LocalLink 93 is a bus route operated by the Maryland Transit Administration in the suburbs of Baltimore. The line currently runs from the Lutherville Light Rail Stop to International Circle near Hunt Valley Town Center, serving the Timonium and Cockeysville areas.

The bus route is the successor to various branches of Routes 8, 8B, and 55. Route 93 replaced the entirety of Route 9 on June 18, 2017 due to the BaltimoreLink bus system overhaul, with expanded service to Downtown Towson.

History
Route 9 started operating in 1974 as a replacement for other various lines that served Baltimore's York Road corridor north of Towson; historically, all portions of York Road Towson and southward were served by the no. 8 streetcar and bus lines. The first transit service to operate along the York Road corridor north of Towson was the failed Towson and Cockeysville Railroad, which operated from 1912 to 1923.

Prior to the introduction of the current route in 1974, the no. 9 designation was used for several other Baltimore area public transit services. These included the Halethorpe Streetcar, which used that designation from 1900 to 1926 before being absorbed by the no. 3 streetcar (currently served by Route 35), the Ellicott City Streetcar, which operated from 1927 to 1952 before conversion to a bus route (limited service between Baltimore and Ellicott City is currently provided on Route 150; local service along the U.S. 40 corridor of Baltimore is currently provided by Route 23), and as a shuttle service from Sparrows Point to Ft. Howard that operate from 1971 to 1973 (service to Ft. Howard was provided by Route 4 from then until 1993, and Route 6 from 1997 to 1998, and is no longer provided).

Origin
Originally, Route 9 operated to/from downtown Baltimore during peak hours, and had a southern terminus at Towson State University at other times. Weekend service was not provided then, was not introduced until 1986, and even then was very limited.

As development of northern Baltimore County continued, the Route 9 was improved. Selected trips and deviations were added to International Circle, Loveton Business Park, and developing residential, commercial, and industrial areas.

In 1992, in conjunction with the opening of Baltimore's Central Light Rail line, route 9 line was modified. All service south of Northern Parkway was eliminated, except for a few early morning northbound trips before the opening of the light rail, which followed the line's old route.

In 1993, midday and evening service, which previously operated hourly, were provided in 15-minute intervals. The southern off-peak weekday terminus was moved to the Lutherville Light Rail Stop to eliminate duplication with Route 8. Weekend service was also improved to every 45 minutes on Saturday and hourly on Sunday.

In 1997, service was reduced, as the light rail was extended to Hunt Valley, and much of the Route 9's ridership was projected to use the light rail instead. Midday service was reduced by 50%.

In 2000, Route 9 was combined with Route 8. Selected Route 8 trips were extended north of Lutherville to Hunt Valley. This provided single-seat bus service along all portions of the York Road corridor.

Overhaul and return of service
In October 2005, as part of the Greater Baltimore Bus Initiative, a comprehensive overhaul plan for the region's transit system, Route 9 line was re-introduced after a 5-year absence. It was split from the long Route 8, which returned to its old route. In addition, trips to Loveton Business Park were no longer provided. Initially, International Circle service also was not provided, but this was reintroduced in February 2006.

Initially all trips on route 9 would terminate at Hunt Valley Town Centre but due to weight restrictions Hunt Valley Town Centre management prohibited MTA buses from being allowed to enter the premises in June 2005 before the reinstatement of route 9. So route 9 was routed to International Circle as a layover point on the north end of route 9 as other layover ideas did not work out.

Route 9 currently operates between the Lutherville Light Rail Stop and International Circle via its basic route at all times, with no extended trips or branches. Since being reintroduced, changes have been made, mostly during peak hours, to improve frequencies and schedule adherence.

BaltimoreLink
As part of the BaltimoreLink transit overhaul, on June 18, 2017 Route 9 will be replaced by LocalLink 93, which will follow the current route, and extend the south-bound end to Towson.

References

External links
Route 9 map and schedule, effective June 14, 2009

Maryland Transit Administration bus routes
1974 establishments in Maryland

LocalLink 93 (BaltimoreLink)


A botanical name is a formal scientific name which follows the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). If it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar term must follow the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.

The code of nomenclature covers "all organisms traditionally treated as plants, whether fossil or non-fossil, e.g. blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria); fungi, including chytrids, oomycetes, and slime moulds; photosynthetic protists and taxonomically related non-photosynthetic groups".

The purpose of a formal name is to have a single name which is accepted and used worldwide for a particular plant or plant group. For example, the botanical name Bellis perennis was given to a plant species which is native to most of the countries of Europe and the Middle East, where it has various names in many languages. Later it has been introduced worldwide, bringing it into contact with more languages.

Some English names for this plant species are: daisy, English daisy, lawndaisy. In other languages, some examples are: , , , .

The cultivar Bellis perennis 'Aucubifolia' is a golden-variegated horticultural selection of this species.

Parts in a name
Depending on rank, botanical names may be in one part (genus and above), two parts (species and above, but below the rank of genus) or three parts (below the rank of species):

in one part
Plantae (the plants)
Marchantiophyta (the liverworts)
Pinophyta (the conifers)
Magnoliopsida (class including the family Magnoliaceae)
Asteridae (subclass including the family Asteraceae)
Rosaceae (the rose family)
Fragaria (the strawberry genus)

in two parts
Acacia subg. Phyllodineae (the wattles)
Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)

in three parts
Calystegia sepium subsp. americana (American hedge bindweed)
Crataegus azarolus var. pontica (a Mediterranean hawthorn)

A name in three parts, i.e., an infraspecific name (a name for a taxon below the rank of species), needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In the Calystegia example above, this is "subsp." (for subspecies). In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is unnecessary there). A name of a "subdivision of a genus" also needs a connecting term (in the Acacia example above, this is "subg.", subgenus). The connecting term is not part of the name itself.

Binary name
For botanical nomenclature, the ICBN prescribes a two-part name or binary name for any taxon below the rank of genus down to, and including the rank of species. Taxa below the rank of species get a three part name.

A binary name consists of the name of a genus and an epithet.

 In the case of a species this is a specific epithet:
Bellis perennis is the name of a species, with perennis the specific epithet. There is no connecting term involved, to indicate the rank

 In the case of a subdivision of a genus (subgenus, section, subsection, series, subseries, etc.) the name consists of the name of a genus and a subdivisional epithet. A connecting term should be placed before the subdivisional epithet to indicate the rank.
Paraserianthes sect. Falcataria

More than two parts
 In the case of a cultivar there is an additional cultivar epithet (this is a non-Latin part of the botanical name and is not written in italics). The cultivar epithet may follow either the botanical name of the species, or the name of the genus only, or the common name of the genus or species (provided the common name is unambiguous). The generic name, followed by the cultivar name, is often used when the parentage of a particular hybrid cultivar is uncertain or when it cannot be linked with certainty to a particular species.
In Bellis perennis 'Aucubifolia', Bellis perennis is the name of the species, with perennis the specific epithet and 'Aucubifolia' the cultivar epithet.

 Sometimes a subdivision of a genus may be indicated with a listing in three or more parts. However, this is not its formal name. Its botanical name is in two parts.

Related pages
 Biological classification
 Binomial nomenclature
 Taxonomy
 Systematics
 Cultigen

References

Other websites
 The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants

Plant taxonomy

Botanical name


Qazaghan (died 1358) was the amir of the Qara'unas (1345 at the latest – 1358) and the effective ruler of the Chagatai ulus (1346–1358).

The following opinions were expressed about the ethnic origin of the Qazaghan: 1) Vasily Bartold wrote that Qazaghan is very likely from the Kauchin tribe; he believed that the Kauchins were a Turkisized Mongol tribe; 2) In his other early work, Bartold called Qazaghan a Turkic emir.

Qazaghan's lineage is mostly unknown; it is possible that he became head of the Qara'unas through appointment instead of inheritance In 1345 he rebelled against his sovereign, the Chagatai Khan Qazan, but was defeated. The following year he tried again and succeeded in killing the khan. Qazan's death signified the end of the effective power of the Chagatai khans within the ulus; subsequent khans were rulers in name only. Qazaghan, in the interest of maintaining an image of legitimacy, contented himself with his title of amir and conferred the title of khan on descendants of Genghis Khan of his own choosing: first Danishmendji (1346–1348) and then Bayan Quli (1348–1358).

During the twelve years that Qazaghan served as the power behind the throne, the khanate devolved into a loose confederation of tribes that respected the overall authority of Qazaghan and his puppet khans, although he primarily commanded the loyalty of the tribes of the southern portion of the ulus. Following the example of the khans before him, Qazaghan raided northern India. He also sent several thousand troops to aid the Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughluq, against rebels in his country in 1350 or 1351 and also supported his son Firuz Shah Tughlaq to the throne. Following complaints from the Arlat and the Arpardi tribes, who were members of the ulus, of raids by the Kartids under Mu'izzu'd-Din, Qazaghan coordinated a punitive expedition with most of the tribes of the southern part of the ulus. The coalition sacked Herat and gathered a large amount of plunder.

In 1358 Qazaghan was assassinated by the son of Borolday, who had been amir of the Qara'unas before Qazaghan. He had aroused the anger of his murderer by denying him the tumen of Borolday. He was succeeded as leader of the Qara'unas by his son, 'Abdullah.

Notes

References
Manz, Beatrice Forbes, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge University Press, 1989, .

Year of birth unknown
1358 deaths
Mongol Empire people
Mongol Empire Muslims
Mongol monarchs
Chagatai khans
14th-century Muslims

Amir Qazaghan


A home run, abbreviated HR, is a term in baseball for when the batter hits the ball and touches all the bases without an error being made by the team on defense. The most common way for a batter to hit a home run is to hit the ball over the outfield fence in fair territory. If the ball goes over the outfield fence but it is ruled a "foul ball", it does not count as a home run. Another way for a batter to hit a home run is to hit what is called an "inside-the-park" home run. If the batter touches all four bases after he hits the ball and it stays on the field, he scores a home run. This is an inside-the-park home run as long as no error is committed by the fielding team on the play.

In the early days of Major League Baseball, a home run was not awarded to a ball hit over the fence to win the game if the winning run scored before the batter-runner were to reach home plate to score.  Therefore, what would otherwise be walk-off home runs were not commonplace, and players were often robbed of home runs.  Due to this, for instance, Babe Ruth is not credited with a particular walk-off home run that would bring his career total to 715.

Related pages
 Six (cricket)

Baseball rules
Baseball statistics

Home run


CMS EXEC, or EXEC, is an interpreted, command procedure control, computer scripting language used by the CMS EXEC Processor supplied with the IBM Virtual Machine/Conversational Monitor System (VM/CMS) operating system.

EXEC was written in 1966 by Stuart Madnick at MIT on the model of CTSS RUNCOM.  He originally called this processor COMMAND, and it was later renamed EXEC.

CMS EXEC has been superseded by EXEC 2 and REXX. All three — CMS EXEC, EXEC 2 and REXX — continue to be supported by the IBM CMS product.

