DuPont analysis (also known as the DuPont identity, DuPont equation, DuPont framework, DuPont model or the DuPont method) is a tool in financial analysis, where return on equity, ROE, is separated into its components, useful in several contexts.

This "decomposition" of ROE allows management to focus individually on the key metrics of financial performance, and thereby to identify strengths and weaknesses within the company that should be addressed.

It similalrly allows investors to compare the operational efficiency of two comparable firms.

The name derives from the DuPont company, that began using this formula in the 1920s. A DuPont explosives salesman ,Donaldson Brown, submitted an internal efficiency report to his superiors in 1912 that contained the formula.

Basic formula
The DuPont analysis breaks down ROE into three component parts, which may then be managed individually:
 Profitability: measured by profit margin
 Asset efficiency: measured by asset turnover
 Financial leverage: measured by equity multiplier

Or

Or

ROE analysis
The DuPont analysis breaks down ROE (that is, the returns that investors receive from a single dollar of equity) into three distinct elements. This analysis enables the manager or analyst to understand the source of superior (or inferior) return by comparison with companies in similar industries (or between industries).
See  for further context.

The DuPont analysis is less useful for industries such as investment banking, in which the underlying elements are not meaningful. Variations of the DuPont analysis have been developed for industries where the elements are weakly meaningful.
Examples follow:

High margin industries
Some industries, such as fashion, may derive a substantial portion of their competitive advantage from selling at a higher margin, rather than higher sales. For high-end fashion brands, increasing sales without sacrificing margin may be critical. The DuPont analysis allows analysts to determine which of the elements is dominant in any change of ROE.

High turnover industries
Certain types of retail operations, particularly stores, may have very low profit margins on sales, and relatively moderate leverage. In contrast, though, groceries may have very high turnover, selling a significant multiple of their assets per year. The ROE of such firms may be particularly dependent on performance of this metric, and hence asset turnover may be studied extremely carefully for signs of under-, or, over-performance. For example, same-store sales of many retailers is considered important as an indication that the firm is deriving greater profits from existing stores (rather than showing improved performance by continually opening stores).

High leverage industries
Some sectors, such as the financial sector, rely on high leverage to generate acceptable ROE. Other industries would see high levels of leverage as unacceptably risky. DuPont analysis enables third parties that rely primarily on their financial statements to compare leverage among similar companies.

ROA and ROE ratio
The return on assets (ROA) ratio developed by DuPont for its own use is now used by many firms to evaluate how effectively assets are used. It measures the combined effects of profit margins and asset turnover.

The return on equity (ROE) ratio is a measure of the rate of return to stockholders. Decomposing the ROE into various factors influencing company performance is often called the DuPont system.

Where
 Net Income = net income after taxes
 Equity = shareholders' equity
 EBIT = Earnings before interest and taxes
 Pretax Income is often reported as Earnings Before Taxes or EBT
This decomposition presents various ratios used in fundamental analysis.
 The company's tax burden is (Net income ÷ Pretax profit). This is the proportion of the company's profits retained after paying income taxes. [NI/EBT]
 The company's interest burden is (Pretax income ÷ EBIT). This will be 1.00 for a firm with no debt or financial leverage. [EBT/EBIT]
 The company's operating income margin or return on sales (ROS) is (EBIT ÷ Revenue). This is the operating income per dollar of sales. [EBIT/Revenue]
 The company's asset turnover (ATO) is (Revenue ÷ Average Total Assets).
 The company's equity multiplier is (Average Total Assets ÷ Average Total Equity). This is a measure of financial leverage.

References

External links
 Decoding DuPont Analysis
 DuPont analysis

Financial ratios
DuPont

DuPont analysis


Macroeconomics studies large-scale economic decisions. For example, a whole country's economy (or, its economic output) is summarised by the GDP (gross domestic product). Many governments use macroeconomic ideas to decide how much tax to collect and what interest rates should be.

It also considers the amount of unemployment, the rate that prices go up (inflation), and the exchange rates of its currency. The exchange rate affects the amount of imports and exports. Exchange rates and taxation are "levers of the economy".

Less dramatic, but also very important, are decisions about government spending inside the country. Such policy decisions are politically controversial due to differing political ideas on government spending. Another factor in macroeconomics is the make-up of the population. A growing population is economically different from a stable population (one which is not growing).

Sources
Blanchard, Olivier 2011. Macroeconomics updated. 5th ed, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Related pages
Microeconomics
Constitutional economics
Political economy

Macroeconomics


Sesame Street is an American eddicational childer's televeesion series that combines live action, sketch comedy, animation an puppetry. It is produced bi Sesame Workshop (kent as the Children's Television Workshop (CTW) until June 2000) an wis created bi Joan Ganz Cooney an Lloyd Morrisett. The program is kent for its images communicated throu the uise o Jim Henson's Muppets, an includes short films, wi humor an cultural references. The series premiered on November 10, 1969, tae positive reviews, some controversy, an heich viewership; it haes aired on the U.S.'s national public television provider PBS syne its debut, wi its first run movin tae premium channel HBO on January 16, 2016.

1990s American televeesion series
2000s American televeesion series
2000s American animatit televeesion series
2010s American televeesion series
2010s American animatit televeesion series
Inglis-leid televeesion programmes
Peabody Awaird-winnin televeesion programmes
Televeesion programmes featurin anthropomorphic chairacters
Televeesion shaws set in New York Ceety
Childer's televeesion series

Sesame Street


Flagellates are cells with one or more whip-like organelles called flagella.  Some cells in animals may be flagellate, for instance the spermatozoa of most phyla. Flowering plants and fungi do not produce flagellate cells, but the closely related green algae and chytrids do.  Many protists take the form of single-celled flagellates. They are found in most lines of eukaryotes, and it is likely that all surviving eukaryotes developed from them.

Related pages
 Ciliate cells have many cilia, which have the same structure as flagella, but are smaller

Protista

Flagellate


This is a list of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) response status codes. Status codes are issued by a server in response to a client's request made to the server. It includes codes from IETF Request for Comments (RFCs), other specifications, and some additional codes used in some common applications of the HTTP. The first digit of the status code specifies one of five standard classes of responses. The optional message phrases shown are typical, but any human-readable alternative may be provided, or none at all.

Unless otherwise stated, the status code is part of the HTTP standard.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) maintains the official registry of HTTP status codes.

All HTTP response status codes are separated into five classes or categories. The first digit of the status code defines the class of response, while the last two digits do not have any classifying or categorization role. There are five classes defined by the standard:

 1xx informational response – the request was received, continuing process
 2xx successful – the request was successfully received, understood, and accepted
 3xx redirection – further action needs to be taken in order to complete the request
 4xx client error – the request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled
 5xx server error – the server failed to fulfil an apparently valid request

1xx informational response
An informational response indicates that the request was received and understood. It is issued on a provisional basis while request processing continues. It alerts the client to wait for a final response. The message consists only of the status line and optional header fields, and is terminated by an empty line. As the HTTP/1.0 standard did not define any 1xx status codes, servers  send a 1xx response to an HTTP/1.0 compliant client except under experimental conditions.

100 Continue
 The server has received the request headers and the client should proceed to send the request body (in the case of a request for which a body needs to be sent; for example, a POST request). Sending a large request body to a server after a request has been rejected for inappropriate headers would be inefficient. To have a server check the request's headers, a client must send Expect: 100-continue as a header in its initial request and receive a 100 Continue status code in response before sending the body. If the client receives an error code such as 403 (Forbidden) or 405 (Method Not Allowed) then it should not send the request's body. The response 417 Expectation Failed indicates that the request should be repeated without the Expect header as it indicates that the server does not support expectations (this is the case, for example, of HTTP/1.0 servers).
101 Switching Protocols
 The requester has asked the server to switch protocols and the server has agreed to do so.
102 Processing (WebDAV; RFC 2518)
 A WebDAV request may contain many sub-requests involving file operations, requiring a long time to complete the request. This code indicates that the server has received and is processing the request, but no response is available yet. This prevents the client from timing out and assuming the request was lost. The status code is deprecated.
103 Early Hints (RFC 8297)
Used to return some response headers before final HTTP message.

2xx success
This class of status codes indicates the action requested by the client was received, understood, and accepted.

200 OK
 Standard response for successful HTTP requests. The actual response will depend on the request method used. In a GET request, the response will contain an entity corresponding to the requested resource. In a POST request, the response will contain an entity describing or containing the result of the action.
201 Created
 The request has been fulfilled, resulting in the creation of a new resource.
202 Accepted
 The request has been accepted for processing, but the processing has not been completed. The request might or might not be eventually acted upon, and may be disallowed when processing occurs.
203 Non-Authoritative Information (since HTTP/1.1)
 The server is a transforming proxy (e.g. a ) that received a 200 OK from its origin, but is returning a modified version of the origin's response.
204 No Content
 The server successfully processed the request, and is not returning any content.
205 Reset Content
 The server successfully processed the request, asks that the requester reset its document view, and is not returning any content.
206 Partial Content
 The server is delivering only part of the resource (byte serving) due to a range header sent by the client. The range header is used by HTTP clients to enable resuming of interrupted downloads, or split a download into multiple simultaneous streams.
207 Multi-Status (WebDAV; RFC 4918)
 The message body that follows is by default an XML message and can contain a number of separate response codes, depending on how many sub-requests were made.
208 Already Reported (WebDAV; RFC 5842)
 The members of a DAV binding have already been enumerated in a preceding part of the (multistatus) response, and are not being included again.
226 IM Used (RFC 3229)
 The server has fulfilled a request for the resource, and the response is a representation of the result of one or more instance-manipulations applied to the current instance.

