The New York Yankees Radio Network is an Audacy-owned radio network that broadcasts New York Yankees baseball games to 52 stations across 14 states. The network's flagship station is WFAN, which succeeded sister station WCBS as the flagship in 2014; WCBS had aired Yankees broadcasts since the network was founded in 2002 while WFAN had been the flagship station for the Yankees' crosstown rivals, the New York Mets, since the station's founding. (In a rare move, WFAN carried the live broadcast of the Yankees day/night doubleheader at the Baltimore Orioles on August 28, 2011, so WCBS could remain within its usual news format for live, continuing coverage of Hurricane Irene.) The full on-air name of the broadcasts is the WFAN Yankees Radio Network Driven by Jeep, with the Chrysler LLC subsidiary continuing its sponsorship of the network while games are broadcast from the "Duck Duck Go broadcast booth."

The YES Network provides some technical support for each broadcast, and Sirius XM carries the network's feed for every home game the Yankees play per their contract. A separate, Spanish-language broadcast airs on New York's WADO, 1280 AM.

The Yankees formed their own radio network in 2002 after WCBS outbid longtime Yankees home WABC for the rights.

Broadcasters
Since 2005, John Sterling (play-by-play) and Suzyn Waldman (color commentary) have been the Yankees Radio Network broadcast team. Waldman is the first and one of the few women to hold a full-time position with a major league team, and had served as a Yankees beat reporter for the YES Network before moving to the broadcast booth. Waldman was also one of the original personalities at WFAN upon its 1987 launch, where she served as a studio host for various teams (including the New York Knicks, for whom she hosted the pregame show) and also was the station's Yankees beat reporter.

Sterling joined the Yankees in 1989 (or more accurately rejoined; he had done work for the Yankees in the 1970s) after calling games for Turner Sports for the previous decade and has been at the mic for every Yankee game since, having never missed one game in his more than 25 years as Yankees play-by-play man. Prior to the Yankee broadcasts moving from WABC to WCBS, Sterling worked with Jay Johnstone, Joe Angel, and Michael Kay. He is widely known (and perhaps infamous) for his home run calls, which often involve one of his player nicknames or catchphrases and for saying "Ballgame over! Yankees win! Theeeeeee Yankees win!" after a Yankee victory. Sterling will often stretch out "the" for dramatic victories as well as say "Yankees win" in a more excited voice. (If the team loses, Sterling will end with a more subdued "Ballgame over, (opposing team) wins".)

The network uses the instrumental version of "Here Come the Yankees" as its theme song, and highlights from past games are dubbed over it for game opens.

For the inaugural season of the Yankees Radio Network, the team continued the longstanding tradition carried on by WABC, WINS, and other Yankee flagship stations by having a two-man booth where both broadcasters would share play-by-play duties during the game. Because 2002 was also the first season of the YES Network and Michael Kay was called upon to be the team's new lead television voice, the Yankees decided to replace him with longtime ESPN SportsCenter anchor Charley Steiner, who was no stranger to calling baseball on the radio (having been ESPN Radio's lead baseball voice for the previous four seasons) nor to New York sports (having covered New York sports on radio for almost a decade and serving as the voice of both the New Jersey Generals and the New York Jets football teams). The duo worked together for three seasons, with perhaps their most notable call being Steiner's call of Aaron Boone's 2003 American League Championship Series-winning home run.

The Sterling-Steiner partnership lasted until the end of the 2004 season, with their final game together being Game 7 of that year's American League Championship Series that the Yankees lost to become the first team in Major League Baseball history to lose a series they led 3-0. After that season, to make room for Suzyn Waldman's move to the broadcast booth, Steiner was to become the YES Network's studio host for Yankee games as well as for its coverage of the then-New Jersey Nets, a spot that opened after Fred Hickman left YES for ESPN. This did not come to pass, however, as Steiner elected to go west and replace the fired Ross Porter at the Los Angeles Dodgers Radio Network.

Format
The broadcast begins with the pregame show, which begins approximately forty minutes prior to first pitch and runs for approximately twenty-five minutes. It is sponsored by BMW's New York dealer network, and the proper name for the show is the "Nissan New York Yankees Pregame Program". Sterling opens the broadcast by introducing himself, Waldman, and his producer, then leads into the Manager's Show. This portion of the show features an interview by Waldman with Yankees manager Aaron Boone. Sterling then follows with Diamond Notes, relaying news from around the league. The Leadoff Spot feature is next, with Waldman usually talking to a member of the opposing team.

In the opposing half of the fifth inning, a reporter from one of the New York newspapers has joined the broadcast booth to offer some insight on team business. For many years, the reporter was the beat writer from the New York Daily News and the half-inning was known as the Daily News Fifth. Beginning in 2014 the fifth inning segment is called Post Time and a reporter from the New York Post joins the booth.

For the last inning or so, depending on how long the game continues, Sterling will announce the game by himself so Waldman can get a head start on her postgame duties. After the game ends Waldman will choose a player for her "Star of the Game" interview and then head into the clubhouse. Beginning in 2014, the Star of the Game segment is featured after every game; it used to be only featured if the Yankees won the game. Regardless of whether the Yankees win or not, after the final out (and the proceedings to follow), Sterling returns from one last commercial break with the totals and the winning and losing pitchers and closes the broadcast.

After another commercial break the postgame show begins, with Sweeny Murti hosting. The program starts with a recap of the game, with highlights interspersed where necessary. Included in the recap are the Drive of the Game, a home run or extra base hit that drove in multiple runs sponsored by Audi, the best defensive play of the game, and the play determined to be the turning point of the game. As has been the case for years, remembering the turning point of the game could win a fan a prize during the midday show the next morning; in 2014, the prize is a team watch and a pair of tickets to a future home game.

Waldman follows with the Clubhouse Report, relaying information from the postgame press conferences and interviews with players. This is followed by a rundown of scores from other MLB games from the evening and an update on the Yankees' minor league affiliates. An interview from the clubhouse is then played and after this, Murti reviews the next night's pitching matchup and game time and closes the broadcast.

Affiliate stations

The current affiliates are:

Connecticut
960 AM WELI New Haven
97.9 FM WUCS Windsor Locks/Hartford

Hawaii
 1420 AM KKEA / 1500 AM KHKA Honolulu

Florida
 820 AM WWBA Tampa
 640 AM WMEN West Palm Beach

New Mexico
 101.7 FM KQTM Albuquerque

New York
 660 AM / 101.9 FM WFAN New York Flagship
 1420 AM WACK / 103.5FM WUUF Newark
 1340 AM WENT Gloversville
 1220 AM WGNY Newburgh/Middletown
 107.3 FM WNBL Rochester
 1160 AM / 107.1 FM WPIE Trumansburg
 1190 AM / 94.3 FM WSDE Cobleskill
 1310 AM WTLB / 1350 AM WRNY / 1230AM WIXT Utica/Rome/Little Falls
 99.5 FM / 105.5 FM WTKW Utica/Syracuse
 104.5FM WTMM-FM Albany
 1340 AM / 105.3 FM WLVL Lockport
 1340 AM WIRY Plattsburgh

Pennsylvania
 740AM / 95.3 FM WJFP Chester

Rhode Island
 790 AM WPRV Providence

See also
New York Mets Radio Network

References

External links

CBS Radio networks
Audacy, Inc.
Major League Baseball on the radio
New York Yankees
Sports radio networks in the United States
YES Network

New York Yankees Radio Network


In social anthropology, patrilocal residence or patrilocality, also known as virilocal residence or virilocality, are terms referring to the social system in which a married couple resides with or near the husband's parents.  The concept of location may extend to a larger area such as a village, town or clan territory. The practice has been found in around 70 percent of the world's modern human cultures that have been described ethnographically. Archaeological evidence for patrilocality has also been found among Neanderthal remains in Spain and for ancient hominids in Africa.

Description
In a patrilocal society, when a man marries, his wife joins him in his father's home or compound, where they raise their children.  These children will follow the same pattern. Sons will stay and daughters will move in with their husbands' families. Families living in a patrilocal residence generally assume joint ownership of domestic sources. The household is led by a senior member, who also directs the labor of all other members.

Matrilocal residence may be regarded as the opposite of patrilocal residence.

Early theories explaining the determinants of postmarital residence (e.g., Lewis Henry Morgan, Edward Tylor, or George Peter Murdock) connected it with the sexual division of labor. However, to date, cross-cultural tests of this hypothesis using worldwide samples have failed to find any significant relationship between these two variables. However, Korotayev's tests show that the female contribution to subsistence does correlate significantly with matrilocal (as opposed to patrilocal) residence in general; however, this correlation is masked by a general polygyny factor. Although an increase in the female contribution to subsistence tends to lead to matrilocal residence, it also tends simultaneously to lead to general non-sororal polygyny which effectively destroys matrilocality, and pushes a social system toward patrilocality. If this polygyny factor is controlled (e.g., through a multiple regression model), division of labor turns out to be a significant predictor of postmarital residence. Thus, Murdock's hypotheses regarding the relationships between the sexual division of labor and postmarital residence were basically correct, though, as has been shown by Korotayev, the actual relationships between those two groups of variables are more complicated than he expected.

Linguistic traces
In some Slavonic languages, verbs for marrying show evidence of patrilocality. In Polish the verb for "to marry", when done by a woman, is  while in Russian it is  (vyjti zamuzh). Both mean literally "to go out and behind the husband". In comparison, a man in Polish can simply  and in Russian he is able to , both meaning "to wife oneself". (A synonymous expression is /взять в жёны, "to take a woman for a wife").

The verbs for marriage in the Hungarian language show evidence of patrilocality. The verb for "to marry", when done by a woman, is , literally meaning "to leave [the family home] for the husband". However, the verbs  and , meaning "to house oneself", and  "to house together", can be used by both males and females. Similarly the Spanish term for "to marry", casarse, is gender-neutral and literally means "to house oneself" (from the Spanish casa, "house".) "A married couple" is una pareja casada, which translates as "a housed couple".

Indeed, in many European languages including English, the verb "to marry" may ultimately come from a past participle of Proto-Indo European *mari, for young woman - as in, provided with a *mari.

Neanderthals and early hominins
It is claimed that the practice was also prevalent in some Neanderthal populations. A 49,000-year-old grave was found in Spain in 2010 which contained three related-to-each-other males, with three unrelated-to-each-other females, suggesting they were the partners of the males.

