SS-N-22 Sunburn is the NATO reporting name for two unrelated Soviet anti-ship missiles. Although the missiles were very different, distinguishing between them is difficult because their ship-mounted launching containers were identical. Confusion was exacerbated by the Soviet practice of mixing missile types within a class of ships. It was therefore not confirmed that the "SS-N-22" actually referenced two different missiles until after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Chelomei rocket
One of the SS-N-22s was the P-80 Zubr, designed by a team led by Vladimir Chelomei. The Zubr was rocket-propelled and armed with a 250 kilogram warhead. It was carried by early-model Sovremenny-class destroyers and Tarantul-class corvettes. The submarine-launched version of this missile was also designated as an SS-N-22 Sunburn by NATO but was known to the Soviets as the P-100 Oniks.

MKB Raduga model

The other, unrelated SS-N-22 was the Raduga P-270 Moskit. It was ramjet-propelled (though launched by a small solid-fuel rocket), and was carried by later-model Sovremenny class destroyers, Tarantul class corvettes, and several smaller warships. This weapon has a top speed of Mach 3. The high speed of the missile means a typical response time for the target of only 25 to 30 seconds, giving a target little time to react. Moskit can be armed with a warhead of 320 kg.

Another version of this weapon is called the ASM-MMS or Kh-41; it is intended to be launched by a Su-33.

The People's Republic of China acquired SS-N-22 launchers and missiles (specifically, the for-export 3M-80E Moskit variant) with a 1999–2000 purchase of two Sovremenny destroyers from Russia.According to Russia, the PRC funded the development of the SS-N-22 version for the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). It has the designation 3M-80MBE, and this version differs from earlier versions mainly in having increased range (now beyond 220 km; 240 km has been quoted). These new missiles will be first installed on board the second pair of Sovremenny class destroyers. A total of 500 SS-N-22 AShM were ordered by the PRC for the four Russian-built Sovremenny class destroyers. With the exception of the first 20, these are the 3M-80MBE variant. The PRC has stockpiled roughly 15 SS-N-22 missiles per launch tube (each destroyer having a total of 8 launchers in two quadruple configurations). It is speculated that the PLAN intends to use the missiles against carrier battle groups deployed by the United States Navy in the event of a confrontation with the Republic of China (Taiwan).

Six SS-N-22 launchers were also present on the Soviet ekranoplan Lun.

Operators

See also

 Goalkeeper close-in weapon system (CIWS), a countermeasure to anti-ship missiles

References

External links
 Moskit/SS-N-22 Sunburn on GlobalSecurity.org
 Moskit/SS-N-22 Sunburn Photoalbum on Bora-Class.info
 Project 671 Victor class Attack Submarine (Nuclear Powered) on GlobalSecurity.org
 Project 945 Sierra class Attack Submarine (Nuclear Powered) on GlobalSecurity.org
 3M55 Oniks / P-800 Yakhont / P-800 Bolid / SSN-X-26 on GlobalSecurity.org
 CHINA'S "TSUSHIMA" ANTICARRIER STRATEGY on jamestown.org

Cold War anti-ship missiles of the Soviet Union
Anti-ship missiles of the Soviet Union

ko:P-270 모스킷

SS-N-22


The La Tène culture existed from about 500 BC to about 100 AD. Named after a town in Switzerland near Neuchâtel, it was greatly influenced by the Roman and the Greek cultures. There are two sources for this:
 Things found
 Romans and Greeks came in contact with the culture and called them Celts, usually. They wrote about them, most notably Julius Caesar's "On the Gallic War" (De bello gallico).

The Celts basically lived in clans, which were led by leaders, the druids and the bards. Women were much better off than under the Romans and were of a similar status to men. There were both polygyny  (a man could have several women) and polyandry (a woman could have several men).

1st millennium BC
1st century

La Tène culture


James Gene Barge (born August 9, 1926) is an American tenor and alto saxophonist, composer in several bands, and actor.

Biography
Born in Norfolk, Virginia in August 1926, he was a founding member of the 1960s band The Church Street Five, which recorded for the locally based label, Legrand Records, operated by Frank Guida. The band included Gene Barge (sax), Ron "Junior" Farley (bass), Willie Burnell (piano), Leonard Barks (trombone), and Emmet Shields (drums).

In 1961, the Dovells reached #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 with a song called "The Bristol Stomp", which refers to Bristol, Pennsylvania, and includes the line "We ponied and twisted and we rocked with Daddy G". Since Gene Barge had earlier co-written "A Night With Daddy 'G' - Part 1" and "A Night With Daddy 'G' - Part 2" (Legrand LEG 1004), many applied the pseudonym 'Daddy G' to him. It is not known whether the 'Daddy G' of that 1961 song lyric was intended to be Gene Barge or Bishop 'Daddy' Grace, a Norfolk, Virginia evangelist, whose church address was the inspiration for the naming of the group.

The lyrics to Gary U.S. Bonds' 1961 hit on Legrand, "Quarter To Three", which were added to the original Church Street Five instrumental, mention the Church Street Five and Daddy G, and contains the lyrics "With the help last night, of Daddy G" and the exhortation "Blow, Daddy!"

Barge moved from Virginia to Chicago in the early 1960s to widen his music and acting careers. He worked with Chess Records during the 1960s, playing on recording sessions and providing arrangements along with some production work. In the 1970s, he continued to produce as well as arrange records, including Natalie Cole's early hits.

Barge has toured and played with such notables as Fats Domino, Bo Diddley, Big Joe Turner, LaVern Baker, Ray Charles, Chuck Willis, the Rolling Stones and Natalie Cole; and he had roles in major movies starring Gene Hackman, Chuck Norris, Harrison Ford and Steven Seagal. He has also toured in recent years under the pseudonym 'Daddy G.'

Barge has also acted in a handful of movies, including Under Siege and The Fugitive.

Discography

Dance With Daddy "G" (Checker 2994) 1965
With Bo Diddley
The London Bo Diddley Sessions (Chess, 1973)
With Jack McDuff
Gin and Orange (Cadet, 1969)With Malachi ThompsonBlue Jazz (Delmark, 2003) with Gary Bartz and Billy HarperWith Muddy Waters'Muddy, Brass & the Blues'' (Chess, 1966)

References

Sources
The History Makers

External links

1926 births
Living people
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American saxophonists
American blues saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Musicians from Norfolk, Virginia
Record producers from Virginia

Gene Barge


beryllium imetal riripaatomic number 4 rineatomic mass 9 nechemical formula ye(Be).<p>
Beryllium imetal ririsilver gray ende riripanumber 4.Beryllium rinonetsa kuwanda muuniverse yese .rinonyanyo wanikwa kumastars kanacomets.Muearth rinowanikwa kubva kudombo rinonzi bery.