3xx redirection
This class of status code indicates the client must take additional action to complete the request. Many of these status codes are used in URL redirection.

A user agent may carry out the additional action with no user interaction only if the method used in the second request is GET or HEAD. A user agent may automatically redirect a request. A user agent should detect and intervene to prevent cyclical redirects.

300 Multiple Choices
 Indicates multiple options for the resource from which the client may choose (via agent-driven content negotiation). For example, this code could be used to present multiple video format options, to list files with different filename extensions, or to suggest word-sense disambiguation.
301 Moved Permanently
 This and all future requests should be directed to the given URI.
302 Found (Previously "Moved temporarily")
 Tells the client to look at (browse to) another URL. The HTTP/1.0 specification required the client to perform a temporary redirect with the same method (the original describing phrase was "Moved Temporarily"), but popular browsers implemented 302 redirects by changing the method to GET. Therefore, HTTP/1.1 added status codes 303 and 307 to distinguish between the two behaviours.
303 See Other (since HTTP/1.1)
 The response to the request can be found under another URI using the GET method. When received in response to a POST (or PUT/DELETE), the client should presume that the server has received the data and should issue a new GET request to the given URI.
304 Not Modified
 Indicates that the resource has not been modified since the version specified by the request headers If-Modified-Since or If-None-Match. In such case, there is no need to retransmit the resource since the client still has a previously-downloaded copy.
305 Use Proxy (since HTTP/1.1)
The requested resource is available only through a proxy, the address for which is provided in the response. For security reasons, many HTTP clients (such as Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer) do not obey this status code.
306 Switch Proxy
 No longer used. Originally meant "Subsequent requests should use the specified proxy."
307 Temporary Redirect (since HTTP/1.1)
 In this case, the request should be repeated with another URI; however, future requests should still use the original URI. In contrast to how 302 was historically implemented, the request method is not allowed to be changed when reissuing the original request. For example, a POST request should be repeated using another POST request.
308 Permanent Redirect
 This and all future requests should be directed to the given URI. 308 parallel the behaviour of 301, but . So, for example, submitting a form to a permanently redirected resource may continue smoothly.

4xx client errors

This class of status code is intended for situations in which the error seems to have been caused by the client. Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server  include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition. These status codes are applicable to any request method. User agents  display any included entity to the user.

400 Bad Request
 The server cannot or will not process the request due to an apparent client error (e.g., malformed request syntax, size too large, invalid request message framing, or deceptive request routing).
401 Unauthorized
 Similar to 403 Forbidden, but specifically for use when authentication is required and has failed or has not yet been provided. The response must include a WWW-Authenticate header field containing a challenge applicable to the requested resource. See Basic access authentication and Digest access authentication. 401 semantically means "unauthorised", the user does not have valid authentication credentials for the target resource.
 Some sites incorrectly issue HTTP 401 when an IP address is banned from the website (usually the website domain) and that specific address is refused permission to access a website.
402 Payment Required
 Reserved for future use. The original intention was that this code might be used as part of some form of digital cash or micropayment scheme, as proposed, for example, by GNU Taler, but that has not yet happened, and this code is not widely used. Google Developers API uses this status if a particular developer has exceeded the daily limit on requests. Sipgate uses this code if an account does not have sufficient funds to start a call. Shopify uses this code when the store has not paid their fees and is temporarily disabled. Stripe uses this code for failed payments where parameters were correct, for example blocked fraudulent payments.
403 Forbidden
 The request contained valid data and was understood by the server, but the server is refusing action. This may be due to the user not having the necessary permissions for a resource or needing an account of some sort, or attempting a prohibited action (e.g. creating a duplicate record where only one is allowed). This code is also typically used if the request provided authentication by answering the WWW-Authenticate header field challenge, but the server did not accept that authentication. The request should not be repeated.
404 Not Found
 The requested resource could not be found but may be available in the future. Subsequent requests by the client are permissible.
405 Method Not Allowed
 A request method is not supported for the requested resource; for example, a GET request on a form that requires data to be presented via POST, or a PUT request on a read-only resource.
406 Not Acceptable
 The requested resource is capable of generating only content not acceptable according to the Accept headers sent in the request. See Content negotiation.
407 Proxy Authentication Required
The client must first authenticate itself with the proxy.
408 Request Timeout
 The server timed out waiting for the request. According to HTTP specifications: "The client did not produce a request within the time that the server was prepared to wait. The client MAY repeat the request without modifications at any later time."
409 Conflict
 Indicates that the request could not be processed because of conflict in the current state of the resource, such as an edit conflict between multiple simultaneous updates.
410 Gone
 Indicates that the resource requested was previously in use but is no longer available and will not be available again. This should be used when a resource has been intentionally removed and the resource should be purged. Upon receiving a 410 status code, the client should not request the resource in the future. Clients such as search engines should remove the resource from their indices. Most use cases do not require clients and search engines to purge the resource, and a "404 Not Found" may be used instead.
411 Length Required
 The request did not specify the length of its content, which is required by the requested resource.
412 Precondition Failed
 The server does not meet one of the preconditions that the requester put on the request header fields.
413 Payload Too Large
 The request is larger than the server is willing or able to process. Previously called "Request Entity Too Large".
414 URI Too Long
 The URI provided was too long for the server to process. Often the result of too much data being encoded as a query-string of a GET request, in which case it should be converted to a POST request. Called "Request-URI Too Long" previously.
415 Unsupported Media Type
 The request entity has a media type which the server or resource does not support. For example, the client uploads an image as image/svg+xml, but the server requires that images use a different format.
416 Range Not Satisfiable
 The client has asked for a portion of the file (byte serving), but the server cannot supply that portion. For example, if the client asked for a part of the file that lies beyond the end of the file. Called "Requested Range Not Satisfiable" previously.
417 Expectation Failed
 The server cannot meet the requirements of the Expect request-header field.

418 I'm a teapot (RFC 2324, RFC 7168)
This code was defined in 1998 as one of the traditional IETF April Fools' jokes, in RFC 2324, Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol, and is not expected to be implemented by actual HTTP servers. The RFC specifies this code should be returned by teapots requested to brew coffee. This HTTP status is used as an Easter egg in some websites, such as Google.com's "I'm a teapot" easter egg. Sometimes, this status code is also used as a response to a blocked request, instead of the more appropriate 403 Forbidden.
421 Misdirected Request
 The request was directed at a server that is not able to produce a response (for example because of connection reuse).
422 Unprocessable Entity
 The request was well-formed but was unable to be followed due to semantic errors.
423 Locked (WebDAV; RFC 4918)
 The resource that is being accessed is locked.
424 Failed Dependency (WebDAV; RFC 4918)
 The request failed because it depended on another request and that request failed (e.g., a PROPPATCH).
425 Too Early (RFC 8470)
Indicates that the server is unwilling to risk processing a request that might be replayed.
426 Upgrade Required
 The client should switch to a different protocol such as TLS/1.3, given in the Upgrade header field.
428 Precondition Required (RFC 6585)
The origin server requires the request to be conditional. Intended to prevent the 'lost update' problem, where a client GETs a resource's state, modifies it, and PUTs it back to the server, when meanwhile a third party has modified the state on the server, leading to a conflict.
429 Too Many Requests (RFC 6585)
The user has sent too many requests in a given amount of time. Intended for use with rate-limiting schemes.
431 Request Header Fields Too Large (RFC 6585)
The server is unwilling to process the request because either an individual header field, or all the header fields collectively, are too large.
451 Unavailable For Legal Reasons (RFC 7725)
 A server operator has received a legal demand to deny access to a resource or to a set of resources that includes the requested resource. The code 451 was chosen as a reference to the novel Fahrenheit 451 (see the Acknowledgements in the RFC).

5xx server errors
The server failed to fulfil a request.

Response status codes beginning with the digit "5" indicate cases in which the server is aware that it has encountered an error or is otherwise incapable of performing the request. Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server  include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and indicate whether it is a temporary or permanent condition. Likewise, user agents  display any included entity to the user. These response codes are applicable to any request method.

