Mandriva S.A. was a public software company specializing in Linux and open-source software. Its corporate headquarters was in Paris, and it had development centers in Metz, France and Curitiba, Brazil. Mandriva, S.A. was the developer and maintainer of a Linux distribution called Mandriva Linux, as well as various enterprise software products. Mandriva was a founding member of the Desktop Linux Consortium.

History
Mandriva, S.A. began as MandrakeSoft in 1998.

In February 2004, following lengthy litigation with the Hearst Corporation over the name "Mandrake" (the Hearst Corporation owned a comic strip called Mandrake the Magician), MandrakeSoft was required to change its name. Following the acquisition of the Brazilian Linux distribution Conectiva in February 2005, the company's name was changed on 7 April 2005 to "Mandriva" to reflect the names "MandrakeSoft" and "Conectiva."

On October 4, 2004, MandrakeSoft acquired the professional support company Edge IT, which focused on the corporate market in France and had 6 employees.

On June 15, 2005, Mandriva acquired Lycoris (formerly, Redmond Linux Corporation).

On October 5, 2006, Mandriva signed an agreement to acquire Linbox, a Linux enterprise software infrastructure company.  The agreement included the acquisition of all shares of Linbox for a total of $1.739 million in Mandriva stock, plus an earn out of up to $401,000 based on the 2006 Linbox financials.

In 2007, Mandriva reached a deal with the Government of Nigeria to put their operating system on 17,000 school computers, in a deal that almost ended up with its system being replace with the one from Microsoft.

On January 16, 2008, Mandriva and Turbolinux announced a partnership to create a lab named Manbo-Labs, to share resources and technology to release a common base system for both companies' Linux distributions.

Although Mandriva's operating system eventually became a significant entity in the data center, the company's operating margins were thin and by 2012 the company was on the brink of bankruptcy. On January 30, 2012, Mandriva announced that an external entity bid was rejected by a minority share holder and the deal did not go through.  At the end of the first semester 2012, a solution to the situation that had appeared in January of the same year was found and a settlement achieved.  Mandriva was subsequently owned by several different shareholders.

Mandriva filed for administrative receivership in early 2015, and was liquidated on May 22, 2015. The Mandriva Linux distribution continues to survive as OpenMandriva Lx. Notable forks include Mageia Linux and ROSA Linux.

Mandriva Club
In addition to selling Linux distributions through its online store and authorized resellers, Mandriva previously sold subscriptions to the Mandriva Club.  There were several levels of membership, at costs ranging from US$66 or €60 per year (as of 2007) to €600 per year.

Club members gained access to the Club website, additional mirrors and torrents for downloading, free downloads of its boxed products (depending on membership level), interim releases of the Mandriva Linux distribution, and additional software updates. For example, only Gold-level and higher members could download Powerpack+ editions.

Many Mandriva commercial products came with short-term membership in the club; however, Mandriva Linux was completely usable without a club membership.

When Mandriva Linux 2008.0 was released in October 2007, Mandriva made club membership free of charge to all comers, splitting download subscriptions off into a separate service.

Mandriva also had a Mandriva Corporate Club for larger organizations.

Products

Mandriva Linux
A Linux distribution
Pulse²
Open-source software for application deployment, inventory, and maintenance of an IT network, also available as SaaS version as of November 2012.
Mandriva Business Server
A Linux-based server operating system
Mandriva Class
E-learning software enabling distributed, long-distance virtual classrooms.

See also

References

Free software companies
Linux companies
Mandriva Linux
Software companies of France

Mandriva


The Seventh-day Adventist Church is a Protestant Christian group. It is different from most other Protestant groups because the followers believe that the seventh day of the week, Saturday, is the day to rest from working and worship God. The Bible calls this day the "Sabbath". The Sabbath is the seventh day of the week (Gen 2:1-3) in Judaism and in the Seventh-Day Adventist Church. This is why they are called "Seventh-day Adventists". Although the abbreviation "SDA" is commonly used, "Adventist" is the church's preferred shortening of "Seventh-day Adventist".

The Seventh-day Adventist Church came from the Millerite movement in the United States. This included people from many denominations. The Millerites started in the middle part of the 19th century. The Millerites were people who followed the teachings of William Miller. Miller preached that Jesus is coming very soon, in the Second Coming or Second Advent. The church name "Adventist" came from the word "Advent." The Seventh-day Adventist Church started in 1863.

In many ways, the religious teachings of the Seventh-day Adventist church are like evangelical teachings such as the Trinity and Biblical inerrancy. Teachings that are different include the doctrine of an investigative judgment, the unconscious state of the dead (which means that when people die, they will not wake up until Christ resurrects them), and that the wicked will be destroyed forever by fire (rather than forever burn in Hell).

The church is also known for its message on health.  It teaches that being healthy helps us to make good decisions, understand God's Word, be productive in God's service, and otherwise glorify God with our bodies as temples.  Adventists who eat meat typically do not eat meat from pigs, certain fish, and other animals that the Bible names as unclean. Many Adventists are vegetarian (no meat) or vegan (no animal products, such as milk or eggs).  They tend to stay away from smoking, drinking and other things known to be harmful or mind-altering. Exercise, being outdoors, resting, and drinking lots of water are other parts to healthy living usually taught by Adventists.  In 2005, a National Geographic cover story identified the Adventists living in Loma Linda, California, as one of five Blue Zones of people living longer than the rest of the world.

The church also promotes religious liberty. When it comes to culture, it is more conservative.

Among the founders of the Church was Ellen G. White. She wrote many texts that are still thought to be very important in the church today. She was a dedicated Christian who believed she got visions from God about the end of the world and what heaven will be like.

At a world level, the Seventh-day Adventist Church is run by a General Conference. Smaller regions are administered by divisions, union conferences and local conferences.  It is present in over 200 countries and territories and is ethnically and culturally diverse. The church runs many schools, hospitals and publishing houses worldwide, as well as a famous organization that helps people in trouble, known as the Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA). There are about 18.5 million people in the Seventh-day adventist church worldwide.

Organization
The Seventh-day Adventist Church is organized with a representative form of church government and the world-wide Church has 13 Divisions.

The Seventh-day Adventist World Church Statistics shows a growing church with 15,660,347 members as of December 31, 2007.

The Adventist News Network reported  in June 2010 (during the 59th quinquennial General Conference Session of the Seventh-day Adventist Church held in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.) that Seventh-day Adventists reached a membership of 16,300,000, according to the church's Office of Archives and Statistics.  The world church Secretary stated that when counting unbaptized children and family members who attend services, the church numbers between 25 and 30 million.

Mainstream doctrine
Seventh-day Adventists  believe in Protestantism.

Seventh-day Adventist believe in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs. This statement of beliefs was adopted by the General Conference in 1980, with an extra belief (number 11) being added in 2005.

References

Protestant denominations

Seventh-day Adventist Church


Joseph Charles Arthur (January 11, 1850 – April 30, 1942) was a pioneer American plant pathologist and mycologist best known for his work with the parasitic rust fungi (Pucciniales). He was a charter member of the Botanical Society of America, the Mycological Society of America, and the American Phytopathological Society. He was an elected member of both the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was a recipient of the first Doctorate in Sciences awarded by Cornell University.

Biography
Joseph Charles ("JC") Arthur (1850–1942) was born in Lowville, New York, on January 11, 1850. Early in his childhood, his family moved to a farm near Charles City, Iowa, where he grew up. It was during that time that Arthur developed an interest in flowering plants. He was one of the first students to enroll at Iowa State College (now University) in 1869.  Due to his interest in plants, he planned to study botany during college. Much to his dismay, no botanists were at Iowa State during his first year. In his second year, botanist Charles E. Bessey obtained a professorship at Iowa State and it was under his guidance that Arthur began his formal study of botany. To help facilitate Arthur's studies, Bessey purchased a rust collection from the herbarium of Moses A. Curtis. Arthur graduated from Iowa State in 1872.

In 1876, Arthur took a position as an instructor at Iowa State. He published his first paper that year, which was a catalog of the flowering plants of Iowa. It was during this time that he met E.W.D Holway, another noted botanist and mycologist. The two became friends and colleagues until Holway's death in 1923.  In 1877, Arthur received his Master's of Science (M.S.) at Iowa State.  After that, he studied briefly at Harvard and Johns Hopkins University. From 1879 to 1881, Arthur was an instructor at the University of Wisconsin and then at the University of Minnesota during the following year.

After his year in Minnesota, Arthur became the first botanist to work at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York. This appointment was the first of its kind in the United States. There, most of his work was with bacterial or fire blight of pear. He was the first to establish that bacteria can cause plant disease.  He was also the first plant pathologist to successfully execute Koch's postulates.

In 1885, while still at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, he went to an AAAS meeting in New York City. During a break, botanist L.M. Underwood took Arthur to a pasture in the Bronx that was to become the future site of the New York Botanical Garden. Underwood confided in Arthur that the Garden was spearheading an effort to publish systematic descriptions of the entire North American flora and Arthur was most likely going to be in charge of the section on rust fungi. Arthur was elated by this news, as was the New York Agricultural Experiment Station where he was granted increased freedom to study rusts. For his part, Arthur joined a consortium of collaborators to write 12 parts of the North American Flora, totaling 884 pages of descriptions, measurements, and host and distribution records of rust fungi. The first part was published in 1907 and the last in 1931.

The year after Arthur earned his Doctor of Science from Cornell in 1886, he was appointed professor of botany at Purdue University, where he remained until his retirement in 1915. He was also the first botanist at the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. Purdue continued to support his contribution to the North American Flora. One of his first accomplishments while at Purdue was determining that formalin could be used as a fungicide to control potato scab.

It was at Purdue where Arthur began over 19 years of culture experiments with American species of rusts. He was faced with the task of identifying a species concept appropriate for rust fungi, many of which exhibit up to five different spore types and can alternate between two hosts, known as heteroecism.  The life cycle of rusts was not fully known for most species, so Arthur's goal was to keep rusts under direct observation to note the succession of spore types. Heteroecism of North American rusts was unexplored at that point, so to find the alternate hosts for some species, he performed over 3750 inoculations with 2140 collections on potential hosts. Through those culture studies, Arthur realized the importance of host specialization to the delimitation of species. Arthur also introduced a greater emphasis on morphological, and especially  microscopic characters, such as the number and arrangement of germpores on spores that had up to this point, not been considered in the taxonomy of rust fungi. Later, their taxonomic significance became shown.

