is a platform game developed and published by Capcom based on the Disney animated series of the same name. Originally released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in Japan and North America in 1990, it came to Europe the next year, and was ported to the Nintendo PlayChoice-10 arcade system. It sold approximately 1.2 million copies worldwide.

The game was included in The Disney Afternoon Collection compilation for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One released in April 2017.

Gameplay
Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers is a platform game featuring single and 2-player cooperative modes, allowing players to choose which levels to access via a map of various locations throughout the city. Each individual stage is set up as a side-scrolling action game where Chip and Dale can walk, jump, duck, and pick up objects such as acorns, crates, barrels, and balls to throw at enemies and bosses. Each character can withstand only three direct hits before they lose a life, and there are no passwords. In two-player mode, Controller 1 is Chip, Controller 2 is Dale.

The rest of the Rescue Rangers also appear to support Chip and Dale. Monterey Jack will occasionally appear to break down certain barricades, while Zipper grants temporary invincibility to the player when found. Gadget, though in Fat Cat's captivity, provides tips and advice for the chipmunks in each stage.

Plot
The Rescue Rangers are going on a mission to retrieve a missing kitten for a girl named Mandy. As Gadget goes on ahead to scout the area and Monterey Jack is sent to investigate sightings of strange mechanical dogs with Zipper, Chip and Dale proceed through the streets and into a laboratory, where they are attacked by a crazed robot.

After defeating the robot, Fat Cat appears and reveals that "Mandy's kitten" was just a distraction so he could kidnap Gadget and force her to work for him. Fortunately, Gadget is able to contact Chip and Dale by building a wireless phone and sending a map to them via carrier pigeon, allowing them to navigate through the treacherous landscape and reach Fat Cat's casino where she is being held. After rescuing her, Gadget provides the chipmunks with a rocket that sends them towards Fat Cat's hideout so they can defeat him.

Development
Rescue Rangers was the second Capcom-developed Disney game after 1989's DuckTales, also for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was produced by Tokuro Fujiwara, who had previously worked on titles such as Mega Man 2 and Ghosts'n Goblins. According to then-Disney game producer Darlene Lacey, the title was one of the "least troublesome" Capcom projects to meet the company's family-friendly ethics standards, with very few changes made during development. The Japanese and European versions of the game contain fixes to minor graphical glitches during the opening cutscene seen in the North American release, and a leaked prototype cartridge from a private collector reveals that at one time the player was only required to collect half as many flowers and stars to gain extra lives, though the original amounts were still erroneously printed in the North American instruction manual.

Reception

Rescue Rangers proved to be a commercial success, selling approximately 1.2 million copies worldwide, becoming Capcom's fourth highest-selling game for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It met with a mostly positive response upon its release in North America, with Electronic Gaming Monthly finding that "like previous Disney titles for the NES, this Capcom game offers the best graphics and game play for both young and old players alike", praising the title's 2-player option and "cartoon" visuals. The magazine criticized the title's lack of difficulty, saying "like the other Disney games, Capcom has hurt a great cart by making it too easy", calling the game "a great package that ends too quickly". Conversely, European Mean Machines magazine called it "tough and enjoyable", and said "what sets Rescue Rangers apart from other NES platformers is the speed of gameplay and the level of challenge". The game received the Parents' Choice Foundation's 1990 Parents' Choice Award for video games that November.

Nintendo Power ranked Rescue Rangers 79th in their 1997 list of the top 100 greatest games released for Nintendo systems, saying "Capcom lived up to its reputation for superior play control and graphics".  In 2009, website IGN placed the game 71st on their list of the 100 greatest NES games of all time, with editors remarking that the title may have been more linear than Capcom's earlier title DuckTales, but it was nonetheless "an addictive platforming masterpiece". That year, GamesRadar ranked the game sixth on their list of the seven best Disney games, saying Rescue Rangers was "still worth playing" nearly 20 years after its original release.

Sequel
Capcom released a sequel in December 1993 titled Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers 2, also for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The title has similar graphics and gameplay, as well as additional incentives for cooperative play such as mini-games that can only be played by two players and the ability to throw one's partner as a weapon.

See also
List of Disney video games

Notes

References

External links
Play Chip and Dale at Gumplayer
 Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers at MobyGames

1990 video games
Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers
Cooperative video games
Disney games by Capcom
Disney video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
PlayChoice-10 games
Platformers
Side-scrolling platform games
Video games based on Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Harumi Fujita

Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (video game)


Frederick of Anhalt-Dessau (27 December 1769 – 27 May 1814), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and heir to the principality (and from 1807 the duchy) of Anhalt-Dessau.

He was born in Dessau, the only surviving child of Leopold III, Prince and later Duke of Anhalt-Dessau, by his wife Louise, daughter of Frederick Henry, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt. His only sibling, a sister born on 11 February 1768, was either stillborn or died shortly after her birth.

Life

In 1786 he joined to the Prussian army, where he later obtained the rank of Generalfeldmarschall. In 1805 he contracted to build Kühnauer Park.

Frederick died in Dessau, three years before his father, thus never inherited Anhalt-Dessau. His place as Leopold III's heir was taken by his older son Leopold Frederick, who succeeded his grandfather in 1817 with the name Leopold IV.

Marriage and issue
In Bad Homburg vor der Höhe on 12 June 1792 Frederick married Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Homburg (b. Homburg, 29 June 1774  – d. Dessau, 3 February 1846), daughter of Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg. They had seven children:
Amalie Auguste (b. Dessau, 18 August 1793  – d. Rudolstadt, 12 June 1854), married on 15 April 1816 to Frederick Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.
Leopold IV Frederick, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau and since 1863 Duke of all Anhalt (b. Dessau, 1 October 1794  – d. Dessau, 22 May 1871).
George Bernhard (b. Dessau, 21 February 1796  – d. Dresden, 16 October 1865).
Paul Christian (b. Dessau, 22 March 1797  – d. Dessau, 4 May 1797).
Louise Fredericka (b. Dessau, 1 March 1798 - d. Homburg, 11 June 1858), a deaf-mute from birth; married on 12 February 1818 to her uncle Gustav, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg (brother of her mother).
Frederick Augustus (b. Dessau, 23 September 1799  – d. Dessau, 4 December 1864).
William Waldemar (b. Dessau, 29 May 1807  – d. Vienna, 8 October 1864), married morganatically on 9 July 1840 to Emilie Klausnitzer (b. Dessau, 30 January 1812  – d. Vienna, 28 March 1888), created Freifrau von Stolzenberg in 1842.

Connection with Mozart
The text of the German song "Des kleinen Friedrichs Geburtstag", K. 529, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, was originally written in 1778 by the poet Johann Eberhard Friedrich Schall to commemorate the ninth birthday of the Hereditary Prince Frederick.  It is unknown how Mozart came across this text or why he chose to set it in Prague in 1787.  All that is known is that it was entered into his own catalog of musical compositions as a completed work on 6 November 1787.

References

1769 births
1814 deaths
People from Dessau-Roßlau
Princes of Anhalt-Dessau
House of Ascania
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Sons of monarchs

Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Dessau


Notting Hill is an area of central London west of Westminster. It is known for its carnival each August, and for a movie set in the Portobello Road market starring Julia Roberts and Hugh Grant. The London Underground station Notting Hill Gate is on the Central line between Holland Park and Queensway.

Gallery

Related pages
Kensington

Notting Hill

Notting Hill


Jacob Broom (July 25, 1808 – November 28, 1864) was an American Party member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Jacob Broom (who was the son of Delaware congressman James Madison Broom and grandson of Delaware politician Jacob Broom) was born in Baltimore, Maryland.  He moved to Philadelphia with his parents in 1819.  He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1832 and started practicing in Philadelphia.  He was appointed deputy auditor of the State in 1840, and clerk of the Philadelphia Orphans' Court from 1848 to 1852.

Campaign for President
In 1852 Broom ran for President of the United States under unusual circumstances for the Native American Party, later known as the American Party and generally known as the Know Nothings. Broom presided over the party's national convention, which nominated Daniel Webster as its presidential candidate.  When Webster died nine days before the election, Broom was hurriedly named as his replacement, with Reynell Coates of New Jersey as his running mate. Broom received 2,566 popular votes (0.08%), finishing a poor fifth behind Webster (6,994 votes, 0.22%), who had also been nominated by the Union Party of Georgia.  Neither Webster nor Broom received any electoral votes.

Congressional service
Broom was elected as a candidate of the American Party to the Thirty-fourth Congress in 1854.  He served as chairman of the House Committee on Revolutionary Pensions during the Thirty-fourth Congress.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1856 and for election to the Thirty-sixth Congress in 1858.  He died in Washington, D.C. in 1864.  Interment in Congressional Cemetery.

Sources

The Political Graveyard
Convention details
Election results
Race details

External links

1808 births
1864 deaths
Politicians from Baltimore
Pennsylvania Know Nothings
Know-Nothing members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Politicians from Philadelphia
Burials at the Congressional Cemetery
19th-century American politicians
Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania

Jacob Broom (congressman)


A chorale (pronounce: "Ko-RAHL") is a hymn which is sung in a Lutheran church by all the people. Chorales developed during the late Renaissance and early Baroque period. Most of them were written at that time.

Martin Luther thought that the congregation (people worshipping in church) should have music to sing that was not too difficult. He thought that the words should be in German instead of Latin so that everybody would understand what they were singing about. Luther wrote the words of many chorales himself. He even composed some of melodies himself, such as Ein' feste Burg (A Mighty Fortress). Sometimes he used the traditional Gregorian Chant melodies from the Catholic worship and added new German words to it, for example Christ lag in Todesbanden (Christ lay in Death's Dark Bonds).

The words of a chorale have a rhyming pattern. Most of the melodies have an AAB shape (the melody of the first part sung twice, then the second part). This shape is called "Bar form" in German.

Johann Sebastian Bach used many chorale tunes, usually adding harmony of his own. He used these in his cantatas. Many of these chorales in four-part harmonies are sung as hymns today in German Protestant churches, and some of the tunes are used in English-speaking countries as well.

Chorale tunes also appear in chorale preludes, pieces for the organ. These would usually have been played during the church services before the chorale was sung.

