Nominoe or Nomenoe (; ;  c. 800,  7 March 851) was the first Duke of Brittany from 846 to his death. He is the Breton pater patriae and to Breton nationalists he is known as  ("father of the country").

Origins
He was the second son of Count Erispoë I of Poher, King of the Browaroch (775–812), and younger brother of Count Riwallon or Rivallon III of Poher (?–857).

Rise and titulature under Louis the Pious
After a general rebellion which had enveloped the entire Carolingian Empire was put down, a general assembly was held at Ingelheim in May 831. It was probably there that the emperor Louis the Pious appointed Nominoe, a Breton, to rule the Bretons (which corresponded to "almost all" of Brittany). Regino of Prüm in his famous Chronicon writes, inaccurately for the year 837, that:      .  Morman, king of the Bretons, died and Numenoi [Nominoe] was created duke of that same people by the emperor at Ingelheim.       Nominoe was a staunch ally of Louis the Pious until the emperor's death in 840. He supported Louis in the several civil wars of the 830s and he supported the monastery of Redon Abbey, even ordering the monks to pray for Louis in light of the emperor's "strife". Nominoe's power base was in the Vannetais and two charters refer to him as Count of Vannes, though it is unknown when that title was held, be it as early as 819 or as late as 834. Nominoe may not have possessed any land outside Vannes and his ability to gather revenue in Breton-speaking territories was probably no greater than any other aristocrat of those regions.  His chief source of income after he broke with his overlord was plunder from raids into Frankish territory and from the despoliation of churches. He did have the political authority to exact payment (wergild) in the form of land from a man who had murdered his follower Catworet.

The title Duke of Brittany is primarily a chronicler's invention of the tenth century. Nominoe never held a title from the emperor, who refers to him in charters as merely , "faithful one", or as missus imperatoris, "imperial emissary", which was probably the title he was granted at Ingelheim. In Breton charters, Nominoe was known inconsistently by several titles from February 833 until his death:
 ("Nominoe, master in Brittany")
 ("Nominoe, possessing Brittany")
 ("Nominoe, governing all Brittany")
 ("Nominoe, prince in Brittany")
 ("Nominoe, reigning in Brittany")
 ("Nominoe, duke in Brittany")
 ("duke Nominoe")
 ("prince Nominoe")
 ("Breton Nominoe")

Loyalty and falling out with Charles the Bald

The relations between Nominoe and Charles the Bald, Louis's successor after 840, were initially amicable. In the midst of a revolt of his men in Neustria, Charles sent from Le Mans to see if Nominoe would submit to him in the spring of 841 and Nominoe agreed to do so. It is clear from the wording of the account of this event in Nithard that Nominoe was too powerful to be compelled to submit; later in 841 he rebuffed the overtures of the new emperor, Lothair I, who claimed Neustria. Nominoe remained loyal to Charles throughout the next year, even making a donation "in alms for the king" to the abbey of Redon on 25 January 842. Breton soldiers, as well as Gascons, certainly took part in the military show of the Oaths of Strasbourg.

In the summer of 843, Lothair or perhaps his supporter Lambert II of Nantes succeeded in persuading Nominoe to abandon Charles and go over to the emperor. Nominoe was thereafter a constant enemy of Charles and his authority in Neustria, often acting in concert with Lothair, Lambert, and Pepin II of Aquitaine. Breton troops fought under Lambert in Neustria and when, in June 844, Charles was besieging Toulouse, Nominoe raided into Maine and plundered the territory. In November 843, Charles had marched as far as Rennes to compel Breton submission, but to no effect.

At the synod of Yutz in October 844, presided over by Charles' uncle Drogo of Metz, the bishops sent orders to Nominoe, Lambert, and Pepin commanding them to renew their fealty to Charles or be prepared to accept military consequences. Lambert and Pepin complied, but Nominoe ignored the Frankish bishops. However, some Bretons had connived against him with Charles and the king tried to enter Brittany in support of the defectors, but without success: he was defeated at the Battle of Ballon just north of Redon across the Vilaine on 22 November 845. It is probable that in the Vannetais Nominoe's authority had been weakened after his split with Charles in 843 and Lupus of Ferrières reports "unrest" in Brittany during this period.

In 844 and 847 according to the Annales Bertiniani, Nominoe made war on the Vikings.

Renewed loyalty and second rebellion
In Summer 846, Charles marched on Brittany and again took no military action, instead coming to peace with Nominoe and exchanging oaths. The details of the peace arrangements are unknown, but Prudentius of Troyes uses the title "duke" (dux) for the first time in this context and this may indicate that Nominoe was created Duke of the Bretons in return for recognising Charles' lordship. As another part of the agreement, Nominoe had Charles remove Lambert from Nantes and put him in power in Sens further away.

By Christmas time, Nominoe's Bretons were raiding Neustria, this time near Bayeux, again. This was probably instigated by Lothair, for he, Charles, and their brother Louis the German met at Meerssen in February 847 and agreed to send orders to Nominoe and Pepin II to desist from making war on Charles. Nominoe, probably being paid by Lothair, did not in fact desist; neither did Pepin. In two campaigns in the spring and then fall of 849, Charles was in Aquitaine and Nominoe took the opportunity to raid Neustria. Charles reestablished Lambert in Nantes after Nominoe invaded Anjou.

In 850, Lambert (and his brother Warnar) had renewed their friendship with Nominoe and together were raiding Maine "with unspeakable fury" according to the Chronicon Fontanellense. In August, Charles marched on Rennes, again avoided fighting, and installed garrisons there and at Nantes. Immediately after he left, Lambert and Nominoe defeated the garrisons and captured the new Count of Nantes, Amalric. On 7 March 851, Nominoe died near Vendôme while ravaging the Nantais and Anjou; he was buried at Redon Abbey. By his wife Argentaela, Nominoe left a son named Erispoe, who succeeded him. Nominoe was thus the founder of a political tradition in Brittany which had not thitherto existed; though his charters did not mimic Carolingian ones, his successors would imitate the legitimising Carolingian language in theirs.

Deposition of the bishops
In 849 at a place called Coitlouh, Nominoe held a synod whereat he deposed the five Breton bishops of Alet, Saint-Pol, Vannes, Quimper, and Dol. The charges he levelled against them are unknown. Pope Leo IV sent a letter to Nominoe and the bishops (whether before or after the deposition is unknown) informing him that the depositions could only be enacted by a panel of twelve bishops with seventy-two witnesses. The later popes Benedict II and Nicholas I believed that Nominoe had forced the bishops to admit to crimes they had not committed and that their depositions were thus invalid. A Frankish synod of 850 held at either Angers or Tours accused Nominoe of simony by unlawfully removing bishops and replacing them with mercenarii (mercenaries of his own). These mercenarii were excommunicated, as indicated by an epistle of the synod of Savonnières in 859 sent to what remained of the Breton church in communion with the Archdiocese of Tours. Nominoe sacked Rennes and Nantes, replacing the new Frankish bishop of the latter with his own nominee.

Susannus was deposed in Vannes and replaced by Courantgen. Salocon was deposed in Dol, but his replacement is unknown. At Quimper, Felix was replaced by Anaweten and at Saint-Pol, Clutwoion replaced Garnobrius. The two bishops of Alet, first Rethwalatr and then Mahen are very obscure figures. The bishop of Nantes whom Nominoe succeeded in removing for about a year was Actard. His replacement was the obscure Gislard. In the end the synod of Coitlouh and the bringing of the bishoprics of Rennes and Nantes into the Breton fold meant that the church of Brittany was an actively independent ecclesiastic polity from its nominal metropolitan, the Metropolitan of Tours.

Succession

At his death Nominoe was succeeded by his son Erispoe. Nominoe was buried at Redon Abbey.

See also
Dukes of Brittany family tree

References
Smith, Julia M. H. Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians. Cambridge University Press: 1992.

Notes

800s births
851 deaths
9th-century monarchs of Brittany
Dukes of Brittany

Nominoe


Hersal Thomas (September 9, 1906 – June 2, 1926) was an American blues pianist and composer.

He strongly influenced the development of piano blues and boogie woogie. Later pianists like Jimmy Yancey, Albert Ammons and Meade Lux Lewis named him as an important influence in their own career.

Life
Thomas was born in Houston, Texas into a musical family. When young, he had talent for blues piano playing and composition. Besides Hersal, also his older brother George W. was a very good piano player. His sister Sippie Wallace and his niece Hociel Thomas sang.

He started playing piano in New Orleans. Later he went to Chicago, where his sister Sippie lived. In 1924, he started recording piano rolls and 1925 disk records. He worked solo but also as sideman for Hociel Thomas, Sippie Wallace, Lilian Miller and Sodarisa Miller. Shortly before his death he was on tour with Louis Armstrong and King Oliver. His sister Sippie Wallace recorded seven of his titles: "A Jealous Woman Like Me", "A Man for Every Day of the Week", "Dead Drunk Blues", "Have You Ever Been Down?", "I Feel Good", "Shorty George Blues" and "Trouble Everywhere I Roam". His most famous records are "Suitcase Blues" (8958-A Okeh 8227) and "The Five". Albert Ammons and Meade Lux Lewis named this records under the fundamental boogie records.

Thomas died of food poisoning while working at Penny's Pleasure Inn in Detroit, Michigan.

References

American blues musicians
Boogie Woogie pianists
Blues pianists
American jazz pianists
Musicians from Houston
Deaths from food poisoning
1906 births
1926 deaths

Hersal Thomas


The MDZ Shield (or Minimize Danger Zone Shield) is a safety device for school buses, consisting of a two-piece polyurethane guard that encloses the upper wheel well opening and covers the gap in front of the right rear wheels, designed to deflect a person out of the path of the wheels in order to prevent injury or death. The "danger zone," which the shield acts to mitigate, refers to the area extending 10 feet to the front, rear and sides of the school bus, where children are at most risk of being hit by passing vehicles or by their own bus. Invented and developed by Mark B. Barron of Public Transportation Safety International, developer of the similar S-1 Gard for transit buses, and distributed by The C.E. White Company, the MDZ Shield first came to market in 2011.