Beryllium rakasanganiswa necopper harispark ndosaka richishandiswa mumarockets.Beryllium haritorwa nemagnet

application in english
Because of its low atomic number and very low absorption for X-rays, the oldest and still one of the most important applications of beryllium is in radiation windows for X-ray tubes.[27] Extreme demands are placed on purity and cleanliness of beryllium to avoid artifacts in the X-ray images. Thin beryllium foils are used as radiation windows for X-ray detectors, and the extremely low absorption minimizes the heating effects caused by high intensity, low energy X-rays typical of synchrotron radiation. Vacuum-tight windows and beam-tubes for radiation experiments on synchrotrons are manufactured exclusively from beryllium. In scientific setups for various X-ray emission studies (e.g., energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) the sample holder is usually made of beryllium because its emitted X-rays have much lower energies (~100 eV) than X-rays from most studied materials.[7]

Low atomic number also makes beryllium relatively transparent to energetic particles. Therefore, it is used to build the beam pipe around the collision region in particle physics setups, such as all four main detector experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb),[57] the Tevatron and the SLAC. The low density of beryllium allows collision products to reach the surrounding detectors without significant interaction, its stiffness allows a powerful vacuum to be produced within the pipe to minimize interaction with gases, its thermal stability allows it to function correctly at temperatures of only a few degrees above absolute zero, and its diamagnetic nature keeps it from interfering with the complex multipole magnet systems used to steer and focus the particle beams.[58]

Chemishonga

Beryllium


A diving suit is a type of protective clothing worn by scuba divers when they swim underwater in oceans, lakes, and rivers. Diving suits help insulate the diver from the cold temperature of the water. There are several types of diving suits, including wetsuits and dry suits.

Protective clothing

Diving suit


The Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) is an American orchestra based in Chicago, Illinois.  It is one of the great orchestras of the world.  They play in the Orchestra Hall, part of the Symphony Center, in Chicago.  In the summer they play at the Ravinia Festival.  From 2010 the conductor will be Riccardo Muti.

History
The Chicago Symphony Orchestra was started in 1891.  It was called the "Chicago Orchestra".  In 1905 the orchestra was renamed "Theodore Thomas Orchestra" and Frederick Stock became the conductor.  He stayed with the orchestra until 1942.  The  orchestra was renamed "Chicago Symphony Orchestra" in 1913.

Other conductors have included Désiré Defauw, Artur Rodziński, Rafael Kubelík, Fritz Reiner, Jean Martinon,  Georg Solti and Daniel Barenboim.   When Barenboim left in 2006, the orchestra named Bernard Haitink  principal conductor and Pierre Boulez became conductor emeritus.  In 2010 Riccardo Muti will become the orchestra's conductor.

The orchestra has also had many famous guest conductors, including Richard Strauss, John Williams, Arnold Schoenberg, Sergei Prokofiev, Sergei Rachmaninov, Maurice Ravel, Edward Elgar, Aaron Copland, Leonard Slatkin, André Previn, Michael Tilson Thomas, Leonard Bernstein, Leopold Stokowski,  Erich Leinsdorf,  Eugene Ormandy, George Szell and Charles Münch. Many of these guest conductors have also recorded with the orchestra.

The three principal guest conductors of the orchestra have been Carlo Maria Giulini, Claudio Abbado, and Pierre Boulez.

Every summer the Chicago Symphony Orchestra plays in Ravinia in Highland Park, Illinois The orchestra helped in the first Ravinia Festival in August 1936 and has been to the Festival every summer since.

Mark Anthony Turnage is the composer-in-residence.

During its history the orchestra have made more than 900 recordings.  They have received many rewards.

The orchestra was composed by John Williams for Steven Spielberg's 2012 movie Lincoln.

Main conductors
 1891-1905 Theodore Thomas
 1905-1942 Frederick Stock
 1943-1947 Désiré Defauw
 1947-1948 Artur Rodziński
 1950-1953 Rafael Kubelík
 1953-1962 Fritz Reiner
 1962-1963 Fritz Reiner (musical advisor)
 1963-1968 Jean Martinon
 1968-1969 Irwin Hoffman (acting music director)
 1969-1991 Sir Georg Solti
 1991-2006 Daniel Barenboim
 2010- Riccardo Muti (music director designate)

Titled Conductors
 1969-1972 Carlo Maria Giulini - Principal Guest Conductor
 1982-1985 Claudio Abbado - Principal Guest Conductor
 1995-2006 Pierre Boulez - Principal Guest Conductor
 2006-present Pierre Boulez - Conductor Emeritus
 2006-present Bernard Haitink - Principal Conductor

Other websites
 Official website
 American orchestras
Music in Chicago
1891 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Illinois

Chicago Symphony Orchestra


A league in sport is a term maist aften uised tae describe a group o teams or fowk that compete agin the ithers in a certain sport.  Maist leagues are smaa local anes, wi teams frae aboot the same geographical aurie.  Houaniver, the're mony perfaissional league aroond the wairld that compete on a national or international basis.  The level o intricacy an organisation involvit in the runnin o a league depends on hou muckle money is bein made by it an the purpose o the league itsel.

Sports terminology

League (sport)


The fibula is one of the two bones which make up the lower leg (humans), or back leg in tetrapods. The other one is the tibia. Above them is the knee and femur; below are the feet. Muscles are attached to the top of the fibula which help move the knee. It is also used to support the knee and the tibia.

Bones

Fibula


The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1977.

Journalism awards

Public Service:
The Lufkin News (Texas), for an obituary of a local man who died in Marine training camp, which grew into an investigation of that death and a fundamental reform in the recruiting and training practices of the United States Marine Corps.
Local General or Spot News Reporting:
 Margo Huston of the Milwaukee Journal, for her reports on the elderly and the process of aging.
Local Investigative Specialized Reporting:
 Acel Moore and Wendell Rawls, Jr. of The Philadelphia Inquirer, for their reports on conditions in the Farview, Pennsylvania State Hospital for the mentally ill.
National Reporting:
 Walter Mears of Associated Press, for his coverage of the 1976 Presidential campaign.
International Reporting:
 No award given.
Commentary:
 George F. Will of The Washington Post Writers Group, for distinguished commentary on a variety of topics.
Criticism:
William McPherson of The Washington Post, for his contribution to Book World.
Editorial Writing:
 Warren L. Lerude, Foster Church and Norman F. Cardoza of the Evening Gazette (Reno) and Nevada State Journal, for editorials challenging the power of a local brothel keeper.
Editorial Cartooning:
 Paul Szep of The Boston Globe.
Spot News Photography:
 Stanley Forman of the Boston Herald American, for his photograph of a youth using the flag as a lance in street disorders.
Spot News Photography:
Neal Ulevich of Associated Press, for a series of photographs of disorder and brutality in the streets of Bangkok.
Feature Photography:
 Robin Hood of the Chattanooga News-Free Press, for his photograph of a disabled veteran and his child at an Armed Forces Day parade.

Letters, Drama and Music Awards

Fiction:
 No award given.
Drama:
 The Shadow Box by Michael Cristofer (Drama Book Specialists)
History:
 The Impending Crisis, 1841-1867 by David M. Potter, a posthumous publication. Manuscript finished by Don E. Fehrenbacher (Harper)
Biography or Autobiography:
 A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence by John E. Mack (Little)
Poetry:
 Divine Comedies by James Merrill (Atheneum)
General Non-Fiction:
 Beautiful Swimmers by William W. Warner (Atlantic-Little Brown)
Music:
 Visions of Terror and Wonder by Richard Wernick (Theodore Presser Company) for mezzo-soprano and orchestra, premiered at the Aspen Music Festival, July 19, 1976. It was commissioned by the Festival's Conference on Contemporary Music, with assistance from the National Endowment for the Arts.

