Pinguicula moranensis  is a perennial rosette-forming insectivorous herb in the flowering plant family Lentibulariaceae. It is native to El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico. A species of butterwort, it forms summer rosettes of flat, succulent leaves up to 10 centimeters (4 in) long, which are covered in mucilaginous (sticky) glands that attract, trap, and digest arthropod prey. Nutrients derived from the prey are used to supplement the nutrient-poor substrate that the plant grows in.  In the winter the plant forms a non-carnivorous rosette of small, fleshy leaves that conserves energy while food and moisture supplies are low.  Single pink, purple, or violet flowers appear twice a year on upright stalks up to 25 centimeters long.

The species was first collected by Humboldt and Bonpland on the outskirts of Mina de Morán in the Sierra de Pachuca of the modern-day Mexican state of Hidalgo on their Latin American expedition of 1799–1804. Based on these collections, Carl Sigismund Kunth described this species in Nova Genera et Species Plantarum in 1817. The extremely variable species has been redefined at least twice since, while several new species have been segregated from it based on various geographical or morphological distinctions, although the legitimacy of some of these is still debated.  P. moranensis remains the most common and most widely distributed member of the Section Orcheosanthus. It has long been cultivated for its carnivorous nature and attractive flowers, and is one of the most common butterworts in cultivation.

The generic name Pinguicula is derived from the Latin pinguis (meaning "fat") due to the buttery texture of the surface of the carnivorous leaves. The specific epithet moranensis refers to its type location, Mina de Moran.

Plant characteristics

Habit
Pinguicula moranensis is seasonally dimorphic, in that it undergoes two distinct growth habits throughout the year.  During the summer when rain and insect prey are most plentiful, the plant forms a ground hugging rosette composed of 6–8 generally obovate leaves, each up to 95 millimeters ( in) long. These leaves are carnivorous, having a large surface area densely covered with stalked mucilaginous glands with which they attract, trap, and digest arthropod prey, most commonly flies.  These so-called "summer leaves" are replaced by "winter rosettes" of small, glandless succulent leaves with the onset of the dry season in October.  This protective winter rosette allows the plant to undergo winter dormancy until the first rains begin in May.  Flowers born singly on upright 10–25 centimeters (4–10 in.) peduncles emerge twice during the year (from the summer rosette and again from the winter rosette), a feature rare among the Mexican species. In the summer these appear in June, peak in August and September, and disappear with the return to the winter rosette in October or November.

Leaves and carnivory

The leaf blades of the summer rosettes of P. moranensis are smooth, rigid, and succulent, varying from bright yellow-green to maroon in colour. The laminae are generally obovate to orbicular, between 5.5 and 13 centimeters (2–5 in.) long and supported by a 1 to 3.5 centimetre (–1  in.) petiole.

As with all members of the genus, these leaf blades are densely covered by peduncular (stalked) mucilaginous glands and sessile (flat) digestive glands. The peduncular glands consist of a few secretory cells on top of a single-celled stalk. These cells produce a mucilaginous secretion which forms visible droplets across the leaf surface. This wet appearance probably helps lure prey in search of water; a similar phenomenon is observed in the sundews. The droplets secrete only limited enzymes and serve mainly to entrap insects. On contact with an insect, the peduncular glands release additional mucilage from special reservoir cells located at the base of their stalks. The insect struggles, triggering more glands and encasing itself in mucilage. P. moranensis can bend its leaf edges slightly by thigmotropism, bringing additional glands into contact with the trapped insect. The sessile glands, which lie flat on the leaf surface, serve to digest the insect prey. Once the prey is entrapped by the peduncular glands and digestion begins, the initial flow of nitrogen triggers enzyme release by the sessile glands. These enzymes, which include amylase, esterase, phosphatase, protease, and ribonuclease break down the digestible components of the insect body. These fluids are then absorbed back into the leaf surface through cuticular holes, leaving only the chitin exoskeleton of the larger insects on the leaf surface.

The holes in the cuticle which allow for this digestive mechanism pose a challenge for the plant, since they serve as breaks in the cuticle (waxy layer) that protects the plant from desiccation. As a result, P. moranensis is usually found in relatively humid environments. The production of the stalked capture glands and sessile digestive glands is also costly. A recent study found that the density of these respective glands can be correlated to environmental gradients. For example, capture gland density was found to be highest where prey availability was low, whereas digestive glands density showed direct correlation to prey availability. These results suggest that the amount of investment in carnivorous features is an adaptation to the environmental gradients.

Winter rosette

The "winter" or "resting" rosette of P. moranensis is two to three (maximum five) centimeters (–2 in.) in diameter and consists of 60 to 100 or more small, fleshy, non-glandular leaves.  These are each 10 to 30 millimeters (–1  in.) long and three to eight millimeters (– in.) wide, generally spatulate or oblong-spatulate, and densely covered with fine hairs. The rosette is either open or compact and bulb-like, depending on variety (see below).

Flowers
Pinguicula moranensis produces one to seven flowers during each flowering period.  These are borne singly on upright flower stalks which are green to brown-green in color and usually, like the upper surface of the carnivorous leaves, are densely covered in glandular hairs; the peduncles do, in fact, trap insect prey. The peduncles are 10 to 25 centimeters (4–10 in.) long and taper from two to three millimeters ( in.) at the base to one millimeter ( in.) at the top.

The flowers themselves are composed of five petals which are fused at one end. The throat, the portion of the flower near the attachment point which holds the reproductive organs, is funnel shaped, and the petals flare out from there into a five-lobed zygomorphic corolla. The flowers 30 to 50 millimeters (1 –2 in.) long.  Below the attachment point to the stem the petals are fused into a 15–30 millimeter long spur which protrudes backwards roughly perpendicular to the rest of the flower.

The ovary and attached pistil protrude from the top of the floral tube near its opening, with the receptive stigma surface toward the front. Two 1 millimeter anthers hang from recurved, 2 millimeter filaments behind the pistil. Pollinators exiting after collecting nectar from the spur brush against the anther, transferring pollen to the stigma of the next flower they visit. The flowers can last up to 10 days but will wilt once they are pollinated. Pollinated ovaries ripen into 5 millimeter ( in.) dehiscent seed capsules containing numerous 1 millimeter long seeds. The chromosome count for this species is 2n=44.

The color and morphology of the flowers of this species is extremely variable, a source of delight to the horticulturist and headache to the taxonomist. Some generalizations, however, can be made.

The corolla flares open into five lobes, two upper lobes and three lower lobes. The upper lobes are 7–16 millimeters (– in.) long by 4–9 millimeters (– in.) wide and generally oblong, obovate, or cuneate. The lower lobes are similarly shaped and are 7–20 millimeters (– in.) long by 4–18 millimeters (– in.) wide. The central lower lobe is usually slightly longer than its neighbors. All of the petal lobes have rounded ends. The floral tube that houses the reproductive organs and is visible at the base of corolla lobes is white or lilac in color and 4–6 millimeters (– in.) long. The white color of the floral tube can extend to a variable distance onto the corolla lobes, particularly in a stripe on the lower middle lobe. The color of the corolla lobes generally varies from pink to purple, but has been described by collectors as being "purple, scarlet, rosy-lavender to bluish-purple, dark pink to lavender, pinkish-purple, deep violet-purple, dark purple, bright mauve-pink, bright purple-pink, magenta with [white eye], [and] reddish pale with white eye." A rare white-flowered form is also known.

Taxonomy
Sergio Zamudio Ruiz, in his 2001 revision of the section Orcheosanthus, called the identity and exact delimitation of P. moranensis "perhaps the most difficult problem to solve within the genus". This difficulty is due mainly to the high variability and large geographic distribution of the species, which has given rise to the description of many synonyms since the species was first described nearly 200 years ago. Botanists have attempted to delimitate the species through various morphological, ecological and genetic methods, though to this date some debate remains as to the placement and description of P. moranensis and its relationship to the species to which it is closely related.

Botanical history
Prior to Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland's Latin American expedition in 1799–1804, only 8 Pinguicula species were known to science — 5 from Europe, 2 from North America and P. involuta from Peru. From 1803–1805, three additional species from Europe and North America were described, bringing the total of known species to 11.  In 1817, Carl Sigismund Kunth described 3 new species from Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland'sLatin American expedition: The Peruvian P. calyptrata and the first known Mexican species: P. macrophylla and P. moranensis.   At this point no infrageneric classification had yet been suggested.

In 1844, a French-Swiss botanist by the name of Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle (who created the first Code of Botanical Nomenclature) proposed a division of the genus into three sections based on floral morphology. He placed in the section Orcheosanthus those species with purple, deeply bilabiate corollas with 5 sub-equal lobes, a short floral tube, and a large spur not protruding past this tube. He included four species in this section, all of them from Mexico: P. oblongiloba, P. orchidioides, P. caudata and P. moranensis.  He excluded P. macrophylla H.B.K. on the grounds that it was a "dubious species".