Statistics
On average, fatal injuries occur outside the school bus at a rate of four times those occurring inside the bus; besides being struck and killed by other vehicles, the greatest number of child fatalities occur by the right rear tire of the student's own bus. Since the 1970-1971 school year, the Kansas State Department of Education has compiled an annual National School Bus Loading and Unloading Survey, detailing fatalities occurring in the danger zone surrounding school buses on which an MDZ Shield is not present. According to the reports, from the 2004-2005 through 2010-2011 school years, there have been 48 fatalities involving the school bus while loading and unloading. Of those, half were caused by the right rear wheels. Of all fatalities involving the rear wheels, 83% took place on the right side of the bus. The reports have shown that in a majority of cases involving the wheels, children first incur injuries by coming in contact with the tire before being propelled underneath the bus wheels. In addition to the 10 feet surrounding the school bus, there is typically an approximately 2 foot vertical gap in front of the rear wheels between the undercarriage and the ground, in which a child is at increased risk of coming in contact with the tire.

Design
The MDZ Shield is mounted around the right real wheel (or wheels), and consists of two pieces: a wheel shield, which covers the wheel well opening, and a lower tire safety guard, which mounts to a receiver on the undercarriage of the bus and sits approximately four inches from the ground. The shield can deflect a child out of the path of the school bus, thereby minimizing the extent of injury in the danger zone.

See also
S-1 Gard

References

External links
MDZ Shield

Pedestrian safety

MDZ Shield


In combinatorial mathematics, probability, and computer science, in the longest alternating subsequence problem, one wants to find a subsequence of a given sequence in which the elements are in alternating order, and in which the sequence is as long as possible.

Formally, if  is a sequence of distinct real numbers, then the subsequence  is alternating<ref
name="Stanleybook"></ref> (or zigzag or down-up) if

Similarly,  is reverse alternating (or up-down) if

Let  denote the length (number of terms) of the longest alternating subsequence of . For example, if we consider some of the permutations of the integers 1,2,3,4,5, we have that
 ; because any sequence of 2 distinct digits are (by definition) alternating. (for example 1,2 or 1,4 or 3,5);
  because 1,5,3,4 and 1,5,2,4 and 1,3,2,4 are all alternating, and there is no alternating subsequence with more elements;
  because 5,3,4,1,2 is itself alternating.

Efficient algorithms

The longest alternating subsequence problem is solvable in time , where  is the length of the original sequence.

Distributional results

If  is a random permutation of the integers  and , then it is possible to show<ref
name="widom"></ref><ref
name="stanley"></ref><ref
name="hr"></ref>
that

Moreover, as , the random variable , appropriately centered and scaled, converges to a standard normal distribution.

Online algorithms

The longest alternating subsequence problem has also been studied in the setting of online algorithms, in which the elements of  are presented in an online fashion, and a decision maker needs to decide whether to include or exclude each element at the time it is first presented, without any knowledge of the elements that will be presented in the future,
and without the possibility of recalling on preceding observations.

Given a sequence  of independent random variables with common continuous distribution , it is possible to construct a selection procedure that maximizes the expected number of alternating selections.
Such expected values can be tightly estimated, and it equals .

As , the optimal number of online alternating selections appropriately centered and scaled converges to a normal distribution.

See also

 Alternating permutation
 Permutation pattern and pattern avoidance
 Counting local maxima and/or local minima in a given sequence
 Turning point tests for testing statistical independence of  observations
 Number of alternating runs
 Longest increasing subsequence
 Longest common subsequence

References

Problems on strings
Permutations
Combinatorics
Dynamic programming

Longest alternating subsequence


The Seal of Louisville is an emblem used as a visual representation for the city of Louisville, Kentucky. Among other reasons, the seal is used to stamp documents to certify their authenticity. The city had four seals from its formation in 1828 to 2003 before its merger with the Jefferson County, Kentucky government and creating a new joint seal, which was designed during a citywide competition by Louisville native and art director William Glenn Hack.

History
The first seal established in 1828 had a steamboat ascending the falls heading to a wharf laden with boxes and bales. It was engraved with the words "City of Louisville" at the top and "Perseverando" at the bottom. Perseverando was said to mean "By Persevering" and was a part of the city motto "Industry and punctuality by persevering." This seal would be used until May 6, 1861, when the city council would approve a new seal. The new seal would be inspired by the emergence of the steam locomotive and the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. It entailed a locomotive with the words "Progress" included.

The second seal would remain in place for forty-nine years before the year 1910 when citizens started to feel that the locomotive became an outdated symbol for progress. Consequently, the Louisville Convention and Publicity League held a contest to design a new seal. John T. Bauscher won with the design featuring a lady holding a banner with the word "progress" on it in one hand and the other hand overflowing with cornucopia. A train and steamboat were on the sides of her and a tall building was depicted in the background with the words "The Nation's Thorough-fare" on it. This third seal was enacted on December 21, 1910, by the city council.

On November 25, 1953, a new seal designed by Austrian typographer Victor Hammer was adopted following mayor Charles Farnsley's campaign for a simpler seal. This seal was based on the city's origin of its name by implementing three fleur-de-lis in a triangle in the center representing a century of history for each. They were surrounded by thirteen stars representing the original states of the nation and the year 1778 marking the first settlements of the Louisville area. The fleur-de-lis meaning "Lily Flower" was the symbol of King Louis XVI of France, the namesake for Louisville.

The current seal used represents Louisville and Jefferson County following the merger of the governments on January 6, 2003. The seal reads "Louisville – Jefferson County" in a circle around a single fleur-de-lis with two stars and includes the year 1778 (the year Louisville was founded) on both sides. This seal was designed during a citywide competition by Louisville native and art director William Glenn Hack.

See also
Flag of Louisville, Kentucky
Government of Louisville, Kentucky
Seal of Kentucky

References

1828 establishments in Kentucky
1861 establishments in Kentucky
1910 establishments in Kentucky
1953 establishments in Kentucky
2003 establishments in Kentucky
Government of Louisville, Kentucky
Official seals of places in Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky

Seal of Louisville, Kentucky


2029 (MMXXIX) will be .

Predicted events
 Friday, April 13 — The asteroid 99942 Apophis (previously also known by its provisional designation 2004 MN4) will pass within 30,000 km (18,600 mi) of the Earth.
 Music by Buddy Holly will enter the public domain this year.
 Ray Kurzweil and other futurists predict that computer intelligence will exceed biological intelligence.
 The FBI will have permission to reveal to the public the Top Secret papers on John F. Kennedy's assassination.

2029 in fiction

Computer and video games
 Deus Ex (2000): JC Denton's "assigned birth date" is  March 17.

Manga
 Ghost in the Shell:  Public Security Section 9 is established.

Movies
 The Terminator (1984): Kyle Reese and a Terminator are sent back in time to 1984.
 Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991): Two Terminators, a T-800 and a T-1000, are sent back in time to, respectively, protect and kill John Connor as a teenager.

Music
 Post-Grunge rock band Our Lady Peace's popular song "In Repair", among others, from their 2000 album Spiritual Machines, references the year 2029 in the opening, which states "The year is 2029. The machines will convince us that they are conscious...". The entire album was attributed and dedicated to Futurist Ray Kurzweil.
 Gothic Metal band Type O Negative speaks of the year 2029 (specifically April 13, 2029) in their song "The Profit of Doom", which is from the narrative of a doom prophet. The album with the song "The Profit of Doom", entitled Dead Again, was released on March 13, 2007.

Television
 Six Feet Under ("Everyone's Waiting," 2005): Keith Charles is shot and killed by robbers seizing the contents of his armored truck.

Comics
 10 January — Comic book character Tintin, from The Adventures of Tintin created by Herge, turns 100 years old.

Other websites

2029


Robert Achille Schiller (November 8, 1918 – October 10, 2017) was an American screenwriter. He worked extensively with fellow producer/screenwriter Bob Weiskopf on numerous television shows in the United States, including I Love Lucy (1955–1957) and All in the Family (1977–1979) on the CBS network. For the latter series, he received an Emmy Award in 1978 as one of the writers of the episode "Cousin Liz."

His second wife was American politician, actress and attorney Sabrina Scharf.

Life and career
Schiller was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Lucille E. (Block) and Roland E. Schiller, a manufacturer. Schiller began writing for television in 1950. He starred on the 1955 CBS sitcom Professional Father That same year, he wrote for two competing series, NBC's The Jimmy Durante Show and CBS's It's Always Jan. During 1954–1955, Schiller was one of the writers for That's My Boy, starring Eddie Mayehoff and Gil Stratton. Schiller's producing credits include The Good Guys and All's Fair.

Schiller also penned radio scripts for such classic shows as Duffy's Tavern, Abbott and Costello, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, The Mel Blanc Show, Sweeney and March, The Jimmy Durante Show, and December Bride, and then for TV stars such as Danny Thomas, Ed Wynn, Garry Moore, and Red Buttons.

Creative partnership with Bob Weiskopf
The creative partnership and friendship with Bob Weiskopf began in 1953. Weiskopf, also a comedy writer, had just relocated to Los Angeles from New York City. Schiller's first wife recommended a school to Weiskopf's wife, and also mentioned that Schiller was looking for a partner. The two writers first collaborated on a radio script for the Our Miss Brooks show before delving into the new medium of network television. They wrote for popular 1950s shows such as Make Room for Daddy, The Bob Cummings Show, I Love Lucy, the television adaptation of the popular radio series My Favorite Husband, The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour, The Ann Sothern Show (which they co-created), and Pete and Gladys.

Further success would continue into the 1960s and 1970s with such series as The Lucy Show, The Red Skelton Show, The Good Guys (where they were also co-producers), The Phyllis Diller Show, The Carol Burnett Show, The Flip Wilson Show, Maude (which they also co-produced), All in the Family and its spinoff series, Archie Bunker's Place. Schiller and Weiskopf were honored with two Emmy Awards, a pair of Peabody Awards, a Golden Globe, and the Writers' Guild of America's Paddy Chayefsky Laurel Award for Television Achievement.