Chorales were used by many later composers in their compositions, e.g. Felix Mendelssohn, Anton Bruckner and Max Reger.

References

 "Chorale", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.

Musical forms
Christian music

Chorale


The War of Ferrara (also known as the Salt War, Italian: Guerra del Sale) was fought in 1482–1484 between Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, and the Papal forces mustered by Ercole's personal nemesis, Pope Sixtus IV and his Venetian allies. Hostilities ended with the Treaty of Bagnolo, signed on 7 August 1484.

Diplomatic background
The failure of the Pazzi conspiracy against Florence in 1480 and the unexpected peace resulting from Lorenzo de' Medici's daring personal diplomacy with Ferdinand I of Naples, the Pope's erstwhile champion, was a source of discontent among the Venetians and Pope Sixtus IV alike. With the Treaty of Constantinople of 1479, Venice had ended its long conflict with the Ottoman Turks, and was freed to turn its whole attention to its role in its terra firma (mainland) and to the peninsula of Italy more generally.

In addition to the usual minor friction over strongholds along the borders, there was a contest over the commerce in salt, which was reserved to Venice by a commercial pact. Nevertheless, Ferrara, which was ruled by Ercole I d'Este, had begun to take control over the saltworks at Comacchio. This appeared to be a threat to mainland interests of the Republic of Venice.

Venice was supported by Girolamo Riario, lord of Imola and Forlì – the nephew of Pope Sixtus – who, having taken possession of the strategic stronghold of Forlì in September 1480, and having received swift papal confirmation, now looked towards Ferrara to extend Della Rovere territory.

The immediate casus belli at the beginning of 1482 was, as usual, a minor infraction of prerogatives: Venice maintained a representative in Ferrara with the high title of visdominio, under whose care lay the Venetian community in Este lands. In 1481, overreaching his mandate by the arrest of a priest for debt, the visdominio was excommunicated by the vicar of the bishop of Ferrara, and forced out of the city. This was made the excuse for the declaration of war.

In alliance with Venice, besides the papal troops and those of Riario, were contingents supplied by the Republic of Genoa and William VIII, Marquis of Montferrat. Taking Ferrara's side, which was loosely under the command of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, were troops of Ercole's father-in-law Ferdinand of Naples, led by his son Alfonso of Calabria, who invaded the Papal States from the south. Ferrara was also supported by troops sent by Ludovico il Moro of Milan, and those of Federico I Gonzaga of Mantua and Giovanni II Bentivoglio of Bologna, lords of two cities threatened by the mainland power of Venice.

History
Venetian troops led by the condottiero Roberto Sanseverino attacked Ferrarese territory from the north, brutally sacking Adria, quickly overrunning Comacchio, attacking Argenta at the edge of the saltmarshes, and besieging Ficarolo in May (capitulated 29 June) and Rovigo (capitulated 17 August).

Venetian forces crossed the Po River and in November 1482 stood before the walls of Ferrara, where they laid close siege to the city. Sixtus appears to have had a change of heart concerning the season's advances, which now threatened to put Venice in an uncomfortably strong position in mainland northern Italy.

In the Papal States the Colonna family took advantage of disorder, fighting pitched battles against their Della Rovere enemies. The main encounter, however, was the pitched Battle of Campomorto near Velletri, 21 August 1482, in which the Neapolitan troops were soundly defeated by Roberto Malatesta, and the duke of Calabria was only just rescued by a contingent of his Turkish soldiers. Some Orsini castles also fell into papal hands, but where battle failed, malaria succeeded: Roberto Malatesta's death in Rome on 10 September largely unraveled Papal successes in the Lazio. Sixtus made a separate peace with Naples in a truce of 28 November and a peace treaty was signed on 12 December.

The entreaties of Sixtus towards Venice to cease hostilities were vigorously rebuffed: his threats of excommunication were countered by the withdrawal of the Venetian ambassador, which led to the interdict of Sixtus against Venice of May 1483. Now Sixtus granted free passage to Alfonso and his troops to go to the defence of Ferrara against the pope's recent allies, aided by papal troops under Virginio Orsini. A contingent of Florentine troops also arrived, and the fortunes of Este began to look much better.

In a diversionary maneuver, Venice sent Roberto Sanseverino to attack the Duchy of Milan on the pretext of supporting the rights of the Visconti heir. However, this arm of the campaign was itself diverted as Sanseverino's efforts were expended against Alfonso, who was sacking Milanese territories. The war began to lose momentum.

Treaty of Bagnolo
The war came to a conclusion with the Treaty of Bagnolo, signed on 7 August 1484. Ercole ceded the territory of Rovigo in the Polesine, lost at an early stage of the fighting, and the Venetian forces that were occupying Ferrara-owned territory withdrew. Ercole had successfully avoided the absorption of Ferrara, seat of the Este, into the Papal States.

Sixtus was rendered more eager to sue for peace by the series of victories by Venetian forces, who seized the opportunity to forward their territorial ambitions and had been hasty to declare war on Ferrara on a minor pretext. Florence, Naples, Mantua, Milan, and Bologna stood by Ferrara. While the papal forces were holding in check the Neapolitans who sought to move north to aid Ferrara, and with the Roman Campagna being harassed by the Colonna, and Milan engaged in combat with Genoa, the Venetians had besieged Ferrara into starvation. With the Venetians ready to take over Ferrara, the Pope, fearing his erstwhile allies, suddenly changed sides: he made a treaty with Naples, and permitted the Neapolitan army to pass through his territories, giving them the chance to convey supplies to Ferrara and neutralize the siege. At the same time the Pope excommunicated the Venetians, and now urged all Italy to make war upon them.

The Peace of Bagnolo checked Venetian expansion in the terra firma, ceding to it the town of Rovigo and a broad swath of the fertile delta of the Po. This acquisition agreed upon at Bagnolo marked the high-point of Venetian territory; never again would Venice control so large a territory nor have so much influence as it did in the last half of the 15th century.

Nevertheless, Sixtus was not pleased with the terms reached without consulting him:

The war was the subject of an anonymous poem entitled La guerra di Ferrara.

See also
Wars in Lombardy
Italian Wars
List of treaties

Notes

Further reading

External links
The Ferrarese War 1482–84 On-line links
La guerra di Ferrara details in Italian

Wars involving the Papal States
Military history of Italy
Wars involving the Republic of Venice
1480s conflicts
Duchy of Ferrara
15th century in the Papal States
1482 in Europe
1483 in Europe
1484 in Europe
15th century in the Republic of Venice
Pope Sixtus IV

War of Ferrara


Steve Braun (born August 14, 1976) is a Canadian television and movie actor from Winnipeg, Manitoba. Braun's credits include The Immortal, a TV series in which he and co-star Lorenzo Lamas hunted demons; The Trip, an independent movie about coming of age in the HIV age; and Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004), a major motion picture in which he plays the lead villain. In addition, he starred as Brian Kelly in the 2004 thriller The Skulls III. He also played the role of "Jonsey" in the 2007 thriller movie Wrong Turn 2: Dead End.  He also co-starred in the 2005 horror movie "Pterodactyl" as Willis Bradbury.

Braun was cast in a recurring guest role in The WB series Twins, as Jordan, the love interest of Mitchee Arnold, played by Sara Gilbert. The series was broadcast from September 16, 2005 until May, 2006.

Braun was also in the movie The Skulls III as Brian.

References

Other websites

1976 births
Actors from Winnipeg
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Living people

Steve Braun


Someone may ask for political asylum when they are frightened to live  oppressed in their own country. They will then go to another country. If they are allowed to live in the new country this is called political asylum.

People who seek asylum say they are victims of threats, physical harm or denigration of their human dignity as these are violating their human rights.

The political asylum is one of the human rights affirmed by Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and a rules of international human rights law. All countries who have agreed to the United Nations Conventions Relating to the Status of Refugees must let people, who do qualify, come into their country.

People who qualify for asylum are those who can show that they might be badly treated in their own country because of their:

 Religion,
 Political opinions
 Membership of a particular social group or social activities or
 Personal lifestyle and sexual orientation.

People often confuse exiling an individual from his/her home country as a migration to a political asylum but that is not as it seems, migrating with one's own will due to personal reasons can be a political migration but not under the sentence of Government.
People who are given political asylum are called refugees. They are often confused with "economic refugees". Economic refugees are people who move from a poor country to a richer one so that they may work and make more money, often to send back to their families.

Related pages

 Deportation
 Exile
 Refugee
 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

References

Human rights

Political asylum


The Indian Air Force is the air arm of the Indian Military. The Royal Indian Air Force was founded on 1 April 1932 as part of the armed forces of the British Empire. In 1950, after independence, India dropped the word 'Royal' from the name.

Since 1950, the IAF has been involved in 5 wars but also participates regularly in United Nations peace keeping missions.

The Indian Air Force has around 170,000 personnel and around 1700 aircraft making it the 4th largest air force in the world in terms of aircraft. The motto of the Indian Air Force is nabhah sprsham diptam ('touch the sky with glory').The motto has been taken from the Sacred Bhagavad Gita,Chapter 11,Verse 24.

Military aviation
1932 establishments in India
1950 disestablishments
1950s disestablishments in India
Indian military organizations

Indian Air Force


Amy Brown (8 April 1783 – 7 May 1876) was the English mistress of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of King Charles X of France and Marie Thérèse of Savoy. Some authors have stated that they married in a secret ceremony which was conducted in England by her father, a Protestant pastor, but there is no evidence of it. Together they had two daughters; however, when he returned to France, he was constrained to put an end to his relationship for reasons of state.

Early years
Amy Brown was born on 8 April 1783 in Maidstone, Kent, England, as the fifth child of eight born to John L. (in other sources named Joseph) Brown, a Protestant pastor, and his wife Mary Ann Deacon. By 1793, Amy's four older siblings had died in infancy or early youth, and thus she became the eldest surviving child of her parents.

