Elsabé Antoinette Murray Joubert OIS (19 October 1922 – 14 June 2020) was a Sestigers Afrikaans-language writer. She rose to prominence with her novel Die swerfjare van Poppie Nongena (The Long Journey of Poppie Nongena), which was translated into 13 languages, as well as staged as a drama and filmed as Poppie Nongena.

Early life and career
Elsa Joubert was born and raised in the Cape settlement of Paarl and matriculated from the all-girls school La Rochelle in Paarl in 1939. She then studied at the University of Stellenbosch from which she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1942 and an SED (Secondary Education Diploma) in 1943. She continued her studies at the University of Cape Town which she left with a Master's degree in Dutch-Afrikaans literature in 1945.

After graduating, Joubert taught at the Hoër Meisieskool, an all-girls high school in Cradock, then worked as the editor of the women's pages of Huisgenoot, a well-known Afrikaans family magazine, from 1946 to 1948. She then started writing full-time and travelled extensively in Africa, from the springs of the Nile in Uganda, through the Sudan, to Cairo, as well as to Mozambique, Mauritius, Réunion, Madagascar, and Angola. She also visited Indonesia.

In 1950, Joubert married Klaas Steytler, a journalist and later publisher and author, who died in 1998. She had three children, two daughters and one son, and lived in Oranjezicht, Cape Town.

She died in Cape Town on 14 June 2020 due to COVID-19-related causes during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa. In May 2020, during the pandemic, she wrote an open letter  to relax restrictions and allow home care residents to see family. "We are in the last months and weeks of our lives," she wrote, "and we who live in homes or institutions, however wonderful, are totally cut off from our family members."

Awards
 Fellow of the British Royal Society of Literature
 Honorary doctorate from Stellenbosch University (2001)
 Eugène Marais Prize for Ons wag op die kaptein (1964)
 CNA Prize for Bonga (1971)
 W.A. Hofmeyr Prize, for Poppy Nongena (1979)
 W.A. Hofmeyr Prize and Hertzog Prize for Die reise van Isobelle
 Louis Luyt Prize and CNA Prize (1997)
 Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize of the Royal Society of Literature for Poppie (1980)
 Olivier Award for the best play (London)
 Obi Award for best script (New York City)
 Hertzog Prize for prose (1998)

List of works

Travelogues
 Water en woestyn (Uganda en Kaïro), Dagbreek Boekhandel, 1957
 Die verste reis (Wes-Europa), 1959
 Suid van die wind (Madagaskar), 1962
 Die staf van Monomotapa (Mosambiek), 1964
 Swerwer in die Herfsland (Oos-Europa), 1968
 Die nuwe Afrikaan (Angola), Tafelberg, 1974
 Gordel van Smarag (Indonesië), Tafelberg, 1997

Novels and short stories
 Ons wag op die kaptein – To die at sunset, Tafelberg, 1963
 Die Wahlerbrug, Tafelberg, 1969
 Bonga, Tafelberg, 1971
 Die swerfjare van Poppie Nongena, Tafelberg, 1978 – The long journey of Poppie Nongena (1980), translated into 13 languages and also performed on stage as drama
 Melk (Short Stories), Tafelberg, 1980
 Die laaste Sondag –  The last Sunday, Tafelberg, 1983
 Poppie – die drama (co-author Sandra Kotzé), 1984
 Die vier vriende, 1985 – The four friends (1987) (children's book)
 Missionaris, 1988
 Dansmaat (Short Stories), Tafelberg, 1993
 Die reise van Isobelle, Tafelberg, 1995
 Twee Vroue, Tafelberg, 2002

Autobiographies
 'n Wonderlike Geweld, Tafelberg, 2005 – A Lion on the Landing (2014), translated into English by Irene Wainwright
 Reisiger, Tafelberg, 2010
 Spertyd , Tafelberg, 2017

References

External links

  Obituary.

1922 births
2020 deaths
Afrikaner people
Anti-apartheid activists
Sestigers
Stellenbosch University alumni
University of Cape Town alumni
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Hertzog Prize winners for prose
South African women novelists
South African travel writers
Women travel writers
South African women short story writers
South African short story writers
Recipients of the Order of Ikhamanga
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

Elsa Joubert


English Renaissance drama is sometimes called Elizabethan drama, since its most significant developments started when Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 to 1603. But this name is not very accurate; the drama continued after Elizabeth's death, into the reigns of King James I (1603–1625) and his son King Charles I (1625–1649). Shakespeare, for example, started writing plays in the later years of Elizabeth's reign, but continued into the reign of James. When writing about plays from James's reign, scholars and critics sometimes use the term Jacobean drama; plays from Charles I's reign are called Caroline drama. (These names come from the Latin forms of the two kings' names, "Jacobus" for James and "Carolus" for Charles.) But for the subject as a whole, terms like English Renaissance drama or theatre are more accurate.

The year 1576 was a key date in this subject, since that is when the first permanent theatre building was built in London. It was called simply The Theatre, because it was the only place of its kind in England at the time. Before 1576, plays were acted in public halls and large houses, and in inns and public squares and courtyards and other open spaces, by troops of actors that mostly travelled around the countryside between cities and towns. Once the actors had a permanent place to act plays, they could develop their art without the constant need to travel. The Theatre was followed by other theatres in the London area; there were the Curtain, The Rose, the Swan, the Globe, and others too. More plays were written by more playwrights to fill these theatres.

Playwrights worked in both the classic types of drama, tragedy and comedy. They also began their own type of history play, mainly about earlier English kings and the events of their reigns. Shakespeare's Richard III and Marlowe's Edward II are two examples of this type of English history play. Plays were often written in poetry; early plays were mainly in rhymed verse, though as time passed playwrights came to prefer unrhymed blank verse. Prose was also used in some plays, mostly for comedy.

English Renaissance drama grew and developed until 1642, when it suddenly stopped. In the early years of the English Civil War, the Puritans who were fighting King Charles gained control of London and the region around it. The Puritans were against play-acting; they thought it was sinful and immoral. On September 2, 1642, the Puritans forced the London theatres to close, and to stay closed for most of the time until 1660. Then the English Restoration brought a new king, Charles II, who let the theatres re-open. In the 18-year gap between 1642 and 1660, English society had changed a good deal, and a new style of drama rose up in the Restoration era; it is usually called Restoration drama or Restoration theatre.

Some important English Renaissance playwrights

 William Shakespeare
 Ben Jonson
 Christopher Marlowe
 John Lyly
 Robert Greene
 Thomas Dekker

 John Fletcher
 Thomas Middleton
 John Ford
 Philip Massinger
 James Shirley
 John Webster

English plays

English Renaissance drama


Exabyte Corporation was a manufacturer of magnetic tape data storage products headquartered in Boulder, Colorado, United States.  Exabyte Corp. is now defunct, but the company's technology is sold by Tandberg Data under both brand names.  Prior to the 2006 demise, Exabyte offered tape storage and automation solutions for servers, workstations, LANs and SANs.  Exabyte is best known for introducing the Data8 (8 mm) magnetic tape format in 1987.  At the time of its demise, Exabyte manufactured VXA and LTO based products.  The company controlled VXA technology but did not play a large role in the LTO community.

Corporate history
The company was formed in 1985 by Juan Rodriguez, Harry Hinz, and Kelly Beavers, and  a group of ex-StorageTek engineers who were interested in using consumer videotape technology for data storage.  The company advanced technology for computer backups in 1987 when they introduced the Data8 magnetic tape format.  The company's follow-up technologies, including Mammoth and Mammoth-2, were less successful.

Exabyte went public on the NASDAQ in 1989 under the symbol EXBT.

Acquisitions
Exabyte's history of acquisitions includes:
 1992 - R-Byte, Inc., a maker of 4mm tape systems.
 1993 - Tallgrass Technologies of Lenexa within  Johnson County, Kansas.  Tallgrass manufactured 4mm DDS drives, backup software, and had a significant distribution channel.
 1993 - Everex's Mass Storage Division (MSD).  Everex did its research and development in Ann Arbor, MI and manufactured its products in Fremont, CA.  Everex MSD made QIC products.
 October 1994 - Grundig Data Scanner GmbH, for $2.9 million and renamed Exabyte Magnetics GmbH.  This subsidiary designed and manufactured helical scan tape heads.

Ecrix merger

 was a magnetic tape data storage company founded in 1996 in Boulder, Colorado.  The founders, Kelly Beavers and Juan Rodriguez, were two of the three founders of Exabyte.  The research and development done by Ecrix focused on making a cheaper 8 mm tape drive.  In 1999, Ecrix released their first product, the VXA tape drive.  In 2001, Ecrix and Exabyte merged, giving Exabyte access to Ecrix's VXA Packet Technology tape drive format.

Demise
 On 30 June 2006, Exabyte announced that they were looking for a buyer.
 On 30 August 2006, Tandberg Data announced that they were buying Exabyte's assets for US$28 million.
 The acquisition was completed on 20 November 2006.

References

External links
 Overland-Tandberg homepage
 Company history, 1985-2000

Companies established in 1985
Companies disestablished in 2006
1985 establishments in Colorado
2006 disestablishments in Colorado
Defunct computer companies of the United States

Exabyte Corporation


Plastic Man (real name Patrick "Eel" O'Brian) is a fictional comic-book superhero, with the ability to shift his body into any shape or form, created by artist Jack Cole. He was published by Quality Comics first and then later by DC Comics.

Plastic Man first appeared in August 1941. After being shot by an acid bullet, his fellow burglar partners left him for dead without hesitation. This angered him and caused him to become a crime fighter. The acid from the bullet caused a chemical reaction inside of him that allows his body to take on any shape or form, even ones with moving parts.

DC Comics superheroes

Plastic Man


Rob Roy is an 1817 novelle by Walter Scott, anent Frank Osbaldistone, the son o an Inglis merchand that gangs tae the Scots Hielands tae collect a det stowen frae his faither.  Rob Roy MacGregor, that the beuk's name is taen frae, kythes in the beuk twa-three times, but he's no the heidmaist chairacter (in fact the story disna muive tae Scotland till hauf wey throu the beuk).

The beuk is wrate maistly in Inglis, but pairts o it is in Scots an a kynd o Anglifee'd Gaelic.

Plot
The story taks place at the time o the 1715 Jacobite Risin.  The plot haes been creeticised as disjyntit; the hintend specially is hurried.

