The Arab American Institute (AAI) is a non-profit membership organization that advocates for the interests of Arab-Americans. Founded in 1985 by James Zogby, the brother of pollster John Zogby, the organization is based in Washington, D.C.

The organization seeks to increase the visibility of Arab-American involvement and candidates in the American political system. It issues "Action Alerts" to its members much like the Anti-defamation League when issues of particular concern arise. According to its website the organization develops policy initiatives much in the manner of a think tank and encourages its members to contact Members of Congress.

Stated Goals
The AAI has stated on its website,

Activities

Arab-American Census

The AAI has been designated by the United States Census Bureau as the only Census Information Center for compiling data on Arab-Americans. Limitations of the sampling methodology, combined with non-response by some, under-response (only two ethnic backgrounds are tabulated and reported), and reporting ancestry as race, results in higher under reporting among Arab Americans. While the 2000 Census accounted for some 1,250,000 persons who self-identify with an Arabic-speaking origin, AAI estimates (based on research done by the Zogby International polling and marketing firm) place the population at more than 3,500,000.  They live in all 50 states—the top 11 by population are (in descending order):

California: 715,000
Michigan: 490,000
New York: 405,000
Florida: 255,000
New Jersey: 240,000
Illinois: 220,000
Texas: 210,000
Ohio: 185,000
Massachusetts: 175,000
Pennsylvania: 160,000
Virginia: 135,000

Two-thirds reside in 10 states; one-third of the total live in California, New York, and Michigan. About 94% live in metropolitan areas; Los Angeles, Detroit, New York City, Chicago and Washington, D.C., are the top 5 US metro-areas of Arab-American concentration. Lebanese-Americans constitute a greater part of the total number of Arab-Americans residing in most states; however, in New Jersey, Egyptian-Americans are the largest Arab group. The AAI believes that Americans of Arab ethnicity were underrepresented in the 2000 National Census as are most "other ethnic, minority, and immigrant populations" and believes that this undercount occurs because many Arab-Americans simply "do not understand the relevance of the census, its confidentiality, or did not respond to the question on the sample 'long form' that measures ethnic ancestry".

Annual Lobby Day
In addition to action alerts on specific issues, and generally encouraging members and supporters to meet with their members of congress, the AAI sponsors an annual "Lobby Day."  It encourages members and supporters to visit or call their representatives on a specific date.  It also provides talking points and asks for a report on the results of visits.

Anti-Arabism

The AAI also conducts research related to anti-Arabism in the United States. According to an AAI 2001 poll of Arab-Americans: "32% of Arab Americans reported having been subjected to some form of ethnic-based discrimination during their lifetimes, 20% reported having experienced an instance of ethnic-based discrimination since September 11. Of special concern, for example, is the fact that 45% of students and 37% of Arab Americans of the Muslim faith report being targeted by discrimination since September 11."

In July 2006, during the 2006 Lebanon War, Patrick Syring left three voice mails and sent four emails to the headquarters office of the Arab American Institute. A Federal Grand Jury in the District of Columbia returned an indictment on August 15, 2007, charging Syring with violation of Title 18 of the United States Code, Section 875(c), threatening messages in interstate commerce to injure an individual, and violation of Title 18 United States Code Section 245(b)(2)(C), by threat of force or use of force, to interfere with the civil rights of the founder and employees of the Arab American Institute. Syring pleaded guilty to the charges June 12, 2008, was sentenced to prison July 11, 2008, and was released in January 2009.

In 2001, the Coalition of American Assyrians and Maronites rebuked the Arab American Institute in a letter for categorizing Maronite Christians and Assyrians as Arabs.

Politics
The Arab American Institute is non-partisan. That is, it does not endorse or identify with any particular political party, though the AAI's founder and president is a prominent Democrat.

In November 2008, the Arab American Institute sent a letter to Democratic Senate majority leader Harry Reid, as part of a failed attempt to block the reappointment of Senator Joe Lieberman to the chairmanship of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. The letter cited in particular a report on Islamist extremism and the "Homegrown Terrorist Threat" completed by the committee under Lieberman's chairmanship in May 2008.

Polling of Arab attitudes toward the United States

In collaboration with Zogby International, the AAI conducts yearly polls of Arab public opinion regarding the United States.

See also
Arab lobby in the United States
American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee
Council on American-Islamic Relations

References

External links
Arab American Institute
The Coalition of American Assyrians and Maronites letter to AAI

Arab-American culture in Washington, D.C.
Arab-American organizations
Anti-Arabism in the United States
Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Organizations established in 1985
1985 establishments in Washington, D.C.

Arab American Institute


The New England Patriots is an American football team in the National Football League or the NFL. They are in the American Football Conference or the AFC. Their starting quarterback is Mac Jones. Cody Kessler plays the second string quarterback. The Patriots play in Gillette Stadium on Foxborough, midway between Boston, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island.

In the 2007 season, the Patriots have won all 16 games and became the first team with 16 wins and no losses. They would win 2 more playoff games and enter the Super Bowl at 18-0. However, they did not complete a historic 19-0 season, because they lost to the Giants. The Giants scored 17 points when David Tyree made a helmet catch and the Patriots scored 14 points.

The New England Patriots won the Super Bowl in 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2018. They play in Foxboro, Massachusetts. They lost to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLVI on February 5, 2012 in a rematch of Super Bowl XLII which their perfect season got spoiled. This time, the Giants scored 21 points and the Patriots scored 17 points.

The Patriots also won Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks when Russell Wilson threw an interception on the final play. The Patriots scored 28 points and the Seahawks scored 24 points.

The Patriots were originally called the "Boston Patriots", and played in Fenway Park. Their name comes from the city of Boston's importance in the American Revolution.

Players of note

Patriots All-Decade teams

2000s
On March 16, 2010, the Patriots Hall of Fame group selected an all-decade team for the 2000s:

Bold indicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

2010s
On April 29, 2020, the Patriots Hall of Fame group selected an all-decade team for the 2010s:

Patriots Anniversary teams
The Patriots Hall of Fame group will select an anniversary team to celebrate the greatest members of the team at every position up to the year of the selection.

35th Anniversary team (1994)
In 1994, a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team:

Bold indicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

50th Anniversary team (2009)
In 2009, the Patriots Hall of Fame group selected a 50th anniversary team:

Bold indicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites
Official Website

New England Patriots


A dictator was the senior magistrate of the Roman Republic. They were regularly appointed from the earliest period of the Republic down to the Second Punic War.

Dictators had the full authority of the state to deal with a military emergency or to undertake a specific duty. The right of the Tribune of the plebs to veto his actions was extremely limited.  However, to prevent the dictatorship from threatening the state itself, limitations were placed on his powers. A dictator had a clear sphere of authority. He had to resign once his task was done, or after six months.

After the Second Punic War, no dictators were appointed for over a century. Then the idea was revived by Sulla, and later by Caesar. Sulla was a tyrant, and Caesar was murdered soon after becoming dictator.

The office was formally abolished after the death of Caesar, and not revived under the Empire.

References

Roman Republic

Roman dictator


Carlos Juan Finlay (December 3, 1833 – August 20, 1915) was a Cuban physician and scientist who started the interest in yellow fever research.

Early life and education
Finlay was born Juan Carlos Finlay y Barres, in Puerto Príncipe (now Camagüey), Cuba. His family is of French and Scottish heritage. In 1853 he went to Jefferson Medical college in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He graduated in 1855. He finished his studies in Havana and in Paris. Later he moved to Havana and started a medical practice.

