Horatio Gouverneur Wright (March 6, 1820 – July 2, 1899) was an engineer and general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He took command of the VI Corps in May 1864 following the death of General John Sedgwick. In this capacity, he was responsible for building the fortifications around Washington DC, and in the Overland Campaign he commanded the first troops to break through the Confederate defenses at Petersburg. After the war, he was involved in a number of engineering projects, including the Brooklyn Bridge and the completion of the Washington Monument, and served as Chief of Engineers for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Early life
Wright was born in Clinton, Connecticut, son of Edward and Nancy Wright. When he was 14 he entered Alden Partridge's military academy in Vermont (now Norwich University). In 1837 he entered West Point and graduated second in his class of 52 from the United States Military Academy in 1841 with a commission in the engineers. He taught engineering and French at West Point over the next several years. He was sent to Florida in 1846, where he spent ten years working on the harbor of St. Augustine and the defenses of Key West, including Fort Jefferson. In 1855, he was promoted to the rank of captain and served as assistant to Chief of Engineers Colonel Joseph G. Totten the following year. During this time, he was appointed as a member of a military committee to study iron carriages for the construction of naval guns and ordnance specifications of the 15-inch gun. He later co-wrote Report on Fabrication of Iron for Defenses (published in 1871–72) based on his time on the board.

Civil War service
After the start of the war, Wright took part in the evacuation and destruction of the Gosport Navy Yard (later named the Norfolk Navy Yard) on April 20, 1861, to prevent its exploitation by Confederate forces. He was captured during this action, but was released four days later as Virginia had not yet joined the Confederacy and therefore wasn't at war with the United States.

Wright began constructing fortifications around Washington, D.C., before being assigned to the 3rd Division of the Department of Northeast Virginia under Maj. Gen. Samuel P. Heintzelman. Serving as Chief Engineer of the 3rd Division during the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, Wright was promoted to major in August. Promoted to brigadier general of volunteers the following month, Wright was assigned as Chief Engineer to Maj. Gen. Thomas W. Sherman's November 1861 expedition against Port Royal, South Carolina. His successes while commanding Union troops in operations against Jacksonville, St. Augustine, and other military targets on the Florida coast from February to June 1862 led to his appointment as major general of volunteers and commander of the Department of the Ohio in August 1862, and commander of the newly created Army of the Ohio in March 1863. In this command he played a major logistical role in the repulse of Confederate General Braxton Bragg's invasion of Kentucky in 1862. His appointment as major general was not confirmed by the Senate and was revoked in March 1863. As a brigadier general, he was not considered eligible to command a department and Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside was sent to relieve him. Reporting to Burnside, Wright remained briefly as the commander of the District of Western Kentucky before returning to the East.

In May 1863, Wright was given command of the 1st Division in the VI Corps of the Army of the Potomac under Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick. His first battle in division command was Gettysburg in July 1863, where his corps was held in reserve. The corps saw action at Mine Run in November 1863, and the Battle of the Wilderness on May 5 to May 6, 1864. After General Sedgwick's death at Spotsylvania Court House on May 9, Wright assumed command of the VI Corps, receiving promotion as major general of volunteers (confirmed by the Senate this time) and brevet colonel in the regular army on May 12, 1864.

Wright's corps fought at Cold Harbor from June 3 to June 12, 1864. In the Valley Campaigns of 1864, he was dispatched to Washington, D.C., to defend against Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal Early's raid on July 11 and July 12, 1864, commanding the Washington Emergency Defense Force, consisting of the VI, VIII, and XIX Corps. During the defense of Fort Stevens, he gained notoriety by inviting President Abraham Lincoln to join him on a parapet exposed to enemy fire. (A young staff officer, Oliver Wendell Holmes, is often said to be responsible for yelling at the president to get under cover. In George Thomas Stevens's post-war (1870) history of the VI Corps, Wright related to Thomas that he himself was the person who shouted at the president to get down.

Wright commanded the VI Corps again during Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley campaign from August 6 to October 16, 1864. Wright directed fighting at Cedar Creek on October 19 before General Sheridan's arrival.

In the Siege of Petersburg, the VI Corps was the first unit to break through the Confederate defenses, on April 2, 1865. Subsequently, operating under the command of Sheridan, it defeated Confederate forces at Sayler's Creek on April 6, 1865, resulting in the capture of a large number of Confederate soldiers, including Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell and Major General G. W. Custis Lee, son of Robert E. Lee.  For Wright's actions at Petersburg he was promoted to a brevet major general in the regular army.

Postbellum

During Reconstruction, Wright commanded the Army of Texas from July 1865 to August 1866. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel of engineers in November, before leaving volunteer service in September 1866. He was involved in a number of engineering projects including the Brooklyn Bridge and the completion of the Washington Monument. Promoted to colonel in March 1879, Wright was later named Chief of Engineers as a brigadier general in June 1879. He retired at that rank on March 6, 1884, and lived in Washington, D.C., until his death in 1899. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia under an obelisk erected by veterans of the VI Corps, facing the Washington Monument he completed.

The city of Fort Wright, Kentucky, is named for an earthwork structure (named for Wright) that was planned during the Confederate invasion of Kentucky in the summer of 1862 while Wright was in command of the Department of the Ohio.  Designed to be a five-sided fortification, it was never completed.  The earthwork was destroyed in the 1880s by road construction.

Fort H. G. Wright on the western tip of Fishers Island, New York, is also named in his honor.

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
 Bergen, William W. "The Other Hero of Cedar Creek: The 'Not Specially Ambitious' Horatio G. Wright." In The 1864 Shenandoah Campaign. Military Campaigns of the Civil War Series. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006. .
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Heidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler. "Horatio Gouverneur Wright." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. .
 White, G. Edward. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law and the Inner Self. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. .

Further reading
 Ballard, Joe N. The History of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Darby, PA: Diane Publishing, 1998. .

External links

 Union Generals: Horatio Gouverneur Wright, USA
 General H. G. WrightLife and Times
 Texas Archival Resources Online: Guide to the U.S. General Horatio Wright Letter, 1865

1820 births
1899 deaths
United States Military Academy alumni
Norwich University alumni
Union Army generals
People of Connecticut in the American Civil War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Clinton, Connecticut
Military personnel from Connecticut

Horatio Wright


Hamiltoun (; ) is a toun in Sooth Lanrikshire, Scotland, in the wast-central Lawlands o Scotland. It serves as the main admeenistrative centre o the Sooth Lanrikshire cooncil aurie. It is the fift-mucklest toun (excludin ceeties) in Scotland efter Paisley, East Kilbride, Leivinstoun an Cummernauld. It lees 12 mile (19.3 km) sootheast o Glesga, an 35 mile (56.3 km) sooth-wast o Edinburgh on the sooth bank o the River Clyde at its confluence wi the Avon Water. Hamilton wis the coonty toun o Lanrikshire.

History
The toun o Hamiltoun wis oreeginally kent as Cadzow or Cadyou (, the "" being the letter yoch), pronoonced /kadyu/.  Durin the Wars o Scots Unthirldom the Hamilton family initially supportit the Inglis an Walter fitz Gilbert (the heid o the Hamilton family) wis govrenor o Bothwell Castle on behauf o the Inglis. Housomeivver, he later chyngit lyalty tae Robert the Bruce, follaein the Battle o Bannockburn, an cedit Bothwell tae him. For this act, he wis rewardit wi a portion o land which haed been forfeitit bi the Comyns at Dalserf an later the Barony an lands o Cadzow, which in time wad become the toun o Hamiltoun.

Cadzow wis re-namit Hamilton in the time o James Hamilton, 1st Laird Hamilton, who wis marriet tae the Princess Mary, the dochter o King James II, Keeng o Scots.

The Hamilton family constructit many landmark buildings in the aurie includin the Hamilton Mausoleum in Strathclyde Park, which haes the langest echo o ony biggin in the warld.  The Hamilton family hae been major land-awners in the aurie tae this day.  Hamilton Palace wis the historic seat o the Dukes o Hamilton till the early-twintiet century.

Ither historic biggins in the aurie include Hamiltoun Auld Parish Kirk, a Georgie era biggin completit in 1734 and the anerlie kirk tae hae been built bi William Adam. The graveyard o the auld parish kirk contains some Covenanter remains. The umwhile Edwardian Toun Haw nou hooses the leebrar an concert haw. The Tounhoose complex unnerwent a sympathetic modrenization in 2002 an opened tae the public in simmer 2004. The ruins o Cadzow Castle an aw lee in Chatelherault Country Park, twa mile from the town centre.

Hamilton Palace wis the lairgest non-ryal residence in the Wastren warld, locatit in the north-east o the toun. A umwhile seat o the Dukes o Hamilton, it wis built in 1695, subsequently hintle enlairgit, an demolished in 1921 due tae grund subsidence. It is widely acknowledged as haein been ane o the grandest hooses in Scotland, wis visitit an admired bi Queen Victoria, an wis written aboot bi Daniel Defoe.

Hamilton Barracks wis ance the Depot o The Cameronians (Scots Rifles) an the hame o the 1st Battalion o the Regiment.  The Regimental Museum is pairt o the Low Parks Museum.

The Low Parks Museum is hoosed in wha wis a 16t century inn an a stagin post for journeys atween Glesga an Edinburgh. Recently refurbished, it is the auldest biggin in Hamiltoun an is tae the north o the Palace Grunds.

Geography

Bi road the toun is tae the wast o the M74 motorwa, the main sootherly link tae Ingland, which joins the M6 juist north o Carlisle. The main route frae Edinburgh is the M8, leavin at junctions 6 or 7.

 Auries o Hamiltoun:

 Avongrove
 Burnbank
 Barncluith
 Earnock Estate
 Earnock Glen
 Eddlewood
 Fairhill
 Ferniegair
 Hamiltoun Wast
 High Earnock
 Hillhouse
 Laighstonehall
 Little Earnock
 Low Waters
 Meikle Earnock
 Neilsland
 Silvertonhill
 Torheads Farm
 Whitehill
 Woodhead

Nearbi touns an ceeties:

 Glesga 12 mile
 Strathaven 7 mile
 East Kilbride 5 mile
 Mitherwell 2 mile
 Edinburgh 35 mile
 Carlisle 75 mile

Economy
Service industries an local govrenment are major employers in Hamilton, as are HSBC/First Direct and Philips, the Dutch electronics conglomerate. The toun centre haes been regeneratit ower the last decade bi creatin twa new indoor shoppin centres (ane o them the Regent Shopping Centre) an the Palace Grounds Retail Park.