Personal life
Schiller's first wife Joyce Harris died in 1965. They had two children, including director Tom Schiller. He was married to actress Sabrina Scharf (née Trentman) from May 25, 1968, until his death on October 10, 2017, in Pacific Palisades, California. They also had two children.

References

External links

1918 births
2017 deaths
American male screenwriters
American radio writers
American male television writers
People from Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Writers from San Francisco
Screenwriters from California
Writers Guild of America Award winners

Bob Schiller


Muhammad II ibn Mahmud (1128 – 1159) was Sultan of Seljuq Empire from 1153 to 1159. He was son of Mahmud II and brother of Malik-Shah III. The Cambridge History of Iran notes that Sultan Muhammad "tried energetically to restore the slipping authority of his dynasty in Iraq".

Biography
He was raised in Fars along with his brother Malik-Shah III. In 1148, their uncle Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud, who had no heirs and was in a weak position, appointed Malik-Shah III as heir, and gave his daughter in marriage to him. On 13 September 1152, Mas'ud died at Hamadan, and Malik-Shah III ascended the throne. In 1153, Muhammad, who was then in Khuzestan, marched towards Iraq and deposed his brother Malik-Shah III from the Seljuq throne, and ascended the throne himself. Meanwhile, the insurgent Abbasids under caliph al-Muqtafi was seizing the Turks of Iraq, and in 1155 supported a rival claimant to the throne, Suleiman-Shah. Furthermore, al-Muqtafi also sent an army to conquer Jibal, but the army was defeated by Muhammad. In 1157, Muhammad marched to the Abbasid capital of Baghdad with an army of 30,000 men, while his ally the Zangid Qutb ad-Din Mawdud marched from Mosul to capture the Caliphate's provinces in Central Iraq. On January 12, Muhammad reached the walls of western Baghdad.

In response the Caliph gathered all his troops from Hillah and Wasit to defend the capital. In February, unable to defend western Baghdad, the caliph abandoned the western side and ordered all the bridges over the Tigris river, which separates the western side of Baghdad from its eastern side, to be destroyed. Muhammad crossed to the western side and easily captured it, and established his camp while at the same time the caliph fortified the walls of eastern Baghdad. Several catapults and ballistas were installed on the city's walls. The caliph also armed the natives of Baghdad by giving them armour and weapons, and incited them to fight the enemy of the caliphate, whom he called infidels since they waged war against the caliph, the successor of the prophet and the leader of the ummah. He also ordered his vizier Awn ad-Din ibn Hubayra to give 5 golden dinars to every wounded soldier.

On March 4, Sultan Muhammad and his ally Zayn ad-Din, Qutb ad-Din's vizier, attacked eastern Baghdad and bombarded the city. The army of Baghdad repulsed the attack thanks to the courage of the natives of Baghdad and the naffatuns.

On March 29, the Seljuks repaired one of the bridges and crossed to the eastern side of the city, where they skirmished with both the Caliph's army and the native militias of Baghdad. The naffatuns destroyed several catapults. The Seljuks tried to breach the gate by a battering ram but it was destroyed by the catapults on the walls. The result of the battle remained indecisive for both sides. On June 29, Sultan Muhammad ordered his men to climb the walls. He had already made 400 ladders to climb the walls of Baghdad, but the assault was repulsed due to the heavy fire and casualties. In the meantime Nur ad-Din Zangi blamed his brother Qutb ad-Din for attacking the caliph's realm, which destroyed the Zengid-Seljuq alliance. Zayn ad-Din lifted the siege and returned to Mosul.

Muhammad also was forced to lift the siege after his men informed him that his brother Malik-Shah III has captured Hamadan. He eventually realized that the siege was useless, so he preferred to fight for his throne. Thus the Siege of Baghdad came to end on the July 13, 1157. Muhammad shortly managed to repel Malik-Shah III, but became sick during this period, and eventually died in 1159 at Hamadan. The powerful amir of Ray, Ïnanch Sonqur, then put Suleiman-Shah on the Seljuq throne.

Family
One of his wives was Gawhar Khatun, the daughter of Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud and Gawhar Khatun, the daughter of Ahmad Sanjar. She had been formerly married to his brother Dawud. However, when they failed to get on together, Mas'ud gave her to Muhammad in 1146. Another of his wives was Mahd Rafi Khatun, also known as Kirmani Khatun. She was the daughter of Kirman Shah, son of Arslan Shah. They married in 1159. The marriage was performed by Imad al-Din Abd al-Samad Shaybani. She was brought to the capital of Hamadan in July–August 1159, and the Sultan went to receive her. He was, however, unable to consummate the marriage owing to his illness. He died five months after the marriage. Another wife was Kerman Khatun. She was the daughter of Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtafi. They married towards the end of 1158 or in early 1159. He was, however, unable to consummate the marriage owing to his illness.

References

Sources

Seljuk rulers
1159 deaths
1128 births

Muhammad II ibn Mahmud


Nationella dräkten (, "the national costume") is a historic Swedish costume, designed by King Gustav III and introduced in 1778. It was designed for the nobility and the middle class with the intention of limiting rising consumption and import of luxury within fashion, which was considered a drain on the economy and detrimental to society because of ensuing poverty. A masculine and a feminine costume were designed. The woman's version of the costume was to have a lasting effect, modified several times later, as the official costume of the Royal Court.

History

Presented by Gustav III in 1778 without legislative action to make them mandatory, the costumes by royal recommendation were to be the official clothing of the nobility and the middle class (burghers). The clergy and peasant estates were excluded from the recommendation.

In motivating the reform and the name of the costume, the king stressed the importance of getting his Swedish subjects to stop emulating expensive foreign fashions. The idea stirred interest abroad, and especially in France opinions varied. Voltaire had this to say about it:

Nations should be themselves. They should only imitate each other in what is good and never in what is capricious. The ruler of the Swedes, who doesn't overlook anything, realizes this wholly and fully. And he is going to give his people the greatest of all possessions – manners. Give him my humble greetings and tell him, that I honor him as a benefactor of humanity, and an example for kings. I am dying, and I am taking that feeling to my grave as a comfort to me.

Both the female and male costumes had specific color requirements for court functionaries: black with red trim regularly, and light blue with white trim for formal occasions. Other persons were free to choose their own color combinations as long as they maintained the twotone design.

Female version

The female costume followed the fashion of the era, except for its collar and sleeves which were inspired by the Renaissance. It never caught on with a broader feminine populace, at first only being used at the Royal Court in the presence of the monarch.

After the death of Gustav III, it became the official uniform worn at court by ladies in waiting and a customary dress for women formally presented at Court.  The design of the dress subsequently continued to follow current fashions as time went on, but the basic look of the characteristic, vertically striped sleeves has been kept, and a specific color rule developed: black or very dark blue with white trim.  The dress was used for women being presented at Court until 1952, and is still in use by Swedish ladies-in-waiting on formal occasions.

Male version

The male costume was much more original and included details from the Renaissance and the Caroline period of Swedish history. It was used at Court and by many officials during the reigns of Gustav III and his son Gustav IV Adolph and later also was in limited use as a sort of folk costume for townsmen in Stockholm.

See also
 Sumptuary law
 Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom

References

 Astrid Tydén-Jordan : Kungligt klädd, kungligt mode (1987) Stockholm
 Nationella Dräkten, En studie kring Gustaf III:s Dräktreform 1778 by Eva Bergman, Nordiska Museets Handlingar 8, Stockholm, 1938

External links
 runeberg.org (image)

1778 in Sweden
History of fashion
Swedish fashion
Folk costumes
Sweden during the Gustavian era

Nationella dräkten


QWERTY is a certain typewriter or computer keyboard layout that is commonly used in some English-speaking countries.  The term comes from the fact the first 6 letters of the top row of keys are Q, W, E, R, T, and Y. The QWERTY design was patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874 and sold to E. Remington and Sons during the same year.

History

The QWERTY layout was invented by Christopher Sholes, the inventor of the first modern typewriter. At first the letters on the typewriter were placed alphabetically. However, when the user of the typewriter learned to type quickly, the bars attached to letters became caught in one another. The typist had to stop and unstick the typebars with his hands. A business associate of Sholes named James Densmore suggested splitting up the keys to speed up typing by preventing the typebars from striking the typewriter roller at the same time and sticking together. Some people say the QWERTY layout was created to slow down typing speed, while others say it worked by separating series of English letters.

The alternative Dvorak Simplified Keyboard was invented in the 1930s to be more efficient than QWERTY but it remained rare.

Accents
The QWERTY layout was made to type in English, therefore it has no accent marks as they are not used in native English words. People from other countries whose own languages used accent marks (such as French, which has letters like "é", "î", and "ç") had problems. Depending on the operating system and the application being used, one can type accents marks by holding down the Alt key while pressing several number keys in a row. As an example, holding the Alt key, pressing the number keys 1, 5, and 6, then releasing the Alt key will generate a character numbered 156 in some character set. The Control or Alt key can be also used together with a letter. In some word processors, like Microsoft Word, characters with accent marks could be found under a category named "Special Characters" or something similar. Windows also has a program called "Character Map" that can be used to find and copy characters that could be pasted into other applications later on.

International Variants

Some languages use the similar AZERTY layout. Some QWERTY keyboards for different languages and countries may look different..

Belgian and French
The keyboards made in Belgium and France switch the letters Q and W with the letters A and Z. They also move the letter M to the right of L. These types of keyboards are called AZERTY keyboards.

Czech
Some keyboards for the Czech language use QWERTZ keyboards.  They switch the Z and Y like the German version, but use "ů" to the right of L and ú next to P.  The row that normally has numbers has the accents ě, š, č, ř, ž, ý, á, í, é.  The user of the keyboard uses the shift key to make numbers.

Scandinavia
Danish and Norwegian layouts switched Æ, Ø, and Å where Swedish and Finnish use the letters Ä and Ö.

