George Whiteside Hillyard (6 February 1864 – 24 March 1943) was a male tennis player from the United Kingdom. Under his supervision as secretary of the All England Club from 1907 to 1925, the Wimbledon Championships moved to its current site at Church Road. Hillyard also excelled at cricket and golf.

Biography

Early years
George Whiteside Hillyard was born in Hanwell, Middlesex on 6 February 1864, the only child of George Wright Hillyard (1817–1896) and his second wife Mary Mansfield (1827–?). His father had been a police officer at Welwyn, Hertfordshire by 1840 and later worked in the Nottingham County Jail before becoming superintendent at the Central London District School in West London in 1861. After his first wife Lucy had died in early 1862, he married Mary Mansfield in December the same year.

In 1877, George senior sent his 13-year-old son to the Royal Navy. At first, he came to the Britannia Royal Naval College as a cadet. In 1879, he was promoted to midshipman and was assigned to  which toured the colonies of the British Empire around the world from 1880 to 1882. Among his fellow midshipmen were Prince Albert and Prince George (later King George V).

Hillyard resigned from the Navy with the rank of sub-lieutenant on 2 October 1885. His last posting was aboard .

Marriage and tennis career
Hillyard had been already introduced to tennis at the age of ten by his uncle, who had set up a Sphairistike court in 1875. However, he didn't like what he called "pat-ball" at first, and preferred cricket. After his Navy service, however, the rules of the game had undergone significant changes and Hillyard became attracted to it. From 1887, he began to play tournaments.

Hillyard married Blanche Bingley (1863–1946) in Greenford on 13 July 1887, one week after the Wimbledon final. Blanche was the daughter of a wealthy tailoring business proprietor from London, and a successful tennis player. She had won the Wimbledon Championships in the previous year, and would win another five singles titles at Wimbledon alone until 1900. Blanche brought a considerable fortune into the marriage. Only five days after the wedding, the newly married couple competed at the Middlesex Championships at Chiswick Park, and won the mixed doubles title.

In 1889, Hillyard played the Wimbledon singles for the first time. He lost his quarter-final match against Harry Barlow in straight sets. He reached the doubles final twice at Wimbledon with Ernest Lewis in 1889 and 1890, but lost to the Renshaw brothers and Joshua Pim and Frank Stoker, respectively. Alongside Harry Scrivener, he won the doubles title at the British Covered Court Championships in 1890 and 1891. The following years, his focus shifted again to cricket, playing for Leicestershire, until 1896 when he won the singles, doubles, singles handicap and mixed doubles (with his wife) at Monte Carlo. In 1897, he won the first staging of the International German Championships at Hamburg, beating George Ball-Greene in five sets in the final. He repeated his success at Hamburg in 1900. At Wimbledon singles, early losses enabled him to win the All England Plate in 1898, and reach the final in 1899. At the 1901 Wimbledon singles, he beat Laurence Doherty in the third round before losing in the quarter-finals to Arthur Gore.

In 1905, at 41 years of age, Hillyard lost the final at the Bad Homburg tournament against Anthony Wilding. He entered the Wimbledon Championships 1906, conceding a walkover to Arthur Gore. Being assigned secretary of the All England Club in 1907, he never entered the Championships again. However, he did continue to play minor tournaments such as at Eastbourne, Yorkshire and Leicester until 1914. After the Great War, at 55 years of age, he competed at his home tournament at Leicester and even won the mixed doubles alongside Gladys Lamplough.

In 1908, he competed at the London Olympic Games and won the gold medal in doubles alongside Reginald Doherty. However, although being great fan of the Olympics in general, he was less enthusiastic about the idea of tennis being a part of it. In his book Forty Years of First Class Lawn Tennis, published in 1924, he wrote: "As for lawn tennis in conjunction with the Olympic Games, the whole thing is a inconguous farce. You could as well have Olympic cricket or Olympic golf. It is difficult to believe that players or public can treat the matter seriously or care two straws about it. Why it is wanted, or tolerated, when we already have the Davis Cup, is beyond my comprehension."

Cricket

During his time at the Navy, Hillyard played a lot of different sports, but concentrated on cricket, and even was captain of the cricket team for two years. Afterwards, he made his first appearance for Middlesex against the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1886. Although initially quite successful, he soon thereafter realized he had great difficulties to compete on a first-class level. Consequently, from 1887 to 1890 he virtually retired, blaming his time at the Navy which allegedly had prevented him from practising more. However, in 1891, he took cricket up again and played some first-class matches for the MCC as well as the Gentlemen Players. Later that year, he participated in a trip of English cricketers to North America led by Lord Hawke in winter 1891/92. There, Hillyard played both first-class matches at Philadelphia. In 1894, Lord Hawke arranged another trip to North America, and Hillyard was again member of the party. At Philadelphia, he played in front of an audience of 10,000.

Upon his return, Hillyard occasionally played cricket for another two years, making a total of 49 first-class matches in his career. After 1896, he fully committed himself to tennis.

Thorpe Satchville
Hillyard and his wife lived at Leicestershire from at least 1893. In 1896, they moved into a large house with extensive grounds at Thorpe Satchville, a small village near Leicester. The mansion provided nine bedrooms as well as two tennis courts and a nine-hole golf course. The Hillyards frequently hosted popular house parties with tennis champions such as Norman Brookes, Harold Mahony, Anthony Wilding, May Sutton, Violet Pinckney and Dora Boothby as guests. Until 1914, almost every strong foreign player who played at Wimbledon stayed at the home of the Hillyards.

Secretary of the AEC, En-tout-cas
Hillyard, a long-time member of the All England Club along with his wife, was its secretary from 1907 to early 1925. One of his major concerns was the upkeep of the courts, and he insisted on high standards of court maintenance. In 1910, the club purchased a motor roller for the courts in order to replace the horse roller.

With the success of the Wimbledon tournament, the necessity to move the ground from his initial location at Worple Road to a larger site became obvious. This had been discussed as early as Hillyard became secretary in 1907, but searching for a better suitable site took time, and the outbreak of World War I further postponed the issue. From 1914 to 1918, Hillyard rejoined the Navy, leaving it with the rank of commander. After the war, the decision to build a new ground was confirmed in 1919. The new site was opened at the 1922 Wimbledon Championships. After the 1919 Wimbledon Championships, the decision to build a new ground was confirmed. As the secretary, Hillyard was probably heavily involved in the search for, and selection of the new site at Church Road, and worked together with architect Stanley Peach. The new site was opened at the 1922 Wimbledon Championships.

Beside his secretary post, Hillyard also was an umpire at Wimbledon. From 1919 to 1932, he umpired every ladies final.

Being passionate about building perfect grass courts, Hillyard kept thinking about how to construct an equally good all-weather court. In 1909, he met Claude Brown, a manager of a nearly bankrupt brickyard at Syston near Leicester. Hillyard had been on a tennis tour in South Africa the winter before where he had played on courts made of crushed up ant heaps. He told this story to Brown, and both developed the idea of using crushed bricks for court surface. The first court was laid out at Hillyard's home at Thorpe Satchville, and was called En-tout-cas (literally "in all cases") upon the idea of a guest, a French lady. Brown renamed his company after it. By 1914, business boomed across England. An agent was hired for the United States market, and the company turned into a multimillion-pound business. When the Championships moved to its new site at Church Road in 1922, nine en-tout-cas courts were laid beside the grass courts. For many years, the British Junior Championships were played on clay surfaces from En-Tout-Cas.

Hillyard's relationship to the En-tout-cas company throughout the years is somewhat diffuse. Clearly, he was in the perfect position to promote the court surface, and he was certainly involved in the decision to construct en-tout-cas courts at the new Wimbledon grounds, giving them a marketing coup. In 1929, when being involved in the construction of a golf course – a job which was given to En-tout-cas on Hillyard's recommendation –, he eventually disclosed that he was a director of En-tout-cas, thus obviously receiving income from the company.

Final years
In 1925, at an age of 61, Hillyard resigned from his position as secretary of the All England Club. In the same year, he sold his house at Thorpe Satchville, and the Hillyards moved to Bramfold, Pulborough, Sussex. Their new house was of similar size, and Hillyard again constructed two tennis courts, but began to focus on playing golf. Upon his initiative, a new golf course was completed at the West Sussex Golf Club, and opened on 8 August 1930.

Hillyard died at his home on 25 March 1943, aged 79. His wife Blanche was to survive him for three years. The couple had two children, Jack (1891–1983) and Marjorie (1895–?). Jack was also a tennis player, competing at Wimbledon in the 1920s and reaching the final of the All England Plate in 1924. Marjorie was mentally handicapped and stayed with her parents until the death of her mother. She spent the rest of her life at a care home in West Sussex.

Grand Slam finals

Doubles (2 runner-ups)

References

Further reading

1864 births
1943 deaths
Military personnel from Middlesex
Graduates of Britannia Royal Naval College
Royal Navy officers
19th-century English people
19th-century male tennis players
English cricketers
English male tennis players
Leicestershire cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
English Olympic medallists
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic tennis players for Great Britain
People from Hanwell
Sportspeople from the London Borough of Ealing
People from the Borough of Melton
Tennis people from Leicestershire
People from Pulborough
Tennis players at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in tennis
Gentlemen cricketers
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Cricketers from Greater London
Tennis people from Greater London
British male tennis players
Lord Hawke's XI cricketers
North v South cricketers
A. J. Webbe's XI cricketers
Tennis umpires

George Hillyard


Cyanogen bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula (CN)Br or BrCN.  It is a colorless solid that is widely used to modify biopolymers, fragment proteins and peptides (cuts the C-terminus of methionine), and synthesize other compounds. The compound is classified as a pseudohalogen.

Synthesis, basic properties, and structure
The carbon atom in cyanogen bromide is bonded to bromine by a single bond and to nitrogen by a triple bond (i.e. ). The compound is linear and polar, but it does not spontaneously ionize in water. It dissolves in both water and polar organic solvents.