The section Orcheosanthus grew as Charles Morren described P. flos-mulionis in 1872, Eugene Fournier added P. sodalium in 1873 and Sander proposed P. bakeriana in 1881.  In 1879–1888, however, botanist William Hemsley, after studying multiple specimens in herbariums and in culture, came to the conclusion that all the taxa placed in the section Orcheosanthus up to that point belonged to the same single species. Due to doubts as to the identity of the original two species described by Kunth, Hemsley decided to use the name P. caudata Schltdl. for his conglomerate species. This name has been "indiscriminately" applied to members of the complex ever since.

Twentieth century
When Barnhart revised the family Lentibulariaceae in 1916, he recognized six species in the section Orcheosanthus, admitting however that this number was likely to change as others studied the section in the future. Sprague in 1928 proposed that the species joined by Hemsley were probably distinct, but that they were likely so interrelated that distinguishing between them would require observing characteristics that were usually or always indistinct in dried specimens. Sprague recognized eight species in the section: P. moranensis H.B.K, P. caudata Schltdl., P. oblongiloba, P. flos-mulionis, P. bakeriana, a P. moranensis-like P. rosei described by Watson in 1911, and the very distinct P. gypsicola.

In 1966, Casper published the first ever monograph of the genus. He clearly defined his taxonomic organization according to a broad range of morphological and phenotypic characteristics. Casper considered P. caudata, as well as various other taxa, to be synonyms of P. moranensis. He therefore recognized only 6 species for the section Orcheosanthus: P. moranensis, P. gypsicola, P. macrophylla H.B.K., P. oblongiloba, and the two recently discovered species P. colimensis and P. cyclosecta.  Since that time 14 additional species have been discovered and assigned to the section.  When Zamudio redefined the section in 1999, however, he chose to include only 12 species, including all six of Casper's choices.  P. moranensis, therefore, remains in the section Orcheosanthus, along with over a dozen synonyms it has inherited in its 200-year taxonomic history.

Phylogenetics
The varying importance which different authors have placed on various morphological characteristics when determining the taxonomy of the genus has long made the resulting subdivision of the genus a subject of controversy. Zamudio (2001) supported his revision of the section Orcheosanthus with a phylogenetic analysis, using 20 morphological and phenological characteristics. In 2005, Cieslak et al. conducted the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the entire genus Pinguicula.  Using molecular data, they were able to isolate those morphological characteristics that were synapomorphies for various groups, providing evidence for a genetically based taxonomic structure. Their overall results did not support the placement of P. moranensis in the section Orcheosanthus, rather indicating that it should be placed in the section Longitubus along with P. laueana.

In further disagreement with Zamudio's 2001 revision of the section Orcheosanthus, Cieslak et al.'s phylogenetic data indicated that P. rectifolia and several unnamed taxa that had been treated as synonyms of P. moranensis are in fact a distinct complex.  They isolated several morphological characteristics that could be used to differentiate between the complexes, including floral spur length (longer in P. moranensis), flower color (never with a blue tinge in P. moranensis), and the shape of the lateral corolla lobe (exhibiting a twist in P. rectifolia). A more thorough study analyzing numerous P. moranensis populations and other members of closely related taxa is needed to resolve this complex.

Varieties
After extensively studying P. moranensis in habitat, Zamudio (1999) came to the conclusion that the species could be divided into two distinct varieties, mainly on the basis of the shape of the leaves composing their winter (resting) rosettes:

Pinguicula moranensis Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth. var. moranensis
This variety has open winter rosettes composed of leaves which are spatulate in shape and have an obtuse or rounded end. It tends to grow in limestone-based substrates.
Pinguicula moranensis Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth. var. neovolcanica
This variety has a closed, bulb-like rosette of winter leaves which are acicular (pointy) at the tip. It tends to grow on igneous substrates.

Zamudio also noted that these subspecies differed in their preference of soil substrate. He first noted this while attempting to find the population of plants from which Humboldt and Bonpland had collected their type specimens in 1803. Although Zamudio was able to find many populations of the species growing in the areas that Humboldt and Bonpland had visited in the vicinity if Mina de Moran, only one population, the only one growing on limestone, matched H.B.K.'s description and their type and isotype specimens now housed in the herbarium of the French national museum of natural history. The other populations in the area grew on substrate of igneous origin and more closely matched Hooker's 1846 description of P. orchidioides. These latter plants then became the new variety, P. moranensis ssp. neovolcanica.

Distribution and habitat

Pinguicula moranensis is the most widely distributed member of the Section Orcheosanthus. It is also the most common and widely distributed Pinguicula species in Mexico, being found in all the major mountain ranges except Sierra Madre Occidental and Baja California. Locations are known from the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Guanajuato, Nuevo León,  Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Distrito Federal, Veracruz, México, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Morelos, Hidalgo, Guerrero, Zacatecas, Tlaxcala, Quintana Roo, and Michoacán and the Guatemalan departments of Huehuetenango, Quiché, San Marcos, Quetzaltenango, Totonicapán, Sololá, Chimaltenango, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala and El Progreso. Here it grows in mountainous regions between 800 and 3200 meters (2600–10500 ft) in altitude. Generally, the species tends to follow sedimentary outcrops of the Cretaceous period.  P. moranensis var. neovolcanica, however, tends to grow on igneous rocks of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.

Pinguicula moranensis most often grows in oak, pine-oak, or temperate montane woodlands. However, its distribution penetrates into tropical forests and xerophytic shrublands, as well as in gorges and canyon walls with high environmental humidity. P. moranensis prefers humid and shady environments, such as slopes by streams, gullies, or road cuts, or among leaf litter in sandy soil high in organic matter. Its ability to gather nutrients from the arthropod prey it catches allows it to grow in low-nutrient environments where other plants would usually out-compete it. As a result, it is often found in disturbed areas or on steep cliffs or hillsides.  Since its roots do little more than provide anchorage, the plant requires little or no soil, and dense clusters can be found clinging onto boulders, moss or crags in rock faces, or even epiphytically on tree trunks. Common companion plants include mosses, Selaginella, ferns and other herbaceous plants, as well as canopy trees such as pines and oaks.

Cultivation
Pinguicula moranensis is one of the most popular and commonly cultivated Pinguicula, in part due to its large size, large and pretty flowers, and the ease with which it can be grown as a container plant. Most growers use an open soil mix composed of some combination of washed sand, perlite, vermiculite, peat moss, gypsum and/or decomposed granite. Soil should be kept well drained, but watered regularly with distilled water in the summer and only very rarely once the plant enters its winter rosette. The species grows readily on well-lit windowsills, under fluorescent lights, or in warm to hot greenhouses.

Hybrids and cultivars
Although no natural hybrids involving P. moranensis have been reported, the species is known to hybridize quite readily in cultivation.  As a result, a number of cultivars involving the species have been registered and are recognized by the International Carnivorous Plant Society:

{| border="2" class="wikitable"
|+ Hybrid cultivars involving Pinguicula moranensis
! cultivar name !! parentage !! description
|-
|Pinguicula 'George Sargent' Hort. Slack
|P. moranensis × gypsicola
|Lilac flowers, strap-shaped leaves, large winter rosettes.
|-
|Pinguicula 'Hameln' Hort. Studnicka
|P. gypsicola × moranensis
|Wider, P. moranensis like foliage.
|-
|Pinguicula 'John Rizzi' Hort. D'Amato
|P. moranensis × ?
|Large, full flowers; oval, marginless undulating leaves.
|-
|Pinguicula 'L'Hautil'  Hort. L.Legendre & S.Lavayssiere
|P. (ehlersiae × moranensis) × moranensis
|Two forms ("Grande" and "Petite"). P. 'Sethos' × P. 'Huahuapan'
|-
|Pinguicula 'Mitla' Hort. Studnicka
|P. gypsicola × moranensis
|Wider, P. moranensis like foliage.
|-
|Pinguicula 'Pirouette' Hort. J.Brittnacher, B.Meyers-Rice & L.Song
|P. agnata × (moranensis × ehlersiae)
|Hardy clone, attractive rosettes of pink leaves.
|-
|Pinguicula 'Sethos' Hort. Slack
|P. ehlersiae × moranensis
|Large flowers with a white star-like center.
|-
|Pinguicula 'Weser' Hort. Slack
|P. moranensis × ehlersiae
|Large flowers with single white streak down central lower lobe and dark veins.
|}

Additionally, three clones of P. moranensis have been registered as cultivars:

{| border="2" class="wikitable"
|+ Cultivars of Pinguicula moranensis
! cultivar name !! origin !! description
|-
|Pinguicula 'Huahuapan' Hort. Slack
|Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca, Mexico
|Lilac-pink flowers with crimson touches at their base.
|-
|Pinguicula 'Libelulita' Hort. Rice & Salvia
|southern Mexico
|Square-tipped petals, pale purple at edges darkening to deep velvet-red near base, heavily veined, white center.
|-
|Pinguicula'' 'Vera Cruz' Hort. Slack
|Veracruz, Mexico
|Deep rose with basal markings.
|}

Notes

References
Alcalá, R.E. & Dominguez, C.A. 2005 Differential Selection for Carnivory Traits Along an Environmental Gradient in Pinguicula moranensis; Ecology, 86(10), 2005, pp. 2652–2660
Casper, S.J. 1966. Monographie der Gattung Pinguicula L. Heft 127/128, Vol 31. Stuttgart: Bibliotheca Botanica
Cieslak, T., Polepalli, J.S., White, A., Müller, K., Borsch, T., Barthlott, W., Steiger, J., Marchant, A. & Legendre, L. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae): chloroplast DNA sequences and morphology support several geographically distinct radiations; American Journal of Botany. 2005;92:1723–1736.
Candonelle, A.P. De. 1844. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis; Tomo VIII. Paris. pp. 26–32.
D'Amato, P. 1998. The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press.
Ernst, A. 1961 Revision der Gattung Pinguicula Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 80(2): 145–194
Hemsley, W.B. 1879–1888. Botany. In: Godwin, F.D. & O. Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana. R.H.Porter, London. 5 vol.
Hooker, J.D. 1846 P. orchidioides. Botanical Magazine. 72: tab. 4231
Humboldt, A., A. Bonpland & C.S. Kunth. 1817. Nova genera et species plantarum. II: pp. 225–226
Legendre L (2000). "The genus Pinguicula L. (Lentibulariaceae): an overview". Acta Botanica Gallica 141 (1): 77–95.
Mc Vaugh, R. & J.T.Mickel 1963. Notes on Pinguicula, sec. Orcheosanthus. Brittonia, Vol. 15, Issue 2 (apr. 15, 1963), p. 134–140
Morren, E. 1872. Notice sure le Pinguicula flos-Mulionis Ed. Mn. ou Grassette Fleur de Muletier, Fig. Pl. XXVII. Belgique Hort. 22:371–374
Zamudio Ruiz, S. 2001 Revision de la seccion Orcheosanthus del Genero Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Sessé, M. & J. M. Mociño. 1893. Plantae Novae Hispaniae. 2a. Ed. México. Oficina Tipográfica de la Secretaria de Fomento, México, D.F. 175 pp.
Speta, F. & F. Fuchs 1989 Drei neue Pinguicula-Arten der Sektion Orcheosanthus DC. aus Mexiko; Phyton (Austria), vol. 29, fasc. 1, pp. 93–103
Sprague, T.A. 1928. The orchid-flowered butterworts. Kew Bull. 6: 230–234
Watson, W. 1911. Pinguicula rosei. Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 29: 82.
Zamudio, S. 1999 Notas sobre la identidad de Pinguicula moranensis H.B.K., con la description de una variedad nueva'', Acta Botanica Mexicana, 1999, vol.49, pages 23–34

External links

A World of Pinguicula — Articles, photos, taxonomic and horticultural information
Carnivorous Plant Photo Finder: Pinguicula
International Carnivorous Plant Society
Pinguicula Discussion Forum

moranensis
Carnivorous plants of North America
Flora of Guatemala
Flora of the Yucatán Peninsula
Flora of Central Mexico
Flora of Campeche
Flora of Chiapas
Flora of Guerrero
Flora of Hidalgo (state)
Flora of Michoacán
Flora of Morelos
Flora of Oaxaca
Flora of Puebla
Flora of Querétaro
Flora of Quintana Roo
Flora of San Luis Potosí
Flora of the State of Mexico
Flora of Tlaxcala
Flora of Yucatán
Flora of Zacatecas
Plants described in 1817
Taxa named by Carl Sigismund Kunth
Taxa named by Aimé Bonpland
Taxa named by Alexander von Humboldt

Pinguicula moranensis


Ilford is a large town in Greater London, the headquarters of the London Borough of Redbridge. It is also identified as a major area in the London Plan, being located about 9.1 miles east of Charing Cross.

Ilford was once a small settlement in Essex. It started to develop because of its strategic position near the River Roding and the road from London to Colchester. The arrival of the railway in 1839 also boosted this growth, causing trade and development to foster in the area. Ilford became a municipal borough in 1926 as well as expanding and increasing in population. In 1965, however, the municipal boroughs were scrapped and the area was removed from Essex and dissolved into Greater London. Many people still refer to Ilford and other East London areas as being part of Essex.

Ilford is part of the IG postcode area although some parts are in the E postcode area instead.

Ilford


એપ્રિલ ફૂલ્સ ડે અથવા ઓલ ફૂલ્સ ડે તરિકે જાણીતો આ દિવસ, રજાનો દિવસ કે કોઈ પ્રખ્યાત તહેવાર ના હોવા છતાં ભારત સહિત ઘણા દેશોમાં પહેલી એપ્રિલનાં દિવસે બહોળા પ્રમાણમાં અલાયદી રીતે ઉજવવામાં આવે છે. આજના દિવસે લોકો પોતાના મિત્રો, કુટુંબીજનો, પડોશીઓ અને ક્યારેક દુશ્મનો સાથે રમૂજભરી ટિખળ કરે છે. સામાન્ય રીતે આ ટિખળમાં સામી વ્યક્તિને મૂર્ખ બનાવવાનો કે છોભી પાડવાનો મુખ્ય ઉદ્દેશ્ય હોય છે. પારંપરિક રીતે કેટલાક દેશોમાં આવી મજાક-મસ્તીનો દોર ફક્ત બપોર સુધી જ ચાલે છે: જેમકે, યુ.કે., ઓસ્ટ્રેલિયા, ન્યૂઝીલેન્ડ અને કેનેડા, જો કોઇ બપોર પછી આવી રમૂજ કરે તો તેનેજ "એપ્રિલ ફૂલ" કહેવામાં આવે છે. પરંતુ બીજા દેશોમાં અને આપણા ભારતમાં પણ, આવી મજાક આખો દિવસ ચાલે છે.

ઉદ્ગ્મ
એપ્રિલ્ફુલ્સ ડેનું ઉદ્ગ્મ ઘણું વિચિત્ર છે. એક વાયકા પ્ર્માણે ગ્રેગેરિયન કેલેન્ડરને અપનાવાયા પછી તુરંત માં આ દિવસ મનાવવાની શરુઆત થઈ.આ શબ્દનો ઉલ્લેખ અમુક કોઐક વ્યક્તિઓ જે હજી પણ જ્યુલિયન કેલેન્ડર વાપરતા હતાં તેમના સંદર્ભમાં થયો હોય.  In many pre-Christian cultures May Day (May 1) was celebrated as the first day of summer, and signalled the start of the spring planting season. An April Fool was someone who did this prematurely. Another origin is that April 1 was counted the first day of the year in France. When King Charles IX changed that to January 1, some people stayed with April 1. Those who did were called "April Fools" and were taunted by their neighbors.
In the eighteenth century the festival was often posited as going back to the times of Noah. An English newspaper article published on April 13th, 1789 said that the day had its origins when he sent the raven off too early, before the waters had receded.  He did this on the first day of the Hebrew month that corresponds with April.
A possible reference to April Fools' Day can be seen in the Canterbury Tales (ca 1400) in the Nun's Priest's tale, a tale of two fools: Chanticleer and the fox, which took place on March 32nd.

