Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham (24 May 1852 – 20 March 1936) was a Scottish politician, writer, journalist and adventurer. He was a Liberal Party Member of Parliament (MP); the first ever socialist member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom; a founder, and the first president, of the Scottish Labour Party; a founder of the National Party of Scotland in 1928; and the first president of the Scottish National Party in 1934.

Youth
Cunninghame Graham was the eldest son of Major William Bontine of the Renfrew Militia and formerly a Cornet in the Scots Greys with whom he served in Ireland. His mother was the Hon. Anne Elizabeth Elphinstone-Fleeming, daughter of Admiral Charles Elphinstone-Fleeming of Cumbernauld and a Spanish noblewoman, Doña Catalina Paulina Alessandro de Jiménez, who reputedly, along with her second husband, Admiral James Katon, heavily influenced Cunninghame Graham's upbringing. Thus the first language Cunninghame Graham learned was his mother's maternal tongue, Spanish. He spent most of his childhood on the family estate of Finlaystone in Renfrewshire and Ardoch in Dunbartonshire, Scotland, with his younger brothers Charles and Malise.

After being educated at Harrow public school in England, Robert finished his education in Brussels, Belgium, before moving to Argentina to make his fortune cattle ranching. He became known as a great adventurer and gaucho there, and was affectionately known as Don Roberto. He also travelled in Morocco disguised as a Turkish sheikh to find the "forbidden" city of Taroudant but was captured by a Caid (Si Taieb ben Si Ahmed El Hassan El Kintafi), prospected for gold in Spain, befriended Buffalo Bill in Texas, and taught fencing in Mexico City, having travelled there by wagon train from San Antonio de Bexar with his young bride sic "Gabrielle Marie de la Balmondiere" a supposed half-French, half-Chilean poet.

Convert to socialism
After the death of his father in 1883 he reverted to the Cunninghame Graham surname. He returned to the UK and became interested in politics. He attended socialist meetings where he heard and met William Morris, George Bernard Shaw, H. M. Hyndman, Keir Hardie and John Burns. Despite his wealthy origins, Graham was converted to socialism and he began to speak at public meetings. He was an impressive orator and was especially good at dealing with hecklers.

Liberal Party MP

Although a socialist, in the 1886 general election he stood as a Liberal Party candidate at North West Lanarkshire. His election programme was extremely radical and called for:

the abolition of the House of Lords
universal suffrage
the nationalisation of land, mines and other industries
free school meals
disestablishment of the Church of England
Scottish Home Rule
the establishment of an eight-hour working day

Supported by liberals and socialists, Graham defeated the Unionist candidate by 322 votes. He had stood against the same candidate at the 1885 general election, in which he was defeated by over 1100 votes.

Robert Cunninghame Graham refused to accept the conventions of the British House of Commons. On 12 September 1887 he was suspended from parliament for making what was called a "disrespectful reference" to the House of Lords. He was the first MP ever to be suspended from the House of Commons for swearing; the word was damn.

Graham's main concerns in the House of Commons were the plight of the unemployed and the preservation of civil liberties. He complained about attempts in 1886 and 1887 by the police to prevent public meetings and free speech. He attended the protest demonstration in Trafalgar Square on 13 November 1887 that was broken up by the police and became known as Bloody Sunday. Graham was badly beaten during his arrest and taken to Bow Street Police Station, where his uncle, Col William Hope VC, attempted to post bail. Both Cunninghame Graham, who was defended by H. H. Asquith, and John Burns were found guilty for their involvement in the demonstration and sentenced to six weeks imprisonment.

When Graham was released from Pentonville prison he continued his campaign to improve the rights of working people and to curb their economic exploitation. He was suspended from the House of Commons in December 1888 for protesting about the working conditions of the chain makers of Cradley Heath. His response to the Speaker of the House, "I never withdraw", was later used by George Bernard Shaw in Arms and the Man.

Scottish independence and the Scottish Labour Party
Graham was a strong supporter of Scottish independence. In 1886, he helped establish the Scottish Home Rule Association (SHRA), and while in the House of Commons, he made several attempts to persuade fellow MPs of the desirability of a Scottish parliament. On one occasion, Graham joked that he wanted a "national parliament with the pleasure of knowing that the taxes were wasted in Edinburgh instead of London."

In 1888, Graham attended the SHRA Conference at the Anderton's Hotel in Fleet Street and passed a motion "That in the opinion of this Conference the interests of Scotland demand the establishment of a Scotch national Parliament and an Executive Government having control over exclusively Scotch affairs, with a due regard to the integrity of the Empire". The motion was supported by Mr Cuninghame Graham (as name spelt in article), who said he "wanted a Scotch Parliament to do justice to their crofters and keep them at home, to pass an Eight Hours' Bill for their miners, to settle the liquor laws, and to nationalise the land." Peter Esslemont MP attended. Dr G.B Clark Chaired conference MP for Caithness-shire.

While in the House of Commons, Graham became increasingly more radical and went on to found the Scottish Labour Party with Keir Hardie. Graham left the Liberal Party in 1892 to contest the general election in a new constituency as a Labour candidate.

He supported workers in their industrial disputes and was involved with Annie Besant and the Matchgirls Strike and the 1889 Dockers' Strike. In July 1889, he attended the Marxist Congress of the Second International in Paris with James Keir Hardie, William Morris, Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling. The following year he made a speech in Calais that was considered by the authorities to be so revolutionary that he was arrested and expelled from France.

Graham was a supporter of the eight-hour day and made several attempts to introduce a Bill on the subject. He made some progress with this in the summer of 1892, but he was unable to persuade the Conservative government, headed by Lord Salisbury, to allocate time for the Bill to be fully debated.

At the 1892 general election Graham stood as the Scottish Labour Party candidate for Glasgow Camlachie. He was defeated, bringing his parliamentary career to an end. He remained active in political circles, though, helping his colleague Keir Hardie establish the Independent Labour Party and enter parliament as the MP for West Ham. However, he became disillusioned by the pettiness and dissent of those he called "piss-pot socialists" and increasingly turned to a nascent Scottish nationalism as a means of achieving social justice and cultural revival.

Graham retained a strong belief in Scottish home rule. He played an active part in the establishment of the National Party of Scotland (NPS) in 1928 and was elected the Honorary President of the new Scottish National Party in 1934. He was several times the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association candidate for the Lord Rectorship of the University of Glasgow, which he lost by only sixty-six votes in 1928 to Stanley Baldwin, the Conservative Prime Minister at the time. This event was pivotal in the founding of the National Party, and the eventual creation of the Scottish National Party in the 1930s.

Because of his Scottish nationalism, and criticism of what he saw as the Labour Party's timidity and lack of socialist zeal, Graham has been effectively written out of Labour Party history, and the belief has been circulated that after his electoral defeat in 1892, he retired from politics until the late 1920s. This is entirely incorrect; in fact, between 1905 and 1914, Graham, while retaining the position of elder statesman, social commentator, and renowned world-traveller, became more militant, involving himself in many left-wing causes and protests. There is evidence to suggest that he joined the hard-left British Socialist Party, and he was an associate of anarchists and a political assassin. Graham was also a vociferous anti-imperialist at the height of British jingoism as well as a high-profile supporter of the women's suffrage movement and Home Rule for Ireland and India.

Author
Between 1888 and 1892, Graham was a prolific contributor to small-circulation socialist journals, but his literary career took off when he was recruited by Frank Harris to write for the Saturday Review in 1895, and he continued writing for the Saturday until 1926, as well as other journals. His main form was the 'sketch', or sketch-tale', mostly descriptive, atmospheric works on South America and Scotland, which gave his work a unique aesthetic, which carried a subtext of anti-colonialism, nostalgia, and loss. T. E. Lawrence (of Arabia) described his Scottish sketches as "the rain-in-the-air-and-on-the-roof mournfulness of Scotch music in his time-past style [. . .] snap-shots - the best verbal snapshots ever taken I believe." His many works were collected into anthologies. Subject matter included history, biography, poetry, essays, politics, travel and seventeen collections of short stories or literary sketches. Titles include Father Archangel of Scotland (1896 in conjunction with his wife Gabriela), Thirteen Stories (1900), Success (1902), Hope (1910), Scottish Stories (1914), Brought Forward (1916)  and Mirages (1936). Biographies included: Hernando de Soto (1903), Doughty Deeds (1925), a biography of his great-great-grandfather, Robert Graham of Gartmore and Portrait of a Dictator (1933). His great-niece and biographer, Jean, Lady Polwarth, published a collection of his short stories (or sketches) entitled Beattock for Moffatt and the Best of Cunninghame Graham (1979) and Alexander Maitland added his selection under the title Tales of Horsemen (1981). Professor John Walker published collections of Cunninghame Graham's South American Sketches (1978), Scottish Sketches (1982) and North American Sketches (1986) and Kennedy & Boyd republished the stories and sketches in five volumes (2011 - 2012). In 1988 The Century Travellers reprinted his Mogreb-el-Acksa (1898) and A Vanished Arcadia (1901). The former was the inspiration for George Bernard Shaw's play Captain Brassbound's Conversion. The latter helped inspire the award-winning film The Mission. More recently The Long Riders Guild Press have reprinted his equestrian travel works in their Cunninghame Graham Collection.

He helped his close friend Joseph Conrad, whom he had introduced to his publisher Edward Garnett at Duckworth, with research for his novel Nostromo. Other literary friends included Ford Madox Ford, John Galsworthy, W. H. Hudson, George Bernard Shaw (who openly admits his debt to Graham for "Captain Brassbound's Conversion" as well as a key line in Arms and the Man) and G. K. Chesterton, who proclaimed him "The Prince of Preface Writers" and famously declared in his autobiography that while Cunninghame Graham would never be allowed to be Prime Minister, he instead "achieved the adventure of being Cunninghame Graham", which Shaw described as "an achievement so fantastic that it would never be believed in a romance."

There is a seat dedicated to Cunninghame Graham in the Scottish Storytelling Centre in Edinburgh with the inscription:
"R B 'Don Roberto' Cunninghame Graham of Gartmore and Ardoch, 1852–1936, A great storyteller".