Special Citations and Awards

Letters:
Alex Haley, a special award to Alex Haley for Roots, the story of a black family from its origins in Africa through seven generations to the present day in America

References

External links

Pulitzer Prizes by year
Pulitzer Prize
Pulitzer

1977 Pulitzer Prize


The king eider (Somateria spectabilis) is a large sea duck.  It breeds along Northern Hemisphere Arctic coasts of northeast Europe, North America and Asia. The birds spend most of the year in coastal marine ecosystems at high latitudes.  They migrate to the Arctic tundra to breed in June and July. They lay four to seven eggs in a scrape on the ground lined with grass and down.

The king eider winters in arctic and subarctic marine areas, most notably in the Bering Sea, the west coast of Greenland, eastern Canada and northern Norway. It also happens yearly off the northeastern United States, Scotland and Kamchatka. Breeding areas include the Arctic coastal tundra of the north coast of Alaska. This species dives for benthic invertebrates, such as crustaceans, polychaete worms, and molluscs, with mussels being a favoured food. Wintering birds can form large flocks on suitable coastal waters, with some flocks bigger than 100,000 birds.

This species is smaller than the common eider. The male is unmistakable with its black body, white breast and multicoloured head. The drake's call is a deep cooing.

The female is a brown bird.  They can still be told apart from all ducks except other eider species on size and structure. The head is shorter than in the common eider, and the feathering onto the bill is rounded, not triangular in shape.

An immature drake is typically all dark with a white breast and a yellow bill patch.

Traditional Uses

The king eider is a regular source of fresh meat in the spring.  They begin their migration past the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in late April and are hunted in great numbers. In May, several hundred thousand eiders pass Point Barrow in northern Alaska on their way to Alaskan and Canadian breeding grounds.

References

Ducks

King eider


A royal charter is a legal document issued by the monarchy which gives certain rights to an organization.

When an organization, for example: a university, is founded there has to be an official document which lists the basic laws (the constitution) of the organization. If this document is given to the organization by the king or queen it is called a Royal charter.

In Europe Royal charters have been used to create towns ever since the Middle Ages. The date when the charter was made is thought of as the date when the town was founded (started), even if there had been people living there many years before.

Many groups such as the British East India Company were formed by Royal charter. Most British university operate under Royal Charters. This gives them the right to give degrees to the students at the end of their studies.

The BBC operates under a Royal Charter which lasts for a limited period of ten years, after which it is renewed.

Charities may also have Royal charters. They do not need to have one, but they are likely to be more successful if they have a Royal charter.

Monarchy
Documents
Business law

Royal charter


Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) is a set of web-based tools aimed at managing software and hardware produced by Oracle Corporation as well as by some non-Oracle entities.

Releases
Oracle Enterprise Manager includes three releases:

Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control
Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control, the oldest and arguably the best-known release, aims to manage Oracle databases. It originated as a Java client able to configure and manage databases.

Oracle Enterprise Manager Application Server Control
Oracle Application Server also has a web-interface to manage the application server.

Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control
To manage many databases and application servers (according to Oracle Corporation, preferably in a grid solution), the Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control can be used. It can manage multiple instances of Oracle deployment platforms; the most recent edition also allows for management and monitoring of other platforms such as Microsoft .NET, Microsoft SQL Server, NetApp filers, BEA Weblogic and others. Partners and IT organizations can build extensions to Oracle Enterprise Manager, and make them available to other Enterprise Manager users via an Oracle hosted web site called Oracle Enterprise Manager Extensibility Exchange.

System monitoring features include monitoring functionality that supports detection and notification of impending IT problems. It monitors Oracle Database instances, Oracle Real Application Clusters, and Oracle Application Server Farms and Clusters. OEM Grid Control comes with a set of performance and health metrics that allow monitoring of technology components such as applications, application servers, databases, as well as the back-end components on which they rely, such as hosts, operating systems and storage.

The architecture of the OEM for Grid Control has three distinct components:
 the collection agent (Oracle Management Agent or OMA)
 the aggregation agent (Oracle Management Server or OMS)
 the repository agent (Oracle Management Repository or OMR)
The OMA runs on the target host and collects information on the hardware, operating system, and applications that run on the target. The OMS runs on one or two servers and collects the data generated by the OMAs. The OMS pulls the information from the OMAs and aggregates the collections into the repository. The OMS also acts as the user-interface — by generating web-pages for database administrators to view the status of systems and services. The OMR comprises an instance of the Oracle database that stores the data collected by the OMS. Installers can make the OMR highly available or fault-tolerant by running it on an Oracle RAC instance across multiple nodes.

Plug-ins on each of the OMAs can customise or manipulate the data presented by the OEM by extending the data that the OMAs collect. Administrators can customize the analysis of the data with "management packs" to look at specific collections of data to display a system's performance. The  release of OEM allows for the design and configuration of custom Plug-ins to monitor any application desired. OMAs collect the data using the custom-built plug-in and transmit the results in XML format back to the OMS, which then stores and analyzes the data as desired. Oracle Enterprise Manager continues to expand its monitoring scope by offering management plug-ins for non-Oracle components, that are both Oracle-developed and developed in partnership by third-party vendors. For example, Plug-ins for Veritas Storage Foundation, VMWare vSphere, and EMC Clariion are available.

Key features of OEM Grid Control:
 System Monitoring
 Managing Groups
 Job System
 Information Publisher
 Compliance Management
 Extending Enterprise Manager
 Managing Targets

Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
This is Oracle's release since 13c

Functionality
Oracle Enterprise Manager performs much of its activity through intelligent agents which Oracle Corporation refers to as Oracle Management Agents. These run as autonomous proxy processes on a managed node, and perform execution and monitoring tasks for Oracle Enterprise Manager, communicating using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP or HTTPS). By default, upon installation, the OMA enables several packs (Change Management, Performance & Tuning, Diagnostics and Configuration Management) without any regard to what a customer has licensed. Users need to de-select unlicensed packs after installing the agent on a target database.

Implementation
OEM uses by default the SYSMAN schema in an Oracle database as a super-administrator account/repository. Utility programs such as emctl or emdctl carry out actual functions. OEM also provides a command-line alternative, EMCLI (EM command line interface) with verbs to provide the same functionality as the UI-based EM.

Version history
 Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 13c Release 5 (13.5) - April 2021
 Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 13c Release 4 (13.4) - January 2020
 Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 13c Release 3 (13.3) - July 2018
 Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 13c Release 2 (13.2) - October 2016
 Enterprise Manager 13c Release 1 (13.1) - December 2015 - ... support for Oracle applications, databases, middleware, hardware and engineered systems
 Enterprise Manager 12c (126.96.36.199) - November 2011 - In this edition, Oracle stressed hybrid environments, labeling the release 'Total Cloud Control', included the cloud-oriented Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control.
 Enterprise Manager 11g - June 2010 - In this edition, Oracle used the term 'grid' that they had been using to describe the concept that eventually became more popularly known as 'cloud'.  The release was labeled 'Grid Control'
 Enterprise Manager 10g Release 1 - March 2004 -
 Enterprise Manager 9i - June 2001 -

See also
 IBM Director
 System Center Operations Manager

References

External links

 Official Oracle Enterprise Manager Blog
 Product Information

Database administration tools
Oracle software
Oracle database tools
Sybase
Systems management

Oracle Enterprise Manager


Persephone (, Persephonē) is the goddess of the dead and queen of the underworld in ancient Greek religion and myth. She is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter and is married to the god Hades, with whom she rules over the souls of the dead. As a vegetation goddess, she presided over the bounty of the harvest as it emerged during the season of spring.