પ્રખ્યાત ટિખળો

 Alabama Changes the Value of Pi: The April 1998 newsletter of New Mexicans for Science and Reason contained an article written by physicist Mark Boslough claiming that the Alabama Legislature had voted to change the value of the mathematical constant pi to the "Biblical value" of 3.0. This claim originally appeared as a news story in the 1961 science fiction novel Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein.
 Spaghetti trees: The BBC television programme Panorama ran a famous hoax in 1957, showing the Swiss harvesting spaghetti from trees. They had claimed that the despised pest, the spaghetti weevil, had been eradicated. A large number of people contacted the BBC wanting to know how to cultivate their own spaghetti trees. It was, in fact, filmed in St Albans.
 Left Handed Whoppers: In 1998, Burger King ran an ad in USA Today, saying that people could get a Whopper for left-handed people whose condiments were designed to drip out of the right side. Not only did customers order the new burgers, but some specifically requested the "old", right-handed burger.
 Taco Liberty Bell: In 1996, Taco Bell took out a full-page advertisement in The New York Times announcing that they had purchased the Liberty Bell to "reduce the country's debt" and renamed it the "Taco Liberty Bell." When asked about the sale, White House press secretary Mike McCurry replied tongue-in-cheek that the Lincoln Memorial had also been sold and would henceforth be known as the Lincoln Mercury Memorial.
 San Serriffe: The Guardian printed a supplement in 1977 praising this fictional resort, its two main islands (Upper Caisse and Lower Caisse), its capital (Bodoni), and its leader (General Pica). Intrigued readers were later disappointed to learn that San Serriffe (sans serif) did not exist except as references to typeface terminology. (This comes from a Jorge Luis Borges story.)
 Metric time: Repeated several times in various countries, this hoax involves claiming that the time system will be changed to one in which units of time are based on powers of 10.
 Smell-o-vision: In 1965, the BBC purported to conduct a trial of a new technology allowing the transmission of odor over the airwaves to all viewers. Many viewers reportedly contacted the BBC to report the trial's success.  In 2007, the BBC website repeated an online version of the hoax.
 Tower of Pisa: The Dutch television news reported once in the 1950s that the Tower of Pisa had fallen over. Many shocked people contacted the station.
 Write Only Memory: Signetics advertised Write Only Memory IC databooks in 1972 through the late 1970s.
 The Canadian news site bourque.org announced in 2002 that Finance Minister Paul Martin had resigned "in order to breed prize Charolais cattle and handsome Fawn Runner ducks."
 Annual BMW Innovations see a new "cutting-edge invention" by BMW advertised across British newspapers every year, examples including:
 Warning against counterfeit BMWs: the blue and white parts of the logo were reversed
 The "Toot and Calm Horn" (after Tutankhamun), which calms rather than aggravates other drivers, so reducing the risk of road rage,
 MINI cars being used in upcoming space missions to Mars,
 IDS ("Insect Deflector Screen") Technology  - using elastic solutions to bounce insects off the windscreen as you drive,
 SHEF ("Satellite Hypersensitive Electromagnetic Foodration") Technology , which sees the car's GPS systems synchronise with home appliances to perfectly cook a meal for the instant you return home,
 Marque-Wiper  - mini-wipers for each exterior "BMW" logo coming as standard on all future models,
 "Uninventing the wheel"  to counter the "EU ban" on right-hand drive cars,
 Zoom Impression Pixels ("ZIP")  to counter new "Slow Cameras"
 "BMW Instant Messaging"  - using Reactive User Sound Electronic (RUSE) particles to display the driver's words to the car in front on the windscreen.
 A compact disc available to all BMW owners, which when played over the audio system performed minor service and diagnostic checks; when flipped over it played soothing classical music (Australia).
 Canine Repellent Alloy Protection  (CRAP)- a means of discouraging dogs from urinating on car wheels. (2008)

ટેલીવીઝન પર
 After 50 years, the 1957 BBC report of the purported bumper annual spaghetti harvest (see Spaghetti trees above) remains one of the most successful TV hoaxes of all time.
 The Trouble with Tracy: In 2003, The Comedy Network in Canada announced that it would produce and air a remake of the 1970s Canadian sitcom The Trouble with Tracy. The original series is widely considered to be one of the worst sitcoms ever produced. Several media outlets fell for the hoax.
 In 2006, the BBC reported that the door to No. 10 Downing Street, the official residence of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, had been painted red.  They showed footage of workmen carrying a red door.  Red was the official colour of the political party which formed the government at the time.  The same story was also reported in the British newspaper, The Daily Mail which credited the new design to April Fewell. The door is in fact black.
 In 2008, the BBC reported on a newly discovered colony of flying penguins. An elaborate video segment was even produced, featuring Terry Jones (of Monty Python fame) walking with the penguins in Antarctica, and following their flight to the Amazon rainforest.
 In 1980, the BBC reported a proposed change to the famous clock tower known as Big Ben.  The reporters stated that the clock would go digital.
 On Comedy Central, the creators of South Park aired a fake episode of Terrance and Phillip titled "Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus instead of running the season premier which was supposed to reveal the father of Eric Cartman.

વર્તમાન પત્રો અને સામયિકોમાં
 George Plimpton wrote a 1985 article in Sports Illustrated about a New York Mets prospect named Sidd Finch, who could throw a  fastball with pinpoint accuracy. This kid, known as "Barefoot" Sidd[hartha] Finch, reportedly learned to pitch in a Buddhist monastery. The first letter of each word in the article subhead spelled out the fact of its being an April Fool joke.
 Lies to Get You Out of the House: In 1985, the L.A. Weekly printed an entire page of fake things to do on April Fools' Day, by which hundreds of people were fooled.
 Comic strip switcheroo: Cartoonists of popularly syndicated comic strips draw each others' strips. In some cases, the artist draws characters in the other strip's milieu, while in others, the artist draws in characters from other visiting characters from his own. Cartoonists have done this sort of "switcheroo" for several years. The 1997 switch was particularly widespread.
 Coldplay to back the Tories - On April 1 2006 the UK Guardian journalist "Olaf Priol" claimed that Chris Martin of rock band Coldplay had decided to publicly support the UK Conservative Party leader David Cameron due to his disillusionment with previous Labour Party prime minister Tony Blair, even going so far as to produce a fake song, "Talk to David", that could be downloaded via the Guardian website. Despite being an obvious hoax, the Labour Party's Media Monitoring Unit were concerned enough to circulate the story throughout "most of the government".

વિવિધ વેબસાઇટો પર

 Kremvax: In 1984, in one of the earliest on-line hoaxes, a message was circulated that Usenet had been opened to users in the Soviet Union.
 April Fools' Day RFC
 Google's hoaxes
 Dead fairy hoax: In 2007, an illusion designer for magicians posted on his website some images illustrating the corpse of an unknown eight-inch creation, which was claimed to be the mummified remains of a fairy. He later sold the fairy on eBay for £280.
 NationStates runs an annual hoax on April 1st. In 2004, the hoax was that there was a population bug and all nations' populations would be reset to 5 million people. In 2005, there was a message (supposedly from the Department of Homeworld Security) that NationStates was illegal by US law. In 2006, NationDates was created. It used a quiz similar to the one taken at the sign-up page, and matched that nation with a random country in the same region. In 2007, many users received "Regional moderator" icons with the promise that they would be able to "wield their awesome power" over other users. For April Fools' Day 2008, NationStates has created a new "World Assembly" in the place of the United Nations, as they had received a cease and desist notice from the United Nations for using its name without consent. This was later revealed to be a non-hoax, and that the inspiration to use it as an April Fools joke came from the assumption it was too unbelievable
 Water on Mars: In 2005 a news story was posted on the official NASA website purporting to have pictures of water on Mars. The picture actually was just a picture of a glass of water on a Mars Candy Bar.
 Microsoft Research Reclaims Value of Pi: In 2008, an executive with the Microsoft Institute for Advanced Technology in Governments posted on his personal blog an updated spoof of the 1998 April Fools hoax claiming Alabama's state legislature had rounded the value of pi to the "Biblical value of 3."  The 2008 hoax claimed that Microsoft Research had determined the true-up value of pi to be a definitive 3.141999, or as expressed in company literature, "Three easy payments of 1.047333."
 Assassination of Bill Gates: In 2003, many Chinese and South Korean websites claimed that CNN reported Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, was assassinated, resulting in a 1.5% drop in the Korean stock market.
 SARS Infects Hong Kong: In 2003 during the time when Hong Kong was seriously hit by SARS, it was rumored that many people in Hong Kong had become infected with SARS and become uncontrolled, that all immigration ports would be closed to quarantine the region, and that Tung Chee Hwa, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong at that time, had resigned. Hong Kong supermarkets were immediately overwhelmed by panicked shoppers. The Hong Kong government held a press conference to deny the rumor. The rumor, which was intended as an April Fools' prank, was started by a student by imitating the design of Ming Pao newspaper website. He was charged for this incident.
 www.howstuffworks.com does an annual bogus article. In 2006, it was "How Animated Tattoos Work"; in 2007 "How Phone Cell Implants Work"; in 2008 "How the Air Force One Hybrid Works"..
 Motoshi Sakriboto: In 2007, the Square Enix fansite Square Haven reported that game music composers Motoi Sakuraba and Hitoshi Sakimoto had announced a merger.  The resulting amalgamated life form was named Motoshi Sakriboto.  The hoax played off the fact that when rival role-playing game developers SquareSoft and Enix merged on April 1, 2003, many believed the news to be an April Fools' joke.
 In 2008, Australian video gaming website company MyMedia, released information and previews on MyMedia: The Movie, the supposed upcoming movie was to be animated and produced by the Australian Film Commission, it was confirmed fake a few days after. The movie was supposedly based on a comic series created by one of the site's editorial staff, Matt Kelly. This has since become an on going website gag about over hyping the non-existent movie through various additional trailers.
 ScoringSessions.com announced that composer John Williams was replaced by Danny Elfman on the upcoming Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull - and provided photos from the scoring sessions.
 RISKS Digest often publishes a special April 1st issue.
 ThinkGeek sends an e-newsletter containing mostly false products each year.  Several of these products have actually become real products due to customer demand, for example the 8-Bit Ties.
  IGN, a famous video game website, created a Legend of Zelda movie trailer which looked realistic on April Fools Day. Many people were excited and tricked into believing that a real Legend of Zelda movie was coming out, but then IGN revealed that it was a fake. Later rumors were spread that a REAL Legend of Zelda film is going to be made.
 YouTube -  In 2008, All of the featured videos on YouTube's front page hyperlinked to the Rickroll. The prank began with international YouTube portals before appearing on the main site.  In 2009 the videos, links and most text were turned upside down.  There was also a link to help view the new site layout with hints such as hanging your monitor upside-down or moving to Austrailia.