Cyanogen bromide can be prepared by oxidation of sodium cyanide with bromine, which proceeds in two steps via the intermediate cyanogen ():
2 NaCN + Br2 -> (CN)2 + 2 NaBr

(CN)2 + Br2 -> 2 (CN)Br

When refrigerated the material has an extended shelflife. Like some other cyanogen compounds, cyanogen bromide undergoes an exothermic trimerisation to cyanuric bromide (). This reaction is catalyzed by traces of bromine, metal salts, acids and bases.  For this reason, experimentalists avoid brownish samples.

Cyanogen bromide is hydrolyzed to release hydrogen cyanide and hypobromous acid
(CN)Br + H2O -> HCN + HOBr

Biochemical applications
The main uses of cyanogen bromide are to immobilize proteins, fragment proteins by cleaving peptide bonds, and synthesize cyanamides and other molecules.

Protein immobilization
Cyanogen bromide is often used to immobilize proteins by coupling them to reagents such as agarose for affinity chromatography. Because of its simplicity and mild pH conditions, cyanogen bromide activation is the most common method for preparing affinity gels. Cyanogen bromide is also often used because it reacts with the hydroxyl groups on agarose to form cyanate esters and imidocarbonates. These groups are reacted with primary amines in order to couple the protein onto the agarose matrix, as shown in the figure. Because cyanate esters are more reactive than are cyclic imidocarbonates, the amine will react mostly with the ester, yielding isourea derivatives, and partially with the less reactive imidocarbonate, yielding substituted imidocarbonates.

The disadvantages of this approach include the toxicity of cyanogen bromide and its sensitivity to oxidation. Also, cyanogen bromide activation involves the attachment of a ligand to agarose by an isourea bond, which is positively charged at neutral pH and thus unstable. Consequently, isourea derivatives may act as weak anion exchangers.

Protein cleavage
Cyanogen bromide hydrolyzes peptide bonds at the C-terminus of methionine residues. This reaction is used to reduce the size of polypeptide segments for identification and sequencing.

Mechanism

The electron density in cyanogen bromide is shifted away from the carbon atom, making it unusually electrophilic, and towards the more electronegative bromine and nitrogen. This leaves the carbon particularly vulnerable to attack by a nucleophile, and the cleavage reaction begins with a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which bromine is ultimately replaced by the sulfur in methionine. This attack is followed by the formation of a five-membered ring as opposed to a six-membered ring, which would entail the formation of a double bond in the ring between nitrogen and carbon. This double bond would result in a rigid ring conformation, thereby destabilizing the molecule. Thus, the five-membered ring is formed so that the double bond is outside the ring, as shown in the figure.

Although the nucleophilic sulfur in methionine is responsible for attacking BrCN, the sulfur in cysteine does not behave similarly. If the sulfur in cysteine attacked cyanogen bromide, the bromide ion would deprotonate the cyanide adduct, leaving the sulfur uncharged and the beta carbon of the cysteine not electrophilic. The strongest electrophile would then be the cyanide carbon, which, if attacked by water, would yield cyanic acid and the original cysteine.

Reaction conditions
Cleaving proteins with BrCN requires using a buffer such as 0.1M HCl (hydrochloric acid) or 70% (formic acid). These are the most common buffers for cleavage. An advantage to HCl is that formic acid causes the formation of formyl esters, which complicates protein characterization. However, formic is still often used because it dissolves most proteins. Also, the oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide, which is inert to BrCN attack, occurs more readily in HCl than in formic acid, possibly because formic acid is a reducing acid. Alternative buffers for cleavage include guanidine or urea in HCl because of their ability to unfold proteins, thereby making methionine more accessible to BrCN.

Water is required for normal peptide bond cleavage of the iminolactone intermediate. In formic acid, cleavage of Met-Ser and Met-Thr bonds is enhanced with increased water concentration because these conditions favor the addition of water across the imine rather than reaction of the side chain hydroxyl with the imine. Lowered pH tends to increase cleavage rates by inhibiting methionine side chain oxidation.

Side reactions
When methionine is followed by serine or threonine, side reactions can occur that destroy the methionine without peptide bond cleavage. Normally, once the iminolactone is formed (refer to figure), water and acid can react with the imine to cleave the peptide bond, forming a homoserine lactone and new C-terminal peptide. However, if the adjacent amino acid to methionine has a hydroxyl or sulfhydryl group, this group can react with the imine to form a homoserine without peptide bond cleavage. These two cases are shown in the figure.

Organic synthesis
Cyanogen bromide is a common reagent in organic synthesis. As stated earlier, the reagent is  prone to attack by nucleophiles such as amines and alcohols because of the electrophilic carbon. In the synthesis of cyanamides and dicyanamides, primary and secondary amines react with BrCN to yield mono- and dialkylcyanamides, which can further react with amines and hydroxylamine to yield guanidines and hydroxyguanidines. In the von Braun reaction, tertiary amines react with BrCN to yield disubstituted cyanamides and an alkyl bromide. Cyanogen bromide can be used to prepare aryl nitriles, nitriles, anhydrides, and cyanates. It can also serve as a cleaving agent.
Cyanogen bromide is used in the synthesis of 4-methylaminorex ("ice") and viroxime.

Toxicity, storage, and deactivation
Cyanogen bromide can be stored under dry conditions at 2 to 8 °C for extended periods.

Cyanogen bromide is volatile, and readily absorbed through the skin or gastrointestinal tract.  Therefore, toxic exposure may occur by inhalation, physical contact, or ingestion.  It is acutely toxic, causing a variety of nonspecific symptoms.  Exposure to even small amounts may cause convulsions or death. LD50 orally in rats is reported as 25–50 mg/kg.

The recommended method to deactivate cyanogen bromide is with sodium hydroxide and bleach. The aqueous alkali hydroxide instantly hydrolyzes (CN)Br to alkali cyanide and bromide. The cyanide can then be oxidized by sodium or calcium hypochlorite to the less toxic cyanate ion. Deactivation is extremely exothermic and may be explosive.

References

Further reading

External links

Bromine compounds
Triatomic molecules
Cyano compounds
Nonmetal halides
Blood agents
Lachrymatory agents
Pseudohalogens

Cyanogen bromide


Dodoria (ドドリア, Dodoria) is a character in Dragonball Z.

Appearance
Dodoria is a large, round alien warrior, appearing to be overweight by human standards. He has protruding spikes on his arms and head. He also wears the common armor that most of Lord Frieza's men have, including the shoulder pads and a green scouter.

Storyline
Before the events of Dragon Ball Z, Dodoria was always by Frieza's side along with Zarbon. He witnessed the killing of King Vegeta and the destruction of planet Vegeta. Before the destruction of Planet Vegeta, he and a group of his elites were sent to eradicate Bardock and his team of fighters. He was successful in killing most of the team, but left Bardock alive after using a powerful mouth blast on him. Both Frieza and Zarbon looked down upon him for carelessly leaving him alive.

Dodoria accompanied his master Frieza and his comrade in battle, Zarbon, to the green Planet Namek in search of the Namek Dragonballs. While searching in a village for a Dragonball, Dodoria killed a few villagers, but before he could kill Dende, he was attacked by Krillin and Gohan. He pursued them, but they escaped after Krillin used a blinding attack called Solar Flare. Dodoria then launched an attack over a large area, which lead him to believe that he had killed them. On his way back, he was ambushed by Vegeta who easily overpowered him. Dodoria tried to bargain with Vegeta by telling him the secret of the destruction of Planet Vegeta, but he did not care. Vegeta killed him during his attempted escape. He only cameos again during the movie Fusion Reborn and in the Super Android 17 Saga when people from Hell are able to escape. He is killed again both times. In addition he also loses his scouter while searching for Vegeta.

Abilities
Dodoria uses his brute force to overwhelm his opponents. He has the generic powers that many other Dragon Ball characters share, including the ability to throw numerous exceptionally powerful rapid blasts. He can also emit blasts from his mouth as well, most commonly known as mouth blasts. The most noticeable trait that Dodoria has is his ability to throw his weight around. He is extremely fast in spite of his weight. He can perform multiple spins and aerial strikes regardless of his size.

Video game appearances
Dodoria has appeared as a playable character in many video games, some of which include Dragon Ball Z: Budokai, Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi, and Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 2. He is also in Dragon Ball Z: Super Sonic Warriors 2 but only as a support-type character.

References
 Everything here comes exactly from the English dubs, not the manga

Dragon Ball characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1989

Dodoria


The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) is a statutory board under the Ministry of National Development of the Government of Singapore. It was established on 1 April 1999 through the merger of the Construction Industry Development Board and the Building Control Division of the former Public Works Department.

The primary role of BCA is to develop and regulate Singapore's building and construction industry.

Building safety
BCA ensures that buildings in Singapore are designed, constructed and maintained to high standards of safety through its building regulatory system.

In October 2004, BCA issued a window retrofitting order, requiring aluminium rivets fitted on casement windows to be replaced with stainless steel rivets.  Since the order came into force, BCA and the Housing Development Board (HDB) have been urging property owners and tenants to practise window safety through a public campaign. Every year, 6 June and 12 December have been designated as "Window Safety Days", where property owners and tenants are encouraged to check their windows at least once every six months.

BCA is also the lead agency in Singapore in regulating amusement rides to protect public safety. In July 2011, a new regulatory framework was introduced to protect the safety of ride-goers in Singapore.

Sustainability
BCA actively promotes the use of green building technologies and designs through its Green Building Masterplan and various initiatives. Under the second Green Building Masterplan which was launched in 2009, BCA seeks to achieve the national target of greening at least 80% of the buildings in Singapore by 2030.

The BCA Green Mark Scheme was launched in 2005 to promote sustainability in the built environment and raise environmental awareness among developers, designers and builders. It assesses the environmental friendliness and energy efficiency of buildings. In 2005, there were only 17 Green Mark building projects in Singapore.