Professional career
Finlay continued his work in the 1870s. He was the first to come up with the idea that a mosquito was a carrier for a disease that causes yellow fever. He discovered that the spread and cause of yellow fever was from a mosquito. The mosquito would bite a person with the disease and would then bite and infect a healthy person. A year later Finlay identified the mosquito of the genus Aedes as the insect transmitting yellow fever. His research led to the control of the mosquito population as a way to control the spread of the disease.

Dr. Finlay was a member of Havana's Royal Academy of Medical, Physical and Natural Sciences. He was fluent in French, German, Spanish, and English, and could read Latin. He was interested in a lot of things but his main interest was yellow fever. He wrote 40 articles on this disease. His theory was that an intermediary host was responsible for the spread of the disease. As a result of his work, Dr. Finlay was nominated seven times for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, but it was never awarded to him. He received the National Order of the Legion of Honour of France in 1908.

In 1990, the Walter Reed Commission confirmed what Carlos found. Reed was known to all as being the one that discovered the connection of yellow fever and the mosquito but he gave the credit to Finlay. He used Finlay's information to help with his research. Soon Finlay became the chief health officer of Cuba from 1902 to 1909.

Finlay died from heart failure caused by pneumonia in his home in Havana, Cuba.

1833 births
1915 deaths
Cuban scientists
Physicians

Carlos Finlay


The Maine Black Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of Maine. A member of the America East Conference, the University of Maine sponsors teams in eight men's and nine women's NCAA sanctioned sports. The men's and women's ice hockey teams are members of Hockey East, and the football team is an associate member of the Coastal Athletic Association.

Teams

Ice hockey

The men's ice hockey program was introduced in 1977. The team has been successful and have won the Hockey East title five times, appeared in eleven Frozen Fours, and won 2 National Championships. The Black Bears compete in the Hockey East conference, which includes teams such as Boston College, Boston University, Northeastern, and New Hampshire. The program has produced many professional ice hockey players, such as Paul Kariya, Eric Weinrich, Keith Carney, Garth Snow, Mike Dunham, Dustin Penner, and Jimmy Howard. The team is best known for its 1992–93 season, in which the team only lost one game, finishing with a record of 42–1–2. The team is noted for its head coach Shawn Walsh, who coached the team for seventeen seasons. Walsh is credited with turning the team into such a successful program, as well as turning the Alfond Arena into one of the most intimidating arenas in college hockey. Walsh died of renal cell carcinoma on September 26, 2001.

Baseball

The baseball program has made several trips to the College World Series and has produced numerous major- league baseball players. The program has also made 16 NCAA tournament appearances, most recently in 2011 when they defeated FIU, 4-1, in the NCAA regionals. The program has won the AEC Tournament five times, in 1993, 2002, 2005, 2006, and 2011. The program also won the conference in 1990 and 1991, before the America East sponsored a baseball tournament.

Basketball

The basketball teams, as well as all other sports teams, participate in the America East Conference. Former Clemson University head baseball coach Jack Leggett also attended the university, as well as NBA head coach Rick Carlisle (although Carlisle transferred to Virginia and finished his college career there). Other notables include Rufus Harris, Kevin Reed, Matt Rossignol, Jim Boylen, Andy Bedard, and several former Maine high school stars including Bangor's Jon McAllian and Edward Little's Troy Barnies. A prominent current player is San Diego-native Gerald Mclemore. The women's and men's basketball teams play at the Cross Insurance Center in Bangor starting with the 2013-14 season. The men's team has held a total of eight games at Memorial Gym since 2003–04. The team has never played in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.

Cindy Blodgett played basketball at Maine before playing in the WNBA. She went on to serve as an assistant coach at Boston College and Brown.

The men's basketball team in recent years has made progress as in the 2009–10 season the team finished the season in second place in the America East conference with a 19–11 overall record with recording one of its biggest wins in recent years with a 52–51 win over Boston College of the Atlantic Coast Conference and in the 2010–11 season defeating the University of Massachusetts, 68-56, and Penn State, 74-64.

On May 23, 2007, Blodgett was named the head coach of the women's team. She was released in March 2011.

The Black Bears' rivalry with the New Hampshire Wildcats is the longest continuous basketball rivalry between any two non-Ivy League schools: the men's teams have played each other 109 seasons in a row, from 1904–1905 to the present season (2013–2014).

The program has developed 2 NBA players those being former Los Angeles Clippers Jeff Cross and former Boston Celtics and current head coach of the Dallas Mavericks Rick Carlisle.

Football

Maine's football team competes in the Coastal Athletic Association. Prior to the 2007 season, the NCAA football league was sponsored by the Atlantic 10 Conference. The football program has produced many professional football players and coaches, such as center Mike Flynn, offensive lineman Justin Strzelczyk, quarterback Mike Buck, wide receiver/coach Phil McGeoghan, Pro Bowl linebacker Lofa Tatupu, who transferred to USC after his freshman year, linebacker Stephen Cooper, Pro Bowl fullback/special teams Montell Owens, defensive back Daren Stone, tight end Matthew Mulligan, defensive lineman Mike DeVito, linebacker Jovan Belcher, Pro Bowl fullback/defensive lineman Patrick Ricard and defensive back Brandon McGowan. Current Iowa coach, and 2002 AP National Coach of the Year Kirk Ferentz began his head coaching career at Maine. The team also received brief publicity when the Oakland Raiders selected wide receiver Kevin McMahan as the last player in the 2006 NFL Draft, affectionately known as Mr. Irrelevant. The University of Maine is known currently to have the most active players on NFL rosters at the Division I FCS level.

The team has played several Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) opponents. The team has played teams in recent years such as Iowa, Rutgers, Hawaii, Mississippi State, Nebraska, Connecticut, Syracuse, and Pittsburgh in 2011. In 2004, The Maine Black Bears defeated Mississippi State University, 9-7. This marked the first time that Maine defeated a Division I FBS opponent. The largest crowd that the Black Bears have ever played in front of was 77,469 fans at Memorial Stadium, when Maine fell, 25–7, to the Nebraska Cornhuskers in Lincoln. The team is scheduled to play BCS games at the ACC's Boston College in 2012 and the Big Ten's Northwestern in 2013. UM also defeated longtime rival and FBS opponent Massachusetts, 24-14, in 2013. Despite success over the past decade, including an NCAA tournament berth in 2011, Maine had never won a CAA regular season title. That drought ended on November 16, 2013 as Maine defeated the University of Rhode Island 41-0 at home to win their first CAA title.

Radio and television

Currently the flagship for all football and hockey games, as well as their respective coaches shows are carried on the Voice of Maine News/Talk Network (WVOM-FM and WVQM; the current{[as of?}} flagship for all men's and women's basketball games as well as baseball and select softball games is WGUY. All games are carried on GoBlackBears.com. TV coverage includes Bangor's WVII-TV, with games simulcast on Fox College Sports. NESN, CBS Sports Network, and NBCSN Comcast SportsNet New England also carry select games as part of a larger contract with the conferences the sports are in. During the school year the Black Bear Insider is carried Sunday mornings on WVII at noon, and rebroadcast on Fox College Sports as well.

In 2006 the university sold the multimedia advertising and broadcast rights to all athletic events to Missouri-based Learfield Sports. Starting with the fall 2007 sports season, WVOM and WGUY split radio coverage, WGUY carrying men's and women's basketball and select baseball and softball games and WVOM carrying football and hockey broadcasts. After the 2008 fall sports season, WAEI-FM became the flagship for all Maine sports; the rights were transferred again to WKSQ in 2011 (though WAEI's AM sister station remained a co-flagship), before coming back full circle locally to WVOM (Blueberry) and WGUY (WaterFront) in 2013.

Many Black Bear games can also be heard on WMEB-FM, a student-run, commercial-free radio station located on campus.

