Hedd Wyn (born Ellis Humphrey Evans, 13 January 188731 July 1917) was a Welsh-language poet who was killed on the first day of the Battle of Passchendaele during World War I. He was posthumously awarded the bard's chair at the 1917 National Eisteddfod. Evans, who had been awarded several chairs for his poetry, was inspired to take the bardic name Hedd Wyn (, "blessed peace") from the way sunlight penetrated the mist in the Meirionnydd valleys.

Born in the village of Trawsfynydd, Wales, Evans wrote much of his poetry while working as a shepherd on his family's hill farm. His style, which was influenced by romantic poetry, was dominated by themes of nature and religion. He also wrote several war poems following the outbreak of war on the Western Front in 1914.

Early life
Ellis Humphrey Evans was born on 13 January 1887 at Penlan, a house in the centre of Trawsfynydd, Meirionydd, Wales. He was the eldest of eleven children born to Evan and Mary Evans. In the spring of 1887, the family moved to his father's family 168-acre hill-farm of Ysgwrn, in Cwm Prysor, a few miles from Trawsfynydd. He spent his life there, apart from a short stint in South Wales.

Ellis Evans received a basic education from the age of six at the local primary school and Sunday school. He left school around fourteen years of age and worked as a shepherd on his father's farm. Despite his brief attendance in formal schooling (6–14) he had a talent for poetry and had already composed his first poem by the age of eleven, "Y Das Fawn" (the peat stack). Ellis's interests included both Welsh and English poetry. His main influence was the Romantic poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley, and themes of nature and religion dominated his work.

Eisteddfodau
His talent for poetry was well known in the village of Trawsfynydd, and he took part in numerous competitions and local eisteddfodau, winning his first chair (Cadair y Bardd) at Bala in 1907, aged 20. In 1910, he was given the bardic name Hedd Wyn by the bard Bryfdir at a poets' meeting in Blaenau Ffestiniog. 'Hedd' is Welsh for peace and 'Wyn' can mean white or pure; this "blessed peace" also alluded to the way rays of sunlight penetrated the mists in the Meirionydd valleys.

Bryfdir was the bardic name of Evans's older friend Humphrey Jones (1867–1947), a quarryman from Blaenau Ffestiniog; in his lifetime, Jones published two volumes of poetry, won more than 60 bardic chairs and was an eisteddfodau compère. Jones said he bestowed Hedd Wyn on Evans because he had the manner of a dreamer who moved slowly and calmly. Another close friend of Hedd Wyn was the clergyman and writer R. Silyn Roberts, who was known as 'Rhosyr'.

In 1913, 26-year-old Hedd Wyn began to find fame for his poetry when he won chairs at the local eisteddfodau at Pwllheli and Llanuwchllyn. In 1915 he was successful at local eisteddfodau in Pontardawe and Llanuwchllyn. That same year he entered his first poem Eryri (an ode to Snowdonia) in the National Eisteddfod of Wales which was held in Bangor, Gwynedd. The following year he took second place at the National Eisteddfod in Aberystwyth with Ystrad Fflur, an awdl written in honour of Strata Florida, the medieval Cistercian abbey ruins in Ceredigion.

First World War
Hedd Wyn was a Christian pacifist and did not enlist for the war initially, feeling he could never kill anyone. The war left Welsh non-conformists deeply divided. Traditionally, the Nonconformists had not been comfortable at all with the idea of warfare. The war saw a major clash within Welsh Nonconformism between those who backed military action and those who adopted a pacifist stance on religious grounds.

The war inspired Hedd Wyn's work and produced some of his most noted poetry, including Plant Trawsfynydd ("Children of Trawsfynydd"), Y Blotyn Du ("The Black Dot"), and Nid â'n Ango ("[It] Will Not Be Forgotten"). His poem, Rhyfel ("War"), remains one of his most frequently quoted works.

Conscription

Although farm work was classed as a reserved occupation due its national importance, in 1916 the Evans family were required to send one of their sons to join the British Army. The 29-year-old Ellis enlisted rather than his younger brother Robert. In February 1917, he received his training at Litherland Camp, Liverpool, but in March 1917 the government called for farm workers to help with ploughing and many soldiers were temporarily released. Hedd Wyn was given seven weeks' leave. He spent most of this leave working on the awdl Yr Arwr ("The Hero"), his submission for the National Eisteddfod. According to his nephew, Gerald Williams, "It was a wet year in 1917. He came back for fourteen days leave and wrote the poem, Yr Arwr, on the table by the fire. As it was such a wet year, he stayed for another seven days. This extra seven days made him a deserter. So the military police came to fetch him from the hayfield and took him to the jail at Blaenau. From there he travelled to... the war in Belgium. Because he left in such a hurry he forgot the poem on the table, so he wrote it again on the journey. So there are two copies: one in Aberystwyth and one in Bangor."

In June 1917, Hedd Wyn joined the 15th Battalion Royal Welsh Fusiliers (part of the 38th (Welsh) Division) at Fléchin, France. His arrival depressed him, as exemplified in his quote, "Heavy weather, heavy soul, heavy heart. That is an uncomfortable trinity, isn't it?" Nevertheless, at Fléchin he finished his National Eisteddfod entry and signed it "Fleur de Lis". It is believed it was sent via the Royal Mail around the end of June. On 31 July 15 Battalion marched towards the major offensive which would become known as the Battle of Passchendaele.

Third Battle of Ypres and death

Hedd Wyn was fatally wounded within the first few hours of the start of the Third Battle of Ypres on 31 July 1917. He fell during the Battle of Pilckem Ridge which had begun at 3:50 a.m. with a heavy bombardment of the German lines (this was the opening attack in what became known as Battle of Passchendaele). However, the troops' advance was hampered by incoming artillery and machine gun fire, and by heavy rain turning the battlefield to swamp.

Private Evans, as part of the 15th (Service) Battalion (1st London Welsh), was advancing towards a German strongpoint –created within the ruins of the Belgian hamlet of Hagebos ("Iron Cross")– when he was hit. In a 1975 interview conducted by St Fagans National History Museum, Simon Jones, a veteran of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers, recalled, "We started over Canal Bank at Ypres, and he was killed half way across Pilckem. I've heard many say that they were with Hedd Wyn and this and that, well I was with him... I saw him fall and I can say that it was a nosecap shell in his stomach that killed him. You could tell that... He was going in front of me, and I saw him fall on his knees and grab two fistfuls of dirt... He was dying, of course... There were stretcher bearers coming up behind us, you see. There was nothing – well, you'd be breaking the rules if you went to help someone who was injured when you were in an attack."

Soon after being wounded, Hedd Wyn was carried to a first-aid post. Still conscious, he asked the doctor "Do you think I will live?" though it was clear that he had little chance of surviving; he died at about 11:00 a.m. Among the fatalities that day was the Irish war poet, Francis Ledwidge, who was "blown to bits" while drinking tea in a shell hole.

Ellis H. Evans was buried in Section II, Row F, Grave 11 at Artillery Wood Cemetery, near Boezinge. After a petition was submitted to the Imperial War Graves Commission after the war, his headstone was given the additional words Y Prifardd Hedd Wyn (English: "The Chief Bard, Hedd Wyn").

Legacy

National Eisteddfod
On 6 September 1917, the ceremony of Chairing of the Bard took place at the National Eisteddfod in Birkenhead Park, England; in attendance was the Welsh-speaking British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George. After the adjudicators announced the entry submitted under the pseudonym Fleur de Lys was the winner, the trumpets were sounded for the author to identify themselves. After three such summons, Archdruid Dyfed solemnly announced that the winner had been killed in action six weeks earlier. The empty chair was then draped in a black sheet. It was delivered to Evans's parents in the same condition, "the festival in tears and the poet in his grave", as Archdruid Dyfed said. The festival is now referred to as "Eisteddfod y Gadair Ddu" ("The Eisteddfod of the Black Chair").

The chair was hand-crafted by Flemish craftsman, Eugeen Vanfleteren (1880–1950), a carpenter born in Mechelen, Belgium, who had fled to England on the outbreak of war and had settled in Birkenhead.

Manuscripts and publications

Immediately after the Eisteddfod, a committee was formed in Trawsfynydd to look after the poet's legacy. Under the leadership of J. R. Jones, the head teacher of the village school, all manuscripts in the poet's hand were collected and carefully preserved. Due to the committee's efforts, the first anthology of the bard's work, titled Cerddi'r Bugail ("The Shepherd's Poems"), was published in 1918. The manuscripts were donated to the National Library of Wales in 1934.

Hedd Wyn, Ei Farddoniaeth, a complete Welsh language anthology of his works, was published by Trawsfynydd's Merilang Press in 2012.

The poem Yr Arwr ("The Hero"), for which Hedd Wyn won the National Eisteddfod, is still considered his greatest work. The ode is structured in four parts and presents two principal characters, Merch y Drycinoedd ("Daughter of the Tempests") and the Arwr. There has been much disagreement in the past regarding the meaning of the ode. It can be said with certainty that Hedd Wyn, like his favourite poet Shelley, longed for a perfect humanity and a perfect world during the chaos of war.

Merch y Drycinoedd has been perceived as a symbol of love, the beauty of nature, and creativity; and Yr Arwr as a symbol of goodness, fairness, freedom, and justice. It is wished that through his sacrifice, and his union with Merch y Drycinoedd at the end of the ode, a better age will come.

Trawsfynydd and Yr Ysgwrn

A bronze statue of Hedd Wyn, dressed as a shepherd, was unveiled by his mother in the centre of the village in 1923. It bears an englyn which Hedd Wyn had written in memory of a slain friend, Tommy Morris.

Evans's bardic chair is on permanent display at his family's hill farm, Yr Ysgwrn. The property was preserved just as it was in 1917 by the poet's family and his nephew Gerald Williams (d. 2021), who was the last of his relatives to live on the farm. For years, Gerald and his brother Ellis continued to farm the land surrounding the farmhouse as custodians of both Yr Ysgwrn and Hedd Wyn's legacy, welcoming visitors and working to ensure Hedd Wyn's story lived on. In 2012, fourteen years after Ellis's death, Gerald decided it was time to pass on the custodianship of Yr Ysgwrn to the Snowdonia National Park Authority.

The Park Authority, with support from the Welsh Government and the National Lottery, announced on St David's Day 2012 that it had acquired the Grade II-listed farmstead and its surrounding lands for the Welsh nation. The Authority's objectives are to protect and preserve the site while enhancing the visitor experience in order to share the story of Hedd Wyn. In the same year, Gerald Williams was awarded an MBE for his "exceptional contribution" to conserving the heritage of his bardic uncle.