Cunninghame Graham in art
Cunninghame Graham was a staunch supporter of the artists of his day and a popular subject. He sat for artists such as Sir William Rothenstein, who painted Don Roberto as The Fencer; Sir John Lavery, whose famous Don Roberto: Commander for the King of Aragon in the Two Sicilies was on the cover of the Penguin Books edition of Conrad's Nostromo for many years and who painted the equestrian portrait of Don Roberto on his favourite horse, Pampa; and G. P. Jacomb-Hood, who painted his official portrait on entering parliament, with whom, along with Whistler, he was personal friends. George Washington Lambert painted him in oil with his horse Pinto and James McBey portrayed him in old age. There are also busts by Weiss and Jacob Epstein. The Dumbarton born artist, William Strang, used Cunninghame Graham as the model for his series of etchings of Don Quixote. It is unsurprising that he was at the mercy of cartoonists such as Tom Merry, who portrayed him in prison garb, and caricaturists such as Max and Spy.

Cunninghame Graham as literary inspiration
Anne Taylor and James Jauncey have argued that Cunninghame Graham's travels in Morocco were one of the inspirations for the character Sandy Arbuthnot, hero of John Buchan's novel Greenmantle (1916).

Final years

Robert Cunninghame Graham remained sprightly and rode daily even in his eighties. He continued to write, and held the office of President of the Scottish Branch of the P.E.N. Club, and involve himself in politics. He died from pneumonia on 20 March 1936 at the Plaza Hotel in Buenos Aires, Argentina, following a visit to the birthplace of his friend William Hudson. He lay in state in the Casa del Teatro and received a countrywide tribute led by the President of the Republic before his body was shipped home to be buried beside his wife on 18 April 1936, in the ruined Augustinian Priory on the island of Inchmahome, Lake of Menteith, Stirling. The following year, June 1937, a monument, the Cunninghame Graham Memorial, was unveiled at Castlehill, Dumbarton, near the family home at Ardoch. Despite the monument being removed to Gartmore in 1981, closer to the principal Graham estate, which he had been forced to sell in 1901 to the shipping magnate and founder of the Clan Line, Sir Charles Cayzer, Bt, the Cunninghame Graham Memorial Park (which is managed by the National Trust for Scotland) is still affectionately locally known as "the Mony". His estates at Ardoch and feudal barony of Gartmore passed to his nephew, Captain (later Admiral Sir) Angus Cunninghame Graham, the only son of his brother Cdr. Charles Elphinstone-Fleeming Cunninghame Graham, MVO.

Bibliography

 Notes on the district of Menteith: for tourists and others (1895)
 Father Archangel of Scotland and other essays (1896)
 Mogreb-el-Acksa: A Journey in Morocco (1898)
 Aurora La Cujiñi: A Realistic Sketch in Seville (1898)
 The Ipané (1899)
 Thirteen Stories (1900)
 A Vanished Arcadia: Being Some Account of the Jesuits in Paraguay, 1607 to 1767 (1901)
 Success (1902)
 Hernando de Soto; together with an account of one of his captains, Gonçalo Silvestre (1903)
 Progress (1905)
 His People (1906)
 Santa Teresa: being some account of her life and times (1907)
 Rhymes from a world unknown (Preface) (1908)
 Faith (1909)
 Hope (1910)
 Charity (1912)
 A Hatchment (1913)
 Scottish Stories (1914)
 Bernal Diaz del Castillo: being some account of him (1915)
 Brought Forward (1917)
 A Brazilian mystic: being the life and miracles of Antonio Conselheiro (1920)
 Cartagena and the Banks of the Sinú (1920)
 The Conquest of New Granada: Being the Life of Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada (1922)
 The Dream of the Magi (1923)
 Doughty Deeds: an account of the life of Robert Graham of Gartmore (1925)
 Pedro de Valdivia, conqueror of Chile (1926)
 Redeemed: And Other Sketches (1927)
 Jose Antonio Paez (1929)
 Thirty Tales & Sketches (1929)
 Writ in sand (1932)
 Portrait of a dictator: Francisco Solano Lopez (1933)
 Mirages (1936)
 Rodeo: A Collection of the Tales and Sketches (1936)
 Reincarnation: The Best Short Stories of R. B. Cunninghame Graham (1979) posthumous

Further reading
 Hubbard, Tom (1982), "Revaluation: R.B. Cunninghame Grahame", in Murray, Glen (ed.), Cencrastus No. 8, Spring 1982, pp. 27 - 30,
 Munro, Lachlan (ed.) (2017), An Eagle in a Henhouse: Selected Political Speeches and Writings of R.B. Cunninghame Graham, Ayton Publishing Ltd., Turriff,
 Munro, Lachlan (2022), R.B. Cunninhame Graham and Scotland: Party, Prose and Political Aesthetic, Edinburgh University Press,
 Sassi, Carla & Stroh, Silke (2017), Empires and Revolutions: Cunninghame Graham and his Contemporaries, Scottish Literature International, Glasgow
 Taylor, Anne (2005), The People's Laird, The Tobias Press
 Watts, Cedric & Davies, Laurence (1979), Cunninghame Graham: A Critical Biography, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Footnotes

Bibliographies
A bibliography of the first editions of the works of Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham, compiled with a foreword by Leslie Chaundy, London: Dulau, & Co. 1924
Cunninghame Graham and Scotland: an annotated bibliography, John Walker, Dollar: Douglas S. Mack, 1980

References

The Adventures of Don Roberto A Caledonia TV production for BBC Scotland, broadcast on BBC2 2008-12-15.
The People's Laird: A Life of Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham by Anne Taylor, The Tobias Press, 2005
Gaucho Laird: The Life of R.B. Don Roberto Cunninghame Graham, by Jean Cunninghame Graham, Long Riders' Guild, 2004
R.B. Cunninghame Graham: Fighter for Justice, by Ian M. Fraser (privately published 2002)
Revaluation: R.B. Cunninghame Graham, by Tom Hubbard, in Cencrastus No. 8, Spring 1982, pp. 27 – 30,
R.B. Cunninghame Graham, by Cedric Watts, Boston, Mass.: G. K. Hall, Twayne, 1983.
Cunninghame Graham: A Centenary Study, Hugh MacDiarmid, with a foreword by R.E. Muirhead, Glasgow: Caledonian Press, 1952
Cunninghame Graham: A Critical Biography, Cedric Watts and Laurence Davies, Cambridge [Eng.], New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979
Don Roberto: being the account of the life and works of R. B. Cunninghame Graham, 1852–1936, A. F. Tschiffely, London, Toronto: William Heinemann, 1937
A Modern Conquistador: Cunninghame Graham His Life and Works, by Herbert Faulkner West, Cranley Day, 1932
Don Roberto: vida y obra de R. B. Cunninghame Graham, 1852–1936, A. F. Tschiffely; versión castellana de Julio E. Payró, Buenos Aires: Guillermo Kraft, 1946
El Escocés Errante: R. B. Cunninghame Graham, Alicia Jurado, Buenos Aires: Emecé Editores, c1978
Robert and Gabriela Cunninghame Graham, Alexander Maitland, Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons Ltd, 1983
The Friendship between W.H. Hudson and Cunninghame Graham; translation of an article ... in the Buenos Aires illustrated weekly Acquí Está, José Luis Lanuza, Argentina: Florencio Varela, n.d.
Lecture on R.B. Cunninghame Graham for the Anglo-Argentine Society, 24 January 1979, Jean Polwarth, London: n.p., 1979
Jorge Luis Borges Lecture on R. B. Cunninghame Graham for the Anglo Argentinian Society, 30 September 1986, Alicia Jurado, Royal Society of Arts, London: n.p., 1986
Personalidad de Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham: extracto de la tesis doctoral ... en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Madrid sobre: Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham : personalidad del autor y estudio crítico de sus ensayos, Julio Llorens Ebrat., Madrid: Florencio Varela, 1963
Testimonio a Roberto B. Cunninghame Graham, Buenos Aires: P.E.N. Club Argentino, 1941
The North American Sketches of R. B. Cunninghame Graham, John Walker (ed.), Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press, 1987
The Scottish Sketches of R.B. Cunninghame Graham, John Walker (ed.), Edinburgh, Scottish Academic Press, 1982
The South American Sketches of R. B. Cunninghame Graham, John Walker (ed.), Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1985
An Eagle In a Hen-House: Selected Political Speeches and Writings of R. B. Cunninghame Graham, Lachlan Munro, The Deveron Press, 2017.
Joseph Conrad's Letters to R. B. Cunninghame Graham, Cedric Watts (ed.), London, Cambridge University Press, 1969
South London Chronicle, 9 June 1888, page 7, SHRA Conference (Tuesday).Empires & Revolutions: Cunninghame Graham & His Contemporaries.' Carla Sassi and Silke Stroh (Eds.) 2017, ASLS.

External links

Archival collections
 Guide to the Anne Elizabeth Bontine Diaries and Other Materials. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.

Other
Biographical Profile at ElectricScotland.com
The Cunninghame Graham Collection Series
Rare Reprints – Cunninghame Graham

R. B. Cunninghame Graham, Rauner Special Collection, Dartmouth College Library, N.H.
Canning House Special Collection – R. B. Cunninghame Graham
Slainte: Information & Libraries Scotland – Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham
The Cunninghame Graham Collection

First Foot – Cunninghame-Graham
Los Caballos de la Conquista – Robert Cunninghame Graham
Robert Cunninghame-Graham by Raymond Vettese
Robert_Bontine_Cunninghame_Graham_1852-1936
National Portrait Gallery
Gartmore House – history
Finlaystone House – history
Cross party support to honour Scottish Hero Robert Cunninghame Graham

1852 births
1936 deaths
Anglo-Scots
Writers from London
People educated at Harrow School
Presidents of the Scottish National Party
Scottish journalists
Scottish explorers
Scottish politicians
Scottish nationalists
19th-century Scottish writers
20th-century Scottish writers
Scottish travel writers
20th-century Scottish historians
Scottish biographers
Scottish essayists
Scottish socialists
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Scottish translators
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1886–1892
Deaths from pneumonia in Argentina
Scottish Labour Party (1888) politicians
British political party founders
19th-century Scottish historians

Cunninghame Graham


The halogens or halogen elements () are a group in the periodic table consistin o five chemically relatit elements, fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), an astatine (At). The airtifeecially creatit element 117 (ununseptium) mey an aa be a halogen. In the modren IUPAC nomenclatur, this group is kent as group 17.

The group o halogens is the anly periodic table group that contains elements in aw three familiar states o matter at staundart temperatur an pressur. Aw o the halogens furm acids when bondit tae hydrogen. Maist halogens are typically produced frae minerals or sauts. The middle halogens, that is, chlorine, bromine an iodine, are eften uised as disinfectants. The halogens are an aa aw toxic.