In 2009, BCA launched South-East Asia's first zero-energy building (ZEB) located at the BCA Academy of the Built Environment. The ZEB was retrofitted from an existing building and serves as a test-bedding centre for green building technologies. The building is expected to be about 40-50% more efficient than an office building of similar layout.

In 2010, BCA became the first government agency outside North America to be conferred the Aspen Institute's Energy and Environment Award (Government) for its comprehensive policies and programmes in steering development of green buildings and sustainable construction. In 2011, Singapore was ranked first in green building policies, before advanced cities like Tokyo, Sydney and Seoul, in a study conducted by Solidiance on Asia-Pacific cities.

In December 2011, there are more than 940 green building projects, translating to a gross floor area of about 300 million ft2, or 12% of Singapore's total gross floor area. The BCA Green Mark Scheme includes districts, parks, infrastructure, office interiors, and residential and non-residential buildings. In 2011, the Scheme was extended to include restaurants and existing schools. The scheme has also extended its reach beyond Singapore . More than 120 projects in countries like China, Malaysia, Vietnam, Brunei, India, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, The Philippines and Tanzania have applied for the Green Mark certification.

BCA clinched the inaugural Regional Leadership Award, one of the six awards handed out at the World Green Building Council Government Leadership Awards 2011, for its Green Building Masterplan and leadership in the green building movement in Asia Pacific.

BCA collaborates with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to promote sustainable building practices. In 2011, BCA and UNEP finalised an agreement establishing BCA's Centre for Sustainable Buildings as a "Centre Collaborating with UNEP", the first in Asia. Through the collaboration, both BCA and UNEP will provide policy advice and outreach activities related to sustainable building resource management in sector in tropical cities and regions worldwide.

BCA organised the second International Green Building Conference in September 2011 during the Singapore Green Building Week. The event attracted close to 1,000 delegates from over 32 countries, including industry experts, practitioners, and policy-makers, Other green building events that BCA conducts include the roving BCA Green Building Exhibitions with green building tips and information for residents to make their homes more environmentally friendly. The annual BCA Awards recognises sustainable buildings, and honous industry professionals committed to safe, high quality and user-friendly buildings.

In 2016, BCA set up the world's first high-rise rotatable laboratory for the tropics - the BCA SkyLab. Modelled after the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's FLEXLAB, the facility is a rotatable test facility pivotal to developing energy efficient building technologies.

Accessibility
In 1990, BCA introduced the Code on Barrier-Free Accessibility, reshaping the accessibility landscape of Singapore's built environment by improving inter-connectivity between buildings and upgrading existing buildings to make them more accessible. A$40 million fund has been set aside to co-fund voluntary upgrading on basic barrier-free features over a period of five years. Additionally, BCA has legislative measures in place to ensure continued compliance to the Code and to prevent misuse of barrier-free facilities.

BCA also promotes Universal Design (UD) for buildings to cater to the needs of all users, including the young, the elderly, people with disabilities, and parents with infants. The BCA Universal Design Award was launched in early 2007, recognising outstanding achievements by building developers and owners to incorporate barrier-free accessibility and UD in their developments.

BCA maintains an Accessibility Rating System on its Friendly Buildings portal, which classifies buildings according to levels of user-friendliness.  The system provides detailed information such as the location of accessible entrances and other accessibility facilities, to aid building users on locating accessible buildings in Singapore.  By December 2011, about 3,000 buildings have been rated of which 2,200 of them are accessible.

Training and professional standards
BCA has put in place many schemes to help raise the construction industry's skill levels and professionalism, design and construction capabilities, niche expertise, and the export of construction-related services. Some examples are the Construction Registration of Tradesmen (CoreTrade) Scheme to establish a core base of trade foremen and tradesmen, and the BCA Academy of the Built Environment to develop a professional workforce and encourage the adoption of innovative technologies. BCA International, a wholly owned subsidiary formed by BCA, paves the way for local construction companies to offer a full scope of expertise and value-added services to assist overseas governments and clients in developing excellent built environments.

BCA also established a Construction Productivity Gallery and a Centre for Lean and Virtual Construction to guide and advise construction firms on the latest construction technologies and re-engineering processes to achieve time and labour savings. This is in line with Singapore's national productivity drive, where BCA introduced a S$250-million Construction Productivity and Capability Fund (CPCF) in June 2010 to help the construction industry build up a skilled workforce, adopt more advanced construction technologies, and enhance building capability in niche areas.

BCA strongly promotes the adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM), which allows professionals to work on a building project digitally before it is built. BCA targets to get 80 per cent of the industry to use BIM widely by 2015, and is working with the public sector to take the lead in driving greater BIM adoption.

See also
 Ministry of National Development

References

External links
 Building and Construction Authority
 Building and Construction Authority Academy

1999 establishments in Singapore
Government agencies established in 1999
Statutory boards of the Singapore Government
Building energy rating
Sustainable building rating systems
Regulation in Singapore

Building and Construction Authority


The Gray Audograph was a dictation machine format introduced in 1945. It recorded sound by pressing grooves into soft vinyl discs, like the competing, but incompatible, SoundScriber. It was manufactured by the Gray Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut,  United States.

The Audograph recorded on thin vinyl discs of 15cm diameter, recording from the inside to the outside, the opposite of conventional gramophone records. Unlike conventional records, the disc was driven by a surface-mounted wheel. This meant that its recording and playback speed decreased toward the edge of the disc (like the Compact Disc and other digital formats), to keep a more constant linear velocity and to improve playing time, which was ten minutes.

Along with a Dictabelt sound recorder, an Audograph captured sounds recorded at the time of the John F. Kennedy assassination that were reviewed by the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations.

In 1950, Gray began to make a variant of the Audograph for AT&T, known as the Peatrophone; however, due to what at the time were the high costs of renting and installing the machine, it served only a niche market.

References

External links
Restoring Gray Audograph recordings
Image of Audograph catalog
The Audograph and the Kennedy assassination

Audiovisual introductions in 1945
Audio storage
1945 in technology
Products introduced in 1945

Gray Audograph


St Peter's Church is in Eastgate Street in the centre of the city of Chester, Cheshire, England, immediately to the north of Chester Cross. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. It is an active Church of England parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Chester and the deanery of Chester. The ancient walls mark the boundaries of the parish.

History

The church stands on the site of part of the Roman Praetorium, and some of its fabric dates from that time. A church is said to have been built on this site by Ethelfleda in 907. The present church dates from the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, with modifications in the following three centuries. Formerly, the tower had a spire, which was removed and rebuilt in the 16th century, taken down in the 17th century, then rebuilt and finally removed "having been much injured by lightning" in around 1780. In 1849–50, the church was repaired by James Harrison, and in 1886 it was restored by John Douglas, which included the addition of a pyramidal spire.

Architecture

Exterior

The church is built of red sandstone and is approximately square in plan. Its floor is at the level of the adjacent Watergate Row and the church is entered by a flight of seven stone steps on the south face. At the west end there is an embraced tower that rises one stage above the roof, with a clock and a bell opening of two lights. The top is crenellated, with crocketed pinnacles and a pyramidal slate spire.

Interior
Inside the church is a continuous nave and chancel with four aisles. The west end is attached to and extends behind the backs of the adjacent buildings. Over the outer aisles and at the west end are galleries. The baptistry lies below the tower. On the northeast pier is a niche that formerly contained a statue of the Virgin and Child, and surrounding it is the best-preserved medieval wall painting in Cheshire. On the south wall under the gallery are three corbels with medieval carvings of an angel, a woman and an old man. The marble font is dated 1662. In the south aisle attached to a pier is a 15th-century brass thought to depict a lawyer, and elsewhere in the church are memorials from the 17th century and two memorial boards by the Randle Holme family. The stained glass in the east window dates from 1863 and is by Heaton, Butler and Bayne. Glass in a window on the southeast of the church is by Clayton and Bell, and there is a west window by Trena Cox. The organ has two manuals and was built by Whiteley. There is a ring of six bells. Five of these which are dated 1709 are by Rudhall of Gloucester and the other, dated 1921, is by John Taylor and Company. The parish registers date from 1559 and the churchwardens' accounts from 1626, although the volume dating from 1686 to 1803 has been lost.

See also

 Grade I listed churches in Cheshire
 Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester
 List of church restorations, amendments and furniture by John Douglas
 List of works by Thomas Harrison

References

External links

 Photographs of the church

Church of England church buildings in Cheshire
Grade I listed churches in Cheshire
English Gothic architecture in Cheshire
St Peter's Church
Diocese of Chester
John Douglas buildings
Thomas Harrison buildings
Grade I listed buildings in Chester

St Peter's Church, Chester


A putative marriage is an apparently valid marriage, entered into in good faith on the part of at least one of the partners, but that is legally invalid due to a technical impediment, such as a preexistent marriage on the part of one of the partners. Unlike someone in a common-law, statutory, or ceremonial marriage, a putative spouse is not legally married. Instead, a putative spouse believes themselves to be married in good faith and is given legal rights as a result of this person's reliance upon this good-faith belief.

Putative marriages exist in both Catholic canon law and in various civil laws, though the rules may vary.  In some jurisdictions, putative marriages are a matter of case law rather than legislation. In many jurisdictions, under civil law, the marriage becomes valid if the impediment is removed.  If it is not removed, the innocent spouse, at least, is often entitled to the protections of a divorce for division of property and child custody.

Catholic canon law

In Catholic canon law, there are a number of requirements for a valid Catholic marriage. However, a Catholic marriage is considered valid unless and until it is proved otherwise. In consequence, children born as a result of a marriage which is found to be void are considered legitimate, and the spouses cannot marry others without first obtaining an annulment by proving its invalidity.  If the invalidity is proven, an annulment can be granted.

Only marriages which have the appearance of validity are considered putative. Consequently, if form is altogether lacking, then the marriage is not considered putative, and the marriage does not enjoy the presumption of validity.