On 10 January 1804 Amy gave birth a daughter, named Georgina Emma Marshall. Her second child, a son named Georges Granville Brown, was born on 20 February 1805 and ten months later, on 25 December, a third child, another son named John Freeman was also born. Apparently this last child was born in a legitimate marriage with a certain Mr. Freeman. Nothing further is recorded of her husband or his subsequent fate; however, author David Skuy describes Amy as having been a widow when she first met the duke.

The Duke of Berry
Amy met Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry in 1805 in London, three years after the Bourbon royal family was exiled to England. As her son had been born in December of that year, it was likely that they had first met while she was pregnant, although the exact date of their meeting is not known. In late 1806 or early 1807, Amy gave birth to another son, named Robert Freeman; his surname established that Amy's husband appears as the official father, although it is probable that the Duke of Berry was the biological father of both John and Robert Freeman, but never recognised them. Robert died young, in 1823.

Amy perhaps married Charles Ferdinand in a secret ceremony conducted by her father in 1806, without the duke having first obtained permission from his family and ignoring the fact that as a non-Catholic, no son of Amy's could ever ascend the French throne. As it turned out, they did not have a son (with the controversial exception of John and Robert Freeman), although Amy bore the duke two daughters:

 Charlotte Marie Augustine de Bourbon, comtesse d'Issoudun (13 July 1808 – 13 July 1886), married in 1823 Ferdinand de Faucigny-Lucinge, Prince of Lucinge, by whom she had issue. She is an ancestress of Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing, president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's wife.
 Louise Marie Charlotte de Bourbon, Comtesse de Vierzon (29 December 1809 – 26 December 1891), married in 1827 Charles de Charette de La Contrie, Baron de La Contrie, by whom she had issue. She is an ancestress of French minister Hervé de Charette. Her son Athanase-Charles-Marie Charette de la Contrie was a general and military commander.

After receiving the news of Napoleon's abdication, the duke returned to France in 1814, taking his daughters with him. Amy remained behind in England. Upon his return, he was constrained to separate Amy for political reasons. If it was real, the marriage was declared invalid due to the lack of royal consent to the match, and therefore the official position was that Amy had never been his wife at all but rather his mistress. He subsequently married Maria Carolina (5 November 1798 – 17 April 1870), eldest daughter of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies, by whom he had four children, including Henri, Comte de Chambord, Legitimist pretender to the throne of France. He also fathered two illegitimate sons by dancer Eugénie-Virginie Oreille (8 August 1795 – October 1875), who was one of his many mistresses. The duke was assassinated by a saddler, Louis Pierre Louvel on 14 February 1820; while he lay dying, the duke asked to see Amy and his daughters, entrusting them to the care of his wife, who afterwards adopted the two girls.

Death and legacy
Amy's son by her first marriage, John Freeman died 26 August 1866 in Zurich, Switzerland; and Amy herself died on 7 May 1876 at the age of ninety-three at the Chateau de La Contrie, France. Through her daughter, the Baronne de Charette, Amy is the ancestress of Hervé de Charette (born 30 July 1938) the French Foreign Minister from 1995–1997

See also
 :fr:Freeman de Bourbon

Notes

References

Further reading
  Jean-Jacques Boucher, Charles-Ferdinand d'Artois, Duc de Berry, Fernand Lanore, 2000
  André Castelot, La Duchesse de Berry, Perrin, 1996

1783 births
1876 deaths
People from Maidstone
House of Bourbon (France)
Mistresses of French royalty

Amy Brown (royal mistress)


Luigi Boccherini (born in Lucca, 19 February 1743; died Madrid, 28 May 1805) is an Italian cellist and composer. As a boy he showed great talent and was sent to Rome to study music. When he returned to Lucca he entered the theatre orchestra and the town band. He travelled a lot, visiting France, Spain, and Germany. In Berlin he was offered the job of chamber composer to the King of Prussia. He took the job, but had to promise only to work for the king, and no one else. When the king died he found himself without a job, so he went back to Madrid. There he found work at times, but a lot of the time he was very poor.

Boccherini is famous for his chamber music. He wrote more than 100 quintets for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos. He also wrote 4 cello concertos.

Boccherini is sometimes nicknamed "Haydn's wife" because his music sounds similar to that of Haydn. They may have known one another, but we cannot be sure.

1743 births
1805 deaths
Cellists
Classical era composers
18th-century Italian composers
People from Lucca

Luigi Boccherini


Jeff Brazil is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American journalist, writer, and editor who received, along with fellow journalist Steve Berry, the Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Journalism in 1993 for a series of articles published in the Orlando Sentinel on unjust and racially motivated traffic stops and money seizures by a Florida Sheriff's drug task force.  Brazil was a staff writer for the Orlando Sentinel from 1989 to 1993.

Brazil also won a Scripps Howard award for environmental journalism in 1991 for a year-long examination of the then-failing efforts to save the endangered manatee in Florida.

From 1993 to 2000, Brazil worked as a writer and editor with the Los Angeles Times. In 1994 he won the Worth Bingham Prize  for a series of stories exposing lapses within the Federal Aviation Administration on safety issues following a fatal crash at John Wayne Airport that killed five people, including the president of In-N-Out Burger. The award was presented to him by President Bill Clinton.

Brazil has also written for magazines on the subjects of technology, sports, culture, finance, politics, criminal justice, and social innovation.

He currently is part of a MacArthur Foundation-funded research effort at the University of California's Humanities Research Institute that is analyzing the impact of the Internet and digital media on education, participatory politics, and youth culture. As Communication Director for the Digital Media and Learning Research Hub, he directs editorial, media production, and strategic communication.

External links
 Jeff Brazil's bio on DML Central

References

Living people
Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting winners
Santa Clara University alumni
Orlando Sentinel people
Los Angeles Times people
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jeff Brazil


Óengus of Moray (Oenghus mac inghine Lulaich, ri Moréb) was the last king of Moray of the native line, ruling Moray in what is now northeastern Scotland from an unknown date until his death in 1130.

Óengus is known to have been the son of the daughter of King Lulach of Scotland.  This was perhaps how he attained the kingship of the Men of Moray. Óengus' last known predecessor was Máel Snechtai (d. 1085).  If Óengus ruled during this whole period, then he would have been the one who incurred the wrath of King Alexander I when the Moravians (people of Moray) murdered Ladhmunn, his nephew and son of Domnall, the son of King Malcolm III by Ingibjorg.

Orderic Vitalis wrote that in the year 1130, Óengus with Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair invaded Gaelic Scotia with 5000 warriors. The Moravians were met by King David's general, an old Anglo-Saxon noble named Edward Siwardsson, causing the Battle of Stracathro. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reported "a great slaughter" . The Annals of Ulster tells that 4000 Moravians were killed, and only 1000 Gaels.  The Annals of Innisfallen makes clear that what Orderic Vitalis wrote regarding the battle having taken place in Scotia indicates that it was an invasion. Edward defeated the Moravians and Óengus was killed. The Scoti then invaded Moray, which, as Orderic Vitalis put it, "lacked a defender and lord."

After Óengus' defeat, Moray was probably granted to William fitz Duncan.  After his death in 1147, it was to some extent colonized by King David's French, Flemish and English followers, although in the longer term, most of these became Gaelicized.

References

Bibliography
 Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500-1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922)
 Anderson, Alan Orr, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers: AD 500-1286, (London, 1908), republished, Marjorie Anderson (ed.) (Stamford, 1991)
 Roberts, John L., Lost Kingdoms: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages, (Edinburgh, 1997)

External links
 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
 Annals of Ulster
 Annals of Tigernach

1130 deaths
Oengus
12th-century mormaers
Year of birth unknown
Mormaers of Moray

Óengus of Moray


Yves Saint Laurent (1 August 1936 – 1 June 2008) was a French fashion designer. Born Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent in Algeria, he was "one of the greatest figures in French fashion in the 20th century".

In 1985, in her book, Couture: the Great Fashion Designers, Caroline Rennolds Milbank wrote, "The most consistently celebrated and influential designer of the past twenty-five years, Yves Saint Laurent can be credited both with spurring couture's rise from its Sixties ashes and with finally rendering ready-to-wear reputable".

Saint Laurent took over from Christian Dior as the chief designer of the House of Dior (now Christian Dior S.A.). Dior, who founded the company after the Second World War, died in 1957. Saint Laurent was promoted, and proved to be a brilliant choice. Saint Laurent completed six fashion collections before he was called up for military service in 1960.

Military service was a disaster for Saint Laurent, who was invalided out, suffering from mental illness. The House of Dior fired him, but he was able to set up his own fashion house with backing from an American millionaire. For the rest of his life the Yves Saint Laurent fashion house was at the top of Parisian couture.

Saint Laurent was openly gay. He and his partner Pierre Bergé had an impressive art collection, which was sold by auction at Christie's in Paris, 2009. The proceeds, about 300 million euros, was used to set up a foundation for AIDS research.

Saint Laurent died of brain cancer in Paris, France, aged 71.

References

Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from brain cancer
French fashion designers
French LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT fashion designers
1936 births
2008 deaths

Yves Saint Laurent


The Bridge on the River Kwai is a 1957 Breetish-American Warld War II film directit bi David Lean, based on the eponymous French novel (1952) bi Pierre Boulle. The film is a wirk o fiction but borrows the construction o the Burma Railway in 1942–43 for its historical settin. It starns William Holden, Jack Hawkins, Alec Guinness an Sessue Hayakawa. The film wis filmed in Ceylon (nou kent as Sri Lanka). The bridge in the film wis locatit near Kitulgala.

The film achieved near-universal creetical acclaim, winnin seiven Academy Awairds (includin Best Picture) at the 30t Academy Awards, an in 1997 this film wis deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically signieeficant" an selectit for preservation in the Unitit States Library o Congress National Film Registry. It is widely considered tae be ane o the greatest films o aw time.