During his career, Arthur named 29 genera and 309 species in the North American Flora, and described an additional 50 species from South America, India and the Philippines, many of which he obtained from the collections of Holway.

Arthur was a charter member of the Botanical Society of America (twice serving as President), the Mycological Society of America, American Phytopathological Society (where he also served as President), the American Association of University Professors, and many other learned societies.

His first paper on the rust fungi was published in 1883  and he continued publishing on the subject for over half of a century, his final publication appearing in 1934.

Arthur Herbarium
During his tenure at Purdue, Arthur accumulated over 40,000 rust specimens. Although he housed them at Purdue, Arthur considered these specimens to be his property because he financed most out of his own pocket. When Purdue disagreed, Arthur hired moving vans and quietly packed up the entire herbarium, including cabinets, and moved it to his house. This caused a standoff with Winthrop E. Stone, President of Purdue, who directed that he return all of the specimens, papers, drawings and notes related to his work with the North American flora to the herbarium. Ultimately an agreement was reached between Arthur and the Trustees of Purdue University to reimburse Arthur for expenses he personally incurred to build and maintain the herbarium, paying him the grand sum of $1450 amounting to 3.5 cents per specimen.

Today the Arthur Herbarium is located at Lilly Hall of Science at Purdue University and it still houses Arthur's priceless collections. The collection has grown to almost 100,000 specimens of rust fungi and is considered one of the most important holdings of these fungi in the world. It is currently directed by Dr. M. Catherine Aime.

Personal life
Arthur married Emily Stiles Potter of Lafayette, Indiana in 1901 and the two lived together until her death in 1935. His interests also extended into music. His premier piece was "Vive Purdue."  Arthur died in 1942 in Brook, Indiana. He is buried in Lafayette.

See also
List of mycologists

References

External links
 Britannica.com article

American botanists
1850 births
1942 deaths
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
Purdue University faculty
American phytopathologists
American mycologists
Iowa State University alumni
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Joseph Charles Arthur


In optics and photography, an aperture is a hole where light can pass through.

In photography

The aperture of a photographic lens is a hole that can be adjusted to different sizes, using the aperture ring. This ring is behind the lens, but in front of the shutter.  The aperture ring is a flat circle with a small hole in the centre. The small hole is called the aperture. The size of the aperture can be changed. When the aperture is very small only a small amount of light can enter the camera. When the aperture is big, a lot of light can get in.

This lets the photographer control the amount of light reaching the film or image sensor. The aperture is changed along with the  shutter speed to control the amount of light that enters the camera.  This amount of light is called the exposure.  Typically, a fast shutter speed will not let much light in (meaning the picture could come out too dark), so the photographer will use a larger aperture to correct for this.  A slow shutter speed will need a smaller aperture to stop the picture coming out too bright.

The size of the aperture is described as an "f-stop."  This is a number that describes the size of the hole in relation to the focal length of the lens.  A low number (such as f1.4 or f2.8) means the aperture is wide open, and lets in a lot of light.  A high number (such as f8 or f11) means that the aperture is small, and does not let in as much light.
Optics
Photography

Aperture


The University of Erfurt () is a public university located in Erfurt, the capital city of the German state of Thuringia. It was founded in 1379, and closed in 1816. It was re-established in 1994, three years after German reunification. Therefore, it claims to be both the oldest and youngest university in Germany. The institution identifies itself as a reform university, due to its most famous alumnus Martin Luther, the instigator of the Reformation, who studied there from 1501 to 1505. Today, the main foci centre on multidisciplinarity, internationality, and mentoring.

The university is home to the Max Weber Center for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies, the Gotha Research Center for Cultural and Social Scientific Studies, and the Willy Brandt School of Public Policy.

The Gotha Research Library, which has one of Germany's largest collections of early modern manuscripts, is part of the university. The University Library is also the keeper of the Bibliotheca Amploniana, a collection of nearly 1000 medieval manuscripts collected by the scholar Amplonius Rating de Berka (c.1363–1435), who was a former  of the university.

History

1379–1816
The University of Erfurt was founded in 1379 in the Holy Roman Empire, in territory which is now modern day Germany. When the town of Erfurt became part of Prussia in 1816, the government closed the university after more than 400 years of operation.

1994–present
Erfurt was in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1949 to 1990. In December 1993, the State Government of Thuringia in reunified Germany, Landtag of Thuringia, voted to re-establish the university. The university was re-founded on 1 January 1994. Lectures began in the winter term of 1999/2000. Shortly afterwards, the Rector who had overseen the founding, Peter Glotz, a politician in the Social Democratic Party, left the university. The position was taken over by Wolfgang Bergsdorf.

In 2001, the Erfurt Teachers' Training College (Pädagogische Hochschule Erfurt), founded in 1953, became part of the university. On 1 January 2003, a fourth faculty was added to the university: the Roman Catholic Theological Faculty, which had belonged to Erfurt's Philosophical and Theological Centre (Philosophisch-Theologisches Studium Erfurt).

The University of Erfurt is a liberal arts university with reform and socio-cultural profile. The close integration of the Philosophical, Educational Research, Governmental Studies, the Catholic Theological Faculty, and the Max Weber Center, promotes interdisciplinary alongside innovative approaches to research and teaching through a mentoring program.

The University of Erfurt has no tuition fees and represents the first institution of higher education to receive the family-friendly certificate for employers.

Faculties and institutions
The University of Erfurt has five faculties and three academic institutes:

 Faculty of Education
 Faculty of Catholic Theology
 Faculty of Philosophy
 Faculty of Governance (Law, Economics and Social Science), the only one in Germany
 Max Weber Center for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies

The academic institutes are:
 Erfurt School of Education
 Research Centre for Social and Cultural Studies in Gotha
 The Willy Brandt School of Public Policy, the former Erfurt School of Public Policy (ESPP), which is partly financed by tuition fees.

Academic programs and priorities

Academic priorities
 Religious studies
 Sociology
 Governance (Law and economics)
 Education

Regular summer schools
 International Summer Course for German Language, Literature and Culture
 Summer School "Muslims in the West"
 Summer Program in Communications Erfurt (SPICE)
 International Spring School

University research groups and projects

Current research groups
Currently following colleges and research teams are part of the Erfurt doctoral and postdoctoral program (EPPP):

 The research group Communication and Digital Media (COMDIGMED) is an interdisciplinary and international scale embedded and association of researchers. This project will combine to support the research activities of its members on the field of communication science, educational science, psychology and social science and networking of research and teaching help. COMDIGMED is co-creator of university education focus.
 In the Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavior (Cereb) scientists work together on economic and behavioral sciences, focusing on the theoretical modeling of human decision behavior, the design of social institutions and educational and career choices as long-term Selbststeuerungsprozesse. The university is involved in this specialization.
 The Graduate School "Religion in modernization processes" engages religion-related research projects from the religious, social, literary, media, and history of science, theology and philosophy. It engages young scientists with the problems in this area, and offers attractive conditions for their work to develop new understandings of religion in modernization processes.
 The research program of Max Weber Center is directed to the problems of religion, science and law as interpretation and control powers, interactions between cultures, social systems and mentalities in radical change, and action-bases of cultural and social sciences and their relation to normative, especially ethical issues.
 The DFG-Graduiertenkolleg "Human Dignity and Human Rights" employs young researchers at the Max Weber Center and the University of Jena with creation, development and application of a central value of Modernity: the human dignity, including consideration of less history of violence.
 The projects of the Research "Proficiency" deal with the theory-based coverage and promotion of linguistic competence. These are all language modalities (reading, listening, writing, speaking), both at the primary are taken as well in second language acquisition in the eye. The research group is actively involved in the design of the gravity profile the Education of the University of Erfurt.
 The Research Training Group of the Forum "Texte.Zeichen.Medien." her profile is not covered by the thematic orientation, but by the transphilologische and interdisciplinary nature of their access to their objects – texts, symbols and media.
 The DFG Research Training Group "Media historiographies" deals with the mutual relationship between history and media. The question of a "history of the media 'with the question of" media history "intertwined: how different media to determine the encoding of historical situations and processes? And how media and media techniques to bring out their own particular history?
 The Platform regions of the world & Interactions

University projects
In the summer semester of 2003, a project group was formed at the university to take part in the National Model United Nations (NMUN) in New York City in April 2004. The pilot project has become a regular, student-organized seminar at the university. The various groups received several awards for their participation at the conference in 2006, 2007, and 2008.

People

Original foundation (1392–1816)
 Martin Luther, theologian
 Ulrich von Hutten, Lutheran supporter
 Johannes Gutenberg, printer (attendance debated)
 Christoph Martin Wieland, poet
 Konrad of Megenberg, historian
 Johannes de Indagine, Carthusian monk and theologian
 Johann Hieronymus Kniphof, physician and botanist

Re-establishment (since 1996)

Presidents
 Peter Glotz, politician and social scientist (1996–1999)
 Wolfgang Bergsdorf, political scientist(2000–2007)
 Kai Brodersen, ancient historian (2008–2014)
 Walter Bauer-Wabnegg, narratologist (2014 -)

Faculty
 Cornelia Betsch, psychologist
 Beate Hampe, linguist
 Martin Mulsow, historian
 Susanne Rau, historian
 Jörg Rüpke, classicist and historian of religions
 Gila Schauer, linguist

Alumni
 Andreas Bausewein, politician

See also
 List of medieval universities
 List of universities in Germany
 Education in Germany

References

External links

Erfurt
Martin Luther
Erfurt
1390s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1392 establishments in Europe
Educational institutions disestablished in 1816
1816 disestablishments in Germany
Educational institutions established in 1994
1994 establishments in Germany
Universities and colleges in Thuringia

University of Erfurt


Robert Reed (October 19, 1932 – May 12, 1992) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Mike Brady on The Brady Bunch. He also played major roles in The Defenders and Rich Man, Poor Man. He was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards during the 1970s.

Reed was born John Robert Rietz in Highland Park, Illinois. He also grew up in Muskogee, Oklahoma and Navasota, Texas.

Reed was gay but kept this private. He died on May 12, 1992, in Pasadena, California. He was 59 years old. His death was originally said to have been caused by colon cancer. It was later revealed to have been hastened by HIV.

References

Other websites

American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in California
Deaths from AIDS
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT people from Illinois
LGBT people from Oklahoma
LGBT people from Texas
Actors from Highland Park, Illinois
Infectious disease deaths in California
1932 births
1992 deaths
People from Muskogee, Oklahoma
Actors from Oklahoma

Robert Reed


A cliff is a vertical or very steep natural wall of rock.

Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments and along rivers. Cliffs are usually formed by rock that is resistant to erosion and weathering. Sedimentary rocks most likely to form cliffs include sandstone, limestone, chalk, and dolomite. Igneous rocks such as granite and basalt also often form cliffs. An escarpment (or scarp) is a type of cliff, formed by the movement of a geologic fault, or a landslide. Cliffs are known for forming major geographical features such as waterfalls.

The tallest cliff in the solar system may be Verona Rupes, an approximately 20 km (12 mile) high cliff on Miranda, a moon of the planet Uranus.

The Ordnance Survey distinguishes between cliffs (continuous line along the top edge with projections down the face) and outcrops (continuous lines along lower edge).

Major cliffs

Asia
Above Sea
The Cliff of Kurosakitakao, Mikurajima, Tokyo prefecture, Japan 480 m above Pacific Ocean

Above Land
 Nanga Parbat, Pakistan Occupied Kashmir, 4600 m
 Great Trango Towers, Baltoro Muztagh, Northern Areas, Pakistan, 1340 m
 Uli Biaho Towers, Baltoro Glacier, Northern Areas, Pakistan
 Baintha Brakk (The Ogre), Panmah Muztagh, Northern Areas, Pakistan
 The Latok Group, Panmah Muztagh, Northern Areas, Pakistan
 Various cliffs in the Ak-Su Valley of Kyrgyzstan cliffs are high and steep.
 Masada, Israel, Dead Sea

Europe
Above Sea
Hornelen, Norway, 860 m above Frøysjøen
Cape Enniberg, Faroe Islands, 750 m above North Atlantic
Croaghaun, Achill Island, Ireland, 668 m above Atlantic Ocean
Vixía Herbeira, Northern Galicia, Spain, 621 m above Atlantic Ocean
Preikestolen, Norway, 604 m above Lysefjorden
Slieve League, Ireland, 601 m above Atlantic Ocean
Cabo Girão, Madeira, 589 m above Atlantic Ocean
Conachair, St Kilda, Scotland 427 m above Atlantic Ocean
Cap Canaille, France, 416 m above Mediterranean Sea is the highest sea cliff in France
St John's Head (Hoy Orkney Islands Scotland) at 335 m is the  most vertical sea cliff in the UK
Hangman cliffs, Devon, 318 m above Bristol Channel is the highest sea cliff in England
 White Cliffs of Dover, above the English Channel

Above land
Troll Wall, Norway 1100 m above base
Mięguszowiecki Szczyt north face rises to 1043 m above Morskie Oko lake level, High Tatras, Poland
Kjerag, Norway 984 m
Mały Kieżmarski Szczyt (north face), Tatra Mountains, Slovakia about 900 m denivelation (vertical rise)
Giewont (north face), Tatra Mountains, Poland, 852 m above Polana Strążyska glade
Kazalnica Mięguszowiecka, Tatra Mountains, Poland, 576 m above the Czarny Staw pod Rysami
The six great north faces of the Alps (Cima Grande di Lavaredo, Eiger, Grandes Jorasses, Matterhorn, Petit Dru and Piz Badile)

North America
 Mount Thor, Baffin Island, Canada; 1,370 m (4,500 ft) total; top 480 m (1,600 ft) is overhanging. This is commonly regarded as being the largest purely vertical drop on Earth at 1,250 m (4,100 ft).
 The sheer north face of Polar Sun Spire, in the Sam Ford fjord of Baffin Island, has been reported as exceeding Mount Thor's west face in height.
 Ketil's west face in Tasermiut, Greenland (also known as God's Thumbnail), has been reported as 1,400 – 1,450 m high, but there are arguments.

Other notable cliffs include:
 Mount Asgard, Baffin Island, Canada; vertical drop of about 1,200 m (4,000 ft).
 A variety of other cliffs measured at approximately 1,000 m (3,280 ft) in height can be found along the Sam Ford fjord in Baffin Island, such as Walker Citadel, Kiguti Peak and Great Sail Peak, whilst there are others in Querbitter Fjord, and in Tasermiut, Greenland.
 El Capitan, Yosemite Valley, Sierra Nevada, California, United States; about 900 m (3,000 ft) high
 Northwest Face of Half Dome, near El Capitan; 1,340 m (4,400 ft) total, vertical portion about 610 m (2,000 ft)
 Painted Wall in Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Colorado, United States; 685 m (2,250 ft)
 The west face of Notch Peak in southwestern Utah, United States; a limestone cliff of about 670 m (2,200 ft)
 All faces of Devil's Tower, Wyoming, United States
 Various faces of Shiprock, New Mexico, United States
 The North Face of North Twin Peak, Rocky Mountains, Alberta, Canada
 All walls of the Stawamus Chief, Squamish, British Columbia, Canada
 Calvert Cliffs along the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland
 Mt Siyeh Glacier National Park North Face 4200 ft sheer cliff

South America

 Autana Tepui, Venezuela, stands 1,300 m above the forest floor.
 Auyan Tepui, Venezuela, about 1000 m  (location of Angel Falls) (the falls are 979 m, the highest in the world)
 Pared de Gocta, Peru, 771 m
 Fortaleza canyon, Aparados da Serra National Park, Brazil, about 720 m
 Pedra Azul, Pedra Azul State Park, Espirito Santo, Brazil, 540 m
 Pão de Açúcar/Sugar Loaf, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 395 m
 All faces of Cerro Torre, Patagonia, Chile-Argentina
 All faces of Cerro Chalten (Fitz Roy), Patagonia, Argentina-Chile
 Various faces of the Torres del Paine group, Patagonia, Chile

Africa
Above Sea
Kogelberg, Western Cape, South Africa, 1289 m above False Bay, Atlantic Ocean
Table Mountain, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, 1086 m above Atlantic Ocean
Twelve Apostles, Cape Town, South Africa. A series of 17 precipitous peaks (all sharp cliff faces) ranging from ca 700 m to 1067 m above the Atlantic Ocean
Risco de Faneque, Gran Canaria-Canary Islands, Spain, 1027 m above Atlantic Ocean
Guguy's Cliffs, Gran Canaria-Canary Islands, Spain, 725 m above Atlantic Ocean
La Mérica, La Gomera-Canary Islands, Spain, 711 m above Atlantic Ocean
Andén Verde, Gran Canaria-Canary Islands, Spain, 690 m above Atlantic Ocean
Karbonkelberg, Western Cape, South Africa, 653 m above Hout Bay, Atlantic Ocean
La Peña's Cliffs, El Hierro-Canary Islands, Spain, 652 m above Atlantic Ocean
Los Gigantes, Tenerife-Canary Islands, Spain, 637 m above Atlantic Ocean

Oceania
Above Sea
 Kalaupapa, Hawaii, 1010 m above Pacific Ocean

References

Footnotes

Landforms

Cliff


In phonetics, a nasal, cried a nasal occlusive as weel, nasal stap in contrast wi a nasal fricative, or nasal continuant, is an occlusive consonant makt wi a lawered velum, allouin air tae mak its wye freely oot the neb. Nasal occlusives are nearly universal in human leids. There are ither kinds o nasal consonants in some leids an aa.

Nasal consonant


Kenneth Wayne Patera (born November 6, 1942) is an American retired professional wrestler, Olympic weightlifter, and strongman competitor from the United States.

Early athletic career
Ken Patera, from a Czech-American family, was strong and extraordinarily athletic, with many people in his family also successful in athletics. His brother, Jack Patera, played football for the Baltimore Colts and was the head coach for the Seattle Seahawks from 1976 until 1982. His brother, Dennis Patera, played for the San Francisco 49ers. Ken played football at Cleveland High School in Portland, Oregon, and wrestled at 193 pounds. Track and field was his first love, however, and he competed in the high hurdles and high jump, but a serious ankle injury forced him to switch to the shot put and discus in high school. Ken grew to become one of the nation's premier track and field weight throwers, competing at Brigham Young University. After his disappointing sixth-place finish in the shot-put at the 1968 Olympic trials, he turned his full and complete attention towards Olympic weightlifting.

Weightlifting career
Before becoming a professional wrestler, Patera was a highly decorated Olympic weightlifter. He won several medals at the 1971 Pan American Games (including gold in the weightlifting total), and finished second in the 1971 World Weightlifting Championships just behind Vasily Alekseyev. On his native soil, Patera won four consecutive U.S. Weightlifting Championships in the super heavyweight class from 1969 to 1972. He was the first American to clean and jerk over 500 lbs (227 kg), which he accomplished at the 1972 Senior Nationals in Detroit. He is also the only American to clean and press 500 lbs (227 kg), and was the last American super heavyweight for years to excel at weightlifting at an international level. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, Patera was expected to be a serious competitor to Vasily Alekseyev, but he failed to total and was not among the medal recipients. Vasily Alekseyev even stated to the media that Patera was even stronger than him, illustrated by a 550-pound overhead push press (off the racks) that Patera had allegedly done in practice. Nevertheless, when it came to competing, Alekseyev was always the winner. After the clean and press (a lift in which Patera was disproportionately talented) was eliminated from competition, Patera retired from weightlifting.

Personal records
official records – all achieved at a meet in San Francisco on July 23, 1972
 Snatch –
 Clean and jerk –
 Clean and press –
 Olympic three-lift total –
 The highest three-lift total ever made by an American

When measured for the 1972 Olympics, he weighed  at a height of .

Strongman career
Patera also competed in the inaugural World's Strongest Man contest in 1977, finishing third behind Bruce Wilhelm and Bob Young.

Being a legitimate weightlifter and strongman, Patera also performed feats of strength during his wrestling career. On an episode of Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling, in 1978, Patera and Tony Atlas performed various feats of strength, including driving nails through boards, blowing up a hot water bottle until it popped, bending spikes wrapped in a towel and bending bars over their necks.

Professional wrestling career
Patera became a "strongman" in professional wrestling in 1973, following his weightlifting career. After a stint in the AWA, his first major feud was in the Mid-Atlantic territory against then United States Heavyweight Champion Johnny Valentine, with Patera as the babyface. The Patera-Valentine house show runs were set up by a TV angle in which Valentine would draw a name out of a fishbowl every week, and the next week wrestle the man whose name he drew. For the first few weeks, Valentine drew the names of one jobber after another, all the time voicing his opposition to wrestling Patera. Finally, Valentine drew a name – and it was Patera's. Patera then appeared on screen and revealed that he had replaced every slip of paper with one that said "Ken Patera". The next week, the two men met in a 10-minute time limit match on TV, with Patera putting Valentine under with a headlock/chinlock when the bell rang to signify the time limit had expired. Officially, the match ended in a draw, but with Patera on the verge of defeating Valentine (who had been portrayed as nearly unbeatable) on television. The two were matched in a series of house show main events, with Valentine always coming out on top and retaining the U.S. championship.