Restaurants an naitional retail ootlets are situatit in a redeveloped pairt o the Palace Grounds that are visible upon enterin the toun frae the M74 motorwa. The creation o a circular Toun Square (nou the steid o a Frankie & Benny's restaurant) haes resultit in Hamiltoun receivin numerous toun plannin awards durin the past decade. This development transformed the Hamiltoun side o Strathclyde Park, which wis the oreeginal steid o the Duke's palace. The shoppin centre is still unner development.

Hamiltoun haes been a Fairtrade Toun syne 2005.

Transport
Hamilton haes three railway stations, Hamilton Central, Hamilton West an Chatelherault, aw on the Argyle Line's Hamilton Circle. Hamilton Central is 22 minutes frae Glesga on the limited stop Larkhall-Dalmuir service.

It wis ance served bi the North British Railway, which haed three stations in the aurie. Hamilton (NBR), Hamilton Peacock Cross an Burnbank

Beside Hamilton Central lees Hamilton Central Bus Station, providin links tae surroondin touns an ceeties, an aw afferin an express bus tae Glesga an an aw some pairts o Ingland.

Cyclin paths run frae Strathclyde Park tae Chatelherault Country Park follaein the banks o the Clyde an Avon. These are being expandit at pairt o the Sustrans Connect2 project  an will mak up pairt o the Naitional Cycle Route 74 which will run frae Glesga tae Carlisle, Cumbria

Education
There are currently three comprehensive heich schuils in the toun – Hamilton Grammar, Holy Cross (Roman Catholic) an John Ogilvie (Roman Catholic). The umwhile Earnock Heich Schuil biggins on Wellhall Road wur burnt doun in Juin 2008, but bi this time the schuil haed been closed an mergit wi Blantyre Heich Schuil in Blantyre as the new Calderside Academy.

There are an aw several primary schuils in Hamiltoun, includin, St Cuthbert's, Our Lady an St Anne's, St Elizabeth's St Peter's, St Paul's, St Mark's, St Ninian's, St Mary's, Glenlee, Tounhill, Udston, Woodhead, Beckford, St John's, Woodside an Chatelherault Primary Schuils.

Hamiltoun an aw haes ane private schuil, Hamilton College, next tae the Hamilton Park Racecourse.

Hamiltoun is a university toun wi The University o the Wast o Scotland campus steidit on Almada Street.

Sports
The aurie near Hamilton West railway station an Peacock Cross haes chyngit wi the demolition o Hamilton Academical Fitbaa Club's oreeginal Douglas Park stadium in 1994. A retail pairk wis built on the steid wi New Douglas Park addit ahint it in 2001. Hamilton Academical F.C. (the Accies) wis formit in 1874 an is ane o Scotland's auldest senior clubs. It takes its name frae Hamilton Academy, nou cried Hamiltoun Grammar Schuil, the auldest schuil in the toun (foondit 1588). It is the anerlie professional fitbaa team in the UK tae oreeginate frae a schuil team an played in the Scots Premier League, haein wan the Scots First Diveesion title durin 2007/2008, They were relegatit 2010/2011 Saison.

The Hamilton Rugby Club can be foond at the Leigh Bent sports grund, Bent Road.  They currently play in the Scots Premier League 3.

Hamilton Park Racecourse is situatit alangside Bothwell Road.

Speedway racin wis staged in Hamilton atween 1947 an 1955. The annual meetin wis staged as pairt o the annual Lanarkshire Show an featured riders frae athort Scotland. The steid o the track wis the auld ash fitbaa pitches o Strathclyde Park – an aurie nou covered bi the toun square.

There are a number o heich quality fitbaa, cricket, an rugby pitches in the Palace Grounds aurie alangside the Mausoleum. Pairt o Strathclyde Park is steidit athin Hamiltoun's bundary, providin warld class water-sport facilities.

Entertainment
Hamilton Town House Theatre is a 500 seat venue in the Cadzow Street aurie o the toun. It is the first cultural venue in Scotland to attain the prestigious Quest accreditation. A multiplex Vue Cinema is located in the redeveloped Palace Grounds area close to the Hamilton Palace nightclub.

Toun twinnin

Hamilton is twinned wi Châtellerault in Fraunce. This connection dates frae the 16t century when the title Duc de Châtellerault wis conferred on James Hamilton, 2nt Earl o Arran. The Duke's huntin lodge (nou in Chatelherault Country Park), a primary schuil an new railway station are namit 'Chatelherault' for this reason.

References

Touns in Sooth Lanrikshire
Places o Scotland

Hamiltoun


Alain Leroy Locke (September 13, 1886 – June 9, 1954) was an American writer, philosopher, educator, and patron of the arts. He was the first African American Rhodes Scholar in 1907. Locke was called the "godfather" of the Harlem Renaissance. As a result, popular listings of influential African-Americans have repeatedly included him. On March 19, 1968, the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said: "We're going to let our children know that the only philosophers that lived were not Plato and Aristotle, but W. E. B. Du Bois and Alain Locke came through the universe."

Early career
Locke was born on September 13, 1886 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were both schoolteachers. He was a graduate of Central High School and the Philadelphia School of Pedagogy. He was a member of the Harvard University of 1908. However, he graduated (magna cum laude) after only three years in 1907. In 1912 he won a Rhodes Scholarship which he used to attend Oxford University. He also studied for a year at the Frederick William University of Berlin. In 1918 he received his Ph.D. from Harvard.

Career
He began teaching at Howard University where he remained until 1953. He retired because of heart problems. Locke died on June 9, 1954 in New York City. His last work was an unfinished book, The Negro in American Culture. It was finished and published in 1956 by his daughter, Margaret Just Butcher.

References

Other websites
 Alain Locke Society

1886 births
1954 deaths
African American writers
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Educators from Pennsylvania
Gay men
Harvard University alumni
LGBT African Americans
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
American LGBT writers
Rhodes scholars
Writers from Philadelphia
20th-century American philosophers

Alain LeRoy Locke


Get Up
 kalkmak, yataktan kalkmak, kaldırmak, yükseltmek, düzenlemek, giyinip süslenmektir

Music

Albums
 Get Up!, the 2015 forthcoming album by Bryan Adams, produced by Jeff Lynne
 Get Up! (Ben Harper & Charlie Musselwhite album), a 2013 Grammy Award 2014 winning album
 Get Up, an album by Ed Mann
 Get Up! (album), an album by Helix

Songs
 "Get Up" (50 Cent song)
 "Get Up!" (Beverley Knight song)
 "Get Up" (Ciara song)
 "Get Up!" (Korn song)
 "Get Up" (Lost Boyz song)
 "Get Up" (Mary Mary song)
 "Get Up" (R.E.M. song)
 "Get Up" (Sleater-Kinney song)
 "Get Up" (You Am I song)
 "Get Up (A Cowboys Anthem)", a song by Kelly Clarkson
 "Get Up! (Before the Night Is Over)", a song by Technotronic
 "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine", a song by James Brown
 "Get Up", a song by Amel Larrieux from Infinite Possibilities
 "Get Up", a song by Nik Kershaw from To Be Frank
 "Get Up", a song by Brass Construction
 "Get Up", a song by Breaking Point from Coming of Age
 "Get Up", a song by The Coup from Party Music
 "Get Up", a song by E.V.E. featuring SW which is the theme song to the NBC game show Minute to Win It.
 "Get Up", a song by DJ Ross and Double You (recording as DJ Ross vs DY)
 "Get Up", a song by Superchick from Karaoke Superstars
 "Get Up", a song by Unwritten Law from Here's to the Mourning
 "Get Up", a song by Van Halen from 5150
 "Get Up", a song by Zolani Mahola which serves as end title song for the animated movie "Zambezia".

Anlam ayrımı sayfaları

Get Up


The Alaska Railroad is the main railroad in Alaska. It is owned by the state government of Alaska.  It connects Alaska's two largest cities, Anchorage and Fairbanks. It also goes to Denali National Park, home of the tallest mountain in North America. There are short spur lines that go to North Pole, military bases, and through a tunnel to Whittier. It is not connected to any other railroads but it does go to the seaports in Seward, Anchorage, and Whittier and the big airport in Anchorage. Most railroads haul either people or freight, but the Alaska Railroad does both.

Transport in Alaska
Rail transport in the United States

Alaska Railroad


Radical, from Late Latin radicalis "of roots" and from Latin radix "root", may refer to:

in science and mathematics
A radical (chemistry) is an atom, molecule, or ion which is likely to take part in chemical reactions.
Radical symbol (√), a symbol used to indicate the square root or nth root
Radical of an algebraic group, a concept in algebraic group theory
Radical of an ideal, an important concept in abstract algebra
Radical of a ring, in ring theory, a branch of mathematics, a radical of a ring is an ideal of "bad" elements of the ring
Radical of a module, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification
Jacobson radical, the Jacobson radical of a ring, R, consists of those elements in R which annihilate all simple right R-modules
Nilradical of a ring, the nilradical of a commutative ring is a nilpotent ideal, which is as large as possible
Nilradical of a Lie algebra, the nilradical of a lie algebra is a nilpotent ideal, which is as large as possible
Radical of an integer, a concept in number theory
Symmetric bilinear form, a concept in linear algebra
Radical of a Lie algebra, a concept in lie theory

in medicine
Radical surgery, surgery carried out in extreme circumstances and/or with extensive treatment

in linguistics
Root (linguistics), also called a "radical", the form of a word after any prefixes and suffixes are removed
Radical (Chinese character), part of a Chinese character under which it is indexed in a dictionary (also called bùshǒu 部首)
Radical, one of the three consonants in a Semitic root
Radical consonant, a consonant articulated with the root of the tongue

in politics
Political radicalism
Radicalism (historical), the Radical Movement which began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and Latin America in the 19th century
Radical left, another term for the far left
Radical right, another term for the far right
radical a person who shows a strong political stand point
Extremism, political standpoints that are perceived as revolutionary or extreme
Radical Whigs, influential early writers on Radicalism
Radical Reformation, an Anabaptist movement concurrent with the Protestant Reformation
Radical Republicans, a member of an influential group of American politicians during the Civil War reconstruction
Radical Party, one of a number of political parties around the world
Radicals (UK), parliamentary progressives who were part of the nineteenth-century Liberal coalition
Radical feminism, a current within feminism that focuses on patriarchy as a system of power
Radical veganism, a radical interpretation of veganism, usually combined with anarchism

in culture
Radical chic, a term coined by Tom Wolfe to describe the pretentious adoption of radical causes by celebrities, socialites, and high society

in architecture
Radical Baroque, an architectural style characterized by the curvature of walls and intersection of oval spaces

brands, titles and proper names
Radical Sportscars, an English sports car maker
Radical Entertainment, a video game developer based in Vancouver, Canada
Free Radical Design, a video game developer based in Nottingham, England
Free Radicals (band), a jazz-funk musical group from Houston, Texas
Free Radical Centre, a centre for free radical chemistry and biotechnology that was established in 2005
Radical (Smack album), Smack's fourth studio album, released in 1988

Radical


A royal court or noble court is the household of a royal family—including its advisors and attendants. The building is often called a palace, but the "royal court" means not just the buildings but all the royal household (all the people who live and work there). Someone who has a rank in a royal court is called a court official or courtier. A royal court can also include the wives and concubines of the ruler.

