The Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) project is a project that is used for the finding and tracking of near-Earth asteroids. The project is done together by the United States Air Force, NASA, and MIT's Lincoln Laboratory. LINEAR has found most of the asteroids since 1998. LINEAR has found 226,193 new objects since it started. Out of those, 2,019 were near-Earth asteroids and 236 were comets. LINEAR uses robotic telescopes to help them find asteroids. LINEAR is credited with the finding of 67,208 asteroids as of June 13, 2006. LINEAR has also found these comets: 11P/Tempel-Swift-LINEAR, 146P/Shoemaker-LINEAR, 148P/Anderson-LINEAR, 156P/Russell-LINEAR, 158P/Kowal-LINEAR, 160P/LINEAR (LINEAR 43), 165P/LINEAR (LINEAR 10), and 176P/LINEAR.

References

Other websites
 LINEAR home page

LINEAR

Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research


Alice Medrich is a businesswoman, baker and cookbook author with a particular interest in chocolate. She founded the Cocolat chain of chocolate stores, has authored numerous cookbooks, and is referred to as the First Lady of Chocolate.

California truffles

The New York Times reported that "Chocolate truffles were virtually unknown in the United States when, in 1973, Alice Medrich started making and selling them from her home in Berkeley."  Because Medrich's truffles have soft centers, when coated they have a characteristic larger, "lumpy" shape compared to French truffles, and have come to be known as California truffles.

Books

Alice Medrich's cookbooks include Cocolat: Extraordinary Chocolate Desserts (Warner Books, 1990), Chocolate and the Art of Low-Fat Desserts (Warner Books, 1994), Alice Medrich's Cookies and Brownies (Warner Books, 1999), Bittersweet: Recipes and Tales from a Life in Chocolate (Artisan, 2003), Chocolate Holidays (Artisan, 2005; originally published as A Year in Chocolate [Warner Books, 2001]), Pure Dessert (Artisan, 2007), Chewy Gooey Crispy Crunchy Melt-in-Your-Mouth Cookies (Artisan, 2010), and "Flavor Flours" (Artisan, 2014). She is one of the authors of A Baker's Dozen Cookbook (HarperCollins Publishers, 2001) and contributed to the 1997 Joy of Cooking (Simon and Schuster, 1997).

Cocolat won the Cookbook of the Year and Perrier Best Food Photography awards from the James Beard Foundation, and the Julia Child Award: Best First Cookbook and the Best Book: Bread, Other Baking and Sweets award from IACP; it was also named one of the best thirteen baking books by the Beard Foundation in 2010. Chocolate and the Art won the Cookbook of the Year Award from the James Beard Foundation, and was named one of the best books of the last fifteen years by Epicurious.com in 2010. Bittersweet won the Cookbook of the Year and Best Book: Single Subject awards from IACP. Chewy Gooey won the Best Book: Baking Sweet or Savory award from IACP. Cookies and Brownies, Bittersweet, and Chewy Gooey all won Best of the Best Awards from Food and Wine Magazine.

Cocolat

Medrich founded the Cocolat chain of chocolate stores in 1976. By 1990, Cocolat had expanded to seven stores in the San Francisco Bay area. However, the company got into financial difficulty after a deliberately lit fire destroyed its Berkeley headquarters in 1991, causing damages estimated at $2 million, and after the embezzlement of $500,000 by an employee. The latter forced Medrich to sell her interest in the company.

References

American bakers
American chefs
American cookbook writers
Cuisine of the San Francisco Bay Area
Living people
Writers from Berkeley, California
Women food writers
Women cookbook writers
Businesspeople from Berkeley, California
James Beard Foundation Award winners
American women non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Alice Medrich


The San Andreas Fault is a right-moving ('dextral') strike-slip fault. It marks the boundary between the North American Plate on the east and the Pacific Plate on the west. The fault was the cause of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. It first appeared about 20 million years ago.

The San Andreas Fault is a zone several miles wide with multiple strands. The main active strand runs both on and off-shore between Cape Mendocino and the Sea of Cortez. From Cape Mendocino, it runs offshore to Tomales Bay. Then it goes southward through Bolinas Lagoon, just west of the San Francisco Peninsula, to come onshore again at Daly City, through the hills of the Peninsula. Crystal cum reservoir is formed by the fault itself.

In the Santa Cruz mountains, it bends slightly eastward. This is the site of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. The fault continues south through the historic mission at San Juan Bautista and through the town of Hollister (where active creep can be seen to offset sidewalks and even houses). The Transverse Ranges north of Santa Barbara are formed by compression. Strands of the fault snake under the Los Angeles Basin. From there it connects into the active spreading under the Sea of Cortez.

The San Andreas fault was discovered by Furry in 1895, who climbed into the faulted serpentinite well where the south tower of the Golden Gate Bridge was being poured. In spite of the extreme deformation of the serpentinite, Lawson declared the bridge perfectly safe. The events of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake would seem to support his conclusion: the ruptured strand was not the one he observed in the footprint of the bridge.

References

Geography of California
Faults
San Francisco Bay Area

San Andreas Fault


ArenaBowl XII was the Arena Football League's twelfth Arena Bowl, which took place August 23, 1998.  It pitted the #4 Orlando Predators (9-5) of the National Conference against the #1 Tampa Bay Storm (12-2), also of the National Conference.  This was the second and final ArenaBowl to have the "War on I-4" rivalry on the big stage.  For the Predators, it was their fourth ArenaBowl appearance in their eight years of existence (having lost ArenaBowls VI, VIII and IX).  This year, they were under the command of first-year head coach (and former Tampa Bay Storm QB) Jay Gruden.  For the Storm, this was their eighth overall appearance as they were going for their fifth ArenaBowl title in eight seasons.  Not only did they face their arch-rivals from Orlando, but they also had face their former star player in Jay Gruden.

Game summary
In the first quarter, the Predators drew first blood with kicker David Cool getting a 23-yard field goal, yet the Storm took the lead with QB Peter Tom Willis completing a 12-yard TD pass to OS George LaFrance.  Orlando would respond with QB Pat O'Hara completing a 23-yard TD pass to OS Robert Gordon, yet Tampa Bay answered with Willis and LaFrance hooking up with each other again on a 9-yard TD pass.

In the second quarter, the Predators drew closer with back-up QB Connell Maynor getting a 3-yard TD run, while the Storm had kicker Björn Nittmo get a 44-yard field goal.  Afterwards, Orlando took the lead prior to halftime with FB/LB Rick Hamilton getting a 36-yard TD run.

In the third quarter, the Predators took control with Hamilton getting a 5-yard TD run, a safety with OL/DL Webbie Burnett tackling George LaFrance in the end zone after LaFrance recovered his own fumble in the end zone after being hit on the one yard line.  Barry Wagner set up Hamilton 's 10-yard run by intercepting WR/DB Barry Wagner returning a missed field goal 48 yards for a touchdown.  The only response that Tampa Bay could show was Willis and LaFrance hooking up with each other yet again on a 7-yard TD pass.  Afterwards, Orlando wrapped up the period with Cool kicking a 20-yard field goal.

In the fourth quarter, the Predators continued its beatdown with DS Damon Mason returning an interception 22 yards for a touchdown (with a failed PAT).  All that was left of the Storm's firepower was Willis' 8-yard TD pass to WR/LB Stevie Thomas (with a failed PAT).  Immediately afterwards, Orlando wrapped up its very first Arena Bowl title with Gordon returning a kickoff 8 yards for a touchdown.

Scoring summary
1st Quarter
ORL – FG Cool 23
TB – LaFrance 12 pass from Willis (Nittmo kick)
ORL – Gordon 23 pass from O'Hara (Cool kick)
TB – LaFrance 9 pass from Willis (Nittmo kick)
2nd Quarter
ORL – Maynor 3 run (Cool kick)
TB –  FG Nittmo 44
ORL – Hamilton 36 run (Cool kick)
3rd Quarter
ORL – Hamilton 5 run (Cool kick)
ORL – Safety Burnett
ORL – Hamilton 10 run (Cool kick)
ORL – Wagner 48 missed field goal (Cool kick)
TB – LaFrance 7 pass from Willis (Bowden run)
ORL – FG Cool 20
4th Quarter
ORL – Mason 22 Interception Return (Cool kick failed)
TB – Thomas 8 pass from Willis (Nittmo kick failed)
ORL – Gordon 8 Kickoff Return (Cool kick failed)

External links
 ArenaFan Box Score

012
1998 Arena Football League season
1998 in sports in Florida
20th century in Tampa, Florida
Orlando Predators
Tampa Bay Storm
American football competitions in Tampa, Florida
1998 in American television
August 1998 sports events in the United States

ArenaBowl XII


The Princess Louise (Louise Caroline Alberta: Marquess of Lorne and Duchess of Argyll by marriage; 18 March 1848 – 3 December 1939) was the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. She was interested in sculpture, and was a notable architect. In 1871, she married John, Marquess of Lorne (Duke of Argyll from 1900), but the marriage was unhappy. They made up with each other in the 1900s, and after Argyll's death in 1914, she had a nervous breakdown. She died in 1939 at the age of 91.

Early life
Louise was born at Buckingham Palace, the main British royal home in London. Her mother was Queen Victoria, and her father was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Louise spent much of her early life moving between the different royal homes that her parents stayed in. These included Buckingham Palace; Osborne House on the Isle of Wight; Windsor Castle in Berkshire; and Balmoral Castle in Scotland.

Louise's education was similar to her brothers and sisters. She was given a basic education, as well as tasks such as cookery, carpentry and farming. She was good at art, especially sculpture. Hallam Tennyson, son of the poet Alfred Lord Tennyson, wrote that Louise could "draw beautifully". She was also good at acting and dancing. The Queen wrote that Louise "danced the sword dance with more verve and accuracy than any of her sisters". She wanted to know about a lot of things, which gave her the nickname "Little Miss Why" from members of the royal family.

Death of Prince Albert
Louise's father, Prince Albert, became ill with typhoid fever, and died on 14 December 1861. Queen Victoria was very sad after this happened, as she and Albert were a loving couple. While the Queen mourned, the court became morbid, and Louise quickly became fed up with it. On her 17th birthday, she asked if the ballroom could be opened for a dance, but Queen Victoria refused. Louise's irritation, in turn, irritated the Queen, who did not like Louise's arguments.

