for asthmatics, whereas swimming in an indoor, heated pool, with warm, humid air, is less likely to provoke a response.

Researchers at Harvard Medical School (HMS) have come up with convincing evidence that the answer to what causes asthma lies in a special type of natural "killer" cell. This finding means that physicians may not be treating asthma sufferers with the right kinds of drugs. For example, natural killer T cells seem to be resistant to the corticosteroids in widely used inhalers.

A novel therapeutic target currently under investigation is the A2B receptor, a cell surface G-protein coupled receptor expressed in the lungs and in inflammatory cells expressed in asthma. Several animal models have confirmed the a critical role for A2B antagonists in pulmonary inflammation, fibrosis and airway remodelling.

Relief medication
Symptomatic control of episodes of wheezing and shortness of breath is generally achieved with fast-acting bronchodilators. These are typically provided in pocket-sized, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). In young sufferers, who may have difficulty with the coordination necessary to use inhalers, or those with a poor ability to hold their breath for 10 seconds after inhaler use (generally the elderly), an asthma spacer (see top image) is used. The spacer is a plastic cylinder that mixes the medication with air in a simple tube, making it easier for patients to receive a full dose of the drug and allows for the active agent to be dispersed into smaller, more fully inhaled bits. A nebulizer which provides a larger, continuous dose can also be used. Nebulizers work by vaporizing a dose of medication in a saline solution into a steady stream of foggy vapour, which the patient inhales continuously until the full dosage is administered. There is no clear evidence, however, that they are more effective than inhalers used with a spacer. Nebulizers may be helpful to some patients experiencing a severe attack. Such patients may not be able to inhale deeply, so regular inhalers may not deliver medication deeply into the lungs, even on repeated attempts. Since a nebulizer delivers the medication continuously, it is thought that the first few inhalations may relax the airways enough to allow the following inhalations to draw in more medication.

Relievers include:
 Short-acting, selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, such as salbutamol (albuterol USAN), levalbuterol, terbutaline and  bitolterol.Tremors, the major side effect, have been greatly reduced by inhaled delivery, which allows the drug to target the lungs specifically; oral and injected medications are delivered throughout the body. There may also be cardiac side effects at higher doses (due to Beta-1 agonist activity), such as elevated heart rate or blood pressure; with the advent of selective agents, these side effects have become less common. Patients must be cautioned against using these medicines too frequently, as with such use their efficacy may decline, producing desensitization resulting in an exacerbation of symptoms which may lead to refractory asthma and death.
 Older, less selective adrenergic agonists, such as inhaled epinephrine and ephedrine tablets, have also been used. Cardiac side effects occur with these agents at either similar or lesser rates to albuterol.   When used solely as a relief medication, inhaled epinephrine has been shown to be an effective agent to terminate an acute asthmatic exacerbation.  In emergencies, these drugs were sometimes administered by injection.  Their use via injection has declined due to related adverse effects.
 Anticholinergic medications, such as ipratropium bromide may be used instead. They have no cardiac side effects and thus can be used in patients with heart disease; however, they take up to an hour to achieve their full effect and are not as powerful as the β2-adrenoreceptor agonists.

Prevention medication
Current treatment protocols recommend prevention medications such as an inhaled corticosteroid, which helps to suppress inflammation and reduces the swelling of the lining of the airways, in anyone who has frequent (greater than twice a week) need of relievers or who has severe symptoms. If symptoms persist, additional preventive drugs are added until the asthma is controlled. With the proper use of prevention drugs, asthmatics can avoid the complications that result from overuse of relief medications.

Asthmatics sometimes stop taking their preventive medication when they feel fine and have no problems breathing. This often results in further attacks, and no long-term improvement.

