Vanadinite is a mineral belonging to the apatite group of phosphates, with the chemical formula Pb5(VO4)3Cl. It is one of the main industrial ores of the metal vanadium and a minor source of lead. A dense, brittle mineral, it is usually found in the form of red hexagonal crystals. It is an uncommon mineral, formed by the oxidation of lead ore deposits such as galena. First discovered in 1801 in Mexico, vanadinite deposits have since been unearthed in South America, Europe, Africa, and North America.

Origins
Vanadinite is an uncommon mineral, only occurring as the result of chemical alterations to a pre-existing material. It is therefore known as a secondary mineral. It is found in arid climates and forms by oxidation of primary lead minerals. Vanadinite is especially found in association with the lead sulfide, galena. Other associated minerals include wulfenite, limonite, and barite.

It was originally discovered in Mexico by the Spanish mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801. He called the mineral "brown lead" and asserted that it contained a new element, which he first named pancromium and later, erythronium. However, he was later led to believe that this was not a new element but merely an impure form of chromium. In 1830, Nils Gabriel Sefström discovered a new element, which he named vanadium. It was later revealed that this was identical to the metal discovered earlier by Andrés Manuel del Río. Del Río's "brown lead" was also rediscovered, in 1838 in Zimapan, Hidalgo, Mexico, and was named vanadinite because of its high vanadium content. Other names that have since been given to vanadinite are johnstonite and lead vanadate.

Occurrence
Vanadinite occurs as a secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of lead-bearing deposits; the vanadium is leached from wall-rock silicates. Associated minerals include mimetite, pyromorphite, descloizite, mottramite, wulfenite, cerussite, anglesite, calcite, barite, and various iron oxide minerals.

Deposits of vanadinite are found worldwide including Austria, Spain, Scotland, the Ural Mountains, South Africa, Namibia, Morocco, Argentina, Mexico, and four states of the United States: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and South Dakota.

Vanadinite deposits are found in over 400 mines across the world. Notable vanadinite mines include those at Mibladen and Touisset in Morocco; Tsumeb, Namibia; Cordoba, Argentina; and Sierra County, New Mexico, and Gila County, Arizona, in the United States.

Structure
Vanadinite is a lead chlorovanadate with the chemical formula Pb5(VO4)3Cl. It is composed (by weight) of 73.15% lead, 10.79% vanadium, 13.56% oxygen, and 2.50% chlorine. Each structural unit of vanadinite contains a chlorine ion surrounded by six divalent lead ions at the corners of a regular octahedron, with one of the lead ions provided by an adjoining vanadinite molecule. The distance between each lead and chlorine ion is 317 picometres. The shortest distance between each lead ion is 4.48 Å. The octahedron shares two of its opposite faces with that of neighbouring vanadinite units, forming a continuous chain of octahedrons. Each vanadium atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms at the corners of an irregular tetrahedron. The distance between each oxygen and vanadium atom is either 1.72 or 1.76 Å. Three oxygen tetrahedrons adjoin each of the lead octahedrons along the chain.

Crystals of vanadinite conform to a hexagonal system of symmetry. This internal structure is often reflected in the hexagonal external shape of the crystals. The crystals are usually in the form of short hexagonal prisms, but can also be found as hexagonal pyramids, rounded masses or crusts. A unit cell of vanadinite, the smallest divisible unit that possesses the same symmetry and properties, is in the form of a hexagonal prism. The unit cell of vanadinite is composed of two of its molecules and has the dimensions a = 10.331 Å and c = 7.343 Å, where a is the length of each side of the hexagon and c is the height of the prism. The volume of each unit cell of vanadinite, given by the formula V = a2c sin(60°), is 678.72 Å3.

Characteristics
Vanadinite is in the apatite group of phosphates, and forms a chemical series with the minerals pyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3Cl) and mimetite (Pb5(AsO4)3Cl), with both of which it may form solid solutions. Whereas most chemical series involve the substitution of metallic ions, this series substitutes its anion groups; phosphate (PO4), arsenate (AsO4) and vanadate (VO4). Common impurities of vanadinite include phosphorus, arsenic and calcium, where these may act as an isomorphic substitute for vanadium (in the first two cases) or lead (in the second). Vanadinite when containing a high amount of the arsenic impurity is known as endlichite.

Vanadinite is usually bright-red or orange-red in colour, although sometimes brown, red-brown, grey, yellow, or colourless. Its distinctive colour makes it popular among mineral collectors. Its streak can be either pale yellow or brownish-yellow. Vanadinite may be transparent, translucent or opaque, and its lustre can range from resinous to adamantine. Vanadinite is anisotropic, meaning that some of its properties differ when measured along different axes. When measured perpendicular and parallel to its axis of anisotropy, its refractive indices are 2.350 and 2.416 respectively. This gives it a birefringence of 0.066.

Vanadinite is very brittle, producing small, conchoidal fragments when fractured. Its hardness is 3–4 on the Mohs scale, about the same as a copper coin. Vanadinite is particularly heavy for a translucent mineral. It has a molar mass of 1416.27 g/mol and its specific gravity can range between 6.6 and 7.2 because of impurities.

Uses
Along with carnotite and roscoelite, vanadinite is one of the main industrial ores of the element vanadium, which can be extracted by roasting and smelting. Vanadinite is also occasionally used as a source of lead. A common process for extracting the vanadium begins with the heating of vanadinite with salt (NaCl) or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) at about 850 °C to produce sodium vanadate (NaVO3). This is dissolved in water and then treated with ammonium chloride to give an orange-coloured precipitate of ammonium metavanadate. This is then melted to form a crude form of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). Reduction of vanadium pentoxide with calcium gives pure vanadium.

Image gallery

See also
List of minerals

References

Vanadate minerals
Lead minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 176
Minerals described in 1838

Vanadinite


Soft-shell clams (American English) or sand gaper (British English/Europe), scientific name Mya arenaria, popularly called "steamers", "softshells", "piss clams", "Ipswich clams", or "Essex clams", are a species of edible saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Myidae.

Habitat and distribution
These clams live buried in the sediment on tidal flats. While they are common in muddy areas, their name "arenaria" means sandy and they prefer a combination of sandy and muddy areas. They are well known as a food item on the coast of New England in the Western Atlantic Ocean; however, the range extends much farther north to Canada and south to the Southern states.
They are also found in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, for example in the UK, as well as in the North Sea's Wadden Sea (where they are the dominant large clam).

This species has become invasive on the Pacific Coast of North America, including Alaska, Canada and the continental United States. However M. arenaria originated in the Pacific Ocean during the Miocene.  It extended its range in the early Pliocene to the Atlantic, including European waters.  The Pacific and European populations became extinct some time in the early Pleistocene, leaving only the Northwest Atlantic population, which subsequently spread via humans to its current distribution. It also occurs in the Mediterranean Sea.

Physiology
Mya arenaria has a calcium carbonate shell that is thin and easily broken, hence the name "soft-shells" (as opposed to its beach-dwelling neighbors in some regions, the thick-shelled quahog).

This clam is found living approximately  under the surface of the mud. It extends its paired siphons up to the surface; these draw in seawater, filter it for food, and expel it. The holes in the mud through which the water is drawn in and out can often be seen at low tide. Water may be visibly ejected from the siphon tips when pressure is applied to the surrounding mud. This makes the clams easier to locate when humans are clam digging.

Predators

As well as being eaten by humans, the soft-shelled clam is relished by sea otters in the eastern Pacific Ocean, where the clam is an invasive species. In New England the soft-shell clam is preyed heavily upon by northern moon snails and invasive green crabs. They are also a favorite of sea gulls, which pull the clam from the sand, climb to about , and then drop the clam on a hard surface, breaking the shell. They then dive down quickly to eat the soft parts of the clam before others can get to it.

Cooking
Soft-shell clams are edible and can be used in a variety of dishes. Before cooking, it is generally recommended that clams be stored in saltwater for a few hours to facilitate the expulsion of sand from their digestive tracts. Some recommend that cornmeal be added to the water to give the clams something to filter from it.

Soft-shell clams can be eaten steamed, fried, or in clam chowder. "Steamers" (steamed soft-shell clams) are an integral part of the New England clam bake, where they are served steamed whole in the shell, then pulled from the shell at the table, the neck skin is removed and then while holding the clam by the neck it is dipped, first in the clam broth in which they were cooked, to rinse away remaining sand, and then very briefly in melted butter.

References

Scientific literature
 Gallant, D., A. Poulin, & E. Tremblay (2006). Évaluation statistique et optimisation du programme de monitoring de la mye commune (Mya arenaria) au parc national du Canada Kouchibouguac. Parcs Canada – Rapports techniques en matière de sciences des écosystèmes, 045, ix + 67p. (in French with English abstract; , ISSN 1200-3298)

Clams
Myidae
Marine molluscs of Europe
Marine molluscs of North America
Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean
Molluscs of the United States
Fauna of the Northeastern United States
Fauna of the Southeastern United States
Commercial molluscs
Molluscs described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Miocene animals of North America
Neogene molluscs
Extant Miocene first appearances
Invasive species in Ukraine
Invasive animal species in Europe

Soft-shell clam


The Wizard of Oz is a 1933 Canadian-American animated short film directed by Ted Eshbaugh.  The story is credited to "Col. Frank Baum."  Frank Joslyn Baum, a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army and eldest son of writer L. Frank Baum, was involved in the film's production, and may have had an involvement in the film's script, which is loosely inspired by the elder Baum's 1900 novel, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.  It runs approximately eight and a half minutes and is nearly wordless, working mainly with arrangements of classical music created by Carl W. Stalling.

Production
The film was originally made in Technicolor, but because it was made without proper licensing from the Technicolor Corporation (which limited use of its 3-strip process to Disney), it never received a theatrical release in color, but was released in Black & White instead.

Plot summary
A tornado sweeps through the plains of Kansas, lifting Dorothy and Toto. The two tumble into Oz, landing on the Scarecrow. After freeing him from his pole, the trio stroll together, soon finding a Tin Woodman and oiling him.

After the four watch mating rituals of various animals set to strains of Camille Saint-Saëns's "The Swan", they are welcomed into the Emerald City. Suits of armor sing to them, "Hail to the Wizard of Oz! To the Wizard of Oz we lead the way!" A creature resembling the A-B-Sea Serpent of The Royal Book of Oz extends itself as stairsteps for Dorothy to enter the coach.