Frank Osbaldistone, the narrator, faws oot wi his faither an is sent tae bide wi an uncle, Sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone, in Northumberland.  Frank faws in luve wi Diana Vernon, Sir Hildebrand's neice, wha's faither haes been forced tae gae intae hidin acause o his Jacobite seempathies.  Frank's kizzen, Rashleigh, chores important documents vital for the honour o Frank's faither, William, an Frank hunds efter Rashleigh tae Scotland.  There he meets wi Rob Roy MacGregor, an associate o Diana's faither.  Whan Rashleigh attacks Franks, he is kilt by Rob Roy.  Aw Sir Hildebrand's ither sons is kilt in Jacobite Rebellion, an Frank inherits Sir Hildebrand's property an mairries on Diana.

The novelle is a bruital realistic pictur o the social condeetions in Hieland an Lawland Scotland in the early 18t Century.  The Hieland fowk is compeared wi Native Americans, as regairds their preemative, isolatit lifestyle.

Backgrund
Rob Roy wis wrate frae the Ware o 1817 an setten furth on Hogmanay o thon year.  Like the oreeginal Waverley novelle is wis pitten furth anonymously an cam in three vollums.  There wis gey muckle demaund for the novelle an a hail ship frae Leith tae Lunnon conteent naething but a hail edeetion o it.

The novelle cam oot at a time whan mony Europeans stairtit regrettin colonialism an imperialism as wittins cam back tae thaim o ugsome atrocities taewart pretmative culturs athort the warld.  It wis a time whan there wis a muckle collogue anent the sclave tredd an aw, the Breetish occupation o Indie, an, mair relevant tae the novelle, the disasterous effect o the Hieland Clearances.  Mony scrievers gies praise tae pre-comercial culturs an their defiance agin the corruptin influence o mercat imperialism an "ceevilised" vailyies.  William Wordsworth wrate The Conventions of Cintra, praisin Spanyie resistance tae Napoleonic force; Byron wad gae on tae praise Amazonian weemen in Child Harold's Pilgrimage , turinin tapsalteery the the "polite" ordinar views o femininity that the modren "ceevilised" warld pit on them; an, finally, Scott himsel wad write aboot seemilar happenins in The Visions of Don Roderick.  Whit wis bein heized up or Scott wrate Rob Roy wis a pre-commercial cultur's preemative resistance.

Chairacters
Francis Osbaldistone, son o an Inglis merchand
Rashleigh Obaldistone, his kizzen, and the veelain.
Robert Roy MacGregor Campbell, a Scot, livestock operator, an leader o an auld clan-based curn
Helen Campbell, his guidwife
Andrew Fairservice, a canny gairdener
Diana Vernon, a quean that bides at Obaldistone Hall, the luve intrest.
Captain Thornton, a gallus an noble Breetish offisher.

Films
 The noel wisna the soorce o the 1995 film o the same name starrin Liam Neeson.  It wis, houane'er, the soorce for a Disney film cried Rob Roy, the Highland Rogue (1954).

Fremmit airtins

The Edinburgh Sir Walter Scott Club

1817 Breetish novelles
Breetish novelles adaptit intae films
Novelles bi Walter Scott
Novelles set in Scotland
Novelles set in Northumberland
Historical novelles
Scots novelles
Novelles set in the 1710s
Scots bildungsromans
Cultural depictions o Rob Roy MacGregor

Rob Roy (novelle)


For others with this cognomen, see Albinus (cognomen).

Lucceius Albinus was the 6th Roman Procurator of Judea from 62 until 64 and the governor of Mauretania Tingitana from 64 until 69.

Biography
Appointed procurator by the Emperor Nero following the death of his predecessor, Porcius Festus, Albinus faced his first challenge while traveling from Alexandria to his new position in Judea. The Jewish High Priest Ananus ben Ananus used the opportunity created by Festus' death to convene the Sanhedrin and have James the Just (a relative of Jesus of Nazareth) and other people sentenced to death by stoning for violation of the Law of Moses. A delegation sent by citizens upset over the perceived breach of justice met Albinus before he reached Judea, and Albinus responded with a letter informing Ananus that it was illegal to convene the Sanhedrin without Albinus' permission and threatening to punish the priest. Ananus was therefore deposed by King Herod Agrippa II before Albinus's arrival and replaced with Jesus ben Damneus.

Immediately upon his arrival in Jerusalem, Albinus began an effort to remove the sicarii from the region. Josephus also records that Albinus became the friend of a High Priest named Ananias due to the priest's gift-giving. The sicarii responded to Albinus's efforts by capturing an assistant to the priest Eleazar, son of Ananias, and demanding the release of ten imprisoned sicarii in exchange for the assistant. The release was arranged by Ananias.

At a certain point, a man called Jesus ben Ananias (not to be confused with Jesus of Nazareth) was brought in front of Albinus because he was prophesying the destruction of Jerusalem and of the Second Temple. Albinus interrogated him and had him flogged, but to no avail, since the accused continued to cry his prophecy without answering the procurator's questions; eventually, Albinus declared the man to be a maniac and released him.

When Albinus learned that he was to be succeeded by Gessius Florus, he emptied the prisons by executing prisoners charged with more serious offenses and allowing the remaining prison population to pay for their release.

Following his time in Judea, Albinus was chosen by Nero to be governor of Mauretania Caesariensis. The province of Mauretania Tingitana was added to Albinus's governor duties by the Emperor Galba. Following Galba's death, Albinus supported Otho in the year of political anarchy (69), which followed Nero's death. Following Otho's death, Albinus was rumored to have styled himself as a king using the title "Juba". Albinus and his wife were assassinated shortly afterwards.

See also
 Prefects, Procurators, and Legates of Roman Judaea
 List of Roman governors of Mauretania Tingitana

Notes

References

1st-century Romans
1st-century Roman governors of Judaea
Roman governors of Mauretania Tingitana
Albinus
1st-century deaths

Year of birth unknown

Year of death unknown

Lucceius Albinus


The lift coefficient (CL or CZ) is coefficient without a dimension that relates the lift generated by an airfoil, the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow around the airfoil, and the planform area of the airfoil.  It may also be described as the ratio of lift pressure to dynamic pressure.
Lift coefficient may be used to relate the total lift generated by an aircraft to the total area of the wing of the aircraft.
Lift coefficent may also be used as a characteristic of a particular shape (or cross-section) of an airfoil.

The lift coefficient is a dimensionless number.

Fluid mechanics

Lift coefficient


Hornsey College of Art (aka Hornsey School of Art) és un antic col·legi situat a Crouch End al districte londinenc de Haringeyn, Anglaterra. Es va fundar el 1880, va esdevenir el Hornsey College of Arts and Crafts el 1955 i posteriorment va passar a formar part de la Middlesex University.

Alumnes i professors notables
 Martin Aynscomb-Harris, artist
 John Webster, Advertising executive
 Stuart Brisley, artist and teacher
 Michael Casson, potter
 Michelle Cartlidge, writer and illustrator
 Ray Davies, musician
 Lynsey De Paul, artist and singer-songwriter
 Roger Glover, musician
 Ted Dicks, composer
 Mike Barson, musician
 Les Edwards, illustrator
 Robert Fuest, film director
 James Herbert, novelist
 Adrian Hill, artist and broadcaster
 Ken Howard, artist
 Allen Jones, artist
 Anish Kapoor, artist
 Ken Kiff, artist
 Bryan Kneale, artist
 Langlands and Bell, artists
 Neville Brody, typographer, art director and graphic designer
 Dante Leonelli, artist
 John Napier, theatre designer
 Paul Neagu, sculptor, performance artist
 Hallsteinn Sigurðsson, Icelandic sculptor and visual artist
 Stanley Warren, art teacher, author of the Changi Murals as a Japanese prisoner of war
 Eric Watson, photographer
 Richard Wentworth, artist
 Richard Wilson, sculptor
 Theresa Wiseman, footballer and animator
 The Raincoats, rock band, members Gina Birch and Ana da Silva
 Marksteen Adamson - Former Global Creative Director of Interbrand. Director of ArthurHorneSteenAdamson

Referències

Universitats del Regne Unit

Hornsey College of Art


Events
 January 22 – Marriage of King Richard II of England and Anne of Bohemia.
 May 17 – King John I of Castile and Leon marries Beatrice of Portugal
 July 7 – Death of the childless James of Baux, ruler of Taranto and Achaea and titular Latin Emperor.
 Charles III of Naples becomes ruler of Achaea (now southern Greece).
 Otto, the widower of Joan I of Naples, becomes ruler of Taranto (now eastern Italy).
 Duke Louis I of Anjou inherits the claim to the Latin Empire (now western Turkey) but never uses the title of Emperor.
 October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal dies and is succeeded by his daughter, Beatrice of Portugal. A period of civil war and anarchy, known as the 1383-1385 Crisis, begins in Portugal due to Beatrice being married to the King John I of Castile and Leon.
 The Teutonic Knights recommence war against pagan Lithuania.
 Rao Chanda succeeds Rao Biram Dev as Rathore ruler of Marwar (now in western India).
 Löwenbräu beer is first brewed.
 Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep temple is built in present-day Thailand by King Kuena of Lanna.
 Construction of the Bastille is completed in Paris.

Births
 Amadeus VIII of Savoy (died 1451)
 Yolande of Aragon, regent of Anjou (died 1443)
 Pope Eugene IV (died 1447)
 Anne of Gloucester, English noblewoman (died 1438)

Deaths
 March 1 – Amadeus VI of Savoy (born 1334)
 June 5 – Dmitry Konstantinovich, Russian prince (b. 1324)
 June 8 – Thomas de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros, English Crusader (born 1338)
 June 15 – John VI Cantacuzenus, former Byzantine Emperor
 October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal (born 1345)

1383


In abstract algebra, a module is the generalization of a vector space. Modules are defined with respect to a ring. A vector space uses vectors and scalars, it defines the operations of additions and multiplication of these two.

Modules also generalize the idea of abelian group. Abelian groups are modules over the ring of integers.

Mathematics

Module (mathematics)


The Sigma Protocol is the last novel written completely by Robert Ludlum, and was published posthumously. It is the story of the son of a Holocaust survivor who gets entangled in an international conspiracy by industrialists and financiers to take advantage of wartime technology.

Plot
Ben Hartman is vacationing in Switzerland when he meets his old school buddy Jimmy Cavanaugh - who tries to kill him.  As he dodges assassins, mysterious tails, and police while searching for a safe place to hide, he finds his twin brother, Peter, who was thought to have died in an airplane crash several years earlier.  Peter describes an international corporation which was formed in the last days of World War II, composed of financiers, influential members of large corporations, and Nazi brass.  He gives Ben a photo of some of the leaders, only to find out that their father was a member.  Soon, Peter is killed by an assassin, and Ben escapes with his life again. He later meets up with Liesel (Peter's girlfriend).

