Off the Wall is an album by Michael Jackson. It was released in 1979. 5 of the 10 songs on the album were released as singles: "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough", "Rock With You", "Off the Wall", "She's Out of My Life", and "Girlfriend". Three of them had videos. It sold over 8 million copies in the United States and 20 million copies around the world. The album got good reviews. Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder and described his tenor as "extraordinary beautiful".

The first single, "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough", reached No.1. It won a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 1980. However, Jackson was disappointed at this. He said, "It was totally unfair that it didn't get Record of the Year and it can never happen again".

Off the Wall was Jackson's first album produced by Quincy Jones.

In 2001 a special edition of the album was released by Sony Records with 9 extra tracks.

Rolling Stone put the album at number 68 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2003.

In 2008 the album became part of the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Track listing
 "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" (Michael Jackson) – 6:05
 "Rock with You" (Rod Temperton) – 3:40
 "Workin' Day and Night" (Jackson) – 5:14
 "Get On the Floor" (Jackson, Louis Johnson) – 4:39
 "Off the Wall" (Temperton) – 4:05
 "Girlfriend"  (Paul McCartney) – 3:05
 "She's Out of My Life" (Tom Bahler) – 3:37
 "I Can't Help It" (Stevie Wonder, Susaye Greene) – 4:29
 "It's the Falling In Love" (featuring Patti Austin) (Carole Bayer Sager, David Foster) – 3:48
 "Burn This Disco Out" (Temperton) – 3:41

References

1979 albums
Michael Jackson albums
Disco albums
Funk albums
R&B albums
Epic Records albums

Off the Wall


A production artist is a technical and creative position in a creative profession. The job title originated at advertising agencies, assigning what was known as paste-up work (now prepress production) to the position. Production artists work closely with the designer and art director to execute the design. What distinguishes "production art" from design is opportunities to utilize prepress knowledge into creativity and design training in the work involved. The degree of technical knowledge required for some production art work may be comparable to higher skilled engineering, especially with computers.

The position was once exclusive to print media electronic media such as web pages and CD-ROMs. Skill requirements for a production artist are creative, print production, and working knowledge in using art software of creative industries. Job descriptions for production artists are usually tailored to a company's specific needs. Alternate job titles such as multimedia specialist have been used to expand the role of production artists to multimedia development.  Entry level multimedia work may include data entry or basic skill level programming tasks.

In companies that provide mass printing on paper, novelty items, and out-of-home advertising printing, this position requires an encyclopedic knowledge of pre-press and printing standards through variety of methods. In such companies, it is often a higher paid position than a junior graphic designer or desktop publisher, as it requires more specific knowledge than gathering digital assets and exporting files to standardized image file formats or page description languages such as Adobe Portable Document Format.

Per Comic Book historian Mark Evanier, in that industry the position generally has involved into "lettering corrections, art touch-ups, laying out advertising and other editorial material and generally doing whatever in the office required the services of someone who could draw a little."

Production assistant is a similar position in the film industry.

References

Printing occupations

Advertising occupations

Production artist


In geometry, Sphere packing refers to a number of problems that try to arrange spheres in space. Very often, the spheres all have the same size, and the space used is usually three-dimensional Euclidean space. The problem is part of packing problems. When it is generalised, not all the spheres need to have the same size, and spaces can be n-dimensional Euclidean space, or hyperbolic space.

A typical sphere packing problem is to find an arrangement in which the spheres fill as large a proportion of the space as possible. The proportion of space filled by the spheres is called the density of the arrangement. As the local density of a packing in an infinite space can vary depending on the volume over which it is measured, the problem is usually to maximise the average or asymptotic density, measured over a large enough volume.

Geometry

Sphere packing


Boris Berman (born Moscow, April 3, 1948) is a Russian pianist and pedagogue.

Biography

Berman was a student of Lev Oborin at the Moscow Conservatory. He made his debut in Moscow in 1965. He joined an early music ensemble, at the time the only one in Russia, as a harpsichordist. At the same time he worked with contemporary composers such as Alfred Schnittke and Edison Denisov. He played in the first Russian performances of works by Arnold Schoenberg, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Luciano Berio and György Ligeti. He also was a guest soloist with several orchestras, including the Moscow Philharmonic and the Moscow Chamber orchestras.

In 1973 he was permitted to leave the Soviet Union for Israel. In 1979 he migrated to the United States and has since taught at Boston University, Brandeis University, and Indiana University. He is currently the head of the Piano Department at the Yale School of Music. He was the Founding Director of the Music Spectrum concert series in Israel (1975–84) and of the Yale Music Spectrum series in the USA (1984–1997). In 2005, he was named an Honorary Professor of the Shanghai Conservatory and in 2013, an Honorary Professor of the Royal Danish Conservatory in Copenhagen.

He has appeared in numerous concerts and festivals around the world with artists and groups including Mischa Maisky, Heinz Holliger, Aurèle Nicolet, Shlomo Mintz, György Pauk, Ralph Kirshbaum, Frans Helmerson, Claude Frank, Peter Frankl, Natalia Gutman, Tokyo Quartet, Vermeer Quartet, The Netherland Wind Ensemble, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Gewandhaus Orchestra, The Philharmonia (London), Toronto Symphony, Israel Philharmonic, Minnesota Orchestra, Detroit Symphony, Houston Symphony, Atlanta Symphony, St. Petersburg Philharmonic, and Royal Scottish National Orchestra.

He also regularly conducts master classes throughout the world and has been invited to join panels of jurors at U.S. and international competitions, including in Leeds (UK), Dublin (Ireland), Shanghai, and the Arthur Rubinstein Competition in Tel-Aviv.

Notable recordings
He has released recordings on several record labels, including Philips, Deutsche Grammophon, and Melodiya. His releases include:
 2 CD release of piano sonatas by Alexander Scriabin (Music & Arts)
 Recital of Shostakovich piano works (Ottavo recordings), which received the Edison Classic Award in the Netherlands
 9 CD release of the complete piano works of Sergei Prokofiev (Chandos); he was the first pianist to record all of Prokofiev's solo piano works
 Recitals of Debussy, Stravinsky, and Schnittke, chamber music of Janáček, and a Concerto by Stravinsky (with Orchestre de la Suisse Romande under Neeme Järvi (all released by Chandos)
 Debussy for Children (Ottavo recordings)
 2 releases of works for prepared piano by John Cage (Naxos), which was named the Top Recording by the BBC Music Magazine
 Piano Quintets of Shostakovich and Schnittke with the Vermeer Quartet (Naxos), which was nominated for a Grammy
 A recording of Scott Joplin's Ragtimes (Ottavo)
 Sequenza IV for piano as part of the Naxos collection of complete Sequenzas by Luciano Berio
 Brahms Sonatas with the cellist Clive Greensmith (Biddulph), in which he used an 1867 Bechstein piano

Written works
He has also written several works on piano technique and piano recording, including:
 "Notes from the Pianist's Bench" (Yale University Press) published in 2000
 "Prokofiev's Piano Sonatas: A Guide for the Listener and the Performer" (Yale University Press) published in 2008
 A bilingual edition of the scores of Prokofiev's piano sonatas (Shanghai Press) published in 2011

References
Nicolas Slonimsky, ed., Baker's Biographical Dictionary of 20th Century Classical Musicians, Ninth Edition, Schirmer Books, 1997
Yale Pantheon Press website
Barney Zwartz, "A masterclass in Prokofiev", The Age, 5 July 2008

External links

Russian classical pianists
Jewish classical pianists
Israeli classical pianists
American classical pianists
American male classical pianists
Musicians from Moscow
1948 births
Yale School of Music faculty
Piano pedagogues
Living people
Contemporary classical music performers
Russian Jews
20th-century American pianists
21st-century classical pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists
Moscow Conservatory alumni

Boris Berman (musician)


Midlothian is the names of two areas in Scotland, UK:

 A county on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth
 A landlocked council area.

The county of Midlothian includes the City of Edinburgh. Edinburgh is a council area on its own and so the council area of Midlothian is the area of the county with Edinburgh and some hills in the south cut off.

Midlothian


Alanis Morissette: The Collection is the greatest hits compilation album by Alanis Morissette, released in the United States on 15 November 2005.

Track listing
"Thank You" (Alanis Morissette, Glen Ballard)
"Head over Feet" (Ballard, Morissette)
"8 Easy Steps" (Morissette)
"Everything" (Morissette)
"Crazy" (Seal, Guy Sigsworth)
"Ironic" (Ballard, Morissette)
"Princes Familiar" (Nick Lashley, Morissette) (MTV Unplugged)
"You Learn" (Ballard, Morissette)
"Simple Together" (Morissette)
"You Oughta Know" (Ballard, Morissette)
"That I Would Be Good" (Morissette, Ballard)
"Sister Blister" (Morissette)
"Hands Clean" (Morissette)
"Mercy" (Jonathan Elias, Morissette) (from The Prayer Cycle)
"Still" (Morissette) (from the Dogma soundtrack)
"Uninvited" (Morissette) (from the City of Angels soundtrack)
"Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love)" (Cole Porter) (from the De-Lovely soundtrack)
"Hand in My Pocket" (Ballard, Morissette)
iTunes bonus tracks
"So Unsexy" (Morissette) (acoustic/Vancouver sessions) - also available for free download at Alanis' official website.
"Crazy" (Tony Kanal extended mix)

The Collection Info
Morissette's singles that are not on the album include "All I Really Want", "Joining You", "Unsent", "So Pure", the live track "King of Pain" (a cover of The Police song), "Precious Illusions" and the European single "Out Is Through". Additionally, none of her eight dance pop single releases under MCA Records's Canada imprint are present.

References
"Alanis Morissette". Mariah-charts.com. Retrieved December 1, 2006.

Other websites
The Collection site at Alanis.com

2005 albums
Alanis Morissette albums

Alanis Morissette: The Collection


A hairdresser's job is to organise hair into a particular style or "look". They can cut hair, add colour to it or texture it. A hairdresser may be female or male. Qualified staff are usually called "stylists", who are supported by assistants. Most hairdressing businesses are unisex, that is, they serve both sexes, and have both sexes on their staff.

Male hairdressers who simply cut men's hair (and do not serve females) are often called barbers.

Qualifications for hairdressing usually mean a college course, or an apprenticeship under a senior stylist. Some aspects of the job are quite technical (such as hair dying) and require careful teaching.

