Eanred was king of Northumbria in the early ninth century.

Very little is known for certain about Eanred. The only reference made by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to the Northumbrians in this period is the statement that in 829 Egbert of Wessex "led an army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where they met him, and offered terms of obedience and subjection, on the acceptance of which they returned home", thereby, at least temporarily, extending Egbert's hegemony to the entirety of Anglo-Saxon Britain.

Roger of Wendover states that Eanred reigned from 810 until 840, the twelfth-century History of the Church of Durham records a reign of 33 years, and a recently discovered coin of Eanred has been dated to c. 850 on stylistic grounds. Given the turbulence of Northumbrian history in this period, a reign of this length suggests a figure of some significance. Within a generation of Eanred's death, Anglian monarchy in Northumbria had collapsed.

Eanred was the son of King Eardwulf, who was deposed by an otherwise unknown Ælfwald in 806. According to the History of the Church of Durham, Ælfwald ruled for two years before Eanred succeeded. However, Frankish sources claim that, after being expelled from England, Eardwulf was received by Charlemagne and then the pope, and that their envoys escorted him back to Northumbria and secured his restoration to power. Therefore the precise nature of the succession of Eanred is unclear. All sources agree that Eanred was eventually succeeded by his son, Æthelred.

Eanred's reign sees the appearance of the styca, a new style of small coin which replaced the earlier sceat. These stycas were of low silver content, later coins being effectively brass. Produced in York, large numbers have survived and several moneyers are named on the surviving coins, suggesting that they were minted in significant quantities. Higham estimates that hundreds of thousands of stycas were in circulation. The distribution of the coin finds suggests that their principal use was in external trade and that, apart from for the payment of taxes, coins were little used by the great majority of Northumbrians in daily life.

Footnotes

References
 Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350-1100 (Stroud: Sutton, 1993).
 Kirby, D.P., The Earliest English Kings (London: Unwin Hyman, 1991).

External links

 The Fitzwilliam Museum's Corpus of Early Medieval Coin Finds website

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Anglo-Saxon warriors
Northumbrian monarchs
9th-century English monarchs

Eanred of Northumbria


Flunitrazolam (FNTZ, Flunazolam) is a triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD), which are benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives, that has been sold online as a designer drug, and is a potent hypnotic and sedative drug similar to related compounds such as flunitrazepam, clonazolam and flubromazolam. It was first definitively identified and reported to the EMCDDA Early Warning System, by an analytical laboratory in Germany in October 2016, and had not been described in the scientific or patent literature before this. It is the triazole analogue of Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol). The addition of the triazole ring to the scaffold increases potency significantly, this is evident as flunitrazolam is reported anecdotally to be active in the microgram level. It is active at 0.1 mg.

See also
 List of benzodiazepines

References

Nitrobenzodiazepines
Designer drugs
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Triazolobenzodiazepines

Flunitrazolam


Samuel Willis Tucker Lanham (July 4, 1846July 29, 1908), was the 23rd Governor of Texas from January 20, 1903 to January 15, 1907. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Prior to winning election as governor, he served two periods in the US House of Representatives. He served five terms from the 11th District (which covered a vast area of West Texas) then ran for governor, losing in his first attempt. When he returned to Congress, it was in the Eighth District, where he served 4 terms.

Early years
Samuel Willis Tucker Lanham was born in 1846 in South Carolina to James Madison and Louisa de Aubrey (Tucker) Lanham in Spartanburg District (now County), South Carolina, and named for his maternal grandfather, Samuel Willis Tucker.  When the Civil War began, Lanham volunteered for the Confederate States Army, despite the fact that he was only fifteen years old. He fought primarily in Virginia, was wounded at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, and after hostilities ended he married. He and his wife settled in Weatherford, Texas, where he worked and studied law.

Shortly after he was admitted to the bar in 1869, Lanham was appointed district attorney. His most famous case was the prosecution of Satanta and Big Tree, Kiowa chiefs who had led the Warren Wagon Train Raid in 1871.

In 1882, Lanham was elected to Congress for the 11th district, where he served for a decade. He ran for the governorship in 1894, losing in the primary to Charles Allen Culberson but then returned to Congress for six more years, representing the 8th district. His administration saw the founding of Southwest Texas State Normal School (now Texas State University–San Marcos).

Governor
Lanham was elected Governor of Texas in 1902, taking office in January 1903. He was the last Confederate veteran to serve as governor of Texas. During his administration, many safety regulations were passed. In his first year in office, the Texas legislature passed laws limiting the number of hours a railroad employee could work and regulated child labor.

The Texas Constitution prohibited a state banking system, and in 1904 voters approved a constitutional amendment to revoke that clause.  The following year the legislature passed a bill creating the state insurance and banking commission, and Lanham appointed Thomas B. Love as its first director. Over the next five years, over 500 banks were created.

Lanham took the lead in tax reform in 1905. Under the existing Texas system, the bulk of the state's income came from a general property tax, but it did not provide the amount of revenue the state wanted to spend and so, at Lanham's request, the legislature began taxing the gross receipts of express companies and pipelines. The legislature also raised taxes on intangible assets of the railroads and other industries.

The legislature also took efforts to reform election laws during Lanham's term. Before he took office, there was not a set procedure for nominating candidates for public office, which led to a great deal of fraud and many shenanigans meant to keep people from voting. The legislature passed two election reform laws during Lanham's administration, both named after their author, Judge Alexander W. Terrell. The first law, passed in 1903, allowed political parties to nominate candidates by either a convention or a primary election. The second law, in 1905, established voter qualifications, required candidates to file itemized expense statements, required primary elections for major parties (at this time, only the Democratic party was considered a major party in Texas), and set a uniform date for primaries.

Near the end of his second term, a large political scandal erupted, Before he took office, the state had filed a lawsuit against Standard Oil Company and their Texas subsidiary, the Waters-Pierce Oil Company. Waters-Pierce's license to operate was revoked, an action upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1900. Partially at the urging of US Senator Joseph Weldon Bailey, Waters-Pierce received a new license to operate under Governor Joseph D. Sayers. Although they claimed to have severed all ties with Standard Oil, Texas filed suit again in 1905 on the discovery that Standard Oil still owned most of the stock in the other company. In the trial, Bailey's influence was revealed, as well as the fact that Bailey had been on the Waters-Pierce payroll at the time. Although Lanham and his administration was not accused of any wrongdoing, the controversy over Bailey's ethics was extremely large.

Lanham did not enjoy his time as governor, often wishing that he had remained in Congress.  He said that "'office seekers, pardon seekers, and concession seekers overwhelmed me. They broke my health'".

After leaving office, Lanham retired to Weatherford, Texas, where he died in 1908.

Other
Samuel W.T. Lanham was a Freemason. His masonic membership was of Phoenix Lodge #275 of the Grand Lodge of Texas in Weatherford, Texas.

He was considered an eloquent speaker and writer, and often made speeches at Confederate veterans' camps throughout Texas. In 1868, he joined the Masons. He received an honorary doctorate from Baylor University in June 1905. Governor Thomas M. Campbell appointed him a regent of the University of Texas in 1907.

Lanham's son Fritz Garland Lanham was also a member of the US House of Representatives, serving 14 terms from 1919 to 1947. His grandson, Edwin Lanham, was a successful novelist.

Notes

References

External links

 Phoenix Lodge #275, Grand Lodge of Texas

1846 births
1908 deaths
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Lanham, S.W.T.
Confederate States Army soldiers
County district attorneys in Texas
Democratic Party governors of Texas
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas
People from Spartanburg County, South Carolina
People from Weatherford, Texas

S. W. T. Lanham


The Inheritors is the 1955 second novel by the British author William Golding, who is best known for Lord of the Flies. It was his personal favourite, and concerns the extinction of one of the last remaining tribes of Neanderthals at the hands of the more sophisticated (and malevolent) Homo sapiens.

One of the band, Lok, is a "point of view" character. He is the one we follow as one by one the adults of the band die or are killed, then the young are stolen by the "new people" The new people are a group of early modern humans. Lok and Fa, the remaining adults, are both fascinated and repelled by the new people. They observe their actions and rituals with amazement, only slowly understanding that harm is meant by the 'sticks' (arrows) of the new people.

Lok's people have powerful sense-impressions and feelings, and appear sometimes to share thoughts in a near-telepathic way. They live very simply, using their mental abilities to connect to one another without extensive vocabulary or the kinds of memories that create culture. They have wide knowledge of food sources, mostly roots and vegetables. Their lives are lived so much in the present that the reader realizes they are very different from us, living in something like an eternal present, or at least a present broken and shaped by seasons. The way they cope with planning and imagination is by saying the phrase "I have a picture", and then talking about their thoughts.

In the final chapter, we move to the point of view of the new race, more or less modern humans fleeing in their boats. Apparently they are terribly afraid of the Neanderthals whom they believe to be devils of the forest. This last chapter, the only one written from the humans' point of view, points to the inheritance of the world by the new species.

1955 books
British fantasy books
William Golding

The Inheritors (novel)


Office Workstations Limited (OWL) was a British software company based in Edinburgh.

OWL was founded in 1984 by five former employees of ICL (Ian Ritchie, Stuart Harper, Gordon Dougan, Richard Stonehouse and Dave MacLaren) who had previously worked at ICL's Scottish Development Centre at Dalkeith Palace until its closure the previous year.

The following year (1985), OWL International Inc., a United States subsidiary, was formed in Seattle.  The American subsidiary, then headed by ex-Microsoft executive Alan M. Boyd achieved considerable attention (particularly from Esther Dyson who understood its potential) but was eventually sidelined when Apple elected to bundle their Hypercard product free with every Macintosh.  This caused considerable consternation amongst Apple's developer community who became wary of Apple's motives for requiring developers to submit product designs for approval.

Hypertext Pioneer
OWL developed and supported Guide, a pioneering hypertext authoring system for the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows, originally conceived at the University of Kent.

Guide was likely the first ever commercially available hypertext browser, when it was introduced on the Macintosh in 1986, nearly a decade before hypertext became the standard method of developing and browsing the Internet.