500 Internal Server Error
 A generic error message, given when an unexpected condition was encountered and no more specific message is suitable.
501 Not Implemented
 The server either does not recognize the request method, or it lacks the ability to fulfil the request. Usually this implies future availability (e.g., a new feature of a web-service API).
502 Bad Gateway
 The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and received an invalid response from the upstream server.
503 Service Unavailable
 The server cannot handle the request (because it is overloaded or down for maintenance). Generally, this is a temporary state.
504 Gateway Timeout
 The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and did not receive a timely response from the upstream server.
505 HTTP Version Not Supported
 The server does not support the HTTP version used in the request.
506 Variant Also Negotiates (RFC 2295)
 Transparent content negotiation for the request results in a circular reference.
507 Insufficient Storage (WebDAV; RFC 4918)
 The server is unable to store the representation needed to complete the request.
508 Loop Detected (WebDAV; RFC 5842)
 The server detected an infinite loop while processing the request (sent instead of 208 Already Reported).
510 Not Extended (RFC 2774)
 Further extensions to the request are required for the server to fulfil it.
511 Network Authentication Required (RFC 6585)
The client needs to authenticate to gain network access. Intended for use by intercepting proxies used to control access to the network (e.g., "captive portals" used to require agreement to Terms of Service before granting full Internet access via a Wi-Fi hotspot).

Unofficial codes
The following codes are not specified by any standard.
  218 This is fine (Apache HTTP Server)
 Used by Apache servers. A catch-all error condition allowing the passage of message bodies through the server when the  ProxyErrorOverride  setting is enabled. It is displayed in this situation instead of a 4xx or 5xx error message.
  419 Page Expired (Laravel Framework)
Used by the Laravel Framework when a CSRF Token is missing or expired.
  420 Method Failure (Spring Framework)
 A deprecated response used by the Spring Framework when a method has failed.
 420 Enhance Your Calm (Twitter)
 Returned by version 1 of the Twitter Search and Trends API when the client is being rate limited; versions 1.1 and later use the 429 Too Many Requests response code instead. The phrase "Enhance your calm" comes from the 1993 movie Demolition Man, and its association with this number is likely a reference to cannabis.
 430 Request Header Fields Too Large (Shopify)
 Used by Shopify, instead of the 429 Too Many Requests response code, when too many URLs are requested within a certain time frame.
  450 Blocked by Windows Parental Controls (Microsoft)
 The Microsoft extension code indicated when Windows Parental Controls are turned on and are blocking access to the requested webpage.
  498 Invalid Token (Esri)
 Returned by ArcGIS for Server. Code 498 indicates an expired or otherwise invalid token.
  499 Token Required (Esri)
 Returned by ArcGIS for Server. Code 499 indicates that a token is required but was not submitted.
  509 Bandwidth Limit Exceeded (Apache Web Server/cPanel)
 The server has exceeded the bandwidth specified by the server administrator; this is often used by shared hosting providers to limit the bandwidth of customers.
  529 Site is overloaded
 Used by Qualys in the SSLLabs server testing API to signal that the site can't process the request.
  530 Site is frozen
 Used by the Pantheon Systems web platform to indicate a site that has been frozen due to inactivity.
  598 (Informal convention) Network read timeout error
 Used by some HTTP proxies to signal a network read timeout behind the proxy to a client in front of the proxy.
  599 Network Connect Timeout Error
 An error used by some HTTP proxies to signal a network connect timeout behind the proxy to a client in front of the proxy.

Internet Information Services
Microsoft's Internet Information Services (IIS) web server expands the 4xx error space to signal errors with the client's request.

  440 Login Time-out
 The client's session has expired and must log in again.
  449 Retry With
 The server cannot honour the request because the user has not provided the required information.
  451 Redirect
 Used in Exchange ActiveSync when either a more efficient server is available or the server cannot access the users' mailbox. The client is expected to re-run the HTTP AutoDiscover operation to find a more appropriate server.

IIS sometimes uses additional decimal sub-codes for more specific information, however these sub-codes only appear in the response payload and in documentation, not in the place of an actual HTTP status code.

nginx
The nginx web server software expands the 4xx error space to signal issues with the client's request.

  444 No Response
 Used internally to instruct the server to return no information to the client and close the connection immediately.
  494 Request header too large
 Client sent too large request or too long header line.
  495 SSL Certificate Error
An expansion of the 400 Bad Request response code, used when the client has provided an invalid client certificate.
  496 SSL Certificate Required
 An expansion of the 400 Bad Request response code, used when a client certificate is required but not provided.
  497 HTTP Request Sent to HTTPS Port
 An expansion of the 400 Bad Request response code, used when the client has made a HTTP request to a port listening for HTTPS requests.
  499 Client Closed Request
 Used when the client has closed the request before the server could send a response.

Cloudflare
Cloudflare's reverse proxy service expands the 5xx series of errors space to signal issues with the origin server.

  520 Web Server Returned an Unknown Error
 The origin server returned an empty, unknown, or unexpected response to Cloudflare.
  521 Web Server Is Down
 The origin server refused connections from Cloudflare. Security solutions at the origin may be blocking legitimate connections from certain Cloudflare IP addresses.
  522 Connection Timed Out
 Cloudflare timed out contacting the origin server.
  523 Origin Is Unreachable
 Cloudflare could not reach the origin server; for example, if the DNS records for the origin server are incorrect or missing.
  524 A Timeout Occurred
 Cloudflare was able to complete a TCP connection to the origin server, but did not receive a timely HTTP response.
  525 SSL Handshake Failed
 Cloudflare could not negotiate a SSL/TLS handshake with the origin server.
  526 Invalid SSL Certificate
 Cloudflare could not validate the SSL certificate on the origin web server. Also used by Cloud Foundry's gorouter.
  527 Railgun Error
 Error 527 indicates an interrupted connection between Cloudflare and the origin server's Railgun server.
  530
 Error 530 is returned along with a 1xxx error.

AWS Elastic Load Balancing
Amazon Web Services' Elastic Load Balancing adds a few custom return codes to signal issues either with the client request or with the origin server.

  460
 Client closed the connection with the load balancer before the idle timeout period elapsed. Typically when client timeout is sooner than the Elastic Load Balancer's timeout.
  463
 The load balancer received an X-Forwarded-For request header with more than 30 IP addresses.
  464
 Incompatible protocol versions between Client and Origin server.
  561 Unauthorized
 An error around authentication returned by a server registered with a load balancer. You configured a listener rule to authenticate users, but the identity provider (IdP) returned an error code when authenticating the user.

Caching warning codes (obsoleted)
The following caching related warning codes were specified under . Unlike the other status codes above, these were not sent as the response status in the HTTP protocol, but as part of the "Warning" HTTP header.

Since this "Warning" header is often neither sent by servers nor acknowledged by clients, this header and its codes were obsoleted by the HTTP Working Group in 2022 with .
  110 Response is Stale
 The response provided by a cache is stale (the content's age exceeds a maximum age set by a Cache-Control header or heuristically chosen lifetime).
  111 Revalidation Failed
 The cache was unable to validate the response, due to an inability to reach the origin server.
  112 Disconnected Operation
 The cache is intentionally disconnected from the rest of the network.
  113 Heuristic Expiration
 The cache heuristically chose a freshness lifetime greater than 24 hours and the response's age is greater than 24 hours.
  199 Miscellaneous Warning
 Arbitrary, non-specific warning. The warning text may be logged or presented to the user.
  214 Transformation Applied
 Added by a proxy if it applies any transformation to the representation, such as changing the content encoding, media type or the like.
  299 Miscellaneous Persistent Warning
 Same as 199, but indicating a persistent warning.

See also
 Custom error pages
 List of FTP server return codes
 List of HTTP header fields
 List of SMTP server return codes
 Common Log Format

Notes

References

External links

 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Status Code Registry at the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
 HTTP status codes at http-statuscode.com
 MDN status code reference at mozilla.org

HTTP status codes

List of HTTP status codes


Chemnitz is a city in Germany. It is in the state of Saxony. In 2006, about 245,000 people lived there.

During the partition of Germany Chemnitz was in East Germany. From 1953 to 1990 Chemnitz was called Karl-Marx-Stadt. The name was in reference to the social reformer Karl Marx. Now the city has its old name. This name is from the river that flows through it.

The first mention of the city was in 1143. The city had an important role in the Industrial Revolution. In about 1883, the city population passed 100.000 inhabitants.

Geography
Chemnitz is north of the Ore Mountains in the western part of the Bundesland Saxony. It is the 3rd biggest city in Saxony with about 245.000 inhabitants. The area is about 220 km2. There is a river that is also called Chemnitz.
The average temperature is 8 °C and the amount of rain and snow every year (annual precipitation) is 700 mm.

Sights
The Karl-Marx-Monument has been an attraction of the city since 1971. The 7,10 meter high statue was created by the Russian artist Lev Kerbel. The inhabitants of Chemnitz call it "Nischel", which means head in the dialect of the area.

The Roter Turm (the red tower)is one of Chemnitz's oldest sites; it was built in the 12th or 13th century and was once part of the city wall.

The town hall of Chemnitz consists of two buildings. The old town hall was built in the 15th century. The new townhall, on the other hand, was built at the beginning of the 20th century and was designed by Richard Möbius. The new town hall was erected next to the old one.

