Phoenix (pronounce: "FEE-niks") most often refers to:
 Phoenix (mythology), a mythical bird that dies in flames and is reborn from the ashes
 Phoenix, Arizona, a large city in the United States
 Phoenix (spacecraft), a spacecraft that landed in the north polar region of Mars

Phoenix may also refer to:

Arts, literature, entertainment

Comics
 Phoenix (comics), a fictional cosmic entity in the Marvel Comics universe, and the associated characters:
 "Phoenix", alias of Marvel Comics character Jean Grey
 "Phoenix", alias of Marvel Comics character Rachel Grey
 Phoenix (manga), a manga by Osamu Tezuka (original Japanese title: Hi no Tori)
 Phoenix Ikki, a character from the manga Saint Seiya

Movies
 Phoenix (movie), a 1998 movie starring  Ray Liotta and Anjelica Huston
 The Flight of the Phoenix, a 1964 novel, 1965 movie, and 2004 remake
 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (movie), the fifth movie based on the Harry Potter book series
 The name assigned by the Nazis to the Stealth bomber airplane in the 1993 movie, The Philadelphia Experiment II

Television
 Phoenix (TV series), a 1992-1993 Australian police drama
 The Phoenix (2004 TV series), an MBC Korean drama starring Eric Mun
 The Phoenix (1982 TV series), a short-lived American science fiction series starring Judson Scott
 Phoenix Television, a Hong Kong based television broadcaster
 Phoenix (German TV station), a German publicly-funded television station
 Phoenix (Star Trek), the name of two fictional spacecraft in the Star Trek universe
 Phoenix Foundation, a non-profit think tank and government contractor from TV-series MacGyver. Later in the series the employer of the eponymous title character.
 Phoenix Organization, a semi-scientific, semi-occult group conducting research into near-death experiences in the television series John Doe
 Phoenix Nights, a British sitcom
 The Phoenix is the fifth Daedalus class battlecruiser in the television series Stargate Atlantis
 Phoenix (American Gladiator) Character on the television show American Gladiators.

Literature
 The Phoenix, a 1999 play written by Morgan Spurlock
 de Ave Phoenice, a poem attributed to Lactantius
 The Phoenix (novel), a 2000 German historical novel by Henning Boëtius
 The Phoenix on the Sword, a Conan the Barbarian story by Robert E. Howard.
 The Phoenix and the Turtle, an enigmatic poem by William Shakespeare
 Phoenix (novel), a fantasy novel by Stephen Brust
 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, a 2003 novel by J.K. Rowling
 David and the Phoenix, children's book by Edward Ormondroyd
 The Phoenix (play), a 1603-4 play by Thomas Middleton
 The Phoenix Nest, a 1593 anthology of poetry with numerous noted contributors

Magazines and journals
 The Phoenix (art journal), edited by James Cooney and Henry Miller
 The Phoenix (magazine), an Irish news and satire magazine
 Phoenix (classics journal), a Canadian classics journal
 Phoenix (literary magazine), a Russian samizdat journal published by Yuri Galanskov
 Phoenix (Austrian magazine) a neo-Nazi Austrian magazine

Newspapers
 The Phoenix (newspaper), a collective name of alternative weekly newspapers in Boston, Massachusetts; Providence, Rhode Island; and Portland, Maine
 Loyola Phoenix, a newspaper of Loyola University Chicago
 The Phoenix, a student newspaper of Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
 The Phoenix, a student conservative journal of Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana

Music
 Phoenix Metropolitan Men's Chorus, a singing ensemble representing Phoenix's gay and lesbian population
 Phoenix (band), a French pop/rock band
 Crippled Black Phoenix, A British post-rock band
 Transsylvania Phoenix, a Romanian band
 Phoenix Radio, a Greek internet radio station
 Phoenix (Grand Funk Railroad album), a 1972 album by Grand Funk Railroad
 Phoenix (Labelle album), a 1975 album by Labelle
 Phoenix (Dan Fogelberg album), a 1980 album by Dan Fogelberg
 The Days of the Phoenix EP, a 2001 album by AFI, and also a song on that album
 Phoenix (Pink Turns Blue album), a 2005 album by Pink Turns Blue
 The Phoenix (Lyfe Jennings album), a 2006 album by Lyfe Jennings
 Phoenix (Agathodaimon album), a 2008 album by Agathodaimon
 Phoenix (Asia album), a 2008 album by Asia
 Phoenix (Zebrahead album), a 2008 album by Zebrahead
 "Phoenix", a song on the 1970 Wishbone Ash album Wishbone Ash
 "Phoenix", a song on the 1997 Daft Punk album Homework
 "Phoenix", a song on the 2000 Stratovarius album Infinite
 "Phoenix", a song on the 2004 The Prodigy album Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned
 "Phoenix" (Decoded Feedback song), a song on the 2003 Decoded Feedback Shockwave (album)
 "The Phoenix Effect", a song on the 2007 Delta-S album Voyage to Isis

Sports
 Phoenix Champ Car Grand Prix, a car race in downtown Phoenix, Arizona
 Phoenix Coyotes, an NHL hockey team based in Phoenix, Arizona
 Phoenix Finance, attempted to enter Formula 1 in 2002, after buying some of the assets of the defunct Prost team.
 Phoenix Suns, an NBA basketball team based in Phoenix, Arizona
 Phoenix Mercury, a WNBA basketball team based in Phoenix, Arizona
 Phoenix International Raceway, a race track in Phoenix, Arizona
 Elon Phoenix, the intercollegiate athletic teams for Elon University
 Manchester Phoenix, a British ice hockey club playing in the Elite Ice Hockey League
 Wellington Phoenix FC, a football (soccer) club from New Zealand which plays in the Australian A-League
 Yorkshire Phoenix, the name for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in one-day games
 Phoenix Baia Mare, a football club in Romania
 Phoenix Racing, a NASCAR team owned by James Finch
 Phoenix, a sports festival organised by the Recreation Committee of The National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India
 University of Wisconsin-Green Bay (UWGB) Phoenix
 Phoenix Cricket Club, a cricket club in Dublin, Ireland
 Melbourne Phoenix, an Australian national netball team based in Melbourne, Australia

Video and arcade games
 Phoenix, character in the F-Zero video games
 Phoenix (arcade game), a 1980 arcade game
 Phoenix Wright, title character of a lawyer simulation visual novel game
 Fenix (StarCraft), a hero from Starcraft
 Marcus Fenix, the main character Gears of War
 Phoenix, a fast muscle car in the Grand Theft Auto series
 Phoenix International, fictional corporation in James Bond 007: Nightfire

Astronomy and space exploration
 Phoenix (constellation), a minor southern constellation
 Phoenix Dwarf, a small galaxy
 Phoenix (spacecraft), a NASA mission to Mars, launched in 2007
 EADS Phoenix, a proposed unmanned European reusable launch vehicle
 Project Phoenix (SETI), a search for extraterrestrial intelligence by listening for radio signals

Biology
 Phoenix (plant), genus of trees within the palm family Arecaceae (including the Date Palm)
 Phoenix (chicken), a breed of chicken from Japan

Companies
 Phoenix AG, an industrial company based in Hamburg, Germany producing industrial rubber-based products
 Phoenix Motorcars, a California-based company that focuses on developing electric vehicles
 Phoenix Natural Gas, a utility company in Northern Ireland
 Phoenix Pharmahandel, a pharmaceutical company based in Mannheim, Germany
 Phoenix Venture Holdings, a British company
 Phoenix (automobile), a defunct British automobile company

Computing
 Phoenix (compiler framework), a framework from Microsoft
 Phoenix Object Basic, a software-based objective programming language
 Phoenix (computer), an IBM mainframe at Cambridge University
 Phoenix Technologies, a BIOS manufacturer
 Mozilla Firefox, a web browser that was previously known as Phoenix

Maritime (civil) ships and boats
 Phoenix (boat), steamship built 1806-07, the first steamboat to sail the open ocean
 Phoenix (ship) or Phenix, a whaling vessel based in Nantucket (1821-1858), discoverer of Winslow Reef
 Phoenix (of London), nineteenth century whaling vessel based in London and active in the Pacific in the 1820s, discoverer of Phoenix Island (Rawaki)
 USS Phoenix (1861) whaler of New London, sunk in the Stone Fleet, 1861
 Phoenix of New Bedford, whaler
 Phoenix (Moore), Captain Hugh Moore.  British East India ship, wintered in the Columbia River in 1794
 Phoenix (Alaska) the first ship built in the Russian colony of Alaska (1794-1799)
 Sao Jao y Fenix, also known as Fenis and St. Joseph, a 50-foot open boat involved in the Vancouver Expedition
 Phoenix (tall ship), of Dell Quay

Military, naval and air forces

Ships
 HMS Phoenix, the name of fifteen ships in the Royal Navy
 USS Phoenix, the name of several ships in United States Navy

Others
 AIM-54 Phoenix, a long-range air-to-air missile
 HMT-302 - United States Marine Corps helicopter squadron known as the Phoenix.
 Phoenix breakwaters, components of a Mulberry harbour
 Phoenix Program, CIA program in Vietnam to neutralize the noncombatant infrastructure of Viet Cong (VCI) cadres
 Phoenix (UAV), an unmanned air vehicle operated by the Royal Artillery
 Project Phoenix (South Africa), the name of the South African National Defence Force programme to revive its Reserve Force