Ownership
OWL was bought for over £7m in 1989 by Matsushita Electric Industrial (MEI) of Japan and became Panasonic Office Workstations Ltd.. They subsequently developed software to support next generation consumer electronics., including DVD technology, Digital television, next generation mobile communications, Internet delivery of multimedia and 3D car navigation systems.

Spin Off Companies
A number of spin-off companies were formed by ex-OWL employees, including InfoAccess (a management buy-out of OWL International Inc.), Electrum Multimedia Ltd., CAPDM Limited, Data Discoveries Ltd. and Digital Bridges Ltd.

Closure
On 30 April 2005 Panasonic OWL was shut down.

References

Defunct technology companies of the United Kingdom
Software companies established in 1984
Software companies disestablished in 1989
Companies based in Edinburgh
British companies disestablished in 1989
British companies established in 1984

Office Workstations Limited


Winner Takes All is a BBC Books original novel written by Jacqueline Rayner and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was published on 19 May 2005, alongside The Clockwise Man and The Monsters Inside. It features the Ninth Doctor, Rose Tyler, Jackie Tyler and Mickey Smith.

Plot
Upon finding that her mum has just won the lottery, Rose decides to visit Earth.

Rose and the Doctor go to visit Mickey, who tells them that everyone is playing Death to Mantodeans, the game that is complementary with the console. Interested, the Doctor starts playing it, while Rose goes out.

The Doctor and Robert are again interrupted by Quevvils calling to find out why the game isn't being played as expected.  The door explodes before they are able to get the controlled Quevvil to respond, so the Doctor has to go back to pretending to play.  He and Robert are taken to another room.  All of the other prisoners are brought into the room as well, and the Doctor is told that one will be killed every time he deviates from the game.

Rose makes it to the center of the game, and the Quevvils get ready to teleport, but the Doctor has Mickey send a signal that disrupts it, which atomizes all the Quevvils. Rose finds that she can move and talk on her own again.

Continuity
Rose tells the Doctor 'You've reversed teleportation before,' a reference to "The End of the World".
Mention is made of Rose being gone for a year, and Mickey being a suspect in her disappearance, a reference to "Aliens of London".
The Doctor's dislike of guns in this book anticipates his comments in "The Doctor Dances" about destroying the weapons factory on Villengard.
One of Mickey's video games is called Bad Wolf.

References to popular culture

When asked by Rose how he knew she was in trouble on her way back from the market, the Doctor replies (with a whole biscuit in his mouth) that his "fpider fenfe waf tingling", a reference to the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man and his spider-sense that helps him detect trouble.
When briefing the Doctor and Rose about the new game, Death to Mantodeans, Mickey mentions the PlayStation, the Xbox, Gran Turismo, Resident Evil, TimeSplitters 2, The Blair Witch Project, and Sonic the Hedgehog and Bad Wolf.
A reference to Harry Potter is made when a character daydreams about being a boy whose parents turned out to be great wizards and died fighting an evil sorcerer and is now sent to a special wizarding school to become the great wizard he is destined to be.
The same character makes references to Star Wars in how he daydreams meeting a character who remarks "I am your father," in a cold, deep voice and how it is his destiny to defeat his father (although he interprets it as his mother) in order for good to triumph over evil.
Several references to Charlie and the Chocolate Factory are made by the Doctor and Rose when they are searching for a winning scratch card.
The Doctor jokes that Cookie Monster from Sesame Street is really an alien.
Rose mentions the Thunderbirds.
Robert mentions Bob the Builder.

See also

Whoniverse

External links

The Cloister Library - Winner Takes All

2005 British novels
2005 science fiction novels
Ninth Doctor novels
Novels by Jacqueline Rayner

Winner Takes All (novel)


Athanasiy Velyki, O.S.B.M. (; November 5, 1918 – December 24, 1982) was a Ukrainian Basilian priest, historian, member of the Shevchenko Scientific Society from 1953.

Biography
Athanasiy Velyki, O.S.B.M., was born on November 5, 1918 in Turynka, Zhovkva county, Galicia. He joined the Basilian monastic order on August 31, 1933. He studied philosophy and theology in Krystynopil (1938–40) and at the Ukrainian Free University in Prague (PH D, 1944) and the Gregorian University in Rome (TH D, 1948). He also studied the history of the Eastern church at the Pontifical Oriental Institute (1946–8) and palaeography at the Vatican.

He was ordained on December 8, 1946. He was vice-rector (1948–53 and 1955–60) and prorector (1961–3) of Saint Josaphat's Ukrainian Pontifical College in Rome. From 1960 to 1965 Velyki served as president of the Ukrainian Theological Scholarly Society and secretary of the Vatican's Preconciliar and Conciliar Commission on the Eastern Churches. Thanks to his efforts the commission adopted a resolution on the need for establishing a Kyiv patriarchate. He was superior general (1963–76) and then consultant general of the Basilian monastic order. He was also a consultant to the Congregation for the Oriental Churches and the Commission for the Revision of the Canon Law of the Roman and Eastern Churches. He headed the Bible Commission of the Basilian monastic order that prepared the first Ukrainian translation of the Bible from the original languages.

Writings
In 1949 Velyki revived and expanded Analecta Ordinis S. Basilii Magni. He published a number of important documentary collections:
 Actae S. Congregationis de Propaganda Fide, 1622–1862 (5 vols, 1953–5),
 Documenta Pontificum Romanorum Historiam Ucrainae Illustrantia, 1075–1953 (2 vols, 1953–4),
 Litterae S. Congregationis de Propaganda Fide, 1622–1862 (7 vols, 1954–7),
 Epistolae Metropolitarum Kioviensium Catholicorum, 1613–1839 (9 vols, 1956–80),
 Litterae Nuntiorum Apostolicorum, 1550–1900 (14 vols, 1959–77),
 Documenta Unionis Berestensis eiusque Auctorum, 1590–1600 (1970),
 Litterae Episcoporum, 1600–1900 (5 vols, 1972–81),
 Litterae Basilianorum, 1601–1760 (2 vols, 1979).

He established the series Ukrainska dukhovna biblioteka (The Ukrainian Spiritual Library), which published over 70 titles, 17 of which he wrote. His book on religious persecution in Ukraine, Bila knyha (The White Book, 1952), was translated into German, English, and Spanish. He also wrote a history of the Sisters Servants of Mary Immaculate (1968), Svitla i tini (Lights and Shadows, 1969), Ukraïns'ke khrystyianstvo (Ukrainian Christianity, 1969), and Z litopysu khrystyians'koï Ukraïny (From the Chronicle of Christian Ukraine, 9 vols, 1968–77). He contributed many entries to Entsyklopediia ukraïnoznavstva and Encyclopedia of Ukraine and drafted the missive from the Ukrainian Catholic church hierarchy on the anniversary of Saint Olha and the official statement issued by the Ukrainian bishops regarding the release from Siberia of Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj.

External links

 Velyky, Atanasii at Encyclopedia of Ukraine
 Father Atanasij Hryhor Velykyj (Welykyj), O.S.B.M. at Catholic-Hierarchy.org

1918 births
1982 deaths
Clergy from Lviv Oblast
Ukrainian Eastern Catholics
Ukrainian historians of religion
Order of Saint Basil the Great
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Pontifical Oriental Institute alumni
Members of the Shevchenko Scientific Society
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Burials at Campo Verano

Athanasiy Velyki


The Governor-General of India was the head of the British administration in British India. He was known as the Viceroy because he was the representative of the monarch, who for many years was Queen Victoria.

The position was created in 1773, with the title of "Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William". In the beginning the officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other British East India Company officials in India. However in 1833 the Governor was given complete control over all of British India and from then on was known as the Governor-General of India.

History

Many parts of India were governed by the East India Company, which was supposed to be agents of the Mughal Emperor.

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the East India Company was abolished and the lands it had overned in the Indian sub-continent ware put under the direct control of the government of Britain. The Governor-General headed the central Government of India in Calcutta and was responsible to the imperial government in London. The rest of the sub-continent was administered by a large number of princely rulers under the supreme authority of Britain. The Governor-General was commonly known as the Viceroy of India because of his secondary role as Britain's representative to these nominally independent princely states.

Although India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, Governors-General stayed on to represent the Monarch of Great Britain until each rewrote their laws to become republics. When Pakistan and India become independent in 1947 King George who had been before then been the Emperor of India became the King of both countries.

However when India became a republic in 1950 he was no longer king of that country, however he remained king of Pakistan until his death in 1952. After that Elizabeth become Queen until 1956 when Pakistan too became a republic.

India
Viceroys

Governor-General of India


In baseball, a hit is when a player (called the batter or batsman) who is trying to hit the ball that is thrown (or pitched) by the thrower (called the pitcher) hits the ball in such a way as to let him move forward at least one base.

How a hit is made
The pitcher throws the ball towards the batter standing at home plate (or home base), who tries to hit the ball and score a run. After the batter hits the ball he runs as fast as he can around the bases and tries to get to a base before he is called out by an umpire. If he gets to a base before he is called out he is safe and the next batter comes forward and tries to hit a ball from the pitcher. The old batter who is on base becomes a runner.

Types of hit

single - a hit that moves the batter one base towards home plate.
double - a hit that moves the batter two bases towards home plate.
triple - a hit that moves the batter three bases towards home plate.
home run - a hit that moves the batter all four bases and back to home plate.

There are other kinds of hits, but these are the major ones. These hits can be made by many ways. For example; a single can come from a hit that travelled along the ground (called a grounder) or that travelled in the air (a fly ball). A grounder can often be harder for the other team to stop than a fly ball. This is because when it moves along the ground it has more chance of hitting bumps and the glove or foot of the other teams player than it does if it moves in the air. There are also more ways in which hits can happen but these are the two major ways.

A no-hitter

A no-hitter is a baseball game in which the other team does not get any hits during the whole game. The winning pitcher who has stopped the losing team from getting a hit is said to have "thrown a no-hitter".  Because of the skill of the players, a no-hitter does not happen very often.

Other websites
The Official Rules of Major League Baseball

Baseball

Hit (baseball)


Steatorrhea means excess undigested fat in feces. In this case, the feces is often lighter, sometimes whitish, in color. It produces a fouler-than-usual, sour-rancid smell, and floats on the surface of the water as opposed to sinking to the bottom of the toilet bowl.