Persephone and her mother Demeter were the central figures of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which promised initiates a reward in the afterlife. The tale of her being abducted by Hades, during which she was tricked into eating seeds from a pomegranate (the food of the dead), served to explain the cause of the seasons, and is one prominently featured in ancient Greek literature. Her symbols included the pomegranate, flowers and seeds of grain. During the summer she would rise up from the underworld to be with her mother demeter. The goddess Proserpina is her Roman counterpart.

Greek gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of the underworld

Persephone


John Besson "Brewery Jack" Taylor (May 23, 1873 – February 7, 1900) was a baseball player in the National League from 1891 to 1899.

Career
Taylor is often confused with John W. "Jack" Taylor, who also played in the NL during an overlapping period.  His real name has also been erroneously published as John Budd Taylor in many sources, perhaps confused with the  Minor League pitcher Jack "Bud" Taylor of similar period. John Besson Taylor was born in Sandy Hill, Maryland and moved to Staten Island, New York as a young child, where he played with future Major League contemporaries Jack Cronin, Jack Sharrott, George Sharrott, and Tuck Turner.

"Brewery Jack" was a right-handed pitcher with a career record and 120 wins and 117 losses.  His nine-season career consisted of (in chronological order) one game for the 1891 New York Giants, six seasons with the Philadelphia Phillies, one with the St. Louis Browns, and a final one with the Cincinnati Reds.  While an ace pitcher, Taylor was known for arguing with umpire calls and (as his nickname implies) for his propensity for drinking.  Taylor was still considered active in the National League during planning for the 1900 season, but died of Bright's disease in February of that year.  He is buried near his mother at Fairview Cemetery in the Castleton Corners neighborhood of Staten Island.

Legacy
Taylor was inducted into the Staten Island Sports Hall of Fame in 2002.
He is also enshrined in 2012 into the Eastern Shore Baseball Hall of Fame in Salisbury, Maryland.

See also
 List of baseball players who died during their careers
 List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders

 Jack Taylor (1900s pitcher)

References

External links

1873 births
1900 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Maryland
New York Giants (NL) players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Manhattan Jaspers baseball players
St. Louis Browns (NL) players
Cincinnati Reds players
19th-century baseball players
Lebanon Cedars players
Troy Trojans (minor league) players
Albany Senators players
Philadelphia Colts players
Deaths from nephritis
People from Worcester County, Maryland

Jack Taylor (1890s pitcher)


The egg white, also known as albumen, is the clear liquid part of the egg. The yellow part is called the egg yolk. The egg white holds the egg yolk in place. Most of the egg white is water. It is low in calories. They are high in protein. They can be whipped into a foam. The egg white foam is used to make many things like mousse and meringue. They are also used in baking.

It is rich source of protein without high calorie or fat/cholesterol intake.

white

Egg white


King of Klondike is the main chapter of The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck.

Plot
Scrooge goes to Klondike, where he looks for gold at the White Agony Creek. Scrooge goes to Dawson where he meets an occasional thief, Glittering Goldie.  Goldie and Scrooge fall in love but they not admit it to each other. Soapy Slick, an evil business man, tries to make Scrooge to work free for him but Scrooge destroys his bar. Scrooge returns to White Agony Creek, where he finds gold and finally becomes rich.

American comic books
1993 books

King of the Klondike


Kobayr (Armenian: Կոբայր) is a 12th century Armenian Apostolic Church monastery. It is located in the village Kober within Lori marz, Armenia.

Kobayr was built on a shelf of a gorge by the princes of the junior Bagratuni branch, Kyurikids in 1171. The monastery was later acquired by the Zakarids and converted into a Chalcedonian monastery. Many of the writings in the monastery are written in Georgian.

The monastery is being fixed and paid for by the government of Armenia with the help of the government of Italy. The ruins of the main church in the monastery contain frescoes of Christ and the twelve apostles as well as the Church fathers and other Christian figures.

Churches in Armenia
12th-century buildings and structures

Kobayr monastery


The Bristol Bus Boycott of 1963 arose from the refusal of the Bristol Omnibus Company to employ Black or Asian bus crews in the city of Bristol, England. In line with many other British cities at the time, there was widespread racial discrimination in housing and employment against so-called "Coloureds". An organisation founded by Roy Hackett and led by youth worker Paul Stephenson as the spokesperson of the group which included Owen Henry, Audley Evans, Prince Brown and Guy Bailey and the West Indian Development Council, the boycott of the company's buses by Bristolians lasted for four months until the company backed down and overturned their discriminative colour bar policy.

The boycott drew national attention to racial discrimination in Britain and the campaign was supported by national politicians, with interventions being made by church groups and the High Commissioner for Trinidad and Tobago. The Bristol Bus Boycott was considered by some to have been influential in the passing of the Race Relations Act 1965 which made "racial discrimination unlawful in public places" and the Race Relations Act 1968, which extended the provisions to employment and housing.

Background
Bristol in the early 1960s had an estimated 3,000 residents of West Indian origin, some of whom had served in the British military during the Second World War and some who had emigrated to the UK more recently. A large number of West Indians lived in the area around City Road in St Pauls, suffered discrimination in housing and employment and some encountered violence from Teddy Boy gangs of white youths. The community set up their own churches and associations, including the West Indian Association, which began to act as a representative body.

One of their foremost grievances was the colour bar operated by the Bristol Omnibus Company, which had been a nationalised company owned by the UK Government since 1950 and operated through the Transport Holding Company. Although there was a reported labour shortage on the buses, black prospective employees were refused employment offers as bus crews, although they were employed in lower paid positions in workshops and in canteens. The Bristol Evening Post and the Western Daily Press ran series on the colour bar, which was blamed by company management on the Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU), which represented bus workers. Local union officials denied that there was any colour bar but in 1955 the Passenger Group of the TGWU had passed a resolution that "coloured" workers should not be employed as bus crews. Andrew Hake, curator of the Bristol Industrial Mission, recalled that "The TGWU in the city had said that if one black man steps on the platform as a conductor, every wheel will stop".

Some white conductresses expressed concern for their safety if they were crewed with black men. Another of the bus workers' concerns, apart from racism, was that a new competitive source of labour could reduce their earnings. Pay was low and workers relied on overtime to get a good wage. One shop steward said, "people were fearful of an influx of people from elsewhere (on the grounds it) would be reducing their earnings potential".

The dispute

Boycott
Four young West Indian men, Roy Hackett, Owen Henry, Audley Evans and Prince Brown, formed an action group, later to be called the West Indian Development Council. They were unhappy with the lack of progress in fighting discrimination by the West Indian Association. Owen Henry had met Paul Stephenson, whose father was from West Africa, and who had been to college. The group decided that the articulate Stephenson would be their spokesman. Stephenson set up a test case to prove the colour bar existed by arranging an interview with the bus company for Guy Bailey, a young warehouseman and Boys' Brigade officer. When Stephenson told the company that Bailey was West Indian, the interview was cancelled. Inspired by the refusal of Rosa Parks to give up her seat on a bus in Alabama and the ensuing Montgomery bus boycott in the United States in 1955, the activists decided on a bus boycott in Bristol.