Mythology
 Phoenix (mythology), a mythical bird that dies in flames and is reborn from the ashes.
 Fenghuang, the Asian phoenix.
 Phoenix (Myrmidon), a character in the Iliad who serves under Achilles as one of his commanders; or a different character in Greek mythology, brother of Cadmus and Europa
 Phoenix (son of Agenor)

People
 Beth Phoenix, a professional wrestler
 Joaquin Phoenix (born 1974), American actor
 Lauren Phoenix (born 1979), Canadian pornographic actress
 Lena Phoenix, author
 River Phoenix (1970–1993), American actor
 "Phoenix", the handle of Nahshon Even-Chaim (born 1971), convicted Australian computer hacker
 "The Phoenix", an alias for professional wrestler Jody Fleisch (born 1980)
 "Phoenix", the stage name of Dave Farrell, bass guitarist in Linkin Park
 Simon Phoenix, a fictional character in the film Demolition Man

Places
 Phoenix, Mauritius, a town on Mauritius
 Phoenix Islands, a sparsely populated island chain in Kiribati
 Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland
 Phoenix Concert Theatre in Toronto
 Phoenix Cinema, the oldest continuously-running cinema in London

In the United States:
 Phoenix, Arizona
 Phoenix, Illinois
 Phoenix, Maryland
 Phoenix, Michigan
 Phoenix, New York
 Phoenix, Oregon
 Phoenixville, Pennsylvania
 Phenix City, Alabama (note spelling)

Other uses
 Phénix, a prototype fast breeder nuclear reactor in France
 Phoenix Patrol Challenge, the national scoutcraft competition of Scouting Ireland
 Phoenix Project, a Virginia-based nonprofit
 Greek phoenix, first modern Greek currency
 Order of the Phoenix (Greek order), a modern Greek order
 Bristol Phoenix, a diesel-powered aircraft engine
 Phoenix (roller coaster), a roller coaster in Knoebels amusement park in Elysburg, Pennsylvania
 Phoenix LRT Station, a Singaporean Light-rail (LRT) station operated by SMRT
 University of Phoenix, a university in the United States of America
 Phoenix Lights, one of the most witnessed UFO sightings ever
 La Fenice or "The Phoenix", a famous opera house in Venice, Italy
 Phoenix codes, police radio shorthand
 Chrysler Phoenix engine, an upcoming V6 engines family planned at Chrysler for 2010
 Pontiac Phoenix, American automobile
 The Phoenix Sorority, New York City Fellowship organization for young women
 PHOENIX Pharmahandel, a German pharmaceutical company.

Phoenix


Thoothukudi District, also known as Tuticorin District is a district in Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The district was formed by dividing Tirunelveli district in 1986 and Thoothukudi is the district headquarters. The district is known for pearl cultivation. There are many pearls  in the seas offshore. It was formerly ruled by one of the oldest kingdoms in India, the Pandyan Dynasty with the port of Korkai through which trade with Rome happened. The archaeological site at Adichanallur holds the remains of the ancient Tamil civilisation. As of 2011, the district had a population of 1,750,176 with a sex-ratio of 1,023 females for every 1,000 males.

References

Thoothukudi district


Solar thermal energy is a way of producing electricity in which the Sun's energy is concentrated by mirrors or lenses to either heat a fluid-filled pipe or drive a Stirling engine.  The oil which is hot is circulated into a water storage system where it is used to change water into superheated steam, that then turns a turbine to generate electricity.  The heat that is produced through this process powers a Stirling engine. The Stirling engine provides electricity and mechanical energy by having the fluid from within a cylinder expand, which then drives a piston that turns a shaft.

Solar thermal energy is primarily used domestically for space heating, hot water, and in some cases air conditioning. Solar thermal energy is renewable and no fuels are required during the process to generate electricity or mechanical energy. It is also carbon free except for production and transportation, otherwise it is non-polluting. Solar thermal can also be combined with photovoltaics (PVs), in highly efficient cogeneration systems.  Some downsides are that solar thermal generates low grade energy, installation and construction costs are very high, it is expensive compared to conventional water heaters, and is hard to compete against cheap natural gas.  An example of a Solar Thermal Electric Generation Plant is the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System that uses 300,000 computer-controlled mirrors, that focuses sunlight to the top of 459-foot towers, where water is turned into steam to power turbines.

Solar power

Solar thermal energy


Roasting is a way of cooking. Something gets roasted if it is put over a fire, and some is burnt. The same effect can also be attained with a grill at a barbecue.

Meat

In different countries people like to roast different things.  People usually roast meats such as pork, beef, chicken, lamb, and duck. The roasted meat, along with its accompanying vegetables, is often called a roast.

Most meat being roasted has to cook for a relatively long time, to ensure that it is cooked through.  Variations to this include lamb and beef, which may be left "pink" or partially uncooked towards the centre.

Other
Other things can be roasted too. For example, vegetables, coffee and chocolate. Coffee and chocolate are always roasted.

Cooking methods

Roasting


Jarrow is a town in England. It has 27,000 people.

History
Romans had set up a fort near Jarrow in the 1st century. Later in the 5th century, Anglo-Saxons occupied the location. It is not well known when Jarrow was first built. The name of "Jarrow" has been used from 750.  The monastery of St Paul is the sister monastery of Monkwearmouth in Sunderland.

Today
Jarrow is part of the Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside.

Towns in Tyne and Wear

Jarrow


Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak  also spelled Quṭb ud-Dīn Aibak or Qutub ud-Din Aybak, (1150–1210), was the founder of the Mamluk Dynasty in Delhi and the first sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. He was born at Turk in the Aybak tribe and was the sultan for only four years, 1206-1210.

Early life
Qutub-ud-din Aibak was born to a Turk family in Central Asia. He was sold as a slave in his childhood. But this went well because he was brought up by the chief Qazi of Nishapur, a town in northeastern Iran. He was treated like one of the sons of this Qazi and was given a good education, including training in archery and horsemanship. However when the master died, his jealous sons sold Qutub-ud-din Aibak to a slave master.

Advancement and military conquests
Qutub-ud-din Aibak was finally purchased by the ruler of Ghor in central Afghanistan, Sultan Muhammad Ghori. Qutub-ud-din Aibak gradually rose to the rank of a Commander and became a trusted slave of Sultan Ghori. The conquests of northern India were executed mainly by Qutub-ud-din Aibak, which helped Ghori to consolidate his position there. Gradually, as Sultan Ghori concentrated on Central Asia after 1192, he was given the independent charge of the conquests in India. In India, Qutub-ud-din Aibak is infamous for massive destruction and plunder of several Hindu temples, whose wealth he looted away. His lieutenant, Bhakthiar Khilji, following in his master's footsteps ravaged the famous university of Nalanda, killing all the monks and scholars there, as well as burning the huge library down. It is said that the fires raged for 3 months, such was the voluminous material being burnt.

Sultan
Muhammad Ghori established himself as strong ruler with his empire extending over Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. Qutb-ud-din Aibak crowned himself the Sultan of Delhi in 1206, when Muhammad Ghori was killed on the battlefield. After his death, when Aibak came to the throne, he ruled over those places where he was appointed as the local receiver-general of Sultan Ghori. Despite the rebellions by nobles like Taj-ud-din Ildiz and Nasir-ud-din Qubachah, he strengthened the administrative system, which had been established by ghori

Though Qutb-ud-din Aibak started the construction of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque  which was among the earliest Muslim monuments in Delhi, he could not complete them. These architectures were later completed by his successor Shamsuddin iltumishs. He started building the "Adhai Din Ka Jhopra" (meaning "Shed of 2 and half days"), a mosque in the Ajmer city of Rajasthan, India. It was commissioned by Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak, on orders of Muhammad Ghori, in 1192 CE. It was completed in 1199 CE, and further beautified by Iltutmish of Delhi in 1213 CE.
He constructed many other architecture.

Death and succession
In 1210, Qutb-ud-din Aibak died in an unexpected manner, while playing polo.

He was buried in Lahore near the Anarkali Bazaar. He was succeeded by Shamsuddin Iltutmish, another slave who rose to the level of a Sultan, thus extending the Slave/Mamluk Dynasty. He wasn't interested in expanding his territory instead wanted to settle problems in his present empire.

Related pages
 List of notable Lahoris

References

1150s births
1210 deaths
Indian Muslims
Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
Indian monarchs

Qutb ud-Din Aibak


Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón Jiménez (born 11 December 1958) is a Spanish politician and former Minister of Justice. He was mayor of Madrid between 2003 and 2011. A stalwart of the conservative People's Party (PP), he has previously been a leading figure in various local and national legislative bodies. In December 2011 Ruiz-Gallardón was appointed Minister of Justice in Mariano Rajoy's inaugural cabinet. He resigned in September 2014.

Early life and education
Ruiz-Gallardón was born in Madrid.  His father, José María Ruiz Gallardón, was a member of the leadership of the People's Alliance (AP), precursor to the present-day People's Party. He attended secondary school in Madrid at the Jesuit School Nuestra Señora del Recuerdo, and then studied law at the Universidad San Pablo CEU.