Meanwhile, United States Department of Justice Agent Anna Navarro is recruited by a secretive group within the DoJ to investigate the deaths of a list of influential men around the world who have been dying mysteriously.  Her probes turn up false leads, possible coverups, and dead ends, until she finds out that the men have been poisoned by someone using the same obscure toxin.  Following the leads, she finds that the men she had been assigned to investigate are part of an international group of financiers and business moguls.  She soon finds out that she has been reported "off the reservation", and the attempts begin on her life as well.

Through their own distinct investigative means, the two protagonists discover more about the shadowy group, which is called Sigma.  It is learned that Sigma has grown from a simple attempt to plunder the Nazi treasury and stabilize the industrial and financial state of the world in the wake of the war, to a political and financial machine which controls as many as 75% of the world's leading companies, and has enough covert political clout to directly influence the outcome of the likes of Presidential elections.  Sigma also helped some of the Nazi war criminals, including Nazi doctor Gerhard Lenz, evade capture.

Protagonists Hartman and Navarro eventually meet and form an alliance, since both are being hunted by Sigma assassins.  Through their concerted efforts, they discover that Sigma is experiencing an internal struggle.  The founders, who are dead or dying, believe that Sigma should disband, as it had played its role in the world; they're called the angeli rebelli, and are being hunted by the new Sigma leadership.  That new leadership, an apparently philanthropic doctor named Jürgen Lenz, son of Sigma founding member Gerhard Lenz, has decided on a new direction for the group, and is determined to eliminate any internal opposition.

Navarro is kidnapped by Lenz, and Hartman tracks them to an old castle in the Austrian Alps.  Successfully infiltrating the castle, he discovers Sigma's new direction:  age reversal.  Lenz had found a way to reverse human aging based largely on WW2 era experimentation on children with premature aging also known as Progeria, and he had been treating some of the world's elite to reverse their aging as well.  Lenz was his own first successful experiment, for his real name is Gerhard Lenz - he is the Nazi doctor and a founding member of Sigma.  After killing Lenz, Hartman and Navarro escape in a helicopter, while the castle is destroyed by an avalanche.

The book is based on the Bilderberg Group and the myths and mysteries surrounding it.

Film adaptation
On May 16, 2016, Universal Pictures and Captivate Entertainment announced the film adaptation will be a part of a cinematic universe of Robert Ludlum adaptations such as: The Janson Directive, The Covert One series, The Parsifal Mosaic and crossover films.

Publication history

 2001, US, St. Martin's Press , Pub date October 30, 2001, Hardback
 2002, US, St. Martin's Paperbacks , Pub date October 13, 2002, Paperback
 2002, UK, Orion , Pub date August 1, 2002, Paperback

References

Novels by Robert Ludlum
2001 American novels

The Sigma Protocol


The Leipzig Botanical Garden () is a 3.5-hectare botanical garden maintained by the University of Leipzig and is located at Linnéstraße 1, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany. It is the oldest botanical garden in Germany and among the oldest in the world, and open daily without charge.

Leipzig's botanical garden dates back to at least 1542, although the garden has moved several times. They were created shortly after the university's reform in 1539, when Maurice, Elector of Saxony donated the Dominican monastery of St. Pauli. Its former monastery garden, on the north side of the Paulinerkirche, was reworked as a hortus medicus by May 1543.

This first garden was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War, and in 1648 the university acquired a new site (now Grimmaische Street) where in 1653 it created its second garden. In 1807 the garden was moved to the grounds of the Pleißemühlgraben, where greenhouses were constructed after 1840. By 1857 the garden cultivated more than 10,000 species, of which 4,500 were grown in the greenhouses.

In 1876–1877, after the decision to erect a court house on its site, the garden was relocated once again to its present location southeast of Leipzig. The initial size of this new area (2.8 hectares) was extended in 1895, and the new greenhouses (1232 m²) were more than twice as large as those at the previous site. The garden was utterly destroyed in World War II, with the ruins of the Botanical Institute subsequently demolished and backfilled with rubble. By 1954 the show houses had been restored, but economic difficulties in the 1980s led to closure of some greenhouses. After reunification, the garden was completely renovated (1992–2004), with a new butterfly house created in 1996 and five new greenhouses built in 1999–2000.

Today the garden contains a total of some 7,000 species, of which nearly 3,000 species comprise ten special collections. The garden contains a systematic department, as well as geographic arrangements of plants from the steppes of Eastern Europe and Asia, forests of the northern hemisphere, prairies, and eastern North America, as well as a marsh and pond with regional flora and an alpine garden containing plants from Asia, Europe, and South America. Its greenhouses (2,400 m² total area) contain plants from subtropical and tropical zones of the Mediterranean region, Africa, Central America, and Australia.

See also

 List of botanical gardens in Germany
 Botanischer Garten für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen Oberholz

References

External links
 Leipzig Botanical Garden website
 Hermann von Helmholtz-Zentrum entry

Botanical gardens in Germany
Gardens in Saxony
Buildings and structures in Leipzig
Leipzig University
Tourist attractions in Leipzig

Leipzig Botanical Garden


Laurie Hope Beechman (April 4, 1953 – March 8, 1998) was an American actress and singer, known for her work in Broadway musicals. She also had a career as a cabaret performer and recording artist. After her death, the West Bank Cafe Downstairs Theater Bar in New York was renamed the Laurie Beechman Theatre.

Beechman made her Broadway debut in the 1977 original production of Annie. For her role as the narrator in the 1982 original Broadway production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. She then went on to be the first actress to play the role of Grizabella in the US national touring production of Cats in 1983, before replacing Betty Buckley in the Broadway production in 1984. She would play the role on Broadway for over four years. She also starred in the Broadway productions of The Pirates of Penzance (1981) and Les Misérables (1990) and returned to the role of Grizabella for four months in 1997, when Cats became the longest running musical in Broadway history.

Early life
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Beechman possessed an incredible singing voice, powerful, yet subtle and nuanced. After moving to Haddon Township, New Jersey, she graduated in 1971 from Haddon Township High School, where her talents were instantly recognized, winning her lead roles in numerous school musicals.

Laurie performed in an acoustic folk-rock group with Rick Ferrante and Roy Baker called The Destiny Trio during the summers of 1971 and 1972 in North Wildwood, NJ, at a small club called the Manor Lounge. She subsequently enrolled at New York University. Dropping out of NYU after a few years, Beechman made her Broadway debut in 1977 as part of the original cast of Annie, playing five different roles. This led to small roles in the Public Theater's production of The Pirates of Penzance and the 1979 film version of Hair.

A detour into rock and roll resulted in the 1980 Atlantic Records release Laurie and the Sighs. With little support from a new management team at the label, the album failed badly and Beechman was looking for stage work.

Broadway
Beechman made her Broadway debut in the original Broadway cast of Annie. She played various roles, most notably "Star to Be", a role which was written for her after the creative team heard her powerful voice, and she is credited in the original Broadway cast recording.

She played the lead role of the Narrator in the original Broadway cast of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat during its first Broadway production in 1982, earning a Tony Award nomination for Best Actress (Featured Role - Musical) and a Theatre World Award.

In December 1983, Beechman headed the First National Company of Cats as "Grizabella, The Glamour Cat" when the tour opened in Boston. Within four months, she assumed the role on Broadway, replacing Tony winner Betty Buckley. Belting out the show's hit song "Memory", Beechman stayed with the show for more than four years and made occasional return engagements over the next decade.

Set to take over the role of Fantine in the touring production of Les Misérables in late 1988, Beechman was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. After months of treatment, with her longtime friend Ken Gilmurray by her side, Laurie bounced back with a celebrated cabaret act at New York's legendary Ballroom. This was quickly followed by a new production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat at the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia.

In early 1990, Beechman made her long-awaited debut as Fantine in the Broadway production of Les Misérables. She stayed for several months, eventually heading out on tour where she finally played the role in Philadelphia during the Christmas season of 1990. During this time, her self-produced solo recording, Listen To My Heart, was released to great acclaim. The following fall she celebrated regaining her health after fighting off a recurrence of her cancer by, as she put it, "throwing myself a nightclub act," returning once again to the Ballroom.

Discography

Later life and death
During the later years of her life, Beechman married Neil Mazzella in 1992, recorded three more solo albums, performed numerous concerts and club dates, sang at President Bill Clinton's second inaugural gala, was awarded the Gilda's Club's "It's Always Something" Award, and returned to singing and acting. In early 1995, Beechman's cancer returned. She spent an hour on The Phil Donahue Show singing and discussing her condition and her will to keep going.

Having returned to play Grizabella on Broadway for the ninth (1991) and tenth (1992) anniversary performances of Cats, she again reprised the role from May to September 1997, so was in the cast on June 19 of that year, when Cats surpassed A Chorus Line to become the longest-running musical in Broadway history at that time.

Although her treatments were ongoing, Beechman continued performing until just a few months before her death on March 8, 1998, at age 44. One month later, a memorial service was held for her at the Winter Garden Theatre, the theatre where Cats played for many years. She was survived by her mother, Dolly Beechman Schnall, stepfather, Dr. Nate Schnall, two sisters, Claudia Beechman Cohen and Jane Beechman Segal, and husband, Neil Mazzella. She was buried at Montefiore Cemetery in Rockledge, Pennsylvania.

Legacy
The Laurie Beechman Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City is named for her.
The Laurie Beechman Cabaret at University of the Arts in Philadelphia is also named for her.
In 1999, a year after her death, a scholarship was established in her name at the University of the Arts Musical Theatre Department.
Laurie recorded three albums after "Listen to My Heart":  "The Time Between the Time", "The Andrew Lloyd Webber Album" and "No One is Alone: Songs of Hope and Inspiration From Broadway".  She recorded a track, Jacques Brel's "If We Only Have Love", with her sister, Claudia Beechman, and another, a medley from Leonard Bernstein's "Candide" and "West Side Story", with Sam Harris.

References

External links

 Laurie Beechman - Celebration of a Life
 Laurie Beechman.com - Launched October 13, 2008
 Laurie Beechman Discography

1953 births
1998 deaths
American musical theatre actresses
Jewish American musicians
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
People from Haddon Township, New Jersey
Actresses from Philadelphia
20th-century American actresses
Burials in Pennsylvania
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers

Laurie Beechman


Nicomachus (c. 60-c. 120, born in Gerasa, Roman Syria, now Jerash, Jordan). He was one of the most important mathematicians of the ancient world.