એપ્રિલ ફૂલ ડેના દિવસે બનેલી સત્ય ઘટનાઓ
એપ્રિલ ફૂલના દિવસે થતી મજાકોને કારણે ઘણી વાર સાચા સમાચારો અને વાતો પર લોકો તુરંત ભરોસો નથી કરી શકતા.

 The April 1, 1946 Aleutian Island earthquake tsunami that killed 165 people in Hawaii and Alaska resulted in the creation of a tsunami warning system (specifically the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre), established in 1949 for Pacific Ocean countries. The tsunami in question is known in Hawaii as the "April Fools' Day Tsunami" due to people drowning because of the assumptions that the warnings were an April Fools' prank.

 The death of King George II of Greece on April 1, 1947.

 The AMC Gremlin was first introduced on April 1, 1970.

 On April 1, 1993, NASCAR Winston Cup Series Champion Alan Kulwicki was killed in a plane crash involving Hooters of America executives in Blountville, Tennessee near the Tri-Cities Airport.  The party was traveling to the Food City 500 qualifying scheduled for the next day.

 The 2005 death of comedian Mitch Hedberg was originally dismissed as an April Fools' joke. The comedian's March 29, 2005 death was announced on March 31, but many newspapers didn't carry the story until April 1, 2005.

 Gmail's April 2004 launch was widely believed to be a prank, as Google traditionally perpetrates April Fools' Day hoaxes each April 1 (see Google's hoaxes.) Another Google-related event that turned out not to be a hoax occurred on April 1, 2007, when employees at Google's New York City office were alerted that a ball python kept in an engineer's cubicle had escaped and was on the loose. An internal e-mail acknowledged that "the timing…could not be more awkward" but that the snake's escape was in fact an actual occurrence and not a prank.

 The merger of Square and its rival company, Enix, took place on April 1, 2003, and was originally thought to be a joke.

 The announcement of the anime version of the Powerpuff Girls, Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z, was on April Fools' Day causing many to think it was a joke.

 The game Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games was announced only a couple days before April Fools' Day. Forums were flooded because so many thought that the two rivals since the 90's, Mario and Sonic the Hedgehog, appearing together in a video game as an official 2008 Olympics game was a joke.

 British sprinter Dwain Chambers joined English rugby league team Castleford Tigers shortly before 1st April 2008.  The athlete was attempting a return to top flight athletics at the time following a high profile drugs ban, and his apparent unfamiliarity with rugby led many people to assume this was an April Fools' Day prank.

 On April 1st, 2008, it was reported that UEFA would require the Swedish fast food chain Max to close their restaurant at the Borås Arena during the European Under-21 Football Championship due to a conflict with official sponsor McDonalds and a requirement that only official sponsors may operate around the arena. The arena was later replaced as a tournament site.

 On April 1, 1984, singer Marvin Gaye was shot and killed by his father.  Originally, people assumed that it was a fake news story, especially considering the bizarre aspect of the father being the murderer.

 On April 1, 2008, Christian Persch announced that the GNOME desktop web browser Epiphany would be switched from Mozilla's Gecko engine to the WebKit engine used by Safari and KDE's equivalent application Konqueror

વિશ્વમાં આવા અન્ય દિવસો
Iranians play jokes on each other on the 13th day of the Persian new year (Norouz), which falls on April 1 or April 2. This day, celebrated as far back as 536 BC, is called Sizdah Bedar and is the oldest prank-tradition in the world still alive today; this fact has led many to believe that April Fools' Day has its origins in this tradition.

The April 1 tradition in France and French-speaking Canada includes poisson d'avril (literally "April's fish"), attempting to attach a paper fish to the victim's back without being noticed. This is also widespread in other nations, such as Italy (where the term Pesce d'aprile (literally "April's fish") is also used to refer to any jokes done during the day). In Spanish-speaking countries, similar pranks are practiced on December 28, día de los Santos Inocentes, the "Day of the Holy Innocents". This custom also exists in certain areas of Belgium, including the province of Antwerp. The Flemish tradition is for children to lock out their parents or teachers, only letting them in if they promise to bring treats the same evening or the next day.

In Poland, prima aprilis ("April 1" in Latin) is a day full of jokes; various hoaxes are prepared by people, media (which sometimes cooperate to make the "information" more credible) and even public institutions. Serious activities are usually avoided. This conviction is so strong that the anti-Turkish alliance with Leopold I signed on April 1, 1683, was backdated to March 31.

In Scotland, April Fools' Day is traditionally called Hunt-the-Gowk Day ("gowk" is Scots for a cuckoo or a foolish person), although this name has fallen into disuse. The traditional prank is to ask someone to deliver a sealed message requesting help of some sort. In fact, the message reads "Dinna laugh, dinna smile. Hunt the gowk another mile". The recipient, upon reading it, will explain he can only help if he first contacts another person, and sends the victim to this person with an identical message, with the same result. Also Scotland has 2 whole days for pranks, April 1 and April 2.

In Denmark the 1st of May is known as "Maj-kat", meaning "May-cat", and is identical to April Fools' Day, though Danes also celebrate April Fools' Day ("aprilsnar").

Some Jewish communities have a traditional event called a Purim spiel, which is similar in many ways to April Fools' Day. Fake newspaper articles are common.

આ પણ જુઓ
 April Fool is the codename for a spy and double agent who allegedly played a key role in the downfall of the Iraqi President Saddam Hussein.
 Pigasus Award, a tongue-in-cheek honor presented on April 1, given in the field of "Paranormal fraud".
 Sizdah Bedar, the last day of two-week springtime celebrations for the Persian New Year is a day of pranks, just like April Fools' Day.

સંદર્ભ

બાહ્ય કડીઓ

 April Fools' Day On The Web: The most complete listing of April Fools' Day Jokes that Web Sites have run each year from 2004 all the way until the present
 Museum of Hoaxes: Top 100 April Fools' Day hoaxes of all time

મહત્વના દિવસો

એપ્રિલ ફૂલ્સ ડે


Batrachoididae  is the only family in the ray-finned fish order Batrachoidiformes . Members of this family are usually called toadfish or frogfish: both the English common name and scientific name refer to their toad-like appearance (batrakhos is Greek for frog).

Toadfish are benthic ambush predators that favor sandy or muddy substrates where their cryptic coloration helps them avoid detection by their prey. Toadfish are well known for their ability to "sing", males in particular using the swim bladder as a sound-production device used to attract mates.

Description
Toadfish are usually scaleless, with eyes set high on large heads. Their mouths are also large, with both a maxilla and premaxilla, and often decorated with barbels and skin flaps. They are generally drab in colour, although those living on coral reefs may have brighter patterns. They range in size from  length in Thlassophryne megalops, to  in the Pacuma toadfish.

The gills are small and occur only on the sides of the fish.  The pelvic fins are forward of the pectoral fins, usually under the gills, and have one spine with several soft rays. For the two separate dorsal fins, the first is smaller with spines, while the second has from 15 to 25 soft rays.  The number of vertebrae range from 25 to 47.

Toadfishes of the genus Porichthys, the midshipman fishes, have photophores and four lateral lines. All toadfishes possess sharp spines on the first dorsal fin and on the opercle (gill cover). In fish of the subfamily Thalassophryninae, these are hollow and connect to venom glands capable of delivering a painful wound to predators.

Distribution and habitat
Toadfishes are found worldwide. Most toadfish are marine, though some are found in brackish water and one subfamily, the Thalassophryninae, is found exclusively in freshwater habitats in South America. In particular, Daector quadrizonatus and Thalassophryne amazonica are known from the Atrato River in Colombia and the Amazon River, respectively.

Habits and reproduction
Toadfishes are bottom-dwellers, ranging from near-shore areas to deep waters. They tend to be omnivorous, eating sea worms, crustaceans, mollusks, and other fish.  They often hide in rock crevices, among the bottom vegetation, or even dig dens in the bottom sediments, from which they ambush their prey. Toadfish can survive out of water for as long as 24 hours, and some can move across exposed mudflats at low tide using their fins.