He is married to María del Mar Utrera, who is the daughter of José Utrera Molina, a former Minister of the Franco regime. They have four sons: Alberto, José, Ignacio and Rodrigo.

Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón is a cousin of Trinidad Jiménez, the former Foreign Affairs Minister of Spain, and Cécilia Attias, former First Lady of France. He is the great-grandchild of the composer Isaac Albéniz.

Political life
As a lawyer, Ruiz-Gallardón sat for exams to begin a career as a prosecutor at the age of 23.  He attained the position, ranking second in the twenty eighth year. He was given a position in the Málaga Provincial Court, where he served for a short time until given leave to take charge of the party's legal counsel.

In May 1983 he was elected to Madrid city council. In February 1986, at the party's Seventh National Congress, he joined its executive committee. In the same year, he ran unsuccessfully as a Senate candidate for Palencia in the general elections but finished fifth, 301 votes behind the successful PSOE candidate, in a district where four candidates were elected. In the aftermath, the secretary general of his party, Jorge Verstrynge, retired and Ruiz-Gallardón became the interim secretary general until the Party Congress could convene.

His next political position was in December 1986, when the regional leadership of AP in Madrid nominated him as candidate for the presidency of the Autonomous Community of Madrid with no eventual success.  In February 1987, the Eighth Extraordinary Congress of the AP appointed Antonio Hernández Mancha as chairman.  Ruiz-Gallardón left his interim general secretary position and was named one of the four vice-chairmen of the party.

Ruiz-Gallardón was elected Deputy of the Madrid Assembly on 10 June 1987.  Only one month later, he was elected to the Senate in the delegation designated by the Madrid Assembly and named spokesman of the AP Parliamentary Group body.  On 22 October 1988 Ruiz-Gallardón resigned his party positions as the result of a misunderstanding with chairman Mancha over an agreement with the Democratic and Social Centre (Spain) regarding Assembly rules.  At the party's Ninth Congress in January 1989, Mancha was replaced as chairman by Manuel Fraga.  The party was re-founded as the People's Party (PP), and Ruiz-Gallardón was appointed to the National Executive Committee and became president on the Committee for Conflicts and Discipline.

Following the general elections on 29 October 1989, Ruiz-Gallardón continued serving as a senator for Madrid and, as in the previous legislature, headed the PP Parliamentary Group in the Senate.  He returned to the PP's National Executive Committee at the Tenth Congress, this time with José María Aznar as party chairman.  He also retained his position as president of the Committee on Conflicts.  In April 1990, he headed an internal investigation of the Caso Naseiro.  This investigation resulted in the expulsion of several party officials.

First among his party's candidates for the Senate in Madrid in the general elections of 6 June 1993, Ruiz-Gallardón was once again elected to the Senate.  He continued as Spokesman of the PP Parliamentary Group, and subsequently resigned his corresponding position in the Madrid Assembly.

President of the Community of Madrid
On 28 May 1995 Ruiz Gallardón ran for the presidency of the Community of Madrid on a PP ticket, securing a majority of seats in the Assembly for the first time. He was elected President of the Community of Madrid by the Madrid Assembly one month later. Ruiz Gallardón ran for re-election in the 1999 elections, again securing a majority of seats.

During his tenure as regional president, Ruiz Gallardón garnered a high degree of popularity, because of his apparently moderate attitude, especially compared to several leaders of his party. Following José María Aznar's announcement that he would not seek re-election as Prime Minister in 2004, Gallardón was one of the PP leaders that were mentioned as a possible successor by the mainstream media.

Mayor of Madrid
Encouraged by the Prime Minister José María Aznar, Gallardón became the PP's candidate for the Madrid mayoral election of 2003. He was successful in his bid, obtaining a majority of the votes. One of his first decisions was to increase city taxes as a means to back his future plans for the city.

Nicknamed ironically the "Pharaoh" by many locals, the mayor has created an urban renewal plan for Madrid that included the undergrounding of parts of the M30 motorway, the redevelopment of the Manzanares River bank, a push for the virtual gentrification of dwindling historic downtown areas, and a reform of the existing finance laws. In fact, the Madrid bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics figured as the most ambitious component of his plan despite being planned by his predecessor, José María Álvarez del Manzano. Several other projects, such as the four skyscrapers under construction in the old training grounds of Real Madrid, have boosted his urban plans.

In May 2006, Baroness Carmen Cervera publicly demonstrated against his plan to reform Paseo del Prado, as the baroness feared for the effects on her co-managed Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza.

During Ruiz-Gallardón's tenure as mayor, the Madrid City Council in 2005 approved the establishment of a Holocaust memorial in Juan Carlos I Park. Ruiz-Gallardón then attended its dedication in March 2007.

2008 developments
Ruiz-Gallardón had been considered as a leading candidate for the future leader of the PP, his moderate views making him one of the most popular politicians in the opinion polls, rivalling the president of the Community of Madrid, Esperanza Aguirre, in the leadership race. In the period leading up to the 2008 general election, Ruiz-Gallardón announced his intention to be placed in the Madrid (Spanish Congress Electoral District) congressional list of the PP. Being a mayor, his inclusion in the list would have been an exceptional move as the Party by-laws ban mayors of cities with over 100,000 inhabitants from running for the Congress of Deputies. This move was not approved by Aguirre who announced her intention to resign as President of Madrid in order to run for National Deputy as well (Members of the regional legislatures are barred from the Cortes Generales). On 15 January 2008 Mr Rajoy (leader of the PP) announced that Mr. Gallardón would not be included in the PP lists for General Elections. Mrs. Aguirre had won the intense internal battle with Mr. Gallardón.
Following this announcement, Mr. Ruiz-Gallardón indicated his intention to retire from politics, although the next day he softened his response, and said he will "reflect" on his political future after the March 2008 General Elections.

Third term. Mayor and deputy
Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón again won an absolute majority of 31 seats out of 57 in Madrid City Council in the municipal elections of 2011, defeating the socialist candidate Jaime Lissavetzky, who had been State Secretary for sports until then. IU increased its representation from 5 to 6 seats, PSOE lost 3 of its 18 seats and UPyD, that won 5 seats, become a member of the Madrid City Council for the first time in its history.

Ruiz-Gallardón was elected Deputy to Congress for Madrid in the Spanish general election of 2011. He was placed 4th on the People's Party list of candidates, choosing to be fourth on the list as a tribute to his father, who had occupied the same place. Alongside Ruiz-Gallardón, other 18 members of that list won a seat in the Spanish Congress of Deputies.

Minister of Justice
On 21 December 2011 he was appointed Minister of Justice by Mariano Rajoy, to form part of the first government of the PP after its victory in the general elections held on 20 November 2011. On the same day he was appointed Minister, on 22 December 2011, he left his office as Mayor of Madrid, being replaced ad interim by the deputy mayor, Manuel Cobo.
On 27 November 2011, with 31 votes for, the Plenary of the Council elected Ana Botella as his successor.

At his first Parliamentary appearance as Minister of Justice, he announced his intention to reform the abortion law approved by the previous Zapatero government, a law based on time limits, the same as the ones existing in most European countries, widely criticized by the Catholic Church and by the People's Party (in particular in relation to the group comprising young people aged about 16–18 years, who could legally get an abortion despite the opposition of their parents) to return to the 1985 law, by which a woman had to invoke some reason to justify her decision.

He also announced his intention to change the way the 12 judges called vocales of the General Council of the Judiciary were elected, returning to the old direct election system by the judges, dropped in 1995 (with a slight modification passed in 2001 during the former PP government, headed by José María Aznar, thanks to the consensus reached with the PSOE, that established the election by the Courts from a list of 31 candidates submitted by the associations of judges) because the 12 vocales were filled up with only one association of judges, the prevalent and conservative Professional Association of Magistrates.

As regards the Same Gender Marriage law, introduced by the former socialist government in 2004 to legalize gay and lesbian couples marriage, very criticized by the Catholic Church and by the People's Party, that join the demonstrations promoted "in defense of the family", Ruiz Gallardón said that the government would await the decision of the Constitutional Court about the appeal lodged by the People's Party as soon as the law was passed by the Courts.

On 30 May 2012, the government announces the approval of a draft law, developed by the Ministry of Justice, by which court fees will be raised between 50 and 750 euros. Its purpose is, according to the government, to alleviate the saturation of the courts and, at the same time, to assume the costs of legal aid, as well as to prevent conflicts that could be resolved through other means reach the courts. But, according to the opposition, this rise restricts the access of both middle-income and low-income citizens to judicial administration. The highest increases were registered in the area of the "second instance", in order, according to the government, to reduce the actions that seeks solely to prolong the procedure, as well as to reduce the burden on judicial organs. Thus, appeals in civil and contentious-administrative matters rises to 500 euros and the matching processes in those same areas are increased from 600 to 1200 euros. With respect to the Labour Court, appeal and cassation cases, which until now were free, will have charges of 500 and 700 euros, respectively.

As for the complaint brought by José Manuel Benítez, member of the General Council of the Judiciary, against his president, Carlos Dívar, for suspected misusing of public funds (he would have spent about 6000 euros on travels to Puerto Banús and hotels, fact that he did not deny, but alleged its official character) finally dismissed, Ruiz Gallardón opposed the petition for the appearance of Dívar before the Congress of Deputies, filed by IU (and also subscribed by the PSOE at the last minute), alleging that there is no reason why the president of the CGDG has to go to the Parliament, because the Parliament is not competent to exercise the political control over the government body of the judiciary, but that the responsibilities of the members of the judiciary must only be required within the General Council of the Judiciary itself.