He was strongly influenced by Aristotle and is best known for his works Introduction to Arithmetic (Arithmetike eisagoge) and The Manual of Harmonics in Greek. He was a Pythagorean. In Introduction to Arithmetic, Nicomachus writes extensively on number, especially on the significance of prime numbers and perfect numbers and argues that arithmetic is the starting point that makes it possible to do the other mathematical sciences: geometry, music, and astronomy.

Ancient mathematicians

Nicomachus of Gerasa


Alaskan king crab fishing is an event done in the winter in the Bering Sea near Alaska. People fish for many King Crabs. The crabbers fish from boats between 40 and 250 feet (13-75m) in length. They throw steel cages, called pots, over the side of the boat, and the crabs are lured to bait placed in them. When the pots have been on the bottom of the sea long enough they are pulled back onto the boat using a special kind of crane. The crabs in the pots are examined and crabs that are not good enough are put back into the ocean and the rest are put into a tank. When the ship gets back to the shore, the crabs are sold to stores around the world for eating.

The people working on the boat are paid a lot of money. The amount of money can be from nothing to tens of thousands of dollars depending on how many crab the fishermen caught. Alaskan crab fishing is one of the USA's most dangerous jobs. Because of the big waves and dangerous boats the fishermen work on, some people die every year.

To show people how dangerous crab fishing is, the Discovery Channel made a series called Deadliest Catch about the fishermen. And they also catch a lot of Crabs.

Ocean acidification threatens crabs.

References

Fishing

Alaskan king crab fishing


The Martian Manhunter (J'onn J'onzz) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He was created by writer Joseph Samachson and designed by artist Joe Certa. The character first appeared in the story "The Manhunter from Mars" in Detective Comics #225 (Nov. 1955). Martian Manhunter is one of the seven original members of the Justice League of America.

J'onn J'onzz has featured in other DC Comics-endorsed products, such as video games like Injustice: Gods Among Us, television series, animated films, and merchandise like action figures and trading cards. He also appears in the DC Extended Universe, played by Harry Lennix, though he pretends to be General Swanwick and is not shown to be the Martian Manhunter until Zack Snyder's Justice League. The character was ranked #43 on IGN's greatest comic book hero list.

References

DC Comics aliens
DC Comics superheroes
Fictional characters introduced in the 1950s
Fictional shapeshifters
Fictional twins

Martian Manhunter


The prime number theorem is a theorem from number theory. Prime numbers are not distributed evenly across the number range. The theorem formalizes the idea that the probability of hitting a prime number between 1 and a given number becomes smaller, as numbers grow. This probability is about n/ln(n), where ln(n) is the natural logarithm function. This means that the probability of hitting a prime number with 2n digits is about half as likely than with n digits. For example, among the positive integers of at most 1000 digits, about one in 2300 is prime (ln 101000 ≈ 2302.6), whereas among positive integers of at most 2000 digits, about one in 4600 is prime (ln 102000 ≈ 4605.2). In other words, the average gap between consecutive prime numbers among the first N integers is roughly ln(N).

Fifteen-year old Carl Friedrich Gauss suspected that there was a link between prime numbers and logarithms in 1793. Adrien-Marie Legendre also suspected such a link in 1798. Jacques Hadamard and Charles-Jean de La Vallée Poussin proved the prime number theorem in 1896, over a century after Gauss.

References

Theorems in number theory

Prime number theorem


The United Nations General Assembly is made up of all United Nations member states. The Assembly meets once a year, which usually begins on the third Tuesday in September and ends in mid-December. The first meeting was held on 10 January 1946.

Voting in the General Assembly on important questions, for example suggestions on world peace, human rights and security, is by two-thirds of those present and voting. Other questions are decided by popular vote. Each member country has one vote.

At present, the Holy See (Vatican City) and Palestine are the only two observer states at the United Nations. Switzerland also had that status until it became a member state.

The current President of the United Nations General Assembly is Abdulla Shahid since 14 September 2021.

United nations general assembly observers have the right to speak in the assembly. The observers have no rights to vote in the assembly.

Related pages
 List of Members of the United Nations

General Assembly
1946 establishments

United Nations General Assembly


Robert Jacques François Faust Lefèvre (, 24 September 1755, in Bayeux – 3 October 1830, in Paris) was a French painter of portraits, history paintings and religious paintings. He was heavily influenced by Jacques-Louis David and his style is reminiscent of the antique.

Life

Robert Lefèvre made his first drawings on the papers of a procureur to whom his father had apprenticed him. With his parents' consent, he abandoned this apprenticeship and walked from Caen to Paris to become a student of Jean-Baptiste Regnault (in whose studio he met and became friends with Charles Paul Landon). At the 1791 Paris Salon he exhibited his Dame en velours noir, the point of departure for his reputation. In 1805, Lefèvre painted the portrait of Empress Joséphine, and in 1807 a matching portrait of Napoléon was painted by Louis-André-Gabriel Bouchet. Napoléon gave both paintings to the city of Aachen in 1807, where they are today in the city hall and decorate the entrance hall.

His other portraits of Napoleon, Joséphine, Madame Laetitia, Guérin, Carle Vernet (a portrait which is now at the Louvre) and pope Pius VII made him a fashionable portrait artist and one of the main portraitists of the imperial personalities, a reputation sealed by his portrait of Napoleon's new wife Marie Louise.

On the Bourbon Restoration Robert Lefèvre painted a portrait of Louis XVIII for the Chambre des Pairs and received the cross of the Légion d'honneur and the title of First Painter to the King, losing the latter on the July Revolution. He painted a large number of portraits and history paintings. The main example of his portraits are those of Malherbe (Bibliothèque publique de Caen), Charles X, the duchesse d'Angoulême, the duchesse de Berry, Charles-Pierre-François Augereau duc de Castiglione (Musée de Versailles), and of Dominique Vivant Denon. Two of his mythological paintings - Love sharpening his arrows and Love disarmed by Venus (t. 1,84 sur 1,30 ), were engraved by Desnoyers - the latter is reproduced in le Nu Ancien et Moderne. His most notable history paintings are his Phocion getting ready to drink hemlock, Roger delivering Angélique, Héloïse and Abelard and a Crucifixion for the Mont Valérien. His last painting was The Apotheosis of Saint Louis for the Cathedral of La Rochelle.

While he was working on this last painting, the Revolution of July 1830 took place, an event which was to deprive him of his support and official posts. Ill, depressed and desperate, he committed suicide by cutting his throat at his house on the night of 2/3 October 1830; he was 75 years old. He was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, in Paris.

Gallery

References

 Gaston Lavalley, Le Peintre Robert Lefèvre, sa vie et son œuvre, Caen, L. Jouan, [s.d.], (c 1920).
 Mémoires de la Société des sciences, arts et Belles-Lettres de Bayeux, 1901, p. 121-2

Notes

External links
 Robert Jacques Lefèvre in Joconde.

1755 births
1830 deaths
People from Bayeux
18th-century French painters
French male painters
19th-century French painters
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Suicides by sharp instrument in France
19th-century French male artists
18th-century French male artists

Robert Lefèvre


Numerical weather prediction is the way weather forecasts are made.  This is done using computer models of the atmosphere. Such models describe the current weather conditions, and how they change over time using equations. Using the current weather conditions, the equations can be solved, or approximated to tell what the weather will be like in the near future. The relevant physical parameters, such as pressure, temperature, the direction and the speed of the wind are taken to be functions of time. These are modelled with a system of partial differential equations. This is a dynamic system that is solved numerically. Most of these equations are implemented using FORTRAN. The equations are approximated. Since the number of calculations is huge, supercomputers usually do them, to finish before it's too late.

Basic idea
The atmosphere is modelled as a fluid. The basic idea of numerical weather prediction is to sample the state of the fluid at a given time. The equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics can then be used to estimate the state of the fluid at some time in the future.

Local weather prediction
The results are usually too inaccurate to be used for predicting the weather at any place. For this reason, meteorologists check the values, and compare them to historical data. In other words, they use the data to help produce the weather forecast.

Model Output Statistics is a statistical model that was developed in the 1960s and 1970s. It uses regression analysis for a fully automated forecast. With it, historical data is analysed automatically. One of its applications is called Direct Model Output. MOS uses both historical data and statistical modeling. Predictions beyond about six hours are unreliable.

Another well-known model is called Global Forecast System (GFS), which is run by the US weather service, NOAA. It gives a forecast four times a day. Since the information is free, the GFS is often used, especially by smaller weather stations.

Ensembles
The atmosphere is a chaotic system. A small change of the input values does not necessarily lead to a small change of the output. This is due to the equations of fluid dynamics that are involved. These equations involved are solved or approximated once with the parameters that were observed. This is done several times more, with parameters that are based on the observed values, but which have been changed slightly. Because the computing power is limited, the "resolution" of such a model is more coarse. Once all the calculations are finished, they are compared to one another. Calculated results that are "similar" indicate that the prognosis is relatively good. In some cases, this means that it is possible to accurately predict the weather for a time of about ten days; in other cases a prediction over even a few days may be difficult.

Related pages
Met Office
Tropical cyclone forecast model

Weather

Numerical weather prediction


The first modern Farmer–Labor Party in the United States emerged in Minnesota in 1918. The American entry into World War I caused agricultural prices and workers' wages to fall, while retail prices rose sharply during the war years.  Consequently, farmers and workers made common cause in the political sphere to redress their grievances.

The party dissolved in 1936 and was succeeded by the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party.

Labor Party of the United States
One primary contributing stream to the Farmer–Labor movement was the Labor Party movement. An International Association of Machinists strike in Bridgeport developed into a Labor Party in five Connecticut towns in the summer of 1918 and the powerful Chicago Federation of Labor (led by President John Fitzpatrick and Secretary-Treasurer Edward Nockels) adopted the cause of a Labor Party in the fall of that same year. Similar independent Labor Party movements emerged in New York, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Ohio, and North Dakota. These state and local organizations joined together in November 1919 in Chicago to form the Labor Party of the United States.

One important gathering that was a precursor to the establishment of a national Farmer–Labor Party was the Cooperative Congress, held in Chicago on February 12, 1920. The gathering included participants from the cooperative movement, farmers organizations, trade unions, and the Plumb Plan League. The congress elected a 12-person All-American Farmer–Labor Cooperative Commission. The event was closely reported in the pages of The Liberator by Robert Minor.

