Cowans Ford Hydroelectric Station is a hydroelectric power plant and dam located near Huntersville, North Carolina, approximately 20 miles north of Charlotte on Lake Norman. It is the largest conventional hydro station owned by Duke Energy, generating up to 350 MW of power.

Three units began generating electricity in 1963, with a fourth unit beginning operation in 1967. They supply "peaking power"—extra electricity needed to meet demand when it is needed most—typically hot summer days and cold winter mornings.

Cowans Ford Dam impounds the Catawba River to create Lake Norman, the largest man-made body of fresh water in North Carolina. The lake provides water to Lincoln County and the communities of Davidson, Mooresville, Charlotte and Huntersville.  The lake was named for former Duke Power president Norman Cocke.

See also

 Battle of Cowan's Ford

References

Hydroelectric power plants in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Lincoln County, North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
Dams in North Carolina
Dams on the Catawba River
Duke Energy dams
Dams completed in 1963
Energy infrastructure completed in 1963
Energy infrastructure completed in 1967
1963 establishments in North Carolina

Cowans Ford Hydroelectric Station


Kim Swales is a Professor of Economics at the University of Strathclyde.

Swales is a graduate of Queens' College, Cambridge; his main research interests are in regional economics. In 1989 he joined the Fraser of Allander Institute to become a key member in an ESRC-funded project to develop a macro-micro model of the Scottish economy (AMOS).

He has published widely in the field of regional economics, regional modelling and regional policy and until recently was associate editor of Regional Studies and is on the management committee of the ESRC Urban and Regional Study Group.

In particular, he has worked with various novel approaches to helping unemployment such as tax breaks on value-added tax.

Swales is a coauthor of an alternative approach to the minimum wage submitted to the European Commission. This provides incentives for a minimum wage without mandating it, by using tax breaks per employee to reduce the value added tax paid by employers. The report of the team's modelling states that this would not only increase employment levels but also increase GDP, i.e. it would reverse any unemployment and deadweight loss effects of a mandated minimum wage, acting as a Pigovian subsidy.

References

External links
University Pages
FAXFN ORG
A policy recommendation based on Kim Swales's approaches to helping unemployment

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British economists
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge

Kim Swales


Ron Kelly (born June 11, 1929 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian film director and screenwriter. He began his career with the CBC film unit, directing many short and documentary films between 1952 and 1964. He traveled to France, Spain and Mexico producing and directing documentaries independently from 1956 to 1958. From 1959 to 1962 he studied at Pinewood Studios, England, on a Canadian Arts Council fellowship and while there produced and directed documentaries for the BBC, CBC and National Office of Film, UK. In 1967 he co-wrote and directed the feature film Waiting for Caroline, as a commemoration of Canada's centennial year. Waiting for Caroline was distributed internationally by United Artists, Hollywood. In Hollywood in 1968, Kelly directed for Twentieth Century Fox Studios and Disney Studio. In 1970 he returned to Canada, writing, directing and producing dramas and documentaries for the NFB and CBC. His most recent film is Victims of Victims (2004), a documentary exploration of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.

Awards and recognition

Ron Kelly received the Palme d'Or for England at the Cannes Film Festival, 1962 for The Tearaways. In 1965 he received a Canadian Film Award for Best Direction for his film The Gift, a documentary on Hiroshima, and again in 1967 for an episode of the TV Series Wojeck entitled The Last Man in the World. The latter also received the Golden Globe Award at Monte Carlo. Kelly's television productions of The Open Grave (a 1964 episode of the TV series Horizon) and The Megantic Outlaw (1970) were also winners of Canadian Film Awards, and The Open Grave won the Prix Italia in Genoa. The Irish received 1st prize for documentaries at the New York Film Festival, and the Atlanta Film Festival and the Chicago Film Festival's Gold Bear Award in 1975.

Partial filmography
The Open Grave (1964)
Centennial Travellers (Documentary, 1965)
Quo Vadis, Mrs. Lumb? (Documentary, 1965)
The Gift (1965)
Valley in a River (Documentary, 1966)
The Last Man in the World (1966)
Waiting for Caroline (1967)
King of the Grizzlies (1970)
The Megantic Outlaw (1971)
Springhill (1972)

References

External links

Complete Ron Kelly Filmography at CITWF

1929 births
Living people
Film directors from Vancouver
Canadian male screenwriters
Canadian documentary film directors
National Film Board of Canada people
Canadian television directors
Disney people
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation people
Writers from Vancouver
Best Director Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners

Ron Kelly


Scottish Americans are American citizens whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in Scotland, a constituent country of the United Kingdom. The majority of Scots who immigrated to the USA were originally from Northern England and Lowland Scotland before migrating to the province of Ulster in Ireland (Scots-Irish) and colonists. Large immigration from Scotland to the USA begin in the 1700s.

The Ulster-Scots originally came from the Lowlands and the Scottish border before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to North America during the eighteenth century.

Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in New England and the American South, with Florida, Ohio, Washington, Utah, New York and Pennsylvania also having large Scottish populations.

Uncle Sam

Many people believe that Uncle Sam, the national personification of the United States and its people, was inspired by Samuel Wilson, a meat packer from Troy, New York, whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from Greenock, Scotland to Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Notable Scottish Americans
 George W. Bush
Reese Witherspoon
Seth MacFarlane
Gregory Peck
Eminem
Justin Timberlake
John C. Reilly
Donald Trump
Mark Wahlberg
Jared Padalecki
Jensen Ackles
Matt Bomer
James Monroe
John Witherspoon
Ronald Reagan
Matt Damon
Taylor Swift
Neil Armstrong
Brad Pitt
George Clooney
Nicole Kidman
George Lincoln Rockwell
John F. Kennedy
James Stewart

Ethnic groups in the United States

Scottish Americans


The Capture of Montserrat was accomplished by a French naval expedition that seized the island of Montserrat from the British on 22 February 1782 during the American Revolutionary War.

Background
Following the Franco-American success in the October 1781 Siege of Yorktown, French Admiral François Joseph Paul de Grasse returned to the West Indies to continue campaigning against British-held islands there.  In concert with the French governor of the West Indies, the Marquis de Bouillé, he sought to capture Barbados, a key British possession.  However, two separate attempts failed to reach the island, which is to the windward of most of the Caribbean islands and can require a lengthy journey against the prevailing easterly trade winds to reach. The leaders then turned to other targets, beginning with St. Kitts, which was besieged on 11 January 1782.  St. Kitts fell on 13 February, at which time de Grasse detached a squadron to take Montserrat.

Capture
The Comte de Barras, commander of the squadron, dispatched the Count of Flechin, along with 500 men from the Régiment Auxerrois, to capture the island from the British. At the time of its surrender, British artillery on Montserrat consisted of 62 pieces of cannon of different bores and six howitzers.

Montserrat was occupied by the French until it was returned pursuant to the terms of the 1783 Treaty of Versailles.

Notes

References
Chartrand, René. The French Army in the American War of Independence. Osprey Publishing (1992)
Black, Jeremy. A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present. Praeger Publishers (2006).

Naval battles of the Anglo-French War (1778–1783)
Naval battles involving France
Naval battles involving Great Britain
Capture of
1782 in France

Capture of Montserrat


Pechersk Raion () is a lairger admeenistrative destrict (raion) o the ceety which lees majorly athin the historical neeborheid, while including some ither historical auries an aw. Pechersk () neebourheid is locatit on the hills adjoinin the richt bank o the Dnieper River. The twa geographic entities are aften ramfeeselt thegither. Pechersk Raion can be considered as the vera hert o Ukraine.