The Wizard is a cackling white-bearded man in a starry black robe and conical hat who produces custom seats for each of the four nervous travelers, including one for Toto (the Toto chair is mostly cut out of the frame in most video versions, but is later shown in a full shot of Toto sitting). He proceeds to perform magic with a hen and eggs. These are variations on simple sleight of hand tricks involving making objects appear, but the hen is able to take the eggs back into her body.

Finally, the hen releases an egg that will not stop growing. The five try to fight it, with the Tin Woodman breaking his axe. Soon, though, the egg hatches, the hen takes the chick, and clucks out "Rock-a-bye Baby" as a chorus joins her.

Home video
There were many home media releases of the film, including Betamax, VHS, Laserdisc, CED, DVD, HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc, usually printed and shown in black-and-white, not technicolor. Cassette copies are usually at slow speeds, and often overexposed and poorly framed, while disc copies are all at faster speeds, and underexposed and correctly framed. The first known commercial release was in Canada in 1985, on Betamax, VHS and Laserdisc, through the efforts of Fred M. Meyer, longtime Secretary of The International Wizard of Oz Club. This is not an original color print, but has been colored to match the original intent of the filmmakers, which, as in the MGM film that followed, had the film go from black and white to color upon Dorothy's arrival in Oz. Cassette copies also contained a stray hair during the parade sequence, while the LaserDisc copies did not.

The short is included in the 2005 3-Disc Collector's Edition of the more popular 1939 feature film of the same name, while a brief 2-minute clip is included on the 1999 DVD release and as a bonus on the 1993 Ultimate Oz VHS and LaserDisc deluxe release.

The short was released again in 2010 as part of Mill Creek Entertainment's DVD compilation, 200 Classic Cartoons.

Thunderbean Animation restored and remastered the cartoon from its original negatives and released the new colourful print on a DVD and Blu-ray combo pack under the title "Technicolor Dreams and Black & White Nightmares" in 2014.

References

External links

 The 1933 film on YouTube

1933 films
Animated films based on The Wizard of Oz
1933 animated films
Animated films without speech
Films scored by Carl Stalling
American animated short films
Canadian animated short films
1930s American films
1930s Canadian films

The Wizard of Oz (1933 film)


Ken Bruen (born 1951) is an Irish writer of hard-boiled and noir crime fiction.

Biography

Education and teaching career
Born in Galway, he was educated at Gormanston College, County Meath and later at Trinity College Dublin, where he earned a PhD in metaphysics.

Bruen spent twenty-five years as an English teacher in Africa, Japan, S.E. Asia and South America. His travels have been hazardous at times, including a stint in a Brazilian jail.

Writing career
Bruen is part of a literary circle that includes Jason Starr, Reed Farrel Coleman, and Allan Guthrie.

His works include the well-received White Trilogy and The Guards.  In 2006, Hard Case Crime released Bust, a collaboration between Bruen and New York crime author Jason Starr. Bruen's short story "Words Are Cheap" (2006) appears in the first issue of Murdaland. He has also edited an anthology of stories set in Dublin, Dublin Noir. Jack Taylor's informant, named China, is a nod of the head by Ken Bruen to author Alan Hunter's original informant character named China, in the George Gently series of novels, first published in 1955. Bruen is also the recipient of the first David Loeb Goodis Award (2008) for his dedication to his art.

Other works of note include The Killing of the Tinkers, The Magdalen Martyrs, The Dramatist and Priest, all part of his Jack Taylor series, which began with The Guards.  Set in Galway, the series relates the adventures and misadventures of a disgraced former police officer working as a haphazard private investigator whose life has been marred by alcoholism and drug abuse. It chronicles the social change in Ireland in Bruen's own lifetime, paying particular attention to the decline of the Catholic Church as a social and political power. Themes also explored include Ireland's economic prosperity from the mid-1990s onwards, although it is often portrayed as a force which has left Ireland as a materialistic and spiritually drained society which still harbours deep social inequality. This is the side of the Celtic Tiger best portrayed in Bruen's Ireland-based novels. Immigration is also a theme to be found in these works.

Literary awards
Bruen is the recipient of many awards: The Shamus Award in 2007 (The Dramatist) and 2004 (The Guards), both for Best P.I. Hardcover; The Macavity Award in 2005 (The Killing of the Tinkers) and 2010 (Tower, cowritten by Reed Farrel Coleman), both for Best Mystery Novel; The Barry Award in 2007 (Priest) for Best British Crime Novel; the Grand Prix de Literature Policiere in 2007 (Priest) for Best International Crime Novel. He was also a finalist for the Edgar Allan Poe Award in 2004 (The Guards) and 2008 (Priest), both for Best Novel.

Bibliography

Non-series (including collections of stories)
 Funeral: Tales of Irish Morbidities (1991)
 Shades of Grace (1993)
 Martyrs (1994)
 Sherry and Other Stories (1994)
 All the Old Songs and Nothing to Love (1994)
 The Time of Serena-May & Upon the Third Cross (1994)
 Rilke on Black (1996)
 The Hackman Blues (1997)
 Her Last Call to Louis MacNeice (1998)
 London Boulevard (2001)
 Dispatching Baudelaire (2004)
 American Skin (2006)
 A Fifth of Bruen: Early Fiction of Ken Bruen (2006) (collection including Funeral: Tales of Irish Morbidities (1991); Shades of Grace (1993); Martyrs (1994); Sherry and Other Stories (1994); All the Old Songs and Nothing to Love (1994); and The Time of Serena-May & Upon the Third Cross (1994)
 Once Were Cops (2008)
 Killer Year (2008)
 Merrick  (2014)
 Callous (2021)

Jack Taylor
 The Guards (2001) – 2004 Shamus Award for Best Novel; Finalist 2004 Edgar Award for Best Mystery Novel; Finalist 2004 Macavity Award for Best Novel
 The Killing of the Tinkers (2002) – 2005 Macavity Award for Best Novel; Finalist 2005 Anthony Award for Best Novel
 The Magdalen Martyrs (2003)
 The Dramatist (2004) – 2007 Shamus Award for Best Novel
 Priest (2006) – 2007 Barry Award for Best British Novel; Finalist 2008 Edgar Award for Best Mystery Novel
 Cross (2007)
 Sanctuary (2008)
 The Devil (2010)
 Headstone  (2011)
 Purgatory  (Aug 2013)
 Green Hell  (July 2015)
 The Emerald Lie  (September 2016)
 The Ghosts of Galway (November 2017)
 In the Galway Silence (November 2018)
 Galway Girl (November 2019)
 A Galway Epiphany (November 2020)

Detective Sergeant Tom Brant and Chief Inspector James Roberts
 A White Arrest (1998)
 Taming the Alien (1999)
 The McDead (2000)
 Blitz (2002), adapted for the 2011 British crime thriller film Blitz starring Jason Statham
 Vixen (2003)
 Calibre (2006)
 Ammunition (2007)

Max Fisher and Angela Petrakos
 Bust (2006) – Finalist 2007 Barry Award for Best Paperback
 Slide (2007) – Finalist 2008 Anthony Award for Best Paperback Original
 The Max (2008)
 Pimp (2016)

Adaptations
Beginning in 2010, nine of the Jack Taylor novels were made into a TV series starring Iain Glen in the title role.

His Brants and Roberts novel Blitz was adapted into a 2011 film of the same name, starring Jason Statham, Paddy Considine and Aidan Gillen.

Bruen's 2014 novel Merrick was adapted for TV as the series 100 Code, starring Dominic Monaghan and Michael Nyqvist.

His 2001 novel, London Boulevard, was adapted for the big screen in 2010 and starred Keira Knightley, Colin Farrell, David Thewlis and Ray Winstone.

References

Further reading
Jeannerod, Dominique. "Representations of Crime and Punishment in French and Irish Crime Fiction." Masson, Antoine, O'Connor, Kevin (eds.) Representations of Justice, Bern, Peter Lang, (2007) 23–37
Kincaid, Andrew. "Down These Mean Streets": The City and Critique in Contemporary Irish Noir Éire-Ireland – Volume 45:1&2, Earrach/Samhradh / Spring/Summer 2010, 39–55
Murphy, Paula. "Murderous Mayhem": Ken Bruen and the New Ireland." CLUES: A Journal of Detection 24.2 (Winter 2006): 3–16
Murphy, Paula. "Ken Bruen's American Skin and Postmodern Media Culture". Americana: The Journal of American Popular Culture 7.1 (Spring 2008)
Murphy, Paula. "Ken Bruen". Twenty-first Century Irish Writers, Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 386. Michael R. Molino, (ed.). Gale, Farmington Hills (2020), 62-74.

External links

1951 births
People from Galway (city)
Irish novelists
Irish male novelists
Irish mystery writers
Irish crime fiction writers
20th-century Irish people
21st-century Irish people
Shamus Award winners
Barry Award winners
Macavity Award winners
Living people

Ken Bruen


Anna Maria Bligh (born 14 July 1960) is an Australian politician who was the 37th Premier of Queensland from 13 September 2007 to 24 March 2012. She is from the Labor Party. She is the first female to be Premier of Queensland. On 16 August 2012 it was announced that Bligh was moving with her husband Greg Withers and the rest of her family to Sydney.

Early Life
Anna was born at Warwick, Queensland. She is a descendant of Captain William Bligh. She grew up on the Gold Coast in south east Queensland. She was educated at several Catholic primary schools. Her secondary schooling was at Miami State High School. She completed the last six months of her schooling at Nowra State High School. She studied for an Arts degree from the University of Queensland which she finished in 1980. Anna Bligh worked for many community organisations and the Queensland Public Service. She worked in the area of employment, training and industrial relations policy.  She was elected to the Queensland Parliament on 15 July 1995 and retired on 30 March 2012 following her defeat as Queensland Premier.

Parliament
She was made the Minister for Families, Youth and Community Care and Disability Services in the Beattie Labor Government in June 1998. Ann was Queensland's first female Education Minister. She later became minister for Finance, State Development, Trade and Innovation. In 1995 she was made Deputy Premier of Queensland, and also was the Treasurer and Minister of Infrastructure with a budget of $33 billion.

References

1960 births
Living people
Bligh, Anna
Australian Labor Party politicians

Anna Bligh


The New Zealand National Party is a centre-right political party in New Zealand. It was formed in 1936 when the United Party and the Reform Party merged together. It is one of the two major parties in New Zealand politics (the other is the Labour Party). Since the 2017 general election, the National Party has been the opposition party.

The current leader of the National Party is Christopher Luxon.

20th-century establishments in New Zealand
1936 establishments
Political parties in New Zealand

New Zealand National Party


Decaffeination is a process which tries to remove most caffeine from things that contain it. Examples of plants that have caffeine in them are coffee beans, mate, tea leaves and cocoa. Soft drinks that do not have caffeine in them are sometimes called decaffeinated. While the caffeine is removed from some of them, it is simply not added to others, like Coca Cola.