It is called a court because in early times the palace would have a court (an enclosed space) at the front.

In history there were great rulers who held important courts, e.g. Charlemagne.

A famous example is Hampton Court on the river Thames in London where Henry VIII had his court. Today the King holds court at Buckingham Palace.

Related pages
 court – the court of law where legal decisions are made

Royal court


Digital Video Broadcasting (often shortened to DVB) is a series of standards for sending digital content, like Television using digital technology.  Compression of the data stream allows carrying several video channels in one analog television channel.

There are different standards, some of them are
DVB-S, DVB-S2: Use Satellites to broadcast
DVB-C: Use a coaxial cable
DVB-T, DVB-T2: Use a terrestrial signal, relayed thorough various stations

Digital Audio Broadcasting is similar, but for audio.

Related pages
 Digital Multimedia Broadcasting

Television technology

Digital Video Broadcasting


The Fantasia on Hungarian Folk Melodies (German: Fantasie über ungarische Volksmelodien, Hungarian: Fantázia magyar népi dallamokkal), commonly known in short form simply as the Hungarian Fantasy, is Franz Liszt's arrangement for piano and orchestra of his Hungarian Rhapsody No. 14, originally for solo piano. The Fantasia was written in 1852 and premiered in Pest on June 1, 1853, with Hans von Bülow as soloist and Ferenc Erkel conducting the orchestra.

Overview
During Liszt's lifetime, his Hungarian Rhapsodies were among his most popular works. Because of this popularity, he may have been under pressure to produce versions of them for piano and orchestra. The present work is the only such work that Liszt is known to have produced.  However he may, at the end of his life, have helped his student Sophie Menter with her Concerto in the Hungarian Style (1885), a work which was clearly influenced by the Hungarian Fantasy.

A slow introduction by the orchestra is followed by a solo cadenza before proceeding to the main body of the work. The bold, marchlike main theme of the work, as in the version for solo piano, is the Hungarian folk song "Mohac's Field", with a long-short-short-long rhythm. While much of the piece's thematic material is derived from this song, there is also a section in A minor marked "in gypsy style" (alla zingarese).

While the Fantasia is in the same style and tradition as the Hungarian Rhapsodies, it differs structurally from them. The Rhapsodies generally present a clear succession of two traditional scales — lassan, and friska. These dances are evident in the Fantasia, particularly in the long and brilliant friska section. However, Liszt is freer and wider-ranging in his combination and juxtaposition of material than he usually is in this type of work.

Bibliography
 ed. Ewen, David, The Complete Book on Classical Music (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965). Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 65-11033
 Headington, Christopher, Notes to Deutsche Grammophon 5262148, Liszt: Orchestral Works; Shura Cherkassky, piano; Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Herbert von Karajan.
 ed Walker, Alan, Franz Liszt: The Man and His Music, (New York, Taplinger Publishing Company, 1970).
 Collet, Robert, "Works for Piano and Orchestra"
 Walker, Alan, Franz Liszt, Volume 2: The Weimar Years, 1848-1861 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989).

References

External links

Compositions by Franz Liszt
1852 compositions
Compositions for piano and orchestra
Liszt

Hungarian Fantasy (Liszt)


World Poverty and Human Rights is a 2002 book by Thomas Pogge. In the book, Pogge says that the poorest 46 percent of people have 1.2 percent of global income, and 826 million of them do not have enough to eat. One-third of all human deaths are from poverty-related causes: 18 million annually, including 12 million children under five.

At the other end of the spectrum, the 15 percent of people in the developed countries have 80 percent of global income. Pogge says that shifting 1 or 2 percent of our share toward poverty eradication seems morally compelling. Yet most of the rich people believe that they have no such responsibility.

References

Political books
Poverty
Human rights
2002 books

World Poverty and Human Rights


The main sequence is a region on a Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram where most stars appear. Any star that is plotted in that area is a main-sequence star. The Sun is a main-sequence star. Most of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy and most other galaxies are also main-sequence stars. This is because stars on the main sequence are highly stable, so they remain there a long time.

Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams are graphs that measure each star's brightness against its temperature or color. The main sequence appears as a band going from the upper-left (hot and bright) to the lower-right (cooler and less bright). You can see an example of the band of main-sequence stars to the right.

Stars are created from nebulas and first appear on the main sequence. They stay on the main sequence for millions or billions of years. When a star begins to run out of fuel, it gets much bigger and colder and turns into a red giant. After this happens, the star is no longer on the main sequence. It does not spend so much time in its red giant phase.

In general, the hottest and brightest stars (in the upper-left of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram) also have the most mass. The main sequence is sometimes divided into two parts. Any star that has a mass greater than 1.5 times the Sun's mass is grouped into the upper main sequence; any star with a mass lower than 1.5 solar masses belongs to the lower main sequence.

Stars get the energy they produce through nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. The upper main sequence (hot and bright with the most mass) produces energy by one type of nuclear fusion involving only hydrogen and helium. The lower main sequence (cooler and less bright with a lower mass) produces energy by another type of nuclear fusion. This type uses other elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen) with higher atomic numbers as nuclear catalysts.

Because of these different types of fusion, stars on the lower main sequence last much longer than stars on the upper main sequence. Our Sun is located on the lower main sequence and is predicted to last between 10 and 12 billion years. A star located on the upper main sequence may only last a few million years.

Nowadays, a new star may be classified as main sequence just by its color. A main sequence star of a particular color has a narrow band of brightness when seen from a standard distance. An astronomer could calculate the distance to this newly-discovered star by comparing its brightness as seen from Earth against the brightness for a certain color on the main sequence.

Astrophysics
Types of stars

Main sequence


A capitol building (or just capitol) is a building in a capital city.  People who control government work there to make laws.  The building may have many offices.

Some offices are for legislators, the people who make the laws.

Some offices are for people who enforce laws, for example a president or governor.  These people lead all people, and help them obey the laws.

Sometimes, there are offices for judges, people who help all people understand the laws. These judges are very powerful.  A group of these judges can be called a supreme court or superior court.

Buildings similar to capitols are in other places.  A smaller government like one in a county can be in a court house.  A city government can be in a city hall.

Government buildings
Administrative buildings

pl:Kapitol

Capitol building


Manuel Lepe Macedo (April 17, 1936 in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco – September 9, 1984 in Guadalajara, Jalisco) was a Mexican artist who painted in a Naïve style. He painted mostly themes based on the landscape and townscape of his native Puerto Vallarta.

Lepe was never formally trained as an artist, and attended only four years of primary school. His paintings came to symbolize the town during the years that it was becoming popular as a resort.

Lepe became internationally known, with exhibitions of his work in several US museums and galleries. He was named Mexico's national artist by president Luis Echevarría Álvarez in 1979.

He died in 1984 in Guadalajara from a cerebral aneurysm. His workshop in Puerto Vallarta is preserved as a gallery and museum. Some of his works are on display there as well as at the Peter Gray Museum of Art on the Coastal Campus of the University of Guadalajara, north of Puerto Vallarta.

April 17 is celebrated in Puerto Vallarta as Manuel Lepe day.

References

1984 deaths
1936 births
20th-century Mexican artists
20th-century Mexican male artists
20th-century Mexican painters
Artists from Jalisco
Mexican male painters
People from Puerto Vallarta

Manuel Lepe Macedo


The imperial and U.S. customary systems are similar, but there are some differences between them.

Volume
The main difference is in units of volume. The American system has two gallons: a wet and a dry one. The imperial gallon is bigger than each of these. However, the imperial fluid ounce is slightly smaller than the American one.

Length
The international yard is exactly 0.9144 metres. This definition was agreed upon by the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand in 1959. However, the United States continued to use its old length units for surveying purposes. The US survey foot is exactly 1200/3937 metre.

Weight
Another difference is in units of mass. In Britain people often use the stone. One stone is 14 pounds. Eight stones are one hundredweight (112 lb). Twenty hundredweights are one ton. So one British ton is 2240 pounds. It is very close to the tonne of the metric system.

In the United States people do not use the stone. They usually use a hundredweight of 100 pounds. This hundredweight is also called a short hundredweight. Twenty short hundredweights are one short ton. The British hundredweight is also called the long hundredweight and the Britsh ton is also called the long ton.

Related pages
 Imperial units
 United States customary units
 International System of Units
 Metric system

Measurement

Comparison of the Imperial and US customary systems


If a book or a TV show is about science, and is made easy so everyone can understand, then it is popular science.  It is popular because it is made for the whole population, not just for scientists.  Nature documentaries  are examples of popular science.

Popular science is non-fiction, so it is not the same as science fiction. Popular science is also not the same as Science journalism. Science journalism is what journalists write to report the newest theories and discoveries made in science, but popular science is not always about what is newest.

Some famous people who make popular science are David Attenborough, Isaac Asimov, Jacob Bronowski, Arthur C. Clarke, Martin Gardner, J.B.S. Haldane, Stephen Hawking, Bill Nye, and Carl Sagan.