Farmer–Labor Party of the United States
In July 1920, the Labor Party of the United States changed its name to the Farmer–Labor Party. It nominated Utah lawyer Parley P. Christensen for President of the United States. Christensen finished particularly strongly in Washington, netting over 77,000 votes in that state alone. In total, Christensen received over 265,000 votes from voters of the 19 states in which the Farmer–Labor Party was on the ballot.
Also during the 1920 election, the Farmer–Labor Party candidate for the United States Senate in Washington state, C. L. France received 25% of the vote, coming in second place. This was the best performance by the Farmer–Labor Party in a state election outside Minnesota, which would soon become its main stronghold. The party's candidate for Governor of New York was Dudley Field Malone, a former Democratic Collector of the Port of New York, who achieved 69,908 votes in the state election, versus 159,804 for the Socialist candidate Joseph D. Cannon. However Rose Schneiderman, the party's candidate for U.S. Senator from New York only received 15,086 votes versus 151,246 for Socialist Jacob Panken.

In November 1921, as part of a lengthy world tour, Parley Parker Christensen obtained two interviews with Vladimir Lenin in Moscow. The official organ of the Farmer–Labor Party was a newspaper published in Chicago called The New Majority. Editor of this paper was Robert Buck, a Fitzpatrick-Nockles loyalist.

The 1922 Convention of the Farmer–Labor Party was attended by 72 delegates, representing organizations in 17 states. Victor Berger, Seymour Stedman, and Otto Branstetter attended the proceedings as fraternal delegates of the Socialist Party of America. The convention decided to transform the FLP organization into a federated body of labor organizations on the model of the British Labour Party.

The Farmer–Labor Party sent delegates to the second conference of the Conference for Progressive Political Action, which met December 11–12, 1922, in Cleveland. The conference defeated a motion to establish an independent political party by a vote of 52–64, with the Socialist and Farmer–Labor Party delegations on the short side. At the close of the conference, the Farmer–Labor Party delegation announced that they would no longer affiliate with the CPPA.

In March 1923, the Farmer–Labor Party of Chicago broke away from the CPPA and decided to proceed to the immediate formation of a national Farmer–Labor political organization. Circa May, over the signature of J.G. Brown of the Farmer–Labor Party of the United States there was issued a call for a "Monster Political Convention of the Workers of America" to meet in Chicago on July 3. The convention call was issued to trade unions, state Farmer–Labor Parties, the Non-Partisan League, the Socialist Party, and the Workers Party, The FLP was frustrated with the timidity of the CPPA and the refusal of that organization to enter into independent electoral politics and sought to establish a national organization through other means. The Workers Party was anxious to participate in the FLP Convention as part of their united front strategy. The Socialist Party on the other hand, was extremely hesitant. The SPA carefully considered this matter at its May 19–23, 1923, New York Convention before declining to participate in the FLP Convention, instead seeing the CPPA as the vehicle for a new Labor Party.

In the middle of June 1923, a subcommittee of the Central Executive Committee of the Workers Party of America met with a sub-committee of the Farmer–Labor Party. These two small groups agreed that if sufficient workers should be represented by delegates to the July 3 Conference, the Farmer–Labor Party should be supplanted by a Federated Farmer–Labor Party, and the National Committee of the Farmer–Labor Party replaced by a new National Executive Committee. The number of organizational members sending delegates necessary for the critical mass necessary to trigger this transformation was agreed by the two subcommittees to be 500,000. It was also agreed that the July 3 Conference should pass a general statement of principles and a resolution calling for the recognition of the Soviet Union. If the 500,000 threshold was not achieved, an Organization Committee for the new federated FLP would instead be established.

Federated Farmer–Labor Party

The July 1923 Conference of the FLP was attended by approximately 540 delegates. The Workers Party seems to have made every effort to capture a majority at the gathering. At the convention itself, it used a disciplined caucus system, with groups of ten on the floor led by a group captain. The Workers Party delegates to the July 3 Conference were guided by a steering committee of the Central Executive Committee. During debate on the organization plan at the conference, C.E. Ruthenberg made a speech in which he asked the Farmer–Labor Party delegates what they wanted, stating that any concessions would be agreed to save the sacrifice of a federated Farmer–Labor Party itself. Five out of seven seats on the National Executive Committee of the new organization were offered to the Farmer–Labor Party. In response, the convention was adjourned and the Farmer–Labor Party delegates went into a closed caucus. This caucus returned with a resolution proposing to exclude the Workers Party from the conference and to ask the conference to accept the 1921 program and constitution of the Farmer–Labor Party without changes. This proposal was made on the floor of the conference by John Fitzpatrick of the Chicago Federation of Labor, who stated that "it would be suicide" to unite "with any organization which advocated other than lawful means to bring about a political change." This resolution was tabled by a vote of approximately 500–40, prompting a walkout by John Fitzpatrick and a group of delegates sharing his views.

The Workers Party gained a majority for its program and established a "Federated Farmer–Labor Party" at this convention. Structural iron worker Joseph Manley, a son-in-law of William Z. Foster although a factional loyalist to John Pepper, was elected as National Secretary of the organization. The WPA's Chicago labor paper, The Voice of Labor, was turned over to the FFLP and became its official organ, The Farmer–Labor Voice.

The notion of a "Federated Farmer–Labor Party" closely paralleled the organizational ideal for a third party then currently being advanced, the Socialist Party—an organization modelled upon the British Labour Party to which political organizations (like the WPA and the SPA) might affiliate without losing their independent organizational identity. The Socialist Party sought the establishment of an American "Labor Party" via the CPPA—and failed. The Workers Party successfully "captured" the Farmer–Labor Party organization, only to lose the allegiance of the mass organizations with which they so eagerly desired to unite.

1924 conferences

A Conference of the Farmer–Labor Party was held in St. Paul on March 11–12, 1924, at which it was decided to hold its next National Convention on June 17 in that same city. A convention call was issued for that gathering, which called for farmer, labor, and political organizations to send delegates provided that they subscribed to a five-point "tentative program" that called for public ownership, government banking, public control of all natural resources, restoration of civil liberties, and the abolition of the use of the injunction in labor disputes.

An effort was made by some members of the Farmer–Labor Party of the United States to merge the convention of the FLP with that of the Conference for Progressive Political Action, an attempt which was unsuccessful. This group also attempted to remove all national political parties from the convention call—the intended effect being to exclude the Workers (Communist) Party from participation. This effort failed as well.

There was pressure placed on the Farmer–Labor Party to purge itself of Communists and to postpone its next convention until July 4, 1924, so that it might meet jointly with that of the Conference for Progressive Political Action. On March 18, 1924, National Secretary Jay G. Brown wrote to the National Committee asking for a vote on the question of holding a convention on July 4 at Cleveland. This convention was not called. Brown resigned as National Secretary, to be replaced on a temporary basis by Robert M. Buck, who soon resigned as well. National Chairman W.M. Piggott then appointed Bert Martin as National Secretary and headquarters were moved from Chicago to Denver.

The June 1924 Convention of the Farmer–Labor Party (in which the Federated Farmer–Labor Party participated as a member organization) was attended by over 500 delegates representing 26 states. The convention discussed the upcoming run of Sen. Robert M. La Follette for President. La Follette, a bitter opponent of the Workers Party of America, did not seek the endorsement of the convention, which proceeded to nominate its own candidates for President and Vice President of the United States—Duncan McDonald and William Bouck, respectively. The National Committee of the FLP met in Cleveland on July 4 and elected delegates to the Conference for Progressive Political Action. W.M. Piggott of Utah was re-elected as National Chairman and Bert Martin of Denver as National Secretary. On July 10, 1924, after the endorsement of La Follette by the CPPA at Cleveland, a majority of the National Executive Committee withdrew the nominations of MacDonald and Bouck and pledged support to an independent campaign of the Workers Party. By the end of 1924, the Federated FLP had ceased to exist.

National Farmer–Labor Party
The demise of the Federated Farmer–Labor Party did not mean an end to the Farmer–Labor Party movement, however. The regular Farmer–Labor Party continued to exist at the state level, with state and local organizations in Minnesota, Colorado, Utah, Illinois, Kentucky, Montana, New York, Pennsylvania, Oklahoma, Missouri, Washington, the Dakotas, and elsewhere. The national organization continued under the leadership of National Chairman W.M. Piggott and National Secretary Bert Miller. The group's 1920 Presidential candidate, Parley Parker Christensen, attended the Dec. 12, 1924, meeting of the National Committee of the Conference for Progressive Political Action and was made a member of the committee of arrangements for the CPPA's forthcoming February 21–22, 1925, conference. A Convention of the loyal members of the Farmer–Labor Party was called for that same time and place, where it aimed to cooperate with the CPPA in the formation of a labor party.

There were subsequent attempts to reconstitute a national Farmer–Labor Party into the 1930s, without the participation of either the CPUSA or the Socialist Party. Frank Webb was the remnant party's candidate in 1928. For the 1932 Presidential election, Jacob Coxey campaigned as the Farmer–Labor Party candidate in a few states. In neither election did the party receive more than 8,000 votes.

Congressmen and Senators
The Farmer–Labor Party continued to exist as a successful state party in Minnesota until 1944, when it merged with the Democratic Party of that state to form the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL).  Minnesota elected Farmer-Labor candidates to the United States House of Representatives in all but one election between 1918 and 1942:

1918 – 1 seat
1920 – No seats
1922 – 2 seats
1924 – 3 seats
1926 – 2 seats
1928 – 1 seat
1930 – 1 seat
1932 – 5 seats
1934 – 3 seats
1936 – 5 seats
1938 – 1 seat
1940 – 1 seat
1942 – 1 seat

During the same period, Minnesota was represented in the United States Senate at various times by four Farmer-Labor senators, either for full terms or partial terms:

Henrik Shipstead – March 4, 1923, to January 3, 1947
Magnus Johnson – July 16, 1923, to March 4, 1925
Elmer Austin Benson – December 27, 1935, to November 3, 1936
Ernest Lundeen – January 3, 1937 to August 31, 1940

In song
Folksinger and Farmer-Labor supporter Jim Garland wrote the song "I Don't Want Your Millions, Mister," in which he sings, "Take the two old parties, mister,/No difference in them I can see./But with a Farmer-Labor party,/We will set the workers free."

Woody Guthrie wrote lyrics for a song "Farmer-Labor Train" with the tune from the "Wabash Cannonball" and performed it on August 29, 1942 on "Labor for Victory," a joint AFL and CIO on NBC Radio's Red Network.  In 1948 transformed into "The Wallace-Taylor Train" for the 1948 Progressive National Convention of July 22–25, 1948, which nominated former U.S. Vice President Henry A. Wallace for U.S. President against Harry S. Truman (Democrats), Strom Thurmond (Dixiecrats), and Thomas E. Dewey (Republicans).