Personal service occupations
Hair

Hairdresser


Maharbal was Hannibal's cavalry-leader during the Second Punic War. Many times he was important in Carthage's successes over Rome.  In his Italian campaign, Hannibal always was able to have more cavalry than Rome, and so relied on them and Maharbal to give himself a big advantage.

Maharbal is most famous for what he said to Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae. According to Livy, a Roman historian, the conversation went like this after Maharbal said he wanted to go with the army to Rome immediately:

"I commend your zeal", Hannibal said to Maharbal; "but I need time to weigh the plan that you propose." "Assuredly", Maharbal replied, "no one man has been blessed with all God's gifts. You know, Hannibal, how to gain a victory; you do not know how to use it."   -Livy, The History of Rome 22.51

In Simple English:
"I like your enthusiasm", Hannibal said to Maharbal; "but I need time to think about what you want to do." Maharbal said back, "It is true that no one is perfect. You know how to win, Hannibal; you do not know what to do after."

Livy wrote this in Latin, so Maharbal's reply is often quoted in Latin, and is a famous phrase: "Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria uti nescis."

Carthaginian people

Maharbal


Field Marshal of the Philippines was a rank created in 1936 to be held by Douglas MacArthur.

Douglas MacArthur
US Army General Douglas MacArthur was the first and only field marshal in the history of the Philippine Army, a position he held while also acting as the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines with a rank of major general. President Quezon conferred the rank of field marshal on 24 August 1936 and MacArthur's duty included the supervision of the creation of the Philippine nation-state.

MacArthur was accorded the rank as Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines, which retained his services to form an army in response to the growing danger from Japan and the increasing likelihood of war in the Pacific.

MacArthur retired from the United States Army as a major-general, having previously served as a full general while Chief of Staff of the United States Army.  President Manuel L. Quezon then hired him as a military advisor and commissioned him a Field Marshal in the Philippine Army, a rank which had not previously existed.  (MacArthur's wife found the situation amusing and often remarked that MacArthur had gone from holding the highest rank in the United States Army to holding the highest rank in a non-existent army.)

President Quezon officially conferred the title of Field Marshal on MacArthur in a ceremony at Malacañan Palace on August 24, 1936. He was presented at that time with a gold baton and a unique uniform. Although unofficially considered as the five-star rank in the Armed Forces of the Philippines, MacArthur wore no special insignia as Field Marshal of the Philippines, except for a modification to his army officer's cap. To the standard gold-trimmed visor of a United States general's cap, MacArthur added gilt trim to the front body of the cap, above the visor.  MacArthur referred to this modified headdress as his "Philippine Field Marshal's cap" and wore it for the duration of World War II and into the Korean War.  However, the modified army headdress was against regulations, and MacArthur never officially obtained permission to wear this as a part of his uniform.

On December 31, 1937, MacArthur first retired from the U.S. Army and the Philippine Army. He ceased to represent the United States as military adviser to the government but remained in the Philippines as Quezon's adviser in a civilian capacity.

In July 1941, MacArthur was recalled to active duty as Supreme Allied Commander South West Pacific Area. For the duration of the war he continued to wear the "Field Marshal's cap".

Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo, the first President of the Philippines, held an equivalent rank of five-star general under the title "Generalissimo" and              "Minister Marshal" as the first Commander-in-Chief of the AFP.

After 1946, the rank of Field Marshal disappeared from the Philippine military and today is obsolete (the highest rank now obtainable is that of four-star general).  In theory, the rank could again be conferred, but this would only be in the event of the Philippines' entering into a major war.

References

Military ranks of the Philippines
Philippines
Commonwealth of the Philippines

Field Marshal (Philippines)


() is the Japanese word for fox.  There are a lot of foxes in Japanese folklore. Stories depict them as intelligent beings and as having magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom. The most important of their magic tricks is the ability to assume human form. While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others — as foxes in folklore often do — others portray them as faithful guardians, friends, lovers, and wives.

Foxes and human beings lived close together in ancient Japan; this is why there are legends about them. Kitsune have become closely associated with Inari, a Shinto kami or spirit, and serve as his messengers. This role has reinforced the fox's supernatural importance. The more tails a kitsune has — they may have as many as nine — the older, wiser, and more powerful it is. Because of their potential power and influence, some people make offerings to them as to a god.

Shinto
Japanese mythology

Kitsune


The Ipcress File is a 1965 British spy film directed by Sidney J. Furie and starring Michael Caine. The screenplay, by Bill Canaway and James Doran, was based on Len Deighton's novel The IPCRESS File (1962). It received a BAFTA award for the Best British film released in 1965. In 1999, it was included at number 59 on the BFI list of the 100 best British films of the 20th century.

This film and its sequels were a deliberately downbeat alternative to the hugely successful James Bond films, even though some of the production team were previously involved with the 007 movies.

Plot
A scientist called Radcliffe is kidnapped from a train and his security escort killed. Harry Palmer, a British Army sergeant with a criminal past, now working for a Ministry of Defence organisation, is summoned by his superior, Colonel Ross, and transferred to a section headed by Major Dalby. Ross suspects that Radcliffe's disappearance is connected to the fact that sixteen other top British scientists have inexplicably left their jobs at the peak of their careers. He threatens Dalby that his group will go if Radcliffe cannot be recovered. Palmer is then introduced as a replacement for the dead security escort.

Afterwards, Dalby tells his agents that the main suspects are Eric Grantby and his chief of staff, codenamed "Housemartin", and orders the team to find out where they are at present. Palmer is also introduced to and befriends Jock Carswell. Using a Scotland Yard contact, Palmer locates Grantby but, when Palmer tries to stop Grantby getting away, he is attacked by Housemartin.

Housemartin is arrested later but, before he can be questioned, he is killed by men impersonating Palmer and Carswell. Suspecting that Radcliffe is being held in a certain disused factory, Palmer orders a search, but nothing is found except a piece of audiotape marked "IPCRESS" that produces meaningless noise when played. Dalby then points out that the paper on which Grantby had written a false phone number is the programme for an upcoming military band concert. There Dalby and Palmer encounter Grantby and a deal is struck for Radcliffe's return.

The exchange goes as planned but, as they are leaving, Palmer shoots a man in the shadows who turns out to be a CIA agent. Subsequently, another CIA operative threatens to kill Palmer if he discovers that the death was not a mistake. Some days later, it becomes clear that while Radcliffe is physically unharmed, his mind has been affected and he can no longer function as a scientist. Carswell has discovered a booklet titled "Induction of Psychoneurosis by Conditioned Reflex under Stress" – IPCRESS – which he believes explains what has happened to Radcliffe and the other scientists. Carswell borrows Palmer's car to test his theory on Radcliffe, but is shot before reaching him.

Believing that he himself must have been the intended target, Palmer goes home to collect his belongings and there discovers the body of the second CIA agent. When he returns to the office, the IPCRESS file is missing from his desk. Ross had previously asked him to microfilm the file and Palmer now believes that he is being set up. When he informs Dalby what has happened and that he suspects Ross, Dalby tells him to leave town for a while.

On the train to Paris, Palmer is kidnapped and wakes up imprisoned in a cell in Albania. After subjecting Palmer to several days without sleep, food and warmth, Grantby reveals himself as his kidnapper. Having previously read the file, Palmer realises that they are preparing to brainwash him. He uses pain to distract himself, but after many sessions under stress from disorienting images and loud electronic sounds, he succumbs. Grantby then instills a trigger phrase that will make Palmer follow any commands given to him.

Palmer eventually fights his way out and discovers that he is really still in London. He phones Dalby, not knowing that Dalby is in Grantby's company at the time. Dalby uses the trigger phrase and gets Palmer to call Ross to the warehouse where he had been held. As Dalby and Ross arrive, Palmer holds them both at gunpoint. Dalby accuses Ross of killing Carswell; Ross tells Palmer that he had been suspicious of Dalby and was investigating him.

Dalby now uses the trigger phrase again and tells Palmer to "Shoot the traitor now". As Palmer wavers, his hand strikes against a piece of equipment and the pain reminds him of his conditioning. Dalby goes for his gun and Palmer shoots him.
Ross then remarks that, in choosing Palmer for the assignment, he had hoped that Palmer's tendency to insubordination would be useful. When Palmer reproaches Ross for endangering him, he is told that this is what he is paid for.

Cast

Michael Caine as Harry Palmer
Guy Doleman as Colonel Ross
Nigel Green as Major Dalby
Sue Lloyd as Jean Courtney
Gordon Jackson as Jock Carswell
Aubrey Richards as Dr. Radcliffe
Frank Gatliff as Eric Grantby (Bluejay)
Thomas Baptiste as Barney
Oliver MacGreevy as Housemartin
Freda Bamford as Alice
Pauline Winter as Charlady
Anthony Blackshaw as Edwards
Barry Raymond as Gray
David Glover as Chilcott-Oakes
Stanley Meadows as Inspector Keightley
Peter Ashmore as Sir Robert
Michael Murray as Raid Inspector
Anthony Baird as Raid Sergeant
Tony Caunter as O.N.I. man
Douglas Blackwell as Murray
Glynn Edwards as Police Station Sergeant

Production

Development
Deighton was hired to write a screenplay for the James Bond film From Russia with Love, but later was let go because of a lack of progress. However, Deighton's brief involvement with Eon Productions led him to sell the film rights to his Harry Palmer novels to the Bond series co-producer Harry Saltzman, who had previously been known for producing "kitchen-sink realist" dramas. Among other crew members who worked on The Ipcress File and had also worked on the Bond films up to that point were the production designer Ken Adam, the film editor Peter Hunt and the film score composer John Barry.

Harry Saltzman gave Jimmy Sangster a copy of the novel to read. Sangster enjoyed the book and was eager to adapt the novel, suggesting Michael Caine to play the main role and Sidney J. Furie as director. However, Saltzman would not commit to the timeframe that Sangster insisted upon.

Sangster embellished Deighton's protagonist by removing the ambiguity of the novel. There it is only in Chapter 5 that Palmer remarks, "My name isn't Harry, but in this business it's hard to remember whether it ever had been". But from the opening scenes of the film, Sangster's screenplay identifies Caine's character clearly as someone who cares little for authority, who indulges in quick repartee and has an interest in good food. Newspaper cuttings shown in Palmer's kitchen are actually cookery articles written for The Observer by Deighton, who was an accomplished cook himself. For a scene where Palmer prepares a meal, Deighton attempted to teach Caine how to crack an egg with one hand, which Caine could not manage. As a result, the hands in close-up are really Deighton's.