Popular science and scientific literature
When scientists write about their work, first they publish in scientific journals such as Nature and Science. Then they may write books. The purpose of popular science is to show scientific literature in a way that different types of scientists, and people who are not scientists, will easily understand. When people take an idea from scientific literature and change it into popular science, important things about that idea may be left out or added in.

Popular science is a bridge between the literature written for scientists, and the realms of popular writing which ordinary people use. The goal of the genre is to capture the methods and accuracy of science, while making the language more accessible.

Popular science has its problems. Some popular science is made by people who do not understand the subject well. Some is made by people who have a strong bias. Some is part science and part pseudoscience. It can be hard for someone who is not an expert to tell which works of popular science are reliable. Museums, television programs and websites are also in the business of communicating science to the wider public. Not all of these are reliable. The oldest institution devoted to link science to the public may be the Gresham College, which was founded in 1597 in London. It was not entirely devoted to science. The Royal Institution in London has similar aims, and is devoted to science. It was founded in 1799. Both of these institutions have always given lectures by experts to the general public.

References

Science
Literature
Communication

Popular science


Anglesey () is an island and county in Wales. There is a village there called Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. It is the longest place name in the United Kingdom. The island has a population of 68,900 people. Its largest town is Holyhead.

Culture and people
Around 7 out of 10 people on Anglesey speak Welsh, which is quite high. There are many small villages on the island. Anglesey is the home of Actress Naomi Watts, and founder of the English rock band Motörhead, Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister.

Places and sights
Anglesey does not have a capital. Instead, it has a County Council Office in the town of Llangefni. It was once famous for its markets. There are lots of good beaches on the island. A ferry between the island and Ireland is located at Holyhead which is the largest town on the island. There is also a small tidal island called Llanddwyn island. On the island there are ruins of a church, a large lighthouse and a Christian cross. Anglesey is quite a flat island but there are several hills near the middle of the island and one larger hill in the west of the island.

The oldest suspension bridge carrying a main road joins Anglesey to the rest of Wales. It is called the Menai Bridge and is shares its name with the town on the Anglesey end of the bridge.

Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch is a village that is known for it's long name

Other websites
 Anglesey Community Forums - All Welcome
 Anglesey Tourist Information
 Anglesey Today
 Anglesey History
 Isle of Anglesey County Council / Cyngor Sir Ynys Môn
 The Anglesey Edge - local and tourist information

Islands of the United Kingdom
Geography of Wales

Anglesey


A decomposer is an organism that breaks down long chain polymers from dead organisms into smaller molecules. Decomposers are bacteria and fungi. What they do is use the parts and energy to build up their own materials, which are also organic.

Decomposers are heterotrophs. This means they use organic substrates to get their energy, carbon and nutrients for growth and development.

Decomposers break down cells of other organisms using biochemical reactions without need for internal digestion. This is different from detritivores, which actually digest dead organic matter.

Decomposition also involves abiotic decomposition. This is breakdown by chemical processes, such as hydrolysis, or physical processes, such as heat. This turns organic material into inorganic material, and so returns nutrients to the environment.

Related pages
Mushrooms
Microbes
Ecosystems
Producers
Consumers

References

Ecology

Decomposer


The Holy See (Latin: Sancta Sedes, "holy seat") is the title for the office of the Bishop of Rome, that is, the Pope.
The Holy See also means the Pope and the Roman Curia, the governing body of the Roman Catholic Church.

Every episcopal see is seen as holy and the Eastern Orthodox Church calls all of its sees "holy" or "sacred" (). "The Holy See" (definite singular) usually refers to the see of Rome, which is also called "the Apostolic See". While "Apostolic See" can refer to any see founded by any of the Apostles, the term is in this case refers to the see of the bishop seen as successor of Saint Peter, one of the Apostles.

Aside from Rome, the archiepiscopal See of Mainz, which was also of electoral and primatial rank, is the only other Western see that bears the title of "Holy See", although this usage is less common.

Organization of the Holy See
The Pope governs the Church through the Roman Curia. The Roman Curia consists of the Secretariat of State, nine Congregations, three Tribunals, eleven Pontifical Councils, and an assortment offices that conducts church affairs at the highest level. The Secretariat of State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State, leads and supervises the Curia. The current Secretariat of State, Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone, acts as the Holy See's prime minister. Archbishop Dominique Mamberti, Secretary of the Section for Relations With States of the Secretariat of State acts as the Holy See's foreign minister. Bertone and Mamberti have been chosen to hold these positions by Pope Benedict XVI in September 2006.

Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which oversees church doctrine; the Congregation for Bishops, which coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide; the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, which oversees all missionary activities; and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, manages international peace and social issues.

International organizations
The Holy See is active in international organizations and is a member of the following groups:
International Grains Council (IGC)
International Committee for Military Medicine (ICMM)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)*
Universal Postal Union (UPU), International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT)
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
Note: In 1971, the Holy See announced the decision to adhere to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in order to "give its moral support to the principles that form the base of the treaty itself."

The Holy See is also a permanent observer of the following groups:
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Latin Union (LU)
Organization of American States (OAS) in Washington
Organization of African Unity (OAU)
United Nations*
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
United Nations Drug Control Programme (UNDCP)
United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS)
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
World Tourism Organization (WToO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
World Health Organization (WHO)
World Food Programme (WFP)
Note: the Holy See is a permanent observer in the United Nations and, in July 2004, gained all the rights of full membership except voting. According to Archbishop Celestino Migliore, Holy See Permanent Observer, "We have no vote because this is our choice." He added that the Holy See considers that its current status "is a fundamental step that does not close any path for the future. The Holy See has the requirements defined by the UN statute to be a member state and, if in the future it wished to be so, this resolution would not impede it from requesting it."

The Holy See is an observer on an informal basis of the following groups:
Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee (AALCC)
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
United Nations Committee of Peaceful Use of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS)
World Meteorological Organization in Geneva (WMO)

The Holy See has a delegation to the Arab League in Cairo. It is also a guest of honor to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.

The Holy See, not the Vatican City, maintains diplomatic relations with states (such as with the United Kingdom), and participates in international organizations. Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to the Vatican City, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. When necessary, the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of the Vatican City.

Under the Lateran Treaty, the Holy See has extraterritorial authority over 23 sites in Rome and five Italian sites outside of Rome, including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo.
The same authority is granted by international law to the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See in a foreign country.

Related pages
 Roman Curia
Pope Francis
 Pope Benedict XVI
 Vatican City

References

Further reading
 La Due, William J. The Chair of Saint Peter: A History of the Papacy

Other websites
 The Holy See Website
 Primacy of the Apostolic See
 CIA World Factbook on Holy See
 Between Venus and Mars, the Church of Rome Chooses Both  - The Holy See's geopolitics analyzed in the light of the dominant doctrines
 The Holy See in the course of time, from an Orthodox perspective
 Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations
 Australian Embassy in The Holy See
 Canadian Embassy to the Holy See
 British Embassy to the Holy See
 The Embassy of the Czech Republic at the Holy See in Vatican
 United States Embassy to the Holy See
  Vatican City

Popes

Holy See


is a fictional character and the protagonist from Ken Akamatsu's manga and anime Love Hina. He is voiced by Yūji Ueda (Japanese) and Derek Stephen Prince (English). His name is inspired by Keitarō Arima as well as the mythological character Urashima Tarō.

Fictional character biography
Keitarō Urashima is 19/20-year-old cram school student who is desperately trying to get into University of Tokyo (Tōkyō daigaku, often abbreviated to Tōdai) because of a promise he had made fifteen years earlier to his first love. This promise, that if two people who love each other and go to Tokyo University together they will live happily ever after, is what keeps Keitarō focused and determined, even though he can not remember the name or face of the girl with whom he made the promise to.

After failing the entrance exams twice and becoming a second-year rōnin (a high school student who did not pass the college entrance exams), his parents kick him out of his house, forcing him to move into his grandmother Hinata's home in , a hot-springs village in Kanagawa Prefecture overlooking Sagami Bay. Hinata's residence is a hotel called the Hinata House, located at 1 Hinata Street; what he does not know at this time is that the hotel had been converted into a girls-only dormitory. Despite an embarrassing and painful run with the residents which almost forces him to leave, he stays upon finding out that Hinata has given him the title and deed to the Hinata establishment. As the new landlord and manager, he must oversee and maintain the residence, a fact which upsets the girls. Even though the girls think of him as a pervert, over time he wins them over with his good-natured personality and constant perseverance even under dire pressure. Whereas in the anime he has a skill for drawing, particularly women, in the manga his main specialty is cooking chocolate dishes; he even boasted in the second volume that his skill can easily match that of any real chef's. One of his favorite hobbies is collecting photobooth pictures, which are, however, almost only of himself (except for two of him with Naru).

In the manga, after a trip with Seta to the USA, Keitarō becomes a skilled martial artist. He is able to match Motoko and on occasion defeats her in battle. Under Seta's wing, he becomes an impressive archaeologist, gaining Seta's uncanny ability to pull artifacts out of the ground practically anywhere. However, he also adopted Seta's bad driving habits and as well suffers from night blindness. His growth in character is picked up by the girls, who begin to develop even larger crushes on him. His developing relationship with Naru is one of the focal points in the story.

On the fourth attempt (he failed a third time as the story goes on), he finally gets accepted into Tokyo U, then proposes to Naru. Despite attempts from the other girls to capture his heart, Keitarō's feelings for Naru are unwavering. In Chapter 121, it is revealed that she is the girl he made the promise to 15 years ago. He, Naru, and Mutsumi were all in that fateful sandbox and that Hinata says that he should hang onto "that girl beside him," signifying Naru. He becomes a renowned archaeologist and successor to Seta's studies.

After three years and a very long engagement the two finally get married. His luck, though, has not changed much as he is last seen being chased by Naru after accidentally tearing off her wedding dress while heading to their honeymoon though considering their expressions it is implied that this was done more as "for old times sake".

Personality
Keitarō is extremely kind-hearted and can always be counted on to help out when a friend is in trouble. He has a well-meaning personality, is constantly friendly, dedicated to his studies, and has a genuine concern for all of his friends.