Championships

Men's ice hockey

Men's Cross Country – 1915 (IC4A)

Baseball

Softball
America East – 1994, 2004

Football
Yankee Conference – 1949, 1951, 1952, 1961, 1965, 1974, 1982,1989, 2000, 2009
Atlantic 10 – 2001, 2002
Coastal Athletic Association - 2013, 2018

Riflery
Yankee Conference – 1959, 1960, 1961, 1965, 1966

Women's Basketball
America East – 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2004, 2018, 2019

Men's Cross Country
America East – 2004
Yankee Conference – 1950, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1963
New England – 1913, 1914, 1921, 1922, 1927, 1928, 1934, 1935, 1938, 1939, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959

Men's Indoor Track
Yankee Conference – 1964

Men's Outdoor Track
America East – 1995
Yankee Conference – 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965
New England – 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930

Women's Outdoor Track
New England – 2003

References

External links

Maine Black Bears


Balisto is a wholemeal biscuit bar snack manufactured by Mars, Incorporated, consisting of a digestive biscuit centre and a variety of milky cream toppings, and coated in milk chocolate.

Normally, there are two fingers in a package, though the multipack contains ten fingers wrapped individually. They are available in Ireland, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Slovenia, Hungary, Italy, Denmark. In Spring 2011, the bars were introduced to the United Kingdom.

When the Balisto bar was released in 1981, Mars, Incorporated in West Germany produced it. Its name supposedly alludes to its dietary fibre content ("Ballaststoffe" in German). In 2021 the Balisto bar with 90% paper-based packaging was released for the German market.

Varieties
Balisto is available in several different flavours, each with their own colour. Not all flavours are available everywhere. A partial list:
 Corn/Cereal-mix (orange wrapper): plain digestive biscuit covered with chocolate
 Muesli-mix (green wrapper): milk cream topping with raisins and hazelnuts
 Grain-mix (red wrapper)
 Yoghurt and berries-mix (purple wrapper): yoghurt cream topping with red berries
 Almond and honey-mix (yellow wrapper)
 Cocos-mix (brown wrapper)
 Hazelnut (blue wrapper)
 Spekulatius-Christmas cookie (dark red wrapper)
 Strawberry yoghurt-mix (red wrapper) (available in Germany)
 Yoghurt with white chocolate (white and pink wrapper) (Limited Edition)
 Yoghurt with strawberry and white chocolate (white and red wrapper) (available in Germany)

References

Mars confectionery brands
Brand name snack foods
Biscuits
Chocolate bars

Balisto


Diving is a form of movement downwards, either from air to ground or to water. Diving is also a sport. Diving is often done from a springboard or an elevated platform.

Underwater diving includes Scuba diving. Scuba diving, however, is typically not considered a sport. Dives used for scuba diving are relatively simplistic. An example of this is a giant stride entry, also known as a stride dive.

Diving in water
There are six different types of dives, and four different body positions that a person can use when diving.

Types of dives
There are six different types of dives. Four of the types depend on whether the diver is facing towards the water or away from the water, and if they rotate towards or away from the water. The other two dives can be a part of the first four. For example, a diver can do a "inward twisting" or a "forward armstand" dive. The basic types of dives are:
Forward – The diver faces towards the water and rotates forward.
Backward – The diver stands with their back towards the water and rotates backwards, away from the board.
Reverse – The diver faces towards the water and rotates backwards, towards the board.
Inward – The diver faces away from the water and rotates forward, towards the board.
Twisting – A twisting dive is any of the other dives in which the diver twists their body to the left or right.
Armstand – An armstand dive is where the diver begins the dive from a handstand position. They are not standing on their feet at the beginning of this type of dive.

Body positions
The four different body positions are tuck, pike, straight and free.
Tuck – The body is bent at the waist and knees. The thighs are close to the chest and the heels of the feet are close to the buttocks.
Pike – The diver's legs are straight. Their body is bent at the waist. The position of the arms is chosen by the diver. They are often pointed towards the toes.
Straight – There is no bend in the body at all. There could be a small arch of the back depending on the type of dive.
Free – The free position is not an actual body position. It is where the diver uses more than one position. It is usually used when doing a dive with a somersault or a twist in it

Dive Numbers
Dives are put into categories, based on the Direction the dive is in, and what Position it is in.
100's=Forward
200's=Backward
300's=Reverse
400's=Inward
A-Straight
B-Pike
C-Tuck
D-Free
Every Half flip the number on the end goes up by one
For example: *Front dive Tuck is a 101c

Related pages

Scuba diving
Swimming

Summer Olympic sports

Diving


Ladislaus Josephovich Bortkiewicz (7 Agustus, 1868 - 15 Juli, 1931) nyaéta salah saurang Russian economist jeung statistician katurunan Polish.

Bortkiewicz lahir St. Petersburg, Imperial Russia (ayeuna Russia) sarta tamat sarjana hukum dina taun 1890.

Taun 1898 manéhna ngaluarkeun buku ngeunaan Poisson distribution, judulna The Law of Small Numbers. In this book he first noted that events with low frequency in a large population follow a Poisson distribution even when the probabilities of the events varied. It was that book that made the Prussian cavalry horse-kick data famous. The data give the number of soldiers killed by being kicked by a horse éach yéar in éach of 14 cavalry corps over a 20-yéar period.  Bortkiewicz showed that those numbers follow a Poisson distribution. The book also examined data on child-suicides.  Some historians of mathematics have argued that the Poisson distribution should have been named the "Bortkiewicz distribution."

In political economy, Bortkiewicz is important for his analysis of Marx's reproduction schema in the last two volumes of Capital. Bortkiewicz identified a transformation problem in Marx's work which, if proven, would profoundly undermine Marx's claim to have provided a consistent account of capitalist economics. This work provided the basis of major elaborations by Joseph Schumpeter and Paul Sweezy among others.

Bortkiewicz died in Berlin, Germany.

External link

 Biographical sketch  on the web site of the University of St. Andrews (in Scotland)

Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus
Nu babar taun 1868
Nu pupus taun 1931

Ladislaus Bortkiewicz


Jasper House National Historic Site, in Jasper National Park, Alberta, is the site of a trading post on the Athabasca River that functioned in two different locations from 1813 to 1884 as a major staging and supply post for travel through the Canadian Rockies.

The post was originally named Rocky Mountain House, but was renamed to avoid confusion with the Rocky Mountain House trading post on the North Saskatchewan River, becoming "Jasper's House" after the postmaster, Jasper Hawes, who operated the post from 1814 to 1817. The first location is believed to have been at the outlet of Brûlé Lake, downstream from the present site. The second Jasper House was established at the northern end of Jasper Lake in 1830, primarily serving travellers crossing Yellowhead Pass or Athabasca Pass.

The site operated until 1853, and was occasionally used until 1858 when it was reopened seasonally by Henry John Moberly, who operated it into the 1860s. The post was officially closed in 1884 after years of inactivity. From 1891 or 1892 to 1894 the house was used by miner Lewis Swift. The building was destroyed in 1909 when its lumber was used to make a raft by surveyors for the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway.  Apart from a small cemetery, no significant ruins remain. It was designated a national historic site in 1924, and is marked by a commemorative stone and plaque.

References

External links
 Parks Canada site
 Management Plans, National Historic Sites of the Mountain Parks, evaluation of the Information Centre (Section 3.1)

National Historic Sites in Alberta
Jasper National Park
North West Company
Commercial buildings completed in 1830
Former buildings and structures in Canada
Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
Forts or trading posts on the National Historic Sites of Canada register
Fur trade National Historic Sites of Canada
1830 establishments in the British Empire

Jasper House


Nicolas-Hugues Ménard (Hugo Menardus) (1585 in Paris – 21 January 1644) was a French Benedictine scholar.