References

1957 films
Breetish films
American films
Inglis-leid films
1950s drama films
Breetish drama films
Breetish war films
Breetish epic films
American drama films
American war films
American epic films
Anti-war films aboot Warld War II
Best Drama Pictur Gowden Globe winners
Best Pictur Academy Awaird winners
Columbia Pictures films
Films based on militar novelles
Films directit bi David Lean
Films featurin a Best Actor Academy Awaird-winnin performance
Films featurin a Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe winnin performance
Films set in Thailand
Films set in the 1940s
Films shot in Sri Lanka
Films that's cinematografer wan the Best Cinematografie Academy Awaird
Films that's director wan the Best Directin Academy Awaird
Films that's director wan the Best Director Gowden Globe
Films that's eeditor wan the Best Film Eeditin Academy Awaird
Films that's writer wan the Best Adaptit Screenplay Academy Awaird
Best Oreeginal Muisic Score Academy Awaird winners
Horizon Pictures films
Paceefic War films
Warld War II prisoner o war films
Rail transport films
Unitit States National Film Registry films
War drama films
War epic films
Films based on French novelles
Films set in Sri Lanka

The Bridge on the River Kwai


An equilibrium is a state of a system where all forces acting on the system is balanced. A system that is in equilibrium does not change. The word has been used for different concepts from different fields of study.

 Hydrostatic equilibrium applies to liquids.
 Thermal equilibrium means as much heat is entering and leaving something.
 Homeostasis is a living thing keeping its internal balance.
 Equilibrioception is how an animal stands upright.

Chemical equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium is an idea which describes the behavior of chemical reactions over time. In reactions that have finished reacting and have attained equlibrium, the concentrations of the reactant and product chemicals do not change. An example of an equilibrium reaction is as follows:

In the example above, the double arrow shows that the reaction is an equilibrium reaction. This means that the forward reaction and the backward reaction can happen, usually due to a small enthalpy change in each reaction. Hence, the amount of product chemicals to reactant chemicals remains a fixed value, and such a ratio is called the equilibrium constant (Kc).

Equilibrium constant

The equilibrium constant is a ratio of the concentration of the products raised to the appropriate powers to the concentration of the reactants raised to the appropriate powers. In the above example, the equilibrium constant is as follows:

For some reactions, the equilibrium constant is very large, in which case nearly all of the reactant chemical is turned into products, such as when paper is burned. For other reactions, it is very small, which results in very little products being formed. If the equilibrium constant is close to 1, a mixture of both products and reactants is expected at equilibrium.

When chemists talk about equilibrium constants, they call reactions with large K values favorable and reactions with small K values unfavorable. It is important to note, however, these terms are not judgements about the value or usefulness of a particular chemical reaction. In fact, some very important reactions are actually "unfavorable"; one such example is the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gas (Haber process), which has a rather small equilibrium constant.

Understanding how chemical equilibriums work is important as it helps in understanding how a reaction happens. It allows chemists to calculate how much products will be formed from a reaction.

Le Chatelier's principle
The concept of Le Chatelier's principle is important in predicting how an equilibrium will change when different factors are changed in a system. For example, using the Le Chatelier's principle, we are able to predict how the position of equilibrium will change when the concentration of a certain reactant/product has changed, as the system will try to counteract the change by favoring either the forward or the backward reaction

An exception to this rule is when an outside energy source forces the reaction to occur in the opposite direction, such as when a battery is recharged. Knowing the equilibrium constant of a reaction also helps you to understand the flow of energy that occurs during the reaction (thermodynamics).

Analytical chemistry
Physical chemistry
Physics

Equilibrium


The Improverts are an improvised comedy group based in Edinburgh, Scotland. They are a part of the Edinburgh University Theatre Company. Their home is the Bedlam Theatre. It has been their home since they were created 18 years ago. The group is similar to Who's Line is it Anyway?, Comedy Store Players, and Keith Johnstone in that they use short improvised games.

They have taken part in the Edinburgh Fringe Festival almost every year since they were formed. Also they have played every Friday night during the school year (as their main audience is Edinburgh University students).

Because they are always in Bedlam Theatre, the theatre technicians improvise the sounds, music and lights along with the scenes the performers are doing. The sounds can be loud and annoying at times. The technicians show off their very big iTunes library of songs and sound effects. British 80's children's programmes' themes  are a favourite of theirs.

Past players have gone on to many different things. They have created an improv group in London, joined the Stand Players' "Who's Lunch is it anyway" free improv show at Edinburgh's The Stand comedy venue and become successful stand up comedians. Some have starred in British sitcoms, television dramas, movies and popular children's programmes

Other websites
Official website : - Reviews/extra gig information and a list of past players and crew

Comedy
Scottish entertainers
Organisations based in Edinburgh

Improverts


Susan Greenfield, Baroness Greenfield,  (born Hammersmith, London, 1 October 1950) is a British scientist, writer and broadcaster.  She specializes in studying how the human brain works and has done a lot of research into diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease which are common in older people.  She has written several books and appeared frequently on radio and television.  She is very good at explaining what she does to the wide public, using words that ordinary people (non-scientists) can understand.  In 1994 she gave the series of Christmas lectures on television for young children.

Life and work

Susan Greenfield was born in Hammersmith, West London.  Her parents were of Russian and Austrian origin.  She studied at the University of Oxford and also got a doctorate degree from the College de France in Paris.  She is Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Oxford and fellow of Lincoln College.  She is the head of a group of 18 scientists who study degenerative brain diseases.  Until recently she was director of the Royal Institution.

Susan Greenfield is very well known to the wider public through the books she has written and the lectures she has given on radio and on television.   In 1994, she was the first woman to give the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures which were sponsored at that time by the BBC.  She called those lectures "Journey to the centre of the brain".

Greenfield frequently lectures about the future of the brain and, in particular, the effect that computers are having in the way we think.  She says that computer could be very useful for old people because it keeps their minds active.  On the other hand she is worried that young people are using computers too much.  Although activities such as video games are good for developing certain skills (such as quick reactions), there are many other skills that we need in life (such as the ability to communicate with people and understand other people's emotions) that they do not teach us.

Political
Baroness Greenfield sits in the United Kingdom Parliament in the House of Lords as a crossbencher.  She does not belong to any particular party.

Awards and Honours

She has been given many awards, including the CBE for helping the public to understand science.  a Chevalier Légion d'Honneur by the French Government.   She has been given several honorary degrees and in June 2001, she was made a Life peer, as Baroness Greenfield, of Ot Moor in the County of Oxfordshire.

Personal life
Greenfield was married to an Oxford University Professor of Physical Chemistry, Peter Atkins; they divorced in 2005.

Other websites
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/hongrads/2000/greenfield

1950 births
Living people
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Legion of Honour
Scientists from London
Writers from London
United Kingdom Life Peers
British pharmacologists
Members of the House of Lords

Susan Greenfield


Alvin Cash (born Alvin Welch; February 15, 1939 – November 21, 1999) was an American pop singer and actor.

Biography
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Cash was and a graduate of St. Louis's Sumner High School (also attended by Luther Ingram, Billy Davis Jr., and Tina Turner). Around 1962, he and three of his brothers moved to Chicago, where they performed as a dance act. Cash also searched for a recording contract. Andre Williams, who was the house producer at One-der-ful Records saw them perform as The Crawlers and had them record a tune, "Twine Time," to exploit a popular teen dance that was the rage on the south side of Chicago in late 1963. Released on One-der-ful's Mar-V-Lus imprint in 1964, the tune became a pop hit in January 1965, and whereas 'The Crawlers' proper (Cash's brothers) did not sing on the track, a band called The Nightliters from Louisville, Kentucky, provided the instrumental backing. The "ooh-aah" opening was edited out on some radio stations who thought it too suggestive for their audience.

"Twine Time" became popular in the UK in the Northern soul scene in the 1970s.

The Crawlers name appeared on the two follow-up singles, "The Barracuda" (a national r&b hit in 1965) and "The Penguin," which failed to chart. By the fourth release, the Nightlighters, which had been touring with Cash and backing him on all his sides, were credited as "The Registers," and that credit appeared on the next five Mar-V-Lus singles, namely, "Boston Monkey" (1965), "The Philly Freeze" (a national hit in 1966), "Alvin's Boo-Ga-Loo" (1966), "Doin' the Ali Shuffle" (1967), and "The Charge" (big local Chicago hit in 1967).

Cash went solo after a few further singles, and recorded an album in tribute to Muhammad Ali; he also acted in several blaxploitation films, such as Petey Wheatstraw and Black Bart. He continued performing in the Chicago area into the 1990s. He died from ulcer complications in 1999, at age 60.

Singles
"Twine Time" (1964) US No. 14, US R&B No. 4
"The Barracuda" (1965) US No. 59, US R&B No. 29
"The Philly Freeze" (1966) US No. 49, US R&B No. 12
"Mr. Penguin"
"Unwind the Twine"
"Keep on Dancing" (1968) US No. 66, US R&B No. 14

References

1939 births
1999 deaths
American male film actors
Chess Records artists
Singers from Missouri
Sumner High School (St. Louis) alumni
Northern soul musicians
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers
Deaths from ulcers

Alvin Cash


In computing, a service pack comprises a collection of updates, fixes, or enhancements to a software program delivered in the form of a single installable package. Companies often release a service pack when the number of individual patches to a given program reaches a certain (arbitrary) limit, or the software release has shown to be stabilized with a limited number of remaining issues based on users' feedback and bug reports. In large software applications such as office suites, operating systems, database software, or network management, it is not uncommon to have a service pack issued within the first year or two of a product's release. Installing a service pack is easier and less error-prone than installing many individual patches, even more so when updating multiple computers over a network, where service packs are common.

Service packs are usually numbered, and thus shortly referred to as SP1, SP2, SP3 etc. They may also bring, besides bug fixes, entirely new features, as is the case of SP2 of Windows XP (e.g. Windows Security Center), or SP3 and SP4 of the heavily database dependent Trainz 2009: World Builder Edition.

Incremental and cumulative SPs

Service Packs for Microsoft Windows were cumulative through Windows XP. This means that the problems that are fixed in a service pack are also fixed in later service packs. For example, Windows XP SP3 contains all the fixes that are included in Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2). Windows Vista SP2 was not cumulative, however, but incremental, requiring that SP1 be installed first.

Office XP, Office 2003, Office 2007,  Office 2010 and Office 2013 service packs have been cumulative.