Their action was announced at a press conference on 29 April 1963. The following day, they claimed that none of the city's West Indians were using the buses and that many white people supported them. In an editorial, the Bristol Evening Post pointed out that the TGWU opposed the apartheid system in South Africa and asked what trade union leaders were doing to counteract racism in their own ranks. When reporters questioned the bus company about the boycott, the general manager, Ian Patey, said

The advent of coloured crews would mean a gradual falling off of white staff. It is true that London Transport employ a large coloured staff. They even have recruiting offices in Jamaica and they subsidise the fares to Britain of their new coloured employees. As a result of this, the amount of white labour dwindles steadily on the London Underground. You won't get a white man in London to admit it, but which of them will join a service where they may find themselves working under a coloured foreman? ... I understand that in London, coloured men have become arrogant and rude, after they have been employed for some months.

Support

Students from Bristol University held a protest march to the bus station and the local headquarters of the TGWU on 1 May, which attracted heckling from bus crews as they passed through the city centre, according to the local press. Local MP Tony Benn (Labour) contacted then Labour Opposition leader Harold Wilson, who spoke out against the colour bar at an Anti-Apartheid Movement rally in London. On 2 May, local Labour Party Alderman Henry Hennessey spoke of the apparent collusion between bus company management and the TGWU over the colour bar. On 3 May, the ruling Labour Group on the city council threatened him with expulsion, despite his honourable service of over forty years.

Tony Benn, Fenner Brockway and former cricketer Learie Constantine also condemned the bus company. Constantine was then serving as High Commissioner for Trinidad and Tobago. Constantine wrote letters to the bus company and Stephenson and spoke out against the colour bar to reporters when he attended the cricket match between the West Indies and Gloucestershire at the County Ground, which took place from 4 to 7 May. The West Indies team refused to publicly support the boycott, saying that sport and politics did not mix. During the game, local members of the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination (CARD) distributed leaflets urging spectators to support the action.

The local branch of the TGWU refused to meet with a delegation from the West Indian Development Council and an increasingly bitter war of words was fought out in the local media. Ron Nethercott, South West Regional Secretary of the union, persuaded a local black TGWU member, Bill Smith, to sign a statement which called for quiet negotiation to solve the dispute. It condemned Stephenson for causing potential harm to the city's Black and Asian population. Nethercott launched an attack on Stephenson in the Daily Herald newspaper, calling him dishonest and irresponsible. This led to a libel case in the High Court, which awarded Stephenson damages and costs in December 1963.

The Bristol Council of Churches launched a mediation attempt, saying

We seriously regret that what may prove an extended racial conflict arising from this issue has apparently been deliberately created by a small group of West Indians professing to be representative. We also deplore the apparent fact that social and economic fears on the part of some white people should have placed the Bristol Bus Company in a position where it is most difficult to fulfil the Christian ideal of race relations.

This in turn was criticised by Robert Davison, an official at the Jamaican High Commission, who stated that it was "nonsense to describe a group of West Indians as unrepresentative when no representative West Indian body existed".

At a May Day rally, held on Sunday 6 May in Eastville, Bristol Trades Council members publicly criticised the TGWU. On the same day Paul Stephenson had organised a demonstration march to St Mary Redcliffe church but there was a poor turnout. Some local West Indians said they should not ripple the water and according to Roy Hackett, they may have feared victimisation. The dispute led to what has been described as one of the largest mailbags that the Bristol Evening Post had ever received, with contributors writing in support of both sides of the issue.

Resolution
The union, the city Labour establishment and the Bishop of Bristol, Oliver Stratford Tomkins, ignored Stephenson and tried to work with Bill Smith of the TGWU to resolve the dispute. Learie Constantine continued with his support for the campaign, meeting with the Lord Mayor of Bristol and Frank Cousins, leader of the Transport and General Workers Union. He went to the Bristol Omnibus Company's parent, the Transport Holding Company and persuaded them to send officials to talk with the union. The company chairman told Constantine that racial discrimination was not company policy.
Negotiations between the bus company and the union continued for several months until a mass meeting of 500 bus workers agreed on 27 August to end the colour bar. On 28 August 1963, Ian Patey announced that there would be no more discrimination in employing bus crews. It was on the same day that Martin Luther King made his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at the March in Washington. On 17 September, Raghbir Singh, a Sikh, became Bristol's first non-White bus conductor. A few days later two Jamaican and two Pakistani men joined him.

Aftermath
In 1965, the United Kingdom Parliament passed a Race Relations Act, which made "racial discrimination unlawful in public places". This was followed by the Race Relations Act 1968 which extended the provisions to housing and employment. The enactment of this legislation has been cited by some as having been influenced by the Bristol bus boycott. Robert Verkaik, Legal Affairs Correspondent for The Independent newspaper, said "Few doubt that without Mr Stephenson's efforts it would have been difficult for Harold Wilson's Labour government to bring in Britain's first anti-discrimination laws." In 2003, as part of Black History Month, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a programme about the boycott.

Unite, the successor to the Transport and General Workers Union, issued an apology in February 2013. Laurence Faircloth, the union's South West secretary said of the union's stance at the time, "It was completely unacceptable. I can well accept the sense of injustice and pain that has been felt because [of] what happened in Bristol all those years ago".

Recognition
In the 2009 New Year Honours, Stephenson was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), for his part in organising the bus boycott ("for  services to Equal Opportunities
and to Community Relations in Bristol.") Bailey and Hackett were also awarded OBEs.

Deaths
Roy Hackett died in 2022, at the age of 93.

See also

 Racial segregation in the United Kingdom
 Anti-discrimination law
 Civil and political rights
 Montgomery bus boycott
 1957 Alexandra Bus Boycott
 Asquith Xavier—a British Railways employee who ended a colour bar at London stations by becoming the first non-white guard

Notes

Works cited

External links
 Joyce Morris-Wisdom's account of her participation in the boycott
 Student thesis: Racial Discrimination in employment? The Bristol bus boycott of 1963, Joyce Chappell, 2007 (MS Word)
 Short video clip from the BBC learning Zone on the Bristol Bus Boycott
 Resources on the Bus Boycott from Bristol Education
 Podcast on BBC Witness June 4 2013, 50th anniversary
 Jon Kelly, "What was behind the Bristol bus boycott?", BBC News Magazine, 27 August 2013

1960s in Bristol
Civil rights protests
Boycotts of organizations
Protests in England
Conflicts in 1963
Black British history
1963 in England
Discrimination in England
Race relations in the United Kingdom
April 1963 events in the United Kingdom
Bus transport in Bristol
1963 protests

Bristol Bus Boycott


An island country (also sometimes called island nation or borderless country) is a country that is made up only of islands. They are not connected by land to any other nation. Each island only belongs to that country, so there are no borders. Examples of borderless countries are Iceland, Japan and Madagascar.

Many island nations get money from fishing.

Island country


Wollumbin National Park (previously known as 'Mount Warning National Park') is a national park located in northern New South Wales, Australia,  north of Sydney near the border with the state of Queensland. It surrounds Mount Warning, part of a remnant caldera of a much larger extinct volcano (the Tweed volcano). The park is administered by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.  The park is part of the Scenic Rim Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance in the conservation of several species of threatened birds. In addition to numerous bird species, carpet python, land mullet, eastern small-eyed snake, lace monitor, black-bellied marsh snake and long-nosed potoroo can be found here.

Wollumbin rises to 1157 meters above sea level.