Steatorrhea is caused by the inability to digest and absorb fat in the diet. It may be helped in some cases by taking enzymes, such as those usually produced by the body, which digest fat.

Research should be done, and a doctor consulted if necessary, to determine the cause of the inability to digest and absorb fat.

The causes range from mild to very severe and life-threatenting, so simply treating symptoms may not be enough.

Diseases and disorders of the digestive system

Steatorrhea


The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is an insect in the Nymphalidae family. It is the best-known butterfly in North America.

Monarchs are known for their long annual migrations. In North America, they travel long distances south in the fall, and north in the spring.  They start to migrate south in about August. They must get to frost-free areas. Freezing will kill them. A migration towards the north starts in the spring.

No single individual makes the whole round trip. The monarch is famous for its southward migration and northward return in summer. The migration north spans the life of three to four generations of the butterfly. A longer-lived "super generation" flies from the northern-most parts of the butterfly's range in Canada all the way to Mexico. It overwinters in the south, and breeds in the spring to start the next generation flying north. The following reference gives a map of the migration routes.

Description

Caterpillar
The monarch caterpillar is banded with yellow, black, and white stripes. The head is also striped with yellow and black. There are four black body extensions, two on each end of the body. They look similar to antennae. The caterpillar will be as long as 5 cm (2 inches).

Adults
The monarch butterfly has a wingspan that ranges from 8.9 to 10.2 centimeters (3½ to 4 inches).

The upper side of the wings are orange with black edges and veins. There are white spots in the black wing margins. The male has a spot on his bottom wing. The spot gives out scents which attract females. The viceroy butterfly (Limenitis archippus) is similar. It has an extra black band across the bottom wing. The underside of the wings is a tan-orange color with black veins. The wing margins are black with white spots in them.

A white form of the monarch has been seen in Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia and the United States. It has been seen as early as 1896. It was named nivosus by lepidopterists (a lepidopterist is a person who studies butterflies and moths). It is grayish white in all areas of the wings that are normally orange. The white form makes up about 1% or less of all monarchs except for on Oahu, Hawaii where it has kept populations as high as 10%. The existence of two or more forms of a species in the same area is quite common, and is called polymorphism.

Range and distribution
In North America, the monarch is found from southern Canada to northern South America. It sometimes wanders to western Europe, sometimes as far as Greece. It reaches Europe from being transported by USA ships. It can also wander to Europe by flying there if weather and wind conditions are right. It has also been found in Bermuda, Hawaii, the Solomons, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea, Ceylon, India, the Azores, and the Canary Islands.

Migration
Monarch butterflies are known for their long annual migration. In North America, they make large migrations towards the south starting in August until the first frost. A migration towards the north takes place in the spring. No single individual makes the whole round trip. Female monarchs lay eggs for the next generation during these migrations.

By the end of October, the monarchs that are east of the Rocky Mountains migrate to Mexico. Many thousands from the Great Lakes region pass through Point Pelee National Park. They migrate to the sanctuaries of the Mariposa Monarca Biosphere Reserve in the Mexican states of Michoacán and Mexico. Most of the monarchs that are west of the Rocky Mountains do not travel all the way down to Mexico. Instead, they overwinter (spend the winter) in many places in central and southern California.

While in Mexico, the monarchs gather in very large numbers to rest. They perch on suitable trees and bushes by clinging (hold on to tightly) with their feet. They cling to each other making layers and layers of resting Monarchs overwintering. This was discovered by Fred Urquhart of the University of Toronto, who studied monarch butterflies for nearly forty years. He knew the Monarchs migrated because he would stop seeing them after a certain time of the year. He put a label on each Monarch he found. On this label was his name, address, and a request to send him the butterfly if it was found.

A few months later, people from all over North America and Mexico began returning his labelled butterflies to him. Mexico was the southernmost area from which he had received a butterfly, so he started traveling there to look for the Monarchs. For many years, he traveled to Mexico. There he climbed through jungles, walked through forests, and talked to the people he found. He finally heard there was a place west of Mexico City where people had seen lots of monarchs all together. After a long search, He finally found millions of monarch butterflies covering every part of the area.

During the spring migration, the population that is east of the Rocky Mountains may reach as far north as Texas and Oklahoma.  The second, third and fourth generations return to their northern places in the United States and Canada in the spring.

Habitat
The Monarch can be found in many different kinds of habitats. When it is breeding, it is found in habitats with milkweed (a kind of plant). Some of these habitats include, fields, meadows, prairies, parks in or near cities, gardens, and roadsides. The monarch can be found in almost any kind of habitat during migration. It overwinters in pine, cypress, and eucalyptus groves in California. It overwinters in fir forests and pine groves in Mexico.

Much of the monarch's breeding habitat is not good anymore. In some states and provinces, milkweed is thought to be a weed. In these places, the milkweed is killed to keep livestock from eating it and becoming sick. Moreover, herbicides use, especially with genetically modified herbicide-resistant plants, eliminate milkweed. With fewer milkweed plants, the monarch does not have as much habitat to breed in.

Habitat destruction has been a concern as the number of monarch butterflies that completed an annual migration to their winter home in a Mexican forest sank in 2013 to its lowest level in at least two decades, due mostly to extreme weather and changed farming practices in North America. The Mexican forest occupied by the butterflies, once as high at , dwindled to  in the annual census conducted December 2012.

Life cycle
The monarch butterfly goes through complete metamorphosis.

Egg
The female lays her eggs one by one. They are laid on the underside of the leaves of caterpillar's food plant. The eggs are light yellow. Freshly laid eggs are creamy-white. After three to four days, they turn dark gray. The egg usually weighs about 0.54 milligrams. It is about 1.2 millimeters long. Its diameter is about 0.87 millimeters (average on 55 eggs).

Caterpillar

The caterpillar hatches out of the egg. The young caterpillar is a gray-black color with a black head. After the first molt (shedding its skin) the caterpillar is banded with yellow, black, and white stripes. The head is also striped with yellow and black. There are four black body extensions, two on each end of the body. They look similar to antennae. The caterpillar will reach a length of 5 centimeters (2 inches).  The caterpillar eats the leaves and flowers of the food plant. It make no nests or shelters.  It grows very quickly, and because of this, it molts four to five times.

Chrysalis
After the caterpillar molts one last time, it makes a chrysalis. A chrysalis is not the same as a cocoon. The monarch caterpillar attaches its back end (posterior) to a support, and hangs downward in the shape of the letter 'J'. The inside of the caterpillar's body begins to change and it splits its skin to form the blue-green chrysalis. The blue-green chrysalis has a band of black and bright gold near the top. There are other gold spots lower down. After spending many weeks in the chrysalis, the adult finally comes out as a butterfly.

Species similar in appearance
The viceroy (Limenitis archippus) is similar to but is smaller than the monarch. It has an extra black band across the bottom wing that the monarch does not have.

The queen (Danaus gilippus) is dark reddish-brown instead of orange.  It does not have black veins. There are white spots on the top wing submarginal (near the edge of the wing) area. These spots are on both the upper side and the underside.

The soldier (Danaus eresimus) is also dark reddish-brown instead of orange. It has thin, black veins. The underside of the bottom wing has a dark center. It has light brown, square-shaped spots around the dark center.

Mimicry

Monarchs are bad-tasting and poisonous because they contain a chemical known as cardenolide (cardiac glycoside). The chemical slows the heart-beat of vertebrates. Monarch caterpillars get this chemical when they feed on milkweed.

When the monarch becomes a butterfly, it no longer eats milkweed, but it still has the chemical in its body. The butterfly shows that they are not good to eat with their bright orange and black wings. This is warning coloration. A bird may try to eat a monarch, but it will become sick and vomit after eating it. After this experience, the bird learns not to eat another monarch, and also any other butterfly which is similar in appearance. The viceroy is similar looking to the monarch, but does not have the milkweed poison in its body. Birds that have had the bad experience of eating a monarch will usually not eat a viceroy. It is an example of Müllerian mimicry.

Threats

Predators
Overwintering Monarchs in Mexico are often eaten by black-headed grosbeaks. These birds are immune to the glycoside. Other birds, such as orioles and jays, have learned to eat only the thoracic muscles and the body parts inside the abdomen. These parts have less poison than the rest of the body. Some mice are also immune to large amounts of the poison.  Over time, overwintering monarchs become less poisonous. This makes them more likely to be eaten by predators. In Mexico, about 14% of the overwintering Monarchs are eaten by birds and mice.

On Oahu, Hawaii, there is a white form of the Monarch. This is because two species of birds have been introduced. The two birds are known as the red-vented bulbul and the red-whiskered bulbul. They were introduced in 1965 and 1966. They are now the most common insectivorous birds. They are probably the only birds that eat insects as big as the monarch. Monarchs in Hawaii have low cardiac glycoside levels, but the birds may be immune to the chemical. The two bird species eat the caterpillars and sometimes the chrysalids. They look for them on branches and the underside of leaves in milkweed bushes. The birds also eat resting adults and egg-laying females. They eat flying monarchs less often. The white form has a higher chance of living than the orange one. The white form does not fit the birds' search image of a normal monarch, and so it is not eaten. This kind of defense is known as apostatic selection. The white form is also camouflaged in patches of light shining through groups of leaves.

Parasites
Parasites include the tachinid flies Sturmia convergens and Lesperia archippivora. Caterpillars that have the Lesperia archippivora maggots inside them will finish their last molt. They will then hang upside down on a horizontal surface. They die before they turn into a chrysalis. At that time one white maggot comes out of the caterpillar. The maggot then forms a brown pupa on the ground.

The bacteria Micrococcus flacidifex danai also infects the caterpillar and causes "black death". Just before turning into a chrysalis, the caterpillar will find a horizontal surface. They die a few hours later. The body turns black shortly after. The bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes infections in weakened insects. It is a common cause of death in insects that are raised in laboratories.