Preventive agents include the following.
 Inhaled glucocorticoids are the most widely used of the prevention medications and normally come as inhaler devices (ciclesonide, beclomethasone, budesonide,  flunisolide, fluticasone, mometasone, and triamcinolone).Long-term use of corticosteroids can have many side effects including a redistribution of fat, increased appetite, blood glucose problems and weight gain. In particular high doses of steroids may cause osteoporosis. For this reasons inhaled steroids are generally used for prevention, as their smaller doses are targeted to the lungs unlike the higher doses of oral preparations. Nevertheless, patients on high doses of inhaled steroids may still require prophylactic treatment to prevent osteoporosis.Deposition of steroids in the mouth may cause a hoarse voice or oral thrush (due to decreased immunity). This may be minimised by rinsing the mouth with water after inhaler use, as well as by using a spacer which increases the amount of drug that reaches the lungs.
 Leukotriene modifiers (montelukast, zafirlukast, pranlukast, and zileuton).
 Mast cell stabilizers (cromoglicate (cromolyn), and nedocromil).
 Antimuscarinics/anticholinergics (ipratropium, oxitropium, and tiotropium), which have a mixed reliever and preventer effect. (These are rarely used in preventive treatment of asthma, except in patients who do not tolerate beta-2-agonists.)
 Methylxanthines (theophylline and aminophylline), which are sometimes considered if sufficient control cannot be achieved with inhaled glucocorticoids and long-acting β-agonists alone.
 Antihistamines, often used to treat allergic symptoms that may underlie the chronic inflammation.  In more severe cases, hyposensitization ("allergy shots") may be recommended.
 Omalizumab, an IgE blocker; this can help patients with severe allergic asthma that does not respond to other drugs. However, it is expensive and must be injected.
 Methotrexate is occasionally used in some difficult-to-treat patients.
 If chronic acid indigestion (GERD) contributes to a patient's asthma, it should also be treated, because it may prolong the respiratory problem.

Additionally, the antidepressant tianeptine has shown significant efficacy in children with asthma.

Long-acting β2-agonists

Long-acting bronchodilators (LABD) are similar in structure to short-acting selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, but have much longer sidechains resulting in a 12-hour effect, and are used to give a smoothed symptomatic relief (used morning and night). While patients report improved symptom control, these drugs do not replace the need for routine preventers, and their slow onset means the short-acting dilators may still be required. In November of 2005, the American FDA released a health advisory alerting the public to findings that show the use of long-acting β2-agonists could lead to a worsening of symptoms, and in some cases death.

Currently available long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists include salmeterol, formoterol, bambuterol, and sustained-release oral albuterol. Combinations of inhaled steroids and long-acting bronchodilators are becoming more widespread; the most common combination currently in use is fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair in the United States, and Seretide in the United Kingdom).

A recent meta-analysis of the roles of long-acting beta-agonists may indicate a danger to asthma patients. "These agents can improve symptoms through bronchodilation at the same time as increasing underlying inflammation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness, thus worsening asthma control without any warning of increased symptoms," said Shelley Salpeter in a Cornell study. The study goes on to say that "Three common asthma inhalers containing the drugs salmeterol or formoterol may be causing four out of five US asthma-related deaths per year and should be taken off the market". This assertion has drawn criticism from many asthma specialists for being inaccurate.  As Dr. Hal Nelson points out in a recent letter to the Annals of Internal Medicine,"Salpeter and colleagues also assert that salmeterol may be responsible for 4000 of the 5000 asthma-related deaths that occur in the United States annually. However, when salmeterol was introduced in 1994, more than 5000 asthma-related deaths occurred per year. Since the peak of asthma deaths in 1996, salmeterol sales have increased about 5-fold, while overall asthma mortality rates have decreased by about 25%, despite a continued increase in asthma diagnoses. In fact, according to the most recent data from the National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. asthma mortality rates peaked in 1996 (with 5667 deaths) and have decreased steadily since. The last available data, from 2004, indicate that 3780 deaths occurred. Thus, the suggestion that a vast majority of asthma deaths could be attributable to LABA use is inconsistent with the facts."  Dr. Salpeter has since tempered her comments regarding LABAs

Emergency treatment
When an asthma attack is unresponsive to a patient's usual medication, other treatments are available to the physician or hospital:
 oxygen to alleviate the hypoxia (but not the asthma per se) that results from extreme asthma attacks;
 nebulized salbutamol or terbutaline (short-acting beta-2-agonists), often combined with ipratropium (an anticholinergic);
 systemic steroids, oral or intravenous (prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, or hydrocortisone). Some research has looked into an alternative inhaled route.
 other bronchodilators that are occasionally effective when the usual drugs fail:
 intravenous salbutamol
 nonspecific beta-agonists, injected or inhaled (epinephrine, isoetharine, isoproterenol, metaproterenol);
 anticholinergics, IV or nebulized, with systemic effects (glycopyrrolate, atropine, ipratropium);
 methylxanthines (theophylline, aminophylline);
 inhalation anesthetics that have a bronchodilatory effect (isoflurane, halothane, enflurane);
 the dissociative anaesthetic ketamine, often used in endotracheal tube induction
 magnesium sulfate, intravenous; and
 intubation and mechanical ventilation, for patients in or approaching respiratory arrest.
 Heliox, a mixture of helium and oxygen, may be used in a hospital setting.  It has a more laminar flow than ambient air and moves more easily through constricted airways