Males make nests, and then attract females by "singing", that is, by releasing air by contracting muscles on their swim bladders. The sound has been called a 'hum' or 'whistle', and can be loud enough to be clearly audible from the surface. The eggs are sticky on one side, so the female can attach them to the side of the nest. Each male attracts numerous females to his nest, so the eggs within have multiple mothers.

The male then guards the nest against predators. During this period, the male must survive on a limited supply of food, as he is not able to leave the immediate vicinity to hunt. The eggs rapidly develop into embryos, but these remain attached to the side of the nest until the age of about three to four weeks. After this time, they continue to cluster around and hide behind the male, until they are large enough to fend for themselves. This degree of parental care is very unusual among fishes.

Genera
About 83 species of toadfishes are grouped into 21 genera, as:

Order Batrachoidiformes
 Family Batrachoididae
 Subfamily Batrachoidinae
 Genus Amphichthys (two species)
 Genus Batrachoides (9 species)
 Genus Opsanus (six species)
 Genus Potamobatrachus (one species)
 Genus Sanopus (six species)
 Genus Vladichthys (one species)
 Subfamily Halophryninae
 Genus Allenbatrachus (three species)
 Genus Austrobatrachus (two species)
 Genus Barchatus (one species)
 Genus Batrachomoeus (five species)
 Genus Batrichthys (two species)
 Genus Bifax (one species)
 Genus Chatrabus (three species)
 Genus Colletteichthys (three species)
 Genus Halobatrachus - Lusitanian toadfish (one species)
 Genus Halophryne  (four species)
 Genus Perulibatrachus (three species)
 Genus Riekertia - broadbodied toadfish (one species)
 Genus Triathalassothia (two species)
 Subfamily Porichthyinae
 Genus Aphos (one species)
 Genus Porichthys - midshipmen (14 species)
 Subfamily Thalassophryninae
 Genus Daector (five species)
 Genus Thalassophryne (six species)

Timeline of genera

Economics
Toadfish are not normally commercially exploited, but they are taken by local fishermen as a food fish, and by trawlers where they usually end up as a source of fishmeal and oil.  Some smaller toadfish from brackish-water habitats have been exported as freshwater aquarium fishes.

The western Atlantic species Opsanus tau, known as the oyster toadfish, is quite widely used as a research animal, while a few species, most notably Thalassophryne amazonica, are occasionally kept as aquarium fish.

See also
List of fish common names
List of fish families

References

Further reading
 Nelson, Joseph S. (2006) "Order Batrachoidiformes" Fishes of the World (4th ed.) John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ,  pp. 248–249.
 Collette, B. B. "Order Batrachoidiformes, Batrachoididae, Toadfishes." In Carpenter, Kent E. (ed.) (2002) The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic Vol. 2, Bony fishes. Pt. 1 Acipenseridae to Grammatidae Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome (Special publication of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists  no. 5)
 Collette, B.B. and J. L. Russo (1981) "A Revision of the Scaly Toadfishes, Genus Batrachoides, with Descriptions of Two New Species from the Eastern Pacific" Bulletin of Marine Science 31(2): pp. 197–233.
 Hutchins, J.B. (1976) "A revision of the Australian frogfishes (Batrachoididae)" Records of the Western Australian Museum 4(1): pp. 3–43.

 CBC Radio Quirks and Quarks show podcast segment on unique toad fish habits with links to primary sources.

External links

FishBase entry on Batrachoididae

Venomous fish
Articles which contain graphical timelines
Extant Rupelian first appearances
Taxa named by David Starr Jordan

Batrachoididae


Gustavo Dudamel (born January 26, 1981 in Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan conductor and violinist.  He became famous as the conductor of the Venezuelan youth orchestra Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar.  Today he is the principal conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony in Gothenburg, Sweden, and music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic in Los Angeles, California. Dudamel is also the artistic director of the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar in Caracas, Venezuela.

Life and career
Dudamel was born in Barquisimeto, Venezuela.  His father played the trombone.  He studied music when he was quite young, and learned the violin when he was ten.  He also studied composition. He became involved with El Sistema, an organization in Venezuela to help children from poorer families to learn musical instruments.  He went to the Jacinto Lara Conservatory and then the Latin-American Violin Academy, learning the violin.

He began to study conducting in 1995.  In 1999, he became music director of the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar, the national youth orchestra of Venezuela, and toured several countries.

Dudamel won many prizes for conducting. He soon became well-known and conducted the Philharmonia, the Israel Philharmonic, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic.  He signed a recording contract with Deutsche Grammophon.  He conducted Don Giovanni at La Scala, Milan,  in November 2006. On September 10, 2007, he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra for the first time at the Lucerne Festival. In March 2008, he first conducted the San Francisco Symphony.

In 2005, Gustavo Dudamel conducted at the BBC Proms when Neeme Järvi was ill.  He became Principal Conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony.  He still conducts the Simón Bolívar National Youth Orchestra

Dudamel first conducted in the  U.S. with the Los Angeles Philharmonic  at the Hollywood Bowl in 2005.   In 2009 he became their Musical Director.

On April 16, 2007, Gustavo Dudamel conducted the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra in a concert to celebrate the 80th birthday of Pope Benedict XVI, with Hilary Hahn as solo violinist.  The Pope was at the concert.

A documentary film Tocar y Luchar was made about Dudamel and El Sistema.

Personal life

Dudamel is married to Eloísa Maturén, a Venezuelan ballet dancer and journalist.

Other websites
Gustavo Dudamel official website

1981 births
Living people
Conductors

Gustavo Dudamel


Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, CBE (8 September 1934 – 14 March 2016), was an English composer and conductor. He received many honours, including his appointment as Master of the Queen's Music. His surname was "Davies"; "Maxwell" is his middle name, and his friends called him 'Max'.

Life
Davies was born in Salford, Lancashire. He grew up in Lancashire. He learned to play the piano and started composing when he was still very young. After education at Leigh Grammar School, he studied at the University of Manchester and at the Royal Manchester College of Music (now part of the Royal Northern College of Music). He met other students there who became famous musicians: Harrison Birtwistle, Alexander Goehr, Elgar Howarth and John Ogdon. Together they formed a group which they called the "New Music Manchester". This group performed a lot of contemporary music (music that was being composed at the time). After a short stay in Rome he got a job as Director of Music at Cirencester Grammar School from 1959 to 1962.

Davies wanted to study with other composers, so he went to the United States to study with Roger Sessions, Milton Babbitt and Earl Kim. Then he moved to Australia, where he was Composer in Residence at the University of Adelaide from 1965 to 1966.

He then returned to the United Kingdom, and moved to the Orkney Islands. Davies, who was openly gay, lived there on the island of Sanday with his partner Colin Parkinson. In 1977 he started a big arts festival on Orkney, called the St Magnus Festival. This still takes place every year. He often uses it to give first performances of new works (often played by the local school orchestra).

Davies held several posts, including artistic director of the Dartington Summer School from 1979 to 1984. From 1992 to 2002 he was associate conductor/composer with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra and he has conducted a number of other well-known orchestras.

He was given several honorary doctorates including one from the University of Oxford. He has been President of Making Music (The National Federation of Music Societies) since 1989. Davies was made a CBE in 1981 and knighted in 1987. He was appointed Master of the Queen's Music for a ten-year period from March 2004. He was also a professor of composition at the Royal Academy of Music.

Music
Davies wrote a lot of music. Some of his first works used serial techniques, sometimes combined with ideas from Mediaeval and Renaissance music, including bits of plainsong.

Pieces from the late 1960s combine these ideas with expressionism and a violent character, for example Eight Songs for a Mad King which is about King George III. Written for a singer and a small group of instruments the singer has to shout and screech at times, and also act. He wrote an opera Taverner about the Renaissance composer John Taverner. The orchestral piece St Thomas Wake (1969) uses many different styles of music, including foxtrots (played by a twenties-style dance band), a pavan by John Bull and Davies's own modern style. Many works from this period were performed by the Pierrot Players which Davies founded with Harrison Birtwistle in 1967 (they were reformed as The Fires of London in 1970 and stayed together until 1987).

Mathematics played a part in Davies' music. In his work Ave Maris Stella he used a magic square. Worldes Blis 1969 shows the beginning of his more mature style. Some people think it is similar to Jean Sibelius.

After his move to Orkney, Davies often used Orcadian (the adjective of "Orkney") or more generally Scottish themes in his music. He sometimes set the words of Orcadian writer George Mackay Brown. He wrote a number of other operas, The Martyrdom of St Magnus (1976), The Lighthouse (1980, his most popular opera), Resurrection (1987), and The Doctor of Myddfai (1996). Davies also became interested in classical forms, completing his first symphony in 1976. He wrote eight numbered symphonies since, a Sinfonia Concertante (1982), as well as the series of ten Strathclyde Concertos for various instruments (pieces he wrote when he worked with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra). In 2002, he began work on a series of string quartets for the Maggini String Quartet to record on the Naxos record label (the so-called Naxos Quartets). His most recent one is No.9 (2006).