Centennial commemorations
In August 2014, the Welsh Memorial Park, Ypres was unveiled at Pilckem Ridge near Ypres. The war memorial stands close to the spot where Hedd Wyn was mortally wounded in July 1917 during the Battle of Passchendaele.

To mark the 100th anniversary of his death, a Bardic chair was made to celebrate the life of Hedd Wyn. It was presented to the Welsh Government at a special service of remembrance at Birkenhead Park in September 2017. A memorial to the poet was also unveiled in the park, the site of the 1917 National Eisteddfod.

In November 2017, as part of the annual British Armistice commemorations, a video installation commemorating the life of Hedd Wyn was beamed onto the exterior walls of the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth. The work was the culmination of a project involving more than 800 schoolchildren and adults at primary and secondary schools across Wales which looked at the life and legacy of the poet.

In popular culture

Film
The anti-war biopic Hedd Wyn was released in 1992. The film, which starred Huw Garmon as the poet, is based on a screenplay by Alan Llwyd. It depicts Hedd Wyn as a tragic hero who has an intense dislike of the wartime ultranationalism which surrounds him and his doomed struggle to avoid conscription.

In 1993 Hedd Wyn won the Royal Television Society's Television Award for Best Single Drama. It became the first British motion picture to be nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 66th Academy Awards in 1993. In 1994, at the newly inaugurated BAFTA Cymru Awards, it won in six categories: Best Director (Paul Turner), Best Design (by Jane Roberts and Martin Morley), Best Drama – Welsh (Shan Davies and Paul Turner), Best Editor (Chris Lawrence), Best Original Music (John E.R. Hardy) and Best Screenwriter – Welsh (Alan Llwyd).

Literature
The Black Chair, a 2009 novel for young people by Phil Carradice, is based on the life of Hedd Wyn. In July 2017, Y Lolfa published An Empty Chair, a novel for young people telling the story of Hedd Wyn as seen from the point of view of his teenage sister, Anni (mother of Gerald Williams). It is an adaptation by Haf Llewelyn of her prize-winning Welsh-language novel, Diffodd Y Sêr.

Music
The track "Halflife" on the 2015 album Everyone Was a Bird by avant garde electronica group Grasscut references Hedd Wyn as a figure in the history of Trawsfynydd, merging his presence with that of the reactors of the Trawsfynydd nuclear power station.

Opera

The 2017 opera 2117/Hedd Wyn, with music by Stephen McNeff and libretto by Gruff Rhys, was inspired by the life of Hedd Wyn; set in the year 2117, it imagines a group of schoolchildren in a post-apocalyptic Trawsfynydd learning about the life and work of the poet. It was recorded by Ty Cerdd Records and released in 2022.

Notes

Citations

References
 Carradice, Phil (2009). The Black Chair. Pont Books.
 Dehandschutter, Lieven (1st Edn 1992, 4th Edn 2001). Hedd Wyn. A Welsh tragedy in Flanders. Vormingscentrum Lodewijk Dosfel (Gent, Flanders, Belgium)
 Llwyd, Alan (2009). Stori Hedd Wyn, Bardd y Gadair Ddu. The Story of Hedd Wyn, the Poet of the Black Chair. Cyhoeddiadau Barddas / Barddas Publications.

External links

 "The Shepherd's Poems," 1918 Anthology (In Welsh)

 A detailed biographical sketch of Hedd Wyn
 Hedd Wyn at 100 Welsh Heroes
 BBC North Wales on Hedd Wyn
 Hedd Wyn at Gathering the Jewels
 English translation of Hedd Wyn's War
 English translation of Hedd Wyn's Black Spot

 National Museum of Wales interviews Hedd Wyn's Nephew (In Welsh with English subtitles)

1887 births
1917 deaths
Military personnel from Merionethshire
20th-century male writers
British Army personnel of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I
Burials at Artillery Wood Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery
Calvinist and Reformed poets
Calvinist pacifists
Chaired bards
Deserters
People from Merionethshire
People from Trawsfynydd
Romantic poets
Royal Welch Fusiliers soldiers
Welsh Eisteddfod winners
Welsh-language poets
Welsh World War I poets

Hedd Wyn


Weybridge is a small town in Surrey. It is near Walton-On-Thames and Addlestone. Weybridge is known for being a middle class area with many wealthy people living there.

Famous residents
Famous residents, past and present, include:
Jacqueline Bisset - actress, was born in the town.
John Lennon - lived in Weybridge in the mid to late 1960s, in a mansion on St George's Hill
Ringo Starr - lived in Weybridge in the late 1960s
Tom Jones - lived in Weybridge in the late 1960s
Nina Bawden - lived in Weybridge in the 1960s and 70s, Carrie's War was written at her house in Hanger Hill, since demolished along with the private 'Wallop School'
E. M. Forster - author, wrote his best known book, Howards End, in Weybridge, 1908–10
Petr Čech - Czech footballer, Chelsea F.C.
Peter Crouch - footballer, Stoke City F.C.
Cliff Richard - pop singer

Towns in Surrey

Weybridge


An aromatic hydrocarbon, or arene, is a hydrocarbon ring compound. It has alternating double and single bonds between carbon atoms forming rings. Many of the compounds have a sweet scent, hence the term 'aromatic'. The ring of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is known as a benzene ring, after the simplest possible hydrocarbon ring, benzene. Aromatic hydrocarbons can be monocyclic (MAH) or polycyclic (PAH).

Some non-benzene-based compounds called heteroarenes, which follow Hückel's rule, are also aromatic compounds. In these compounds, at least one carbon atom is replaced by one of oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.

Benzene ring model

Benzene, C6H6, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and was recognized as the first aromatic hydrocarbon, with the nature of its bonding first being recognized by Kekulé in the 19th century.
Each carbon atom in the hexagonal cycle has four electrons to share. One goes to the hydrogen atom, and one each to the two neighboring carbons. This leaves one to share with one of its two neighboring carbon atoms, which is why the benzene molecule is drawn with alternating single and double bonds around the hexagon.

The structure is also illustrated as a circle around the inside of the ring to show  six electrons floating around in delocalized molecular orbitals the size of the ring itself. This also represents the equivalent nature of the six carbon-carbon bonds each equivalent to ~1.5. The electrons are visualized as floating above and below the ring with the electromagnetic fields they generate acting to keep the ring flat.

General properties:
 Display aromaticity.
 The carbon-hydrogen ratio is high.
 They burn with a sooty yellow flame because of the high carbon-hydrogen ratio.
 They undergo substitution reactions.

The circle symbol for aromaticity was introduced by Sir Robert Robinson and his student James Armit in 1925 and popularized starting in 1959 by the Morrison & Boyd textbook on organic chemistry. The proper use of the symbol is debated; it is used to describe any cyclic pi system in some publications, or only those pi systems that obey Hückel's rule on others.

Arene synthesis
A reaction that forms an arene compound from an unsaturated or partially unsaturated cyclic precursor is simply called an aromatization. Many laboratory methods exist for the organic synthesis of arenes from non-arene precursors.

Importance of aromatic compounds
Aromatic compounds play key roles in the biochemistry of all living things.  The four aromatic amino acids histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine each serve as one of the 20 basic building blocks of proteins.  Further, all 5 nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil) that make up the sequence of the genetic code in DNA and RNA are aromatic purines or pyrimidines.  As well as that, the molecule heme contains an aromatic system with 22 π electrons. Chlorophyll also has a similar aromatic system.

Aromatic compounds are important in industry.  Key aromatic hydrocarbons of commercial interest are benzene, toluene, ortho-xylene and para-xylene.  About 35 million tonnes are produced worldwide every year.  They are extracted from complex mixtures obtained by the refining of oil or by distillation of coal tar. They are used to produce a range of important chemicals and polymers, including styrene, phenol, aniline, polyester and nylon.

Types of aromatic compounds
Almost all aromatic compounds are compounds of carbon, but they need not be hydrocarbons.

Heterocyclics
In heterocyclic aromatics one or more of the atoms in the aromatic ring is of an element other than carbon. Examples include pyridine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, and thiophene.

Polycyclics

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are molecules with two or more simple aromatic rings fused together by sharing two neighboring carbon atoms. Examples are naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene.

Substituted aromatics
Many chemical compounds are aromatic rings with other things attached.  Examples include trinitrotoluene (TNT), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), paracetamol, and the nucleotides of DNA.

References

Hydrocarbons

Aromatic hydrocarbon


Rose Lilian Hill (5 June 1914 – 22 December 2003) was an English actress and operatic soprano, who remains best known for her role as Madame Fanny La Fan in the British television series 'Allo 'Allo!. She was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company.

Biography
Hill was born in London and won a scholarship to the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. She started her career as a soprano in 1939, singing at the Sadler's Wells Opera (later English National Opera) in London; soubrette and lyric soprano roles such as Despina in Mozart's opera Così fan tutte. For the Glyndebourne Festival she sang Barbarina in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro. In 1948 she sang Lucy in the world premiere of Benjamin Britten's adaptation of The Beggar's Opera.

Hill's career in television and film started with the 1958 film The Bank Raiders and ended in 1994 with a guest appearance in A Touch of Frost. Hill played various roles, including Miss La Creevy, in the Royal Shakespeare Company's play The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (November 1980) at the Aldwych Theatre, an epic eight-hour stage adaptation of Charles Dickens' novel Nicholas Nickleby with Roger Rees, Emily Richard, Timothy Spall, John Woodvine, Edward Petherbridge, Ben Kingsley, Fulton Mackay, David Threlfall, Bob Peck and Christopher Benjamin. In June 1981 Hill reprised her roles in The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby for the Royal Shakespeare Company with Alun Armstrong and Ian McNeice added to the cast, Ben Kingsley and Timothy Spall having left the production. This version was filmed by Channel 4 in 1982 and broadcast as four two-hour episodes on consecutive nights in November 1982. In 1989 she played a witness to a kidnap in The Bill (Thames).

Her longest-running role as an actress was as Madame Fanny La Fan in the British sitcom 'Allo 'Allo!, in which she featured from 1982 to 1992. She also played Stanley Holloway's wife in the 1968 comedy series Thingumybob, and appeared briefly in the Dad's Army episode "Uninvited Guests", where she played an elderly ARP warden by the name of Mrs Cole.

Her film credits included roles in A Shot in the Dark (1964), Every Home Should Have One (1970), Tiffany Jones (1973), and House of Whipcord (1974).

Flanders and Swann wrote a song for Rose Hill called "A Word on My Ear".

Death
She spent her final years in Denville Hall, a retirement home for actors, until her death in 2003; her 'Allo 'Allo! castmate Carmen Silvera also resided there.