In November 2012, Gallardón justified the Government's amnesty to four members of the Catalan police forces stating that "the right of pardon is power of the Government". The four policeman had previously been judged and found guilty of torturing a citizen, and sentenced to four years in prison each.

On 23 September 2014 he resigned as Minister of Justice and announced his retirement from politics. His decision came after his controversial bill on abortion had been rejected by the Prime Minister of Spain, Mariano Rajoy. He also renounced to his parliamentary seat at the Congress of Deputies. The vacant seat was taken by Valentina Martínez Ferro.

Lezo case
On 26 April 2018, he was imputed by the judge for his involvement in the corruption scandal Case Lezo, which involves leaders of the PP in the Community of Madrid.
One year later, on 30 May 2019, he was absolved together with eight of his advisors which were also being investigated.

See also
Holmes & Watson. Madrid Days

References

   (from the now-defunct tematicos.universia.es).

External links

1958 births
Living people
Justice ministers of Spain
Presidents of the Community of Madrid
Mayors of Madrid
People's Party (Spain) politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class
Members of the 2nd Assembly of Madrid
Members of the 3rd Assembly of Madrid
Members of the 4th Assembly of Madrid
Members of the 5th Assembly of Madrid
Madrid city councillors (2007–2011)
Madrid city councillors (2011–2015)
Madrid city councillors (2003–2007)
Madrid city councillors (1983–1987)
Members of the People's Parliamentary Group (Assembly of Madrid)

Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón


East Coker is a village in Somerset.  It is in the South Somerset District.  East Coker is near the town of Yeovil.

St Michael's church contains the ashes of the poet T. S. Eliot. One of his poems is called East Coker. William Dampier, explorer and buccaneer was born in the village in 1651. He circumnavigated the world four times and published a book about his experiences. Dampier Island and Dampier Straits off Australia are named after him. Along the approach to the church are 12 almshouses built in 1640 by Archdeacon Helyar, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth l.

One of East Coker's famous residents is Trevor Peacock.  Trevor Peacock played Jim in The Vicar of Dibley.

Coker, East

East Coker, Somerset


Mudbox is a proprietary computer-based 3D sculpting and painting tool.  developed by Autodesk, Mudbox was created by Skymatter, founded by Tibor Madjar, David Cardwell and Andrew Camenisch, former artists of Weta Digital, where the tool was first used to produce the 2005 Peter Jackson remake of King Kong. Mudbox's primary application is high-resolution digital sculpting, texture painting, displacement map creation, and normal map creation, although it is also used as a design tool.

History

Mudbox was developed by Skymatter in New Zealand as the founders David Cardwell, Tibor Madjar and Andrew Camenisch were working on The Lord of the Rings at Weta Digital circa 2001. They created the software to expand their own toolsets, and Mudbox was first used as a complete product in the 2005 film King Kong. The beta was released in May 2006, followed by version 1.0 in mid-February 2007. On August 6, 2007, Autodesk announced the acquisition of Skymatter. Since 2020, no new features or bugfixes have been implemented except for new installers. However, there are still yearly new releases.

Features

Mudbox's user interface is a 3D environment that allows the creation of movable cameras that can be bookmarked. Models created within the program typically start as a polygon mesh that can be manipulated with a variety of different tools. A model can be subdivided to increase its resolution and the number of polygons available to sculpt with. 3D layers allow the user to store different detail passes, blending them with multiplier sliders and layer masks. Using layers, the user is able to sculpt and mold their 3D model without making permanent changes.

As a detailing app, Mudbox can import and export .obj, .fbx, and .bio files, as well as its own .mud format. A typical workflow is to create a relatively simple (low polygon count) model in a 3D modeling application and then import it to Mudbox for sculpting. Subdivision of models occurs using the Catmull-Clark subdivision algorithm.

The sculpting tool set contains an assortment of brushes with adjustable falloffs.

The use of 3D layers allows for design visualization, non-destructive sculpting, and high polygon counts. Since the layers combine additively, their ordering is unimportant for the final model and may be created arbitrarily. Curves can be created and projected on a mesh for use as precise masking. All of the standard transform and selection tools are there as well. Paint layers were added in Mudbox 2009.

Design visualization plays an important role in Mudbox's production value. Simple poly primitives can be created from within Mudbox, facilitating the creation of busts, props, terrain, etc.

Mudbox also includes stamps and stencils. Stencils work by overlaying a grayscale, or "alpha channel" image, such as a bump map, over the mesh. The artist can then project part or all of the image's detail onto the mesh through brush strokes, providing a method to quickly sculpt surface detail.

The underlying architecture of Mudbox was updated in Mudbox 2009, to allow the sculpting of models with larger polygon counts compared to earlier versions. In Mudbox 2009, 3D painting and texturing features were introduced to allow artists to paint directly on their models in 3D. In addition, features to display the model with a depth of field and ambient occlusion were added for the release.

In Mudbox 2010, an application programming interface (API) was introduced via a software development kit (SDK). In addition, functionality to improve file interoperability with other 3D applications (Autodesk Maya, 3ds Max etc.) was added via the FBX file format.

Interface
Mudbox's interface includes menus, tabbed windows, and tool trays and can be customized to a limited extent. It also provides keyboard shortcuts. The navigation in the 3D view is similar to that of Autodesk Maya.

Awards

On February 15, 2014, Canadians Andrew Camenisch, David Cardwell and Canadian-Hungarian Tibor Madjar were honored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences with an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for scientific and technical achievement on the concept and design, along with Csaba Kőhegyi and Imre Major, two Hungarians educated at Debrecen University, for implementation of the Mudbox software.

Releases

 October 2007, Autodesk released version 1.07 of Mudbox.
 October 2008, Autodesk released Mudbox 2009 (v2) of Mudbox.
 August 2009, Autodesk released Mudbox 2010 (v3) of Mudbox.
 March 2010, Autodesk released Mudbox 2011 (v4) of Mudbox.
 September 2010, Autodesk released Mudbox 2011 SAP (v4.5) of Mudbox.
 April 2011, Autodesk released Mudbox 2012 (v5) of Mudbox.
 April 2012, Autodesk released Mudbox 2013 (v6) of Mudbox.
 April 2013, Autodesk released Mudbox 2014 (v7) of Mudbox.
 April 2014, Autodesk released Mudbox 2015 (v8) of Mudbox.
 April 2015, Autodesk released Mudbox 2016 (v9) of Mudbox.
 April 2016, Autodesk released Mudbox 2017 (v10) of Mudbox.
 April 2017, Autodesk released Mudbox 2018 (v11) of Mudbox.
 April 2018, Autodesk released Mudbox 2019 (v12) of Mudbox.
 April 2019, Autodesk released Mudbox 2020 (v13) of Mudbox.
 April 2020, Autodesk released Mudbox 2021 (v14) of Mudbox.
 April 2021, Autodesk released Mudbox 2022 (v15) of Mudbox.
 April 2022, Autodesk released Mudbox 2023 (v16) of Mudbox.

See also
Blender
ZBrush

References

External links
Autodesk Mudbox Homepage
Mudbox Forums
MudboxCentral Tutorials, News and Jobs
Mudbox Russian Community
Mudbox video tutorials

Mudbox
Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners
3D modeling software for Linux
Proprietary commercial software for Linux

Autodesk Mudbox


James Piers St Aubyn (6 April 1815 – 8 May 1895), often referred to as J P St Aubyn, was an English architect of the Victorian era, known for his church architecture and confident restorations.

Early life
St Aubyn was born at Powick Vicarage, Worcestershire, in the English Midlands, the home of his maternal grandfather, on 6 April 1815. He was the second son of the Rev Robert Thomas St Aubyn and his wife, Frances Fleming St John, and a cousin of John St Aubyn, 1st Baron St Levan, of St Michael's Mount, Cornwall. He was known to his family and friends by his second Christian name of Piers (sometimes spelt Pearse). He was educated at Penzance Grammar School before beginning his studies in architecture.

He married Eliza Phillpott in 1852 at Stoke Damerel, Devon. Eliza was born in Ceylon in 1816 and died on 13 September 1881 at their home, 108 Cambridge Street, Hanover Square, London.

Actor James Bolam is descended via his  maternal line from St. Aubyn.

Career
He was articled to Thomas Fulljames (1808–1874) in Gloucester and acted as clerk of works for the latter's Edwards College, South Cerney (Glos) in 1838–39. He was elected to the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1837, on the nomination of George Basevi, Edward Blore and William Railton, and became a Fellow of the Institute in 1856, proposed by Benjamin Ferrey, Giles Gilbert Scott, and Francis Penrose. He twice served on the Council of the Institute (in 1858–60 and 1870–72). He was Surveyor to the Middle Temple in London from 1851 until 1885, and practised from Lambe Buildings in the Temple for much of his career. From about 1885 onwards, when he seems to have semi-retired, St. Aubyn worked in partnership with Henry John Wadling (d 1918), who entered his office as a pupil in 1858 and remained as his assistant and managing clerk. St Aubyn died on 7 May 1895 at Chy-an-Eglos, Marazion (Cornwall), and is buried on St Michael's Mount. H J Wadling succeeded to his practice, and continued to trade as "St Aubyn & Wadling".