Davies also wrote a number of lighter orchestral works such as Mavis in Las Vegas and An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise which featured the bagpipes and was played at the Last Night of the Proms in 1992 (with a bottle of whisky being passed round). He also wrote music for children including the operas A Selkie Tale, The Great Bank Robbery and The Spider's Revenge, and film music for Ken Russell's films The Devils and The Boy Friend.

Maxwell Davies's short piano piece Farewell to Stromness entered the Classic FM Hall of Fame in 2003.

Death
Davies died on 14 March 2016 on Orkney from leukemia. He was aged 81.

References

Other websites
 MaxOpus (official site)  Includes music sales via downloads or custom CDs.

1934 births
2016 deaths
20th-century English composers
21st-century English composers
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
LGBT musicians
People from Salford
Scottish LGBT people

Peter Maxwell Davies


Pamrograman over-the-air (OTA) bisa nujul kana free-to-air, terrestrial television, atawa mobile content world, over-the-air service provisioning (OTASP), over-the-air provisioning (OTAP) atawa over-the-air paraméter administration (OTAPA), métodeu  pikeun ngadistribusikeun update software anyar kana telepon seluler atawa nangtukeun handset kalayan setting nu diperlukeun keur ngakses layanan kawas WAP atawa MMS. Sababaraha telepon nu boga kamampuh ieu dilabelan "OTA capable."

As mobile phones accumulate new applications and become more advanced, OTA configuration has become incréasingly important as new updates and services come on stréam. OTA via SMS optimises the configuration data updates in SIM cards and handsets and enables the distribution of new software updates to mobile phones or provisioning handsets with the necessary settings with which to access services such as WAP or MMS. OTA messaging provides remote control of mobile phones for service and subscription activation, personalization and programming of a new service for mobile operators and
telco third parties.

When OTA is used to update a phone's operating firmware, it is sometimes called "Firmware Over The Air" (FOTA). For service settings, the technology is often known as Device Configuration.

Various standardization bodies were established to help develop, oversee, and manage OTA. One of them is the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA).

Mekanika

The OTA mechanism requires the existing software and hardware of the target device to support the féature, namely the receipt and installation of new software received via the wireless network from the provider.

New software is transferred to the phone, installed, and put into use. It is often necessary to turn the phone off and back on for the new programming to take effect, though many phones will automatically perform this action.

Metoda

Depending on implementation, OTA software delivery can be initiated upon action, such as a call to the provider's customer support system or other dialable service, or can be performed automatically. Typically it is done via the former method to avoid service disruption at an inconvenient time, but this requires subscribers to manually call the provider. Often, a carrier will send a broadcast SMS text message to all susbcribers (or those using a particular modél of phone) asking them to dial a service number to receive a software update.

Verizon Wireless in the U.S. provides a number of OTA functions to its subscribers via the *228 service code. Option 1 updates phone configuration, option 2 updates the PRL.

OTA by SMS is not limited to cellular network operators. OTA messages may
also be generated by third parties and sent directly to the handset. For
example, UK VoIP operator aql uses an OTA configuration message to
automatically configure the SIP VoIP client on Nokia's E-Series handsets
when users sign up for their mobile VoIP service.

To provision paraméters in a mobile device OTA, the device needs to have a provisioning client capable of receiving, processing and setting the paraméters. For example, a Device Management client in a device may be capable of receiving and provisioning applications, or connecticity paraméters.

In general, the term OTA implies the use of wireless mechanisms to send provisioning data or update packages for firmware or software updates to a mobile device - this is so that the user does not have to go to a store or a service center to have applications provisioned, paraméters changed or firmware or software updated. Non-OTA options for a user are a) to go to a store and seek help b) use a PC and a cable to connect to the device and change settings on a device, add software to device, etc.

Sasaruaan

OTA sarua jeung métodeu  distribusi firmware nu dipaké ku elektronika konsumen nu diproduksi massal lianna, saperti modem kabel, nu maké TFTP minangka cara keur narima program anyar jarak jauh, antukna bisa ngurangan wanci keur nu boga atawa nu maké parabotan nalika dibebenah.

Rujukan

Komunikasi nirkabel

Pamrograman over-the-air


Fatpaint is a free, online (web-based) graphic design and desktop publishing software product and image editor. It includes integrated tools for creating page layout, painting, coloring and editing pictures and photos, drawing vector images, using dingbat vector clipart, writing rich text, creating ray traced 3D text logos and displaying graphics on products from Zazzle that can be purchased or sold. Fatpaint integrates desktop publishing features with brush painting, vector drawing and custom printed products in a single Flash application. It supports the use of a pressure-sensitive pen tablet and allows the user to add images by searching Wikimedia, Picasa, Flickr, Google, Yahoo, Bing, and Fatpaint's own collection of public domain images. The completed project can be saved on Fatpaint's server or locally. Fatpaint is affiliated with Zazzle, and owned by Mersica (also the developer of MakeWebVideo).

History
Fatpaint was launched in May 2010, after five years of development by Danish-Brazilian software developer, Mario Gomes Cavalcanti. After his departure, he was involved in the development of two of Denmark's most visited websites and is responsible for developing and running Fatpaint. Partner Kenneth Christensen mastered assembler and graphics programming on the Amiga computer. He spent years with Mario on the Amiga demo scene. According to the CEO, Kenneth helped him with the Linux servers while he handled the development, administration, promotion, video production, testing and content.

The founder of Fatpaint also created "Make Web Video" (or Video Maker), a web application for creating video presentations for business, families and individuals. Video Maker allows users to give out the videos for personal or business use in a simple and affordable way.

Tools
Fatpaint provides free online logo maker, graphic design, vector drawing, photo editor and paint design in English, Danish and Portuguese.

Photo Editor
Users can change photo colours by manipulating R,G,B and A channels, saturation, contrast, brightness, hue, gamma, sharpness, tint and RGBA matrix. Users can also remove unwanted background and other artifacts by using the paint tools with added effects or by cloning. Multiple photos can be combined into a single image. Users can pick different blend modes and multiple layers. Users can also extract or change parts of the photo by cropping, resizing, skewing, bending, distorting and rotating in 2D and 3D. Hence, users' graphics can be printed on custom products that can be bought and sold for personal and business purposes.

Vector Drawing
Users can choose from 5000 vector images or draw vector graphics and art from scratch, using Fatpaint's vector shape creation tools. It also provides advanced symmetric vector transformation in 2D and 3D, as well as support for colour gradients. Multiple drawings can be combined to form complex vector shapes. Different blend modes and effects are supported. Vector drawings can be cropped, resized, skewed, distorted and rotated in 2D and 3D. Similar to Fatpaint's photo editor, vector graphics can be displayed on custom printed products that can be purchased and sold by the users for personal or business uses.

Paint Design
Fatpaint has full support for Pen Tablets and users can pick pen, brush, airbrush, paint bucket, clone painting, eraser and smudging tools. Fatpaint offers 8 palettes for painting, plus 13 palettes when clone painting. Fatpaint allows users to import or create their own brushes and thousands of free clipart drawings and brush sets that have dynamic brushes, effects and blend modes. Paintings can be combined in different layers and objects. Similarly, paintings can be cropped, resized, skewed, bent, distorted and rotated in 2D and 3D. Moreover, the graphics can be displayed on custom printed products, which users can buy or sell for personal or business uses.

Top Features
3D Text objects: Create photorealistic, ray-traced 3D text logos and images.
Image objects: Paint on multiple layers, import or create your own brushes, clone painting, and painting with effects.
Vector drawing objects: Create vector images using multiple paths.
 Rich text objects with 981 fonts.
Effect objects: Blur, Drop Shadow, Glow, Gradient Glow, Bevel, Gradient Bevel, Color manipulations.
Page layout: Create multiple pages with a size limit of 64 megapixels, and arrange graphical objects on created pages (each object can be up to 7.8 megapixels in size).
Nest graphical objects and transform them into 2D and 3D. Skew, bend and distort images and text.
Design, purchase and sell custom-printed products. Fatpaint can send the projects to a printing company.
Supports pressure-sensitive pen tablets.
Fonts, public domain images, cliparts, and brushes.

Compatibility
Fatpaint supports Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, and Internet Explorer with cookies and JavaScript enabled. Other browsers may not work correctly due to their support of Java Applets. Fatpaint requires Adobe's Flash 10 or newer and Sun's Java 6 or newer. It is recommended to run on Windows 7 and on Apple and Linux if Java has been disabled. The editor only works on Firefox on Linux. Java and Flash integration do not work on Linux and Apple browsers. WikiMedia search is disabled on those browsers. Fatpaint works best with at least 2 GB RAM and 1 GB video memory, as well as a decent graphics card.

