American English and British English are the two main dialects (types) of the English language. American English is spoken in the United States, while British English is spoken in the United Kingdom. Both types of English are different to each other in some ways, for example in spelling, punctuation, grammar and vocabulary.

Spelling

There are many words that sound the same in both American and British English but have different spellings, due mainly to the spelling reforms of Noah Webster. British English often keeps more traditional ways of spelling words than American English. For example:

Most words that end in -our in British English (colour, labour) end in -or in American English (color, labor).
Most words that end in -re in British English (metre, centre) end in -er in American English (meter, center).
Most words from Greek and Latin that are written with ae or oe in British English (anaemia, diarrhoea) are written with an e in American English (anemia, diarrhea). But the British spelling archaeology is still common in American English, while the American spellings encyclopedia (from Latin encyclopaedia) and medieval (from Latin mediaevalis) are common in British English.
Verbs that may end in -ise or -yse in British English (analyse, realise) always end in -ize and -yze in American English (analyze, realize). The Oxford English Dictionary (a dictionary for British English) use verbs end in -ize and -yse (analyse, realize).
Nouns that end in -isation in British English (organisation, realisation) end in -ization in American English (organization, realization). The Oxford English Dictionary use nouns end in -ization.
Most words of French derivation which end in -ogue in British English (analogue, dialogue) end in -og in American English (analog, dialog). However, some words in British spelling, for example dialogue, demagogue, are still common in American English.
Inflected words that are written with double l in British English (cancelled, travelled) are written with a a single l in American English (canceled, traveled). This spelling change is not always followed in American English (cancellation).
Some inflected words written with a silent e at the middle in British English (ageing, judgement) are written without the silent e in American English (aging, judgment). This spelling change is not always followed in American English (changeable).
Some past tense verbs end in -t in British English (learnt, spelt) end in -ed in American English (learned, spelled). The final letter is usually pronounced in both cases.

Because some chemical elements have different spellings in American and British English, IUPAC has to use only one spelling of a word in their papers. For example:
Aluminium in British English becomes aluminum in American English. IUPAC uses the British spelling aluminium.
Caesium in British English becomes cesium in American English. IUPAC uses the British spelling caesium.
Sulphur, sulphate and sulphide in British English becomes sulfur, sulfate and sulfide in American English. IUPAC uses the American spelling sulfur.

Punctuation
Punctuation is the name for the marks used in writing text. Punctuations, for example brackets/parentheses, full stops/periods, quotation marks/inverted commas, have different rules in American and British English.

Brackets/parentheses
In British English, "( )" marks are sometimes called "brackets", "[ ]" are called "square brackets" and "{ }" are called "curly brackets". In formal British English and in American English, "( )" marks are "parentheses" (singular: parenthesis), "[ ]" are called "brackets" or "square brackets", and "{ }" can be called "curly brackets" or "braces". These marks are used in the same way in both dialects.

Quotation
The rules on quoting a text is different in American and British English. In American English, " and ' are called "quotation marks". In British English, " and ' are called "inverted commas" or "speech marks". In American English, it is common to use the double quotation mark ( " ) in direct speech. In British English, it is common to use the single inverted comma ( ' ).

Related articles
 List of dialects of English
 Oxford spelling

References

Other websites
 Word substitution list, by the Ubuntu English (United Kingdom) Translators team
 Linguistics Issues List of American, Canadian and British spelling differences
 Map of US English dialects
 The Septic's Companion: A British Slang Dictionary

 British English vs. American English Slang Compared
 British English-American English Vocabulary Quiz

American English
British English

Comparison of American and British English


Charles Christopher Trowbridge (December 29, 1800 – April 3, 1883) was an explorer, politician, businessman, and ethnographer of Native American cultures who lived in Detroit during the 19th century.  He was one of the first businessmen who emigrated to what was then the Michigan Territory.

Early life
Charles Trowbridge was born on December 29, 1800, in Albany, New York; the youngest of six children born to Luther Trowbridge and Elizabeth Tillman Trowbridge.  His father was a Revolutionary War veteran who had fought at the battles of Lexington and Saratoga, among others.  Luther Trowbridge died in 1802, and Charles grew up with his mother.  In 1813, Charles apprenticed to the businessman Horatio Ross of Owego, New York, who trained him as a merchant.  In 1818, economic troubles bankrupted Ross, and Trowbridge, then not quite eighteen, was charged with closing up the business.  Trowbridge continued independently in the merchant trade, but quickly decided to move west.  In 1819, he secured a position with Major Thomas Rowland of Detroit as Deputy United States Marshal and deputy Clerk of the Court.

Early career in Detroit

Rowland encouraged Trowbridge to study law, and the young man quickly picked up a great deal of legal knowledge, and assisted in recording the 1820 census.  In 1820, Trowbridge served on the Lewis Cass expedition, led by Lewis Cass, that officially explored the section of the Northwest Territory between the Great Lakes and the headwaters of the Mississippi River.  Cass was impressed by Trowbridge, and made him his private secretary.

In 1821, Trowbridge helped negotiate a treaty between the US government and the Winnebago and Menominee Indians.  With this experience, and his knowledge of the Cherokee language, Trowbridge was appointed assistant secretary in the local Indian department, and soon after was also made interpreter.

Around this time, Trowbridge was made secretary of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan.

In 1823, Trowbridge was tasked with determining the relationships among the languages and customs of the indigenous tribes in the Northwest Territories.  He worked at this, as well as his interpreter duties, through 1825, when he resigned his post in favor of becoming cashier of the newly established Bank of Michigan.

In 1826, Trowbridge married Miss Catherine Whipple Sibley, oldest daughter of Solomon Sibley.  That same year, he built his own home, the Charles Trowbridge House, on Jefferson Avenue on what was then farmland far from the heart of the city.  At the time, it was considered to be the finest frame house in the Michigan territory.  Trowbridge lived in this house for over 50 years, and it currently still stands as likely the oldest existing home in the city of Detroit.  Trowbridge lived in the house until his death in 1883.

Later career
In 1831, Lewis Cass was appointed Secretary of War, and invited Trowbridge to accompany him to Washington, D.C..  After much soul-searching, Trowbridge declined, preferring to stay in the private sector.  He engaged in other enterprises over the next few years, including extensive land purchases.  He was one of the original platters of the village of Allegan, Michigan.

In 1833, Trowbridge became an alderman of the city of Detroit,  and briefly served as Mayor during the cholera epidemic of 1834, resigning his position soon after.  In 1837, he ran as the Whig candidate for governor of Michigan, and was defeated by Stevens T. Mason.  Thereafter, he did not seek public office again.

In 1844, he became president of the Michigan State Bank, leading that institution until its dissolution in 1853.  He became secretary-treasurer, and later president, of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railway Company and was one of the directors of the Detroit and St. Joseph Railway Company.

Trowbridge also served on the boards of several charitable institutions, including as president of the Board of Public Charities, various bible and missionary societies, and the Historical and Algic Societies.

He died in Detroit on April 3, 1883.

See also
Charles Trowbridge House

References

1800 births
1883 deaths
Politicians from Albany, New York
Detroit City Council members
Mayors of Detroit
Regents of the University of Michigan
United States Marshals
Michigan Whigs
19th-century American politicians
History of Detroit

Charles Christopher Trowbridge


Star Trek: Phase II was a planned television series based on the characters of Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek, which had run from 1966 to 1969. It was set to air in early 1978 on a proposed Paramount Television Service (a precursor/forerunner to UPN). The series was to follow the adventures of the Enterprise crew on a second five-year mission, and be a continuation of the Star Trek franchise.

Related pages
Star Trek
Star Trek: The Original Series
Star Trek: The Next Generation
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
Star Trek: Voyager
Star Trek: The Animated Series

Phase II

Star Trek: Phase II


In Internet terminology a private network is typically a network that uses private IP address space, following the RFC 1918 standard. Computers may be allocated addresses from this address space when it is necessary for them to communicate with other computing devices on an Intranet network (internal private computer network that uses the Internet Protocol).

Private networks are quite common in home and office local area network (LAN) designs, as many organizations do not see a need for globally unique IP addresses for every computer, printer and other devices that the organizations use. Private IP addresses were created due to the shortage of publicly registered IP addresses created by the IPv4 standard. One of the reasons IPv6 was created is to overcome this limitation of the IPv4 standard. However IPv6 still did not achieve a widespread use.

Routers on the Internet should be configured to discard any packets containing private IP addresses in the IP packet header. This isolation gives private networks a basic form of security as it is not usually possible for the outside world to establish a connection directly to a machine using these private addresses. As connections cannot be made between different private networks via the internet, different organizations can use the same private address range without risking address conflicts (communications accidents caused by reaching a third party using the same IP address).

If a device on a private network needs to communicate with other networks, a "mediating gateway" (in-between gateway) is needed to ensure that the outside network is presented with an address that is "real" (or publicly reachable) so that Internet routers allow the communication. This gateway is typically a NAT device or a proxy server. Public Internet Routers by default will not forward packets with RFC 1918 addresses. Unlike public Internet routers that need additional configuration to forward these packets, internal routers do not need any additional configuration to forward these packets.

This can cause problems, however, when organizations try to connect networks that both use the same private address spaces. There is a potential for clashes and routing problems if both networks use the same IP addresses for their private networks, or if both networks depend on NAT to connect them through the Internet.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) private addresses
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the entity that manage global IP address allocation, DNS root zone management, media types, and other Internet protocol assignments. It is operated by ICANN.

For someone familiar with the boundaries of classful addressing, it is important to note that even though the RFC 1918 range of 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 falls in the traditional class B range, the block of addresses reserved is not a /16, but a /12.  The same applies for the range of 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255; this block is not a /24, but a /16.  However, someone can still (and many individuals typically do) use addresses from these CIDR blocks and apply a subnet mask appropriate for the traditional classful boundary of the address.

The current IANA private internet (also called non-routable) addresses are:

To reduce the load on root nameservers caused by the reverse DNS lookups of these IP addresses, a system of "black-hole" nameservers is provided by anycast network AS112.

Related pages
 Internet protocol suite
 Communications protocol

Internet

Private network


Madeline is a popular children's book series. It was written by American author Ludwig Bemelmans. The first book in the series, Madeline, was published in 1939. The book was very successful. In the 1940s and 1950s, Bemelmans wrote many more sequels to the original. Bemelman's grandson, John Bemelmans-Mariano, writes the series of books to this day. There are 16 Madeline books. The books were later made into a television series and a movie.