Patera wrestled mainly as a heel for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), and American Wrestling Association (AWA) during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1977, he challenged Bruno Sammartino for the WWWF Heavyweight Championship. This was a huge draw around the northeastern part of the United States and at Madison Square Garden, and was one of Sammartino's last great challengers before losing the title to Superstar Billy Graham, which ended his second, shorter WWF title reign. When Bob Backlund later won the title, Patera also unsuccessfully challenged him. At the height of his career, in 1980, he simultaneously held the WWF's Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship, and the NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship, two very prestigious titles of that era. He was one of the most hated heels in wrestling (winning Pro Wrestling Illustrateds Most Hated Wrestler Award in 1977), and often used his swinging full nelson to "injure" babyface opponents during matches (most notably Billy White Wolf in August 1977). Patera returned to the Mid-Atlantic territory as a heel, defeating area legend Chief Wahoo McDaniel for the Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship in April 1978. Patera held that title, off and on, for over a year, losing it to, and regaining it from, Tony Atlas. Patera then lost the title to fellow AWA alumnus Jim Brunzell, in Richmond, Virginia.

Patera was an integral part of the Heenan Family in the AWA (1982–1983), and later in the WWF (1984–1985). While in the AWA, he feuded with Hulk Hogan, Greg Gagne and Jim Brunzell. During Heenan's absence in 1983, caused by a back injury, Patera joined forces with manager Sheik Adnan El-Kaissie and formed a tag team with Jerry Blackwell known as "the Sheiks" (with Patera calling himself "Sheik Lawrence of Arabia"); both men wore Arabian-style garments and feuded with the High Flyers (Greg Gagne and Jim Brunzell) over the AWA World Tag Team Championship, winning the belts in June 1983. Patera and Blackwell later lost the titles to Baron von Raschke and the Crusher. In the WWF, Patera resumed his feud with Hogan, challenging him for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship on May 25, 1985 at the Spectrum and also assisted Big John Studd in his feud with André the Giant, helping Studd cut Andre's hair after both had attacked him. The WWF brought Patera back to the company in the spring of 1987 after he had spent the previous year in prison (see below), airing vignettes on WWF TV and releasing a Coliseum Video cassette entitled The Ken Patera Story, which chronicled his career and his return. He was in top physical condition at this point, and his appearance had changed, as he wore natural brown hair, rather than his previous bleached blonde look. On the Right After Wrestling program on Sirius Satellite Radio Channel 98, Patera told hosts Arda Ocal and Jimmy Korderas that his natural hair color was brown and he had decided to wrestle in his natural hair color later in his career. To ensure he would be accepted as a babyface, he claimed that former manager Bobby Heenan had abandoned him and "sold him down the river" while he was in prison. Patera and Heenan held a debate to air their differences, which turned into a physical confrontation between the two that culminated in Patera swinging Heenan with a belt around his neck, causing Heenan to appear on television with a neck brace for months. Patera then began feuding with the Heenan Family (at the time composed of Paul Orndorff, Harley Race, King Kong Bundy and Hercules). In his first match back at Madison Square Garden, the final match of the night, he defeated the Honky Tonk Man via submission with a bearhug, to a huge ovation.

Shortly after his return, Patera ruptured the bicep tendon in his right arm, which led him to miss some time and re-emerge afterward with a stiff and bulky full-length brace for protection. Within six months, Patera was being defeated by newer, younger talent and found himself floundering in a mid-card tag team with fellow Oregonian Billy Jack Haynes. The pair would later feud with Demolition after a televised match where Demolition left Haynes, Patera, and Brady Boone (who played Haynes' cousin) beaten and lying in the ring. In his final televised WWF matches in late 1988 (losses to Bad News Brown, Dino Bravo, "Outlaw" Ron Bass, One Man Gang, "Ravishing" Rick Rude, Curt Hennig, Ted Dibiase, "Dangerous" Danny Davis, Haku (wrestler), Boris Zhukov, The Honky Tonk Man, Greg Valentine, and "Red Rooster" Terry Taylor), commentators Gorilla Monsoon and Lord Alfred Hayes remarked on-air that Patera's skills were in decline and that he should consider retirement. His final appearance for the WWF was at the 1988 Survivor Series on November 24, where he was the first member of his team to be eliminated when "Ravishing" Rick Rude pinned him with the Rude Awakening. Patera returned to the AWA in early 1989 and unsuccessfully challenged the new AWA world champion Larry Zbyszko for the title. He then teamed with Brad Rheingans as "the Olympians." The team defeated Badd Company for the AWA World Tag Team Championship shortly thereafter, but their reign was brief. Fellow weightlifter-turned-wrestler Wayne Bloom challenged Patera to a "car-lifting challenge" in order to get a title shot for him and his partner, Mike Enos. When it was Patera's turn to lift, Enos and manager Johnny Valiant attacked and (kayfabe) injured Patera and Rheingans. This led to the AWA stripping Patera and Rheingans of the title. Rheingans left wrestling for several months in order to have a legitimate knee operation. Patera continued to feud with Bloom and Enos until he left the AWA. Upon his return to the AWA in early 1990, Rheingans resumed the feud until the AWA's demise.

Patera went on to wrestle for Herb Abrams' UWF, as well as PWA and on independent cards primarily in the Minnesota area well into the 1990s, sometimes even promoting his own events. On August 12, 2011, Patera made a special in-ring appearance at Juggalo Championship Wrestling's "Legends & Icons" event, facing Bob Backlund in a losing effort.

Personal life
Patera is the younger brother of Jack Patera, who coached the NFL's Seattle Seahawks from 1976 to 1982. He is also the brother of former San Francisco 49ers player Dennis Patera.

He has been married (and divorced) three times and has two daughters.

On April 6, 1984, Patera was denied service after hours at a McDonald's restaurant in Waukesha, Wisconsin, prompting the angry wrestler to throw a rock through a window of the building (Patera claims that a former employee threw the rock, but he received the blame). He and fellow AWA heel Masa Saito later assaulted the police officers sent to arrest Patera at the hotel where they were sharing a room. Sixteen months later, at which point Patera was in the WWF, he was sentenced to two years in prison.

In July 2016, Patera was named part of a class action lawsuit filed against WWE which alleged that wrestlers incurred traumatic brain injuries during their tenure and that the company concealed the risks of injury. The suit was litigated by attorney Konstantine Kyros, who has been involved in a number of other lawsuits against WWE. In September 2018, US District Judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant dismissed the lawsuit. In September 2020, an appeal for the lawsuit was dismissed by a federal appeals court.

Championships and accomplishments
American Wrestling Association
AWA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brad Rheingans (1) and Jerry Blackwell (1)
Cauliflower Alley Club
Men's Wrestling Award (2016)
Other honoree (1999)
Continental Wrestling Association
CWA International Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA Georgia Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with John Studd
NWA Big Time Wrestling
NWA American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Tri-State
NWA Tri-State Brass Knuckles Championship (1 time)
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Tri-State version) (1 time) – with Killer Karl Kox
Pro Wrestling America
PWA Tag Team Championships (1 time) - with Baron von Raschke
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (1977, 1981)
PWI ranked him No. 127 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
PWI ranked him No. 75 of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" – with Jerry Blackwell in 2003
Southwest Championship Wrestling
SCW Southwest Brass Knuckles Championship (1 time)
St. Louis Wrestling Club
NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame (class of 2015)
Universal Wrestling Association
UWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Federation
WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Match of the Year Award in 1980 – vs. Bob Backlund
Most Impressive Wrestler (1980)
Strongest Wrestler (1982)

References

Further reading
Wilhelm, Bruce, "Ken Patera: Titan of Strength", Milo, July 1994.

External links

1942 births
Living people
American Christians
American male professional wrestlers
American male weightlifters
American people of Czech descent
American people convicted of assault
American strength athletes
Brigham Young University alumni
Cleveland High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni
Olympic weightlifters for the United States
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in weightlifting
Professional wrestlers from Oregon
Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon
Heenan Family members
Weightlifters at the 1972 Summer Olympics
WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions
Weightlifters at the 1971 Pan American Games
World Weightlifting Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1971 Pan American Games
20th-century professional wrestlers
AWA World Tag Team Champions
AWA International Heavyweight Champions
NWA Georgia Heavyweight Champions
WCWA World Heavyweight Champions
WCWA World Tag Team Champions

Ken Patera


The cuisine of the United States refers to food prepared in the United States. The European Colonization of the Americas gave way to introduction of many ingredients and cooking styles. These styles extended to the 19th and 20th centuries.

Seafood have been in the United States since pre-Colonial times. Native American ate fish and other seafood in those times.

Pizza is based on the traditional Italian dish which was brought to the U.S. by Italian immigrants. It varies, however, based on the style and development region.

Middle Eastern or Halal food is also popular in the United States.

In the Southern United States, fried chicken is extremely popular, though it is eaten everywhere.

Cuisine of the United States


Schizophreniform disorder is a mental illness. Usually, people suffering from this disorder show certain symptoms of schizophrenia, but they do not have all of them, or the symptoms are not present long enough. To be recognised as schizophrenia, the symptoms need to be present a full six months. If symptoms are not present for that time period, the illness may be classified as shizophreniform disorder.

The disorder can be treated in much the same way as schizophrenia. There are certain antipsychotic drugs and therapies that can help treat the symptoms.

Schizophrenia

Schizophreniform disorder


Scott McCloud (born Scott McLeod on June 10, 1960) is an American artist. He is famous for writing comic books that are about comic books. His book Understanding Comics was published in 1993. It is about comic books as a form of art. He has also written Reinventing Comics (2000) and Making Comics (2006).

In 1984, he created a superhero comic called Zot!. McCloud thought that super heroes were too grim so he made Zot! fun and light-hearted.

McCloud does most of his art on computers with a graphics tablet and software like Adobe Photoshop.

American comics artists
American comics writers
1960 births
Living people

Scott McCloud


Captain Henry Lockhart St John Fancourt  (1 April 1900 – 8 January 2004) was a British pioneering naval aviator, and held important aviation commands with the Fleet Air Arm during the Second World War. When Fancourt died at the age of 103, he was one of the last, if not the last, survivor who had actively been involved in the Battle of Jutland.