Chemical element groups

Halogen


Achondroplasia is a form of Dwarfism. It is part of the chondrodystrophies or osteochondrodysplasias family which makes bones in a human's skeleton be too short or grow too slowly. It often affects the femur and humerus. It is caused by a dominant allele. That means only one parent has to have the gene. This gives a child a 50% chance of getting the condition. If both parents have the gene the chances are increased to 75%, but in 25% of the cases, it is very unlikely that the child would live more than a few months. However, the condition can also occur without either parent having the gene. Achondroplasia is caused by a change in the DNA for fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. This change affects the making of cartilage. Now that the part of the DNA that causes the condition is known, there is hope that new treatments may be developed.

Genetic disorders
Growth disorders

Achondroplasia


Plot summary

The story is set on a separatist Earth colony where the society is becoming dominated by mutants with psionic abilities. The colony is protected from Earth by an enormously powerful but infantile mutant called Big Noodle. The central character is a precog, Curtis or Curt, who uncovers the existence of 'anti-psi's' - humans with the ability to cancel out or nullify the powers of the psionic mutants.

He attempts to get the non-psychic or 'Norm'-led government to officially recognize the anti-psi's, knowing that this could balance out the corrupting power that the psi's would soon possess over the rest of humanity. He is thwarted, however, by the powerful psi Corps of mutants, who murder his anti-psi lover, Patricia Ann Connley or Pat.

Curt has a young son, Tim, who, though seemingly a somewhat autistic, untalented 'norm', is actually the ultimate precog. This is due to both his ability to travel in time and his power to change the course of events as well. In the end, an older Tim appears to his father from the future, telling him that he was right about the need to balance the power of the psi's. His compassion for his father in the wake of Curt's recent loss compels him to alter the timeline in a very specific way.

Notes
Dick very much disliked the insistence of people like John W. Campbell, that stories should positively portray psionics (beings with extrasensory powers as telepathy, telekinesis and precognition). This story was one of his replies, showing the price of these talents, and the distorted personalities that could result - chiefly through the perspective of a withdrawn little boy.
The character of Tim is a precursor to Manfred Steiner, a character in Dicks's 1964 novel, Martian Time-Slip.   It is one of four of his short stories to be expanded into a novel.
Philip K. Dick's 1969 novel Ubik contained characters who were anti-psis, one of whom shares the name Patricia Conley.

References

External links

"A World of Talent" at the Internet Archive

Short stories by Philip K. Dick
1954 short stories
Works originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction

A World of Talent


A Vernier scale is a way to get a much better result when measuring how long something is or the size of an angle.

Sometimes when measuring things we need to get our measurement as accurate as possible. Accuracy is important in surveying the land, navigation of ships, making parts for machines like car engines, looking at stars and planets in astronomy and when doing experiments in science.

The working of Vernier scale
Length has been measured with a straight ruler for hundreds of years. It measures up to 0.01cm. If the object we are measuring is somewhere in between two of the marks on our ruler then we would have to estimate where between the two marks to take the measurement. A Vernier scale on our ruler does this last fine piece of measuring between the two marks for us.

So , for example if the measurement with our eye said it was between 1.5 and 1.6 centimeters, we would look at the Vernier and we would be able to say the measure is actually 1.57, something it would be vary hard to see with the eye alone.

When measuring angles the same problem occurs and a vernier may be part of a device to measure fine angles in between two of the marks on the scale.

We don't need to be sharp eyed to read the Vernier scale because its marks are almost as big as our main measuring scale. We just count how many marks there are to the next place where there is a mark on both the main and vernier scales that are exactly lined up. That number of marks tells us the size of the small extra measurement.

Tools

Vernier scale


Brian Samuel Epstein (; 19 September 1934 – 27 August 1967) was an English businessman. Epstein was the manager of The Beatles, who became the most popular rock band in the world during the 1960s.

Early life
Epstein started out to become an actor, and went to school at RADA (the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art) with future movie stars Peter O'Toole and Susannah York. He was not happy at school, though, and quit to work in his family's furniture stores in Liverpool. He was a skillful salesman, and loved classical music. When his family opened a record department in one of their stores, Epstein was put in charge. The department was so successful that the family decided to open a whole store to sell music and records. This was named NEMS, for North End Music Stores, and Epstein became its boss. This store was also a big success.

Popular music, rock and roll especially, sold better than classical music, and Epstein wanted to sell what the public would buy most. He began to stock rock and roll records, and record buyers around England liked Epstein and his store. Some of his customers were members of bands, looking for new music to play or to pass the time, and came often to the store. Among those bands were the early Beatles.

Epstein was Jewish and homosexual.

The Beatles
Late in 1961, when a fan asked Epstein about a record the Beatles had made in Germany, Epstein was unable to find it through his sources. When he learned the band were playing at the Cavern Club not far away, Epstein visited them there, and was impressed by their act. He found out what he needed to know to get the record, so NEMS could sell copies. Epstein also discovered that the band had no manager, but they wanted one, and their main goal was to get a recording contract in England. Epstein became their manager.

Epstein used his sales ability to get the band more and better jobs playing music. He also used his position (as manager of one of the leading music stores in northern England) to make contact with different record labels, hoping to get the Beatles signed up. An audition with Decca Records on New Year's Day 1962 sounded hopeful, but Decca decided to turn the band down, as did most of the labels Epstein approached.

Decca gave Epstein a copy of the band's demo (demonstration) tape, which he used to promote them, but could not find anyone interested. He thought an actual record might work better than the tape, so he went to have a test record made. The recording engineer who made the record told Epstein about George Martin, who worked for EMI's Parlophone Records and had been looking for a rock band to record. Martin liked what he heard well enough to offer the band another audition.

The Beatles passed their EMI audition as a group, and signed a contract with Parlophone. Drummer Pete Best did not meet Martin's standards, though, and Martin planned to use a studio drummer instead on their records. When the band found out, they asked Epstein to fire Best, and they replaced him with Ringo Starr, who quit another band to join them.

Over the next year (1963), The Beatles became the most popular recording act in Britain and Europe, and then in America during 1964. Following their success, Epstein signed up other bands and singers, including Gerry and the Pacemakers, Cilla Black, Billy J. Kramer and the Remo Four. Each found success and hit records, but none became as popular as the Beatles. Epstein started a management company, NEMS Enterprises (named after the music store), who later signed up the Bee Gees, Jimi Hendrix, and Cream.

Like many pop stars, Epstein also had fans, and gave away signed photographs of himself. He published an autobiography (his life story) in 1964, with help from Derek Taylor, who was the Beatles's press agent. Epstein was still interested in theater, and he bought the Saville Theatre in London, which presented plays and rock concerts.

Death
As time went on, Epstein felt more and more stress in his working and personal lives, and turned to sleeping pills, to help him cope. During 1967, he became afraid that the Beatles would not stay with him when their management contract expired (ended) that year, and his insomnia increased. One weekend while the band was away in Wales, Epstein overdosed on sleeping pills, and died in his sleep.

An autopsy concluded that Epstein did not commit suicide, but accidentally took too many sleeping pills over a long period of time, without giving the pills a chance to clear out of his body. The Beatles and all the artists he managed mourned his death. It was said later that losing him was the beginning of the Beatles breakup, which happened in 1970.

References

1935 births
1967 deaths
British autobiographers
British Jews
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
English businesspeople
English LGBT people
Gay Jews
Jewish businesspeople
LGBT businesspeople
People from Liverpool
The Beatles

Brian Epstein


Simon & Simon is an American crime drama television series that originally ran from November 24, 1981, to September 16, 1989. The series was broadcast on CBS, and starred Gerald McRaney and Jameson Parker as two disparate brothers who operate a two-person detective agency in San Diego.

Premise
The show revolves around the decisively polar-opposite Simon brothers, Rick (McRaney) and Andrew Jackson/"A.J." (Parker). Together, the brothers run a private investigator agency in San Diego, California, during the 1980s. Their contrasting approaches to investigations and subsequent personality conflicts provide much of the drama and comedy in each week's episode. The brothers have genuine love for one another as well as intense loyalty and will go to great lengths to protect one another.

Rick is a United States Marine Corps Vietnam War veteran with an earthy, plain-speaking personality and a penchant for cowboy boots, denim, and pickup trucks. He lives on a boat in his brother A.J.'s yard. In contrast, A.J. is a college graduate with a polished, preppy look and a taste for classic cars. A.J. is a practicing Catholic while Rick is not, and though A.J. is a stickler for rules in life and at work, Rick is more of a free spirit with street smarts. Their odd couple style differences extend even to their cars, with Rick's Dodge Power Wagon used in one episode ("Love, Christy" (Season 1, Episode 2)) to crush the engine of a car contrasting with A.J.'s 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air convertible and customized Camaros (Chevrolet Camaro Z28 and 1968 Chevrolet Camaro RS) in the two-part episode, "Pirate's Key".

Although Rick is a few years older than A.J., McRaney and Parker were both born in 1947 and have only a three-month age difference.

Cast

Main
 Gerald McRaney as Rick Simon
 Jameson Parker as A.J. Simon
 Mary Carver as Cecilia Simon, the brothers' mother
 Eddie Barth as Myron Fowler (seasons 1–2), A.J.'s ex-boss and their more successful competitor
 Jeannie Wilson as Janet Fowler (season 1–2, regular; seasons 3 and 6, guest), Myron's daughter. She works for her father, attends law school and helps the Simons from time to time, much to her father's annoyance. During season two, she works as an assistant D.A.
 Tim Reid as Lieutenant Marcel Proust "Downtown" Brown (seasons 3–6), the Simons' friend in the police department
 Joan McMurtrey as Lieutenant Abigail Marsh (seasons 7–8)

Recurring
 Daphne Reid as reporter Temple Hill (1983–1987)
 Scott Murphy as Police Officer Nixon (1984–1988)
 Donna Jepsen as Officer Susie Jepsen (1985–1989)
 Marlowe, their pet dog

Episodes

Production

Development

The original 1978 television pilot, called Pirate's Key, was set in Florida. When CBS picked up the show, the characters' home was changed from Florida to San Diego, California, where the show was filmed for the first season.  Due to the production costs and low ratings, filming and production moved to Los Angeles, although the show continued to be set in San Diego for the course of its eight-year run on CBS.

The series was created by executive producer Philip DeGuere, who credited his inspirations to a request from a CBS executive to create something like a modern "Butch and Sundance", and a spec pilot DeGuere had recently read about a divorced husband and wife detective team written by Bob Shayne, whom DeGuere hired to write during the first two seasons. Shayne continued to write episodes for the series during its run, and together, they went on to create the CBS series Whiz Kids.