He is luckless around women and is the subject of their violent attacks whenever he accidentally sees them naked or trips and touches them inappropriately. Despite such savage beatings, he is incredibly resilient (even a rocket does not do real harm). There is a joke in Volume 12 of the Manga that Keitarō is gifted with immortality, when he tells Naru that she probably would not survive the fall but he would.

After the few years time skip at the end of the manga, it seems his behavior became more like Seta's.

Notes and references

Love Hina
Anime and manga characters with superhuman strength
Fictional archaeologists
Fictional managers
Fictional fortune tellers
Fictional college students
Comics characters introduced in 1998
Fictional Japanese people in anime and manga

Keitarō Urashima


Psi-Force is a comic book series created by Archie Goodwin and Walt Simonson and published by Marvel Comics under their New Universe imprint from 1986 to 1989. It ran for 32 issues and an annual (October 1987).

It concerned a group of adolescents who had developed psionic powers following the "White Event" which had created most of the paranormals in the New Universe. These teens, along with federal agent Emmett Proudhawk, could pool their powers into a psychic construct called the "Psi-Hawk".

The title includes some of the first comics work of writer Fabian Nicieza (#9, 13, 16-32) and artist Ron Lim (#16-22).

Publication history
Almost from the beginning, Psi-Force was one of the New Universe's most popular series. Danny Fingeroth, the regular writer from issue #3 through to #15, remarked that:

Fictional team biography
Psi-Force was brought together by a paranormal named Emmett Proudhawk. Before the White Event, he worked for the CIA on a project investigating children with higher than usual ESP scores. After the White Event, he gained telepathic powers, including the ability to control others and project bolts of force. At the same time he began to have prophetic dreams. The dreams led him to gather those children who had higher ESP scores and had, after the White Event, developed new abilities. He compiled a list of names, which included all of the original members of the team, as well as Thomas Boyd. Of those, he could only find Tucker, Crawley, Jessup, Ling, and Inyushin. He visited the hometown of each teen and mentally compelled them to run away to San Francisco. Then he personally rescued Inyushin from a Russian project investigating paranormals and brought her to the United States. He was killed by a KGB agent code-named 'Mindwolf' (who was working for the Siberian Project and also possessed psionic powers similar to Proudhawk's) shortly after gathering the Sanctuary kids together. When Mindwolf used his powers and attacked the teens, Tucker felt a mental compulsion to take Proudhawks's medallion. He had the others concentrate upon the medallion with him, and thus discovered they had a new ability - the creation of a gestalt entity known as the "Psi-Hawk".

Psi-Hawk possesses the powers of all of those who combine their mental energy to make it but magnified to a far greater degree than any of them could manage separately. Originally, it was thought that only the original five members could create it, but it was later discovered that Thomas Boyd could also contribute to it.  Still later, Lindsey Falmon helped create it (who was neither on Proudhawk's list nor did she have any memories of Proudhawk or Psi-Hawk). It has been created by as few as two and as many as six; however, on the one occasion more than five members participated, Psi-Hawk became dangerously unstable and began attacking those who created it until one of them fell unconscious.

Any time a member wanted to leave the group and strike out on their own, they soon felt an irresistible mental urge to return (or, if they were able to withstand it, for the rest of the group to follow). This bound the group together, unwillingly, until Sanctuary was destroyed and they fled in several directions (although Crawley was able to leave earlier, so long as he was replaced by another member on Proudhawk's list), and never seemed to feel the compulsion.

At the end of issue #24, Tucker, Jessup, Boyd, Ling, and Lindsey Falmon created the Psi-Hawk for the last time. This time, whether due to the group's relative experience or because of the addition of Falmon's powers to the link, the five paranormals lost consciousness and actually controlled Psi-Hawk directly.  In the fight with Rodstvow that ensued, Psi-Hawk was destroyed (although those creating it survived, falling into a coma).

The series was noted for the characters' more confrontational interactions with others, particularly authority figures. They came into conflict with many different groups which wanted to capture them including both the Soviet and American governments. Early issues of the book stressed the nature of the team as one of runaways. When Fabian Nicieza took over writing chores the stories began to focus more on the group's interactions with various paramilitary organizations. At one point, one of their number, Thomas Boyd, was drafted into the US military and the remaining members staged a raid on a US Army base to rescue him. Nicieza also introduced the shadowy Medusa Web organization, a group of mercenaries/terrorists who were occasional opponents and occasional allies of the group. Towards the end of the book's run, Psi-Force spent some time at a Siberian training facility for Russian paranormals. When the Russian paranormal Rodstvow, who had been a repeated enemy of the group, showed up the teens teamed up with the Medusa Web and the Russians to combat him. After this, the remaining members became operatives of the Medusa Web.

In issue #32, the forward is that of a Playboy interview with Tucker (who is stated as being in hiding), which is dated 1998 - roughly ten years after the events of the issue. He reveals that Psi-Force has remained together as a team and that Crowley has returned to the team. He is also asked about the condition of Johnny Do, after a well-publicized "incident at Los Alamos", and replies that he's injured, but still alive.

Main characters

Original members
 Wayne Tucker - also known as Network, he is a telepath, with the ability to push people into following his mental commands.
 Michael Crawley - known as Salvo and later Dynamite, his ability is to cause explosions with his mind. He decides to leave the group for Thomas Boyd in the Annual and later winds up at the Clinic for Paranormal Research.
 Tyrone Jessup - also known as Voyager, his ability is originally described as astral projection, but later discovered to be the projection of his consciousness into an unknown energy form with a specialized control of the electromagnetic spectrum. He is drafted into the United States Army after the death of Psi-Hawk, and he loses control of his powers.
 Kathy Ling - sometimes called Shockwave, but rarely used this name. Powerful telekinetic,  she is initially very reluctant to use her powers, but she grows to like it. She leaves the group in the last issue, but it is implied she later returns.
 Anastasia (Stasi) Inyushin - a healer, Stasi is a Russian national who has been illegally smuggled into the United States by CIA agent Emmett Proudhawk and is highly sought after by her government. She dies in issue #24, from the strain of healing the rest of the team from near death.

Later members
 Thomas Boyd - originally called Psi-Stalker, in Emmet Proudhawk's files, he is listed as 'Syphon'. He is an energy siphon/adrenaline vampire. Boyd has the ability to quickly exhaust the energy in a living organism and can use his powers through a medium (such as fighting batons, or capture lines). In some ways, his power is the reverse of Inyushin's, and her power can hurt him by forcing him to expend his own energy. He is originally enlisted to hunt down the team, but turns on his employer and, later, requests their help. He joins the team in the Annual.
 Lindsey Falmon - known as Overtime, she has the powers of psychometry. She starts a relationship with Tucker while he is on the run in Seattle, and later reveals she has her own powers, despite not being on Proudhawk's list. She runs away with him and, in the final issue, agrees to marry him.
 Johnny Do/Dehman Doosha - a pyrokinetic, Johnny Do is highly autistic and was treated as a virtual animal in a Russian project investigating paranormals. Boyd was able to forge a connection with him and became his caregiver. "Johnny Do" is the name given to him by Boyd—his real name and background prior to his capture by the Soviet government are unknown; Dehman Doosha (Demon Within) is what his captors called him.
 Sedara Bakut - a teleporter, Sedara is a rebel in Afghanistan before she is recruited by Psi-Force in the final issue. She can create window-like portals to places she has been, or to places which have been put into her mind by another. She also has the ability to use her teleportation offensively, using the energy that creates the portal as some sort of force bolt.

The Medusa Web
The Medusa Web is a covert organization of mercenaries established well before the White Event. Its purpose at one point was said to be to save the world from itself by providing them an enemy for them to unite against. At the end of Psi-Force, the remaining members join the Medusa Web as an independent subgroup.

 Babel (Thame Panagitis) - leader, with the ability to understand every language, and for his words always to be understood in the language of the hearer's native tongue. His name is a reference to the Tower of Babel.
 Backfire - possesses the ability to reflect most attacks back on the attacker. He is a coward at heart and carries only blanks in his sidearm because he once shot himself in the foot.
 Donner Kopf - his ability is to generate hypersonic energies with his voice through the use of mechanical implants. His name is German for "Thunderhead".
 Electrique - composed of living electricity, Electrique was dispersed and possibly killed by Jessup's "astral form".
 Gatto di Sangue - former Olympic gymnast who found her athletic ability increased dramatically after the White Event. Her name translates to "Bloodcat". She is killed by Rodstvow during the battle near the Siberian Project.
 Imprint - able to transmit everything he sees and hears as electromagnetic impulses that can be recorded. He is essentially a human recording device, although he is mute. He has also shown the ability to interface with other people and record through them.
 Potiphar - non-paranormal mercenary.
 Relampago - gifted with superhuman speed. She was accidentally killed by Stasi while trying to capture her. Her name is Spanish for "Lightning".
 Skybreaker - possesses the power of flight, though he used exterior wings for stabilization and a large number of small arms for greater attacking range.
 Troublemaker - said to be quadruple-jointed, and able to move any of his joints in any direction. Troublemaker is also skilled in some form of martial arts. Also a gifted agent provocateur, Troublemaker is skilled in provoking others.

Crasniye Solleetsi
Crasniye Solleetsi is team of Soviet paranormals run by the KGB. The name Crasniye Solleetsi is Red Sun in corrupted Russian (the correct Russian term is Krasnoye Solntse/Красное Солнце). Characters' names are in transcribed/corrupted Russian as well.

At some point before the White Event, the Soviet Union established the Siberian Project in the Yamal Peninsula of Siberia. The goal of the project was to investigate people with reputed paranormal abilities, such as ESP, or unusual talents in other areas, including those with an exceptional green thumb.

When the White Event struck, at least one of their subjects, Anastasia Inyushin, developed a full-fledged, provable paranormal ability, the ability to heal with a touch.  Unfortunately for the Soviet government, CIA agent Emmett Proudhawk abducted the girl shortly afterward.

Despite this, the Siberian Project had proved the existence of Paranormals and within two years had begun assembling a team of paranormals, under the control of the KGB, to serve the country's interests. They weren't too picky about the members of this team, either, and included several people with psychological problems ranging from severe autism to complete insanity.

One of the team's first missions was to assist the Soviet military in Afghanistan against the Mujahideen where they were able to push the rebels out of their stronghold.