St Aubyn was undoubtedly assisted in developing his career by his family's prominence in Devon and Cornwall, and particularly in Devonport, where they were the major landowners. He practised chiefly in London and developed a practice which extended all over southern England, but he also kept an office in Devonport for part of his career, and he was employed particularly extensively in Devon and Cornwall. Apart from this local connection, there are clusters of his work in Gloucestershire (no doubt deriving from his years in Fulljames' office), Kent, Reading, Cambridgeshire and Leicestershire.

He was primarily a church architect, building a considerable number of new churches and undertaking even more restorations. His church work was firmly in the Gothic revival mainstream of his time, rarely departing from the forms and decoration of the Decorated period, and lacks much originality or flair. His churches at All Saints, Reading and St Mary, Tyndalls Park, Bristol, are notably similar. His restorations often amounted to wholesale or partial rebuilding, and were seen by later generations as unnecessarily brutal; Sir John Betjeman was among St Aubyn's 20th-century detractors. St Aubyn also designed a number of country houses, mostly in a rather cheerless early Gothic style. The one whimsical building he is known to have designed is the clock tower in the grounds of Abberley Hall, c 1883. His greatest professional disappointment was his failure to secure the commission to build Truro Cathedral, which he lost by one vote to John Loughborough Pearson; his designs for the Cathedral were published in Building News, 20 December 1878. His most notable achievement was the restoration of St Michael's Mount, described by Nigel Nicolson as: "among the greatest achievements of 19th-century architecture".

List of works

1840s

Berkeley Cottages, Collingwood Road, Stoke Dameral, Plymouth: 1847
St Illogan's Church, Illogan, Cornwall: 1846
Old Rectory, Siddington, Gloucestershire: 1847
Holy Trinity Church, Cerney Wick, Gloucestershire: 1847–48
Church of St Agnes, St Agnes, Cornwall: 1848
Old Rectory, Stoke Canon, Devon: 1848–51
St Paul's Church, Devonport, Devon: 1849; destroyed by enemy action, 1941
St John the Baptist Church, Godolphin Cross, Cornwall: 1849–51
St James the Great Church, Keyham, Devon: 1849–51; damaged by enemy action, 1941; demolished 1958

1850s

St Michael's Mount, Cornwall: addition to South Court, for Sir J St Aubyn, 1850
St Mary's Church, Devonport, Devon: 1850
Vicarage, Horsley, Gloucestershire: 1850–52; altered by A W Maberly, 1874
St Stephen's Church, Devonport, Devon: 1852
Market House, Devonport, Devon: 1852
Holy Trinity Church, Penponds, Cornwall: 1854
St James the Less Church, Plymouth, Devon: 1854–61
St John's Church, Enfield, Middlesex: 1857
Christ Church, Latchingdon, Essex: 1857
Delamore House, Devon: for Admiral George Parker, 1859–60 and 1876

1860s

All Saints Church, Marazion, Cornwall: 1861
Middle Temple, London: Goldsmith's Building, 1861
St Martin and St Meriadoc's Church, Camborne: restoration,1861–62
Temple Church, London: restoration, 1862
St Andrew's Church, Thringstone, Leicestershire: 1862
St Mary's Church, Widford, Essex: 1862
Church of All Hallows, South Cerney, Gloucestershire: 1862
Pentre, Pembrokeshire: remodelling for Col A H Saunders-Davies at a cost of £5,000, 1863; mostly demolished; service wing survives
St Bartholomew's Church, Cross-in-Hand, Sussex: 1863–64; enlarged 1901
Midelney Place, Somerset: for E B Cely-Trevilian, 1863–66
Trevince House, Cornwall: rebuilt for Henry Beauchamp Tucker, 1863–66
Haddington Road Bible Christian Chapel, Devonport, Devon: 1864
St Mark's Church, Gillingham, Kent: 1864–6
Berkley Rectory, Berkley Nr Frome, Somerset: extension,1865
The Abbey, Ditcheat, Somerset: attributed: refronting and internal alterations for Rev William Leir, 1864–68
St Stephen's Church, Redruth, Cornwall: 1865
St Peter's Church, Selsey, Sussex: 1865
Holy Innocents Church, Tuck Hill, Shropshire: 1865
All Saints Church, Reading, Berkshire: 1865–74
St John the Evangelist Church, St Ives, Cornwall: 1866
Holy Trinity, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire: addition of chancel, 1866
Holy Trinity Church, Barkingside, Middlesex: 1867
St Clement Church, Kensington, Middlesex: 1867–69
St Mary, Kilmington, Wiltshire: addition of N aisle and S transept, 1868

1870s

All Saints Church, Harrowbarrow, Cornwall, 1870
 Puddleduck Hall, Hardwicke, Gloucestershire: formerly known as Glebe House, 1870
 St Materiana's Church, Tintagel, Cornwall: 1870
 St Mary the Virgin Church, Tyndalls Park, Bristol: 1870–81, notably similar to All Saints, Reading
Chapel, Maristow, Devon: 1871
 Greenhurst, Surrey: for Thomas Lambert, 1871–74
Chalcot House, Dilton Marsh, Wiltshire, alterations and extensions, 1872–76
Loggia, Mersham-Le-Hatch, Kent: 1872
St Michael and All Angels Church, Galleywood Common, Essex: 1873
St Giles' Church, Reading, Berkshire: rebuilding, 1873
St Mary's and St Julian's Church, Maker, Cornwall: restoration and addition of south aisle, 1873–74
St Michael's Mount, Cornwall: addition of southeast wing for Sir J St  Aubyn, 1874–80; further extended c 1930
St Peter's Church, Belsize Park, Middlesex: addition of chancel and tower, 1875
St Luke's Church, Southampton, Hampshire: chancel, 1875
St Giles' Church, Marston Montgomery, Derbyshire: nave, 1875–77
St Andrew's Church, Ampthill, Bedfordshire: alterations, 1877
St Peter and St Paul's Church, Clare, Suffolk: 1877–1883
Vicarage, Clare, Suffolk: 1878
St Helen's Church, Ashby-de-la-Zouch: rebuilt, 1878
St Martin and St Meriadoc's Church, Camborne: enlargement 1878–79
Truro Cathedral, Truro, Cornwall: surveys of former St Mary's church and competition designs (unexecuted), 1878–80
Pentre, Pembrokeshire: private chapel as memorial to A H Saunders-Davies, 1879; the font and pulpit now at Manordeifi church
Rousham House, Oxfordshire: extension and restoration for Clement Upton-Cottrell-Dormer, 1870s
St Mawnan and St Stephen's Church, Mawnan restoration 1879–80

1880s

Essex Street; no 33, Westminster, Middlesex: 1880, built in imitation of a house of c 1720
St Peter's Church, Noss Mayo, Devon: 1880–82, as replacement for Revelstoke church
St Andrew's Church, Eakring 1880–1881, restoration
Church of St Mary the Virgin, Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire, 1880 restoration
Theological College, Ely, Cambridgeshire: 1881, now part of King's School
Pencalenick House, Truro, Cornwall: 1881
St John's Church, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire: 1881–83
Middle Temple, London: new chambers on north side of Brick Court, 1882, Tudor; altered c.1950 after bomb damage
St Luke's Church, Reading, Berkshire: 1882
Church, St Gluvias, Cornwall: 1882–83
St Peter's Church, Rose Ash, Devon: 1882–92 (with Wadling)
Abberley Hall, Worcestershire: alterations and clock tower for John Joseph Jones, c.1883
Oakhampton House, Worcestershire: remodelling for John Henry Crane, 1883
Mission Church, Ashton, Cornwall: 1884
St Michael's Church, Silverstone, Northamptonshire: 1884
Middle Temple, London: Garden Court, 1884–85, neo-Jacobean
Church, Gamlingay Heath, Cambridgeshire: 1885
Mission Church of All Saints, Trythall, Gulval, Cornwall: 1885

After 1885, in partnership with Henry J Wadling

St Sylvester's Church, Tetworth, Huntingdonshire: 1886
Muntham, Itchingfield, Sussex: for Marquess of Bath, 1887
St Matthew's Church, Moulmein, Burma: 1887
St Peter-in-Ely, Ely, Cambridgeshire: 1890
St Peter's Church, Sheringham, Norfolk: 1895, completed by Henry Wadling after his death
St Margaret's Church, Halstead, Kent: north aisle and vestry, 1897

Date unknown
Anstie House, Cornwall
St Barnabas's Church, Devonport, Devon

Church restorations listed by counties chronologically
Bedfordshire: Ampthill, 1877

Buckinghamshire: Weston Turville, 1879; Marsh Gibbon, 1879–80; Maids Moreton, 1882–87; Stone, 1883–90

Cambridgeshire: Soham, 1879–80; Gamlingay, 1880–81; Castle Camps, 1882; Little Abington, 1885; Little Gransden, 1885–88; Teversham, 1888–92

Cornwall: Sennen, 1847; St Agnes, 1848; Godolphin, 1849–51; Mawgan-in-Meneage, 1855; Kenwyn, 1860–62; Lesnewth, 1862–65; Lanivet, 1865; Egloshayle, 1867; St Keyne, 1868–77; Minster, 1869–71; Tintagel, 1870; St Anne's Church, Hessenford, 1870–71; St Minver, 1870–75; Tuckingmill, 1875–79; St Breock, 1880–82; St Piran's Church, Perranarworthal, 1884; Ludgvan, 1887–88; Mevagissey, 1887–88; Stratton (1888); Werrington (at the time in Devon), 1891; St Germans, 1891–93; Gulval, 1892; Callington, date unknown; St Issey, date unknown; Mabe date unknown (after 1866). St Aubyn's work always included a footscraper outside the porches: John Betjeman knew this and often failed to visit churches where these could be found.