Early life and naval career
Fancourt was born in Birmingham, and was the son of general St John Fancourt. He joined the Royal Navy and entered the Royal Naval College, Osborne, in January 1913 at the age of 12. In 1914, at the outbreak of the First World War, like most of his classmates he was sent to sea—in his case, on the battlecruiser HMS Princess Royal.

The Battle of Jutland, 1916
On 31 May 1916, the Princess Royal was involved in the initial engagement of the Battle of Jutland. Two of her sister ships were lost (with nearly 2,000 men) and the Princess Royal was mistakenly reported as having been sunk. In reality she had been hit twice and was hit three more times later in the battle. Fancourt's action station was in the rear gun turret so he did not see much of the battle.

Fancourt was mentioned in dispatches later in the war for his efforts on flotilla escort and patrol duties from Queenstown, Ireland. In June 1919, he was present at the scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow.

Interwar activities
After the war, Fancourt attended Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, to complete his interrupted education. On his return to the Navy he chose to specialise in aviation and qualified as a pilot in 1924 after attending No 1 Naval Pilots Course. The ongoing dispute between the Admiralty and the Air Ministry about naval aviation meant that he held the dual ranks of Flying Officer, Royal Air Force and Lieutenant, Royal Navy.

In 1927, while serving on HMS Argus, he took part in the western military buildup in the Far East when European interests in Shanghai were threatened by fighting between the forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the warlord Sun Chuan Fang.

After a tour in , he was assigned to HMS Courageous in 1929. In August of that year he took part in operations to restore order in Palestine. Working ashore with the RAF, he flew in support of the Army and Navy and made demonstration flights over Jerusalem.

In June 1931, Fancourt was involved in trials, aboard Courageous, of a new system of athwartships arrester cables to catch landing aircraft. He was the first to land using the new system which is now standard on aircraft carriers.

In April 1933, after promotion to Lieutenant-Commander, Fancourt became the first Commanding Officer of the newly formed 822 Squadron. The squadron, formed at Netheravon, flew Fairey IIIF biplanes.

After this assignment he worked in the Admiralty organising the recruitment and training of officers for the expanding Fleet Air Arm. In 1937 the Fleet Air Arm was handed back to the Navy from the Air Ministry. He later served as second in command of the cruiser HMS Neptune, then commanded the sloop HMS Weston.

World War II
In December 1940 he was promoted Captain and given command of HMS Sparrowhawk, the naval air station at Hatston in the Orkney Islands. In January 1941, Fancourt was bady injured when German dive-bombers destroyed the control tower at Lee-on-the-Solent.

In May 1941, he was Mentioned in Despatches for his initiative in sending a Maryland aircraft to reconnoitre for the German battleship Bismarck after poor weather had prevented RAF reconnaissance. He also ordered 828 Naval Air Squadron's Albacore torpedo bombers to Sumburgh, ready for a strike on Bismarck should she come within range, but she did not.

While at RAF Hatston in Orkney in April 1942 Fancourt, flying a Gloster Gladiator, is claimed to have made the first landing of the war by a British plane on an American aircraft carrier when the USS Wasp was passing through Scapa Flow, however Lt Basil Boulding of 812 Sqn has a better claim as he landed Swordfish P4219 aboard the USS Wasp from RAF North Front, Gibraltar, eventually disembarking at RNAS Macrihanish prior to the USS Wasp's arrival at Scapa Flow and joining Force H.
In 1942, Fancourt had been assigned to take command of the escort carrier HMS Searcher, then under construction in the United States. This was cancelled, however, and he took command of the 4th Destroyer Flotilla which consisted of two destroyers, HMS Broke and HMS Malcolm, assigned to Operation Torch, the allied invasion of French North Africa. The destroyers were to land a detachment of American Rangers. The assignment was to enter Algiers harbour on 8 November, land the troops and prevent the Vichy French from scuttling their ships or wrecking the port installations (Operation Terminal).

This turned into a disaster when the commandos that landed on either side of Algiers failed to capture the Vichy artillery batteries. These heavily bombarded Fancourt's destroyers and Malcolm had to withdraw after suffering engine room damage. Broke, with Fancourt, penetrated the defensive boom on her fourth attempt and landed her troops. Broke was sunk by French artillery later in the day but the crew and wounded were transferred to the destroyer HMS Zetland. Fancourt was awarded the DSO for his part in the battle.

In January 1943, Fancourt was placed in command of the Argus, now a training carrier. In September 1943, he was given command of the maintenance carrier , which sailed for the Indian Ocean in December 1943 with reinforcements for the Eastern Fleet, later transferring to the British Pacific Fleet.

Post-war career
In April 1946, he was appointed deputy chief naval representative in the Ministry of Supply. He was retired from the Navy in 1951, not having been promoted to flag rank due to his lack of "sea time", in other words insufficient experience aboard ship. He was embittered by being "bunged out" of the Navy (as he saw it), with just one month's notice.

Fancourt joined the aircraft manufacturer Short Brothers and Harland in Belfast, where he worked until his retirement in 1965. While there, he was chief of staff to Admiral Sir Matthew Slattery, a colleague from No 1 Pilots Course.

The final entry in his flight logbook was in 1956, by which time he had logged 1,317 flying hours.

Family
Fancourt married twice (Lillian Marion Osborne (née Parkin); in 1921, divorced in 1960) and Pauline Bettina Mosley (née Kimble; died 2001); he had two sons and two daughters. Both sons were in the Navy - Michael served in the Fleet Air Arm, and Rodney, who predeceased his father, was a captain in the Royal Naval Reserve and commanded London Division RNR. In 1943, Fancourt landed a Fairey Swordfish with Michael, then a 16-year-old Air Training Corps cadet, as a passenger, on HMS Argus. This was probably the first father-and-son deck landing.

References

External links
 Obituary in The Times
 Imperial War Museum Interview

1900 births
2004 deaths
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
English centenarians
Fleet Air Arm aviators
Fleet Air Arm personnel of World War II
Men centenarians
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy personnel of World War I
Royal Navy officers of World War II
People educated at the Royal Naval College, Osborne
Military personnel from Birmingham, West Midlands

Henry St John Fancourt


Boris Ephrussi (; 9 May 1901 – 2 May 1979), Professor of Genetics at the University of Paris, was a Russo-French geneticist.

Boris was born on 9 May 1901 into a Jewish family. His father, Samuel Osipovich Ephrussi, was a chemical engineer; his grandfather, Joseph Ephrusi (Efrusi), was the founder of a banking dynasty in Kishinev. He published two papers in November 1966 which represented a key step in a decade of research in his laboratory. This research helped transform mammalian, and especially human, genetics.

Boris started his scientific training as a Russian émigré in 1920. He studied the initiation and regulation of embryological processes by intracellular and extracellular factors. A major strand of his early research concerned the effect of temperature on the development of fertilized sea urchin eggs. In this work he used a micromanipulator, which was developed by Robert Chambers, an American biologist.

During Ephrussi's time, writing a second dissertation was standard practice in France. Ephrussi's involved culturing tissues. Ephrussi ran into difficulties typically associated with early tissue culture techniques, but despite these obstacles Ephrussi managed to conclude from studies of brachyury in mice that intrinsic factors (i.e. genes) play a key role in development.

As the next phase of his career, Ephrussi coupled his embryological concerns with a firm conviction that one must understand the role of genes in order to decipher embryological processes. He moved to Caltech in 1934 and stayed until 1935 to learn genetics within the intellectual empire of T.H. Morgan. This move was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation. During this period he conducted important work with George Beadle, who joined him in Paris in the autumn of 1935. There they produced results from experiments with Drosophila eye transplants. This became integral to the work of Beadle and Tatum, who were working with Neurospora, and from this research developed the 'one gene, one enzyme' hypothesis.
During World War II, Ephrussi spent most of his time as a refugee at Johns Hopkins University. Following this he began work in France on yeast and cytoplasmic genetics. He began working at the Institut de Biologie Physicochimique (the Rothschild Institute) in Paris, and later worked at the CNRS at Gif-sur-Yvette, where he studied the contribution of cytoplasm to the cell phenotype and pursued the interactions between nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic endowments necessary to the yielding of an intact, functioning (albeit single-celled) organism. Boris Ephrussi was a pioneer in questioning the consensus at the time that heredity could be accounted for exclusively by nuclear genes. Ephrussi famously said, "we cannot determine the truth of a hypothesis by counting the number of people who believe it."

Ephrussi was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1958), the United States National Academy of Sciences (1961), and the American Philosophical Society in 1970.

Ephrussi continued to work on the topics he was primarily interested until the late 1970s. Topics covered included

using hybrids with teratomas to explore determination and differentiation (e.g. Finch and Ephrussi 1967; Kahan and Ephrussi 1970).
negative regulation of differentiated function (e.g. Davidson, Ephrussi and Yamamoto 1966; Fougbre, Ruiz and Ephrussi 1972).
cellular and genetic biological approaches over a direct attack at the molecular level (Ephrussi 1970, p. 12).

In 1974 Ephrussi won a Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University. Ephrussi lived to see that transplantation was transforming into a genetic tool that would take on a new and more powerful aspect in the molecular era. However he died before seeing the genetic advances made by DNA recombination studies which had been set in motion by the studies he had undertaken. It can be said that Ephrussi was a pioneer of embryology and a main contributor to the reconciliation of modern genetics and Embryology.

He was married to Harriett Ephrussi-Taylor (1918–1968), a geneticist. His daughter, Anne Ephrussi, is a geneticist at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory.

References

 see Ephrussi 1935a

External links
 The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
 The KD Learners Writer

1901 births
1979 deaths
Boris
French biologists
French geneticists
20th-century French Jews
Academic staff of the University of Paris
French people of Moldovan-Jewish descent
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
20th-century biologists
White Russian emigrants to France
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Boris Ephrussi


Monmouth is a small town in south-east Wales. It is about 2 miles from the border with England. It is the county town of Monmouthshire, and just under 9,000 people live there. The River Wye and the River Monnow meet in Monmouth.

History
The Romans built a small fort there called Blestium, but few people lived in the area after the Romans left. Eventually, the Normans built a castle by the River Monnow, after they conquered England in 1066. Monmouth grew in the Middle Ages, with a priory church, and a market street (now called Monnow Street). This street ran between the castle and a fortified bridge across the river, which is the only fortified bridge of its type in Britain.  King Henry V of England was born in Monmouth Castle in 1387, but the castle itself was mostly knocked down after the Civil War in the seventeenth century.