Faroese
Faroese keyboards add Æ and Ø next to L, and Å and Ð next to P.

German
German keyboards add an Ü to the right of P—and Ö, Ä to the right of L—and switch the Z and Y keys both because Z is a much more common letter than Y in German.

Hungarian
Hungarian keyboard add an É and Á after L, Ö above O, Ü above P, Ő after P, Ú after Ő, Ó above Ú, Í under A, and switch Z and Y, like in German.

Icelandic
Icelandic layouts add Ð to the right of P, Æ to the right of L, Ö to the right of 0 in the top row and Þ to the rightmost place in the bottom row.

Italian
Italian typewriter keyboards use a QZERTY layout where Z is swapped with W and M is at the right of "L". Computers use a QWERTY keyboard with è to the right of P and ò to the right of L.

Lithuania
Lithuanian keyboards typically use the standard QWERTY and utilize the numbers row + shift to insert the language specific symbols.

Portuguese

Portuguese keyboards maintain the QWERTY layout but add the key Ç after the L key. The Spanish version has the letter Ñ, the Ç.

Romanian
Romanian keyboards have a QWERTZ layout, swapping Y with Z; ă and î are added to the right of the letter P, while ș and ț are added to the right of the letter L; â replaces the backslash character. Changes are also made to the upper number keys, the numbers remain the same, but some of the symbols are shuffled. The most notable change is that hyphen (-) is swapped with slash (/).

Spanish
Spanish keyboards add ñ and Ñ characters to the right of the L instead of the semicolon and colon.

Turkish
Turkish layouts add Ğ and Ü to the right of P, Ş and İ to the right of L, Ö and Ç to the right of M.

Related pages
 Dvorak Simplified Keyboard

References

Writing tools
Typography
Computer keyboard

QWERTY


Puerto Rico National Cemetery is a United States national cemetery located in the city of Bayamón, in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It encompasses  of land, and at the end of 2005, had 44,722 interments. Until 2021, it was the only United States National Cemetery in Puerto Rico. A second United States National Cemetery was built in Morovis, Puerto Rico because the cemetery in Bayamón has reached its capacity.

History
The land in which the cemetery is located was under the jurisdiction of the United States Navy since 1898, when Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States as a consequence of the treaties signed which officially ended the Spanish–American War. The area was used as a machine gun firing range during World War II.

The Government of the United States decided that the site, which is located in Bayamon and is approximately 13 miles from San Juan, would be suitable for the construction of a new cemetery. The land was transferred to the stewardship of the United States Department of the Army and the private firm of Font & Montilla was contracted to build the cemetery.

The cemetery was dedicated on Veterans Day in 1949, in a ceremony attended by Luis Muñoz Marín, the Governor of Puerto Rico, and Major General Herman Feldman, the Quartermaster of the US Army. The cemetery has become a shrine to the Puerto Rican veterans who have served in the United States military and those who perished while on active duty. In 1962, the remains of those interred on all other five military cemeteries on the island were transferred there.

The Puerto Rico National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 26, 1983.

Morovis National (Veterans) Cemetery

The Morovis National Cemetery, a second United States National Cemetery, was built in Morovis within a 247.5-acre parcel of land that can be accessed from Highway 137 at Km. 11.2. It was built to replace the existing Puerto Rico National Cemetery located in Bayamón, which would reach its capacity in 2022. Construction was underway in 2019 with interments slated to begin in 2021. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) held a dedication ceremony for the cemetery on December 12, 2020.

Notable interments

The following list has the names of distinguished Puerto Ricans, and non-Puerto Rican veterans who have made Puerto Rico their home, who served in the US military and are interred there.

 Medal of Honor recipients
 Fernando Luis García Ledesma (1929–1952), PFC, US Marine Corps. García Ledesma was the first Puerto Rican awarded the Medal of Honor (cenotaph).
 Juan E. Negrón-Martínez (1929–1996), Master Sergeant, US Army. Negrón, a member of the 65th Infantry Regiment, was awarded the medal posthumously.
 Eurípides Rubio (1938–1966), Captain, US Army.  Recipient for his actions in the Vietnam War.
 Others
 Bailey K. Ashford,  Colonel, US Army. Spanish–American War veteran, doctor, parasitologist, author. A pioneering physician, Ashford organized and conducted a parasite treatment campaign, which cured approximately 300,000 persons (one-third of the Puerto Rico population) and reduced the death rate from this anemia by 90 percent.
 Carlos Betances Ramírez, Colonel, US Army. Betances Ramírez was the only Puerto Rican to command a Battalion in the Korean War. Section K, Site 3030.
 Modesto Cartagena, Sergeant First Class, US Army. Served in the 65th Infantry Regiment, an all-Puerto Rican regiment also known as "The Borinqueneers", during World War II and the Korean War. He was the most decorated Puerto Rican soldier in history.
 Carlos Fernando Chardón, Major General, US Army. Puerto Rico Adjutant General from 1969 to 1973. Chardon was also the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico from 1969 to 1973
 Virgilio N. Cordero, Jr., Brigadier General, US Army. Battalion Commander of the 31st Infantry Regiment. He documented his experiences as a prisoner of war and his participation in the infamous Bataan Death March of World War II.
 Juan César Cordero Dávila, Major General, US Army. Cordero Dávila was the commanding officer of the 65th Infantry Regiment during the Korean War, rising to become one of the highest ranking ethnic officers in the United States Army.
 Efrain Figueroa-Melendez,  Staff Sergeant, US Army. Figueroa-Melendez, awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, was a member of Company D, 3d Battalion, 8th Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division. On three occasions Staff Sergeant Figueroa-Melendez purposely drew communist volleys on himself to permit his men to draw back to protected positions. Plot: E 563.
 César Luis González, First Lieutenant, US Air Force. During World War II,  González became the first pilot from Puerto Rico to fly for the US Army Air Corps and one of the first Puerto Ricans to die in combat during that conflict. He was posthumously promoted to 1st. Lt.
 Mihiel "Mike" Gilormini, Brigadier General, US Air Force. A World War II hero, was the recipient of 5 Distinguished Flying Cross's and co-founder of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard. Gilormini had previously flown for the Royal Canadian Air Force (1941) and the Royal Air Force (1941–1942).
 Gilberto José Marxuach, Colonel, US Army. Son of Teofilo Marxuach. He is known as "The Father of the San Juan Civil Defense". Plot: C 60.
 Teófilo Marxuach, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army. Ordered the first shot fired in World War I on behalf of the United States on an armed German supply ship trying to force its way out of the San Juan Bay.
 Elmy L. Matta, 1st. Lieutenant, US Army. Awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, as member of the 8th Cavalry Regiment (Infantry), 1st CAV DIV. Lieutenant Matta was killed while personally leading an assault of his company against the enemy in the face of intense small arms and automatic weapons fire.
 José Antonio Muñiz, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army Air Force. Muñiz, together with then-Colonels Alberto A. Nido and Mihiel Gilormini, founded the Puerto Rico Air National Guard. In 1963, the Air National Guard Base, at the San Juan International airport in Puerto Rico, was renamed "Muñiz Air National Guard Base" in his honor.
 Alberto A. Nido, Brigadier General, US Air Force. World War II hero who co-founded the Puerto Rico Air National Guard and served as its commander for many years.
 Belisario Noriega, Master Sergeant, US Army. Awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, served with the 65th Infantry Regiment, 3d Infantry Division. He led his men through the hostile ranks of the enemy to the safety of the main line of resistance.
 Ramón Núñez-Juárez (1931–1952), PFC, US Marine Corps. Recipient of the Navy Cross in the Korean War (cenotaph).
 Agustín Ramos Calero, Sergeant First Class, US Army. Ramos Calero, with 22 military decorations, was the most decorated Hispanic soldier in all of the United States during World War II.
 Charlie Robles, Puerto Rican singer and actor who served with the U.S. ARMY during the Vietnam War period.
 Augusto Rodríguez, Lieutenant, United States Union Army. Rodríguez served in the American Civil War in the defenses of Washington, D.C., and led his men in the Battles of Fredericksburg and Wyse Fork.
 Lizbeth Robles, SPC, US Army. First Puerto Rican female soldier born in Puerto Rico to die in Iraq.
 Antonio Rodríguez Balinas, Brigadier General, US Army. Rodríguez Balinas was the first commander of the Office of the First US Army Deputy Command.
 Antulio Segarra, Colonel, US Army. In 1943, Segarra became the first Puerto Rican Regular Army officer to command a Regular Army Regiment when he assumed the command of Puerto Rico's 65th Infantry Regiment which at the time was conducting security missions in the jungles of Panama. Plot: A, Row 0, Site 353.
 Pedro Vázquez Rivera, Captain, US Marine Corps. Vázquez Rivera was an attorney and engineer who served as Puerto Rico's eighth Secretary of State from 1979 to 1981 under Governor Carlos Romero Barceló, Deputy Mayor of San Juan, Puerto Rico from 1984 to 1988 under Mayor Baltasar Corrada del Rio and Executive Director of the publicly owned Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority  (PREPA) from 1977 to 1979.
 Frances M. Vega, SPC, US Army. First stateside born Puerto Rican female soldier to die in a war.

Others
 Members of the Otero family murdered by serial killer Dennis Rader:
 Joseph Otero, Sergeant, US Army.
 Julie Otero, wife of Joseph Otero
 Josephine Otero, daughter of Joseph and Julie Otero
 Joseph Otero II, son of Joseph and Julie Otero
 John Ernest Sayle, British Merchant Marine crewmember killed during World War II; one of three gravesites of British Commonwealth servicemen buried in Puerto Rico administered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
 Captain Elwood Palmes Walmsley, Royal Air Force pilot killed during World War II; one of three gravesites of British Commonwealth servicemen buried in Puerto Rico administered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
 Navigator George Federic Johnston, Royal Air Force ferry command killed during World War II; one of three gravesites of British Commonwealth servicemen buried in Puerto Rico administered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

Gallery of notable interments

See also
 List of Puerto Ricans
 List of Puerto Rican military personnel

References

Further reading
  Greg Boudonck. Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own.
 Hector Andres Negroni. Historia militar de Puerto Rico. Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992).