In two straight lines...
The books and the television show describe the adventures of  Madeline's life in the late 1940s in France.  Madeline is the smallest and youngest girl at her school. She is also the liveliest and the most popular. Madeline is not afraid of anything. She laughs at tigers in the zoo and taunts bullies. She even runs away to join a circus. She is also a very kind friend to the rest of the children at her school, and never loses her smile. Madeline attends a convent school in the heart of France with eleven other students. They leave the house at half past nine every morning in rain or shine. Miss Clavel is their teacher and a nun. The girls of her school mean more to her than anything. Miss Clavel is worried about Madeline because she is an orphan and has no family.

Although Madeline is set in France, with French accents, it is very popular all over the world, especially in the United States and in the Philippines, where a Filipino version was aired in the TV station ABS-CBN. Madeline has many internet pages including an official website and fan club.

Other websites
 Official Madeline website

Series of books
American children's books
1939 books

es:Madeline

Madeline


The Rozhen National Folklore Fair (, Natsionalen folkloren sabor "Rozhen") is a major Bulgarian folklore fair held every four years on the meadows of the Rozhen area in Smolyan municipality, Smolyan Province, in the Rhodope Mountains of southern Bulgaria. The fair's goal is to popularize the Bulgarian folk dance and song art and it lasts for two days in August.

The first fair was held in 1898. At the time, the border between Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire ran through Rozhen Peak, and Bulgarians from neighbouring villages on both sides of the border would gather. Initially, the fair was annual, and took place every year with the exception of 1901, 1903, 1906 and 1907.

After 1912, when the Rhodopes were liberated from Ottoman rule, the fair lost its political importance, but nevertheless remained a symbol of freedom, Bulgarian unity and traditions. Initially only targeted at Rhodopean music and dances, the fair later became a nationwide event, a festival and a singing competition at once, as well as the largest folk song festival in the country. The peak was in 1972, when 3,500 musicians and dancers participated (of which 300 gaida players) and the audience reached 150,000.

The fair is traditionally opened with the Bela Sam Bela Yunache ("Бела съм бела юначе") song, the unofficial anthem of the Rhodopes, and reaches its climax with the Zvezden Rozhen ("Звезден Рожен"; "Starry Rozhen") performance, when, on the evening of the first day, under the stars, the most prominent Rhodopean singers perform the best known songs from the region.

Gallery

References

External links

Music festivals in Bulgaria
Tourist attractions in Smolyan Province
Bulgarian folk music
1898 establishments in Bulgaria
1898 in music
Festivals established in 1898
Music festivals established in the 19th century
Folk festivals in Bulgaria
Recurring events established in 1898
Summer events in Bulgaria
Dance festivals in Bulgaria

Rozhen National Folklore Fair


Hurricane Anita was the only major hurricane of the inactive 1977 Atlantic hurricane season. It struck Mexico as a category 5. Though it struck as a category 5 no one knows the damage. Anita killed 11 people in Mexico.

Storm history

A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 16. After it moved westward for about a week, it started growing some clouds. It changed the way it was moving to the northwest on August 27 while it was over Cuba, but all clouds were over the Bahamas and Florida. The tropical wave soon crossed Florida and entered the Gulf of Mexico. While it entered the Gulf of Mexico, an anticyclone made conditions good for a tropical cyclone to form. The tropical wave also moved slow when it entered the Gulf of Mexico, making it easier for it to develop. By August 29, the tropical wave was good enough to be upgraded to Tropical Depression One.

Tropical Depression One went back on a westward path than a ridge forced it. Conditions remained good and the tropical depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Anita later on August 29. Water temperatures were warm, this allow Tropical Storm Anita to become Hurricane Anita during August 30. Hurricane Anita looked like it would strike Texas at first, but other weather systems did not allow it to do so. Anita began to quickly strengthen, it had become a category 3 hurricane on September 1. By the next day, Hurricane Anita had reached its highest winds as a category 5 hurricane, while not far from the coast of Mexico.

Hurricane Anita stayed as a category 5 hurricane as it made landfall in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas on September 2. Anita weakened fast over land, weakening to a tropical storm over central Mexico later that day. It also weakened to a tropical depression before it reached the Pacific coast of Mexico.

Retirement

The name Anita was retired. It was not replaced with anything specific because the tropical cyclone names change in 1979.

References

1977 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricanes in Mexico
1970s in Mexico
Retired tropical cyclone names

Hurricane Anita


Dracula, also known as Dracula's Curse, is a 2002 Italian two part TV-miniseries written and directed by Roger Young and starring Patrick Bergin, Giancarlo Giannini and Stefania Rocca. It is based on the 1897 novel of the same name by Bram Stoker, though it updates the events of the novel to the present day.

Plot
At a ballroom of a hospital charity party in Budapest, the successful American lawyer Jonathan Harker suddenly proposes to his girlfriend Mina. He wants to marry her within the week. Their friends Lucy, Quincy, and Arthur have been invited by Jonathan and have just arrived for the wedding, all without Mina's awareness. Meanwhile, they meet the party's promoter, the psychiatrist Dr. Seward. Later in the same night, Jonathan is called by a rich client, Tepes, who hires him to prepare the inventory of his uncle's wealth, the count Vladislav Tepes, in Romania. In his Porsche, Jonathan travels to the Carpathian Mountains, has an accident, and finally arrives in the count's old castle.

Vlad Tepes, here calling himself Count Vladislav Tepes, decides to leave his castle and move to the west. He says he feels tired from Romania's decline and the seclusion of his life.

In Budapest, he discusses some illegal business with Harker. He also wants Jonathan's help to turn his collection of paintings, jewels, and gold deposits into cash. Jonathan's friends, businessman Quincey Morris, specialising in money swindles, and Arthur Holmwood, a British diplomat in debt, offer to help. Though Jonathan and Arthur doubt the deal, Quincey convinces them that money is all that matters, and it is one true power that makes the world go around.

Dracula gets very interested in those young people—the men, hungry for money and power; Lucy, who wants to sleep in many beds, in many cities, have new experiences and live forever; and Mina, who wants to change the world and end human suffering.  Throughout the film, Dracula tries to seduce all five of them into his own world, making them wish to become vampires.  Focusing again and again on how hypocritical morality is and promising them the loss of their consciences, he says survival of the fittest is the proper way, and even the strong cannot save the weak.  He also references God's slaughters in the Bible to prove that humanity was created in his image, the image of a killer.

There to stop him is the researcher of the occult and Seward's teacher Dr. Enrico Valenzi, who believes that Dracula can be defeated when he faces a strong will empowered by faith. But throughout this film, he raises more and more self-doubts, and his will almost breaks by the end.

Mina, halfway through her transformation to a vampire, manages to make Dracula trust her and kills him as he holds her in an embrace. The film ends with Mina still having the vampire's mark, leaving her fate untold.

Cast
 Patrick Bergin as Vladislav Tepes / Dracula
 Giancarlo Giannini as Dr. Enrico Valenzi
 Hardy Krüger Jr. as Jonathan Harker
 Stefania Rocca as Mina
 Muriel Baumeister	as Lucy
 Kai Wiesinger as Dr. Seward
 Alessio Boni as Quincey Morris
 Conrad Hornby as Arthur Holmwood
 Brett Forest as Roenfield
 Alessia Merz as Fair Woman
 Piroska Kiss as Dark Woman
 István Göz as Male Nurse
 Barna Illyés as Border Guard
 Csaba Pethes as Captain of the Tug
 Balázs Tardy as Tug Crew Member 1
 Levente Törköly as Tug Crew Member 2
 Ilona Kassai as Woman at the Hotel
 Imola Gáspár as Woman at the Manor
 Csilla Bakonnyi as Hungarian Woman
 Petra Hauman as Mother of the Boy
 Tibor Kenderesi as Man at the Hotel
 Andrew Divoff as Doctor

Reception
Critical reaction to the film has been mixed to negative. David Johnson of DVD Verdict offered a positive review, saying: "Everyone involved commits to doing an okay job, and the production values and general atmosphere help shed the burden of the film stock and sad-sack effects. Bergin's Dracula is effectively crusty and malicious, and Muriel Baumeister has a good time hamming it up as the infected Lucy." Others were less positive: The SF, Horror, and Fantasy Film Review wrote, "While the film does an excellent job in updating Dracula to the midst of New Europe's nouveau riche, director Roger Young lets the show down considerably in the second half. ... The script does get caught up in some pretentious natterings [and] the performances are particularly uneven."

Noel Megahey of DVD Times said, "It's [the] awkwardness in the script and the dialogue that weighs heavily on the film, although the film actually does operate half-way successfully when it moves into the non-verbal action sequences. What really sinks the film in the end, though, is not the weakness of the special effects, but the performances and the delivery of the pan-European cast that struggles through their semi-dubbed English-language lines." David Hall of EatMyBrains.com said, "There have been far worse cinematic incarnations of Stoker's tale than this — but it must rank as one of the dreariest adaptations ever — a toothless bore shorn of any frisson of eroticism, with nary a drop of blood in sight."

See also
 Vampire film
 List of vampire television series

References

External links

2002 films
2002 television films
2002 horror films
2000s Italian television miniseries
2000s German television miniseries
2000s Italian television series
2000s German television series
Italian supernatural horror films
German horror television films
English-language Italian films
English-language German films
2000s Italian-language films
Films directed by Roger Young
Films scored by Harald Kloser
Dracula films
Dracula television shows
Films shot in Hungary
Italian horror television films
Films set in castles
2000s German films

Dracula (miniseries)


The equator is a line which is not real drawn around a sphere or planet, such as the Earth. It is one of the lines known as a line of latitude, or circle of latitude. The name "equator" is Latin for "even-maker"; at equator the day and night are exactly the same length around the year.

The equator is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. There, the surface of the planet is parallel to the axis of rotation. The equator divides the surface into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.

Climate
Unlike the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere, countries around the equator do not experience the four seasons, and the climate is usually very humid.