There are different processes to remove the caffeine.

Drinks that were produced from plants that had their caffeine removed are not free of caffeine; they still contain a little. It is simply not possible to remove all caffeine.

Chemical processes

Decaffeination


Denial is a word used in psychology on defense mechanism. It  means that someone denies that something has happened or is happening although he really knows it is true. Usually this happens because admitting it would cause a lot of pain.

Denial is usually the first state of coping with loss. For example, if someone close to a person dies, the survivor's first feeling might be denial, or refusal to accept the fact that the person is really dead.

Denial, is also when you think that a team (like in football) will win a football match before its even started and refuse to accept the fact thet they could lose

Denial, is also when you refuse to accept the fact that someone else did something (like change something) when you 'think you know' it was a different person

Psychology

Denial


Isle au Haut Light, also called Robinson Point Light, is a lighthouse located at Robinson Point in Isle au Haut, Maine. The lighthouse was established in 1907.

History
The lighthouse tower and surrounding buildings at Isle au Haut Light Station were built in 1907 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers
at a  site at Robinson Point purchased from Charles E. Robinson.
The lighthouse tower was built slightly offshore, standing  tall and consisting of a white granite and brick cylindrical upper section on a conical granite block foundation.
The keeper's quarters are a two-and-a-half-story frame and stucco Victorian house connected to the tower by a catwalk.
A boathouse, oil house, and storage shed were also built at the station.

The lighthouse was automated in 1934 and the government sold the property except the tower back to Robinson. The Robinson family used the property as a summer home until they sold it to Jeff and Judi Burke in 1986. The Burkes converted the keeper's quarters into a bed and breakfast called "The Keeper's House," which they operated until 2007.

Isle au Haut Light was added to the National Register of Historic Places as "Isle au Haut Light Station" in 1988. The Coast Guard transferred the lighthouse to the Town of Isle au Haut in 1998 under the Maine Lights Program and the tower was completely restored in 1999.

The lighthouse remains in service as of 2008. The current optic for the light is a  solar-powered lens which flashes red every four seconds with a white sector covering the safe channel. The original fourth order Fresnel lens is at the Maine Lighthouse Museum in Rockland, Maine.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Knox County, Maine

References

Lighthouses completed in 1907
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Lighthouses in Knox County, Maine
Penobscot Bay
National Register of Historic Places in Knox County, Maine

Isle au Haut Light


The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bordered by southern Italy like Calabria, Sicily and the Salento peninsula to the west, and by southwestern Albania.  Most of the islands are Greek, including Corfu, Zante, Kephalonia, Ithaka, and Lefkas to the east.  The islands are most of the time referred to as the Ionian Islands.  The sea is one of the most seismically active areas in the world.

There are ferry routes between Patras, Greece and Brindisi and Ancona, Italy, that cross the east and north of the Ionian Sea, and from Piraeus westward.

Mediterranean Sea

Ionian Sea


Bolaños Municipality is located in the north of the Mexican state of Jalisco.

The municipality shares its border on the north with the municipalities of Mezquitic and Villa Guerrero and to the southeast with the municipality of Chimaltitán.  To the south, it shares a border with the municipality of San Martín de Bolaños and to the southwest, it shares a  border with the state of Nayarit.

Geography

Climate
Bolaños is surrounded with mountains and semi-desert and due to its topographical position in the canyon, Bolaños is often very hot. Bolaños is frequently one of the hottest spots in Mexico during the summer months, April–June with maximum temperature as high as 55 Celsius and in nighttime it can drop to only 7 Celsius. In the winter it can drop as low as -27 Celsius and in daytime high as 27 Celsius.

Population
The population of Bolaños totaled 5,019 inhabitants according to the 2005 census.  Of these, 826 lived in the municipal seat and the remainder lived in other communities within the municipality.  The community with the largest population within the municipality is not the municipal seat, but rather Tuxpán de Bolaños which is an autonomous Wixárika (Huichol) village with a population of 944 inhabitants.  The municipality suffers one of the highest poverty rates in the state of Jalisco.  More than 48 percent of its inhabitants spoke an indigenous language according to the census.  Most of these would be speakers of Huichol who inhabit one of the numerous indigenous communities within the borders of the municipality, including Tuxpán de Bolaños.

Of the economically active population, the largest group is employed in agriculture and husbandry (21 percent).  The second largest group is employed in industry and manufacturing (15 percent), followed by mining (13 percent).

History
Prior to the Spanish conquest, the municipality of Bolaños was inhabited by the indigenous Tepecan (Tepehuan). The area was conquered by the Spanish Captain Pedro Almíndez Chirino, sent by Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán in the year 1530. Shortly after the arrival of the Spanish into the area, the Huichol (Wixarika) migrated to the area's remote canyons and mountains.

The original Spanish land grantee in the region was Toribio de Bolaños, in whose honor the municipality was named. In 1548, he received a trusteeship (encomienda) for all of the indigenous inhabitants of the area and the right to mine silver. The mining operations lasted only a few years before they were shut down by indigenous rebellions. The area was not resettled until the early 17th century when the Franciscans founded a mission in Chimaltitán.

In 1730, a new vein of silver was discovered and a new mining camp was established near the existing camps of Tepec and Santa Rosa Alburquerque. In 1748, yet another vein was discovered near the old Bolaños mine by an indigenous man named José Barranco. Other mining discoveries included: La Cocina; La del Espíritu Santo, also known as La Conejera; El Parián; El Barranco or La Conquista; La Castellana; La Perla; Zapopan; La Montañesa; Los Laureles; and La Trinidad. Until 1780, Bolaños was one of the top three mining regions in New Spain.

The mining population in Bolaños reached upwards of 1,500 mine workers plus all of the ancillary labor. In 1792, the mines produced 120,166 marks and 4 ounces of silver. Around 1830, silver production dropped off dramatically, leading to a general economic depression in the region.

After the War of Independence, Bolaños was assigned to the 8th canton of the free and sovereign state of Jalisco. A decree published on 19 February 1833 officially made Bolaños a municipality.

Sources
Enciclopedia de los Municipios del Estado de Jalisco
Nicolas Valdes Huerta, Historia de Villa Guerrero
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática

References

External links
 Bolaños webpage

Municipalities of Jalisco
Populated places established in 1548
1548 establishments in New Spain

Bolaños Municipality


Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District () is an opera by the Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich.  It is one of the most important Russian operas of the 20th century.  The words for the opera (the "libretto") were written by Alexander Preis who based them on a story by the Russian writer Nikolai Leskov.  The opera has nothing to do with Shakespeare's play Macbeth except for the fact that it is about a woman like Lady Macbeth who is tempted to commit a murder.

History of the opera

Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District was the second opera that Shostakovich wrote.  It was first performed on 22 January 1934 at the Leningrad Maly Theatre.   It was very successful and lots of people came to hear it.

However, Shostakovich lived in difficult times.  The dictator Josef Stalin was making life very difficult for creative people.  He thought that music and all the other arts should praise and glorify their country (the Soviet Union).  He did not allow people to express their own personal feelings.  Anything that he did not like was called "formalist".  If Stalin did not like someone that person would not be allowed to work.  They might even get sent to prison in Siberia where they were treated very badly.  Many of them died.

Stalin came to hear a performance of Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District.  However, he did not like it, and he left during the performance.  A few days later an article was written in the newspaper Pravda about the opera.  The article heading was: "Chaos instead of music".  It said that the opera was full of horrible music and noisy chords.  The opera was not allowed to be performed again in the Soviet Union for almost thirty years.

Shostakovich had to be very careful what he said otherwise he could have been in big trouble.  He never spoke in public about music and culture.  In 1937 he wrote his Symphony no 5.  The music in this symphony was easier to understand than the music he had been writing before which had a lot of atonal music.  Shostakovich said that this new symphony of his was "a Soviet artist's reply to just criticism".  He had to agree to say this so that he would be allowed to carry on composing.  Later, in 1962, he made some changes to the opera and called it Katerina Ismailova.   Since his death in 1975 it is usually the original version which is performed.

The opera tells the story of a lonely woman in 19th century Russia, who falls in love with one of her husband's servants and is driven to murder.   Some of the music is influenced by Expressionism and verismo.  After being condemned by Stalin it was banned in the Soviet Union for almost thirty years.

The story

Katerina is lonely.  She is married to a merchant, Zinovy, but they have no children.  Her father-in-law Boris is horrible to her and blames her for not having any children.  When Zinovy goes away on business Boris forces her to swear to be faithful (not to make love to any other man while her husband is away).  However, one of the servants, Sergei, becomes her lover.  When Boris finds out he is furious and whips Sergei and locks him up.  Katerina poisons Boris with mushrooms.  When he dies she gets the key from his pocket and frees Sergei.

Katerina and Sergei go to bed together, but Katerina suffers from the ghost of Boris. When Zinovy comes back Sergei hides, but Zinovy guesses what has happened.  Katerina and Sergei kill Zinovy and hide his body in the cellar.

Katerina and Sergei  get married.   A peasant finds Zinovy's body in the cellar and goes to fetch the police.  The police arrive, Katerina and Sergei try to escape but are caught and sent to prison in Siberia. On the way there Sergei makes love to another girl Sonyetka.  When Katerina finds out she pushes Sonyetka into a river to her death and finally jumps in herself.

Criticism

It is hard to know why Stalin decided he did not like the opera.  It may have been because the police are made to look silly.  It may have been because it showed people being sent to Siberia.  Maybe it was because Katerina sings a lot of beautiful music, while the other characters have music which often made them look stupid and grotesque.  He may have thought that Shostakovich was being critical of the leaders of the Soviet Union.

1930s operas
Compositions by Dmitri Shostakovich
1934 works

Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District


Charles of Valois (March 12, 1270 – December 16, 1325) started the House of Valois as the first Count of Valois. He was the third son of Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon. His mother was a daughter of James I of Aragon and Yolande of Hungary. He was part the Capetian dynasty.

1270 births
1325 deaths

House of Valois

Charles of Valois


6-plus-6-instruments are musical instruments having each 12 tones. Their keys or cords are in two rows. In each row the tone distance is a whole-tone distance. The distance between both rows is a half-tone distance. So there is the same fingering in all 6 scales where the base tone is in the same row. If there is a third row, which is the same like the first row, there is the same fingering in all 12 scales, e. g. on a piano with a Janko keyboard.