External links

 National Cemetery Administration
 Puerto Rico National Cemetery

National Register of Historic Places in Bayamón, Puerto Rico
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Puerto Rico
Military in Puerto Rico
United States national cemeteries
Historic American Landscapes Survey in Puerto Rico
1949 establishments in Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico National Cemetery


Angharad ferch Meurig was a 9th-century Welsh noblewoman. She was the wife of Rhodri the Great of Gwynedd, and mother of Anarawd (Rhodri's successor), Cadell ap Rhodri, and Merfyn.

Life
Angharad was the daughter of Meurig, evidently the King of Seisyllwg in southwestern Wales. She was a descendant of Cunedda through his son, Ceredig ap Cunedda. She married Rhodri Mawr of Gwynedd, who held power over much of Wales. Her brother Gwgon succeeded their father to the throne of Seisyllwg, but he drowned without an heir in 872. Subsequently, Angharad and Rhodri became caretakers of his kingdom. Rhodri had no standing to take the kingship himself, but the family connection allowed him to install his second son, Cadell, as king. Their first son, Anarawd, later succeeded Rhodri in Gwynedd. Their third son, Merfyn, is sometimes said to have been installed as King of Powys.

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Welsh royalty
Welsh princesses
9th-century Welsh people
9th-century Welsh women
9th-century births

Angharad ferch Meurig


Vermont Connecticut Royster (April 30, 1914 – July 22, 1996) was the editor of the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal from 1958 to 1971. He was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He won two Pulitzer Prizes for his writing, and numerous other awards.  Royster was famed for providing a conservative interpretation of the news every day, especially regarding economic issues.

Early life
Although his life began and ended in Raleigh, North Carolina, the parts in between took him to the rest of the world. He was named after his paternal grandfather. His distinctive first and middle names were the result of a family tradition of using the names of states for offspring, begun by his great-grandfather. In addition to his grandfather's unusual name, his great-uncles were named Arkansas Delaware, Wisconsin Illinois, Oregon Minnesota, and Iowa Michigan Royster. They were usually called by their first and middle initials. These names were so unusual that for many years they were printed in the Ripley's Believe It or Not! series of books. Royster's father, Wilbur High Royster, owned and operated the Royster Candy Company in Raleigh, which in the early 1900s sold chocolate, peanut brittle, and other candies across the Carolinas and Virginia. His family also had a strong connection to the nearby  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Vermont's grandfather had taught Latin and Greek at the university, and his great-uncle Wisconsin Royster had helped create the medical school at UNC.  Vermont was a cousin of bandleader and radio personality Kay Kyser.

Royster was a 1935 graduate of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.  During his time at UNC he was a member of the Philanthropic Society and served as the editor of the student newspaper, The Daily Tar Heel.

Career
Soon after graduating from UNC, Royster moved to New York City and secured a job as a reporter for the New York City  News Bureau, and a year later began his 61-year career with The Wall Street Journal.  His career at Journal was one of steady advancement: reporter, 1936; Washington correspondent, 1936–40 and from UNC 1945–46; editorial writer and columnist, 1946–48; associate editor, 1948–51; senior associate editor, 1951–58; editor, 1958–71; contributing editor, columnist, 1971–96; editor emeritus, 1993-96.

In 1940 Royster joined the United States Navy Reserve. During the Second World War he served as the captain of a US Navy destroyer, the USS Jack Miller, in the Pacific theater of the war. He rose to the rank of lieutenant commander in the Navy. The Jack Miller saw a considerable amount of combat against the Japanese Navy, and survived being caught in two typhoons. In early September 1945, Royster was among the first group of American officers to see the ruins of the Japanese city of Nagasaki, which had been destroyed by the second atomic bomb dropped on Japan. After the war ended Royster resumed his career at The Wall Street Journal.

In 1953 Royster was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing. He served as president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors in 1965–66.
He retired as editor of The Wall Street Journal in 1971 and began writing his popular weekly column Thinking Things Over, which he continued until the handicaps of old age forced him to discontinue it in 1986.
He was awarded a second Pulitzer Prize, in 1984, for Commentary.

After his retirement from the Journal, he became the Kenan Professor of Journalism and Public Affairs at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Honors
When he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan in 1986, the citation read:
For over half a century, as a journalist, author, and teacher, Vermont Royster illuminated the political and economic life of our times. His common sense exploded the pretensions of "expert opinion," and his compelling eloquence warned of the evils of society loosed from its moorings in faith. The voice of the American people can be heard in his prose—honest, open, proud, and free.

Other awards he received include Distinguished Service Award, Sigma Delta Chi, 1958; William Allen White Award, University of Kansas, 1971; the 1975 Gerald Loeb Memorial Award for excellence in business and financial reporting; Elijah Lovejoy Award 1976; North Carolina Journalism Hall of Fame, 1980.

In 1976, Royster received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College.

Several of the editorials he wrote are considered classics: "The Desolate Wilderness" and "And the Fair Land" are now The Wall Street Journals traditional Thanksgiving editorials, and "In Hoc Anno Domini" appears every Christmas.

Personal life
Royster married Frances Claypoole in 1937, and the couple had two daughters, Francis and Eleanor. He died on July 22, 1996, and she followed two years later on April 23, 1998, both in Raleigh, North Carolina. He was 82, and she was 83.

He is a cousin, through the Roysters, of Kay Kyser, a popular bandleader in the 1930s and 1940s.

Bibliography

Notes

References
 Papers of Vermont Royster at University of North Carolina
 Vermont Connecticut Royster Papers at Syracuse University
 Short Summary and Photo
 Essay by Jennifer Cook

External links

1914 births
1996 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American newspaper editors
Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award recipients
Writers from Raleigh, North Carolina
Military personnel from North Carolina
Webb School (Bell Buckle, Tennessee) alumni
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Pulitzer Prize for Commentary winners
Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing winners
United States Navy officers
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
The Wall Street Journal people
Gerald Loeb Memorial Award winners
Member of the Mont Pelerin Society
Presidents of the American Society of News Editors

Vermont C. Royster


A sketch (from Ancient Greek σχέδιος - schedios "temporary") is a fast freehand drawing that is not supposed to be a finished work. If in oil paint it is called an oil sketch. In general, a sketch is a quick way to practice an idea for later use. Artist's sketches usually serve as a way to try out different ideas and start a painting before starting a more finished work, especially when the finished work is costly and takes up time (as in the case of a large painting or fresco).  Sketching eases an artist's ability to focus on the most important parts of a subject and is a main part of artistic learning for students.

References

Arts

Sketch


The Derk Isle () is the seivent volume o The Adventurs o Tintin, the series o comic albums bi Belgian cartoonist Hergé. Tintin travels tae Great Britain, whaur he is framed for a theft, huntit bi detectives Nisbet an Nesbit, and is on the trail o a gang o counterfeiters.

A Scots version wis publisht in 2013 bi Welsh publishin hoose Dalen.

Synopsis
While walkin in the Belgian countryside, Tintin sees an unregistered plane makin an emergency landing, but when he goes ower tae help, he is shot bi the pilot. He wakes up in hospital the next morning, when Nisbet an Nesbit veesit and tell him that an unregistered plane haed crashed in Eastdown in Sussex, England the previous nicht. Efter hearing this, Tintin wonders whether the plane which crashed wis the same plane that he haed encountered and decides tae go tae England tae investigate.

Tintin intends tae go bi train tae Ostend, whaur he will tak the ferry tae England. At Brussels' railwey station, Tintin is noticed bi twa men, who frame him for assault and robbery o ane o them. He is arrested bi Nisbet an Nesbit, who are an aa on the train, awtho he pleads his innocence. He manages tae escape when the detectives are asleep bi handcuffing them, an boards the ferry juist afore it leaves, whaur he is again spotted bi the twa men.

On arrivin in England, Tintin takes a taxi tae Eastdown. The twa men, wi the help o thair accomplices, Ivan, pursue the taxi and eventually kidnap him. Thay tak him tae the edge o cliff and whaur thay order him tae jump intae the sea at gunpoint. Tarrie rescues him bi makin a goat go chase the twa men, who escape. Later Tintin finds the plane crash in the outskirts o Eastdown, but canna find the bodies o the crew, who hae escaped. Further investigations tak him tae the woods, whaur he sees a jacket abandoned bi ane o the pilots. On searching it, he finds a torn piece note which reads Eastdown, Sussex, Müller, 3 f.r. Δ, but he is unable tae understand what it means. Later while walkin tae Eastdown, he finds the estate o Dr. J. W. Müller, an evil German doctor who runs a mental institution which tortures his enemies tae insanity. Wondering whether this Müller is the same person mentioned on the note, Tintin decides tae sneak intae the estate, but is caught bi Müller who decides tae tak him tae his mental institution. Houiver he manages tae escapes and locks himsel in an upstairs room, but during the fechtin Müller haes accidentally set the hoose on fire. Tintin, who haes fallen unconscious efter a bullet breaks a bottle o Chloroform near his heid, is finally rescued bi the firefighter alterted bi Snowy. In the meantime, Müller and his accomplices hae fled.

The next morning, Tintin again visits the estate tae investigate further. He finds some electric cables in the gardens, which he follows tae uncover three reid beacons merkin oot a triangle. Wi this information, he then maks sense o the note which says that three o something unkent wad be dropped ower Müller's estate if the triangle o reid flares war lit, tho he is unsure what that "something" actually is. Efter dark he lichts the flares, a plane drops three sacks o counterfeit money ower the estate, meanin that Müller is running a gang o forgers. He then pursues the duo o Müller and Ivan throu the Inglis countryside, a chase which ends anly when Thomson and Thompson arrest him bi chance at a countryside tavern whaur Müller and Ivan are an aa hiding. Houiver thay release him efter he pleads that he will gie himsel up efter he gets the forgers arrested. Accompanied bi the detectives, he sees Müller and Ivan takkin off in a plane. He abandons the detectives and follows the forgers in anither plane, but is nae able tae catch up wi them due tae bad wather and crash lands in rural Scotland. He is rescued bi a friendly Scottish farmer, who gies him a kilt tae wear and shelter for the nicht.