Derbyshire: Duffield, 1846; St Andrew's Church, Cubley, 1872–74

Devon: Stoke Fleming, 1871; Dawlish, 1874; St. Giles-on-the-Heath, 1878

Gloucestershire: Daglingworth, 1845–51; Church of All Hallows, South Cerney, 1861–62; Standish, 1867; Owlpen, 1874–75; Dursley, 1888–89

Hampshire: Sherborne St John, 1854, 1866–84

Herefordshire: Cusop, date unknown

Kent: Cliffe, 1864; Boughton-under-Blean, 1871; Lympne, 1878–80; Harbledown, 1880; Sheldwich, 1888

Leicestershire: Whitwick, 1848–50; Holy Trinity, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 1866; Ashby Parva, 1866; Appleby Magna, 1870–72; St Helen, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 1878–80

Lincolnshire: Theddlethorpe All Saints, 1885

Northamptonshire: Maidwell, 1891

Nottinghamshire: Eakring, 1880–81

Suffolk: Little Glemham, 1857–58; Woolverstone, 1888–89; Sternfield, date unknown

Surrey: Addington, 1876

References

 The Builder, 18 May 1895, p. 380
 Building News, 31 January 1890, p. 186
 RIBA Journal, vol. 2, pp. 653–4 (1895)

Sources

1815 births
1895 deaths
19th-century English architects
Architects from Cornwall
Architects from Worcestershire
Architects of cathedrals
Burials in Cornwall
English ecclesiastical architects
Gothic Revival architects
People from Malvern Hills District
People from Marazion

James Piers St Aubyn


A maser is a device that produces light and heat by using atoms to release energy. It was invented by Charles Hard Townes in the 1950s. A maser takes the small vibrations in atoms and amplifies them to release electromagnetic radiation. Originally, they were referred to by the acronym MASER or 'Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Unlike most radio transmitters, maser waves tend to have very similar wavelengths. Their usage was first predicted by Albert Einstein. In the 1960s masers were made to emit optical wavelengths, and soon were called lasers.

Machines

Maser


The Belgian synthpop group Telex was formed in 1978 by Marc Moulin, Dan Lacksman, and Michel Moers. They mixed disco, punk and experimental electronic music.

Like Kraftwerk, Telex built its music entirely from electronic instruments.

In 1980 Telex's manager asked the group to enter the Eurovision Song Contest. The group entered and were sent to the finals. The group's song "Euro-Vision" was a cheerful bleepy song with deliberately banal lyrics about the contest itself. The Eurovision audience seemed unsure how to react to the performance.  After the band stopped playing, there was mostly stunned silence. Michel Moers took a photograph of the bewildered audience. The band walked off to sounds of muttering. When vote-counting began, and Greece awarded Belgium three points. The announcer thought she misheard and tried to award the points to the Netherlands.

For its third album, Telex got the help of US group Sparks to help write the lyrics. However, the band still would not play live.  This is common practice for techno music artists, but unusual in 1981. The fourth Telex album, Wonderful World, was barely distributed.

In 1986, Atlantic Records signed Telex. At this time the band was using sampling and a more up-tempo humorous style.

In 1989, Telex revisited all of its old tracks and remixed them to be like house music.

After almost two decades of silence, Telex made a comeback in March 2006 with How Do You Dance on EMI Records. It had five original songs as well as five covers.

Discography

Albums

1979: Looking For St. Tropez
1980: Neurovision
1981: Sex (released in some countries as "Birds and Bees" with a slightly altered track listing)
1984: Wonderful World
1986: Looney Tunes
2006: How Do You Dance?

Compilations and remix albums

1989: Les Rhythmes Automatiques (album of re-recorded back-catalogue))
1993: Belgium...One Point (a box set of the first five albums plus bonus tracks)
1994: Is Release A Humour? - We Love Telex (Japan only. remixed by Japanese DJs)
1998: I Don't Like Music (remixed by Carl Craig and others)
1998: I Don't Like Remixes: Original Classics 78-86 (a 'best-of' compilation)
1999: I (Still) Don't Like Music Remixes Vol. 2 (DJ remixes)
2009: Ultimate Best Of

References

Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Belgian musical groups
1980s music groups
Warner Bros. Records artists

Telex (band)


Radio 270 was a pirate radio station serving Yorkshire and the North East of England from 1966 to 1967. It broadcast from a converted Dutch lugger called Oceaan 7 positioned in international waters off Scarborough, North Yorkshire followed by a move to a more sheltered position off Bridlington.

Origins
In 1965 a group of Yorkshire businessmen formed a consortium to establish an offshore radio station to broadcast to the North East coast from a location off Scarborough. Don Robinson, aged 28, who was an entertainments promoter, began the venture with Bill Pashby (a fishing boat skipper), Roland Hill (a poultry farmer) and Leonard Dale (owner of the Dale Electrics business at Gristhorpe). These recruited Wilf Proudfoot, owner of a chain of supermarkets and a former Conservative MP. The venture was incorporated within a public company named Ellambar Investments Ltd.

In late 1965, Proudfoot addressed a public meeting at a Scarborough hotel in which he invited the public to subscribe for shares in the business. He indicated that the venture was a high risk one and that nobody should expect a commercial return on the money they put in. Around sixty people did subscribe with the largest single shareholding being held by Proudfoot himself. Leonard Dale became Chairman of the company while Proudfoot became its managing director.

Don Robinson and Bill Pashby both initially occupied prominent roles in what soon became known as Radio 270. Robinson prepared the first programme plan for the station which adopted a mixture of light music and lifestyle material. It was intended to provide an "up-market" offering which would compete directly with the BBC's Light Programme. Pashby was the station's first "Maritime Director" and it was he that picked out a suitable vessel for use as a broadcasting platform and supervised its fitting out.

However, the business side of the operation fell increasingly under the control of Wilf Proudfoot. The station's management was run from an office in the Scalby Road, Scarborough headquarters of the Proudfoot supermarket business. The station's office manager was Maggie Lucas, a long-standing associate of Proudfoot who had acted as his secretary when he had been the Member of Parliament for Cleveland from 1959 to 1964. Proudfoot became uncomfortable with the planned programming and he engaged the services of Noel Miller as Programme Director. Miller had previous experience of commercial radio in Australia and he adopted a simple style of programming based on a Top 40 format.

A planned opening date of 1 April 1966 had to be abandoned when the station's vessel, Oceaan 7, shed its radio mast. However, the station finally opened in June, broadcasting on 1115 kilohertz, 269 metres, in the medium wave. This wavelength was used by some existing radio stations in southern and eastern Europe but these were too far away for Radio 270 to cause them any trouble. However, the frequency was close to Radio London on 1133 kHz, resulting in the potential for mutual interference on radios with less precise tuning.

The initial results were highly successful. The station's broadcasts could be received over a large tract of eastern England from Newcastle in the north to Nottingham in the south.

The station charged £30 for a 30-second advertising spot. It was very successful in attracting advertising for local businesses and events in the North Yorkshire area. The largest single paying advertiser was the Worldwide Church of God which purchased a nightly 30-minute slot for a fee of around £300 per week. This covered most of Radio 270's payroll. The nightly "god slot" contained the preaching of evangelist Garner Ted Armstrong.

The second largest advertiser was the Proudfoot supermarket business. This created a complex financial situation in which there were two-way transfer charges between Radio 270 and Proudfoot for reciprocal services rendered.

Oceaan 7
In 1965, the promoters of Radio 270 identified a Dutch built fishing lugger named Oceaan VII as being suitable for their purposes. This was acquired for £2,500.

The Oceaan VII was built in the Netherlands in 1939 and had spent most of its life operating out of the Belgian port of Antwerp. During World War II it had been commandeered by the German occupation authorities. It was approximately 118 feet long and 160 tonnes in displacement. The vessel was refitted in the east coast port of Grimsby before being brought to Scarborough where it was renamed Oceaan 7. The refit involved the addition of 20 tonnes of permanent ballast in the hull in order to give extra stability. The vessel was fitted with a 150 feet high radio mast and a 10 kW RCA BTA 10J1 transmitter.

There were two studios on board, one for presenting programmes and one for news. Accommodation for crew and broadcasting staff was both confined and spartan. Living quarters consisted of a bunk room with a dining table in the middle. Food was provided from a communal galley. The entire cost of acquiring and fitting out the vessel was £75,000. The crewing was initially planned to be on a one-month rotation basis. The ship's entire eight-man crew including the captain were switched every month. Broadcasting staff, including disc jockeys, initially worked on a two-week rotation basis.