One of the new attractions of the city is das Tietz. The former department store was constructed in 1912/1913. Today the Museum for Natural History, the public library, an adult education centre, a gallery and the Petrified Forest are here.

Railway

Chemnitz had an ICE connection for a short time, until 2006. Chemnitz is part of the railway line Dresden - Chemnitz - Hof - Nuremberg which is called 'Franken - Sachsen - Magistrale'. Today an InterRegioExpress services Dresden, Nuremberg and Leipzig. There are regional train (RegionalBahn) connections to the Ore Mountains and to Elsterwerda.

Main roads
Here are listed on the most important roads of the metropolitan:
 A 4 : Highway, Frankfurt - Giessen - Erfurt - Chemnitz - Dresden - Görlitz - Wroclaw - Kraków
 A 72: Highway, Hof - Zwickau - Chemnitz - Geithain ( - Leipzig)

 B 95: federal highway, Annaberg-Buchholz - Chemnitz - Borna - Leipzig
 B 107: federal highway, Pritzwalk - Dessau - Grimma - Chemnitz

 B 169: federal highway, Neuensalz - Chemnitz - Riesa - Elsterwerda - Cottbus
 B 173: federal highway, Bad Staffelstein - Hof - Chemnitz - Dresden
 B 174: federal highway, Marienberg (Ore mountains) - Chemnitz

Public transport
Chemnitz has got a big tram and a big bus network. There are 6 tram lines and 25 (+1 at fair days) bus lines. These networks belong to CVAG, the transport companies of Chemnitz.

References

Other websites

Chemnitz


Lemaire Channel is a strait off Antarctica, between Kyiv Peninsula in the mainland's Graham Land and Booth Island. Nicknamed "Kodak Gap" by some, it is one of the top tourist destinations in Antarctica; steep cliffs hem in the iceberg-filled passage, which is  long and just  wide at its narrowest point.

It was first seen by the German expedition of 1873-74, but not traversed until December 1898, when the Belgica of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition passed through. Expedition leader Adrien de Gerlache named it for Charles Lemaire (1863-1925), a Belgian explorer of the Congo.

The channel has since become a standard part of the itinerary for cruising in Antarctica; not only is it scenic, but the protected waters are usually as still as a lake, a rare occurrence in the storm-wracked southern seas, and the north-south traverse delivers vessels close to Petermann Island for landings. The principal difficulty is that icebergs may fill the channel, especially in early season, obliging a ship to backtrack and go around the outside of Booth Island to reach Petermann.

See also
Nimrod Passage
Una Peaks

References
 SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.

Straits of Antarctica
Graham Coast
Tourism sites in Antarctica

Lemaire Channel


, also known as surimi' is a cured, processed seafood product of Japan. It is made of puréed white fish, formed into different shapes including semi-cylinder loafs, and steamed until it becomes firm. Some kamaboko known as narutomaki is made with a swirl pattern in the center of each slice, named after the famous tidal whirlpool in the Japanese city Naruto. Outside of Japan, kamaboko is often referred to as fish cake.

Kamaboko has been made in Japan since the 14th century CE and has become commonly available in many other countries. One example that can be found in the West is kanikama (also known as kani kamaboko), or imitation crab. This variation of surimi is quite common in the West as it is a cheap substitute for real crab meat.

In Japan, kamaboko can often be seen served as a topping over ramen or udon. It is also commonly sold at convenience stores as chikama (kamaboko and cheese).

Japanese food
Seafood

Kamaboko


Aaron ben Meir of Brest was a Belarusian rabbi; born about the beginning of the eighteenth century at Brest-Litovsk, Belarus; died there November 3, 1777. He was a descendant of the family of Katzenellenbogen-Padua, and received his Talmudical instruction from Eliezer ben Eliezer Kolir, a well-known Pilpulist and the author of a number of rabbinical works.

Aaron carried the Pilpul method to its extreme limits, and was the author of "Minḥat Aharon" (Aaron's Offering, Novydvor, 1792), a work containing glosses on the Talmudic treatise Sanhedrin, and a masterpiece of rabbinical dialectics (Pilpul). At the end of the work is an appendix, called "Minḥah Belulah," which contains responsa and commentaries on Talmudic topics. Some of his responsa may be found in the "Meḳor Mayim Ḥayyim" (Sudilkov, 1836), a work by his grandson, Jacob Meir of Padua. Aaron's father was one of the leaders () of the Jewish community of Brest-Litovsk; and his signature is attached to a letter sent in 1752 by that community to Jonathan Eybeschütz assuring him of their support in his dispute with Emden.

References

18th-century Polish–Lithuanian rabbis
18th-century births
Year of birth unknown

1777 deaths
Rabbis from Brest, Belarus
People from Brest Litovsk Voivodeship

Aaron ben Meir of Brest


The Runnins River is a river in the U.S. states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. It flows approximately 14 km (9 mi).

Course
The river begins in Seekonk, Massachusetts in the swamps east of Prospect Street, near Walker Street. From there, the river flows in a southwesterly direction towards East Providence, Rhode Island, where it then forms the boundary between Massachusetts and Rhode Island. It continues flowing along the state line to its end at Mobil Dam. Below Mobil Dam (the boundary between fresh and salt water), the river broadens out and empties into Hundred Acre Cove and becomes the Barrington River.

Crossings
Below is a list of all crossings over the Runnins River. The list starts at the headwaters and goes downstream.
Seekonk
Prospect Street
Woodward Avenue
Greenwood Avenue
Ledge Road
Arcade Avenue
Taunton Avenue (U.S. 44)
Pleasant Street
Brook Hill Drive
Fall River Avenue (MA 114A)
Leonard Street
East Providence
Warren Avenue
Interstate 195
Highland Avenue (U.S. 6)
Mink Road (RI 114A)
River Road

Tributaries
Aitken Brook and Luthers Brook are the only named tributaries of Runnins River, though it has many unnamed streams that also feed it.

See also
List of rivers in Massachusetts
List of rivers in Rhode Island
Barrington River (Rhode Island)

References
Maps from the United States Geological Survey
Friends of Runnins River

Rivers of Bristol County, Massachusetts
Rivers of Providence County, Rhode Island
Borders of Massachusetts
Borders of Rhode Island
Narragansett Bay
Rivers of Massachusetts
Rivers of Rhode Island

Runnins River


Keuruu is a town and municipality in Central Finland. It is 60 km to the west of Jyväskylä. There were more than 10,300 people living there in January 2014. More than 10% of the area is water. Keuruu is next to the municipalities of Jämsä, Multia, Mänttä-Vilppula, Petäjävesi, Virrat and Ähtäri.

Other websites

 Keuruu city page

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Central Finland

Keuruu


Spielvereinigung Unterhaching () is a German sports club in Unterhaching, a semi-rural municipality on the southern outskirts of the Bavarian capital Munich. The club is widely known for playing in the first-division association football league Bundesliga alongside its more famous cousins, Bayern Munich and 1860 Munich, for two seasons between 1999 and 2001, while the club's bobsleigh department has captured several world and Olympic titles. The football team won promotion into the 3. Liga (third tier) after beating Cottbus 4–1 on aggregate in June 2023.

History

Early history
Originally part of the gymnastics and sports club TSV Hachinger, SpVgg Unterhaching was established as an independent football club on 1 January 1925. Their first promotion to a higher division came in 1931 and they went on to be promoted to the A-Klasse a year later. However, the club was dissolved in 1933 as it was regarded as "politically unreliable" by the Nazis and was not re-established until after the end of World War II in 1945 to resume play in the amateur fourth division B-Klasse.

A rise through the ranks

Unterhaching's football team was only an anonymous local amateur team with no significant successes until a climb through league ranks that began in 1976 with promotion from B-Klasse to A-Klasse play. A first-place finished earned the club quick promotion to the Bezirksliga in 1977. Continued good play put the team into the fourth-division Landesliga Bayern-Süd in 1979 and then the Oberliga Bayern (III), the highest amateur division at the time, by 1981.

Unterhaching finished first there in 1983 to earn an appearance in the playoff round for the 2. Bundesliga, but failed to advance. They suffered a similar fate in 1988 when they next appeared in the promotion round.

The club finally emerged from the Oberliga to play in the 2. Bundesliga in 1989, but were quickly relegated after a 20th-place finish. Promoted a second time in 1992, they were once again sent down after a marginally better 18th-place result. Unterhaching next appeared in the second division in 1995 after a first-place finish in the new Regionalliga Süd (III).

Unterhaching in Bundesliga
With their return to the 2. Bundesliga in the 1995–96 season the club would begin a period that would see them earn their best ever results. They finished 4th that season, then slipped to 6th and 11th-place results in their next two campaigns before securing promotion to the top-flight Bundesliga after a 2nd-place finish in 1999 season.