Filming

Saltzman wanted The Ipcress File to be an ironic and downbeat alternative to the portrayal of espionage in Ian Fleming's novels about the spy James Bond and the film series which followed from them. He also wanted it to be more in the style of his previous realist films. The Ipcress File therefore became the first of the nominally rival Harry Palmer series and some aspects are reminiscent of film noir. In contrast to Bond's public school background and playboy lifestyle, Palmer is a working class Londoner who lives in a Notting Hill bedsit and has to put up with red tape and interdepartmental rivalries. The action is set entirely in "a gritty, gloomy, decidedly non-swinging" London with humdrum locations, aside from the Royal Albert Hall.

The film was made at Pinewood Studios with sets designed by the art directors Peter Murton and Ken Adam. The film was shot on location around London in the widescreen screen ratio using Techniscope. In this format, the normal 35mm film frame is split in half, each now taking up only two perforations on the edges of the film stock rather than usual four. The format was introduced by Technicolor Italia in 1963 and allowed for a greater depth of field as it was shot with lenses of shorter focal length than those used in the anamorphic widescreen processes. This allowed cinematographer Otto Heller to construct images in deep focus, shooting behind objects and allowing both the objects in the foreground and the action taking place in the background to be in focus.

Sound
John Barry, who had worked on all of the Bond films up to this time, composed the music score for the soundtrack. As opposed to the electric guitar which carried the melody in the "James Bond Theme", Barry made prominent use of a cimbalom. The complex electronic sound effect of the brain-washing process was conceived by sound engineer Norman Wanstall and created by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop.

Reception
When the film premiered at the Leicester Square Theatre in London on 18 March 1965, the film critic for The Times had mixed feelings about it. While enjoying the first part of the film, and generally praising Michael Caine, the critic found the second half bewildering to the extent that the characters "cease to be pleasantly mystifying and become just irritatingly obscure." A review in Variety was largely positive, describing the film as "anti-Bond" for its unglamorous depiction of espionage, and praising Caine's understated performance but criticising the sometimes "arty-crafty" camera work.

Subsequently, the film has come to be recognised as a classic. The Ipcress File is included on the British Film Institute's BFI 100, a list of 100 of the best British films of the 20th century, at No. 59. The review website Rotten Tomatoes sampled 31 critics resulting in an aggregate rating of 98%.

The film won the BAFTA Award for Best British Film, and Ken Adam won the award for Best British Art Direction, Colour.

Screenwriters Bill Canaway and James Doran received a 1966 Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Foreign Film Screenplay.

Sequels
There were two immediate sequels starring Harry Palmer: Funeral in Berlin (1966) and Billion Dollar Brain (1967). Decades later Michael Caine returned to the character in Harry Alan Towers's Bullet to Beijing (1995) and Midnight in Saint Petersburg (1996).

TV Series

In December 2020, it was announced that ITV would adapt The Ipcress File as a six-part TV serial.

See also
 BFI Top 100 British films

Notes

References

External links
 The Ipcress File at the British Film Institute

 The Ipcress File – Photos
 Kees Stam's Harry Palmer movie site and filming locations
 The Deighton Dossier
 The Ipcress File Blu-ray review

1965 films
British spy films
Cold War spy films
1960s spy films
1960s thriller films
Political thriller films
Films based on British novels
Films based on mystery novels
Films set in London
Films shot in London
Films directed by Sidney J. Furie
Fiction about mind control
Films scored by John Barry (composer)
Best British Film BAFTA Award winners
Films produced by Harry Saltzman
Cold War in popular culture
Films about hypnosis
Films about mind control
1960s English-language films
1960s British films

The Ipcress File (film)


A video projector takes a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a screen using a lens system. All video projectors use a very bright light to project the image, and most modern ones can correct any curves, blurriness, and other inconsistencies through manual settings. Video projectors are widely used for conference room presentations, classroom training, and home theatre applications.

A video projector may also be built into a cabinet with a rear-projection screen to form a single unified display device, now popular for "home theater" applications.

Common display resolutions for a portable projector include SVGA (800×600 pixels), XGA (1024×768 pixels), and 720p (1280×720 pixels).

The cost of a device is not only determined by its resolution, but also by its light output, acoustic noise output, contrast, and other characteristics.

Obsolete technologies
 Eidophor oil-film projectors
 Telaria oil-film projectors
 ILA (Image Light Amplifier) light valves.

Major manufacturers
 Hewlett-Packard
 Sharp
 Sony

References
 LCD VS. DLP in Projectors  SaveOnProjectors.com

Machines
Output devices

Video projector


Gerontology (from Greek: γέρων, geron, "old man" and -λογία, -logy, "study of") is the study of the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging created by Ilya Mechnikov. It is distinguished from geriatrics, which is the branch of medicine that studies the disease of the elderly.

Gerontology includes these and other endeavors:
investigating the aging process itself (biogerontology);
investigating the interface of normal aging and age-related disease (geroscience);
investigating the effects of our aging population on society, including the fiscal effects of pensions, entitlements, life and health insurance, and retirement planning;
applying this knowledge to policies and programs, i.e. government planning or running a nursing home.

Biogerontology
Biogerontology is the subfield of gerontology dedicated to studying the biological processes of aging. It includes Biomedical gerontology, also known as experimental gerontology and life extension, is a sub discipline of biogerontology that endeavors to slow, prevent, and even reverse aging in both humans and animals. Curing age-related diseases is one approach, and slowing down the underlying processes of aging with the help of physical exercises is another. Most "life extensionists" believe the human life span can be altered within the 21st century.

Social gerontology
Social gerontology is a multi-disciplinary sub-field that specializes in studying or working with older adults. Social gerontologists may have degrees or training in social work, nursing, psychology, sociology, demography, gerontology, or other social science disciplines. Social gerontologists are responsible for educating, researching, and advancing the broader causes of older people by giving informative presentations, publishing books and articles that pertain to the aging population, producing relevant films and television programs, and producing new graduates of these various disciplines in college and university settings.

Some academic resources
 Ageing & Society, eISSN: 1710-1107 , Cambridge University Press
 Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, ISSN: 0167-4943, Elsevier
 Educational Gerontology, eISSN: 1521-0472 , Routledge
 Experimental Gerontology, ISSN: 0531-5565, Elsevier
 Geriatrics & Gerontology International, eISSN: 1447-0594 , Japan Geriatrics Society
 Gerontology, eISSN: 1423-0003 , Karger
 Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, eISSN: 1545-3847 , Routledge
 Journal of Aging Studies, ISSN: 0890-4065, Elsevier
 International Journal of Gerontology, ISSN: 1873-9598, Elsevier
 Journal of Applied Gerontology, eISSN: 1552-4523  , SAGE Publications

Related pages

Life expectancy
Longevity
Exercise

Gerontology


Jouett Shouse (December 10, 1879 – June 2, 1968) was an American lawyer, newspaper publisher, and leading Democratic politician.  A conservative, he was best known for opposing the New Deal in the 1930s.

Born in Midway, Kentucky, his family moved to Mexico, Missouri in 1892 where he attended public school. After studying at the University of Missouri at Columbia he returned to his native Kentucky where he served on the staff of the Lexington Herald from 1898 to 1904 and eventually became the owner/editor of The Kentucky Farmer and Breeder.

In 1911, Jouett Shouse moved to Kinsley, Kansas, where he married. He became involved in agricultural and livestock businesses and served on the board of directors of the director of the Kinsley Bank. He was elected a state senator in 1913 then in 1915 was elected to the United States Congress where he served until 1919 when  President Woodrow Wilson appointed him as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. At the Treasury Department he was in charge of customs, internal revenue and reorganized the War Risk Insurance division until November 15, 1920 when he resigned "in order to adjust his personal affairs."

Shouse was very active in the Democratic Party and was appointed chairman of the executive committee of the Democratic National Committee in May 1929. His powerful position in Washington politics led to him being on the cover of the November 10, 1930 issue of TIME magazine. He opposed the nomination of Franklin D. Roosevelt as the Democratic Party's candidate for president and along with John J. Raskob supported the candidacy of Alfred E. Smith.

In early 1930s Shouse divorced his wife of twenty-one years and married the wealthy divorcee, Catherine Filene Dodd. A native of Boston, Massachusetts, the new Mrs. Shouse was a daughter of A. Lincoln Filene, head of Filene's department stores. She would serve on the board of trustees of the Filene Foundation. After their marriage, Jouett and Catherine Shouse took in and brought up a boy whom they renamed William Filene Shouse.

Liberty League

After Roosevelt's election, Shouse left his leadership position to become president of the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment. That organization played an important role in bringing about the repeal of prohibition in 1933. In this campaign Shouse worked together with Roosevelt's people.

Shouse broke with the liberals and became the president of the American Liberty League, 1934–40, a new conservative organization formed by leading businessmen to oppose parts of the New Deal. Roosevelt received him in the White House for a generous amount of discussion concerning the group's values and concerns, and he left Shouse charmed. Later, however, Roosevelt told the press that Shouse's organization put "too much stress on property rights, too little on human rights." The League, he said, was sworn to "uphold two of the Ten Commandments".

Regarding the controversial National Recovery Administration, Shouse was ambivalent. He commented that "the NRA has indulged in unwarranted excesses of attempted regulation"; on the other hand, he added that "in many regards [the NRA] has served a useful purpose."  Shouse said that he had "deep sympathy" with the goals of the NRA, explaining, "While I feel very strongly that the prohibition of child labor, the maintenance of a minimum wage and the limitation of the hours of work belong under our form of government in the realm of the affairs of the different states, yet I am entirely willing to agree that in the case of an overwhelming national emergency the Federal Government for a limited period should be permitted to assume jurisdiction of them."

In 1936 Roosevelt built his campaign on crusading against the American Liberty League as a band of economic royalists.

Shouse practiced law in Kansas City, Missouri as well as in Washington, D.C. In 1953, he was appointed chairman of the board of directors of New York City-based Anton Smit and Co. Inc., now part of 3M.