A 2011 study using ratios of strontium isotopes in teeth also suggested that roughly 2 million years ago, among Australopithecus and Paranthropus robustus groups in southern Africa, women tended to settle farther from their region of birth than men did.

A 2022 study of data from 13 Neanderthals from two Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia: 11 from Chagyrskaya Cave and 2 from Okladnikov Cave was able to examine mitochondrial DNA, which mothers pass down to their children, and compare it to Y chromosomes, which is passed down by fathers. They found more genetic diversity in the mitochondrial DNA, suggesting that women may have moved from community to community more than the men, perhaps when they chose a mate.

See also

 Matrilocal residence
 Neolocal residence
 Patrilineality
 Patriarchy

References

Bibliography

  Pdf.

External links
 Chart and explanation of patrilocal residence

Cultural anthropology
Marriage
Sociobiology
Patriarchy

Patrilocal residence


Serendipaceratops (meaning "serendipitous horned face") is a genus of herbivorous ornithischian dinosaur, possibly an ankylosaur, from the early Cretaceous Period of Australia. The type species, S. arthurcclarkei, was named in 2003.

Discovery and species
The first known bone from Serendipaceratops, an ulna (lower arm bone), was in 1993 discovered in Australia near Kilcunda, on the south-east coast of Victoria. The find took place during the "Dinosaur Cove" project, uncovering remains at the basis of a cliff face at the shoreline; the fossil was excavated in the "Arch", a small area of sea-floor protected from the waves by a dam.

In 2003, the type species Serendipaceratops arthurcclarkei was named and described by Tom Rich and Patricia Vickers-Rich. Initially, the discoverers had not considered the possibility that the fossil might have been ceratopsian in nature as at this would have been the last group of dinosaurs one would have expected to find evidence of in Australia. Instead they had tried to convince themselves it was a theropod bone. Some months later, however, on a visit to the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Alberta, Canada, colleague Dale Russell pointed out its striking similarity to the ulna of Leptoceratops. Hence the genus name, referring to serendipity and combining this reference with ~ceratops, a common suffix in ceratopsian generic names. The specific name honours science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke. A personal friend of the couple and author of books such as 2001: A Space Odyssey and Rendezvous with Rama, Clarke first became interested in science as a child because he became fascinated by dinosaurs. Perhaps coincidentally, "Serendip" is a former name for Sri Lanka, Clarke's adoptive country.

Serendipaceratops is known only from its holotype NMV P186385, a single left ulna found in the Wonthaggi Formation, dating from the early Aptian, in 2003 considered to have been about 115 million years old.

Description
The holotype ulna has a preserved length of about sixteen centimetres. At the rear top, its olecranon process has broken off. The shaft is rather flattened.

Classification
Serendipaceratops was originally described as a member of the Neoceratopsia and one of the earliest known ceratopsian dinosaurs, and the only one known from the southern hemisphere, with the possible exception of the dubious South American genus Notoceratops, which also may be another kind of ornithischian dinosaur. In addition to the holotype ulna, another supposed ceratopsian ulna was found at Dinosaur Cove, in south-west Victoria. It is a little younger at 106 million years old, having been found in the Eumeralla Formation. The scientists who first studied the ulnae said that they most closely resembled those of Leptoceratops, but subsequent studies have shown that this interpretation is likely incorrect.

In a comprehensive survey of the dinosaurs from Australia and New Zealand, Federico Angolin and colleagues in 2010 found that the ulna did not especially resemble that of a basal ceratopsian any more than of any other quadruped genasaurian ornithischian, lacking ceratopsian synapomorphies, and that in fact it was more generally similar to the ulna of the Australian ankylosaur Minmi. It could thus not be confidently referred to any ornithischian group, and should be considered a nomen dubium. However, in 2014 Rich et al. published a statistical study showing that the proportions of the holotype ulna fell within ceratopsian morphospace and found the taxon to be valid based on a unique combination of characters. Most recently, Rozadilla et al. in 2021 found that while the taxon was valid, the ulna of Serendipaceratops was deformed, making Rich et al's conclusions about its classification invalid. Instead, Rozadilla et al. classified Serendipaceratops as an ankylosaur, because of the ulna's robust proportions.

References

External links

Geoscience Australia (Department of Australian Government)
BBC article on 19 July 2005
Polar Dinos Spotlighted in "Dinosaurs of Darkness" Exhibition National Geographic Article
Planet Dinosaur
Dann's Dinosaur Info: Serendipaceratops
Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature - Etymologies
www.dinohunter.info
Dinobase from PALAEONTOLOGY RESEARCH GROUP University Of Bristol

Ornithischian genera
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Australia
Nomina dubia
Fossil taxa described in 2003
Taxa named by Patricia Vickers-Rich
Taxa named by Tom Rich
Paleontology in Victoria (state)

Serendipaceratops


Klawock is a city in Alaska. It is on the west coast of Prince of Wales Island, on Klawock Inlet, across from Klawock Island. The population was 720 at the 2020 census. It is 90 km (56 mi) from Ketchikan, 11 km (seven mi) from Craig, and 39 km (24 mi) from Hollis.

References

Cities in Alaska

Klawock, Alaska


The element St Andrew, St. Andrews or St. Andrew's is found in the names of many places and institutions.  All of them are named after Saint Andrew, a Christian saint and one of the New Testament Apostles.

Saint Andrew
Other saints who share this name include:
Saint Andrew Corsini (San Andrea Corsini)
Saint Andrew of Crete
Saint Andrew Fool of Christ, who lived in Byzantium in the 10th century and is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Saint Andrew the Scot
Andrew of Lampsacus
Andrew Avellino

British Isles and Europe
 The Saint Andrew's Cross (or saltire) is the national Flag of Scotland or the current Russian naval ensign.
 The Royal Burgh of St Andrews is a coastal town in Fife, Scotland.
The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, a world-famous golf club based in the above town.
 The University of St Andrews is a university in Fife, Scotland.
 Saint Andrew's High School, is a Catholic high school outside Glasgow, Scotland
 St Andrews is a suburb of Bristol, England.
 St Andrews is a parish in Guernsey in the Channel Islands.
 St Andrews is the home stadium of Birmingham City football club.
 St. Andrew's College (Dublin) is a private international secondary school in Dublin, Ireland
St. Andrews Major - a village parish in the Vale of Glamorgan, south Wales

North America
 St. Andrews, South Carolina is a city in South Carolina, United States
 St. Andrews-by-the-Sea is a town in New Brunswick, Canada.
 St Andrews is a town in Manitoba, Canada.
 St. Andrew's Society of Charleston, South Carolina is the first known immigrant Scottish society.
 St. Andrew is an electoral district in Ontario, Canada.
 St. Andrew's School is a boarding school in Middletown, Delaware.
 St. Andrew's College is an all-boys independent boarding school in Aurora, Ontario, Canada.
 St. Andrew's Episcopal School is an Episcopal school in Jackson, Mississippi.
 St. Andrew's Episcopal School is an Episcopal school in Potomac, Maryland.
 Saint Andrew Parish is the name of several parishes of the Caribbean.
 St. A's, short for St. Andrew's, is the name of a fraternity at Columbia and Yale Universities in the U.S.

Australia, New Zealand, Japan
 St Andrews is a suburb of Sydney, Australia.
 St Andrews is a suburb of Melbourne, Australia.
 St Andrews is a town in South Canterbury, New Zealand.
 St. Andrew's University is a university in Izumi, Japan.

Egypt
 St. Andrew's United Church in Cairo is a church serving mainly Western and African people in Egypt.

Israel
 St Andrew's Church, Jerusalem

Malta
 St. Andrew's is an informal district in St. Julian's, Malta.

Morocco
 Church of Saint Andrew, Tangier

Other uses
 A Saint Andrew's cross is also a kind of bondage furniture.

See also
 Disambiguation page: San Andreas

St Andrew (disambiguation)


A game server (also sometimes referred to as a host) is a server which is the authoritative source of events in a multiplayer video game. The server transmits enough data about its internal state to allow its connected clients to maintain their own accurate version of the game world for display to players. They also receive and process each player's input.

Types

Dedicated server
Dedicated servers simulate game worlds without supporting direct input or output, except that required for their administration. Players must connect to the server with separate client programs in order to see and interact with the game.

The foremost advantage of dedicated servers is their suitability for hosting in professional data centers, with all of the reliability and performance benefits that entails. Remote hosting also eliminates the low-latency advantage that would otherwise be held by any player who hosts and connects to a server from the same machine or local network.

Dedicated servers cost money to run, however. Cost is sometimes met by a game's developers (particularly on consoles) and sometimes by clan groups, but in either case, the public is reliant on third parties providing servers to connect to. For this reason, most games which use dedicated servers also provide listen server support. Players of these games will oftentimes host servers for the public and their clans, either by hosting a server instance from their own hardware, or by renting from a game server hosting provider.

Listen server
Listen servers run in the same process as a game client. They otherwise function like dedicated servers, but typically have the disadvantage of having to communicate with remote players over the residential internet connection of the hosting player. Performance is also reduced by the simple fact that the machine running the server is also generating an output image. Furthermore, listen servers grant anyone playing on them directly a large latency advantage over other players and cease to exist when that player leaves the game.

However, listen servers have the advantage of being essentially free and not requiring any special infrastructure or forward planning to set up, which makes them common at LAN parties where latency and bandwidth issues are not a concern. They are also common in console games.

Host migration
In a listen server arrangement, "host migration" is a useful feature. Without host migration, if the player that is currently hosting disconnects for any reason (quitting, crashing, lost network connection, etc.), the current server stops functioning and gameplay ends. A host migration feature allows one of the other players to become designated as the new host, so that the game can continue.

Peer-to-Peer
In the client/server model outlined elsewhere in this article, clients receive processed data from the server and display it without much thought. In the alternative "peer-to-peer" model there is no server: each "peer" instead receives the raw input streams of each other player and determines the results itself.

Peer-to-peer is generally considered obsolete for action games, but it is still common in the real-time strategy genre due to its suitability for games with large numbers of tokens and small numbers of players. Instead of constantly transmitting the positions of 1000 troops, the game can make a one-off transmission of the fact that 1000 troops are selected and that the player in command of them just issued a move order.