See also
 Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)
 Wisconsin Progressive Party

Notable members
Konrad K. Solberg – Minnesota legislator and the 27th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota, 1933–1935.
Elmer Austin Benson – U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 1935–1936; Governor of Minnesota, 1937–1939
Parley P. Christensen - Party's first Presidential candidate. Later became a Los Angeles City Councilman.
Alice Lorraine Daly – ran for governor in South Dakota in 1922, chaired the state FLP for several years
Magnus Johnson – U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 1923–1925; U.S. Representative from Minnesota, 1933–1935
Ernest Lundeen – U.S. Representative from Minnesota, 1917–1919 and 1933–1937, U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 1937–1940
Floyd B. Olson – Governor of Minnesota, 1931–1936
Hjalmar Petersen – Governor of Minnesota, 1936–1937
Henrik Shipstead – U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 1923–1941 (switched to the Republican Party during the 1940 election and served another term as a Republican)

References

Further reading
  Cravens, Hamilton. "The Emergence of the Farmer–Labor Party in Washington Politics, 1919-1920," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, vol. 57, no. 4 (October 1966), pp. 148–157.  in JSTOR

 Darg, Philip Lloyd, "The Farmer-Labor Party In Minnesota Politics: 1918-1948" (PhD dissertation, U of North Dakota 2015).  online
 Fine, Nathan. Labor and Farmer Parties in the United States, 1828 - 1928. New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1928. online
 Gieske, Millard L.  Minnesota Farmer-Laborism: The Third Party Alternative. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1979.
 Luoma, Everett E.: The Farmer Takes A Holiday.  Exposition Press, 1967.

 Harry W. Laidler, Toward a Farmer–Labor Party. League for Industrial Democracy, New York. 1938.
 Montgomery, David. "The Farmer–Labor Party," in Paul Buhle and Alan Dawley, editors, American Workers from the Revolution to the Present. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985).
 C.E. Ruthenberg, The Farmer-Labor United Front. Chicago: Literature Department, Workers Party of America, 1924.
 Carl Sandburg, "The Farmer-Labor Conference," Survey, vol. 48 (February 21, 1920), pp. 604–606.
 Stanley Shapiro,  "Hand and Brain: The Farmer–Labor Party of 1920," Labor History,Vol. 26, No. 3, Summer 1985; pp. 405–422.
 Richard M. Valelly,   Radicalism in the States: The Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party and the American Political Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
 James Mickel Williams,  The Foundations of Social Science, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1920; pg. 494.

Archives
 William Morley Bouck Papers. 1918-1941. .11 cubic foot plus 10 items. Contains records from Bouck's running as vice president of the United States on the Farmer-Labor ticket. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.

External links

 Tim Davenport, Farmer–Labor Party (1918–1924): Organizational History," Early American Marxist History] website, Corvallis, OR. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
 The Grassroots Labor Parties of 1919–1920: A Missed Opportunity for Labor, Socialist Organizer.
 "Profile of the Farmer Labor Party," Buttons and Ballots, Issue 10, July 1997. Retrieved October 1, 2014.

Farmer–Labor Party


San or SAN (acronym) may refer to:

In mathematics:
 Stochastic Activity Network, stochastic extension to Petri nets
 Standard algebraic notation, the most common algebraic chess notation

In technology:
 Storage area network, a network designed to attach computer storage devices
 Styrene-acrylonitrile resin, a plastic

In biology:
 Sinoatrial node, pacemaking tissue in the right atrium of the heart
 Stochastic Activity Network, stochastic extension to Petri nets

In history:
 The Battle Creek Sanitarium was nicknamed The San by its guests.

In fiction:
 San (comics) is the name of a character of the Marvel Universe.
 Princess Mononoke, San is the original name of Princess Mononoke.

In geography:
 San, Mali, a town
 San River, a river in south-eastern Poland and western Ukraine, the Celt's word (san) means exactly river too.
 Sydney Adventist Hospital, due to the original name being the Sydney Sanitarium, which was shortened to the word "san".

In organizations and groups:
 Khoisan, in Southern Africa, also known as the San people, or Khwe Khoe, or Basarwa.
 South African Navy

In transportation:
 San Motors, an Indian automobile manufacturer.
 San Diego International Airport, IATA airport code
 Sandersville Railroad, The AAR reporting mark

In Music:
 San (参) is High and Mighty Color's 3rd Album

In other languages:
 the Italian and Spanish word for Saint
 San (letter), Greek letter between Pi and Qoppa
 -san, a Japanese title used after a person's name, the equivalent of Mr., Mrs. or Miss. Postfix of polite expressions like "Suzuki-san", "Ichirou-san",  or "Suzuki Ichirou-san" to name a personal family name or last name, verbally and literally, generally regardless of position, sex, age, and other factors.

 Pronunciation of 3 in Japanese and Mandarin Chinese
 Dream, in some Slavic languages
 Mountain, in Korean and Japanese.

Other uses:
 Senior Advocate of Nigeria
 Standard Address Number, a number used in the book trade to identify a supplier.

San


A website is a set of webpages that are joined. People look at websites with a computer of some kind, sometimes including the computer inside mobile phones and televisions. The websites are kept on computers called web servers.

Overview
There is almost always a single homepage which has links to other pages that are part of that "site". Sometimes it has links to pages that are part of other "sites" as well. (Note that net jargon uses the word site, which also means a physical place in the real world, to mean a web URL). A home page serves as the introduction page of a website.

Websites can be used to advertise or sell things. They can also be used to talk to other people. A blog is a website where the location of the material is less relevant than who writes it, and which is more focused on dialogue. Very often the people who use blogs dislike the word "site" since it implies a controlled place. Sites are good for looking up information on the computer.

Types
There are many different types of website based on their purpose and the type of organisation they are created for.
 Weblog (also known as blog).
 Wiki (A website where anyone can edit the pages).
 Content Management System (Software that can edit web pages through a WYSIWYG editor).
 Search engine (A website like Google, Bing and DuckDuckGo which you can use to search the web).
 Social networking sites (Like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram which allows you to interact with people on the internet).
 Quiz websites like Quotev, Buzzfeed, Allthetests and GoToQuiz are websites used to look at Quizzes, fan-fictions and Surveys about Television, Radio and Music and other things done in Society.
 Video Websites like YouTube exist to look at Videos of people and things.
 Online forum, discussion, Q&A, and community website.
 Membership website
 Application Websites, Nowadays simply known as Apps are Websites that are Square shaped and require more difficulty to access and usually ask you to download their App to access specific things.
 .org websites are websites that are organisations.
 .uk, .au and .us are types of websites that are only available in the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States, but some can be used outside of these countries.
 .io websites are usually online game websites that run on an internet thing called an IO, which has some kind of meaning, but they can be accessed like any other website through the internet.
 There are other types of websites that aren't available to the public that end in a . followed by random letters but there are too many to list.

Access
Users can access any website by using a URL. This is the website address which is shown near the top of the web browser. The homepage and the rest of the site usually have the same words at the start of the URL — for example, pages at the Simple English Wikipedia always start "http://simple.wikipedia.org/..." but are different after that. However, if a person does not buy a domain name, the website could be an IP Address. An example of an IP address is 126.96.36.199.

Appearance
Web sites are usually shown in HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) but are not always written or kept that way - some use WAP and others use XML.

Website builder software is usually a collection of software tools that allow the construction of websites without manual code editing. Several hosted website services have website builder software built-in.

References

Website


In December 2009, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 64/134 proclaiming the year commencing 12 August 2010 as the International Year of Youth.

The resolution calls upon governments, civil society, individuals and communities worldwide to support activities at local and international levels to mark the event. Youth organizations, governments, and civil society are encouraged to organize activities that promote an increased understanding of the importance and benefits of youth participation in all aspects of society, as well as those that support youth to devote their energy, enthusiasm and creativity to development and the promotion of mutual understanding.  It encourages young people to dedicate themselves to fostering progress, including the attainment of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which seek to slash a host of social inadequacies, ranging from extreme poverty and hunger to maternal and infant mortality to lack of access to education and health care, all by 2015.

Theme: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding
Under the theme "Dialogue and Mutual Understanding", the resolution aims to encourage dialogue and understanding across generations and promote the ideals of peace, respect for human rights and freedoms, and solidarity.

Global level

United Nations Member States
In its resolution 64/134, the UN General Assembly decided "to organize under the auspices of the United Nations a world youth conference as the highlight of the Year" and invited "the President of the General Assembly to conduct open-ended information consultations with Member States with a view of determining the modalities of the conference, which is to be funded by voluntary contributions."

In April 2010, H.E. Mr Jean-Francis Régis Zinsou, the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Benin, agreed to serve as Facilitator for the consultations on the organization of the conference to be held in 2011. Consultations of the General Assembly began in May 2010.

United Nations System
In addition to the UN conference on youth, the UN is coordinating its efforts to celebrate and promote International Year of Youth.  The United Nations Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development is coordinating the activities of the UN system for the International Year of Youth, with the UN Programme on Youth leading this effort. The United Nations Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development works to increase the effectiveness of UN work in youth development by strengthening collaboration and exchange among all UN entities working on youth.

Members of the Network adopted the UN Framework Approach for the International Year of Youth in February 2010, to provide a concrete framework for collective efforts and to set the strategic objectives for the Year. The Framework identifies three key objectives and provides specific actions essential to implement the objectives, which are:

1. Create Awareness: increase commitment and investment in youth
 Increase recognition of youth development as a smart investment by the public and private sectors;
 Advocate for the recognition of young people's contributions to national and community development and to achieving the Millennium Development Goals;
 Promote understanding of inequalities amongst youth and how to effectively address the needs of the most disadvantaged;
 Foster research and knowledge building on youth to better inform youth policies and programmes.

2. Mobilize and Engage: increase youth participation and partnerships
 Institutionalize mechanisms for youth participation in decision-making processes;
 Support youth-led organizations and initiatives to enhance their contribution to society;
 Strengthen networks and partnerships among Governments, youth-led organizations, academia, civil society organizations, the private sector, the media and the UN system, to enhance commitment and support for holistic youth development.

'''3. Connect and Build Bridges: increase intercultural understanding among youth
 Promote youth interactions, networks and partnerships across cultures;
 Empower and support youth as agents of social inclusion and peace.