Original run
Simon & Simon was almost canceled in 1982 due to low ratings. However, at DeGuere and Shayne's request, CBS decided to give the series another chance by moving it to Thursday nights at 9 p.m., following Magnum, P.I. The new season began with a two-hour cross-over episode with a story that began on the already popular Magnum and continued on (the mostly unknown) Simon & Simon, in an attempt to carry Magnums audience over to Simon & Simon. (see below) The effort worked, and the show's ratings quickly rose; it became a hit in that slot and continued to draw ratings for the next several seasons.  Simon and Simon's peak years in the ratings were seasons 2–4,  where it landed at no. 7, no. 5 and no. 7 respectively.  In September 1984, The Cosby Show premiered in the 8 p.m. time slot against "Magnum" and was an immediate ratings hit and also substantially increased the ratings of the following NBC comedy shows, such as Cheers airing at 9 p.m. against "Simon & Simon".  "Simon & Simon" fell to 29th in the 85–86 season and never recovered.

Simon & Simon moved to Saturday nights late in its run, and the ratings dropped considerably. CBS only committed to a 13-episode season for the fall of 1988 but cancelled the series with two episodes left unaired, including the series finale. That episode did not air until the show entered syndication.

Theme music
For the first season, the song "Best of Friends", composed by Linda Creed and Barry De Vorzon and performed by the Thrasher Brothers, served as the series' theme song. More specifically, the instrumental version of "Best of Friends" appeared at the beginning of each episode (and short clips of the instrumental version occasionally appeared within episodes, even after the first season), while the lyrical version appeared at the conclusion of each episode.

At the beginning of the second season, the second and more recognizable instrumental theme song, composed by Barry De Vorzon (who had previously composed the theme to the 1970s police drama, S.W.A.T.) and Michael Towers, was introduced. The theme consists primarily of an electric bottle-slide guitar lead with a saxophone interlude and remained until the last episode of the final season.

Both theme songs had extended versions released; the Thrasher Brothers in 1982, and De Vorzon/Towers's version in 1984.

Crossover with Magnum, P.I.

The episode "Emeralds Are Not a Girl's Best Friend" concludes a crossover that begins on the Magnum, P.I. episode "Ki'is Don't Lie", wherein Higgins helps the Simons track the woman with stolen Hawaiian artifacts to Latin America. For repeat and syndication purposes, a second conclusion was also shot, wherein the fleeing villain is caught, allowing the Magnum episode to be wrapped up and the episode to be rerun as a "stand alone" episode. Consequently, the Simon & Simon concluding hour, "Emeralds Are Not a Girl's Best Friend", did not appear in reruns for many years, nor did the original broadcast version of "Ki'Is Don't Lie". Both original versions have since been released on DVD.

Additionally, A.J. Simon appeared on the Whiz Kids episode "Deadly Access". In return, the Whiz Kids characters Richie Adler, Hamilton Parker, Jeremy Saldino, Alice Parker, and Irene Adler appeared on the Simon & Simon episode "Fly the Alibi Skies" the following night.

Home media
On October 10, 2006, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of Simon & Simon on DVD in Region 1. Due to poor sales, no subsequent seasons were immediately released, because of the synthesized background music scores, where it had entirely replaced the original music scores, due to music licensing issues.

In Fall 2008, Shout! Factory announced that they had acquired the distribution rights through an agreement with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.  They subsequently released seasons 2–8 on DVD, with seasons 5-8 originally released as Shout! exclusives.

Season 5 was re-released as a general retail release on May 9, 2017.  Season 6 was re-released in general retail on September 19, 2017.  Season 7 was re-released on November 14, 2017, Season 8 was re-released on December 12, 2017.

Mill Creek Entertainment released two "best-of" collections of Simon & Simon. On January 18, 2011, they released Simon & Simon – The Best of Season Two, while on July 19, 2011 they released Simon & Simon – The Best of Season Three.

In Region 4, Madman Entertainment released Season 1 on DVD in Australia on July 6, 2011.

♦- Shout! Factory Exclusives title, sold exclusively through Shout's online store

Reunion movie and cultural references

Simon & Simon: In Trouble Again (1995)
In this reunion movie, which premiered on February 23, 1995 some years have passed, and a now divorced A.J. (whose ex-wife is Janet Fowler from original series) works in Seattle as an attorney. Rick stops by to visit en route to delivering an expensive yacht. The trouble starts when the yacht is hijacked—with Rick and A.J.'s mother Cecilia on board.

The Greatest Event in Television History (2012)
The Greatest Event in Television History premiered on Adult Swim, on October 12, 2012. Hosted by Jeff Probst, the program went behind the scenes during the making of a shot-for-shot remake of the Simon & Simon opening sequence with Adam Scott and Jon Hamm in the roles of A.J. and Rick, respectively. The special also featured the appearances of Paul Rudd, Gus van Sant, Megan Mullally, Paul Scheer, and Kathryn Hahn.

References

External links

1980s American crime drama television series
1980s American mystery television series
1981 American television series debuts
1989 American television series endings
CBS original programming
English-language television shows
Television duos
Fictional private investigators
Television series by Universal Television
Television shows set in San Diego
American detective television series
Television series about brothers
Fictional portrayals of the San Diego Police Department

Simon & Simon


George Michael Moser  (17 January 1706 – 24 January 1783) was a renowned artist and enameller of the 18th century, father of celebrated floral painter Mary Moser, and, with his daughter, among the founder members of the Royal Academy in 1768.

Biography
He was the son of Michael Moser, an eminent Swiss engineer and worker in metal. Moser was born in Schaffhausen, Switzerland and trained initially as a coppersmith in Geneva. He later learnt additional skills as a chaser, goldsmith and engraver.

He moved to London during the 1720s and married Mary Guynier. Surviving metal works by him include elaborate gold snuffboxes and watch-cases (including movements by noted watchmakers George Philip Strigel and John Ellicott, among others), and silver candlesticks in the Rococo style.

He subsequently rose to be head of his profession as a gold-chaser, medallist, and enameller, and was particularly distinguished for the compositions in enamel with which he ornamented the backs of watches, bracelets, and other trinkets. A beautiful example of this work was a watch-case executed for Queen Charlotte, adorned with whole-length figures of her two eldest children, for which he received 'a hatful of guineas.' Moser was drawing-master to George III during his boyhood, and on his accession to the throne was employed to engrave his first great seal. When the art school afterwards known as the St. Martin's Lane Academy was established about 1736, in Greyhound Court, Strand, he became manager and treasurer, and continued in that position until the school was absorbed in the Royal Academy.

Moser was an original member, and afterwards a director, of the Incorporated Society of Artists, whose seal he designed and executed, and was one of the 21 directors whose retirement, in 1767, led to the establishment of the Royal Academy. To Moser's zeal and energy the latter event was largely due. In association with William Chambers, Benjamin West, and Francis Cotes, he framed the constitution of the new body, and on 28 November 1768, presented the memorial to the king asking for his patronage.

He became a foundation member, and was elected the first keeper, having rooms assigned to him in Somerset House. For this position he was well qualified by his powers as a draughtsman and knowledge of the human figure, while his ability and devotion as a teacher gained for him the strong affection of the pupils. He taught many notable artists including William Blake. Another student was his nephew Joseph Moser.

Moser was greatly esteemed in private life, and enjoyed the friendship of Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, and other literary celebrities of his day. According to Boswell, he once greatly mortified Goldsmith by stopping him in the middle of a vivacious harangue with the exclamation, 'Stay, stay! Toctor Shonson's going to say something'.

He died at Somerset House on 24 January 1783, and was buried in the churchyard of St Paul's, Covent Garden, his funeral being attended by almost all his fellow-academicians and pupils. On the day after Moser's death a notice of him from the pen of Sir Joshua Reynolds was published, in which he was described as the first goldchaser in the kingdom, possessed of a universal knowledge of all branches of painting and sculpture, and 'in every sense the father of the present race of artists.'

Family
He left an only daughter, Mary Moser.

References

Attribution

External links

1706 births
1783 deaths
Royal Academicians
English enamellers
Swiss enamellers
18th-century enamellers
English goldsmiths
Keepers of the Royal Academy
People from Schaffhausen

George Michael Moser


Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony is a 1999 documentary by Ken Burns produced for National Public Radio and  WETA. The documentary explores the movement for women's suffrage in the United States in the 19th century, focusing on leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. It won a Peabody Award in 1999. It was released on VHS on November 9, 1999.

Events covered in the documentary
 The revolution
 "I wish you were a boy" The status of women in the mid-1850s
 A drudge or a doll
 Connections to the abolitionist movement
 Temperance and reform
 Mental Hunger - the restrictions leading to activism
 The Seneca Falls Convention on women's rights
 "A caged lion" - Susan B. Anthony
 Women's Souls
 The Woman's National Loyal League and the American Civil War
 The 15th amendment and women's rights
 The Revolution (newspaper)
 Done It! Women's rights before the courts
 Spreading the Word
 Making History
 Division and unity - the American Woman Suffrage Association and the NWSA merge
 Self Sovereignty - a philosophy of freedom
 The Woman's Bible - a challenge to religion
 Anthony's death
 The franchise comes

References

External links

American documentary films
Films directed by Ken Burns
Documentary films about feminism
Documentary films about United States history
Peabody Award-winning broadcasts
Media about women's suffrage in the United States
Films about activists
Susan B. Anthony
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1990s American films

Not for Ourselves Alone


A "dozen" is a unit of measurement. It means twelve (12) items of something. The term goes back to duodecim, which means 12 in  Latin. Humans might have started to count on a base 12 because there are approximately 12 cycles of the moon in one cycle of the sun. In other words, a solar year has 12 months. The first to have used the unit were probably the Mesopotamians.

12 dozen  (144 items) are a gross. 12 gross (1728 items) are called a great gross.
A great hundred is 120 or ten dozen (a dozen for each finger on both hands).

The dozen is convenient because its multipliers and multiples are convenient: 12 = 3 × 2 × 2, and 360 = 30 × 12. The French word douzaine means "about twelve" and is part of a family of words with similar meanings, e.g. vingtaine – "about 20"  centaine – "about 100"  etc. A baker's dozen, also known as a long dozen, is thirteen.