Filmography

References

 Obituary: The Independent

1914 births
2003 deaths
English television actresses
English film actresses
English operatic sopranos
Actresses from London
Singers from London
Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
20th-century English actresses
English stage actresses
20th-century British women opera singers
British comedy actresses

Rose Hill (actress)


Marzahn is a locality within the borough Marzahn-Hellersdorf of Berlin.

Marzahn became part of Greater Berlin in 1920, as a part of the Lichtenberg district. In 1979, the large housing estate of Marzahn was separated from Lichtenberg to become an East Berlin borough in its own right and in 1986 the new Hellersdorf district (including Kaulsdorf and Mahlsdorf) was split from it. Berlin's 2001 administrative reform led to the former boroughs of Marzahn and Hellersdorf fusing into a single new borough.

In the north the locality includes the neighbourhoods of Bürknersfelde and Ahrensfelde, an overbuilt strip of land which once belonged to the Brandenburg municipality of Ahrensfelde and was incorporated into Berlin in 1990.

The historic village of Marzahn was first mentioned as Morczane in a 1300 deed by Margrave Albert III of Brandenburg-Salzwedel, when he granted the estates to the Friedland Cistercian abbey (in today's Neuhardenberg). After the Thirty Years' War it fell to Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg.

Marzahn was the site of a labour camp (today a water treatment plant), where Roma were interned from July 16, 1936 on, two weeks prior to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, away from visitor's eyes. As a part of the  Nazi Porajmos extermination policy, up to 2000 inmates remained there until in 1943 they were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where most of them were gassed. In 1941 the large factory of the Carl Hasse & Wrede machine tool company (now Knorr-Bremse) was erected, where hundreds forced labourers were employed. The victims were buried at the nearby Parkfriedhof, a memorial marks the site.

In 1987, Marzahn hosted the Berliner Gartenschau a horticulture show on the occasion of Berlin's 750th anniversary. The area today called Erholungspark Marzahn includes the Gärten der Welt (Gardens of the World) project showing a Chinese, Japanese, Balinese and Korean garden, labyrinths modelled on Hampton Court Palace and Chartres Cathedral as well as a garden of the Italian Renaissance.

Transportation
Marzahn is served by the S-Bahn lines S7 and S75 at the stations Springpfuhl, Poelchaustraße, Marzahn, Raoul-Wallenberg-Straße, Mehrower Allee and Ahrensfelde. Tramway connections to the inner city are provided by the M6 and M8 lines of the Berlin Straßenbahn.

Other websites
 http://www.adam-jones.net/?album=marzahn  Photo essay of the area

Districts of Berlin

Marzahn


A criterium, or crit, is a type of bicycle race held on a short course (usually less than 5 km), often run on closed-off city centre streets.

Race length can be either a time or a number of laps. Often a criterium lasts about one hour, which is shorter than that of a traditional road race – which can last many hours, sometimes of several days or even weeks, as in a Grand Tour. However, the average speed and is much higher. The winner is the first rider to cross the finish line without having been "lapped" (overtaken).

Events often have prizes (called primes, usually cash) for winning specific intermediate laps (for instance, every 10th lap).

Winning criteriums needs a mix of good technical skills – especially the ability to corner rapidly and sharply – and riding safely with a large group on a short circuit and exceptional fitness to attack other riders and repeatedly accelerate hard from corners.

Criteriums are relatively easy to organize and do not require a large amount of space. They are the most common type of bicycle racing in the continental United States.

Equipment

Racing bicycles used for criteriums are typically no different than those used in other mass-start road events. However, some racers use shorter bicycles to help keep control when turning  and slightly shorter cranks (pedal levers) to help pedalling through sharp turns.

Other websites
 Alto Velo Racing Club - Criterium Skills & Sprinting
 Extreme Fitness - Guide to Criterium Training
 Portsmouth, NH Criterium

Cycle races

Criterium


Danaë is an oil painting by Gustav Klimt, created in 1907. An example of Symbolism, the canvas measures 77 x 83 cm, and is in the Galerie Würthle in Vienna. Danaë was a popular subject in the early 1900s for many artists; she was used as the quintessential symbol of divine love, and transcendence.

Subject and composition
While imprisoned by her father Acrisius, King of Argos, in a tower of bronze, Danaë was visited by Zeus, symbolized here as the golden rain flowing between her legs. It is apparent from the subject's face that she is aroused by the golden stream.

In this work, she is curled in a royal purple veil which refers to her imperial lineage. Sometime after her celestial visitation she gave birth to a son, Perseus, who is cited later in Greek mythology for slaying the Gorgon Medusa and rescuing Andromeda.

Many early portrayals of Danaë were erotic; other paintings completed in similar style are Klimt's Medicine (1900–1907), and Water Snakes (1904–1907).

See also
 Danaë (Correggio)
 Danaë (Rembrandt painting)
 Danaë (Titian series)
List of paintings by Gustav Klimt

References

1907 paintings
Paintings by Gustav Klimt
Klimt
Paintings in Vienna
Nude art
erotic art

Danaë (Klimt)


Subbiah Arunachalam (born 1941) is a Chennai, India-based information consultant known for his campaigns in favour of open access for academic journals in developing countries. He has been associated with the M S Swaminathan Research Foundation.

Career

Linked with the Indian academic and scholarly communities for over three decades, Arunachalam has held posts of editor of scientific journals such as the Indian Journal of Technology, Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, Indian Journal of Chemistry, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, and Pramana.

In an interview, Arunachalam described his career: "I started out as a student of chemistry, and after obtaining a Masters in Chemistry at Annamalai University in 1963, I took a research assistant's job at the Central Electro Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi. I worked there for 21 months, doing research in electroplating."

"In May 1965, I moved to New Delhi, to work as an editorial assistant in the Publications & Information Directorate of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR). Then in 1969, I took three years' leave to pursue research in physical chemistry at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore."

Arunachalam has said he has never taken a course in information science, but "simply developed a natural flair for some aspects of information science, largely focused on the needs of students of science seeking information for research, and those wanting to look at and 'evaluate' performance in scientific research."

Since the 1970s, he has been on the editorial boards of journals like Current Contents, Journal of Information Science (since its launch in 1979), Scientometrics, Public Understanding of Science, and Current Science.

Other roles

He has also been involved in various other roles—science writer, researcher in chemistry, teacher of information science, librarian, executive secretary of the Indian Academy of Sciences, and member of the editorial boards of scientific journals. In recent years, he has been Distinguished Fellow at the M S Swaminathan Research Foundation and at the Centre for Internet and Society (Bangalore).

Current interests

In mid-2006, Arunachalam described his role thus: "Currently, I am active in two areas, in both of which my flair for information work comes in handy. For more than ten years I have been a full-time volunteer at the M S Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), in Chennai. There I am part of the Information Village Research Project, which uses new ICTs to empower rural communities, and an adviser to the National Virtual Academy."

He is also on the executive committee of the Global Knowledge Partnership, and the international advisory board of the International Institute for Communication and Development (IICD). Arunachalam is one of three secretaries of Mission 2007, a Government of India-initiated project which aims at taking the "knowledge revolution" to India's villages. Besides, he is a member of the Working Group on Libraries set up by India's National Knowledge Commission.

"Great advocate for Open Access"

In a post made in 2003, Stevan Harnad, another Open Access (OA) advocate, called Arunachalam "India's and the Developing World's great advocate for open access".  Arunachalam had then been named as Co-Director of the CogPrints Archive.

Arunachalam has said that his "interest in promoting Open Access specifically started around 1996, when I began working as a visiting faculty at the Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai".

He has argued that research performed in India, and funded by Indian taxpayers, is reported in a few thousand journals, both Indian and foreign. But since some of these journals are very expensive, "many Indian libraries -- including sometimes the author's own institutional library -- are not able to subscribe to them. As consequence, other Indian scientists working in the same, or related, areas are unable to read these papers. This is a problem common to all developing countries."

Arunachalam's view is that "if all these papers were published in OA journals, or if the authors made them freely available on the Web by self-archiving them — either in institutional OA archives or in central archives like arXiv and CiteSeer — then the problem would vanish." He is known to favour the self-archiving route for Indian researchers. This is because, he says, "it would allow us to achieve 100% OA (open access) more quickly."

Indian research is believed to be published in equal proportions in both Indian and foreign journals, but most Indian ones have a very poor circulation. Resultantly, Indian research work does not reach a wide audience, "affecting both its visibility and its impact". Hence, Arunachalam has argued that Open Access archives are "very important" for the Indian researcher, whom it could offer greater visibility.

References

External links
 Arunachalam on GetCited.org
 M S Swaminathan Research Foundation
 Blog entry on Subbiah Arunachalan
 India moving ahead with open access by Arunachalam, September 2005
 Open Access to Science in the Developing World by Arunachalam and Peter Suber, October 2005

Businesspeople from Chennai
1941 births
Living people
People from Devakottai
Annamalai University alumni
Open access activists
Indian consultants

Subbiah Arunachalam


John Doyle (12 February 1930 – 29 December 2010) was an Irish hurler who played as a left corner-back at senior level for the Tipperary county team.

Born in Holycross, County Tipperary, Doyle first played competitive hurling whilst at school in Thurles CBS. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of sixteen when he first linked up with the Tipperary minor team. He made his senior debut in the 1947-48 National League. Doyle went on to play a key part for Tipperary during a hugely successful era for the team, and won eight All-Ireland medals, ten Munster medals and eleven National Hurling League medals.

As a member of the Munster inter-provincial team for fifteen years, Doyle won six Railway Cup medals. At club level he won three championship medal with Holycross–Ballycahill.

For almost fifty years Doyle, together with Christy Ring, held a unique record as the only players to win eight All-Ireland medals on the field of play. This record was subsequently surpassed by Henry Shefflin. His record of National League medals has yet to be equalled.

Throughout his career Doyle made 54 championship appearances, a Tipperary record which stood until 9 August 2009 when it was surpassed by Brendan Cummins.  His retirement came following Tipperary's defeat by Kilkenny in the 1967 championship.

Doyle is widely regarded as one of the greatest hurlers in the history of the game. During his playing days he won two Cú Chulainn awards, as well as being named Texaco Hurler of the Year in 1964. He has been repeatedly voted onto teams made up of the sport's greats, including at left corner-back on the Hurling Team of the Century in 1984 and the Hurling Team of the Millennium in 2000. He was a Fianna Fáil senator from 1969 to 1973.