His father was private secretary to Catherine de' Medici, his mother was a native of Blois. After a liberal education Ménard entered the Order of St. Benedict, 3 February 1607, at St. Denis, and made his religious profession 10 September 1612.

In the next year, he joined the reform movement of St. Vannes in Verdun which some years later developed into the Congregation of St. Maur; and he became one of its main helps. After some time he was called to Paris, where he soon became a favourite preacher and frequently occupied the principal pulpits. For sixteen years he taught rhetoric at the College of Cluny. By word and deed he sought to induce his fellow religious to unite an exemplary life with love for study especially of Church history and patrology.

On account of failing health he was placed by his superiors in the abbey of St. Germain des Prés, where he lived in great seclusion. In his small circle of intimate friends the Jesuit Sirmond stood foremost.

Works
Martyrologium Sanctorum ordinis St. Benedicti, to which he added several biographies and explanatory notes which greatly enhance the value of the work (Paris, 1629)
Concordia regularum, auctore St. Benedicto Anianae abbate, from a manuscript found in the Abbey of Fleury, which is supplemented by a life of St. Benedict of Aniane (Paris, 1638)
St. Gregorii I Papae Liber Sacramentorum, from a manuscript Missal of St. Eligius (Paris, 1642). This also appears in the edition of the works of St. Gregory of the year 1705. The commentary on the book is highly praised by Muratori (Dissert. de rebus liturgicis, ch. 6), who states that Tomasi and Mabillon would have preferred the text of Pamelius but the Maurists, when publishing the notes of Ménard had also to use his text
De unico Dionysio Areopagita Athenarum et Parisiorum episcopo, a defence of the identity of the Areopagite and first Bishop of Paris, written (at first anonymously) against Jean Launoy, in defence of Millet (Paris, 1643)
S. Barnabae Apostoli (ut fertur) Epistola Catholica, ab antiquis olim ecclesiae patribus sub ejusdem nomine laudata et usurpata (Paris, 1640). The Greek text had been found by Sirmond at Rome, and Ménard discovered a Latin translation at the Abbey of Corbie.

External links

French scholars
French Benedictines
1585 births
1644 deaths

Nicolas-Hugues Ménard


Mercy can refer to a compassionate behavior by those in power (for example, mercy shown by a judge toward a criminal by not punishing him (or her) as much as he (or she) might be punished). It may also mean compassionate action by a third party (e.g. a trip out of mercy trying to treat sick children in Africa). The word is very common in several religions (for example, the mercy of God).

Related pages

 Divine Mercy devotion

Other websites
Dictionary

Virtues
Criminal justice

Mercy


A Compact Disc, also called a CD is a storage device in the form of small plastic discs which store and retrieve computer data or music using light. Compact Discs replaced floppy disks because they were faster and could hold more information. The CDs made floppy disks become obsolete. CDs were invented by both Philips and Sony at the same time, but not together. Sony and Philips did work together to create a standard format and the technology to read CDs in 1982. CDs can hold up to 700 MB worth of data, which is about 80 minutes of music. Mini CDs were also made for special small programs like drivers. CDs that have computer information on them are called CD-ROMs, or Compact Disc - Read Only Memory. The diameter of a normal CD is 120 mm. The middle hole in a CD is about 1.5 cm).

Related pages

 CD-R
 CD-RW
 CD-MO
 Video CD or VCD
 DVD

Compact disc


Patra () is the third biggest Greek city. Patra is in southwest Greece on the west coast of the Peloponnese. It is the capital of the prefecture of Achaia and also the capital of the Greek perifereia (district) of Western Peloponnese. 171,616 lived there in 2001. The total population of Patra, including all its suburbs, is over 200,000 people. Patra is a coastal city, so it has a big port. Patra's port connects Greece with east-facing Italian ports such as Bari, Brindisi and Ancona.

History

Patra developed in the third century BC. During the Roman period, Patra became an important city. In Patra Christianity arrived quite early, approximately in the first century AD, by St Andrew, who was martyred there. During the Middle Ages Patra was not very significant. Patra developed again after the Greek liberation from the Turks, in 1830 following the Greek revolution of 1821.

Sights

The most important site in Patra is the contemporary Bridge Rion-Antirion which links Peloponnese and Sterea Ellada. This bridge is located a short distance from Patra's center, in the district of Rio. Opposite Rio is Antirio and it ends at the bridge. Other significant sites in Patra are the church of Agios Andreas and the Apollon theater. The cathedral of Agios Andreas is the third biggest churches in Greece. Patra is known for its wines, with the famous and oldest Winery in Greece, Achaia Clauss founded in 1861.

References

Cities in Greece

Patras


A Bachelor of Arts (abbreviated B.A., BA, A.B. or AB; from the Latin , , or ) is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the liberal arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines. A Bachelor of Arts degree course is generally completed in three or four years, depending on the country and institution.

 Degree attainment typically takes five or more years in Argentina, Brazil and Chile.
 Degree attainment typically takes four years in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Canada, China, Egypt, Finland, Ghana, Greece, Georgia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Mexico, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Scotland, Serbia, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, the United States, and Zambia.
 Degree attainment typically takes three years in Albania, Algeria, Australia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Caribbean, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Israel, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa (certain degrees), Switzerland, the Canadian province of Quebec, the United Kingdom (except Scotland), and most of the European Union. In Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan and Russia, three-year BA (associates) courses are also available.

Definition
The Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree is an undergraduate postsecondary degree that puts a focus on liberal arts and studies. In comparison, a Bachelor of Science (BS) has a greater focus on science, math, and engineering. The Bachelor of Arts degree is a type of baccalaureate degree. A Bachelor of Arts degree is usually completed in four years: that is, it requires four years of full-time coursework during term time. However, just as with other degrees, some may require a longer time period. This is due to factors such as the student's ability, motivation, and access to financial assistance to earn the degree. Just like other baccalaureate degrees, a Bachelor of Arts is historically offered only at public and private universities and colleges. A Bachelor of Arts, just like other bachelor's degrees, is an admission requirement for graduate and professional school. Beginning in the 1990s, community colleges started to confer their own baccalaureate degrees. In addition to the standard BA degrees, there are career-specific Bachelor of Arts degrees, including Bachelor of Arts in Administration, Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies, and Regents Bachelor of Arts.

History
The Bachelor of Arts degree has been prominent in academics for centuries. It influenced universities to begin focusing on broad topics such as algebra, psychology, biology, art, history, and philosophy.

This aspect of the BA degree has been consistent in its history. The Bachelor of Arts degree was formed out of the study of liberal arts. Liberal art is a term that was applied to the study of many branches of learning such as grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. The study of liberal arts started during the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, the term liberal art was meant to describe general studies more broadly. This definition of liberal studies remains to this day.

In Japan and the United States, Bachelor of Arts degrees were historically given only by public or private institutions and colleges.

Degrees in Europe

Germany
In Germany, university-level education usually happens in either a Universität (plural: Universitäten) or a  (plural: ); both can be referred to as a Hochschule, which is the generic term in Germany for all institutions awarding academic degrees.  is often translated as "University of Applied Sciences". Universitäten place greater emphasis on fundamental science and background in theory, while  are generally designed with a focus on teaching professional skills. Degrees earned at Universitäten and  are legally equivalent.

In Germany, the BA course normally lasts between three and three and a half years—six or seven semesters—and the degree is awarded after the student earns between 180 and 210 ECTS.