If the impediment is removed, or a dispensation granted, and if consent perdures, the marriage can be convalidated.

Putative marriage in the United States

Many U.S. states have a concept of a putative spouse.

A number of states followed the example of the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act (also sometimes called the Model Marriage and Divorce Act) to establish the concept of a "Putative Spouse" by statute. The concept has been codified in California, Colorado, Illinois, Louisiana, Minnesota and Montana. Case law provides for putative spouse rights in Nebraska, Washington state, Nevada, Texas  and Louisiana. Colorado and Montana are the only U.S. states to have both common law marriage and to formally recognize putative spouse status. Putative spouse concepts, called "deemed marriages" are also recognized under the Social Security program in the United States.

In Colorado, which is typical, "Any person who has cohabited with another person to whom he is not legally marriaged in the good faith belief that he was married to that person is a putative spouse until knowledge of the fact that he is not legally married terminates his status and prevents acquisition of further rights." Section 14-2-111, Colorado Revised Statutes.

Putative spouse status is a remedial doctrine designed to protect the reasonable expectations of someone who acts on the belief that they are married, and generally entitled a putative spouse to the rights a legal spouse would have for the period from the putative marriage until discovery that the marriage was not legal. It is possible that a person could have both a legal spouse and someone as a putative spouse, as when a person remarries, not realizing that the divorce decree had not been made final for their original marriage; in which case, courts are directed to do what seems appropriate in the circumstances.

Unlike a common law marriage, which is possible only when both spouses are legally eligible to marry, putative spouse status can be unilateral. For example, if a husband is married, but goes through a marriage ceremony without informing the woman with whom he goes through with the ceremony of that fact, the husband is not a putative spouse, because he knows that he has no legal ability to marry. The wife however is a putative spouse because she in good faith believes that she is legally married, and has no knowledge that she is not legally married.

In the example above, the putative wife who believed she was married could seek the property division and alimony awards that a legal spouse could have, when the putative spouse discovers that she is not legally married, but her husband could not seek a property division in the putative wife's name or alimony from her, because he knew that their marriage was not legal.

If, on the other hand, the husband had had reliable but incorrect information that his first wife was dead, both the husband and the wife would have the status of putative spouse.

See also
Common-law marriage

References

External links

Catholic Encyclopedia "Putative Marriage"
Ruling on a putative marriage citing Colorado state law

Catholic matrimonial canon law
Disrupted marriage
Marriage in the Catholic Church

Putative marriage


Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg (28 January 1865 – 22 September 1952) was Finland's first president, from 1919 to 1925. He was born in Suomussalmi and was third from five children in the family. His first wife was Hedvig Wåhlberg. In 1920 he married Ester Elfving.

President Juho Kusti Paasikivi gave great value to Ståhlberg. He said: "Ståhlberg was a man who never made mistakes".

Ståhlberg died in Helsinki.

Other websites

Presidents of Finland
1865 births
1952 deaths

Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg


In physics and chemistry, a nucleon refers to any subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. For instance, protons and neutrons are nucleons, since they are in the nucleus of the atom. Nucleons are made of quarks.

Nucleons and their properties

Types of nucleons

The main types of nucleons are protons and neutrons. A proton has a positive electric charge, and a neutron has a neutral electric charge (meaning that it has no charge). The two in the nucleus of the atom make a positive charge, since the neutron has no charge at all.

Electrons are not nucleons, because they are not in the nucleus of the atom.

The other types of nucleons are antinucleons. These are the antiparticles of the nucleons.

The strong force and nucleons
The fundamental force responsible for holding the nucleons together in the nucleus is called the strong force.

Subatomic particles

Nucleon


Castor and Pollux were twin brothers in Greek and Roman mythology.  Together they are called the Dioscuri.  They were the sons of Queen Leda of Sparta.  Their twin sisters were Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra.  Castor and Pollux were changed into the constellation called Gemini.  Tyndareus, the king of Sparta, was the father of Castor, which made Castor mortal, while Zeus was the father of Pollux which made him a demigod.

Zeus seduced Leda as a swan and she laid four eggs, these eggs hatched and four children were born to Leda, the two brothers Castor and Pollux, and two sisters, Helen and Clytemnestra; Castor and Clytemnestra were considered to be the children of King Tyndareus,  Pollux and Helen were the demigod offspring of Zeus.

Castor and Pollux are universally named among the Argonauts, the crew of the Argo who sailed for Colchis with Jason.  During the quest for the Golden Fleece, Pollux is noted for having bested the King of Bebryces during a boxing match.

One of the best-known myths with Castor and Pollux is how they became a constellation. During a battle, Castor, being mortal, was killed. Heartbroken at the death of his brother, Pollux prayed to Zeus to make Castor immortal which meant Pollux would have to give up half of his immortality.  Eventually, Zeus agreed to the request, and so Castor and Pollux were transformed into the Gemini constellation.  To balance the cosmos, the Dioscuri would only be on Olympus one half of the year, and the other six months would be spent in the Underworld in the Elysium fields.

They became the gods of sailing and horsemanship. ... Pollux and Castor were also known for their boxing abilities and were thus the gods of athletes and athletic competitions. In both art and literature, Pollux and his brother were shown with horses, as the two were famed horsemen.

People in Greek mythology
Roman mythology

Castor and Pollux


The Natural Bears Classification System (NBCS) is a set of symbols using letters, numbers, and other characters commonly found on modern, Western computer keyboards. It is used by gay and bisexual men who self-identify as "bears". These codes are used in email, Usenet, and Internet forum postings to identify the physical type and preferences of the poster. The code was developed by Bob Donahue and Jeff Stoner. The NBCS is also called the "bear code".

An example of the bear code is "B4 s- m g++ w d+c t+ f+ k+ r e+(+?)". The translation (in no particular order) is: "Reasonably thick beard, cub tendencies, definite Daddy, (endowment) gets attention, above average fur, loves groping/pawing/touching, (Kinkiness) loves most things, (Muscle) some definition/Blue collar, spends some time outdoors, (sex) plays under special circumstances, tall, bear with a tummy".

References

LGBT
Bear (gay male)
Signalling

The Natural Bears Classification System


Lord of the Flies is a novel written by William Golding. It was published in 1954. The title is a literal translation of Beelzebub, a Semitic deity which was worshipped in the Philistine city of Ekron.

Golding based this novel on two personal experiences: his time teaching at boys' public schools and his experiences in World War II. He had read books like Coral Island which showed young boys getting stranded on desert islands and living in perfect Utopia. He wanted to write about what he thought would really happen in this situation.

Themes
The book portrays their descent into savagery. Left to themselves, far from modern civilisation, the well-educated children revert to a primitive state.

The central theme is the conflicting human impulses toward civilization  living by rules, peacefully and in harmony  and toward the will to power. Themes include the tension between groupthink and individuality, between rational and emotional reactions, and between morality and immorality. How these play out is the story of Lord of the Flies.

Plot
A group of boys of different ages, from different schools and backgrounds, are stranded on an island after their plane is brought down. The country they came from has been hit with a atom bomb and all the adults on their plane have died. There is no one else on the island and no one knows where they are. On Piggy's advice, Ralph blows a conch shell to gather the boys from across the island to a meeting. There they are introduced to Merridew (Jack) who is head of the Choir and various other characters.

A vote is called for leader, which is won by Ralph. He gives the task of registering the boys to Piggy, while he, Jack and Simon (a member of the choir) go to explore the island. They discover that they are truly alone on the island and that it is an island. On the way back they walk through a the forest and come across a pig. Jack pulls out a knife and makes to kill it, but is unable to. He swears to kill the next one he finds.

The three return to the beach where the first meeting was held and discover that Piggy was unable to take the register. During a meeting concerns are raised by one of the younger children about a "beastie" or "snake-thing". Ralph and the other older boys are quick to dismiss this theory. All the same, fear from some of the younger boys spreads. Ralph suggests that they build a signal fire; the group is instantly excited by this idea and rush to the top of the mountain to pile wood. They discover they have no way of igniting it, then Piggy arrives with the conch (essential for meetings, whoever has the conch talks). They use his glasses to start a fire which burns well, then ignites a large portion of forest, possibly killing a young child.

Jack and half of his choir hunt while the other half is assigned to tending the signal fire. Jack becomes obsessed with the idea of a kill while Ralph is still more interested in building shelters (with Simon's help) and escaping the island, something Jack does not seem bothered about anymore. He wants to kill a pig.

Jack eventually gets angry with Ralph and goes and forms his own tribe. They steal Piggy's glasses so they can start a fire. Simon is killed by the boys because they thought he was the beast. Only Ralph, Piggy and Sam and Eric are left in the original tribe. They go to the top of the mountain where Jack's tribe are. Jack and Ralph fight and Roger sends a boulder tumbling down that narrowly misses Ralph but kills Piggy and breaks the Conch. Sam and Eric are taken by Jack's tribe and Ralph runs away. Ralph goes up to the mountain again to see Sam and Eric and they tell him that Jack plans on hunting him down. He goes and hides but is soon found by the tribe. A fire is created to smoke him out. He runs for it down onto the beach being chased by the tribe holding spears. Ralph runs into a navy officer who saw the smoke from the fire and has come to rescue them. It is ironic because Jack only wanted to hunt for food and not bother keeping the fire going but he ends up starting the fire that gets them rescued...

References

1954 books
English novels
William Golding

Lord of the Flies


American (or court) handball, usually referred to simply as handball, is an American form of fives played against one or more walls.

History
It is a common belief that American handball was brought to the United States in the 1880s by Irish immigrants. The Gaelic handball sport was played since the 15th century in Ireland and Scotland.