The Queen never really got over Albert's death, but she made herself feel better by sticking to Albert's plans for her children's marriages. In 1862, Louise's sister, Princess Alice, married Prince Louis of Hesse; in 1863, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales married Princess Alexandra of Denmark; and in 1866, Princess Helena married Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. With Louise's elder sisters now married, Louise was left to be the Queen's helper. Despite not being happy about it, the Queen agreed with this, and was surprised by the results. The Queen wrote: "She is (and who would some years ago have thought it?) a clever dear girl with a fine strong character, unselfish and affectionate." In her new role, Louise was less bored by the court, because she had more things to do.

Titles and styles
18 March 1848 – 21 March 1871 Her Royal Highness The Princess Louise.
21 March 1871 – 24 April 1900 Her Royal Highness The Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne.
24 April 1900 – 3 December 1939 Her Royal Highness The Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll.

References
Darling Loosy: Letters to Princess Louise 1856 to 1939 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1991)
Wake, Jehanne, Princess Louise: Queen Victoria's unconventional daughter (Collins, London, 1988)

Other websites

Stocker, Mark, 'Louise, Princess, duchess of Argyll (1848–1939)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edition, January 2008. Retrieved on 23 January 2008

1853 births
1939 deaths
British princesses
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
British sculptors

Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll


Globi is a Swiss cartoon character. He is often called the Swiss Mickey Mouse. Globi is one of the most famous cartoon figures in the Swiss-German part of Switzerland. It was created in 1932 by the Globus department store chain for advertising. It is a blue human-like parrot with a black beret and trousers in black and red. It was so much liked by the children in Switzerland that it got published independently in 1944. There are a many Globi cartoon books and tapes in Switzerland today. Its appearance has changed several times since his development.

History

Globi was created in 1932 by the Globus stores as a media vehicle for children. They wanted to address Globi to children. First, the figure was named "Kimbukku". Because the people of the canton of Bale named the Globus warehouse "Globi", they thought would be a better name than Kimbukku. The figure was well liked by the young customers from the beginning. First "Globi" appeared as a comic strip in the magazine "der Globi". In 1935, the first book Globi the Childfriend appeared. This book has sold over a million copies. It was only really successful in Switzerland. Until today, 79 illustrated classic books have been published. The Globi books were always successful, but in the 1970s they were criticized because of the racism, sexism and violence in books of the 1940s and 1950s. Today, Globi is seen as politically correct. It started to be interested in ecology and animal protection and became more of a role model. For example, in a newer volume, Globi goes with the small rhino named Najma to Africa. The readers learn about the problems of life in the savanna of Africa for rhinos. There was also a movie with Globi in the cinemas in 2005.

Publisher

Because of the big success of Globi, the costs for the warehouse became too big. Because of this, Globi Publisher AG was founded in 1944. Since 1 January 2007, the Globi Publisher AG has been owned by Orell Füssli Publisher. The publisher is active in the Swiss market. In addition to books, they sell other Globi merchandise. These include dishes, cutlery, watches and alarm clocks, plush toys, drapery, lamps, card games and foods. There are also tourist attractions such as Globi hotel, a trail and a bus. In December 2008, a Globi winter park was built in Engelberg. In addition to Globi, other characters including Papa-Moll and Glöbeli exist. Yearly, over 80,000 Globi comic books, 40,000 educational Globi books, between 25,000 and 30,000 Papa-Moll books and 100,000 cassettes are sold.

Today Globi Publisher employs 4 permanent employee, 2 exponents, 3-4 graphic artists and bookkeepers and about 10-12 illustrators and writers.

Book list of most important and best-sold books

Globi's Worldtour
Globi the Childfriend
Globi and Pinoccio in Venice
Globi and it's Swiss adventure travel
Globi the farmer
Globi the soldier
Globi the postman
Globi the fireman
Globi in the Zoo
Globi and the railroad
Globi and panda
Globi and the madagaskarbird
Globi the knight
Globi in Paris
Globi and his adventures at the sea bottom

References

Fictional birds
Animated characters
Swiss culture

Globi


Call boy  is the job title of a stagehand in the theatre. They are hired by either the director, producer, or stage crew chief. They report directly to the crew chief, are usually paid by the hour, and will sometimes rotate between several groups from one performance to the next.

Primary roles
The primary responsibility of the call boy or girl is to move from backstage to the dressing rooms and green rooms alerting actors and actresses of their entrances in time for them to appear on stage on cue. For example, they might call out, "You're on in five minutes, Miss Bernhardt."

The call boy or girl also calls the "quarter hour" and "overture and beginners", the preparatory warning that signals for the orchestra to start the introductory music and the beginners, those performers who appear on stage at the beginning of the first act, to get into their opening positions. The call boy or girl also assists with scene changes.

Etymology
The term was already current at the end of the 18th century, when the Shakespearean scholar Edmond Malone claimed that William Shakespeare's first job in the theatre was that of "call-boy".

Notable people
Usually actors themselves, they have historically taken roles and done crowd scenes as needed. The actor William J. Ferguson (June 8, 1845 – May 3, 1930) was the call boy at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., when actor John Wilkes Booth killed President Lincoln and fled. Ferguson was described as the last surviving eye witness. He said he and actress Laura Keene were standing off stage at the first entrance, opposite the president's box, when it occurred. He heard the shot, looked up and saw Lincoln's head slump, then Booth jumped to the stage and rushed between him and Keene.

The term pretty much became obsolete in larger theatres in the mid-20th century, when most call boys were replaced by loudspeakers placed in each dressing room and green room.

See also

 List of theatre personnel

References

External links
 Destination Theatre Company

Stage crew
Stage terminology
Theatrical occupations

Call boy (theatre)


The Beatles wis an Inglis pop rock baund frae Liverpuil that's members wis John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, an Ringo Starr. They are ane o the maist commercially successfu an weel-respectit baunds in the history o popular muisic.

In the Unitit Kinrick, The Beatles releasit mair nor fowerty different singles, albums, an EPs that won til nummer ane. This commercial success wis repeatit in monny ither kintras: thair record company, EMI, estimatit that by 1985 they had selt ower ane billyon discs an tapes warldwide. The Beatles is the best-sellin muisical act o aw time in the Unitit States, gaun by the Recordin Industry Association o Americae.

In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine rankit The Beatles nummer ane in its list o The 100 Greatest Airtists O Aw Time. Gaun by the selsame magazine, their innovative muisic an cultural impact helpit define the 1960s, an their influence on pop cultur is aye evident the day.

The Beatles led the mid-1960s muisical "British Invasion" in the the Unitit States. Awtho their ineetial muisical style wis ruitit in 1950s rock an rowe an hame-grown skiffle, the group explorit genres reenging frae Tin Pan Alley tae psychadelic rock. Thair claes, styles, an statements made thaim trend-setters, while their growin social awaurness shaws their influence extendit in tae the social an cultural revolutions o the 1962

1957–60: Formation
In Mairch 1957, while gaun tae Quarry Bank Grammar School in Liverpool, John Lennon formed a skiffle group cawed The Quarrymen. Lennon an The Quarrymen met guitarist Paul McCartney at the Woolton Garden Fête, hauden at Saunt Peters Kirk on the 6t Juily 1957, an eikit him tae the group a few days efter. On 6t Februar 1958, the young guitarist George Harrison wis invitit tae watch the group (that played unnerr sindry different names) perform at Wilson Haw, Garstoun, Liverpuil. McCartney haed become acquent wi Harrison on the mornin schuil bus hurl tae the Liverpuil Institute, as they baith dwalt in Speak. At McCartneys insistance, Harrison jyned the Quarrymen as lead guitarist efter a rehersal in Mairch 1958, owercomin Lennon's ineetial reluctance acause o Harrison's young age. New members conteenad tae jyne an lea' the line-up durin that period, an in Januar 1960 Lennon's airt schuil freend Stuart Sutcliffe jyned on bass. Lennon an McCartney baith played rythm guitar an the group haed a heich turnower o drummers.

The Quarrymen gaed throu a progression o names — "Johnny And The Moondogs", "Long John And The Beatles", "The Silver Beatles" (derived frae Larry Parness suggeestion o "Long John And The Silver Beetles") — afore settlin o "The Beatles" in August 1960. Thare's mony theories as tae the oreegin o the name an its unuisual spellin. It is for ordinar creedit tae Lennon, wha said that the name wis a combination wird-play on the insect clocks (Inglis: "beetles") (as a referece tae Buddy Holly's baund, The Crickets) an the wird "beat". Cynthia Lennon suggeestit that Lennon cleckit the name for The Beatles at a "brainstorming session ower a beer-soakit teeple in the Renshaw Haw baur." Lennon, wha wis weel-kent for giein multiple versions o the same story, jokit in a 1961 Mersey Beat magazine airticle that "It cam in a veesion – a man kythed on a bleizin pie an said tae them, 'Frae this day on ye're the Beatles".

Personal life
 Paul McCartney's dochter Stella McCartney hae gone on tae have a successfu career as a  weel-respectit claes designer.
 John Lennon's sons Sean Lennon an Julian Lennon hae gone on tae have  successfu muisical careers. Sean ha been involved in a number o weel-respectit baunds: Cibo Mato, an Dopo Yume.

References

Inglis pop muisic groups
Inglis rock muisic groups
Psychedelic pop muisic groups
Breetish psychedelic rock muisic groups
Breetish Invasion airtists
Beat groups
Proto-prog muisickers
Muisical quartets
Muisical groups established in 1960
Muisical groups disestablished in 1970
George Harrison
John Lennon
Paul McCartney
Ringo Starr
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Awaird winners
Grammy Awaird winners
Best Oreeginal Muisic Score Academy Awaird winners
Brit Awaird winners
World Music Awards winners
Apple Records airtists
Atco Records airtists
Capitol Records airtists
Parlophone airtists
Swan Records airtists
United Artists Records airtists
Vee-Jay Records airtists
Apple Corps
Coontercultur o the 1960s
Muisical groups frae Liverpuil
1960 establishments in Ingland
1970 disestablishments in Ingland

The Beatles


A literary genre means the style of a certain piece of literature, such as a book. Several common ones are epic, comedy, tragedy, novel, and short story. There are other ways to group them, though. A piece of literature is either poetry or prose. There are three types of poetry; narrative, lyric, and dramatic. There are two types of prose; fiction and nonfiction.