Related pages

 Northern hemisphere
 Southern hemisphere
 Solstice and equinox
 Tropic of Cancer
 Tropic of Capricorn
 Arctic Circle
 Antarctic Circle
 Celestial equator

Lines of latitude

Equator


Funk metal is a subgenre of funk rock that fuses elements of heavy metal and funk. AllMusic has said that "Funk metal evolved in the mid-'80s when alternative bands like the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Faith No More, Infectious Grooves, Mordred and Fishbone began playing the hybrid with a stronger funk underpinning than metal". Faith No More have also been described as funk metal that dabbled in rap-metal. Rage Against the Machine's mix of funk and metal not only included rap, but also elements of punk rock. Primus, a band that has never had a clear genre, have been called things such as "thrash metal-funk meets Don Knotts, Jr." Living Colour have been cited by Rolling Stone as "Black-funk-metal pioneers."

Certain bands not from an alternative background, such as Bang Tango and Extreme, have also put funk into their musical style many times.

Notable funk metal artists
 24-7 Spyz
 Bang Tango
 Bootsauce
 Buckethead
 Clutch
 Electric Boys
 Extreme
 Fishbone
 Faith No More
 Family Force 5
 Follow for Now
 Gargamel!
 Hoobustank
 I Mother Earth
 Incubus
 Infectious Grooves
 Jimmie's Chicken Shack
 Kid Rock (Early)
 King's X
 LAPD
 Limp Bizkit
 Living Colour
 Lucy Brown
 Maximum the Hormone
 Mind Funk
 Mr. Bungle (early)
 Mordred
 Nuclear Rabbit
  Primus
 Psychefunkapus
 Rage Against the Machine
 Red Hot Chili Peppers
 Royal Crescent Mob
 Siam Shade
 Stevie Salas
 Suicidal Tendencies
 T.M. Stevens
 Urban Dance Squad
Heavy metal subgenres
Fusion music genres

Funk metal


Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer,  (24 May 1775 – 23 February 1850) was a British military officer and colonial administrator.

Napoleonic Wars
Aylmer was gazetted ensign in 1787, lieutenant in 1791 and major in 1800, after being held in a French prison for six months in 1798. His career continued as colonel in 1810, being aide-de-camp to King George III between 1810 and 1812 and then major general in 1813. He was present at most of the battles in the Peninsular War.

In 1814, following service in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, he was appointed adjutant general of British forces in Ireland, where he remained until 1823.

North American administration
After reaching the position of lieutenant-general in 1825, Aylmer was, in 1830, appointed commander of British military forces in North America as well as Governor General of British North America and Lieutenant Governor of Lower Canada.

Lord Aylmer had no previous experience as a civil administrator and no political experience. He was unable to pacify the growing demands in Lower Canada for responsible government and, in 1834, the radical Assembly of Lower Canada passed 92 resolutions of grievance including a demand that Aylmer be recalled. Lord Aylmer exacerbated ethnic tensions in Lower Canada by favouring the English over the French. The deterioration of the situation led to his recall in 1835. His administration may have been a contributing factor to the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837.

Return to England
Returning to England, Aylmer was promoted to the rank of general in 1845, but he never obtained a British peerage (his dignity was in the Irish peerage) or another administrative post.

He died at 15 Eaton Square, Belgravia, on 23 February 1850 and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery.

Aylmer's sister Rose Aylmer was the inspiration behind the poem of that name by Walter Savage Landor.

Family

His sister was Rose Whitworth-Aylmer who travelled with their aunt, Anne Barbara, and her husband Henry Russel to India in 1798. She fell ill with cholera and died in 1800. She has been immortalized by his friend and the famous British poet Walter Savage Landor in his Rose Aylmer eulogy.

General the Right Honourable Matthew Whitworth, 5th Lord Aylmer, G.C.B., married Louisa Anne Call, daughter of Sir John Call, Bart. on 4 August 1801. When her husband was appointed in 1830 to administer the government of Canada, as Governor-General, from February 1831 to August 1835, the couple entertained at the Castle of St. Louis, Quebec. During the cholera epidemic of 1831–32, she was interested in the relief of the sufferers. Since she was interested in education, she regularly visited and bestowed prizes in the schools. She served as the patroness of the Societe d'Education sous la direction des dames lie Quebec. She died on 13 August 1862.

References

Works cited
Obituary, The Times, 26 February 1850

External links
 Archives of Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer (Matthew Whitworth=Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer and family fonds, R2517) are held at Library and Archives Canada

1775 births
1850 deaths
18th-century English nobility
19th-century English people
British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Governors of British North America
5
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
British Army generals
Coldstream Guards officers
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
English people of Irish descent
56th Regiment of Foot officers


Avatar, a word in Hinduism, is a deity which comes down to earth in a human form, an animal form or a partly human and partly animal form. Rama was an avatar of Vishnu, one of the three main gods of the Hindus. Similarly, Buddha was also an avatar. Both of these avatars had human form, but avatars of the Hindu mythology have also appeared in animal form. For example, Matsya had the form of a fish and Varaha had the form of a boar.

The word is usually translated into English as "incarnation", but better as "appearance" or "manifestation". This is the sense in which the word 'avatar' is used in various media today.

According to Hindu mythology, the important avatars of god Vishnu are named below:

 Matsya
 Kurma
 Varaha
 Narasimha
 Vamana
 Parashurama
 Rama
 Balarama
 Krishna
 Buddha
 Kalki

Several Hindu scriptures have details and stories about Vishnu's avatars. These texts also tell that Vishnu will appear again the Kalki avatar. The following stories are of the avatars that appeared in animal forms or partly animal and partly human forms.

Matsya is the first avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a big fish. Sometimes, it is said that he took the form of a half-man and half-fish. There is a story about this in Hindu mythology. The story tells about a very wicked demon (an asura) who snatched the Vedas, the holy books of the Hindus, and went deep inside the sea. At this point, Vishnu came as the Matsya (fish) avatar, who went deep into the sea and brought back the Vedas. He gave the Vedas to Manu. The Hindu scriptures say that Manu was the first man in the world. He may also be compared with Noah.

Kurma is the second avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a tortoise. Kurma is a word in the Sanskrit language that means a tortoise. This avatar of Vishnu is a symbol of strength and stability.

Varaha was the third avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a black boar. Varaha is a word in the Sanskrit language that means a boar. The Hindu scriptures tell a story about this avatar. There was a demon (a daitya) named Hiranyaksha. He threw the earth (called prithivi by the Hindus) into the waters of the ocean. The earth was about to sink in the ocean. At this point, Vishnu took the form of a black boar, entered the water and carried the earth on its body. Thus Vishnu, as Varaha, saved the earth from destruction.

Narashimha was the fourth avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a man with the head of a lion. This avatar of Vishnu is also a symbol of great strength.

All other avatars of Vishnu after Narashimha avatar were in the form of human beings.

Although the avatars of Vishnu are the most important in the Hindu mythology, there are stories about avatars of other deities, like of Shiva, Ganesha and Devi.

Avatar is next birth of God in Hinduism.

References

Note

Related pages

 Sugata Bhuddha
 Puranass

Hinduism

Avatar


Omare Gerald Lowe (born April 20, 1978) is a former American football cornerback. He was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the fifth round of the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Washington.

Lowe was also a member of the Tennessee Titans, New York Jets, Minnesota Vikings, Washington Redskins, New England Patriots, Seattle Seahawks and Atlanta Falcons.

Early years
Lowe attended Tahoma High School in Maple Valley, Washington where he lettered in basketball, track, and football. Lowe was a state champion in both 110hh and 300 hurdles and was a member of the state champion 1,600-meter relay team at the 1997 state high school track championships as a senior.  Lowe was an option quarterback in high school where he rushed for over 900 yards and 15 scores and played defense in one game.

College career
Recruited by the University of Washington, Lowe was Redshirted the entire 1997 season. In 1998, he played in nine games recording ten tackles, three pass deflections, one forced fumble, and one interception. For the 1999 season Lowe was a backup cornerback and recorded 20 tackles, three pass deflections, and one interception. Lowe's best season would be in 2000 when he started in every game as the strong side cornerback and recorded 30 tackles, two interceptions, and nine pass deflections. Lowe's last season as a Husky was a great one when he recorded 40 tackles, two interceptions (one for a touchdown), and nine pass deflections.

Professional career

Miami Dolphins
Lowe was originally drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the fifth round of the 2002 NFL Draft, but would only play in one game. On September 1, 2003, he was released by the Dolphins.

Tennessee Titans
He was signed to the Tennessee Titans practice squad on September 3, 2003 and released September 22, 2003.

New York Jets
He signed to New York Jets practice squad in October and signed to their active roster in November and finished the season with them.

Minnesota Vikings
Lowe started the 2004 season on the Minnesota Vikings roster but was released after the first game.

Washington Redskins
Lowe spent two days on the practice squad of the Washington Redskins before being released on November 11, 2004.

New England Patriots
The New England Patriots signed Lowe to their practice squad on November 17, 2004. He was released on November 30 but re-signed December 1.

First stint with Seahawks
Lowe signed with the Seattle Seahawks in 2005 but was released prior to the regular season.

Atlanta Falcons
The Atlanta Falcons claimed Lowe off waivers on September 4, 2005 where he remained mainly as a special teams player and led the team with 16 special team tackles and had 4 tackles on defense. His first career start was against the Carolina Panthers in place of an injured player. Atlanta re-signed Lowe on March 13, 2006. He spent all of 2007 on injured reserve before being a free agent.

Second stint with Seahawks
On April 7, 2008, Lowe signed a one-year, $605,000 contract with the Seahawks, re-joining the team after three seasons with the Falcons. The move also re-united Lowe with Seahawks assistant head coach Jim L. Mora, who was the Falcons' head coach when the team signed Lowe in 2005.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Lowe was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on September 24, 2008 after cornerback Scott Starks was placed on injured reserve.

References

External links
Jacksonville Jaguars bio
New England Patriots bio
New York Jets bio

1978 births
Living people
Players of American football from Seattle
American football cornerbacks
American football safeties
Washington Huskies football players
Miami Dolphins players
Tennessee Titans players
New York Jets players
Minnesota Vikings players
Washington Redskins players
New England Patriots players
Seattle Seahawks players
Atlanta Falcons players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
People from Maple Valley, Washington
Players of American football from King County, Washington

Omare Lowe


Varun Feroze Gandhi or Varun Gandhi  (born 13 March 1980) is an Indian politician and a third-term member of Parliament for Lok Sabha from the Pilibhit constituency. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party and was inducted into Rajnath Singh's team in March 2012 as General Secretary. He belongs to the Nehru–Gandhi family, which has occupied a prominent place in the politics of India since a time before the country's independence in 1947.