History
Pechersk is ane o the maist important cultural auries o Kiev, the location o the legendar Kiev Pechersk Lavra (Kiev Monastery o the Caves), frae which it receivit its name (Pechera is the Ukrainian for "cave"). The dounset near the Lavra haes formit sometime in the 12t century. It wis reformit oot o the historical Berestiv ryal estate (Kniazhe selo) that wis adjacent tae the Kiev Gowden Gates (Zoloti Vorota). Beresta is a local name o the bark o a birch tree which at that time wis utilisit in makkin o shoes as well as uised as a writin middlin. The dounset wis renamit intae the toun o Pechersk sometime in the 16t-17t centuries.

In 18t century throu mid-20t century Pechersk as a dounset became the admeenistrative centre o Kiev ceety when thare wis erectit the Auld Kiev fortress which haes been a major militar stranghauld o the Roushie Empire an later Soviet Union. Acause o that new neebourheids an auries wur addit tae its direct administration. When in the 1840s, the New Kiev fortress wis built Pechersk incorporatit the dounset o Vasylkivska Rohatka (Vasylkiv's Fork) that wis foondit in 1706. The Vasylkiv's Fork wis locatit in the vicinity o Citadel street whaur the Vasylkiv's gates ance stuid (the day's address at 3 Citadel street).

In January 1918 the neebourheid wis the centre o the Arsenal Factory Uprisin which later efter its extinguishin led tae defeat o the Ukrainian Naitional Forces surrenderin the ceety o Kiev tae the Roushie Soviet forces which wur led bi Colonel Mikhail Muraviov. The rebellion gave the name tae ane o the streets in the neebourheid durin the Soviet times tae gie the impression o pride for the support o the Bolshevik regime.

Later mony admeenistrative, eddicational, research an cultural  institutions wur foondit in the neebourheid, such as the Central Election Commission, twa varsities an several theaters. Mony important streets run athort the raion such as Bank Street (kent as Bankova an aw) whaur the Presidential Admeenistration o Ukraine is locatit; Khreschatyk Street or simply Kreschatyk which is widely associative wi the dountoun o Kiev; an mony ithers.

Poleetical centre
Syne the 1930s, Pechersk is considered the poleetical centre o the ceety an the phrase "Pechersk Hills" became a metonym for the Ukrainian govrenment an/or poleetical elite an aw. This refers tae mony branches o the Govrenment o Ukraine such as the Verkhovna Rada (parliament), the office o the Preses, the Cabinet o Meenisters o Ukraine (umwhile the Ukrainian SSR cabinet), the Supreme Court o Ukraine situatit close tae each ither.

Housomeivver, this "poleetical aurie" is in fact the Lypky historical neebourheid athin Pecherskyi Raion, no the Pechersk neebourheid itsel. Lypky is notable bi its consistent an distinctive Soviet airchitectur an aw, purposely designed for a elite quairter o govrenment biggins an heichest statesmen' residence.

Pechersk Raion

Admeenistrative Pechersk Raion (erroneously cried simply Pechersk) besides the historical Pechersk includes several ither smawer distinct historical neebourheids o Kiev, amang major are:
Pechersk
Lypky
Klov
Vydubychi
Zvirynets
Telychka
Chorna Hora

The raion is locatit on the wast bank (Richt Bank) o Dnieper River.

Places o interest

Mony ither historical an airchitectural monuments are situatit here. Here is locatit Askold's Grave which wis depictit bi Taras Shevchenko on his pentin o 1846. Aroond the burial wis creatit the Askold Grave Park an wis built a firthen krik that later wis reconstructit intae the brick ane designed bi Andriy Ivanovych Melensky. The kirk's name is the Saint Nicolas the Miracle-wirker Kirk or Rotonda. Thare are lairge residential, industrial, halthcare an militar auries in the raion, as well as a few picturesque pairks an sports venues like the Lobanovsky Dynamo Stadium. Mony admeenistrative an eddicational facilities are situatit in the destrict.

The famous iArt nouveau Hoose wi Chimaeras an gigantic statue o Mither Mitherland are locatit in Pechersk Raion (Lypky an Zvirynets respectively) an aw.

Efter the declaration o Ukrainian unthirldom in 1991, Pechersk Raion retained an developit its role becomin a luxury residential aurie an aw. The few lairge industrial companies locatit in the destrict are considerin tae muive elsewhaur, pocketin a significant profit frae the real estate they hauld frae the times o the Soviet Ukraine (see Kiev Arsenal factory).

Landmarks
 Volodymyrska Hill (monument tae Volodymyr the Great)
 Askold Burial (Kirk o Saunt Nicholas)
 Uhorske urochyshche (on the territory o Askold Burial)
 Lypky

See an aw
Subdiveesions o Kiev

Freemit airtins

 pechersk.kiev-city.gov.ua  - Pecherskyi Raion Admeenistration wabsteid
 Печерськ  in Wiki-Encyclopedia Kiev
 pecherski.net  - Pecherskyi Raion wabsteid

Neebourheids an raions o Kiev

Pechersk Raion


A puzzle jug is a puzzle in the form of a jug, popular in the 18th and 19th centuries.  Puzzle jugs of varying quality were popular in homes and taverns.  An inscription typically challenges the drinker to consume the contents without spilling them, which, because the neck of the jug is perforated, is impossible to do conventionally.

The solution to the puzzle is that the jug has a hidden tube, one end of which is the spout. The tube usually runs around the rim and then down the handle, with its other opening inside the jug and near the bottom. To solve the puzzle, the drinker must suck from the spout end of the tube. To make the puzzle more interesting, it was common to provide a number of additional holes along the tube, which must be closed off before the contents could be sucked.    Some jugs even have a hidden hole to make the challenge still more confounding.

History
The earliest example in England is the Exeter puzzle jug—an example of medieval pottery in Britain. The Exeter puzzle jug dates from about AD 1300 and was originally made in Saintonge,  Western France.  The puzzle jug is a descendant of earlier drinking puzzles, such as the fuddling cup and the pot crown, each of which has a different solution.

Known inscriptions include:
 Come drink of me and merry be.
 Come drink your fill, but do not spill.
 Fill me up with licker sweet / For it is good when fun us do meet.
 Gentlemen, now try your Skill / I'll hold your Sixpence if you Will / That you don't drink unless you spill.
 Here, Gentlemen, come try your skill / I'll hold a wager if you will / That you don't drink this liquor all / Without you spill and let some fall.
 Within this jug there is good liquor / 'tis fit for Parson or for Vicar / but how to drink and not to spill / will test the utmost of your skill

See also
Bridge-spouted vessel
Dribble glass
Fuddling cup
Pythagorean cup

References

External links
A puzzle jug
Martin Homer's Puzzle Jugs

Mechanical puzzles
Drinkware
Pottery shapes

Puzzle jug


Ye Shengtao (28 October 1894 – 16 February 1988) was a Chinese writer, journalist, educator, publisher and politician. He was a founder of the Association for Literary Studies (), the first literature association during the May Fourth Movement in China. He served as the Vice-Minister of Culture of the People's Republic of China.

Throughout his life, he was dedicated to publishing and language education. He subscribed to the philosophy that "Literature is for Life" ().