However, peer-to-peer has many disadvantages:
 It is very difficult to keep all peers synchronized. Minute differences between peers can escalate over time to game-breaking paradoxes.
 It is very difficult to support new peers joining part-way through a game.
 Each peer must communicate with all other peers, limiting the number of connected players.
 Each peer must wait for every other peer's message before simulating the next "network frame", resulting in all players experiencing the same latency as the player with the worst connection.

Listen-peer
Multiple listen servers collectively peer amongst themselves for listen-peer setting. This type of setting avoids the disadvantages of peer-to-peer communications among all clients and is a better alternative to dedicated servers for increased number of clients.

Tickrate
The rate at which a game server runs simulation steps is commonly referred to as its "tickrate". A "tick" is a number associated with each simulation step which is broadcast to clients to help them synchronise with the server.{9}

There are three reasons to limit the frequency of server simulation steps to a predefined tickrate: to conserve server and client bandwidth, to conserve server CPU time, and to allow clients to be certain of how much time has elapsed between each tick. The last point is important for internet games, as network updates from the server can arrive at different intervals or even an incorrect order.

Customization
Servers, particularly those of PC games, can generally be customized in ways that still allow unaltered clients to connect to them. These customizations can include tweaks to built-in game settings, content that is downloaded by clients when they join the game, and new code which changes the way that the server behaves.

While server customization is popular with server administrators and players, it can be at odds with the desire of developers and other players for the game to be experienced as intended. It can also aggravate players by enabling abusive administrators to lie about what their server offers.

See also
 Lag (online gaming)
 Matchmaking (video games)
 Multiplayer video game

References

Game Server '12'
Servers (computing)
Video game development
Video game platforms

Game server


The following is a list of tourist attractions in Boston, Massachusetts. Some sites appear in multiple lists.

Historic sites and national parks

Black Heritage Trail
Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area
Boston National Historical Park
Castle Island
Custom House Tower
Dorchester Heights Monument
Freedom Trail – marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground
Boston Common (including Boston Public Garden)
Bunker Hill Monument
Faneuil Hall (Quincy Market is adjacent)
Granary Burying Ground
Massachusetts State House
Old North Church
Old State House
Paul Revere House
USS Constitution
Old City Hall

Museums, aquariums, and zoos

Boston Athenæum – one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States
Boston Children's Museum
Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum – on the Fort Point Channel, includes a full-scale replica of the Eleanor and Beaver, two of the ships involved in the event
Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate – specialty museum with a full-scale reproduction of the U.S. Senate Chamber
Franklin Park Zoo
Gibson House Museum
Harrison Gray Otis House
Institute of Contemporary Art
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum – art museum focusing on European art
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum – presidential library
The Mary Baker Eddy Library and Mapparium – cultural and historical museum/library
Museum of Fine Arts – art museum
Museum of Science – science museum, including an IMAX theater and planetarium
New England Aquarium
Nichols House Museum
Old South Meeting House
Old State House
Prescott House
USS Cassin Young – decorated Fletcher-class destroyer from World War II
USS Constitution Museum – a hands-on museum that collects, preserves, and interprets the history of Old Ironsides
Warren Anatomical Museum

Neighborhoods and districts

Parks and squares

Arnold Arboretum
Boston Common
Boston Public Garden
Charles River and Esplanade
Copley Square
Kenmore Square
Garden of Peace
Rose Kennedy Greenway

Performing arts centers
Boston Opera House
Citi Performing Arts Center
Cutler Majestic Theatre
Jordan Hall at the New England Conservatory of Music
Symphony Hall – home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra and Boston Pops Orchestra

Religious buildings

Cathedral Church of St. Paul - Episcopal church
Cathedral of the Holy Cross - Roman Catholic church
Old North Church - Episcopal church
Old South Church - United Church of Christ church
The First Church of Christ, Scientist - Christian Science
Trinity Church, Back Bay, an Episcopal church
First Church in Boston, Back Bay, Unitarian Universalist church designed by Paul Rudolph

Restaurants and pubs
Bull & Finch Pub – whose building is known from the television show Cheers
Legal Sea Foods – well known seafood restaurant with 11 locations in Boston
Union Oyster House – oldest restaurant in the United States

Shopping areas
Copley Place
Downtown Crossing
Newbury Street
Prudential Center
Quincy Market – part of the larger Faneuil Hall Marketplace

Sports arenas and stadiums

Agganis Arena at Boston University
Fenway Park – home of the Boston Red Sox
Harvard Stadium
Suffolk Downs
Nickerson Field
TD Garden – home of the Boston Bruins and the Boston Celtics, formerly named the FleetCenter, this arena replaced the Boston Garden in 1995

Tours
Boston By Foot – offers guided architectural and historical walking tours of various Boston neighborhoods, including Beacon Hill, Back Bay, the North End, and the Freedom Trail
Boston Duck Tours – guided-tour that uses World War II-era duck boats
Boston HarborWalk – tour designed to allow people to walk the entire shore of Boston Harbor
Harpoon Brewery – free beer samples
Samuel Adams Brewery – free guided tour of the brewery demonstrating each step of the beer making process and ending with samplings of different varieties

Other
Autumn foliage – in the outer suburbs of Boston, whose vibrant color attracts many tourists

Notes

References

External links
Greater Boston Convention & Visitors Bureau

Boston-related lists

Culture of Boston
Boston Sites

List of tourist attractions in Boston


A dean is the title of a high official in a church or college.

At one time all ancient colleges were entirely run by priests. In England, you could not even be a student unless you were a member of a Church of England congregation. In those days, a Dean was a senior person who looked after the people and finance, and that is usually so today. But now there are two kinds of Dean:

A Dean is a priest who is the head of the Chapter of a cathedral, which meets in a chapter house. He is responsible for managing the cathedral and its affairs. In some cathedrals he is also the local parish priest, called a Rector.
A Dean is the official who usually looks after an educational college (see Dean (education)). Sometimes he is also the head of the college, sometimes not. In modern colleges, the Dean may take charge of discipline, or be the chief of a Faculty of a university.

Occupations

Dean


Richard Winters (21 January 1918 — 2 January 2011) was a US soldier who fought in World War II. His experience was made famous by a book and television series, Band of Brothers. Winters was a member of Company E, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. He led the company after the commanding officer was killed on D-Day in Normandy. Near the end of the war he led his company to capture Adolf Hitler's mountain retreat in Bavaria, Berchtesgaden. he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, Bronze Star and a Purple Heart.

After the war he worked in a plaster mill in New Jersey. In 1951 he bought a farm in Pennsylvania and established an animal feed business.

In 1990 Winters was interviewed by author Stephen Ambrose who was able to use the records that Winters and others in E Company had written for his book. The title Band of Brothers, comes from a line in William Shakespeare's play, Henry V.

References

1918 births
2011 deaths
Military people from Pennsylvania
Purple Heart recipients

Richard Winters


Arthashastra is an ancient book of India. Kautilya (also known as Chanakya) wrote this book. Kautilya was a minister of Chandragupta Maurya (321 BC – 297 BC), an emperor of Ancient India. After many revisions and additions, the book took its present form about 1800 years before, in the 2nd century.

The book is divided into fifteen sections. It tells about politics and administration. Different sections of the book talk about many subjects, such as: war and politics "rule with a harsh hand"

Duties of the ruler
Training of the princes
Qualifications of ministers of state, home, and foreign offices
Civil services
Defense
Judiciary
Civil and criminal law
Corporation and guilds

Ancient India
4th-century BC books
2nd-century works

Arthashastra


is a short-legged table used in traditional Japanese homes. The original chabudai ranged in height from just  to a maximum height of . People seated at a chabudai may sit on zabuton or tatami rather than on chairs. The four legs of a chabudai are generally collapsible so that the table may be moved and stored easily.

Chabudai are used for various purposes, such as study tables, work benches, or dinner tables (). In the winter, the chabudai is often replaced by a kotatsu, another type of short-legged table equipped with a removable top and a heater underneath.

Chabudai gaeshi
Chabudai gaeshi is a Japanese phrase meaning to flip [the] chabudai. It describes the act of violently upending a chabudai as an expression of anger, frustration, and disapproval. Chabudai gaeshi may also figuratively describe an analogous outburst and upheaval.

Video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto "upends the tea table" whenever a game's development didn't meet his standard or needed serious reconsideration. He characterized chabudai gaeshi as an "action of old-fashioned Japanese fathers" that "would destroy the family" if attempted literally in modern Japanese society.

A Japanese arcade game, Cho Chabudai Gaeshi, is based upon the scenario of chabudai gaeshi.

See also
Coffee table
Folding table
Housing in Japan
Soban, a small Korean table

References

Tables (furniture)
Japanese home
Portable furniture

Chabudai


Breaking Dawn is the fourth and last novel in the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer. The novel is divided into three sections called 'books'. The story in Book One and Book Three is told from the perspective of Bella Swan. Book Two is from the perspective of Jacob Black, Bella's werewolf friend. Breaking Dawn was released on August 2, 2008 with a special midnight release in many bookstores.

Plot

Book I: Bella
As the book opens, Bella is driving a Mercedes Guardian that Edward has bought to protect her from getting into trouble. After informing Bella's parents of their engagement, Bella and Edward marry in a traditional wedding ceremony. The wedding has a minor disturbance during a confrontation between Jacob, Bella and Edward. Not wanting to spoil her wedding day, Bella puts aside her disappointment in Jacob's unpleasantness. Edward and Bella soon depart for their honeymoon off the coast of Brazil. Edward then fulfills Bella's wish and makes love to her. The next day they argue because Edward's passionate lovemaking leaves dark bruises all over Bella's body. He then refuses to make love to her while she is still human. Meanwhile, she has a recurrent dream of a small, green-eyed boy that she feels compelled to protect she also has dreams of her and Edward making love. Bella also finds herself constantly hungry and sick. But soon after Bella awakes in the middle of a dream crying; Edward asks whats wrong and instead of telling him she decices to show him and kisses him very passionately and Edward gives in. They have made love multiple times and upon seeing a box of unused tampons in her suitcase, she realizes that her period is late and she is pregnant. Though Bella has longed for a child, she becomes immediately attached to her baby when she becomes aware of its existence. Edward, however, is only concerned for her health, and after hearing stories from a local woman (who suspects that Edward is a vampire) of similar situations that resulted in the mothers' deaths, Edward wants to get rid of the baby. Book one ends as Edward prepares to bring Bella home where he says that Carlisle will "take care of it," and as Bella secretly calls Rosalie for help.