Thoroughbred horse racing
Shouse grew up in Kentucky, where Thoroughbred horse breeding and racing was an integral part of daily life as well as the state's economy. According to a 1916 article in the New York Times, for many years he was actively engaged in promoting the Thoroughbred interests of Kentucky. Shouse and his second wife Catherine owned Wolf Trap Farm in Vienna, Virginia, where they raised and bred  boxer dogs as well as Thoroughbred horses used as show hunters and for competing in flat racing. A part of the farm was later donated by Mrs. Shouse to become the site of the Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts.

Shouse retired in 1965 and died in 1968. He is buried in the Lexington Cemetery in Lexington, Kentucky.

References

Further reading
 Kyvig, David. Repealing National Prohibition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
 Rudolph, Frederick. "The American Liberty League, 1934-1940," American Historical Review 56 (October 1950): 19-33, in JSTOR
 Shamir, Ronen. Managing Legal Uncertainty: Elite Lawyers in the New Deal (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995)
 Wolfskill, George. The Revolt of the Conservatives: A History of the American Liberty League, 1934-1940 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962)

External links
 The United States Congress biography for Jouett Shouse
 August 15, 1916 New York Times article on Jouett Shouse and Thoroughbred racehorses
 November 10, 1930 TIME magazine cover story on Jouett Shouse
 Information on Jouett Shouse at the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Heritage website
 Guide to the Jouett Shouse papers 1899-1967 housed at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections Research Center

1879 births
1968 deaths
University of Missouri alumni
American lawyers
Democratic Party Kansas state senators
American racehorse owners and breeders
People from Midway, Kentucky
Prohibition in the United States
People from Vienna, Virginia
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Kansas
Old Right (United States)
Sportspeople from Fairfax County, Virginia
People from Mexico, Missouri
Filene family

Jouett Shouse


PES có thể là:

Packetized elementary stream, part of the MPEG communication protocol
Pallasite Eagle Station grouplet, a pallasite meteorite grouplet
Party of European Socialists, a pan-European political party
Passenger Environment Survey, quality-control system for transit systems
Payment for ecosystem services
PES University, a university in Bangalore, India
P.E.S. Institute of Technology, an engineering college in Bangalore, India
Pes anserine bursitis, inflammatory of the inner knee at the bursa of the pes anserinus
PES (director), film director and animator born Adam Pesapane
Photoemission spectroscopy, a measurement of a substance's binding energy using the photoelectric effect
Polyester, an artificially produced organic chemical that is spun and woven to make fabric
Polyethersulfone, a thermoplastic polymer
Poly(ethylene succinate), a type of polyester
Potential energy surface, in physics and chemistry
Power Engineering Society, the oldest society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) focused on the scientific and engineering knowledge about electric power and energy
Premier Election Solutions, formerly Diebold Election Systems
Price elasticity of supply in Economics
Pro Evolution Soccer, một trò chơi điện tử
Programmed electrical stimulation, a type of electrophysiologic study
Providence Elementary School, an elementary school in Chesterfield County, VA
Proposed Encryption Standard
 PSTN Emulation System for IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
Psychiatric Emergency Services
PULHHEEMS, a system of grading physical and mental fitness used by Britain's armed forces

PES


George Washington Parke Custis (April 30, 1781 - October 10, 1857) was an American writer, orator, and agricultural reformer. He was the grandson of Martha Washington through her first husband, John Parke Custis. When his father died in 1781, George Washington Park Custis was raised at Mount Vernon by George and Martha Washington as their own son.

In 1804, Custis married Mary Lee Fitzhugh. They had four children.  Only one, Mary Anna Randolph Custis, survived.  In 1818, Custis completed Arlington House in Alexandria, Virginia. He displayed a large number of Mount Vernon relics there.

In 1831, his daughter married Lt. Robert E. Lee. The two remained in Arlington House. They had 7 children. Lee helped Custis manage his business affairs. Custis died in his bedroom at Arlington House in 1857.

References
 NPA:George Washington Parke Custis

People from Virginia
1781 births
1857 deaths

George Washington Parke Custis


William Stowell Tilton (February 1, 1828 – March 23, 1889) was an American businessman and soldier who led a regiment, and occasionally a brigade, in the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. He and his men were heavily engaged in the Battle of Gettysburg, where Tilton's performance created controversy.

Early life
William Tilton was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts. He was educated in the local schools. He was a manufacturer and merchant in the years before the war.

Civil War
Tilton enlisted in the army and became a first lieutenant in the 22nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry on September 12, 1861. He was promoted to the rank of major on October 2 of that year. Tilton served in the Peninsula Campaign in the army of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, serving in the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, V Corps. He was wounded in the shoulder and captured on May 27, 1862, at the Battle of Gaines' Mill. Tilton was exchanged on August 15 of that year. In the meantime, he had become lieutenant colonel of the regiment on June 28. At that rank, he led the regiment in the 1st Brigade, which was led by Col. James Barnes at the Battle of Antietam.

Tilton was made colonel of the 22nd Massachusetts Infantry on October 17, leading the regiment at the Battle of Fredericksburg. In 1863, Tilton continued leading the regiment in the First Brigade, First Division, under Barnes, who had recently become a brigadier general, including at the Battle of Chancellorsville. When Brig. Gen. Charles Griffin went on leave following Chancellorsville, Barnes became acting division commander. Tilton, by seniority, took charge of the First Brigade.

He led the brigade at the Battle of Gettysburg. His command was deployed on the right flank of Col. Jacob B. Sweitzer's 2nd Brigade in between the Peach Orchard and the Wheatfield on July 2, 1863. What followed has remained controversial. When Barnes's division was under attack, he told both brigade commanders they could retreat. Sweitzer saw this as a peremptory command, but Tilton described this in his report as discretionary. Whatever the truth of this, Tilton said he reconnoitered and discovered a large Confederate force coming up on his left flank. This led him to order a retreat. This left a gap in the Federal line, and other veterans later criticized the actions of Tilton and Barnes.

On July 3, the 1st Brigade relieved Col. Strong Vincent's 3rd Brigade, which had passed to Col. James C. Rice after Vincent had been killed in the defense of Little Round Top. Tilton reported only 474 soldiers present for duty at Gettysburg and a loss of 109 from that number. Another estimate is that Tilton lost 125 of 655 men, a loss of 19.1%, a low percentage compared to Sweitzer's 30% reported by the same author.

After Gettysburg, Tilton retained brigade command until August 18, 1863. He returned to regimental command until November 19, when he again resumed brigade command. When the Army of the Potomac was reorganized in 1864 for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign, Tilton was assigned to lead his regiment in Jacob Sweitzer's brigade of Griffin's division. He served in that role in the Battle of the Wilderness, the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, and the Battle of Cold Harbor, as well as in the early stages of the Siege of Petersburg. Tilton remained in regimental command until June 18, 1864, when he again became acting brigade commander until August 22. During this time he was engaged in action at the battles of Jerusalem Plank Road and Globe Tavern.

Tilton was mustered out of volunteer service on October 17 of that year. On December 12, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Tilton for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general, United States Volunteers, to rank from September 9, 1864, for distinguished services during the war. The U.S. Senate confirmed the award on February 20, 1865.

Postbellum activities
In 1866 General Tilton became a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts.  He was also a member of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

Tilton served as governor of the National Soldiers' Home in Togus, Maine, from 1869 to 1883. He retired to a home in Boston, Massachusetts.

He died in Newtonville, Massachusetts, and was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

See also
List of Massachusetts generals in the American Civil War

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Gottfried, Bradley M. Brigades of Gettysburg. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002. .
 Hunt, Roger D. and Brown, Jack R. Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue. Gaithersburg, MD: Olde Soldier Books, Inc., 1990.
 Pfanz, Harry W. Gettysburg – The Second Day. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987. .

External links
 22nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, Inc.

1828 births
1889 deaths
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
People from Newburyport, Massachusetts
Union Army colonels

William S. Tilton


A battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy by a chemical reaction.  Usually the chemicals are kept inside the battery.  It is used in a circuit to power other components.   A battery produces direct current (DC) electricity (electricity that flows in one direction, and does not switch back and forth).

Using the electricity from an outlet in a building is cheaper and more efficient, but a battery can provide electricity in areas that do not have electric power distribution.  It is also useful for things that move, such as electric vehicles and mobile phones.

Batteries may be primary or secondary. The primary is thrown away when it can no longer provide electricity. The secondary can be recharged and reused.

The chemistry inside a battery
A Battery can be one cell or many cells.  Each cell has an anode, cathode and electrolyte.  The electrolyte is the main material inside the battery.  It is often a type of acid, and can be dangerous to touch.  The anode reacts with the electrolyte to produce electrons (this is the negative or - end).  The cathode reacts with the electrolyte and takes electrons (this is the positive or + end). An electric current happens when a wire connects the anode to the cathode, and the electrons move from one end to the other. (But a battery can be damaged by just a wire connecting the two ends, so a load is also needed between the two ends.  The load is something that slows the electrons down, and usually does something useful, like a lightbulb in a flashlight, or the electronics in a calculator).

The electrolyte can be liquid or solid.  A battery is called a wet cell or dry cell battery, depending on the type of electrolyte.

The chemical reactions that occur in a battery are exothermic reactions.  This type of reaction makes heat.  For example, if you leave your laptop on for a long time, and then touch the battery, it will be warm or hot.

A rechargeable battery is recharged by reversing the chemical reaction that occurs within the battery.  But a rechargeable battery can only be recharged a given number of times (recharge life).  Even built-in batteries, cannot be recharged forever.  Moreover, each time a battery is recharged, its ability to hold a charge goes down a bit.  Non-rechargeable batteries should not be charged as various harmful substances can leak out, such as potassium hydroxide.

The cells can be connected to make a bigger battery.  Connecting the positive of one cell to the negative of the next cell is called connecting them in series.  The voltage of each battery are added together.  Two six volt batteries connected in series will make 12 volts.

Connecting the positive of one cell to the positive of the other, and the negative to the negative is called connecting them in parallel.  The voltage stays the same, but the current is added together.  Voltage is the pressure pushing the electrons through the wires, it is measured in volts. Current is how many electrons can go at once, it is measured in amps.  The combination of current and voltage is the power (watts = volts x amps) of the battery.

Battery sizes
Batteries come in many different shapes, sizes and voltages.