Play
American handball is played on a court 12.2 meters long by 6.1 meters wide (40 feet long by 20 feet wide) with either a single (front) wall, three walls, or in a fully enclosed four-wall court (the most common). The four-wall court is a rectangular box. The front wall is 6.1 meters (20 feet) square, and the side walls are 12.2 meters (40 feet) long and 6.1 meters (20 feet) high. In the middle of the floor of the court lies the short line, that divides the floor into two 6.1 meter (20 feet) squares. Also along the floor is the service line, which is 1.5 meters (5 feet) in front of the short line. The service zone is the area between these two lines. The back wall of the court is usually 3.7 meters (12 feet) high, with an above gallery for the referee and scorer, and also spectators. A few courts have a glass back wall and/or glass side walls to allow for a better view of the match. (In three-wall court handball, the court often has a front wall and two full side walls, or the front wall is flanked by two triangular wings.)

Related pages
 Basque pelota
 Gaelic handball

References

 Time magazine, May 11, 1942.
 http://www.handballcity.com/Ervin%20Irizarry%20Interview.html
   http://www.handball.ie/newsite/start.php?subaction=showfull&id=1161381646&archive=&start_from=&ucat=2&
 http://www.jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=boxing&ID=126

Other websites
 US Handball
 Colorado Handball Association
 Official rules of the USHA
 Southern California Handball Association
 Toledo Handball Club
 Los Angeles Athletic Club - Handball
 Nothingbuthandball.com Promoting the Sport of Handball
 HandballCity.com Promoting the Sport of Handball
 Social Network for the Sport of Handball

Handball

American handball


The current state emblem o Uzbekistan wis adoptit on Julie 2, 1992. It is seemilar tae the emblem o the previous Uzbek SSR. Lik ither post-Soviet republics whose seembols dae no predate the October Revolution, the current emblem retains some components o the Soviet ane.

The emblem is in the form o a circle an mainly bears the naitional colors blue, white, an green. On the left thare is a cotton plant an tae the richt wheat borders the coat o airms, cotton an wheat are the twa major agricultural products o the kintra.

It is surmountit bi the star o Rub El Hizb (۞), a seembol o Islam, which a majority o Uzbeks profess.

In the middle, a khumo, seembol o happiness an love o freedom, beats its wings.  In the backgrund a birdseye view o Uzbekistan is paintit.  The risin sun ower the mountains wi its sun rays roonds aff the image.

The twa rivers ahint the bird, leadin tae the mountains, seembolise the Amu Darya an Syr Darya.

Freemit airtins
 Embassy o Uzbekistan tae the Unitit States | Aboot Uzbekistan | State Symbols
 Uzbek COA at FOTW

Naitional seembols o Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan

Emblem o Uzbekistan


Maratone is a music production company, started by two music producers and songwriters, Max Martin and Tom Talomaa. It was started in January 2001 after the closing of the Cheiron Studios.

The first songs to be written and produced at Maratone were four tracks for Britney Spears´ third album "Britney".

With Kelly Clarkson's hits Since U Been Gone and Behind These Hazel Eyes, which were produced at Maratone, Max Martin had reinvented himself (together with Lukasz Gottwald) by using a completely different sound than the "Cheiron sound" which he was so famous for. He has continued to use the new rock sound on hits for a-ha, Pink and many more.

Other websites
 Maratone's web site

Music companies
Companies of Sweden

Maratone Studio


Josephus, also called Josephe or Josephes, is the son of Joseph of Arimathea and an early keeper of the Holy Grail in some tellings of the Arthurian legend. He makes appearances in the Quest del Saint Graal section of the Lancelot-Grail cycle, but his story is fully told in the Estoire del Saint Grail (History of the Holy Grail), a prequel section written somewhat later. In the Estoire, he is invested as bishop by an apparition of Jesus with the implication that he was the first to receive his orders. Josephus is considered the primary holy man of the group, which is in contrast with the Lancelot-Grail's major source, Robert de Boron's , in which his father is the undisputed leader. This is likely due to the authors' assertion that various great families are descended from Joseph; his virtuous son remains chaste and has no children.

When Joseph's followers reach Britain, Josephus becomes the island's spiritual leader while his brother Galahad (ancestor to the more famous knight Galahad) takes charge of the secular duties. Before he dies, Josephus passes the Grail to his nephew Alan and announces the quest for the object that will eventually preoccupy King Arthur and his court.

Josephus was not a popular character with later authors. This is partially due to confusion between his and his father's names, which occurs even in some manuscripts of the Lancelot-Grail. Most subsequent writers preferred Joseph's earlier role as Britain's first evangelizer, and some, for instance Thomas Malory, apply some of Josephus' actions from the Estoire to Joseph.

References

Arthurian characters
Holy Grail
Joseph of Arimathea

Josephus of Arimathea


Popular music of the United Kingdom in the 21st century continued to expand and develop new subgenres and fusions. While talent show contestants were one of the major forces in pop music, British soul maintained and even extended its high-profile with figures like Joss Stone, Estelle, Duffy and Adele, while a new group of singer-songwriters led by Amy Winehouse and Westlife achieved international success. New forms of dance music emerged, including grime and dubstep. There was also a revival of garage rock and post-punk, which when mixed with electronic music produced new rave.

Rock

Post-Britpop

Post-Britpop bands such as The Verve, Radiohead, Catatonia and Travis were followed in the 2000s by acts including Snow Patrol, from Northern Ireland and Elbow, Embrace, Starsailor, Doves and Keane from England, with music that was often more melodic and introspective. The most commercially successful band in the milieu were Coldplay, whose début album Parachutes (2000) went multi-platinum and helped make them one of the most popular acts in the world by the time of their second album A Rush of Blood to the Head (2002).

Garage rock revival/post-punk revival

Like many American alternative rock bands, during the late 1990s and early 2000s, several British indie bands emerged, including Franz Ferdinand, the Libertines and Bloc Party, that drew primary inspiration from new wave and post-punk groups such as Joy Division, Wire, and Gang of Four, establishing the post-punk revival movement. Other prominent independent rock bands in the 2000s included: Editors, the Fratellis, Placebo, Razorlight, Kaiser Chiefs, the Kooks and Arctic Monkeys (the last being the most prominent act to owe their success to the use of internet social networking).

Soft rock and singer-songwriter

The decade saw the solo success for British singer-songwriters, including David Gray, Dido making use of acoustic music and remixes, whose breakthrough albums White Ladder (2000) and No Angel (1999) respectively, went multi-platinum. Later in decade a second wave including James Blunt with Back to Bedlam (2003), KT Tunstall with Eye to the Telescope (2004), James Morrison with Undiscovered (2006), and Amy Macdonald with This Is the Life (2007) enjoyed similar levels of success.

Heavy metal

The term "retro-metal" has been applied to such bands as The Darkness, whose unique mix of glam rock and heavy riffs earned them a string of singles hits and a quintuple platinum album with One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back (2005), which reached number 11. Bullet for My Valentine, from Wales, broke into the top 5 in both the US and UK charts with their melodic dark rock, with Scream Aim Fire (2008). Asking Alexandria's third studio album, From Death to Destiny, also debuted in the top five of the Billboard 200 during the week it was released, while also debuting at number 1 in both the British Rock and Metal charts.

New rave

With developments in computer technology and music software, it became possible to create high quality music using little more than a single laptop computer. This resulted in a massive increase in the amount of home-produced electronic music available to the general public via the expanding internet, and new forms of performance such as laptronica and live coding. In Britain the combination of indie with American pioneered dance-punk was dubbed new rave in publicity for Klaxons and the term was picked up and applied by the NME to a number of bands, including Trash Fashion, New Young Pony Club, Hadouken!, Late of the Pier, Test Icicles, and Shitdisco forming a scene with a similar visual aesthetic to earlier rave music.

Pop rock
As pop rock and pop punk had become popular in the United States by bands such as Green Day, The Offspring and Blink-182, the UK saw pop-rock bands break into mainstream. The first band to breakthrough would be Busted with their 2002 hit single "What I Go to School For". The band's mainstream success was limited with their break-up on 14 January 2005. McFly have enjoyed commercial success with their 2004 breakthrough album Room on the 3rd Floor, which went straight to no.1 in the UK.

Punk
A grassroots punk scene has continued in the UK.  Since the late 2000s, this has been mainly built around the hub of the annual Rebellion Festival in Blackpool. The 2010s saw a particular profusion of younger female or female-fronted bands affiliated to the punk scene.

Pop

In the 2000s, Westlife were the most successful group and music act at reaching the top spot, with 11 number-one singles and 7 number-one albums. New girl groups managed to enjoy sustained success, including Sugababes and Girls Aloud, the last of these the most successful British product of the many Popstars format programmes, which began to have a major impact in the charts from the beginning of the 2000s. The Saturdays were the next girl group to sustain success in the late 2000s, after being inspired by Girls Aloud and touring with them. The most successful winner Leona Lewis enjoyed a number one album in 2008 and her début single "Bleeding Love" was the first number one single in the U.S. charts by a British solo female artist since Kim Wilde in 1987. The 2000s also saw the reunion of Take That, who went on to achieve new stardom by the end of the decade. In the early 2010s, the British boy and girl bands, The Wanted, One Direction, and Little Mix have experienced worldwide success, charting highly in Britain as well as North America.

Soul and female singer-songwriters

British soul in the 2000s was dominated by female singers, many of them white, including Natasha Bedingfield, Joss Stone, Amy Winehouse, Estelle, Adele and Duffy, all of whom have enjoyed success in the American charts, leading to talk of a "Third British Invasion", "Female Invasion" or "British soul invasion" leading the charts like "American Boy", "No Substitute Love" o "Pretty Please (Love Me)" by Estelle or "Mercy" by Duffy. In 2009, the single "Down" reached the No. 1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold two million copies in the United States, making him "the most successful male UK urban artist in US chart history." Female singer-songwriters of various genres began to dominate the British charts in 2006 with the previously mentioned Winehouse and Lily Allen. In August 2011, the top 5 positions on the album charts were held by both Adele and Amy Winehouse with two albums each, and by American singer Beyoncé holding the other spot.
British singer-songwriter Paloma Faith reached No. 2 on the album charts in 2012 with her second album Fall to Grace.