Relationship with humans

The monarch is the state insect of Alabama, Idaho, Illinois, Minnesota, and Texas. It is the state butterfly of
Vermont and West Virginia.
It was nominated in 1990 as the national insect of the United States of America. It was nominated along with the honeybee (Apis mellifera). However, the legislation did not pass.

Many people like to attract monarchs by growing a butterfly garden with the plant Asclepias physocarpa. Others like raising them for fun or for educational purposes. Sanctuaries have been made for migrating Monarchs. The sanctuaries are found at the monarch's favorite overwintering places. These migrations can create a lot of tourism revenue.

Many schools also enjoy caring for monarchs. They start with caterpillars. When the caterpillars mature into butterflies, they are then set free into the wild.

Some organizations, such as the Cape May Bird Observatory, have monarch labeling programs. Labels are placed on the wing of the butterfly. The labels have information on them. This helps scientists track the monarchs during their migration. It also helps the scientists study the paths that the monarchs take on their migration.

Adult food sources
Adult Monarchs have been seen on a number of different nectar plants.  Here is a list of some of them:

 Apocynum cannabinum – Indian hemp
 Asclepias incarnata – Swamp milkweed
 Asclepias syriaca – Common milkweed
 Asclepias tuberosa – Butterfly weed
 Aster sp. – asters
 Cirsium sp. – thistles
 Conyza canadensis – Canadian horseweed
 Daucus carota – Wild carrot
 Dipsacus fullonum – Fuller's teasel

 Eupatorium perfoliatum – Common boneset
 Eutrochium maculatum – Spotted joe-pye weed
 Hesperis matronalis – Dame's rocket
 Medicago sativa – Alfalfa
 Solidago sp. – golden rods
 Syringa vulgaris – Lilac
 Trifolium pratense – Red clover
 Vernonia gigantea – Tall ironweed

Males will also take in water and minerals from damp soil and small, wet rocks.  This is known as puddling.  The Monarch has also been seen puddling at an oil stain on pavement.

Food plants

Here is a list of plants that the Monarch caterpillar eats:

 Asclepias amplexicaulis – Clasping milkweed
 Asclepias asperula – Antelope horns
 Asclepias californica – California milkweed
 Asclepias cordifolia – Heart-leaf milkweed
 Asclepias curassavica – Scarlet milkweed
 Asclepias curtissii – Curtiss' milkweed
 Asclepias eriocarpa – Woollypod milkweed
 Asclepias erosa – Desert milkweed
 Asclepias exaltata – Poke milkweed
 Asclepias fascicularis – Narrow-leaf milkweed
 Asclepias humistrata – Sandhill milkweed
 Asclepias incarnata – Swamp milkweed

 Asclepias nivea – Caribbean milkweed
 Asclepias physocarpa – Swan plant
 Asclepias purpurascens – Purple milkweed
 Asclepias speciosa – Showy milkweed
 Asclepias subverticillata – Horsetail milkweed
 Asclepias syriaca – Common milkweed
 Asclepias tuberosa – Butterfly weed
 Asclepias verticillata – Whorled milkweed
 Calotropis gigantea – Crown flower
 Calotropis procera – Apple of Sodom
 Cynanchum laeve – Sand vine
 Sarcostemma clausum – White vine

References

Danaus

Monarch butterfly


The British Home Guard was a defence organisation of the British Army during World War II. It was a secondary defence line. It was meant to stop invasion by Nazi forces.

The Home Guard existed from 1940 to 1944. It was composed of one and a half million volunteers who were otherwise not allowed to go into military service. The main reason for this was old age. This led to the nickname "Dad's Army". The Home Guard guarded the coastal areas of Britain from enemy threats, like paratroopers. They also helped guard some industrial areas, such as factories and airfields. It was widely popularised after the war by the comedy show Dad's Army.

History
The beginning of the Home Guard are usually traced back to Captain Tom Wintringham. When returning from the Spanish Civil War, Wintringham wrote a book called How To Reform The Army. In it, he writes about how Britain could make something similar to the Spanish International Brigades in the Civil War. Although the book was well received, many of its suggestions were ignored at the time. This was because the tensions in Europe did not seem likely to escalate into war.

Following a series of events, Anthony Eden, the Secretary of State for War at the time, gave a radio broadcast on 19 May 1940. He asked for volunteers to join the Local Defence Volunteers, as it was known in the start. It originally was given jobs that were not related to combat. It worked as a sort of 'armed police force'. However, after complaints from members, the government allowed it to "delay and obstruct" the enemy advance. This was putting mostly untrained and unwell people armed with aging weapons against trained troops. Later on in the war, it was renamed the Home Guard, following pressure by Prime Minister Winston Churchill. If the Natzis had crossed the channel the Home Guard wouldn't have stopped the Germans for very long.

British Army
World War II
1940 establishments in Europe
1944 disestablishments
1940s establishments in the United Kingdom
1940s disestablishments in the United Kingdom

British Home Guard


An inversion is a chromosome rearrangement out of mutation. In chromosome inversion, a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. An inversion is when the chromosome breaks at two points in a chromosome (or at the end) and does a 180 degree flip. The genes inside the inversion are in the reverse of the original order.

Consequences
What matters is whether the inversion interferes with crossing-over during meiosis. Meiosis is the type of cell division which produces sex cells (gametes).

Both chromosomes the same
If both chromosomes of a pair have the same inversion, and there is no extra or missing genes, then there is no problem with meiosis.

Inversion on one chromosome only
When the homologous chromosomes pair in prophase I of meiosis, the genes on the chromosomes pair up. The only way this can happen after an inversion is if the homologous pairs form a loop. If a cross-over occurs within this inversion loop, it can lead to loss or gain of DNA. For this reason, people with inversions in their germ cells often have lower fertility. This is because the gametes are damaged.

Families that are carriers of inversions may be offered genetic counselling and testing.

References

Chromosomes

Chromosome inversion


The , commonly called the Seven Lucky Gods in English, refer to the seven gods of good fortune in Japanese mythology and folklore. They are often the subject of netsuke carvings.

Each has a traditional characteristic:

Ebisu, god of fishers or merchants, often shown carrying a cod or sea bass.
Daikokuten (Daikoku), god of wealth, commerce and trade. Ebisu and Daikokuten are often paired and represented as carvings or masks on the walls of small retail shops.
Bishamonten, god of warriors.
Benzaiten (Benten-sama), goddess of knowledge, art and beauty, especially music.
Fukurokuju, god of happiness, wealth and long life.
Hotei, the fat and happy god of abundance and good health.
Jurōjin (Gama), god of long life.

Many figures in Japanese myth were transmitted from China (some having entered China from India), including all of the Seven Lucky Gods except Ebisu. Another god, Kichijōten, goddess of happiness, is sometimes found depicted along with the seven traditional gods, replacing Jurōjin.

The seven gods are often pictured on their ship, the Takarabune (宝船), or "Treasure Ship."  The tradition says that the seven gods will arrive in town on the New Year and distribute fantastic gifts to worthy people.  Children often receive red envelopes bearing the Takarabune which contain gifts of money around the New Year.  The Takarabune and its passengers are often shown in art in different locations, from the walls of museums to cuddly caricatures.

References in popular culture

 Happy Seven is an anime about a school club made up of seven girls, having each one a different power of the Seven Gods of Fortune.
 The Seven Gods of Fortune appear in the video game Pocky & Rocky 2 for the Super Nintendo.
 The main group of villains in the Ranma 1/2 movie Big Trouble in Nekonron, China call themselves the Seven Lucky Gods Martial Artists and are based on them, but with different names.
 A song with the name 七福神 with a background movie parodying the Seven Gods of Fortune is available in Drummania V3
 A character in Dan Brown's Deception Point prays to the "seven deities of good luck" at one point, but uses the term shichigosan, which refers to the festivals for children of the ages of seven, five, and three.
 Pink film directors Toshiya Ueno, Shinji Imaoka, Yoshitaka Kamata, Toshiro Enomoto, Yuji Tajiri, Mitsuru Meike and Rei Sakamoto are known collectively as the .

Notes

Other websites

Information on Japanese deities

Japanese folklore
Gods and goddesses of Japan

Seven Lucky Gods


Kenpo or kempo is the descriptive name of various Japanese martial arts with Chinese origins, and also of hybrid martial arts: the Japanese ones and the Chinese ones. Kenpo is similar to karate and includes more punches and kicks than holds or joint locks of wrestling.

More known styles of Kenpo
 American Kenpo
 Kajukenbo
 Seishindo Kenpo
 Shorinji Kenpo (Kenpo of Shaolin)
 Kempo Tai Jutsu
 Tracy Kenpo
 Kenpo Jiu-Jitsu
 Kenpo Kai

Kempo is a Japanese Martial Arts form. However, unlike Karate, its origins are linked back to China and still have very strong influences from Chinese systems.
It is not uncommon for a Kempo artist to both use traditional Japanese and Chinese style techniques. The difference lies in that because of the Chinese influence, the Japanese moves tend to emphasize more fluidity than most of the other Japanese styles. And because of the Japanese influence, there is a stronger focus for shorter stances and movements than other Chinese styles.
For the same reason that many other styles are sometimes simply listed as "karate", Kempo has long been strongly linked under the general banner of "karate". Kempo is known for its near explosive, short-ranged attacks that often move faster than the opponent can see.
Kempo has a very strong presence in Hawaii, the home base for many of the systems under Kempo that exist today in the United States. Throughout each of the histories of the different groups there are strong signs of the continued merging of both Chinese and Japanese influences.

Other websites
 European Kenpo Kai Organization Website

Japanese martial arts

Kenpo


Emile Verhaeren (21 May 1855 – 27 November 1916) was a Belgian poet.  He wrote in the French language.  He is one of the chief founders of the school of Symbolism.

At the age of eleven, he was sent to a strict boarding school in Ghent run by Jesuits - The Jesuit College of Sainte Barbe. He then went to study law at the University of Leuven. He did his first writing here in a student paper.

Having gained his law degree, he became a trainee (1881–1884) with Edmond Picard.  Picard was a renowned criminal lawyer, who also was involved with the Brussels artistic scene.  Verhaeren tried only two cases in a courtroom before deciding to dedicate his life to poetry and literature.