AA, AAA, C, and D cells, including alkaline batteries, are of standard sizes and shapes, and have about 1.5 volts. The voltage of a cell depends on the chemicals used.  The electric charge it can supply depends on how large the cell is, as well as what chemicals.  The charge a battery delivers is usually measured in ampere-hours.  Since the voltage stays the same, more charge means a bigger cell can supply more amps, or run for a longer time.

History

The first battery was invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta. Nowadays, his battery is called the voltaic pile.

In small, modern batteries, the fluid is immobilized in a kind of paste and everything is put in a sealed case. Because of this case, nothing can spill out of the battery. Larger batteries, such as car batteries, still have liquid inside and are not sealed. A kind of battery that uses molten salts as the electrolyte was invented during World War II.

Types of batteries

Dry cells, cells that do not contain a liquid (or contain an immobilized liquid such as a paste or gel) as the electrolyte
Primary cell, cells that cannot be recharged
Alkaline battery, "alkaline", not rechargeable
Mercury battery, not rechargeable
Leclanche battery, "super heavy duty", not rechargeable
Lithium battery, not rechargeable, "coin cell"
Silver oxide battery, not rechargeable, watch battery
Voltaic pile, Allesandro Voltas first battery
Secondary cell, cells that can be recharged
Sealed lead acid battery
Lithium-ion battery, rechargeable, used in cell phones and laptops
Nickel cadmium battery, "NiCd", rechargeable
Nickel metal-hydride battery, "NiMH", rechargeable
Nickel–zinc battery

Wet cells, cells that contain liquid as the electrolyte
Lead acid battery, rechargeable, car battery
Nickel-iron battery, rechargeable, Edison battery
Wet cell nickel cadmium battery, rechargeable, used for starting aircraft engines
 Fuel cell, recharged by adding fuel

Alternatives to batteries
Fuel cells and solar cells are not batteries because they do not store the energy inside them.

A capacitor is not a battery because it does not store the energy in a chemical reaction.  A capacitor can store electricity and create electricity much faster than a battery, but it usually costs too much to make it as big as a battery can be.  Scientists and chemical engineers are working to make better capacitors and batteries for electric cars.

Small electrical generators operated by hand and foot can supply power in small electrical devices. Clockwork radios, clockwork torches and similar devices also have a wind-up spring to store mechanical energy.

References

Battery


Juancito Pinto (also known as "Bono Juancito Pinto") is a program of the government of Evo Morales in Bolivia which improves access to education by giving school vouchers to children. It is part of the state's economic policy focused on fostering social development.

The program was created by decree on October 26, 2006, establishing an annual cash grant of Bs 200 (US$28.50) for each child from 1st to 6th grade in public elementary schools. This facilitates school attendance, particularly for low-income children, by helping offset the costs of transportation, books, and uniforms. The program is named after a young drummer in the Bolivian Army who was killed in the War of the Pacific and is today regarded as a hero.

The money for Juancito Pinto comes from funds generated by the nationalization of Bolivia's hydrocarbons industry in 2006.

In July, 2008, President Evo Morales modified the Decree, widening the benefit to 8th grade of elementary public schools. This modification also made the Ministry of Education responsible for the bond payment.

Evo Morales
Education in Bolivia
Government of Bolivia

Juancito Pinto


A wildlife inspector is a person empowered by law to protect wildlife.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, a wildlife inspector is a person authorised in writing by the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs under S19ZA of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. An authorisation can be subject to any conditions or limitations specified in it.

Powers of entry
A wildlife inspector may, at any reasonable time and (if required to do so) upon producing evidence that he is authorised:
enter† and inspect any premises for the purpose of ascertaining whether an offence under section 6, section 9(5) or section 13(2) is being, or has been, committed on those premises,
enter† and inspect any premises where he has reasonable cause to believe that any birds included in Schedule 4 are kept, for the purpose of ascertaining whether an offence under section 7 is being, or has been, committed on those premises,
enter any premises (except a dwelling) for the purpose of ascertaining whether an offence under section 14 is being, or has been, committed on those premises,
enter and inspect any premises for the purpose of verifying any statement or representation which has been made by an occupier, or any document or information which has been furnished by him, and which he made or furnished
for the purposes of obtaining (whether for himself or another) a registration under section 7 or a licence under section 16, or
in connection with a registration or license held by him.

But in the case of the sections marked †, an inspector cannot enter a dwelling except for purposes connected with:
a registration or held by an occupier of the dwelling, or
an application by an occupier of the dwelling for a registration or license.

Other powers
A wildlife inspector may, for the purpose of ascertaining whether an offense under section 6, 7, section 14 section 9(5)], 13(2) or  is being, or has been, committed in respect of any specimen, require any person who has the specimen in his possession or control to make it available for examination by the inspector.

Any person who has in his possession or control any live bird or other animal shall give any wildlife inspector acting in the exercise of powers conferred by this section such assistance as the inspector may reasonably require for the purpose of examining the bird or other animal. It is an offence to fail without reasonable excuse to give any assistance reasonably required.

Any person who intentionally obstructs a wildlife inspector acting in the exercise of powers of entry examination shall be guilty of an offence. Any person who, with intent to deceive, falsely pretends to be a wildlife inspector shall be guilty of an offence.

United States
In the United States, a wildlife inspector is a person employed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in the defense against the illegal wildlife trade by ensuring that wildlife shipments comply with American and international wildlife protection laws.

Stationed at major international airports, ocean ports, and border crossings, wildlife inspectors monitor an annual trade worth more than $2.8 billion. They stop illegal shipments, intercept smuggled wildlife and wildlife products, and help the United States fulfill its commitment to global wildlife conservation.

Laws enforced
16 USC 668 - Bald & Golden Eagle Protection Act
16 USC 703 - Migratory Bird Treaty Act
16 USC 1361 - Marine Mammal Protection Act
16 USC 1531 - Endangered Species Act (includes the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species - CITES)
16 USC 2401 - Antarctic Conservation Act
16 USC 4201 - African Elephant Conservation Act
16 USC 4901 - Wild Bird Conservation Act
16 USC 5306 - Rhino Tiger Conservation Act
18 USC 42 and 16 USC. 3371 - Lacey Act Amendments

Locations
By law, most commercial wildlife shipments come through 17 'designated ports' - Anchorage, Alaska; Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; Boston, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; Dallas, Texas; Honolulu, Hawaii; Houston, Texas; Los Angeles, California; Louisville, Kentucky; Memphis, Tennessee; Miami, Florida; New Orleans, Louisiana; New York, New York/Newark, New Jersey; Portland, Oregon; San Francisco, California; and Seattle, Washington. The Service operates wildlife inspection offices in these cities. Wildlife inspectors also staff 14 locations along the Mexican and Canadian borders and five additional ports that handle specific types of wildlife traffic.

A Senior Wildlife Inspector is stationed at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) in Glynco, GA and coordinates training for Service Wildlife Inspector and Special Agents, Customs officers and other International, Federal, State and Local law enforcement agencies that deal with the import/export of wildlife.

The job
The United States is one of the world's largest markets for wildlife and wildlife products. High-volume 'live' traffic includes exotic reptiles, tropical fish, and primates. Manufactured products (such as boots, shoes, purses, jewelry, caviar, and meats) and less 'processed' wildlife items (such as hunting trophies, feathers, furs, skins, raw coral, and shells) are also common. Wildlife inspectors enforce a range of US and international laws, regulations, and treaties that protect wildlife and limit commercial traffic in endangered animals and plants.

Wildlife inspectors clear legal imports and exports and seize shipments that violate the law. They make sure that wildlife imports and exports are accompanied by the required permits and licenses, and verify that the contents of shipments match the items listed on declaration forms. They pay special attention to live wildlife, checking to see that animals in transit are treated humanely.

Although wildlife inspectors spend most of their time processing commercial cargo shipments, they also keep tabs on international passenger traffic. Unwary travelers all too often return from abroad with illegal wildlife souvenirs. Many smuggling rings use human couriers; inspectors find protected animals hidden in clothing and stuffed in suitcases and handbags.

Wildlife inspectors work closely with Service Special Agents and counterparts from Customs and Border Protection and other Federal agencies that police international trade. They staff special enforcement task forces that conduct inspection blitzes at international mail processing facilities, or target specific enforcement problems, such as the import and sale of medicinal products made from endangered species.

Outreach is also an important part of the job. Wildlife inspectors meet with customs brokers, trade associations, international travelers, and hunters going abroad to explain wildlife import/export rules and regulations. They are popular guest speakers at schools, nature centers, community conservation programs, and environmental fairs.

Inspectors provided international training to their Canadian and Mexican counterparts, and have traveled internationally to countries such as Nepal, China, Italy, Mongolian and Botswana to provide training to other wildlife law enforcement agencies in those countries.

References
 "Wildlife Inspector", Office of Law Enforcement, Security & Emergency Management.

1981 establishments in the United Kingdom
Animal care occupations
Nature conservation in the United States
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Law enforcement occupations in the United Kingdom
Region-specific legal occupations
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Wildlife conservation
Wildlife law in the United Kingdom

Wildlife inspector


A for-profit corporation is an organization which aims to earn profit through its operations and is concerned with its own interests, unlike those of the public (non-profit corporation).

Structure
A for-profit corporation is usually an organization operating in the private sector which sets aims that eventually help the organization itself.
This kind of a company makes shares of ownership available to the general public. The purchasers of those shares then become the company's shareholders; shareholders have bought a portion of ownership of the corporation by giving away certain amount of money (differentiating from company to company) or assets of a particular value. Such organizations are usually not aided by the government as they are working for private financial gains, unlike a non-profit organization, which exists to serve a mission. The nature of a for-profit corporation is such that it is required to pay applicable taxes and register with the state. Any donation which they receive will also be subject to the tax policies of the concerned country. As these organizations are all corporations and have a separate identity from their owners the owners are not in their personal capacity required to satisfy any debts which the company might owe to anyone.

Aims
Unlike non-profit organizations the policies of these organizations are usually profit oriented. Managers (corporate employees) here have a profit oriented mindset and aim at maximising the revenue of the firm which in turn contributes to the dividends (in case of public limited) or profits of the shareholders/owners. Their aim can be accompanied by a goal of serving the society however that usually happens in cases of B-corporations.

Popular models
A for-profit corporation generally does mean an organization seeking profit however it has both modern forms and is also close to some other types of organizations as seen below.