Musical instruments

6-plus-6-instruments


Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York (22 March 1638 – 31 March 1671) was the first wife of James, Duke of York (the future King James II of England and VII of Scotland). She was also and the mother of two queens, Mary II of England and Scotland and Anne of Great Britain.

Early years
She was born on 12 March 1638 (Old Style) or 22 March 1638 (New Style), at Windsor, Berkshire of the Hyde family.

The royal family stayed in exile after the English Civil War. Anne's father served as the Royalist chief adviser to the future King Charles II of England, James's older brother. Anne was Maid of Honour to Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, sister of Charles and James. It was during this time that James seduced Anne while she was in his sister's service and Charles forced James to marry Anne. He said that her strong character would be a good influence on his weak-willed brother.

Duchess of York
The couple went through an official marriage ceremony on 3 September 1660, in London, after the English Restoration of the monarchy. Anne was not a beautiful woman. In fact, Samuel Pepys slights her as being quite plain. However, the French Ambassador described her as having "courage, cleverness, and energy almost worthy of a King's blood".

References

1638 births
1671 deaths
English royalty

Lady Anne Hyde


Falco (born February 19, 1957 in Vienna, Austria as Johann (Hans) Hölzel, and died on February 6, 1998 in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic) was an Austrian pop singer. His breakthrough was "Der Kommissar", which beat top positions in international charts. This song and his first two albums were produced by Robert Ponger.

His song Rock me Amadeus has been the one and only German-speaking song reaching no.1 on the US charts. From 1985 to 1988 he produced 3 albums with the Dutch Production Team Bolland & Bolland. "Falco 3" became his most successful record reaching number 3 of the US Longplay Charts.

In 1985, Falco also had his 3rd No.1 hit "Jeanny" and in 1986 his 4th - "Coming Home (Jeanny Part 2)".

Unsuccessful albums like "Data de Groove" (produced by Ponger again) followed. In 1988 he married Isabella Vitkovic, one year later, in 1989, they separated. Ponger and the Bollands produced all of the albums that were released in his lifetime. To stay tuned Falco recorded many techno songs and worked with different producers for his last album.

His successful album "Out of the dark (into the light)" was released after Falco's death in a road accident.

1957 births
1998 deaths
Singers from Vienna
Musicians from Vienna
Pop musicians
Rappers
Road accident deaths
Rock musicians

Falco


Ni Juan XII (nayanak iti Roma idi circa 937, pimmusay idi Mayo 14, 964), ket maysa a Papa manipud 955 agingga iti 963.

Ti orihinal a naganna ket Octavian, ngem idi sinublatna ti korona ti kinapapa ken ni Papa Agapetus II, pinilina ti apostoliko a nagan a Juan.

Maysa kadagiti maibilang a kakontroversialan a Papa iti pakasaritaan ti Simbaan ni Juan XII gapu kadagiti di maiparbeng nga aramidna. Maysa a panangisalaysay kadagiti pammabasol kaniana manipud Patrologia Latina, mairaman dagiti sumaganad:
"Then, rising up, the cardinal priest Peter testified that he himself had seen [John XII] celebrate mass without taking communion. John, bishop of Narni, and John, a cardinal deacon, professed that they themselves saw that a deacon had been ordained in a horse stable, but were unsure of the time. Benedict, cardinal deacon, with other co-deacons and priests, said they knew that he had been paid for ordaining bishops, specifically that he had ordained a ten-year-old bishop in the city of Todi... They testified about his adultery, which they did not see with their own eyes, but nonetheless knew with certainty: he had fornicated with the widow of Rainier, with Stephana his father's concubine, with the widow Anna, and with his own niece, and he made the sacred palace into a whorehouse. They said that he had gone hunting publicly; that he had blinded his confessor Benedict, and thereafter Benedict had died; that he had killed John, cardinal subdeacon, after castrating him; and that he had set fires, girded on a sword, and put on a helmet and cuirass. All, clerics as well as laymen, declared that he had toasted to the devil with wine. They said when playing at dice, he invoked Jupiter, Venus and other demons. They even said he did not celebrate Matins and the canonical hours nor did he make the sign of the cross."

John 12
955 nga ipupusay
John 12

Papa Juan XII


Richard Wentworth  (born 1947) is a British artist, curator and teacher.

Life and career

Wentworth was born in Samoa—then a province of New Zealand—in 1947. He studied art at Hornsey College of Art in North London from 1965, and then at the Royal College of Art where he was a contemporary of Zoë Wanamaker and Tony Scott.

Between 1971 and 1987, Wentworth taught at Goldsmiths College and his influence has been claimed in the work of the Young British Artists.  From 2002 to 2010, Wentworth was 'Master of Drawing' at the Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art, Oxford University and was the head of the Sculpture department at The Royal College of Art, London from 2009 - 2011.

In August 2014, Wentworth was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue.

Making Do and Getting By

Since the early 1970s Wentworth has been capturing chance encounters of oddities and discrepancies in the modern landscape in the ongoing photographic series known as Making Do and Getting By. Mundane snapshots and fragments of the modern landscape are elevated to an analysis of human resourcefulness and improvisation, whereby amusing oddities that would otherwise go by unnoticed become the subject of intense contemplation.

New British Sculpture

In the early 1980s Wentworth became identified with the New British Sculpture movement. Wentworth's interest is the juxtaposition of materials and found elements that do not belong together. In the work Shower, Wentworth attached a small propeller to an ordinary table creating the impression that the furniture is about to take flight. For his 1995 solo show at the Lisson Gallery he created False Ceiling a flock of books suspended by wire from the gallery's ceiling. For Art and Sacred Places in Winchester Cathedral he created Recall which speculated how the structure of the Cathedral might have been supported during its construction.  Wentworth is also interested in the bizarre coincidences of urban life. His ongoing series of photographs, Making Do and Getting By (1974 onwards), captures the provisional ways in which people modify their local environment. In April 2010, Wentworth participated in a major sculpture exhibition curated by Peter Kardia entitled "From Floor to Sky", alongside artists Roderick Coyne and Alison Wilding.

He is represented in London by Lisson Gallery and in New York City by Peter Freeman, Inc.

Exhibitions

Wentworth has lived for many years in the Kings Cross area of London and in 2002 he realised the Artangel project An Area of Outstanding Unnatural Beauty in which for three months he took over a plumbing supply shop in the area converting it into a base for visitors to explore and engage with the area.

In 1996, his Marking the Parish Boundaries along the River Tees in County Durham was the first public art project to be funded by the National Lottery.

Major solo presentations include Galerie Azzedine Alaïa, Paris, France (2017), Bold Tendencies, Peckham, London, UK (2015), Black Maria with Gruppe, Kings Cross, London, UK (2013), Whitechapel Gallery, London, UK (2010), 52nd Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy (2009), TATE, Liverpool, UK (2005), Artangel, London, UK (2002), Bonner Kunstverein, Bonn, Germany (1998), Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (1994), Serpentine Gallery, London, UK (1993).

Curatorial projects

In July 2009, he curated the Lisson Gallery's Summer show  oule to Braid featuring a large number of works from his personal collection and that of Lisson director Nicholas Logsdail.

In 2000, together with Fischli & Weiss and Gabriel Orozco he worked in "Aprendiendo menos" (Learning Less), curated by Patricia Martín and presented in Centro de la Imagen, Mexico city. Three different perspectives through photography, where the artists are a means to portray street findings within the urban landscape, its surroundings and its objects.

In 1998 - 99 he curated Thinking Aloud, a national Touring exhibition organised by the Hayward Gallery at Kettle's Yard, Cambridge and Camden Arts Centre, London that explored the creative process as well as the profligate nature of mass production and consumerism.

Honours

Wentworth was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to art.

References and notes

External links
Lisson Gallery: Richard Wentworth
Tate: Richard Wentworth
Tate Liverpool: Richard Wentworth
BBC audio interview (02/2006)
Interview (Spring/1999)
Interview (04/1997)
Galería NoguerasBlanchard: Richard Wentworth

British curators
1947 births
Living people
20th-century British sculptors
British male sculptors
21st-century British sculptors
21st-century male artists
Academics of the Royal College of Art
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English contemporary artists
20th-century British male artists
21st-century British male artists

Richard Wentworth (artist)


Widdringtonia whytei, the Mulanje cedar or Mulanje cypress, is a species of conifer native to Malawi, where it is endemic to the Mulanje Massif at altitudes of 1,830–2,550 m. It has become endangered as a result of over-harvesting for its wood, and an increase in the frequency of wildfires due to human activity.

Description
It is a large evergreen tree growing to 40–50 m tall. The leaves are scale-like, 1.5–3.5 mm long and 1–1.5 mm broad on small shoots, up to 10 mm long on strong-growing shoots, and arranged in opposite decussate pairs. The cones are globose, 1.5–2.2 cm long, with four scales.

Distribution
The species Widdringtonia nodiflora is common in South Africa and Zimbabwe in its dwarf form which has little more stature that a scrubby bush. It is only on Mulanje and Mchese Mountain that a closely related tree form is found, Widdringtonia whytei,  commonly known as Mulanje cedarwood, but renamed "Mulanje cypress" by the University of the Witwatersrand, to better reflect its botanical relationships.

On these mountains the tree is limited to altitudes between 1830 and 2550 m, and it is normally confined to hollows and valleys where the topography provides some protection from fire. Most commonly it occurs as small woodlands amongst rolling tussocky grassland slopes, between craggy, granite, rock faces.

The timber is pale red, straight grained and pleasantly fragrant. Its major qualities are that it works well and is extremely durable, being resistant to attacks from termites, wood boring insects and fungi. For these reasons the timber achieved major economic significance during the first three decades of the 20th century, when it was high in demand for developing work. Currently the timber is most used in the making of local arts and crafts, fishing boats for Lake Malawi, as well as in the construction and decoration of many prestigious buildings.

Threat of extinction
Due to the high demand for its timber and changing ecological conditions on the mountain, the tree is under threat of extinction. Mulanje cypress is a pioneer species, not a climax species, this means that it is good at taking advantage of sites which suddenly become free of other competing species but it is not successful in open competition.  Thus, when fire occurs which destroys the trees in an area of woodland, Mulanje cedar will normally be the first tree species to re-establish itself. Other species will come in later but because the cedar is relatively fast growing, it will not face much competition for sunlight.