Playing career

Colleges
Doyle's hurling skills were honed during his schooling at Thurles CBS. Regarded as too good for CBS Primary School team, he was drafted into the secondary school's under-15 Croke Cup team in 1942. Doyle played at wing-forward as Thurles CBS won the championship that year.

Club
Doyle played his club hurling with Holycross–Ballycahill and his career spanned three decades.  He made his senior championship debut in 1947.

In 1948 he played in his first championship decider with Lorrha providing the opposition. Doyle was singled out for particular praise while Philip Maher at centre-forward had the game of his life. After leading at half-time, Holycross took complete control in the second half and powered to a 4–10 to 2–4 victory. It was Doyle's first championship medal.

After failing to reach the same heights over the following two seasons, Holycross–Ballycahill reached the championship decider again in 1951. Clonoulty–Rossmore provided little opposition and Doyle collected a second championship medal following a 5–15 to 1-4 trouncing.

Doyle's team failed to retain their title once again, and it was 1954 before the team reached another championship decider. A comprehensive 6–5 to 2–3 defeat of Roscrea gave Doyle his third and final championship medal.

Minor
After having his presence requested for trials for the Tipperary minor team in May 1946, Doyle was an automatic choice at corner-back for the subsequent championship campaign. A 5–6 to 4–2 defeat of Cork in the provincial decider gave him his first Munster medal. The subsequent All-Ireland decider pitted Tipperary against Dublin for the second year in succession. Tipp looked destined for victory when, with just a minute left to play, Paddy Kenny sent over a free to give the team a one-point lead. The resultant puck-out posed an immediate goal threat. After being shouldered in the chest, Doyle ended up in the goal's rigging and Dublin scored to secure a narrow 1–6 to 0–7 victory.

Tipperary retained their provincial crown in 1947, with Doyle collecting a second Munster medal following a 2–4 to 1–2 defeat of Waterford. He later lined out in a second All-Ireland decider, however, Galway provided little opposition. A 9–5 to 1-5 trouncing gave Doyle an All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship medal.

In 1948 Doyle was a senior figure with the Tipperary minor team and was appointed captain for the year. After huge victories over Limerick and Cork, Doyle's side were the red-hot favourites for the Munster crown. A remarkable 3–6 to 0–3 defeat by Waterford was the result, in what was Doyle's final game in the minor grade.

Senior

Three-in-a-row
Doyle made his senior debut in a National Hurling League defeat of Kilkenny in February 1948. Although still a minor, his appearance was brief and he was later released from the senior panel.

On 26 June 1949 Doyle made his senior championship debut in a Munster quarter-final replay against Cork. He impressed in that extra-time victory and was retained for the semi-final defeat of Clare, during which he had a mixed game. Doyle was dropped for the subsequent Munster decider against Limerick, however, on the day of the game he was a late addition to the starting fifteen. After trailing at the interval, Tipp eventually triumphed by 1–16 to 2–10, giving Doyle his first Munster medal. On 4 September 1949 Tipperary and Laois faced off in the All-Ireland decider and Doyle was playing at left corner-back. In a one-sided affair Tipp completely overpowered the Leinster champions on a score line of 3–11 to 0–3, giving Doyle his first All-Ireland medal.

Tipperary retained their provincial crown in 1950. A hard-fought 2–17 to 3–11 defeat of Cork in a tense game gave Doyle his second Munster medal. He later lined out in his second successive All-Ireland final on 3 September 1950, with age-old rivals Kilkenny providing the opposition. In a dull affair, Tipp looked to be heading for victory when Seán Kenny scored a goal to put the team four points ahead with just one minute left to play. Kilkenny fought back and a Jimmy Kelly goal from the puck-out reduced the deficit to just one point again. As "the Cats" were about to launch one final attack, the referee blew the whistle and Tipperary had won by 1–9 to 1–8. Doyle gave one of his best-ever All-Ireland displays as he collected his second All-Ireland medal. He rounded off the year by winning a National League medal following a 1–12 to 3–4 defeat of New York.

Tipperary's dominance of the provincial championship continued in 1951, with Doyle lining out against Cork in a third successive Munster decider. Cork's Christy Ring gave one of his best displays, however, the Tipperary full-back line of Doyle, Tony Brennan and Mickey "the Rattler" Byrne also gave a defiant performance. A 2–11 to 2–9 victory gave Doyle a third Munster medal. The subsequent All-Ireland decider against Wexford on 2 September 1951 provided Tipperary with the chance to secure a hat-trick of championship titles for the first time in over half a century. Nicky Rackard, Wexford's goal-scoring machine, was nullified by Tipp goalkeeper Tony Reddin, while Séamus Bannon, Tim Ryan and Paddy Kenny scored key goals which powered Tipp to a 7–7 to 3–9 victory. It was Doyle's third All-Ireland medal.

Fallow period
Doyle won a second National League medal in 1952, as New York were bested on a 6–14 to 2–5 score line. The dream of a fourth successive All-Ireland triumph came to an end when Cork defeated Tipp in the provincial decider.

Tipperary went into a period of decline following this, as Cork and Wexford had a stranglehold on the All-Ireland crown. In spite of this, Doyle added three more National League medals to his collection following defeats of Kilkenny in 1954, Wexford in 1955 and Kilkenny again in 1957.

A fourth All-Ireland
In 1958 Doyle won a fourth Munster medal as Tipperary regained the provincial crown following a 4–12 to 1-5 trouncing of reigning champions Waterford. It was Wall's first provincial medal at senior level. Tipp later defeated Kilkenny in the All-Ireland semi-final before lining out against Galway in the All-Ireland decider on 7 September 1958.  Galway got a bye into the final without picking up a hurley. Liam Devaney, Donie Nealon and Larry Keane all scored goals for Tipperary in the first-half, while Tony Wall sent a seventy-yard free untouched to the Galway net. Tipp won the game by 4–9 to 2-5 giving Doyle his fourth All-Ireland medal.

Doyle won a sixth National League medal in 1959 following a 0–15 to 0–7 defeat of Waterford, however, Tipperary subsequently surrendered their provincial and All-Ireland crowns.

Tipperary asserted their dominance in 1960 by retaining the National League title with a 2–15 to 3–8 defeat of Cork. It was Doyle's seventh winners' medal in that competition. He later won a fifth Munster medal following a narrow 4–13 to 4–11 defeat of Cork in what has been described as the toughest game of hurling ever played. This victory allowed Tipperary to advance directly to an All-Ireland final meeting with Wexford on 4 September 1960. A certain amount of over-confidence was obvious in the Tipperary camp, particularly in trainer Phil Purcell's comment that no player was capable of marking Jimmy Doyle. The game ended in remarkable circumstances as the crowd invaded the pitch with a minute to go, mistaking the referee's whistle for the end of the game. When the crowd were finally moved off the pitch Tipperary continued playing with only twelve men, but Wexford won on a score line of 2–15 to 0–11. It was Doyle's first All-Ireland defeat.

Total dominance
1961 saw Doyle collect an eighth National League medal following a 6–6 to 4–9 defeat of Waterford. He later added a sixth Munster medal to his collection, as old rivals Cork were downed by 3–6 to 0–7. The absence of the All-Ireland semi-final allowed Tipperary to advance directly to the final itself, with Dublin's first native hurling team providing the opposition on 3 September 1961. The game was a close run thing, however, Tipp held on to win by 0–16 to 1–12. It was Doyle's fifth All-Ireland medal.

In 1962 Tipperary were still the kingpins of Munster. A 5–14 to 2-3 trouncing of Waterford in the decider gave Doyle a seventh Munster medal. Tipperary's nemesis of two years earlier, Wexford, waited in Croke Park to test them once again in the subsequent All-Ireland final on 2 September 1962. Wexford, however, were not the force of old and the side got off to possibly the worst start ever by a team in a championship decider. After just ninety seconds the Leinster champions were down by two goals, however, the game turned out to be much closer than people expected. Tipp eventually secured the win on a score line of 3–10 to 2–11, giving Doyle a sixth All-Ireland medal, a record haul for a Tipperary player.

After losing the following year's Munster final to Waterford in one of the hurling shocks of the decade, Tipperary bounced back in 1964 with Doyle collecting a ninth National League medal. Tipperary later cantered casually past Cork by fourteen points in the provincial decider, giving Doyle a record-equalling ninth Munster medal. The All-Ireland final on 6 September 1964 saw Kilkenny enter the game as firm favourites against Doyle's side. John "Mackey" McKenna scored Tipp's first goal after ten minutes as the Munster champions took a 1–8 to 0-6 interval lead. The second half saw Tipperary score goals for fun, with Donie Nealon getting a hat-trick and Seán McLoughlin another. Kilkenny were humiliated at the full-time whistle as Tipperary triumphed by 5–13 to 2–8. It was Doyle's seventh All-Ireland medal.

In 1965 Doyle won a tenth and final National League medal as New York were narrowly defeated on an aggregate score of 6–19 to 5-20. Tipperary demolished all opposition in the provincial championship once again and a 4–11 to 0-5 trouncing of Cork gave Doyle a record-breaking tenth Munster medal. Wexford were Tipp's opponents in the subsequent All-Ireland final on 5 September 1965, however, the game failed to live up to the two classic games between the two sides in 1960 and 1962. Victory went to Tipperary on that occasion by 2–16 to 0–10, courtesy of a brace of goals by Seán McLoughlin. The win gave Doyle a record-equalling eight All-Ireland medal.

Decline
After surrendering their provincial crown in 1966, Tipperary bounced back the following year, with Doyle winning a record tenth Munster medal following a 4–12 to 2–6 defeat of Clare. 3 September 1967 saw Kilkenny face Tipperary in the All-Ireland decider, and the game presented Doyle win the chance of making history by winning a record-breaking ninth All-Ireland medal. Tipp looked like continuing their hoodoo over their near rivals as they took a 2–6 to 1–3 lead at half-time. Goalkeeper Ollie Walsh was the hero for Kilkenny as he made a series of spectacular saves, however, the team lost Eddie Keher and Tom Walsh to injury in the second half. In spite of this, Kilkenny laid to rest a bogey that Tipperary had over the team since 1922, and a 3–8 to 2–7 victory resulted in defeat for Doyle's team. The defeat brought the curtain down on Doyle's inter-county career.

Sporting retirement
In retirement from inter-county hurling Doyle continued to work on his farm in Holycross. His status as one of the greatest players of all-time was further enhanced in 1984 and again in 2000 when he was named on the Gaelic Athletic Association's Hurling Team of the Century and the Hurling Team of the Millennium.

Political career
In later years he entered politics. He stood unsuccessfully as a Fianna Fáil candidate at the 1969 general election for the Tipperary North constituency, but was subsequently elected to Seanad Éireann on the Agricultural Panel. He served until 1973 when he lost his seat.