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, the BA and Master of Arts (MA) degrees were introduced in 2002. Until then, a single program led to the doctorandus degree (abbreviated drs.), which comprised the same course load as the bachelor's and master's programs combined. The title doctorandus was used in almost all fields of study; other titles were used for legal studies (, Dutch for master, abbreviated Mr.) and engineering (ingenieur, abbreviated ir. for academic masters level or ing. for higher vocational bachelors level). Those who had already started the doctorandus program could, on completing it, opt for the doctorandus degree (entitling them to use "drs." in front of their name) or could use the master's degree (postnominal letters) in accordance with the new standard. When attaining a master level/graduate degree, it is still customary to use either drs. pre-nominally or MA/MSc post-nominally at the discretion of the holder.

United Kingdom and Ireland

In the United Kingdom (excluding Scotland) and Ireland, the first degree course normally lasts three years, but nomenclature varies: 19th-century and later universities usually distinguish between arts and sciences subjects by awarding either a BA or BSc degree. However, some older or ancient universities, such as Oxford, Cambridge, and Trinity College Dublin traditionally award BAs to undergraduates having completed the final examinations, e.g., Part II Tripos (Cambridge), Final Honour Schools (Oxford), Moderatorship (Dublin), in most subjects including the sciences. Some new plate glass universities established in the 1960s, such as York and Lancaster, originally followed the practice of Oxford and Cambridge by awarding BAs in all subjects, but have since changed to awarding BSc degrees in science subjects. At Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin the degree of MA can be claimed, usually twenty-one terms after matriculation, without any further study. For many centuries, the bachelor's degree was an intermediate step and was awarded for much of the work carried out in later times at secondary schools. The names of the final secondary school exams in France and Spain (and increasingly in the UK—the International Baccalaureate) come from this: le Baccalauréat and el Bachillerato, respectively.

The ancient universities of Scotland award a Master of Arts degree to humanities or arts graduates, but a BSc to science graduates. This course takes four years for an honours degree and three for an ordinary. In Scotland, one can opt to take an ordinary degree, which ranks below a third class honours degree (for example, BA with distinction, merit or pass).

A Bachelor of Arts is entitled to the post-nominal letters BA for an ordinary or pass degree and BA (Hons) for an honours degree. Students who completed an honours BA sometimes style themselves by '(Hon)' or '(Hons)' after the degree abbreviation in parentheses. An honours degree is always awarded in one of four classes, depending upon the marks gained in the final assessments and examinations. The top students are awarded a first-class degree, followed by an upper second-class degree (usually referred to as a 2:1), a lower second-class degree (usually referred to as a 2:2), and those with the lowest marks gain a third-class degree. An ordinary or unclassified degree (which does not give the graduate the right to add '(Hons)') may be awarded if a student has completed the full honours degree course but has not reached the overall standard sufficient to merit a third-class honours degree.

Degrees in North America

Canada
Education in Canada is controlled by the provinces and can be very different depending on the province. While all Canadian universities offer four-year degrees, it is not uncommon, depending on the province and the university for a three-year general degree to also be offered as an option. In many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as BA or as honours BA degrees. Honours programs require more education than non-honours programs, typically a specialization beyond the requirements of a BA, and can often be used as a gateway to a Ph.D. program, bypassing a master's degree.

United States
Along with the Bachelor of Science (B.S.), the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) is the most commonly granted degree in the US. A B.A. degree is earned after the completion of four years of undergraduate college level study. The Bachelor of Science is abbreviated with periods i.e., B.S., and the Bachelor of Arts is abbreviated as B.A.  Most US colleges and universities offer undergraduate programs.

Degrees in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal, and South Africa

In colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal, and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Students must pursue at least one major area of study and units from that subject are usually studied in each year, though sometimes students may choose to complete upper-level classes in the same year and as a result, can leave space for elective subjects from a different field. At some universities, students may choose to pursue a second major; alternatively, the remainder of the degree is taken up with a minor area of study (in the first two years) and other individual or stream-based subjects. Honours is an additional year of study after the BA degree, that combines aspects of undergraduate study with those of postgraduate research. Entry to the honours program is usually highly selective.

See also
 Associate of Arts
 Bachelor of Applied Arts
 Bachelor of Business Administration
 Bachelor of Fine Arts
 Bachelor of Independent Studies
 Bachelor of Science
 Educational attainment in the United States
 Lady Literate in Arts
 Master of Arts

References

Arts, Bachelor of
Liberal arts education

Bachelor of Arts


Asanee–Wasan ( or Asanee & Wasan Chotikul) is a Thai rock band fronted by brothers Asanee "Pom" and Wasan "Toe" Chotikul. Among the band's hits is a 1989 song that puts into verse the lengthy ceremonial name for Bangkok, "Krung Thep Mahanakhon" ("กรุงเทพมหานคร"). The elder brother, Asanee, is known for his guitar solos and his wild, "rock star" persona. His way of singing ballads is often described as broken-heart jiggo (jiggo is Thai slang for bad boy, based on Gigolo in English and Italian). The bespectacled Wasan is known for his sensitive songs and softer, gentler style. Their songs often include a hook chorus sung by female backing vocalists.

History
The Chotikul brothers were born in Loei Province in Northeast Thailand (Asanee: April 9, 1955, Wasan: March 25, 1957) and moved to Bangkok to study. They started out in the 1970s as a folk-rock combo called Isn't. The band name is derived from Isan, their home region in Thailand. The band participated in a folk song competition and won the award in 1974. After that they released several albums, including Sao ngam ta (Beautiful Girl) and Siam Square. Asanee, wanting to go in a more rock direction left the band, while Wasan continued for a time with Isn't. Asanee joined The Oriental Funk band of Rewat Buddhinan and later Butterfly.

The brothers released their first album as Asanee–Wasan in 1986, Bah horb fang (Carry a lot of Things)  with Nite Spot. They were signed to Grammy Entertainment (now GMM Grammy) and released another album, Puk-chee roy nah (Sufficiency Makeover), which included the hits "Nung Mit Chid Klai"  ("A Close Friend") and "Kor Keui Sanya" ("Used to Promise").

In concerts they frequently throw autographed guitar picks into the crowd as souvenirs. They are glued onto their guitar or microphone stand ready to be handed out. When they released their sixth album, Rung gin narm (Rainbow), they decided not to have any concerts to support the album. Therefore, a guitar pick was included in each copy of Rung gin narm (though not in subsequent production runs of the album).

Besides his work with his brother, Asanee Chotikul has been an influential producer for such bands as Micro and Tanate Waragulnukrao. When Thai rocker Sek Loso wanted to land a record deal, he mailed a demo tape to Asanee, who then released it on his own label, More Music, a subsidiary of GMM Grammy.

Asanee–Wasan celebrated with a 20th anniversary concert on May 12–14, 2006 at Impact Arena in Muang Thong Thani. Originally, just one show had been planned, but when tickets quickly sold out, two more were added, which also sold out. The pair also played shows in Nakhon Ratchasima and in Phuket. They were backed by Fahrenheit.

In 2011, they left GMM Grammy and co-found a new company, Music Union, with fellow producers Chatree Kongsuwan, Nitipong Hornak and singer/businessman Vudtinun Bhirombhakdi. Asanee and Wasan have released some singles, available via digital download, with the new company. Artists joining Music Union includes Blackhead, Jamjun Project, Nicole Theriault, etc.

Wasan solo works
In an Asanee–Wasan album, Wasan usually sings lead on only one or two songs. In the remaining songs, he would play guitar alongside his brother and sing backing harmonies. Nevertheless, the song Khong Derm (Still the Same), one of the duo's hits is sung by Wasan. Another hit song Nueng Mit Chit Klai was Wasan's work from his Isn't days and was rearranged for Asanee–Wasan. Wasan has some albums of his own with Isn't. Even after becoming Asanee–Wasan, he released two more solo albums, Guitar Toe in 1988 with Isn't, and Khuen Toe in 1992.