Book II: Jacob
The book is told from Jacob's perspective.  He receives news of Edward and Bella's return, and that Carlisle has told Charlie that Bella is quarantined because she has contracted a rare disease in South America. Jacob assumes that Bella has been bitten and transformed. He is upset when Sam Uley, acting Alpha of the pack, declares that the pack will not retaliate. Jacob, full of anger, decides that if the pack will not retaliate collectively, he will act alone. Formulating strategies of attack, he runs to the Cullen house. When he arrives, however, he discovers that things aren't as he expected. Bella, as opposed to being a newborn vampire, is already heavily pregnant with Edward's and her child. It is clear that the child's rapid growth is starving and hurting Bella.

When Jacob returns to his wolf state, his thoughts inadvertently inform the pack of Bella's state. This causes fear and anger among the werewolves; they don't know how the child might act since the child is an offspring of a vampire. Sam commands the pack in the double-timbre of the Alpha, to obey his decision to destroy Bella and her unborn child. Jacob, who still loves Bella, disagrees, revolts, assumes his inherited Alpha position and leaves Sam's pack. Seth, then Leah Clearwater, soon join Jacob and the threesome form a pack with Jacob as Alpha. Jacob, Leah and Seth patrol the Cullen territory to forewarn the family of any impending werewolf attack.

As the fetus continues to develop at an alarmingly accelerated rate, Bella's health worsens. During Bella's pregnancy, Edward realizes he can read the child's mind, and is astonished to discover that the baby already loves Bella. As he hears his child's thoughts, Edward begins to love the baby as well. This leaves Jacob feeling betrayed, as he was counting on Edward to hate the baby more than he.

Bella goes into labor approximately a month after the honeymoon. The hard placenta that surrounds the child cracks; Bella begins vomiting blood. The child breaks free and Bella is very near death. Edward delivers the baby, a girl, and begins CPR, then transforms Bella into a vampire. He injects his venom into her heart and bites her in several places. Believing that Bella is dead and that there is no hope she will be resuscitated, Jacob leaves the room and goes to kill the baby whom he holds responsible. He finds her in Rosalie's arms and looks into the baby's eyes.  They are exactly the same shade of brown as Bella's. Jacob imprints on her.

Book III: Bella
The book returns to Bella's perspective. She has just given birth to her daughter, and is now experiencing the painful transformation from human to vampire. After two days, she opens her eyes. The Cullens are wary of Bella as newborn-vampires are volatile. Yet, Bella manages to exhibit some self-control unseen in normal newborns. She wishes to see her daughter, Renesmee, but since Renesmee is part-human, the family believes Bella will be unable to control her newborn thirst if she sees the child so soon without first hunting.
Edward takes Bella on her first hunt to ease her thirst. Before they leave, Alice shows Bella her reflection. She has transformed into a stunningly beautiful woman with flawless skin and newborn-vampire red eyes. Bella does not recognize her reflection at first due to her volatile-looking red eyes.

Upon returning, Bella is allowed to see her daughter because of her demonstration of self-control in the woods when she smelled humans approaching. Because Renesmee is growing at an astonishing rate, she looks older than her calendar age. Bella learns of Renesmee's gift - the ability to communicate by sending images to people's minds through touch. Bella is infuriated when she learns that Jacob has imprinted on Renesmee, and says it is his fault that he has imprinted on her child. She loses her self-control and she tries to attack Jacob. She breaks Seth's collarbone and shoulder when he steps between the two. She then manages to calm down. Renesmee leads to a truce between the Quilleutes and the Cullens because of Jacob's imprinting. Differences between Sam and Jacob's packs are soon settled as well and they become co-existent Alphas.

Unfortunately for the Cullen family, Irina, a vampire from the Denali clan, sees Renesmee and mistakenly informs the Volturi that Renesmee is a forbidden immortal child. The Cullen family understands that Irina is mistaken and decides the only way to enlighten the Volturi and prevent an attack is to present Renesmee with a large group of credible witnesses.

After leaving a note with Sam Uley from the copyright page of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Alice and Jasper suddenly leave the Cullens. Since the couple does not provide a warning or reason, the Cullen family does not know why the couple has fled, and assumes that Alice has foreseen there is no hope for the situation. Since it was her copy of the book, Bella perceives this as a sign from Alice. She returns to the cottage and she finds that Alice has written a name and address on another page of the book. When Bella goes to the address, she finds that it leads to the office of a lawyer who can forge documents. Bella requests documents for Jacob and Renesmee, should they need to escape if a fight ensues with the Volturi. Meanwhile, nomadic, vegetarian, and clans of vampires arrive at the Cullen estate after the family begins to seek their friends' assistance with the Volturi. Most of them are enthralled by Renesemee, and almost all agree to bear witness to the Volturi that she is not an immortal child.

Bella also discovers that her power of mind-privacy has a shielding effect and she wonders if she can extend this protection to others. During the month of preparation for the Volturi, several of the vampires with quantifiable supernatural talents teach Bella how to expand the barrier. When the Volturi and Irina finally arrive, all of the vampires and the werewolves meet in a clearing in the forest. The Volturi discover that they have been misinformed and immediately execute Irina for her mistake. However, the Volturi are not satisfied to leave because the Volturi leaders want the exceptionally gifted vampires to join them. Those on Bella's side are protected when Bella's shield disables the Volturi's offensive fighters, Alec and Jane. Aro, Caius and Marcus decide to vote on whether or not Renesmee will be a danger to the vampire world when she attains maturity. Just before Aro can cast his deciding vote, Alice and Jasper return with another half-human, half-vampire from South America who is about one hundred fifty years-old. He and his three half-sisters (who are also half-vampire, half-human) are the children of a vampire who is creating a "super race." They have never caused any danger to the vampire world. Facing no other choice, Aro chooses to give up the fight, and the Volturi flee.

After leaving the Cullen estate for their cottage, Bella and Edward tuck Renesmee into her bed and proceed to their bedroom arm-in-arm. Bella tells Edward she wants to try something with him. She has been secretly practicing for this moment. Bella places her hands on his cheeks and tries to push away her shield.  She conjures her special memories that she wants to share with Edward. He is finally able to see for the first time just how deeply she has always loved him. She wants to remove the barrier for Edward so he can access her mind. She says that they have only forever for her to perfect it. The Twilight series closes with "And then we continued blissfully into this small but perfect piece of our forever."

Cover
The cover of Breaking Dawn is a metaphor for Bella's changes during the entire story. She began as the weakest (at least physically, when compared to vampires and werewolves) player on the board: the pawn. She ended as the strongest: the queen.

The title "Breaking Dawn" is a reference to the beginning of Bella's vampire life.

Marketing campaigns
Entertainment Weekly magazine printed a small part of Breaking Dawn on Friday, May 30, 2008. Stephenie Meyer also gave a 'Quote of the Day' from Breaking Dawn for about 3 weeks before the book was released on August 2, 2008. The first quote was on Meyer's website on July 12, 2008.
The first part of Breaking Dawn, "Engaged", was released in the special edition of Eclipse.

Reception
Some readers liked Breaking Dawn but others did not.

In an article on The Daily News Tribute Margaret Smith says of Breaking Dawn "You too might fall in love with its suspense and moving sensitivity -- and with the unlikely couple struggling to find light within their world's heart of darkness."

Criticisms
In an interview on EW.com, Meyer talked about the fans' reaction to the book. She said the "wild reaction" fans had the "Rob Effect". She said the fans need time to accept the ending of Breaking Dawn, just as they needed time to accept Robert Pattinson playing the role of Edward Cullen in the Twilight movie.

An article about Breaking Dawn on nymag.com asked: "Did 'Breaking Dawn' Ruin the Twilight Series?".
The article said: "The L.A. Times'  Denise Martin didn't like it and says that unlike J.K. Rowling in her series finale, 'Meyer's bunted.'"

The Washington Post also did not like the book. It used comments such as, "...Meyer has put a stake through the heart of her own beloved creation," and, "Breaking Dawn has a childbirth sequence that may promote lifelong abstinence in sensitive types."

References

Other websites
 Breaking Dawn page at StephenieMeyer.com
 Twilight Saga Wiki

2008 books
Vampire novels
American young adult novels
Books by Stephenie Meyer

Breaking Dawn


The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain was fought on June 27, 1864, during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. It was the most significant frontal assault launched by Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman against the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, ending in a tactical defeat for the Union forces. Strategically, however, the battle failed to deliver the result that the Confederacy desperately needed—namely a halt to Sherman's advance on Atlanta.

Sherman's 1864 campaign against Atlanta, Georgia, was initially characterized by a series of flanking maneuvers against Johnston, each of which compelled the Confederate army to withdraw from heavily fortified positions with minimal casualties on either side. After two months and  of such maneuvering, Sherman's path was blocked by imposing fortifications on Kennesaw Mountain, near Marietta, Georgia, and the Union general chose to change his tactics and ordered a large-scale frontal assault on June 27. Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson feinted against the northern end of Kennesaw Mountain, while his corps under Maj. Gen. John A. Logan assaulted Pigeon Hill on its southwest corner. At the same time, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas launched strong attacks against Cheatham Hill at the center of the Confederate line. Both attacks were repulsed with heavy losses, but a demonstration by Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield achieved a strategic success by threatening the Confederate army's left flank, prompting yet another Confederate withdrawal toward Atlanta and the removal of General Johnston from command of the army.

Background
In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and named general in chief of the Union Army. He devised a strategy of multiple, simultaneous offensives against the Confederacy, hoping to prevent any of the rebel armies from reinforcing the others over interior lines. The two most significant of these were by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade's Army of the Potomac, accompanied by Grant himself, which would attack Robert E. Lee's army directly and advance toward the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia; and Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, replacing Grant in his role as commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi, who would advance from Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Atlanta.

Both Grant and Sherman initially had objectives to engage with and destroy the two principal armies of the Confederacy, relegating the capture of important enemy cities to a secondary, supporting role. This was a strategy that President Abraham Lincoln had emphasized throughout the war, but Grant was the first general who actively cooperated with it. As their campaigns progressed, however, the political importance of the cities of Richmond and Atlanta began to dominate their strategy. By 1864, Atlanta was a critical target. The city of 20,000 was founded at the intersection of four important railroad lines that supplied the Confederacy and was a military manufacturing arsenal in its own right. Atlanta's nickname of "Gate City of the South" was apt—its capture would open virtually the entire Deep South to Union conquest. Grant's orders to Sherman were to "move against Johnston's Army, to break it up and to get into the interior of the enemy's country as far as you can, inflicting all the damage you can against their war resources."