Alternative and complementary medicine
Many asthmatics, like those who suffer from other chronic disorders, use alternative treatments; surveys show that roughly 50% of asthma patients use some form of unconventional therapy.
There are little data to support the effectiveness of most of these therapies. A Cochrane systematic review of acupuncture for asthma found no evidence of efficacy.
A similar review of air ionisers found no evidence that they improve asthma symptoms or benefit lung function; this applied equally to positive and negative ion generators.
A study of "manual therapies" for asthma, including osteopathic, chiropractic, physiotherapeutic and respiratory therapeutic manoeuvers, found there is insufficient evidence to support or refute their use in treating asthma;
these manoeuvers include various osteopathic and chiropractic techniques to "increase movement in the rib cage and the spine to try and improve the working of the lungs and circulation"; chest tapping, shaking, vibration, and the use of "postures to help shift and cough up phlegm." On the other hand, one meta-analysis found that homeopathy has a potentially mild benefit in reducing symptom intensity;
however, the number of patients involved in the analysis was small, and subsequent studies have not supported this finding.
Several small trials have suggested some benefit from various yoga practices, ranging from integrated yoga programs
—"yogasanas, Pranayama, meditation, and kriyas"—to sahaja yoga, a form of meditation. Ayurveda recommends use of herbs such as Ajwain, Harad, Hing, Ajamoda, Lavanga, Sunthi and others.

The Buteyko method, a Russian therapy based on breathing exercises, has been investigated. A randomized, controlled trial of just 39 patients in 1998 showed a substantial reduction in the need for beta-agonists and a 50% reduction in the need for inhaled steroids. Lung function remained the same despite the decrease in medication.
A trial in New Zealand in 2003 showed an 85% reduction in the use of beta-agonist medication and a 50% reduction in inhaled steroid use after six months.

Given that some research has identified a negative association between helminth infection (hookworm) and asthma and hay fever, some have suggested that hookworm infestation, although not medically sanctioned, would cure asthma. There is anectdotal evidence to support this.

Guaifenesin, an expectorant available over the counter, may have a small effect in managing thickened bronchial mucus.

See also Complementary and alternative medicine.

प्रोग्नोसिस
आज्माया प्रोग्नोसिस बांला, विशेषयाना माइल्ड ल्वय् दुगु मचातेत। मचाबिले डायग्नोसिस जुगु आज्माय् ५४%य् थ्व डायग्नोसिस १०दं धुंका दैमखु। आज्मातिक्सय् extent of permanent lung damage गुलि दु धका बांलाक्क जानकारी मदुनि। Airway remodelling खनेदै तर थुकिलिं म्हयात द्याइ वा त्याइ धका आतक्क धाय् मछिं। Although conclusions from studies are mixed, most studies show that early treatment with glucocorticoids prevents or ameliorates decline in lung function as measured by several parameters.
For those who continue to suffer from mild symptoms, corticosteroids can help most to live their lives with few disabilities. The mortality rate for asthma is low, with around 6000 deaths per year in a population of some 10 million patients in the United States.
Better control of the condition may help prevent some of these deaths.

Epidemiology

More than 6% of children in the United States have been diagnosed with asthma, a 75% increase in recent decades. The rate soars to 40% among some populations of urban children.
Asthma is usually diagnosed in childhood. The risk factors for asthma include:
 a personal or family history of asthma or atopy;
 triggers (see Pathophysiology above);
 premature birth or low birth weight;
 viral respiratory infection in early childhood;
 maternal smoking;
 being male, for asthma in prepubertal children; and
 being female, for persistence of asthma into adulthood.

There is a reduced occurrence of asthma in people who were breast-fed as babies. Current research suggests that the prevalence of childhood asthma has been increasing. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health Interview Surveys, some 9% of US children below 18 years of age had asthma in 2001, compared with just 3.6% in 1980 (see figure). The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that some 8% of the Swiss population suffers from asthma today, compared with just 2% some 25–30 years ago.
Although asthma is more common in affluent countries, it is by no means a problem restricted to the affluent; the WHO estimate that there are between 15 and 20 million asthmatics in India. In the U.S., urban residents, Hispanics, and African Americans are affected more than the population as a whole. Globally, asthma is responsible for around 180,000 deaths annually.