Examples:

I have a dozen doughnuts

There is a dozen members in a team

Numbers

Dozen


Anne of Austria, Infanta of Spain, Infanta of Portugal, Archduchess of Austria (Ana María Mauricia; 22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666), Anne d'Autriche in French, was Queen consort of France and Navarre. She also acted as a regent for her son, Louis XIV of France. During her regency (1643–1651) Cardinal Mazarin served as France's chief minister.

Life

Early life

The birth of Anne of Austria was at Benavente Palace in Valladolid, Spain. She came into the world just five days before her future husband, Louis XIII. She was baptized Ana María Mauricia. She was the oldest daughter of Habsburg parents, Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria. She was called the Infanta of Spain and of Portugal, Archduchess of Austria, Princess of Burgundy and of the Low Countries. Anne's mother died early at the Valladolid. She died after giving birth to a third daughter, Marguerite. Anne was 11 years old when she was betrothed to Louis XIII. Her father, Philip, gave her a dowry of 500,000 crowns. He also gave her a great number of beautiful jewels. They had some fears that Louis XIII would die early. Anne's father said that if this happened, Anne must return to Spain with her dowry, jewels, and wardrobe. Shortly after, on November 1615, Anne and Louis were married separately, but to one another. This is called a proxy marriage. They were both 14 years old.

Marriage life

Louis's mother, Marie de' Medici, continued to be the Queen of France. She did not discuss things with her daughter-in-law. Anne, with her Spanish ladies-in-waiting, continued to live according to Spanish custom. She failed to improve her French.

The duc de Luynes tried to make the queen and king closer. He sent away the Spanish ladies and hired French ones instead. Some of the more famous ones are the princesse de Conti and Marie de Rohan-Montbazon, the duchesse de Chevreuse. She was his wife. He also organised court events that would bring the queen and king together more happily. Anne began to dress in the French manner.

However, a number of 'wretched miscarriages' again made their relations cold. On 14 March 1622, while playing with her ladies, Anne fell on the stairs. She suffered her second miscarriage. Louis angrily blamed her. He was also upset with Mme de Luynes for not being careful enough. After this, the King grew to dislike the influence the duchesse de Luynes had over Anne. He disliked the duchesse even more when Luynes died (December 1621). Anne remained without a child for 16 more years.

Through his life Louis had a cool behaviour towards Anne. He was always fearful that his wife "had a great passion for the interests of Spain". In 1625 the English George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, shocked the French court by admitting his passion for Anne. Madame de Motteville said that, "if a respectable woman could love a man other than her husband, it would have been Buckingham".

Birth of an heir

Surprisingly, while there was such a strain between Anne and Louis at this time, Anne suddenly had a baby. Suspicious people suggested that Cardinal Richelieu was the child's parent. Another, more likely suggestion, was that there was one night with a storm that stopped Louis from going to Saint-Maur and made him sleep with the queen instead. This was the night of 5 December 1637. However, the official newspaper, the Gazette de France, does not mention if they slept in the same room.

A royal birthing-bed was made ready. It was three feet wide, and had two long sticks made of wood for Anne to hold while she was giving birth to her baby. On 4 Saturday September, Anne finally went into labor. She gave birth in the sight of the court. This was so that if her child was a boy, it would not be changed for a girl, or a living baby to a dead one. The child was safely delivered. The Gazette de France called it "a marvel when it was least expected", and Anne had a son for the first time in 22 years.

The queen's joy in Louis was very great. One of her servants said, "She takes great joy in playing with him ... it is her great pleasure in life." There are a great number of suggestions as why she did not show such a great love for Monsieur, her second son.

Almost exactly two years after Louis, Anne had another son, Philippe. He was born on 22 September 1640. He was known as 'Monsieur'. This was the official title for the king's second son.

It is said that Anne of Austria died from breast cancer in a convent. Her lady-in-waiting, Madame de Motteville, wrote the story of the queen's life in her Mémoires d'Anne d'Autriche.

Children with King Louis XIII

 Louis Dieudonné of France, King of France from 1643-1715, Le Roi Soleil (5 September 1638–1 September 1715) married Maria Theresa of Austria and had children;
 Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, Monsieur (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) married Henrietta of England and had children, then married Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate and again had children.

References

1601 births
People from Valladolid
1666 deaths
Habsburg Dynasty
House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens consort of France

Anne of Austria


The Illinois River is a river in the United States. It is in the state of Illinois. It is an important tributary of the Mississippi River. The length of the river is about 439 km.

Geography
The source of the river is in northeastern Illinois, near the city of Joliet. It flows west across Illinois, then southwest. It passes the city of Peoria, the largest city on the river.

It flows into southwestern Illinois. It joins the Mississippi River 40 km north of Saint Louis, Missouri.
There is separate Illinois river that runs through the northernmost edge of Oklahoma.

The river was used for transportation by the Native Americans. It was also used by early French trappers. It was an important route between the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes.

In the 19th century a canal was built that connected the river to Lake Michigan. Large ships now use this canal to go from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River. The canal goes through the city of Chicago. It is one of the reasons that Chicago became a big city.

Rivers of Illinois

Illinois River


A demi-brigade () is a military formation used by the French Army since the French Revolutionary Wars. The Demi-brigade amalgamated the various infantry organizations of the French Revolutionary infantry into a single unit.  Each one was headed by a chef de brigade.

The term "Demi-brigade" was chosen to avoid the feudal ancien régime connotations of the term "Régiment".  Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the term to be abandoned in 1803, and the demi-brigades were renamed "régiments".  The term was reused by certain later units in the French Army, such as the 13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade, the only permanent demi-brigade in the modern French Army.

Background

The French Legislative Assembly voted to declare war on Austria on 20 April 1792, and Prussia joined the war against France.  1792 ended well for France, having conquered the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) and parts of Germany.  However, by early 1793, having guillotined Louis XVI of France on 21 January, France found itself at war with a coalition including Great Britain, the German States, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, and Spain in addition to Austria and Prussia.

By mid-1793, France had lost all the conquests of 1792, was fighting on multiple fronts, and threatened with invasion.  In an effort to reverse the setbacks, France took a number of measures. In late August 1793, instigated by Lazare Carnot, France introduced the levée en masse, a mass conscription of young unmarried men.  Also in late August, a law was passed to amalgamate the infantry, which saw the formation of Demi-brigades, a concept that would be made permanent in 1794, when the first demi-brigades were raised under the Revolutionary Army.

One division was made up of three brigades and one brigade was made up of 3 demi-brigades, each made up of 3 battalions and the headquarters unit.

Demi-brigade

The main problem faced by the French Revolution infantry was a lack of unity. The Army included three main types of infantry, all with different uniforms, organizations, equipment, and rates of pay:
regular infantry inherited from the old Royal regiments of the King, relatively well trained and equipped, dressed in white uniforms and wearing tarleton helmets
national guard units, less well-trained or equipped, with blue uniforms
fédéré volunteer battalions, poorly trained and equipped, with no uniform other than a red phrygian cap and a cockade of France
The variations between units created logistical problems, and animosity (due to different rates of pay) among units.

The purpose of the Demi-brigade was to blend all three formations into a single unit, with identical equipment, organization, pay, and uniforms. A Demi-brigade consisted of three infantry battalions: one battalion of regulars (from old Royal regiments), and two battalions of either volunteers or national guards. Each battalion had the same organization of one company of grenadiers (heavy infantry) and eight companies of fusiliers (regular infantry). On paper, a Demi-brigade would have 2,437 men and four six-pounder cannons.

The levée en masse had swelled the ranks of the French army, so by August 1794 over a million men (1,075,000) were under arms. The Demi-brigade created a streamlined and simple method of organizing the infantry. Due to the current war situation, Demi-brigades were not formed until early 1794. Separate Demi-brigades were organised as line infantry (Demi-brigade de Bataille, 1792–96 and Demi-brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne, 1796–1803 ) and light infantry (Demi-brigade d'Infanterie Légère); all lacked uniformity in either weapons or equipment.  As the French Revolutionary Wars progressed, demi-brigades were issued with specific coloured uniform jackets.

By late 1794, France had completed the re-conquest of the Austrian Netherlands and Rhineland of Germany.  The Demi-brigade survived the transition of the French government to the French Directory in 1795, the ending of the First Coalition in 1797 after Napoleon's successful campaigns in Italy, renewed conflict with a Second Coalition, and Napoleon seizing power in 1799 to create the French Consulate.

End of the Revolutionary Demi-brigades
Peace was restored under the Treaty of Amiens in 1802, and Napoleon ordered the reinstatement of the historic term "régiment" in 1803.  The Demi-brigades were renamed as regiments.

The term has been revived for various French Army units since the Napoleonic period.  Perhaps the most famous unit to be termed a Demi-Brigade is the 13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade, the only permanent demi-brigade in the modern French Army.

Demi-brigades in Poland
In the Second Polish Republic, demi-brigades () were organized in the ranks of Border Protection Corps (in 1927) and National Defence units (from 1937).

Notes

References
Blanning, T. C. W., The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787-1802. Arnold, 1996.
Connelly, Owen. The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1792-1815. Routledge, 2006.
Crowdy, Terry. French Revolutionary Infantry, 1789–1802. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2004.

Military units and formations of France
Military history of France

Demi-brigade


The North Sea in Stormy Weather. After Sunset. Højen () is a 1909 painting by Laurits Tuxen. Although his paintings of Skagen date from the beginning of the 20th century, Tuxen is now considered to be one of artists known as the Skagen Painters who gathered in very north of Denmark in the 1870s and 1880s.

Background

The Skagen Painters were a close-knit group of mainly Danish artists who gathered each summer from the late 1870s in the fishing village of Skagen in the far north of Jutland, painting the local fishermen and their own gatherings and celebrations. Laurits Tuxen (1853-1927), a graduate of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, first visited Skagen in 1870. After further visits in the 1870s, he finally acquired a summer residence there with his second wife Frederikke Treschow in 1901. He was not present in Skagen when the artists' colony reached its heights in the 1880s but he is now considered to be one of Skagen's most important painters, thanks to the many works he painted between 1901 and his death in 1927. He is however remembered first and foremost for his large portraits of the royal families of Europe.

Painting description

The North Sea in a Storm is a painting of the sea at Højen on the west coast of Skagen Odde. Measuring  it is one of Tuxen's largest works. As a result of its monumental size, it gives the observer the impression he is standing beside the turbulent sea, especially as the waves reach right to the bottom of the frame. The blues and greens of the sea contrast with the warm orange and yellow shades of the sky. The sun has just set, its last rays reflected in the lower waves. While many of the works of the Skagen Painters depict the beaches, Tuxen's painting is restricted to the sea itself.