Benefit corporations
A modern form of profit corporations exists in the form of a "benefit corporations." A number of for-profit corporations have opted to change their corporate form to this one. Many new corporations have been incorporating as benefit corporations. A benefit corporation aims to gain profit but also has a social mission that may have to do with protecting the environment or pursuing social justice initiatives.
They are accepted as legal entities in several states of the United States and legislations have been passed to ensure their legal status.

Proximity to LLCs
A for-profit corporation can also be seen in context of a limited liability company as both of them have a very similar function. Both of them are common in a way as stakeholders in a for-profit corporation are called shareholders whereas a person who has stakes in a Limited Liability Company is referred to as a member. Subsequently, while corporations have a very defined hierarchy from corporate employees to board members.

Advantages

To the economy
As these organizations aim to maximise profit they can be very healthy in an economy as the more they earn the greater is the amount they pay in taxes. That tax is eventually spent back on the people. Such corporations
have the capacity to grow at a very fast rate and this eventually leads them to employing more people (lowering the employment burden on the government). Their profit maximisation motive also means that they will work on their productivity and will contribute to the GDP of any country they are living in. A higher GDP often leads to a higher living standard.

To the business
As the corporation only works for its own interest it gets the opportunity to isolate itself from all worldly matters and do what is best for itself. Here the grip of the owners can also be greater on the business as they have the free choice of making investments and decisions which will generate the greatest revenue for their business. Here they would not be obliged to consider any outer factor(welfare) while designing policies. More profit also means that they can invest the profit back to the business and increase its speed of growth.

Difference between profit and not-for-profit
The major distinction between these two organizations can be derived from their names as a non-profit organization does not seek any profit, does not pay any taxes as it works for the welfare of the society and reinvests any surpluses earned back to the business. In contrast a for-profit corporation has no legal duty/obligation of working for the welfare of anyone but itself. This is the reason why a for-profit organization is not exempted any tax. Subsequently, at times running a not-for-profit corporation can be more difficult. Although both for and not-for-profit need a good decision making body however the aspect of serving the public puts an extra responsibility on the members of the board.

Legal parameters
All for profit corporations in the United Kingdom fall under the jurisdiction of the Corporation Tax Act 2009. These companies are considered to be active for corporation tax purposes. This includes these corporations as they are trading or offering services(charged) to others, investing and are also dealing with the inflow and outflow of income. Similarly the owners can also not be taken to the courts for some wrong committed by the company. The company can be represented  by a lawyer in a court of law. However, like any other corporation, it can not represent itself in a court.

References

Profit
Companies by type
Business law
Corporate law
Corporations by type
Legal entities
Types of business entity

For-profit corporation


Miguel Trost De Pedro (born July 27, 1979), better known by his stage name Kid606, is an electronic musician who was raised in San Diego and later moved to San Francisco. He is most closely associated with the glitch, IDM, hardcore techno and breakcore scenes.

Kid606's music is similar to the work of his friend and colleague Lesser, as well as hardcore and IDM acts such as Atari Teenage Riot, Autechre, Mr. Oizo, and Matmos. He is primarily inspired not by his electronic contemporaries, but by his love of the industrial music, death metal, and industrial metal of the 1980s and 1990s, particularly bands like Godflesh and Napalm Death. His music is known for its high tempo breakbeats and liberal use of noise and sampling, as well as its punk aesthetic, uninhibited genre-mixing, and irreverent sense of humor. However, he is equally adept at creating more serious tracks that often reside in the realm of ambient and glitch ("Parenthood" from Kill Sound Before Sound Kills You and the entirety of P.S. I Love You being good examples).

Notable releases by Kid606 include Don't Sweat the Technics (VC140: 1998), Down with the Scene (IPC-7:2000), P.S. I Love You (MP93: 2000), and Kill Sound Before Sound Kills You (IPC-46: 2003). He collaborated or participated in the groups Flossin, Spacewurm, Ariel and Disc.

In 2005, he put together a band with a drummer and guitarist called Kid606 and Friends.

Discography

Studio albums
 Don't Sweat the Technics (Vinyl Communications, 1998)
 Down with the Scene (555 Recordings, 2000)
 GQ on the EQ++ (Tigerbeat6, 2000)
 PS I Love You (Mille Plateaux, 2000)
 PS You Love Me (Mille Plateaux, 2001)
 The Action Packed Mentallist Brings You the Fucking Jams (Violent Turd, 2002)
 Kill Sound Before Sound Kills You (Ipecac Recordings, 2003)
 Who Still Kill Sound? (Tigerbeat6, 2004)
 Resilience (Tigerbeat6, 2005)
 Pretty Girls Make Raves (Tigerbeat6, 2006)
 Shout At The Döner (Tigerbeat6, 2009)
 Songs About Fucking Steve Albini (Important Records, March 2010)
 Lost in the Game (Tigerbeat6, October 2012)
 Happiness (Tigerbeat6, 2013)
 Recollected Ambient Works Vol. 1: Bored of Excitement (Tigerbeat6, 2015)
 Recollected Ambient Works Vol. 2: Escape to Los Angeles (Tigerbeat6, 2015)

EPs
 Dubplatestyle EP remixes (Vinyl Communications, 1999)
 GQ on the EQ EP (555 Recordings, 2000)
 The Soccergirl EP (Carpark, 2000)
 PS I Dub Ya EP (Force Lab, 2001)
 Why I Love Life EP (Tigerbeat6, 2002)
 The Illness (Tigerbeat6, 2003)
 Die Soundboy Die (Tigerbeat6, 2008)
 Dance With The Chorizo EP (Tigerbeat6, 2009)
 Happier EP (2014)

Splits
 Split Compact Disc with Lesser (1998)
 Unamerican Activity EP with Omni Bot (1998)
 Boy On Boy with Pisstank (1999)
 DISC - Kid606 Cares with Matmos and Jay Lesser (Vinyl Communications, 1999)
 Kid606 and Friends, Vol. 1  (Tigerbeat6, 2001)

Remixes
 Peaches – "Fuck the Pain Away (Kid606 Going Back To Bali Remix)"

Collaboration
 In Love With The Underground A Kid 606 mix of The Rapture song.

References

External links

Kid606 on Myspace
Archived Kid606 biography on Vinyl Communications
Video Soundtrack for Pleix (2003)

American electronic musicians
Intelligent dance musicians
Living people
1979 births
Musicians from Caracas
Wichita Recordings artists
Venezuelan electronic musicians

Kid606


A castle is a fortified structure used to defend a territory.

Castle or Castles can mean:
 University College, Durham, commonly known as "castle"
 Operation Castle, a series of nuclear tests conducted in 1954
 Castle Bravo, its first test
 GWR 4073 Class, the "Castle" class of steam locomotive
 Castle class corvettes, the follow on to the Flower class corvette of World War Two
 Castles (estate agents), in the UK
 Castle Project, an application framework for the .Net platform
 Castle Building Centres Group Ltd., Canadian retailers of lumber and building materials

Places

 Castle, Bedford, an electoral ward in Bedford, England
 Castle, Swansea, an electoral ward in Swansea, Wales
 Castle, Oklahoma, a town
 Castle Geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone
 Smithsonian Institution Building, in Washington, D.C., nicknamed "The Castle"
 Newcastle-under-Lyme, known simply as "castle" to many local people

Entertainment

 Rook (chess), a chess piece sometimes called a "castle"
 Castling, a move in chess involving the rook and king
 Castle (card game)
 Castles (video game), released by Interplay in 1991
 Castles II: Siege and Conquest, a 1992 sequel to the above game
 Castle Communications, a record label
 Castles (soap opera), a short-lived soap opera, broadcast by the BBC in 1995

The Castle may also refer to:

 The Castle (novel) (Das Schloß) is a 1922 novel by Franz Kafka and its translations
 Castle (novel), the second book in The Seventh Tower series
 The Castle (film), a 1997 Australian comedy film
 The Castle (game), a videogame made by ASCII corporation
 The Castle (radio series), 2007 BBC radio comedy set in the Middle Ages
 The Castle, Budawang National Park, Australia
 CASTLE fight, a computational tool used in game theory

Castle (disambiguation)


The Yamaha YZF-R7 or OW-02 is a race homologation motorcycle made by Yamaha in limited production run of only 500 units. It was designed to compete in the Superbike World Championship and Suzuka 8 Hours endurance races.

It has a , DOHC 20-valve (5 valves per cylinder) inline-four engine producing . Yamaha also produced two race kits for the R7, topping  when the other, unused bank of fuel injectors is activated. A pipe and ECU update were also made.

The R7 was built for racing 'out of the box', implied by the chassis, which was derived from information and geometry from the YZR500 machines of the period. It has Öhlins suspension components and titanium valves, titanium conrods, a shortened Deltabox II frame and dry weight of .

Super Streetbikes magazine ranked the R7  eighth in its list, "The 10 Most Exotic Bikes Ever", due to its extraordinary price, "top-spec Öhlins race suspension and running gear", and that the bike, "looked utterly amazing: genuine two-wheeled sex", but said it was ironic that in spite of being the "most exotic R-series bike ever", it "actually turned out to be a bit of a lemon". The problem was that the bike as sold was hobbled, at only 100 hp, and that small teams could not afford the "thousands of dollars" of racing upgrades necessary to make the R7 competitive, and when they did, "the crankshafts failed". For the sake of simplicity and cost savings, Yamaha had chosen to detune the engines for bikes imported into all countries to meet the German market's maximum horsepower regulation, partially because whatever level it was detuned to was irrelevant, given that virtually every buyer intended to modify the bike from street-legal form in order to race.

When the R7 was announced in 1999, only 50 were slated to be imported to the US, ten of which were earmarked for Yamaha's factory team. The waiting list for the remaining bikes far exceeded supply. The difficulty in obtaining one prompted Cycle Worlds Don Canet to caution eager buyers, "Hey, whoah 'er down there, Mr. Trump. Having the cash is not always enough."

In 2001, motorcycling journalist Roland Brown had a high-side crash riding the YZF-R7 of World Superbike racer Noriyuki Haga during testing at Circuito de Jerez, Spain. Cycle World, in a 2016 retrospective, had retired racer Freddie Spencer ride the R7 alongside five other famous racing bikes from the years 1986 through 2013. After riding earlier years' bikes and then moving to the R7, Spencer said, "We've just moved into the modern age. This is the first bike that needs a steering damper." Compared to the other racing motorcycles, the R7 looked "a bit pedestrian", with its stripes and markings being only stickers instead of painted on, and having "a subtlety to it that makes it blend into the crowd."