Discography
 Bah horb fang (Carry a lot of Things), 1986
 Puk-chee roy nah (Sufficiency Makeover), 1987
 Kra-dee dai narm (As Happy As a Lark), 1988
 Fuk tong (The Pumpkin), 1989
 Sup-pa-rod (Pineapple), 1990
 Rung gin narm (Rainbow), 1993
 Bang Or (Ah!), 1997
 Jin ta na karn  (Imagination), 2002
 Sen Yai  (DVD–VCD of concert "Sen Yai" on 2 February 2003, also on cassette, two versions), 2003
 Asanee & Wasan  (boxed set of first eight albums), 2006
 Dek Lieng Gae  (The Shepherd Boy), 2006
 Concert 20th Year  (DVD–VCD), 2006
 Pug Ron (Vacation), 2007

Singles with Music Union
 Pud loy loy, 2012 (Asanee)
 Khao rai rue plao (Is it bad news?), 2013 (Wasan)

References

External links
 Asanee biography from matichon.co.th
 Artist page at More Music
 Photo gallery of 20th anniversary concert

Thai rock music groups
Thai musical duos
Sibling musical duos

Asanee–Wasan


Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga (1395 – 23 September 1444) was Marquess of Mantua from 1407 to 1444. He was also a condottiero.

Biography
Gianfrancesco was the son of Francesco I Gonzaga and Margherita Malatesta.  He inherited the rule of Mantua in 1407, when he was 12. In his first years, he was under the patronage of his uncle Carlo Malatesta and, indirectly, of the Republic of Venice. In 1409 he married Paola Malatesta, daughter of Malatesta IV Malatesta of Pesaro, by whom he had two sons, Ludovico, who succeeded him as Marquess of Mantua, and Carlo. He was the first Gonzaga to bear the title of marquess, which he obtained from Emperor Sigismund on 22 September 1433.

He fought for the Papal States and the Malatestas in 1412 and 1417, respectively, and was capitano generale (commander-in-chief) of the Venetian Armies from 1434. Later he left the alliance with Venice and entered at the service of the Visconti of Milan, starting an unsuccessful war against Venice which caused the loss of several Mantuan territories.

During his reign the famous humanist Vittorino da Feltre was invited to Mantua, as well as numerous artists like Pisanello and others, starting the traditional role of the city as a capital of Italian Renaissance. He founded the first workshop in Italy for the manufacture of tapestries. Cecilia Gonzaga, his daughter, was a humanist and scholar who received instruction from Vittorino. He pushed for his daughter to marry Oddantonio da Montefeltro, the first duke of Urbino, but renounced the arrangement later when the Duke turned out to be a cruel ruler.

References

See also
Wars in Lombardy

1395 births
1444 deaths
Francesco 1
15th-century condottieri
Francesco 1
Republic of Venice generals
Burials in the Cappella Gonzaga, San Francesco, Mantua

Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua


Thomas Banks  (29 December 1735 – 2 February 1805) was an important 18th-century English sculptor.

Life

The son of William Banks, a surveyor who was land steward to the Duke of Beaufort, he was born in London. He was educated at Ross-on-Wye. Banks was taught drawing by his father, and from 1750 to 1756 was apprenticed to a woodcarver, William Barlow, in London. In his spare time he worked at sculpture, spending his evenings in the studio of the Flemish émigré sculptor Peter Scheemakers. During this period he is known to have worked for the architect William Kent. Before 1772, when he obtained a travelling studentship given by the Royal Academy and proceeded to Rome, he had already exhibited several fine works.

Returning to England in 1779 Banks found that the taste for classical poetry, long the source of his inspiration, no longer existed, and he spent two years in Saint Petersburg, being employed by Catherine the Great, who purchased his Cupid Tormenting a Butterfly. On his return to England he modelled his colossal Achilles Mourning the Loss of Briseis, a work full of force and passion. He was elected, in 1784, an associate of the Royal Academy and in the following year became a full member.

Banks died in London on 2 February 1805. He is buried in the churchyard of  St Mary on Paddington Green Church. A plaque to his memory was also erected in Westminster Abbey.

Works
Among other works in St Paul's Cathedral by Banks are the monuments to Captain George Blagden Westcott and Captain Richard Rundle Burges, and in Westminster Abbey to Sir Eyre Coote, General Loten, Sir Clifton Wintringham and William Woollett. His bronze bust of Warren Hastings is in the National Portrait Gallery.

Banks's best-known work is perhaps the colossal group of Shakespeare Attended by Painting and Poetry, which since 1871 has been placed in the garden of New Place, Stratford-upon-Avon. The high-relief sculpture was completed in 1789 for a recess in the upper façade of John Boydell's new Shakespeare Gallery in Pall Mall. Banks was paid 500 guineas for the group which depicts Shakespeare, reclining against a rock, between the Dramatic Muse and the Genius of Painting. Beneath it was panelled pedestal inscribed "He was a Man, take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again". The sculpture remained in Pall Mall until the building was demolished in 1868 or 1869, when it was moved to New Place.

One of his most bizarre works is the 1801 Anatomical Crucifixion, a dissected body nailed to a cross, in the Hunterian Museum in London.

Selected public works

Public works by Banks include

Isaac Watts, Westminster Abbey (1774)
Bishop Thomas Newton, St. Mary-le-Bow (1782)
Sir Eyre Coote, Westminster Abbey (1783)
Dean Smith, Chester Cathedral (1787)
John Heaviside the elder, Hatfield, Hertfordshire (1787)
Bishop Edmund Law, Carlisle Cathedral (1787)
Robert Markham, St Mary's, Whitechapel, London (1788)
Giuseppe Baretti, Marylebone Chapel (1789)
Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke, Flitton, Bedfordshire (1790)
Samuel Northcote, St Andrew's, Plymouth (1791)
William Woollett, Westminster Abbey (1791)
Shukburgh Ashby, Hungarton, Leicestershire (1792)
Tomb of Penelope Boothby, Ashbourne, Derby (1791)
Joseph Hurlock FRS, Stoke Newington Parish Church (1793)
Anna Matthews, Chester Cathedral (1793)
Joan Gideon Loten, Westminster Abbey (1793)
Sir Clifton Wintringham, Westminster Abbey (1794)
Mrs Halifax, Ewell, Surrey (1795)
Margaret Petrie, Lewisham Parish Church (1795)
Stephen Storace, Marylebone Parish Church (1796)
Colonel Thomas Kyd, memorial in Calcutta Botanical Gardens, India (1796)
Cornelia Millbank, Croft, Yorkshire (1796)
John Halliday, Halesowen, Worcestershire (1797)
John Clarke, Ickenham, Middlesex, (1800)
Captain Richard Burgess, St Paul's Cathedral (1802)
Captain George Blagden Westcott, St Paul's Cathedral (1805)
Caractacus Pleading Before the Emperior Claudius in Rome, relief panel, 1774-1777, Stowe School
Thetis and her Nymphs Coming to Console Archilles for the Death of Patroclus, relief panel, Victoria and Albert Museum, London

References

Works cited

Attribution

External links

1735 births
1805 deaths
18th-century English sculptors
18th-century English male artists
English male sculptors
Royal Academicians
Sculptors from London

Thomas Banks (sculptor)


Sir Robert Milton Worcester,  (born 21 December 1933) is an American-born British pollster who is the founder of MORI (Market & Opinion Research International Ltd.) and a member and contributor to many voluntary organisations. He is a well-known figure in British public opinion research and political circles and as a media commentator, especially about voting intentions in British and American elections.

Early life
A Kansas City native, Worcester graduated from the University of Kansas in 1955, and following service in the US Army Corps of Engineers in Korea worked with management consultants McKinsey & Company.