The EXEC language
EXEC processes lines up to 130 characters long when entered from a terminal, or 72 characters when read from a file.
A label consisting of a dash followed by up to seven alphanumeric characters can prefix a CMS command or an EXEC control statement.
The interpreter parses commands into blank-delimited tokens of up to eight characters each.
Variables consist of an ampersand followed by up to seven alphanumeric characters.  Variables can be either user-defined variables or pre-defined ("special") EXEC variables.
As each line is read the tokens are scanned.  If they contain EXEC variables the variables are replaced by their value.
Comments. Comments in EXEC files begin with an asterisk in column one.  All other statements are executable statements.
Null statements.  A null statement contains no data items.
CMS commands.  If the first data item on a line is not an asterisk or ampersand the EXEC processor considers the line to be a CMS command and passes it to CMS for immediate execution.
Assignment statements. An assignment statement assigns a value to an EXEC variable. It has the form &variable = <arithmetic-expression>
Control statements.  A statement where the first data item is an EXEC control word and the second is not an equals sign is assumed to be a control statement.
EXEC control words:
&ARGS - allows the user to redefine command arguments.
&BEGPUNCH - heads a series of lines to be spooled to the user's virtual punch.
&BEGSTACK - heads a series of lines to be placed in the user's console input stack.
&BEGTYPE - heads a series of lines to be typed on the user's terminal.
&END - marks the end of the lines processed by &BEGPUNCH, &BEGSTACK, or &BEGTYPE.
&CONTINUE - tells the interpreter to process the next line in the file.
&CONTROL - controls the format in which messages are displayed.
&ERROR - tells the interpreter what to do if an error is detected.
&EXIT - exits the current EXEC file, and optionally sets a return code.
&GOTO - branches to another location in the current EXEC file.  The location can be TOP for the beginning of the file, a label, or a line number.
&IF allows for conditional execution of statements.
&LOOP - heads a group of statements to be executed multiple times, or until a specified condition is true.
&PUNCH - sends a string of tokens to the user's virtual punch.  Each &PUNCH statement generates one card-image, padded or truncated if necessary.
&READ - reads one or more lines from the user's terminal.
&SKIP - skips (ignores) a specified number of lines.
&SPACE - types a specified number of blank lines on the user's terminal.
&STACK - places one line in the user's input stack.  The line is constructed from tokens as for &PUNCH.
&TIME - specifies what timing information is to be typed on the user's terminal following the execution of each CMS command.
&TYPE types a line on the user's terminal.  The line is constructed from tokens as for &PUNCH.
Built-in functions.  The EXEC interpreter provides a few "built-in" or predefined functions:
&CONCAT concatenates a string of tokens.
&DATATYPE examines a token and determines whether it is numeric or alphabetic.
&LENGTH returns the length of a token.
&LITERAL prevents variable substitution within a token.
&SUBSTR extract selected characters from a token.

Sample code
PROFILE EXEC is an EXEC that is automatically executed when a user logs on to tailor their  environment.  A simple PROFILE EXEC might look like the following:
* The following code issues CMS commands to set
* the "blip" character to asterisk and request
* the "short" format for system ready messages.
&CONTROL OFF
SET BLIP *
SET RDYMSG SMSG

Related CMS Command Procedure Control Languages

 CMS EXEC
 EXEC 2
 REXX

References

External links

IBM mainframe operating systems
Scripting languages
VM (operating system)

CMS EXEC


Berikut adalah daftar lengkap suburban dan permukiman di wilayah Sydney raya berdasarkan urutan abjad.
Sydney memiliki sekitar 38 Local Government Area, masing-masing terdiri dari beberapa suburban (suburban di Australia agalah pembagian geografi, bukan politik). Lihat tabel di bawah, :Kategori:Suburban kota Sydney dan :Kategori:Local Government Area di Sydney.

Suburban yang didaftarkan di sini apabila mereka berada di dalam wilayah metro Sydney, dan didaftarkan di Geographical Names Register  sebagai suburban. Untuk daftar ini, batas wilayah metro Sydney ditetapkan dengan Hawkesbury/Nepean River di utara/baratlaut, dan batas terluar City of Penrith, Camden Council, City of Campbelltown dan Sutherland Shire dan Kurrajong Heights. Beberapa pemukiman Sydney juga dimasukkan, dan pemukiman yang namanya dimiringkan untuk membedakan dari suburban. Pemukiman lebih banyak bisa ditambahkan bila mereka masuk dalam Geographical Names Register , ada di dalam wilayah metro Sydney, dan juga terdaftar di edisi terbaru "Suburb and Localities Index" (2006) dari Sydney UBD Street Directory.

A
Abbotsbury -
Abbotsford -
Acacia Gardens -
Agnes Banks -
Airds -
Alexandria -
Alfords Point -
Allambie Heights -
Allawah -
Ambarvale -
Annandale -
Annangrove -
Arcadia -
Arncliffe -
Arndell Park -
Artarmon -
Ashbury -
Ashcroft -
Ashfield -
Asquith -
Auburn -
Austral -
Avalon Beach

B
Badgerys Creek -
Balgowlah -
Balgowlah Heights -
Balmain -
Balmain East -
Bangor -
Banksia -
Banksmeadow -
Bankstown -
Bankstown Aerodrome -
Barangaroo -
Barden Ridge -
Bardia -
Bardwell Park -
Bardwell Valley - Barra Brui -
Bass Hill -
Baulkham Hills -
Bayview -
Beacon Hill -
Beaconsfield -
Beaumont Hills -
Beecroft -
Belfield -
Bella Vista -
Bellevue Hill -
Belmore -
Belrose -
Berala -
Berkshire Park -
Berowra -
Berowra Creek -
Berowra Heights -
Berowra Waters -
Berrilee -
Beverley Park -
Beverly Hills -
Bexley -
Bexley North -
Bickley Vale -
Bidwill -
Bilgola Beach -
Bilgola Plateau -
Birchgrove -
Birrong -
Blackett -
Blacktown -
Blair Athol -
Blairmount -
Blakehurst -
Bligh Park -
Bondi -
Bondi Beach -
Bondi Junction -
Bonnet Bay -
Bonnyrigg -
Bonnyrigg Heights -
Bossley Park -
Botany -
Bow Bowing -
Box Hill -
Bradbury -
Breakfast Point -
Brighton-Le-Sands -
Bringelly -
Bronte -
Brooklyn -
Brookvale -
Bundeena -
Bungarribee -
Burraneer -
Burwood -
Burwood Heights -
Busby

C
Cabarita -
Cabramatta -
Cabramatta West -
Caddens -
Cambridge Gardens -
Cambridge Park -
Camden -
Camden South -
Camellia -
Cammeray -
Campbelltown -
Camperdown -
Campsie -
Canada Bay -
Canley Heights -
Canley Vale -
Canoelands -
Canterbury -
Caringbah -
Caringbah South -
Carlingford -
Carlton -
Carnes Hill -
Carramar -
Carss Park -
Cartwright -
Castle Cove -
Castle Hill -
Castlecrag -
Castlereagh -
Casula -
Catherine Field -
Cattai -
Cawdor -
Cecil Hills -
Cecil Park -
Centennial Park -
Central Business District -
Chatswood -
Chatswood West -
Cheltenham -
Cherrybrook -
Chester Hill -
Chifley -
Chippendale -
Chipping Norton -
Chiswick -
Chullora -
Church Point -
Claremont Meadows -
Clarendon -
Clareville -
Claymore -
Clemton Park -
Clontarf -
Clovelly -
Clyde -
Coasters Retreat'' -
Cobbitty -
Colebee -
Collaroy -
Collaroy Plateau -
Colyton -
Como -
Concord -
Concord West -
Condell Park -
Connells Point -
Constitution Hill -
Coogee -
Cottage Point -
Cowan -
Cranebrook -
Cremorne -
Cremorne Point -
Cromer -
Cronulla -
Crows Nest -
Croydon -
Croydon Park -
Curl Curl -
Currans Hill -
Currawong Beach

D

Daceyville -
Dangar Island -
Darling Point -
Darlinghurst -
Darlington -
Davidson -
Dawes Point -
Dean Park -
Dee Why -
Denham Court -
Denistone -
Denistone East -
Denistone West -
Dharruk -
Dolans Bay -
Dolls Point -
Doonside -
Double Bay -
Dover Heights -
Drummoyne -
Duffys Forest -
Dulwich Hill -
Dundas -
Dundas Valley -
Dural

E

Eagle Vale -
Earlwood -
East Gordon -
East Hills -
East Killara -
East Lindfield -
East Ryde -
East Sydney -
Eastern Creek -
Eastgardens -
Eastlakes -
Eastwood -
Edensor Park -
Edgecliff -
Edmondson Park -
Elanora Heights -
Elderslie -
Elizabeth Bay -
Elizabeth Hills -
Ellis Lane -
Elvina Bay -
Emerton -
Emu Heights -
Emu Plains -
Enfield -
Engadine -
Englorie Park -
Enmore -
Epping -
Ermington -
Erskine Park -
Erskineville -
Eschol Park -
Eveleigh

F
Fairfield -
Fairfield East -
Fairfield Heights -
Fairfield West -
Fairlight -
Fiddletown -
Five Dock -
Flemington -
Forest Glen -
Forest Lodge -
Forestville -
Freemans Reach -
Frenchs Forest -
Freshwater

G
Galston -
Georges Hall -
Gilead -
Girraween -
Gladesville -
Glebe -
Gledswood Hills -
Glen Alpine -
Glendenning -
Glenfield -
Glenhaven -
Glenmore Park -
Glenorie -
Glenwood -
Glossodia -
Gordon -
Granville -
Grasmere -
Grays Point -
Great Mackerel Beach -
Green Valley -
Greenacre -
Greendale -
Greenfield Park -
Greenhills Beach -
Greenwich -
Gregory Hills -
Greystanes -
Guildford -
Guildford West -
Gymea -
Gymea Bay

H

Haberfield -
Hammondville -
Harrington Park -
Harris Park -
Hassall Grove -
Hawkesbury River -
Haymarket -
Heathcote -
Hebersham -
Heckenberg -
Henley -
Hillsdale -
Hinchinbrook -
Hobartville -
Holroyd -
Holsworthy -
Homebush -
Homebush West -
Horningsea Park -
Hornsby -
Hornsby Heights -
Horsley Park -
Hoxton Park -
Hunters Hill -
Huntingwood -
Huntleys Cove -
Huntleys Point -
Hurlstone Park -
Hurstville -
Hurstville Grove

I

Illawong -
Ingleburn -
Ingleside

J

Jamisontown -
Jannali - Jordan Springs

K

Kangaroo Point -
Kareela -
Kearns -
North Kellyville -
Kellyville -
Kellyville Ridge -
Kemps Creek -
Kensington -
Kenthurst -
Kentlyn -
Killara -
Killarney Heights -
Kings Cross -
Kings Langley -
Kings Park -
Kingsford -
Kingsgrove -
Kingswood -
Kingswood Park -
Kirkham -
Kirrawee -
Kirribilli -
Kogarah -
Kogarah Bay -
Ku-ring-gai Chase -
Kurnell -
Kurraba Point -
Kyeemagh -
Kyle Bay