Notes

YZF-R7
Sport bikes
Motorcycles introduced in 1999

Yamaha YZF-R7


Ian Lancaster Fleming (28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964) was a British author and journalist. He was best known for writing the James Bond spy novels. He also wrote the children's book Chitty Chitty Bang Bang in 1964.

Fleming was born in London to a wealthy family. He was educated at Eton College. He spent many years working in Britain's Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War. During this time, Fleming helped with the planning and management of two British intelligence units. This experience along with his work in journalism provided much of the background to the stories in his James Bond novels.

Fleming wrote his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952. Because of the book's success, Fleming wrote eleven more novels and two collections of short-stories about the British secret agent.

In total, there have been twenty-six films based on Fleming's famous character. The twenty-sixth, Spectre, was released in October 2015.

Fleming died on 12 August 1964 of a heart attack in Canterbury, Kent, aged 56.

References

1908 births
1964 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Kent
English novelists
James Bond writers
People educated at Eton College
Writers from London

Ian Fleming


Ernest Clayton Walker Jr. (born August 19, 1969) is an American country music artist. He made his debut in 1993 with the single "What's It to You", which reached Number One on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, as did its follow-up, 1994's "Live Until I Die". Both singles were included on his self-titled debut album, released in 1993 via Giant Records. He stayed with the label until its 2001 closure, later recording for Warner Bros. Records, RCA Records Nashville, and Curb Records.

Clay Walker has released a total of eleven studio albums, including a greatest hits package and an album of Christmas music. His first four studio albums all achieved platinum certification in the United States and his greatest hits collection and fifth studio album were each certified gold. He has charted more than thirty singles on Hot Country Songs, of which six have reached number one: "What's It to You", "Live Until I Die", Dreaming with My Eyes Open", "If I Could Make a Living", "This Woman and This Man", and "Rumor Has It".

Biography
Ernest Clayton Walker Jr,. was born on August 19, 1969, in Beaumont, Texas, to Ernest and Danna Walker. The oldest of five children, Walker lived in Vidor with his mother and stepfather. His father, Clay Sr. gave him a guitar when he was nine years old. Walker began entering talent competitions at age 15. After leaving his shift as nighttime desk clerk at a Super 8 Motel, he stopped at a local radio station to deliver a tape of a song that he had written. Although the morning disc jockey told him that the station's policies prohibited playing self-submitted tapes, he played Walker's song and said that it was "too good to pass up."

After graduating from Vidor High School in 1986, Walker began working at a Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company plant. At 19, he also began touring as a musician, playing various local clubs and eventually finding work as the house singer at a bar in Beaumont called the Neon Armadillo. In November 1992, he was discovered by James Stroud, a record producer who was also the president of Warner Music Group subsidiary Giant Records.

Musical career

1993–94: Clay Walker
Walker released his self-titled debut album in 1993 under Stroud's production. Its first single was "What's It to You"; written by Robert Ellis Orrall and Curtis Wright, this song reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and number 73 on the Billboard Hot 100. Its followup "Live Until I Die" (which Walker wrote), was released late in the year and became his second consecutive No. 1 in early 1994. After those two singles came the number 11 "Where Do I Fit in the Picture", which was originally the B-side of "What's It to You." The album accounted for a third No. 1 hit in "Dreaming with My Eyes Open", a song that was also featured on the soundtrack to the 1993 film The Thing Called Love. An additional cut from the album, "White Palace," charted at number 67 on the country charts without being released as a single.

Clay Walker was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of one million copies. It peaked at number 8 on Top Country Albums, number 2 on Top Heatseekers and number 52 on the Billboard 200. Larry Powell of Allmusic gave the album a four-and-a-half star rating, saying that Walker had a "high-energy" voice reminiscent of Conway Twitty. Walker also received two award nominations in 1994: Star of Tomorrow award from TNN/Music City News and Top New Male Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music.

1994–96: If I Could Make a Living and Hypnotize the Moon
If I Could Make a Living was the title of Walker's second album, released in 1994. It produced two more No. 1 singles in the title track (co-written by Alan Jackson, Keith Stegall, and Roger Murrah) and 1995's "This Woman and This Man". The latter song spent two weeks at No. 1, becoming his first multi-week No. 1 hit. Then came the number 16 "My Heart Will Never Know". If I Could Make a Living went platinum in May 1995, reaching number 2 on the country albums chart. Gordon Ely of the Richmond Times-Dispatch gave a favorable review, saying that "Walker has broken loose from Nashville's most recent crop of carefully crafted cowboys." Walker also began touring in 1995 as a headlining act, in support of the album.

Late in 1995, Walker released his third studio album, titled Hypnotize the Moon. Although none of its singles reached No. 1, Hypnotize the Moon produced two consecutive number 2 hits in "Who Needs You Baby" (which Walker co-wrote) and the title track, followed by the number 5 "Only on Days That End in 'Y'" and the number 18 "Bury the Shovel". Hypnotize the Moon was certified platinum in 1996, making for Walker's third consecutive platinum album. This album received a four-star rating from Stephen Thomas Erlewine, who said that it was his "most assured, cohesive album to date" and that he gave a "consistently excellent performance." Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly thought that Walker did not show a distinct musical personality, but considered the song selection strong and gave it a B+. Richard McVey II of Country Standard Time considered it a "throwback" in sound to Walker's debut, while USA Today said that it lacked the "verve" of that album.

1996–97: Rumor Has It
Having just completed the tracks for his fourth album in 1996, Walker was playing basketball with a friend, when he began to experience numbness, facial spasms, and double vision. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that he had multiple sclerosis (MS). Walker subsequently began changing his diet and treating the disease with a daily injection of Copaxone, sending his MS into an arrested state.

Also in early 1996, Nu Millennia Media released Self Portrait, which included five of Walker's songs in an interactive CD-ROM format and 30 minutes of video footage. He then released his fourth album, 1997's Rumor Has It, which he co-produced with Stroud. Its title track, the first single, became his sixth and final No. 1 single that year. Other singles from the album included the number 18 "One, Two, I Love You" and the Top 5 hits "Watch This" and "Then What?" at number 4 and number 2, respectively. The latter also reached number 65 on the Hot 100, making for his first entry on that chart since "What's It to You." As with his three previous studio albums, Rumor Has It was certified platinum. Larry Stephens of Country Standard Time gave this album a mostly-negative review, calling the songs "cookie-cutter" outside "I Need a Margarita". Thom Owens of Allmusic also thought that it was formulaic, but said that Walker was "able to make even mediocre material sound good", rating it three stars out of five.

1998–2000: Greatest Hits and Live, Laugh, Love
In April 1998, Walker charted with a live rendition of Earl Thomas Conley's 1983 single "Holding Her and Loving You". This rendition spent nine weeks on the charts and peaked at number 68. One month later, he debuted his sixteenth single, "Ordinary People". Peaking at number 35, it was one of two new songs included on his Greatest Hits album; the other new track, "You're Beginning to Get to Me", made its debut in August 1998 and peaked at number 2 on the country chart and number 39 on the Hot 100 in January 1999, the same month in which Greatest Hits was certified gold. Also in 1998, Walker performed a sold-out show at the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo.

Doug Johnson, who succeeded Stroud as Giant Records' president, produced Walker's 1999 album Live, Laugh, Love. Regarding its production and promotion, the label's senior director of marketing Connie Baer said that she wanted to raise Walker's profile as an artist, as both she and Johnson thought that he did not have the same level of recognition as other artists with similar album sales and chart success. This album was led off by the number 16 country and number 74 pop hit "She's Always Right", which was co-written by Lonestar's lead singer Richie McDonald. After this song came the title track at number 11 country and number 65 pop. "The Chain of Love", written by Rory Lee Feek and Jonnie Barnett, was the album's third and most successful single, reaching number 3 country and number 40 on the Hot 100. Both it and "Once in a Lifetime Love", the fourth single, first charted from unsolicited airplay received while "Live, Laugh, Love" was climbing the charts. "Once in a Lifetime Love", upon its release, became his lowest-peaking single release, reaching number 50. The album also included a studio version of the Earl Thomas Conley cover.

Erlewine gave the album three stars on Allmusic, where he wrote that it "never really distinguishes itself from its predecessors" but "has its moments." Brian Wahlert of Country Standard Time also thought that the album was inconsistent, saying that "She's Always Right", "The Chain of Love", and the Conley cover were its strongest tracks, but that the rest "treads no new ground." Deborah Evans Price of Billboard was more favorable, saying that it showed the energy of his live shows, and that he "cut loose" with soul singing on "This Time Love."

In late 2000, Walker recorded two tracks on Believe: A Christmas Collection, a multi-artist Christmas music album released by Giant. These two tracks — a cover version of Elvis Presley's "Blue Christmas" and the original song "Cowboy Christmas" — both made appearances on the country chart, reaching number 51 and number 70, respectively.

2001–02: Say No More and Christmas
Walker released his twenty-third single, "Say No More", for Giant in early 2001. It was the first single release from his sixth studio album of the same name, peaking at number 33 on the country chart; the only other single, the Jerry Kilgore co-write "If You Ever Feel Like Lovin' Me Again", reached number 27. The latter song was promoted by Giant's parent company, Warner Bros. Records Nashville, as Giant had closed in late 2001. Walker co-produced the album with veteran producers Byron Gallimore and Blake Mevis, and session guitarist Brent Mason. The album also included a song that Walker wrote in high school, and a cover of Ritchie Valens's "La Bamba." Maria Konicki Dinoia of Allmusic rated it three stars, with her review saying that "the sensitivity on this album is so expressive that it makes you want to run right out and hug the one you love." Country Standard Time critic Mike Clark considered it a transition to a more country pop-oriented sound, describing the album as being "full of bad lyrics and overwrought production clichés."

In 2002, Walker wrote and recorded a song for the National Football League's expansion team, the Houston Texans. Titled "Football Time in Houston," the song was used as the team's official fight song during its inaugural season. In an interview with CMT, he said that he donated the song to the city of Houston, and that he sings "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the team's opening game every season.

Although he had left Warner Bros. for RCA Records' Nashville division in May 2002, Warner Bros. released a Christmas music album entitled Christmas in September of the same year. It included a cover of José Feliciano's "Feliz Navidad", which Walker took to number 49 on the country chart in January 2003.