The next morning, Tintin hears in the radio that the plane which he haed been pursuing crashed off the coast o Inverdoom, a Scottish coastal veelage, wi the victims presumed drowned. He is still suspicious and goes tae Inverdoom tae continue wi his investigation. At Inverdoom, an auld man tells him the story o the Derk Isle - an island off the coast o Inverdoom whaur a residing "ferocious beast" kills anyone who goes tae that island. On hearing this story, he becomes even mair suspicious aboot the naitur o the crash and decides tae go tae the Derk Isle the follaein day tae investigate, despite warnings frae the villagers. At the Derk Isle, Tintin encounters the "ferocious beast"- a gorilla named Ranko. He manages tae flee frae Ranko and its trainer- a man named Puschov (who wis ane o the twa men Tintin encountered earlier in the beuk)- bi hiding in a sea cave. Tintin goes further inside the sea cave, which leads intae a prentin press and finds oot that the forgers are uisin the Derk Isle as thair hideout, wi Ranko bein trained bi them tae kill anyone who enters the island. He temporarily subdues aw the forgers, includin Müller, Ivan and Puschov (thay free themselves shortly afterwards) and contacts the police throu radio. Efter a desperate rearguard action (which results in Ranko injuring his arm), the forgers are arrested bi the police. Tintin, alang wi Thomson and Thompson (who are finally convinced that Tintin wis innocent aw alang) investigate the island further afore leaving; the basement o the island's castle (the forger's hideout) wis a plane hangar wi the beach at low tide uised as an airfield (which explained how the forgers war presumed drowned bi the Inverdoom locals). The beuk ends wi a nou submissive Ranko placed in Glasgow Zoo and Tintin returning tae Brussels bi air.

References

External links
The Black Island offeecial Website
The Black Island at Tintinologist.org

1938 beuks
1943 beuks
1966 beuks
Tintin beuks
Ingland in feection
Scotland in feection
1930s in feection
Warks oreeginally published in Le Petit Vingtième
Leeteratur first published in serial form
Aviation comics
Methuen Publishing beuks

The Derk Isle


Fazao Malfakassa National Park is the largest of three national parks in Togo, the others being Kéran and Fosse aux Lions. It is situated between the Kara Region and Centrale Region in semi-mountainous wetland, and forms part of the border with Ghana. The Fondation Franz Weber was authorized by the government to manage the park for 25 years, beginning in 1990 and ending in 2015.

It was established in 1975 by the merger of two reserve forests created in 1951: Fazao () and Malfakassa (). The Forest Classée Du Fazao contains most of the biodiversity of the forest, while visitors go hiking in the rocky hills of the Malfacassa Zone de Chasse. The terrain consists of "savanna woodland ... good stands of gallery forest ... , submontane forest and grass-covered hilltops."

The site is currently being considered for inclusion in the World Heritage list of sites with "outstanding universal value" to the world. This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on January 8, 2002, in the Mixed (Cultural + Natural) category.

Fauna
In 1990, elephants were common in northeastern Togo. With the country in a state of upheaval in the early 1990s, poaching became a major problem. By 2007, the population had been reduced to a remnant in the park. The number of elephants in the park was estimated to be around 50 in 2003. The park is one of two sites in Togo in the CITES Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants Program.

The total number of known bird species is 244, as of 2008, but there are likely many more.

Antelope species in the park, based on 1984 aerial surveys, include the:
 bushbuck
 Maxwell's duiker
 red-flanked duiker (est. 450)
 bay duiker
 yellow-backed duiker
 grey duiker (est. 450)
 waterbuck (est. 450)
 Buffon's kob (Kobus kob kob) (est. 3200)
 roan antelope (est. 200)
 western hartebeest (est. 100)
 oribi

References

National parks of Togo
Environment of Togo

Fazao Malfakassa National Park


The Independent Socialist Party (; OSP) was a revolutionary socialist political party in the Netherlands.

History
The party was founded by a group around Jacques de Kadt and Piet J. Schmidt on 28 March 1932. The group had split from the SDAP after a conflict over the internal opposition publication, the De Fakkel. The moderate leadership of the SDAP banned the publication, in reaction to this the leftwing opposition left the party. It entered in the 1933 elections where at won 27,000 votes and nearly one seat. In 1935 the party merged with the Revolutionary Socialist Party, and formed the Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party.

Ideology & Issues
The OSP was an orthodox Marxist, revolutionary socialist party, which opposed both the authoritarian stalinism of the Communist Party of the Netherlands and the moderate reformism of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party. The party's main goal was the proletarian world revolution, which would replace the capitalist system by a system of workers' councils. In the end this would result in a Communist society where inequality, exploitation and class would be eliminated.

Electorate
The RSP was mainly supported by leftwing intellectuals and educated workers, who were highly concentrated in the large cities.

Organization

Linked organisations
The party had a strong basis of young militants, united in Socialist Youth Union. (Dutch: Socialistische Jeugd Vereniging; SJV). The party magazine was the De Fakkel (The Torch), which had actually ignited the break between OSP and SDAP. The Youth Union was affiliated to the International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations.

Relationships to other parties
The OSP was shunned by other leftwing parties, because of its strong opposition to the social-democratic SDAP and the Communist CPH. Cooperation with the small Left-Communist RSP led to their merger with the RSAP in 1935.

International Comparison
The OSP is very comparable to other parties formed as orthodox Marxist opposition within social-democratic parties, like Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany - see anti-Stalinist left and centrist Marxism.

Bibliography
 De Cort, B. (2004) Solidariteit in anonimiteit. De geschiedenis van de leden van de Onafhankelijke Socialistische Partij
 Eekman, M. and H. Pieterson (1987) Linkssocialisme tussen de Wereldoorlogen
 Vossen, K. (2003) Vrij vissen in het Vondelpark. Kleine politieke partijen in Nederland 1918-1940 pp. 82–94

External links
 Radio interview with Bart de Cort

Defunct socialist parties in the Netherlands
Political parties disestablished in 1935
Political parties established in 1932
1932 establishments in the Netherlands
1935 disestablishments in the Netherlands
International Revolutionary Marxist Centre

Independent Socialist Party (Netherlands)


Pier Gerlofs Donia, 1480 - 1520. He fought for the independence of Friesland (which is now part of the Netherlands). He was a very big man. Some sources say that his height was 213 cm (almost seven feet). Donia was also known as Grutte Pier, which means "Big Lad Pier", in Frisian language, or Grote Pier, which means the same in Dutch language. He also was a pirate. This great man fought against the people from Holland, Germany, and the Burgundians.

According to legend, Pier forced his prisoners to repeat a special word, which was hard to pronounce for non-Frisians. This way he could distinguish Frisians from Dutch and Low Germans:

Bûter, brea en griene tsiis: wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries.

Or, in English translation:

Butter, rye-bread, and young cheese: whoever cannot say that is not a true Frisian.

Those prisoners who could not answer this in proper Frisian had their heads cut off by Donia himself. Pier was also noted for his ability to behead several people with a single blow. This meant he could kill many enemies at the same time during battle, and gave him an excellent advantage over his opponents. His famous fighting skills proved their worth in many battles.

One legend documents the fact that pier was strong enough to bend a coin between his fore finger and thumb.

Despite his many successes, Pier could not defeat the Burgundian/Hapsburg armies. He retired disillusioned in 1519. He died peacefully in bed in the Frisian town of Sneek on October 28 in the year 1520. His last words were spoken to his life-time enemy, the count of Nychlenborch. He was asked by the count were he wanted to go after he died, to which Pier replied "Nea myn Heer ta" ("To my Lord"). He then died. After the Giant of Kimswerd (another nickname) died, Friesland never again earned its freedom. It has remained a province of the Netherlands.

He was the uncle of the warrior Wijerd Jelckama.

References

1480 births
1520 deaths
People from Friesland
Pirates

Pier Gerlofs Donia


The Reign of Terror or simply The Terror was a period of about 11 months during the French Revolution, led by Maximilien de Robespierre. During this time, French people who did not support the revolution were executed at the guillotine.

The Reign of Terror was announced on 5 September, 1793. A Revolutionary Tribunal decided who would be killed. This happened more and more often in June and July of 1794, a period called la Grande Terreur (The Great Terror). On 17 July 1794, sixteen nuns attracted much attention by singing a religious song as they were being executed for treason. The Terror ended ten days later, when several important leaders of the Reign of Terror were executed, including Saint-Just and Robespierre. The Terror took the lives of between 18,500 to 40,000 people.

Robespierre died due to the Thermidorian Reaction against the Jacobins, by being executed with the guillotine. This was a revolt against the revolution otherwise called a counter-revolution.  Robespierre was one of the last to be guillotined, after the 21 followers.

Other websites
The Terror from In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)

French Revolution
Terrorism
1793
1794 in France

Reign of Terror


A synchronoptic view is a graphic display of a number of entities as they proceed through time. A synchronoptic view can be used for many purposes, but is best suited as visual displays of history. A number of related timelines can be drawn on a single chart, showing which events and lives are contemporary and which are unconnected.

A synchronoptic view has important educational advantages. Visible information is much more easily learned, than when it is presented only in pure text form. History is an ideal subject for a synchronoptic view. Multiple timelines are able to show how events interacted. Multiple lifelines can show which people were contemporaries.
(See example)

A combination of maps is also synchronoptic when it displays successive moments in time.

Etymology
The concept in question is made visual — hence optic.
The elements are displayed synchronously: i.e., which events in one area happened at the same time as events in another seemingly unrelated area.
Thus synchron-optic.

Synchronoptic also means visible at the same time", or "with parallel views". i.e., The user gets a view of all the information in one go.