On the remote South Atlantic island Tristan da Cunha, 50% of the population are asthmatics due to heredity transmission of a mutation in the gene CC16.

Socioeconomic factors

The incidence of asthma is higher among low-income populations within a society (it is not more common in developed countries than developing countries), which in the western world are disproportionately minority, and more likely to live near industrial areas.  Additionally, asthma has been strongly associated with the presence of cockroaches in living quarters, which is more likely in such neighborhoods.

The quality of asthma treatment varies along racial lines, likely because many low-income people cannot afford health insurance and because there is still a correlation between class and race.  For example, black Americans are less likely to receive outpatient treatment for asthma despite having a higher prevalence of the disease. They are much more likely to have emergency room visits or hospitalization for asthma, and are three times as likely to die from an asthma attack compared to whites.  The prevalence of "severe persistent" asthma is also greater in low-income communities compared with communities with better access to treatment.

Asthma and athletics
Asthma appears to be more prevalent in athletes than in the general population. One survey of participants in the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S., showed that 15% had been diagnosed with asthma, and that 10% were on asthma medication.
These statistics have been questioned on at least two bases. Athletes with mild asthma may be more likely to be diagnosed with the condition than non-athletes, because even subtle symptoms may interfere with their performance and lead to pursuit of a diagnosis. It has also been suggested that some professional athletes who do not suffer from asthma claim to do so in order to obtain special permits to use certain performance-enhancing drugs.

There appears to be a relatively high incidence of asthma in sports such as cycling, mountain biking, and long-distance running, and a relatively lower incidence in weightlifting and diving. It is unclear how much of these disparities are from the effects of training in the sport, and from self-selection of sports that may appear to minimize the triggering of asthma.

In addition, there exists a variant of asthma called exercise-induced asthma that shares many features with allergic asthma. It may occur either independently, or concurrent with the latter.  Exercise studies may be helpful in diagnosing and assessing this condition.

स्वया दिसँ

 रियाक्टिभ एअरवे ल्वे
 अटोपी
 हप्किन्स सिन्ड्रम
 हाइजिन हाइपोथेसिस
 इम्युन रेस्पोन्स

References

पिनेया स्वापूत
 World Health Organization site on asthma
 World Health Organization fact sheet on asthma
 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute — Asthma – U.S. NHLBI Information for Patients and the Public page.
 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute — Asthma – U.S. NHLBI Information for Health Professionals page.
 MedLinePlus: Asthma – a U.S. National Library of Medicine page.
 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology – a U.S. organization of medical professionals with a special interest in treating and researching conditions such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis/eczema, and anaphylaxis.
 Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America – national nonprofit patient advocacy organization with information about asthma.
 Asthma UK – a patient-oriented site with information on asthma and ways that UK residents can help improve asthma-related policy.
 Asthma Foundation of Queensland Information and education for Australian asthma sufferers.
 Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM):  Environmental Triggers of Asthma – Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
 Asthma as Neurogenic Inflammatory Disease Neurogenic aspects of asthma. Pathophysiological links with other inflammatory disorders.
 Asthma and Socio-economic Status
 India Asthma Care Society Easy to understand asthma information site for patients.
 The Segal Guide to Asthma by Michael Segal MD PhD.
 A New Found Advantage Between Apples, Fish And Pregnancy

आज्मा
ल्वय्

आज्मा


Patrick George Binns (born October 8, 1948), is a Canadian diplomat, the 30th premier of Prince Edward Island from 1996 to 2007 and Canadian Ambassador to Ireland from 2007 to 2010.

Binns has a long history of public service, most notably being the 30th Premier of PEI for 11 years, during which time he was the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island.

During his premiership, Binns was known as the province's "affable and unassuming premier."

He also served as Canada's Consul General in Boston, Massachusetts.

Before the premiership

Binns was born in Weyburn, Saskatchewan, and graduated from the University of Alberta in 1969 with a Bachelor of Arts. In 1971, he earned a Master of Arts in Community Development while working for the government of Alberta as a community development officer. In 1972, Binns began working for the Prince Edward Island Rural Development Council and met and married Carol MacMillan of Stratford, PEI. While working for the P.E.I. government from 1974 to 1978, Binns helped create and run the Regional Service Centres in the province's east. In 1978, he received the Queen's Silver of Jubilee for Outstanding Public Service.

Binns entered politics in 1978 when he was elected as a MLA for the district of 4th Kings. He was subsequently re-elected in 1979 and 1982, serving various portfolios as Minister of Industry (1983), Community Affairs (1980), Fisheries (1982–83), Environment (1979), Labour (1979), and Municipal Affairs (1979) under Premier James Lee.