Monmouth was well known at one time for producing Monmouth caps - a sort of woollen headgear worn by soldiers, sailors and others. It also became famous at the end of the eighteenth century, when people such as Admiral Nelson, and many poets and painters, came to visit the beautiful Wye valley nearby. The town also has a famous public school, Monmouth School, which was started in 1615.

In 1840, an important trial took place in Monmouth, of Chartists who had protested that more people should be allowed to vote in elections.  One of the first makers of cars in Britain, Charles Rolls who founded Rolls Royce, was born just outside the town.  He was killed in an airplane crash in 1910 at the age of 33; there is a statue of him in the town centre.

The town today
The town is known for its schools and its many shops, as well as for the services that it provides for its surrounding area.  The hills around Monmouth are covered with woodland and farms.  Monmouth is linked by the A40 road to the M4 motorway at Newport and the M50 at Ross-on-Wye. The town is twinned with Carbonne, France and Waldbronn, Germany.

In 2011, MonmouthpediA was set up as the first Wikipedia project to cover a whole town.

Gallery

Towns in Monmouthshire

Monmouth


David Drew Zingg (December 14, 1923 – July 28, 2000) was an American photographer and journalist. He spent nearly forty years in Brazil (mostly split between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo), beginning in 1964, becoming an important figure in the cultural life of the both cities and the bossa nova movement of the 1960s.

David Zingg was born in Montclair, New Jersey on December 14, 1923. He studied at Columbia University in New York City, majoring in history and literature, where he later gave classes in journalism. He worked in the newsroom of NBC, and volunteered for the U.S. Army Air Force in the Second World War. He was based in England. After he was grounded, he became a war correspondent in France and Germany for the Armed Services Radio.

Zingg was married to Elizabeth Foulk c.1950. Together they had three sons, Peter (b. 1951), Christopher (b. 1955), and Drew (b. 1957). The couple divorced in 1968.
During 1950 to 1952 he was the editor of the United Fruit Company house organ Unifruitco.
In New York City, Zingg was an editor, writer and reporter for Look and Life magazines. He became a free-lance photographer during that period.

Although he was based in New York, Zingg traveled the world and contributed text and photographs to a long list of publications including Look, Life, Esquire, Show, Town and Country, GQ, Sports Illustrated, Vogue, Interview, El Paseante, Zoom, Modern Photography, Popular Photography, The New York Times, the London Sunday Times, the Sunday Telegraph and The Observer.

He covered many famous celebrities, such as John F. Kennedy, Winston Churchill, Che Guevara, Marcel Duchamp, Lawrence Durrell, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Bobby Short and Ella Fitzgerald.

In 1959, Zingg landed in Rio de Janeiro as a crew member on the Buenos Aires-Rio Ocean Race, which he had also covered for Life and Sports Illustrated.

Enamored with Brazil, Zingg began to shuttle back and forth between Rio and New York . His coverage of Brazil's development, including the construction of Brasilia, appeared in various US and British publications. On a four-month assignment covering the arts in South America for Show: The Magazine of the Arts, he was present at the opening night of the Bossa Nova show featuring Tom Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes at Rio's Bom Gourmet Club. He was instrumental in arranging for the seminal 1962 concert of Bossa Nova at New York's Carnegie Hall.

In December 1964, Zingg came to Rio to do a photographic essay for Look Magazine. Zingg did not leave after the shoot, and after three months, he moved out of the legendary Copacabana Palace hotel to the home of the Carioca architect, Sergio Bernardes.

After taking up his own residence in Rio, he began to photograph for Adolfo Bloch's Manchete magazine. In his Carioca phase, Zingg photographed several films of the Cinema Novo movement. In a short time, Roberto Civita invited him to become part of the team which was producing the innovative monthly magazine, Realidade. In 1978 Zingg moved from Rio de Janeiro to São Paulo.

In the almost 40 years of this residence in Brazil, he photographed for a variety of Brazilian magazines, as well as having been a columnist for a number of them. From 1987 until his death in 2000, he worked at the Folha de S.Paulo newspaper, where he wrote a column entitled "Tio Dave" (Portuguese for "Uncle Dave").

David also played a role in the "punk-big-small-pop-rock" band Joelho de Porco with his friend Tico Terpins. A great contribution for the culture of São Paulo underground art-music scene.

David Drew Zingg died on July 28, 2000, in São Paulo, Brazil, of multiple organ failure, after complications resulting from a prostate surgery a month earlier.

David Zingg is survived by his three sons and five grandchildren.

References
  Site with bio, pictures and more, last updated prior to his death. His bio was adapted from this site.
   ISTOÉ Gente obituary.

External links
  Barbra Streisand as photographed by David Drew Zingg.
  Sports Illustrated cover photo with John F. Kennedy, shot by Zingg

20th-century American photographers
1923 births
2000 deaths
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Deaths from multiple organ failure
American expatriates in Brazil
Columbia College (New York) alumni

David Drew Zingg


Karl Peter Heinzen (22 February 1809 – 12 November 1880) was a revolutionary author who resided mainly in Germany and the United States.  He was one of the German Forty-Eighters. He advocated terrorist violence against ruling dynasties and uninvolved civilian populations as a means to an end.

Biography
He was born in Grevenbroich and attended the gymnasium in Kleve. In 1827, he began the study of medicine at the University of Bonn.  He was expelled for a rebellious speech and went to the Netherlands where he was recruited for its Indonesian colonies and shipped out as a subaltern to Jakarta.  He later (1841) wrote a book on his trip and what he found there: Reise nach Batavia (Voyage to Jakarta).  He didn't find the colony suitable for permanent residence, and returned home in 1831.

After he had fulfilled his military service obligation, he worked a short time as a salesman and then as a tax man.  After eight years, he became an executive functionary for the Rhenish railroad in Cologne and later part of the administration of a fire-insurance association in Aachen.  He devoted his leisure time to writing.  Besides the travel book, he published a book of poems (1841; reprinted in Boston, 1867), and after those involved himself in political writings.  Two pamphlets, Die Ehre (Honor) and Die geheimen Konduitenlisten (Secret Lists of Leaders), undertook an objective criticism of the measures of the Prussian government.  His tone was sharper in contributions he made to two newspapers, the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung and the Rheinische Zeitung.

The banning of these newspapers from Prussia prompted him to write Die preußische Bureaukratie (The Prussian Bureaucracy) which was confiscated immediately on its appearance and led to a criminal investigation.  Heinzen fled to Belgium to escape prosecution and in March 1845 began a series of socialist writings with Steckbrief, an indictment of the higher courts of the Prussian Rhine Province.  These writings were distributed throughout Germany.  In 1846, he moved to Switzerland, first to Zurich, then to Bern, Basel and Genf.  All showed him the door, and in the winter of 1847/48 he left for the United States.

 In 1848, Karl Marx published a critique of Heinzen's thought on the topics of morality and dignity. Whereas Heinzen appealed to these concepts, which he found useful for socialist ends, Marx rejected their use as he thought moral arguments against capitalism to be incompatible with scientific socialism, and because he believed the existing vocabulary of morality was compromised by its use in support of capitalism. Marx argued that Heinzen was mistaken in conceiving of morality as ahistorical rather than as a contingent phenomenon emerging from social and economic relationships.

When he heard about the February revolution in France, Heinzen immediately returned to Europe and took active part in the activity in Germany.  He organized an armed incursion of volunteers from France and Switzerland into Baden. After the uprising in Baden was suppressed in 1849, he fled to Switzerland, and then went back to the United States again, via London.  In New York City, for a time he edited the Schellpost, a paper founded by Eichthal.  In 1853, he went to Louisville, Kentucky, where he founded the newspaper Pionier.  He put this out for over a quarter of a century, writing most of it himself.  German radicalism, of which he was one of the pillars, was the recipient of sharp and bitter satire within its pages.

In March 1854, he, Bernhard Domschke, and others deliberated on a statement of principles of the radical Germans which became known in German-American circles as the "Louisville Platform." It denounced slavery, the Fugitive Slave Law, clericalism and isolationism; it advocated free land for genuine settlers, equal rights for African-Americans and women, easier access to citizenship, federally sponsored internal improvements, penal reform, judicial reform, educational reform.  In addition, it advocated the abolition of the office of the President of the United States and the United States Senate and favored a unicameral system with an executive council closely overseen by the legislature.

 Heinzen stood almost alone in the German-language press in his advocacy of women's rights. He furthered the cause by using the nom de plume Lousie Mayen in addressing Arnold Ruge and his position on women's suffrage. German papers occasionally noted feminist lectures of Mathilde Franziska Anneke, but aside from the Neue Zeit of St. Louis (George Schneider's short-lived paper) and Heinzen's Pionier, most German-language newspapers condemned the movement. Forty-Eighters like Reinhold Solger, Christian Esselen and Friedrich Hecker thought suffrage for women would set back culture a century. Heinzen was also an isolated voice in the German-language press which defended the legality of the Grant administration's sale of surplus arms to France during the Franco-Prussian War.

In 1859, he and the Pionier moved to Boston which he regarded as the most culturally advanced city in the United States. The paper had a limited circulation, probably never more than 5,000. Heinzen shrugged off German-born Bostonian's complaints about its lack of coverage of local news.  About five-sixths of the circulation went out of town. In its pages could be found reports from many fields of human endeavor. William Lloyd Garrison praised it highly.

Illness obligated him to abandon the paper in 1879. In addition to his political writings and poetry, he wrote some comedies. He is buried in Forest Hills Cemetery.

Notes

References

Further reading
 Daniel Nagel. Von republikanischen Deutschen zu deutsch-amerikanischen Republikanern. Ein Beitrag zum Identitätswandel der deutschen Achtundvierziger in den Vereinigten Staaten 1850–1861. St. Ingbert 2012.
 Carl Wittke. Against the Current: The Life of Karl Heinzen. Chicago, Ill. 1945.

External links

 Friedrich Engels: Die Kommunisten und Karl Heinzen (Karl Heinzen and the communists)

1809 births
1880 deaths
People from Rhein-Kreis Neuss
German-American Forty-Eighters
19th-century German journalists
German male journalists
German socialists
Massachusetts socialists
19th-century German poets
19th-century German male writers
Prussian emigrants to the United States
University of Bonn alumni
Journalists from Boston
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
German male poets
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American poets
American male poets
Poets from Massachusetts
19th-century Prussian people
German people of the Franco-Prussian War

Karl Heinzen


The International Federation of Catholic Universities (IFCU) is an organisation of over 200 Catholic universities throughout the world.