Nu-folk

In the 2000s bands and artists appeared who functioned as cross-over acts between the indie rock and folk scenes. Their music often used traditional instruments, sometimes beside electronic music. London's nu-folk scene included artists like Laura Marling, Noah and the Whale, Mumford & Sons and Johnny Flynn and that in Scotland, centred on Glasgow and with a more Celtic tinge, included artists such as Findlay Napier and the Bar Room Mountaineers and Pearl and the Puppets.

Grime and hip hop

At the beginning of the 2000s a new style of electronic music, influenced heavily by hip hop and UK garage, and dubbed grime (sometimes called eskibeat or sublow), included acts such as Dizzee Rascal, Lady Sovereign, Wiley, Sway DaSafo, Ghetto and Kano. The eponymous debut album of Gorillaz, created by Damon Albarn in 2001, sold over seven million copies and earned them an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the Most Successful Virtual Band. The success of The Streets' 2002 album Original Pirate Material drew the media's attention to lighter, more melodic rap as a form of pop music and this was followed by the success of Welsh rap group Goldie Lookin' Chain and acts like N-Dubz, Tinchy Stryder and Chipmunk, dubbed "Brithop" by the press. Other successful Grime artists include Aggro Santos, Tinie Tempah, Professor Green, Bashy, Devlin and Skepta. The popularity of British rap has significantly risen over the past few years. 6 Number 1 singles were scored by UK rappers in 2009, and 6 Number 1 singles were scored in 2010. Previous to 2009, a British rapper had never topped the UK singles chart. Grime Artists to reach the number 1 spot are Taio Cruz, Dizzee Rascal, Tinchy Stryder, Chipmunk, Tinie Tempah, Roll Deep and Plan B.

Electronic music

Dubstep

Dubstep developed from garage music at the end of the 1990s and in the early 2000s, using elements of drum'n'bass, techno, and dub, to produce a largely instrumental, "dark" sound, based around relatively simple rhythms and often with extended hypnotic mixes. Its origins centred around the London Forward>> club nights and it was disseminated through pirate radio shows. Major artists included Skream, Burial, Kode9, Pinch, Horsepower Productions, Vex'd, Digital Mystikz, Zomby, Shackleton and Benga. Releases like Burial's Untrue (2007) and the mix albums series Dubstep All-Stars helped the subgenre gain critical and some limited commercial success.

Synthpop revival

In the 2000s synthpop began to re-emerge as a new wave of indie artists began to incorporate the sound into their songs. Major British acts to be influenced by this sound include pioneers Goldfrapp, Ladytron and Hot Chip, who were followed by acts including Little Boots, Ellie Goulding and La Roux. The electronic sound and style have arguably influenced many other mainstream pop artists, including Lily Allen's second album It's Not Me, It's You (2009), which abandoned the ska influences of her earlier work. British soul/R&B artists such as Jay Sean and Taio Cruz have also embraced electro-pop sounds.

Mid 2000s-early 2010s
British musical success in the United States was at its lowest point in the early 2000s. Less than 2% of the top 100 United States albums in both 2000 and 2001 were from the United Kingdom. In April 2002, for the first time since October 1963, there were no British acts on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. This would be reversed in the latter half of the decade when the percentage of albums sold in the US by British acts increased every year from 2005 through 2008. It would increase from 8.5% to 10% of the market between 2007 and 2008.

In 2007 Joss Stone's third album Introducing Joss Stone debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 becoming the first British solo female artist to have an album début that high on the chart. In 2006 and early 2007 British acts James Blunt, Amy Winehouse, Lily Allen, Snow Patrol and Corinne Bailey Rae also had US chart success. By March 2007 these successes had led to speculation that either another British Invasion was underway or that there was a return to normalcy. In 2008 Leona Lewis's single "Bleeding Love" topped the Billboard Hot 100, and her album, Spirit, also reached number 1, as Lewis became the first UK solo artist to debut at number one in the US with a debut album. The year would also be a successful one for Duffy, Adele, Estelle, and M.I.A. Led by Coldplay, British acts received a total of 16 Grammy Awards in 2009. In 2009, Jay Sean topped the Billboard Hot 100, followed by Taio Cruz in 2010. Based on having the largest airplay and sales in the US, Muse were named the Billboard Alternative and Rock artist for 2010.

In 2011 albums by British artists totaled 1 in 8 of all albums sold in North America. This represented a 25% jump from 2010 and according to the British Phonographic Industry trade organization this was believed to represent the largest market share there since the Second British Invasion of the 1980s. 30 albums by British artists sold over 100,000 copies. During one week that year from three British artists, Adele, Mumford & Sons and Marsha Ambrosius, held the top three album spots during one week for the first time in a quarter of a century.  Adele became the first female singer to be named Billboards top artist and have both the number 1 album (21) and number 1 single ("Rolling in the Deep") for the same year By the time 2011 ended Adele had broken various records on the Billboard charts. 21 again topped the 'Billboard 200 album chart in 2012 It was only the second time in the history of the chart an album was number one for two consecutive years. Tinie Tempah became the first British hip hop artist to have a debut US single that sold at least one million units and two singles from the record have entered the Billboard Hot 100. The second single from Jessie J sold a million units, Ellie Goulding's single Lights was number 5 on the 2012 Billboard Hot 100, and the success of Florence and the Machine led to the band being the topic of a Billboard Magazine cover story in September. In March 2012, One Direction's debut studio album, Up All Night, topped the US Billboard 200 chart, becoming the first British group in US chart history to debut at number one with their first album. In October 2012, Mumford & Sons'  second album, Babel, debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, and was the fastest selling album in 2012 in the US, selling 600,000 in its first week. From the lull in the early 2000s, various explanations have been given by people in the music industry for the resurgence of UK success in the USthSpin Magazine]] music editor Charles Aaron, speaking of the female singer-songwriters, called Amy Winehouse's breakthrough the "Nirvana moment". Billboards chart manager Keith Caulfield also credited Winehouse and said, "They're not giving us the usual 'We're going to stay up until 6 am and party like we've never partied before,'?". Caulfield says, "Their approach is more classic and quirky, which makes Americans pay more attention. Tinie Tempah credited the confidence of the British Artists and David Joseph, the chairman of Universal Music UK noted that unlike in the past British artists are not specifically targeting the US but American audiences are noticing their talent through the internet.

The success of British music in the United States has been seen as part of broader Anglophile trend in the United States that has also seen a noticeable increase in use of British expressions, interest in the Royal Family, and British Television programmes.

See also
 Music in the 2000s
 Music of the United Kingdom (1950s)
 Music of the United Kingdom (1960s)
 Music of the United Kingdom (1970s)
 Music of the United Kingdom (1980s)
 Music of the United Kingdom (1990s)

References

British music history
2000s in British music
2010s in British music

Music of the United Kingdom (2000s and 2010s)


NBA Coast to Coast (formerly known as NBA Fastbreak Tuesday and NBA Nation) was a weekly NBA-themed studio program which aired Tuesday nights on ESPN2.

Format
The program is different from other studio programs, such as Baseball Tonight, in that it contains live cut-ins to NBA games in-progress as well as interviews with players after games end. However, the live cut-ins are not truly live, as there is usually a gap of a few minutes between the direct feed and what ESPN is showing.

Personalities
Presently, the program is hosted by Kevin Connors, with analysts Tim Legler and Jalen Rose. The three are routinely joined by NBA insiders Ric Bucher and Marc Stein, and other NBA analysts for ESPN.

Other hosts and analysts
John Saunders (substitute host)
Kevin Frazier (host, 2002–2004)
Matt Winer (host, 2006–2009)
Bill Laimbeer (analyst, 2003–2004)
Bill Walton (analyst)
Antonio Davis (analyst)

References

ESPN2 original programming
2002 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
Coast to Coast
American sports television series

NBA Coast to Coast


The Five color theorem is a theorem from Graph theory. It states that any plane which is separated into regions, such as a map, can be colored with no more than five colors. It was first stated by Alfred Kempe in 1890, and proved by Percy John Heawood eleven years later. Kempe also tried to prove it, but his proof failed. There are two restrictions which are placed on the maps: First, a country must be contiguous, there must be no exclaves, and secondly, countries that only touch in one point can be colored with the same color.

There is also a four color theorem, which is stronger, and much more difficult to prove.

Graph theory

Five color theorem


Frances Louise McDormand (born as Cynthia Ann Smith on Juin 23, 1957) is an American–French actress. She haes been mairit tae director an writer Joel Coen syne 1984 an haes starned in several o the Coen brithers' films, includin Blood Simple (1984), Raising Arizona (1987), Fargo (1996), "Madeline"(1998), The Man Who Wasn't There (2001) an Burn After Reading (2008). McDormand is ane o the few performers wha hae achieved the Triple Croun o Actin. In 1997, she wan the Academy Awaird for Best Actress for Fargo. In 2011, she wan the Tony Awaird for Best Actress in a Play for the oreeginal Broadway production o Good People, an in 2015 she wan the Primetime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for Olive Kitteridge. In 2018, she won an Academy Awaird for her performance in the film Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri.

References

1957 births
Livin fowk
Actresses frae Chicago
Actresses frae Pittsburgh
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American televeesion actresses
Best Actress Academy Awaird winners
Best Actress Empire Awaird winners
Bethany College (Wast Virginie) alumni
Drama Desk Award winners
Independent Spirit Awaird winners
Fowk frae Westmoreland Coonty, Pennsylvanie
Yale Varsity alumni
American adoptees
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Leadin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners
Tony Awaird winners
20t-century American actresses
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Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners
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Frances McDormand


The Qilin (Chinese: 麒麟; pinyin: qílín; Wade-Giles: ch'i-lin) is a mythical hooved Chinese chimerical creature and is said to appear with the imminent arrival or passing of a wise sage or an illustrious ruler.