They went on to surprise everyone with a respectable 10th-place result in their inaugural Bundesliga season and also famously played the spoiler's role in deciding who would win the championship that year. Their first Bundesliga win came in just their second match of the season, with a 2–0 victory over MSV Duisburg at home. While struggling in away matches, Unterhaching remained undefeated at home in nine games before losing 0–2 to their stronger neighbours, Bayern Munich. Prior to this loss, they had earned wins at home in matches against highly favoured teams like VfB Stuttgart and Borussia Dortmund, beating them 2–0 and 1–0 respectively. They earned their first away win in the Bundesliga by beating VfB Stuttgart 2–0 once again.

On the final matchday of the season, visiting Bayer Leverkusen needed only a draw in Unterhaching to secure their first national title, but instead went down to defeat to the determined home side. Things took a sinister turn for Leverkusen when Michael Ballack scored an own goal that put home side ahead in the 20th minute. Their title hopes ended when Haching midfielder Markus Oberleitner made the score 2–0 in the 72nd minute. Meanwhile, Bayern Munich beat Werder Bremen 3–1 at home and were able to overtake Leverkusen on goal difference to snatch away the title. With a 10th-place result, Unterhaching finished ahead of long-established sides Borussia Dortmund and Schalke 04. They ended the season with the league's fifth best home record with 10 wins and 5 draws in 17 matches having lost only to Bayern Munich and 1. FC Kaiserslautern.

Goalkeeper Gerhard Tremmel, defenders Alexander Strehmel and Jochen Seitz, midfielders Markus Oberleitner and André Breitenreiter and striker Altin Rraklli were among the most memorable players of a team that impressed by its discipline. Breitenreiter and Rraklli scored 13 Bundesliga goals between them that season.

However, the start of the 2000–01 season was a nightmare for Unterhaching as they would win only one and draw two of their first eight matches. While the team went undefeated in its next six matches, they were unable to maintain that form and at the mid-season break were only out of the relegation zone on goal difference. The second half of the season was just as dismal, and although they earned wins over local rivals Bayern Munich and 1860 Munich, their campaign would end with a 16th-place result and relegation.

As the season drew to a close Unterhaching was once again in a position to help Bayern Munich win another title. Needing only to hold second-place Schalke 04 to a draw in their final match to ensure Bayern's win, Unterhaching held 2–0 and 3–2 advantages before finally succumbing 3–5 to Schalke. Bayern then had to make their own way to the championship with at least a draw against Hamburger SV which they only narrowly managed on a Patrik Andersson equalizer (1–1) deep into stoppage time.

Ironically, in the middle of their poor season, SpVgg Unterhaching would emerge as winners of the last DFB-Hallenpokal, an indoor football tournament staged during the winter break of the Bundesliga season from 1987 to 2001.

Recent history
The club's struggles continued after their relegation to the 2. Bundesliga. Needing an away win in their final match of the season in order to avoid being sent down to the Regionalliga Süd (III), they instead went down to a 0–3 defeat to Karlsruher SC and finished in 15th place. They re-bounded the following season, taking the Regionalliga title, and making their way back to second division competition. Subsequently, Haching has delivered poor results in the 2. Bundesliga, narrowly avoiding being relegated again in both 2004 and 2006 before finally dropping into the Regionalliga in 2007, finishing 16th in the table due to FC Carl Zeiss Jena's 2–1 win against FC Augsburg.

In the 2007–08 season, the club was never really in contention for a 2. Bundesliga return but did qualify for the new 3. Liga. In its first season in the new, nationwide 3. Liga, the club was close to promotion, but a loss 3–4-loss against Carl Zeiss Jena on the 37th matchday earned them a fall from second to fourth place, and a prolonged stay in the third league.

In 2009–10 the club started well, but went down the table during winter. 2008–09's successful coach Ralph Hasenhüttl got replaced by the 1990-world champion Klaus Augenthaler, who led the team to a finish on a secure 11th place.

The club finished one place above the relegation zone in the 3. Liga in 2013–14, coming 17th but was relegated to the tier four Regionalliga Bayern at the end of the 2014–15 season. It qualified for the 2015–16 DFB-Pokal where it knocked-out FC Ingolstadt 04 and RB Leipzig before losing to Bayer Leverkusen in the third round.

In the 2022–23 season, Unterhaching returned to the 3. Liga as champions of the Regionalliga Bayern.

Honours
The club's honours:

League
 2. Bundesliga (II)
 Runners-up: 1998–99
 Regionalliga Süd (III)
 Champions: 1994–95, 2002–03
 Bayernliga (III)
 Champions: 1983, 1988, 1989, 1992
 Runners-up: 1991
 Regionalliga Bayern (IV)
 Champions: 2016–17, 2022–23
 Landesliga Bayern-Süd (IV)
 Champions: 1981
 Runners-up: 2001‡
 Bezirksoberliga Oberbayern (VI)
 Champions: 1999‡

Cup
 Bavarian Cup
 Winners: 2008, 2012, 2015
 Runners-up: 2016
 Oberbayern Cup
 Winners: 2004‡, 2008, 2009

Youth
 Bavarian Under 19 championship
 Champions: 2004, 2008, 2011
 Runners-up: 2007, 2015, 2016
 Bavarian Under 17 championship
 Champions: 2002, 2004, 2011, 2016
 Runners-up: 2007, 2009
 Bavarian Under 15 championship
 Champions: 2011
 Runners-up: 1993, 2004, 2006, 2013, 2015, 2016
 ‡ Reserve team

Players

First-team squad

Recent managers
Recent managers of the club:

Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier.

Key

Reserve team

SpVgg Unterhaching II (or SpVgg Unterhaching Amateure) belong to the Bayernliga since 2001, coming ninth in the 2007–08 season of this league. Due to a number of clubs in the league not receiving a licence for the Regionalliga, the team gained entry to the Regionalliga Süd for the 2008–09 season. The team returned to the Bayernliga again after being relegated in 2009.

In March 2015, the club announced that it would withdraw its reserve team at the end of the 2014–15 season after a rule change that allowed 3. Liga Clubs to do so. SpVgg Unterhaching stated financial reasons for this step.

Stadium
SpVgg Unterhaching's home stadium is the municipal Stadion am Sportpark (capacity 15,053), now known as Alpenbauer Sportpark under a sponsorship arrangement with the club. The club's fan base is local in character, although it has developed a small following as one of Germany's "Kult" teams.

Until 1960, Haching played their home matches at the Jahnstraße football field and moved then to the Grünauer Allee stadium, which has about 4,000 standing places and where they played before the Sportpark stadium opened in April 1992. The Grünauer Allee stadium is now home ground of the club's reserve squad, Haching II, which is currently playing in the fourth-division Oberliga Bayern.
The Grünauer Allee stadium is also the home ground of Fortuna Unterhaching, established in 1992 and playing close to the bottom end of the German league system. During winter, Fortuna Unterhaching shares the artificial football pitch owned by SpVgg Unterhaching.

Bobsleigh

In 1975, local entrepreneur and club sponsor Anton Schrobenhauser († 1982) founded the bobsleigh department, which he presided over until 1979. The club's bobsledders have since achieved a number of excellent results on the national and international level.

Numerous Olympic medals and world championship titles make Christoph Langen Unterhaching's outstanding bobsledder. His honours include:
Olympics 2-man crew: 2002 (Gold); 1992, 1998 (Bronze)
Olympics 4-man crew: 1998 (Gold)
World champion 2-man crew: 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001
World champion 4-man crew: 1996, 2001
World Cup 2-man crew: 1996, 1999, 2004
World Cup 4-man crew: 1996, 1999
European champion 2-man crew: 1994, 1995, 1996, 2001, 2004
European champion 4-man crew: 1996, 1999

References

External links

The Abseits Guide to German Soccer
SpVgg Unterhaching profile at Weltfussball.de

Association football clubs established in 1925
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Bavaria
Multi-sport clubs in Germany
Football in Upper Bavaria
1925 establishments in Germany
Bundesliga clubs
Munich (district)
2. Bundesliga clubs
3. Liga clubs

SpVgg Unterhaching


Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Ltd. is an electricity company that was incorporated on 15 September 2003 by Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB). The Company obtained the Certificate of the Commencement of Business on 15 October 2003. The company was one of several created as a part of efforts towards restructuring of the power sector in the state of Gujarat in India.

Description
The company is involved in electricity sub-transmission distribution and retail supply in the State of Gujarat State. Their mandate is to establish and use a power system network and to buy and sell electrical energy, and to collect information with an eye towards further system improvements.

The Gujarat Electricity Industry (Re-Organization & Regulation) Act 2003 paved the way for comprehensive reform and restructuring of the State Electricity Board with an aim to restructure the Electricity Industry in a manner that will ensure the long term viability and sustainability of the power sector in the state. As a part of the reform process, the GEB was disaggregated into several autonomous entities. PGVCL is undertaken by government of Gujarat.

The Electricity Act 2003 introduced competition by way of open access in the transmission and distribution of electricity. The Act also provided for reorganization of the Electricity Boards through appropriate transfer schemes being formulated by the state governments. The Government of Gujarat reorganized the GEB functionally into a Generation Company, a Transmission Company and four Distribution Companies. Thereby Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Limited became functional on 1 April 2005.