L

La Perouse -
Lakemba -
Lalor Park -
Lane Cove -
Lane Cove North -
Lane Cove West -
Lansdowne -
Lansvale -
Laughtondale -
Lavender Bay -
Leets Vale -
Leichhardt -
Len Waters Estate -
Leonay -
Leppington -
Lethbridge Park -
Leumeah -
Lewisham -
Liberty Grove -
Lidcombe -
Lilli Pilli -
Lilyfield -
Lindfield -
Linley Point -
Little Bay -
Liverpool -
Llandilo -
Loftus -
Londonderry -
Long Point -
Longueville -
Lower Portland -
Lucas Heights -
Luddenham -
Lugarno -
Lurnea

M
Macquarie Fields -
Macquarie Links -
Macquarie Park -
Maianbar -
Malabar -
Manly -
Manly Vale -
Maraylya -
Marayong -
Maroota -
Maroubra -
Marrickville -
Marsden Park -
Marsfield -
Mascot -
Matraville -
Mays Hill -
McCarrs Creek -
McGraths Hill -
McMahons Point -
Meadowbank -
Melrose Park -
Menai -
Menangle Park -
Merrylands -
Merrylands West -
Middle Cove -
Middle Dural -
Middleton Grange -
Miller -
Millers Point -
Milperra -
Milsons Passage -
Milsons Point -
Minchinbury -
Minto -
Minto Heights -
Miranda -
Mona Vale -
Monterey -
Moore Park -
Moorebank -
Mortdale -
Mortlake -
Mosman -
Mount Annan -
Mount Colah -
Mount Druitt -
Mount Kuring-Gai -
Mount Lewis -
Mount Pritchard -
Mount Vernon -
Mulgoa -
Mulgrave

N

Narellan Vale -
Naremburn -
Narrabeen -
Narraweena -
Narwee -
Nelson -
Neutral Bay -
Newington -
Newport -
Newtown -
Normanhurst -
North Balgowlah -
North Bondi -
North Curl Curl -
North Epping -
North Kellyville -
North Manly -
North Narrabeen -
North Parramatta -
North Richmond -
North Rocks -
North Ryde -
North Seaforth -
North St Ives -
North St Marys -
North Strathfield -
North Sydney -
North Turramurra -
North Willoughby -
North Wahroonga -
Northbridge -
Northmead -
Northwood -
Norwest

O

Oakhurst -
Oakville -
Oatlands -
Oatley -
Old Guildford -
Old Toongabbie -
Oran Park -
Orchard Hills -
Osborne Park -
Oxford Falls -
Oxley Park -
Oyster Bay

P
Paddington -
Padstow -
Padstow Heights -
Pagewood -
Palm Beach -
Panania -
Parklea -
Parramatta -
Peakhurst -
Peakhurst Heights -
Pemulwuy -
Pendle Hill -
Pennant Hills -
Penrith -
Penshurst -
Petersham -
Phillip Bay -
Picnic Point -
Pitt Town -
Pleasure Point -
Plumpton -
Point Piper -
Port Botany -
Potts Hill -
Potts Point -
Prairiewood -
Prestons -
Prospect -
Punchbowl -
Putney -
Pymble -
Pyrmont

Q

Quakers Hill -
Queens Park -
Queenscliff

R
Raby -
Ramsgate -
Ramsgate Beach -
Randwick -
Redfern -
Regents Park -
Regentville -
Revesby -
Revesby Heights -
Rhodes -
Richmond -
Riverstone -
Riverview -
Riverwood -
Rockdale -
Rodd Point -
Rookwood -
Rooty Hill -
Ropes Crossing -
Rose Bay -
Rosebery -
Rosehill -
Roselands -
Rosemeadow -
Roseville -
Roseville Chase -
Rossmore -
Rouse Hill -
Royal National Park -
Rozelle -
Ruse -
Rushcutters Bay -
Russell Lea -
Rydalmere -
Ryde

S

Sackville -
Sackville North -
Sadleir -
Sandringham -
Sandy Point -
Sans Souci -
Scheyville -
Schofields -
Scotland Island -
Seaforth -
Sefton -
Seven Hills -
Shalvey -
Shanes Park -
Silverwater -
Singletons Mill -
Smeaton Grange -
Smithfield -
South Coogee - South Granville -
South Hurstville -
South Maroota -
South Penrith -
South Turramurra -
South Wentworthville -
South Windsor -
Spring Farm -
St Andrews -
St Clair -
St Helens Park -
St Ives -
St Ives Chase -
St Johns Park -
St Leonards -
St Marys -
St Peters -
Stanhope Gardens -
Stanmore -
Strathfield -
Strathfield South -
Summer Hill -
Surry Hills -
Sutherland -
Sydenham -
Sydney Olympic Park -
Sylvania -
Sylvania Waters

T

Tamarama -
Taren Point -
Telopea -
Tempe -
Tennyson Point -
Terrey Hills -
The Ponds -
The Rocks -
Thornleigh -
Toongabbie -
Tregear -
Turramurra -
Turrella

U

Ultimo

V

Varroville -
Vaucluse -
Villawood -
Vineyard -
Voyager Point

W

Wahroonga -
Waitara -
Wakeley -
Wallacia -
Wareemba -
Warrawee -
Warriewood -
Warwick Farm -
Waterfall -
Waterloo -
Watsons Bay -
Wattle Grove -
Waverley -
Waverton -
Weavers -
Wedderburn -
Wentworth Point -
Wentworthville -
Werrington -
Werrington County -
Werrington Downs -
West Hoxton -
West Killara -
West Lindfield -
West Pennant Hills -
West Pymble -
West Ryde -
Westleigh -
Westmead -
Wetherill Park -
Whalan -
Wheeler Heights -
Wiley Park -
Willmot -
Willoughby -
Willoughby East -
Windsor -
Windsor Downs -
Winston Hills -
Wisemans Ferry -
Wolli Creek -
Wollstonecraft -
Woodbine -
Woodcroft -
Woodpark -
Woollahra -
Woolloomooloo -
Woolooware -
Woolwich -
Woronora -
Woronora Heights

Y
Yagoona -
Yarramundi -
Yarrawarrah -
Yennora -
Yowie Bay

Z
Zetland

Pranala luar

Sydney

Sydney

Daftar suburban di Sydney


Côte-des-Neiges is a working class neighborhood in Montreal, Canada. It is north of downtown on the other side of Mount Royal. The west side of the neighborhood is very ethnic with many shops that cater to this population. Most of the people here live in apartment buildings built after 1945. The eastern part of Côte-des-Neiges is more Québécois and more of an upperclass neighborhood. North America's largest church, St. Joseph's oratory, is here, as well as the University of Montreal.

Montreal

Côte-des-Neiges


Search and rescue is when people look for a person who is lost or in danger. It is usually done by ships, helicopters, or land vehicles that are specially equipped. Most of these missions take place at sea or in the mountains. Search and rescue missions are performed by civilian and military rescuers, such as police or firefighters.

Combat search and rescue is a military variant performed by special forces like the United States Navy SEALs on the battlefield.

Emergency services

Search and rescue


Flight lieutenant is a junior commissioned rank in air forces that use the Royal Air Force (RAF) system of ranks, especially in Commonwealth countries. It has a NATO rank code of OF-2. Flight lieutenant is abbreviated as Flt Lt in the Indian Air Force (IAF) and RAF, and as FLTLT in the Pakistan Air Force (PAF), Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) and has sometimes also been abbreviated as F/L in many services; it has never been correctly abbreviated as "lieutenant".  A flight lieutenant ranks above flying officer and below a squadron leader and is sometimes used as an English language translation of a similar rank in non-English-speaking countries.

The rank originated in the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in 1914. It fell into abeyance when the RNAS merged with the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War but was revived in 1919 in the post-war RAF.

An RAF flight lieutenant is the equivalent of a lieutenant in the Royal Navy and a captain in the British Army and Royal Marines. The equivalent rank in the former Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF), Women's Royal Air Force (WRAF) and Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (PMRAFNS) (until 1980) was flight officer.

Origins

The rank originated in the Royal Navy as a rank title for naval lieutenants serving in the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). Promotions to the rank were first gazetted on 30 June 1914.  It fell into abeyance when the RNAS merged with the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War but was revived in 1919 in the post-war RAF.

On 1 April 1918, the newly created RAF adopted its officer rank titles from the British Army, with Royal Naval Air Service lieutenants (titled as flight lieutenants and flight commanders) and Royal Flying Corps captains becoming captains in the RAF. In response to the proposal that the RAF should use its own rank titles, it was suggested that the RAF might use the Royal Navy's officer ranks, with the word "air" inserted before the naval rank title. For example, the current rank of flight lieutenant would have been "air lieutenant". Although the Admiralty objected to this simple modification of their rank titles, it was agreed that the RAF might base many of its officer rank titles on navy officer ranks with differing pre-modifying terms. It was also suggested that RAF captains might be entitled flight-leaders. However, the rank title flight lieutenant was chosen as flights were typically commanded by RAF captains and the term flight lieutenant had been used in the Royal Naval Air Service. The RAF rank of flight lieutenant was introduced in August 1919 and it has been used continuously since then.

Usage in the RAF
Royal Air Force

Although in the early years of the RAF a flight lieutenant commanded an aircraft flight, with the increasing combat power of aircraft and therefore squadrons, command and control has shifted up the rank structure (currently, for instance, most squadron commanders in the RAF are Wing Commanders, a reflection on the comparative combat power between the modern air force and its predecessor).

The RAF's promotion system is automatic up until flight lieutenant. Every officer will attain the rank provided they complete their professional training and do not leave early. For aircrew, flight lieutenant is reached 2.5 years after commissioning, Engineering Branch (AS & CE) entrants with applicable bachelor's/master's degrees reach flight lieutenant at 2.5 and 1.5 years respectively, and for all other ground branch officers, 3.5 years. Aircrew are appointed to an Early Departure Payment Commission upon reaching their Operational Conversion Unit, which is a commission for 20 years or age 40, whichever is later. Promotion to squadron leader thereafter is strictly upon merit; officers promoted beyond flight lieutenant are appointed to a career commission, or service to age 60. Resigning a commission is generally dependent on the needs of the service, although an officer who has completed their return of service (service the RAF requires to justify its expense in originally training the officer) could leave after as little as four years. For aircrew, given the large expense required for training, this return of service is generally the length of their initial commission anyway, unless they re-role to a different branch having failed an element of flying training. Most aircrew reach their squadrons as flight lieutenants due to the length of training time required (up to four years for fast jet pilots) and the significant holds in the training pipeline. The majority of squadron line pilots are flight lieutenants, with some squadron executives or Career Commission aircrew reaching Squadron Leader.