Later, the members of Psi-Force were taken to the Siberian Project and Red Sun was among the forces to ensure they were kept in line. When Justice and the Medusa Web arrived to break Psi-Force free, Red Sun initially fought them, but they were forced to join forces against the threat of Rodstvow, who had gone completely mad and was destroying people indiscriminately.

 Coojeechiscue (Cubic): Field leader of Crasniye Solleetsi, she possesses the power to create cube-shaped force fields of varying sizes which can be used to either protect or contain people. Her first name is Nadehzda.
 Rodstvow (Kinship, The People's Hero): Insane paranormal of extraordinary power, with the abilities of flight, energy projection, teleportation, and molecular combustion, among others. He was once an artist but descended into insanity when his power manifested after the White Event, causing the loss of several of his body parts. His family was also accidentally killed during his initial manifestation, after which the Soviet government took custody of him. His destroyed body parts were replaced with a specialized plastic-like substance in which his bio energy was able to retake human form.
 Sillatochca (Force Point): Former mechanic with the ability to increase the pressure in objects with his mind, often causing them to explode. His power causes him severe migraines. Leonid Vishnevesky was blackmailed into the program with threats against his family and is opposed to what he is made to do. Killed by Potiphar as he was helping Overtime escape the Siberian Project.
 Shivowtnoeh (Animal): A Russian high school student named Irina Mityushova, began a bestial transformation shortly after the White Event. She possesses superhuman strength and senses, and natural weaponry including claws and horns. Her rational mind has also retreated behind a bestial personality.
 Dehman Doosha (the Demon Within): A young, highly autistic pyrokinetic. He eventually joined the team Psi-Force.

Other notable nonparanormals
 Colby Shaw - ran the San Francisco branch of Sanctuary, the halfway house for runaways that the group called home for most of the first 16 issues.
 The Skipper - CIA Agent and friend of Emmett Proudhawk.
 Derek Shiningstar - CIA Agent and former friend of Emmett Proudhawk. Shiningstar faked Boyd's death to keep him away from Proudhawk, and then trained him.
 Eugene Proudhawk - Emmett Proudhawk's brother. He lives on a reservation.
 Andrew Chaser - a reporter, Chaser wrote a book Power for the Preying about Psi-Force after their supposed deaths based on his own investigations and friendship with Tyrone Jessup. The book made life very difficult for Jessup's family, who were forced to relocate because of anti-paranormal prejudice.

Writers
 Stephen Perry - Psi-Force #1-2 (November 1986-December 1986)
 Danny Fingeroth - Psi-Force #3-6, 8, 10-11, 14-15 (January 1987-April 1987, June 1987, August 1987-September 1987, December 1987-January 1988); Psi-Force Annual #1 (1987)
 David Michelinie - Psi-Force #7 (May 1987)
 Fabian Nicieza - Psi-Force #9, 13, 16-32 (July 1987, November 1987, February 1988-June 1989); "Healing Time" in Justice #23 (September 1988) [back-up story]
 Rosemary McCormick - Psi-Force #12 (October 1987)

Art
 Mark Texeira - Psi-Force #1-5, 8 (November 1986-March 1987, June 1987); Psi-Force Annual #1 (October 1987)
 Mike Vosburg - Psi-Force #6 (April 1987)
 Bob Hall - Psi-Force #7, 9, 11-12, 14 (May 1987, July 1987, September 1987-October 1987, December 1987)
 Rod Whigham - Psi-Force #10 (August 1987)
 Javier Saltares - Psi-Force #13, 15 (November 1987, January 1988); "Healing Time" in Justice #23 (September 1988) [back-up story]
 Ron Lim - Psi-Force #16-22 (February 1988-August 1988)
 Don Heck - Psi-Force #22 (August 1988)
 Graham Nolan - Psi-Force #23, 25-26 (September 1988, November 1988-December 1988)
 Mark Bagley - Psi-Force #24 (October 1988)
 Alan Kupperberg - Psi-Force #27 (January 1989)
 Rodney Ramos - Psi-Force #28-32 (February 1989-June 1989)

Alternative versions

newuniversal - Dr. Emmett Proudhawk

An alternative version of Dr. Emmett Proudhawk is introduced in issue #2 of Warren Ellis's re-imagining of the New Universe, newuniversal. Dr. Emmett Proudhawk is a CIA consultant and Native American Wicasa Wakan, which loosely translated means "Medicine Man" but is more accurately translated as Doctor of Mystery (where mystery here refers to the mystery and power of the spirit, of magic, of visions, and of divinity). Proudhawk undertook a vision quest in order to understand what the White Event is and why it occurred, and was surprised to find himself in the superflow, and even further surprised when his spirit guide, a hawk, spoke clearly when answering his questions (usually any answers given in a vision quest are metaphorical). When Proudhawk asked what the White Event was, his spirit guide answered that "it is the invitation to live with God and walk in the world with his powers".

The superflow was further explained to Proudhawk as the "wakan condition", and is the source of all wakan (mystery), dreams, and visions come from. While Proudhawk had been able to partially see the superflow while on a normal vision quest (it was never fully visible to him), he had now been "touched" by it, directly implying that he, like four others, had gained superhuman powers. While it may be unclear if Proudhawk has any powers, his spirit guide told him that four others had been touched by wakan before him, and that the many others to follow after him would all need a "doctor who understands mystery".

Proudawk sees the earth as water, but with a small island upon which he begins his vision quest, complete with campfire. It is unclear if the hawk represents the alien device, another superhuman, or if the hawk is a function of any paranormal powers he may have, since it has yet to be concretely revealed if Proudhawk is a superhuman.

Psi-Force in popular culture
El Coyote, the main antagonist in the 1986 feature film Firewalker, is portrayed reading Psi-Force #1.

Notes

External links
 Fan page dedicated to the series
 Overview of the characters in the series
 Psi-Force at Appendix to the Marvel Universe

1986 comics debuts
Comics by Fabian Nicieza
Defunct American comics
Marvel Comics titles
New Universe

Psi-Force


In the United States, the Acreage Reduction Program (ARP) is a no-longer-authorized annual cropland retirement program for wheat, feed grains, cotton, or rice in which farmers participating in the commodity programs (in order to be eligible for nonrecourse loans and deficiency payments) were mandated to idle a crop-specific, nationally set portion of their base acreage during years of surplus.  The idled acreage (called the acreage conservation reserve) was devoted to a conserving use.  The goal was to reduce supplies, thereby raising market prices. Additionally, idled acres did not earn deficiency payments, thus reducing commodity program costs.  ARP was criticized for diminishing the U.S. competitive position in export markets.  The 1996 farm bill (P.L. 104–127) did not reauthorize ARPs.  ARP differed from a set-aside program in that under a set-aside program reductions were based upon current year plantings, and did not require farmers to reduce their plantings of a specific crop.

See also
Environmental Conservation Acreage Reserve Program

References

United States Department of Agriculture programs

Acreage Reduction Program


Gus J. Kefurt (1917 – December 25, 1944) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Kefurt joined the Army from Youngstown, Ohio in August 1943, and by December 23, 1944, was serving as a staff sergeant in Company K, 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. On that day and the next, he led his men in a fight against German forces near Bennwihr, France. He exposed himself to hostile fire in order to encourage his men and direct their fire, led his men in the defense of positions despite repeated enemy attacks, and refused medical evacuation even after being seriously wounded. He was killed on December 25, and posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 1948 for his actions during the battle.

Kefurt was buried at the Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial in Épinal, France.

Upon re-stationing to Fort Benning in 1996, 3rd Brigade – 3rd Infantry Division designated building 9001 on Kelley Hill as the Kefurt Fitness Center.

Medal of Honor citation
Staff Sergeant Kefurt's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
He distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty on 23 and 24 December 1944, near Bennwihr, France. Early in the attack S/Sgt. Kefurt jumped through an opening in a wall to be confronted by about 15 Germans. Although outnumbered he opened fire, killing 10 and capturing the others. During a seesaw battle which developed he effectively adjusted artillery fire on an enemy tank close to his position although exposed to small arms fire. When night fell he maintained a 3-man outpost in the center of the town in the middle of the German positions and successfully fought off several hostile patrols attempting to penetrate our lines. Assuming command of his platoon the following morning he led it in hand-to-hand fighting through the town until blocked by a tank. Using rifle grenades he forced surrender of its crew and some supporting infantry. He then continued his attack from house to house against heavy machinegun and rifle fire. Advancing against a strongpoint that was holding up the company, his platoon was subjected to a strong counterattack and infiltration to its rear. Suffering heavy casualties in their exposed position the men remained there due to S/Sgt. Kefurt's personal example of bravery, determination and leadership. He constantly exposed himself to fire by going from man to man to direct fire. During this time he killed approximately 15 of the enemy at close range. Although severely wounded in the leg he refused first aid and immediately resumed fighting. When the forces to his rear were pushed back 3 hours later, he refused to be evacuated, but, during several more counterattacks moved painfully about under intense small arms and mortar fire, stiffening the resistance of his platoon by encouraging individual men and by his own fire until he was killed. As a result of S/Sgt. Kefurt's gallantry the position was maintained.

See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

1944 deaths
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army soldiers
Recipients of the Silver Star
1917 births
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Greenville, Pennsylvania

Gus Kefurt


Line 10 (La Sagrera - Gorg and ZAL | Riu Vell - Collblanc) is the name of one of the two branches of the Barcelona metro extension line 9, currently under construction and to be operated by TMB.

Overview
It links the Zona Franca with Badalona, through Barcelona proper, sharing a good deal of the area covered by L9. L9/10 will be the deepest line in the network, and the longest line in Europe. Originally expected to be ready by 2008, ongoing problems with its construction are going to delay its completion until as late as 2013.