Related pages
Literature
Writing
Genre

Literary genre


Konstantinos A. Karamanlis (; born 14 September 1956), commonly known as Kostas Karamanlis (, ), is a Greek retired politician who served as the 10th Prime Minister of Greece from 2004 to 2009. He was also president of the centre-right New Democracy party, founded by his uncle Konstantinos Karamanlis, from 1997 to 2009, and as member of the Hellenic Parliament from 1989 to 2023.

Karamanlis was first elected as a member of the Hellenic Parliament for New Democracy in 1989 and became president of the party in 1997. After leading the opposition in the Hellenic Parliament for seven years and his narrow defeat in the 2000 parliamentary election, he served as the 181st Prime Minister of Greece for two consecutive terms, winning the 2004 election, with an all-time record number of votes, and again in 2007. However, he asked for mid-term general elections in 2009, as his party enjoyed a narrow parliamentary majority that could not guarantee a stable government needed to handle the Greek financial crisis. Eventually, Karamanlis was defeated and resigned as president of New Democracy after twelve years as the party's leader, being active in politics though as a member of the parliament. On 21 February 2023, it was announced that he would not be a parliamentary candidate and that he would retire from politics after the 2023 election.

Political career
Kostas Karamanlis, a nephew of former Greek President Konstantinos Karamanlis, was born in Athens and studied at University of Athens Law School and at the private Deree College, continuing with postgraduate studies in the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University (Boston) in the United States, where he gained a master's degree and a doctorate in political sciences, international relations and diplomatic history.

Karamanlis served in New Democracy's organisational and ideological sectors from 1974 to 1979 and from 1984 to 1989. He is the author of a book, Eleftherios Venizelos and Foreign Relations of Greece, 1928–32, on the Greek politician Eleftherios Venizelos.
He has also edited and prefaced various historical publications.

Karamanlis was elected a New Democracy deputy for Thessaloniki in 1989, but in 2004 he was elected for Larissa. He was elected party leader in 1997 following New Democracy's defeat in the 1996 election. He defeated the ruling Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) at the 2004 elections.

He served as one of the Vice Presidents of the European People's Party (EPP) between 1999 and 2006.

Karamanlis was the first Greek Prime Minister to be born after World War II. He married Natasa Pazaïti in 1998; they have two children (a boy and a girl, twins), born on 13 June 2003.

Prime Minister
Aided by the unpopularity of the incumbent PASOK government led by Costas Simitis (a party that had been in power between 1981 and 1989 and from 1993 to 2004) ND defeated the Socialists' George Andreas Papandreou in 2004. Karamanlis stated that the priorities of his government were education, economic policy, agricultural policy, lowering the high level of unemployment (standing at 11.2%) and a more transparent and effective state administration. Economic policy centered on tax cuts, investment incentives and market deregulation. While early problems included a large public debt (about 112% of GDP) and a budget deficit (5.3% of the GDP) in excess of Eurozone stability rules, Karamanlis's government halved the budget deficit to 2.6% by 2006.

Another key issue was the 2004 Summer Olympics scheduled to be held in Athens in the first year of his government: several key buildings were unfinished at the time of the election, the security budget had increased to €970 million and authorities announced that a roof would no longer be constructed over the main swimming venue. The main Olympic Stadium, the designated facility for the opening and closing ceremonies, was completed only two months before the games opened, with the sliding over of a futuristic glass roof designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. Other facilities, such as the streetcar line linking the city and the airport were largely unfinished just two months before the games. The subsequent pace of preparation, however, made the rush to finish the Athens venues one of the tightest in Olympics history and everything was finished just in time for the Opening Ceremony. At the end, the Games were held exactly as planned and were globally hailed as a spectacular success. Nonetheless and as a result of the delays, large cost overruns resulted in a deficit in the national accounts above EU stipulations. The ND government and the previous administration of Costas Simitis criticized each other for the messy preparations. PASOK criticized the New Democracy government for using the Olympics as a pretext to renege on promises.
Under the weight of the huge costs (estimated at €7bn), the deficit shot up to 5.3%. Karamanlis declared that "Social policy was done with borrowed cash, military spending did not show up on the budget, debts were created in secret".

Financial audit of 2004

In March 2004, while PASOK was still in government, Eurostat refused to validate the fiscal data transmitted by the Greek government and asked for a revision, as it had done previously -twice- in 2002, then resulting in a revision which changed the government balance from a surplus to a deficit.

A worse blow came in May 2004, when the European Commission harshly accused Greece of "imprudent" and "sloppy" fiscal policies, pointing out that since Greek economic growth had been an annual 4% in 2000–2003, a declining fiscal position could only be the result of government mismanagement, including concerns by the EU regarding the 103% public debt to GDP ratio which Karamanlis had inherited from the previous PASOK regime. With this report, the Commission effectively called into question the quality of Greek economic data, as Eurostat had done in March.

The New Democracy government under Karamanlis, elected on April of that year, decided to conduct a Financial Audit of the Greek economy, before sending revised data to Eurostat. The audit concluded that the PASOK administration and prime minister Costas Simitis had falsified Greece's macroeconomic statistics, on the basis of which the European institutions accepted Greece to join the Eurozone. PASOK contested the accusations and claimed that 2006 Eurostat changes to the system of defense expenditure calculation legitimized the practices of the Costas Simitis government. New Democracy responded that the defense expenditures covered by those changes constituted only a small part of much more substantial expenditures that were fraudulently concealed by the previous PASOK government.

In social policy, the retirement age was raised from 58 to 60 for those with 35 years of insurance, while early retirement went up from 55 to 60 for those who entered the labor market after 1993. Supplementary pensions were also cut. In addition, mothers with under-aged children could retire at 55 instead of 50, while paid maternity leave was extended to 6 months in the private sector.

Rising unemployment and the threat of inflation undermined Karamanlis' promises to kick-start the economy and sparked strikes, especially one in 2006 by rubbish collectors, causing severe disruption in the economy – particularly the one in July 2005 at the height of the tourist season.

In early 2006, it was revealed that the cellular phone of Kostas Karamanlis, as well as those of several other members of the government and officials of the armed forces, had been tapped for several months during and after the 2004 Athens Olympics. The investigation into this matter by the Greek organization for communications privacy was closed with the argument that if this investigation would carry on, the information revealed would be dangerous for the national
security of Greece.

The government has undertaken a 210 million euro program to bolster broadband internet connectivity in provincial Greece, which was approved by the European Commission in 2006 with the commendation that it constituted "the most ambitious broadband development programme that any EU member has ever undertaken".

In matters of social policy, Karamanlis's government has followed a largely liberal policy. In the spring of 2006, the Ministry of Education repealed a law continuously in effect from 1936 (including 20 years of socialist rule), which required approval by the local Orthodox Christian Metropolitan for the building of non-Orthodox houses of worship.

At the outset of the year, prime minister Karamanlis announced the initiative of his government for a new amendment to the Constitution. He stated that one of the central issues of this amendment will be the legalisation of private universities in Greece, operating on a non-profit basis. Greece has for years experienced a mass exodus of "educational immigrants" to other countries' Higher Education institutions, where they move to study; this creates a chronic problem for Greece, in terms of loss of capital as well as human resources, since many of those students opt to seek employment in the countries they studied, after getting their degrees (it is characteristic Greece is by far the leading country in the world in terms of students abroad as a percentage of the general population, with 5250 students per million, compared to second Malaysia's 1780 students per million inhabitants). Proponents of non-state owned Universities claim that the State's constitutionally mandated monopoly on Higher Education is responsible for these problems.

Attempted changes in Greek higher education have encountered fierce opposition from the other parties, as well as from the majority of the academic community, both professors and students. An attempt to pass several changes concerning the operation of Greek universities resulted in large-scale demonstrations, bringing together tens of thousands of protesters, and, finally, the closure of most institutions by protesting students in the summer of 2006. The semester's exam period was lost and postponed until the fall, while the government shelved the changes and claimed that no bill would be put to a parliamentary vote before a more extensive dialogue had been held with students. However, without any further dialogue, the legislation passed in 2007.

2007 re-election

In the 2007 general election, Karamanlis was re-elected with a diminished majority, following the 2007 Greek forest fires that ravaged much of western Peloponnese and southern Euboea. He pledged to continue with his reform and privatization programme as well as form a new Cabinet.

On 19 September 2007, he presented a new cabinet.

2009 elections
In the 2009 general election, Karamanlis and New Democracy were voted out of the government. He stepped down on 30 November after elections within the New Democracy party for the election of new party leader.

Criticism
The prime minister came under criticism during the wildfires of 2007. With hundreds of thousands of acres burning and many deaths, the government had faced growing scrutiny for its response to the fires. In the days following the fires and the seeming lack of a substantial fire-fighting response adequate to stop the blazes, the government suggested the process was not natural and the work of arsonists.

A group of Pakistani men has claimed that they were abducted by Greek and British intelligence agents in the wake of the 7 July 2005 London bombings. The governments of Greece, Pakistan, and Britain have denied accusations that they were involved in the alleged detention of 28 Pakistanis for several days in Athens and Ioannina after the 7 July bombings in London. The prosecutor assigned to the case said he had no evidence of who committed the abductions, but the main opposition party PASOK called for the resignation of Greek public order minister Georgios Voulgarakis. An unnamed human rights group (possibly biased) also called for the resignation of the Prime Minister, Kostas Karamanlis over the allegations.

A number of serious scandals involving Karamanlis' closest ministers and members of his party surfaced during his term, damaging his public image severely. Karamanlis was largely elected in 2004 due to his plea to "clear" public life from corruption.

Another criticism against Karamanlis and his cabinet involved the 2008 riots, which started after the killing of 15-year-old Alexandros Grigoropoulos by a police officer. Police said Grigoropoulos was in a group of four teenagers who used hard language to a few policemen by a car. One officer was charged, and Reuters noted that "Greece has a tradition of violence at student rallies and fire bomb attacks by anarchist groups." Amnesty International called for a speedy investigation. The death of Grigoropoulos resulted in large demonstrations and widespread riots in major Greek and foreign cities.

After he left office, many in Greece continued to blame the New Democracy governments of Karamanlis for economic difficulties. Financial markets and Greece's EU partners chastised the country for vastly underestimated budget deficits under his watch.