History
Founded in 1924. Created by a Papal Decree in 1948 as the Fœderatio Universitatum Catholicarum it became the International Federation of Catholic Universities in 1965. The federation has its origins in collaboration in 1924 between the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan and the Catholic university of Nijmegen in the Netherlands. The FIUC facilitates, research, partnership and exchange programmes between catholic institutes of education. The secretariat is in Paris; Institut Catholique de Paris.

Regional groups

The IFCU is broken up into a number of regions of the world:
 Federation of European Catholic Universities (FUCE)
 Association of Catholic Universities and Institutes of Africa and Madagascar (ACUIAM)
 Association of Southeast and East Asian Catholic Colleges and Universities (ASEACCU)
 The Organisation of Catholic Universities in Latin America (ODUCAL)
 Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities (ACCU) in North America
 The Xavier Board of Higher Education in India

List of secretaries-general
 François Mabille, November 2019

References

External links
Official Website

1948 establishments
1948 in Christianity
Catholic education
International college and university associations and consortia
Catholic universities and colleges
International associations of the faithful


Hemmed-In-Hollow Falls is a single-drop waterfall located within the Ponca Wilderness Area of the Buffalo National River in northern Arkansas. The height of the falls is . According to the National Park Service, it is the "tallest waterfall between the Rockies and the Appalachians."

The waterfall is located in Hemmed-In Hollow, a small valley closed in on three sides by  bluffs. The area can be accessed from at least three different hiking trails; Centerpoint Trailhead and Compton Trailhead along State Highway 43 north of Ponca are probably the best choices for those wanting to park and hike in. Of the two, the latter offers the most direct access. From Compton the falls are  from the trailhead, and the route is usually well marked and well maintained, though the hike out of Hemmed-In-Hollow is notoriously steep and difficult. For those floating the Buffalo River, the falls are an easy half-mile trek from the river trailhead and a three-mile hike from Kyle's Landing.

For most of the year the flow over Hemmed-In-Hollow Falls is subdued and during dry periods can diminish to almost nothing. As one looks upward, the water breaks into thousands of individual droplets. Wind swirling in the canyon causes the falls to continually dance about. During times of heavy rain, typically during late winter or early spring, water spills heavily off the cliff.

References

External links
National Park Service Website for Buffalo National River
Hemmed-In Hollow Falls Pics & HD Vid - good flow
Short video of the Falls from the base - low flow
Short video of the Falls from the top - high flow

Landforms of Newton County, Arkansas
Tourist attractions in Newton County, Arkansas
Waterfalls of Arkansas
Plunge waterfalls
Buffalo National River

Hemmed-In-Hollow Falls


The Ross Errilly Friary (, often anglicised in 18th and 19th century sources as Rosserelly) is a medieval Franciscan friary located about a mile to the northwest of Headford, County Galway, Ireland. It is a National Monument of Ireland and among the best-preserved medieval monastic sites in the country. Though usually referred to by locals as "Ross Abbey," this is not technically correct as the community never had an abbot.

The church and bell tower are to the south of a small but well preserved central cloister and domestic buildings are to the north.   Amongst these are a kitchen (equipped with an oven and a water tank for live fish), a bake house, and a refectory or dining area.  The dormitories are on the upper levels.  One unusual feature is a second courtyard or cloister, built to accommodate the friary's growing population.

Like many other abandoned Christian sites in Ireland, Ross Errilly has continued to be used as a burial ground by area residents.  In addition to tombs that date from the friary's active period, many graves dating from the 18th through 20th centuries can be found inside the church walls. In some cases, tombstones comprise the floors of walkways and crawlspaces.

History

Foundation

Both Luke Wadding and the Four Masters (who refer to Ross Errilly in their Annals as Ros-Oirbhealagh) record that the abbey was founded in 1351, but this date has been called into question by numerous historians.  Architectural cues and documentary evidence have given rise to a modern consensus that the friary was founded sometime in the middle of the 15th century, perhaps around 1460. The earliest existing documentary evidence however comes from a reference to the friary in the will of Galway man John Blake, son of Henry, who bequeathed the sum of 40 pence to the friary in 1469. In any case, it is clear from the architectural evidence that any religious building that may have been on the site prior to that time was greatly expanded during the 15th century. Around 1473, a delegation of Franciscans from Ross Errilly went to Donegal at the request of the Tyrconnell clan and founded the Donegal Friary, where the Four Masters would later write their famous Annals.

After the English Reformation

Life at Ross Errilly was disrupted by the English Reformation.  The Franciscans had loudly opposed King Henry VIII's break with Rome, which would prove costly after the schism.  In 1538, English authorities imprisoned two hundred of the monks and banished or killed an indeterminate number of others.  The rest of the Franciscans' history at Ross Errilly would be marked by repeated evictions and other persecutions.

At the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the abbey was confiscated and given to Richard Burgh, the 2nd Earl of Clanrickarde.  Burgh, a descendant of the de Burghs who had helped found the abbey, quietly gave it back to the Franciscans.  In 1572, an enclosing ditch and wall were constructed around the friary.

In 1584, the English crown again confiscated the monastery from the Franciscans and gave it to an English noble who evicted the monks and plundered the building's contents.  In 1586, the Earl of Clanrickarde purchased the monastery and again returned it to the Franciscans.

By the end of the century, however, the crown had once again expelled the monks and converted the monastery into an English garrison for use during the Nine Years' War.

In 1604, Ulick Burke, 3rd Earl of Clanrickarde, continuing to honour the de Burgh tradition of supporting Ross Errilly, financed the rehabilitation and reoccupation of the monastery by the Franciscans.  Their stay was short-lived; in 1612 Lord Arthur Chichester, Lord Deputy of Ireland, ordered the Protestant archbishop of Tuam, William Daniel, to expel the monks and to demolish the abbey's altars.  Daniel apparently complied with the order, but sent advance word to the residents of Ross Errilly and advised them to evacuate the abbey's most precious items.

In 1626, the monks returned to Ross Errilly and enjoyed a quarter-century of relative peace.  Records of the OFM in Ireland indicate that the community at this time consisted of just six priests and two brothers.  One piece of evidence for the friary's occupancy during this period is a handwritten testimonium, dated 27 November 1636, and signed by a Boetius Mac Egan, then a prelate in residence at the friary.

Rebellion and the Cromwellian era

On 18 February 1642, Ulick Burke and the monks were involved in the rescue of about 40 Protestant refugees of the 1641 uprising, including the family of Dr. John Maxwell, the Protestant bishop of Killala. The refugees were being led from the town of Shrule when the Catholic soldiers comprising their escort massacred them.  It's not reliably known how many were killed, but one estimate placed the number of victims at 65.  Burke and the monks brought the survivors back to the Headford area and obtained shelter for them among the townspeople until safe passage to England could be arranged.

The Irish campaigns of Oliver Cromwell brought an end to this era of English tolerance of the Catholic Church in Ireland.  For a few nervous years, Ross Errilly served as an informal refugee shelter for Catholic clergy who had been flushed out of other parts of Ireland by Cromwell's forces.

On 10 August 1656, Cromwellian forces finally made their way to Ross Errilly.  The 140 Franciscans living there had fled a few hours earlier, but the soldiers ransacked the grounds, destroying crosses and other religious iconography and even defiling tombs in search of loot.  Legend maintains that the fleeing monks somehow found the time to remove the bell from the bell tower and sink it in the nearby Black River, where it remains today.  The English Restoration in 1660 brought Charles II to the throne. His nominally tolerant policies towards Catholics allowed the reoccupation and repair of the abbey in 1664.

Final years

The Glorious Revolution of 1688, which deposed Charles' younger brother, the Catholic James II, eventually led to the Popery Act of 1698, which placed a bounty on Catholic clergy.  Once again, the Franciscans of Ross Errilly became fugitives and abandoned the premises.

Local records indicate that by 1712, Franciscans had returned to the abbey.  Some sources indicate that the abbey was abandoned again in 1731, for reasons which are unclear.  What's certain is that by 1753, they had returned to the site.  The property was now owned by Lord St. George, a local noble, who picked up where the Clanrickardes had left off and secretly patronised the abbey.  By this time, the Penal Laws were in effect and St. George risked life imprisonment by supporting the monks. A vengeful family who had lost a lawsuit to St. George reported to the authorities that he was sheltering Catholic religious at the monastery.  St. George learned of the accusations and the monks evacuated the monastery for the last time.  Before authorities arrived at the abbey, St. George had the abbey's interior whitewashed and had employed a group of weavers and their looms inside the building.  The inquiry was ended without further incident, but the sham factory was soon closed and the monks never returned again.

The monks built cabins of wood and stone on a small island in the Black River, about one mile (1.6 km) downstream from the abbey.  The island (which no longer exists) was known informally as "Friars Island," and the community supported the monks with food, fuel and clothing via a wooden drawbridge.  For 36 years, the monks continued to celebrate Sunday Mass in the deteriorating abbey building.  In 1789, a Henry Lynch of Ballycurrin cheaply leased  to the dispossessed monks at the foot of a hill in the townland of Kilroe, near Headford.  By 1801, only three monks remained, though Mass continued to be said at Kilroe until 1804.  There were still three monks in the community when it was closed in 1832.

Abandonment and neglect

In the meantime, the long-abandoned friary continued its descent into ruin.  In 1835, English tourist John Barrow described the abbey as "a remarkably fine old ruin ... in a disgracefully neglected state."  In particular, Barrow was astonished by the large amount of unburied human remains at the site, which included "moss-grown skulls and human thigh and leg-bones strewed about so plentifully that not a step can be taken without encountering them." Geographer Samuel Lewis noted the continued decay in 1837, writing that the abbey was "partially covered in ivy" and that the roof had collapsed in 1812.  Despite the neglect, Lewis was able to report that "one of the windows is still perfect".

William Wilde visited the abbey ruins in July 1866.  Like Barrow, he described "heaps of skulls and bones" in the church and claimed that the site had become notorious for its unburied remains.  Wilde noted with dismay that further "desecration" was being effected by sheep and cattle, which roamed freely through the ruins.  He also credited a nearby resident, Oliver Burke, with some early efforts to preserve the site by "removing obstructions from between the mullions of the beautiful windows" and making "repairs to the tower, thereby rendering it accessible to the top." In 1868, Burke, a barrister by profession, wrote his own account of the friary's history.