See also
 Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited GSEC
 Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation limited Getco
 State Load Dispatch Center SLDC
 Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Limited DGVCL
 Madhya Gujarat Vij Company Limited MGVCL
 Uttar Gujarat Vij Company Limited UGVCL
 Gujarat Energy Training and Research Institute GETRI

External links
 www.pgvcl.com
 www.gseb.com

Companies based in Gujarat
Electric power distribution network operators in India
State electricity agencies of Gujarat
Energy companies established in 1999
1999 establishments in Gujarat

Paschim Gujarat Vij


The APF-M1000 was a video game console made by APF in 1978. The controllers had numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 called a numeric keypad) and a joystick. With a joystick, the player moves the joystick and uses it to control the action in the game. It could only be used on a color TV. It came built-in with the game "Rocket Patrol".

Specifications
CPU: Motorola 6800 at 3579 kHz
RAM: 1 KB
Colors: 8 on-screen
Resolution: 256 by 192

Cartridge list
MG1008 Backgammon
MG1006 Baseball
MG1007 Blackjack
MG1004 Bowling/Micro Match
MG1012 Boxing
MG1005 Brickdown/Shooting Gallery
MG1009 Casino I: Roulette/Keno/Slots
MG1001 Catena
MG1003 Hangman/Tic Tac Toe/Doddle
MG1011 Pinball/Dungeon Hunt/Blockout
Built-In Rocket Patrol
MG1013 Space Destroyers
MG1010 UFO/Sea Monster/Break It Down/Rebuild/Shoot

Video game consoles

APF-M1000


Angus is a county on the North Sea and on the northern shore of the Firth of Tay in Scotland, United Kingdom.

Angus is also the name of a council area.

The county town of Angus is Forfar, but its largest town is Dundee. Dundee is not part of the council area but is a council area on its own.

Industry
Angus is also well known for its breed of cattle much used in beef production. The Angus cattle were developed from cattle native to the counties of Aberdeenshire and Angus, and are now found in most parts of the world.

Angus


Queen Seondeok of Silla (606 – 8 January 647) was 27th ruler of Silla, one of the three ancient kingdoms of Korea. She was a daughter of King Jinpyeong and Lady Maya of the Kim clan. Because King Jinpyeong did not have any sons, Queen Seondeok became the first female ruler in Korean history after her father died. Besides the name Seondeok, she was also called Sung-Jo Hwang-Go which means "sacred and dedicated queen".

Queen Seondeok was an intelligent and capable ruler who established the foundation of Silla's unity of Korea peninsula. She ruled her kingdom wisely and improved her people's life. Also, she made a lot of effort to accept advanced culture of ancient China by sending international students and monks. The star-gazing tower named Cheomseongdae and wooden tower with nine floors in Hwangnyongsa temple are the results of her effort.

According to some legend (in Korean history book Samguk Sagi) related to her, Queen Seondeok had great intuition and foresight. She noticed where the enemy was hiding by natural phenomena, predicted many incidents before it happened, and even knew when she would die a couple of days ago and left her will before death. Because of her extraordinary and heroic life, many Korean people make novels, plays, musicals and so on till now.

606 births
647 deaths
Kings and queens
Korean monarchs

Queen Seondeok of Silla


Niu Jin () ( 208–238) was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He continued serving in the state of Cao Wei, founded by Cao Cao's successor Cao Pi, during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

Life
Niu Jin participated in the Battle of Jiangling of 208, during which he volunteered to lead 300 horsemen to attack the enemy, but was only saved by Cao Ren when he got surrounded.

Years later, he participated in the counter-attack against the invading Shu forces in 231 and scored a victory over Zhuge Liang's unit, and pursued him to Mount Qi. In 234, he soundly defeated the Shu general Ma Dai on the battlefield and killed thousands of enemies. In 238, he followed Sima Yi on his campaign against Gongsun Yuan and was promoted to General of the Rear (後將軍).

However, Niu Jin's accomplishments in his later years had only earned him the apprehension from the Simas, thus he was ordered to commit suicide by drinking poison. The exact reasons for his death as well as the year he died remain disputed. The Yuan Shi Juan states that the incident happened "after the Year of the Horse" and that Niu Jin was poisoned by drinking toxic wine. Other records state that it was because Niu Jin committed adultery with one of the Sima relatives and was assassinated with poison arrows "during the Year of the Cow". This account is somewhat supported by Wei's records as they state that an illegitimate child was born in the Sima family. A story from unknown origin also states that Niu Jin was killed since he was actually a distant relative of the former emperor; his death date and the accuracy of this statement are difficult to verify.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Niu Jin was one of Cao Ren's subordinates. He chased Gan Ning back to Yiling during the battle of Jiangling, but was surrounded by reinforcements led by Zhou Yu, and was ultimately defeated. Niu Jin then regrouped and planned a night attack on Zhou Yu's camp, but in the end he was once again beaten, suffering another great loss.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Generals under Cao Cao
Cao Wei generals
Chinese politicians who committed suicide
Suicides in Cao Wei

Niu Jin


A window shutter is a solid and stable window covering usually consisting of a frame of vertical stiles and horizontal rails (top, centre and bottom).  Set within this frame can be louvers (both operable or fixed, horizontal or vertical), solid panels, fabric, glass and almost any other item that can be mounted within a frame.
Shutters may be employed for a variety of reasons, including controlling the amount of sunlight that enters a room, to provide privacy, security, to protect against weather or unwanted intrusion or damage and to enhance the aesthetics of a building.

Depending on the application, and the construction of the window frame, shutters can be mounted to fit within the opening or to overlap the opening.  The term window shutter includes both interior shutters, used on the inside of a house or building, and exterior shutters, used on the outside of a structure.  On some styles of buildings it is common to have shutters to cover the doors as well as the windows.

Interior shutters

Interior shutters are typically divided into narrow units hinged accordion-style so that two or more units cover each side of a window opening when closed. Operable louvered shutters have louvers (or louvres in British usage),  or slats,  controlled by a tilt bar or rod to adjust the louver position and keep them in a uniform position, to control light, visibility and airflow.  Shutters with operable louvers are described variously as traditional shutters, California shutters, or plantation shutters. Plantation shutters, typical of hot lower latitude climates like Florida, South Africa, the Mediterranean or Australia, typically have only two shutters per window and wide louver blades.

Other interior shutters use stationary louvers that do not rotate (fixed louvers); solid raised or flat panels; fabric inserts; or tinted glass.  Shutters can be configured in a single tier unit that has one shutter top to bottom of a window opening as well as multiple tiers.  Multiple tier units feature separate shutters on each tier which allows the top shutters to be opened independently from the bottom shutters. Café-type shutters refer to shutters that only cover the lower portion of a window.

Full height shutters can be made with a horizontal divider rail which separates the upper and lower portions of the shutter.  With operable louvered shutters this gives greater control as the louvers above the divider rail can be operated independently from the louvers below the divider rail.  Interior shutters can be constructed from numerous woods, which can be painted or stained, and a variety of synthetic materials.  Interior shutters that are made to close tolerances are preferable for the best possible fit. When louvers or tilt bar (rod) become damaged, replacement kits for these damaged parts may be ordered online and are easy to install.

In the UK, most interior shutters historically were paneled.

Exterior shutters

Exterior shutters were originally constructed for light control, privacy, security and protection from the elements. Many areas of tropical Australia, the Mediterranean, Africa, and the American South, feature exterior shutters that block the strong sun from windows. Functional shutters hinge on each side of a window or at the top and swing closed when necessary and can also be mounted on tracks applied to the face of the building. Fixed and operable louvers shed rain, allow air transfer, filter direct sunlight, protect from small flying debris, and provide privacy. Operable louvered shutters allow for greater control of light and ventilation. Solid panels and board-and-batten shutters are generally used for security or protection during severe weather. Non-functional shutters are merely used to enhance the appearance of a building. Functional shutters have traditionally been constructed from solid woods that have proven to endure outside elements but have also been mass-produced in woods less suitable to the outdoors like pine.  Finishing wood shutters is recommended for extended life.  Composite shutters offer advantages over wood shutters such as resistance to twisting, splitting, and rotting. However, PVC shutters are often hinged with three or more hinges and painted with vinyl-safe paint to keep from bowing in the sun and can require additional hardware. Fiberglass shutters are more dimensionally stable than PVC.

Certain hardwoods currently used for exterior shutters, specifically Spanish cedar, Honduran mahogany and teak, are resistant to rot and decay, and far more durable than a softer wood like untreated pine. Because of the tannin in these woods they are also not prone to problems from insects.  Pressure treatment with wood preservative makes pine, cedar and other types of wood suitable for exterior shutters. Non-functional exterior shutters can be constructed from wood, vinyl, fiberglass or other synthetic materials. Non-functional shutters can be simply screwed or bolted directly to the building, with spacers or other hardware to prevent water accumulating against the wall. Fiberglass, a material widely used for boat hulls, is not prone to rotting or twisting, is dimensionally stable and has low expansion and contraction.  It is a reinforced plastic, unlike vinyl or PVC, so fiberglass shutters do not have a tendency to warp or sag. Its strength is comparable to aluminum; however, it does not suffer from corrosion and electrolysis.