See also
 Cabinet of Greece

References

External links

Kostas Karamanlis on the Charlie Rose Show, 16 September 2005

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1956 births
21st-century prime ministers of Greece
20th-century Greek lawyers
Greek MPs 1989 (June–November)
Greek MPs 1989–1990
Greek MPs 1990–1993
Greek MPs 1993–1996
Greek MPs 1996–2000
Greek MPs 2000–2004
Greek MPs 2004–2007
Greek MPs 2007–2009
Greek MPs 2009–2012
Greek MPs 2012 (May)
Greek MPs 2012–2014
Greek MPs 2015 (February–August)
Greek MPs 2015–2019
Karamanlis family
Leaders of New Democracy (Greece)
Living people
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
New Democracy (Greece) politicians
Politicians from Athens
Prime Ministers of Greece
The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni
Culture ministers of Greece
Greek MPs 2019–2023
MPs of Thessaloniki
Recipients of the Olympic Order

Kostas Karamanlis


Yun Chi-Ho (1865–1945) was a Choson politician and a Korean Christian activist. He was part of the independence movement against  Japanese Imperialism. Yun Chi-Ho is the uncle of Yun Bo-sun (), South Korea's 4th president and well known by his pen-name Jwaong ().

Yun was a human and civil right activist and part of the national liberation movement, member of an independent club, member of the 10,000 people club and managing editor of an independent news paper.
He was against the Japanese invasion of Korea. However, he turned away from Korean independence activism in 1915 to become a pro-Japanese activist.

Early life
Yun Chi-ho was born in Asan to a notable family. His father Yun Ung-ryeol was an illegitimate son of his grandfather Yun Chwe-dong.
From 1881 until 1883 he studied abroad in Japan and after 1884 he returned to Korea. At that time he was a staff of Def. foreign of Korea. In October 1884 he participated in the Gapsin coup. He escaped to China and Qing dynasty.

Student
In 1884, he was wandering to Shanghai where he met a missionary. The missionary's propagation was to one religionand he went to the Protestant church. To stay in china he had to learn at Dungwu college. Later Yun graduated at Dungwu college and went to America. He was a self-supporting student, because his homes where not propertys.

He was admission of Vanderbilt Univercity and Emory Univercity. Vanderbilt stay Yun was study for Humanities, Social Sciences, Emory Univercity was theology and philosopher. In 1895 he was return to his nation. he was popular right and Participation in government affairs movements.

Independence movements
in 1896 he was Seo Jae-pil, Lee Sang-jae, Syngman Rhee with jonit to Independence club(독립협회;獨立協會) and People's joint association(만민공동회). also he was Seo Jae-pil with Doglip Shinmun(독립신문;獨立新聞). that he was assert, human right was given to God, Any peoples was not infringement ather mans rights.

He wanted more political rights and supported the democracy movement. But, it was Joseon Dynasty and many people thought it was better to be loyal to their kings. Some people hated Yun chi-ho. Yun was disappointed by the end of political reformation.  he was Despair, Popular rights and human rights movements to breaking off. later he was living of bureaucracy. governor of Wonsan County, governor of Dokwon County, governor of Chunan County Adjunct  Jiksan County, governor of Muan Countys in 1899 to 1902. In 1903, vice-minister of Def. foreign, In 1905, appoint Acting foreign minister also Jan. 1906 refusal for him.

he was think to non-Independence for Korean peoples social scale standard. he was assert to Power training and Education, engineering technic to domesticate.

In 1906, he opened the  Hanyoung School (한영서원;韓英書院) and continued to work in education and improving society. He was chairman of Daesung School, also active Youngman schoolmate club(청년학우회), Seoul YMCA. He also founded a Korean-English school that was the first Korean technical high-school.

Yun joined the independence and anti-Japanese movement. 1909. He joined Shinminhwae (신민회;新民會). In 1912, he was caught up in the 105 persons incident. He was put in prison by the Japanese Government-General of Koreas. They were victims of false accusations .

Japanese ruled
In 1910, the Korean government concluded the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, and he was refused to official duties and baron title. but his father Yun Ung-ryeol was give to baron title. also his father death he was Successor for baron title, his thought sans se soucer. In 1911, fabricate for 105 peoples crime, he was arrest for Seodaemun Police Station. also three years imprisonment, also batter and torture for him. In 1915, special release on parole. In he was joint to more civic group and social movement. later he was power training lecture activity engineering technic to domesticate. desire of education.

In 1936 he was acquittal petition of Suyahgdongwu club accessory and personal reference. In 1938 Cheonggu Club accessorys acquittal petition and personal reference. In 1938 acquittal petition of Heungeup club accessory and personal reference. but they case to he was personal reference and 'acquittal' petition, Japanese Government-General of Korea was his thought doubt also inspect for him.

In 1939, Japanese Government-General of Koreas order Japanese Sōshi-kaimei. he was to propose for postpone application, because Korean nationals emotion. that acceptable, Japanese Government-General of Korea was one years postpones. In May 1940, his familys was Japanese Government-General of Korea conference for decision, familyname for Ito(이토;伊東). also coercive distraint Sōshi-kaimei for him. his name Ito Chiko.

In 1940s he was non-attendance and boycott for Japanese event and more official function, memorial day. he was come to book for Japanese Government-General of Korea. also he was surveillance, internally investigated. In 1943 he was appoint to adviser of Japanese Government-General of Koreas Privy Council(중추원;中樞院), he was receive a promise.

Later years
In April 1945, Yun Chi-ho was elected to congress in Japan's House of Peers.

later 8.15 emancipation, he was populace opprobrium of his concluding years of his life pro-Japanese. he was send to latter for commander of American Army to Korean(주한미군) John Reed Hadge and Syngman Rhee, Kim Gu. that letter for he was excuse and appeal of Korea under Japanese rule time to more Korean peoples living and Cooperation actions. but that years November he was to fall down in a swoswoon. In December 1945, he died. He was 80.

Works
 Yun Chi-ho's Diary
 Pocket book of English language grammar (Hangul: 영어문법첩경) : The first English language grammar and collection of English Dictionary's of Korea
 Chanmiga
 Humor Book: Humor collections Korea

Related pages
 Yun Poson
 Chang Myon
 Synrman Rhee
 Yun Chi-Young

References

Other websites

 Emory University, Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library (MARBL):   Yun Ch'i-ho papers, 1883-1943
 The collected letters of Yun Tchi Ho
 http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=b17a2153b
 http://kcm.kr/dic_view.php?nid=40214
 http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2001022101011830074004
 http://hanireporter.co.kr/section-001065000/2004/04/001065000200404122208246.html

1865 births
1945 deaths
Korean educators
Anti-communists
Korean politicians
Korean autobiographers

Yun Chi-ho


A hogshead is a measurement unit in the imperial system. It was derived in the 14th century by weighing King Henry IV's hog's head. The measure was used throughout Europe but the length varied from country to country, even city to city. The hogshead was popularized in modern pop culture by Episode 208 of The Simpsons. There are 2.7 hogshead to a standard gallon.

In 1959, the length was standardized by Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States in the international treaty "Standardization of Units".

Old units of measurement

Hogshead


Radical feminism is a type of feminism. Radical feminists are sometimes called 'radfems'. Famous radical feminists include Andrea Dworkin, Catharine MacKinnon, Valerie Solanas,and Alice Walker. Radical feminists say that society is a patriarchy. In patriarchy, men have more social power than women. They harm women by oppressing them. Liberal feminists want to be equal to men. Radical feminists do not want equality within the patriarchy, but they want to get rid of patriarchy entirely. This is so that women will not be oppressed. This is different than Marxist feminists, who think that women's oppression is caused by economic conflict, not patriarchy. Radical feminism says that BDSM, and gender roles should not exist, because they are part of the patriarchy. Radical feminists do not believe in buying and selling sex acts, which is called prostitution. Radical feminists also believe in ending rape and domestic violence.

History
In 1967 a group called New York Radical Women was started by Carol Hanisch, Shulamith Firestone and Robin Morgan. They were a group of who were unhappy with being ignored by civil rights and antiwar groups that were led by men.

In September 1968 they did a protest at the Miss America Pageant in Atlantic City, New Jersey. They put symbols of female oppression including bras, copies of Playboy magazine, and girdles in a trash can.

In 1969 New York Radical Women broke up. A new radical feminist group called Redstockings was started in 1969 by Ellen Willis and Shulamith Firestone.

In the 1980s the Feminist Sex Wars happened. The Feminist Sex Wars were fights between radical feminists who said that porn, sex work, and BDSM are bad, and sex positive liberal feminists, who said that those things can be feminist. Radical feminism is associated with the second wave of feminism. This ended in the 1990s. Since then radical feminism has been less popular. The third wave of feminism is liberal. Some of the women who started radical feminism have died. However, radical feminism still has influence. In 2012 a book by Julia Long, Anti-Porn: The Resurgence of Anti-Pornography Feminism was published.

Criticism
In 1979 The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male, a book by a radical feminist called Janice Raymond, was published. In the book Raymond said that trans women all "rape women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves."  The RadFem2012 conference would not let in transgender women. Radical feminists may call themselves 'transcritical' or 'gender-critical'.

Another reason people do not like radical feminism is because they may think radical feminists are "man-haters". This is because of an author named Valerie Solanas. In 1967 Valerie Solanas wrote the SCUM Manifesto. SCUM was Society for Cutting Up Men. She wrote in it that women should get rid of the male sex. Solanas tried to kill Andy Warhol. She also shot Mario Amaya.

Radical feminism has been criticized for being anti-sex. An example of this is the work of Andrea Dworkin. Andrea Dworkin published a book in 1987 called Intercourse. In the book she wrote about how heterosexual sex and pornography is oppressive to women. It is often thought that Intercourse argues that "all heterosexual sex is rape" even though Andrea Dworkin did not say this. Dworkin wrote two books against pornography, Pornography - Men Possessing Women and Pornography and Civil Rights: A New Day for Women's Equality.

Radical feminists have been criticized by sex workers who do not want to lose their jobs. Sex workers may disagree with radical feminists who say that if you are paid to have sex then it is rape. Anti sex work radical feminists are sometimes called SWERFs (Sex Work Exclusionary Radical Feminists).