Biography

Early life
Ye was born on 28 October 1894 in Wu County, Jiangsu province. His name at birth was Ye Shaojun (), and his courtesy name was Bingchen (). His father worked as a bookkeeper for a landlord and they lived a very modest life. When he was six years old, he entered a mediocre school for primary study. He often followed his father to work. He travelled around the city and experienced the lives of the poor.

In 1907, Ye entered Caoqiao Secondary School ().  After his graduation, he worked as a primary school teacher, before being dismissed by the school in 1914. Finding himself unemployed, he devoted himself entirely to writing classical Chinese novels, which were published in "Libailiu Magazine" (《禮拜六》 "Saturday Magazine"), until he found work as the Chinese teacher of a school set up by the Shanghai Commercial Press (). At the same time, he became the editor of primary textbooks of the Shanghai Commercial Press in 1915.

Ye had been living in an era of instability, including the 1894 Sino-Japanese War, the Hundred Days' Reform, and later the Sphere of Influence (). His early life experiences affected his sense of nationalism and contributed to his later career as a journalist and an educator.

Career in literary movement
Throughout his life, Ye worked a lot for literary movement. Under the influences of the May Fourth Movement in 1919 commonly known as the New Culture Movement, Ye indulged himself in his literary career. He participated in a student organization called 'Xinchao She' ("New Tide Society" 新潮社 1919-1920) of Peking University, and started publishing fictions, poems, prose, literary criticism and scripts of drama etc. Ye was also an editor in PuShe (樸社, 1923). In 1921, Ye, Mao Dun and Zheng Zhenduo founded the earliest literary society of the New Literature Movement, the "Wenxue Yanjiu Hui", (文學研究會 "Association for Literary Studies"), advocating realism art but rejecting the principle  "Art is for Art's Sake". In 1936, Ye, Mao Dun and Hong Shen () established the "Chinese Literature and Art Society" (Zhongguo Wenyi jia Xiehui 中國文藝家協會). In 1941, he became an editorial committee of the "Teaching for Literature and History"" (Wenshi Jiaoxue 文史教學). Ye was one of the establishers of the "Literary Alliance for Anti-Japanese Imperialism" ().

Political life
Ye was responsible for a number of posts in the authority. Following the Communist Revolution, Ye served as the Vice-director of General Administration of Press and Publication (), the President of People Education Publication (), and the Vice-Minister of Education. He was also elected as the Committee of the Fifth Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the National Committee of The Fifth Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), and the Chairman of China Association for Promoting Democracy.

Ye died in Beijing on 16 February 1988 at the age of 94.

Educational and journalistic ideologies
For Ye, education and journalism were inseparable.

The goal of education is not to educate" (「教是為了不教」)
Ye had a great impact on improving the Modern Chinese language education. He brought a new idea to the Chinese educators, i.e. students should be taught the methods of learning, instead of the long and detailed content in books. This idea was a breakthrough in traditional Chinese education, which used to rely heavily on memorization and indoctrination. Also, Ye promoted critical thinking and the importance of personal value judgment. He suggested that these learning skills should be built within the students and were the basis for students' lifelong learning.

Literature is for life (文學為人生)
Ye was passionate in reflecting the real life in his works:

Most of his journalistic works were inspired by people's lives. He believed that literature was not only for leisure, but also a tool to reveal life and stimulate readers to contemplate the reality.  He felt obliged to let the reader know what was actually happening around. This was one of the reasons why he wanted to combine literature with journalism. He thought that literary works should also be used to arouse youngsters' awareness and responsiveness towards society . This ideology resembles the journalistic principle of telling the truth. Ye was also a reporter of life.

Readability (易讀性)
Readability was a prominent characteristic in Ye's works. It means how efficient a reader can perceive and understand a passage. As a journalist, Ye put great emphasis on the use of language. This might be because he had been a teacher for more than 10 years before he became an editor. He thought that writings were for the reader and he considered  writing as a means of communication between readers and authors. A major problem of the writers at that period was that they were not equipped with good writing skills. Their wordings were inaccurate and vague in meaning. Very often, only well educated people could appreciate their works. The writers neglected the importance of practicability. Hence, literature was not promoted to the general public. Ye thought that one could only write something  artistic if one could write something practical and understandable. It would be useless if the readers could not even understand the content.

Life as a journalist

"My first career, I would say, is editor."
"If anybody asks about my career, I would say, my first career is editor, second is teacher," Ye said.
Ye had spent much of his life on editing and publishing. The Shanghai Commercial Press was the starting point of Ye's editorship.
He became the editor of the press since 1923.

By the end of 1930, Ye quit the post in the Shanghai Commercial Press and became the editor of Kaiming Press (Kaiming Shu Dian 開明書店). He started to edit books on Chinese language and storybooks for children.

"Editing is no easy task." To Ye, being an editor was never simply a job, but a career. "Recklessness is strictly forbidden in editing, you have to check everything in person.  Editors must be earnest to their publications, their reporters, and their readers." Editor plays an important role in monitoring the final outcome. Ye suggested that "seriousness" is the key of being a successful editor. He had always upheld this attitude in his works.

Ye devoted himself to editing and publishing for his whole life . His enthusiasm on his "first and ultimate" career had never stopped . During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ye moved to Leshan with his family and worked as a professor at the Department of Chinese at Wuhan University . In 1946, he returned to Shanghai and resumed his editorship at Kaiming Press.

Ye's publications
In his entire life, Ye was very much involved in the field of journalism. From 1925 to 1929 was Ye's new era of publications. He edited many famous magazines and newspapers, below are some of his works:

New era for modern publishing
Ye's vision in modern Chinese language catalyzed the development of modern journalism in China.

Ye was eager to advocate the standardization of modern Chinese language including the standardization of grammar, rhetoric, vocabulary, punctuation, simplified character, and the elimination of variant characters (). He also compiled and standardized the Chinese character for publishing and formulated the Chinese Phoneticization Scheme (Hanyu Pinyin Fang'an  《漢語拼音方案》). All his efforts helped to improve the quality and organization of editorial work.

Most importantly, Ye promoted vernacular Chinese in publishing.  His magazines and newspapers were mostly published in vernacular style, which greatly facilitated other journalists and readers to read. All these contributed to the rapid development of modern journalism in China.

Ye was an excellent educator and talent scout, too. He educated and discovered many outstanding young authors and editors like Ba Jin, Ding Ling, and Dai Wangshu.

The establishment of The Truth Daily

Background of the May Thirtieth Movement
On 30 May 1925, a bloody massacre took place in Shanghai, known as May Thirtieth Movement (五卅運動 Wǔsà- yùndòng). About 2000 Shanghai workers and students ushered in a vigorous anti-imperialist movement, protesting imperialist domination and demanding to abolish the unfair treaties. The demonstrators thundered "Down with the imperialists!". Workers throughout China responded with a general strike and mass demonstrations. British police then suppressed the demonstrators with violence and killed 12 Chinese in the event. Till 1 June, more than 20 Chinese were killed.

"Who will tell the truth?"
None of the Shanghai newspapers reported this tragedy .The front-page news were mainly the gossip of the players of Chinese opera. The Shanghai newspapers refused to mention this incident because of political pressure. As a journalist, Ye denounced "Why are the journalists so hardhearted to ignore this shocking massacre? Why are they so afraid of the fact? It's ridiculous that nobody would tell the truth." Ye thus founded Gōnglǐ Rìbào (The Truth Daily 《公理日報》) with Zheng Zhenduo and Hu Yuzhi (胡愈之1896-1986), aimed to reveal the whole picture of this tragedy regardless of the imperialist power, in order to arouse the awareness and nationalism of the general public and also to promote "the spirit of May 30th movement" across China.