The Oceaan 7 was among the smallest of the pirate radio ships at that time. By way of comparison, Radio London broadcast from the 650 tonne MV Galaxy positioned in the Thames estuary. Oceaan 7'''s initial location off Scarborough allowed its signal to be widely received over the North of England but left the vessel totally exposed to storms in the North Sea.Oceaan 7 was registered in Honduras in the name of Radio 270's Programme Director Noel Miller (an Australian national). This effectively placed the vessel beyond the reach of the British authorities. Most pirate radio ships were kept supplied from shore by tender. However Oceaan 7s small size allowed it to periodically enter Bridlington and Scarborough harbours for re-supply purposes. The visits to harbour were usually carried out in the early hours of the morning in order to avoid disruption to broadcasting and to minimise the chances of intervention by the authorities.

 Operations, 1966 to 1967
Although Radio 270 quickly established itself as a successful local radio station, its affairs soon became complicated. Various factors contributed to this.Oceaan 7 was very small for the purpose to which it was being put. The cramped living accommodation and lack of privacy on board soon caused tensions among the personnel. It proved difficult to maintain the vessel in position off Scarborough as the winter storms came. In November 1966 one storm was so severe that waves were breaking over the vessel's deck and water entered the living quarters and studio.

Conditions of employment and rates of pay were not generous. Consequently, there were a series of disputes with personnel and staff turnover rates became high. Matters came to a head after the November storm when Proudfoot was approached by three disc jockeys (including the 19-year-old Andy Kirk) with a demand that Oceaan 7 should move its station to a more sheltered location in Bridlington Bay or put into harbour whenever bad weather threatened. Kirk had previously conveyed his concerns about safety to the local press. Proudfoot summarily dismissed all three of the DJs.

A number of the shareholders now became restless and two attempts were made to oust Proudfoot from his post of managing director. Both of these attempts failed. Bill Pashby resigned as Maritime Director "...fed up with the continuous sackings of the crew". Proudfoot eventually responded to these concerns by moving Oceaan 7's position to Bridlington Bay while moving to a one-week staff rotation for most on-board personnel. The move to Bridlington Bay gave more settled conditions but it worsened reception of Radio 270's signal across large parts of its audience catchment area.

By early 1967, Radio 270's affairs seemed to be stabilising and it was reported that the station was breaking-even financially.

Close down
The pirate radio stations attracted opposition from within the British political establishment. It was claimed that their broadcasts interfered with emergency service communications, and this led to enactment of the Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967, which took effect at midnight on 14 August of that year. This Act prohibited the management, funding, support or supply of pirate radio ships from the British mainland.

The pirate stations campaigned against the Act during the early months of 1967. Radio 270 was prominent in this campaign and its contributions to the campaign took on an overtly political dimension. A group of Conservative MPs and activists became involved with Radio 270. These included the MP for Beverley, Patrick Wall. The station gave airtime to a number of political causes including a broadcast by Wall in which he advocated British recognition of the white minority UDI regime in Rhodesia. Radio 270 broadcast advertisements supporting Conservative party candidates in the Scarborough municipal elections of 1967. Harvey Proctor, then Chairman of the University of York Conservative Society, made regular half-hour current affairs broadcasts. Proctor went on to have a controversial career as a Conservative MP and prominent member of the Conservative Monday Club.

This appeared to harden the Labour government's resolve to deal with the pirates. Postmaster-General Edward Short stated about Radio 270 that "It is the first time in peacetime that this country has been subjected to a stream of misleading propaganda from outside our territorial waters and I do not think this is a matter for joking".

As 14 August approached, it was initially suggested that Radio 270 could continue broadcasting but with Oceaan 7 being supplied from the Netherlands and the station's management being shifted to that country. However, it was soon realised that this was not a viable option. DJ Vince "Rusty" Allen closed the station at one minute to midnight on 14 August 1967 with the playing of the national anthem.The Pirate Radio Hall of Fame :Vince Allen

Aftermath
On 15 August Oceaan 7 sailed up the coast to Whitby. It was laid up there whilst a buyer was sought. Various enquiries were received from prospective buyers including one from the operators of Radio Caroline, whose own ships had been seized by creditors. However, none of these enquiries resulted in a sale. The transmitter and other broadcasting equipment from Radio 270 were placed in storage and in 1970 found their way to the Dutch-based pirate Capital Radio (which had no connection to the later British radio station of the same name). Oceaan 7 was scrapped in 1969.

The proceeds from the disposal of the vessel and its equipment raised a total of around £12,500. By the time creditors had been paid off there was no cash available to allow a significant return of capital to the Radio 270 shareholders.

Wilf Proudfoot stood as the Conservative candidate in the marginal West Yorkshire constituency of Brighouse and Spenborough, where he ousted the sitting Labour MP Colin Jackson by a majority of only 59 votes. The closure of the pirate radio stations is believed to have been a key issue in a number of marginal seats. Proudfoot himself lost his seat in the February 1974 general election. Thereafter he spent some time in the USA where he trained as a hypnotist in Los Angeles. He later established the Proudfoot School of Clinical Hypnotism and Psychotherapy based in Scarborough.

Don Robinson continued his career as an events promoter and entrepreneur. He is credited with having saved Hull City football club from extinction in 1982 when he bought the club out of receivership. As club chairman from 1982 to 1989 he presided over a revival in the club's financial and football fortunes that saw it enjoy a series of league promotions.

Many former Radio 270 staff, such as Roger Gale, Paul Burnett and Philip Hayton subsequently worked in mainstream broadcasting. The station's office manager, Maggie Lucas, went on to become secretary to the Chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Roger Gale became a long serving Conservative MP and in 2021 was the first MP to confirm he had submitted a letter of no confidence in British Prime Minister Boris Johnson.

References

External links
 "Pirates of the airwaves" from the Evening Press (now The Press''), first published Monday 30 December 2002
 Echo TV history of Radio 270, from 2007
 Audio diary of Radio 270 DJ Leon Tippler, recorded by Tippler in late 1966
 final 5 minutes of Radio 270, Rusty Allen closes down Radio 270 at midnight on 14 August 1967
 Radio 270 website website dedicated to history of Radio 270

Radio stations established in 1966
1967 disestablishments in England
Offshore radio
Defunct radio stations in the United Kingdom
Radio stations in Yorkshire
Radio stations in North East England
Radio 270
Pirate radio stations in the United Kingdom
Radio stations disestablished in 1967
1966 establishments in England

Radio 270


Daniel Branca (December 7, 1951 – January 28, 2005) was an Argentine comic artist known for his work on Disney comic books.

Born in Buenos Aires, Branca got interested in comics and arts at an early age, and started his career working for a children's magazine at 14. At 16, Branca found employment as assistant animator for an advertising company. During the 1970s, he worked with Oscar Fernández, producing various comics for Argentine magazines: "El Sátiro Virgen", "El Mono Relojero". Branca's history as an animator shows clearly in his drawing style, which is elastic and energetic.

Branca and Fernández moved to Barcelona, Spain, in 1976. After their collaboration Caramelot, Branca began to illustrate Disney comics for the Danish publisher Egmont. He was one of the most acclaimed and productive Disney artist in the 1980s and early 1990s, one of his specialties was his portrayal of Donald Duck's dog, Bolivar. After moving first to Paris and then to Majorca, Branca settled down in Buenos Aires again in 1995. During the 1990s, he did the comic Montana.

Daniel Branca died at 53 of a heart attack.

External links

Daniel Branca at the Lambiek Comiclopedia

Argentine comics artists
Argentine animators
Artists from Buenos Aires
1951 births
2005 deaths
Disney comics artists

Daniel Branca


Hydration is the adding of water molecules to a chemical substance. The anhydrous (without water) form and the hydrated (with water) form can be quite different. The hydrated form is called a "hydrate". For example, anhydrous tin(IV) chloride is a liquid, while the pentahydrate (with 5 water molecules) is a solid. Anhydrous copper sulfate is white or light green, while the hydrated form is blue. Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is blue, while the hydrated form is red. Anhydrous copper(II) chloride is brown, while the dihydrate is green.

The number of water molecules for each atom is given by a prefix. Mono- means 1, di- means 2, tri- means 3, tetra- means 4, penta- means 5, hexa- means 6, hepta- means 7, octo- means 8, nona- means 9, deca- means 10.

Hydrogen compounds

Hydration


Paul J. Jones (November 4, 1880 – August 4, 1965) was an American college football player and coach and United States federal judge. He played fullback for the University of Michigan's national championship football team in 1902 and became the football coach at Western Reserve University after graduating from Michigan. He practiced law from 1905 to 1920 and served as an Ohio state court judge from 1920 to 1923. In 1923, he was appointed as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio in Cleveland, a position he held until his death in 1965.