Early life and education
Feroze Varun Gandhi was born in Delhi on 13 March 1980 to Sanjay Gandhi and Maneka Gandhi. He is the grandson of former Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi and the great-grandson of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Varun was born soon after Indira Gandhi regained power in the 1980 general election. Sanjay Gandhi died in a plane crash when Varun was three months old in June 1980. Indira was assassinated when Varun was four years old on 31 October 1984. Varun attended Rishi Valley School and the British School, New Delhi, where he ran for a position on the student council. He received B.Sc.(hon) from University of London.

Early political career
Varun Gandhi was first introduced to the Pilibhit constituency by his mother during the 1999 election campaigning. Maneka had been a part of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) since earlier but she and Varun formally joined BJP in 2004. Varun Gandhi campaigned for the party in the 2004 elections, covering over 40 constituencies.

In an interview to Stephen Sackur on BBC's HARDTalk in October 2005, Gandhi answered questions about the reasons behind his political affiliation and defended his father as someone who had helped revive the industrialisation of India by starting Maruti Udyog and whose strategy helped the Congress party's comeback after the first ever non-Congress Janata Party government following an electoral routing for the Indira Gandhi-government after Emergency, among many other things.

As a Member of Parliament
In the 2009 general election, the BJP decided to field Varun Gandhi as its candidate from the Pilibhit constituency instead of his mother Maneka Gandhi. He won the seat by receiving 419,539 votes and defeated his nearest contending candidate, V.M. Singh, by a margin of 281,501 votes. The victory was the strongest of any of the four Gandhi family candidates in the election: his mother Maneka Gandhi, aunt Sonia Gandhi and first cousin Rahul Gandhi. The security deposits of all other candidates, including those of V.M. Singh of the Indian National Congress and the Bahujan Samaj Party candidate Ganga Charan Rajput were forfeited. A case was filed against Gandhi for allegedly making a provocative speech about Muslims, at a meeting at Dalchand Mohalla area of Pilibhit; however, he was acquitted by in court in the matter. On 5 March 2013, a Pilibhit court acquitted Gandhi in the second hate speech case registered against him during the 2009 Lok Sabha election campaign.

In March 2013, Rajnath Singh appointed Varun Gandhi as the national general secretary of the BJP. He became the youngest ever general secretary of the party. In May 2013, Varun Gandhi was made in charge of the BJP's affairs in West Bengal. In June 2013, Gandhi requested Lok Sabha Speaker Meira Kumar to call an emergency all party meeting in view of the calamity in Uttarakhand in which thousands of people had died. He suggested a number of step like contribution from MPLADs fund, forgoing of three months' salary by MPs and tax incentives for corporate and individuals for help. He has said that he spoke to many MPs and all of them were ready to contribute. He said that the Speaker should act as a catalyst and coordinate the action plan.

In July 2013, Gandhi handed over a cheque of Rs 1 lakh from his salary account to family members of former Jan Sangh Member of Legislative Assembly late Bhagwati Prasad, who died at a government hospital after prolonged illness and age-related complications. The former MLA had to spend over an hour on the floor of an emergency ward before doctors at the hospital realised he was an ex-MLA and was subsequently given medical attention. His family didn't even have money to perform the last rites after his death. Varun said he learned about Prasad only after his death. Describing the late MLA as a model of honesty, he said it was hard to find an honest leader like him.

In August 2013, newspapers reported that Gandhi was the only MP in the country who had spent all of his MP Local Area Development Fund (MPLAD) before stipulated time. According to official sources, Varun Gandhi used his funds for the development in education, health and infrastructure activities. His proposals were worth more than the entire MPLAD fund thus ensuring the entire amount of 25 crore was spent during his tenure as a Member of Parliament. His political aides stated that he submitted the proposals on time and also employed his personal team to monitor the use of money.

In September 2013, Varun Gandhi accused the Samajwadi Party-led Uttar Pradesh government of pursuing the politics of appeasement, and said that its mistakes would lead to its collapse, after it denied permission to Varun Gandhi's rally in Agra just two days before it was scheduled to take place.

He denounced Rahul Gandhi's infamous outburst against the controversial ordinance against convicted lawmakers, and said that it was an insult to the Prime Minister, who was abroad at the time, and therefore also disgraceful to the nation. He also said that if the Prime Minister had any dignity left, he should resign immediately upon his return to the country, on the day of Rahul Gandhi's outburst.

In February 2014, Gandhi kickstarted his campaign for the  2014 election in Sultanpur. He gave an emotional speech to an enthusiastic crowd in Kadipur, and said that he had come to Sultanpur to fulfill his father's dreams.

In May 2014, Gandhi defeated Amita Singh from Sultanpur in Lok Sabha 2014 elections.

In March 2016, he introduced the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill, 2016 in Lok Sabha.

He contested from Pilibhit lok sabha constituency in 2019 general elections and won with approx 250,000 votes to become an MP for the third consecutive time.

Jan Lokpal Bill
In August 2011, Varun Gandhi strongly pitched for the Jan Lokpal Bill. Gandhi offered his official residence to activist Anna Hazare to hold his fast, after Hazare was denied permission by the government. When Hazare was jailed, Gandhi offered to table the Jan Lokpal Bill in Parliament. On 24 August, he went to Ramlila Maidan as a common man to support the cause of Anna Hazare, becoming the first politician to openly support the anti-corruption cause.

Columnist
Gandhi writes articles and policy papers for several national dailies and magazines in India, such as The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Economic Times, The Indian Express, The Asian Age, The Hindu, Outlook among others. Gandhi writes the largest syndicated column in the country covering 21 newspapers—including Malayala Manorama, Lokmat, Rajasthan Patrika, Punjab Kesari, Amar Ujala, Sandesh, Bartaman, Sakshi—reaching more than 200 million readers.

Writings
Gandhi wrote his first volume of poems, titled The Otherness of Self, at the age of 20, in 2000. His second volume of poems, titled Stillness was published by HarperCollins in April 2015. The book became the bestselling non-fiction book, selling over 10,000 copies in the first two days of its release.

In 2018, he released his book on the Indian rural economy titled The Rural Manifesto: Realising India's Future Through Her Villages. The book sold over 30,000 copies in ten days of its release.

His fourth book, The Indian Metropolis: Deconstructing India's Urban Spaces, was released in February 2023.

See also
List of political families
Maneka Gandhi
List of Indian writers

References

External links
 Profile at Lok Sabha, Parliament of India

1980 births
Living people
Alumni of University of London Worldwide
Alumni of the University of London
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh
Nehru–Gandhi family
Politicians from New Delhi
21st-century Indian poets
People from Pilibhit
Activists from Uttar Pradesh
Indian Hindus
Punjabi people
Parsi people
Kashmiri people
India MPs 2009–2014
Politicians from Kolkata
Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh
India MPs 2014–2019
People from Sultanpur district
India MPs 2019–present
National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election

Varun Gandhi


Rhythm refers to the length of time between each major "beat", or accent, such as in a piece of music. It is the sequence of sounds and silences which make up the rhythm. The first beat of a group of regular, evenly spaced beats usually feels stronger than the others.  When we write music down, we put each group in bars (or "measures").

Rhythms can have different patterns which can be clapped or tapped.  In Western music, these patterns are common:
1 2, 1 2
1 2 3, 1 2 3
1 2 3 4, 1 2 3 4.

A conductor will beat time.  The rhythm will fit in to this regular beat.

All musicians have to have a good sense of rhythm.  To play or sing rhythmically they must keep a steady beat in their head (if playing alone), listen to the others players (if playing in groups) or watch the conductor (if there is one).

People who are playing on their own can practise with a metronome to help them to play to a steady beat.  However, musicians also use rubato (rhythmic freedom), especially when playing music of a romantic nature.  One has to learn to let the music "breathe" in the right way.  This is not the same as playing unrhythmically (badly).  It is something one learns with experience.

Feeling the rhythm in music is basically human.  A person who has a stroke may lose language, but not the sense of rhythm.  Neurologist Oliver Sacks says that chimpanzees and other animals do not have a sense of rhythm.

Other uses

The word rhythm is used in other topics than music.  The heart usually beats rhythmically, and when it does not, that is a sign of a health problem.  Rhythms may be about much longer time periods than a bar of music.  Everything living is rhythmic relating to the 24-hour light-dark cycle on earth.  The moon has its rhythms and the tides have theirs.

Sometimes the word rhythm is used in a more general sense to mean the general flow of music or of life in general ("the rhythm of life").

Notes

Basic English 850 words
Music theory

Rhythm


Sir Patrick Geddes  (2 October 1854 – 17 April 1932) was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, Comtean positivist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner. He is known for his innovative thinking in the fields of urban planning and sociology.

Following the philosophies of Auguste Comte and Frederic LePlay, he introduced the concept of "region" to architecture and planning and coined the term "conurbation". Later, he elaborated "neotechnics" as the way of remaking a world apart from over-commercialization and money dominance.

An energetic Francophile, Geddes was the founder in 1924 of the Collège des Écossais (Scots College), an international teaching establishment in Montpellier, France, and in the 1920s he bought the Château d'Assas to set up a centre for urban studies.

Biography
The son of Janet Stevenson and soldier Alexander Geddes, Patrick Geddes was born in Ballater and the Old Parish Register for baptisms in the parish of Glenmuick Tullich and Glengairn recorded his first name as 'Peter' He was educated in Aberdeenshire, and at Perth Academy.

He studied at the Royal College of Mines in London under Thomas Henry Huxley between 1874 and 1877, never finishing any degree and he then spent the year 1877-1878 as a demonstrator in the Department of Physiology in University College London where he met Charles Darwin in Burdon-Sanderson's laboratory. While in London, he became acquainted with Comtean Positivism, as promoted by Richard Congreve, and he converted to the Religion of Humanity. He was elected as a member of the London Positivist Society. Later he raised his children to worship 'Humanity' following the Positivist system of belief. He lectured in Zoology at Edinburgh University from 1880 to 1888.

From 1888 to 1918, Geddes worked as a Professor of Botany at the University of Dundee.

He married Anna Morton (1857–1917), who was the daughter of a wealthy merchant, in 1886 when he was 32 years old. They had three children: Norah, Alasdair and Arthur. During a visit to India in 1917, Anna fell ill with typhoid fever and died, not knowing that their son Alasdair had been killed in action in France. Their daughter was the landscape designer Norah Geddes, who was active in Geddes's Open Spaces projects; she married the architect and planner Frank Charles Mears.