A new way to journalism
In addition to reporting the truth, The Truth Daily 《公理日报》provided a forum for public discussion, called "Shèhuì Cáipànsuǒ" ("Tribunal of the Society"〈社會裁判所〉), which encouraged reader to express their viewpoints towards the society. Ye and other editors of The Truth Daily severely criticized the unfairness of the society. This newspaper served as a watchdog over the despotic power, and initiated the concept of "freedom of press" in the early
modern Chinese society.

Due to financial difficulties and disagreement among the editors, The Truth Daily finally terminated after running for 22 days. Yet Ye has never stopped pursuing the truth. After the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), he participated in the struggle against Nationalist government, striving for democracy and the freedom of press.

 Contribution to literature

Realism: the mirror of life
Realism became the most sustainable hallmark of Ye Shengtao.
Ye was one of the pioneers in realistic writing. His writing was like a mirror, reflecting the rotten side of society and human traits.

Being an educator, Ye had many narrations on intellectuals in his works. Many of the protagonists in Ye's works were the exploited, the disabled and the prosecuted who were in lower social class. Ye had worked consistently on reflecting the truth and reality in his works. He expressed his democratic and socialist ideas through his novel series such as "The Fire"(Huozai 《火災》),"Under the Horizon"(Xiàn xià  《線下》) and ."A scarecrow" (Dào cao rén  《稻草人》.These pieces focused on the suffocation of the lower-class people. His highly praised fiction "Ni Huanzhi" 《倪煥之 》 revealed the pathetic life of an intellectual called "Ni Huanzhi".

Ye discovered that many people in the New China were selfish, apathetic, hypocritic and conservative. People gave up their values in exchange for a stable life. Ye's works shared a sense of irony. He expressed his discontent in a bid to arouse the awareness of the public towards these social weaknesses. Ye was not only writing stories, but also reporting the fallacies in society. His writings were not only for leisure but feeding the rest by knowing and reflecting the reality, "...the basic requirement for writing fiction is a pair of penetrating and observat eyes and my eyes are not penetrating enough...Of course, it is not necessary to train one's eyes just for the sake of writing but trained eyes do, in reality, nourish life." (Ye Shengtao, 'Guoqu Suitan', op. cit., p. 46.)

Children's literature: A mind training for the young
Ye's first academic essay was about children literature, called Children's Concept' (), criticizing how feudalism affected children's lives in China.

In fact, Ye was the first writer who created fairy tales in the 1920s. His writing "A Scarecrow"(Dào cǎo rén  《稻草人》) was published in 1923. This children's reading was very popular among numerous youngsters. Another 'fairy tale was "A Stone Figure of an Ancient Hero". (Gǔdāi yīngxióng de shíxiàng 《古代英雄的石像》) This story was about a stone which had been sculptured into a hero statue. The message behind this easy-to-read story was to ridicule the authorities who were arrogant and insensitive to his people.

Ye's student, Ding Ling, once praised that his fairy tales were able to induce readers to think more about the society. Ye's fairy tales were simple, yet, with deep meaning inside it. He believed that children should have an understanding of their surrounding so as to enhance their critical power. Through Ye's stories, children could gradually acquire a clearer picture of society and their relationships with it.

 Language and rhetoric
Ye's language was refined and eloquent, and was known for his ability to choose just the right words to express himself. Ye emphasized the importance of feeling and emotion throughout his journals. Characters in Ye's work were vivid and he deeply penetrated into and shared their inner feelings. The popular writer Zhao Jingshen () held that Ye was a special figure in the field of literature, describing him transcendent and extraordinary. The beauty of his works lasted despite any conditions. The expression of emotions and feelings were built on the basis of truth and reality that made his stories full of power. "Emotion seems like the shining light, while description and assessment are spotted by this light," Ye said. This speech somehow showed that Ye was not only a story teller, but a great artist.

 Influx of foreign elements
Ye's realistic writing style became the role model for many other writers. He also admitted that reading different western pieces did help him a lot on his writing, "If I hadn't read English, if I had not got in touch with literature in English, I wouldn't have written novels." His works were retrospective, thoughtful and critical. They were not only based on feeling, but on actual and objective observations. Ye was not only a writer, but also a reporter. These insights became the rich ingredients in his works. He shaped a new dimension to Chinese modern literature.

 Ye's works

Literature

"The Snowing Morning"  Xuě zhāo 《雪朝》 (co-written with Zhu Ziqing etc.)   (Poems)          1922
"A scarecrow" Dào cǎo rén  《稻草人》 (Novel)   1923
"Under the horizon"  Xiàn xià 《線下》    (Short stories)  1925
"Ní Huànzhī (the name of the character)" 《倪煥之 》   (Novel)  1929
"A Stone Figure of an Ancient Hero"  Gǔ dài yīng xióng de shí xiàng. 《古代英雄的石像》   (Fairy-tales)     1931 .
"The Heart of Literature" Wén xīn 《文心》  (Educational)  1934 (co-written with Xia Mianzun 夏丏尊)
An Exercise in Weiyanju"  Wèi yàn jū xí zuò 《未厭居習作》          ( Prose)           1935
"The Collections of Ye Shengtao's Short Stories" Shèngtáo duǎn piān xiǎo shuō jí 《聖陶短篇小說集》 (Short Stories collections))     1936
"Selected Collections of Ye Shengtao"  Yè Shàojūn xuǎn jí 《葉紹鈞選集》 (Collectanea) 1936
"A Guide to Skimming" Luè dú zhǐ dǎo jǔ yù 《略讀指導舉隅》1946, (co-written with Zhu Ziqing)
"The Study of Fairy Tales"  értóng Wénxué Yánjiū 《兒童文學研究》1947
"A Guide to Intensive Reading" Jīng dú zhǐ dǎo jǔ yù 《精讀指導舉隅》 1948
"Recordings of Writing" Xiě zuò zá tán 《寫作雜談》 1951
"Selected fairy-tales of Ye" Yè Shèngtáo tónghuà xuǎn 《葉聖陶童話選》 (Fairy-Tale) 1956
"Ye Shengtao's Collectanea" Yè Shèngtáo chūbǎn wénjí.《葉聖陶出版文集》1958
"Resistance" Kàng zhēng 《抗爭》 (Short  stories)     1959
"The Night" Yè 《 夜》         1959
"An ordinary story"《Píng cháng de gù shì 《平常的故事》 1959
 "Light wave" Wēi bō 《微波》 1959
"The Collection of Poems" Qiè cún jí 《篋存集 》                   (Poems)             1960
"Mr Pan Weathered the Storm" Pān xiān shēng zài nàn zhōng 《潘先生在難中》 (Short Stories) 1964
"Ye Shengtao's Proses" Yè Shèngtáo Sǎnwén 《葉聖陶散文》 (Proses) 1983
"I & Sichuan" Wǒ yǔ Sìchuān 《我與四川》    (proses & poems)    1984
"The Speaking of Literary works" Wén zhāng jiǎnghuà 《文章講話》 (co-written with Xia Mianzun 夏丏尊)  (Educational)  1997
"72 Topics about Literature" Wén huà qī shí èr jiǎng 《文話七十二講》   (Educational)      1999, (co-written with Xia Mianzun 夏丏尊)