The progress achieved during the Year will lay the foundation for further work in youth development, including the implementation of the World Programme of Action for Youth and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The Framework has been disseminated to the UN system, including to Regional Commissions and Country Teams.  Organizations celebrating the Year are invited to use the Framework to guide their activities.

History of Youth at the United Nations
In 1965, United Nations Members States first acknowledged that the contribution of young people – defined by the United Nations as those between the ages of 15 and 24 years – is essential for the development of society when they endorsed the "Declaration on the Promotion among Youth of the Ideals of Peace, Mutual Respect and Understanding between Peoples".

Twenty years later, the General Assembly observed the year 1985 as the "first International Youth Year: Participation, Development and Peace".  In 1995, Member States strengthened their commitment to young people by adopting the "World Programme of Action for Youth (WPAY)", which provides a policy framework and practical guidelines for national action and international support to improve the situation of young people by increasing their access to opportunities for constructive participation in society.

In 2007, the General Assembly expanded upon the WPAY by adopting additional issue areas, bringing the total to fifteen areas of priority focus which are: education, employment, hunger and poverty, health, environment, drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, leisure-time activities, girls and young women, participation, globalization, information and communications technologies, HIV/AIDS, youth and conflict, and inter-generational relations.

National level
International Years are customarily celebrated at the national level and steered by National Committees, usually consisting of government entities such as Ministry of Youth or Ministry of Education, National Youth Councils, civil society organizations, representatives of the UN system and other relevant stakeholders.

See also
 International Youth Year (since 1985)

References

Youth
2010 in international relations
2011 in international relations
Youth

International Year of Youth


Bottling lines are production lines that fill a product, generally a beverage, into bottles on a large scale. Many prepared foods are also bottled, such as sauces, syrups, marinades, oils and vinegars.

Beer bottling process

Packaging of bottled beer typically involves drawing the product from a holding tank and filling it into bottles in a filling machine (filler), which are then capped, labeled and packed into cases or cartons. Many smaller breweries send their bulk beer to large facilities for contract bottling—though some will bottle by hand. Virtually all beer bottles are glass.

The first step in bottling beer is depalletising, where the empty bottles are removed from the original pallet packaging delivered from the manufacturer, so that individual bottles may be handled. The bottles may then be rinsed with filtered water or air, and may have carbon dioxide injected into them in attempt to reduce the level of oxygen within the bottle. The bottle then enters a "filler" which fills the bottle with beer and may also inject a small amount of inert gas (usually carbon dioxide or nitrogen) on top of the beer to disperse the oxygen, as oxygen can ruin the quality of the product via oxidation. Finally, the bottles go through a "capper", which applies a bottle cap, sealing the bottle. A few beers are bottled with a cork and cage.

Next the bottle enters a labelling machine ("labeller") where a label is applied. To ensure traceability of the product, a lot number, generally the date and time of bottling, may also be printed on the bottle. The product is then packed into boxes and warehoused, ready for sale.

Depending on the magnitude of the bottling endeavor, there are many different types of bottling machinery available. Liquid level machines fill bottles so they appear to be filled to the same line on every bottle, while volumetric filling machines fill each bottle with exactly the same amount of liquid. Overflow pressure fillers are the most popular machines with beverage makers, while gravity filling machines are most cost effective. In terms of automation, inline filling machines are most popular, but rotary machines are much faster albeit much more expensive.

Wine bottling process
The process for bottling wine is largely similar to that for bottling beer, except wine bottles differ in volumes and shapes. Traditionally, a cork is used to provide closure to wine bottles. After filling, a bottle travels to a corking machine (corker) where a cork is compressed and pushed into the neck of the bottle. Whilst this is happening, the corker vacuums the air out of the bottle to form a negative pressure headspace. This removes any oxygen from the headspace, which is useful as latent oxygen can ruin the quality of the product via oxidation. A negative pressure headspace will also counteract pressure caused by the thermal expansion of the wine, preventing the cork from being forced from the bottle. Champagnes and sparkling wines may further be sealed with a muselet, which ensures the cork will not explode off in transit. Alternative wine closures such as screw caps are available.

Some bottling lines incorporate a fill height detector which reject under or over-filled bottles, and also a metal detector.

After filling and corking, a plastic or tin capsule is applied to the neck of the bottle in a capsular. Next the bottle enters a labeller where a wine label is applied. The product is then packed into boxes and warehoused, ready for sale.

See also

 Beverage can
 Packaging and labeling

References

Further reading
 Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,

External links

Liquid Filling Lines

Wine packaging and storage
Brewing
Packaging machinery
Beer vessels and serving
Food storage containers
Packaging
Food packaging

Bottling line


Marie-France Boyer (born 22 April 1938 in Marseille) is a French actress, singer and the author of many internationally published non-fiction books on France. She appeared from 1959 until 1976 in more than a dozen feature films and several TV shows.

During her career as actress she worked with many directors, among them François Villiers, Henri Verneuil, Agnès Varda, Riccardo Freda, Luc de Heusch, John Krish, and Gilles Grangier.

Marie-France Boyer also had the female leading part in the TV series Quentin Durward, playing Isabelle de Croye, whose fate becomes a subject of dispute between the duke of Burgundy and the king of France. As a part of this role, she sings two medieval songs. Isabelle's beauty and loveliness inspire the protagonist to surpass himself, and when he is finally offered high positions at either ruler's courts, he refuses both because he prefers to live by her side.

In 1967, she participated in screen tests for the search of the new male actor for the figure of James Bond in the film On Her Majesty's Secret Service.

References

External links

1938 births
Living people
Writers from Marseille
French film actresses
French women singers
French television actresses
Actresses from Marseille
20th-century French actresses
20th-century French non-fiction writers
21st-century French non-fiction writers
20th-century French women writers
21st-century French women writers

Marie-France Boyer


Multiple birth is when one woman gives birth to more than one child at the same time. Depending on the number of children born, it can be called twins (two), triplets (three), quadruplets (four), and so on. There have been cases known in which a woman gave birth to eight children at once. These have a higher risk of dying.

The chance of multiple birth grows when artificial insemination is used. It is therefore used in China to outsmart the one-child policy.

Biological reproduction

Multiple birth


Roe is the ripe eggs of fish and certain marine animals, for example sea urchins, shrimp and scallop.  It is a type of seafood. Roe is used in many different foods. It can be used cooked or raw.

Caviar is a name for sturgeon roe which is eaten as a delicacy.

Soft roe or white roe is not roe. It is the seminal fluid of fish.

Around the world

Asia

Japan
Many different types of roe are used in Japanese cuisine. The following are used raw in sushi:
 Ikura (いくら) - Salmon roe. Large reddish-orange eggs.  Salmon eggs are also used as bait when fishing. People who fish may find this strange when served Ikura for the first time.
 Kazunoko () - Herring roe, yellow or pinkish. It has a firm, rubbery texture and look. It is usually pickled. The roe is in a single mass. This makes it look like a piece of fish.
 Mentaiko () - Alaska pollock roe which is spiced with powdered red pepper. Mentaiko is usually pink to dark red.
 Tarako (たらこ) - Salted Alaska pollock roe. It is sometimes grilled.
 Tobiko () - Flying fish roe. It is very crunchy and reddish orange in color.

 Uni (うに, ) - Sea urchin roe is soft. Color ranges from orange to light yellow. Humans eat the roe either raw or briefly cooked. Sea urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine. It is called "uni" in Japanese sushi cuisine. It is also a food in Chile, called an "erizo".
Karasumi (カラスミ, ) - It is mainly found in Nagasaki. Along with salt-pickled sea urchin roe and Konowata, it is one of the three chinmi of Japan . It is made by removing the salt from salt pickled mullet roe and drying it by the sunlight.

India (Kerala and West Bengal) and Bangladesh
Roe from the Hilsa fish is a delicacy in West Bengal and Bangladesh. The roe is usually deep-fried. Other ways of cooking it such as mashed roe where the roe crushed along with oil, onion & pepper, or curry of roe could also be found. In the state of Kerala, roe is deep fried in coconut oil and is a delicacy. Among the tribal populace, deeply-roasted roe in open fire (much like marshmallows) is a delicacy. In this region, the roe of rohu is also delicacy. It is eaten fried or put inside a fried pointed gourd to make potoler dolma.

Iran
In the Caspian provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran, several types of roe are used. Called Ashpal or Ashbal, roe can be eaten grilled, cured, salted, or mixed with other things. If salted or cured, it is eaten as a condiment. If used fresh, it is usually grilled, steamed, or mixed with eggs and fried to make a custard-like dish called "Ashpal Kuku".

Roe from Kutum (also known as Caspian White Fish or Rutilus Frisii Kutum), Roach (called "Kuli" in Gileki), Bream (called "Kulmeh" in Gileki), and Caspian Salmon are liked very much. Roe from Carp is less common and Barbel roe is also used at times.

Europe

Denmark
Lumpfish (stenbider) roe is used in Danish cuisine. It is served on top of halved or sliced hard-boiled eggs, on top of piles of shrimp, or with other fish or seafood.  Another commonly eaten roe is that from the cod (torsk).

Greece
Tarama is carp roe used to make taramosalata. Taramosolata is a Greek and Turkish food that is made of tarama mixed with lemon juice, bread crumbs, onions, and olive oil. Other food is dipped into it and eaten.

Italy
Bottarga is the salted and dried roe pouch of Gray Mullet. It is used as a topping and with pasta.

Sweden

Smoked and salted cod roe paste is very popular in Sweden. The most famous brand is Kalles Kaviar. The paste is commonly served as sandwich topping.

United Kingdom
Roe eaten in the United Kingdom is usually soft roe instead of hard roe. Herring roe is sold in many British supermarkets but it is not very popular. Battered cod roe can also be bought within many fish and chip shops, mainly around the London area.

Roe


A clipper was a very fast sailing ship of the 19th century.  The word "clipper" comes from a word meaning: "fast".  Clippers had several masts and a square rig. They were quite narrow for their length. Clipper ships were mostly made in British and American shipyards, but France, the Netherlands and other countries also made some. Clippers sailed all over the world, especially on the trade routes between the United Kingdom and its colonies in the east, in trans-Atlantic trade, and the New York-to-San Francisco route round Cape Horn during the California Gold Rush.  Dutch clippers were built beginning in 1850s for bringing tea to Europe and taking passengers to and from Java.

Sailing ships
Trade routes

Clipper


James Braid (1795 - 1860) was a Scottish surgeon and hypnotist.