In 1890, he assisted John Wilson in laying out a teaching garden at Morgan Academy in Dundee.

Between 1894 and 1914, he served as an active member of the ruling Council of the Cockburn Association, a campaigning conservation organisation founded in Edinburgh in 1875.

In 1895, Geddes published an edition of The Evergreen magazine, with articles on nature, biology and poetics. Artists Robert Burns and John Duncan provided illustrations for the magazine.

Geddes wrote with J. Arthur Thomson an early book on The Evolution of Sex (1889). He held the Chair of Botany at University College Dundee from 1888 to 1919, and the Chair of Sociology at the University of Bombay from 1919 to 1924. He inspired Victor Branford to form the Sociological Society in 1903 to promote his sociological views.

While he thought of himself primarily as a sociologist, it was his commitment to close social observation and ability to turn these into practical solutions for city design and improvement that earned him a "revered place amongst the founding fathers of the British town planning movement". He was a major influence on the American urban theorist Lewis Mumford.

He was knighted in 1932, shortly before his death at the Scots College in Montpellier, France on 17 April 1932.

Town planning career

Patrick Geddes was influenced by social theorists such as Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), and French theorist Frederic Le Play (1806–1882) and expanded upon earlier theoretical developments that led to the concept of regional planning.

He was a proponent of the Comte-LePlay view of the interconnectedness of city region as a potentially autonomous unit. He adopted Spencer's theory that the concept of biological evolution could be applied to explain the evolution of society, and drew on Le Play's analysis of the key units of society as constituting "Lieu, Travail, Famille" ("Place, Work, Family"), but changing the last from "family" to "folk". In this theory, the family is viewed as the central "biological unit of human society" from which all else develops. According to Geddes, it is from "stable, healthy homes" providing the necessary conditions for mental and moral development that come beautiful and healthy children who are able "to fully participate in life".

Geddes drew on Le Play's circular theory of geographical locations presenting environmental limitations and opportunities that in turn determine the nature of work. His central argument was that physical geography, market economics and anthropology were related, yielding a "single chord of social life [of] all three combined". Thus the interdisciplinary subject of sociology was developed into the science of "man's interaction with a natural environment: the basic technique was the regional survey, and the improvement of town planning the chief practical application of sociology".

Geddes' writing demonstrates the influence of these ideas on his theories of the city. He saw the city as a series of common interlocking patterns, "an inseparably interwoven structure", akin to a flower. He criticised the tendency of modern scientific thinking to specialisation. In his "Report to the H.H. the Maharaja of Kapurthala" in 1917 he wrote:
"Each of the various specialists remains too closely concentrated upon his single specialism, too little awake to those of the others. Each sees clearly and seizes firmly upon one petal of the six-lobed flower of life and tears it apart from the whole."

These ideas can also be traced back to Geddes' abiding interest in Eastern philosophy which he believed more readily conceived of "life as a whole": "as a result, civic beauty in India has existed at all levels, from humble homes and simple shrines to palaces magnificent and temples sublime."

Geddes distinguished two forms of human social life: 'paleotechnic' and 'neotechnic.' He viewed the former as self-destructive but the latter as self-supporting. In the context of cities, paleotechnic cities are those characterized by competition while neotechnic is characterized by interaction. Additionally, this is followed by the paleotechnic city's desire for expansion as compared to the neotechnic city's ability to form communities and conurbations. Geddes attributed the destruction of cities via World War I not to the invasion of imperialist powers but the prevalence of paleotechnic forms of life in European society.

Against a backdrop of extraordinary development of new technologies, industrialisation and urbanism, Geddes witnessed the substantial social consequences of crime, illness and poverty that developed as a result of modernisation. From Geddes' perspective, the purpose of his theory and understanding of relationships among the units of society was to find an equilibrium among people and the environment to improve such conditions.

Key ideas

"Conservative surgery" versus the gridiron plan
Geddes championed a mode of planning that sought to consider "primary human needs" in every intervention, engaging in "constructive and conservative surgery" rather than the "heroic, all of a piece schemes" popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He continued to use and advocate for this approach throughout his career.

Very early on in his career Geddes demonstrated the practicality of his ideas and approach. In 1886 Geddes and his wife, Anna Geddes, purchased a row of slum tenements in James Court, Edinburgh, making it into a single dwelling. In and around this area Geddes commenced upon a project of "conservative surgery": "weeding out the worst of the houses that surrounded them…widening the narrow closes into courtyards" and thus improving sunlight and airflow. The best of the houses were kept and restored. Geddes believed that this approach was both more economical and more humane.

In this way Geddes consciously worked against the tradition of the "gridiron plan", resurgent in colonial town design in the 19th century:
"The heritage of the gridiron plans goes back at least to the Roman camps. The basis for the grid as an enduring and appealing urban form rests on five main characteristics: order and regulatory, orientation in space and to elements, simplicity and ease of navigation, speed of layout, and adaptability to circumstance".
However, he wished this policy of "sweeping clearances" to be recognised for what he believed it was: "one of the most disastrous and pernicious blunders in the chequered history of sanitation".

Geddes criticised this tradition as much for its "dreary conventionality" as for its failure to address in the long term the very problems it purport to solve. According to Geddes' analysis, this approach was not only "unsparing to the old homes and to the neighbourhood life of the area" but also, in "leaving fewer housing sites and these mostly narrower than before" expelling a large population that would "again as usual, be driven to create worse congestion in other quarters".

The "observational technique"

Drawing on the scientific method, Geddes encouraged close observation as the way to discover and work with the relationships among place, work and folk. In 1892, to allow the general public an opportunity to observe these relationships, Geddes opened a "sociological laboratory" called the Outlook Tower that documented and visualized the regional landscape. In keeping with scientific process and using new technologies, Geddes developed an Index Museum to categorise his physical observations and maintained Encyclopedia Graphicato, which used a camera obscura to provide an opportunity for the general public to observe their own landscape to witness the relationships among units of society. Geddes would host tours throughout the tower and boast its maps, photographs, and projection via 'camera obscura' in order to present the sociological dimensions of cities, urban problems, and town planning. During his tours he would use the camera obscura on the top floor to demonstrate the outlook of an artist then take visitors to the balcony to show the outlook of technical professionals like geologists, geographers, etc. He used specific instruments and tools to better convey the outlook different people had of the region. The Outlook Tower is a physical assertion of Geddes belief in the importance of all areas of knowledge; all arts, all sciences, all, religions, all cultures, etc. The Outlook Tower embodies the integration of local, the regional, and the global aspects of knowledge. Geddes used it as a tool for cultural and regional analysis and provided space for many thinkers to explore the idea of 'regions' which he later introduced to the field of planning. The Outlook Tower was built in Edinburgh's Old Town and continues to be used as a museum.

The "civic survey"
Geddes advocated the civic survey as indispensable to urban planning: his motto was "diagnosis before treatment". Such a survey should include, at a minimum, the geology, the geography, the climate, the economic life, and the social institutions of the city and region. His early work surveying the city of Edinburgh became a model for later surveys.

He was particularly critical of that form of planning which relied overmuch on design and effect, neglecting to consider "the surrounding quarter and constructed without reference to local needs or potentialities". Geddes encouraged instead exploration and consideration of the "whole set of existing conditions", studying the "place as it stands, seeking out how it has grown to be what it is, and recognising alike its advantages, its difficulties and its defects":
"This school strives to adapt itself to meet the wants and needs, the ideas and ideals of the place and persons concerned. It seeks to undo as little as possible, while planning to increase the well-being of the people at all levels, from the humblest to the highest."

In this sense he can be viewed as prefiguring the work of seminal urban thinkers such as Jane Jacobs, and region-specific planning movements such as New Urbanism, encouraging the planner to consider the situation, inherent virtue and potential in a given site, rather than "an abstract ideal that could be imposed by authority or force from the outside".

The regional plan

In 1909, Geddes assisted in the early planning of the southern aspect of the Zoological Gardens in Edinburgh. This work was formative in his development of a regional planning model called the "Valley Section".This model illustrated the complex interactions among biogeography, geomorphology and human systems and attempted to demonstrate how "natural occupations" such as hunting, mining, or fishing are supported by physical geographies that in turn determine patterns of human settlement. The point of this model was to make clear the complex and interrelated relationships between humans and their environment, and to encourage regional planning models that would be responsive to these conditions.

Civic pageant
Geddes developed a means for engaging with the populace of a city through a civic pageant. One such was the Masque of Learning, a pageant he organised in the Poole's Synod Hall, Edinburgh in 1912. He also organised a pageant in Indore, India when he arrived in 1917.

Work in India
Geddes' work in improving the slums of Edinburgh led to an invitation from Lord Pentland (then Governor of Madras) to travel to India to advise on emerging urban planning issues, in particular, how to mediate "between the need for public improvement and respect for existing social standards". For this, Geddes prepared an exhibition on "City and Town Planning". The materials for the first exhibit were sent to India on a ship that was sunk near Madras by the German ship Emden, however new materials were collected and an exhibit prepared for the Senate hall of Madras University by 1915.

Once arriving in India, Geddes toured multiple Indian cities and was overwhelmed by Indian architecture and planning. Geddes was impressed by the historical piety valued in Indian planning displayed by the seamless merger of traditional temples within the urban fabric of Indian cities. Geddes believed that this was indicative of a city's genius loci which is often established by a visually dominant building in a city like a medieval cathedral or an antique temple in the urban fabric. Geddes was outspoken in his town-planning reports about the "insensitivity of British colonial administration towards the historic Indian architecture and urban environment" and denounced their methods of planning which included drastic and destructive changes to the urban fabric.

According to some reports, this was near the time of the meeting of the Indian National Congress and Pentland hoped the exhibit would demonstrate the benefits of British rule. Geddes lectured and worked with Indian surveyors and travelled to Bombay and Bengal where Pentland's political allies Lord Willingdon and Lord Carmichael were Governors. He held a position in Sociology and Civics at Bombay University from 1919 to 1925.

Between 1915 and 1919 Geddes wrote a series of "exhaustive town planning reports" on at least eighteen Indian cities, a selection of which has been collected together in Jacqueline Tyrwhitt's Patrick Geddes in India (1947).