2003–04: A Few Questions
Walker's first single release for RCA, "A Few Questions", debuted in April 2003. The song spent twenty-seven weeks on the country charts and peaked at number 9, making for his first top ten entry since "The Chain of Love" three years previous. This was the first single from his only RCA album, also titled A Few Questions, which he produced with Jimmy Ritchey. Its second single, "I Can't Sleep," which Walker co-wrote with Chely Wright, also peaked at number 9 in early 2004. The third and final single was the number 31 "Jesus Was a Country Boy", which Walker wrote with Rivers Rutherford. A Few Questions accounted for his second-highest peak on the country albums charts, reaching number 3.

Erlewine rated this album two-and-a-half stars out of five on Allmusic. He considered the album more country pop-oriented than Walker's work for Giant, saying that this change in sound made it not "feel like a Clay Walker album." Dan McIntosh gave a mostly-negative review for Country Standard Time, where he wrote that "even his passionate singing cannot rise above this album's predictable lyrics and lame arrangements."

2005–08: Fall
Walker was signed his third record deal in July 2005, this time with the Asylum-Curb division of Curb Records. His first single for the label, "'Fore She Was Mama," reached a peak of number 21 in March 2007. It was included on his album Fall, which was produced by Keith Stegall. The album's title cut, "Fall," was written by Clay Mills along with former Mercury Records artist Shane Minor and former Exile member Sonny LeMaire. It was the second single release from Fall, going to number 5 on the country charts and number 55 on the Hot 100. The album's third and final single was "She Likes It in the Morning", with a number 43 country peak. Fall also included a duet with Freddy Fender, the first duet of Walker's career, on a cover of Fender's debut single "Before the Next Teardrop Falls." Walker and Fender recorded this duet in early 2006; Fender died of lung cancer in October of the same year.

Erlewine gave a three-and-a-half star rating, saying that Stegall's production gave it a more traditional sound in comparison to A Few Questions, and that, despite having some "sappy" songs, it was his "most enjoyable collection in some time." Engine 145 reviewer Brady Vercher rated it three stars out of five, praising Walker's vocal performance but saying that the song selection "seemed to be lacking in everything but fluff." Country Standard Time reviewer Jeffrey B. Remz wrote that Walker showed "a very pleasant country voice with a good sense of emotion" and that the production was more country-sounding than most mainstream acts, but said that it had several "generic" songs.

2009–2014: She Won't Be Lonely Long and Best Of Clay Walker
Walker's second album for Asylum-Curb was first announced in June 2009. Its first single, "She Won't Be Lonely Long", was given an official release date of December 2009, although it had already entered the country charts in late November. In advance of his ninth album, Walker released an extended play titled She Won't Be Lonely Long. The album, also titled She Won't Be Lonely Long, was released on June 8, 2010. It includes a cover of Alabama's 1980 single "Feels So Right" with a backing vocal from Alabama's lead singer, Randy Owen. Allmusic reviewer Thom Jurek praised the album for its "straight-up, mainstream contemporary country" sound but said that it did not reflect a change in sound from Fall.

"She Won't Be Lonely Long" peaked at number 4 on the country chart in mid-2010. The album's second single, "Where Do I Go from You", was released to radio on August 2, 2010, with "Like We Never Said Goodbye" following in late 2011. The album's fourth single, "Jesse James" was released in 2012 under Curb's Sidewalk Records imprint. In 2014, Curb issued a compilation titled The Best of Clay Walker, which included singles from Fall and She Won't Be Lonely Long, along with re-recordings of songs from when he was on Giant.

2015–2019: Long Live the Cowboy
In November 2015, Walker released a new single entitled "Right Now". Despite a recording hiatus, Walker continued to perform infrequently between 2015 and 2017. Much of his length between releases was due to lingering effects of multiple sclerosis. On April 13, 2018, Walker released the second single titled "Working On Me" from his then still unconfirmed album. During a live blog on his social media sites on December 21, 2018, Walker announced that he would be releasing a song titled "She Gets What She Wants" at midnight on December 24. During the live blog Walker also stated that the album would be titled Long Live the Cowboy and it would be released in January 2019. Long Live the Cowboy was finally released independently in January 2019, and it includes the singles previously released.

2020–2021: Texas to Tennessee
In August 2020, Walker signed with Show Dog Nashville, and announced that his first single for the label, "Need a Bar Sometimes", would be released on August 14, 2020. In February 2021, "Need a Bar Sometimes" charted at number 59 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart, becoming Walker's first chart entry in more than 8 years. Walker's eleventh studio album, Texas to Tennessee, was released by Show Dog Nashville in July 2021.

Musical image and influences
In 1994, Bob Cannon of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Walker's image of a "Resistol hat, sturdy cowpoke face, and very tight jeans" seemed to be from a "Country Music Handbook for Success," but also said that he "ignores the danger of being dismissed as just another hunk in a hat." Walker has been compared to Mark Chesnutt and Tracy Byrd, both of whom are also Beaumont, Texas natives who began their careers shortly before Walker did. Of the comparison among the three, Rick Koster wrote in the book Texas Music that Walker's success came more quickly than that of Chesnutt or Byrd. Kurt Wolff and Orla Duane, authors of Country Music: The Rough Guide, said that he "had loads of youthful energy, a golden Texas twang, and, of course, plenty of boyish good looks." They also called his music "relatively tame" but said that "his Texas bar-room roots remain clearly visible in his voice and songs." Regarding Walker's onstage persona, former Warner Bros. executive Bill Mayne told Billboard magazine in 1997 that Walker has "maintained a low profile" but that he "really touches people and connects."

Walker described his voice to CMT as "raspy [and] rugged." He cites George Jones (also a Beaumont native) as a primary influence, as well as James Taylor and Bob Seger; he has also said that, because he grew up in a largely African-American neighborhood, his singing style was influenced by rhythm and blues music. In addition, he said that after his diagnosis, he realized that "you need to love your family" and said that, because he considered his songs positive in nature, he felt that he could connect to younger listeners.

Personal life
Before the release of his first single, Walker married a rodeo queen named Lori Jayne Lampson. They had two daughters: MaClay DaLayne, born on January 14, 1996, and Skylor ClayAnne, born on May 14, 1999. The couple divorced in  2006. He married model Jessica Craig on September 28, 2007 and had five more children with her: a son named William Clayton, born August 5, 2008, and a daughter named Mary Elizabeth, born December 27, 2009. and two more sons Elijah Craig and Ezra Stephen, born November 4, 2017. On August 7, 2020, it was announced that Walker and his wife would be welcoming a fifth child together, a son named Christiaan Michael born January 2021.

Walker has participated in several forms of charity to help raise awareness of multiple sclerosis following his diagnosis in 1996, including his own non-profit charity, Band Against MS, which he founded in 2003. In 2008, he received a Humanitarian Award for his charitable efforts in relations to MS and participated in a charity golf tournament benefiting his organization.

Discography

Studio albums
 Clay Walker (1993)
 If I Could Make a Living (1994)
 Hypnotize the Moon (1995)
 Rumor Has It (1997)
 Live, Laugh, Love (1999)
 Say No More (2001)
 A Few Questions (2003)
 Fall (2007)
 She Won't Be Lonely Long (2010)
 Long Live the Cowboy (2019)
 Texas to Tennessee (2021)

Number-one singles

"What's It to You" (1 week, 1993)
"Live Until I Die" (1 week, 1993–1994)
"Dreaming with My Eyes Open" (1 week, 1994)
"If I Could Make a Living" (1 week, 1994)
"This Woman and This Man" (2 weeks, 1995)
"Rumor Has It" (2 weeks, 1997)

Awards

Honors

References

External links
Clay Walker Official Website
Band Against MS

1969 births
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Country musicians from Texas
Curb Records artists
Giant Records (Warner) artists
Living people
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Musicians from Beaumont, Texas
People with multiple sclerosis
RCA Records Nashville artists
People from Vidor, Texas
Thirty Tigers artists

Clay Walker


The Argus was a morning daily newspaper in Melbourne which started in 1846 and closed in 1957. It was a conservative newspaper for most of its history, but in 1949 became more left in its stories.

History
The newspaper was started by William Kerr, a journalist who had worked with the Sydney Gazette before moving to Melbourne in 1839 to work on John Pascoe Fawkner's Port Phillip Patriot. The first edition was published on 2 June 1846.

The paper was known for its abuse and sarcasm and by 1853 Kerr lost ownership after a series of court actions. It was then published under the name of Edward Wilson. The paper was also linked to the weekly The Australasian which was to become The Australasian Post in 1946.

During the Great Depression in 1933 it launched the Melbourne Evening Star in competition with The Herald newspaper, but was closed in 1936.

In 1949 the paper was bought by the London based Daily Mirror newspaper group. On 28 July 1952 the Melbourne Argus became the first newspaper in the world to publish colour photographs in a daily paper. The paper had interests in radio and in 1956, the new medium of television broadcasting. It was part of the group General Telecasters Victoria (GTV), and the GTV-9 television station. In 1957 the paper was sold to the Herald and Weekly Times group, which had been under the management of Chief Executive Keith Murdoch (Rupert's father) until his death in 1952. The Herald and Weekly Times group used the printing presses, but closed the Argus and sold off the broadcasting interests. The last edition was on 19 January 1957.

The Argus Building
The Argus building, built in 1926 on the corner of La Trobe and Elizabeth streets, is classified by the National Trust and is on the Victorian Heritage Register of Heritage Victoria. In 1991, an innovative office building was built next door and named The Argus Centre, an award winning building by Nonda Katsalidis.  In 2004 La Trobe University bought the site of the old Argus building with the intention to redevelop and house legal and business schools in the building, as well as a ground floor shopping precinct.

Further reading
 Don Hauser, The Printers of the Streets and Lanes Of Melbourne (1837 - 1975) Nondescript Press, Melbourne 2006
 Jim Usher (ed) The Argus - life and death of a newspaper Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne 2008 ()

Other websites
 Digitised historic The Argus from the National Library of Australia
 Digitised historic The Melbourne Argus from the National Library of Australia
 The Argus: Special War Edition - 1 May 1915
 The Argus Index: 1870-1879
 The Argus Index: 1870-1879. Indexes to the Argus for other years
 Argus site to thrive as new La Trobe campus - The Age 5 February 2004

Newspapers published in Australia

The Argus (Australia)