Impact on installation of additional software components
Application service packs replace existing files with updated versions that typically fix bugs or close security holes. If, at a later time, additional components are added to the software using the original media, there is a risk of accidentally mixing older and updated components. Depending on the operating system and deployment methods, it may then be necessary to manually reinstall the service pack after each such change to the software. This was, for example, necessary for Windows NT service packs; however, from Windows 2000 onwards, Microsoft redirected setup programs to use updated service pack files instead of files from the original installation media in order to prevent manual reinstall.

See also
 Adaptation Kit Update
 Apple Software Update
 Hotfix
 IBM Program temporary fix
 Point release
 Slipstream (computing)
 Software release life cycle
 Windows Update

References

External links
 Microsoft Support Lifecycle (includes Microsoft's service pack policy)
 Windows Service Packs
  List of fixes that are included in Windows XP Service Pack 3

Windows administration
System administration
Patch utilities
Software release

Service pack


Events
 May 24 – The Treaty of Stralsund ends the war between Denmark and the Hanseatic League.
 October 20 – Philip of Anjou, Titular Emperor of Constantinople, marries Elisabeth of Slavonia, daughter of Stephen, duke of Transylvania and Slavonia, and Margareta of Bavaria.
 December 20 – Pope Gregory XI succeeds Pope Urban V as the 201st pope.
 Steel Crossbow first used as a weapon of war.
 Carthusian monks build the Charterhouse in London.
 Fortification of Xian City (Chang'an)
 Timur completes his conquest of Cental Asia and parts of Persia, establishing the Timurid Empire.
 Tran Phu deposes Duong Nhat Le as King of Vietnam.
 For the second time since 1368, Moscow attacks Tver. Tver again makes a counter-attack with the aid of Lithuania and the Blue Horde.
 Casimir III of Poland is succeeded jointly by his sister, Elisabeth of Kujavia, and her son, Louis I of Hungary. Beginning of the rule of Poland by the Capet-Anjou family.

Births
 Duke William of Austria (died July 14, 1406)
 Guarino da Verona, Italian humanist (died 1460)
 Joanna of Navarre, daughter of Charles II of Navarre (died 1437)
 John Lydgate, English Benedictine monk and poet (died 1451)
 Queen Mary of Sicily (died 1402)
 Erasmo of Narni, Italian mercenary (died 1443)
 King Olaf IV of Norway (died 1387)
 John VII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (died 1408)
 Jan Piast, Duke of Ziebice (died 1428)
 Jan Sindel, Polish scientist (died 1443)
 Jan Zizka, leader of the Hussites (died 1424)
 Pawel Wlodkowic, Polish scholar (died 1435)

Deaths
 December 19 – Pope Urban V (born 1310)
 Casimir III of Poland (born 1310)
 Ukhaatu Khan, Grand khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1320)
 Shi Nai'an, Chinese writer (born 1296)

1370


Cigemq(Calotes versicolor), lij heuh duzcoengmax、cungqgyaq、banjcoeng, youq Yindu、Andazman gizdauj、Cunghnanz buendauj、Ahfuhan、Swlijlanzkaj caeuq Cunghgoz Yinznanz、Guangjgoengj、Guangjsih dengj dieg.

Description

Two small groups of spines, perfectly separated from each other, above each tympanum. Dorsal crest moderately elevated on the neck and anterior part of the trunk, extending on to the root of the tail in large individuals, and gradually disappearing on the middle of the trunk in younger ones. No fold in front of the shoulder, but the scales behind the lower jaw are much smaller than the others; gular sac not developed. From thirty-nine to forty-three series of scales round the middle of the trunk. The hind foot (measured from the heel to the extremity of the fourth toe) is not much longer than the head in the adult, whilst it is considerably longer in the young. The coloration is very variable, sometimes uniform brownish or greyish-olive or yellowish. Generally broad brown bands across the back, interrupted by a yellowish lateral band. Black streaks radiate from the eye, and some of them are continued over the throat, running obliquely backwards, belly frequently with greyish longitudinal stripes, one along the median line being the most distinct; young and half-grown specimens have a dark, black-edged band across the inter-orbital region.

The ground-colour is generally a light brownish olive, but the lizard can change it to bright red, to black, and to a mixture of both. This change is sometimes confined to the head, at other times diffused over the whole body and tail. A common state in which it may be seen (as stated by Mr. Jerdon) is, seated on a hedge or bush, with the tail and limbs black, head and neck yellow picked out with red, and the rest of the body red. Jerdon and Blyth agree that these bright, changeable colours are peculiar to the male during the breeding-season, which falls in the months of May and June.

Mouhot has collected in Siam one of those fine variations of colours, which, however, appear to be infinite. It has the usual cross streaks between the eyes and the radiating lines continent of India to China; it is very common in Ceylon, not extending into the temperate zone of the Himalayas. Ceylonese specimens are generally somewhat larger; one of them measured 16 inches, the tail taking 11 inches. It is found in hedges and trees; it is known in Ceylon under the name of "Bloodsucker", a designation the origin of which cannot be satisfactorily traced; in the opinion of Kelaart, the name was given to it from the occasional reddish hue of the throat and neck. The female lays from five to sixteen soft oval eggs, about 5/8 of an inch long, in hollows of trees, or in holes in the soil which they have burrowed, afterward covering them up. The young appear in about eight or nine weeks. In a hot sunny day a solitary Bloodsucker may be seen on a twig or on a wall, basking in the sun, with mouth wide open. After a shower of rain numbers of them arc seen to come down on the ground and pick up the larva and small insects which fall from the trees during the showers.
</blockquote>

During the breeding season, the male's head and shoulders turns bright orange to crimson and his throat black. Males also turn red-headed after a successful battle with rivals. Thus their other gruesome name of "Bloodsucker Lizard" although they don't actually suck anybody's blood. Both males and females have a crest from the head to nearly the tail, hence their other common name "Crested Tree Lizard".

Changeable Lizards are related to iguanas (which are found only in the New World). Unlike other lizards, they do not drop their tails (autotomy), and their tails can be very long, stiff and pointy. Like other reptiles, they shed their skins. Like chameleons, Changeable Lizards can move each of their eyes in different directions.

参考文献

Doenghduz

Cigemq


A subcompact car is the American term for an automobile with a class size smaller than  a compact car. Usually they are not longer than . They are larger than a microcar. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a passenger car is classified as subcompact if it has between  and  of interior volume.

The subcompact group is roughly the same as A-segment and B-segment cars in Europe. They also are similar in size to a city car and supermini in British terminology.  In 2012, the New York Times described the differences, saying "today's small cars actually span three main segments in the global vehicle market". The tiny A-segment cars include the Chevrolet Spark and Smart Fortwo. They're extremely short and very light. Slightly larger are B-segment cars like the Ford Fiesta and Chevrolet Sonic. The most popular subcompact cars include the Chevrolet Sonic/Aveo and the Ford Fiesta.

References

Car classifications

Subcompact car


"The End of the World" is a song about feeling sad and breakups. The song was released in late 1962, though it did not become a hit until spring of the following year. The song was first performed by Skeeter Davis. It was later recorded by other artists including Nancy Sinatra, Brenda Lee, Johnny Mathis, Loretta Lynn and Anne Murray. In several cases the song had a strong chart play and performance in the United States, United Kingdom and several other areas.

1962 songs
Pop songs
Torch songs
Nancy Sinatra songs
Brenda Lee songs
Johnny Mathis songs
Anne Murray songs
Loretta Lynn songs
Skeeter Davis songs

The End of the World


The Ice Hockey World Championships are a yearly ice hockey tournament organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). The World Championships were first officially held at the 1920 Summer Olympics. The IIHF was created in 1908 while the European Championships, the predecessor to the World Championships, were first held in 1910. The tournament held at the 1920 Summer Olympics is recognized as the first Ice Hockey World Championship. Between 1920 and 1968, the Olympic hockey tournament was also considered the World Championship for that year. The first World Championship that was held as an individual event was in 1930.

Other websites
List of World Championship medalists on IIHF.com

Ice hockey competitions

Ice Hockey World Championships


West Lawn, one of Chicago's 77 official community areas. It is located on the southwest side of the city. It is thought to be a "melting pot" of sorts, due to its change of races moving in and out of the area, as well as the diversity that exists there.

It has a small town atmosphere in the big city. West Lawn is home to many Polish-Americans, Irish-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and other people of Latin American and Eastern European origin.

Ford City is a neighborhood on the southwest side of Chicago which immediately surrounds the Ford City Mall, in turn named for the Ford Aircraft plant.

Michael Madigan, 67th and 69th Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives, is a current resident of, and incumbent member of the Illinois House of Representatives for, West Lawn.

References

Community areas of Chicago

West Lawn, Chicago


Samantha Jane "Sam" Stosur  (born 30 March 1984) is an Australian professional tennis player.  She won the 2011 US Open singles title and was a finalist at the 2010 French Open.  Stosur is ranked World No. 5 and her career high in singles is World No. 4, achieved on 21 February 2011. She is a former world No. 1 on the WTA Tour in doubles with Lisa Raymond from the United States.She is currently Australian Number  1.

1984 births
Living people
Australian tennis players
Sportspeople from Brisbane

Samantha Stosur


Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is a sexual condition that is characterized by the lack of sexual fantasy and desire for sexual activity. For this to be judged as a disorder, the condition has to cause strong distress or interpersonal troubles, and should not be better accounted for by another mental disorder or drugs. The condition was first discovered around the late 1960s or early 1970s. The subtypes include women or men earlier having sexual interests for their partner, though that interest has since cooled down or faded away. In some cases, sexual partners, female or male, may have never had sexual desire to begin with. The condition may be triggered through other health problems.

Sexual disorders

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder


Henry of Saxe-Römhild (19 November 1650 – 13 May 1710) was a duke of Saxe-Römhild.

Life
He was born in Gotha, as the seventh but fourth surviving son of Ernest I the Pious of Saxe-Gotha and Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg.  After the death of their father, in 1675, Henry and his brothers co-ruled the duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.  On 24 February 1680, after the treaty of division of the family lands with his brothers, he received Saxe-Römhild, which consisted of the cities of Römhild, Königsberg (now in Bavaria), Themar, Behrungen and Milz and the fiefdom of Echter.