Sherman's force of about 100,000 men was composed of three subordinate armies: the Army of the Tennessee (Grant's and later Sherman's army of 1862–63) under Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson; the Army of the Cumberland under Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas; and the relatively small Army of the Ohio (composed of only the XXIII Corps) under Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield. Their principal opponent was the Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, who had replaced the unpopular Braxton Bragg after his defeat in Chattanooga in November 1863. The 50,000-man army consisted of the infantry corps of Lt. Gens. William J. Hardee, John Bell Hood, and Leonidas Polk, and a cavalry corps under Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler.

Start of the Atlanta campaign

Sherman's campaign began on May 7, as his three armies departed from the vicinity of Chattanooga. He launched demonstration attacks against Johnston's position on the long, high mountain named Rocky Face Ridge while McPherson's Army of the Tennessee advanced stealthily around Johnston's left flank toward the town of Resaca and Johnston's supply line on the Western & Atlantic Railroad. Unfortunately for Sherman, McPherson encountered a small Confederate force entrenched in the outskirts of Resaca and cautiously pulled back to Snake Creek Gap, squandering the opportunity to trap the Confederate army. As Sherman swung his entire army in the direction of Resaca, Johnston retired to take up positions there. Full scale fighting erupted in the Battle of Resaca on May 14–15 but there was no conclusive result and Sherman flanked Johnston for a second time by crossing the Oostanaula River. As Johnston withdrew again, skirmishing erupted at Adairsville on May 17 and more general fighting on Johnston's Cassville line May 18–19. Johnston planned to defeat part of Sherman's force as it approached on multiple routes, but Hood became uncharacteristically cautious and feared encirclement, failing to attack as ordered. Encouraged by Hood and Polk, Johnston ordered another withdrawal, this time across the Etowah River.

Johnston's army took up defensive positions at Allatoona Pass south of Cartersville, but Sherman once again turned Johnston's left as he temporarily abandoned his railroad supply line and advanced on Dallas. Johnston was forced to move from his strong position and meet Sherman's army in the open. Fierce but inconclusive fighting occurred on May 25 at New Hope Church, May 27 at Pickett's Mill, and May 28 at Dallas. By June 1, heavy rains turned the roads to quagmires and Sherman was forced to return to the railroad to supply his men. Johnston's new line (called the Brushy Mountain Line) was established by June 4 northwest of Marietta, along Lost Mountain, Pine Mountain, and Brush Mountain. On June 14, following eleven days of steady rain, Sherman was ready to move again. While on a personal reconnaissance, he spotted a group of Confederate officers on Pine Mountain and ordered one of his artillery batteries to open fire. Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk, the "Fighting Bishop," was killed and Johnston withdrew his men from Pine Mountain, establishing a new line in an arc-shaped defensive position from Kennesaw Mountain to Little Kennesaw Mountain. Hood's corps attempted an unsuccessful attack at Peter Kolb's farm (the Battle of Kolb's Farm) south of Little Kennesaw Mountain on June 22. Maj. Gen. William W. Loring succeeded to temporarily command Polk's corps.

Sherman was in a difficult position, stalled  north of Atlanta. He could not continue his strategy of moving around Johnston's flank because of the impassable roads, and his railroad supply line was dominated by Johnston's position on the top of  Kennesaw Mountain. He reported to Washington "The whole country is one vast fort, and Johnston must have at least  of connected trenches with abatis and finished batteries. We gain ground daily, fighting all the time. ... Our lines are now in close contact and the fighting incessant, with a good deal of artillery. As fast as we gain one position the enemy has another all ready. ... Kennesaw ... is the key to the whole country." Sherman decided to break the stalemate by attacking Johnston's position on Kennesaw Mountain. He issued orders on June 24 for an 8 a.m. attack on June 27.

Battle

Sherman's plan was first to induce Johnston to thin out and weaken his line by ordering Schofield to extend his army to the right. Then McPherson was to make a feint on his extreme left—the northern outskirts of Marietta and the northeastern end of Kennesaw Mountain—with his cavalry and a division of infantry, and to make a major assault on the southwestern end of Little Kennesaw Mountain. Meanwhile, Thomas's army was to conduct the principal attack against the Confederate fortifications in the center of their line, and Schofield was to demonstrate on the Confederate left flank and attack somewhere near the Powder Springs Road "as he can with the prospect of success."

At 8 a.m. on June 27, Union artillery opened a furious bombardment with over 200 guns on the Confederate works and the Rebel artillery responded in kind. Lt. Col. Joseph S. Fullerton wrote, "Kennesaw smoked and blazed with fire, a volcano as grand as Etna." As the Federal infantry began moving soon afterward, the Confederates quickly determined that much of the  wide advance consisted of demonstrations rather than concerted assaults. The first of those assaults began at around 8:30 a.m., with three brigades of Brig. Gen. Morgan L. Smith's division (Maj. Gen. John A. Logan's XV Corps, Army of the Tennessee) moving against Loring's corps on the southern end of Little Kennesaw Mountain and the spur known as Pigeon Hill near the Burnt Hickory Road. If the attack were successful, capturing Pigeon Hill would isolate Loring's corps on Kennesaw Mountain. All three brigades were disadvantaged by the approach through dense thickets, steep and rocky slopes, and a lack of knowledge of the terrain. About 5,500 Union troops in two columns of regiments moved against about 5,000 Confederate soldiers, well entrenched.

On the right of Smith's attack, the brigade of Brig. Gen. Joseph A. J. Lightburn was forced to advance through a knee-deep swamp, and were stopped short of the Confederate breastworks on the southern end of Pigeon Hill by enfilading fire. They were able to overrun the rifle pits in front of the works, but could not pierce the main Confederate line. To their left, the brigades of Col. Charles C. Walcutt and Brig. Gen. Giles A. Smith crossed difficult terrain interrupted by steep cliffs and scattered with huge rocks to approach the Missouri brigade of Brig. Gen. Francis Cockrell. Some of the troops were able to reach as far as the abatis, but most were not and they were forced to remain stationary, firing behind trees and rocks. When General Logan rode forward to judge their progress, he determined that many of his men were being "uselessly slain" and ordered Walcutt and Smith to withdraw and entrench behind the gorge that separated the lines.

About  to the south, Thomas's troops were behind schedule, but began their main attack against Hardee's corps at 9 a.m. Two divisions of the Army of the Cumberland—about 9,000 men under Brig. Gen. John Newton (Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard's IV Corps) and Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis (Maj. Gen. John M. Palmer's XIV Corps)—advanced in column formation rather than the typical broad line of battle against the Confederate divisions of Maj. Gens. Benjamin F. Cheatham and Patrick R. Cleburne, entrenched on what is now known as "Cheatham Hill." On Newton's left, his brigade under Brig. Gen. George D. Wagner attacked through dense undergrowth, but was unable to break through the abatis and fierce rifle fire. On his right, the brigade of Brig. Gen. Charles G. Harker charged the Tennessee brigade of Brig. Gen. Alfred Vaughan and was repulsed. During a second charge, Harker was mortally wounded.

Davis's division, to the right of Newton's, also advanced in column formation. While such a movement offered the opportunity for a quick breakthrough by massing power against a narrow point, it also had the disadvantage of offering a large concentrated target to enemy guns. Their orders were to advance silently, capture the works, and then cheer to give a signal to the reserve divisions to move forward to secure the railroad and cut the Confederate army in two. Col. Daniel McCook's brigade advanced down a slope to a creek and then crossed a wheat field to ascend the slope of Cheatham Hill. When they reached within a few yards of the Confederate works, the line halted, crouched, and began firing. But the Confederate counter fire was too strong and McCook's brigade lost two commanders (McCook and his replacement, Col. Oscar F. Harmon), nearly all of its field officers, and a third of its men. McCook was killed on the Confederate parapet as he slashed with his sword and shouted "Surrender, you traitors!" Col. John G. Mitchell's brigade on McCook's right suffered similar losses. After ferocious hand-to-hand fighting, the Union troops dug in across from the Confederates, ending the fighting around 10:45 a.m. Both sides nicknamed this place the "Dead Angle."

To the right of Davis's division, Maj. Gen. John W. Geary's division of Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's XX Corps advanced, but did not join in Davis's attack. Considerably farther to the right, however, was the site of the only success of the day. Schofield's army had been assigned to demonstrate against the Confederate left and he was able to put two brigades across Olley's Creek without resistance. That movement, along with an advance by Maj. Gen. George Stoneman's cavalry division on Schofield's right, put Union troops within  of the Chattahoochee River, closer to the last river protecting Atlanta than any unit in Johnston's army.

Aftermath

Sherman's armies suffered about 3,000 casualties in comparison to Johnston's 1,000. The Union general was not initially deterred by these losses and he twice asked Thomas to renew the assault. "Our loss is small, compared to some of those [battles in the] East." The Rock of Chickamauga replied, however, "One or two more such assaults would use up this army." A few days later Sherman coldly wrote to his wife, "I begin to regard the death and mangling of couple thousand men as a small affair, a kind of morning dash."

Kennesaw Mountain was not Sherman's first large-scale frontal assault of the war, but it was his last. He interrupted his string of successful flanking maneuvers in the Atlanta campaign for the logistical reasons mentioned earlier, but also so that he could keep Johnston guessing about the tactics he would employ in the future. In his report of the battle, Sherman wrote, "I perceived that the enemy and our officers had settled down into a conviction that I would not assault fortified lines. All looked to me to outflank. An army to be efficient, must not settle down to a single mode of offence, but must be prepared to execute any plan which promises success. I wanted, therefore, for the moral effect, to make a successful assault against the enemy behind his breastworks, and resolved to attempt it at that point where success would give the largest fruits of victory."

Kennesaw Mountain is usually considered a significant Union tactical defeat, but Richard M. McMurry wrote, "Tactically Johnston had won a minor defensive triumph on Loring's and Hardee's lines. Schofield's success, however, gave Sherman a great advantage, and the federal commander quickly decided to exploit it." The opposing forces spent five days facing each other at close range, but on July 2, with good summer weather at hand, Sherman sent the Army of the Tennessee and Stoneman's cavalry around the Confederate left flank and Johnston was forced to withdraw from Kennesaw Mountain to prepared positions at Smyrna.