References

Feminism

Radical feminism


In mathematics, the maximum and minimum of a set A is the largest and smallest element of A. They are written as  and , respectively. Similarly, the maximum and minimum of a function are the largest and smallest value that the function takes at a given point. Together, they are known as the extrema (the plural of extremum).

Minimum means the least you can do of something. For example, if the minimum amount of dollars you must pay for something is seven, then you cannot pay six dollars or less (you must pay at least seven). You can do more than the minimum, but no less. Maximum means the most you can have of something. For example, if the maximum amount of oranges you can juggle is five, you cannot juggle more than five oranges. You can do the maximum or less.

For a differentiable function , if  is an extreme value for the set of all values , and if  is in the interior of the domain of , then  is a critical point, by Fermat's theorem.

Related pages

 Mathematical optimization
 Maximum likelihood

References

Mathematics

Maximum and minimum


Bhopal is the capital of Madhya Pradesh, India, and the second largest city of the state, after Indore. Bhopal is also called the City of Lakes. It is the headquarters of Bhopal District. It is in the central part of India.

The city is believed to have first been called Bhojpal, named after the King of Bhoj. According to this theory, it was later changed to Bhopal.

Bhopal has an average elevation of 499 metres (1637 ft).

Bhopal Disaster

In 1984 a poisoned gas was leaked from a private chemical factory at night when a worker was cleaning out a clogged pipe connected with a tank containing gas. The tank had 42 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) that was leaked at midnight and leaving more than 5,000 people and animals dead. Many people also became sick and they are still suffering from deadly diseases. This has been called as "World's worst industrial disaster".

References

Other websites

Bhopal


An action-adventure game is a video game genre that uses gameplay from adventure and action games. Popular games in this genre are The Legend of Zelda series, the Castlevania series, the God of War series and the Metroid series. The action-adventure game genre consists of the player, who goes on adventures, that are usually filled with monsters who the character has to fight.

Action adventure game


A colony in biology refers to a life-style or habit where members of the same species live together.

Usually the members of a colony are genetically linked by common heredity. Sometimes, as in bryozoa, they are genetically identical clones, sometimes as in eusociality, they are members of an extended family. Sometimes, as with the Portuguese Man o' War, the members of the colony are joined together as one individual, which operates as a single unit.

Most of the colonies in the groups listed below build a common structure or nest. Sometimes they are linked only by their behaviour. The close integration of termites, ants, bees and wasps is called eusocial.

The term applies mostly to animals, though there are some protists and prokaryotes which live as colonies.

Groups with colonial species
Bryozoa
Choanoflagellata
Cnidaria
Corals
Portuguese Man o' War
Entoprocta
Graptolites
Insecta
Isoptera
Hymenoptera
Ants
Bees
Wasps
Phoronida
Sponges
Tunicates

Zoology

Colony (biology)


Nuevo Vallarta () is a planned residential-resort community located in the  Municipality of Bahía de Banderas, in the Mexican state of Nayarit. By automobile, it is about fifteen minutes north of Puerto Vallarta's Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport. Nuevo Vallarta receives many tourists from both the United States/Canada and also the United Kingdom. It has many malls and stores that accept payment in Mexican pesos or U.S. dollars.

History
The Mexican federal government began the project over twenty years ago. The community is currently home to luxury villas and estates that include canals lined with tropical gardens, each with private docking piers.

The area also offers new deluxe resort amenities on more than 5 miles of white sandy beach. The marina development features a 3,000-slip state-of-the-art marina and PADI 1-Star Career Development Dive Center. Condominiums are also available to visitors and residents alike.

Between 1980 and 1990, Nuevo Vallarta's population increased from 57,028 to 111,457 inhabitants. A new marina is under construction, and the constructors have fifteen long-term lease programs. The construction consists of the removal of existing docks, pilings, and ramps in order to build six new docks with 230 mooring spaces ranging from  long.

Fauna and climate
In winter, the caguama turtles lay their eggs on the beaches of Nuevo Vallarta. Caguama turtles have been in danger of extinction since 1978. Some people steal the turtle eggs and cook them; the police are trying to stop these illegal acts by taking the turtle eggs to a safe place with biologists and environmentalists who can take care of them.

The climate is as hot (but a little less wet) than in Puerto Vallarta due to the formation of mountains that surround the bay in which both sit -- conveniently protected from most hurricanes. The annual average temperature is  and in the summer months the high temperatures can reach .

See also

Municipalities of Nayarit
Valle de Banderas

References

External links

Populated places in Nayarit
Puerto Vallarta

Nuevo Vallarta


The Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 is a type of train used by Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. It is the first generation rolling stock on the MRT and is one of the five types of electric multiple units on the North South and East West Lines.

The trains were introduced in 1987 and are still in operation. There are sixty-six trainsets with six cars each. There is a single money trainset with four cars that was used to collect money from different stations. It has been withdrawn from service. These trains are operated by SMRT Trains.

The trains were upgraded between 2006 and 2008, mainly to improve the trains' appearances. Most of the important parts for the trains' functioning were not replaced as they were still considered in good condition. However, due to what was considered one of the MRT's worst breakdowns in its history, a second upgrade was planned to replace these important parts, but the Land Transport Authority paused the upgrades as they wanted to replace the trains entirely instead. Currently, only a few trains have these parts replaced.

Design
The train currently has a black livery with a red stripe, similar to that of the C751B and C151A. Before upgrades, it had a white livery with red stripe, similar to the C651.

After the upgrades, the number of seats in a row was reduced from 9 to 7, and more grab poles and straps were installed.

Train Formation
The C151 is made out of 2 3-car trainsets permanently coupled together. Each trainset is assigned a unique number, and each carriage has its own number. There are 132 trainsets numbering 001-132. There would either be normal coupled (099/100) or cross coupled (001/100). A complete set would be coupled together as such:

DT-M1-M2-M2-M1-DT

DT- driving trailer (3)  M1/2 motor car 1/2 (1/2)

The first number of the four numbers is the carriage number, DT (3), M1(1), M2(2).

The second number is the identification number. For the C151, this number is either a '0' or a '1'.

The third and fourth number is the trainset number

For example, trainset 099/100 would consist of:  3099-1099-2099-2100-1100-3100

Related pages
Siemens C651
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & Nippon Sharyo C751B
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151A
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151B
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Sifang C151C

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
Rolling stock

Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151


候克漢廳位於英格蘭诺福克郡,是一所十八世紀的鄉間小屋,當中包含濃厚的帕拉第奧式建築風格。該建築由威廉·肯特設計建造。

建築者與贊助人

候克漢廳的設計

外觀

內部裝潢

今天的候克漢廳

備註
Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (1697–1759), the builder of Holkham, should not be confused with his grandnephew Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester of Holkham (1754–1842) the celebrated agrarian who also lived at Holkham Hall. Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (builder of Holkham) died without surviving sons, hence his Earldom died with him.  Holkham then passed to Thomas Coke's nephew Wenman Roberts. Roberts assumed the Coke surname, but could not inherit the title. It was Wenman Roberts's son Thomas Coke, born in 1754 (the agrarian), for whom the title Earl of Leicester, of Holkham in the County of Norfolk, was created in 1837. The new title was an honour granted in recognition of the holder's services to politics and agriculture. As this earldom was of a new creation, he too became the 1st Earl. It is his descendant Edward Coke, 7th Earl of Leicester, who lives at Holkham today. The surname "Coke" is pronounced "Cook".
The Earldom of Leicester has been, to date, created seven times.  Thomas Coke the builder of Holkham was the 1st Earl of the 5th creation. His grand nephew Thomas Coke was the 1st Earl of the 7th creation.

參考資料
Cropplestone, Trewin (1963). World Architecture. Hamlyn.
Halliday, E. E. (1967). Cultural History of England. London: Thames and Hudson
Nicolson, Nigel (1965). Great houses of Britain. Hamlyn Publishing Group.
Schmidt, Leo and others (2005). "Holkham". Munich, Berlin, London, New York: Prestel

外部連結

候克漢廳
房屋資料庫

1764年建築

候克漢廳


In cryptography, ciphertext (or cyphertext) refers to the output of the encryption process. Plaintext is turned into ciphertext using an algorithm (cipher). This makes it unreadable to anyone except those who own unique information about it, usually referred to as a key.

Decryption is the reverse process of encryption. It takes the unreadable ciphertext as an input and makes it readable again in the form of plaintext.

Cryptography

Ciphertext


Seven of Nine is a character in Star Trek: Voyager. She is an ex-Borg and is the science officer on the star ship Voyager.

When she was very young, Seven of Nine was taken on an expedition by her parents, who were studying the Borg. They were all assimilated; Seven of Nine and her parents (this is when the Borg change people or other aliens into Borg).

According to the Borg, Seven of Nine is the first Borg to go back to the life she had before being assimilated.

Star Trek: Voyager characters

Seven of Nine


St. John on Patmos  is an oil on panel painting by Hieronymus Bosch, created c. 1489. The painting is held in the Gemäldegalerie, in Berlin, Germany. The reverse is also painted, the title of that picture is Scenes from the Passion of Christ and the Pelican with Her Young.

Related work
St. John the Evangelist on Patmos forms a pair with St. John the Baptist in the Wilderness, which is in Madrid.  It was noted in the 1940s that the two paintings may have been designed as wings of an altarpiece.  Such an origin would explain the grisaille painting on the reverse, as it is characteristic of polyptychs to have both sides of folding panels decorated. It has since been suggested that the altarpiece in question was an artwork which is known to have been made for St. John's Cathedral, 's-Hertogenbosch.

The painting is difficult to date. If the 's-Hertogenbosch hypothesis is correct, the date would be around 1489, although later dates have been proposed based on other criteria.

See also
 John of Patmos
 List of paintings by Hieronymus Bosch

References
Ian Boxall. Patmos in the Reception History of the Apocalypse. Oxford University Press, Apr 18, 2013 pg. 197

1490s paintings
Paintings by Hieronymus Bosch
Paintings in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
Bosch
Angels in art
Birds in art
Books in art
Paintings depicting the Crucifixion of Jesus
Paintings depicting the Passion of Jesus

St. John the Evangelist on Patmos


Absolute zero is the temperature at which the particles of matter (molecules and atoms) are at their lowest energy points. Some might think that at absolute zero particles lose all energy and stop moving. This is not correct. In quantum physics there is something called zero point energy, which means that even after all the energy from particles has been removed, the particles still have some energy. This is due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which states that the more that is known about a particle's position, the less that can be known about its momentum, and vice versa. Therefore, a particle cannot be completely stopped because then its exact position and momentum would be known.