Through these reports, Geddes was concerned to create a "working system in India", righting the wrongs of the past by making interventions in and plans for the urban fabric that were both considerate of local context and tradition and awake to the need for development. According to Lewis Mumford, writing in introduction to Tyrwhitt's collected reports:
"Few observers have shown more sympathy…with the religious and social practices of the Hindus than Geddes did; yet no one could have written more scathingly of Mahatma Gandhi's attempt to conserve the past by reverting to the spinning wheel, at a moment when the fundamental poverty of the masses in India called for the most resourceful application of the machine both to agricultural and industrial life."

His principles for town planning in Bombay demonstrate his views on the relationship between social processes and spatial form, and the intimate and causal connections between the social development of the individual and the cultural and physical environment. They included: ("What town planning means under the Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915")
 Preservation of human life and energy, rather than superficial beautification.
 Conformity to an orderly development plan carried out in stages.
 Purchasing land suitable for building.
 Promoting trade and commerce.
 Preserving historic buildings and buildings of religious significance.
 Developing a city worthy of civic pride, not an imitation of European cities.
 Promoting the happiness, health and comfort of all residents, rather than focusing on roads and parks available only to the rich.
 Control over future growth with adequate provision for future requirements.

Geddes' exhortation to pay attention to the social and particular when attempting city renewal or resettlement remains relevant, particularly in light of the plans for slum resettlement and redevelopment ongoing in many Indian cities (see, e.g. Dharavi redevelopment program):
"Town Planning is not mere place-planning, nor even work planning. If it is to be successful it must be folk planning. This means that its task is not to coerce people into new places against their associations, wishes, and interest, as we find bad schemes trying to do. Instead its task is to find the right places for each sort of people; place where they will really flourish. To give people in fact the same care that we give when transplanting flowers, instead of harsh evictions and arbitrary instructions to 'move on', delivered in the manner of an officious policeman."

Work in Palestine

Geddes worked with his son-in-law, the architect Frank Mears, on a number of projects in Palestine. In 1919, he designed a plan for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem at the request of the psychoanalyst, Dr. David Eder, who headed the World Zionist Organization's London Branch. He also submitted a report on Jerusalem Actual and Possible to the Military Governor of Jerusalem in November 1919. In 1925 he submitted a report on town planning in Jaffa and Tel Aviv to the Municipality of Tel Aviv, then led by Meir Dizengoff. The municipality adopted his proposals and Tel Aviv is the only city whose core is entirely laid out according to a plan by Geddes.

Recognition and legacy
Geddes' ideas had worldwide circulation: his most famous admirer was the American urban theorist Lewis Mumford who claimed that "Geddes was a global thinker in practice, a whole generation or more before the Western democracies fought a global war".

Geddes also influenced several British urban planners (notably Raymond Unwin and Frank Mears), the Indian social scientist Radhakamal Mukerjee and the Catalan architect Cebrià de Montoliu (1873–1923) as well as many other 20th-century thinkers.

Geddes was keenly interested in the science of ecology, an advocate of nature conservation and strongly opposed to environmental pollution. Because of this, some historians have claimed he was a forerunner of modern Green politics.

Researchers at the Geddes Institute for Urban Research at the University of Dundee continue to develop Geddesian approaches to questions of city and regional planning and questions of social and psychical well-being in the built environment. In late 2015 the University staged an exhibition of Geddes' work in the Lamb Gallery, drawn from the Archives of the Universities of Dundee, Strathclyde, and Edinburgh, to mark the centenary of the publication of Cities in Evolution.

Buildings
 The David Wolffsohn University and National Library, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Design by Patrick Geddes, Frank Mears and Benjamin Chaikin, inaugurated on 15 April 1930.

Published works
The Evolution of Sex (1889) with J.A. Thomson, W. Scott, London.
The Evergreen: A Northern Seasonal (1895/96), Patrick Geddes and Colleagues, Lawnmarket, Edinburgh.
City Development, A Report to the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust (1904), Rutgers University Press.
The Masque of Learning (1912)
Cities in Evolution (1915) Williams & Norgate, London.
The life and work of Sir Jagadis C. Bose (1920) Longman, London.
Biology (1925) with J.A. Thomson, Williams & Norgate, London.
Life: Outlines of General Biology (1931) with J.A. Thomson, Harper & Brothers, London.

Further reading
 Boardman, Philip (1978), The Worlds of Patrick Geddes: Biologist, Town Planner, Re-educator, Peace-warrior, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London,
 Dolev, Diana (2016), The Planning and Building of the Hebrew University: Facing the Temple Mount, 1919 - 1948, Lexington Books, New York,
 Hubbard, Tom (2013), Patrick Geddes and the Call of the South, in Hubbard, Tom (2022), Invitation to the Voyage: Scotland, Europe and Literature, Rymour,
 Hysler-Rubin, Noah (2011), Patrick Geddes and Town Planning: A Critical View, Routledge, London,
 Kitchen, Paddy (1975), A Most Unsettling Person: An Introduction to the Ideas and Life of Patrick Geddes, Victor Gollancz, London,
 Macdonald, Murdo (ed.) (1992), "Patrick Geddes: Ecologist, Educator, Visual Thinker", Edinburgh Review, Summer 1992,
 Macdonald, Murdo (2020), Patrick Geddes's Intellectual Origins, Edinburgh University Press,
Mairet. Philip (1957). Pioneer of sociology. The life and letters of Patrick Geddes Meller, Helen (1980), "Cities and evolution: Patrick Geddes as an international prophet of town planning before 1914", in Sutcliffe, Anthony (ed.) The Rise of Modern Urban Planning, 1800 - 1914, Mansell Publishing, pp. 199 - 223,
 Meller, Helen (1981), "Patrick Geddes 1854 - 1932", in Cherry, Gordon E. (ed.), Pioneers in British Planning, The Architectural Press Ltd., London, pp. 46 - 71,
 Meller, Helen (1990), Patrick Geddes: Social Evolutionist and City Planner, Routledge, London,
 Purves, Graeme (1997), "Scottish Environmentalism: The Contribution of Patrick Geddes", in Eastwood, Colin (ed.), John Muir Trust Journal & News No. 22, pp. 21 - 24.
 Shaw, Michael (2020), The Fin-de-Siècle Scottish Revival: Romance, Decadence and Celtic Identity, Edinburgh University Press,
 Welter, Volker M. (2002), Biopolis: Patrick Geddes and the City of Life, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts,

See also
Scottish Renaissance
Geddes Island
Lady Stair's House
Ramsay Garden
James Cadenhead, Scottish artist who worked with Geddes on his projects in Edinburgh's Old Town.
List of urban theorists
Pro-Jerusalem Society (1918-1926) - Geddes was a member of its leading Council

References

Further reading

 Philip Boardman, Patrick Geddes: Maker of the Future (1944)
 Philip Boardman, The Worlds of Patrick Geddes: Biologist, Town Planner, Re-educator, Peace-warrior, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1978,
 Amelia Defries, The Interpreter Geddes: The Man and His Gospel (1927)
 Diana Dolev, The Planning and Building of the Hebrew University, 1919 - 1948: Facing the Temple Mount, Lexington Books, 2016,
 Noah Hysler-Rubin, Patrick Geddes and Town Planning: A Critical View, Routledge, Abingdon (2011),
 Paddy Kitchen, A Most Unsettling Person, Victor Gollancz, London (1975),
 Murdo Macdonald, Patrick Geddes's Intellectual Origins, Edinburgh University Press, 2020,
 Philip Mairet, Pioneer of Sociology: The Life and Letters of Patrick Geddes (1957)
 Helen Meller, Patrick Geddes: Social Evolutionist and City Planner, Routledge (1990),
Lewis Mumford, 1958. "Patrick Geddes, Victor Branford, and Applied Sociology in England." In An Introduction to the History of Sociology, edited by Harry Elmer Barnes, 677–95. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 Michael Shaw, The Fin-de-Siècle Scottish Revival: Romance, Decadence and Celtic Identity, Edinburgh University Press,
 Graeme Purves, A Vision of Zion, in Roy, Kenneth (ed.), The Scottish Review No. 21, Spring 2000, pp. 83 – 91,

 Jacqueline Tyrwhitt (ed.), Patrick Geddes in India (1947) Lund Humphries: London
 Volker M. Welter and James Lawson (eds.), The City After Patrick Geddes (2000)
 Volker M. Welter, Biopolis, Patrick Geddes and the City of Life, THE MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (2002),
 Catherine Weill-Rochant, L'Atlas de Tel-Aviv (2008)
 Catherine Weill-Rochant, Le travail de Patrick Geddes à Tel-Aviv, un plan d'ombres et de lumières, Editions universitaires européennes, 2010 (693 pp., plans historiques, photos, figures)
 'Evaluer la pérennité urbaine : l'example du plan Geddes pour Tel-Aviv', Pérennité urbaine, ou la ville par-delà ses métamorphose, C. Vallat, A. Le Blanc, Pascale Philifert (ed.) Volume I : Traces, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2009, p. 315-325.
  and
John Scott, and Ray Bromley. 2013. Envisioning Sociology. Albany: State University of New York Press.
 MacDonald, M. (2020) ''Patrick Geddes's Intellectual Origins'', Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh.
 Matthew Wilson, 2018. Moralising Space. London: Routledge.
 T. R. Wright, 1986. The Religion of Humanity: the Impact of Comtean Positivism on Victorian Britain''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

External links

The online Journal of Civics & Generalism, is an international collaborative project with extensive essays and graphic material inspired by the work of Patrick Geddes in a modern context
Geddes as a pioneer landscape architect
The Geddes Institute at Dundee University, Scotland

Sir Patrick Geddes Memorial Trust
Geddes' "The Scots Renascense"
Records relating to Sir Patrick Geddes at Dundee University Archives
National Library of Scotland Learning Zone, Patrick Geddes: By Living We Learn
 Escuela de Vida "Vivendo discimus", Ceuta (Spain)
The Patrick Geddes Centre at Riddle's Court

1854 births
1932 deaths
19th-century Scottish botanists
19th-century British biologists
20th-century British biologists
20th-century Scottish botanists
Academics of the University of Dundee
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of Imperial College London
Architects from Mandatory Palestine
British geographers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Knights Bachelor
People from Aberdeenshire
People from Ballater
Scottish biologists
People educated at Perth Academy
Scottish ecologists
Scottish expatriates in France
Scottish botanists
Scottish environmentalists
Scottish educational theorists
Scottish knights
Scottish philanthropists
Scottish publishers (people)
Scottish Renaissance
Scottish sociologists
Scottish urban planners
Academic staff of the University of Mumbai
Urban theorists

Patrick Geddes


Anna Karenina (), also Anglicised as Anna Karenin, is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy.