Requisites for regeneration
If the area is undisturbed, the cypres will continue to grow well and other, more shade-tolerant species, will come in and form a dense canopy beneath it. The forest floor will then become dark, and young cedar, being relatively light demanding, will not flourish. It is only if there is further disturbance in the area which allows a lot of light to the forest floor that significant quantities of cedar will be able to establish itself. Thus, fire is an essential pre-requisite for dense, even, natural regeneration. The timing between fires is also critical. If fires are too frequent, the young trees will be killed before they can produce seed; if the fires are too infrequent the trees will die before space is created for their seeds to use. Generally it is said that a fire interval between 100 and 200 years would be ideal. During recent years however, due to the increasing population of subsistence farmers around the base of the mountain, fires spreading up and over the mountain, especially in the dry season, have become more frequent. It is clear that most young trees are being killed before they reach maturity.

Conservation

Role of Forestry Department
The Forestry Department provides the cedar forests with protection from damaging fires. Each year at the beginning of the dry season hundreds of kilometers of firebreaks are hoed clean of vegetation to provide barriers which will impede the advance of fires. In addition early controlled burning is carried out to reduce the buildup of combustible material which could otherwise cause very intense and damaging fires later in the dry season. For further safety fire standby gangs equipped with fire fighting equipment are stationed on each of the plateau areas whenever there is a fire hazard.

As well as providing protection from fires the Forestry Department and the Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust carefully control the use of the trees. Back in the day sawing licenses could be issued by the Forestry Department, but because there was still an extensive amount of illegal pit sawing taking place, the sawing season has been closed since 2007. But of course the pit sawing did not stop. The black market for cedar wood grew, and has not been stopped, yet. All cedar wood sawn after 2007 is illegal wood, and can be confiscated by Forestry, MMCT and the Malawi Police.
Since 2009 there are also Armed Forestry Groups patrolling the Cedar clusters, to stop the illegal pit sawyers.

Other conservation efforts
But firebreaks and patrols are not the only things done to conserve Malawi's National Tree. Forestry has established a planting programme to re-populate the Mulanje cedar (cypress). In the rainy season 2008/09 there were over 50000 seedlings planted on Mount Mulanje with an estimated survival rate of over 30%. In 2009/10 Forestry plans to plant more than 20000 seedlings, with, hopefully, an even higher survival rate.

But the problem is not solved, yet. Conservation needs to be continued with rising intensity. The Widdringtonia whytei is still listed as "Threatened-Endangered (IUCN 2.3)" in the annual Red List published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). If the conservation work is not continued, the noble Mulanje cedar, Malawi's National Tree, will probably become extinctin natural stands in less than 10 years.

References

whytei
Afromontane flora
Trees of Southern Africa
Endemic flora of Malawi
Malawi
Forestry in Malawi
South Malawi montane forest–grassland mosaic
Endangered plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Widdringtonia whytei


Peter Mattei (born 3 June 1965) is a Swedish operatic baritone, particularly known for his performances in Mozart's baritone roles.

Biography
Mattei studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of Music, and debuted in Mozart's La finta giardiniera as Nardo at the Drottningholm Palace Theatre in Stockholm in 1990. In 1993 Mattei starred as Pentheus in the Ingmar Bergman's TV-film Backanterna. He sang the title role in Mozart's Don Giovanni for the first time at the Gothenburg Opera in the 1994–95 season. In the same season, Peter Mattei performed as Figaro in Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro at the Royal Swedish Opera.

Peter Mattei made his international debut as Don Giovanni at the Scottish Opera in Glasgow, Scotland. He was then invited to the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie, Brussels, Belgium and to the Aix-en-Provence Festival, France. His first appearance at the Salzburg Festival was in Beethoven's Fidelio, singing Don Fernando conducted by Sir Georg Solti in 1996. Claudio Abbado selected him as the bass soloist in Bach's St. Matthew Passion with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. In 2002, Peter Mattei made his first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera as Count Almaviva in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro. This role has been followed by, among others the title role in Mozart's Don Giovanni in 2003 and Figaro in Rossini's The Barber of Seville in 2006. With Don Giovanni he made a very successful debut at La Scala in Milan, opening the 2011–2012 season.

Personal life
Mattei lives in Bromma, Sweden. He is married and has two daughters. Mattei can also play the piano, the accordion and the double bass.

Awards
2002: received 44th Annual Grammy Awards for participation in the album Berlioz: Les Troyens in two categories: Best Classical Album and Best Opera Recording
2006: appointed Hovsångare by H.M. the King of Sweden

Selected recordings

 Berlioz, Les Troyens, Ben Heppner, Peter Mattei, Tigran Martirossian, Stephen Milling, Kenneth Tarver, Toby Spence, Isabelle Cals, Petra Lang, Michelle DeYoung, Sara Mingardo, London Symphony Orchestra, London Symphony chorus, conducted by Colin Davis (Recorded live at the Barbican Hall, December). 4 CD: LSO Live, Cat: LSO0010 (2000)

Sources
Fredén, Jonas, "Peter Mattei puts Luleå on the musical map", Swedish Institute, 9 January 2009. Accessed 30 October 2009.
Metropolitan Opera, Mattei, Peter (Baritone), performance record on the MetOpera Database. Accessed 30 October 2009.
Wasserman, Adam, "Midnight Son" (cover story), Opera News, November 2006, vol 71, no. 5. Accessed 30 October 2009.

References

External links

Peter Mattei, entry in the Deutsches Musikarchiv
Biography and discography on Naxos Records
Official biography and photographs, Ann Braathen Artist Management

1965 births
20th-century Swedish  male opera singers
21st-century Swedish male  opera singers
Grammy Award winners
Litteris et Artibus recipients
Living people
People from Piteå
Swedish operatic baritones

Peter Mattei


1080p refers to a level of high definition. It is the highest level of high definition that most high definition televisions can show. The number 1080 means there are 1,080 lines of color going from left to right in each picture on the screen. The p means progressive scan (every picture has all the lines every time). 1080p is almost always widescreen.

Television technology

1080p


Crow Street Theatre was a theatre in Dublin, Ireland, originally opened in 1758 by the actor Spranger Barry. From 1788 until 1818 it was a patent theatre.

History

Spranger Barry and Henry Woodward
The actor Spranger Barry (1719–1777), born in Dublin and appearing in London from 1746, induced the London-born actor Henry Woodward (1714–1777), who had saved £6,000, to participate in his project to build a theatre in Dublin. Charles Macklin participated at an early stage, but soon withdrew. Barry and Woodward moved to Dublin, and the Crow Street Theatre opened in October 1758. It struggled as a rival to the Smock Alley Theatre. Maria Nossiter (1735–1759), who had lived with Barry in London, was assigned an eighth share of the profits.

In 1760 Barry and Woodward opened a theatre in Cork, the Theatre Royal. By 1762 Woodward had lost half his savings; the partnership was dissolved, and he returned to London. Barry continued for a few more years, then also returned to London.

Henry Mossop and Richard Daly
Henry Mossop, manager of Smock Alley Theatre since 1760, took over Crow Street Theatre in 1767, but resigned the theatre in 1770; the actor Thomas Ryder, who ran Smock Alley Theatre from 1772, also ran Crow Street Theatre. In 1782 the actor Richard Daly became owner of the theatre, and in 1786, having obtained a patent from the Crown, he opened Crow Street Theatre in 1788 as the Theatre Royal, a patent theatre. £12,000 had been spent on rebuilding and decoration. It was profitable for a while, but later suffered from the opening of Astley's Amphitheatre.

Frederick Edward Jones
Frederick Edward Jones leased the theatre from Daly, and spent £1200  on renovating the house, which was decorated by Marinari and Zaffarini. It was opened in 1796, but closed when martial law was declared, relating to the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Jones obtained a new royal patent in 1798, and spent a further £5000 on the theatre, but in the political climate it had to close in 1803.

The theatre was wrecked in a riot of 1814; and there were further riots in 1819. Jones attributed his unpopularity to his being active in politics; in 1807 he had supported the election of an anti-ministerial member of parliament for Dublin. His application in 1818 for renewal of the patent was refused, being granted instead to  Henry Harris, a proprietor of Covent Garden Theatre. The years of disruption had been financially detrimental, and he was imprisoned for debt. During the 1819–20 season the Crow Street Theatre did not open regularly.

End of the theatre
The theatre was rented for a short period and opened as a circus, and was then abandoned. In 1836 the Apothecaries' Hall Company bought part of the site, and a medical school was built.

References

Theatres in Dublin (city)
Theatres completed in 1758

Crow Street Theatre


A base load power plant is a power station that usually provides a continuous supply of electricity throughout the year with some minimum power generation requirement. Base load power plants will only be turned off during periodic maintenance, upgrading, overhaul or service. Base load power plant has the character of slow demand respond, a mechanism to match generation with the load it supplies.

Examples of base load power plants are coal-fired power plant, geothermal power plant, tidal power plant, nuclear power plant, etc.

Related pages
 Load following power plant
 Peaking power plant

Power plants

Base load power plant


The Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French: golfe du Saint-Laurent) is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. It is the world's largest estuary.  It is a semi–enclosed sea, covering an area of about  and having  of water.

Geography
The gulf is bounded on the north by the Labrador Peninsula, to the east by Newfoundland, to the south by the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island, and to the west by the Gaspé and New Brunswick. It has Anticosti Island, Prince Edward Island, and the Magdalen Islands.

Besides the Saint Lawrence River itself, some of the tributaries of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence include the Miramichi River, the Natashquan River, the Restigouche River, the Margaree River, and the Humber River. Arms of the Gulf include the Chaleur Bay, Miramichi Bay, St. George's Bay, Bay of Islands, and Northumberland Strait.

Outlets
The gulf flows into the Atlantic Ocean through the following outlets:

 The Strait of Belle Isle between Labrador and Newfoundland (17 km wide and 60 m at its deepest).

 The Cabot Strait between Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island (104 km wide and 480 m at its deepest).

 The Strait of Canso between Cape Breton Island and peninsular Nova Scotia (1 km wide and 60 m at its deepest).

Protected areas

St. Paul Island, Nova Scotia, off the northeast tip of Cape Breton Island, is called the "Graveyard of the Gulf" for its many shipwrecks.  Getting to the island is controlled by the Canadian Coast Guard.

Bonaventure Island on the eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula, Île Brion and Rochers-aux-Oiseaux (Bird Rock) northeast of the Magdalen Islands are important migratory bird sanctuaries.  They are administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service.

The Government of Canada maintains national parks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence estuary at Forillon.  It is on the eastern tip of the Gaspé, Prince Edward Island on the north shore of the island. Kouchibouguac is on the northeast coast of New Brunswick. Cape Breton Highlands is on the northern tip of Cape Breton Island. Gros Morne is on Newfoundland's west coast.  And a national park reserve is in the Mingan Archipelago on Quebec's Côte-Nord.