Recognition
Possessed of a strong physique and a long stride, Doyle was famed for his dependable close defensive play, marked by his ability to execute long clearances from very tight entanglements in his corner-back position. Individually, his mastery of the shoulder-to-shoulder charge, allied to an above average number of deliveries out of defence marked him apart. Collectively, with fellow inner-defenders, Michael Maher and Kieran Carey, he completed a very formidable trio as Tipperary's last line of defence for a ten-year period from the late 1950s. Their marshalling territory in front of goal was famously known as "Hell's Kitchen" because of the often tempestuous nature of the exchanges which greeted the dropping ball arriving from mid-field.

Gaelic games journalist Paddy Downey wrote of Doyle on the occasion of his record-equalling eighth All-Ireland medal in 1965: "If anyone is hurling deserved to join Ring on the magical pinnacle of fame, that man is John Doyle of Holycross...For seventeen years, and to this day, they have had John Doyle, who more than any other player of this generation, personifies that traditional image of Tipperary hurling and hurling men."

Clare hurling legend Jimmy Smyth wrote: "He embodied Tipperary hurling really. Tipperary had three great hurlers by the name of Doyle - you had Tommy, Jimmy, John. But if anyone spoke about 'Doyle' they weren't talking about Tommy or Jimmy, they were talking about John. When your name is reduced to either just your first or second name in the popular vernacular, then you're really something."

Eddie Keher, a contemporary hurler from Kilkenny and one of the greatest of all time, said: "John Doyle was an icon of the game. He's a true legend."

Seventeen years after his retirement from playing, Doyle received the ultimate honour during the GAA's centenary year in 1984 when he was chosen at left corner-back on the Hurling Team of the Century. He swapped to the right corner-back position on the Hurling Team of the Millennium in 2000, while he was also named on special Munster and Tipperary all-time teams.

Personal life
Born in Holycross, County Tipperary on 12 February 1930, Doyle was the first child born to Tim and Margaret Doyle. Six weeks later his mother died from purpureal fever, leaving the young Doyle to be raised by his forty-two-year-old father. After a year Doyle was sent to Dungarvan, County Waterford where he was raised by his aunt. On returning home to Holycross, Doyle was enrolled in the Sacred Heart College for Little Boys in Thurles, a boarding school for young boys who had lost their mothers. After a year spent here, he began his formal education at Gaile National School. As an eleven-year-old Doyle was sent to Thurles CBS where he finished his primary education and received a limited secondary education.

At the age of fourteen, Doyle was forced to leave school and begin work on the family farm. Together they worked the land until December 1953 when Doyle's father died after a year-long battle with stomach cancer.

On 1 October 1955 Doyle married Anne Reidy at the Church of the Seven Wells near Sixmilebridge, County Clare. The couple had seven children including Michael.

John Doyle died on 29 December 2010.

Honours

Team

Player
Thurles CBS
Croke Cup under-15: 1942

Holycross–Ballycahill
Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship (3): 1948, 1951, 1954

Tipperary
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (8): 1949, 1950, 1951, 1958, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965
Munster Senior Hurling Championship (10): 1949, 1950, 1951, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1967
National Hurling League (10): 1949-50, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1954–55 (c), 1956–57, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1963–64, 1964–65
Oireachtas Cup (6): 1949, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965
All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship (1): 1947
Munster Minor Hurling Championship (2): 1946, 1947

Munster
Railway Cup (6): 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1960, 1961 (sub), 1963, 1966 (sub)

Individual
Honours
Hurling Team of the Millennium: Right corner-back
Hurling Team of the Century: Left corner-back
Munster Hurling Team of the Millennium: Right corner-back
Tipperary Hurling Team of the Century: Left corner-back
The 125 greatest stars of the GAA: No. 13
Texaco Hall of Fame Award: 1992
Texaco Hurler of the Year: 1964
Cú Chulainn Awards (2): 1963, 1964
GAA Hall of Fame Inductee: 2013

Bibliography
Brendan Fullam (1991), Giants of the Ash
Séamus J King (1996), A History of Hurling

References

1930 births
2010 deaths
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Fianna Fáil senators
Holycross-Ballycahill hurlers
20th-century Irish farmers
Irish sportsperson-politicians
Members of the 12th Seanad
Munster inter-provincial hurlers
Politicians from County Tipperary
Tipperary inter-county hurlers
Fianna Fáil candidates in Dáil elections
Agricultural Panel senators

John Doyle (Tipperary hurler)


Sir Simon Denis Rattle CBE,  (born Liverpool, 19 January 1955) is an English conductor. He became internationally famous as the conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra which he made into a world-class orchestra.  Since 1999 he has been the conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic.

Life

Early years
Rattle was born in Liverpool and studied at Liverpool College.  He learned to play the  piano and the violin.  He started to play in orchestras, but as a percussionist. He went to study at the Royal Academy of Music in London in 1971.  Three years later he won the John Player Conductor Competition. He organised and conducted a performance of Mahler's Second Symphony whilst still at the Academy.  He spent a year studying English Language and literature at St Anne's College, Oxford.

Career in the UK
In 1974, he was made assistant conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, and in 1977 assistant conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic.

He spent 18 years as conductor of the  City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO), from 1980 to 1998.  During this time he made the orchestra into one of the best European orchestras.  The orchestra used to give their concerts at the Town Hall in Birmingham, but a new concert hall, the Symphony Hall, was opened in 1991.  The BBC made a film about Rattle and the CBSO during his last year with the orchestra.  It was called: Simon Rattle — Moving On.

Rattle was given the award of CBE in 1987 and made a Knight Bachelor in 1994.  In 1992, Rattle was made Principal Guest Conductor of the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment (OAE), together with Frans Brüggen.  Rattle now has the title of Principal Artist with the OAE.  In 2001, Rattle conducted the OAE at Glyndebourne in their first production of Beethoven's opera Fidelio with a period instrument orchestra.

In May 2006 he was made an Honorary Member of the Society of Arts.

Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
The first time Rattle conducted the Berlin Philharmonic (BPO) was in 1987 when he gave a performance of Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 6.  In 1999 Rattle was made chief conductor of the orchestra when Claudio Abbado left.  Before he agreed to take the job he insisted on making some changes to make sure that all the orchestral members were paid fairly and that the orchestra could make its own decisions instead of having to do what the Berlin Senate told them.

Before he left England he said some very critical things about the British attitude to culture, especially to music.  He thought that not enough money was being spent on the arts and that the politicians were not interested in music.

He gave his first concert as principal conductor of the BPO on 7 September 2002, leading performances of Thomas Adès' Asyla and Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 5.  He has done many new things since working in Berlin.  He has continued to conduct the music of many living British composers.  He has formed an educational programme so that young people in Berlin get used to hearing classical music.  Some people have criticised what Rattle has done in Berlin, but many people support him.

Rattle was originally going to stay with the BPO until 2012, but in April 2008 the players decided they want him to stay until 2020

Conducting in North America
Rattle has toured to many countries during his career.  He has conducted in North America.  In 1979 he conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic (LAP) and was their Principal Guest Conductor from 1981–1994.  He also guest-conducted the Cleveland Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony, Toronto Symphony Orchestra, and Boston Symphony Orchestra.

In 1993, Rattle conducted the Philadelphia Orchestra.  They wanted him to be their chief conductor, but Rattle could not take on the job.  Instead, he often performs as their guest conductor.

Musical styles and recordings
Rattle has conducted lots of different music, sometimes old music with period instruments, sometimes music by living composers.  He is very well known for his performances of Mahler.   He has won many awards for his recordings.

Personal life
Rattle has been married three times. He is a fan of Liverpool F.C.

Other websites
Simon Rattle official website

1955 births
British conductors
Living people
Musicians from Liverpool
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor

Simon Rattle


"Old California" is a 28-page Disney comics story written, drawn, and lettered by Carl Barks. The story stars Donald Duck and his nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie. It was first published in Four Color #328 (May 1951) with a cover by Carl Buettner, a four-page Grandma Duck story drawn and lettered by Bob Moore, and several one-page gag stories by Moore.

Plot
Donald Duck and his three nephews are on a holiday in California, heading to Los Angeles. They take a small narrow road that seems deserted and discuss California's history as they travel. Donald Duck opines that the turning point in California's history was the California Gold Rush. As he speaks passionately on this topic, Donald Duck is momentarily distracted from his driving. The car crashes in a rock besides the road.

When Donald Duck and his three nephews regain consciousness, they find they are visitors of a local tribe of Native Americans. The tribe kindly offer to help the foursome recover. The exhausted Ducks are offered a drink, and they fall asleep. When they wake again, they find themselves in Alta California, 1848. They quickly manage to befriend a local Spanish-speaking family of Californios, owners of a cattle ranch, together with the ranch workers. As visitors, Donald Duck and his nephews observe the family's life and moreover, they attempt to help with the family problems. They visit San Francisco and acquire land cheaply, but soon are swindled out of them by American settlers. Afterwards, the Ducks become involved in the Gold Rush and as goldminers partner with a friend from the ranch. The Ducks do the digging, while their partner's fists and guns make sure that nobody swindles them out of their gold.

After their friend departs, the Ducks start to experience an odd fading of their environment. It seems to them that all their acquaintances from this era are now only distant memories. It's at this point that the Duck family truly regain consciousness to discover the truth. They were in a coma in a hospital bed for weeks. The drink they had accepted had kept them sleeping for this long. The Ducks all have the same memory of their apparent experiences in time travel. Despite this, the Ducks believe themselves fully recovered, take possession of their car (which has been completely repaired) and continue on their way as if nothing had happened. However, the Ducks do make a stop first at an abandoned old house where they had stayed as visitors in 1848. They admit that they don't know if it was all a dream or if they really experienced the events they recall from 1848, but nevertheless they choose to keep the memory of Old California.

Production
The plot was inspired by the 1884 novel Ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson.

In a 1962 interview, Barks said, "The one [story] I always liked best was "In Old California". I created an atmosphere and then kept that atmosphere through the whole story. Composing these stories is like writing music. You've got to have the beat and keep the whole thing going."

See also
List of Disney comics by Carl Barks

References

External links

Donald Duck in Old California! in Carl Barks guidebook

Disney comics stories
Donald Duck comics by Carl Barks
1950 in comics

Old California


A honeycomb is a container made by bees out of wax that they produce. The bees make a honeycomb as a place to keep their honey. Bees make honey from nectar that they collect from flowers. After bees collect nectar from flowers, and make it into honey, the bees then put the honey in the small six sided areas of the honeycomb. Each hexagonal section tessellates with the rest.