He soon became the spokesperson for the artistic revival at the turn of the century. He enjoyed the works of the painters of the artistic circle "Les XX". He wrote many articles in La Jeune Belgique and L'Art Moderne. His articles brought many promising young talents, such as James Ensor, to the attention of the public.

Through these articles, he became a lifelong friend of Belgian painter Théo van Rysselberghe.

Verhaeren was one of the most prolific poets of his time. His first collection of poems "Les Flamandes" was published in 1883.  It was an immediate success in some settings. But it caused a great deal of controversy in Catholic circles. His next book "Les Moines" (1886) was not the success he had hoped for.

On 24 August 1891 he married Marthe Massin, a talented artist from Liège.

He wrote his first play "Les Aubes" in 1898. In 1898 he moved to Saint-Cloud, near Paris. By the turn of the century, he had become world-famous. His works were translated into more than twenty languages.

Emile Verhaeren died on 27 November 1916 at Rouen station by falling under a train.

Principal works
 Les Flamandes, 1883
 Les moines, 1886
 Les soirs, 1888
 Les débâcles, 1888
 Les flambeaux noirs, 1891
 Les campagnes hallucinées, 1893
 Les villes tentaculaires, 1895
 Les heures claires, 1896
 Les visages de la vie, 1899
 Les forces tumultueuses, 1902
 La multiple splendeur, 1906
 Les rythmes souverains, 1910
 Les ailes rouges de la guerre, 1916
 Les flammes hautes, 1917 [written in 1914]

Other websites

1855 births
1916 deaths
Belgian poets

Emile Verhaeren


Certain operating systems use paging to get virtual memory. This means that a part of the hard disk or a file is used so that the applications or the operating system see  more memory that is actually there. A Page replacement algorithm is an algorithm that decides which pages should be written to disk or file, when a new page needs to be allocated.

Some of the algorithms used are:

Not recently used: The algorithm wants to keep pages that have recently been used in memory. It has two bits it sets. One of the bits is set if the page has been used, the other if the page has been modified (written to). The modified bits are cleared periodically.
First-in, First-out (FIFO): All the pages are kept in a queue, if a new page is allocated it is put at the back of the queue; the page at the front is the oldest one, and can be written to disk. The algorithm is easy and cheap to implement, but it does not have a good performance. Belady's anomaly may also be a problem.
Second-chance: Small improvement over First-in,First-out: If the page at the front of the queue has the modified bit set, the page is moved to the back of the queue, and the bit is cleared.
Clock: A modification of FIFO, the buffer is circular, and there is a pointer. The pointer points to the oldest page. When a new page is needed, and the one at the pointer was not modified, the new page can be inserted there.
Least-recently-used
Random: Take a page at random to swap out

Computer science

Page replacement algorithm


George I (George Louis; 28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was the ruler of Hanover in North Germany and later also the King of Great Britain and Ireland.

Family

George was born in Osnabrück, Germany, on 28 May 1660. He lived most of his life in the Electorate of Hanover, one of the many German countries that was part of the Holy Roman Empire. This area is today part of Germany. He married his cousin Sophia Dorothea (the daughter of his father's brother George William) in 1682.

On 10 November 1683, their first child and only son, George Augustus, was born. When George Louis was King of Great Britain, George Augustus was the Prince of Wales. When the father died, the son became king, as George II.

On 16 March 1687, their second child and only daughter was born. She was called Sophia Dorothea, after her mother. She later married and became the Queen in Prussia. Because she was married, she did not live in Britain with her father, but in Prussia with her husband.

George and his wife drifted apart, because he preferred his mistress Melusine, with whom he had three daughters, Anna, Melusine and Margaret. Meanwhile, his wife was having an affair with Count Philip Christopher of Königsmarck, who was found dead in a river, rumoured to have been murdered on George's orders.

The marriage was ended in 1694, on the grounds that Sophia Dorothea had effectively abandoned George. Sophia Dorothea's father, George William, and George Louis, had Sophia Dorothea imprisoned in Ahlden Castle in Celle, where she was unable to see her father, former husband, or children.

In 1698, his father died and George became the ruler ("Prince-elector") of Hanover.

King of Great Britain
When Queen Anne of Great Britain died in 1714, an act of parliament said the next ruler must be a Protestant. George was not the closest relative, but was the closest Protestant one. All the closer relatives were Roman Catholic, so George became King of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 August 1714. He was the first ruler of Great Britain from his family, the House of Hanover.

Many of the British people did not like the new king. It is often said that he could not actually speak English. This may have been true at first, but he sometimes wrote in English later in his reign. George spent less time running the country than previous monarchs and allowed Parliament to have a bigger role. Later on, he left Robert Walpole in charge of running the country. Walpole became the first British prime minister, although the word "prime minister" was not used at the time.

He died while travelling from England to Hanover on 11 June 1727.

1660 births
1727 deaths
Kings and Queens of Great Britain
People from Osnabrück

George I of Great Britain


USS Braxton (APA-138) was a Haskell-class attack transport in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was scrapped in 1973.

History
Braxton (APA-138) was laid down on 29 August 1944 at Wilmington, California, by the California Shipbuilding Corp. under a Maritime Commission contract (MCV hull 54); launched on 3 November 1944; sponsored by Mrs. J. R. DeFrees; acquired by the Navy from the Maritime Commission on a loan-charter basis on 28 December 1944; and commissioned the following day at Terminal Island, San Pedro, California.

Pacific War
Following alterations and repairs between 3 and 5 January 1945, the attack transport sailed on 9 January for shakedown training in the Long Beach, California, area. Less than a week later on 14 January, Braxton collided with the merchant tanker SS Mission Capistrano during a heavy fog and suffered damage to two LCVP's, three life rafts, and her hull. Following repairs, the attack transport departed Long Beach on 22 January, proceeded to San Diego, California, and reported the next day for duty with the Amphibious Training Command, U.S. Pacific Fleet.

Braxton then conducted amphibious exercises off the coast of southern California until mid-February and then headed for San Francisco, California, where she arrived on the 20th. After embarking passengers, she departed from the Bay area on the 24th, bound for Hawaii. The ship moored at Pearl Harbor on 1 March and disembarked her passengers. For the rest of the month, she operated in Hawaiian waters conducting amphibious exercises off Maui and Oahu.

On the morning of 9 April, the attack transport sailed for the Marshalls in convoy PD-372T—with also , Sea Flasher, and the minesweepers  and —and anchored at Eniwetok on the morning of 18 April. The following day, after picking up additional escorts in the form of  and PCE-898, the convoy sailed thence for the Marianas.

Braxton reached Saipan early on 23 April and disembarked some of her passengers before pushing on to Guam which she reached on the afternoon of the 26th. There, she disembarked her remaining out-bound passengers before embarking U.S. Marine Corps officers and enlisted men for the return voyage on 1 May. That afternoon, the transport sailed for Oahu. Braxton arrived at Pearl Harbor on the morning of 10 May, but sailed the following morning for the U.S. West Coast. Although initially ordered to San Diego, she was redirected to San Francisco en route and disembarked 120 Marines and 217 casualties there on 17 May. After brief voyage repairs, the ship then shifted to the Naval Supply Depot at Oakland, California, where she loaded a cargo of fuel, ammunition, and supplies, before sailing for Hawaii on 30 May.

Arriving at Pearl Harbor on 5 June, the attack transport disembarked passengers from the U.S. West Coast and embarked 5 army officers and 296 enlisted men for the voyage westward, returning to sea on the 8th bound for the Marshalls. Following a stop at Eniwetok on 15 and 16 June, she pushed on to Saipan, remained there from the 19th through the 26th, and finally headed on to Ulithi. Underway from that atoll on 20 July in convoy UOK 39, consisting of 40 ships—both merchant and naval—the vessel arrived at Okinawa soon thereafter and discharged her cargo near Kinmu Wan on 25 July.

While Braxton remained at Okinawa for the remainder of the month, wartime conditions were very much in evidence. As her war diary for 27 July states: "enemy planes definitely in [the] vicinity...." The presence of the Japanese planes usually triggered the use of smoke boats and shipboard generators to screen the ship in artificial fog. Such conditions continued into August, but the arrival of a typhoon forced the ship to sea on the 1st for two days to ride out the "blow."

Early on the 6th, the ship weighed anchor and sailed for Ulithi, joining convoy 0KU-17—34 ships and 11 escorts. Upon her arrival there on the 10th, she fueled from  and received orders to sail for Saipan. Underway on 13 August, she had not gone far before she received orders re-routing her to Guam. Braxton moored in Apra Harbor on 14 August and commenced loading cargo and embarking passengers. All through the night and most of the morning, the embarking and loading continued until shortly before noon. Underway on the 15th, Braxton stood out of Apra Harbor, bound for Japan. She then formed up with , , , , , and a trio of destroyers to make up Task Unit (TU) 12.1.2.

Braxton and her consorts later joined task force TF 31—commanded by Rear Admiral Oscar C. Badger in —on the 19th and she dropped anchor in Sagami Wan, Honshū on the 27th. After landing the first occupation troops on the 30th, the ship returned to the transport area in Tokyo Bay. During the rest of the day, more Marines, together with bluejacket detachments and Royal Marine units—under the guns of the United States Third Fleet and beneath a veritable umbrella of aircraft—occupied Yokosuka.

On 1 September, Braxton sailed for the Marianas, and anchored in Saipan harbor on the 5th. The next morning, she fueled from . She then shifted to Tanapag Harbor where, between 9 and 11 September, she embarked more than 1,200 passengers. She cleared Tanapag Harbor on the afternoon of 18 September, bound for Nagasaki. Early in the afternoon of 23 September, Braxton and the other transports disembarked the 2nd Marines and 6th Marines to occupy the atomic bomb-devastated city. Three days later, Braxton—with nine other APAs, an attack cargo ship, and a single escort—sailed for the Philippines. After refueling and reprovisioning at Manila from 9 to 11 October, she embarked elements of the U.S. Army's 25th Infantry Division at Lingayen Gulf between 12 and 14 October. She got underway on 23 October in Lingayen Nagoya Convoy No. 2.