Journalism
"Saturday Magazine"  Lǐbàiliù Magazine《禮拜六》
"Shanghai News of Current Affairs"  Shànghǎi Shíshì Xīnbào《上海時事新報》
"Shanghai Nationalists' Daily"  Shànghǎi Mínguó Rìbào 《上海民國日報》
"The Literature Weekly"  Wénxué Zhōubào 《文學周報》
"The Truth Daily"  Gōnglǐ Rìbào 《公理日報》
"The Chinese Language and Literature Monthly"  Guówén Yuèkān《國文月刊》
"Suzhou Commentary"  Sūzhōu Pínglùn 《蘇州評論》
"Women's Magazine"  Fùnǚ Zázhì 《婦女雜誌》
"Novel Monthly"  Xiǎoshuō Yuèbào 《小說月報》
"High School Students" Zhōngxuéshēng 《中學生》
"Enlightened Youth"  Kāimíng Shàonián 《開明少年》
"Chinese Authors"  Zhōngguó Zuòjiā 《中國作家》
"People's Education"  Rénmín Jiàoyù 《人民教育》
"Chinese Language" Zhōngguó Yǚwén 《中國語文》
"Poems" Shī  《詩》
"The Light" Guangming 《光明》
"Chinese Language Magazine"  Guowen Zazhi ()
"Magazine for High School Students in the War".  Zhongxuesheng Zhanshi Banyue kan ()

Ye Shengtao Memorial Hall

Ye Shengtao Memorial Hall is located at the former site of The 5th High School where Ye Shengtao taught from 1917 to 1922. It is located beside the Baosheng Temple in Luzhi township, Wuzhong district of Suzhou city.

Further reading
Chen Liao. Ye Shengtao ping zhuan (Biography of Ye Shengtao). Tianjin: Bai hua Press,1981 陳遼: 《葉聖陶評傳》,天津: 百花出版社,1981
Chen, Lian. Ye Shengtao zhuan ji (A biography of Ye Shengtao) Nanjing: Jiangsu jiaoyu chu ban she, 1986. 陳遼《葉聖陶傳記》南京︰江蘇教育出版社,1986
Gu, Yeping; Chen, jie. Ye Shengtao Taipei: Hai feng, Min 80 [1991]. 辜也平 陳捷 《葉聖陶》台北:海風 民80 [1991]。 [1991]。
Liu Zengren, Feng Guanglian. Ye Shengtao yan jiu zi liao (The Study of Ye Shengtao). Beijing : Beijing Shiyue Wenyi Press, 1988 劉增人 馮光廉: 《葉聖陶研究資料》,北京: 北京:十月文藝出版社, 1988.
Liu, Zengren. Shan gao shui chang: Ye Shengtao zhuan (A biography of Ye Shengtao) Taipei: Ye qiang chu ban she, 1994.  劉增人 《山高水長:葉聖陶傳》台北:業強出版社,1994。
PangYang. Ye Shengtao he ta de jia ren (Ye Shengtao and his family). Shenyang : Chun Feng Wenyi  Press, 1983. 龐暘:《葉聖陶和他的家人》瀋陽:春風文藝出版社, 2001
Selis, David Joel. Yeh Shao-chün : a critical study of his fiction, Ann Arbor, Mich. : University of Microfilms International, 1981.
Ye, Shengtao. Ye Shengtao'' Hong Kong: San lian shu dian xianggang fen dian, 1983. 《葉聖陶》葉聖陶 香港:三聯書店香港分店1983。

Portrait
    Ye Shengtao. A Portrait by Kong Kai Ming at Portrait Gallery of Chinese Writers (Hong Kong Baptist University Library).

External links
 Ye Shengtao Research Association of China (Chinese) ()
 Ye Shengtao's Publication (Chinese)
 Ye Shengtao and Ni Huanzhi (Chinese) ()
 The Celebrities and Commercial Press
 In Memory of Mr.Ye Shengtao (Chinese) ()
 Ye Shengtao and the People's Education Press
 Ye Shengtao: Chairman of Central Committee of China Association for Promoting Democracy

1894 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Chinese male writers
20th-century Chinese short story writers
20th-century novelists
Chinese children's writers
Chinese male novelists
Chinese male short story writers
Chinese publishers (people)
Chinese schoolteachers
Educators from Suzhou
Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangsu
Politicians from Suzhou
Members of the China Association for Promoting Democracy
Republic of China journalists
20th-century Chinese novelists
Short story writers from Jiangsu
Writers from Suzhou
National Wuhan University alumni
Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery

Ye Shengtao


MSN (formerly the Microsoft Network), is a web portal (a website used to enter the Internet).

Web portal
The web portal launched on August 24 1995 by Microsoft. The site was launched at around the same time as Windows 95. Through MSN, people can create an e-mail account using MSN Hotmail, a blog using MSN Spaces, a group using MSN Groups and plenty more. It is now the #2 visited site in the world behind Yahoo!. Many people have come across this site in one way or another because it is the default main page of Internet Explorer.

MSN Messenger
MSN is also the name for MSN Messenger (now called Windows Live Messenger). It is an instant messenger, which allows people to communicate through conversations over an internet connection. As well as conversations using text, this program also allows voice and video conversations. You can even use small emoticons to express what you are trying to say. Messages are sent and received very quickly from around the globe. Its current messenger client is Windows Live Messenger.

MSN Hotmail

Hotmail is a free email service from MSN. It started in 1995. It was bought by Microsoft in 1997. Microsoft Hotmail accounts are used to log in to MSN Messenger.

Other websites
MSN.com
Hotmail.com

Microsoft websites
American internet service providers
Websites

MSN


A red dwarf is a kind of star. Red dwarf stars are smaller than half the size of the Sun. They are also cooler than most stars. Red dwarfs burn their fuel slowly, so they shine with less light (absolute magnitude) than hot stars.

Red dwarf stars are the most common in our galaxy, at least near our sun. However, since red dwarf stars are cool and small, none can be found with the naked eye. The closest star to the Earth is named Proxima Centauri. The Latin word proxima means "nearest to". Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf.

Life and death
Red dwarfs can live trillions of years, much longer than brighter stars. A red dwarf dies when it burns all of its fuel. To start with, the fuel is the chemical element hydrogen. At present, no red dwarf star is known which has gone beyond this stage.

Red dwarfs are small stars that are around 0.2 solar mass (the sun is equal to 1 solar mass). This is small for a star but is still 60,000 times the mass of the Earth. They are formed in nebulas, as all stars are, and originally they were protostars. They start their nuclear fusion about 100,000 years after being formed. This gives them their red glow. These stars burn at less than 4,000°K.

Even smaller stars are called brown dwarfs.

References

Types of stars

Red dwarf


Toxaphene is a chemical substance that is very toxic. It is a persistent organic pollutant, and one of the twelve substances listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Its use is banned since 1993. It was used as an insecticide. It was mainly the cotton and soybean growers who used it. It was also used to treat Mange in cattle. The substance damages the lungs, the nervous system and the kidneys. It is a carcinogen and causes mutations and birth defects. Because it is very volatile, it travels easily through the environment.

Organochlorides
Insecticides
Carcinogens

Toxaphene


Whitbourne is a town on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

Whitbourne, Newfoundland's first inland town, is named after Sir Richard Whitbourne, one of the most colorful early settlers of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador who wrote a book about Newfoundland that was published in 1620. Sir Richard was selected by the High Court of the Admiralty to set up the first English law court in the New World in 1615 in Trinity. He was kidnapped and held by the infamous Pirate Peter Easton in Harbour Grace. He also described a mermaid that he saw in St. John's harbour. Later, he became governor of Renews on the Southern Shore.