The Tuxens donated the work to Skagens Museum where it is now part of the collection.

References

Further reading

1909 paintings
Paintings by Laurits Tuxen
Paintings of the Skagen Painters
20th-century paintings in Denmark
Collections of the Skagens Museum
Water in art

The North Sea in Stormy Weather


The stern is the rear part of a ship or boat.

The stern area has always been the place near the steering apparatus (rudder,  tiller, ship's wheel, etc.), and by extension became the domain of the ship's captain and other officers. In particular, the stern was the location of the officers' quarters, and during the age of sail became the most luxurious part of the ship, with rows of windows, galleries, walkways, and fine decorations. That meant that this part was rather vulnerable, and the goal of much maneuvering in battle was to achieve the stern rake, in which a ship would pour its entire broadside into the stern.

Other features of the stern included lanterns and the ensign.

Gallery

Related pages
Bow

Ship building

Stern


Paaliaq is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, John J. Kavelaars, Jean-Marc Petit, Hans Scholl, Matthew J. Holman, Brian G. Marsden,
Philip D. Nicholson and Joseph A. Burns in early October 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 2. It was named in August 2003 after a fictional shaman in the book The Curse of the Shaman, written by Michael Kusugak, who supplied Kavelaars with the names of giants from Inuit mythology that were used for other Saturnian moons.

Paaliaq is thought to be about 22 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 15,200,000 km in 687 days. It is a member of the Inuit group of non-spherical moons.

Together with Kiviuq and Siarnaq, Paaliaq has light-red colours, further supporting that the Inuit group might have been formed when a bigger body broken up.

Other websites
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages

Saturn's moons

Paaliaq (moon)


The Network Information Service, or NIS (originally called Yellow Pages or YP), is a client–server directory service protocol for distributing system configuration data such as user and host names between computers on a computer network. Sun Microsystems developed the NIS; the technology is licensed to virtually all other Unix vendors.

Because British Telecom PLC owned the name "Yellow Pages" as a registered trademark in the United Kingdom for its paper-based, commercial telephone directory, Sun changed the name of its system to NIS, though all the commands and functions still start with "yp".

A NIS/YP system maintains and distributes a central directory of user and group information, hostnames, e-mail aliases and other text-based tables of information in a computer network. For example, in a common UNIX environment, the list of users for identification is placed in  and secret authentication hashes in . NIS adds another "global" user list which is used for identifying users on any client of the NIS domain.

Administrators have the ability to configure NIS to serve password data to outside processes to authenticate users using various versions of the Unix crypt(3) hash algorithms.  However, in such cases, any NIS(0307) client can retrieve the entire password database for offline inspection.

Successor technologies
The original NIS design was seen to have inherent limitations, especially in the areas of scalability and security, so other technologies have come to replace it.

Sun introduced NIS+ as part of Solaris 2 in 1992, with the intention for it to eventually supersede NIS.  NIS+ features much stronger security and authentication features, as well as a hierarchical design intended to provide greater scalability and flexibility.  However, it was also more cumbersome to set up and administer, and was more difficult to integrate into an existing NIS environment than many existing users wished.  NIS+ has been removed from Solaris 11.

As a result, many users choose to stick with NIS, and over time other modern and secure distributed directory systems, most notably Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), came to replace it. For example, slapd (the standalone LDAP daemon) generally runs as a non-root user, and SASL-based encryption of LDAP traffic is natively supported.

On large LANs, DNS servers may provide better nameserver functionality than NIS or LDAP can provide, leaving just site-wide identification information for NIS master and slave systems to serve. However, some functionssuch as the distribution of netmask information to clients, as well as the maintenance of e-mail aliasesmay still be performed by NIS or LDAP.  NIS maintains an NFS database information file as well as so called maps.

See also

 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
 Hesiod (name service)
 Name Service Switch (NSS)
 Network information system, for a broader use of NIS to manage other system and networks

References

External links

 RHEL 9 will remove support for NIS Alexander Bokovoy, Sr. Principal Software Engineer slide show

Unix network-related software
Sun Microsystems software
Network management
Directory services
Inter-process communication

Network Information Service


The Video Buffering Verifier (VBV) is a theoretical MPEG video buffer model, used to ensure that an encoded video stream can be correctly buffered, and played back at the decoder device.

By definition, the VBV shall not overflow nor underflow when its input is a compliant stream, (except in the case of low_delay). It is therefore important when encoding such a stream that it comply with the VBV requirements.

One way to think of the VBV is to consider both a maximum bitrate and a maximum buffer size. You'll need to know how quickly the video data is coming into the buffer. Keep in mind that video data is always changing the bitrate so there is no constant number to note how fast the data is arriving. The larger question is how long before the buffer overflows. A larger buffer size simply means that the decoder will tolerate high bitrates for longer periods of time, but no buffer is infinite, so eventually even a large buffer will overflow.

Operation Modes
There are two operational modes of VBV: Constant Bit Rate (CBR) and Variable Bit Rate (VBR). In CBR, the decoder's buffer is filled over time at a constant data rate. In VBR, the buffer is filled at a non-constant rate. In both cases, data is removed from the buffer in varying chunks, depending on the actual size of the coded frames.

Standards
In the H.264 and VC-1 standards, the VBV is replaced with generalized version called Hypothetical Reference Decoder (HRD).

References
MPEG Tutorial - Video Buffering Verifier

Film and video technology
MPEG

Video buffering verifier


An identity  document is any document that may be used to prove a person's identity. If issued in a small, standard credit card size form, it is usually called an identity card (IC, ID card, citizen card) or passport card. Some countries issue formal identity documents as national identification cards.

Many countries require all foreigners to have a passport or national identity card from their home country available at all times if they do not have a residence permit in the country.

The shape and size of identity cards were standardized in 1985 by ISO/IEC 7810. Some modern identity documents are smart cards including a difficult-to-forge embedded integrated circuit that were standardized in 1988 by ISO/IEC 7816. New technologies allow identity cards to contain biometric information, such as a photograph; face, hand, or iris measurements; or fingerprints. Many countries now issue electronic identity cards.

Identity cards allow officials to look up security data on a person in the host country's information system. Photos of the person's head are scanned into the system to prevent identity theft. A scanned photograph of the face gives a unique series of numbers which identifies that particular individual.

The earliest identity document was written into law by King Henry V of England with the Safe Conducts Act 1414. For the next 500 years and before World War I, most people did not have or need an identity document.

References

Migration
Authentication methods
Official documents of the United States
Documents

Identity document


The Producers is a 1967 American satirical dark comedy cult classic movie written and directed by Mel Brooks. The movie tells the story of a theatrical producer and an accountant who want to produce a Broadway musical, but they want it to fail. They take more money from investors than they need and plan to abscond to Brazil as soon as the play closes, only to see the show turn out to be a hit.

The Producers was the first movie directed by Mel Brooks. He won an Academy Award for his screenplay. Decades later, it was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry and placed 11th on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs list. The movie was later remade by Brooks as a successful Broadway stage musical. The musical itself was adapted as a movie in 2005.

Cast
Zero Mostel as Max Bialystock, the producer and the deuteragonist
Gene Wilder as Leo Bloom, the accountant and the main protagonist
Dick Shawn as L.S.D.
Kenneth Mars as former Nazi soldier and playwright, Franz Liebkind

Other websites

1967 comedy movies
Academy Award winning movies
American black comedy movies
American satirical movies
1960s English-language movies
Movies set in Manhattan
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Mel Brooks
1960s black comedy movies

The Producers (1967 movie)


William Seelye Linton (February 4, 1856 – November 22, 1927) was an American businessman and politician who served two terms in the  U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan from 1893 to 1897.

Early life
Linton was born in St. Clair, Michigan and moved with his parents to Saginaw in 1859, where he attended the public schools. He engaged as clerk in a store at Farwell and became engaged in various activities connected with the lumber industry at Wells (now Alger).

Early political career
He was a member of the board of supervisors of Bay County for two terms. He returned to Saginaw in 1878 and engaged in the lumber business with his father and also was connected with other business enterprises. He was a member of the East Saginaw common council in 1884 and 1885. He was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives in 1887 and 1888. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Michigan on the Republican ticket in 1890, losing to Democrat John Strong, Jr.  Linton was also president of the Saginaw Water Board and was elected mayor of Saginaw in 1892.

Personal life

He married Ida M. Lowry, a native of Romeo, Michigan, though much of her life had been spent at Saginaw, both before and after her marriage. Mr. Linton was a man of affairs at home, and held the most honorable places of trust in the gift of his city, besides being prominent in Masonic circles and an officer of the organization known as the "Independent Order of foresters." They had three children: Ray, the eldest, a younger brother, and Elsie, the only daughter.

Congress
In 1892, running on the Republican Party ticket in Michigan's 8th congressional district, Linton defeated incumbent Democrat Henry M. Youmans, to be elected to the 53rd United States Congress. Linton was re-elected in 1894 to the 54th Congress, serving from March 4, 1893 to March 3, 1897. He was chairman, Committee on Ventilation and Acoustics in the 54th Congress. In 1896, Linton was defeated in the general election by Democrat Ferdinand Brucker.

In 1895, Linton along with David Swinton, visited Florida looking for opportunity investing in what was then an unsettled frontier. In West Palm Beach, which was the end of the line for the railroad, they headed south by boat. Linton and Swinton liked what they saw, and purchased what is today, much of Delray Beach, and Boynton Beach. They then returned to Michigan to recruit settlers. By the fall of that same year, they had signed up eight settlers. The settlement called Linton was established within a year, having cleared palmetto growth, planting crops, and establishing a post office and store. However, by 1897, Linton had financial trouble and sold some of his holdings to Nathan Smith Boynton to raise some money. By 1898, Linton's creditors moved to collect from Linton's settlers, who had been under the impression that he already had clear title to the land. Some settlers headed back north, and Linton's reputation suffered. Linton returned to Michigan, and the settlement was renamed Delray after Delray, Michigan the hometown of W.W. Blackmer, one of the original eight settlers.

Later career
Linton was appointed postmaster of Saginaw by U.S. President William McKinley on March 22, 1898, and recommissioned three times, serving until 1914. He was president of the Saginaw Board of Trade 1905-1911 and 1913-1917. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of Michigan in 1914, losing to Chase S. Osborn. He was appointed in 1919 a member of the Michigan State Board of Tax Commissioners and was named secretary a few weeks before his death in Lansing. He was interred in Forest Lawn Cemetery in Saginaw.