History

The park incorporates lands of traditional significance to the local Bundjalung people.  The local Aboriginal name for the mountain is "Wollumbin"; meaning, "cloud-catcher", or alternatively "fighting chief of the mountains".  The mountain's English name was bestowed on it by Lieutenant James Cook in May 1770, as his expedition in command of the Endeavour passed it by on their route northwards along the eastern coastline of Australia. The designation "Mount Warning" was meant to indicate the danger of the offshore reefs they encountered.  The park was reserved for public recreation in 1928 and dedicated as a national park in 1966.  The Park is part of the Shield Volcano Group of the World Heritage Site Gondwana Rainforests of Australia inscribed in 1986 and added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007.

See also
 Protected areas of New South Wales
 High Conservation Value Old Growth forest

References

External links
 MountWarning.com
 NSW AUSTRALIA ACCOMMODATION AND TOURIST GUIDE site
 1985 UNESCO Application Summary Document - The Tweed Volcano Group
 An alternative historical view of the naming of this mountain based on traditional owners perspective

National parks of New South Wales
Protected areas established in 1967
Gondwana Rainforests of Australia
Forests of New South Wales
1967 establishments in Australia
Important Bird Areas of New South Wales

Wollumbin National Park


Not by Bread Alone () is a 1956 novel by the Soviet author Vladimir Dudintsev.  The novel, published in installments in the journal Novy Mir, was a sensation in the USSR.  The tale of an engineer who is opposed by bureaucrats in seeking to implement his invention came to be a literary symbol of the Khrushchev Thaw.

Plot

References
"Bread" formed part of one of the most important political slogans of the Bolshevik Revolution:  "Bread, Land, Peace and All Power to the Soviets."

However, "Not by bread alone" is a quote which appears once in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and twice in the Christian Scriptures (New Testament) and reads in the King James Version as follows:
 But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God.  (Matthew 4:4, quoting Deuteronomy 8:3)
 And Jesus answered him, saying, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God. (Luke 4:4)

The title may also refer in part to To Make My Bread by American writer Grace Lumpkin;  the book won the Maxim Gorky Prize for Literature in 1932.

Summary

Late in the Joseph Stalin era, a teacher of physics, Dimitri Lopatkin, invents a machine which revolutionizes the centrifugal casting of pipes, then a difficult and time-consuming operation.  Lopatkin, a loyal communist, believes his invention will help the Soviet economy if it is used.  Despite the machine's merits, it is rejected by bureaucrats.  When Lopatkin gets a chance to have a demonstration model built at a Moscow institute, his opponents favor a rival machine and then cancel Lopatkin's.  Lopatkin is offered a chance to work on his machine for the military, which he accepts, but he is soon arrested and accused of passing secrets to his lover, Nadia Drozdova, the estranged wife of one of the officials who opposes him.

At trial, Lopatkin asks what secrets he is accused of betraying, and the judges respond that he is not allowed to know that; the identity of the secrets is itself secret.  One of the judges, a young major named Badyin, sees the absurdity of the proceedings and defends Lopatkin.  Nonetheless, the inventor is convicted and sentenced to eight years in a labor camp, with Badyin announcing he will write a dissenting opinion.  While Lopatkin gains permission to have his papers turned over to Nadia, the papers are believed to be destroyed.

A year and a half later, Lopatkin's case is reviewed, and he is released and returns.  He finds that Nadia has been able to obtain his papers, that the designers who built the demonstration model have been able to replicate it, and that his machine is in operation in a factory in the Urals.  An investigation is ordered into the officials who blocked Lopatkin, but they get off lightly and are later promoted.

Lopatkin is now a respected inventor, earning a fine living.  The officials, who form an invisible web that frustrate the individualists, suggest that he should buy a car, a television, or a dacha, and by implication become like them, but Lopatkin says, no, he will continue to fight them: "Man lives not by bread alone, if he is honest."  Lopatkin realizes he will spend his life fighting the bureaucrats.

Impact

Soviet reaction and aftermath
Initially, official reaction, as expressed in Pravda and other periodicals, reflected reserved praise for Dudintsev's book.  Toward the end of 1956, official organs began to attack the author and his book.  However, this did not change the position of the readers, who continued to praise the novel and compared its detractors to the less savory characters in it.

Communist Party First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev praised the powerful imagery of some of the pages but stated that the novel was "false at its base".  Khrushchev also complained that Dudintsev had "biasedly scissored out negative facts for tendentious presentation from an unfriendly angle."  Others joined in:  Dudintsev was accused of vilifying Soviet society and his book of being a social evil.  His works rapidly became untouchable, and he sank into poverty.  Not by Bread Alone was reprinted in the 1960s, after Khrushchev's fall, but this was seen as more a way of denigrating the former leader than honoring the author.  The book was published in English in 1957, and The New York Times praised it for its insights into Soviet life.

While the book was republished in 1968, 1979, and again during perestroika, it did not again spark such a reaction.  Readers viewed Not by Bread Alone as obsolete once more explicit books about the terror, such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, were published.  One reader wrote to Solzhenitsyn, "We still have fresh memories of the attacks on V. Dudintsev for his Not by Bread Alone—which, compared to your story, is merely a children's fairy tale."

Public reception in Russia
The public gave the novel an overwhelmingly positive reception.  The issues of Novy Mir containing the novel sold out within hours.  Subscribers to the journal were besieged with demand for their copies.  Readers waited months to be allowed to borrow a copy from a library.  The laws of supply and demand took over in the Soviet Union, and copies could be obtained on the secondary market for five times the cover price.  At a time when intense reaction to a literary work would last not more than a couple of months, Novy Mir received hundreds of letters, the flood continuing as late as 1960.  One enthusiastic response came from a KGB office in Latvia.  One schoolteacher from Belarus wrote to the author:  At last, literature has begun talking about our painful problems, about something that hurts and has become, unfortunately, a typical phenomenon of our life!  At last a writer has appeared who saw predatory beasts enter our life, rally together, and stand like a wall in the way of everything honest, advanced, and beautiful!

Public reception abroad
Former American communist spy and writer Whittaker Chambers wrote in the late 1950s—clearly influenced by the book:  "A civilization which supposes that what it chiefly has to offer mankind is more abundant bread—that civilization is already half-dead. Sooner or later it will know it as it chokes on a satiety of that bread by which alone men cannot live."  (Chambers was also personal friends with Grace Lumpkin, author of To Make My Bread (1932).)

2005 movie
In 2005, Mosfilm director Stanislav Govorukhin released the movie, Not by Bread Alone based on the novel. The advertising campaign for the movie coincided with the 2005 State Duma by-elections there, and Govorukhin was a candidate from the governing United Russia party. His main opponent, writer Victor Shenderovich, complained that the advertisements for the film constituted illegal political advertisements for Govorukhin, but the complaints were not accepted by the court.

References

Bibliography

External links
Not by Bread Alone on Lib.ru electronic library

Not By Bread Alone  A detailed summary of the novel from SovLit.net

1956 novels
Soviet novels
Existentialist novels
Works originally published in Novy Mir
Novels first published in serial form
Novels set in the Soviet Union
Russian novels adapted into films
Novels about political repression in the Soviet Union

Not by Bread Alone


A heptagon/septagon/7-gon is a shape with 7 sides and 7 corners.

Regular heptagon
All sides of a regular heptagon are the same length. Each corner is 147.27°. All corners added together equal 6840°.

Area
The amount of space a regular heptagon takes up is

a is the length of one of its sides.