Exterior shutters in France, notably in Paris, are frequently made of steel and are configured in multiple narrow full-length panels, allowing them to fold open and fit inconspicuously against the recesses at the sides of the window. Some exterior shutters in Italy, such as in towns along the Adriatic coast, slide on rollers into pockets in the wall at each side of the window.

In Germany and other parts of Europe, rolling exterior shutters on tracks (de) have become ubiquitous. When open, these type shutters roll up into boxes concealed in the thickness of the wall above the window. They are typically raised and lowered manually, such as by a rolling pull made of flat nylon cord, but they can be equipped with electric operating mechanisms. These shutters allow some light in the room when not fully lowered, but wholly block light when completely closed. Variations include frame extensions that allow the closed shutter to swing out like an awning or Bermuda shutter.

An exterior hurricane shutter or storm shutter is used to protect windows and doors in a building against the effects of high winds, rain, and flying objects during a hurricane, or as a security shutter over an opening. They can be made of a variety of materials such as fiberglass, steel, aluminum, wood or composite wood and can be installed in tracks to be quickly opened and closed manually or with motorized controls. There are also high-impact-resistant plastics that can be applied to new or existing wood shutters that provide hurricane protection.

See also
 Robotic window cleaner
 Roller shutter
 Window blind
 Window treatment
 Window shutter hardware

References

External links

Shutter

Window shutter


Nidwalden is a canton of Switzerland. It is in the center of Switzerland. The population is 38,600 (in 2001). The capital is Stans.

Geography
Nidwalden is in the center of Switzerland. To the north is Lake Lucerne.  Mountain ranges block in the rest of the canton on the other sides.

History

In 1291 the people of Nidwalden joined Uri and Schwyz to form an alliance. At the time there was no state, but towards the end of the 14th century early forms of government were established. This included institutionalized assemblies and courts. In the 14th and 15th century the people of Nidwalden joined the people of Obwalden to discuss important matters, but the two cantons were never really one. For example, Obwalden did not participate in the annexation of Bellinzona, Riviera and Blenio areas (today in the canton of Ticino).

Around 1500 many people in Nidwalden worked as mercenary soldiers. Many of these soldiers later emigrated. This helped to lessen the pressure of a growing population. A popular destination was the Alsace. After rejecting a new constitution by Napoleon — the ideas of the French Revolution were not popular in such an agricultural area — Nidwalden was attacked by French troops on 9 September 1798. Random destruction was caused and at least 400 people were killed. After the end of Napoleon's rule in 1814 most of the changes were reverted. Only in 1877 did Nidwalden introduce a new constitution. The open assembly (Landsgemeinde) was abolished in 1997.

Politics
The government is composed of seven members. The local parliament has 60 seats.

Nidwalden sends only one deputy to the Swiss Council of States.

Economy
Up to the 1900s, Nidwalden was taken over by agriculture. Cattle and cheese were exported mainly to northern Italy. Around 1500, many people in Nidwalden worked as mercenary soldiers (people hired to fight for someone for money).

From the middle of the 19th century onwards, trade, industry and tourism gained momentum. Still, until the 1950s, agriculture took over the canton. Today, many small and middle-sized businesses fill the economy. The largest employer is the airplane constructor Pilatus. The small and middle-sized businesses work in a lot of areas. Many provide work in machine construction, medical equipment, international trade, optics and electronics.

Traditional areas such as forestry and agriculture are still important. Most farming is done with cattle and dairy products. Family farms are still common in Nidwalden today.

In recent years, Nidwalden is becoming an increasingly popular place to live and work. This is caused by its low taxes, its central location between Zürich and Milan, and the pretty countryside.

Tourism
Because of the mountainous geography, tourism is important to Nidwalden. The lake and mountains attract many tourists around the year.

Culture
Many local charities have kept local traditions intact. There is traditional music, yodeling, dances, theaters and festivals. There are a number of modern cultural events, such as concerts and galleries.

Municipalities
There are eleven municipalities:
 Beckenried
 Buochs
 Dallenwil
 Emmetten
 Ennetbürgen
 Ennetmoos
 Hergiswil
 Oberdorf
 Stans
 Stansstad
 Wolfenschiessen

References

Other websites

 Official Site
  Nidwalden map
 Official Statistics

Nidwalden


The Saharan Air Layer (SAL) is an intensely dry, warm and sometimes dust-laden layer of the atmosphere which often overlays the cooler, more-humid surface air of the Atlantic Ocean. In the Sahara Desert region of North Africa, where it originates, it is the prevalent atmosphere, extending from the surface upwards several kilometers. As it drives, or is driven, out over the ocean, it is lifted above the denser marine air. This arrangement is an inversion where the temperature increases with height. The boundary between the SAL and the marine layer suppresses or "caps" any convection originating in the marine layer. Since it is dry air, the lapse rate within the SAL itself is steep, that is, the temperature falls rapidly with height.

Other websites
 NOAA FAQ: Saharan Air Layer
 Real Time SAL data
 HA! Look at 2006! Where are the Hurricanes?
 Research: Aerosols Slow Wind

Meteorology
Winds

Saharan Air Layer


The Nose is an opera by Dmitri Shostakovich.  It was written in 1927.  At this time a lot of exciting new movies were being made in the Soviet Union.  There were also some very interesting new plays in the theatres.  The famous theatre director Vsevolod Meyerhold had many new ideas.   However, operas that were being written then were mostly quite uninteresting.

Shostakovich, who was only just twenty years old, started to make Soviet operas interesting again.  He took the story called The Nose which was written by Nikolai Gogol.  It is about a man who wakes up one day to find his nose has gone.

The opera was first performed in 1930.  Unfortunately by then the music critics had changed their ideas because of the political situation in the Soviet Union which was being ruled by the dictator Stalin.   They wrote bad things about the opera and the performances soon had to stop.  It was not until 1974 that it was performed again in the Soviet Union.

The opera is a satire.  It pokes fun at bureaucrats: people in official jobs who think they are more important than they really are.

The story of the opera

In the opera the barber Ivan Yakovlevich is seen shaving the Major.  In the morning Ivan wakes up and his wife gives him some fresh bread and onion.  When he cuts the bread open he finds a nose inside.  His wife screams and yells at her husband.  She chases him out of the house.  He runs along the street with the nose, feeling very embarrassed.  He throws the nose in the river, but a policeman catches him.  He tries unsuccessfully to bribe him.

In the next scene the Major wakes up and  finds he has no nose.  He goes to tell the police.  He goes to the cathedral and sees his nose who is dressed up as an important person (the nose is now a person,  sung by a singer).  The Major is not sure what to say to his nose because his nose is now more important than he is.  He can't speak properly and the nose does not understand him.  The nose speaks very confidently, like a person of high rank.  The Major cannot find the Chief of Police so he goes to the newspaper office.  The people there laugh at him and say that they cannot put a notice in the newspaper about a lost nose because it would make their newspaper look silly.  He is told to see a doctor.  When the Major takes his handkerchief away from his face to show that he really has lost his nose the newspaper staff become interested because they think they have a good story for the newspaper.  They offer him some snuff.  Of course, he cannot sniff it, and gets very cross.

The police, who are looking for the lost nose,  are watching people who are getting into a coach.  They think the nose might be trying to leave the city.  As the coach leaves the nose runs in, tries to stop the coach, frightens thehorses,  the driver tries to shoot the nose, and everyone starts to fight the nose, beating and hitting it until it is back to its normal size.  The policeman wraps it in a piece of paper.  He returns it to the Major and asks for payment.  The Major tries to stick his nose back on his face but he can't.  Even the doctor can't do it.  The nose escapes into the crowd. The Major thinks that Madame Podtochina, who tried to make him marry her daughter, has used witchcraft on him.  He writes to her asking her to stop the spell but she writes back thinking that he wants to marry her daughter.  Large crowds appear on the street to try to see the nose.

In the last part of the opera the Major has got his nose back where it belongs.  He is shaved by the barber and then walks along the street proudly showing everyone his nose.

The music

The music is just right for telling a story which is a satire.  The policeman, for example, sings in a high, squeaky voice.  The music at the beginning sounds rather like circus music.  At the end of the scene when he is unable to bribe the police officer there is music just for percussion instruments.  This bit is very famous and often played as a separate piece.  One of the barber's songs is accompanied by four balalaikas.  Madame Podtochina's daughter sings like a romantic opera singer.  The waltz which is sung as the people get on the coach is a parody waltz.

1930s operas
Compositions by Dmitri Shostakovich
1930 works

The Nose (opera)


A Global Positioning System, also known as GPS, is a system of satellites designed to help navigate on the Earth, in the air, and on water.