Whitbourne, unlike most communities on the Island of Newfoundland is inland. It was founded in about 1880 during the construction of the Newfoundland Railway. The railway continued to be an important employer in the Town until its abandonment in 1988, although its economic importance weakened slowly throughout the twentieth century.

Sir Robert Bond, the Prime Minister from 1900 to 1909, played a role in the expansion and planning of the Town and developed a complex country home, the "Grange", there.

The town of Whitbourne is located just off the Trans-Canada Highway on Route 81. It is located at the center of three possible routes to visit the Avalon Peninsula. Route 80 is one of the two entrances to the Baccalieu Trail, Route 100 and Route 81 lead to the Marine Atlantic Ferry Service in Argentia and other parts of Placentia and St. Mary's Bays, and Route 1, the Trans Canada leads towards the second entrance to the Baccalieu Trail and the capital city of St. John's. As a result, there is a Provincial Visitor Information Center on the Trans Canada near the town.

Whitbourne has many of the facilities of a small town that has traditionally been a regional service centre. The town's Wetlands Conservation Trail is of interest to many visitors.
According to the 2001 Statistics Canada Census:
Population: 930
% Change (1996-2001): -5.9
Dwellings: 418
Area (km²): 21.41
Density (persons per km²): 43.4

Related pages
 Newfoundland and Labrador

towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

Whitbourne, Newfoundland and Labrador


Grizzly Peak is the Centerpiece o Disney's California Adventure at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California. Grizzly Peak is a peend in the bouk o a grissly beir, whilk seegnals California's state ainimal. Grizzly Peak forbye hames Grizzly River Run (Grissly Watter Rin), a lairge watter ride throu a howkin camp at the ben.

Californie

Grizzly Peak


Lebanon, Georgia is a Cherokee County community that is now absorbed into Holly Springs.  The community was named after Lebanon in Western Asia. While the community is locally known and still referred to as "Toonigh",  the community has a post office located in a small strip mall just south of the Georgia Northeastern Railroad that was posted as Lebanon, Georgia. Lebanon's Post Office ZIP code is 30146.

Lebanon appears on the South Canton U.S. Geological Survey Map, with an elevation of 1000 feet.

References

Geography of Cherokee County, Georgia

Lebanon, Georgia


Johann Strauss II (born Vienna, October 25 1825; died Vienna June 3 1899) was an Austrian composer, conductor and violinist. His father, also called Johann, was also a very famous composer, and is now known as Johann Strauss I (or Johann Strauss Sr) while his eldest son is called Johann Strauss II (or Johann Strauss Jr). Strauss became very famous for his waltzes. He was known as the "King of the Waltz". His most famous one was called An der schönen, blauen Donau (known in English as The Blue Danube).

Early life
His father wanted him to go in for banking, but the young Johann took violin lessons in secret from a man called Franz Amon who was the leader of his father's orchestra. He continued his violin studies with Anton Kohlmann, a violinist who helped ballet dancers to learn the music they had to dance to. He was still only 18 when he got his own orchestra together and gave his own concert which included six of his own waltzes and some of his father's. He was soon becoming more famous than his father.

After his father died in 1849 the two orchestras joined into one and the young Johann was their conductor. He was given the title "k.k.Hofballmusikdirektor" (meaning; musical director of the Court Ball). He was always especially busy during Carnival time when there were lots of balls in Vienna. He toured most of Europe with his orchestra, even going to Russia where he conducted some music by Tchaikovsky. Johann Strauss II was becoming the "king of the waltz", the most famous musician in Austria.

Career
Johann Strauss II wrote two operas: Die Fledermaus (The Bat) and Zigeunerbaron (Gypsy Baron). They are full of fun: lively music and jokes which can sometimes be made different in each performance: the singers can put in their own jokes about modern times. Sometimes they are called operettas because they are so light-hearted. They are a mixture of Hungarian and Viennese atmosphere.

Together with his brothers Josef and Eduard, Johann had complete control of the balls and concerts in the houses of the rich people in Vienna. Wherever he went he was surrounded by lots of admirers. His waltzes are still as popular as ever, and millions of people in different countries hear them on television on New Year's Day when they are played by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra at their traditional New Year's Day concert.

References

1825 births
1899 deaths
Austrian composers
Austrian conductors
Austrian violinists
Romantic composers

Johann Strauss II


A Try is one of the way of scoring points in rugby league and rugby union. A try is scored when a player grounds the ball in the opposition's in-goal area  or behind the try line, or alternatively touching the  base of the goalposts and ground at the same time. The scoring player must be holding on to the ball and should be applying downward pressure when it is grounded.

Rugby

Try


Mimas (from the Greek Μίμᾱς) is one of Saturn's largest moons. It is also called Saturn I. Mimas is best known for its large crater, Herschel. In the centre of the crater is a very high mountain. Mimas was discovered by the English astronomer William Herschel on September 17, 1789. It resembles the Death Star from Star Wars. The moon is believed to have created the Cassini Division. This is a 4,800 km gap between Saturn's A and B rings.

Discovery and naming
Mimas was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel. He discovered it on September 17. Herschel discovered it along with another Saturnian moon, Enceladus
Mimas was named after one of the Titans in mythology. Mimas was the giant.

Surface
Mimas is full with craters like our Moon. But unlike the craters on the Moon, Mimas has icy craters like going through an icy object.
Mimas has craters, but the most famous is the Herschel crater. It is 130 km (80 mi) in diameter. The diameter of Herschel is about 1/3 of Mimas. If a comet or asteroid that hit Mimas were to hit Earth, the crater would be seen from space with all the Earth shown in view.
Mimas would evaporate away if it was too close to the Sun.

Exploration
Mimas has been visited by 4 or 5 spacecrafts.

Pioneer 11
Voyager 1
Voyager 2
Cassini

References

Saturn's moons

Mimas (moon)


The Mitsubishi J8M Shūsui (Japanese: 三菱 J8M 秋水, literally "Autumn Water", used as a poetic term meaning "Sharp Sword" deriving from the swishing sound of a sword) is a Japanese World War II rocket-powered interceptor aircraft closely based on the German Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet. Built as a joint project for both the Navy and the Army Air Services, it was designated J8M (Navy) and Ki-200 (Army).

Design and development
The J8M1 was intended to be a licence-built copy of the Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet. Difficulties in shipping an example to Japan meant that the aircraft eventually had to be reverse-engineered from a flight operations manual and other limited documentation. A single prototype was tested before the end of World War II.

The Japanese were aware of the results of the strategic bombing of Germany, and knew that the B-29 Superfortress would be bombing Japan and the resultant problems which would arise from trying to combat this. Japanese military attachés had become aware of the Komet during a visit to the Bad Zwischenahn airfield of Erprobungskommando 16, the Luftwaffe evaluation squadron charged with service test of the revolutionary rocket-propelled interceptor. They negotiated the rights to licence-produce the aircraft and its Walter HWK 509A rocket engine. The engine licence alone cost the Japanese 20 million Reichsmarks (equivalent to  million  euros).

The agreement was for Germany to provide the following by spring 1944:
 Complete blueprints of the Me 163B Komet and the HWK 509A engine.
 One complete Komet; two sets of sub-assemblies and components.
 Three complete HWK 509A engines.
 Inform Japan of any improvements and developments of the Komet.
 Allow the Japanese to study the manufacturing processes for both the Komet and the engine.
 Allow the Japanese to study Luftwaffe operational procedures for the Komet.