References

Other websites

Saint Lawrence
Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Canada

Gulf of Saint Lawrence


Ronald James Romanick (born November 6, 1960) is an American professional baseball pitcher and pitching coach. He is the minor league pitching coordinator for the New York Mets organization. Romanick played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the California Angels from 1984 through 1986.  In 2011, he was the Oakland Athletics' pitching coach.

Early years
Romanick graduated from Newport High School in Bellevue, Washington in . He was drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays in the third round of the 1979 Major League Baseball Draft, but did not sign, choosing instead to attend Arizona State University, where he played for the Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team. He was drafted again in , this time by the San Diego Padres, in the first round (seventh overall) of the June Secondary amateur draft, but again did not sign.

Romanick finally said yes to the California Angels, who drafted him in the first round (fourth overall) of the  January Secondary Draft. He spent three seasons in their minor league system, compiling a 30-25 record and 3.89 earned run average in 71 starts.

Playing career
He won a roster spot with the Angels out of Spring training , going 12-12 with a 3.76 ERA his rookie season. He improved to 14-9 in . Perhaps the biggest game Romanick ever pitched was on October 2, 1985 against the Kansas City Royals. Having once had a 6.5 game lead in their division, the Angels found themselves just one game up on the Kansas City Royals in the American League West when they headed to Royals Stadium for a four-game set on September 30. The Royals won the game on a three hit performance by Bud Black, and went on to win the division by a game.

After finishing second to Kansas City in Romanick's first two seasons in the big leagues, the Angels finally captured their division in , however, Romanick had not pitched for the major league club since July 21, and was left off the post-season roster.

Following the 1986 season, he was traded with a player to be named later (who would be Alan Mills) to the New York Yankees for Butch Wynegar. He spent the entire  season with the Yankees' triple A affiliate, the Columbus Clippers, where he went 5-8 with a 5.16 ERA. He spent the following season in the Milwaukee Brewers organization before retiring.

Coaching career
Romanick worked as a minor league pitching coordinator and coach with the Seattle Mariners organization from  through . He worked as minor league roving pitching instructor for the Athletics from  through . On October 17, 2007, the A's promoted Romanick to the parent club as their bullpen coach, replacing Brad Fischer.

On November 1, 2010, Romanick was named the pitching coach for the Athletics when Curt Young left to become the new pitching coach for the Boston Red Sox. Romanick was not retained after the 2011 season as manager Bob Melvin opted to have coaches of his own. The New York Mets hired Romanick as their minor league pitching coordinator in December 2011.

References

General
2006 Oakland Athletics Media Guide. Pg. 358. Produced by the Oakland Athletics Public Relations Department.

External links

Ron Romanick at Baseball Almanac

1960 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona State Sun Devils baseball players
Baseball coaches from Idaho
Baseball players from Idaho
California Angels players
Columbus Clippers players
Denver Zephyrs players
Edmonton Trappers players
Holyoke Millers players
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Major League Baseball pitchers
Nashua Angels players
Oakland Athletics coaches
People from Burley, Idaho
Redwood Pioneers players
Stockton Ports players
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players

Ron Romanick


The Boulton Paul Defiant was a British fighter aircraft. This single-engine,  aircraft first in August 1937 and was used by the British Royal Air Force in World War II.

Defiants were different to other fighter planes because their guns (four Machine guns) were in a rotating turret and could fire in any direction. They had two crew: one man was the pilot and the other aimed the guns.

Defiants were made to shoot down enemy bomber aircraft. When they were used during the Battle of Britain, they were good at this. But they were slower and could not turn as well as German fighter planes, like the Messerschmitt Bf 109. A lot of Defiants were shot down by German fighters.

After the Battle of Britain, the British only flew Defiants at night. In this way they could attack the German bombers that also flew at night, and avoid the German fighters because they only flew during the day.

Today, only one Defiant is left in the world; it is in a museum in London.

World War II British aircraft
Royal Air Force aircraft

Boulton Paul Defiant


The Yeti (also called the abominable snowman) is an animal said to live in the Himalaya mountain range made of ice. People say they have seen it, but none have ever been caught. It is supposed to look like an ape that walks upright. Some body parts, said to be of a yeti, are kept in a few monasteries in the area. There no real evidence that it exists, but there have been reports of footprints in the snow which could have been made by a yeti.

Description
The yeti has been described as having white shaggy fur and a lean muscular body like an ape. This "creature" could also live in the Asian mountains near the Himalayan snow line. Stories about the Yeti and another similar creature, Bigfoot, suggest that if they are real, they could be the same, or similar species. The yeti can stand at least 6 – 10 foot tall, not as tall as the Bigfoot. It has also been said the Yeti can weigh at least 200 - 400 pounds. The yeti is shy, which is why it has never been found. In 2010 an unsuccessful exhibition, some hunters found a hairless four legged creature, they said was a Yeti. It was a small hairless cat that lost it's hair from a disease.

Popular culture
The yeti has been shown in couple of movies including Monsters, Inc. The Yeti has also been a WWE wrestler name. Toys and games using creatures like yetis have been made including Lego Cards (Lego).

Related pages
 Bigfoot

Cryptozoology

Yeti


Derby County Football Club is an English football club. The club plays in the Football League Championship.

History

Early years

The club was formed in 1884 by players from Derbyshire County Cricket Club who wanted something to do in the winter. They started out by playing at the Racecourse Ground, Derby.

The Rams, as Derby County are known, were one of the first members of The Football League when it started in 1888. Back in 1895 the club moved to a new stadium, The Baseball Ground.  It was  called this because baseball had been played there much earlier beforehand, and it became their home for the next 102 years.  When they moved, Derby County had changed their club colours to the black and white they still use today at matches.

In 1898, Derby got to their first FA Cup final, but lost. The same happened again in 1899 and 1903. Derby's went down to the Football League's Second Division for the first time in 1907, but they came back up to the First Division in 1911.

In 1914, they were relegated again, but won the Second Division the next year to get promoted. World War I meant that they had to wait until 1919 to play First Division football again. After just two seasons, they were relegated yet again in 1921.

After Derby's next promotion in 1926 the club got much better, and were one of the top teams from the late 1920s all the way through to the 1939-1940 season, which was interrupted when  World War II broke out.

FA Cup win
The FA Cup restarted in the 1945-1946 season. Derby got to the final again, but this time they beat Charlton Athletic 4-1 to win the Cup. Some people had thought the reason Derby kept losing in the FA Cup was that they were cursed by gypsies, as the Baseball Ground was built on the site of a gypsy camp. Some players even thought so, and before the final they asked the gypsies to lift the curse.

The Football League began again the next season, but Derby did not play well and were relegated in 1953. Things went from bad to worse and in 1955 they were relegated to the Football League Third Division (North) for the first time in their history.  Derby were too good for that league though, and finished second at the first try.  Then they did even better next season by finishing first, and going back up to the top division.

The Clough years

In 1967, Brian Clough took over Derby County with Peter Taylor helping him.  Derby were back in Division Two, but Clough got them promoted to the First Division in 1969.  He led them to their first ever Championship in 1972. Derby could not win the title again the next season, but they did get to the semi-finals of the European Cup, but they lost to Juventus.  A lot of people in England thought after the match that the Italian club had paid money to the referee as a bribe.  This was never proved.  Clough left the club after an argument with Derby's chairman Sam Longson.  Clough later became manager of Nottingham Forest F.C., where he went on to win a First Division championship and two European Cups.

After Clough

Derby won the league again in 1974-1975, this time with Dave Mackay as manager. He used to play for the club, as captain, under Clough.  When Mackay left in 1976, Derby got slowly worse until they went down in 1980.

Derby's stay in the Second Division was not a happy one and they were relegated to the Football League Third Division in 1984.  It was exactly 100 years since the club formed, and just nine years after their last Championship.

The club made Arthur Cox manager. After a two-year stay in the Third Division, they were promoted to the Second Division.  They won that league the next year, going back up to the First Division in 1987.

The club managed to finish 5th in 1989, but it was owned by businessman Robert Maxwell, who was having money problems.  He stopped spending money on new players, and sold the club not long before his death.  The club was relegated back to the Second Division in 1991 (which changed its name to the First Division a year later when the First Division clubs left to form the FA Premier League).

Jim Smith became Derby's manager in 1995.  Before the end of the season, Smith took the Rams   up to the Premier League for the first time.

Back to the Premier League and relegation to the Championship

Derby County did well in the 1996-97 season, finishing 12th in the final table with international  players like Aljosa Asanovic and Igor Stimac playing well. The club moved into the new 33,000-seat Pride Park Stadium for the 1997-98 season, and went on to finish ninth.  Next year they did even better, finishing eighth, but the season after that Derby struggled, and finished 16th. Another bad season followed in 2000-01, as Derby finished 17th in the Premiership - just one place clear of going down.

Jim Smith left the club in October 2001 and his assistant manager Colin Todd took over.  He kept his job for just 3 months before he was sacked. At the end of January 2002, John Gregory got the manager's job. Derby started well, but then lost seven of their last eight matches and were relegated again after six seasons in a row in the Premiership.

It was a bad time to go down.  Money owed to the Football League teams by the TV company ITV Digital was never paid, and Derby were one of the clubs to suffer worst.  They had to sell their best players and rebuild a team with mostly very young players.  They finished 18th after a difficult season.  In late March, Gregory was suspended and George Burley came in as a temporary manager. At the end of the season Gregory was sacked and Burley took over fully.  Owner Lionel Pickering lost control of the club and a new board of John Sleightholme, Jeremy Keith and Steve Harding came in.  Derby finished 20th in the 2003-2004 First Division campaign, but did much better in the 2004-05 season and finished 4th in the Division which was now called the Football League Championship.  This meant they won a promotion play-off spot, but lost in the semi-finals to Preston North End. Soon after losing, Burley left.  Derby then employed Phil Brown for a short period who was then replaced by the Academy Coach, Terry Westley, who kept the club up in the 2005-06 season.

Before the final game of the 2005-06 season a local consortium led by Peter Gadsby, took over the Rams and gave the manager's job to Billy Davies, who left Preston after compensation was agreed by both clubs for his services.  The new changes and fresh activity in the transfer market promise a bright future for this founder member of the football league.

Following a poor start to the 2007-2008 season which saw Derby achieve just one win in 14 matches Billy Davies left Derby County FC. Derby were promoted to the Premier League after defeating West Bromwich Albion 1-0 in the finals of the promotion playoffs.