7

Heptagon


The .45 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol) or 45 Auto (11.43×23mm) is a type of bullet, made to be used in the M1911 pistol used by the U.S. Military. It was first made by John Browning in 1904, the "ACP" in the name stands for "Automatic Colt Pistol". It was the standard for handguns in the U.S. military until they switched to the Beretta M9 (Beretta 92) in 1985 that used a smaller caliber 9mm bullet.

The .45 is famous for being the bullet used in the M1911 and for being the choice of the U.S. Military for their pistols for almost 75 years. The .45 ACP has good stopping power because of the large size of the bullet, a .45 ACP bullet is almost half an inch. When shot at human targets, the .45 ACP bullet makes a big hole that causes blood loss and leads to faster death.

It was used for guns like the M1911, the Thompson submachine gun, the M3 Grease Gun, the USP45, the UMP45, the TDI Kriss Super V, the MAC-10, and many other guns.

References

Weapons
Ammunition

.45 ACP


Saparmurat Niyazov (February 19, 1940 - December 21, 2006) was the first President of Turkmenistan. He served from 1993 to 2006. Saparmurat Niyazov also called himself Türkmenbaşy, which means leader of the Turkmen people. He tried to make a cult of personality, which means that he put many pictures and statues of himself around his country to make himself seem important. While he was president, Niyazov made doing many things against the law, such as growing a beard or ballet dancing. He died from a heart attack on December 21, 2006, and Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow became the new president of Turkmenistan.

1940 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Presidents of Turkmenistan
Former dictators

Saparmurat Niyazov


Al Ain (, , literally The Spring), kent as the Garden City due to its greenery an awe, is the second largest city in the Emirate o Abu Dhabi an the fowert largest city in the United Arab Emirates. Wi a population o 568,221 (2010), it is locatit approximately 160 km east o the capital Abu Dhabi an aboot 120 km sooth o Dubai. Al-`Ain is the birthplace o Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the first preses o the United Arab Emirates, an it haes the kintra's heichest nummer o Emirati naitionals.

Al-`Ain is locatit in the Emirate o Abu Dhabi, inland on the border wi Oman. The freeweys connectin Al-`Ain, Abu Dhabi, an Dubai fuirm a geographic triangle in the kintra, each ceety bein roughly 130 kilometres frae the ither twa.

History
Historically a pairt o Ṫawam or Al Buraimi Oasis. Al-`Ain haes been inhabiteit for ower 4,000 years, wi archaeological steids showin human dounset at Al-Hili an Jabel Ḥafeeṫ.  These early culturs built "beehive" tombs for thair deid an engagit in huntin an gatherin in the aurie. The oasis providit watter for early ferms till the modren age.

A companion o the Prophet Muhammad, Ka`ab Bin Ahbar, wis reportitly sent tae the region tae introduce Islam tae the fowk.  He settled an dee'd in the oasis.

The forts currently in Al-`Ain wur biggit in the late 19t or early 20t century tae solidifee Abu Dhabi's control ower the oasis. Wilfred Thesiger visitit Al-`Ain in the late 1940s durin his travels athort the Rub' al Khali.  He met Sheikh Zayed an stayed wi him at Al Muwaiji Fort.  This netwirk o fortresses servit as the tradin an slavin posts for the aurie.

In 1952 Saudi Arabie sent raiders tae captur Al-`Ain's fortresses an incorporate the oasis intae the Saudi kinrick. Forces frae the Trucial Oman Scouts, as well as the airmy o Muscat-Oman, arrivit tae recaptur the oasis. Wi Breetish intervention, the Saudi forces surrendered, leavin the oasis back in the haunds o Abu Dhabi an Muscat-Oman.

Prior tae unthirldom, Al-`Ain wis pairt o the Arabie slave trade netwirk that extendit frae east Africae intae the Persie Gulf.  In the 1960s, Sheikh Zayed abolished formal slavery.  The day, some faimilies in baith Al-`Ain an Al-Buraimi are strnydit frae these slaves.

In 1971 Queen Elizabeth II visitit the Hilton Hotel in the aurie, still in uise, durin her tour o the Persie Gulf. Follaein unthirldom in 1971, Al-`Ain experiencit rapid growthe an investment as pairt o the emirate o Abu Dhabi, quickly becomin lairger an mair successful than `Oman's Al-Buraimi.  In 1972 `Oman an Abu Dhabi greeit on the feenal borders tae divide Al-Buraimi an Al-`Ain. Till Sheikh Zayed's daith in 2004, Al-`Ain's municipal code forbade construction o biggins ower fower stories, wi the exceptions o the Hilton, Intercontinental, an Rotana hotels.

In the 1990s, a serious uprisin occurred amang the laborers o the industrial destrict o Al-`Ain, Aṣ-Ṣana`iya.  This uprisin wis suppressed bi the UAE airmy an local polis forces.  Aw the laborers involvit wur interned an deportit.

Till 2006, Al-Buraimi an Al-`Ain shared a open border.  This border wis closed in November 2006, an passport controls wur imposed.

Geography
Al-`Ain is locatit in the eastren region o Abu Dhabi Emirate juist sooth o Dubai an east o Abu Dhabi. The Eastren region covers a aurie o approximately 13,100 km². `Oman lees tae the east, Dubai an Sharjah tae the north, Abu Dhabi tae the wast an the Rub' al Khali desert an Saudi Arabie tae the sooth. The topografie o Al-`Ain is unique an varies as you traivel tae the east. Jebel Hafeet (Hafeet muntain) is considered ane o the monuments o Al-`Ain, leein juist tae the sootheast an risin tae 1,300 metres in elevation. Sand dunes o varyin textur that are tingit reid wi airn oxide lee tae the north an east o Al-`Ain,

Weather
In Al-`Ain, the mean annual rainfaw is 96 mm an the average relative humidity is 60% (Unitit Arab Emirates Varsity, 1993). Law humidity in Al-`Ain, pairticularly durin the simmers, maks it a popular destination for mony fowk at that time o year. Boer (1997) classifee'd the UAE climate as hyper-arid an dividit it intae fower climatic regions: the coastal zone alang the Persie Gulf, the muntain auries northeast o UAE, the graivel plains aroond Al-`Ain aurie, an the central an soothren saund desert. Mair rainfaw an lawer temperaturs occur in the northeast than in the soothren an wastren regions.

Present-day Al-`Ain

Al-`Ain haes a heicher proportion o Emirati naitionals than elsewhaur in the kintra, but the majority o its residents are expatriates pairticularly frae the Indie sub-continent. Mony fowk are frae Bangladesh, Pakistan an some frae Afghanistan. Thare are fewer ither expatriates than in the lairger centres o Abu Dhabi an Dubai.

Al-`Ain is aften cried the 'Garden Ceety o The Gulf' gien the mony oases, pairks, tree-lined avenues an decorative roondaboots athin the ceety. Strict hicht controls on new biggins, tae nae mair nor fower floors, emphasise the greenery o the ceety.

The ceety is kent for its relatively empty roads; this is a growin concern, housomeivver, as the population is increasin an the roads hae no been able tae accommodate the excess traffec.