On July 8, Sherman outflanked Johnston again—for the first time on his right—by sending Schofield to cross the Chattahoochee near the mouth of Sope Creek. The last major geographic barrier to entering Atlanta had been overcome. Alarmed at the imminent danger posed to the city of Atlanta, and frustrated with the strategy of continual withdrawals, Confederate President Jefferson Davis relieved Johnston of command on July 17, replacing him with the aggressive John Bell Hood, who was temporarily promoted to full general. Hood proceeded to attack Sherman in battles at Peachtree Creek (July 20), Atlanta/Decatur (July 22), and Ezra Church (July 28), in all of which he suffered enormous casualties without tactical advantage. Sherman besieged Atlanta for the month of August, but sent almost his entire force swinging to the south to cut off the city's last remaining railroad connection. In the Battle of Jonesboro (August 31 and September 1), Hood attacked again to save his railroad, but was unsuccessful and was forced to evacuate Atlanta. Sherman's men entered the city on September 2 and Sherman telegraphed President Lincoln, "Atlanta is ours, and fairly won." This milestone was arguably one of the key factors enabling Lincoln's reelection in November.

A soldier's perspective
The battle is described from the perspective of Sam Watkins, a volunteer in the 1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment of the Confederate Army, in the book "Company Aytch" (see the section entitled "Dead Angle, on the Kennesaw Line").

Battlefield today
The site of the battle is now part of Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, where both Confederate deliberate trenches on top of the mountain and some Union rifle pits are still visible today. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have saved almost four acres of battlefield land outside the park as of mid-2023.

Notes

References
 Bailey, Ronald H., and the Editors of Time-Life Books. Battles for Atlanta: Sherman Moves East. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. .
 Castel, Albert. Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992. .
 Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
 Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. .
 Liddell Hart, B. H. Sherman: Soldier, Realist, American. New York: Da Capo Press, 1993. . First published in 1929 by Dodd, Mead & Co.
 Livermore, Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861–65. Reprinted with errata, Dayton, OH: Morninside House, 1986. . First published 1901 by Houghton Mifflin.
 Luvaas, Jay, and Harold W. Nelson, eds. Guide to the Atlanta Campaign: Rocky Face Ridge to Kennesaw Mountain. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008. .
 McDonough, James Lee, and James Pickett Jones. War So Terrible: Sherman and Atlanta. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1987, .
 McMurry, Richard M. Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. .
 McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. .
 Welcher, Frank J. The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations. Vol. 2, The Western Theater. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. .
National Park Service battle description

Further reading
 Hess, Earl J. Kennesaw Mountain: Sherman, Johnston, and the Atlanta Campaign. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. .

 Vermilya, Daniel J. The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2014. .

External links

 The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain: Battle maps, history articles, and preservation news (Civil War Trust)

Kennesaw Mountain
Kennesaw Mountain
Kennesaw Mountain
Kennesaw Mountain
Kennesaw Mountain
1864 in Georgia (U.S. state)
June 1864 events

Battle of Kennesaw Mountain


The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) was a conflict that was significantly worsened by Lebanon's changing demographics. There was a conflict between Sunnis and Shias, between Christians and Muslims, and the involvement of Syria, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) exacerbated existing issues. After a short break in the fighting in 1976 due to Arab League mediation and Syrian intervention, civil strife continued, with fighting primarily focused in south Lebanon, occupied first by the PLO, then occupied by Israel. On May 17, 1983, a US-backed agreement was reached for making peace between Lebanon and Israel. The agreement failed when Syria refused to withdraw its forces.

References

1980s in Asia
1990 in Asia
Civil wars involving Asia
Wars involving Israel
Wars involving Lebanon
Wars involving Syria
1970s in Israel
20th century in Lebanon
20th century in Syria
1970s conflicts
1980s conflicts
Conflicts in 1990

Lebanese Civil War


A Raisin In The Sun is an American play that was written by Lorraine Hansberry in 1959. It is about a poor African American family in Chicago who receives $10,000 in inheritance money. The family has to decide how to spend the money.

Characters

Walter - He is the main character of the play and the father.  He is a cab driver who has the dream of being a bartender who is rich and successful.  He takes most of the $10,000 to invest it in a bar.  He realizes that he was scammed and he lost all of the money (which angered Mama).  He was offered thousands of dollars to move out of the neighborhood (because African Americans living in a white neighborhood lowered the value of the houses).  Throughout the play, he considers the offer, but at the end he says no.  Walter, at the end of the play, may have lost a lot of money, but he keeps his dignity and learns a big lesson.

Travis - Walter's 10 or 11-year-old son who admires his father.  He represents the theme of innocence.

Ruth - Walter's wife and emotional support of the family.  While Walter has his dreams and fantasies about being rich and successful, Ruth brings him back to reality.

Mama - The grandmother (wife of the grandfather).  She is very old fashioned and religious.  She is a strong-willed woman.

Beneatha - Beneatha is the sister of Walter.  She tries to be an independent person by trying to learn more about African cultures, rather than conforming to the style of living that Americans have been accustomed to.

Other websites
Listen to the play online
Read analysis of play  by Alex Alonso

Chicago in fiction
American plays
1959 works
1950s plays

A Raisin In The Sun


A multimeter or a multitester is an electronic measuring tool that is a combination of several tools in one unit. It usually includes an ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter. Digital multimeters are sometimes called DMM too.

Modern multimeters can be used to measure electrical quantities other than current, resistance and voltage. For example, they can be used to measure frequency, capacitance, transistors Hfe and temperature.

The multimeter can make many tests, so it is often called "multitester".  When measuring resistance it acts as an ohmmeter, showing ohms.  For volts it would be a Voltmeter.  Sometimes it is called a mixture of things like  Volt/ohm meter or VOM. Most meters can measure volts, amps, and resistance.

How it can be measured
The multimeter can be used to measure the voltage of a battery. It can also be used for measuring the voltage across two points in a circuit. The Voltmeter is placed in parallel between the positive and negative terminals of the battery. It can also be used to measure resistance and amps hence the name of some meters "Voltmeter, Ohmmeter, and Amperage".

References

Other websites
 Multimeter Tutorial - Lots of useful information on Digital multimeter usage.

Measuring tools

Multimeter


Glenn Raymond Tipton (born 25 October 1947 in Blackheath, West Midlands, UK) is ane o the Grammy Award winnin guitarists (an occasional keyboard player) for the Breetish hivy metal baund Judas Priest. Prior tae joining Judas Priest, he wis in The Flying Hat Band.

In 1997 Tipton released his first solo album Baptizm of Fire, featurin a host o well-kent muisicians includin John Entwistle, Billy Sheehan, Cozy Powell, Robert Trujillo an Don Airey, amang ithers.

Hivy metal guitarists

Glenn Tipton


Boris Stoyanov Drangov (; 15 March 1872–26 May 1917) was a Bulgarian colonel and warfare pedagogue.

Drangov was born in Skopje in Ottoman-ruled Macedonia (today the capital of North Macedonia), to the family of a rich timber merchant. He graduated from the local Bulgarian Exarchate school or the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki. In 1891, he enrolled in the Military School in Sofia in the Principality of Bulgaria. After a conflict with an officer, he was dispatched to Lom in 1894; in the town, Drangov met his future wife (also from Macedonia) and was promoted to second lieutenant in 1895. In 1899, he became a first lieutenant.

During the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903, Drangov left the Bulgarian Army to arrive in Macedonia. There, he assembled an armed detachment of 120 men which fought the Ottomans in the Kratovo region. After the uprising's suppression, Drangov returned to the army and was promoted to rotmistar (cavalry captain). He studied at the Imperial Russian General Staff Academy in Saint Petersburg; he graduated with honours in 1907 and returned to Bulgarian service. Promoted to major in 1910, he became a lecturer of military tactics at the Military School in Sofia.

During the First Balkan War of 1912–1913, Drangov headed a brigade on the Thracian front, defeating the Ottomans at Çatalca and during the Siege of Adrianople. During the Second Balkan War, Drangov fought the Serbs at Bublyak Peak. In February 1915, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel.

With the outbreak of World War I, Drangov was named as the head of a regiment consisting mainly of untrained Macedonian Bulgarian volunteers. Under his training, the regiment turned into an efficient unit and fought at Kalimanci, Kočani and Štip. He also fought at the Romanian front in Dobruja before he was dispatched back to Macedonia, where his unit guarded the River Crna meander. He was wounded during artillery shelling on 26 May 1917 and died of his wounds the same evening.

Boris Drangov was interred in the Saint Demetrius Church's yard in Skopje. His remains were later moved by the Serbian authorities to a common cemetery. Drangov was posthumously promoted to colonel by the Bulgarian Army.

Honours
Three villages in Bulgaria bear Boris Drangov's name: Drangovo, Kardzhali Province, Drangovo, Blagoevgrad Province and Drangovo, Plovdiv Province. Drangov Peak in the Breznik Heights on Greenwich Island, Antarctica, was also named after him.

References

 Шишков, К., Полковник Борис Дрангов — избрани произведения, Военно издателство, София, 1985.
 Шишков, К., Преподавателят майор Борис Дрангов., "Военнисторически сборник", 1985, № 5.
 Недев, Светлозар, Командването на българската войска през войните за национално обединение, Военноиздателски комплекс "Свети Георги Победоносец", София, 1993, стр. 181.
 Борис Дрангов. Сборник материали и научни изследвания. София, 1993.
 Карнфилов, Ефрем. Борис Дрангов в: Ефрем Каранфилов, "Българи", София, 1980.
 Узунов, Христо. Полковник Борис Дрангов, "Армейски преглед", 1986, №10.
 Sega newspaper of 8 November 2005

1872 births
1917 deaths
Military personnel from Skopje
Bulgarian military personnel of the Balkan Wars
Bulgarian military personnel of World War I
Bulgarian military personnel killed in World War I
Recipients of the Order of Bravery
Bulgarian revolutionaries
Macedonian Bulgarians
Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki alumni
People from the Ottoman Empire

Boris Drangov


Saraburi () is ane o the central provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighborin provinces are (frae north clockwise) Lopburi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Nayok, Pathum Thani an Ayutthaya. Saraburi haes been an important toun syne auncient times. It is believed tae hae been constructit in the year 1548 durin the reign o Keeng Maha Chakkraphat o Ayutthaya as a centre for recruitin troops.