Some people have created temperatures very close to absolute zero: the record temperature was 100 pK (one hundred picokelvin, equal to 10−10 kelvin) above absolute zero. Even getting close to absolute zero is difficult because anything that touches an object being cooled near absolute zero would give heat to the objects. Scientists use lasers to slow atoms when cooling objects to very low temperatures.

The kelvin and Rankine temperature scales are defined so that absolute zero is 0 kelvin (K) or 0 degrees Rankine (°R). The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are defined so that absolute zero is −273.15 °C or −459.67 °F.

At this stage the pressure of the particles is zero. If we plot a graph to it, we can see that the temperature of the particles is zero. The temperature cannot go down any further. Also, the particles cannot move in "reverse" either because as the movement of particles is vibration, vibrating in reverse would be nothing but simply vibrating again. The closer the temperature of an object gets to absolute zero, the less resistive the material is to electricity therefore it will conduct electricity almost perfectly, with no measurable resistance.

The Third Law of Thermodynamics says that nothing can ever have a temperature of absolute zero.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that all engines that are powered by heat (like car engines and steam train engines) must release waste heat and can not be 100% efficient. This is because the efficiency (percent of energy the engine uses up that is actually used to do the engine's job) is 100%×(1-Toutside/Tinside), which only is 100% if the outside temperature is absolute zero which it cannot be. So, an engine cannot be 100% efficient, but you can make its efficiency closer to 100% by making the inside temperature hotter and/or the outside temperature colder.

Related pages
 Absolute temperature
 Absolute hot
 Superfluidity

References

Temperature
Thermodynamics

Absolute zero


Were you looking for the English Wikipedia, the full English Wikipedia version of Simple?

The word English can mean:
 From or about the country England
 English people
 English language
 The Amish word for somebody who is not in their group
 Avoirdupois, a system of measurement sometimes called "English".
English opening, a chess opening
 English, Indiana, the county seat of Crawford County

English


A mirror driver is a display driver for a virtual device that mirrors the drawing operations of one or more additional physical display devices.

When video mirroring is active, each time the system draws to the primary video device at a location inside the mirrored area, a copy of the draw operation is executed on the mirrored video device in real-time.

Windows' mirror drivers were first introduced in 1998 with the Windows 2000 display driver model, which was renamed later to XPDM. In 2006, for Windows Vista, Microsoft introduced a new Windows Display Driver Model. The older drivers were still supported under Vista, but since the older model did not encompass support for features first introduced with Vista, those newer features would necessarily be disabled when an older driver was active. As a consequence, when a mirror driver designed for the older model was active, such as when Windows Remote Assistance or Windows Live Mesh were in use, Vista disabled Desktop Window Manager and Windows Aero. A similar situation existed with the transition from Windows 7 to Windows 8. Beginning with the DDK targeted at Windows 8, mirror drivers have to fulfill very exacting specifications - they must support a specific set of functions, and no more than those.

Windows installations come with two mirror drivers preinstalled - "mnmdd" used by NetMeeting, and "RDPDD Chained DD" used for Terminal Server/RemoteDesktop services. Third-party mirror drivers are included with screen readers such as JAWS, Window-Eyes and FreedomBox; the monitoring software LanSchool; and remote desktop software such as Timbuktu, LogMeIn, UltraVNC, TightVNC, Radmin and RemotePC.

References

External links
 MSDN Library - Mirror Drivers article
 Ultra VNC Mirror Driver
 Mirror Driver for TightVNC

Device drivers

Mirror driver


is a Japanese anime television series created by Hiroyuki Birukawa and directed by Akiyuki Shinbo. It was originally broadcast on TV Tokyo from July to September 1994 and animated by J.C.Staff, the studio's first television production.

Story
In the year 2061 A.D., Neo Pro-Wrestling, a form of wrestling that allows for armour and other enhancements, is rapidly growing in popularity. In this, Miku, a young flighty girl is set to join her friends as the tag team known as the Pretty Four. However, the competition is fierce, and their opponents are ready to do whatever it takes to win. Against this, the Four manage to obtain the services of an eccentric coach who trained their hero, Aquamarine. With his guidance, the four start on their fight for the top as they must train with almost inhuman discipline while their matches become more and more challenging as their opponents raise in the ranks.

Characters

The Pretty Four
The Pretty Four is the best (and only) team of the TWP league of Neo Pro-Wrestling. They also sometimes double as pop star singers.
Miku - The newest member and, later, headliner of the Pretty Four. 17 years old as of the beginning of the story, Miku is truly in love with the sport of Neo Pro-Wrestling, having been inspired by her childhood idol, Aquamarine, whom she often refers to with the Japanese honorific "-sama" (in this case, "sama" would mean "mistress" or "great").
Ginko - The tomboy and official captain of the Pretty Four. A hotheaded person, Ginko was often eager for battle in the arena. She also enjoys watching action movies.
Nana - The cute wrestler of the Pretty Four. Nana has a childlike personality and liked anything cute.
Sayaka - The beauty of the Pretty Four. She has a complex about her attractive physical appearance.
Yasunari - The water boy of the Pretty Four. She brings the team their daily juice, served chilled to 57 °F every day at 2:00 PM.

TWP Staff
Eiichi Suo - The former coach of Aquamarine and a burnt-out alcoholic, Eiichi saw an inner fire in Miku that reminded him of his one-time student. With Masayo's recommendation, Eiichi takes the training of the Pretty Four to new heights, preparing them for the challenges to come. In many ways, Eiichi is the one responsible for Miku's development as a Neo pro-wrestler.
Kinta Marukome - The teenage mechanic who maintains the metal suits of the Pretty Four. Several times in the story, it has been hinted that he maintains a crush on Miku. Ginko often names him "Kin-kun" (or "Kinster").
Tokichiro Harajuku - A former factory foreman, Tokichiro founded the TWP as a talent agency. Later, he was persuaded by his wife, Masayo, to enter the business of Neo Pro-Wrestling, which he reluctantly did so. Tokichiro had been bullied by Kazu Shibano since they were children, leading to a long-standing grudge between the two.
Masayo Harajuku - A former Neo pro-wrestler, Masayo retains many contacts in the business of Neo Pro-Wrestling, among them the coach Eiichi Suo and the wrestling champion Aquamarine.

Shibano Enterprises
Yoko Shibano / Sapphire - The general manager of the Shibano Neo Pro-Wrestling teams, the daughter of Kozo Shibano, and the heiress to Shibano Enterprises. Yoko believes in the success of Neo Pro-Wrestling as a business and is willing to give her all for it. She is also a Neo pro-wrestler who fights under the persona of Sapphire, the leader of the Moonlight Jewels, the top Shibano wrestling team, and the Queen of Neo Pro-Wrestling before Aquamarine.
Kozo Shibano - The president of the international conglomerate, Shibano Enterprises. Ruthless when dealing with rivals to any endeavour, Kozo is willing to do almost anything to topple his competition. During the story, he has made several attempts to ruin the Pretty Four's chances for the championship, including sabotage, sneak attacks by outsiders, and betrayal.
Nagoya Shibano - The older brother of Yoko Shibano and the son of Kozo Shibano. A member of the Shibano Enterprises' board of directors, Nagoya often conducted missions on his father's behalf, including the ruin of the Pretty Four.

Other characters
Mizue Umino / Aquamarine - The current reigning Queen of Neo Pro-Wrestling and a former student of Eiichi Suo. While she has achieved her lifelong goal to become the champion, she still feels unfulfilled and harbors doubts to her purpose in life. After a two-year sojourn in the U.S.A., she returns to the Neo Pro-Wrestling circuit in Japan. Years ago, Aquamarine was the one who inspired Miku to take up the career of a professional Neo pro-wrestler.
"Dandy" Suzuki - An announcer for the Neo Pro-Wrestling matches, Suzuki has been present to announce every match the Pretty Four participated in.
Kajiwara - A reporter for the Weekly Neo Ring newspaper. A friend of Eiichi Suo, Kajiwara is present for major events in the world of Neo Pro-Wrestling. He is quite good at assessing the potential of Neo pro-wrestlers. When on assignments, Kajiwara is accompanied by his cameraman.
Cameraman - An unnamed cameraman who works with Kajiwara.
Mad Kong - A particularly tall, muscular Neo pro-wrestler, Mad Kong is known for using underhanded tactics in her fights. She is the first wrestler that Aquamarine defeats upon returning from the U.S.A..
Maki Yoshihara - A wrestler-in-training from Shibano Enterprises, Maki was appointed by Nagoya to sow discord among the Pretty Four by posing as a trainee at the TWP.

Other Neo Pro-Wrestling Teams
The Moonlight Jewels - The most powerful Neo pro-wrestling team sponsored by Shibano Enterprises. Its members are themed after gemstones and the Arabian night. Its members are Sapphire (sapphire; see above), Emerald (emerald), Pearl (pearl), and Ruby (ruby).
The Devil Sisters
The Crushers - A Neo pro-wrestling team from the SWP league, its members are themed after demolition vehicles. Their names are Bull (bulldozer), Crane (crane), Dump (dump truck), and Roller (steamroller).
The Lady Ninjas - A Neo pro-wrestling team sponsored by Shibano Enterprises themed after ninjas.
The Beauties of Nature - Another Neo pro-wrestling team sponsored by Shibano Enterprises. Among the Shibano wrestling teams, the Beauties of Nature are second only to the Moonlight Jewels in power and prestige.

Cast

1994 anime television series debuts
Central Park Media
J.C.Staff
Science fiction anime and manga
Wrestling in anime and manga

Metal Fighter Miku


The PS Stadt Zürich is the older of the two remaining steam paddle ships on Lake Zürich. Stadt Zürich was built in 1909 by Escher, Wyss & Cie. in Zürich for the Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft, as the 32nd tourist ship on Lake Zürich. In contrast to most other Swiss paddle steamers, the most striking features of this vessel and its sister ship Stadt Rapperswil (1914) are a short smoke stack, and a spacious 1st class upper deck.