List of stations
(Keep in mind all of them are currently under construction)

Zona Franca area
 Polígon Pratenc
 Zona Franca ZAL
 Zona Franca Port
 Zona Franca Litoral
 Motors
 Foc Cisell (L2)
 Foneria
 Ildefons Cerdà (L8)
 Provençana
Central branch, shared with L9
 Can Tries
 Torrassa (L1, RENFE)
 Collblanc (L5)
 Campus Sud (T1, T2, T3)
 Zona Universitària (L3)
 Campus Nord
 Manuel Girona
 Prat de la Riba
 Sarrià (L6)
 Mandrí
 El Putxet (L7)
 Lesseps (L3)
 Muntanya
 Sanllehy
 Guinardó (L4)
 Maragall
 Sagrera-Meridiana (L1, L4, RENFE)
 Estació de la Sagrera (L4, RENFE-AVE)
 Onze de Setembre
 Bon Pastor
Besòs area
 Llefià
 La Salut
 Gorg (L2, T5, T6)

Other websites
 Avui article, part 1
 Avui article, part 2

10

Barcelona Metro line 10


Carl Stumpf (21 April 1848 – 25 December 1936) was a German philosopher and psychologist. He is known for his impact on phenomenology, one of the most important philosophical trends of the twentieth century.

He had an important influence on Edmund Husserl, the founder of modern phenomenology, as well as Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka, co-founders of Gestalt psychology.

Stumpf was also one of the pioneers of musicology and ethnomusicology. He held positions in the philosophy departments at the Universities of Göttingen, Würzburg, Prague, Munich and Halle, before obtaining a chair (professorship) at the University of Berlin.

Phenomenology
Stumpf began his Tonpsychologie (Tone psychology) in 1875, perhaps his greatest contribution to psychology. He distinguished between phenomena and mental functions, suggesting that phenomena such as tones, colours, and images are either sensory or imaginary. Stumpf termed the study of such phenomena as phenomenology. He did a wide range of studies of the sounds of different instruments, melody, tonal fusion, and the consonance and dissonance of tones.

Sensational phenomena
In 1903 and 1904, Stumpf was involved in two public episodes about sensational phenomena. First, an engineer from Prague claimed to have invented a machine that could change photographs of sound waves into sound. Stumpf, after attending a demonstration, wrote an article challenging it, and it was never heard about again. However, the case of Clever Hans, an apparently brilliant horse owned by Herr von Osten, was even more sensational. The research done under his guidance disproved the idea that the animal understood language. It turned out that the horse was following subtle clues given unconsciously by its owner.

Major works
1885. Tonpsychologie
1911. Die Anfänge der Musik
1928. Gefühl und Gefühlsempfindung
1939-1940. Erkenntnislehre. 2 volumes, Leipzig: J.A. Barth.
1997. Carl Stumpf – Schriften zur Psychologie. H. & L. Sprung (eds) Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang.

 Other sources
1911. Pfungst O. Clever Hans (the horse of Mr. von Osten): a contribution to experimental, animal, and human psychology. New York: Henry Holt.
1982. Spiegelberg H. The phenomenological movement. 3rd ed, The Hague: Nijhoff.
1995. Ash M.G. 1995, Gestalt psychology in German culture 1890–1967. Cambridge: Camb. U. Press.
2006. Carl Stumpf – Renaissance de la philosophie. D. Fisette (ed), Paris: Vrin.
2009. Carl Stumpf. Gestalt Theory''. vol. 30, #2.

References

1848 births
1936 deaths
German philosophers
German psychologists
Musicologists

Carl Stumpf


Justus Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and worked on the organization of organic chemistry.

Liebig was one of the greatest chemistry teachers of all time.
At 21 he was appointed professor of chemistry at Giessen, recommended by Alexander von Humboldt. There he established the world's first major school of chemistry. He invented the chemical laboratory, and used it for teaching. He founded and edited the Annalen der Chemie, the leading German-language journal of chemistry.

Liebig invented new methods for the analysis of organic materials. He showed that, to grow, plants need (as well as water and sunlight) carbon dioxide, minerals and nitrogen compounds. He discovered that nitrogen was an essential plant nutrient, and invented the first nitrogen-based fertiliser. His Law of the Minimum stated that a plant's development is limited by the one essential mineral that is in the shortest supply. He described the effect of individual nutrients on crops.

Where others thought that organic chemicals were entirely separate fron inorganic ones, Liebig thought diffferently:
"...the production of all organic substances no longer belongs just to the organism. It must be viewed as not only probable but as certain that we shall produce them in our laboratories. Sugar, salicin (aspirin), and morphine will be artificially produced". Liebig's textbooks were the standard for many years.

In 1835 he invented a process of silvering that greatly improved the quality of mirrors.

Liebig also developed a manufacturing process for beef extracts, and founded a company, Liebig Extract of Meat Company, that later trademarked the Oxo brand beef cube.

Liebig's work was closely followed in Britain, and he was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1840. His own country made him a Baron in 1845.

Related pages
List of science books#19th century

1803 births
1873 deaths
German academics
German biochemists
Scientists from Darmstadt

Justus Liebig


Kanzler is a white German wine grape variety that was produced in the city of Alzey as a crossing of Müller-Thurgau and Silvaner. Today it is primarily grown in the Rheinhessen where it is valued for the high must weights that the grapes can achieve. However, the grape is very sensitive to terroir and vineyard site selection with a tendency to produce very low yields in unfavorable locations.

References

White wine grape varieties
German wine

Kanzler (grape)


Tramway tracks are used on tramways or light railways. Grooved rails (or girder rails) are normally used to let the trams run on streets. This is called "street-running". Like normal rail tracks, tram tracks consist of two parallel steel rails.

Tram rails can be placed in several surfaces. Standard rails can be put on sleepers like railway tracks, or with grooved rails on concrete sleepers into street surfaces (pavement) for street running.  Another environmentally-friendly or ecologically-friendly alternative is to lay tracks into grass turf surfaces. This is known as grassed track (or track in a lawn). It was first used in Liverpool in 1924.

Rail infrastructure
Tram technology

Tramway track


Uhlan is the name for a type of Polish soldier of light cavalry, armed with lance (a kind of spear). The respect for such Polish troops caused that in the beginning of the 19th century great part of European armies created similar military units. In most European armies, the units of that kind took the name of lancers. In the Russian, Austrian, and German armies, the units of Polish lancers had kept the original name of Uhlans.

Poland
Army

Uhlan


A racquet (sometimes racket) is used in sports to hit an object.  It differs from a paddle because the head is a grid of strings instead of solid.

Tennis
A tennis racquet has a long handle and a large oval-shaped area used to hit a tennis ball. It has many strings stretched across its surface (or face) both horizontally and vertically. The strings supply bounce to hit the ball. The handle and frame of the racquet is usually made out of light materials such as graphite. Older racquets were made out of wood. Tennis racquets come in different sizes and weights.

Tennis racquets can be bought at sports equipment stores or department stores. A beginner racquet can cost as little as $30, but they can cost much more for very good quality rackets ($500 or more).

Badminton
A badminton racquet has a longer, thinner neck than a tennis racquet with softer strings as the shuttlecock is hit up over a net.

Sports equipment
Racquet sports

Racquet


Night of the Big Heat is a science fiction novel written in 1959 by John Lymington. It tells the story of an unnamed British island that is experiencing a bizarre and stifling heatwave.

Plot summary
The main characters are a former novelist named Richard Callum and his wife Frankie, who own a pub called the White Lion. Richard has hired a secretary to help out on his new book, Patricia Wells, who turns out to have an obsession for Callum. A visiting scientist named Harsen reveals, ultimately, that the reason for the extreme heat is that an alien race of spiders are "beaming in" scouts from their home planet via a radio wave ray, which generates intense amounts of heat as a side effect.

The spiders themselves are carnivorous and eat humans, and give off bodily heat intense enough to burn alive any person who gets too close to them. Together with Harsen, Patricia, and science fiction author Vernon Stone, the Callums try to make it to the island's radio station to call for help so that they can thwart the invasion.

Screen adaptations
A television adaptation was broadcast by ITV in the Play of the Week series on 14 June 1960, scripted by Giles Cooper, and directed by Cyril Coke. It starred Lee Montague as Richard Callum, Sally Bazely as Frankie Callum, Melissa Stribling as Patricia Wells, Karel Štěpánek  as Doctor Harsen, and Bernard Archard as Sir James Murray. Bernard Cribbins also featured in a small role.  Made by Associated Rediffusion, it no longer exists.

The novel was later adapted into a 1967 film, Night of the Big Heat (also known as Island of the Burning Damned) by Planet Film Productions, starring Christopher Lee, Peter Cushing, Patrick Allen, Sarah Lawson, Jane Merrow, and Kenneth Cope. It was directed by Terence Fisher.

References

1959 British novels
British science fiction novels
1959 science fiction novels
Novels about writers
Alien invasions in novels
Novels about extraterrestrial life
Novels set on islands
British novels adapted into films
Hodder & Stoughton books

Night of the Big Heat


Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (15 June 1519–23 July 1536) was the son of King Henry VIII of England and his mistress, Elizabeth Blount. Henry had an affair with Elizabeth Blount while he was married to Catherine of Aragon. He was the only illegitimate (a person whose parents are not married) child of Henry VIII that was confirmed by Henry VIII to be his own son. Henry had no other living sons during Fitzroy's lifetime and so Fitzroy was considered as a potential heir to the throne.

He died in 1536 from a lung disease, probably Tuberculosis, one year before his half-brother Edward VI of England was born.

1519 births
1536 deaths
English royalty
English Dukes


Papa Bois (otherwise known as "Maître Bois", meaning master of the woods or "Daddy Bouchon" meaning hairy man), a French patois word for "father wood" or "father of the forest" is a popular fictional folklore character of St. Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago. Often called the "keeper of the forest", he is thought of as the protector of the forests and their flora and fauna.

He is married to the Mama Dlo also known as Mama D'Leau.

His appearance is thought to be that of a short, old man of African descent with cloven hooves (or at least his left leg ends in a large hoof) and a beard of leaves, who, despite his age sports strong muscles and can run faster than a deer. His body is completely covered with hair like that of a donkey and small horns sprout from his forehead. He is also known to carry a hollowed-out bull's horn, which he uses to warn animals of hunters' approach. He is also known to have the power of metamorphosis and is commonly thought to transform himself into a deer, luring hunters deep into the forest and getting them lost. Much like his female counterpart, Mama Dlo.

It is believed that if one meets Papa Bois, one must be polite and refrain from staring at his hooves, and say a polite greeting to him. For example, "Bon jour, vieux Papa" meaning, "Good day, old father."
Papa Bois is also found in Grenadian folklore.  He is usually represented as a huge Manicou (Opossum).  Hunters of the forest are always afraid of him because of his appearing and disappearing trick.