Famous players

Many people think the best Rams player ever was Steve Bloomer, one of the highest scoring players in the history of English football.  He played for Derby from the late 19th century to just before the First World War. Other top players include the FA Cup winners Peter Doherty, Jackie Stamps and Raich Carter. In more recent years players like Roy McFarland, Archie Gemmill, Colin Todd, Kevin Hector, Steve Powell, Ron Webster, Alan Hinton and Dave Mackay played in the championship winning sides. More recently, the England goalkeeper Peter Shilton, Stefano Eranio and Igor Stimac all played for the Rams. Bobby Davison was also a favourite of Rams fans.  Recent famous players also include locally born Matthew Debyshire who has achieved some degree or recognition at Blackburn Rovers but has expressed desire to play a more successful clubs like Tottenham Hotspurs.

Local rivals

Derby County's main rivals are Nottingham Forest, who are based in Nottingham, a city just a few miles north-east of Derby. Leicester City, also based in the East Midlands, come a close second.  Fans from the north of Derbyshire often dislike Sheffield Wednesday or Leeds United.

Honours

 Football League First Division
 Champions, 1971-1972, 1974-75
 Runners-up, 1895-96, 1929-30, 1935-36, 1995-96
 Football League Championship Playoffs
 Winners, 2006-2007
 Football League Second Division
 Champions, 1911-12, 1914-15, 1968-69, 1986-87
 Runners-up, 1925-26
 Football League Third Division (North)
 Champions, 1956-57
 Runners-up, 1955-56
 FA Cup
 Winners, 1945-46
 Runners-up, 1897-98, 1898-99, 1902-03
 Charity Shield
 Winners, 1975-76
 Texaco Cup
 Winners, 1971-72
 Watney Cup
 Winners, 1970-71
 Anglo-Italian Cup
 Runners-up, 1992-93

League position

Former position

Club records

 Best Win: 12-0 (at home to Finn Harps F.C., UEFA Cup, First Round, First Leg, September 15, 1976)
 Worst Loss: 11-2 (away to Everton, FA Cup, First Round, January 18, 1890)
 Biggest Crowd: 41,826 (against Tottenham Hotspur, Football League First Division, September 20, 1969)
 Top Goal-Scorer: Steve Bloomer (292 league goals)
 Most Games: Kevin Hector (486 matches)
 Promotions: First team to gain promotion to the English Premiership at the new Wembley Stadium (2006-2007)

Managers

 Harry Newbould (1896-1906)
 Jimmy Methven (1906-1922)
 Cecil Potter (1922-1925)
 George Jobey (1925-1941)
 Ted Manger (1944-1946)
 Stuart McMillan (1946-1953)
 Jack Barker (1953-1955)
 Harry Storer (1955-1962)
 Tim Ward (1962-1967)
 Brian Clough (1967-1973)
 Dave Mackay (1973-1976)
 Colin Murphey (1976-1977)
 Tommy Docherty (1977-1979)
 Colin Addison (1979-1982)
 John Newman (1982)
 Peter Taylor (1982-1984)
 Roy McFarland (1984)
 Arthur Cox (1984-1993)
 Roy McFarland (1993-1995)
 Jim Smith (1995-2001)
 Colin Todd (2001-2002)
 John Gregory (2002-2003)
 George Burley (2003-2005)
 Phil Brown (2005-2006)
 Billy Davies (2006-2007)
 Paul Jewell (2007-2008)
 Nigel Clough (2009-2013)
 Steve McLaren (2013-2015)
 Paul Clement (2015-2016)
 Nigel Pearson (2016-2016)
 Steve McLaren (2016-2017)
 Gary Rowett (2017-2018)
 Frank Lampard (2018-2019)
 Philip Cocu (2019-2020)
 Wayne Rooney (2020-present)

References

Other websites
 Official site
 Unofficial Derby County Fans Forum
 Unofficial site  by the Derby Evening Telegraph
 Derby County-Mad
 We Are The Rams website
 Ramsportal
 RamZone
 RamsTrust  - supporters' trust

English football clubs
1884 establishments in England

Derby County F.C.


A fibre (also spelled as fiber) is a piece of material which is long, thin and flexible, like a length of thread. Plant fibres are the basis of fabric such as cotton. Silk and wool fibres come from animals. In the 20th century many artificial fibres were invented like nylon and polyester.

They are very important in the structure of plants and animals, because they hold tissues together.

There are many uses for fibres. They can be spun together into filaments, thread, string or rope. They can be woven in fabric or in composite materials

Natural fibre

Natural fibers include those made by plants, animals, and geological processes. They can be classified according to where they came from:

 Vegetable fibers are based on arrangements of cellulose, often with lignin. Examples include cotton, hemp, jute, flax, abaca, piña, ramie, sisal, bagasse, and banana. Plant fibers are used to make paper and textile (cloth). It is also used as dietary fiber.
 Wood fiber is fiber that gotten from trees. They include groundwood, lacebark, thermomechanical pulp (TMP), and bleached or unbleached kraft or sulfite pulps.
 Animal fibers mainly consist of proteins. Examples are silkworm silk, spider silk, sinew, catgut, wool, sea silk and hair.
 Mineral fibers include the asbestos group. Asbestos is the only long mineral fiber that can be found in nature. Six minerals have been classified as "asbestos". They include chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite. Short, fiber-like minerals include wollastonite and palygorskite.
 Biological fibers also known as fibrous proteins or protein filaments consist of biologically important proteins, mutations or other genetic defects can lead to severe diseases. For example, the collagen family of proteins, tendon, muscle proteins like actin, cell proteins like microtubules and many others, spider silk, sinew and hair etc.

Man-made fiber
Man-made are fibers that are changed by man. Man-made fibers consist of regenerated fibers and synthetic fibers.

Semi-synthetic fiber
Semi-synthetic fibers are made from raw materials with natural long-chain polymer structures. They are only changed and partially degraded by chemical processes. The first semi-synthetic fiber is rayon. Most semi-synthetic fibers are cellulose regenerated fibers.

Cellulose regenerated fibers
Cellulose fibers are a type of man-made fibers, regenerated from natural cellulose. The cellulose comes from many sources: rayon comes from tree wood fiber, bamboo fiber comes from bamboo, seacell comes from seaweed, etc.

Some examples of this type of fiber are:

 Rayon
 Bamboo fiber
 Lyocell, a brand of rayon
 Modal
 Diacetate fiber
 Triacetate fiber

Synthetic fiber

Synthetic fibers come from synthetic materials such as petrochemicals.

Metallic fibers

Metallic fibers can be gotten from ductile metals such as copper, gold or silver and extruded or deposited from more brittle ones, such as nickel, aluminum or iron.

Carbon fiber

Carbon fibers are fibers that are mostly made up of carbon atoms. Carbon fibers are often based on oxidizing carbonized polymers through pyrolysis  like PAN.

Silicon carbide fiber
In silicon carbide fibers the basic polymers are not hydrocarbons but polymers. About 50% of the carbon atoms are replaced by silicon atoms.

Fiberglass

Fiberglass are also man-made fibers that come from natural raw materials. It is made from a specific type glass, and optical fiber, which is made from purified natural quartz.

Polymer fibers

 Polymer fibers are a type of man-made fibers, which are based on synthetic chemicals. These fibers are made from:
 Polyamide nylon
 PET or PBT polyester
 Phenol-formaldehyde (PF)
 Polyvinyl chloride fiber (PVC) vinyon
 Polyolefins (PP and PE) olefin fiber
 Acrylic polyesters
 Aromatic polyamids (aramids)
 Polyethylene (PE), eventually with extremely long chains / HMPE
 Elastomers can even be used
 Polyurethane fiber
 Elastolefin

Related pages
 Textile
 Optical fiber
 Tensile strength

References

Fibers

Fibre


Meknassy is a toun an commune in the Sidi Bou Zid Govrenorate, Tunisie. As o 2004 it haed a population o 13,742.

It is a sma admeenistrative centre (caipital o delegation) an a mercatin centre for agricultural produce frae the surroondin aurie (includin fruit).

Its population is explained bi the settlin o Berber tribes (Confederation o Hammama) that nomadic steppe in the region.

The ceety is internaitionally kent for horse breedin purebred Arabians as well as the organization's annual festival o Arab thoroughbreds whose 25t edition wis held frae 13 tae 15 Mey 2006.

See an aa
Leet o ceeties in Tunisie

References

Populatit places in Tunisie
Communes o Tunisie

Meknassy


Eric Gustaf Ericson (26 October 1918 – 16 February 2013) was a Swedish choral conductor and influential choral teacher.

Life and career
He graduated from the Royal College of Music (Kungl. Musikhögskolan) in Stockholm in 1943 and went on to complete his studies abroad, at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis, Switzerland, and in Germany, Great Britain, and the United States.

Renowned for his innovative teaching methods and the wide-ranging nature of his repertoire, Ericson was the principal conductor of the Orphei Drängar choir at Uppsala University from 1951 until 1991, and choirmaster until 1982 of the Swedish Radio Choir which was established on his initiative in 1951. Also in 1951, he began his teaching career at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm, where he became a legendary and inspirational figure, and he was appointed to the chair of choral conducting there in 1968.
In 1983 Ericson received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Humanities at Uppsala University, Sweden.

He won the Nordic Council Music Prize in 1995, and in 1997 Ericson shared the Polar Music Prize with Bruce Springsteen: the citation was for "pioneering achievements as a conductor, teacher, artistic originator and inspirer in Swedish and international choral music". On the occasion of his 80th birthday in 1998, Swedbank of Sweden endowed an "Eric Ericson Chair in Choral Directing" at Uppsala University.

He founded the Eric Ericson Chamber Choir, and worked as a guest conductor for many ensembles and choirs including Drottningholm Baroque Ensemble (Bach's Passions), Netherlands Chamber Choir (Poulenc), Chœur de chambre Accentus, Paris (Finnish works).

His conducting for the 1975 Bergman film The Magic Flute was described as "impressive" in its balance of "levity and solemnity", and the reviewer noted that Ericson was "a Mozartian to be reckoned with".

Awards
Litteris et Artibus (1968)
Léonie Sonning Music Prize (1991; Denmark)
Nordic Council Music Prize (1995, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland)
Polar Music Prize (1997, Sweden)
Illis quorum (1988)
KTH Great Prize

Selected recordings
Compositions by Ingvar Lidholm, Sven-David Sandström, Tomas Jennefelt, Jorgen Jersild - Eric Ericson Chamber Choir, Caprice CAP21461 2002.
 Skandinavien - Choir de Chambre Accentus, FCM (2000)

References

External links
Prizewinners of 1997 – Polar Music Prize
Eric Ericson - 50 years with the Chamber Choir - Interview with Eric Ericson from 1997 in The Art Bin Magazine
[ Eric Ericson] at Allmusic

See also
List of Swedes in music

1918 births
2013 deaths
Swedish choral conductors
Litteris et Artibus recipients
Royal College of Music, Stockholm alumni
Schola Cantorum de Paris alumni
Male conductors (music)
People from Borås
Recipients of the Léonie Sonning Music Prize
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Recipients of the Illis quorum

Eric Ericson


In mathematics, a cusp neighborhood is defined as a set of points near a cusp singularity.