References

The Political Graveyard

1856 births
1927 deaths
Michigan postmasters
Florida pioneers
Republican Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Mayors of Saginaw, Michigan
Michigan city council members
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan
People from St. Clair, Michigan
University of Michigan Law School alumni

William S. Linton


The European Parliament (formerly European Parliamentary Assembly or Common Assembly) is the parliament of the European Union (EU). EU citizens elect its members once every five years. Together with the Council of Ministers, it is the law-making branch of the institutions of the Union. It meets in two locations: Strasbourg and Brussels .

Members
The Parliament has 751 members, called "MEPs". Each member speaks for a place in Europe, for example Paris, Denmark or Sicily. Anyone can be elected, they are elected by all the EU citizens, the people who are citizens of a country in the EU. People have been elected to Parliament since 1979, before that they came from the Parliaments of each country. Because MEPs come from different countries, they speak different languages (24 in 2013) at Parliament. They have a protected right to first language (multilingualism), and the Parliament needs many interpreters.

Unlike other international groups of politicians, MEPs do not sit in groups of countries, but they sit next to people who they share ideas with. The two largest groups are the "European People's Party-European Democrats" and the "Party of European Socialists". But these groups work together to agree, so they do not fight to make a law if the other group dislike it.

Power
The European Parliament's power depends on which area of the EU it is working in. The EU has three areas, the "Community", its representation to other countries, and things to do with police and courts. In the last two areas, it can not do much as the Council takes care of those issues, but in the Community (which is the largest area) it can change or stop any law. But the council also has to agree, and sometimes they disagree and cannot make a law.

While Parliament can change a law, it cannot start a new one, it has to ask the European Commission to do that. The European Commission works on everyday work and the Parliament has to make sure it does its job properly, if it does not Parliament can make them all leave their jobs or not allow them to spend the EU budget.

Work
When the Parliament wants to make a new law, they all vote at the same time. But before then, they make many small changes while talking with experts who know about the things that the new law will change. As in other parliaments, they do this in small meetings known as "Committees" of between 28 and 86 MEPs.

The Parliament has a President. The President is elected by the MEPs, two times every two and a half years, to organise the meetings and speak for the Parliament when meeting other leaders. Since 2022, the president has been Roberta Metsola of Malta.

History
The Parliament was made in 1952 and was then called the "Common Assembly". At this time, it did not have any power, it was only asked to comment on laws made by the "European Coal and Steel Community". In 1957, it was renamed the "European Parliamentary Assembly" and got to comment on the laws of the "European Economic Community" and the "European Atomic Energy Community". Over the following years, it was given a few powers over laws and money and it called itself the "European Parliament" in the 1960s. It wanted to be elected so it could do more, as if people voted for the people in Parliament, the Council and Commission would have to pay more attention to it (this is known as "Democratic Legitimacy", the idea that your voice is worth more if you have lots of people supporting from an election).

In 1979 it held its first election, and it gained more powers and also members because more countries joined the Communities and they elected people as well. In 1993 it was given even more, and power over the commission, when the European Union took the place of the Communities. It is now known as one of the most powerful Parliaments in the world.

Other websites

 Official web site
 Overview on the votes of MEPs
 European Parliament Office in Ireland
 UK Office of the European Parliament
 BBC News: European Parliament guide
 Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament

European Union

European Parliament


A soliloquy is a special kind of speech in a play. In a soliloquy, the character speaks to themselves. Other characters of the play are not aware of what is said. That way, the character can share certain thoughts or feelings with the audience.

There are many famous soliloquies in Shakespeare's plays. Some of those are the "To be or not to be" soliloquy in Hamlet, the "Is this a dagger" and the "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow" soliloquies in Macbeth, and the "Bottom's Dream" soliloquy in A Midsummer Night's Dream. Plays changed towards realism in the 18th century. Soliloquies became less common in plays.

References

Drama
Literature

Soliloquy


Events (things that happened)
 The nineteenth dynasty ends in Egypt in 1186.
 The Trojan War ends on the 24 April 1184 BC
 Menestheus (in legends he is the king of Athens) dies. he has ruled for 23 years. His nephew, Demophon, becomes king. (Some people think that Menestheus died before, in the 1190s BC.)

Important people
 Ramesses III of Egypt is born in 1180.

1080s BC


Ilam Province (, Ostān-e Īlām ) is ane o the 31 provinces o Iran. It is in the soothwast o the kintra, borderin Iraq. Its provincial center is the ceety o Ilam. Coverin an aurie o 19,086 square kilometers, the ceeties o the province are Ilam, Mehran, Dehloran, Dareh Shahr, Sarable, Eyvan, Abdanan an Arkwaz. It neighbors Khuzestan Province in the sooth, Lurestan Province in the east, Kermanshah province in the north an Iraq in the wast wi 425 kilometers o common border. The population o the province is approximately 540,000 fowk (2005 estimate).

Elam
Ilam Province
Elam

Ilam Province


A shirt is a kind of cloth which is made to cover the upper body.  In North America, shirts can mean  T-shirts, polo shirts, etc.  In Britain, a shirt has a collar, sleeves with cuffs and split in half with buttons on one side. (North Americans would call this a "dress shirt", a specific type of "collared shirt"). Some shirts have sleeves, that cover the arms. T-shirts are a type of shirt that has shorter sleeves. These sleeves cover the shoulders. Shirts that do not have sleeves are called "sleeveless".

References

Tops (clothing)

Shirt


Oaklands Park is a southern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia in the City of Marion. The Marion Shopping Centre is a major feature of the suburb.

History

On 14 December 1906, Oaklands was bought by Thomas Currie Tait for £15,000.

In 1923 Tait offered 'The Park' (from the corner of Marion and Oaklands Roads to the homestead) to the South Australian Government for £100 an acre. When the offer was not accepted, Hamiltons acquired the vineyard and in September 1923, W. Pethick " Sons, vignerons and orchardists, bought the homestead. The remaining land, about , was secured by T.M. Burke Pty Ltd, for £23,000, for building allotments.

The portion of Oaklands which became the site of the Warradale Army Camp in both World Wars, was acquired from the State on 26 July 1945 for £24,020. The Barracks comprise  bounded on the north by Oaklands Road and on the west by Morphett Road. In 1940 the area was occupied by 9 Infantry Brigade as a mobilization centre and brigade camp and on 10 February 1942 the site was taken over under National Security Regulations.

In 1952 when a number of Oaklands Estate gum-trees were being uprooted to make way for Housing Trust homes a local group formed the Oaklands Estate Residents' Association in the hope of preserving some of the remaining trees.
In a triangle bounded by Oaklands Road, Sturt River and the Marino (now the Seaford) railway line, they volunteered to plant and care for 1,200 native street trees including a shrubbery around Marion Railway Station. They also helped to initiate the gazetting of a sizeable portion of land adjacent to Sturt River for recreational use. The council has now taken responsibility for that area.

Oaklands Park Post Office opened on 10 February 1969.

In 1971 the South Australian Government set aside  of land in Oaklands Park for its Road Safety Centre and on 17 October 1972 the centre was officially opened. After the Open Day on 22 October the centre began operating complete with traffic lights and road signs.

Amenities

Oaklands Park is best known as the location of the Westfield Marion shopping centre, the largest shopping complex in Adelaide. It includes over 300 speciality stores and includes a bowling alley, cinema, several department and discount stores, three supermarkets, and a food court.

The Marion Cultural Centre is also adjacent to the Marion Shopping Centre that contains an art gallery, café, library and a theatre. Events are held there all through the year with art exhibitions, theatre performances and Blue Light Disco's being held.

Opposite the Marion Cultural Centre is the South Australia Aquatic and Leisure Centre, also known as the State Aquatic Centre.

Transport

The Seaford railway line travels through the suburb and stops at Oaklands railway station. The station has been redeveloped as a transport exchange by the South Australian Government and Marion Council to improve access to surrounding facilities.

There is a bus interchange at the Westfield Marion with connections to Adelaide city, Flinders University, Hallett Cove, Noarlunga Centre and Port Adelaide.

Demographics

2001
In the 2001 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census, the population was 3,029 with the females outnumbering the males 53.6% against 46.4%, 1.0% of the population of Oaklands Park Indigenous Australians.

With most people in Oaklands Park born in Australia, 6.8% of the suburb's population was born in England, then the other origins of the people in the suburb being (in descending order): Scotland, Netherlands, New Zealand and Germany.

2021
In the 2021 Census, the population was recorded as 3,948 with women making up 53.7% of the population and 2.3% identifying as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander.

63.4% of people living in Oaklands Park were born in Australia, with 4.4% of the suburb's population born in England. The demographic shifts from previous censuses with birth countries of the people in the suburb being recorded as (in descending order): China (excludes SARs and Taiwan), India, Nepal and the Netherlands.

See also
 List of Adelaide suburbs

References

Suburbs of Adelaide

Oaklands Park, South Australia


A Field Marshal is the highest rank in the British Army, and some other armies, such as the German Army. The equivalent rank in the U.S. Army is the Five-star General.

The rank of Field Marshal is never awarded except to a General who has commanded an army in war.

Military ranks

Field Marshal


Concrete Marketing is an independent marketing company based in New York City, US, founded by Bob Chiappardi and Walter O'Brien in 1984.

Concrete: Early years
Concrete Marketing was founded by Bob Chiappardi and Walter O'Brien in 1984. Chiappardi was working in the mail room of Arista Records in New York whilst managing a few bands from Long Island and O'Brien was the founder of Relativity/Combat Records. The company name was chosen by plucking a name blindly from the Yellow Pages. Concrete's first client was RCA's Grim Reaper. It was during the group's first tour that Chiappardi and O'Brien decided to start working as a marketing company, realizing that there were few people out there to properly service the metal community.

During the 1984 New Music Seminar, they distributed around 200 flyers
advertising Concrete and its services and by the end of the first day
they had been approached by Rick Dobbis, then vice president of marketing at
Chrysalis Records, and were hired to work the first full length
Armoured Saint record.

In 1990, Chiappardi and O'Brien amicably split as business partners
with Chiappardi taking the helm of Concrete Marketing and several
other companies they had created, whilst Walter O'Brien took Concrete
Management, the management company that looked after Pantera, White Zombie and Prong.

Concrete Corner
In 1992, the company began Concrete Corner, the purpose of which was
the promotion and distribution of heavy metal records. This was
achieved at a retail level by creating a unified sales force from the
blending of independent and select chain stores that would adopt the
program thus promoting select hard rock/metal/hardcore/alternative
releases.