Aside from aircrew, whose work typically does not require active leadership for units of airmen, ground branch officers can expect to operate units that can range in size from a few specialist non-commissioned personnel to 50 or more personnel for engineering or other manpower intensive roles. The role of a flight lieutenant generally involves management of a team of specialist non-commissioned officers and airmen, within their specific branch. In the RAF Regiment, a flight lieutenant generally has the same role and responsibility as a captain in the British Army, in charge of a regiment flight of 30 men, and could be second-in-command of a squadron of up to 120 men.

Flight lieutenant is the most common officer rank in the RAF; in April 2013, for example, there were 8,230 RAF officers, of whom 3,890 (47.3%) were flight lieutenants. In RAF informal usage, a flight lieutenant is sometimes referred to as a "flight lieuy". A Flight Lieutenant's starting salary is £42,008.48 as of 2019.

RAF Air Cadets

In the Air Training Corps, a flight lieutenant is usually the officer commanding of a squadron, appointed under a Cadet Forces Commission. Retired flight lieutenants are the first rank that may continue to use their rank after they have left active service.

Insignia
The rank insignia consists of two narrow blue bands on slightly wider black bands. This is worn on both the lower sleeves of the tunic or on the shoulders of the flight suit or the casual uniform. The rank insignia on the mess uniform is similar to the naval pattern, being two band of gold running around each cuff but without the Royal Navy's loop. Unlike senior RAF officers, flight lieutenants are not entitled to fly a command flag under any circumstances.

Other air forces
The rank of flight lieutenant is also used in a number of the air forces in the Commonwealth, including the Bangladesh Air Force, Ghana Air Force, Indian Air Force, Namibian Air Force, Pakistan Air Force, Royal Australian Air Force and Royal New Zealand Air Force. It is also used in the Egyptian Air Force, Hellenic Air Force, Royal Air Force of Oman, Royal Thai Air Force and the Air Force of Zimbabwe.

Canada is a unique exception. Due to the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces in 1968, the air force rank titles are the same as those of the Canadian Army. Like their Commonwealth counterparts, striped rank braids increase from OF-1 to OF-5 in half strip increments. Unique to Canada is the 'pearl grey' (silver) colour for the narrow bands as opposed to the traditional light blue; this was chosen to match the colour of enlisted members' insignia in order to better reflect the RCAF's modern philosophy of 'One team, One mission'. The decision was taken not to restore the historic rank titles for the RCAF due to it being deemed 'too confusing'.

Until the late 1970s, the Royal Malaysian Air Force used the rank. Thereafter the rank of captain was used instead.

Gallery

Notable flight lieutenants

 Billy Strachan - pioneer of black civil rights in Britain, survived 33 missions during WWII when average life expectancy was 7 missions
 Alexander, Prince of Yugoslaviamember of Yugoslavian royal family
 Gerald Boueyformer governor of the Bank of Canada
 Sir Arthur C. ClarkeBritish author and inventor
 Sir Christopher LeeBritish actor, served in RAF Intelligence during World War II
 Peter Francis Middletongrandfather of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge and co-pilot of Prince Philip
 Sir Patrick MooreBritish astronomer
 Donald PleasenceBritish actor
 Matiur Rahman Bangladesh Air Force (Former Pakistan Air Force) pilot; honoured in Bangladesh with highest military honour for his heroic attempt to defect at the start of the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.
 Jerry RawlingsGhanaian politician who twice served as his country's president
 Ian SmithPrime Minister of Rhodesia (1964–1979)
 Rory UnderwoodLeicester, England and British and Irish Lions winger
 Jim VipondCanadian sports columnist
 Gough WhitlamPrime Minister of Australia (1972–1975)
John Nichol – Former RAF Navigator, Gulf War prisoner of war and motivational speaker.

See also

 Air force officer rank insignia
 British and U.S. military ranks compared
 Comparative military ranks
 RAF officer ranks
 Ranks of the RAAF
 Lieutenant (for pronunciation)

References

Military ranks of the Commonwealth
Military ranks of Australia
Former military ranks of Canada
Military ranks of the Royal Air Force
Air force ranks
Pakistan Air Force ranks
Military ranks of Bangladesh
Military ranks of Sri Lanka
Military ranks of the Indian Air Force

Flight lieutenant


Arthur Edward Jeune Collins (18 August 1885 – 11 November 1914) was an English cricketer and soldier. He held, for 116 years, the record of highest score in cricket: as a 13-year-old schoolboy, he scored 628 not out over four afternoons in June 1899.  Collins's record-making innings drew a large crowd and increasing media interest; spectators at the Old Cliftonian match being played nearby were drawn away to watch the junior school house cricket match in which Collins was playing. Despite this achievement, Collins never played first-class cricket.  Collins's 628 not out stood as the record score until January 2016 when an Indian boy, Pranav Dhanawade, scored 1009 in a single innings.

Collins joined the British Army in 1902 and studied at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, before becoming an officer in the Royal Engineers. He served in France during the First World War, where he was killed in action in 1914 during the First Battle of Ypres. Collins had been mentioned in despatches and also represented the Royal Military Academy at cricket and rugby union.

Early life and education

Collins was born in Hazaribagh, India, to Arthur Herbert Collins, a judge in the Indian Civil Service, and Mrs Esther Ida Collins. It had been thought that both of his parents had died by the time he began his education at Clifton College, Bristol, where he held a scholarship. However, the 1901 census shows that Arthur's mother was actually still alive.

He joined Clifton College in September 1897,  becoming a member of Clark's House, although he later moved to North Town House. Clifton had an excellent reputation for sport. W.G. Grace scored 13 first-class centuries on the Close (Clifton's first XI ground), and he sent his sons to the school.  Collins played half-back for the rugby XV, and was also in the cricket XI.  He won a bronze medal for boxing at the public schools tournament in Aldershot in 1901.

Tim Rice, in a 9 June 1999 article for The Telegraph to celebrate the centenary of the score, entitled "On the seventh day AEJ Collins rested", described him thus:

The famous match

In 1899, as a 13-year-old schoolboy, Collins scored what was then the highest ever recorded cricket score of 628 not out. This feat took place during a junior school house cricket match between Clarke's House and North Town House. Such matches were timeless, played to a finish however long they took. The match was played on an outfield off Guthrie Road, Bristol, now named Collins Piece. The ground had both a poor surface and a very unusual shape: it was very short (only  long), with a wall only  away forming the boundary on one side, while the other side was a gentle slope falling away towards the school sanatorium in the distance. The pitch occupied the central  of the narrow field, with the boundary only  behind each set of stumps. Hits to the long boundary, down the slope, had to be all-run, but the three short boundaries only counted for two runs.

The match commenced on Thursday, 22 June, to take advantage of two half-day holidays while the college team played their annual match against Old Cliftonians nearby.  Collins, a right-handed batsman, won the toss for Clarke's House and chose to bat first. Collins hit his first stroke at around 3.30 pm. By the close of play at 6 pm, he had scored 200 runs, having been dropped on 50, 100 and 140.

School lessons allowed another two-and-a-half hours' play on Friday, 23 June, and by then news of an exceptional innings had gone round the school. So brilliant was his play that even the crowd watching an Old Cliftonian match being played nearby lost its interest and a large crowd watched Collins's phenomenal performance. Collins's innings almost ended at 400 when an easy catch was dropped by the youngest player on the field, 11-year-old Victor Fuller-Eberle, but at around 5.30 pm, after batting for around five hours, rapturous applause broke out when he passed Andrew Stoddart's world-record score of 485. At the end of the second day, he remained unbeaten on 509 and the team on 680 for 8. His innings was reported as a world record in The Times newspaper on Saturday 24 June; the paper, however, gave Collins's score by the close of play on Friday as 501, his age as 14 and mis-reported his name as "A. E. G. Collins".

The match resumed in the lunch hour on Monday, 26 June, at 12:30 pm, with a large crowd. By the end of play, Collins had been dropped again, on 556, to reach 598, but another wicket had fallen, and Collins was running out of partners. On Tuesday, 27 June, the school authorities extended the hours available for play in an attempt to finish the match. The crowds grew and media interest escalated, as The Times again reported on the match on Tuesday, and the disruption to school life was considerable. Collins hit out, with his approach being described as "downright reckless". He was dropped twice more, on 605 and 619. After just 25 minutes' play, Collins lost his final partner, Thomas Redfern, caught by Victor Fuller-Eberle at point for 13, with Collins's score on 628. Collins had played less than seven hours' cricket, carrying his bat through his side's innings. He had scored 1 six, 4 fives, 31 fours, 33 threes, 146 twos and 87 singles. The Times once again ran a report, giving the final figures for Collins's innings in its Wednesday edition of 28 June—once again, however, they misspelled his third initial.

North Town House, demoralised, were bowled out for 87 in 90 minutes on Tuesday. The match resumed on Wednesday 28 June, when North Town's second innings went even worse, making 61 in just over an hour, so Clarke House won by an innings and 688 runs. Collins showed ability as an all-rounder, with his right-arm medium pace bowling taking 11 wickets for 63 runs.

The scorebook hangs in the pavilion at Clifton to this day. The scorers faced a difficult task in accurately recording the innings. One of them, Edward Peglar, is said to have remarked that Collins's score was "628, plus or minus twenty shall we say". The other scorer for the match was J. W. Hall, whose father in 1868 had batted with Edward Tylecote, who later played Test cricket for England and whose name is on a poem kept with the Ashes urn. Tylecote had earlier set a world-record score of 404 not out in 1868, also at Clifton. Hall later wrote that "The bowling probably deserved all the lordly contempt with which Collins treated it, sending a considerable number of pulls full pitch over the fives courts into the swimming baths to the danger of the occupants."

Collins became public property for a long while after the match, forever associated with his great score. "Today all men speak of him", wrote one newspaper, "he has a reputation as great as the most advertised soap: he will be immortalised." After leaving school, he never wanted to be reminded of his famous innings; nevertheless, he has been remembered well beyond his own lifetime.

Within two years, 31-year-old Australian Test cricketer Charles Eady came close to breaking the record, when he made 566 for Break-o'-Day against Wellington in Hobart in less than eight hours spread over three weeks in March 1902. This remained, for over a century, the closest challenge to Collins's record: his score was finally beaten in January 2016 by Pranav Dhanawade, a 15-year-old Indian boy who scored 1,009 not out from 327 balls for KC Gandhi School against Arya Gurukul School in Mumbai. Only five other players, Prithvi Shaw (546), Dadabhoy Havewala (515), JC Sharp (505 not out), Malhotra Chamanlal (502 not out), and Brian Lara (501 not out) have ever scored more than 500 runs in one innings in any form of cricket. Lara is the only person to have achieved a score of over 500 runs in first-class cricket.