The broken-down aircraft and engine were sent to Kobe, Japan in early 1944. It is probable that the airframe was on the Japanese submarine RO-501 (ex-), which left Kiel, Germany on 30 March 1944 and was sunk in the mid-Atlantic on 13 May 1944 by the hunter-killer group based on the escort carrier . Plans and engines were on the Japanese submarine I-29, which left Lorient, France on 16 April 1944 and arrived in Singapore on 14 July 1944, later sunk by the submarine  on 26 July 1944, near the Philippines, after leaving Singapore.

The Japanese decided to attempt to copy the Me 163 using a basic instructional manual on the Komet in the hands of naval mission member Commander Eiichi Iwaya who had travelled to Singapore in the I-29 and flown on to Japan when the submarine docked.

From its inception, the project was a joint Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (JAAF)/Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (JNAF) venture. The JAAF wanted a new design to be drawn up. The JNAF, on the other hand, felt the design should mimic the German Komet because it had already proven to be a stable aerodynamic body. It was the JNAF which won and issued the 19-shi specification in July 1944 for the design of the rocket-powered defence fighter. The contract went to Mitsubishi Jukogyo KK, which would produce both the JNAF version the J8M1 Shūsui and the JAAF version Ki-200.

The project was headed by Mijiro Takahashi. The JAAF, however decided to undertake their own design to meet the 19-shi specifications, working at their Rikugun Kokugijitsu Kenkyujo (JAAF Aerotechnical Institute) in secret.

At the 1st Naval Air Technical Arsenal in Yokosuka, in association with Mitsubishi and Yokosuka Arsenal, work began to adapt the Walter HWK 509A engine to Japanese manufacturing capabilities and techniques. This was also where efforts were underway to produce a glider version of the J8M to provide handling data. While working on this glider, the MXY8 Akigusa (秋草, "Autumn Grass"), Mitsubishi completed a mock-up of the J8M1 in September 1944.

Both the JAAF and JNAF approved its design and construction and a prototype was built. In December 1944, the MXY8 was completed and, on 8 December 1944, at the Hyakurigahara Airfield, Lieutenant-Commander Toyohiko Inuzuka took the controls of the MXY8. Once in the air, Inuzuka found the MXY8 almost perfectly emulated the handling characteristics of the Komet. Two additional MXY8 gliders were constructed in the naval yard at Yokosuka, one being delivered to the Rikugun Kokugijitsu Kenkyujo (JAAF Aerotechnical Institute) at Tachikawa for evaluation. The JNAF initiated the construction of another prototype, production designation Ku-13. This was to use water ballast to simulate the weight of an operational J8M complete with engine and weapons. This variant was to be built by Maeda Aircraft Institute, while the JAAF version was to be constructed by Yokoi Koku KK (Yoki Aircraft Co). The JNAF also proposed a more advanced trainer, designated the MXY9 Shūka (秋火, "Autumn Fire") which would be powered by a  thrust Tsu-11 ducted-fan engine. The war, however, ended before this model could be built.

Mitsubishi and partners Nissan and Fuji proceeded with development of the airframe and Yokosuka Arsenal was adapting the engine for Japanese production, designated the Ro.2. The Japanese succeeded in producing prototypes that outwardly looked very much similar to the Komet. The J8M1 had a wet weight that was  lighter, the aircraft having a plywood main spar and wooden vertical tail. The designers had also dispensed with the armoured glass in the cockpit and the aircraft carried less ammunition and slightly less fuel.

The Ki-200 and the J8M1 differed only in minor items, but the most obvious difference was the JAAF's Ki-200 was armed with two 30 mm (1.18 in) Type 5 cannon (with a rate of fire of 450 rounds per minute and a muzzle velocity of ), while the J8M1 was armed with two 30 mm (1.18 in) Ho-105 cannon (rate of fire 400 rounds per minute, muzzle velocity . The Ho-105 was the lighter of the two and both offered a higher velocity than the MK 108 cannon of the Me 163 (whose muzzle velocity was .
The Toko Ro.2 (KR10) rocket motor did not offer the same thrust rating as the original, and Mitsubishi calculated that the lighter weight of the J8M1 would not offset this. Performance would not be as good as that of the Komet, but was still substantial.

The engine used the German propellants of T-Stoff oxidizer and C-Stoff fuel (hydrogen peroxide/methanol-hydrazine), known in Japan as Ko and Otsu respectively.

A total of 60 of the training version (Ku-13, Ki-13, MXY-8, MXY-9) were produced by Yokosuka, Yokoi and Maeda. Seven of the operational version (J8M1/Ki-200) were built by Mitsubishi.

Operational history

On 8 January 1945, one of the two J8M1 prototypes was towed aloft, water ballast added in place of the fuel tank and rocket engine to test its aerodynamics. The test flights confirmed the design. Training courses for JAAF and JNAF pilots began on the Ku-53 glider, which shared a similar configuration to the J8M1. The 312th Naval Air Group was selected to operate the first J8M1. Mitsubishi, Fuji Hikoki, and Nissan Jidosha all had tooling for mass production well into the advanced stages, ready to produce both the J8M1 and the J8M2 variant, which differed from the J8M1 in sacrificing one of the Type 5 cannon for a small increase in fuel capacity. The first J8M1 prototype to be equipped with the Toko Ro.2 (KR10) was ready in June 1945. They were then transferred from the Nagoya plant to Yokoku for final checks before powered flight testing, after final glide tests with the engine installed.

The J8M took to the air for its first powered flight on 7 July 1945, with Lieutenant Commander Toyohiko Inuzuka at the controls; after his "sharp start" rocket-powered takeoff, Inuzuka successfully jettisoned the dolly upon becoming airborne and began to gain speed, climbing skywards at a 45° angle. At an altitude of , the engine stopped abruptly and the J8M1 stalled. Inuzuka managed to glide the aircraft back, but clipped a small building at the edge of the airfield while trying to land, causing the aircraft to burst into flames. Inuzuka died the next day. While Mitsubishi and naval technicians sought to find the cause of the accident, all future flights were grounded. The engine cutout had occurred because the angle of climb, coupled with the fuel tanks being half-filled for this first flight, caused a shifting of the fuel, which in turn caused an auto cutout device to activate because of an air lock in the fuel line. Requests to continue flight testing were denied pending the modification of the fuel pumps in the aircraft. The sixth and seventh prototypes were to be fitted with the modified Ro.2 engine.

Full-scale production readiness was almost at hand, and component construction was already underway. Flight testing was to resume, despite another explosion of the fuel mixture during a ground test days after the crash, in late August 1945 and the J8M2 design was finalized. But on 15 August 1945, the war ended for the Japanese and all work on the J8M ceased. The end of the war also spelled the end of the JAAF's Ki-202 Shūsui-Kai (Modified Shusui), whose design had begun in secret months before. The Ki-202 was to offer improved flight endurance over the Ki-200 and was slated to be the priority fighter for the JAAF in 1946, but no metal was cut before Japan's surrender.

Germany tried to send another Komet in U-864, but the submarine was sunk near Bergen by British submarine  in February 1945.

As with many other Japanese fighter types combating air raids over Japan, the Ki-200 was considered for use in ramming attacks against B-29s. The envisioned mission profile was to make one or two firing passes and then, with the remaining energy, conduct a ramming attack. Any fuel left on board would most likely detonate, increasing the effectiveness of the attack, but also meaning the pilot had little chance of survival. Nevertheless, the cost was deemed to be worth it and plans were being drawn up to form a "Hagakure-Tai" (Special Attack Unit), similar to the German Sonderkommando Elbe, when the war ended.