Early years and football career
Born in Youngstown, Ohio, Jones attended the University of Michigan where he studied law and also played football. Jones worked in a Youngstown boiler shop for five cents an hour during his summer vacations. He was the starting fullback on Fielding H. Yost's 1902 "Point-a-Minute" football team that finished the season 11–0 and outscored opponents 644 to 12. After the 1901 season, one account read "His work at fullback has been exceptionally good, and he is regarded as the most available man for that position next year." Jones was a popular player, and in October 1902 newspaper accounts reported that he led the students in singing the "varsity yell" at a "singing bee" preceding the football game against Wisconsin. Jones was six-feet tall and weighed 170 pounds as Michigan's fullback in 1902. After being a starter on the 1902 Michigan Wolverines football team, Jones contracted typhoid fever and was unable to play in 1903. In March 1903, Jones left the university for a year to recuperate from the effects of typhoid fever. Jones received an Bachelor of Laws from the University of Michigan Law School in 1904. Jones was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1904, but after graduating from Michigan, he was hired as the head football coach at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.

Head coaching record

Career

Jones entered the private practice of law in Youngstown in 1905. He was a Referee in Bankruptcy for the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio from 1912 to 1916. Jones was appointed Youngstown city attorney, a position he held from 1916 to 1920. He also ran for Mayor of Youngstown, an election he lost by 400 votes. In 1920, he was elected as a Court of Common Pleas Judge for Mahoning County, Ohio, serving in that role from 1920 to 1923.

Federal judicial service

Jones was nominated by President Warren G. Harding to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio on February 28, 1923, to a new seat created by . Confirmed by the United States Senate on March 2, 1923, he received his commission the same day. He served as Chief Judge from 1948 to 1959, as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1958 to 1960, and remained on the court until his death on August 4, 1965. At the time of his death at age 84, Jones was the oldest active district court judge in the United States and the last appointed by President Harding. He had announced plans to retire on November 4, 1965, on his 85th birthday due to illness. He died at his home in Shaker Heights, Ohio.

Notable cases and judicial philosophy

Jones developed a reputation for his outspoken comments from the bench. In 1932, as Prohibition was being widely blamed with causing the spread of racketeering and organized crime, Judge Jones asserted that the influence of Prohibition on crime was exaggerated. In 1933, Judge Jones gained attention when he sentenced a 46-year-old pregnant mother of ten to 15 days in jail for selling a quart of liquor to federal agents for 50 cents. He refused the woman's plea for leniency, saying: "It is an outrage for this woman to be bringing children into the world when she and her husband cannot support those they already have without breaking the law." As he sentenced her, Judge Jones lectured her on the advantages of birth control, closing his comments by asking, "Doesn't this woman know how to stop it?"

In 1934, he criticized "windy lawyers" for their "briefs of Voltairian proportions" which "unduly burden the court and tire it out."

Jones gained national attention in 1946 when he ruled that rent control laws were unconstitutional. He held that, while rent control may have been permissible during the wartime emergency, Congress lacked the power to continue the restrictions "when peace has returned in fact."

In 1947, the NEA wire service ran a feature article about Judge Jones and his rent control decision in which it observed:

If you either own or rent an apartment, you either love or hate Federal Judge Paul Jones. Judge Jones, of the Northern Ohio District Court, handed down the ruling that the rent law is unconstitutional. If sustained by higher courts, his decision means, simply, that all rent controls are over and done for, that landlords can charge all the traffic will bear and that tenants can pay or get out.

Jones' ruling was later reversed by the United States Supreme Court. Jones continued to contend that his ruling had been correct.

Personal

Jones was married to Caroline Bonnell, a survivor of the sinking of the Titanic, in 1924. They had a son, Paul Jones Jr., and a daughter, Mrs. Mary Chilcote.

See also
List of United States federal judges by longevity of service

References

External links

1880 births
1965 deaths
American football fullbacks
Case Western Spartans football coaches
Michigan Wolverines football players
Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio
Ohio state court judges
United States district court judges appointed by Warren G. Harding
20th-century American judges
Politicians from Youngstown, Ohio
Politicians from Shaker Heights, Ohio
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Lawyers from Youngstown, Ohio
Sportspeople from Shaker Heights, Ohio

Paul Jones (judge)


Branko Mikasinovich (born November 6, 1938) is one of the foremost scholars of Yugoslav and Serbian literature and a noted Slavist. He has edited Introduction to Yugoslav Literature (Twayne, 1973), the most representative anthology of modern Yugoslav prose and poetry in English; Five Modern Yugoslav Plays (Cyrco Press, 1977), a unique collection of plays written between 1945 and 1980; Modern Yugoslav Satire (Cross-Cultural Communications, 1979). which was selected for "Best Titles of 1979" by Library Journal, and included in the Puschart Prize V: The Best of the Small Presses; Yugoslav Fantastic Prose (Proex, 1991), the first anthology of Yugoslav supernatural tales in English, and Yugoslavia: Crisis and Disintegration (Plyroma Publishing Co., 1994).

Branko Mikasinovich received his B.A. from Roosevelt University in Chicago (1965), M.A. from Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. (1967), and Ph.D from the University of Belgrade (1984). He has taught Russian language and Slavic Literature at Tulane University and the University of New Orleans, and was president of the Louisiana Association of Professors of Slavic and Eastern European languages. He has appeared as a panelist on Yugoslav press on ABC's "Press International" in Chicago and PBS's "International Dateline" in New Orleans. He also appears on "Voice of America" Serbian Service television program, "Open Studio."

Baron Mihailo Mikasinovich, who was instrumental in opening Serbian schools in Krajina in the 18th century, Stefan Mikasinovich, a teacher of Dositej Obradovic, a prime mover of the Serbian cultural rebirth in the period of Enlightenment, and his father Sava Mikasinovich inspired, to a large extent, the author's scholarly activities.

1938 births
Living people
Serbian academics
Linguists
Serbian scientists
Academics from Louisiana

Branko Mikasinovich


An external combustion engine (EC engine) is an engine which converts heated fluid into kinetic energy.  The heated fluid, called working fluid, can be air, hot water, or pressurized water which is heated in a boiler.  The fluid used to power the engine is cooled and reused in a closed cycle and the fluid is dumped in an open cycle.

Idea
Any combustion engine follows the basic idea of converting fossil fuels into motion. Internal combustion engines do this by converting the energy created by an explosion of the fossil fuels, into motion. External combustion engines, on the other hand, use the energy from burning fossil fuels to expand a gas or liquid and use the expansion to create motion. The addition of this intermediate step is what differentiates an internal vs. external combustion engine. External combustion engines came first, and tend to be more inefficient. Famous examples of external combustion engines are steam engines

Types
There are two types of external combustion: single phase and dual phase. In a single phase engine, the fossil fuels are burned to heat up a gas, which then expands and creates motion. In this case, there is no phase change.

With dual phase, you need one additional mechanism known as a phase transition. This process transforms the phase of liquid to gas. This converts temperature to usable work. Some common examples that use dual-phase engines are steam engines and engines that use Organic Rankine Cycle.

Mechanical engineering

External combustion engine


Pop Idol was a British television series that was first shown on ITV on October 5, 2001. The show was a talent contest to decide the best new young pop singer, or 'pop idol', in the United Kingdom, based on viewer voting and participation. There were two series of Pop Idol. The first was from October 2001 - February 2002. The winner was  Will Young; the runner-up was Gareth Gates. The second series was in 2003. It was won by Michelle McManus.

The Idol series has become an international franchise. It has spun off many successful shows such as Idol, American Idol, Canadian Idol, Australian Idol, Idols West Africa, Indian Idol, Indonesian Idol, New Zealand Idol, Philippine Idol, Pinoy Idol, Hay superstar, Nouvelle Star, Deutschland sucht den SuperStar, Singapore Idol, Malaysian Idol, Music Idol, Idols South Africa, Ídolos Brazil, Ídolos Portugal, and others. It also had a world version named World Idol.

2001 British television series debuts
ITV reality television programmes
English-language television programs

Pop Idol


The  is a public transportation authority of Kagoshima City, Japan. The bureau operates trams and bus lines. From April 1, 2005, together with Nangoku Kōtsū and JR Kyūshū Bus, the bureau introduced RapiCa, a smart card ticketing system.

The bureau was founded in 1928, by taking over Kagoshima Electric Tramway, a private company. The tram line itself existed from 1912.

Kagoshima City Tram
Currently.  is one of the few tram lines in Japan that stably make profits. There are more than 10 million users annually.

Lines and routes

Lines: Officially, there are four lines with the total distance of 13.1 km.
Dai-Ikki-Line ("Phase 1 Line", 第一期線): Takenohashi — Kagoshima-Ekimae
Dai-Niki-Line ("Phase 2 Line", 第二期線): Takamibaba — Kagoshima-Chūō-Ekimae
Taniyama Line (谷山線): Takenohashi — Taniyama
Toso Line (唐湊線): Kagoshima-Chūō-Ekimae — Kōrimoto
Routes: There are two routes regularly in service by using one or more lines above.
■ Route 1 (1系統): Kagoshima-Ekimae — Takamibaba — Takenohashi — Kōrimoto — Taniyama
■ Route 2 (2系統): Kagoshima-Ekimae — Takamibaba — Kagoshima-Chūō-Ekimae — Kōrimoto

Tramcars come once per five minutes generally, once per one minute in busier sections. The fare is ¥170 for all the sections.

See also
List of light-rail transit systems
Little Dancer, one of the LRVs operated on its lines

External links
  Official website

Bus companies of Japan
Tram transport in Japan
Rail transport in Kagoshima Prefecture
Intermodal transport authorities in Japan

Kagoshima City Transportation Bureau