Military career

Collins chose to follow an army career, passing his entrance exams to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in September 1901 and representing the Royal Military Academy at both football and rugby as well as cricket, scoring a century in a match against the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He joined the British Army the following year, being commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers on 21 December 1904. Despite the limitations on his sport that the military service caused, he played several matches for Old Cliftonians, his regiment, and the army, remaining a free-hitting batsman. He played at Lord's in 1913 for Royal Engineers Cricket Club against Royal Artillery Cricket Club, scoring 58 and 36 runs in the two innings, but he never played first-class cricket. He also joined Clifton Rugby Football Club in February 1905, but never rose above the 2nd XV. He served with the 2nd Sappers and Miners in India, and was promoted to lieutenant on 23 June 1907.

Collins married Ethel Slater in the spring of 1914 and was sent to France when the First World War broke out later that year. He was killed in action on 11 November 1914 at the First Battle of Ypres, while serving  as a captain with the 5th Field Company, Royal Engineers, at the age of 29. He was signalling for more men to protect the flank of his trench when he was wounded; he was dragged back into the trench by Sapper Farnfield (23900) but he died an hour later. The 5th Field Company carried out the burials of its company on 12 November. Due to the continual fighting over this area for the next four years what remained of his grave and remains were never found, but his name is recorded at the Menin Gate Memorial in Belgium. Before his death, he had been mentioned in despatches. His younger brother Herbert (a lieutenant in the 24th Battalion of the Manchester Regiment and also an old Cliftonian) was killed in action on 11 February 1917, aged 27. Collins's wife, Ethel, lived as a widow for over fifty years, dying on 1 September 1966 in Haslemere.

See also
 List of cricket terms
 History of cricket

Notes

References

External links

British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Engineers officers
People educated at Clifton College
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
British military personnel killed in World War I
1885 births
1914 deaths
People from Hazaribagh
English cricketers of 1890 to 1918
Schools cricket
Cricketers from Jharkhand
British people in colonial India

A. E. J. Collins


In biology, a homonym is a name for a taxon that is identical in spelling to another such name, that belongs to a different taxon.

The rule in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is that the first such name to be published is the senior homonym and is to be used (it is "valid"); any others are junior homonyms and must be replaced with new names. It is, however, possible that if a senior homonym is archaic, and not in "prevailing usage," it may be declared a nomen oblitum and rendered unavailable, while the junior homonym is preserved as a nomen protectum.

For example:
Cuvier proposed the genus Echidna in 1797 for the spiny anteater.
However, Forster had already published the name Echidna in 1777 for a genus of moray eels.
Forster's use thus has priority, with Cuvier's being a junior homonym.
Illiger published the replacement name Tachyglossus in 1811.

Similarly, the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) specifies that the first published of two or more homonyms is to be used: a later homonym is "illegitimate" and is not to be used unless conserved (or sanctioned, in the case of fungi).

Example: the later homonym Myroxylon L.f. (1782), in the family Leguminosae, is conserved against the earlier homonym Myroxylon J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (1775) (now called Xylosma, in the family Salicaceae).

Parahomonyms
Under the botanical code, names that are similar enough that they are likely to be confused are also considered to be homonymous (article 53.3). For example, Astrostemma Benth. (1880) is an illegitimate homonym of Asterostemma Decne. (1838). The zoological code has a set of spelling variations (article 58) that are considered to be identical.

Hemihomonyms
Both codes only consider taxa that are in their respective scope (animals for the ICZN; primarily plants for the ICN). Therefore, if an animal taxon has the same name as a plant taxon, both names are valid. Such names are called hemihomonyms. For example, the name Erica has been given to both a genus of spiders, Erica Peckham & Peckham, 1892, and to a genus of heaths, Erica L.

Hemihomonyms are possible at the species level as well, with organisms in different kingdoms sharing the same binomial nomenclature. For instance, Orestias elegans denotes both a species of fish (kingdom Animalia) and a species of orchid (kingdom Plantae). Such duplication of binomials occurs in at least eight instances.

See also

  Isonyms have no nomenclatural status (they are not validly published).

References

External links

Botanical nomenclature
Zoological nomenclature
 01
Taxonomy (biology)

Homonym (biology)


Hurricane Hanna was the deadliest tropical cyclone of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm caused 537 deaths across the Caribbean, the Bahamas and United States. The winds peaked around 80 miles per hour as the storm went on. Hanna struck eastern South Carolina as a strong tropical storm and moved up the United States East Coast. Despite being extremely deadly, the name Hanna was not retired.

Deadly storms
2008 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricanes in Haiti
Hurricanes in New England
Hurricanes in North Carolina
Hurricanes in South Carolina
Hurricanes in Virginia
Hurricanes in New York (state)

Hurricane Hanna


Hakka people (Hakka language: Hak-kâ; Mandarin Chinese: Kèjiā) are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people. They live mainly in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian in China and speak the Hakka language. The Hakkas have had an important influence on Chinese and overseas Chinese history: in particular, they have been a source of revolutionary, political and military leaders. Some of them were Deng Xiaoping, Lee Kuan Yew and Thaksin Shinawatra.
Hakka people is a group of people that always move from place to place.

References

 The secret history of the Hakkas: the Chinese revolution as a Hakka enterprise by Mary S. Erbaugh, The China Quarterly, No. 132, December 1992, pp. 937-968.

Other websites

 Hakka

Ethnic groups in China

Hakka people


L'incoronazione di Poppea  () is an opera in three acts by Claudio Monteverdi.  The libretto is by Giovanni Francesco Busenello.  The first performance was in the Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice in 1643. It was the last opera that Monteverdi composed.

Most operas in the early 17th century were about mythological stories or stories from the Christian religion.  This story, however, is about something that happened in the history of ancient Rome. It is about the evil emperor Nero and how he married Poppea.  The gods still play a part in the opera, especially Cupid.

Although the opera is called The Coronation of Poppea we do not actually see any coronation ceremony.

Monteverdi was an experienced composer when he wrote this and the opera has some of his best music.  The orchestra is only a small group of instruments: strings, recorders, cornetts (an old kind of trumpet), percussion, harp, lutes and gambas.  The music does not divide sharply between recitative (narrating music) and aria (set songs), but flows gently from one type to the other.

When listening to this opera it is important to remember that in the 17th century men often sang women's parts and women sang men's parts.  A part such as Nero would have been sung by a castrato.  Nowadays it can either be sung by a countertenor (a man) or a mezzo-soprano (a woman).  There are scenes in this opera where the actors disguise themselves as the opposite sex.  In the 17th century opera audiences did not find anything unusual about a man pretending to be a woman pretending to be a man or the other way round.

The duet between Nero and Poppea at the end of the opera may have been written by another composer.

The story of the opera

Prologue

The goddesses Fortune and Virtue are having an argument.  They are being nasty to one another, each one is saying that she is better and more powerful than the other.  Cupid (the god of love) comes in and says that he is even greater than they are, and that he rules both of them.  Fortune and Virtue do not dare to disagree with him.

Act I

Otho, who is Poppea's lover, returns to his house and finds that the emperor Nero is in his house spending the night with Poppea.  Nero's guards have surrounded the house.  Nero tells Poppea he has to go now, but that he loves her and will come back very soon.  When he is gone, Arnalta, Poppea's nurse, warns her that her affair with Nero will bring trouble.  Octavia, Nero's wife, is very sad that her husband is having an affair with someone else and hopes that the gods will punish him.  Her nurse comforts her, saying that she ought to find herself a new lover to make Nero cross, but Octavia has too much honour to do such a thing.  The philosopher Seneca tells her that she should just accept her fate.  The page boy tells the philosopher he is stupid.

Nero tells Seneca that he is going to get rid of his wife and marry Poppea.  Seneca warns Nero that the people will not like this, but Nero does not care.  He is emperor and can do what he likes.  Nero tells Poppea that he loves her so much that he wants to make her empress.  Poppea says to Nero that Seneca believes that Nero is only powerful because he (Seneca) can guide him.  Nero immediately believes her and says Seneca should be killed.  Otho has been watching this scene.  He goes to Poppea and tries to get her love back, but Poppea says she belongs to Nero now.  Otho realizes that Poppea just wants power, and he knows that Nero will order him to be killed when he finds out that he used to be Poppea's lover, so he decides he will have to kill Poppea.

Otho goes to Drusilla who is in love with him.  He tells her that he loves her, but he quietly says that Poppea is still in his heart.

Act II

The god Mercury warns Seneca that he is going to die.  Seneca is quite happy with the news, because it will mean that he will live with the gods in heaven.  Liberto, a messenger (his name means "a freed slave"), comes to tell Seneca that Nero is going to have him killed.  He is surprised when Seneca already knows.  There is a short scene in which the Page flirts with the Lady-in-Waiting.  Nero, with his friend Lucan, sings in praise of Poppea.

Octavia tells Otho to disguise himself in woman's clothes and to go and  kill Poppea.  She says that he will tell Nero bad things about him if he doesn't.  There is a comic scene between the Page and the Nurse.  Drusilla lets Otho borrow her clothes to disguise himself.  Poppea is in her garden being lulled to sleep by Arnalta.  Cupid sings a song, promising to protect her.  When Otho, disguised as Drusilla,  comes to kill her, Cupid stops him.

Act III

Drusilla is happy because her rival is going to die.  The guards immediately arrest her thinking that she tried to kill Poppea (it was actually Otho in disguise).  Drusilla realizes she was stupid to lend Otho her clothes.  She tells Nero that she is guilty.  Otho then speaks and tells Nero what happened.  Nero punishes him by telling him to leave Rome and go and live in a faraway wilderness.  Nero also sends Octavia away from Rome.  He says she must be put in a boat and left to the mercy of the winds.  Octavia sings a farewell song to Rome.  Arnalta sings a comic song about how important he now is as the empress's nurse.  The opera finishes with a beautiful love duet for Nero and Poppea.

References
Groves Dictionary of Music Online

Compositions by Claudio Monteverdi
17th-century operas
1640s works

L'incoronazione di Poppea


A central venous catheter (CVC) or "central line" is a catheter put in a large vein in the neck, chest, or groin when a patient needs close cardiovascular monitoring, for assessment of fluid status, and so that intravenous drugs and fluids can be given to the patient more effectively.  The veins most commonly used are the internal jugular vein, the subclavian vein, and the femoral vein.

Medical equipment

Central venous catheter


The European Formula Two Championship was a Formula Two motor racing series that was held between 1967–84. The races were held across Europe, and were contested both by drivers aiming to compete in Formula One in the future as well as current Formula One drivers wishing to practice. The series was sanctioned by the FIA, motorsport's world governing body.

In order to prevent the series being dominated by Formula One drivers, the grading system was introduced where successful Formula One drivers and recent Formula Two champions were not eligible to score championship points if they competed in a round of the European Formula Two Championship.

Towards the end of the series' life, the number of entrants diminished and declining interest meant that it was replaced by the Formula 3000 class following the 1984 season.

Champions

External links
 Formula 2 register

European Formula Two Championship


Moorooka is a southern suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the , Moorooka had a population of 10,783 people.