In Darmstadt on 1 March 1676, Henry married Marie Elisabeth of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of Louis VI of Hesse-Darmstadt.  They had no children.

From 18 November 1680 Henry and his young wife Marielies lived in what they called Glücksburg castle in Römhild.  Duke Henry unfolded brisk construction activity.  He had his castle remodeled and rebuilt according to his wishes.  During his rule the castle church was built, and a customs house, and four houses for the court nobility, plus a riding school, a race track and the Orangerie.  Among the more magnificent structures were a cave house named Marie Elizabeth Delight, named after his wife, whom he loved very much, and a pleasure palace in Mertzelbach, designed by the court sculptor Lux, who also created the high altar in the Abbey Church.   Many of these buildings no longer exist, but Henry described them in detail in his book The Princely desire to build of Duke Henry of Saxe-Römhild, which he published himself.  This book is considered one of the few remaining contemporary testimonies on ephemeral architecture.  Henry also had lake Bürgersee drained and converted it into a pleasure garden.  He equipped the city church with a Baroque high altar, an ornate royal box and a new organ.

Henry was knowledgeable in mechanics, architecture and mathematics.  He  maintained  a princely library at Schloss Glücksburg, which he expanded steadily.  After Henry's death, it was inherited by the Duke of Saxe-Gotha.

From 1691 to 1693 he had been regent for Duke Frederick II of Saxe-Gotha, together with his brother Bernhard.  Henry entered into imperial military service when he was young and became imperial Generalfeldzeugmeister in 1697.  In 1698, he received the Order of the Elephant.  In his last four years he was the senior member of the Ernestine house.

The luxurious life at court and the court of the duke's representative brought the small country town of Römhild to economic recovery and cultural prosperity.  The expenditure exceeded the financial strength of the Duke by far.  When the popular ruler died unexpectedly in 1710, he left behind significant debts.  His inheritance was auctioned.

Henry died at Römhild.  After his death, his lands were disputed between his brothers. Eventually, Römhild was retained by his younger brother, John Ernest.  Duke Henry was buried in the Altar Hall of Römhild church.  Today, there is no inscription and no more grave marker.

His marriage was childless and Ernestine sideline of Römhild died out with his death.  The Principality was divided in the Coburg-Eisenberg-Römhild inheritance dispute, which was settled in 1735.

Ancestors

References
 Association for History and Geography of Saxe-Meiningen, Neue Landeskunde des Herzogtums Sachsen-Meiningen, Hildburghausen 1903.
 August B. Michaelis: Einleitung zu einer volständigen Geschichte der Chur- und Fürstlichen Häuser ..., p. 521.
 Johann Samuel Ersch: Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste in alphabetischer ..., p. 358.

1650 births
1710 deaths
Dukes of Saxe-Römhild
Generals of the Holy Roman Empire

Henry, Duke of Saxe-Römhild


In mathematics, a finite set is a set that is not infinite. A finite set has a certain number of elements. The elements of the set can be numbered like {1, 2, ..., n} and n must either be a natural number or zero. An infinite set is a set with an unlimited number of elements.

Another definition is to say a set is finite if its cardinality (the number of its elements) is a natural number. A set with n elements is called an n-set.

A definition that is harder to understand, but which is often used by mathematicians, is to say that a set is finite if there is no strict subset that can be put in 1-to-1 correspondence with the set itself.  (A strict subset of a set is one that is not equal to the set itself).  For example, the set of even numbers can be put in one-to-one correspondence with the set of natural numbers (2n corresponds to n), but the set of even numbers is also a strict subset of the natural numbers (there are many numbers which are not in the set of even numbers, but which are natural numbers, for example the number 1).  This means that the set of natural numbers is infinite.

Set theory
Cardinal numbers

Finite set


The Four Noble Truths are a Buddhist teaching. They show Buddhists why they should follow the Middle Way.

The Four Noble Truths

The First Noble Truth

The first noble truth is called Dukkha, which means suffering. It says that life is full of suffering. To say it a different way, in life, there is sickness, poverty (being poor), old age, and death. People can not keep what they want. People can not avoid what they do not want. If that is all a person learns, they suffer.

The Second Noble Truth

The second noble truth is Samudaya, which says that there is a reason for suffering in the world. It says that the reason there is suffering is that people want things. It also says that the reason there is suffering is that people want what they think is real. They do this because they are ignorant. People do wrong actions because they want things and because they do not see what is real. Those evil actions lead to suffering.

The Third Noble Truth

The third noble truth is Nirodha. It says that people can be free from suffering when they no longer want things.

The Fourth Noble Truth

The fourth noble truth is called Magga. It says that for a person to stop wanting things, they must follow a set of rules. The rules are called the Noble Eightfold Path.

The Eightfold Path
See main article: Noble Eightfold Path

The eightfold path says that truth is found in the Middle Way. A person can get to the Middle Way by following the eightfold path. The eight parts are these:

Right Vision. A person should try to see things the way they really are.
Right Values. A person should try to turn their mind away from the world and towards the Dharma.
Right Speech. A person should try to be truthful and kind when they talk.
Right Actions. A person should try to do good things. If they cannot do a good thing, then they should try to not do a bad thing.
Right Livelihood. A person should not work at something that can hurt themselves or other people.
Right Effort. A person should try to increase their goodness and get rid of their evil.
Right Mindfulness. A person must remember the Dharma and use it all the time
Right Meditation. A person must try to reach enlightenment through meditation.

Other websites
The Four Noble Truths: A Study Guide

The Sixteen Aspects and Sixteen Distorted Ways of Embracing the Four Noble Truths

Buddhist terminology

Four Noble Truths


Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1886. The book has been adapted to movies, comic books, and other media.

Story
Dr Henry Jekyll is a respected doctor. He believes that man has both good and evil sides. He creates a serum of a special drug. It is supposed to separate the two different sides. He tests it on himself. The experiment succeeds all too well. Dr Jekyll changes into his evil self, Edward Hyde. Hyde commits horrible crimes in London, and changes back into Dr Jekyll. Eventually, Jekyll turns into Hyde without wishing to, resulting in Jekyll committing suicide.

Themes
The novel is based on the Victorian English idea of pretending to be someone else, and acting a different way around other people to look more respectable. This is shown by Jekyll changing into Hyde. It is also a variation on the theme of "scientist meddling with nature comes to grief".

References

1886 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
British novels
Dissociative identity disorder in fiction
Horror novels
Bipolar disorder in fiction
Crime fiction books

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde


Gamla Stan is an old section of Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Gamla Stan consists of three islands, Stadsholmen, Riddarholmen and Helgeandsholmen. The main buildings such as the National Assembly Building, the royal palace and the Cathedral are located here. Gamla Stan whose meaning is "Old Town" is known to be built first in 13th century. Thus, there are a lot of old buildings in Gamla Stan and they were built in 17th or 18th century. They have very long history. After crossing the bridge in front of Royal Swedish Opera theater, there is the National Assembly Building. This building is the entrance of Gamla Stan and connects the old town, Gamla Stan, and the new town. The royal palace is just after the entrance and there are a lot of buildings which make you feel like in middle ages.

The center of Gamla Stan is Stortorget square. This square has a sad history. Christian II killed more than 80 of the leading members of Sweden and buried their necks in the well. This is called the Stockholm massacre. In this square, there are Nobel Museum in one side and buildings built from 13th century to 19th century. Also, a lot of shops are placed in narrow alleyways. Up north from the square, the stock exchange built in 1776 and the Sweden Academy headquarters which selects the Nobel Prize winner are located.

In addition, there are a lot of famous tourist spots, such as Morten Trozigsgrand, which is the narrowest alley in Gamla Stan and as wide as 90cm, and the German Church. Since Gamla Stan preserves the image of middle ages very well, it can be one of the most famous tourist places in Sweden.

Other websites
Northern Europe, World Tour

Stockholm

Gamla stan


Nathan Deakes (born 17 August 1977 in Geelong) is an Australian former race walker. Deakes trained with the Australian Institute of Sport.

By performances, Deakes is Australia's best and most successful ever race walker, winning several international medals and holding many Australian and World Records. He was the 2006 Australian Male Athlete of the year, Australia's most prestigious sporting award across all sports.

He won a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, and is a four-time Commonwealth Games gold medallist. He won gold in the 20 km walk and 50 km walk events at both the 2002 Manchester Games and the 2006 Melbourne Games, becoming the first man to win both the 20 km and 50 km walks at two consecutive Commonwealth Games. He also won bronze medals at the 1998 Kuala Lumpur Games and the 1996 World Junior Championships. He was also among the leading duo at the Athens Olympics in the 50 km walk, until being disqualified. He won the gold medal at the 2007 World Championships in Osaka in the 50 km walk.

To cap off a successful 2007, Deakes was crowned 2007 Telstra Male Athlete of the Year for the second time (the first being in 2004).

He also broke the 50 km walk world record on 2 December 2006 at the Australian 50 km Road Walking Championships in Geelong, recording a time of 3:35.47. This bettered race walking great Robert Korzeniowski's previous world record of 3:36.03. He is also 4th all-time for the 20 km walk, 1:17.33, and 7th all-time for the 20,000m walk, 1:19.47.

Deakes also won the last edition of the Goodwill Games in Brisbane 2001. He beat a strong field consisting of the current Olympic Champion, Robert Korzeniowski, and the then current World Champion, Roman Rasskazov.

On 21 July 2008 Deakes announced that he would withdraw from the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, with a hamstring tendon injury that required surgery to repair.

His last competitive outing came at the 2012 London Olympics, where he competed despite a year riddled with injury and finished 19th in the 50 km walk. He retired from the sport officially in February 2013, and became a Board Member soon after for Athletics AustraliaIn 2018 he was appointed as a member of the Athletics Integrity Unit Anti-Doping Panel.

Deakes has completed university academic qualifications with a double degree in Banking & Finance and Law (Honours) from the University of Canberra, a Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice from the Australian National University and a Masters in Law with a Sports Law specialisation from the University of Melbourne. He is published in the area of sports integrity.

Inaugural inductee to University of Canberra Sport Walk of Fame in 2022.