History

After a construction period lasting six months, on 8 May 1909 Stadt Zürich had been launched by the daughter of the administration board member Gustave Naville. The acquisition of the new vessel - at a cost of 320,000 Swiss francs - was supported by subsidies of the Swiss government. On Saturday, 12 June 1909, Stadt Zürich started her three-hour maiden voyage at 3 pm, housing members of cantonal and municipal authorities, representatives of Lake Zürich shore communities, of Federal Railways and other traffic institutions, and Escher, Wyss & Cie. and further prominent guests on board. The laudatio was held by Kantonsrat (Zürich's parliament) member Brunner-Vogt, the administrative board's president of the shipping company. In the first year of its operation, the ship sailed 12,575 kilometers and used about 258,450 kilograms of coal.

On 4 September 1912 Stadt Zürich made an evening tour with her by far most famous guest, the German Emperor Wilhelm II, and his blue-blooded retinue and few hand-picked guests. The ship was adorned with flowers and strict dress regulations were given, and tea and German beer were served. In honor of the guest, the municipalities around the lake set off fireworks. The enthusiasm was enormous, and the visit of the emperor left a lasting impression, so that Stadt Zürich was called «the Emperor's ship» for years later. At the last minute, boilerman Jakob Stampfer from Horgen was replaced due to his emperor hostile fundamental attitude - social democrats on this «imperial ship» were unwanted.

On Pentecost 1914, the sister ship Stadt Rapperswil had been put into operational service. The steamboat company then owned – together with Helvetia (built in 1875) and Stadt Zürich – three big ships as the backbone of its fleet. During World War I, ship operations were reduced, and on 2 December 1918 operations even with steamships were stopped by the Swiss Bundesrat (Swiss Federal Council) as Switzerland couldn't import coal. The schedule restrictions were loosened in 1919. For the first time, Stadt Zürich was taken out of the water in the winter of 1919 for maintenance issues (no meaningful defects were found). Between 1922 and 1939 renewals were necessary: Stadt Zürich received new boiler tubes, the roof of the upper deck is replaced, and the paddlewheels. In 1938 the first electric heating was installed.

Beginning World War II, the boiler remained filled with water, and in Winter the plant room was heated to keep the temperature above the freezing point (operationally for military purposes, 24 hours a day). Between the years 1941 and 1953 larger revisions were done: Boiler repairs, extension of the upper deck, and replacement of the sun awning by a solid roof. The coal firing was replaced by a heavy oil firing unit in 1951, allowing machine staff to be reduced (in her early years, Stadt Zürich had a crew of 8). The following general overhaul and rebuilt was done in spring 1956. Unfortunately, the Art Nouveau equipment of the salon also was dismantled and replaced by a simple wood veneer. During restorations of 1989/90 and 2003/04, the ship's interior was returned into its original appearance using historically sourced material, so that a similar room experience is given today. In 1960 and 1967 main revisions in the dock had been done.

In the 1980s, the two remaining paddle steamers on Lake Zürich – Stadt Rapperswil and Stadt Zürich – had been replaced by modern diesel powered ships on daily service; practically they are in service on Sundays, except as of 1986 summer season and again since 2003/4. Urgent repairs to the decks, tail digging trenches disguising, boilers and paddlewheels were made from 1979 to 1981. The rusted paddle boxes were replaced, the day rooms removed and toilets replaced. The paddle steamer received a new water supply and diesel pumps. In the trunk, an additional bulkhead was installed and a hydraulic steering gear. In 1983, the administration board of the ZSG decided preservation of the two remaining steamships. «150 years steam navigation on the Lake Zürich» were celebrated with various activities in 1985. In winter 1989/90, Stadt Zürich was improved to the same technical niveau as her sister ship Stadt Rapperswil: The two old steam-boilers were replaced by a new one, her wooden deck is replaced to 70%, and the wooden stairs to the 1st class were refurbished. Additionally, the salon and the smoke stack were restored to their original appearances. The renovation cost three million Swiss francs of public money; «Aktion pro Raddampfer» association paid 200,000 Swiss Francs by private donations. On 21 June 1990 Stadt Zürich resumed her tourist service.

In 2001 the project «Mit Volldampf voraus» (full steam ahead) was started. The two paddle steamships were equipped with improved comfort, once again. A collection campaign was started for the renewal of the salon steamers. One year later, on «Tag der Schweizer Schifffahrt» (Swiss navigation day), in co-operation with the «Action pro Raddampfer». Revisions started in November 2003: Sewage and power supply, refrigeration plants, diesel engine and heating were replaced. A new kitchen was installed, improved glazing protects the passengers on the upper deck, so that the steamer can be used in all weather. The instep linoleum-carpet in the salon is replaced by a discreetly gray one and the aisle is provided with a beautiful runner. The salon was restored largely to its original condition. The steamer's renovation costs 1,7 million Swiss francs – Stadt Zürich returned to operation on 25 May 2004. By her 100th anniversary, Stadt Zürich had steamed more than 700,000 kilometers.

Incidents involving Stadt Zürich
On 25 May 1922 the subengineer was killed in a manoeuvre with the steam-driven engine. A passenger died on 7 September 1924, falling backward into the water. During a test run, Stadt Zürich collided with a landing stage on 18 October 1926, badly damaging her hull, and in summer 1939, paddles on the port side wheel were damaged in Horgen. In 1949 the port side paddle wheel broke. In the same year, the salon steamer sank a police boat which was unable to make way due to a defect. On 4 May 1985, due to a technical defect the Stadt Zürich rammed a wall at the footbridge in Zürich: nobody was injured but the steamer's bow was holed and had to be repaired in ZSG's shipyard in Wollishofen. Approaching Rapperswil, the ship grounded on 22 May  2005, causing repairs lasting two weeks. In 2008 landing at Zürich-Bürkliplatz, Stadt Zürich hit the quay but was able to continue its activities normally.

100th birthday of Stadt Zürich
On 23/25 April 2009 there was a centennial exhibition on board Stadt Zürich at Bürkliplatz. On 12 June 2009, exactly 100 years after the maiden voyage of the steamship Stadt Zürich, its anniversary trip with invited guests and its sistership Stadt Rapperswil was celebrated.

Cultural heritage of national importance
Dampfschiff Stadt Zürich is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class A object of national importance.

References

External links

Dampfschiffe on Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft's website
Dampfschiffjubiläum
Aktion pro Raddampfer

Paddle steamers
1909 ships
Steamships of Switzerland
Tourist attractions in Zürich
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Zürich
Transport in Zürich
Ships built in Switzerland

Stadt Zürich (ship, 1909)


Soot ( ) is a mass of impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. It is more properly restricted to the product of the gas-phase combustion process but is commonly extended to include the residual pyrolysed fuel particles such as coal, cenospheres, charred wood, and petroleum coke that may become airborne during pyrolysis and that are more properly identified as cokes or char.

Soot causes various types of cancer and lung disease.

Sources
Soot as an airborne contaminant in the environment has many different sources, all of which are results of some form of pyrolysis. They include soot from coal burning, internal-combustion engines, power-plant boilers, hog-fuel boilers, ship boilers, central steam-heat boilers, waste incineration, local field burning, house fires, forest fires, fireplaces, and furnaces. These exterior sources also contribute to the indoor environment sources such as smoking of plant matter, cooking, oil lamps, candles, quartz/halogen bulbs with settled dust, fireplaces, exhaust emissions from vehicles, and defective furnaces. Soot in very low concentrations is capable of darkening surfaces or making particle agglomerates, such as those from ventilation systems, appear black. Soot is the primary cause of "ghosting", the discoloration of walls and ceilings or walls and flooring where they meet. It is generally responsible for the discoloration of the walls above baseboard electric heating units.

The formation of soot depends strongly on the fuel composition. The rank ordering of sooting tendency of fuel components is: naphthalenes benzenes aliphatics. However, the order of sooting tendencies of the aliphatics (alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes) varies dramatically depending on the flame type. The difference between the sooting tendencies of aliphatics and aromatics is thought to result mainly from the different routes of formation. Aliphatics appear to first form acetylene and polyacetylenes, which is a slow process; aromatics can form soot both by this route and also by a more direct pathway involving ring condensation or polymerization reactions building on the existing aromatic structure.

Description
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) adopted the description of soot particles given in the glossary of Charlson and Heintzenberg (1995), "Particles formed during the quenching of gases at the outer edge of flames of organic vapours, consisting predominantly of carbon, with lesser amounts of oxygen and hydrogen present as carboxyl and phenolic groups and exhibiting an imperfect graphitic structure".

Formation of soot is a complex process, an evolution of matter in which a number of molecules undergo many chemical and physical reactions within a few milliseconds. Soot is a powder-like form of amorphous carbon. Gas-phase soot contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The PAHs in soot are known mutagens and are classified as a "known human carcinogen" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Soot forms during incomplete combustion from precursor molecules such as acetylene. It consists of agglomerated nanoparticles with diameters between 6 and 30 nm. The soot particles can be mixed with metal oxides and with minerals and can be coated with sulfuric acid.

Soot formation mechanism
Many details of soot formation chemistry remain unanswered and controversial, but there have been a few agreements:
 Soot begins with some precursors or building blocks.
 Nucleation of heavy molecules occurs to form particles.
 Surface growth of a particle proceeds by adsorption of gas phase molecules.
 Coagulation happens via reactive particle–particle collisions.
 Oxidation of the molecules and soot particles reduces soot formation.

Hazards

Soot, particularly diesel exhaust pollution, accounts for over one-quarter of the total hazardous pollution in the air.

Among these diesel emission components, particulate matter has been a serious concern for human health due to its direct and broad impact on the respiratory organs. In earlier times, health professionals associated PM10 (diameter < 10 μm) with chronic lung disease, lung cancer, influenza, asthma, and increased mortality rate. However, recent scientific studies suggest that these correlations be more closely linked with fine particles (PM2.5) and ultra-fine particles (PM0.1).

Long-term exposure to urban air pollution containing soot increases the risk of coronary artery disease.

Diesel exhaust (DE) gas is a major contributor to combustion-derived particulate-matter air pollution. In human experimental studies using an exposure chamber setup, DE has been linked to acute vascular dysfunction and increased thrombus formation. This serves as a plausible mechanistic link between the previously described association between particulate matter air pollution and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Soot also tends to form in chimneys in domestic houses possessing one or more fireplaces. If a large deposit collects in one, it can ignite and create a chimney fire. Regular cleaning by a chimney sweep should eliminate the problem.