Geography
Moorooka is  by road south of Brisbane's central business district.

Ipswich Road enters the suburb from the north (Annerley) and exits to the south-west (Rocklea). Beaudesert Road splits from Ipswich Road within the suburb and exits to the south (Rocklea).

The Gold Coast railway line passes along part of the western boundary of the suburb, which is serviced by the Moorooka railway station ().

The neighbourhood of Moorvale is located around the intersection of Beaudesert Road and Mayfield Road (.

The suburb has mixed uses - large areas, particularly in the elevated eastern side of the suburb are residential.  The lower, western side of the suburb is dominated by retail, particularly motor vehicle dealerships along Ipswich Road, known popularly throughout Brisbane as the "Magic Mile", light industry and warehouses.

Many of the houses are pre-war Queenslanders (on posts, with simple one floor, wooden construction), with small apartment blocks scattered through the suburb. As with many older suburbs of Brisbane, Moorooka is becoming gentrified, with many older homes now being either renovated and extended or replaced by more modern buildings. There are prime real estate areas on the top of hills, with views to the Great Dividing Range over Archerfield in the south, Seventeen Mile Rocks to the west, Mount Coot-tha, St. Lucia, Indooroopilly to the north-west and the city to the north.

History

The area is the traditional lands of the Australian Aboriginal Jagera people who lived there long before British settlement. The area was probably a hunting ground with plentiful food and water. There was also reportedly a Bora ring, which older residents of the area recall being shown. The word Moorooka is an indigenous word, either meaning 'iron bark', referring to the numerous iron bark trees in the area, or 'long nose', referring to Mt Toohey at the suburb's periphery.

The suburb was founded as a stop-over for journeys from Brisbane south (Logan and Albert river valleys) and south-west (Ipswich and beyond).  A section of the suburb's eastern boundary lies adjacent to Toohey Forest Park.

In April 1884, "Fairmount Estate" made up of 128 allotments was advertised to be auctioned by E. Hooker & Son. The Estate covered an area of Moorooka. The classified advertisement for the auction states for sale were '128 choice allotments, being re-subdivisions of subdivisions 1, 2 and 7 of Portion 158, Parish of Yeerongpilly'. Fairmount Estate was described as having, 'close proximity to the city', timber and permanent water 'close at hand', 'splendid quality' soil for gardening, 'no gullies to till up', a 'railway line passing the Estate, which will in a short time be open for traffic', a 'state school close', and a 'Grocer, Draper, Butcher, Baker, Blacksmith, and others already established in business in the locality of the Estate'.

In March 1889, auctioneer W.J. Hooker sold a suburban subdivision called "Moorooka Park Estate", consisting of 329 allotments bounded by Ipswich Road, Spencer Street (now Gainsborough Street), Logan Road (now Beaudesert Road), Johnson Street (now Dinmore Street) and Keats Street. The subdivision was close to the Moorooka railway station (on the western side of Ipswich Road) and was described as having good soil and elevated sites with "no swamps, no gullies, no broken land".

In May 1889, "Moorooka Railway Station Estate", consisting of 82 allotments was advertised to be auctioned by Arthur Martin & Co. A map advertising the auction states the Estate was bounded by Ipswich Road and Yeronga Road (now Fairfield Road). The classified advertisement for the auction states for sale were '80 choice allotments, being part of Portion 125, Parish Yerongpilly'. "Moorooka Railway Station Estate" was described as 'the position is admirable, being only five miles by rail from the city, where train stops every few minutes in the day', and 'takes in a wide scope of most interesting and charming rural and suburban views'.

In June 1920, "Grand View Estate", consisting of 42 allotments was advertised to be auctioned by Cameron Bros and R.G. Watson. A map advertising the auction states the Estate was 'right at the top of the hill within 7 minutes of the Railway Station. The classified advertisement for the auction states for sale were '40 magnificent allotments' which were described as 'adjoining the residence of Thomas Tonks, Esq.'

In July 1927, auctioneers W. Small & Co sold a suburban subdivision called "Dora Vale Estate", consisting of 83 allotments of 24 to 48 perches on Vale Street, Dora Street, Clyde Street and Sinclair and bounded by Main Street (now Gainsborough Street) to the south and Beaudesert Road to the west. The allotments were described as "high and dry and commanding excellent views" and were convenient to the train, tram and bus services with promises that Ipswich Road and Beaudesert Road would soon be sealed with bitumen. Also in July 1927, Clacher Brothers in conjunction with M.J. Trotter sold the "Hollywood Estate", consisting of 24 allotments on the south side of Forrest Street bounded by Fairy Street to the west and an unnamed proposed street (now Vale Street) to the east. In August 1927, the Queensland Development Company sold the "Mayfield Gardens Estate, consisting of 490 allotments (474 residential and 16 commercial) centred around Vendale Avenue and bounded to the west by Beaudesert Road, to the south by Mayfield Road and to the east by Tarragindi Road.

Moorooka State School opened on 28 January 1929.

St Brendan's Catholic Primary School was established on 28 January 1929 by the Sisters of St Joseph.

Between the 1930s and 1969, trams ran along Beaudesert Road, thence along Ipswich Road to the Brisbane CBD.

In 1931, the Annerley Church of Christ commenced outreach in Moorooka, following from the establishment of a Bible school in Clifton Hill in the home of Mr P. Ryan in February 1929. Land was purchased at 108 Beaudesert Road () and a church was erected by volunteers held on two successive Saturdays in May 1931, with the church holding its first service on 26 July 1931 with an official opening on Friday 31 July 1931. Initially financially supported by the Annerley church, the Moorooka church became independent in 1933. Since at least 2016, the church has been renamed as the Rising Sun International Church.

In August 1937, auctioneers F.G. Pearce sold a suburban subdivision called Coniston Park Estate, consisting of 96 allotments, bounded by Beaudesert Road, Bracken Street, Margaret Street (now Medina Street) and Sherley Street. The estate was adjacent to Moorooka State School and the Moorooka tram terminus and provided "extensive views with every convenience" including electric light, mains water and gas.

Moorooka has traditionally hosted a working class population stemming from its history as a manufacturing hub during World War II. The southern part of Moorooka bordering Salisbury was the location of government built returned servicemen housing.

Moorooka State Infants School opened on 27 January 1959; it closed on 11 July 1983.

St Mary the Virgin Anglican Church was dedicated on 6 December 1959 by Archbishop Reginald Halse. Its closure on 5 April 1998 was approved by Assistant Bishop Ron Williams.

In 1968, the Brisbane City Council built and opened The Moorooka Bowls Club, which then hosted Queen Elizabeth II on her visit to the 1982 Commonwealth Games. The original bowls club went into receivership in 2019. In 2022 the building's tender was awarded to the not-for-profit organisation The Third Place Group, in order to establish a community space that all Moorookans could enjoy.

The Brisbane City Archives (a collection of local historical records dating back to 1859) was established at Moorooka.

Demographics
In the , the population of Moorooka was 10,368, 50.1% female and 49.9% male.  The median age of the Moorooka population was 35 years of age, three years below the Australian median of 38.  67.7% of people living in Moorooka were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 66.7%. The other top responses for country of birth were New Zealand (3.0%), England (2.6%), India (2.5%), Vietnam (1.0%), Iran (0.8%). 74.2% of people spoke only English at home; the next most popular languages were 1.4% Vietnamese, 1.1% Spanish, 1.1% Punjabi, 1.0% Mandarin, 0.9% Greek.

In the , Moorooka had a population of 10,783 people.

Heritage listings

Moorooka has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 Sherley Street: Moorooka State School

Education
Moorooka State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Sherley Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 341 students with 34 teachers (25 full-time equivalent) and 24 non-teaching staff (17 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program. It has a strong multi-cultural community and hosts an annual Festival in July.

St Brendan's Primary School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Hawtree Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 80 students with 15 teachers (10 full-time equivalent) and 13 non-teaching staff (5 full-time equivalent).

There are no secondary schools in Moorooka. The nearest government secondary school is Yeronga State High School in Yeronga to the north.

Moorooka is serviced by two kindergartens.

Amenities
The principal Moorooka shopping district on Beaudesert Road, known as Moorvale, features over 100 businesses from takeaways to restaurants and coffee shops, discount stores, newsagents, dry cleaners, locksmiths, jewellery shop, second hand and pawn shops, and a new range of businesses that serve the African community including food and groceries, hair salons, furniture shops, and halal butcheries.

Moorvale is also known for its extensive Woolworths Supermarket, at the northern end of the shopping district, which was opened in 1972 and was the largest Woolworths in Queensland at the time.

On the south end of Moorooka near the AFL club and Moorooka State School located off Beaudesert Road is Pizza Hut, Shear Image Hair & Beauty, now named Harlequin Hair and a petrol station, and within a few blocks either way convenience stores.

Moorooka has two principal churches, the St Brendan's Roman Catholic Church at Hawtree Street and the Church of Christ at Pampas Street and Beaudesert Road. Both feature Sunday services.

Transport
Commuter trains on the Beenleigh line stop at Moorooka railway station.

The suburb is served by Transport for Brisbane buses, namely the 110 Inala-City route, 116 Rocklea-Moorvale route, the 117 Acacia Ridge-City Valley route, the 124 Sunnybank-City route, and the 125 Garden City-City Valley route. There is a zone border crossing at the Beaudesert Road shops, popularly known as Moorvale, for transport zones 1 and 2.

Politics
The Moorvale Shopping district hosts office for the Brisbane City Council Councillor for Moorooka Ward Steve Griffiths. The office for the Federal Seat of Moreton is in the nearby suburb of Sunnybank.

References

External links

Suburbs of the City of Brisbane

Moorooka, Queensland


Rádio Renascença, also known as RR or just 'Renascença' (), is a private, commercial radio station in Portugal, owned by various organizations within the Portuguese Catholic Church: among others, the Patriarchate of Lisbon. Founded in 1934, it began broadcasting in 1936. Renascença owns another three stations: RFM (the most listened-to radio station in the country), Mega Hits FM (most current hit charts), and Rádio Sim (a channel aimed at listeners over 55).

Some programs, notably newscasts and religious events, are broadcast simultaneously on both Rádio Renascença and Rádio Sim.

Rádio Renascença is available in mainland Portugal on FM. Rádio Sim is available on medium wave, covering most of mainland Portugal, as well as on FM in some regions.

RR (Rádio Sim)'s most powerful medium-wave transmitter – operating on a frequency of 594 kHz with a power of 100 kW (although currently using 60 to 80 kW) – is situated near the village of Muge, some 75 km north-east of Lisbon. It is a 259-meter-high guyed mast radiator and also Portugal's tallest structure.

History
Founded by Monsignor Lopes da Cruz, trial broadcasts began in June 1936 with a transmitter installed in Lisbon. Regular broadcasting began on 1 January in the following.
A month after the start of daily broadcasts, the studios were ready at Rua Capelo and Radio Renascença settled there where it still remains.