Career
In 1965, Worcester joined Opinion Research Corporation as chief financial officer before coming to Britain in 1969 to found MORI, then a joint-venture of ORC and National Opinion Polls, becoming the principal owner four years later.

In the 1970s MORI was appointed as the Labour Party's opinion pollsters and Worcester therefore acted as advisor to the then Prime Minister, James Callaghan.

He was appointed chancellor of the University of Kent in 2007 and retired from the role in 2014 and was succeeded by Gavin Esler. He is an emeritus governor of the London School of Economics and Political Science and visiting professor in the Government Department and is also visiting professor in the Institute of Contemporary British History at King's College London. He is also honorary professor in the Department of Politics and International Studies at Warwick University.  Earlier he was visiting professor in the Graduate Centre for Journalism at City University and in the Department of Marketing at Strathclyde University. He is the Chancellor's Lecturer and adjunct professor of political science at the University of Kansas.

Worcester was principal investigator for the World Values Survey in Trinidad and Tobago (2006, 2010) and United Kingdom (1998). For two years he served as the president of the World Association for Public Opinion Research. He became a Patron of the UK Market Research Society in October 2012.

He is deputy chairman and trustee of the Magna Carta Trust and currently chairs the Magna Carta 2015 800th Anniversary Commemoration Committee, and is a governor of the Ditchley Foundation.  He is also a former member of the Fulbright Commission and a former governor of the English-Speaking Union and co-chaired with Lord Watson the Jamestown 400th Commemoration British Committee (2005–07).

He is immediate past president and former chair of the advisory council of the Institute for Business Ethics and has been on the Corporate Responsibility Advisory Board of Camelot. He was a member of the advisory council of the National Consumer Council and Forum for the Future.

He is a vice-president of the Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts, of the United Nations Association and of the European Atlantic Group and was president of ENCAMS (Keep Britain Tidy).  He is currently a vice-president and was a trustee of Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust and was a World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) trustee. He is a vice-president of Protect Kent, the Kent Branch of the Campaign to Protect Rural England. From 1993 to 2010, he was chairman of the Pilgrims Society.

Worcester is a Deputy Lieutenant of the County of Kent and a Kent County Council appointed Kent Ambassador.  He was a non-executive director of Kent Messenger Group and chairman of Maidstone Radio, CTR 105.4 fm, and was a non-executive director of the Medway Maritime Hospital NHS Trust until 2004. Following the sale of MORI to the French research company Ipsos in October 2005, he became chairman of the Ipsos Public Affairs Research Advisory Board and an International Director of the Ipsos Group. Subsequently, in 2007 he became senior advisor to Ipsos MORI.

Personal life
Worcester is described as a "staunch monarchist". He holds joint American and British citizenship.

He and his wife, Margaret, lived at the 13th-century Allington Castle, on the River Medway in Kent. Lady Margaret died peacefully on 20 December 2020, aged 87.

Awards and honours
He was appointed Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 2005 in recognition of the "outstanding services rendered to political, social and economic research and for contribution to government policy and programmes".

He is an Honorary Fellow of the London School of Economics and Political Science and of King's College London, holds six honorary doctorates, and the Distinguished Graduate award of the University of Kansas.

References

External links

LSE British Politics and Policy: Worcester's Blog – Politics Blog by Robert Worcester
Public Opinion in Britain – talk by Robert Worcester at the 2001 Trilateral Commission meeting
Interviewed on ANN TV 2015 about the Magna Carta and on democracy

1933 births
Living people
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Voting theorists
Businesspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
English businesspeople
Chancellors of the University of Kent
Fellows of King's College London
American emigrants to England
Deputy Lieutenants of Kent
British management consultants
British monarchists
McKinsey & Company people
Chief financial officers
Honorary Fellows of the London School of Economics

Robert Worcester


Page layout is a part of typography and graphic design. It deals with the arrangement and style of elements (content) on a page.

History and development
Page design has long been a consideration in printed material. It began with early illuminated manuscripts in the hand-copied books of the Middle Ages. Today, modern magazine and catalogue layouts, (and other print media) consist of type (text), images (pictures), and occasionally place-holder graphics for elements that are not printed with ink such as die/laser cutting, foil stamping or blind embossing.

Since the advent of computing, page layout skills are used on electronic media as well as print. The electronic page–the graphical user interface (GUI)–is often where design now takes place.

A page layout may be designed in a rough paper and pencil sketch before producing, or produced during the design process to the final form. Both design and production may be achieved using hand tools or page layout software.  Producing a web page may require knowledge of markup languages along with WYSIWYG software. Special considerations must be made for how the layout of an HTML page will change (reflow) when resized by the end-user. Cascading style sheets are often required to keep the page layout consistent between web browsers.

Grids versus templates
Grids and templates are page layout design patterns used in advertising campaigns and multiple-page publications, including websites.

A grid is a set of guidelines. These can be seen by the designer, but are invisible to the end-user. Their function is to align and repeatelements on a page. A page layout may or may not stay within those guidelines, depending on how much repetition or variety the design style in the series calls for. Grids are meant to be flexible. Using a grid to lay out elements on the page may require just as much or more graphic design skill than that which was required to design the grid.
In contrast, a template is more rigid.  A template involves repeated elements mostly visible to the end-user/audience. Using a template to lay out elements usually involves less graphic design skill than that which was required to design the template. Templates are used for minimal modification of background elements and frequent modification (or swapping) of foreground content.

Most desktop publishing software allows for grids in the form of a page filled with coloured lines or dots placed at a specified equal horizontal and vertical distance apart. Automatic margins and booklet spine (gutter) lines may be specified for global use throughout the document. Multiple additional horizontal and vertical lines may be placed at any point on the page. Invisible to the end-user/audience shapes may be placed on the page as guidelines for page layout and print processing as well. Software templates are achieved by duplicating a template data file, or with master page features in a multiple-page document. Master pages may include both grid elements and template elements such as header and footer elements, automatic page numbering, and automatic table of contents features.

Front-end versus back-end
With modern media content retrieval and output technology, there is much overlap between visual communications (front-end) and information technology (back-end). Large print publications (thick books, especially instructional in nature) and electronic pages (web pages) require meta data for automatic indexing, automatic reformatting, database publishing, dynamic page display and end-user interactivity. Much of the meta data (meta tags) must be hand coded or specified during the page layout process. This divides the task of page layout between artists and engineers, or tasks the artist/engineer to do both.

More complex projects may require two separate designs: page layout design as the front-end, and function coding as the back-end. In this case, the front-end may be designed using an alternative page layout technology such as image editing software or on paper with hand rendering methods. Most image editing software includes features for converting a page layout for use in a "What You See Is What You Get" (WYSIWYG) editor or features to export graphics for desktop publishing software. WYSIWYG editors and desktop publishing software allow front-end design prior to back end-coding in most cases. Interface design and database publishing may involve more technical knowledge or collaboration with information technology engineering in the front-end.

References

Typography
Graphics

Page layout


Diagonal is a kind of straight line.  A diagonal line does not go straight up, down, or across. It is a line that connects two corners of a shape.

In mathematics, "diagonal" has different meanings.  For example, in geometry a diagonal is any line that goes between the corners of a polygon. So a square has two diagonals, and a five-sided shape has five diagonals. In general the count of diagonal can be identified by a formula [n(n-3)]/2 where n is the total number of sides of shapes.

Geometry

Diagonal


A comb is a tool used to care for hair or other fibers. It has small pieces sticking out of a main frame; these are called "teeth." A comb is usually flat.