Soot modeling
Soot mechanism is difficult to model mathematically because of the large number of primary components of diesel fuel, complex combustion mechanisms, and the heterogeneous interactions during soot formation. Soot models are broadly categorized into three subgroups: empirical (equations that are adjusted to match experimental soot profiles), semi-empirical (combined mathematical equations and some empirical models which used for particle number density and soot volume and mass fraction), and detailed theoretical mechanisms (covers detailed chemical kinetics and physical models in all phases).

First, empirical models use correlations of experimental data to predict trends in soot production. Empirical models are easy to implement and provide excellent correlations for a given set of operating conditions. However, empirical models cannot be used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of soot production. Therefore, these models are not flexible enough to handle changes in operating conditions. They are only useful for testing previously established designed experiments under specific conditions.

Second, semi-empirical models solve rate equations that are calibrated using experimental data. Semi-empirical models reduce computational costs primarily by simplifying the chemistry in soot formation and oxidation. Semi-empirical models reduce the size of chemical mechanisms and use simpler molecules, such as acetylene as precursors.
Detailed theoretical models use extensive chemical mechanisms containing hundreds of chemical reactions in order to predict concentrations of soot. Detailed theoretical soot models contain all the components present in the soot formation with a high level of detailed chemical and physical processes.

Finally, comprehensive models (detailed models) are usually expensive and slow to compute, as they are much more complex than empirical or semi-empirical models. Thanks to recent technological progress in computation, it has become more feasible to use detailed theoretical models and obtain more realistic results; however, further advancement of comprehensive theoretical models is limited by the accuracy of modeling of formation mechanisms.

Additionally, phenomenological models have found wide use recently. Phenomenological soot models, which may be categorized as semi-empirical models, correlate empirically observed phenomena in a way that is consistent with the fundamental theory, but is not directly derived from the theory. These models use sub-models developed to describe the different processes (or phenomena) observed during the combustion process. Examples of sub-models of phenomenological empirical models include spray model, lift-off model, heat release model, ignition delay model, etc. These sub-models can be empirically developed from observation or by using basic physical and chemical relations. Phenomenological models are accurate for their relative simplicity. They are useful, especially when the accuracy of the model parameters is low. Unlike empirical models, phenomenological models are flexible enough to produce reasonable results when multiple operating conditions change.

See also

Activated carbon
Atmospheric particulate matter
Bistre
Black carbon
Carbon black
Colorant
Creosote
Diesel particulate matter
Fullerene
Health effects of coal ash
Health effects of wood smoke
Indian ink
Joss paper
Open burning of waste
Rolling coal
Soot blower

References

External links

Allotropes of carbon
IARC Group 1 carcinogens
Pollution
Air pollution

Soot


The UCI ProTour is the series of races for the top cycling teams.  The Continental circuits are for teams that are not so good.

Some teams, such as Team Milram, have one team on the ProTour, a team of younger riders on the continental circuit as well as being linked with U23 teams.  In this way teams can spot talented riders.

There are five circuits, one each for
Africa
America
Australasia
Europe
Oceania

Usually organisers of a ProTour event can invite one or two teams from the continental circuit to compete.  Also a ProTour team might decide to compete in a continental circuit race

Cycle races

Continental circuits


Customer service is doing things to satisfy a purchaser's needs. This may be before, during, or after the purchase. A major part of customer service is helping if merchandise is broken or not working properly. These situations are usually covered by a customer service policy. Many stores will have a special desk or area where people can take their complaints. One purpose is to persuade the customer to buy other things later.

Related pages

 Sales

Commerce

Customer service


Portland este un nume propriu foarte răspândit în arealul limbii engleze. Se poate referi la:

Locuri

Australia

 Portland, New South Wales, un orășel unde a existat prima fabrică de ciment din Australia
 Capul Portland, un cap în nord-estul insulei Tasmania
 Portland, Victoria, un oraș și un port maritim regional

Canada

 Portland Canal, an inlet between southeastern Alaska and British Columbia
 Portland Estates, Nova Scotia, an area of Halifax
 Portland, Ontario, a small town north of Kingston, Ontario
 Portlands or Port Lands, Toronto, the eastern part of the Toronto waterfront

Hong Kong

 Portland Street, a popular business and shopping street in Hong Kong

Irlanda

 Portland Row, a thoroughfare in north Dublin City

Jamaica

 Portland, Jamaica, a parish on Jamaica's north-east coast
 Portland Point, Jamaica's southernmost point

Olanda

 Portland, Netherlands, a part of the village of Rhoon, South Holland province

Noua Zeelandă
 Portland, Northland, a small town south of Whangarei
 Portland Island, New Zealand, a small island off the Mahia Peninsula

Regatul Unit

Insula Portland

 The Isle of Portland, a peninsula on the coast of Dorset, the origin of the name
 Districtul nemetropolitan Weymouth and Portland, în comitatul Dorset, ce include și Insula Portland
 Portland Bill, the headland at the tip of the Isle of Portland
 Portland Harbour, a large man-made harbour between the Isle of Portland and the mainland
 Portland (HM Prison), a prison for male young offenders on the Isle of Portland
 Portland sea area, a part of the English Channel off the Isle of Portland

Altundeva în regatul Unit

 Great Portland Street, a street in the West End of London
 Portland College, an education establishment in the county of Nottinghamshire
 Portland Gallery, an art gallery in Westminster, London
 Portland House, a tall building in Westminster, London
 Portland Place, a street in the Marylebone district of central London
 Portland Square, Bristol, a Georgian square in the city of Bristol
 Portland Tower, a tower block in Manchester
 Portland Walk Shopping Centre, a shopping centre in Barrow-in-Furness

Statele Unite ale Americii

 Portland, Arkansas
 Portland, Colorado, un oraș care nu mai există
 Portland, Connecticut
 Portland, a proposed city adjacent to Blue Island, Illinois and later incorporated into it
 Portland, a former name for Fountain, Indiana
 Portland, Indiana
 Portland, Kentucky, Kentucky
 Portland, Louisville, a neighborhood and former town in Louisville, Kentucky
 Portland, Maine
 Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan area
 New Portland, Maine
 South Portland, Maine, adjoining Portland, Maine
 Portland, Michigan
 Portland, Missouri
 Portland, New York
 Portland, North Dakota
 Portland, Ohio
 Portland, Oregon
 Portland metropolitan area
 Portland, Pennsylvania
 Portland, Tennessee
 Portland, Texas
 Portland, Dodge County, Wisconsin
 Portland, Monroe County, Wisconsin

Oameni

 Earl of Portland (also Duke of Portland), an English title

Ficțiune

 Portland Bill, the main character in children's television show The Adventures of Portland Bill, humorously named after the geographical feature of Portland Bill
 Portland Island, a fictional island in Liberty City in the game Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories (the prequel to III)

Transporturi

 The City of Portland, a passenger train running between Chicago, Illinois, and Portland, Oregon
 Duke of Portland (whaler), an American whaling ship
 SS Portland, a ship sunk in the Portland Gale off New England in 1898
 , any of eight ships of the British Navy
 , either of two United States Navy ships
 Portland Streetcar, a transport system in Portland, Oregon

Sport - Echipe sportive

 Portland Trail Blazers, NBA basketball team based in Portland, Oregon
 Portland Winter Hawks, WHL hockey team based in Portland, Oregon
 Portland Beavers, PCL minor league baseball team based in Portland, Oregon
 Portland LumberJax, NLL lacrosse team based in Portland, Oregon
 Portland Timbers (USL), football (soccer) team based in Portland, Oregon
 Portland Sea Dogs, EL minor league baseball team based in Portland, Maine
 Portland Pirates, AHL minor league hockey team based in Portland, Maine
 Portland San Antonio, Spanish ASOBAL handball team based in Pamplona, Spain

Computere

 The Portland Project, an initiative to encourage the use of Linux on desktop computers

Alte utilizări

 Battle of Portland, a sea battle off the Isle of Portland in 1653 between England and the Dutch Republic
 Battle of Portland Harbor, a naval battle of the American Civil War, fought 27 June 1863 at Portland, Maine
 Portland cement, the type of cement used for most mortar and concrete, and for some other building materials, named from its similarity to Portland stone
 Portland Club (London), a club in London, the recognized authority on the games of whist and bridge
 Portland Club (Maine), a club in Portland, Maine
 Portland Gale, a storm off the coast of New England in 1898, named after the ship SS Portland which sank in it
 Portland (sheep), a small, ancient breed of sheep from the Isle of Portland
 Portland stone, a limestone from the Isle of Portland used in the construction of many important buildings
 Portland Vase, a Roman antique exhibited at the British Galleries

Nume proprii

Portland


A computer monitor is an electronic device that shows pictures for computers. Monitors often look like smaller televisions. The main difference between a monitor and a television is that a monitor does not have a television tuner to change channels. Monitors often have higher display resolution than televisions. A high display resolution makes it easier to see smaller letters and fine graphics.

There are three types of computer displays:
 The CRT monitor. These are big and heavy and use a lot of desk space and electricity. It is the oldest technology used by monitors and is based on the cathode ray tube technology that was developed for television. Monitors are made with better parts which give a higher display resolution and picture sharpness than a television. This type of monitor is no longer popular.

 The LCD monitor, the most common kind of flat panel display. It is a newer technology than CRT. LCD monitors use much less desk space, are lightweight and use less electricity than CRT. They have been used for many years in the screens of laptop and notebook computers. They also work as touch screens in tablet computers, mobile phones, and other handheld technologies.
 An LED Monitor (short for Light Emitting Diode) or LED display is an LCD Monitor that uses light emitting diodes for backlighting. The first LCD Monitors used cold cathode fluorescent lamps instead of LEDs to illuminate the screen.
 In the early 21st century video projectors has fallen and they are now used in many places like movie theaters to show large images. These use various technologies to make the image including LCD - Liquid crystal display and DLP - Digital light processing which uses very small mirrors to direct the light.

References

Display technology

Computer monitor


In computer security, a mandatory access control (MAC) means a type of access control by which the operating system changes the way a subject (e.g. a user or a program) can access or do some sort of action on an object (e.g. a file or folder). Subjects and objects each have a set of security rules.  Whenever a subject tries to use an object, the operating system kernel looks at these security rules and decides whether the subject can use the object.

Computer security

Mandatory access control