References

 Nathan Deakes at Australian Athletics Historical Results

External links

1977 births
Living people
Australian male racewalkers
Sportspeople from Geelong
Olympic athletes for Australia
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Australia
Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
World Athletics Championships medalists
Australian Institute of Sport track and field athletes
World Athletics Championships athletes for Australia
University of Canberra alumni
Australian National University alumni
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
World Athletics Championships winners
Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games
People from Redland City
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)

Nathan Deakes


A red giant is a  giant star that has the mass of about one-half to ten times the mass of our Sun. Red giants get their name because they appear to be colored red and they are very large. Many red giants could fit thousands and thousands of suns like ours inside of them. Aldebaran, Arcturus, Pollux and Mira are red giants.

Right now, our Sun is a main-sequence star, not a red giant. However, five billion years from now, scientists believe our sun will become a red giant. It will be about 200 times bigger in diameter than it is now. It will become so big it will swallow up Mercury, Venus and possibly the Earth.

How a star becomes a red giant

All new stars change hydrogen to helium through nuclear fusion. This makes a lot of energy (e.g. light and heat). In a normal star, like our Sun and all other main-sequence stars, this change happens at the very center of the star. Sooner or later, almost all of the hydrogen at the center has changed to helium. This causes the nuclear reaction to stop. The center will start to get smaller due to the star's gravity. This makes the layer just outside the center get hotter. This layer still has hydrogen. This hydrogen will fuse to make helium.

With this new source of power, the outer layers of the star will get much, much bigger. The star will get brighter, sometimes as much as ten thousand times as bright as when it was on the main sequence.  Since the outside of the star is bigger, the energy will be spread over a much larger area. Because of this, the temperature of the surface will go down and the color will change to red or orange.

The red giant phase is temporary.  It is shorter than the billions of years a star spends on the main sequence.  Soon (in only hundreds of millions of years) red giants will start to fuse helium to make other elements like carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.  Some of their outer layers will blow away, leaving interstellar gas and dust circling the star.  In time, most red giants will become white dwarfs.  Very large red giants become neutron stars or black holes.

Related pages
 Stellar evolution
 Main sequence
 White dwarf
 Red dwarf

References

Types of stars

Red giant


Al Budaiya () is a coastal toun locatit in the northwastren region o Bahrain Island, in the Northren Governorate o the Kinrick o Bahrain. It neighbors the veelages o Diraz an Bani Jamra.

Geography
Budaiya is the maist fertile aurie in the kintra, irrigatit frae a lairge concentration o freshwater springs an aquifers. It is the location o maist ferms, stables, an traditional gulf faimily ferms/retreats nakhal. The toun serves as ane end-pynt o the Budaiya Road, which runs tae Manama. The regions on aither side o road are colloquially referred tae as Budaiya.

The biggest problem the Budaiya Road region is facin is deforestation due tae a waves o construction, an the seepin o sea watter intae naitural unnergrund aquifers as a result o the pre-construction biggin process o the Mina Salman seaport in the 1950s. Budaiya Road is still remembered as ane o the anerlie "naturally shadit" pairts o Bahrain whaur thoosans o wild palm trees actit as filters frae the het, glarin desert sun. Maist o the trees wur cut doun tae expand the route an 'modrenize' the aurie.

History
The toun wis foondit bi the Dawasir tribe, but maist o the tribe left en masse tae mainland Saudi Arabie in 1923, efter a conflict wi the Breetish colonial authorities. Mony Dawasir tribe members later returned tae Budaiya, an thay continue tae play a leadin role in the veelage the day. Prior tae the discovery o oil in Bahrain, maist Budaiya residents wur involved in the pearl divin an fishin industry.

The day the Budaiya Road region hooses European an American expatriates livin in the kinrick an haes few a places that serve as a niche tae the youth Bahraini subculturs (Goth, skater/punk, etc.)  This is mainly due tae the central location o the Skate Shack pairk.

References
Fuad Ishaq Khuri (1980). Tribe and state in Bahrain: The transformation of social and political authority in an Arab state. ISBN 0-226-43473-7

Freemit airtins

Populatit places in Bahrain
Populatit coastal places in Bahrain

Budaiya


John Wolfe (1548? – 1601) was an English bookseller and printer. His considerable ambition (he allegedly compared his attempts to reform the English printing trade to Martin Luther's efforts at reforming Christianity) and his disdain for the printing patent system of Elizabethan England drew the ire of his competitors and authorities in his early career. After being jailed twice and having his printing materials seized, Wolfe transformed himself into an ardent defender of printing privileges. By 1593, he was appointed Printer to the City of London.

Early career
Wolfe may have come from a family in Sussex. For years, scholars wrongly assumed that he was the son of famed printer Reyner Wolfe on the basis of their mutual name and occupation. However, John Wolfe testified that his "poore oulde father" was alive in May 1584, some ten years after Reyner Wolfe died. Because Wolfe was a member of the Fishmongers' Company, there is speculation that a fishmonger named Thomas Wolfe, who resided in the parish of St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, may have been John Wolfe's father, and that John Wolfe entered the Company through patrimony. No conclusive evidence has been found to validate this theory though.

On 25 May 1562, Wolfe entered a ten-year apprenticeship with printer John Day. Because apprenticeships generally ended when the apprentice turned 24 (the minimum age for London freemen), scholars surmise that Wolfe was born around 1548. Wolfe did not stay the full ten years. In the same testimony in which he mentioned his "poore oulde father", he claimed that he served Day for a "space of seaven yeares", the minimum university term for an apprenticeship under the Statute of Artificers of 1563.

Some time after his apprenticeship ended, Wolfe travelled to Italy to perfect his trade. By 1576, he was in Florence publishing religious poems. In Gabriel Harvey's 1593 work New Letter of Notable Contents, which was printed by Wolfe, Harvey addresses his printer and "loving friend" as one who "hath read and heard so many gallant Florentine discourses". In 1579, he published his first books in England and became one of the few non-members of the Stationers' Company granted the privilege of entering titles in its Register. An edition of the first book he entered in the Register found its way to the 1581 Frankfurt Book Fair. At least 20 other works of his appear in the catalogues of the annual book fair between 1581 and 1591, which suggests that he may have been a regular attendee. Una essortatione al timor di Dio, an undated book by Italian Jacob Acontius that bears Wolfe's imprint, may have been published abroad sometime between 1579 and 1581, furthering the image of Wolfe as a frequent traveller to Continental Europe. In the work, Wolfe describes himself as a servant of Philip Sidney.

The only other printer of Italian works in England at the time was John Charlewood; both Charlewood and Wolfe had printed works of Giordano Bruno.

"Machevillian devices"
In 1581, Wolfe began entering more works in the Stationers' Register, and the next year, he established a residence in Distaff Lane, southeast of St Paul's Churchyard. He soon found himself in tangles with his competitors. Wolfe aggressively pursued printing opportunities, and he started pirating works whose printing rights belonged to others. On 19 June 1581, the Privy Council reprimanded him and demanded that he halt the printing of Latin grammar books, which were the privilege of Francis Flower. One of his other victims was Queen Elizabeth I's printer, Christopher Barker, who held the exclusive rights to print the Bible, the Book of Common Prayer, and the Royal Statutes and Proclamations. Barker approached Wolfe around Easter 1581 in an attempt to persuade him to stop infringing on his rights. In return, Barker promised to assign Wolfe printing projects with remuneration, provided that Wolfe transfer from the Fishmongers' Company to the Stationers' Company. Despite Barker's assignment of £80 worth of printing, Wolfe did not become a member of the Stationers' Company; moreover, according to Barker, the quality of Wolfe's work for him was so shoddy that the resulting publications reflected "an exceeding discredit to all [of Barker's] labours".

Wolfe continued to print Barker's work after his contract expired. According to entries in the Stationers' Register, on 14 May 1582, Barker confronted Wolfe once more, seeking a negotiated truce. "Wolfe, leave your Machevillian devices, and conceit of your forreine wit," he exhorted, "which you have gained by gadding from countrey to countrey". Wolfe's demands were that upon translation to the Stationers' Company, he would be given a promise of work, a £20 loan, and the right to keep his five apprentices (more than the Company traditionally allowed). Barker found Wolfe to be "a man unreasonable to deale withall", and the meeting terminated with no appreciable result.

Wolfe soon became a leader in the burgeoning movement to overthrow the entire notion of privileged printing. He was imprisoned twice and found himself in legal troubles for his alleged "dangerous and undutifull speaches of her Majesties most gracious government". According to a petition by the Stationers' Company to the Privy Council in early 1583, Wolfe advocated that "it was lawfull for all men to print all lawfull bookes what commandment soever her Majestie Florida gave to the contrary". In May 1583, Wolfe's residence was raided; authorities seized his printing materials and found him to be operating five printing presses, two of them "in a secret vau[l]t".

Stationers' Company
Less than a month after the raid on his premises, Wolfe surrendered to his adversaries. On 11 June 1583, the Court of Aldermen decreed that Wolfe be transferred from the Fishmongers' to the Stationers' Company. The transfer was made official on 1 July; Wolfe, having "accknowledged his error", was "lovingly received into the companie".

Despite this move, Wolfe continued his penchant for piracy, and began pirating Day's lucrative metrical psalters. His former master, on discovering Wolfe's roguery, led a raid on Wolfe's premises and confiscated printing materials. Wolfe challenged the raid in the Court of Star Chamber: on 18 May 1584, he issued a bill of complaint accusing Day of illegally damaging his property. He painted a dramatic picture in his testimony; according to Wolfe, Day's men were "wrestinge his poore oulde father by the throate[,] beatinge and threatnynge his men and spoyled and took awaye wythe them prynted bookes and dyverse other gooddes". Day countered with a demurrer, disputing Wolfe's account. The search, according to Day, was lawful and conducted "in peaceable manner and wise, withoute any weapons at all". The Star Chamber appears to have taken no action, possibly due to Day's demurrer.