Tolstoy considered this book his first true novel.

Characters in "Anna Karenina"
 Anna Arkadyevna Karenina – The title character, the sister of Stepan and the lover of Vronsky
Anna Arkadyevna Karenina is romantic and has a very strong character. For example, she likes to write children's books and admires art. She is described as being very beautiful, and there is a lot of energy in her. She loves her son very, very, much, and this is one of the biggest reasons why she is afraid of running away with Vronsky. Although she does not love her husband, Karenin, she feels sorry and guilty. However, she says that "I hate him for his virtues!" She is emotionally honest and really does not like to pretend. She thinks that Karenin loves to pretend, and this is one of the greatest reasons why she does not like him. She thinks that love is more important than anything, even duty.

 Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky – The lover of Anna
Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky is a handsome, rich, passionate soldier. He is romantic and charming, but he, too, is just a man. Anna is disappointed after she runs away with him and commits adultery because he is not perfect. His head begins to become bald, he loses at horse games, and he does not care about Kitty's feelings. He becomes a bored, embittered man. Tolstoy does not often write about his thoughts and feelings as he does about the other characters.

 Prince Stepan Arkadyevitch Oblonsky ("Stiva") – a good, kind servant

 Darya Alexandrovna Oblonskaya ("Dolly") – Stepan's wife

 Alexei Alexandrovich Karenin – Anna's husband

 Konstantin Dmitrievitch Levin – Kitty's suitor and the novel's other protagonist

 Nikolai Levin – Konstantin's brother

 Ekaterina Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya ("Kitty") – Darya's younger sister

 Countess Lydia Ivanovna – Interested in all things mystical

 Kapitonich - Karenin's butler

Movies
 Anna Karenina (1935 movie), a critically acclaimed 1935 drama movie, directed by Clarence Brown. It is based on the novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy. The movie stars Greta Garbo, Fredric March, and Maureen O'Sullivan.
 Anna Karenina (1948 movie), directed by Julien Duvivier with Vivien Leigh as Anna Karenina.
 Anna Karenina (1997 movie), a 1997 British-American production filmed in St. Petersburg, Russia, by director Bernard Rose with Sophie Marceau as Anna Karenina.
 Anna Karenina (2012 movie),  a 2012 British production movie directed by Joe Wright adapted by Tom Stoppard.

Related pages
War and Peace

Other websites

 Anna Karenina Map

Anna Karenina in English

 Anna Karenina formatted for online reading (At literature.org.)''
 Sparknotes: Anna Karenina An analysis of the book.

Anna Karenina in Russian
 «Анна Каренина» at LitPortal.ru
 Full Russian text of Anna Karenina at Alexey Komarov's Internet Library

Related works
 Tolstoy's Confession
 Literature at IBN.ru

References

1878 books
Adultery in fiction
Books by Leo Tolstoy
Russian novels

Anna Karenina


(born Atami, Japan,  December 20, 1948) is a Japanese pianist who lives in London.

Life
Mitsuko Uchida was born in Atami, a seaside town near Tokyo, Japan.  When she was 12 her father became the Japanese ambassador to Austria, so the family moved to Vienna.  She studied at the Vienna Academy of Music.  Her teachers were Richard Hauser, and later Wilhelm Kempff and Stefan Askenase.  She gave her first recital when she was 14 in the Vienna Musikverein. After five years, her father went back to Japan, but she stayed in Vienna.

In 1969 she won the first prize in the Beethoven Competition in Vienna and in 1970 the second prize in the International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition. Then, in 1975, she won second prize in the Leeds Piano Competition.

Her career has been very successful.  She played all the Mozart Piano Concertos with the Cleveland Orchestra.  She is well known for her playing of the works of Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Debussy and Schoenberg. Her recordings include all of Mozart's piano sonatas and concertos, and won many awards for her recordings.

Uchida now lives in London.

Uchida was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2009 Queen's Birthday Honours List.

References

Other websites
Mitsuko Uchida

Japanese pianists
1948 births
Living people

Mitsuko Uchida


Southwest Alaska is a region of the U.S. state of Alaska. There is no official rule about where it begins and ends.

Geography
Southwest Alaska includes a big area that does not have a lot of people or towns in it. It is over 500 miles from the western Bering Sea coast to Cook Inlet. A lot of it is on the coast. There is also thousands of square miles forests, swamps, and mountains. One of these mountain ranges is called the Aleutian Range. It is part of the Ring of Fire, which means it is on the coast of the Pacific Ocean and has lots of volcanoes. iSome of the bigger ones are Mount Katmai, Novarupta and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Mount Redoubt, Mount Iliamna, and Augustine Volcano.

Also in Southwest Alaska are the Pribilof Islands, Nunivak Island and other Bering Sea islands. There is a very large river delta made by the  Yukon River and the Kuskokwim River. Further from the coast there are hundreds of miles of  highlands. Parts of the Alaska Range are in Southwest Alaska. The Kodiak Archipelago is another group of islands in Southwest Alaska.

Altogether Southwest Alaska is 442,194 km² (170,732 mi²), slightly larger than California.

Demographics

Southwest Alaska had a population of about 53,000 people. This is less than 10% of all the people in Alaska. More than half of those people are Alaska Natives. About 121 towns and villages are in Southwest Alaska. A lot of them are very small and far away from other towns.

Natives in Southwest Alaska are descended from different tribes, the Yupik, the Alutiiq, the Aleut and the Dena'ina Athabaskans.

In modern times Alaska Natives are organized into corporations. The corporations have the job of speaking for the members. Four of the corporations are in Southwest Alaska, the Calista Corporation, the Bristol Bay Native Corporation, Koniag Incorporated, and the Aleut Corporation. Each one represents a different part of Southwest Alaska.

Economy
Most of the land in Southwest Alaska is owned  by the Federal government, the State of Alaska, and the native corporations. There is not much of it that belongs to private persons.

The economy in Southwest Alaska is based on three main things. Resource extraction, meaning the removal of natural things like wood, coal, or fish. Subsistence, meaning people who get their own food is another. The third is government spending.

Fishing is important here. There are big boats that catch lots and lots of fish that end up in stores or in food made from fish. There are also lots of small boats where people fish for their own food or just for fun. A lot of the big boats are owned by people who don't live on Southwest Alaska. Kodiak and Unalaska are two of the most important fishing ports in the United States. They make a lot of money from catching salmon, trout, king crab, and halibut.  Because so many of the big boats are owned by companies or people from outside Southwest Alaska most of the fish and the money they make from it does not stay in the area.

Hunting and other tourism are some of the other important businesses in Southwest, but only for part of the year.

There is also mining in Southwest Alaska. Most of the time they are looking  for gold, platinum, or mercury. There is not a lot of mining but there are a lot of people who do not agree about it. One thing they don't agree on is the Pebble Mine, which would put a large open pit gold and copper mine near where a lot of the fish that are caught in Bristol Bay come from.  Right now it is not allowed to drill for oil in Bristol Bay either, but some people in the government want to change that.

Wildlife
Southwest Alaska is one of  the best places in the world to catch salmon. There are also lots of  brown bears. They come to eat the salmon, as well as berries and other plants.  Bear watching is a popular tourist attraction at Katmai National Park and Preserve.  This area is also home to a number of caribou herds.  More western Aleutian Islands have no mammals larger than a fox.   In the summer, lots of birds fly up and make their nests on the tundra here. A lot of the Aleutian Islands have lots and lots of seabirds on them.

Transportation
There is no way to get to Southwest Alaska in a car. There are roads in the towns and some of them have roads going to another town, but there is not a road going into the area from anywhere else. Because of that people travel by boat or airplane in Southwest if they need to go a long way. The town of Bethel is a place where big boats will come from the ocean. When they get to Bethel their cargo is moved onto smaller boats that go up the rivers. There are many airports as well. Some of them are big enough that big jets can land there, but a lot of them are small. Snowmachines, also called Snowmobiles are used here a lot in the winter. When the rivers are frozen people use them like a road to drive to another town.

References

Other websites
Lake & Peninsula Borough
Pebble Mine environmental information and photos
Ugashik Area website
Southwest Alaska Municipal Conference

Geography of Alaska

Southwest Alaska


The 1951 Formula One season was the second edition of the championship. The champion was Juan Manuel Fangio in a close battle.

Season review

1951 Drivers Championship final standings

 * Fastest lap (1 point awarded)
 † Position shared between more drivers of the same car
 Only the best 4 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.

Non-Championship race results
Other Formula One races, which did not count towards the World Championship, also held in 1951.

Formula One seasons
1951 in sports

1951 Formula One season


Ziad Ali Khalil AbuZayyad () (born April 3, 1940) is a Palestinian lawyer, journalist and politician.

Biography
Ziad Ali Khalil AbuZayyad is an attorney at Law who graduated from Damascus University in 1965.

He is the co-editor and publisher of the quarterly Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture, PIJ.ORG, which he co-founded in 1994 with prominent Israeli journalist, Victor Cygielman, as a joint Palestinian-Israeli venture. He is also a weekly columnist of Al-Quds Arabic daily newspaper.

Abuzayyad is also a former member of the Palestinian Legislative Council (1996–2006), former Minister of State in the Palestinian Authority (1998–2002), and former Deputy Chairman of the Political Committee of the Euro-Med Parliament (2004–2005). He was also the head of the Palestinian delegation to the Middle East multilateral peace talks in the Arms Control and Regional Security Working Group (ACRS) from 1994 to 1996.

AbuZayyad was an advisor to the Palestinian negotiating team in Washington, DC in 1992, and later a member of the post-Oslo negotiating team that concluded the 1994 Israeli-Palestinian Agreement ("The Cairo Agreement" that led to the establishment of the Palestinian Authority).

He has been imprisoned several times by Israeli authorities; the last was administrative detention for six months (November 1990 to May 1991). Immediately after his release he joined the Palestinian team led by Faisal Husseini to negotiate with U.S. Secretary of State James Baker the arrangements for the Madrid Conference of 1991.