Geography
Saraburi is locatit on the east side o the Chao Phraya river valley. The east pairt o the province is covered bi heich plains an plateaus, while the wastren pairt is maistly low flat plains.

Two naitional pairks are locatit in the province. Namtok Chet Sao Noi protects 28 km² aroond a scenic waterfall. Phra Phutthachai protects the Khao Sam Lan Forest, which consists o hilly landscape an is the source tae several rivers an waterfalls. The heichest elevation is the Khao Khrok, 329 m abuin sea level. The 44.57 km² wur declared a naitional pairk in 1981.

The toun, as a gateway tae the northeastren region, is anerlie 108 km frae Bangkok. It occupies an aurie o 3,576.5 square kilometres.

History
Saraburi haes been an important ceety syne auncient times. It is assumed tae hae been establisht approximately in 1549 durin the reign o King Maha Chakkraphat o the Kinrick o Ayutthaya. It is assumed that the king haed ordered tae combine some pairts o Lop Buri an Nakhon Nayok thegither an set up Saraburi province wi an aim toae be a centre for mobilizin the citizens durin times o war. Therefore, frae the Ayutthaya period, the story o Saraburi haes uisually relatit tae battles an wars. As for the oreegin o the wird "Saraburi", it is assumed that due tae its location near a swamp cried "Bueng Nong Ngong", when the toun wis establisht a combination o "Sa" -a swamp- an "Buri" -a toun- wis suggestit an the toun wis named "Saraburi".

Places
The maist important Buddhist temple is Wat Phra Phutthabat, built unner King Songtham in the 17t century, is locatit aroond a Buddha footprint. It is the maist popular pilgrimage site athin central Thailand.

Close tae that temple, Wat Tham Krabok is famous for its drug detoxification. Additionally it wis the last o the Hmong refugee camps in Thailand.

Seembols
The provincial seal shows the temple Wat Phra Buddha Baat. In the 17t century a hunter foond a puddle o water which leukit like a (owersized) footprint. It wis declared a fuitprint o Buddha, an the temple wis built aroond it. Phra Phutthabat means fuitprint o Buddha.

Provincial tree is Lagerstroemia floribunda, provincial flouer is the Yellow Cotton Tree (Cochlospermum regium).

Admeenistrative diveesions

The province is subdividit intae 13 destricts (amphoe). The destricts are further subdividit intae 111 communes (tambon) an 965 veelages (muban).

Saraburi Province
Provinces o Thailand

Saraburi Province


A bud usually occurs  in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of a stem. They are one way plants can reproduce asexually. They connect with phloem and xylem to get nourishment.

Some plants normally develop adventitious buds on their roots. The buds can grow quite a distance from the plant. Shoots that develop from adventitious buds on roots are termed suckers. They occur in many grasses, quaking aspen and creeping thistle. A famous quaking aspen known as the Pando grew from one trunk to 47,000 trunks by adventitious bud formation on a single root system.

Plant physiology
Plant tissues

Bud


Bastiaan Johannes Ragas (born 30 June 1971) is a Dutch singer and actor. Born in Lisse, he was the youngest of three brothers. Ragas learnt piano and guitar at school. He also participated and traveled with the international musical group Up With People during their 1989-1990 tour.  He first came into the public eye as a member of the Anglo-Dutch boy band Caught in the Act in the 1990s.

Caught in the Act broke up in 1998 and Ragas embarked on a solo career. His first album, Tomorrow is Looking Good, was released in 2000. Also in 2000, he played Radames in the Dutch production of the musical Aïda. He later played d'Artagnan in Joop van den Ende's 2003–2004 production of 3 Musketiers.

Ragas has also worked in film, appearing in the West Frisian language film De Sportman van de Eeuw and providing the Dutch voice of Sinbad in Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas. Working on Sinbad he met TV presenter Tooske Breugem and they later starred together in 3 Musketiers in which she played Constance. Their 2003 single Alles (All I Ever Want) reached number in the Dutch charts. They married in 2005 and have three daughters. Ragas also has a son by a previous relationship with singer and TV presenter Laura Vlasblom.

In 2002 he appeared in the hospital drama TV series Trauma 24/7 along with his elder brother Roef. He was on the jury of the Dutch production of Popstars and came second in the Dutch 2006 series of Dancing with the Stars.

External links

1971 births
Living people
Dutch male musical theatre actors
Dutch pop singers
Dutch male television actors
Dutch male voice actors
People from Lisse

Bastiaan Ragas


Triana Iglesias Holten (born 19 March 1982) is a Norwegian model and burlesque artist,  of Norwegian and Spanish descent. She has been a cover girl of FHM and Slitz and has also appeared on the cover of Playboy.

She has been on Playboy covers in the US, Venezuela, Mexico, Spain, Poland, Lithuania & Ukraine, and a Playboy Playmate in several countries including Brazil, Germany, France, Poland, Hungary and Malta. Playboy chose Triana Iglesias to honour Playboy Spain's 30th anniversary, as their anniversary Playmate.

She began her career at the age of 13 hosting the Norwegian children's show Midt i smørøyet (1987–1999), featured on the soap opera Venner og fiender (1998–1999), appeared in a number of stage plays and guest-starred on several television shows such as Masterchef and Praksisjobben (Dirty Jobs). She also came fourth on Dancing with the Stars in Norway in November 2009.

In addition to her TV performances, she is also known for her roles in Tina & Bettina - The Movie (2012) and Kill Buljo 2 (2013).

She has also appeared in several music videos for Norwegian bands, including the group Madcon. She has worked for a Norwegian television channel as a presenter and reporter, presenting Paradise Hotel in Norway.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Norwegian people of Spanish descent
Norwegian people of Basque descent
TV3 (Norway) people
Norwegian female models
Place of birth missing (living people)
Models from Oslo

Triana Iglesias


Rósa Arianna McGowan (born September 5, 1973), better known as Rose McGowan, is an American former actress, model, singer, and author. She is best known to television audiences for her role as Paige Matthews in The WB supernatural drama series Charmed (2001–2006), and also for her recurring role in ABC's long running fantasy series Once Upon a Time as young Cora Mills.

McGowan made her film debut in the comedy Encino Man (1992), wherein she played a small role. Her performance as Amy Blue in Gregg Araki's dark comedy The Doom Generation (1995) brought her wider attention, and she received an Independent Spirit Award nomination for her performance. McGowan appeared as Tatum Riley in the horror film Scream (1996) and starred alongside Ben Affleck in the coming-of-age feature Going All the Way (1997). She appeared in several Hollywood films, including Devil in the Flesh (1998), Jawbreaker (1999), Ready to Rumble (2000), Monkeybone (2001), and The Black Dahlia (2006). McGowan played Ann-Margret, alongside Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Elvis Presley, in the CBS miniseries Elvis (2005). She starred in Planet Terror (2007) and had a supporting role in Death Proof (2007), both part of the double-feature film directed by Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino, Grindhouse. Next, she starred in the crime thriller film Fifty Dead Men Walking (2008).

In 1996, McGowan was the cover model for the Henry Mancini tribute album Shots in the Dark, and she was the face of the American clothing company Bebe from 1998 to 1999. She has also appeared on numerous magazine covers, including Seventeen, Interview, Maxim, GQ, Entertainment Weekly, and Rolling Stone.

After the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse scandal broke and the #MeToo movement began, McGowan has been a supportive figure speaking out against harassment.

In March 2018, McGowan came out as non-binary. February 2021, McGowan became a permanent resident of Mexico and lives in Tulum, Quintana Roo.

References

1973 births
Living people
American feminist writers
American LGBT rights activists
American models
American movie actors
American voice actors
American television actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
American autobiographers
Singers from Oregon
Writers from Oregon
Actors from Portland, Oregon
Singers from Washington (state)
Writers from Washington (state)
Actors from Seattle
People from Florence
People with non-binary gender identities

Rose McGowan


Attached Resource Computer NETwork (abbreviated ARCNET or ARCnet) is a communications protocol for local area networks. ARCNET was the first widely available networking system for microcomputers; it became popular in the 1980s for office automation tasks. It was later applied to embedded systems where certain features of the protocol are especially useful. It was first used in 1977. Arcnet uses a star-like topology, which is much easier to build and maintain than the bus topologies of other protocols developed later, such asEthernet. Original arcnet used coaxial cables, and a token-passing mechanism, much like token ring. At about 20 MBit/s maximum speed, ARCnet is much slower than other network protocols, such as ethernet. Because of its token-passing mechanisms, there are no collisions between packets. This makes it suitable for certain industrial applications, as well as for ohme automation, where it is still used.

Computer networking

ARCNET


A sport fishing boat, or sport fisher, is a type of power boat designed for recreational fishing by anglers (with rods and lines). Typically, these fishing boats are designed with a cockpit at the stern, fitted with a chair fixed to the deck to which a rod can be secured. Alternately, other rods can be used by hand or mounted. These boats usually have long, high foredeck leading back to a rear-set cabin, which has a flybridge set above. Sport-fishers are used for angling on open water, often while travelling at speed.

References

Motorboats

Sport fishing boat


TNT(reformed as PostNL just in this year) is a delivery company that delivers packages either world-wide or within a country by couriers. The company picks up parcels from the sender and then delivers them to the addressee. TNT Airways, based in Liège Airport, is the airline of TNT, using more than 40 planes to reach 70 destinations in Europe every night.

Company overview
TNT N.V., through its two divisions, Express and Mail, is part of the global transportation and distribution industry, and dedicated to providing delivery solutions to its customers. TNT serves more than 200 countries and employs around 160,000 people.

Over 2009, TNT reported €10.4 billion in revenues, an operating income of €648 million and cash from operating activities of €1 billion. TNT N.V. is listed and traded on Euronext Amsterdam by NYSE Euronext (ticker "TNT").

TNT has a history spanning more than 250 years. Its Dutch roots can be traced back to 1752. But it wasn't until 1946 that the company known as TNT was born, on the other side of the world, in Australia. In the 60 years since then, TNT has grown into a global enterprise, even operating its own aircraft. Much of this growth has come from take-overs and acquisitions. In 1996, TNT was acquired by the Dutch company KPN (formerly PTT Post).

System
All packages are delivered to a local warehouse. A courier collects the packages from the warehouse and delivers them to the address on the package. Couriers will also collect packages from a certain area and take them to the warehouse where they can be sorted and sent to the warehouse nearest the receiver's address.