The format of the program was a store within a store concept and
featured point of purchase displays, instore play, sales pricing,
clerk recommendations and 15,000 monthly sampler CDs. A free hard
music magazine Concrete Corner was available for the consumer,
while 'Network Newz' provided information for the store owner. Key
reasoning behind these strategies was that small retailers fared
better with niche markets such as heavy metal.

Occasionally for selected record launches, listening parties and
midnight sales would be held the day before the release of the album
proper. The first listening party and midnight sale, in which 318 of
the 325 stores participated, was for a Metallica boxset.

Listening parties would be advertised through instore banners,
syndicated radio shows, and in magazines that featured the SoundScan
hard music chart, owned by Concrete. Invitations would go out to
Concrete's 20,000 strong database of fans and stores would invite
their targeted customers by mail.

The program was successful in offering more to the consumer who
received freebies, discounts and won raffle prizes; to the store
whose staff won prizes for the best display and to the label which
could be certain that their product was being pushed to their target
audience.

Other promotions that spun off Concrete Corner were "bonus disc" giveaways,
where a bonus disc of artists from different labels was shrink wrapped to
a highly anticipated new release from one of Concrete's clients. The first
of these type of promotions was for Korn's album
Follow the Leader in which 100,000 copies of a compilation CD
featuring tracks of breakthrough artists approved by Korn, as well as
a previously unreleased Korn track were given away to each person who
purchased the record. Baby band artists, at the time, featured on the
first disc included Kid Rock, Powerman 5000, Orgy and Limp Bizkit. Subsequent programs like
this were executed for Megadeth and Rob Zombie, among others.

In 1994, a Concrete Corner Tour was also put together. The concept of the tour was to initiate monthly events in each city where the tour was routed, with the focus of the shows being more on creating an affordable, fun evening of music rather than being based specifically on recognition of the bands' names. This club tour allowed for the exposure of the bands to ticketholders who may not have seen them otherwise. Shows featured raffles and giveaways, and the first in the tour series saw Greta, Varga and Shootyz Groove take to the road.

In 1998, Concrete Corner and Concrete Marketing won the 'Related Products and
Services Supplier of the Year' award from National Association
of Recording Merchandisers (NARM), the trade organization of music retail
industry. This was the first time this award was ever presented. In
subsequent years, Concrete was nominated two more times.

RetailVision
RetailVision was a service Concrete provided which was based upon in-store video play. Concrete kept a database of 1200 stores nationwide, organized by genre in order to provide appropriate video reel compilations to each in the four genres of alternative (AlternateVision), rap (RapVision), hard rock (MetalVision) and pop music (HitVision). The appropriate video cassette was distributed to each of the stores which allowed the active consumer to see all the new hits, while at the same time let new bands reach a wider audience because of the ever-expanding record store network. With this program, Concrete could help promote 30 - 40 new bands/songs a month. Bands were selected for RetailVision via a regular weekly meeting of heavy metal fans who could vote for their favorite entries, thus helping the program maintain credibility and quality.

Foundations and the Hard Music Soundscan Chart
Before producing Foundations, the first exclusively heavy metal trade publication, Concrete were contributing to Friday Morning Quarterback (FMQB). By the time they had worked the first Metallica record and the second Anthrax record and were beginning to amass a lot of metal clients, they decided it was time to begin their own newsletter, and so the first issue of Foundations was distributed in January 1988.

It was a bi-weekly publication that provided release information, tour itineraries and a breakdown of all of Concrete's current projects, the idea behind it being that it should mimic the underground fanzines that were rife within the scene. It also featured the Concrete/Soundscan Hard Music chart. This chart was also syndicated not only in US regional publications such as Radioactive, Good Times and The Aquarian, but also in worldwide publications like Entertainment Weekly, Metal Hammer and Guitar World, reaching a combined readership of somewhere in the region of three million.

References

Marketing companies of the United States

Concrete Marketing


The 109th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1761 to 1763.

History
The 109th Regiment (Battalion of London Volunteers) was raised in the counties of Hertfordshire and Middlesex, England with Major Commandant John Nairne as Commanding Officer Establishment from December 1761 was 280 men in four companies. The Regiment was stationed at Harrow, Middlesex, then Royston and Wisbech until being sent to Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire during March 1762. In 1762 'Pountenay's Independent Company' was added as a fifth company to the Regiment to be followed by the 'Independent Company of London Volunteers, although in the strictest sense this company never served with the 109th as it was used exclusively to guard French prisoners captured during the Seven Years' War, at a camp in Bristol.

In May 1762 the 109th moved to Belleisle, recently captured from France, where it remained in garrison until the end of the War. Returning home to Bristol the 109th was stood down on 10 June 1763 and the Regiment Colours were presented by John Nairne, who was the son of the third Baron Nairne (Scotland), to the Duke of Atholl to be preserved at Blair Castle, Scotland.

References

External links

109th Regiment of Foot; Regimental Association of the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment

Infantry regiments of the British Army
Military units and formations established in 1761
Military units and formations disestablished in 1763

109th Regiment of Foot (1761)


The Palace of Soviets (Russian: Dvorjez Sovjetov / Дворец Советов) was a building project planned by the government of the Soviet Union. A contest was held for the architectural design of the building from 1931 until 1933. Construction was started on the building in 1937, but was stopped in 1941 because of World War II. The building was going to be used as a administrative center and meeting place. It was to be built in Moscow near the Kremlin. The palace would have had a height of 415m. This would have made it the largest building of the world at that time.

The building was designed by the architect Boris Iofan. During its design, there were many changes to how it would look and to the location of the palace in Moscow.

1930s in the Soviet Union
Palaces in Russia

Palace of Soviets


Jajal pamanggih mangrupa surveys pamanggih maké sampling. Hal ieu dijieun keur ngagambarkeun pamanggih tina populasi ku méré patarosan ka sajumlah leutik anggota populasi sarta nga-ekstrapolasi jawaban kana grup nu leuwih gedé.

Potensi keakuratan

Margin kasalahan

Sakabéh jajal mibanda margin kasalahan, nu mangrupa fungsi tina jumlah anggota nu ngajajal.  Margin kasalahan ngagambarkeun kamungkinan kasalahan dina prosés sampling, tapi  teu ngagambarkeun sumber kasalahan, saperti ukuran kasalahan atawa kasalahan dina prosés data.  Jajal nu mibanda sampel 500 anggota mibanda margi kasalahan 4.5% keur estimasi persentese tina sakabéh populasi. Margin kasalahan 4.5% hartina yén 95% tina waktu prosedur nu dipaké bakal méré estimasi dina 4.5% persentase nu keur di-estimasi.

Saprak anggota nu milu dina jajal nolak, sampel jajal teu ngagambarkeun sampel dina populasi, sarta karakter matematikna ditandaan ku béda tina populasi. Margin kasalahan béda jeung persentase estimasi, sarta persentase estimasi tanda béda tina populasi, margin kasalahan dina hasil jajal teu ngagambarkeun populasi nu sabenerna.

Kalimah patarosan

Milih kalimah sarta urutan patarosan dina jajal pamanggih kacida perlu, ieu bisa mangaruhan kana hasil jajal pamanggih.  Thus comparisons between polls often boil down to the wording of the question.
One way in which pollsters attempt to minimize this effect is to ask the same set of questions over time, in order to track changes in opinion. The most effective controls, used by attitude reséarchers, are:

 asking enough questions to allow all aspects of an issue to be covered and to control effects due to the form of the question (such as positive or negative wording), the adequacy of the number being established quantitatively with psychometric méasures such as reliability coefficients, and
 analyzing the results with psychometric techniques which synthesize the answers into a few reliable scores and detect ineffective questions.

These controls are not widely used in the polling industry...

Nonrepresentative samples

Another source of error is the deliberate or accidental use of nonrepresentative samples. For example, when home telephones were rare, telephone sampling had a built-in error because most of those surveyed were well-to-do.

Péople asked to participate in opinion polls also have the right to refuse; this méans that the sample is self-selected and consequently a non-probability sample. The validity of the results and of the statistical techniques used to derive characteristics of the sample such as the margin of error are therefore highly questionable.

Polling organizations

There are many polling organizations.  The most famous is the Gallup poll, créated by George Gallup.

Other major polling organizations in the United States include:
Quinnipiac Polls, run by the University of Connecticut, and started as a student project.
The Pew Charitable Trusts conducts polls concentrating on media and political beliefs.
The Harris Poll
Nielsen Ratings, virtually always for television.

All the major television networks, alone or in conjunction with the largest newspapers or magazines, in virtually every country with elections, operate polling operations, alone or in groups.

The best-known failure of opinion polling to date in the United States was the prediction that Thomas Dewey would deféat Harry S. Truman in the 1948 Presidential election.  Major polling organizations, including Gallup and the Roper Center, indicated a landslide victory for Dewey.

Tempo oge
 Exit poll
 interval kapercayaan
 push poll
 All-Russia Center for the Study of Public Opinion

Psikométrika

Jajal pamanggih


The Vauxhall A-Type wis a caur manufactured bi Vauxhall Motors frae 1908 tae 1915 wi ane mair built in 1920. This wis tae be the first production Vauxhall designed bi Laurence Pomeroy: it became a hichtlie acclaimed 3 litre o its day an at Brooklands on 26 October 1910, it became the first 20 hp caur tae exceed 100 mph (160 km/h) o ony make in the warld.

Laurence Pomeroy haed joined Vauxhall in 1907 as an assistant draughtsman at the age o twintie-twa. He first made his mark at the 1908 RAC an Scots Reliability Trial, held in Juin o that year. His first design, the Y-Type Y1, haed ootstandin success at the 1908 RAC an Scots 2000 Mile Reliability Trials. Showin excellent hill climbin ability wi an aggregate o 37 seconds less time in the hill climbs than ony ither caur in its class an unparalleled speeds aroond the Brooklands circuit, the Vauxhall wis so far aheid o aw caurs whaiver class that the driver coud relax, accomplishin the 200 mile (320 km) at an average speed o 46 mph (74 km/h), when the caur wis capable o 55 mph (89 km/h). The Y-Type went on tae win class E o the Trial.

Such a success that the Y-Type wis, that it wis decidit tae put the caur intae production as the A09 caur. This spawned the A-Type Vauxhall.

There wur 4 distinct types produced atween 27 October 1908 up tae when mass production haltit in 1914. Ane last A-Type wis put thegither in 1920.

A-Type
First automobile made bi manufacturer

Vauxhall A-Type