Humans have been using combs as a tool for a long time, at least for 5,000 years. Combs are used by humans to separate tangled hairs, to keep their hair clean and to style their hair. They are also used as a decoration for hair.

Combs are used in the making of thread from fibers like wool or cotton. Combing makes all the fibres point the same way so a thread can be spun.

History
The first use of the comb was about 5,000 years ago. Different kinds of comb have been found throughout history by archaeologists. The ancient Egyptians carved out combs. In ancient China, combs were worn as hair decorations and accessories. Over time, combs have become into tools for taking care of hair. Today, there are hundreds of different kinds of combs.

Use
Combs can be used to fix stray hairs and untangle wet hair. Another common use for the comb is to make hair be put in one position before tying it up. Combs may also be used to part hair for coloring, conditioning and braiding. Combs can also be worn as accessories that hold hair up in a special style.

Gallery

References

Basic English 850 words
Care

Comb


Rebecka Månstråle Liljeberg (born 13 May 1981) is a Swedish actress.

She was born in Turinge, about 40 km southwest of Stockholm, and moved around Sweden for much of her youth. Liljeberg's mother was relatively young when she was born, and her parents divorced when she was one year old. At the age of 9 (1991), Liljeberg began her acting career when she won a role in the series Sunes jul. Between 1993 and 1997, she became played in amateur theatre, which she continued with until gaining a role in the movie Närkontakt later in 1997.  The following year she won her breakthrough role in the Lukas Moodysson movie Fucking Åmål. For the movie she stopped his study in high school to take up the role, which ultimately won her the 1999 Guldbagge Award for Best Actress, together with Alexandra Dahlström. After her roles in Fucking Åmål and Sherdil, Liljeberg began an adult education course in order to graduate from high school. While studying, she also played in Bear's Kiss, and voiced a character in the Swedish version of IMAX movie T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous. In 2002, she completed the adult education course, and is now studying medicine at the Karolinska Institute to become a pediatrician.

Private Life
Liljeberg is known to enjoy working with computers. She wrote for a Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet for some time. Liljeberg also contributed to UNESCO's Utrymme anthology of twenty works from young writers around the world. Liljeberg now lives in Stockholm with her boyfriend Alexander Skepp. They have two children: Harry Theodor, born in June 2002 and Vera, born on 1 January, 2005. Liljeberg expressed a desire to work with director Lukas Moodysson again.

Filmography

Sunes jul (1991) (series)
Närkontakt (1997)
Längtans blåa blomma (series) (1998)
Fucking Åmål (1998)
Lithivm (1998)
Där regnbågen slutar (1999)
Sherdil (1999)
Skärgårdsdoktorn (2000)
Födelsedagen (2000)
Eva & Adam (2000)
Bear's Kiss (2002)

References

Other websites

1981 births
Living people
Swedish actors

Rebecka Liljeberg


A doorstop (also door stopper, door stop or door wedge) is an object or device used to hold a door open or closed, or to prevent a door from opening too widely. The same word is used to refer to a thin slat built inside a door frame to prevent a door from swinging through when closed. A doorstop (applied) may also be a small bracket or 90-degree piece of metal applied to the frame of a door to stop the door from swinging (bi-directional) and converting that door to a single direction (in-swing push or out-swing pull). The doorstop can be a separate part or integrated with a hinge or door closer.

History
Formally-produced doorstops trace their history to the 18th century in Europe, becoming widely manufactured in Europe in the early 19th century. By the mid 19th century, manufacturing had primarily moved to the United States. Despite their early manufacturing, credit for the invention of the doorstop is usually granted to Osburn Dorsey, an African American inventor, in 1878. The doorstop was Dorsey's most famous invention and he received a US patent, number 210,764, for the invention.

Usage

Holding doors open
A door may be stopped by a doorstop which is simply a heavy solid object, such as a rubber, placed in the path of the door. These stops are predominantly improvised. Historically, lead bricks have been popular choices when available. However, as the toxic nature of lead has been revealed, this use has been strongly discouraged.

Another method is to use a doorstop which is a small wedge of wood, rubber, fabric, plastic, cotton or another material. Manufactured wedges of these materials are commonly available. The wedge is kicked into position and the downward force of the door, now jammed upwards onto the doorstop, provides enough static friction to keep it motionless.

A third strategy is to equip the door itself with a stopping mechanism. In this case, a short metal bar capped with rubber, or another high-friction material, is attached to a hinge near the bottom of the door opposite the door hinge and on the side of the door which is in the direction that it closes.  When the door is to be kept open, the bar is swung down so that the rubber end touches the floor. In this configuration, further movement of the door towards being closed increases the force on the rubber end, thereby increasing the frictional force which opposes the movement.  When the door is to be closed, the stop is released by pushing the door slightly more open, which releases the stop and allows it to be flipped upwards. A newer version of equipping the door with the stopping mechanism is to attach a magnet to the bottom or top of the door on the side which opens outward, which then latches onto another magnet or magnetic material on the wall or a small hub on the floor. The magnet must be strong enough to hold the weight of the door, but weak enough to be easily detached from the wall or hub.

Preventing damage by doors
Another type of doorstop is used to prevent doors from opening too far and damaging nearby walls. In this case a rubber cylinder or dome—or a rod or block of rubber-tipped metal, wood or plastic—is screwed into the wall, molding or the floor in the path of the door. If it is attached to the wall, it may be either a few inches above the ground, or at such a height as to meet the doorknob. A short, wall-attached doorstop, usually a rubber dome or cylinder, is sometimes called a wall bumper.

On occasion, stops are used that are fitted at the midpoint of the door, as part of the central door-hinge. Such stops are known as a "hinge stops" or "hinge pin" doorstops and are often used to prevent damage to baseboard molding.

Holding doors closed
In his 1906 book The Right Way to Do Wrong, Harry Houdini recommends the use of a doorstop wedge to prevent a door from being pushed open from the outside, to deter burglars at night.

Dialect usage
In various British English dialects, including those in the south-west, north-east and north-west of England, the word "doorstop" is cognate with "doorstep" in standard English, being derived from door and stoop.

References

External links

Door furniture

Doorstop


Land of the Free - суруди миллии Белиз мебошад.

Land of the Free

O, Land of the Free by the Carib Sea,
Our manhood we pledge to thy liberty!
No tyrants here linger, despots must flee
This tranquil haven of democracy.
The blood of our sires, which hallows the sod,
Brought freedom from slavery oppression's rod,
By the might of truth and the grace of God,
No longer shall we be hewers of wood.

Chorus: (repeated after second verse as well)
Arise! ye sons of the Baymen's clan,
Put on your armour, clear the land!
Drive back the tyrants, let despots flee -
Land of the Free by the Carib Sea!

Nature has blessed thee with wealth untold,
O'er mountains and valleys where prairies roll;
Our fathers, the Baymen, valiant and bold
Drove back the invader; this heritage hold
From proud Rio Hondo to old Sarstoon,
Through coral isle, over blue lagoon;
Keep watch with the angels, the stars and moon;
For freedom comes tomorrow's noon.

Тарҷумаи тоҷикӣ

Пайвандҳо
 MIDI

Рамзҳои давлатии Белиз

Суруди миллии Белиз


The Anglo-Zulu War was a war fought from 1879 to 1887 between the Zulu people and the British Empire. There was no declaration of war. The war was fought in South Africa, mostly. The Zulu were victorious at first, and won the Battle of Isandlwana. Later their luck turned, and the British Empire won the Battle of Ulundi. The Zulu lost the war, and the Zulu Kingdom ceased to exist as an independent state. Today, the area is part of South Africa, and is called KwaZulu-Natal.

Wars involving the British Empire
19th century in South Africa
Resistance to the British Empire
19th-century conflicts

Anglo-Zulu War