Operation Magic Carpet
Braxton reached Nagoya on the 28th, but did not moor until the 30th. There, she disembarked the 25th Division, rear echelon and completed unloading her cargo later that day. Having put her "third load of occupation troops on Japan", Braxton sailed for San Pedro, California, on 3 November as part of the "Operation Magic Carpet" fleet. She then made a round-trip, "Magic-Carpet" voyage to the Philippines and returned to San Pedro on 13 February 1946.

Braxton remained there into April. On the 9th, LCI-1O17 came alongside and transferred 8 German officers, 154 enlisted men, and 2 prisoners—the remaining crewmen of the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen (IX-300), a war prize that had been brought to the United States from the Baltic—to Braxton. The transport got underway at 1610 that same day. After transiting the Panama Canal on the 17th, Braxton reached Staten Island early on the 23d. She then embarked 1,492 U.S. Army enlisted men and, with the 164 former Prinz Eugen crewmen still on board, sailed for Germany on 3 May 1946, reaching Bremerhaven on the morning of the 10th.

Decommissioning and fate

Ten days later, Braxton got underway for the United States with naval and military passengers and reached Staten Island on 30 May. Underway for Norfolk on 3 June, Braxton anchored in Hampton Roads the following morning. After preparations for inactivation, she was decommissioned there on 27 June 1946. Braxton was turned over to the War Shipping Administration on the 29th, and her name was struck from the Navy List on 19 July 1946. She was placed in the portion of the National Defense Reserve Fleet berthed at James River, Virginia. She remained there, inactive, until sold on 9 April 1973 to the Union Minerals and Alloys Corporation, of New York City, to be scrapped.

References

External links

 NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive – APA-138 Braxton

Victory ships
Ships built in Los Angeles
Haskell-class attack transports
Braxton County, West Virginia
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Troop ships
1944 ships

USS Braxton


Mazār-i-Sharīf or Mazār-e Sharīf ( ) is the fowert lairgest ceety o Afghanistan, wi a population o aboot 375,181.  It is the caipital o Balkh Province an is linked bi roads tae Kabul in the sooth-east, Herat tae the wast an Uzbekistan tae the north. Mazari Sharif means "Noble Shrine," a reference tae the lairge, blue-tiled sanctuary an mosque in the centre o the ceety kent as the Shrine of Hazrat Ali or the Blue Mosque. It is believed bi some Muslims that the site o the tomb o Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin an son-in-law o Prophet Muhammad, is in Mazari Sharif.  Twelver Shi'as housomeivver, believe that the real grave o Ali is foond athin Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Iraq, as wis disclosed bi the Saxt Twelver Shi'a Imam, Ja'far as-Sadiq.  The ceety is a major tourist attraction acause o its fabulous Muslim an Hellenistic aircheological sites. In Julie 2006, the discovery o new Hellenistic remains wis annoonced. The ethnic majority in the ceety are Tajiks.

References

Balkh Province
Populatit places in Balkh Province
Populatit places alang the Silk Road
Ceeties in Central Asie

Mazar-i-Sharif


John Dawson Watson  (20 May 1832 – 3 January 1892) was a British painter, watercolorist, and illustrator.

He was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Sedbergh School and Manchester School of Design. His son was the Impressionist painter Dawson Dawson-Watson.
His daughter, Francis, married Myles Birkett Foster in 1864.

Work
Watson exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1853 to 1890, the British Institution, the Society of British Artists Suffolk Street, Royal Watercolour Society, and the Grosvenor Gallery. He was famous for his paintings of genre scenes, often of children. His pictures were usually small, painted on panel or board, and showed a Pre-Raphaelite feeling for colour and detail. He was also a prolific and notable illustrator, producing many designs for books and periodicals. He worked for Once a Week, Good Words, London Society and others; among the many books he illustrated were Pilgrim's Progress, Arabian Nights, and Watt's Diine and Floral Songs. Works by him are in the Victoria and Albert Museum, Norwich and Liverpool.

References

External links
John Dawson Watson (1832-1892) - The Victorian Web

1832 births
1892 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century English male artists

John Dawson Watson


Tragic Kingdom is the third studio album by the American rock band No Doubt. It was released on October 10, 1995 on Trauma Records. It got No Doubt nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Album at the 1997 Grammy Awards. It reached No.1 in the United States and stayed there for eight weeks. It was also No.1 in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Canada, New Zealand, and Belgium. It was the second best-selling album of the year in the US, and the 22nd best-selling album of the 1990s.

Seven songs from it were released as singles: "Just a Girl", "Spiderwebs", "Don't Speak", "Excuse Me Mr.", Happy Now?", "Sunday Morning", and "Hey You!". "Hey You" was only released in the Netherlands, but a vide was made for it. "Just a Girl" was the first single released from the album. It was released in the UK in 1996 and reached number 38. "Don't Speak" reached No.1 there in February 1997. Then "Just a Girl" was re-released and reached number 3.

List of songs
 "Spiderwebs" (Gwen Stefani, Tony Kanal) – 4:28
 "Excuse Me Mr." (G. Stefani, Tom Dumont) – 3:04
 "Just a Girl" (G. Stefani, Dumont) – 3:29
 "Happy Now?" (G. Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 3:43
 "Different People" (Eric Stefani, G. Stefani, Kanal) – 4:34
 "Hey You" (G. Stefani, Kanal) – 3:34
 "The Climb" (E. Stefani) – 6:37
 "Sixteen" (G. Stefani, Kanal) – 3:21
 "Sunday Morning" (Kanal, G. Stefani, E. Stefani) – 4:33
 "Don't Speak" (E. Stefani, G. Stefani) – 4:23
 "You Can Do It" (G. Stefani, E. Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 4:13
 "World Go 'Round" (Kanal, G. Stefani) – 4:09
 "End It on This" (G. Stefani, Dumont, Kanal, E. Stefani) – 3:45
 "Tragic Kingdom" (E. Stefani) – 5:31

1995 albums
No Doubt albums

Tragic Kingdom


Truro (; ) is a ceety an ceevil pairish in Cornwall, Ingland, Unitit Kinrick, an is the centre for administration, leisure an retail in Cornwall, wi a population o 17,431. Truro urban statistical aurie, which includes parts o surroondin parishes, haes a population o 20,920. It is the anerlie ceety in the coonty, an the maist sootherly ceety in Great Breetain. Fowk frae Truro ar kent as Truronians.

Truro initially grew as an important centre o trade frae its port, an then as a stannary toun for the mining industry. The ceety is well-kent for its cathedral (completed in 1910), cobbled streets, open spaces an  Georgien architectur, an places o interest include the Royal Cornwall Museum, the Hall for Cornwall, Cornwall's Courts o Justice an Cornwall Cooncil.

References

Cornish caipitals
Ceeties in Sooth Wast Ingland
Ceevil pairishes in Cornwall
Coonty touns in Ingland
Populatit places established in the 12t century
Ports an herbours o Cornwall
Truro

Truro


Ian Francis Hancock  (Romani: Yanko le Redžosko; born 29 August 1942) is a linguist, Romani scholar and political advocate. He was born and raised in England and is one of the main contributors in the field of Romani studies.

He is director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at The University of Texas at Austin, where he has been a professor of English, linguistics and Asian studies since 1972. He has represented the Romani people at the United Nations and served as a member of the US Holocaust Memorial Council under President Bill Clinton, who, Hancock claims, has Romani ancestry. He also represented the Romani people at the 1997 Rafto Prize award.

Early life
Hancock was born in London in 1942. His mother, Kitty, is Romanichal; his father, Reginald (Redžo), was part Romungro, the descendant of a Hungarian speaker of North Central Romani named Imre Benczi. He acquired the surname Hancock by Imre's daughter, Maria, who married a member of an English West Country showman family of that name.

In the late 1960s, he became a Romani rights activist after reading reports about anti-Romani discrimination in Britain. In particular, he took up the cause of Romani rights after reading about an incident in which three Romani children were killed in a fire caused by a lamp after police officers, who had arrested their parents, attempted to use a bulldozer to forcibly remove their caravan while they were still inside. In 1971, he graduated with a Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of London.

Romani studies

Hancock has published more than 300 books and articles on the Romani people and language (particularly the Vlax dialect). These works analyse the Romani people through not only Romani linguistics but also history, anthropology, and genetics. He has also appeared in the documentary American Gypsy. He is currently writing a book called On Romani Origins and Identity.

Hancock supports some of Ralph Lilley Turner's views on Romani history based on the Romani language. In particular, Hancock agrees that the Dom left India much earlier than the Romani people i.e. before 1000 AD. In fact, he claims that the Indian musicians mentioned in the Shah-Nameh and the atsingani mentioned in The Life of St. George the Anchorite, both of which were previously believed to be ancestors of the Romani people, may have been the ancestors of the Domari people but not of the Romani people. He considers it possible that the Lom split off from the Romani people on reaching Armenia.

Contrary to the popular view that the Romani people are descended from low-caste Indians who brought their occupations to Europe, he argues that the Romani people are descended from Indian prisoners of war of Mahmud of Ghazni. As evidence, he points to the presence of Indic words specifically of military origin and to a Banjara oral legend telling of Rajputs who left India through the Himalayas during the Ghaznavid invasions and never returned.

He also believes that the Romani language originates in a koine language, which he calls "Rajputic," between the many Indian languages spoken by the prisoners of war. He finds it thus similar to several other Indian languages, especially Hindustani.

As for Romani history, he points out a "Pariah syndrome" throughout time and space, culminating in the attempted genocide at the hands of Nazi authorities that was simultaneous to that of the Jews and part of the same "Final Solution of the Jewish and Gypsy Problem" project.

One of Hancock's papers was cited by the Supreme Court of Canada in R v Krymowski, a case interpreting Canada's hate speech laws.  The Court concluded that references to "gypsies" can be taken to mean a reference to the Romani people, bringing them within the protection of the Criminal Code provision.