From 1984 to 1988, Binns was the MP for Cardigan, serving as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Fisheries in the Brian Mulroney government. Binns subsequently established an edible bean farm in Hopefield (Island Bean Limited) and operated a management consultant firm, Pat Binns & Associates.

Premiership

First term (1996 to 2000)

Binns entered the provincial PC Party leadership race to succeed Patricia Mella in 1996 and won a convincing first ballot victory on May 5 over Charlottetown businessman Wes MacAleer and O'Leary Veterinarian Dr. Gary Morgan. He immediately set about organizing the party for an election expected within months. Binns took over a party with only a single member in the 32 seat Provincial Legislature. Binns campaigned on a platform of strengthening health care and education, encouraging economic development, and energizing communities. A provincial election was planned for late May by Premier Catherine Callbeck, only to be called off by Callbeck at the last minute at a nominating convention on the night of the planned election call. Subsequent media polls showed a surge in popularity for the PC Party. Callbeck resigned shortly afterwards and a leadership convention was held in the fall, electing provincial Cabinet Minister Keith Milligan as Callbeck's successor as Liberal leader and Premier.

Binns' PC Party defeated the Liberal Party led by Milligan in the general election on November 18, 1996, gathering 18 seats to the Liberals' 8, and the NDP's 1. This was the first provincial general election contested under a new single member, 27 seat system, replacing the previous dual member, 16 seat system.

Second term (2000 to 2003)

Binns' won a second mandate in 2000 when his PC Party swept 26 of 27 seats, leaving a single opposition Liberal in the legislature. Both Liberal Party Leader Wayne Carew and NDP Leader Dr. Herb Dickieson were defeated.

The second term of the Binns government saw continued economic growth with new business investment, economic diversification, export and tourism growth, and construction of the Atlantic Technology Centre in Charlottetown as a catalyst for development of the burgeoning IT sector. Investments continued in education and health care for extensive school construction and repair, creation of the PEI Cancer Treatment Centre in Charlottetown and Prince County Hospital in Summerside. The province's first Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act was also passed. During this time Prince Edward Island launched Waste Watch, becoming the first Canadian province to offer waste management services to every home and business resulting in a 65% waste diversion rate and closure of many community landfills. Investments were also made to expand renewable energy use with the development of the North Cape Wind Farm in West Prince, strengthening Prince Edward Island's credentials as a national leader in environmental sustainability.

Among the major issues during this period included major financial pressures in the farm sector as a result of plant disease, overcapacity and closure of the US border due to trade issues. The tourism industry also experienced a downturn in the face of post-9/11 travel concerns and rising energy prices.

In 2001, Binns' government inaugurated the Disability Support Program intended to provide assistive devices and social integration assistance to Islanders with disabilities. A Human Rights complaint questioned whether the program was "a service in the context of the Prince Edward Island Human Rights Act". In 2003 Binns' government commissioned the Baker Report. The report documented complaints under the DSP. Funding was restored to the DSP in 2007.

Third term (2003 to 2007)

The 2003 provincial election was held on September 29, 2003. The election date coincided with Hurricane Juan, a category 2 hurricane which swept over the central part of the province during the early morning hours, causing several million dollars in property damage and disrupting electricity service for days. The election date was not delayed or canceled, although the decision to do so rested with the Chief Electoral Officer and not the premier. Despite the weather, there was a customary high voter turnout (83%).

The election resulted in 23 Progressive Conservatives and 4 Liberals being elected, returning the PCs to Government. The Liberals were led by new leader Robert Ghiz who had replaced Interim Leader Ron MacKinley that spring. Under the leadership of Binns the PC Party won its third consecutive majority government, becoming the first Conservative Premier to accomplish this feat in over a century.

Binns' popularity was tested as the government weathered challenges on many fronts. Unpredictability in federal equalization, coupled with rising health care and energy costs and weakness in the primary and tourism sectors, put pressure on provincial finances. Clashes with the federal government over the fiscal imbalance and fisheries management continued for several years. Binns launched a Program Renewal process to streamline duplication and improve delivery of public services. The provincial public service was reduced by several hundred people as services were reorganized and administrative overlap was reduced in the health sector, evidenced by the disappearance of doctors in West Prince. These measures, along with a steadily growing economy, have led to continued improvement of public finances.