Just after midnight on 25 April 1974 the station broadcast the banned song Grandola, Vila Morena as a signal to the revolutionary Armed Forces Movement (MFA) to commence operations against Portugal's authoritarian government in what became known as the Carnation Revolution: for this reason, the song later became famous as the anthem of the revolution.

In 1975 the radio station was occupied by workers, but in December of the same year it was returned to the Catholic Church and, unlike almost every other radio station in Portugal, Renascença was never nationalized.

In 1986 Radio Renascença began to air two distinct program schedules, 24 hours a day: from Radio Renascença (nationwide on MW and FM) and from RFM (nationwide on FM). More recently, in 1998, Mega FM was created in order to reach a younger target audience.

Frequencies
 Lisboa - 103.4 MHz
 Porto - 93.7 MHz
 Lousã (Coimbra / Leiria / Aveiro) - 106.0 MHz
 Montejunto (Santarém / Leiria) - 90.2 MHz
 Arrábida (Setúbal) - 105.8 MHz
 Mendro (Évora/Beja) - 96.5 MHz
 Portalegre - 95.3 MHz
 Gardunha (Castelo Branco) - 103.4 MHz
 Guarda - 90.2 MHz
 Bragança - 105.7 MHz
 Bornes - 89.6 MHz
 Minhéu - 89.8 MHz
 Marofa - 94.2 MHz
 Muro (Viana do Castelo / Braga) - 103.4 MHz
 Faro - 103.8 MHz
 Fóia (Serra de Monchique) - 98.6 MHz
 Lamego (Vila Real) - 98.6 MHz
 Sintra - 105.0 MHz
 Serra d' Ossa (Évora) - 98.5 MHz
 São Miguel (Azores) - 95.2 MHz
 Madeira island - 88.0 MHz
 Valença - 100.0 MHz
 Vouzela - 93.8 MHz
 Aveiro - 102.5 MHz

See also
 Radio Maria

References

External links

Portuguese-language radio stations
Radio stations established in 1936
Radio stations in Portugal
1936 establishments in Portugal
Catholicism in Portugal
Catholic radio stations
Christian radio stations in Europe

Rádio Renascença


Celtic metal is a subgenre of fowk metal that developed in the 1990s in Ireland. As the name suggests, the genre is a fusion o hivy metal an Celtic muisic. The early pioneers o the genre were the three Erse baunds Cruachan, Primordial and Waylander. The genre haes since expanded beyond Erse shores an is kent to be performed today bi baunds frae numerous other countries.

nl:Folkmetal#Keltische metal

Celtic metal


In human anatomy, the dorsal interossei of the foot are four muscles situated between the metatarsal bones.

Origin
The four interossei muscles are bipenniform muscles each originating by two heads from the proximal half of the sides of adjacent metatarsal bones.

Insertion
The two heads of each muscle form a central tendon which passes forwards deep to the deep transverse metatarsal ligament.  The tendons are inserted on the bases of the second, third, and fourth proximal phalanges and into the aponeurosis of the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus without attaching to the extensor hoods of the toes.

Thus, the first is inserted into the medial side of the second toe; the other three are inserted into the lateral sides of the second, third, and fourth toes.

Action
The dorsal interossei abduct at the metatarsophalangeal joints of the third and fourth toes.  Because there is a pair of dorsal interossei muscles attached on both sides of the second toe, simultaneous contraction of these muscles results in no movement. This arrangement of dorsal interossei makes the second toe the midline of the foot, whereas the midline of the hand (marked by dorsal interossei of hand) is in the third finger.

Abduction is of little importance in the foot, but, together with the plantar interossei, the dorsal interossei also produce flexion at the metatarsophalangeal joints.  Although small, the dorsal interossei are powerful muscles that, together with their plantar counterparts, control the direction of the toes during violent activity, thus allowing the long and short flexors to perform their actions.

Because of the relationship to the metatarsophalangeal joints, the interossei muscles also contribute to maintaining the anterior metatarsal arch of the foot and also, to a limited extent, the medial and lateral longitudinal arches of the foot.

Innervation
All dorsal interossei are innervated by the lateral plantar nerve (S2–3).  Those in the fourth interosseous space are innervated by the superficial branch and the other by the deep branch.
 The first and second dorsal interossei muscles additionally receive innervation from the lateral branch of the deep fibular nerve.

Relations
In the angular interval left between the heads of each of the three lateral muscles, one of the perforating arteries passes to the dorsum of the foot; through the space between the heads of the first muscle the deep plantar branch of the dorsalis pedis artery enters the sole of the foot.

See also
 Interosseous muscles of the hand
 Dorsal interossei of the hand
 Palmar interossei muscles
 Interosseous muscles of the foot
 Plantar interossei muscles

Additional images

Notes

References

Foot muscles
Muscles of the lower limb

Dorsal interossei of the foot


Dina matematik, sarta dina sabagéan statistik, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) is a méasure of how well a linear equation describes the relation between two variables X and Y méasured on the same object or organism. It is defined as the sum of the products of the skor standard of the two méasures divided by the degrees of freedom:

The result obtained is equivalent to dividing the covariance between the two variables by the product of their standard deviations. In general the quantity of a correlation coefficient is the square root of the coefficient of determination (r2), which is the ratio of explained variation to total variation:

where:

Y = a score on a random variable Y
Y' = corresponding predicted value of Y, given the correlation of X and Y and the value of X
 = mean of Y

The correlation coefficient adds a sign to show the direction of the relationship. The formula for the Péarson coefficient conforms to this definition, and applies when the relationship is linéar.

The coefficient ranges from -1 to 1. A value of 1 shows that a linéar equation describes the relationship perfectly and positively, with all data points lying on the same line and with Y incréasing with X. A score of -1 shows that all data points lie on a single line but that Y incréases as X decréases. A value of 0 shows that a linéar modél is inappropriate – that there is no linéar relationship between the variables.

The Péarson coefficient is a statistic which estimates the correlation of the two given random variables.

The linéar equation that best describes the relationship between X and Y can be found by linear regression. If X and Y are both normally distributed, this can be used to "predict" the value of one méasurement from knowledge of the other. That is, for éach value of X the equation calculates a value which is the best estimate of the values of Y corresponding the specific value of X. We denote this predicted variable by Y.

Any value of Y can therefore be defined as the sum of Y and the difference between Y and Y:

The varian of Y is equal to the sum of the variance of the two components of Y:

Since the coefficient of determination implies that sy.x2 = sy2(1 − r2) we can derive the identity

The square of r is conventionally used as a méasure of the strength of the association between X and Y. For example, if the coefficient is .90, then 81% of the variance of Y is said to be explained by the changes in X and the linéar relation between X and Y.

r is a statistik parametrik. It assumes that the variables being assessed are normally distributed. If this assumption is violated, a non-parametric alternative such as Spearman's ρ may be more successful in detecting a linéar relationship.

Statistika


In cell biology, a receptor is a special structure that can be found in cell membranes. These are made of protein molecules such as glycoproteins. Receptors bind (attach) to specialised molecules. If the receptor has this molecule, it is activated, but if it does not it is deactivated. Depending on its state, a change inside the cell happens.

Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) take part in communication between the cell and the outside world. Extracellular signalling molecules (usually hormones, neurotransmitters, agonist, cytokines, growth factors or cell recognition molecules) attach to the receptor. This triggers changes in the function of the cell. The process is called signal transduction: The binding starts a chemical change on the inside of the membrane.

Receptors work like locks and keys. With the key, the lock can be locked or unlocked. If it is unlocked, the door belonging to it can be opened.

Structure
Part of the receptor sticks out of the cell membrane. The same applies to the membranes of cell organelles. A receptor's main function is to recognize and respond to a specific ligand, for example, a neurotransmitter or hormone. Some receptors respond to changes in 'transmembrane potential' (the difference in electric potential between the inside and the outside of a cell).

The middle part, inside the membrane itself, is a protein-lined pore through the membrane, or 'ion channel'. When the ligand binds to the surface, the pore becomes accessible to ions, which then pass through. In other cases, where differences in electric potential occur, the receptor changes in shape, which causes change inside the cell.

The inside (or cytoplasmic) part of the receptor interacts with the inside of the cell or organelle. There are several different kinds of receptor, each of which acts in a different way.

Related pages
Signal transduction

Cell biology

Receptor (cell biology)


Earl of Melville is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1690 for the Scottish soldier and statesman George Melville, 4th Lord Melville. He was made Lord Raith, Monymaill and Balwearie and Viscount of Kirkcaldy at the same time, also in the Peerage of Scotland. He married Catherine Leslie, daughter of Alexander Leslie, Lord Balgonie, and granddaughter of Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven. Lord Melville was succeeded upon his death in 1707 by his eldest surviving son, David, who already in 1681 had succeeded to the earldom of Leven through his mother. The two earldoms have since remained united. For further history of the titles, see Earl of Leven.

The title Lord Melville, of Monymaill, was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1616 for Robert Melville, an Extraordinary Lord of Session under the judicial title Lord Murdochairnie, with remainder to his elder brother, John Melville. He was succeeded by his son, Robert, the second Lord. He was a Lord of Session under the judicial title Lord Burntisland. In 1628 he obtained a regrant of the title with remainder to his heirs general bearing the name of Melville. Lord Melville died childless and was succeeded by his first cousin once removed, John Melville, the third Lord, grandson of the aforementioned John Melville, elder brother of the first Lord. The third Lord was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned fourth Lord, who was created Earl of Melville in 1690.

Lords Melville (1616)
Robert Melville, 1st Lord Melville (1527–1621)
Robert Melville, 2nd Lord Melville (died 1635)
John Melville, 3rd Lord Melville (died 1643)
George Melville, 4th Lord Melville (1636–1707) (created Earl of Melville in 1690)

Earls of Melville (1690)
George Melville, 1st Earl of Melville (1636–1707)
David Melville, 3rd Earl of Leven, 2nd Earl of Melville (1660–1728)
For further Earls of Melville, see Earl of Leven.

See also
Melville House, built by the 1st Earl.
Melville family
Viscount Melville, created in 1802 for politician Henry Dundas.

References

Earldoms in the Peerage of Scotland
Noble titles created in 1690
Melville
Melville family

Earl of Melville


In Anatolian, Greek and Roman mythology, Agdistis was a hermaphroditic being, and symbolized the wild and uncontrolled powers of nature. She is the personification of a mountain of the same name in Phrygia.

Mythology
She was born after Zeus accidentally impregnated the earth goddess Gaia. The gods feared Agdistis because she held all the powers of creation within her body. Dionysus tricked her into castrating herself, and from then on she was known as the goddess Cybele. The blood from her severed gentials fertilized the earth, and from that spot an almond tree grew. One day the nymph Nana picked an almond from the tree, and held it against her chest, the almond vanished and she became pregnant with Attis.