Description
A qilin has a single horn on its forehead, a yellow belly, a multicoloured back, the hooves of a horse, the body of a deer, and the tail of an ox. Gentle of disposition, it never walks on verdant grass or eats living vegetation.

Origins
The first qilin is said to have appeared in the garden of the legendary Huangdi (Yellow Emperor) in 2697 bc. Some three centuries later a pair of qilin were reported in the capital of Emperor Yao. Both events bore testimony to the benevolent nature of the rulers.

The advent of a great sage was made known when a qilin appeared to the pregnant mother of Confucius (6th century bc). The qilin thereupon coughed up an inscribed jade tablet that foretold the future greatness of the unborn child. The death of Confucius was foreshadowed when a qilin was injured by a charioteer.

In 1414 a live giraffe was brought to China for the first time and presented as a qilin to the Ming emperor Yongle. The tough old warrior, seeing through the intended flattery, curtly remarked that he certainly was no sage and the animal was certainly no qilin. In Japanese, a giraffe is called kirin, but the characters are those for qilin.

Chinese mythology
Legendary creatures

Qilin


Philo Judaeus, also known as Philo of Alexandria, was a Jewish philosopher who lived from c. 20 BC to c. 50 AD. Philo wanted to prove that the Torah and Greek philosophy actually agreed with each other and he used allegory to do that. In 38 AD, Philo was one of many Egyptian Jews to meet with the Roman Emperor Caligula and he wrote a book about it.

Life
Either Philo's father or his father's father was a Jew who became a Roman citizen based on a decision of the dictator Julius Caesar. Philo went to the Second Temple of Jerusalem at least once. Philo lived at the same time as Jesus did.

Embassy to Gaius
When Philo was living in Alexandria the Jews were treated badly by the Greeks. According to Philo's book Against Flaccus, Egypt's Roman ruler Aulis Avilius Flaccus persecuted the Jews because the Jews refused to worship Caligula as a god. Philo wrote his book Against Flaccus attacking him for doing that. Philo was one of many Jews who went to Rome to convince Caligula not to build a giant statue of himself as the god Jupiter and put it inside the Second Temple of Jerusalem because if Caligula did that the Jews would rebel against him. Philo wrote a book describing his mission to Caligula called Legatio ad Gaium (The Embassy to Gaius) because Gaius was Caligula's real name.

Josephus's Version
According to the Jewish historian Titus Flavius Josephus, born Yosef ben Matityahu, in his book The Antiquities of the Jews, Philo was the brother of the Roman-appointed Jewish tax collector Alexander. In Josephus's version, the Jews refused to worship Caligula even though he commanded them to and Philo believed the Jews were right and that to worship Caligula would be a sin against God. A Roman named Apion came to Alexandria to convince the Jews that they were traitors to the Emperor and that Caligula would punish them but Philo convinced them that " they should be of good courage, since Gaius's words indeed showed anger at them but in reality had already set God against himself". According to Josephus, the Jews of Alexandria chose Philo to represent them to Caligula and Philo said yes because he wanted to end the violence of the Greeks against the Jews.

Philo's Books
Quaestiones(Latin for the Inquiries) is a series of books by Philo explaining the Torah, verse by verse with the first four books being about Genesis and the last two about Exodus.

Allegorical Commentary- a book by Philo about hidden meaning in the Book of Genesis.

Exposition of the Law, a classification of all the general topics in the Torah written for both Jews and Gentiles.

On the Life of Moses, a biography of Moses meant to show Moses as a philosopher.

On the Jews, a defence of the religion of Judaism.

On the Contemplative Life, a book by Philo arguing that not only does Greek philosophy not disagree with Judaism it was created by Judaism.

Against Flaccus, a book by Philo attacking Flaccus for his persecution of Egyptian Jews.

The Embassy to Gaius, an eyewitness account of the mission to Caligula.

Every Good Man is Free, about moral philosophy.

On the Eternity of the World, about Metaphysics.

On Animals, about Animals

On Providence, about God.

Philosophy
Philo tries to prove that the teachings of Plato and of Moses actually work well together. He also thinks to be a good person, you have to control your emotions.

The Bible
Philo believed that all truth was in the Hebrew Bible and that everything in the Torah came from God. Philo believed that all philosophy comes from the Torah and even Greek philosophers got their ideas from there. Philo also said that every person in the Hebrew Bible actually represented a human quality. Adam represents mind, Eve represents the senses and Noah represents ("tranquility") .

Philo believed that God does not have a body or emotions. Philo says that no one really knows anything for sure except that God exists. Based on Plato, Philo argued that everything that exists has always existed as an idea in the mind of God.

Politics
Because of his mission to Caligula people know that Philo was involved in politics but not what his political beliefs actually were. Philo did write that someone who told a tyrant what he really thought about him put not only his own life in danger but also the lives of his wife and children and that one should therefore not do that except if doing that were likely to work.

Influence
For years, Philo was an influence on Christians like Eusebius and Jerome but was ignored by Jewish scholars. Then in 1575, an Italian Rabbi named Azariah die Rossi wrote a book in which he criticized Philo for reading the Torah in Greek instead of Hebrew, for believing that God created the Universe from matter that had always existed instead of believing that He created the Universe out of nothing, for relying too much on allegory in his approach to the Hebrew Bible and for not consulting
Jewish tradition. Rossi then tries to defend Philo and decides that he can't be sure if Philo's work is compatible with Judaism or not.

20s BC births
50s deaths
Egyptian Jews
Jewish philosophers
People from Alexandria

Philo of Alexandria


The 1st century was the century that lasted from year 1 to 100.

During this period Europe, North Africa and the Near East fell under increasing domination by the Roman Empire. It continued expanding under the emperor Claudius (43). The reforms introduced by Augustus during his long reign stabilized the empire. Later in the century the Julio-Claudian Dynasty, which had been founded by Augustus came to an end with the death of Nero in 68. There followed the famous Year of Four Emperors, a brief period of civil war and instability, which was finally brought to an end by Vespasian, 9th Roman emperor, and founder of the Flavian Dynasty.

China continued to be dominated by the Han Dynasty, despite a 14-year interruption by the Xin dynasty under Wang Mang. Han rule was restored in 23. Wang Mang's rule represents the watershed between the Western/Former Han and the Eastern/Later Han. The capital was also moved from Chang'an to Luoyang.

Regional events and politics

 Western Europe: Controlled by Rome.

 Southern Europe: Controlled by Rome.
 North Africa: Controlled by Rome.
 West Africa: Numerous tribal governments.
 Central Africa: Bantu tribes, collapsing Nok civilization.
 East Africa: Meroe, Blemmyes, Axum Empire.
 Southern Africa: Bantu tribes, Khoisan.
 Western Asia: Rome, Parthian empires, as well as many smaller tribes.
 Central Asia: Sarmatian tribes.
 South-central Asia: Kushan empire, Western Satraps, Satavahana, Tibetans.
 Southeast Asia: City states, Khmer, Mon kingdoms, Funan.
 East Asia: Eastern Han Dynasty of China, Three Kingdoms (Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla) of Korea.

Events
 Early 1st century  – Augustus of Primaporta (perhaps a copy of a bronze statue of ca. 20 BC) is made. It is now kept in Musei Vaticani, Braccio Nuovo, Rome.
 Early 1st century – Gemma Augustea is made. It is now kept at Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
 Early 1st century – House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii, is built. Excavated in 1893, the year of the silver wedding anniversary of Italy's King Humbert and his wife, Margherita of Savoy, who have supported archaeological fieldwork at Pompeii.
 Early 1st century – Inner shrine, Ise, Mie, Mie Prefecture, is built. Yayoi period.
 1: Lions became extinct in Western Europe.
 c. 6: Census of Quirinius
 8–23: Wang Mang temporarily overthrew the Han dynasty of China.
 9: Three Roman legions were destroyed at Teutoberg Forest by Germans under the leadership of Arminius.
 14: Augustus Caesar, first emperor of Rome, dies. His nephew Tiberius is his successor.
 28–75: Emperor Ming of Han, Buddhism reaches China.
Humans arrive on Pentecost Island and establish the Bunlap tribe, among others.
 26: According to the Bible, Jesus begins his ministry.
 30: Death of Jesus on the cross. Beginning of the Christian Church.
 34: Conversion of Saint Paul.
 44: Death of Herod Agrippa.
 41–54: Rachias, an Ambassador sent from Sri Lanka to the court of Claudius.
 Masoretes adds vowel pointings to the text of the Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible.
 Buddhist monks in Sri Lanka first write down Buddha's teachings, creating the Pali canon.
 The regions of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and North India come under the control of the Kushans, a nomadic people forced out of northwest China by the Han Dynasty.
 Tacitus mentions the Suiones, who will one day be called the Swedes.
 Kaundinya, an Indian Brahmin marries Soma and establishes the Pre-Angkor Cambodian Kingdom of Funan.
 The Goths settle in northern Poland, which they called Gothiscandza, and shape the Wielbark culture.
 c. 50: Christian Council of Jerusalem.
 c. 52: Arrival of Apostle Thomas to Malabar, India. Beginning of Christianity in India.
 Mid-1st century – Wall niche, from garden in Pompeii, is made. It is now kept at Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, England.
 Mid-1st century – Detail of a wall painting in the House of M. Lucretius Fronto, Pompeii, is made.
 July 19, 64: Great Fire of Rome, first Roman mass Persecution of Christians, earliest significant recognition of Christians in Rome.
 66–73: First Jewish-Roman War.
 August 70: destruction of Herod's Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans under Titus.
 August 79: Pompeii and Herculaneum destroyed by eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
 Jewish Council of Jamnia.
 Spread of the Roman Empire, reaches largest size under Trajan.
 Arena (colosseum) is constructed, origin of the name Arena.
 Late 1st century – Cityscape, detail of a Second Style wall painting from a bedroom in the House of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, is made. It is now at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
 The painting "Alexander the Great confronts Darius III at the Battle of Issos", detail of mosaic floor decoration from Pompeii, Italy is made. It is a Roman copy after a Greek painting of c. 310 BC, perhaps by Philoxenos or Helen of Egypt. It is now at Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy.
 Late 1st century – Bedroom, from the House of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale is made. It is reconstructed with later furnishings  at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
 Late 1st century – Seascape, detail of a wall painting from Villa Farnesina, Rome, is made.
 Late 1st century – Young Woman Writing, detail of a wall painting, from Pompeii, is made. It is now kept at Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples.
 Late 1st century – Mausoleum under Construction, relief from the tomb of the Haterius family, Via Labicana, Rome, is made. It is now kept at Musei Vaticani, Museo Gregoriano Profano, ex Lateranese, Rome.
 Late 1st century – Middle-Aged Flavian Woman is made. It is now kept at Musei Vaticani, Museo Gregoriano Profano, ex Lateranese, Rome.
 c. Late 1st century – early 2nd century – Buddha and Attendants, from Katra Keshavdev, Mathura, Madhya Pradesh, India, is made. Kushan period. It is now kept at Mathura Museum.
 1st–2nd centuries – Tomb model of a house is made. Eastern Han dynasty. It is now kept at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.