Cusp neighborhood for a Riemann surface
The cusp neighborhood for a hyperbolic Riemann surface can be defined in terms of its Fuchsian model.

Suppose that the Fuchsian group G contains a parabolic element g. For example, the element t ∈ SL(2,Z) where

is a parabolic element. Note that all parabolic elements of SL(2,C) are conjugate to this element. That is, if g ∈ SL(2,Z) is parabolic, then  for some h ∈ SL(2,Z).

The set

where H is the upper half-plane has

for any  where  is understood to mean the group generated by g.  That is, γ acts properly discontinuously on U. Because of this, it can be seen that the projection of U onto H/G is thus

.

Here, E is called the neighborhood of the cusp corresponding to g.

Note that the hyperbolic area of E is exactly 1, when computed using the canonical Poincaré metric.  This is most easily seen by example: consider the intersection of U defined above with the fundamental domain

of the modular group, as would be appropriate for the choice of T as the parabolic element.  When integrated over the volume element

the result is trivially 1.  Areas of all cusp neighborhoods are equal to this, by the invariance of the area under conjugation.

References

Hyperbolic geometry
Riemann surfaces

Cusp neighborhood


A webcam is a video camera that connects to a computer, and can let people see each other over the Internet. Most people that have webcams use them with an instant messenger to see each other at the same time. Webcams can also be used for recording videos and video blogs. The webcam can be part of a computer, mobile phone or it can be an independent device.

History
The first webcam was developed in 1991 at Cambridge University and the first commercial camera started in 1994 and was made by Logitech.

Cameras
Internet
Data input

Webcam


My-Otome (舞-乙HiME, Mai-Otome) is an anime made by the Sunrise Inc.. This is similar to My-HiME, as My-Otome has the same characters, but even they have different personalities.

Story
In the future, people live in planet Earl. Machines called nanomachines still keep the technology from the past. Nanomachines are used to give power to Otomes (Girls), who train in a school called Garderobe academy. The Garderobe academy train Otomes to become Meister Otomes (Dancing Star Girls), who protect their Masters - usually royal people of different kingdoms in Earl.

A woman called Rena Searrs is an Otome, who had lost her powers because of having a baby. She fights to protect her Master, a king from Windbloom, and hangs her necklace to the daughter of the king, floating her away in a casket at a river.

14 years later, Arika Yumemiya goes to Garderobe to become an Otome like her mother, who she does not know very much about. She enters the school and when she finds many things which disturb her from being an Otome because of her past, she tries to bear it with her cheerfulness. This story is about how Arika will begin to understand the meaning of being an Otome and how she will save the world from the legendary Harmonium's power.

My-Otome terms
This is the list of My-Otome's fictional words or phrases.

Otome
Otomes (Girls) are powerful girls of Earl, a future planet. Otomes are given money for 100 soldiers, because they are as strong as 100 soldiers put together. They train in a school called Garderobe, and when they graduate, they become Meisters (Dancing Star Girls). Otomes can only materialise when their master kisses their earring.

Otomes can also become one of the Five Pillars, who do not need masters to materialise.

Master
When a royal person makes a contract with an otome, he or she becomes the master of the otome. Otomes can only materialise if the Master kisses them. The Master has to share a life with his or her otome, so when the otome dies, the Master dies, and when the Master dies, the otome dies.

Five Pillars
The Five Pillars are the five otomes who use the Shinsou, so they do not need a master.

Shinsou
The Shinsou is a source who makes the Five Pillars materialise. There is only one Shinsou.

Nanomachine
A Nanomachine is a machine from the past which puts a Robe inside the otomes' bodies, so that the Robe shows when they materialise. An earring connects to the Nanomachines. But the Nanomachine has a weakness to males semen. This means that if an otome has sex with a male she will not be able to materialise any more, and will stop becoming otomes, because she lost her power.

When a Master kisses an otome's earring, the otome can materialise because the Nanomachine absorbs the heat from the Master's lips, absorbing the Master's power. This is why a Master must share a life with the otome.

Nano means small, so Nanomachine means a machine which puts things into the body's small cells.

Gem
A gem is a jewel which the Master and otome can use to make a contract with each other. There are two same gems: one for the Master on his or her ring and one for the otome, for her earring. From then on, the earring on the otomes are kissed by their Masters to materialise. Stronger Otome's can also kiss there gem to give them permission to Materialise.

Material means an object, and materialise means that a hidden object has shown itself. In My-Otome, materialising is when the Robe (Combat Suit) inside the Otomes are released, so that they can fight.

Slave Monster
A Slave Monster is an evil robot which is controlled by a Slave Master.

Slave Master
Like a Master, a Slave Master shares a life with its protector. Instead of otomes, they have a Slave Monster and they do not need a contract to materialise them, as Slave Monsters do not materialise. The Slave Master has to call the Slave Monster by using the Slave Crystal and give a pledge to the God of Wisdom, that they believe in his wisdom, and to call out a loyal slave for them. A Slave Master must always listen to the Slave leader, who is John Smith in My-Otome.

Slave Crystal
A Slave Crystal is a diamond-shaped crystal. To call out a Slave Monster, a Slave Master must put blood into the crystal by pushing his or her thumb to the crystal and pledging.

Harmonium
A harmonium is a musical instrument which opens up only for a protector, creator or a sword. Inside is a piano which can only be played when all the three conditions stepped onto its staircase. The piano makes the players have anything they desire or want to have.

Related pages
 List of Places in My-Otome

References

My-Otome


A public school means different things in different countries:

USA and Canada
In the United States and Canada, public schools are schools that are paid for by the government. They are open to all students who live nearby without any charge. They are usually paid for through property taxes that are applied to everyone who owns buildings in the area around the school.

Public schools greatly expanded  in the United States in the 19th century. Every U.S. state now has free public schools.

Some people think that public schools have done a bad job of education in the United States. One solution has been to give "vouchers" to parents that help them send their children to private schools. Critics say this takes money away that could go to improving public schools.

UK and Commonwealth
In the United Kingdom, public schools are independent fee-paying schools like Eton College. By "independent" is meant fee-paying, and therefore not run by the public authorities. They are called 'public' because they accept students from anywhere  not just people living nearby in the school area. Some are boarding schools, where students can sleep and live at school during the school term. The public schools have an association called the Headmasers' and Headmistresses' Conference. Junior schools which prepare children for entry into public schools are called Preparatory schools ('prep' schools).

The term "public school", for what are actually privately owned schools, is historical. It dates from the UK Public Schools Act 1868 which set the framework for seven leading English boys' schools, which were:
Charterhouse School
Eton College
Harrow School
Rugby School
Shrewsbury School
Westminster School
Winchester College
To these should be added other fee-paying schools which have first-class reputations. These would include:
Merchant Taylors' School
St. Paul's School
Tonbridge School
Dulwich College
Wellington School

Scotland
Others of note include Fettes College in Edinburgh, which is a co-educational day school. This is very unusual for a public school. Gordonstoun is an independent public school in Moray, Scotland. It is where King Charles III was educated. It is a co-educational residential school.

The term "public school" in Scotland is traditionally used for state schools.

Effectiveness
English public schools have a very good record of getting their pupils into elite universities, such as Cambridge and Oxford. They educate the sons and daughters of the British upper and upper-middle classes. In particular, the sons of officers and senior administrators of the British Empire were educated in England while their parents were on overseas postings. In 2010, over half of Cabinet Ministers had been educated at public schools. In 2018, annual fees at Eton were up to £48,500 for boarders. Therefore, although some scholarships are available, most students come from wealthy families.

Three twenty-first century Prime Ministers, Tony Blair, David Cameron and Boris Johnson, were educated at public schools, as were a high proportion of those in previous centuries. Margaret Thatcher was educated at a grammar school, but one with Academy status.

The leading public schools are challenged only by Manchester Grammar School, which was for many years the leading state-funded grammar school. It is now a fee-paying independent school. It made this change when the Labour government in 1976 chose to abolish the Direct Grant System. This would have given the government powers to change the school in ways with which it did not agree.

Girls' schools
Public schools for girls in England have a similar unofficial ranking, though more of them are day schools. The best-known girls public school is Cheltenham Ladies' College. The Girls' Schools Association (GSA) is the body for independent girls' schools. It has over a hundred schools as members. The GSA is a member of the Independent Schools Council.

First, an historical note. Up to and including the 19th century girls from "good families" were educated at home by governesses and tutors. This applies very widely across the world, not just in England. The other controversial issue is whether girls should be educated with boys or not. Here the United States is one extreme and Muslim countries the other extreme. Even in England, co-education is almost universal at primary level, but is not common at secondary level, except in the state education sector.

Another point of difference in England is that girls from wealthy families are more likely to be educated abroad than are boys. Expensive independent schools in French-speaking Switzerland are often chosen. It has not gone unnoticed that, by having such options, the wealthy give their children advantages which the children of ordinary people never get.

Well-known girls' public schools are:
Cheltenham Ladies' College
Bedford Girls' School
James Allen's Girls' School: Known as "JAGS": a day school
Haberdashers' Aske's School for Girls
Manchester High School for Girls

References

Related pages
Co-education

Types of educational institutions
Schools in the United Kingdom
Schools in the United States

Public school


Sartène (), is a town (a "commune" in French) of Southern Corsica, in the Corse-du-Sud département, in France. The city is famous since medieval times for granite buildings in 16th century. One of the main incidents in the town's history was an attack by pirates from Algiers in 1583, after which 400 people were taken away. These attacks continued into the 18th century.

The town is centered around the Place de la Libération (previously the Place Porta), at the edge of which is the church of Sainte Marie. The town allows good views across the valley. Sartene wine is well known amongst wine buffs as being a good drop.

Sartene has given its name to one of the southern-Corsican dialects that are most like the Sardinian language.

Climate
The highest temperature ever recorded in Sartène was  on 23 July 2009.

Important places
 Church of Sainte Marie

Other websites
A page on the history of the town

Communes in Corse-du-Sud
Subprefectures in France

Sartène