Carte chronographique

Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg (1709–1779) was the first to develop a synchronoptical visualisation with his Chronographie universelle & details qui en dependent pour la Chronologie & les Genealogies (1753) abbreviated to Carte chronographique. The chronograph chart consisted of 35 prints which were designed to be stuck together in a row, enabling 6,500 years to be represented in . The horizontal axis representing the passage of time was consistent throughout, but the vertical axis was varied depending on the categories Barbeu-Dubourg considered relevant for that period of history.

References

External links
 Hyper History Online. A good example of a synchronoptic view of history
 Adams Synchronological Chart

See also

 Adams Synchronological Chart

Chronology
Visualization (graphics)

Synchronoptic view


Bury, Curtis and Kennedy was a steam locomotive manufacturer in Liverpool, England.

Edward Bury established the works in 1826, under the name Edward Bury and Company. He employed James Kennedy as foreman; Kennedy later became a partner. About 1828, the firm moved to bigger premises in Love Lane, Liverpool, known as the Clarence Foundry.

Locomotives
Their first engine was built in 1830. Called Dreadnought, it ran on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. It was objected to because it was on six wheels and was sold to the Bolton & Leigh Railway. The second, the four-coupled Liverpool, later in 1830, used a cranked driving axle, and was also objected to (by George Stephenson) because the 6 ft diameter wheels were too big.

The Bury type

However, they refined their designs and the resulting   and  locomotives quickly became a standard which was emulated by many other manufacturers, becoming known as the "Bury type". Distinguishing features of these engines were inside horizontal (or near-horizontal) cylinders, inside wrought-iron bar frame, which gave them a light appearance, and the round firebox (D-shaped in plan), with a large domed top surmounted by a safety valve.

Railways supplied
Thirteen were supplied to the Great Northern Railway (six of them being sub-contracted to William Fairbairn & Sons), and they became the standard classes on the London and Birmingham Railway, the Eastern Counties Railway, the Midland Counties Railway, the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal Navigation and Railway Company, the Lancaster and Preston Railway and the North Union Railway. Several were exported to the US, more than from any other British company except R. Stephenson & Co., and where Bury's "bar-frames" became standard. The firm had a reputation for good workmanship, cheapness and reliability.

Train operating contract
In 1836 Edward Bury contracted to run the trains of the London and Birmingham Railway at a farthing per mile per passenger at a speed not to exceed , the L&BR providing locomotives to Bury's specification. This contract was annulled in July 1839 because of the unexpected growth in traffic and the increased speed required, and Bury acted thereafter as Locomotive Superintendent of the L&BR in the normal way. The engines he had specified were built by seven different firms, Bury's firm providing 45 of the original stock of 90.

Formation of partnership

In 1842, Bury took Kennedy, Timothy Abraham Curtis and John Vernon as partners, and the company changed its name to Bury, Curtis and Kennedy.

Bury continued as Locomotive Superintendent of the London & Birmingham Railway but a few months after it had become part of the London & North Western Railway he resigned in March 1847. In February 1848 he was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the Great Northern Railway, and in June 1849 became also its general manager.

Meanwhile, the firm of Bury, Curtis & Kennedy continued building locomotives, some of advanced design which had a great influence on subsequent practice, such as the s for the L&NWR which led directly to the Bloomers, as well as one-offs such as the gigantic  Crampton Liverpool for the L&NWR, the most powerful locomotive in the world in 1848. Six  locomotives were built in 1848 for the LNWR (Southern Division) with 16 in. x 20 in. cylinders, 5 ft. driving wheels, and 3 ft. trailing wheels.

Production
In all Bury, Curtis and Kennedy's Clarence Foundry built about 415 locomotives, but they produced much else besides, from church bells to iron ships. At its height, the firm employed 1,600 men.

Closure
The firm lost heavily in making components for the large bascule Blagoveshchensky Bridge over the River Neva at St Petersburg — for which the Imperial Russian Government never paid, according to Bury's widow. This, plus a serious decline in the shipbuilding trade in Liverpool led to the firm's closing down in 1851.

Preservation

Two of the firm's locomotives have been preserved, Furness Railway 0-4-0 No. 3 (nicknamed "Old Coppernob" or "Coppernob"), built in 1846, now in the National Railway Museum, York and Great Southern and Western Railway  No. 36, built in 1847, now at Cork Kent railway station, Cork, Republic of Ireland.

See also
 B. Hick and Sons
 Rothwell and Company
 Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company
 Locomotives of the London and North Western Railway
 Midland Counties Railway Locomotives

External links
 Cork Kent Museum Edward Bury, 1794 – 1858
 Cork Kent Museum Great Southern & Western Railway Express Passenger Locomotive No. 36

References

 Jack, Harry (2001). Locomotives of the LNWR Southern Division - London & Birmingham Railway, L&NWR and Wolverton Works. Sawtry: RCTS. .

Locomotive manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies based in Liverpool
Defunct companies based in Liverpool

Bury, Curtis and Kennedy


Precipitation is the falling of water from the atmosphere. It is a term in meteorology, and includes rain, snow, sleet, ice pellets, dew, frost, and hail. These form by condensation from atmospheric water vapor, and fall under gravity.

Fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions. In that case, the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate.

If liquid, precipitation can be measured using a rain gauge. The most common form of solid precipitation is snow. Snow is made when temperatures are so cold that water vapor changes directly to solid crystals. Frozen rain is hail or ice pellets.

Related pages
Water cycle

Meteorology

Precipitation


Skylab was the first space station of the United States. It was launched on May 14, 1973 on an extra Saturn V Moon rocket. It was launched without the third stage, lunar module, or command/service module because Skylab was itself an extra third stage that was turned into a space station, which is called a wet workshop. The Apollo spacecraft visited the station three times. If there was any problem, an Apollo spacecraft with Vance D. Brand and Don L. Lind could rescue the crews.

Experiments

Skylab did 80 experiments. Those were divided into six categories:
 Life science
 Solar physics and astronomy
 Earth resources
 Material science
 Student research
 Other

Space stations

Skylab


Mesh networking is a kind of network topology, a way computer networks and other networks are laid out.  In mesh networking, each node is connected to one or more other nodes.  Information is passed from one node to the next, until it reaches its target destination.  Such networks can be very reliable because there is usually more than one path from one node to another.  When a node fails, the data will simply take another route.

The disadvantage of such networks is that building them can be very expensive.  A network in which each node is directly connected to every other node is called a fully connected network.  Another type of a mesh network is a mobile ad hoc network.  In such a network the nodes are mobile, and the network may reorganize itself while it is running.

According to Reed's Law, the value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the exponent of the number of subscribers. Metcalf's Law, in contrast asserts that the value is proportional to the square of the number of subscibers.

Related pages

 Shortest Path Bridging

Computer networking

Mesh networking


Sticks and Bones is a television film adapted from the Tony Award-winning play of the same title by David Rabe. The black comedy focuses on David, a blind Vietnam War veteran who finds himself unable to come to terms with his actions on the battlefield and alienated from his family because they neither can accept his disability nor understand his wartime experience. Rabe explores the conflicted feelings of many civilians during the era by parodying the ideal American family as it was portrayed on the television sitcom The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. Beneath the perfect facade of the playwright's fictional Nelson family are layers of prejudice, bigotry, and self-hatred that are peeled away slowly as they interact with their physically and emotionally damaged son and brother.

Sticks and Bones was the second play in Rabe's Vietnam trilogy, following The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel and preceding Streamers. A veteran himself, he wrote it while a graduate student at Villanova University, where it was staged in 1969. The off-Broadway production, directed by Jeff Bleckner, opened on November 7, 1971 at Joseph Papp's Public Theater, where it ran for 121 performances. The cast included David Selby as David, Tom Aldredge as Ozzie, Elizabeth Wilson as Harriet, and Cliff DeYoung as Rick.

In 1973, Robert Downey Sr. wrote the teleplay for and directed a CBS television film based on Rabe's play. The cast included DeYoung as David, Aldredge as Ozzie, and Anne Jackson as Harriet. The subject matter was so controversial that 94 of the network's affiliates refused to broadcast the film.

References

External links

1973 television films
1973 films
Vietnam War films
Films directed by Robert Downey Sr.
CBS network films
1970s English-language films
Films scored by Jack Nitzsche

Sticks and Bones (film)


Molar mass is the mass of a substance that has 6.022 × 1023 atoms (Avogadro's number). The mass number of an element is equal to the molar mass of the element . The molar mass of a chemical compound is the mass when the compound has 6.022 × 1023 molecules. Molar mass of Chlorine is 35.45 due to consideration of avg molar mass by including mass of its all isotopes.

It can be found by adding the molar masses of all of its elements. Sodium hydroxide's (NaOH) molar mass can be found by adding the molar mass of sodium, oxygen, and hydrogen, which would be 39.997 g/mo

Periodic table

Molar mass


Armenia and Turkey's relations have been strained for a number of years mostly concerning the Nagorno-Karabakh area and Armenias claim of genocide by the Ottoman Empire. Turkey also has taken a stand for Azerbaijan in their conflict. However, on October 10, 2009 both Turkey and Armenia signed an accord that aimed to lead to a new relationship between the two countries and an opening of the borders. However, those diplomatic efforts to ease the relations have stopped, as Armenia suspended the process.

References

History of Turkey
History of Armenia
2009

Armenia–Turkey relations


Acanthaceae is one of 23 families in the mint order of flowering plants containing approximately 230 genera and nearly 3,500 species distributed predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The greater part of the Acanthaceae family are herbs or shrubs, but climbers (vines) and trees occur as well. The range of habitats extends from marshes to extremely dry situations, but most of these plants are found in damp tropical forests.

Acanthaceae

Acanthaceae


Quantum indeterminacy is the apparent necessary incompleteness in the description of a physical system, that has become one of the characteristics of the standard description of quantum physics. Prior to quantum physics, it was thought that

Quantum indeterminacy can be quantitatively characterized by a probability distribution on the set of outcomes of measurements of an observable. The distribution is uniquely determined by the system state, and moreover quantum mechanics provides a recipe for calculating this probability distribution.