Other reforms in health included expanded used of nurse practitioners and better utilization of ground ambulance services, increased use of technology to improve service delivery, focused strategies for recruitment and retention of health care professionals, and restructuring health care delivery to accommodate the needs of an aging population.

Binns' government waited for federal ruling on same-sex marriage before allowing it in Prince Edward Island in 2004.

Binns sought an unprecedented fourth term majority during the 2007 provincial election, running on a policy of continued good governance and job creation, pointing to the Island's increased prosperity under his tenure. The Leader of the Official Opposition Robert Ghiz ran a campaign centred on the theme of change, as well as promising increased funding to health care and post-secondary education while reducing gasoline and property taxes. The Liberal Party won 23 of the 27 seats, reversing the standings in the legislature at the time of dissolution.

Had Binns won the 2007 election, he would have tied the record set by former premier Alex Campbell who is the only Prince Edward Island premier to have been elected to four consecutive terms. Binns and his cabinet resigned June 12, 2007, being succeeded by the administration led by Robert Ghiz.

On August 30, 2007, Binns resigned as the PEI Progressive Conservative Party leader and Opposition leader, upon being named Ambassador of Canada to Ireland by Prime Minister Stephen Harper. In 2010 Binns accepted an appointment in Boston, Massachusetts as Canadian Consul General to New England, replacing Neil LeBlanc.

Personal life

He is the father of Rob,  Mark, Brad, and Lilly Binns.

Binns has six grandchildren, Kristen, Andrew, Olivia, Jackson, Elodie and Lachlan and resides with his wife Carol on the family farm in Hopefield, Prince Edward Island.

Electoral record (partial)

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References

External links
 Historical Premiers of PEI biography

1948 births
Living people
University of Alberta alumni
Premiers of Prince Edward Island
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Prince Edward Island
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
People from Weyburn
Canadian people of Irish descent
Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island MLAs
Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island leaders
Ambassadors of Canada to Ireland
21st-century Canadian politicians

Pat Binns


Aegir or Saturn XXXVI (provisional designation S/2004 S 10) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 11, 2005.

Aegir is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,618,000 km in 1025.908 days, at an inclination of 167° to the ecliptic (140° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.237.

It was named in April 2007 after Ægir, a giant from Norse mythology, the personification of tranquil seas, the one who soothes storms away. He is a son of Fornjót, and brother of Logi (fire, flame) and Kári (wind).

References
 Institute for Astronomy Saturn Satellite Data
 Jewitt's New Satellites of Saturn page
 IAUC 8523: New Satellites of Saturn May 4 2005 (discovery)
 MPEC 2005-J13: Twelve New Satellites of Saturn May 3 2005 (discovery and ephemeris)
 IAUC 8826: Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn (subscription-only) 2007 April 5 (naming the moon)

Saturn's moons

Aegir (moon)


Jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora), also known as Brazilian grapetree or jaboticaba, is a tree in the family Myrtaceae, native to Brazil. It is unusual in that it appears to blossom right out of the bark and trunk of its tree. The tree may even look covered in purple warts or pimples when it is fully in season. It is often used in its native lands in South America much like grapes are used elsewhere.

Jabuticaba fruit looks like thick-skinned deep-purple grapes. Inside the pink or white sweet fleshy fruit. Embedded in the pulpy flesh are several large seeds. The fruit is typically eaten fresh or made into tarts, jams or wines and liqueurs.

Myrtaceae
Fruits

Jabuticaba


Chelation refers to the bonding of elemental atoms that cannot normally be bonded. For example, Sodium is a metal element that can bond with many other elements, like chlorine (forming common table salt: NaCl), or hydrogen and oxygen (Sodium hydroxide). The reason for this is that the way that atoms bond with each other is similar to a jigsaw puzzle: Only the proper shape can fit into the empty space made by the other pieces. However, with atoms, it's a bit different. For each element, the atom carries a certain number of electrons in orbit around its nucleus. Sometimes these orbits are split into levels, and only a certain number of electrons can fill each orbit before moving to a higher orbit.

Sometimes, an orbit level is not filled all the way and can only be filled with electrons from another element with a smaller number of electrons in a higher level. When the atoms bond together, the electrons are traded between the two equally and create a very strong bond.

However, there are a few elements that cannot bond with many other elements, because they have orbits that are already filled, or nearly filled, equally. (Like a finished jigsaw puzzle) These elements can sometimes be poisonous to a human, and cannot be removed easily (for example, mercury.) Chelation enables a non-bonding element to bond, thereby enabling removal.

Physical chemistry
Analytical chemistry

Chelation