Modern use

Today, the ruin of Ross Errilly is maintained by the Office of Public Works and is open to the public free of charge.

It has been used as a filming location for The Quiet Man (1952), the TV series Reign (2013), and films like Moving Target (2000) , The Suicide Club (2000 film)  and Bad Karma (2002).

See also

 List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (County Galway)
 Soraca Jonin

Footnotes

Notes

References

External links
 Ross Abbey at Irish Franciscans OFM
 The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Vol. V, No. I, October 1868 at Library Ireland
 The Dublin Penny Journal, Volume 1, Number 33, February 9, 1833 at Library Ireland
 The Annals of the Four Masters at University College Cork

Franciscan monasteries in the Republic of Ireland
1351 establishments in Ireland
Religion in County Galway
Buildings and structures in County Galway
Ruins in the Republic of Ireland
Christian monasteries established in the 14th century
National Monuments in County Galway

Ross Errilly Friary


Circumnavigation originally meant going around something, by ship. Usually, it means people going around the world. The first known circumnavigation was done by Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan), from 1519 to 1522. Magellan took five ships and went west, from Spain. He discovered a waterway which is now named after him, the Strait of Magellan. Magellan died in a fight with natives on the Philippine island Mactan in April 1521. The voyage was completed under command of Juan Sebastián Elcano. Elcano returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, where the voyage had started, with 18 survivors and valuable cargo in 1522. This proved that the earth was a globe.

Other Famous circumnavigations
 1577-1580 led by the Englishman Francis Drake
 1586-1588 by Thomas Cavendish
 1598-1601 by the Dutchman Olivier van Noort
 1614-1617 by Georg Spielberg, a German who sailed for the Dutch
 1766-1769 by Louis Antoine de Bougainville (The first French circumnavigation)
 1803-1806 by Adam Johann von Krusenstern, first Russian circumnavigation

Sailing

Circumnavigation


Idesia Polycarpa as established by Scopoli is a suppressed name; see Diospyros.

Idesia Polycarpa is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae (formerly placed in the family Flacourtiaceae), comprising the single species Idesia polycarpa. It is native to eastern Asia in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.

It is a medium-sized deciduo Polycarpaus tree reaching a height of 8–21 m, with a trunk up to 50 cm diameter with smooth greyish-green bark. The shoots are greyish-brown, stout, with a thick pith core. The leaves are large, heart-shaped, 8–20 cm long and 7–20 cm broad, with a red 4–30 cm petiole bearing two or more glands; the leaves are dark green above, glaucous below, and have a coarsely serrated margin. The flowers are small, yellowish green, fragrant, and born in panicles 13–30 cm long. It is dioecious with male and female flowers on separate trees; the male flowers are 12–16 mm diameter, the female flowers 9 mm diameter. The fruit is a berry 5–10 mm diameter, ripening orange to dark purple-red, containing several 2–3 mm brown seeds, and often persisting until the following spring.

Cultivation and uses
The fruit is edible either raw or cooked.

The species is occasionally grown as an ornamental tree in other temperate regions including Europe.

References

Salicaceae
Trees of China
Trees of Japan
Trees of Korea
Trees of Taiwan
Dioecious plants
Monotypic Malpighiales genera
Salicaceae genera
Taxa named by Karl Maximovich

Idesia


Elisha Netanyahu (; December 21, 1912 – April 3, 1986) was an Israeli mathematician specializing in complex analysis. Over the course of his work at the Technion he was the Dean of the Faculty of Sciences and established the separate Department of Mathematics. Historian Benzion Netanyahu was his brother, while current Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is his nephew.

Biography
Netanyahu was born in Warsaw, Poland, to the writer and Zionist activist Nathan Mileikowsky. He was the third of nine children. In 1920 the family made aliyah to the Land of Israel. The family eventually settled in Jerusalem and adopted Hebrew name Netanyahu.

Netanyahu went to the Reali School in Haifa, from which he graduated in 1930. He later returned to Reali in 1935 to teach mathematics there. He studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, from which he received his BS, MA and PhD (1942). His advisors were Michael Fekete and Binyamin Amirà. After the graduation he joined the British Army as a volunteer, serving in Egypt and then in Italy as an officer in a unit of the Royal Engineering Corps. He specialized in preparation of maps, which he continued to do during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

After he was demobilized in 1946, he became a lecturer at the Technion. He rose to a professor in 1958, and later became the head of the Mathematics Section, then as Dean of the Faculty of Sciences. His administrative efforts also played an important role towards establishment of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

He had long term visits at Stanford University (1953–54), NYU (1961), the University of New Mexico (1969), the University of Maryland, College Park (1973), and ETH Zürich (1979). In 1980, Netanyahu retired from the Technion and moved to Jerusalem, where he died of cancer in 1986.

Throughout his long career, Netanyahu collaborated with Paul Erdős, Charles Loewner and other leading mathematicians, continuing and expanding the analytical traditions at the Technion.

Personal life
In 1949 Netanyahu married Shoshana Shenburg, his former student at the Reali, who later became the second female justice at the Israel Supreme Court. They had two children: Nathan (b. 1951), a professor of computer science at Bar-Ilan University, and Dan (b. 1954), an information systems auditor.

Elisha Netanyahu Memorial Lectures
The Elisha Netanyahu Memorial Lecture Series was established by the Netanyahu family and the Technion to honor the memory in 1987 with the first lecture by Paul Erdős. In other years, the speakers included Lars Ahlfors, Robert Aumann, Lipman Bers, Enrico Bombieri, Charles Fefferman, Samuel Karlin, David Kazhdan, Louis Nirenberg, Terence Tao, Wendelin Werner, and Don Zagier.

References
 J.M. Anderson, "Obituary: Elisha Netanyahu", Bull. London Math. Soc. 20 (1988), no. 6, 613–618.
 Lawrence Zalcman, In memoriam Elisha Netanyahu 1912–1986, Journal d'Analyse Mathématique, vol. 60:1 (December 1993), pp. 1–10.
 Elisha Netanyahu Memorial Lectures

1912 births
1986 deaths
20th-century  Israeli mathematicians
Einstein Institute of Mathematics alumni
Jewish scientists
Mathematical analysts
Elisha
Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
New York University faculty
20th-century Polish Jews
Scientists from Haifa
Scientists from Jerusalem
Academic staff of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

Elisha Netanyahu


Oneness Pentecostalism, also known as Apostolic Pentecostalism, is a movement of Christianity that split from the Pentecostal movement, at around 1914. Followers believe that the Bible was inspired by God.

"Oneness" means that they believe that God is one being, not three persons (like in the Trinity doctrine), and that Jesus is God in human flesh – fully god and fully human. This makes them different from most Unitarians who say that the son of god was only man. "Apostolic" means that they follow the Apostolic doctrine (by the 12 Apostles in the early Church). "Pentecostal" means that they put an emphasis on the moving of the Holy Spirit (like speaking in tongues) as was done on the Day of Pentecost.

References

Pentecostalism
Nontrinitarianism

Oneness Pentecostalism


A religious order is a group of people who live in some way set apart from others, in accordance with their specific religious devotion. Their principles are usually created from their founder's religious practice.  The order may comprise initiates (laity) and, in some traditions, ordained clergy. Religious orders exist in many of the world's religions. Many orders operate monasteries.

Religious organizations

Religious order


Urine (pee) is a liquid created by the body, in the kidneys. It is stored in the bladder and comes out of the human body through the urethra, a tube which leads from the bladder to the urethral meatus (meatus is an opening in the body), at the tip of the penis (men) or the vulva (women). Urinating is how the body gets rid of unwanted or unneeded substances in the blood. Urine is the liquid that these substances are put in. After the blood has circulated through the body, its composition has changed, because some substances in the blood have been absorbed by the body and because the body has released other substances into the blood. The blood has also absorbed substances produced from our food. The liver removes many toxins (harmful substances) and adds other substances that the blood needs (amino acids, proteins, coagulation factors, hormones, etc.). Then the kidneys remove excess amounts of urea, salts, etc. by putting them into the urine. After the blood has passed through the liver and the kidneys, it has the correct composition that the body needs.

Urine is mostly water, and contains mineral salts, and about 2% urea, which is produced in the liver to remove ammonia, which is a very toxic substance. Urea has very low toxicity, although a continuously high level of urea in the blood (a condition called hyperuremia) can cause disease.

The color of urine normally ranges from colourless to yellow. The yellow color is caused by urobilins, which are produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin, the substance that gives blood its red color. If a person is dehydrated, less urine will be produced (maybe less than one liter per day), and it will be more concentrated. If a person drinks a lot of water, more urine will be produced (maybe as much as two liters per day) and it will be less concentrated.

Urine lets the body get rid of:

 Extra water
 Extra electrolytes (salts)
 Urea (mostly not needed by the body)
 Drugs
 Toxins (poisons in the body)( Note that most toxins are removed in the bile of the liver, which transfers the toxins to the feces. Many descriptions of urine say that some toxins are removed in urine, but do not say what toxins these are).
Some slang terms for urine are "pee", "wee", "wee wees" and "piss".

Related pages

 Urination

Urinary system

Urine


The Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game is a Japanese-American card game developed and published by Konami. It is based on the fictional game of Duel Monsters, which is the main story for the anime series Yu-Gi-Oh!. It is played around the world, but mostly in Japan, North America, Europe and Australia. It was first sold to the public in 1999. In 2009 it broke the world record for most trading cards sold.

Yu-Gi-Oh! is a trading card game in which players draw cards from separate decks and take turns playing cards. The game is like a battle, and the cards have different uses to help the player win the battle. There is one deck of cards for each player. Each deck contains 40 to 60 cards. Each player also has an optional "extra deck" of up to 15 cards that are used in certain situations. There is also a 15-card "side deck", which allows players to modify their deck between games. Players are only allowed three of the same card per deck and side deck. Each player starts with a certain number of "Life Points". To win the game, a player has to reduce their opponent's Life Points to zero. This is usually achieved by using "monster" cards to attack the monster cards of the opponent or damage the opponent's life points. The other two card types are "spells" and "traps". There are many, many types of spells and traps. For example, these cards' effects may eliminate an opponent's card, counter the effects of an opponent's card, or retrieve a specific card from one's own deck, to name just a few. Most monster cards also have extra abilities of their own.

References

Card games
1999 establishments in Japan

Yu-Gi-Oh! (trading card game)