Within a month of Wolfe's complaint, Day was dead. His printing patent for the metrical psalter passed to his son, Richard Day. In an effort to make amends, Richard Day appointed Wolfe as one of five assigns to administer the patent. Between 1585 and 1591, Wolfe was the sole printer of metrical psalters for Day. On 23 July 1587, Wolfe was appointed Beadle of the Stationers' Company. Wolfe now found himself in a position of power, and he approached his new role with gusto. While ostensibly, the office of Beadle entailed the maintenance of Stationers' Hall and the summoning of members to company meetings, Wolfe used his title to pursue and stamp out illicit printing. It was a remarkable transformation for a man who had so openly agitated the authorities earlier in the decade. He apparently held no qualms about tracking down his former "confederates". On 16 April 1588, he led a raid on the premises of one of these former colleagues, Robert Waldegrave; the raid and the resulting seizure of Waldegrave's copies of John Udall's State of the Church of Englande earned Wolfe more scorn from contemporaries and yet another comparison with the wily Machiavelli—Martin Marprelate referred to him as "alias Machivill...most tormenting executioner of Waldegrave's goods" in his 1588 work Oh Read Over D. John Bridges, for it is a Worthy Worke. Wolfe soon became an invaluable asset in the Stationers' Company's fight against illegal printing; he served as a legal assistant in several cases the Stationers' brought against other printers.

By 1593, Wolfe had been appointed London's City Printer. Around this time, Wolfe made the transition from printer to publisher, distributing increasing amounts of work for others to print on his behalf. John Windet, who succeeded Wolfe as City Printer, was responsible for most of Wolfe's output after 1593. Wolfe died in early 1601, and on 6 April 1601, Windet was appointed administrator of his estate. Wolfe's widow, Alice, sold many of his copyrights to other stationers.

Notes

References
Gadd, I. (September 2004; online edition: January 2008). "Wolfe, John (b. in or before 1548?, d. 1601)" (subscription required). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved on 23 February 2009.
Harvey, Gabriel (1593). New Letter of Notable Contents in Grosart, Alexander Balloch (ed.), The Works of Gabriel Harvey (1884). .
Hoppe, Harry R. (December 1933). John Wolfe University of Florida Press. The Library. Series 4 14 (3): 241–287.

English printers
1540s births
1601 deaths
16th-century English businesspeople
17th-century English businesspeople

John Wolfe (printer)


Speakeasy, Inc. was a broadband internet service provider and voice over IP carrier based in Seattle, Washington, United States. Their terms of service described liberal usage policies for home users allowing subscribers to run any number of servers
and allowing them to resell their connectivity to others through a service called "NetShare". They received press coverage for their support of Linux and BSD-derivative operating systems, and were reportedly the first provider to offer a customized version of Mozilla Firefox to customers, in January 2005.  The company was acquired by MegaPath Corporation in 2010 which retired the Speakeasy brand. MegaPath in turn was acquired by Fusion Connect which currently houses Speakeasy's network and customers.

History

In 1994, Gretchen Apgar and husband Mike opened a cybercafe in Seattle's Belltown neighborhood with Mike's brother Tyler.  They started out with offering connectivity and email services in the area. Customers at the cafe expressed a wish to have the ability to check their email from other locations than just the cafe and a series of terminal stations were set up at various bars around town. These terminals were marketed under the label, "Rainmail." As computing power expanded and the cost of computers diminished, customers began to express the further wish to access their email from home. Speakeasy put together a bank of modems and offered a dial up service. As of 2008, dialup through Speakeasy is still available for $19 a month. The move toward DSL took place in 1998.

In late 1999, the company expanded to a national level, offering DSL services throughout the United States. The Speakeasy backbone consisted of a dedicated fiber ring that circled the continental United States with major points of presence (i.e. POPs) in Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Dallas, Atlanta, Washington D.C., New York, and Chicago. From the POP to the customers premises a third party vendor was contracted to provide data layer connectivity. This is known in networking as the 'last mile'. In the case of Speakeasy, the data-link protocol used was Asynchronous Transfer Mode rather than PPPoE or Frame Relay in case of T1's.

In 2001, in the face of the collapse of many ISPs as a possible result of the dot-com bust, Speakeasy had marketed a program to allow for simple transfer of accounts, starting with the announcement of the failure of Flashcom, a former DSL internet provider.  That same year, the cybercafe burned down in an electrical fire, forcing the company to focus on the internet business.

In September 2003, Bruce Chatterley was made CEO of the company.

In summer of 2004, the company announced simultaneously their entry into VOIP, and their OneLink package, which allowed a DSL subscriber to maintain an ADSL line without the requirement of a traditional landline service.

In spring of 2006 Mike Apgar stepped down as chairman and moved on to a startup company Ookla that he created while at Speakeasy.

On March 27, 2007 press releases by both companies announced the acquisition of Speakeasy by Best Buy, a Fortune 100 retail chain operating in the US, Canada and China. Best Buy planned to offer Speakeasy broadband and VOIP services to small businesses through their Best Buy for Business unit.

On June 10, 2010 Best Buy announced it was reducing its stake in Speakeasy, which would be merging with Covad Communications and MegaPath Corporation to form a new joint company. On September 1, 2010, MegaPath, Covad, and Speakeasy announced regulatory approval and the completion of their merger.
  The new combined company took the name MegaPath Corporation.

On December 31, 2014, MegaPath Corporation sold certain of its network assets and direct internet access customers to GC Pivotal LLC dba Global Capacity, in order to raise cash to invest in its wholesale and managed services business.

On May 10, 2018, Fusion Connect announced they will acquire MegaPath. This acquisition has since closed.

See also
United States v. Ivanov – Notable cyber-law case. Ivanov intentionally hacked Speakeasy

References

External links
 Official homepage of Fusion Connect

Internet service providers of the United States
VoIP companies of the United States
Companies based in Seattle
Telecommunications companies established in 1996

Speakeasy (ISP)


Phoebe Buffay is a fictional character on the American sitcom Friends. She is portrayed by Lisa Kudrow. Buffay sang terrible songs at Central Perk. Then she worked as a massage therapist. Her dad left her, her twin sister (Ursula), and her stepmother who would later commit suicide. She would later marry Mike Hanagan.

Fictional American people
Friends characters

Phoebe Buffay


The glass transition is the transition of amorphous solids from a hard and brittle state into a molten or rubber-like state. An amorphous solid that goes through a glass transition is called a glass. Supercooling a viscous liquid into the glass state is called vitrification.

The glass transition temperature Tg is always lower than the melting temperature, Tm, of the crystalline state of the material, if one exists. Above a glass transition temperature, a plastic is rubbery. Below the glass transition temperature, a plastic is solid. Thermosets, or thermo-setting plastics, burn up before they reach their melt temperature, but most thermosets also undergo glass transition.

Other websites

Polymer chemistry
Thermodynamics

Glass transition


Rope climbing is a sport in which competitors attempt to climb up a suspended vertical rope using only their hands. Rope climbing is practiced regularly at the World Police and Fire Games, and is enjoying a resurgence in France, where competitions are held in shopping centers. Also, enthusiasts in the Czech Republic resurrected the sport in 1993, and hold local and national competitions.

History and description of the event
This was an Olympic gymnastic event at one time, but was removed from that venue after the 1932 games. In the United States, competitive climbing on both 20 ft and 25 ft,  natural fiber ropes was sanctioned by both the AAU and the NCAA until the early 1960s, when these organizations dropped the events. As a result, intercollegiate competition in the U.S. disappeared at this time. In Olympic games held in the U.S., competitors climbed a 25 ft (7.62m) rope, but when post-1896 games were held in Europe, an 8 m (26.3 ft) rope was used. In almost all contests, athletes climbed for speed, starting from a seated position on the floor and using only the hands and arms. Kicking the legs in a kind of "stride" was normally permitted. However, at the 1896 Olympic games, competitors were ranked by both time and style (holding an L-position) on a rope so long (15 meters) that some climbers did not reach the top and were therefore excluded. In all succeeding Olympics through the 1932 games, competitors were judged strictly by the time of ascent on a shorter rope.

At the top of the climb, there was a circular tambourine with lampblack on its underside, which the climber touched. Several timers with stop watches timed the climb, and an acceptable official time was then agreed upon. Before the event expired in America, an electronic means of timing the climb was developed, but this was an insufficient reason to continue an activity conducted at gymnastic meets that many artistic gymnasts thought should have been relegated to the track and field arena. The world record for the 20 foot climb was 2.8 seconds, first achieved by the American Don Perry in the 1950s.

World records
The Official Guinness World Record for Rope Climb sets/requires a set standard of a 5-meter rope- with a 60-second time limit using hands only from a seated position; the upward 5m climbs are counted cumulatively. The World Record of 27.8m/5.5 upward climbs (91 ft 2 in) was set by Marcus Bondi on 31/1/10 in the TV studio of "Australia Smashes Guinness World Records" verified by Official Guinness supervision.
Rope climbing on 50 meters long rope – 165.68 seconds world record set in Johannesburg, South Africa by Thomas Butler Van Tonder from Johannesburg, South Africa
Rope climbing on 20 meters long rope – 25.85 seconds world record set in Lyon, France (2007) by Aleš Novák from Sokol Šternberk, Czech Republic
Rope climbing on 14 meters long rope – 13.13 seconds world record set in Nové Město nad Metují, Czech Republic (2021) by Martin Vacek from Sokol Libčice nad Vltavou, Czech Republic
Rope climbing on 8 meters long rope – 4.87 seconds world record in Olomouc, Czech Republic (2009) by Aleš Novák from Sokol Šternberk, Czech Republic

See also
Aerial silk
Gymnastics
Rope climbing at the Olympics

References

External links

History and description of the sport

Individual sports
Gymnastics
Articles containing video clips

Rope climbing


Hypermobility refers to when human joints stretch further than is usual. For example, some people can bend their thumbs back to their wrist, their toes backwards, put their leg behind their heads or any other ways of unusual performances. This condition can affect a particular joint or many joints throughout the human body. Hypermobility often results from one or more body issues: misaligned joints, abnormally shaped ends of one or more bones near a joint or other body issues. The same defect also results in weaker than normal bones, which may lead to osteoperosis or bone fracture. This condition is often described with the term double jointed. Some people who are hypermobile carry no other health matters.

Joints

Hypermobility