Uses
Honeycomb wax can be used for making soap and candles. Some people eat honey that is still in the honeycomb. A worker bee grows wax in its abdomen. The wax appears as little spots. The bee pulls it off with its legs and chews it until it becomes soft. The wax is then used to make cells for the honeycomb. Smaller cells are used to raise worker bees. We can use honey present in honeycombs as remedy for cough etc.

Bees

Honeycomb


The Davidsfonds is a Catholic organisation in Flanders, Belgium with the purpose of promoting the Flemish culture in the areas of literature, history and art.

The Davidsfonds was founded in Leuven, Belgium on 15 January 1875, with the motto Voor Godsdienst, taal en volk (E: For religion, language and people). It was named after canon and professor Jean-Baptist David. Together with the Vermeylenfonds (socialist) and the Willemsfonds (liberal), it promoted the Flemish culture, resulting in a growing feeling of Flemish identity.

In the 20th century, the activities of the Davidsfonds, Vermeylenfonds and Willemsfonds reflected a divided society, based upon political ideology. Called "pillarization" (Dutch: verzuiling), Catholic, socialist, and liberal interests formed parallel organizations (political parties, trade unions, banks, newspapers, cultural, and social circles) to promote their interests. While sometimes leading to wasteful re-duplication the pillars also supported each other (e.g., in labor strikes) when it furthered their own interests.

As of 2005, the organization had 60,000 members and 575 divisions. It organizes cultural activities and publishes a magazine and books.

See also
 Frans de Potter
 Flemish literature
 Masereelfonds
 Rodenbachfonds
 Willemsfonds

External links

 Davidsfonds in ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures

Foundations based in Belgium
Flanders
Catholicism in Belgium

Davidsfonds


Cunt is an abusive word that is used against people as an insult. It can also be slang, for the vagina, or vulva.

Unlike many words of profanity that came from Anglo-Saxon, this word came from a Latin one (cuneus, meaning a wedge shape). After the Norman invasion of England, it replaced the native word for vagina, 'mægþblæd'.

Pejoratives
English profanity

Cunt


Richard Dunthorne (1711 – 3 March 1775) was an English astronomer and surveyor, who worked in Cambridge as astronomical and scientific assistant to Roger Long (master of Pembroke Hall and Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry), and also concurrently for many years as surveyor to the Bedford Level Corporation.

Life and work
There are short biographical notes of Dunthorne, one in the Philosophical Transactions (Abridgement Series, published 1809) (unsigned), another in the 'Dictionary of National Biography' (vol.16), and a third by W T Lynn. Dunthorne was born in humble circumstances in Ramsey, Cambridgeshire, where he attended the free grammar school.  There he attracted the notice of Roger Long (later Master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge), whose protégé Dunthorne became.  Dunthorne moved to Cambridge where Long first appointed him as a "footboy", and where he received some further education (though this does not seem to have been regular university education). Dunthorne then "managed" a preparatory school in Coggeshall, Essex, and later returned to Cambridge where Long obtained for him an appointment as a "butler" at Pembroke Hall, an office that Dunthorne retained for the rest of his life. Here Dunthorne's main activity seems to have been in assisting Long in astronomical and scientific work.

Dunthorne also held an appointment for some years, concurrently with his work with Long, as superintendent of works of the Bedford Level Corporation, responsible for water management in the Fens; he began this work several years" before 1761, continuing into the 1770s.  In this role, Dunthorne was concerned in a survey of the fens in Cambridgeshire, and he also supervised construction of locks near Chesterton on the River Cam.

Dunthorne's association with Long remained lifelong, and in the end Dunthorne acted as executor of Long's will.

Lunar tables
Dunthorne published a book of astronomical tables in 1739 entitled Practical Astronomy of the Moon: or, new Tables... Exactly constructed from Sir Isaac Newton's Theory, as published by Dr Gregory in his Astronomy, London & Oxford, 1739.  These tables were modelled on Isaac Newton's lunar theory of 1702, to facilitate testing Newton's theory.

In a 1746 letter to the keeper of Cambridge's Woodwardian Museum, Dunthorne wrote: "After I had compared a good Number of modern Observations made in different Situations of the Moon and of her Orbit in respect of the Sun, with the Newtonian Theory . . . I proceeded to examine the mean Motion of the Moon, of her Apogee, and Nodes, to see whether they were well represented by the Tables for any considerable Number of Years . . . "

On the basis of his observations, Dunthorne proposed some adjustments of the numerical terms of the theory.

Acceleration of the Moon
Dunthorne is particularly remembered for his study of the phenomenon of the changing apparent speed of the Moon in its orbit. Edmond Halley in about 1695 had already suggested on the basis of comparison between contemporary observations and on the other hand ancient records for the timing of ancient eclipses, that the Moon was very gradually accelerating in its orbit.  (It was not yet known in Halley's or in Dunthorne's time that what is actually happening is a slowing-down of the Earth's rate of rotation – see Ephemeris time.) Dunthorne's computations, based in part on records of ancient accounts of eclipses, confirmed the apparent acceleration; and he was the first to quantify the effect, which he put at +10" (arcseconds/century^2) in terms of the difference of lunar longitude.  Dunthorne's estimate is not far from those assessed later, e.g. in 1786 by de Lalande and still not very far away from the values from about 10" to nearly 13" being derived about a century later.

Astronomical publications and observations
Dunthorne published papers in the Philosophical Transactions, including "On the motion of the Moon" (1746), "On the acceleration of the Moon" (1749), and the letter "Concerning comets" in 1751. He observed the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769, and also published tables on the motion of Jupiter's satellites in 1762.

Work for the Nautical Almanac
On 18 July 1765 the Board of Longitude (effectively led by Nevil Maskelyne) appointed Dunthorne as the first "Comparer of the Ephemeris and Corrector of the Proofs" for the (then still future) Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris.  The first issue appeared with data for the year 1767, breaking new ground in providing computational tools to enable mariners to use lunar observations to find their longitude at sea. Dunthorne worked as sole comparer for the first three issues, with data for 1767–69, and afterward continued as one of several comparers until the issue for 1776.

Dunthorne also contributed a method for clearing nautical lunar observations of the effects of refraction and parallax, for the purpose of finding the longitude at sea, and Maskelyne included this in his 'Tables requisite to be used with the Nautical Ephemeris', an accessory volume published to accompany the Nautical Almanac. It is also reported that Dunthorne in 1772 received from the Board of Longitude a reward of £50 for this contribution towards shortening the tedious calculations involved in "clearing the lunar distance" (at the same time as a similar reward was given to the contributor of an alternative method for the same purpose, Israel Lyons, 1739–1775).  Improvements were added and "Dunthorne's improved method" was included in an edition of 1802.

In this area of celestial navigation, Dunthorne has been credited as the first to apply trigonometrical formulae for the general spherical triangle to the reduction of lunar distances and to give auxiliary tables for that purpose.

Benefactions in Cambridge
Dunthorne planned and funded the construction of an observatory in 1765.  The observatory was situated on the Shrewsbury Gate of St. John's College.  Dunthorne also gave astronomical instruments to the college. The observatory remained in place until its closure in 1859.

A contemporary, Rev. William Ludlam (in charge of the St John's College observatory from 1767), described Dunthorne as one "who without the benefit of an Academical education is arrived at such a perfection in many branches of learning, and particularly in Astronomy, as would do honour to the proudest Professor in any University . . . he joined to a consummate excellence in his profession a generosity without limit in the exercise of it."

Dunthorne died at Cambridge.  The crater Dunthorne on the Moon is named after him.

Dunthorne's publications

Richard Dunthorne (1739), Practical Astronomy of the Moon: or, new Tables... Exactly constructed from Sir Isaac Newton's Theory, as published by Dr Gregory in his Astronomy, London & Oxford, 1739.
Richard Dunthorne (1746), "A Letter from Mr. Richard Dunthorne, to the Rev. Mr. Charles Mason, F. R. S. and Woodwardian Professor of Nat. Hist. at Cambridge, concerning the Moon's Motion", Philosophical Transactions, Volume 44 (1746), pp.412–420.
Richard Dunthorne (1749), "A Letter from the Rev. Mr. Richard Dunthorne to the Reverend Mr. Richard Mason F. R. S. and Keeper of the Wood-Wardian Museum at Cambridge, concerning the Acceleration of the Moon", Philosophical Transactions, Vol. 46 (1749–1750) No. 492, pp. 162–172.-- also given in Philosophical Transactions (abridgements) (1809), vol.9 (for 1744–49), pp. 669–675 as "On the Acceleration of the Moon, by the Rev. Richard Dunthorne".
Richard Dunthorne (1751), "A Letter from Mr. Rich. Dunthorne to the Rev. Dr. Long, F. R. S. Master of Pembroke-Hall in Cambridge, and Lowndes's Professor of Astronomy and Geometry in That University, concerning Comets", Philosophical Transactions, Volume 47 (1751), pp. 281–288.
Richard Dunthorne (1761), "Elements of New Tables of the Motions of Jupiter's Satellites: In a Letter to the Reverend Charles Mason, D. D. Woodwardian Professor in the University of Cambridge, and F. R. S. from Mr. Richard Dunthorne", Philosophical Transactions, Volume 52 (1761), pp. 105–107.

Notes and references

Other sources

Mary Croarken (2002), "Providing Longitude for All", Journal of Maritime Research (National Maritime Museum, Greenwich), September 2002.
Library of St John's College, Cambridge, (online article) mentioning Dunthorne in connection with his astronomically-related gifts to the college 1764–5, including a regulator clock by John Shelton.
W T Lynn (1905), "Richard Dunthorne", The Observatory,vol.28 (1905), pp.215–6.
Philosophical Transactions (Abridgement Series) (1809), vol.9 (for 1744–49) pages 669–70, (unsigned) biographical note about Richard Dunthorne.
Frédéric Marguet (Capitaine de Vaisseau) (1931), "Histoire générale de la navigation du XVe au XXe siècle", Paris 1931, chapter 7, at page 242.
Christof A. Plicht, "R. Dunthorne," Red Hill Observatory
Curious About Astronomy
"Right" Answers

 Maskelyne, N. (1767), Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris, editions for 1767 and 1768; (see especially Maskelyne's Preface, acknowledging Dunthorne.

18th-century British astronomers
Amateur astronomers
1711 births
1775 deaths
People from Ramsey, Cambridgeshire

Richard Dunthorne


Chacabuco is one of the many abandoned nitrate or "saltpeter" towns ("oficinas salitreras" in Spanish) in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile.  Other nitrate towns of the Atacama Desert include Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works. Unlike most of the other ghost towns in the Atacama Desert, Chacabuco became a concentration camp during the Pinochet regime in 1973. To this day, it remains surrounded by approximately 98 lost landmines, left by the Chilean military when Chacabuco was used as a prison camp.