Creole language studies

Hancock is as well known in the field of linguistics, particularly in the area of pidgin and creole languages, as he is in the world of Romani studies and Romani social activism. In addition to his research on the Krio language of Sierra Leone, he has studied the Gullah language, of coastal South Carolina and Georgia in the US, and the Afro-Seminole Creole language, spoken by a community of Black Seminole descendants in Brackettville, Texas, US.  Hancock was the first scholar to report Afro-Seminole Creole. He later identified another variety of that language spoken among Black Seminole descendants in the village of  in the Mexican state of Coahuila, where their ancestors had settled in 1850. He maintains that Afro-Seminole Creole and Gullah are closely related languages, as Black Seminoles were descended primarily from Gullah people of the Low Country of South Carolina and Georgia in the US.

Hancock is recognised as one of the founders of the field of pidgin and creole linguistics. He has also done extensive research on the English-based creole languages spoken in West Africa and the West Indies. He is known especially for his views on the historical development of these languages. He maintains that all the English-based pidgins and creoles spoken in the Atlantic basin region, both in West Africa and in the Caribbean, belong to a single language family, which he calls the "English-based Atlantic Creoles."  He argues that all of them can be traced back to what he calls Guinea Coast Creole English, which arose along the West African Coast in the 17th and 18th centuries, as a language of commerce in the Atlantic slave trade. He says that Guinea Coast Creole English was spoken in coastal slave trading bases such as James Island, Bunce Island, and Elmina Castle, where the offspring of British slave traders and their African wives used it as their native language.

Hancock says that Guinea Coast Creole English ultimately gave rise to the pidgin and creole languages spoken in West Africa today, such as the Aku language in the Gambia, Sierra Leone Krio, Nigerian Pidgin English and Cameroonian Pidgin English. He also maintains that some of the Africans taken as slaves to the New World already spoke Guinea Coast Creole English in Africa. Their creole speech influenced the development of creole languages spoken today on the American side of the Atlantic, such as Gullah, Afro-Seminole Creole, Bahamian Dialect, Jamaican Creole, Belizean Kriol, Guyanese Creole, and Sranan Tongo in Suriname.

Hancock's views on the connections among the Atlantic creole languages are controversial. The strong similarities among these languages are undeniable, but many linguists prefer to explain the similarities by convergence rather than historical relationships. Other scholars argue that both factors played a role in the formation of the languages. Derek Bickerton and some other linguists subscribe to a theory that attributes creole similarities (which extend to Indian Ocean creoles and Hawaiian Creole) to an innate "bioprogram" for language that emerges under the conditions common to most creole communities.

References

External links
 Romani Archive and Documentation Center

 Ian Hancock, Downplaying the Porrajmos: The Trend to Minimize the Romani Holocaust
Searching for the 4th Nail , a documentary about American Roma, features Dr. Hancock.

American people of Hungarian-Romani descent
Linguists from the United Kingdom
English emigrants to the United States
English Romani people
Historical linguists
American people of Romani descent
Romanichal
Romani studies scholars
Romani writers
Romani activists
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Living people
1942 births
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Linguists of pidgins and creoles
20th-century linguists
21st-century linguists

Ian Hancock


The General Staff Building (, Zdanie Glavnogo Shtaba) is an edifice with a 580 m long bow-shaped facade, situated on Palace Square in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in front of the Winter Palace.

The monumental Neoclassical building was designed by Carlo Rossi in the Empire style and built in 1819–1829. It consists of two wings, which are separated by a tripartite triumphal arch adorned by sculptors Stepan Pimenov and Vasily Demuth-Malinovsky and commemorating the Russian victory over Napoleonic France in the Patriotic War of 1812. The arch links Palace Square through Bolshaya Morskaya Street to Nevsky Prospekt.

Until the capital was transferred to Moscow in 1918, the building served as the headquarters of the General Staff (western wing), Foreign Ministry and Finance Ministry (eastern wing).

The western wing now hosts the headquarters of the Western Military District. The eastern wing was given to the Hermitage Museum in 1993 and was extensively remodeled inside.

See also
 General Staff Building (Moscow)

External links

General Staff Building @ Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg

Buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg
Hermitage Museum
Palace Square
Nevsky Prospekt
Carlo Rossi buildings and structures
Buildings and structures completed in 1829
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg

General Staff Building (Saint Petersburg)


OEM stands for Original Equipment Manufacturing. It is mainly used to describe parts for cars, airplanes and electrical systems. It is also used for computer parts and computer programs.

The name OEM is usually used when a new version of something is made by a company that is different to the company that first made it. The new company will sell the product at a cheaper price, but this is often because it does not have as many features as the first version. For example, an OEM computer program will usually only come with the disc and a licence, but no instruction manuals.

Manufacturing
Software

OEM


Matcha (pronounce: "MA-cha") also spelt maccha (Japanese: 抹茶), is a fine, powdered green tea. It is used in Japanese tea ceremony and for dying and flavouring foods such as mochi and soba noodles, green tea ice cream and different types of wagashi (Japanese confectionery). The most famous Matcha-producing regions are Uji in Kyoto (tea from this region is called "Ujicha"), Nishio in Aichi (tea from this region is called "Nishiocha") both on the main island of Honshū; Shizuoka, and Kyushu.

Matcha costs more money than other kinds of tea. Its price depends on its quality (how good it is). It can be hard to find outside Japan, and also the special things that are used to make it and drink it.

History

Powdered tea, stored and traded as tea bricks, seems to have been invented in China during the Song Dynasty (960-1279). Making and drinking powdered tea was formed into a ritual (special ceremony) by the Chan Buddhists. These Buddhists use to drink from the same bowl as a sacrament.
Chan Buddhism (also known in Japanese as Zen), and powdered tea, were brought to Japan in 1191 by the monk Eisai. Powdered tea was slowly forgotten in China, but the 16th century tea master Sen no Rikyu made the rules of the Japanese tea ceremony. He said that matcha was the correct tea to use.

Production
The preparation of matcha starts several weeks before harvest. At that time, the tea bushes are covered so that they do not get direct sunlight. This makes it grow slower and turns the leaves a darker shade of green. It also causes amino acids to be made, and these make the tea taste sweeter.

After harvesting, if the leaves are rolled out before drying as usual, the result will be gyokuro (jewel dew) tea. However, if the leaves are laid out flat to dry, they will crumble and become known as tencha (). Tencha can then be de-veined, de-stemmed, and ground (pressed) with a stone until it becomes the fine, bright green, talc-like powder known as matcha.

Only ground tencha can be called matcha: other powdered teas are known as konacha (, lit. "powdered tea").

Nearly all the flavour of matcha comes from the amino acids. The best matcha has more sweetness and a deeper flavour than the normal grades of tea harvested later in the year.

Grades
The way that watcha is graded depends on several things:

Location on the green tea tree
Leaves that are going to be made into tencha have to come from certain parts of the tree.

The very top of the tree has developing leaves that are soft and supple. This gives a finer texture to higher grades. More developed leaves are harder, giving lower grades a sandy texture. The better flavour is due to the tree sending all its nutrients to the growing leaves.

Chlorophyll's relationship to tannin is also important. Younger growth is greener and stronger in colour, while more developed leaves farther down the plant have had their chlorophyll changed gradually into tannin, which gives a more bitter flavour and duller brown-green colour.

Treatment before processing
Tencha leaves are traditionally dried outside in the shade and are always kept away from direct sunlight. However, these days, drying has mostly moved indoors. Quality matcha is very green because of this treatment.

Stone grinding
Stone grinding is quite difficult to do well. Without the right tools and technique, matcha can become "burnt" and is not such good quality.

Oxidation
Matcha must be kept away from oxygen. Oxidation smells like hay and affects colour and texture.

Preparation

Before it is served, the matcha is often forced through a sieve in order to break up clumps. There are special sieves available for this purpose. These sieves are usually made of stainless steel and combine a fine wire mesh sieve and a temporary storage container. A special wooden spatula is used to force the tea through the sieve, or a small, smooth stone may be put on top of the sieve and shaken gently.

If the sieved matcha is to be served at a Japanese tea ceremony, then it will be put into a small tea caddy called a chaki. Otherwise, it can be poured directly from the sieve into a tea bowl.

A small amount of matcha is placed into the bowl, traditionally using a bamboo scoop called a chashaku, and a small amount of hot (not boiling) water is added. The mixture is then whisked until it is all the same consistency (thickness). This is traditionally done with a special kind of whisk made of bamboo known as a chasen. There must be no lumps left in the liquid. Ideally no ground tea should remain on the sides of the bowl.

Usucha, or thin tea, is prepared with half a teaspoon of matcha and about 75 ml (2.5 oz) of hot water. Some drinkers (and schools of tea ceremony) prefer to whip the mixture to produce a light frothy "head," while others prefer as little foam as possible. Schools also vary on the amount of water and matcha. Usucha makes a lighter and slightly more bitter tea.

Koicha, or thick tea, needs much more matcha, as many as six teaspoons to 3/4 cup of water. Because the mixture is much thicker, blending it needs a slower, stirring movement which does not produce foam. Koicha produces a sweeter tea, and is almost always only served as part of Japanese tea ceremonies. Special chasen made for this purpose are often used.

Because matcha can be bitter, it is traditionally served with a small Japanese sweet.

Other uses
Matcha is now a common ingredient in sweets. It is used in castella, manju, and monaka; as a topping for kakigori; mixed with milk and sugar as a drink; and mixed with salt and used to flavour tempura in a mixture known as matcha-jio. It is also used as flavouring in many Western-style chocolates, candy, and desserts, such as cakes and pastries (including Swiss rolls and cheesecake), cookies, pudding, mousse, and ice cream. Even the Japanese snack Pocky has a matcha-flavoured version.

The use of matcha in modern drinks has also spread to North American café culture. Here, as in Japan, it is put into lattés, iced drinks, milkshakes, and smoothies, as well as alcoholic drinks.

People now realize that green tea and matcha are good for the health. This is why in North America it can be found in a lot of health food products such as cereal and energy bars.

In 2003, researchers at the University of Colorado found that the concentration of the antioxidant EGCG contained in matcha is 3 times higher than in other commercially available green teas.

References

Tea

Matcha


Neith was one of the earliest goddesses of ancient Egypt. She was the patroness of the city Sais in the River Nile Delta. Several Egyptian queens of the first Dynasty were named after her. The people of lower Egypt prayed to her statues when they were sick or to keep them safe from harm. Every year the people held a great festival in her honor, called the Feast of Lamps, because at night, they burned lots of lights in the open air during the celebration.