Variants
Ki-200An interceptor variant for the IJAAS, almost identical to the IJNAS J8M
J8M1
J8M2 Shūsui Model 21(?)
Long-range version for Navy, identical to J8M1, but armament reduced to a single 30 mm (1.18 in) cannon.
J8M3 Shūsui Model 22 (Rikugun Ki-202 Shūsui-kai)
Long-range version for Army and Navy, with fuselage and wingspan lengthened to 7.10 m (23 ft 3 in) and 9.75 m (32 ft 0 in) respectively. Powered by 19.6 kN (4,410 lbf) Tokuro-3, projected maximum speed 900 km/h (560 mph).
Yokosuka MXY-8 "Akigusa" (Yokoi Ku-13)
Training glider using J8M airframe for Navy and Army.
Yokosuka MXY-9 "Shuka"
Training version using J8M airframe, powered by Tsu-11 thermojet engine.

Operators

 Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
 Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

Survivors
In November 1945, two aircraft were taken from Yokosuka to the United States for evaluation aboard USS Barnes. FE-300/T2-300 (USA ident) (Japanese ident 403) is now exhibited at the Planes of Fame Museum in Chino, California.

The other was at NAS Glenview in October 1946 (identity unknown), but was scrapped.

In the 1960s, a nearly complete (but badly damaged) fuselage was discovered in a cave in Japan. This was on display at a Japanese Air Self Defense Force base near Gifu until 1999, when it was restored and completed by Mitsubishi for display in the company's internal Komaki Plant Museum.

Gallery

Comparative Specifications

See also

Notes

Bibliography
 Butler, Phil. War Prizes: An Illustrated Survey of German, Italian and Japanese Aircraft Brought to Allied Countries During and After the Second World War. Leicestershire, UK: Midland, 1994. .
 Dyer, Edward M. III. Japanese Secret Projects: Experimental Aircraft of the IJA and IJN 1939-1945. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2009. .
 Ethell, Jeffrey L. Komet: The Messerschmitt 163. London: Ian Allan, 1978. . (This book shows U-852 or U-68 being used to carry the Me 163.)
 Francillon, Ph.D., René J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam & Company, 1970 (2nd edition 1979). .
 Green, William. Rocket Fighter (Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II, Weapons Book No. 20). New York: Ballantine Books, Inc., 1971. .
 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Fighters, Volume Three. London: Macdonald, 1961. .
 Yamashita, Takeo (ed). 秋水」と日本陸海軍ジェット、ロケット機. Tokyo: Model Art Co., 1998.

External links

 JNAF pics.1
 JNAF pics.2
 U-boat forum

J8M, Mitsubishi
J8M
Rocket-powered aircraft
Tailless aircraft
J8M, Mitsubishi
Germany–Japan relations

Mitsubishi J8M


Gracie Humaitá or Academia Gracie de Jiu-Jitsu is a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu academy on Humaitá Street, in Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, founded by  Helio Gracie. The Academy offers classes in Gracie Jiu-Jitsu.

History
The Academia Gracie was founded by Carlos Gracie on April 18, 1952 at Avenida Rio Branco 151 on the 17th and 18th floors. The original instructors were Carlson Gracie, Robson Gracie, Joao Alberto Barreto and Helio Vigio. They were supervised by Helio Gracie. In 1981 the academy moved to Lagoa for a couple of years before establishing itself inside the Colégio Padre Antonio Vieira, a private Catholic school. Today the school focuses primarily in Sport Jiu-Jitsu, but also does training competitors for a career in MMA.

The gym is currently run by Hélio's sons, Royler and Rolker Gracie. Almost all of the fighters in the famous Gracie family, including Rickson, have trained at the school extensively.

On November 17, 2009 the Gracie Competition Team Academy opened for business in San Diego, California. The academy is affiliated with Royler Gracie and Gracie Humaita and is run by Professor Regis Lebre and  Royler Gracie frequently  conducts classes.

Notable students
Notable students of the Academia Gracie de Jiu-Jitsu include:

 Rorion Gracie - 9th Degree Red Belt, Co-Founder of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Teaches Jiu-Jitsu in California.
 Relson Gracie - 9th Degree Red Belt, Teaches Jiu-Jitsu in Hawaii.
 Rickson Gracie - 9th Degree Red Belt, Vale Tudo Japan Champion.
 Carlos Gracie, Jr. - 8th Degree Red & Black Belt, Head of Gracie Barra
 Royler Gracie - 7th Degree Red & Black Belt, ADCC  Submission Wrestling World Champion, Instructor at Gracie Humaitá in Brazil and at Gracie Competition Team Academy in San Diego, California.
 Royce Gracie - 7th Degree Red & Black Belt, The first Ultimate Fighting Champion.
 Rolls Gracie - 6th Degree Black Belt, died in 1982 hang-gliding accident.
 Carlos "Caique" Elias - 7th degree Red & Black Belt, head of the Caique Jiu Jitsu network of schools. Teaches Jiu-Jitsu in Lomita, California
 Megaton Dias - 5th Degree Black Belt, Teaches Jiu-Jitsu in Arizona.
 Saulo Ribeiro - 5th Degree Black Belt, Teaches Jiu-Jitsu in San Diego, former 6-time World Jiu-Jitsu Champion
 Mauricio Villardo - 6th Degree Black Belt, former instructor at Gracie Humaita, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
 Leonardo Xavier - 4th Degree Black Belt, Teaches Jiu-Jitsu in Sugar Land, Texas.  Multiple time world medalist and former instructor at Gracie Humaita in Brazil.
 Alexandre Ribeiro - 4th Degree Black Belt; taught Jiu-Jitsu in Toledo OH, San Diego, CA and Los Angeles CA. Currently teaches Jiu-jitsu in San Diego with his brother Saulo Ribeiro
 Leticia Ribeiro - 4th Degree Black Belt, One of the highest ranking female Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu black belts in the world, Teaches Jiu-Jitsu in San Diego, CA.
 Kron Gracie- 1st Degree Black belt, Son of Rickson Gracie. 2nd Place Light Weight Black belt World Jiu-Jitsu Championship 2011. ADCC 2013 champion. Teaches Jiu-Jitsu in Los Angeles

See also
List of Top Professional MMA Training Camps

References

External links
Academia Gracie de Jiu Jitsu
Gracie Humaita (Association Website)
Gracie Humaitá MARanking profile Statistics and BJJ (GI) main titles since 2004

1952 establishments in Brazil
Brazilian jiu-jitsu organizations
Brazilian jiu-jitsu training facilities

Gracie Humaitá


Walther Emanuel Funk (18 August 1890 in Trakehnen - 31 May 1960 in Düsseldorf) was a German journalist. During the time of the Third Reich he was a minister for economics and the president of the Reichsbank.

Funk was one of the 24 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was sent to prison for life, but was set free in 1958.

1890 births
1960 deaths
German bankers
German journalists
German prisoners
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment

Walther Funk


Predestination is a central belief in Calvinism. Calvinists believe that God picked those who he will save and bring with him to heaven before the world was created. They also believe that people who are not saved by  God will go to hell. John Calvin thought people who were saved could never lose their salvation and the "elected" (those God saved) would know they were saved because of their actions.

Related pages
 Predestination

Calvinism
John Calvin
Protestant theology

Predestination (Calvinism)