In the United Kingdom, couriers are often part-time workers, delivering packages using their own cars. They collect and deliver packages to any house in a certain postcode area. This way, the TNT company can be sure of delivering to any house in the area.

Other websites

1996 establishments in Europe
Companies of the Netherlands
1990s establishments in the Netherlands
Postal services

TNT (couriers)


Copper(II) sulfate, also known as cupric sulfate, copper sulfate, blue vitriol, or bluestone, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuSO4. It contains copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains sulfate ions. It is a blue solid that can kill fungi. It is also used to purify copper metal. It is common in chemistry sets and chemistry demonstrations, and practical lessons at high school.

Properties

Physical properties
Copper(II) sulfate is a blue solid when hydrated (attached to water molecules). It is whitish when anhydrous (not attached to water molecules). When hydrated, it normally has five water molecules attached to it. It can be dehydrated by heating it. When water is added to it, it gets hydrated again. When it is in air, it absorbs water vapor and becomes hydrated, too.

Chemical properties
It is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts with most metals to make copper and a metal sulfate. For example, it reacts with iron to make copper and iron(II) sulfate.

Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

It reacts with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to make copper(II) hydroxide.

CuSO4 + 2 NaOH → Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4

It reacts with sodium carbonate to make copper(II) carbonate.

CuSO4 + Na2CO3 → CuCO3 + Na2SO4

It reacts with ammonia to make a dark blue solution. This solution can dissolve fibers in cotton.

CuSO4 + 4 NH3 → Cu(NH3)4SO4

When it is heated to a high temperature, it turns into copper(II) oxide and sulfur trioxide.

CuSO4 → CuO + SO3

It makes a blue-green color when it is heated in a flame, like all copper compounds.

Occurrence
Copper(II) sulfate is found in the ground as chalcanthite. Chalcanthite is easily dissolved. It is only found in dry areas. When it is in air, it loses its bright blue color. Some minerals are tested by taste. Chalcanthite has a sweet metal taste. It should only be tasted carefully, as it is poisonous. Its Mohs hardness is 2.5. It is the pentahydrate of copper sulfate. It is blue or green. Many people collecting minerals want it.

Preparation

Copper sulfate is not normally made in a small laboratory, because it is much easier just to buy it. There are some ways to make copper sulfate, however.

Copper(II) sulfate can be made by electrolysis of a solution of sulfuric acid with copper electrodes. Hydrogen is made, as well as copper sulfate solution.

Cu + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2

It can also be made by reacting copper(II) oxide or copper(II) hydroxide or copper(II) carbonate with sulfuric acid or by adding copper to heated concentrated sulphuric acid:

CuO + H2SO4 → H2O + CuSO4
Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 → 2 H2O + CuSO4
CuCO3 + H2SO4 → H2O + CuSO4 + CO2
Cu + 2H2SO4 → CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2

It can also be made by reacting copper with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid.

Uses
Copper(II) sulfate, as the most common copper compound, has many uses. It can be used to kill algae and fungi. Some fungi can get resistant to copper sulfate, though. Then the copper sulfate does not kill them any more. It can be mixed with lime to make a similar fungi killer. It can be used to treat aquarium fish for infections. It is also used to detect sugars. It turns into red copper(I) oxide when reduced by a sugar. It can be used in organic chemistry as a catalyst and oxidizing agent. It is used to see whether blood is anemic.

It is commonly found in chemistry sets. It is used to demonstrate a displacement reaction, where a metal reacts with copper sulfate to make copper and the metal sulfate. It is also used to demonstrated hydrated and anhydrous chemicals. It was used as an emetic in the past. It is seen as too toxic now.

It can be used to purify copper. A thin pure piece of copper and a thick impure piece of copper are placed in copper sulfate solution. The thin plate is connected to the negative wire and the thick plate to the positive wire. An electrical current is passed through them. The copper in the thick plate dissolves and plates on the thin plate. All of the impurities fall to the bottom, while the pure copper is made at the negative electrode.

Someone covered the walls of their apartment with copper sulfate crystals for decoration.

Safety
Copper sulfate is somewhat toxic to humans. It is very toxic to fish, though. In humans, it irritates skin and eyes. It can cause nausea when eaten. It automatically makes one throw up when it is ingested. If too much is eaten, however, it can get into the stomach and cause many problems.

Related pages
Copper compounds

References

Sulfur compounds
Copper compounds

Copper(II) sulfate


Family literacy is a method of education. Relatively new, family literacy is being put into practice in the United States, Canada, and South Africa.

Philosophy
The roots of family literacy as an educational method come from the belief that "the parent is the child's first teacher." Studies have demonstrated that adults who have a higher level of education tend to not only become productive citizens with enhanced social and economic capacity in society, but their children are more likely to be successful in school. Literate parents are better able to support the learning of their children. Establishing family literacy programs is the most effective strategy to increase parental involvement and literacy development. The purpose of parental literacy curriculum is to increase students' academic achievement. When family literacy programs are established parents become advocates for their child's literacy. Simultaneously students' literacy excels as parents become empowered. When parents are empowered they become active lifelong participants in their child's education

Overview
Comprehensive family literacy services provide a holistic, fully integrated, family-focused approach, providing parents and children most in need of improving their literacy skills with intensive, frequent, and long-term educational and non-educational services. Family literacy services make sustainable changes in a family by integrating all of the following activities:
 Adult Education: designed to extend basic academic level, think critically and creatively, solve problems, set and achieve goals, and acquire successful workplace and interpersonal skills.
 Childhood Education: designed to promote the growth and development of young children and to engage parents in their child's educational program in order to foster meaningful involvement that will be maintained throughout the child's educational career.
 Parent Education: provides instruction on how children grow, develop, and learn. It addresses issues critical to family well-being, connects parents with community resources, and provides opportunities for parents to network and develop mutual support systems.
 Interactive Parent/Child Activities: provides parents and children the opportunity to share their newly developed literacy experiences. Parents and children interact together, enriching their relationship through reciprocal learning that takes place, enabling them to become true partners in education.

Examples
Adult Education:  The goal of educating parents is to empower and provide resources to parents who are a child's first teacher. Adult Education helps to rebuild relationships between parents and the school's faculty and staff. Some classes and activities provided for parents at the Prairie State College Family Literacy Project are English as Second Language classes, Adult Basic Education classes, General Education Development certifications, and vocational training.
Building Family: The Leadership Program's nationally recognized Building Family program invites parents into school communities with workshops that are hands-on, informative, and fun. These successful workshops meet a wide variety of parent needs and interests: from personal health and professional growth to nurturing the creative spirit and parenting strategies for promoting children's academic achievement. Backed by The Leadership Program's decades of experience facilitating more than 2,000 Building Family workshops for over 20,000 public school parents, this inspiring guidebook includes thirty-three complete workshops with convenient step-by-step instructions. Use it to lead dynamic experiences that will inspire enduring parent engagement in your own school community.
Childhood Education: Helping to involve parents can be done in a child's learning through play groups, sharing stories and books together, and child-directed play time that all help the child to bond with their parents.
Parent Education: The family literacy program developed in Illinois at the Prairie State Family Literacy Program provides parental support about health issues, good nutrition, discipline, and takes parents and children on field trips to purchase books for children to read at home.
Interactive Parent/Child Activities: The Prairie State Family Literacy Program has developed a special time for interactive activities that they call "P.A.C.T." time. During this P.A.C.T. time there are play groups that involve both parents and their children working together. They are separated by age groups to help guide the interaction and activities.
Greenman Elementary in Illinois established the first family literacy project called P.A.L. Parents Advocating Literacy in district 129. Since 2010 over 100 parents have become members of  P.A.L. (Parents Advocating Literacy.) P.A.L. is a family literacy project that teaches parents strategies that teachers use in the classroom every day. Establishing P.A.L. is the most effective approach to increase parental involvement in reading development. The purpose of family literacy curriculum is to increase students' achievement by connecting school and home. When family literacy is established parents become advocates for their child's literacy. Through P.A.L. parents become empowered and become lifelong supporters of their child's education. P.A.L. was implemented district wide in 2013. P.A.L. is also in other districts throughout Illinois.
F.R.E.D.:Fathers Reading Every Day is a family literacy program developed at Texas A&M University.  In this program, fathers or father figures such as grandparents, uncles, or family friends are encouraged to read to their children every day for four weeks.

See also
Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy
National Center for Families Learning
Even Start
Family Education Network

References

External links
The National Center for Family Literacy
Family Literacy Program - Be a P.A.L.
Fcs.tamu.edu

Reading (process)
Learning to read
Family
Literacy

Family literacy


The Meet-in-the-middle attack is a cryptographic attack which, like the birthday attack, makes use of a space-time tradeoff. While the birthday attack attempts to find two values in the domain of a function that map to the same value in its range, the meet-in-the-middle attack attempts to find a value in each of the ranges and domains of the composition of two functions such that the forward mapping of one through the first function is the same as the inverse image of the other through the second function—quite literally meeting in the middle of the composed function.

It was first developed as an attack on an attempted expansion of a block cipher by Diffie and Hellman in 1977. When trying to improve the security of a block cipher, one might get the idea to simply use two independent keys to encrypt the data twice and think that this would square the security of the double-encryption scheme. Certainly, an exhaustive search of all possible combination of keys would take  attempts if each key is n bits long, compared to the  attempts required for a single key. However, Diffie and Hellman, discovered a time-memory tradeoff that could break the scheme in only double the time to break the single-encryption scheme. The attack works by encrypting from one end and decrypting from the other end, thus meeting in the middle.

Assume the attacker knows a set of plaintext and ciphertext: P and C. That is,
 ,
where E is the encryption function (cipher), and K1 and K2 are the two keys.

The attacker can then compute EK(P) for all possible keys K and store the results in memory. Afterwards he can decrypt the ciphertext by computing DK(C) for each K. Any matches between these two resulting sets are likely to reveal the correct keys. (To speed up the comparison, the EK(P) set is stored in an in-memory lookup table, then each DK(C) can be matched against the values in the lookup table to find the candidate keys.)

Once the matches are discovered, they can be verified with a second test-set of plaintext and ciphertext. If the keysize is n, this attack uses only  encryptions (and  space) in contrast to the naive attack, which needs  encryptions (but only  space).

Related pages
Birthday attack

References

Cryptography

Meet-in-the-middle attack