Nitrate town history
Founded in 1924 by the Lautaro Nitrate Company Ltd., Chacabuco soon fell into ruin as the nitrate mining boom in Chile came to an abrupt halt at the end of the 1930s. Synthetic nitrate had been invented in Germany at the turn of the 20th century and by the 1930s and 40s had severely crippled northern Chile's nitrate industry. What had accounted for virtually 50% of Chile's Gross National Product fell to almost zero within a few decades. A total of 170 nitrate towns were shut down throughout Chile's Atacama Desert, only one remains open today, María Elena, about 95 kilometers north of Chacabuco. Chacabuco shut its doors in 1938.   As a town, it had only survived 14 years.

Concentration camp history
In 1971, president Salvador Allende declared Chacabuco a Historic Monument of Chile, at which point restoration began. But in 1973, after the military coup, Pinochet turned it into a concentration camp until the end of 1974.  As a concentration camp, it held up to 1,800 prisoners many of whom were doctors, lawyers, artists, writers, professors and workers from all over Chile.

Chacabuco today
By the 1990s, Chacabuco was in need of extensive restoration and several international organizations began the restoration of parts of Chacabuco. In 1991, a former political prisoner of Chacabuco, Roberto Saldívar, returned to Chacabuco in order to live in the abandoned town and guard it against vandalism and pillaging. He lived there almost completely alone until January 2006. Pedro Barreda replaced Roberto when he left as caretaker of Chacabuco. Currently living in Chacabuco alone, Pedro considers himself to be Roberto's apprentice and remains dedicated to the cause Roberto started.

See also
 List of Saltpeter works in Tarapacá and Antofagasta

References

External links
 Album Desierto: Chacabuco

Saltpeter works in Chile
Atacama Desert
Mines in Antofagasta Region
Ghost towns in South America

Chacabuco


The naval battle of Cheshme (also the battle of Chesma or Chesme) took place on 5–7 July 1770 during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) near and in Çeşme (Cheshme, Chesma, or Chesme) Bay, in the area between the western tip of Anatolia and the island of Chios, which was the site of a number of past naval battles between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice. It was a part of the Orlov Revolt of 1770, a precursor to the later Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), and the first of a number of disastrous fleet battles for the Ottomans against Russia. Today it is commemorated as a Day of Military Honour in Russia.

Prelude
The Russo-Turkish War had begun in 1768, and Russia sent several squadrons from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea to draw Ottoman attention away from their Black Sea fleet, then only six ships of the line strong. Two Russian squadrons, commanded by Admiral Grigory Spiridov and Rear Admiral John Elphinstone, a British adviser, combined under the overall command of General-in-Chief Count Alexei Orlov, supreme commander of the Russian Fleet, and went to look for the Ottoman fleet.

On 5 July 1770, they came across it, anchored in line just north of Çeşme Bay, western Anatolia. The Ottoman fleet contained about 14 ships of the line, perhaps 6 frigates, 6 xebecs, 13 galleys and 32 small craft, with about 1,300 guns in total. About 10 of the ships of the line, of 70–100 guns, were in the Ottoman main line with a further 6 or so in the second, arranged so that they could fire through the gaps in the first line. Behind that were the frigates, xebecs, etc. The fleet was commanded by Kapudan Pasha Mandalzade Hüsameddin, in the fourth ship from the front (north end) of the line, with Hasan Pasha in the first ship, Real Mustafa, and Cafer Bey in the seventh. Two further ships of the line, probably small, had left this fleet for Mytilene the previous evening.

After settling on a plan of attack, the Russian battle line (see Table 1) sailed towards the south end of the Ottoman line and then turned north, coming alongside the Ottomans, with the tail end coming into action last (Elphinstone had wanted to approach the northern end first, then follow the wind along the Ottoman line, attacking their ships one by one – the method used by Nelson at the Battle of the Nile in 1798).

Battle
The Ottomans opened fire at about 11:45 a.m., followed by the Russians slightly later. Three of the Russian ships of the line had trouble staying in position; Evropa turned around and came back behind Rostislav, Tri Svyatitelya circled the second Ottoman vessel before coming back into the Russian line, being attacked in error by Tri Ierarcha as she did so, and Sviatoi Ianuarii turned around before coming back into the line.

Based on the plan proposed by G. A. Spiridov, the Russian fleet attacked the Ottoman van from a short distance (50–70 metres). Spiridov, in Sviatoi Evstafii, had a close-range battle with Hasan Pasha in Real Mustafa, before the latter was suddenly seen to be on fire. Her mainmast came down and landed on Sviatoi Evstafii deck, causing the Russian ship to blow up immediately. Shortly thereafter, Real Mustafa blew up as well — after a 2-hour battle.

According to Elphinstone, who claimed the Russians were almost useless, Spiridov and Count Feodor Orlov (brother of the commander), had left Sviatoi Evstafii before the fighting became close-range. Spiridov ended up on Tri Svyatitelya. Sviatoi Evstafii'''s captain, Kruse, survived too. At about 2:00 p.m. the fighting ended, as the Ottomans cut their cables and moved south into the bay, forming themselves into a defensive line of eight ships of the line, a second line, and the rest beyond.

On 6 July, the Russians bombarded the Ottoman ships and land positions. At about 12:30 a.m. on the morning of 7 July, Orlov, acting on Spiridov's plan, sent Samuel Greig (who transferred to Rostislav) to attack with Evropa, Rostislav and Ne Tron Menya forming a south–north line facing the Ottomans, and with Saratov in reserve, Nadezhda attacking the batteries at the eastern side of the bay entrance, Afrika attacking the batteries on the western side, and Grom near Afrika. At about 1:30 a.m. or earlier (times were about 90 minutes earlier, according to Elphinstone), fire from Grom and/or Ne tron menya caused an Ottoman ship of the line to blow up after her main topsail caught fire, and the fire quickly spread to other ships of the line. By 2:00 a.m., two Ottoman ships of the line had blown up and more were on fire, and Greig sent in three fireships (the fourth, seeing the danger, stayed out), which contributed in a small way to the burning of almost the entire Ottoman fleet: fireship commanded by Lieutenant  set fire to another ship of the line and consequently the fire continued to spread among various vessels. At about 4:00 a.m., boats were sent in to save two ships of the line which were not burning, but one of these caught fire while it was being towed. The other, Semend-i Bahri 60, survived and was captured along with five galleys. Fighting ended at about 8:00 a.m. Russian casualties on 5 July were 14 killed, plus 636 killed in Sviatoi Evstafii, and about 30 wounded, and on 7 July 11 killed. Ottoman casualties were much higher. Hüsameddin, Hasan Pasha and Cafer Bey survived. Hüsameddin was removed from his position, which was given to Cafer Bey. This was the only significant fleet battle during the Russo-Turkish War."Russo–Ottoman War of 1768–1774". Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. 2008. p. 492

Significance

The Battle of Cheshme was fought on the same day as the land Battle of Larga. It was the greatest naval defeat suffered by Ottomans since the Battle of Lepanto (1571). This battle inspired great confidence in the Russian fleet and allowed the Russians to control the Aegean Sea for some time. The defeat of the Ottoman fleet also speeded up rebellions by minority groups in the Ottoman Empire, especially the Orthodox Christian nations in the Balkan peninsula, who helped the Russian army in defeating the Ottoman Empire.

After this naval victory, the Russian fleet stayed in the Aegean for the following five years. It returned to Çeşme twice more during this time to bombard it. Historians still debate the rationale for the Russian military focus on this small fort town while there were many other more strategic targets along the Aegean coast.

Due to the Ottoman defeat, fanatical Muslim groups proceeded to massacre c. 1,500 local Greeks in nearby Smyrna.

Catherine the Great commissioned four monuments to commemorate the victory: Chesma Palace and Church of Saint John at Chesme Palace in St Petersburg (1774–77), Chesma Obelisk in Gatchina (1775), and Chesma Column in Tsarskoe Selo (1778).

Other depictions

See also
Timeline of Ottoman history
Action of 27 May 1770
Action of 6 November 1772
Action of 4 July 1773
Action of 3 September 1773
Action of 20 June 1774

Notes

Refs

Bibliography

İsipek, Ali Rıza ve Oğuz Aydemir (2006) 1770 Çeşme Deniz Savaşı: 1768–1774 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşları, Istanbul:Denizler Kitabevi,
Isipek Ali Rıza and Aydemir Oguz (2010) Battle of Çesme 1770. 1768–1774 Ottoman–Russian Wars, Istanbul, Denizler Kitabevi,

Further reading
Baş, Ersan: Çeşme, Navarin, Sinop Baskınları ve Sonuçları'' [Çeşme, Navarino, Sinop Raids and the Results]. Türk Deniz Harp Tarihinde İz Bırakan Gemiler, Olaylar ve Şahıslar. Piri Reis Araştırma Merkezi Yayını, Sayı: 8. İstanbul 2007, Deniz Basımevi,

External links
Istanbul Naval Museum official website

Chesma
Chesma 1770
Chesma 1770
Chesma 1770
History of İzmir Province
History of the Aegean Sea
1770 in the Ottoman Empire
Çeşme

Battle of Chesma


Calcium hydroxide, also known as slaked lime, is a chemical compound with the formula Ca(OH)2. It dissolves slightly in water. It is a base. It can be made by the chloralkali process. It can be dehydrated (remove the water) to calcium oxide by heat. It can be used to neutralize acidic soils.

Related pages
Calcium
Hydroxide
Calcium chloride

Calcium compounds

Calcium hydroxide


Emilius R. Ciampa (1896–1996) was an American sculptor and artist.  Born in Taurasi, Italy, Ciampa was the second youngest of 6 children.  His father was a building contractor and his mother ran a café in the 1st floor of the family house (the family lived upstairs).

Ciampa's family immigrated to America when he was 10 years old, four years after his father died from a scaffolding accident.  They moved to the North End of Boston, where he was put into St. Anthony's parochial school, connected with St. Leonard's Parish.  Before he was able to speak or write English he communicated to the nuns by drawing pictures.  They soon realized that he had artistic potential, so they had him do all of the artwork for the classroom.  At the age of 12, by special permission obtained by his art teacher, Emilius was allowed to attend the evening classes in drawing and modeling at the North Bennet Street Industrial School in Boston.  He won several art prizes at Bennett, including a 2nd prize award of $2.50 for Greatest Improvement in the Modeling Class.