Neith was also known as "The Warrior Goddess," "The creator Goddess," "The Mother Goddess," "The Goddess of Lower Egypt," and "The Goddess of Funerals or Funerary Goddess." In drawings of her, she wore the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. Sometimes she was shown holding a bow and arrows.

Neith had worshippers all over Egypt. In the Old Kingdom of Egypt, she was an important deity in Memphis. But, she lost some of her importance during the Middle Kingdom and early New Kingdom. But, in the 19th dynasty, she became more popular again.

Neith was the goddess of war and hunting. It was her responsibility to help settle wars and disputes between the gods and the Egyptians. The Egyptian warriors believed they could not win a war without praying to her.

References

Egyptian gods and goddesses

Neith


William J. "Billy" Collins (born March 22, 1941) is a poet who served two terms as the 11th Poet Laureate of the United States. He served from 2001 to 2003. In his home state, Collins has been recognized as a Literary Lion of the New York Public Library (1992) and selected as the New York State Poet for 2004.

Quotations
 (from 1999): As I'm writing, I'm always reader conscious. I have one reader in mind, someone who is in the room with me, and who I'm talking to, and I want to make sure I don't talk too fast, or too glibly. Usually I try to create a hospitable tone at the beginning of a poem. Stepping from the title to the first lines is like stepping into a canoe. A lot of things can go wrong.
 (from 2004): Moving from the position of United States poet laureate to New York State poet laureate might seem like a demotion or a drop in rank to the military-minded. It might even appear that I am heading toward eventually being crowned laureate of my ZIP code. But in fact, it is very gratifying to be honored again as a representative of poetry, this time by my native state where I grew up — more or less — and continue to live.

Other websites
 Watch a collection of 11 animated poems read aloud by Billy Collins
 33 poems read aloud by Billy Collins, no charge (Creative Commons)
 Poems by Billy Collins at PoetryFoundation.org
 Griffin Poetry Prize biography (2004 judge and award emcee)
 Billy Collins at poets.org
 Billy Collins at poetenladen.de (poetshop)

1941 births
Living people
Writers from New York City

Billy Collins


The Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art (UIMA) () is a modern art museum serving the Chicago area with an ongoing program of cultural exhibitions, literary events, film screenings, and music recitals. UIMA was founded in 1971 by Dr. Achilles Chreptowsky, Konstantin Milonadis and Mychajlo Urban in the heart of Chicago's Ukrainian Village, Chicago. Its Core Member of the Chicago Cultural Alliance, a consortium of 25 ethnic museums and cultural centres in Chicago.

Six to seven major exhibits are held in the main gallery which occupies . Two side galleries house the permanent collection which includes the work of Chicago artists as well as that of sculptors and painters of Ukrainian descent.

UIMA is committed to a program of exhibitions, concerts, lectures, and multidisciplinary events relevant and challenging to all members of the community. The immediate neighborhood is home to an ethnically diverse population and offers a wide variety of cultural events. UIMA is a not-for-profit organization.

In 2011, the Institute celebrated its 40th anniversary.

In 2010 the museum hosted a career retrospective of the art of Gladys Nilsson, noted member of the "Hairy Who" art group.

References

External links

Art museums and galleries in Chicago
Ukrainian-American culture in Chicago
Arts organizations of the Ukrainian diaspora
Art museums and galleries in Illinois
Ethnic museums in Illinois
Modern art museums in the United States
Ukrainian museums in the United States
Art museums established in 1971
1971 establishments in Illinois
Cultural centers in Chicago

Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art


Matthew Clayton Flynn (born June 20, 1985) is an American football quarterback. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the 7th round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at LSU.

College career

Flynn redshirted the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season, as did the other LSU quarterback signee, JaMarcus Russell.

In 2004, Flynn was a third string quarterback as a redshirt freshman, behind starter Marcus Randall and backup JaMarcus Russell. He was also LSU's holder on placekicks. Flynn played in all 12 games, but only three games at quarterback. His collegiate first complete throw went to Xavier Carter for a 67-yard touchdown against Mississippi State. Flynn also made a short appearance in the 2004 Capital One Bowl. In that game, he completed 1 of 4 passes for 11 yards in a 25-30 loss against Iowa. He finished the year by completing 4 of 10 passes for 99 yards and 1 TD.

Sophomore season

When Randall left the team, Russell and Flynn fought for the starting QB position. Russell got the job. Flynn was the backup. Flynn played in seven games at quarterback for the Tigers in 2005. He completed 27 of 48 passes for 457 yards, 7 touchdowns and 1 interception. In a win over North Texas, Flynn threw 7-of-7 for 139 yards and 3 TDs, all in the fourth quarter. In the 2005 SEC Championship Game against the Georgia Bulldogs, starting quarterback Russell was injured. Flynn finished the game. He was then made the main quarterback for the Tigers in the 2005 Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl against the University of Miami Hurricanes.  In that game, he led the Tigers to a 40-3 win over Miami.

Junior season

Flynn played in seven games as a junior. He completed 12 of 20 passes for 133 yards over the season. He had 2 touchdowns and 1 interception. Both TDs came in a 49-0 win against Kentucky on October 14, 2006.

Senior season

When Russell was drafted by the Oakland Raiders, Flynn finally became a starter as a fifth-year senior.  He started every game that season except the SEC Championship in which he was injured.

Flynn threw a 22 yard TD pass to Demetrius Byrd to win the game against Auburn on October 20, 2007 with 1 second remaining on the clock. LSU won the game 30 - 24.

He then led the Tigers to a 4th quarter comeback against Alabama State University. The Tigers then beat Louisiana Tech the following weekend and became the #1 team in the nation. The next week the Tigers beat Ole Miss. In his final game at Tiger Stadium, the Tigers lost to Arkansas State University. With this loss, it was not likely the team could win the national title.  However, LSU, without Flynn, beat Tennessee for the SEC Championship. This win by LSU and losses by Missouri State University and West Virginia State University let LSU go to the championship game in New Orleans.

On January 7, 2008, Flynn led LSU to a BCS National Championship. They beat Ohio State 38-24. Flynn was named offensive MVP of the game.

Professional career

Green Bay Packers

Flynn was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the 7th round (209th overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft. On July 23, he was signed to a four-year contract through the 2011 season. He is now Green Bay's second-string quarterback. He  won the back-up role to Aaron Rodgers by beating out fellow rookie and second-round pick Brian Brohm. The battle for the second-string position became the most interesting battle in camp. Flynn was seen as being less talented than Brohm because of Brohm's larger size, and better arm and foot speed.

On December 19, 2010, Flynn made his first NFL start against the New England Patriots because starting quarterback Aaron Rodgers was hurt. Flynn threw three touchdown passes. He threw one each to John Kuhn, James Jones and Greg Jennings against New England. He also threw an interception that was returned for a touchdown by Kyle Arrington. The Packers lost the game 31-27. Flynn completed 23 of 37 passes for 254 yards in the loss, and was praised for his good work

On January 1, 2012, the Packers were the #1 seed and rested most of their starting players., Matt Flynn started the final game of the season against the Detroit Lions. He threw for 480 yards and 6 touchdowns in the 45-41 victory. both of these statistics set all-time Green Bay Packers records, and got many other teams interested in signing Flynn as a starter.

Seattle Seahawks

Flynn was signed by the Seattle Seahawks in mid-March of the 2012 offseason to a 3-year deal worth up to $26 million and $10 million guaranteed.

References
 Green Bay Press Gazette (2010-12-19). "Green Bay Packers QB Matt Flynn has fine 1st road start ". Green Bay Press Gazette. Retrieved 2010-12-20.

 Associated Press (2010-12-19). "Pats find worthy adversary in Flynn, hold off Pack for sixth straight". NFL.com. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
 Matt Flynn's historic day leads Packers' backups past Lions.
 Flynn has fine first road start against the Patriots .
 LSU routs Kentucky.
 Rodgers calls Flynn "a top-15 quarterback" .
 Matt Flynn, Seahawks agree to deal

Other websites
Green Bay Packers bio
LSU Tigers bio

Sportspeople from Texas
American football quarterbacks
Green Bay Packers players
1985 births
Living people

Matt Flynn


Camagüey is the largest of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is Camagüey. Other towns include Florida and Nuevitas.

Camagüey is mostly low lying, with no major hills or mountain ranges passing through the province. Numerous large cays (including what used to be one of Fidel Castro's favourite fishing spots; the Archipiélago Jardines de la Reina) characterise both the northern and southern coasts.

Sandy beaches are found on both coasts also, and despite a large potential for tourism, the province has seen little development in that area. Exception being Santa Lucía beach, on the North coast.

The economy of the Camagüey province is primarily cattle and sugar (in the north and south) farming, and the province is known for its cowboy culture, with rodeos frequently held. Chickens and rice are also farmed, and a small citrus fruit industry exists. The capital city also has one of the few breweries on the island.

Municipalities

 Camagüey
 Carlos Manuel de Céspedes
 Esmeralda
 Florida
 Guáimaro
 Jimaguayú
 Minas
 Najasa
 Nuevitas
 Santa Cruz del Sur
 Sibanicú
 Sierra de Cubitas
 Vertientes]

Provinces of Cuba

Camagüey Province


A negotiation is a formal discussion to reach agreement about an issue. It is an important method to reduce conflict, and to get things done. Examples:
Two hostile nations both claim a piece of territory. They may go to war over it. Or, they may negotiate some agreement or peace treaty. The agreement would be written down, and both governments would agree to keep the agreement.
A football club wishes to buy a player from another club. A series of negotiations would take place between the clubs, the player and the player's agent. If the negotiations succeed, the player gets moved. In this case, and in many others, success is followed by a legal contract, or a court decision, which makes the agreement legal.
In less formal circumstances, a negotiation is just bargaining or haggling over, for example, money.

Essential skills for Negotiation

 Effective verbal communication
 Listening
 Good Rapport building
 Critical Thinking
 Problem solving
 Objection handling
 Attentiveness

Dispute resolution

Negotiation