Cult
Some ancient writers say Agdistis is the same as Cybele, and worshiped under that name. In many ancient inscriptions, Agdistis is clearly separate from Cybele, but in many others she is listed as an epithet of Cybele. Although primarily an Anatolian goddess, the cult of Agdistis covered a lot of territory. By 250 BC it had spread to Egypt, and later to Attica, Rhamnus around 80 BC (where there was a sanctuary of Agdistis), and later in Lesbos and Panticapeum.

Greek gods and goddesses
Roman gods and goddesses

Agdistis


A Video CD or VCD is a CD that contains a movie instead of music or a computer program. It is the "little brother" of the DVD.

Since a DVD can store ten times as much information as a VCD, the quality of a VCD is not as high as that of a DVD, but it is ten times cheaper to make. The quality of the picture is about as good as an analog television with a simple antenna, or a VHS tape.

History
VCD's were invented by Philips and Sony just like the CD, but then never became very popular in the Western world, which switched from VHS tapes directly to the DVD. However, in Asia and in other developing countries the VCD is popular, since a DVD player is also much more expensive than a VCD player, but not Australia.

Uses
A VCD movie is stored in the popular MPEG (.MPG) format, that is also often used to download movies from the internet. But if a VCD disk is put in a computer, there is a file with a .MPG after the name, and many other files. This is because the movie is actually in a file (or files) that has .DAT after the name. This file can be played with Windows Media Player (or any other player that can play a .MPG movie), one does not need special software because the file is actually just a .MPG movie with a .DAT end of the name instead of .MPG. There are also many programs that can play a VCD on a PC.

References

Compact Disc
Video Discs

Video CD


Maxis Software is an American company that was founded as a video game developer and is now a brand name of Electronic Arts (EA). Maxis' second software title was SimCity, a city simulation and planning game. Maxis is also the creator of the best-selling computer game of all time, The Sims and its sequel The Sims 2 and a title called Spore in which you guide a creature from cell form to smart, developed creatures. These four titles and their related products are the brand's most popular and successful lines.

Most Maxis titles are simulation-based, though none are considered traditional simulations. Maxis founder Will Wright likens them as "digital dollhouses." Maxis has also released games developed by other production houses, such as A-Train and SimTower.

Acquisition by EA
Electronic Arts (EA) completed its acquisition of Maxis on July 28, 1997. EA kept some of the original staff, including Will Wright. Products were shipped under the Maxis logo for several years until 2004, when The Sims 2 had only the Electronic Arts logo on the box cover. As of October 18 2006, with the release of The Sims 2: Pets expansion pack, the Maxis title has been removed from the game's start. Also, up until The Sims 2: FreeTime, the logo of Maxis was used for a button in the Options panel of the game to display the credits. In FreeTime, the Maxis logo was replaced by a symbol of the Sims plumbob.

American video game companies

Maxis


Global Integrity is an independent, nonprofit organization tracking governance and corruption trends around the world using local teams of researchers and journalists to monitor openness and accountability. Global Integrity's reporting has been cited by over 50 newspapers worldwide, and is used by the World Bank, USAID, Millennium Challenge Corporation and other donor agencies to evaluate aid priorities. Global Integrity's methodology differs considerably from existing metrics of governance and corruption (such as the Corruption Perceptions Index or Bribe Payers Index) by using local experts and transparent source data, rather than perception surveys. Unlike traditional charities, Global Integrity is a hybrid organization that seeks to generate earned revenue to support its public-interest mission.

Description
Located in Washington, D.C., US, Global Integrity provides empirically supported information which analyzes corruption and governance trends. Among other work, it produces the Global Integrity Report: an annual collection of original, in-depth national assessments combining journalistic reporting with nearly 300 "Integrity Indicators" analyzing the institutional framework underpinning countries' corruption and accountability systems (ranging from electoral practices and media freedom to budget transparency and conflict-of-interest regulations).

Global Integrity's analytical method is based on the concept of measuring the "opposite of corruption" – that is, the access that citizens and businesses have to a country's government, their ability to monitor its behavior, and their ability to seek redress and advocate for improved governance. The resulting data allows policymakers, private industry, non-governmental organizations and the general public to identify specific strengths and weaknesses in various countries' governmental institutions.

Global Integrity is an independent, non-partisan organization organized under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of the United States. It releases its reports via its website, press releases and public events.

History
Global Integrity began in June 1999 as a project of the Center for Public Integrity (a Washington, D.C. nonprofit investigative reporting organization) as an attempt to find a new way to investigate and assess corruption around the world and how governments address it. The project published a three-country pilot report in 2001. In August 2002 the Open Society Institute (a private philanthropic foundation) awarded the center a $1 million grant, which resulted in a 25-country study released in April 2004. In the summer of 2005, Global Integrity spun off from the center as a separate organization and formally incorporated as a non-profit corporation. In March 2006, it opened its Washington, D.C. office. In January 2007 Global Integrity released a 43-country study, and a 55-country study in January 2008. In 2007, Global Integrity was recognized by Ashoka: Innovators for the Public, a network of social entrepreneurs, with an award for innovation in fighting corruption. In 2008, Global Integrity won an award from the Every Human Has Rights campaign for reporting on censorship issues.

Body of work
All of Global Integrity's research (including downloadable source materials) is published at the Global Integrity Report website. Global Integrity also publishes a blog, "The Global Integrity Commons".

2001

In 2001, the organization released a three-country pilot report.

April 2004

25-nation field test:

Global Integrity's 2004 report – tracking the extent of openness, accountability and governance in 25 countries – took more than two years to produce; its team included approximately 200 researchers, editors, Web designers, social scientists, journalists, methodology experts and peer-review panelists. It was the largest project the center had undertaken to date.

Local teams of social scientists, journalists and analysts in each country collected and reviewed data for 80 Integrity Indicators, divided over six broad categories. The Integrity Indicators allowed Center researchers to quantify each country's responses into a Public Integrity Index. This was a unique scorecard of governance practice that measured the existence of mechanisms (including laws and institutions) that promote public accountability and limit corruption; the effectiveness of these mechanisms; and the access that citizens have to public information to hold their government accountable. For each country the Report included basic country facts; a corruption timeline chronicling significant corruption-related events over the past 10–15 years; an essay on the culture of that country's corruption by an investigative reporter; and a report (compiled by a social scientist) highlighting the main features of the six main categories tracked by the Integrity Indicators.

Key findings:

 None of the 25 countries featured in the report (including the United States) received a "very strong" ranking – the highest score – on the Public Integrity Index
 18 countries had no laws to protect whistleblowers from recrimination or other negative consequences
 In 15 countries, journalists investigating corruption had been imprisoned, physically harmed or killed
 In three countries (Guatemala, Mexico and Zimbabwe), both journalists and judges had been physically harmed in the previous year
 14 countries did not allow their head of state to be prosecuted for corruption
 In seven countries, the top executive-branch official was not required to file a personal financial- disclosure form revealing their private interests

January 2007

2006 Country Reports:

In 2006, Global Integrity undertook its second major round of fieldwork, using journalistic reporting and data gathering in 43 countries (including 15 featured in the 2004 report) – primarily large aid recipients and emerging markets. Global Integrity's 2006 report followed the same basic framework as the one for 2004. A team of 220 journalists and researchers applied a slightly modified assessment methodology to generate a new Public Integrity Index. Along with the Integrity Indicators, each country report featured country facts, a corruption timeline and a corruption-themed essay written by a journalist.

Key Findings:

 Political financing was the number-one anti-corruption challenge facing the 2006 group of countries
 Weak legislative accountability threatened to undermine other crucially-needed long-term anti-corruption reforms
 Vietnam, one of Asia's leading emerging markets, was assessed as having the second-weakest overall anti-corruption framework of the group
 Russia appeared to have made little progress in establishing and enforcing effective anti-corruption mechanisms, compared with several other post-Soviet states
 Promoting effective anti-corruption and good governance programs in post-conflict Africa requires a long-term commitment
 New European Union (EU) members Romania and Bulgaria displayed a moderate gap in overall anti-corruption mechanisms, with Romania exceeding the performance of Bulgaria
 Whistleblower protections and weak (or non-existent) access to information mechanisms threaten government accountability in almost every country

2011 Report

2011 Country Reports:

The organization has released a 2011 report detailing 33 countries' levels of corruption. In the report, a team of nearly 200 contributors examines the public policies, institutions, and practices of countries that can deter, prevent, or punish corruption. The purpose of the report is "to help to shape evidence-based policy reforms that can promote more open and accountable government."

Funding
Global Integrity's fundraising policy is to seek only philanthropic contributions, i.e., those that are altruistically given, in the public interest, without any demand or expectation that Global Integrity's work will reflect the views or interests of the donor. Global Integrity also generates earned revenue through the sale of publications.

References

External links
 http://www.globalintegrity.org/

Charities based in Washington, D.C.
American whistleblowers

Global Integrity


Saint Sarkis Cathedral ( (Surp Sarkis Mayr Yekeghetsi)) is an Armenian cathedral in Yerevan, Armenia. It is the seat of the Araratian Pontifical Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church. It was built in 1842, on the left bank of the Hrazdan River in Yerevan's Kentron District.

History
Standing against the upper part of the village of Dzoragyugh, and facing the old Erivan Fortress on the left bank of the River Hrazdan, a hermitage-monastery was functioning since the earliest Christian era. This spacious complex, surrounded by a high, fortified wall, was made up of the churches of Saints Sarkis, Gevork and Hakob churches, of the buildings of the patriarchal offices and school, of an orchard and of other buildings. Saint Sarkis Church was the official seat of the Patriarch, whereas the monastery was the patriarchal inn for the guests. Saint Sarkis Church, with the hermitage-monastery, was destroyed by the large earthquake of 1679 but was rebuilt on the same site during the rule of Edesatsi Nahabet Catholicos (1691–1705).

However, the current building of the church was constructed between 1835-42.

During the rule of Vazgen I Catholicos of Armenians, the church underwent basic renovations and improvements. Based on a plan drawn up by architect Rafayel Israyelian in 1972, the reconstruction works of the St Sarkis Church began and the character of the old building of the church was basically preserved. The face was covered with Ani orange tufa rocks and engraved with triangular niches. After Israyelian's death, the construction works were taken over and continued by the co-author, architect Ardzroun Galikian.

From 1971-76, the interior look of the church was significantly improved. On the eastern part of the church, a gallery was added for the church choir. As a result of such additions, it was found necessary to remove the old dome and the old drum and to replace them by a much higher dome with polyhedral fan-shaped spire. The construction of the bell tower of the St Sarkis Vicarial Church was completed in 2000.

The rebuilding process of Saint Sarkis Cathedral was realized through the donation of Armenian benefactors Sarkis Kurkjian and his sons, residing in London. A 2 kW photovoltaic power system was installed on the roof of the cathedral in 2009.

Gallery

References

External links
 About Saint Sarkis Cathedral
 Araratian Patriarchal Diocese website

Armenian Apostolic church buildings in Yerevan
Churches completed in 1840
Church buildings with domes
Armenian Apostolic cathedrals in Armenia

Saint Sarkis Cathedral, Yerevan