In popular culture
 In Nalo Hopkinson's book Midnight Robber, Papa Bois is the name of the large "daddy trees" that function as both shelter and ecosystem for sentient creatures.

See also
Douen
Gang Gang Sarah

References

External links
 Trinidad and Tobago Folklore Characters
 Papa Bois Article

Caribbean legendary creatures
Trinidad and Tobago folklore
Forest spirits

Papa Bois


Arbon is a municipality and capital city of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

History

The shores of Lake Constance near Arbon have been inhabited since the Stone Age. Archaeological digs in 1885 and 1944 have uncovered stilt houses from the Stone and Bronze Ages. At first, it was assumed that these were built over water, since they were raised on stilts. However, it is now known that they were on the shore and were built in this fashion because the ground was swampy.

During Roman times, Bergli was probably a Roman fort. The raised situation and view over the lake were strategically important. Since 1957, regular excavations have shown the remains of late Roman fortifications. The Latin name of Arbon, Arbor Felix (meaning happy tree), first appears in the Itinerarium Antonini in 300.

According to the chronicles of Ammianus Marcellinus, Emperor Gratian went to Arbon in 378, and stayed there until 401.

In the 8th century, the area became part of the territory of the Franks.

In 610, Irish monks who were followers of Columban of Luxeuil settled in Arbon. They found a small Christian settlement called Castrum there. One of these monks was St. Gallus, the founder of the monastery of St. Gallen. He died in 627 in Arbon. In 720, a fortification on the site of the present castle was built by a Frankish troop. The foundations of this early fortress remain.

Ecclesiastically, Arbon belonged to the territory of the Bishop of Constance. In 1255, Bishop Eberhard von Waldburg gave Arbon a dispensation for market rights in the area and built the city wall. That century saw an influx of inhabitants from the surrounding farms. From 1262 to 1264, and again in 1266, the young Duke of Swabia, Conradin of Hohenstaufen, resided in Arbon because the Bishop of Constance was his guardian. The surrounding towns of Steinach, Mörschwil, Horn, Goldach, Egnach, Roggwil, and Steinebrunn all belonged to the parish of Arbon.

The 14th century saw further growth. Linen production and other crafts developed. Between 1322 and 1334, Bishop Rudolf von Montfort rebuilt the crumbling fortress. A fire of unknown cause in 1390 destroyed much of the Altstadt. A second fire in 1494 was set by the sons of a hanged thief.

When Thurgau was conquered by the Swiss Eidgenossen in 1460, the Bishops of Constance retained Arbon. However, in the Swabian War of 1499, they lost civil rights over the territory, retaining only ecclesiastical supremacy. Arbon then became part of the Old Swiss Confederacy.

The castle of Arbon in its present form was built in 1515 by Bishop Hugo von Hohenlandenberg. The tower is older and dates to 993.

In 1525, the first stirrings of the Reformation reached Arbon. In 1537, the reformed congregation was forced to return the church of St. Martin to the Catholic Church and meet in the chapel in Erdhausen, although only a small minority of the population remained Catholic. Religious conflict continued until the 18th century. In 1712, Thurgau declared equality for the various faiths.

In the 18th century, the linen and embroidery industry was established in Arbon. The industrialists built attractive villas in the area, such as the «Rotes Haus» built in 1750.

In 1798, Thurgau was occupied by French troops, along with much of the rest of Switzerland. The adoption of the Swiss constitution ended Arbon's dependence on the Bishops of Constance. The Bishop's representative, Franz Xaver Wirz von Rudenz, was forced to leave the city. In 1803, Arbon became part of the new canton of Thurgau. From 1803 to 1815, Arbon and Horn (an exclave in the canton of St. Gallen) were united in one municipality.

In the 19th century, Arbon developed into an economic and manufacturing center. This occurred primarily because of the pioneering efforts of industrialist Franz Saurer, who move his foundry from St. Gallen to Arbon in 1863. Starting in 1888, his factory built all kinds of machinery and motors. Until 1983, the factory produced trucks and buses, and until 1986 military vehicles. Today, the factory produces only textile machinery. At its high point, the factory employed 5000 workers. The population grew from 660 in 1844 to over 10,000 at the turn of the century.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, Arbon has had a large non-Swiss minority. Tensions between ethnic groups led to riots with several fatalities in 1902.

In 1911, Arbon was the site of the International Socialist Congress. From the 1920s to the 1950s, the Social Democratic majority held power in the city, and it was known as red Arbon.

Population
The population of the city of Arbon is about 13,000 people.

References

Other websites

http://www.arbon.ch
City of Arbon

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities in Arbon

Arbon


Joe Grant (May 15, 1908 - May 9, 2005) was an American animator, writer and illustrator. He worked for Walt Disney between 1933 and 1949 and again from 1989 until his death just a few days before his 97th birthday.

Joe Grant was born at 1908 in New York City. After school, he began his career as a caricaturist. In 1933, he was hired by Disney for the Mickey Mouse short movie Mickey's Gala Premiere. In the next years, he, Albert Hurter, Dick Huemer and Fred Moore were the studios' most important character animator. He created the witch in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). Grant and Huemer created books for Fantasia and Dumbo. Later, he was the head of the "Character Animation Department" at Disney. This department was closed in 1949 and Grant left Disney.

40 years later, in 1989, Grant began working for Disney again.  He created characters and sketches for Disney's Beauty and the Beast, (1991). The movie was the first animated movie which was nominated for the Academy Award for "Best Picture". He was the only person who worked on Fantasia (1940) and Fantasia 2000.

In 2005, his animation short movie Lorenzo was nominated for an Academy Award. Just a few weeks later, Joe Grant died while working with his drawing board at the age of 96 in Glendale, California.

1908 births
2005 deaths
American animators
Disney animators
Writers from New York City
American illustrators

Joe Grant


The coat of arms of Germany (German Wappen Deutschlands) is a symbol of Germany; the coat of arms feature an eagle. The coat of arms are similar to those of the flag of Germany (black, red and gold ). It is the oldest existing state symbol in Europe and is one of the oldest insignia in the world. Its history as an emblem is far longer, however. To the Germanic tribes the eagle was the bird of the god Odin, and by the Romans, too, it was revered as the symbol of the supreme god, of the emperor and of invincibility. From there and through its religious significance in Christendom it came to be incorporated into medieval symbolism.

Germany
National symbols of Germany

Coat of arms of Germany


Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electrical current flow on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins, to whole tissues like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity.

Definition and scope

Classical electrophysiologic techniques
Classical electrophysiology involves placing electrodes into various preparations of biologic tissue. The principle types of electrodes are: 1) simple solid conductors, such as discs and needles (singles or arrays), 2) tracings on a printed circuit boards, and 3) hollow tubes filled with an electrolyte, such as glass pippettes. The principal preparations include 1) living organisms, 2) excised tissue (acute or cultured), 3) dissociated cells from excised tissue (acute or cultured), 4) artificially grown cells or tissues, or 5) hybrids of the above.

If an electrode is small enough in diameter (on the order of microns), then the electrophysiologist may choose to insert the tip into a single cell.

Many particular electrophysiological readings have specific names:
 Electrocardiography - for the heart
 Electroencephalography - for the brain
 Electrocorticography - from the cerebral cortex
 Electromyography - for the muscles
 Electrooculography - for the eyes
 Electroretinography - for the retina
 Electroantennography - for the olfactory receptors in arthropods

Other websites
EP Lab Digest - Trade Publication for EP Professionals

Physiology
Medical imaging

Electrophysiology


Ottonian dynasty was a dynasty of kings of Germany, named after its first emperor Otto I the Great. But it is also known as the Saxon dynasty after the origin of this family of noblemen. The family itself is also sometimes known as the Liudolfings, after its earliest known member Liudolf and one of its most common names. The Ottonian rulers are also regarded as the first dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, as successors of the Carolingian dynasty and Charlemagne, who is commonly viewed as the original founder of a new (Frankish) Roman Empire.

Although he was never Emperor, Henry I the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, was the founder of this imperial dynasty, since his election as German king made it possible for his son, Otto the Great to take on the imperium. Since Otto I most of the German kings were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Under the reign of the Ottonian rulers, the kingdom of the Eastern Franks finally became Germany as the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia and Bavaria joined in one empire.

After the end of the Ottonian dynasty (with the death of Henry II in 1024) the crown passed to the Salian dynasty. Luitgard, a daughter of Emperor Otto I had married the Salian Duke Conrad the Red of Lorraine. His great-grandson was Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor.

Ottonian Kings and Emperors:
 Henry I the Fowler, King of the Germans and Duke of Saxony, died 936
 Otto I the Great, Holy Roman Emperor and Duke of Saxony, died 973
 Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, died 983
 Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, died 1002
 Saint Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, died 1024

Some other famous members of the Liudolfing or Ottonian House:
 Liudolf, Count of Saxony, died 864/866
 Saint Altfrid, Bishop of Hildesheim, died 874
 Brun, Duke of Saxony, died 880
 Otto I the Illustrious, Duke of Saxony, died 912
 Gerberge of Saxony, died 954
 Henry I, Duke of Bavaria, died 955
 Liudolf, Duke of Swabia, died 957
 Hedwige of Saxony, died 965
 Bruno I, Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia, died 965
 William, Archbishop of Mainz, died 968
 Otto, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria, died 982
 Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, the Wrangler, died 995
 Bruno, Bishop of Augsburg, died 1029

Ottonian dynasty


Four Weddings and a Funeral is a 1994 British romantic comedy-drama movie. It was written and co-produced by Richard Curtis. It was directed by Mike Newell. It stars Hugh Grant as Charles and Andie MacDowell as Carrie, an American whom he repeatedly meets at weddings and a funeral as they become attracted to each other.

Other websites

1994 comedy-drama movies
1994 LGBT movies
1994 romantic comedy movies
1994 romantic drama movies
British comedy-drama movies
British LGBT movies
British romantic comedy movies
British romantic drama movies
1990s English-language movies
LGBT comedy-drama movies
Movies set in London
Movies set in Scotland
Movies directed by Mike Newell

Four Weddings and a Funeral