In 1986, well before the Oslo Accords, AbuZayyad founded the Palestinian bi-monthly Hebrew language journal Gesher (The Bridge), of which he was publisher and editor. He is interviewed frequently by Israeli and international media on current issues of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and participated in numerous regional and international conferences on the Arab–Israeli conflict, and interfaith dialog.

AbuZayyad co-authored The West Bank Political Lexicon, together with prominent Israelis, Meron Benvenisti and Danny Rubinstein, and co-edited the book Islamophobia and Anti-Semitism together with Hillel Schenker.

Awards
In 2012, Ziad AbutZayyad was awarded a joint Outstanding Contribution to Peace Award with co-editor Hillel Schenker at the 8th annual International Media Awards in London.

References

External links
 The Palestine-Israel Journal
 Council of Europe Biography Page.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120604011012/http://internationalmediaawards.org:80/

1940 births
Living people
20th-century Palestinian lawyers
Palestinian journalists
Palestinian politicians
Damascus University alumni
Government ministers of the Palestinian National Authority
State ministers of Palestine
Members of the 1996 Palestinian Legislative Council
21st-century Palestinian lawyers
Arab people in the State of Palestine

Ziad Abuzayyad


Avalon is a mythical place in Arthurian legend. It is the home of the Lady of the Lake. King Arthur got his famous sword called Excalibur at Avalon. Avalon is also called the Isle of Apples or the Isle of Glass. The island is said to have healing powers according to Arthurian authors.
it is also to be the home of magic. according to the legends.

Fictional locations

Avalon (mythology)


Gregory Blaxland (17 June 1778 – 1 January 1853) was a pioneer farmer and explorer in Australia.

Early life
Gregory Blaxland was born 17 June 1778 at Fordwich, Kent, England.  He was the fourth son of John Blaxland, mayor from 1767 to 1774. His mother was Mary, daughter of Captain Parker, R.N. Gregory attended The King's School, Canterbury. In July 1799 he married Elizabeth, daughter of John Spurdon.  They had five sons and two daughters.

The Blaxlands were friends of Sir Joseph Banks.  Banks influenced Gregory and his older brother, John, to move from England. The government promised them land, convict servants and free passages. Gregory sailed in the William Pitt on 1 September 1805 with his wife, three children, two servants, an overseer, a few sheep, seed, bees, tools, groceries and clothing. When he reached Sydney he sold many of these goods for a good amount of money.  He bought eighty head of cattle.

Blue Mountains expedition

In 1813, he led the first known European trip across the Blue Mountains.  He went along with William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth.  Their trip opened up the inland of the continent.

Blaxland visited England and in February 1823 he published his Journal Of A Tour Of Discovery Across The Blue Mountains. Later the same year Blaxland was awarded the silver medal of the Royal Society of Arts for some wine he had sent to London.  Five years later he got the gold medal. In January 1827 Blaxland was elected by a public meeting with two others to ask Governor Darling for "Trial by jury" and "Taxation by Representation" for the colony.

Blaxland is noted as one of the first settlers to plant grapes for wine-making purposes.

He died by his own hand in 1 January 1853 in New South Wales. He is buried in All Saints Cemetery in Parramatta.

Recognition
The township of Blaxland in the Blue Mountains is named after him.  So is the Division of Blaxland.

In 1963 he was honoured, together with Lawson and Wentworth, on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post showing the Blue Mountains crossing.

Romeo Smith has a boat on Home and away called the Blaxland.

References

1778 births
1853 deaths
Australian explorers
People from Kent

Gregory Blaxland


A Darlington transistor, sometimes called "Darlington pair" is a transistor circuit that is made from two bipolar transistors. Sidney Darlington invented it at Bell Labs. It is like a transistor but it has much higher ability to gain current. The circuit can be made from two discrete transistors or it can be inside an integrated circuit. The hfe parameter with a Darlington transistor is each transistors hfe multiplied together.

The circuit is useful in audio amplifiers or in a probe that measures very small current that goes through water.
It is so sensitive that it can pick up the current in skin. If you connect it to a piece of metal, you can make a touch-sensitive button.

Electronic circuits
Electronic components

Darlington transistor


Defined broadly, a visionary, is one who can envision the future.  For some groups, this can involve the supernatural or use of mind-altering drugs.

A visionary state can be achieved via meditation, drugs, lucid dreams, daydreams, or art. One example is Hildegard of Bingen, a 12th century artist/visionary and Catholic saint. Other visionaries in religion are Mohammed (who had a vision of and communed with the Angel Gabriel), St. Bernadette (who had a vision of contact with the Blessed Virgin), and Joseph Smith (who had a vision of contact with the Angel Moroni).

Extended meanings

A vision can be political, religious, environmental, social, or technological in nature. By extension, a visionary can also be a person with a clear, distinctive and specific (in some details) vision of the future, usually connected with advances in technology or social/political arrangements. For example, Ted Nelson or U.S. Vice President Al Gore is referred to as a visionary in connection with the Internet.

Other visionaries simply imagine what does not yet exist but might some day, as some forms of visioning (or gazing) can provide a glimpse into the possible future. Therefore, visioning can mean seeing in a utopian way what does not yet exist on earth, but might exist in another realm, such as the ideal or perfect realm as imagined or thought. Examples are Buckminster Fuller in architecture and design, and some of the pioneers of personal computing such as Steve Wozniak. Some people use mathematics to make visionary discoveries in the nature of the universe. In that sense, a visionary may also function as a secular prophet. Some visionaries emphasize communication, and some assume a figurehead role in organizing a social group.

In art
Artists may produce work loosely categorized as visionary art for its luminous content and/or for its use of artistic techniques that call for the use of extended powers of perception in the viewer: (e.g. Gustave Moreau, Samuel Palmer, Jean Delville, Ernst Fuchs, the French Symbolist Odilon Redon, Brion Gysin, Max Ernst, Stanley Spencer, Edward Burne Jones, Adolf Wolfli, Fred Sandback, William Blake, Hieronymus Bosch, and Henry Darger).

Visionary art can be incorrectly defined as a category of primitive art (art of those not formally trained) rather than describing people who have used their visions (or dreams) to create their paintings. Salvador Dali is one artist who would exemplify visionary art that is neither religious nor primitive.

Notes

References

 Celestial Visitations The Art of Gilbert Williams (Pomegranate Artbooks) , 1979
 Carlo McCormick Sacred Mirrors: The Visionary Art of Alex Grey, Inner Traditions International, 1990
 Joseph Nechvatal William Blakeand Visionary Art
 Metamorphosis: 50 Contemporary Surreal, Fantastic and Visionary Artists (beinArt)
 John Maizels,Raw Creation: Outsider Art and Beyond (1996).
 Elka Spoerri, Daniel Baumann and E. M. Gomez, The Art of Adolf Wolfli (2003).
 Geiger, John (2005). Nothing Is True - Everything Is Permitted: The Life of Brion Gysin. The Disinformation Company, 130. .
 R. Todd Wise The Great Vision of Black Elk as Literary Ritual, in The Black Elk Reader, 2000.
 Fantastic Art (Taschen) ( Schurian, Prof. Dr. Walter)  (English edition), 2005
 Metamorphosis (beinArt) , 2007
 Cosmic Art Ramond & Lila Piper (Hawthorne Books) , 1975

Spirituality

Visionary


Kyoto Station (京都駅, Kyōto-eki?) is the most important transportation centers in Kyoto, Japan.  It has Japan's second-largest train station building (after Nagoya Station). It is also one of the country's largest buildings, with a shopping mall, hotel, movie theater, Isetan department store, and several local government facilities under one 15-story roof.  It also housed the Kyoto City Air Terminal until August 31, 2002.

Other websites
Official site
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
 Kyoto Station

Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture

Kyoto Station


Sir William Schwenck Gilbert (18 November 1836 – 29 May 1911) was an English dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator. He is best known for the comic operas (or operettas) that he wrote with Sir Arthur Sullivan.

Gilbert worked in the civil service for a few years, but he did not like it. He studied law and became a lawyer, but not many people hired him. To make more money, he wrote short stories and comic poems for magazines. He also worked as a theatre critic. Gilbert made drawings for some of his poems and signed them "Bab", a nickname he had when he was a baby. Those poems became known as "The Bab Ballads" and were very popular.

In the 1860s Gilbert started writing plays. At first he wrote parodies of other writers' plays and operas, but soon he developed his own way of writing. Gilbert wrote many plays; most of them are not performed anymore, but Engaged (1877), about a man who proposes marriage to every woman he meets, is still performed.

In 1871 Gilbert started working with Sullivan. They wrote fourteen comic operas together; Gilbert wrote the words and Sullivan wrote the music. Their fourth opera, H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), made the team of "Gilbert and Sullivan" famous all over the English-speaking world. Besides Pinafore, their best-known operas are The Pirates of Penzance (1879) and The Mikado (1885). The Gilbert and Sullivan operas are still performed very often, by opera companies, theatre companies, and groups in schools and colleges.

Gilbert and Sullivan sometimes argued about what to write and how to write it, but they worked together for 25 years, from 1871 to 1896. When they were angry with each other, they wrote operas with other people, but those operas did not make as much money as the operas they wrote together. When Sullivan died in 1900, Gilbert stopped writing operas.

Gilbert directed his own plays and operas. He wanted the actors to talk in a natural way, and not shout as if they were giving a speech to a big crowd. Gilbert's ideas helped other playwrights, like Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw, to make their plays more real.

1836 births
1911 deaths
English writers
English poets
English playwrights
Librettists
Gilbert and Sullivan
British illustrators

W. S. Gilbert


Marjorie Bennett (15 January 1896 – 14 June 1982) was an Australian actress. She was born in York, Western Australia, and died in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.

Her many movies include small parts in the Joan Crawford movies Autumn Leaves (waitress), Female on the Beach (Mrs. Murchison), and What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (Dehlia Flagg); a voice part in Disney's One Hundred and One Dalmatians (Duchess); and a speaking part in Mary Poppins (Miss Lark).

Her many television appearances include the recurring parts of Mrs. Neimeyer in The Bob Cummings Show; Birdie Brockway in the early years of Lassie, Mrs. Downey in CHiPs; and Mrs. Kenny in The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis.

Australian television actors
Australian movie actors
1896 births
1982 deaths
Actors from Western Australia

Marjorie Bennett