He was born in Portmoak, Scotland. He died in of an illness in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester.

Research on hypnotism
Braid saw a demonstration of mesmerism by Charles Lafontaine in 1841 and began to explore and research the subject for himself. He argued that the trance like state that a person went into, which he called hypnotism, was a state of mind. He said it was not caused by the transferring "mesmeric fluid" or "animal magnetism". He believed a hypnotic state could be caused by having a person stare at a small bright object. When a person was in a hypnotic state, they could be given suggestions which they did not remember when fully awake. He also noted changes in pulse and blood circulation, which he believed were able to cure some illnesses. He began using hypnotism and suggestion as way of treating some of his patients.

His ideas were later developed by a group of doctors in Paris, who were called "Braidists". Led by the neurologist J. M. Charcot, their work made it scientifically acceptable to study hypnotism.

Books and articles
Braid wrote a book and several articles about his research and his ideas:
 Neurypnology, or, The Rationale of Nervous Sleep (1843).
 The Power of the Mind over the Body (1846).
 Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Electro-Biology (1852).
 Hypnotic Therapeutics, Illustrated by Cases (1853).

References

1795 births
1860 deaths
British neurologists
Scottish scientists
Scottish medical doctors

James Braid


The city of Dubai is the largest and most populated city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the capital city of the emirate of Dubai, UAE. The city is sometimes called "Dubai City" to prevent it from being mixed up with the emirate.

Dubai is a city and emirate in the United Arab Emirates known for luxury shopping, ultramodern architecture and a lively nightlife scene. Burj Khalifa, an 830m-tall tower, dominates the skyscraper-filled skyline. At its foot lies Dubai Fountain, with jets and lights choreographed to music. On artificial islands just offshore is Atlantis, The Palm, a resort with water and marine-animal parks.

History
There are records of the town of Dubai from 1799. The city was a dependent of Abu Dhabi until 1833. The town of Dubai was an important port of call for foreign tradesmen (chiefly Indians), who settled in the town. Until the 1930s, the town was known for its pearls.

Famous places

 Burj Khalifa
 Burj al-Arab
 Dubai International Airport, in the middle of the city
 Dubai Mall, one of the largest malls in the world
Global Village
Dubai park
TakaHisa Japanese Restaurant
IMG world of adventure
23 Marina
Wild Wadi water park
Dubai Desert Safari Experiences
Dubai Attractions

Climate
Dubai has a hot desert climate. Summers are extremely hot, windy, and humid. The highest recorded temperature in the UAE is 52.1 °C (126 °F), recorded in July 2002.

According to the UN, about 14 percent of the world population will face water scarcity by the year 2025. This shortage of water is expected to be worse in arid countries like the UAE. The UAE cloud seeding initiative is part of the government's attempt to deal with the existing and future water needs of the country's growing population.

Specific rules
Dubai has strict rules like:

 The drinking age is 21. Drinking in public or being drunk in public are not tolerated.
 Offensive language, spitting, aggressive behavior and smoking outside designated areas are not tolerated.
 Public displays of affection such as holding hands or kissing are not tolerated.
 Men should avoid staring at local women or attempting to make eye contact.
 During Ramadan while Muslims are fasting from sunrise to sunset, non-Muslims can only eat and drink in screened-off areas.

References

Other websites
 www.dubai.ae – Dubai Government portal
 www.dm.gov.ae – Dubai Municipality website
 dubijobs.com  – Dubai Job portal
 Dubaievisaonline

Settlements established in the 18th century

Dubai


An undulator is an insertion device from high-energy physics and usually part of a larger
installation, a synchrotron storage ring. It consists of a periodic structure of dipole magnets. A static magnetic field is alternating along the length of the undulator with a wavelength . Electrons traversing the periodic magnet structure are forced to undergo oscillations. So the electrons give off energy as electronmagnetic radiation. The radiation produced in an undulator is very intense and concentrated in narrow energy bands in the spectrum. The light beam is also collimated on the orbit plane of the electrons. This radiation is guided through beamlines for experiments in various scientific areas.

The important dimensionless parameter

where e is the particle charge, B is the magnetic field, ,  is the electron rest
mass and c is the speed of light, characterizes the nature of the electron motion. For
 the oscillation amplitude of the motion is small and the radiation displays interference patterns which lead to narrow energy bands. If  the oscillation amplitude is bigger and the radiation contributions from each field period sum up independently, leading to a broad energy spectrum. When K is much bigger than 1,  the device is no longer called an undulator; it is called a wiggler.

Physicist think about undulators both using classical physics and relativity. This means that though the precision calculation is tedious the undulator can be seen as a black box. An electron enters this box and an electromagnetic pulse exits through a small exit slit. The slit should be small enough so that only the main cone passes, so that  the side lobes may be ignored.

Undulators can provide hundreds of time more magnetic flux than a simple bending magnet and as such are in high demand at synchrotron radiation facilities.  For an undulator that repeat N times (N periods), the brightness can be up to  more than a bending magnet.  The intensity is enhanced up to a factor of N at harmonic wavelengths due to the constructive interference of the fields emitted during the N radiation periods.  The usual pulse is a sine wave with some envelope.  The second factor of N comes from the reduction of the emission angle associated with these harmonics, which is reduced in proportion to 1/N.  When the electrons come with half the period, they interfere destructively. So, the undulator stays dark. The same is true if the electrons come as a bead chain.  Because the bunch of electron spreads out the more times that they travel around the synchrotron, physicists want to design new machines that throw out the electron bunches before they have a chance to spread out.  This change will produced more useful synchrotron radiation.

The polarization of the emitted radiation can be controlled by using permanent magnets to induce different periodic electron trajectories through the undulator.  If the oscillations are confined to a plane the radiation will be linearly polarized.  If the oscillation trajectory is helical, the radiation will be circularly polarized, with the handedness determined by the helix.

If  the electrons follow the Poisson distribution, a partial interference leads to a linear increase in intensity.
In the free-electron laser the intensity increases exponentially with the number of electrons.

Physicists measure an undulator's effectiveness in terms of  spectral radiance.

History
The first undulator was built by Hans Motz and his coworkers at Stanford in 1953. One of their undulators produced the first ever coherent  infrared radiation. Their total frequency range was from visible light down to millimeter waves. The Russian physicist V.L. Ginzburg showed that undulators could be made in principle in a 1947 paper.

References

Other websites
D. T. Attwood's page at Berkeley: Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation . His lecture and viewgraphs are available online.

Synchrotron instrumentation

Undulator


Albert Arthur Powell MBE (30 January 1900 – 26 June 1982), known as Sandy Powell, was an English comedian best known for his radio work of the 1930s and for his catchphrase "Can you hear me, mother?" He first said this in a theatre in Coventry. Fifty years later, deciding he needed a rest from the business (he planned a cruise around the world with his wife, Kay White), he again said it in a Coventry theatre, for the last time.

Early life
Born in Rotherham, Yorkshire, England, in 1900, he attended White's school in Masbrough, where he helped his mother (stage name of Lily le Maine) to put on a marionette show. At age nine, she put him in a velvet suit with a lace collar and he went on stage and sang. After he left school he became a music hall entertainer, often wearing a kilt in the guise of a 'Scottish' comedian. During this part of his career he was associated with the singer Gracie Fields, and released several records where he collaborated with her.

Stage and recording
He made a total of eighty-five 78 rpm records between 1929 and 1942, mostly double-sided sketches with him in various occupations. He sold seven and a half million records, earning a penny a side, so over £60,000. The first, The Lost Policeman on the cheap Broadcast label, sold almost half a million copies (he had turned down a flat fee of £60 for this), and his subsequent recordings for Broadcast and Rex were extremely popular. He said in a 1982 interview that he used his stage work to advertise the records, rather than the other way about, though it was later said of him that his records introduced him so wherever he went to put on a show, they already knew him.

Powell's stooge in his act during the 1930s was the boy soprano Jimmy Fletcher, father of the actor Gerard Fletcher, of Emmerdale, Coronation Street and other TV. From 1930 he took his own revue, Sandy Powell's Road Show, on tour – it ran for ten years and was extremely popular despite having only a handful of performers and two backdrops.

Radio and film
In the 1930s he began to work on the radio, always introducing his show with the catchphrase "Can you hear me, mother?"  Powell said that the catchphrase originated on an occasion when he had dropped his script and was killing time at the microphone while rearranging the pages. It is also attributed to his mother's coercion and her hardness of hearing, during his early career. At his next booking, the theatre manager asked him to say it again as everyone was saying it now. He also appeared in a number of films during the 1930s, usually as himself. In 1939, he was voted the fifth most popular British star at the local box office.

A popular figure, he worked continually on radio, television and pantomime through the 1940s and 1950s. Aged 21 at the time, Pat Phoenix was brought in to play Sandy's wife and played four parts in the film. After that he went onto a variety tour and she came with him as his wife, earning £12 a week. He performed with his Starlight company in the Eastbourne Pier theatre for over fifteen seasons in the 1950s and 1960s, earning himself the sobriquet 'Mr Eastbourne', and he was still performing occasionally up to his death in 1982. Part of his act was a comedy ventriloquism act, where the dummy would fall apart. After being on stage for a few weeks with a series of awful ventriloquists, he bought a dummy himself and did his own act as a ventriloquist. When Pat Phoenix as his wife who "fed him lines" asked if the dummy could sing something, he replied "If I know it, he can sing it!" His real-life wife, Kay White, often appeared with him.

He performed twice in a Royal Variety Performance: both 1935 and 1970. In the latter he appeared with his wife performing his ventriloquist act gone-wrong.

He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1971 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews. He was awarded the MBE in 1975.

Death
For a day or two, he thought he had bad indigestion, but it was worse than he realised and he died of a heart attack in Eastbourne on 26 June 1982, aged 82.

A pub in Powell's native Rotherham was named "The Comedian" in his honour.

Marriages

In 1942 he married Katie Hughes, who died in 1947. He married Kay White in 1951.

Filmography
The Third String (1932)
 Can You Hear Me, Mother? (1935)
 Soft Lights and Sweet Music (1936)
Leave It to Me (1937)
It's a Grand Old World (1937)
I've Got a Horse (1938)
Home from Home (1939)
All at Sea (1940)
Cup-tie Honeymoon (1948)

References

External links

Photo and info on Sandy Powell together with details of other Mancunian Film stars

1900 births
1982 deaths
English male comedians
20th-century English comedians
British male comedy actors
Comedians from Yorkshire
Actors from Rotherham
Male actors from Yorkshire

Sandy Powell (comedian)