Important people

 Apollonius of Tyana
 Akiba
 Arminius
 Ban Chao
 Berenice of Cilicia
 Boudica, also known as Boadicea
 Augustus
 Caligula
 Claudius
 Clement I of Rome
 Decebalus
 Domitian
 Du Shi
 Elisha ben Abuyah
 Galba
 Germanicus
 Gan Ying
 Guangwu of Han
 Hero of Alexandria
 Hillel the Elder
 Ignatius of Antioch
 James the Just
 Jesus of Nazareth
 John the Baptist
 Josephus
 Liu Xin
 Livia
 Livy
 Ma Yuan
 Ming of Han
 Nero
 Nerva
 Otho
 Paul of Tarsus
 Philo
 Pliny the Elder
 Polycarp
 Pontius Pilate
 Sejanus
 Seneca the Younger
 Simon Peter
 Strabo
 Tacitus
 Thomas the Apostle
 Tiberius
 Titus
 Trajan
 Vespasian
 Vitellius
 Vitruvius
 Wang Chung
 Wang Mang

Inventions, discoveries, introductions
 Codex, the first form of the modern book, appears in the Roman Empire
 Year 78—the beginning of the Saka Era used by South Asian calendars.
 Bookbinding
 Various inventions by Hero of Alexandria, including the steam turbine (aeolipile), water organ, and various other water-powered machines.
 In 31, the Han Dynasty Chinese engineer and statesman Du Shi (d. 38) from Nanyang invented the first known hydraulic-powered bellows to heat the blast furnace in smelting cast iron. He used a complex mechanical device that was powered by the rushing current against a waterwheel, a practice that would continue in China.
 Although Philo of Byzantium described the saqiya chain pump in the early 2nd century BC, the square-pallet chain pump was innovated in China during this century, mentioned first by the philosopher Wang Chong around 80 AD. Wang Chong also accurately described the water cycle in meteorology, and argued against the mainstream 'radiating influence' theory for solar eclipses, the latter of which was accepted by many, including Zhang Heng.
 The Chinese astronomer Liu Xin (d. 23) documented 1080 different stars, amongst other achievements.
 End of 1st century – codex replaces the scroll.

Christianity
According to the New Testament, during the reign of Tiberius, Jesus, a Jewish religious leader from Galilee, was crucified in Jerusalem on the charge of blasphemy for claiming to be the Son of God.  But "God raised him from the dead" three days later, see Resurrection of Jesus. Over the next few decades his followers, following the Great Commission, including the apostle Paul, carried his message throughout the Greek-speaking regions of Asia Minor, eventually introducing it to Rome itself. Roman rulers began to persecute the new sect almost immediately (the emperor Nero accused the Christians of starting the fires that destroyed much of Rome in 64 AD), and would continue to do so for centuries, sometimes vigorously, and other times passively.  Christian tradition records that all of Christ's apostles except John the Evangelist suffered martyrdom.

In the 4th century, Christianity was eventually taken up by the emperor Constantine. One of his successors Julian the Apostate renounced it for paganism and again persecuted the Church.  However, by the end of the 4th century, Emperor Theodosius I proclaimed Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire.

Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 1st century are in italics.

Related pages
 Kofun period

References

1st century


The Mortal Engines Quartet (also known as The Hungry Town Chronicles 'i  the united states; Predator Towns or the Predator Towns Quartet) is a series of epic young adult fantasy novels by the british novelist and illustrator Philip Reeve.  He began the first volume of the series, mortal engines,  'i  the 1980s, and 'twere  published  'i  2001.  Reeve then published three further novels, predator's gold  'i  2003, infernal devices  'i  2005, and a darkling plain  'i  2006.  The series is set thousands of years  'i  the future  'i  a time known as the traction era, and say to the story of two young adventurers on a desolate planet earth where moving towns roam for resources, eating each other.  The novels  hast won a number of awards, including the nestlé smarties book prize  'i  2002 for mortal engines and the 2006 guardian children's fiction prize and the 2007 los angeles times book prize for young adult fiction for a darkling plain.

a companion piece entitled the traction codex was released  'i  2011, and was expanded into the illustrated orb of mortal engines by reeve and jeremy levett, which was published  'i  2018.  Additionally, a collection of short stories set ere the series bid  night flights was published the like year.  Too , a prequel series, fever crumb, set 600 years ere the events of the quartet, was published 'twixt 2009 and 2011.

universal pictures and mrc released a film adaptation of the first novel, mortal engines,  'i  2018, though its play universe is  divers from that of the books'

Fruman

Mortal Engines Quartet


PC Pro is one of several computer magazines published monthly in the United Kingdom by Future plc. Its headquarters is in London. PC Pro also licenses individual articles (or even the whole magazine) for republication in various countries around the world - and some articles are translated into local languages. , it claimed to be the biggest-selling monthly PC magazine in the UK.

PC Pro is promoted as a magazine for "IT professionals, IT managers and power users." It is a fairly 'rounded' magazine as it contains information on many different aspects of IT (such as cheap hardware, extreme hardware, software, business, home, retailers) rather than just one of these areas like many UK PC magazines.  While it is primarily Windows-focused, it does contain some open source and Apple content.

The magazine was launched in November 1994. The website was launched in December 1996. On 3 June 2015 Dennis Publishing relaunched the PC Pro website as Alphr. The magazine continued to operate under the PC Pro brand, with the two publications occasionally sharing content but otherwise serving different audiences with bespoke content.

Each issue used to come with a cover disc – either a CD in the £4.49 version or a DVD in the £5.99 edition. The CD contained complete commercial software products (usually older versions) and commercial software trials. The DVD contained these and also a selection of applications which featured in every issue. These regular applications are usually freeware or open source.

The issue of cover discs has been superseded by downloadable software accessible via a 'bonus software code' printed on the spine of each issue.

The PC Pro team also publish a weekly podcast available on the Magazine website and on the iTunes Store.

In February 2001 they reissued, with new artwork, a free copy of the controversial "Area 51: The Alien Interview" DVD.

Future acquired Dennis Publishing and its computing division including PC Pro in 2021.

Current contributors
 Tim Danton
 Barry Collins
 David Court
 Darien Graham-Smith
 Jonathan Bray
 Mike Jennings
 Jane McCallion
 Sasha Muller
 Nicole Kobie
 Stewart Mitchell
 Jon Honeyball
 Davey Winder
 Paul Ockenden
 Steve Cassidy
 David Crookes
 Rois Ni Thuama

See also
List of computer magazines

References

External links
PC Pro Spanish Website

1994 establishments in the United Kingdom
Computer magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1994
Magazines published in London
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom

PC Pro


Star Wars: Dark Forces is a first-person shooter computer game which takes place in the Star Wars universe. It was made by LucasArts. It came out in 1995 for MS-DOS and Apple Macintosh, and a version was later made for Sony Playstation.

The player controls Kyle Katarn, who was once a stormtrooper for the Galactic Empire but left the Empire to become a mercenary. In Dark Forces, Katarn works for the Rebellion which fights against the Empire. The game's story is about Kyle finding and stopping an Imperial weapons program called the Dark Trooper Project.

Everything in the game is set in the Star Wars universe. Many things in the game are taken from the original Star Wars trilogy movies, such as several weapons and most of the game's enemies, but some things were made just for Dark Forces.

Many of the planets that the levels take place on were created for Dark Forces, but a few of them are from Star Wars books.

Gameplay
Dark Forces is a first person shooter, so the player controls Katarn and sees from Katarn's eyes. Much of the gameplay is about fighting and shooting enemies, but there are also many puzzles to solve to move through the missions.

The player can run, strafe, jump, crouch, and move through shallow water. The player can also look up and down. The game can be controlled with keys on the keyboard, and also a mouse can be used to run, turn, and shoot.

The game is made up of separate missions. Each mission has certain goals that the player must finish. The missions are all part of the story. Katarn's pilot drops him off and picks him up, but he goes through the missions alone without any help.

There are many different weapons in the game that the player can use and that enemies also use. Most of the weapons shoot blaster bolts or other projectiles, but the player can also throw thermal detonators like grenades. Some of the weapons have a secondary fire mode which shoots in a different way.

Story
The story is told in two ways. One way is cutscenes, which are animated videos that play between some missions. Also, before each mission the player is given a briefing which talks about what is happening in the story and what the mission goals are.

In the first mission, Katarn steals the Death Star plans so the Rebels can destroy the Death Star. The rest of the game is a different story.

The Rebels find out about a secret Imperial program called the Dark Trooper Project. The Dark Trooper project is a plot to create new robotic Stormtroopers that are very powerful and dangerous.

Kyle searches for clues about the Dark Trooper Project and sets off to stop it.

Shooter video games
Star Wars games

Star Wars: Dark Forces