Indeterminacy in measurement was not an innovation of quantum mechanics, since it had been established early on by experimentalists that errors in measurement may lead to indeterminate outcomes. By the later half of the 18th century, measurement errors were well understood, and it was known that they could either be reduced by better equipment or accounted for by statistical error models. In quantum mechanics, however, indeterminacy is of a much more fundamental nature, having nothing to do with errors or disturbance.

Measurement
An adequate account of quantum indeterminacy requires a theory of measurement. Many theories have been proposed since the beginning of quantum mechanics and quantum measurement continues to be an active research area in both theoretical and experimental physics. Possibly the first systematic attempt at a mathematical theory was developed by John von Neumann. The kinds of measurements he investigated are now called projective measurements.  That theory was based in turn on the theory of projection-valued measures for self-adjoint operators which had been recently developed (by von Neumann and independently by Marshall Stone) and the Hilbert space formulation of quantum mechanics (attributed by von Neumann to Paul Dirac).

In this formulation, the state of a physical system corresponds to a vector of length 1 in a Hilbert space H over the complex numbers. An observable is represented by a self-adjoint (i.e. Hermitian) operator A on H. If H is finite dimensional, by the spectral theorem, A has an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors. If the system is in state ψ, then immediately after measurement the system will occupy a state which is an eigenvector e of A and  the observed value λ will be the corresponding eigenvalue of the equation A e = λ e. It is immediate from this that measurement in general will be non-deterministic. Quantum mechanics, moreover, gives a recipe for computing a probability distribution Pr on the possible outcomes given the initial system state is ψ. The probability is

where E(λ) is the projection onto the space of eigenvectors of A with eigenvalue λ.

Example

In this example, we consider a single spin 1/2 particle (such as an electron) in which we only consider the spin degree of freedom. The corresponding Hilbert space is the two-dimensional complex Hilbert space C2, with each quantum state corresponding to a unit vector in C2 (unique up to phase). In this case, the state space can be geometrically represented as the surface of a sphere, as shown in the figure on the right.

The Pauli spin matrices

are self-adjoint and correspond to spin-measurements along the 3 coordinate axes.

The Pauli matrices all have the eigenvalues +1, −1.
 For σ1, these eigenvalues correspond to the eigenvectors
 For σ3, they correspond to the eigenvectors

Thus in the state

σ1 has the determinate value +1, while measurement of σ3 can produce either +1, −1 each with probability 1/2.  In fact, there is no state in which measurement of both σ1 and σ3 have determinate values.

There are various questions that can be asked about the above indeterminacy assertion.
 Can the apparent indeterminacy be construed as in fact deterministic, but dependent upon quantities not modeled in the current theory, which would therefore be incomplete? More precisely, are there hidden variables that could account for the statistical indeterminacy in a completely classical way?
 Can the indeterminacy be understood as a disturbance of the system being measured?
Von Neumann formulated the question 1) and provided an argument why the answer had to be no, if one accepted the formalism he was proposing. However, according to Bell, von Neumann's formal proof did not justify his informal conclusion.  A definitive but partial negative answer to 1) has been established by experiment: because Bell's inequalities are violated, any such hidden variable(s) cannot be local (see Bell test experiments).

The answer to 2) depends on how disturbance is understood, particularly since measurement entails disturbance (however note that this is the observer effect, which is distinct from the uncertainty principle). Still, in the most natural interpretation the answer is also no. To see this, consider two sequences of measurements: (A) which measures exclusively σ1 and (B) which measures only σ3 of a spin system in the state ψ. The measurement outcomes of (A) are all +1, while the statistical distribution of the measurements (B) is still divided between +1, −1 with equal probability.

Other examples of indeterminacy
Quantum indeterminacy can also be illustrated in terms of a particle with a definitely measured momentum for which there must be a fundamental limit to how precisely its location can be specified. This quantum uncertainty principle can be expressed in terms of other variables, for example, a particle with a definitely measured energy has a fundamental limit to how precisely one can specify how long it will have that energy.
The units involved in quantum uncertainty are on the order of  Planck's constant (defined to be ).

Indeterminacy and incompleteness
Quantum indeterminacy is the assertion that the state of a system does not determine a unique collection of values for all its measurable properties. Indeed, according to the Kochen–Specker theorem, in the quantum mechanical formalism it is impossible that, for a given quantum state, each one of these measurable properties (observables) has a determinate (sharp) value. The values of an observable will be obtained non-deterministically in accordance with a probability distribution which is uniquely determined by the system state. Note that the state is destroyed by measurement, so when we refer to a collection of values, each measured value in this collection must be obtained using a freshly prepared state.

This indeterminacy might be regarded as a kind of essential incompleteness in our description of a physical system. Notice however, that the indeterminacy as stated above only applies to values of measurements not to the quantum state. For example, in the spin 1/2 example discussed above, the system can be prepared in the state ψ by using measurement of σ1 as a filter which retains only those particles such that σ1 yields +1.  By the von Neumann (so-called) postulates, immediately after the measurement the system is assuredly in the state ψ.

However, Einstein believed that quantum state cannot be a complete description of a physical system and, it is commonly thought, never came to terms with quantum mechanics. In fact, Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen showed that if quantum mechanics is correct, then the classical view of how the real world works (at least after special relativity) is no longer tenable. This view included the following two ideas:
 A measurable property of a physical system whose value can be predicted with certainty is actually an element of (local) reality (this was the terminology used by EPR).
 Effects of local actions have a finite propagation speed.
This failure of the classical view was one of the conclusions of the EPR thought experiment in which two remotely located observers, now commonly referred to as Alice and Bob, perform independent measurements of spin on a pair of electrons, prepared at a source in a special state called a spin singlet state. It was a conclusion of EPR, using the formal apparatus of quantum theory, that once Alice measured spin in the x direction, Bob's measurement in the x direction was determined with certainty, whereas immediately before Alice's measurement Bob's outcome was only statistically determined. From this it follows that either value of spin in the x direction is not an element of reality or that the effect of Alice's measurement has infinite speed of propagation.

Indeterminacy for mixed states

We have described indeterminacy for a quantum system which is in a pure state. Mixed states are a more general kind of state obtained by a statistical mixture of pure states.  For mixed states
the "quantum recipe" for determining the probability distribution of a measurement is determined as follows:

Let A be an observable of a quantum mechanical system. A is given by a densely
defined self-adjoint operator on H.  The spectral measure of A is a projection-valued measure defined by the condition

for every Borel subset U of R.  Given a mixed state S, we introduce the distribution of A under S as follows:

This is a probability measure defined on the Borel subsets of R which is the probability distribution obtained by measuring A in S.

Logical independence and quantum randomness

Quantum indeterminacy is often understood as information (or lack of it) whose existence we infer, occurring in individual quantum systems, prior to measurement.  Quantum randomness is the statistical manifestation of that indeterminacy, witnessable in results of experiments repeated many times. However, the relationship between quantum indeterminacy and randomness is subtle and can be considered differently.

In classical physics, experiments of chance, such as coin-tossing and dice-throwing, are deterministic, in the sense that, perfect knowledge of the initial conditions would render outcomes perfectly predictable. The 'randomness' stems from ignorance of physical information in the initial toss or throw. In diametrical contrast, in the case of quantum physics, the theorems of Kochen and Specker, the inequalities of John Bell, and experimental evidence of Alain Aspect, all indicate that quantum randomness does not stem from any such physical information.

In 2008, Tomasz Paterek et al. provided an explanation in mathematical information. They proved that quantum randomness is, exclusively, the output of measurement experiments whose input settings introduce logical independence into quantum systems.

Logical independence is a well-known phenomenon in Mathematical Logic.  It refers to the null logical connectivity that exists between mathematical propositions (in the same language) that neither prove nor disprove one another.

In the work of Paterek et al., the researchers demonstrate a link connecting quantum randomness and logical independence in a formal system of Boolean propositions. In experiments measuring photon polarisation, Paterek et al. demonstrate statistics correlating predictable outcomes with logically dependent mathematical propositions, and random outcomes with propositions that are logically independent.

In 2020, Steve Faulkner reported on work following up on the findings of Tomasz Paterek et al; showing what logical independence in the Paterek Boolean propositions means, in the domain of Matrix Mechanics proper. He showed how indeterminacy's indefiniteness arises in evolved density operators representing mixed states, where measurement processes encounter irreversible 'lost history' and ingression of ambiguity.

See also

 Uncertainty principle
 Quantum mechanics
 Quantum entanglement
 Complementarity (physics)
 Interpretations of quantum mechanics: Comparisons chart
 Quantum measurement
 Quantum contextuality
 Counterfactual definiteness
 EPR paradox

Notes

References
 A. Aspect, Bell's inequality test: more ideal than ever, Nature 398 189 (1999).
 G. Bergmann, The Logic of Quanta, American Journal of Physics, 1947. Reprinted in Readings in the Philosophy of Science, Ed. H. Feigl and M. Brodbeck, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1953.  Discusses measurement, accuracy and determinism.
 J.S. Bell, On the Einstein–Poldolsky–Rosen paradox, Physics 1 195 (1964).
 A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? Phys. Rev. 47 777 (1935).
 G. Mackey, Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, W. A. Benjamin, 1963 (paperback reprint by Dover 2004).
 J. von Neumann, Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton University Press, 1955. Reprinted in paperback form.  Originally published in German in 1932.
 R. Omnès, Understanding Quantum Mechanics, Princeton University Press, 1999.

External links
 Common Misconceptions Regarding Quantum Mechanics See especially part III "Misconceptions regarding measurement".

Quantum mechanics
Determinism

Quantum indeterminacy


The word hoax refers to something that is not true and was created on purpose. For example, a person makes up false accusations about being victimized by other people, or an article may make things up that cause people to believe as though they are true when they are not.

Hoaxes come in all types of forms: for example, April Fools' Day tricks that are shown in a time related to April 1, then shown to be a hoax later.

Related pages
 List of hoaxes

Hoax