A GPS receiver shows where it is. It may also show how fast it is moving, which direction it is going, how high it is, and maybe how fast it is going up or down. Many GPS receivers have information about places. GPSs for automobiles have travel data like road maps, hotels, restaurants, and service stations. GPSs for boats contain nautical charts of harbors, marinas, shallow water, rocks, and waterways. Other GPS receivers are made for air navigation, hiking and backpacking, bicycling, or many other activities. The majority are in smartphones.

Most GPS receivers can record where they have been, and help plan a journey. While traveling a planned journey, it predicts the time to the next destination.

How it works

A GPS unit takes radio signals from satellites in space in orbit around the Earth. There are 31 satellites which are  above the Earth. The orbital period is 11 hours and 58 minutes. Each circle is  radius due to the Earth's radius. Far from the North Pole and South Pole, a GPS unit can receive signals from 6 to 12 satellites at once. Each satellite contains an atomic clock which is carefully set by NORAD several times every day.

The radio signals contain information about the time and position of the satellite, including its ephemeris. The GPS receiver subtracts the current time from the time the signal was sent. The difference is how long ago the signal was sent. The time difference multiplied by the speed of light is the distance to the satellite. The GPS unit uses trigonometry to calculate where it is from each satellite's position and distance. Usually there must be at least four satellites to solve the geometric equations. A GPS receiver can calculate its position many times in one second.

Many inexpensive consumer receivers are accurate to  almost anywhere on the Earth.

A GPS unit can usually also calculate its current speed. Cheap ones like in a mobile phone do this by comparing present position with recent position. Expensive ones like in an airliner use the Doppler effect and are very accurate.

History
Various radio navigation systems have been in use since the middle 20th century. In the 1960s, experiments put the radio transmitters in satellites. A new system, at first called Navstar, was designed in the 1970s by the United States Air Force. It became GPS and was only used by the U.S. military. In 1983 President Ronald Reagan made an order to allow anyone to use the system, though it was yet too small to be very useful. The highest precision signal was encrypted and only the armed forces were allowed to use it, but in the 1990s it was temporarily decrypted and this was made permanent at the turn of the century.

Some GPS receivers are separate units with their own power and display. Those were the majority in the 20th century. Military receivers then displayed only the geographic coordinates, or some had no display but only gave the coordinates to another machine.

Now, the majority of GPS receivers are part of mobile phones, and many are built into wristwatches, cars and other devices. The GPS part of a mobile phone is small and usually poor, but the phone also uses mobile base stations and Wi-Fi signals to help. This is called aGPS or "augmented GPS".

Other systems
There are other systems that act in the same way. One was put in space by Russia, called GLONASS. Another that is not yet done is named for Galileo and built by the European Union.

References

Technology
Satellites
Data input

Global Positioning System


Babrius (, Bábrios;  century), also known as Babrias () or Gabrias (), was the author of a collection of Greek fables, many of which are known today as Aesop's Fables.

Life
Practically nothing is known of him. He is supposed to have been a Hellenized Roman, whose original name may have been Valerius. He lived in the East, probably in Syria, where the fables seem first to have gained popularity. The address to "a son of King Alexander" has caused much speculation, with the result that dates varying between the 3rd century BC and the 3rd century AD have been assigned to Babrius. The Alexander referred to may have been Alexander Severus (AD 222–235), who was fond of having literary men of all kinds about his court. "The son of Alexander" has further been identified with a certain Branchus mentioned in the fables, and it is suggested that Babrius may have been his tutor; probably, however, Branchus is a purely fictitious name. There is no mention of Babrius in ancient writers before the beginning of the 3rd century AD. As appears from surviving papyrus fragments, his work is to be dated before c. 200 AD (and probably not much earlier, for his language and style seem to show that he belonged to that period).

Work of Richard Bentley
The first critic who made Babrius more than a mere name was Richard Bentley. In a careful examination of these prose Aesopian fables, which had been handed down in various collections from the time of Maximus Planudes, Bentley discovered traces of versification, and was able to extract a number of verses which he assigned to Babrius. Tyrwhitt followed up the researches of Bentley, and for some time the efforts of scholars were directed towards reconstructing the metrical original of the prose fables.

1842 find
In 1842 the Greek manuscript collector Minoides Mynas came upon a manuscript of Babrius in the convent of Great Lavra on Mount Athos, now in the British Museum. This manuscript contained 123 fables out of the supposed original number, 160. They are arranged alphabetically, but break off at the letter O. The fables are written in choliambic, that is, limping or imperfect iambic verse, having a spondee as the last foot, a meter originally appropriated to scurrilous verse. The style is extremely good, the expression being terse and pointed, the versification correct and elegant, and the construction of the stories is fully equal to that in the prose versions. The genuineness of this collection of the fables was generally admitted by scholars. In 1857, Mynas professed to have discovered at Mount Athos another manuscript containing 94 fables and a preface. As the monks refused to sell this manuscript, he made a copy of it, which was sold to the British Museum, and was published in 1859 by Sir G Cornewall Lewis. This, however, was soon considered to be a forgery. Six more fables were brought to light by P Knoll from a Vatican manuscript edited by A. Eberhard.

Editions

Editions include:
 Boissonade (1844)
 Lachmann (1845)
 Schneider (1853)
 Johann Adam Hartung (1858, edition and German translation)
 Eberhard (1876)
 Gitlbauer (1882)
 Rutherford (1883)
 Knoll, Fabularum Babrianarum Paraphrasis Bodleiana (1877)
 Feuillet (1890)
 Desrousseaux (1890)
 Passerat (1892)
 Croiset (1892)
 Crusius (1897)

See also:
 Mantels, Über die Fabeln des B. (1840)
 Crusius, De Babrii Aetate (1879)
 Ficus, De Babrii Vita (1889)
 J Weiner, Quaestiones Babrianae (1891)
 Conington, Miscellaneous Writings, ii. 460-491
 Marchiano, Babrio (1899)
 Fusci, Babrio (1901)
 Christoffersson, Studia de Fabvlis Babrianis (1901).

Early translations in English were made by Davies (1860) and in French by Levêque (1890), and in many other languages. More contemporary translations are by Denison B. Hull (University of Chicago Press) and Ben E. Perry (Harvard University Press).

In 1941, Heritage Press produced a "fine book" edition of Aesop, translated and adapted by Munro Leaf as juvenalia and lavishly illustrated by Robert Lawson.

In 1998, Penguin Classics released a new translation by Olivia and Robert Temple, entitled Aesop: The Complete Fables in reference to the fact that some previous translations were partial. Working from the Chambry text published in 1927, the Temple translation includes 358 fables; Robert Temple acknowledges on page xxiv that scholars will in all likelihood challenge the "Aesopian" origin of some of them.

Notes

References

External links

Ancient Roman poets
Greek literature (post-classical)
Ancient Greek poets
Iambic poets
2nd-century poets
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Babrius


Newgrange is a Megalithic Passage Tomb at Newgrange, County Meath, Republic of Ireland. It was built about 3200 BC. The kidney shaped mound covers an area of over one acre and is surrounded by 97 kerbstones, some of which are decorated with megalithic art. The 19 metre long inner passage leads to a cruciform chamber with a corbelled roof. It is estimated that the construction of the Passage Tomb at Newgrange would have taken a work force of 300 at least 20 years.

The passage and chamber of Newgrange are lit up by the winter solstice sunrise. A shaft of sunlight shines through the roof box over the entrance and penetrates the passage to light up the chamber. The dramatic event lasts for 17 minutes at dawn on the Winter Solstice and for a few mornings either side of the Winter Solstice.

Admission to the Newgrange chamber for the Winter Solstice sunrise is by lottery, application forms are available at the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre. For the 2007 draw 28,106 applications were submitted. In September each year, 50 names are drawn with 2 places are awarded to each name drawn.

Megalithic mounds

Megalithic mounds such as Newgrange entered Irish mythology as sídhe or fairy mounds. Newgrange was said to be the home of Oenghus, the god of love. The Passage Tomb at Newgrange was re-discovered in 1699 by the removal of material for road building. A major excavation of Newgrange began in 1962; the original facade of sparkling white quartz was rebuilt using stone found at the site.

World heritage site

Newgrange has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and attracts 200,000 visitors per year. There is no direct access to the Passage Tomb at Newgrange, access is by guided tour from the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre located close to the village of Donore, Co. Meath. The last tour of Newgrange is 90 minutes before closing time of the Visitor Centre.

Newgrange chamber

Images from inside the chamber at Newgrange including the tri-spiral design on orthostat C10 which is probably the most famous Irish Megalithic symbol. It is often referred to as a Celtic design, but it was carved at least 2500 years before the Celts reached Ireland. At 12 inches in diameter the tri-spiral design is quite small in size, less than one-third the size of the tri-spiral design on the entrance stone.

References

World Heritage Sites in Europe
County Meath
4th millennium BC buildings and structures

Newgrange