Later, Ciampa attended the Belle Arti School, and also took classes at the Copley Art Studio, the Butera Art School, and the Normal Art School, which was later known as the Massachusetts College of Art.  He was also mentored by the celebrated modeler and carver, Johannes Kirchmayer.   At age 21, he opened his own studio where he gave private lessons in the Fine Arts.

In 1918 (at age 22) he became a soldier in World War 1, stationed in France.  He was put in the camouflage unit because of his artwork.  Ciampa kept a detailed notebook of the camouflage techniques and also made many sketches for the soldier's newspaper and for various French periodicals.  Soon after he returned from the war, he met and married his first wife Ethel (Colson).  He became professionally associated with Ernest Pellegrini, nationally known sculptor, and later opened his own studio.  It was around this time that he completed one of his first big statues, of St. Anthony with baby Jesus, for St. Leonard's Church in Boston.

In 1922, Ciampa went to Florida to open up the Coral Gables Art Stone Company and Boca Raton Galleries.  While in Florida, he also went to Havana, Cuba, to supervise extensive art projects.  He lost everything (house, studio, statuary, belongings) in the hurricane of 1926 and moved back to the Boston area, where he again opened studios and worked for various prominent concerns, traveling all over the United States on numerous art commissions.

Emilius' sons Roger and Elroy were both born while he was in Florida, and a few years later, in 1930, his youngest son Edwin was born. In 1937 Emilius' middle son Elroy died from complications resulting from a skating accident and not long afterwards, he and his first wife divorced.

In 1941, Emilius completed "The Supreme Sacrifice," a World War I memorial for the Oak Grove Cemetery in Medford, MA.  The large statue depicts a standing World War I soldier with his arms extended out at his sides and his face turned slightly toward heaven.  He completed several other war memorials in the following years including the Veteran's Memorial in Mt. Hope Cemetery, Boston and the 22 foot high "Angel of Victory and Peace", which is in Oak Grove Cemetery in Medford.  Many of his biggest projects were commissioned for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the City of Boston, and various other towns and cities within Massachusetts, though he also did considerable work in other parts of the country.

He also completed numerous life-size portraits in bronze, granite, or marble, such as the statue of Tobin near the Hatch Shell, as well as numerous plaques which can be found throughout Boston, including the Boston University Bridge Plaque, the Veteran's Memorial in the State House, the Amelia Earhardt memorial on the Mystic River Dam, the plaque for the Paul Revere Mall, and the Arthur Feidler plaque at the Arthur Fiedler Bridge (all in the greater Boston area).

Ciampa married his second wife, Elsie, in 1956, and the year after they were married, he began managing the Caproni Galleries in the South End of Boston.  The gallery specialized in antique reproductions, and was one of the last galleries in the world that was allowed to make molds directly from the ancient statues in Europe.  In 1960, the Caproni Galleries were sold and Ciampa moved everything into his home studio in Lexington MA.

He continued to sculpt for over 30 more years, well into his 90s, producing other important works.  However, in his later years he did far more painting than sculpturing, as painting was a much less difficult medium to work with.  He always gave away his paintings to his family and friends and whoever else came to visit him at his house.  He enjoyed both watercolor and oil painting, and painted profusely until just before his death, which came just one week short of his 100th birthday.

Emilius stated that "As sculptors, we owe to each of their memories the best our creative imaginations can conceive and our hands produce."

External links
 "Bostonia" magazine cover
 Tobin memorial
 Angel of Victory and Peace Statue
 Victory statue
 Memorial Tablets in Chevalier

1896 births
1996 deaths
Italian emigrants to the United States
Artists from Boston
Massachusetts College of Art and Design alumni
Modern sculptors
20th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
Sculptors from Massachusetts
20th-century American male artists

Emilius R. Ciampa


A test bay is an area used in engineering. It can be a hall, laboratory or even a department. At these places, the produced materials are tested before delivery. To test them, testing guidelines of industry or this firm are used. The test bay is part of the quality management. The protocols written during testing are evidences in case of insurance issues, say.

Engineering
Tests

Test bay


Luigi Arditi (16 July 1822 – 1 May 1903) was an Italian violinist, composer and conductor.

Life
Arditi was born in Crescentino, Piemonte (Italy). He began his musical career as a violinist, and studied music at the Milan Conservatory under Bernardo Ferrara (violin) and Nicola Vaccai (composition). He made his debut in 1843 as a director at Vercelli, and it was there that he was made an honorary member of the Philharmonic Academy. Arditi conducted opera throughout Italy and in 1846 found himself conducting as far afield as Havana, Cuba. (This was where he first met Giovanni Bottesini.) He visited America, where he remained for a while, conducting operas in New York, Philadelphia and other cities with the Max Maretzek Italian Opera Company until 1856. Then, following a visit to Constantinople, he decided to settle in London, but made several trips again to America with the Royal Italian Opera Company. He also conducted in Germany, and in other major European cities such as St. Petersburg, Vienna and Madrid. After 1885, he was in England, conducting at Covent Garden and in various prestigious theatres and promenade concerts in London's  parks.

He died at Hove, near Brighton (England); he is buried in Hove Cemetery.

Works
Arditi's best-known operas are: I Briganti, II Corsaro, and La Spia, ("The Spy"). In addition he wrote numerous songs and vocal waltzes, the most popular of which are "Il Bacio" ("The Kiss", dedicated to Marietta Piccolomini, to a text specially written by baritone Gottardo Aldighieri), "Le Tortorelle"  ("The Dove", dedicated to Etelka Gerster), "Se Saran Rose" ("Rosebuds", also titled in English "Love in Springtime", dedicated to Adelina Patti), and "Parla" ("Speak!").

His Inno Turco (1856) for Sultan Abdülmecid I set to a Turkish text was later sung in London during the state visit of Sultan Abdülaziz at Crystal Palace by a British choir of 1600 in July 1867. The world premiere recording of Inno Turco, by Turkish music historian Dr Emre Araci with the Prague Symphony Orchestra and Philharmonic Choir, was released in 2005 by the Brilliant Classics label.

References
Notes

Sources

 Luigi Arditi, My reminiscences, second edition, London, Skeffington, 1896 (accessible for free online at Internet Archive)

External links

Index at arditi.homestead.com
World premiere recording of Inno Turco (1856) is featured on Emre Araci's Euro-Ottomania album released by Brilliant Classics

1822 births
1903 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century conductors (music)
Italian classical composers
Italian classical violinists
Italian conductors (music)
19th-century Italian Jews
Italian male classical composers
Italian male conductors (music)
Italian Romantic composers
Jewish classical composers
Jewish classical violinists
Male classical violinists
People from Crescentino
20th-century Italian male musicians
Milan Conservatory alumni

Luigi Arditi


A rope is made out of several threads. The material can be organic, like flax, or it can be small threads of steel (in case of a steel rope, wire or cable). A rope can be used to lift, or pull things, like pulling a ship into a harbor with another ship, or fixing the ship so it does not move away. The twisting of fibers in rope is what leads to its high tensile strength (meaning it's very difficult to pull apart) and this innovation allowed the rope to become a construction staple that has been used for millennia. Ropes have been used for thousands of years, from the Egyptians using them in 4000BCE and modern-day construction that relies heavily on the strength of this tool.

Gallery

Hardware (mechanical)
Ropework

Rope


In mathematics (particularly in differential calculus), the derivative is a way to show instantaneous rate of change: that is, the amount by which a function is changing at one given point. For functions that act on the real numbers, it is the slope of the tangent line at a point on a graph.  The derivative is often written as  ("dy over dx" or "dy upon dx", meaning the difference in y divided by the difference in x). The d is not a variable, and therefore cannot be cancelled out. Another common notation is —the derivative of function  at point , usually read as " prime of ".

Definition of a derivative

The derivative of y with respect to x is defined as the change in y over the change in x, as the distance between  and  becomes infinitely small (infinitesimal). In mathematical terms,

That is, as the distance between the two x points (h) becomes closer to zero, the slope of the line between them comes closer to resembling a tangent line.

Derivatives of functions

Linear functions
Derivatives of linear functions (functions of the form  with no quadratic or higher terms) are constant. That is, the derivative in one spot on the graph will remain the same on another.

When the dependent variable  directly takes 's value (), the slope of the line is 1 in all places, so  regardless of where the position is.

When  modifies 's number by adding or subtracting a constant value, the slope is still 1, because the change in  and  do not change if the graph is shifted up or down. That is, the slope is still 1 throughout the entire graph and its derivative is also 1.

Power functions
Power functions (in the form of ) behave differently from linear functions, because their exponent and slope vary.

Power functions, in general, follow the rule that . That is, if we give a the number 6, then

Another example, which is less obvious, is the function . This is essentially the same, because 1/x can be simplified to use exponents:

In addition, roots can be changed to use fractional exponents, where their derivative can be found:

Exponential functions
An exponential function is of the form , where  and  are constants and  is a function of . The difference between an exponential and a polynomial is that in a polynomial  is raised to some power, whereas in an exponential  is in the power.

Example 1

Example 2
Find .

Therefore,

Logarithmic functions
The derivative of logarithms is the reciprocal:
.
Take, for example, . This can be reduced to (by the properties of logarithms):

The logarithm of 5 is a constant, so its derivative is 0. The derivative of  is . So,

For derivatives of logarithms not in base e, such as , this can be reduced to:

Trigonometric functions
The cosine function is the derivative of the sine function, while the derivative of cosine is negative sine (provided that x is measured in radians):

.

Properties of derivatives
Derivatives can be broken up into smaller parts where they are manageable (as they have only one of the above function characteristics). For example,  can be broken up as:

Uses of derivatives
A function's derivative can be used to search for the maxima and minima of the function, by searching for places where its slope is zero.

Derivatives are used in Newton's method, which helps one find the zeros (roots) of a function..One can also use derivatives to determine the concavity of a function, and whether the function is increasing or decreasing.

Related pages
Calculus
Difference quotient
Fundamental theorem of calculus
Implicit derivative
Integral
Limit of a function
Maximum and minimum
Partial derivative
Second derivative

References

Other websites
Online derivative calculator which shows the intermediate steps of calculation
Solved problems in derivatives

Mathematical analysis
Calculus

Derivative (mathematics)


A LED lamp is a product that uses a Light-emitting diode and that is assembled into a lamp or a light bulb. LED lamps last much longer, and are more efficient than incandescent lamps. Many LED lamps are also better than fluorescent lamps.

Unlike fluorescent lamps, most LED lamps do not need to "warm up" before they emit the full amount of light.

Lamps

LED lamp