References

External links

Desktop publishing software
3D graphics software
Photo software
Vector graphics editors
Proprietary raster graphics editors
Web applications
Cloud applications
Illustration

Fatpaint


A Woman of Substance is a British-American three-part television drama serial, produced in 1984. It is based on the 1979 novel of the same name by Barbara Taylor Bradford.

Plot
In 1970, Emma Harte is a wealthy, formidable businesswoman. Just about to turn 80, she has spent her life making a vast business empire, including the world-famous Harte's Department Store in London, as well as extensive holdings in property and oil. While on a business trip to Texas with her grandchild, Paula, Emma informs her that she will be her successor.

On their arrival back in London, Emma learns that her two sons (Kit and Robin) are plotting behind her back to force her to retire so that they can break up her business and sell it off. Devastated but determined, Emma changes her will, choosing to leave her business interests to her grandchildren instead.

The story then goes back to the beginning of the 20th century, when Emma was a teenager and working as a servant at Fairley Hall in rural Yorkshire. Her father, Jack, and two brothers, Winston and Frank, also work for the Fairley family, who own several local businesses including a mill and a brickyard. After the death of their mother, Winston joins the Royal Navy. Meanwhile, Emma becomes romantically involved with the Fairley's younger son, Edwin, but when she becomes pregnant, Edwin is horrified and refuses to marry her. Wanting to begin a new life for herself and her unborn child, Emma moves to Leeds on the advice of her friend, Shane "Blackie" O'Neill, an Irish navvy who is hired to do repairs at Fairley Hall. To protect herself and her child from the stigma of an illegitimate birth, Emma tells her landlady and new friends that she is married to a sailor currently away at sea.

While looking for work, Emma meets Abraham Kallinski, a Jew whom she rescues from an anti-Semitic attack by local youths. Abraham introduces Emma to his wife, Janessa, and grown sons, David and Victor. When Emma tells them she is looking for work, Abraham immediately offers her a job in his textile factory.

As the birth of her baby approaches, Blackie arranges for Emma to meet another friend of his, Laura Spencer. They become good friends and Emma moves into Laura's house, and also starts a new job at Thompson's Mill. Some time later, Emma gives birth to a daughter and names her Edwina. As Emma needs to work to support them, her cousin Freda takes Edwina. After a year of working at two jobs, Emma makes enough money to rent a shop in Armley, in which she sells fabrics, clothing, and luxury food goods. This shop is a success and Emma's business expands to two shops, then three. Not expecting to see the Fairleys, she is horrified when Edwin's vile brother Gerald visits. He has found her after seeing she worked at Thompson's Mill, now owned by his father. He tells her that Edwin will soon be engaged and demands she tell him where the child is. Emma refuses and after a violent confrontation, Emma realizes she needs someone to protect her. Worried that Gerald will return, she marries her landlord, Joe Lowther. Soon after their marriage, they have a son named Kit.

Emma's business continues to expand and she goes into partnership with the Kallinskis. Unfortunately, her private life doesn't run as smoothly. Joe is killed in the Battle of the Somme and Laura, now married to Blackie, dies giving birth to a son, Bryan. Emma takes him and Bryan lives with Emma and her children until Blackie returns from the war.

In early 1918, Emma meets Australian Army officer Paul McGill. They fall in love, but he returns to the war in France after recovering from a leg injury. After the war ends he goes home and, despite promising to write, never does. Emma is hurt and disappointed when she finds out that Paul has gone back to his estranged wife, and turns to an acquaintance Arthur Ainsley for consolation, agreeing to marry him, though more out of convenience than anything else. She and her new husband later have twins, Robin and Elizabeth, but the marriage is short-lived when Paul returns. Emma is angry but calms down when Paul explains that he tried to write to her but his secretary hid the letters. They start seeing each other again and she divorces her husband after giving birth to Paul's child, a daughter whom they name Daisy after Paul's mother.

However, Emma has never forgiven the Fairley family for the way in which she and her own family were treated by them. Now rich and powerful, she buys up all of the Fairley's holdings, including Fairley Hall, which she intends to have demolished and the grounds used as a public park.

In February 1939, seeing a new war on the horizon, Paul goes to Australia to convince his wife to give him a divorce so that he can marry Emma. While there, he is seriously injured in a car crash and almost dies. He survives but is told that he will be dead within a year so he redraws his will, leaving almost everything to Emma and Daisy (including his vast shares in the Sitex oil company), and then he commits suicide. Emma is devastated but eventually recovers enough to look after her family and business empires.

Emma's life goes on. Her children marry and have children of their own – Edwina, Kit and Robin have one child each, Elizabeth marries repeatedly and has four and Daisy marries and has two, one of whom is Paula.

Back in 1970, where the story first began, Emma invites her family to her country estate in Yorkshire for her 80th birthday. After dinner, Emma tells them that she has changed her will, effectively cutting her own children out for their deceit and leaving everything to her grandchildren instead. She announces that Paula will inherit the Harte's Department Store chain. Emma's children are furious but reluctantly accept £1 million each as "pay-offs" after they each sign an agreement that they will not try to contest her will after she dies. Emma also gives her blessing to Paula's engagement to Jim Fairley, Edwin's grandson, thus ending her lifelong hatred of the Fairley family.

Main cast

 Jenny Seagrove as Young Emma Harte
 Deborah Kerr as Emma Harte
 Barry Bostwick as Major Paul McGill
 Diane Baker as Laura O'Neill
 Liam Neeson as Blackie O'Neill
 Miranda Richardson as Paula McGill Amory
 Peter Chelsom as Edwin Fairley
 John Duttine as Joe Lowther
 Peter Egan as Adam Fairley
 George Baker as Bruce McGill
 Mick Ford as Frank Harte
 Christopher Gable as Arthur Ainsley
 Christopher Guard as Gerald Fairley
 Dominic Guard as Winston Harte
 Del Henney as Jack Harte
 Gayle Hunnicutt as Olivia Wainwright
 Nicola Pagett as Adele Fairley
 Joris Stuyck as David Kallinski
 Meg Wynn Owen as Elizabeth Harte
 Megs Jenkins as Mrs. Turner
 Harry Landis as Abraham Kallinski
 John Mills as Henry Rossiter
 Barry Morse as Murgatroyd

Production
The drama was produced by the British company Portman-Artemis, and was co-financed by the UK's Channel 4 and the US-based OPT Organisation (a subsidiary of MCA Television). Producer Diane Baker (who also co-stars as Laura Spencer) first met Taylor-Bradford prior to the novel being published, whilst Taylor-Bradford was working for a newspaper in New York and was interviewing Baker (who worked predominantly as an actress at that time) for an article about interior design. After the novel was published, Baker contacted Taylor-Bradford to obtain the television rights, remortgaging her house in order to do so.

Don Sharp was not the original director. He says the producers were unhappy with the progress of the film during pre-production; the original director and several heads of production were fired, and Sharp was brought in four weeks before filming. Sharp says it was he who cast Jenny Seagrove and that Diane Baker recommended Liam Neeson.

The series was largely filmed in Yorkshire in the north of England, and locations include Brimham Rocks (where Emma first meets Blackie on the moors), Richmond (for most of Armley), and the main shop-front of the Emma Harte Emporium in London. The original Armley store was a then disused row of shops in Crown Street Darlington (opposite the towns main post office). Filming took twelve weeks.

The budget was $6 million. Sharp said the original cut ran long because they did not have enough time during pre production to cut the script as thoroughly as he would have liked.

Transmission
The drama was aired by Channel 4 in the UK over three nights from 2 to 4 January 1985. The broadcast of the final part on 4 January drew 13.8 million viewers, which remains the channel's highest ever audience. It was shown in limited syndication in the United States several weeks before the British transmission, in order to qualify for the 1985 Primetime Emmy Award.

Award nominations
For the 1985 Primetime Emmy Award, A Woman of Substance was nominated for Outstanding Limited Series, and Deborah Kerr was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Special.

Sequels
Barbara Taylor-Bradford's sequel, Hold the Dream, was produced as an eponymous serial in 1986, again starring Deborah Kerr and Jenny Seagrove, though Seagrove now played the role of Paula. It was again directed by Don Sharp, who spent most of the decade directing in this genre.

A second sequel, To Be the Best, was adapted in 1992 and starred Lindsay Wagner as Paula.

References

External links

1980s British television miniseries
Channel 4 original programming
Television shows based on British novels
Films directed by Don Sharp
1985 British television series debuts
1985 British television series endings
1980s British drama television series
1980s business films
Operation Prime Time
English-language television shows
Television shows set in County Durham

A Woman of Substance (TV series)