Tourism
Al-`Ain is developin as a tourist destination. The dry desert air maks it a walcome retreat frae the coastal humidity o the lairger ceeties. Mony Emirati naitionals in Abu Dhabi have holiday houses in the ceety making it a popular weekend destination for faimilies frae the caipital ceety. Its attractions include the Al Ain National Museum, the Al Ain Palace Museum, several restored forts an the Hili Airchaeological Pairk steid, datin back tae the Bronze Age. Jebel Hafeet, a 1340-metre-heich muntain, dominates the surroondin aurie. It is popular tae visit tae the mineral springs at the base an tae drive tae the muntaintop at sunset.  Ither attractions include the Al Ain Oasis in the ceety centre, ither oases dottit aroond the aurie — aw ceul retreats in the middle o the simmer heat — Al Ain Zoo, an amusement pairk namit "Hili Fun City", mony well-maintained pairks popular wi faimilies in the simmer fore-nichts, an a heritage veelage.  Opened in 2012, Wadi Adventure is locatit near Jebel Hafeet an provides a range o watter-based activities includin surfin, kayakin an raftin.

On tap o Jabel Hafeet is the Mercure Hotel.

Al-`Ain haes three major malls — Al Ain Mall in the toun centre, Al-Jimi Mall in the Al-Jimi destrict, an Bawadi Mall locatit in the Al-Khrair Destrict.  Maist commercial activity is centred in an aroond toun centre.

Anither popular pastime for Emiratis an expatriates alike is spendin time in coffee shops an Shisha cafes. Thare are mony cafes in Al-`Ain, rangin in size an quality.

Al-`Ain haes a internaitional staundart go-kairt circuit an aw.  Al Ain Raceway wis selectit tae host the 2007 Rotax Max World Karting Finals, a event which saw 220 drivers frae ower 55 different kintras compete for the Kairtin warld title.  Al Ain Raceway opened tae the general public in Mey 2008 an pruives a popular activity for local Emiratis an tourists alike.  It wis annooncit in late 2010 that the 2011 Rotax Max World Karting Finals will be held at Al Ain Raceway, this will bring nearly 1000 tourists to the small garden ceety.

Like the rest o the UAE, Al-`Ain haes strict laws govrenin the consumption an distribution o alcohol.  Five facilities in the ceety currently serve alcohol, fower o which are hotels.  The Al-`Ain Rotana, Hilton, Mercure Grand Jebel Hafeet an Danat Al Ain Resort, hotels aw hae pubs, bars, or nicht clubs.  In addeetion tae the hotels, the Al Ain Equestrian, Shooting & Golf Club in Al-Maqam serves alcohol an aw.

Currently, there are anerly fower locations that sell alcohol for private uise — Spinneys near Al-Jimi Destrict, a ootlet tae the left o the Hilton hotel (next tae the hotel's staff quairters), High Spirits Bottle Shop ahint Lulu Hypermarket Sana`iya an the North Africa Market in Sanaiya.

The ceety haes twa Inglis-leid radio stations — 100.1 Star FM, which plays Inglis-speakin hits alternatin wi Arabic-speakin hits, an 105.2 Abu Dhabi Classic FM, which plays clessical muisic.

Oasis

Al-`Ain's oases are kent for their unnergrund irrigation seestem "falaj" (or qanāt frae Arabic قناة) that brings watter frae boreholes tae watter ferms an palm trees. Falaj irrigation is a auncient seestem datin back thoosans o years an is uised widely in `Oman, the UAE, Cheenae, Iran an ither kintras. Al-`Ain haes seiven oases; the lairgest is Al Ain Oasis, near tae Auld Sarooj, an the smawest is Al-Jahili Oasis. The rest are Al-Qaṭṭara, Al-Mu`ṫaredh, Al-Jimi, Al-Muwaiji, an Al-Hili.

Commerce an industry
Al-`Ain is a important services centre for a wide aurie extendin intae `Oman. Thare are three major shoppin centers, Al Ain Mall, Al Jimi Mall an Al Bawadi Mall (opened in 2009 in the Al Khrair aurie) as well as tradeetional souks for fruit an vegetables an livestock. Industry is growin, but is still on a smaw scale, an includes the Coca Cola bottling plant an the Al Ain Portland Cement Wirks. The watter in Al-`Ain is very good. Service industries sic as car sales, mechanics an ither artisans are locatit in the aurie kent as Sanaiya an Pattan Market.Social an governmental infrastructure includes United Arab Emirates University, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi University (Al Ain campus), well-equipped medical facilities includin the teaching hospital at Tawam, military training auries an Al Ain International Airport.

Education
Al-`Ain is hame tae the main federal varsity in the UAE, the Unitit Arab Emirates Varsity, an tae twa campuses o the Higher Colleges of Technology - Al Ain Men's College an Al Ain Weemen's College. Al-`Ain is the hame o Horizon International flicht academy an aw, Etihad Airways's cadet pilot trainin centre. Private heicher eddication institutions include the Al Ain Varsity o Science an Technology an Abu Dhabi Varsity (Al Ain campus).

Al-`Ain hooses the eastren zone heidquairters o the Abu Dhabi Education Council, Abu Dhabi's eddication authority.

Mony o Al-`Ain's private schuils, caterin mainly tae the expatriate population, are locatit in the Al-Manaseer aurie. Thay include Al Ain International School (Breetish curriculum, private schuil, pairt o the Aldar group), Al Ain English Speaking School, Al Dhafra Private School, Manor Hall School, Al Sanawbar School, Liwa International School, Al Madar International School, Global English School, Emirates Private School, a branch o the International School of Choueifat, an a Institute o Applee'd Technology campus. Ither private schuils include the CBSE affiliatit Indian School, Al Ain, Our Own English High School, an Al Ain Juniors School.

Health
The first hospital in Al-`Ain wis Oasis Hospital, established in 1960 at the invitation o Sheikh Zayed. Oasis serves aw naitionalities, an provides trainin for medical students frae UAE Varsity. Oasis Hospital is pairt o CURE International.

Al-`Ain is the hame o Tawam Hospital, a trainin an research hospital linkit wi the UAE Varsity. It wis offeecially  inauguratit on 17 Dizember 1979. In Mairch 2006, Johns Hopkins Hospital (Johns Hopkins Medicine International) (JHMI) teuk ower the management o Tawam hospital.

Al Ain Hospital (abbr: AAH, kent as Al Jimi Hospital an aw) is the general hospital deliverin halth services tae aw Al-`Ain patients regairdless o thair naitionality. It is centrally locatit in the Al-Jimi destrict an is linkit wi the UAE Varsity. Al Ain Hospital still occupees auld 1970s biggins, but a new biggin is planned. AAH currently haes aboot 450 beds an provides services in aw medical disciplines. In September 2007, the Medical Varsity o Vienna International (MUVI) teuk ower the management o AAH.

Al Khwarizmi International College haes stairtit a Campus at Al-`Ain an is affering BBA program an various ither licensed, accreditit an appruivit courses.

Sport, culture, an the arts
Al-`Ain is a cultural retreat for residents o Dubai an Abu Dhabi ceeties. It is hame tae a major festival o clessical muisic.

The ceety is hame tae the successfu fitbaa club, Al Ain FC, which is ane o the maist successfu fitbaa clubs in the UAE an Asie. Al Ain Club conteens 7 ither geemes an aw which are: handbaw, volleybaw, basketbaw, soummin, table tennis, athletics, jiu jitsu an taekwondo.

Hili Fun City hosts twa ice hockey teams, the Al Ain Vipers an Ghantoot. Each team haes adult an youth teams stairtin frae age 4. The Al Ain Vipers Men's Team wan the Emirates Hockey League in the 2009-10 saison.

The Palm Resort tae the wast o the toun hosts a popular rugby club wi adult an youth teams, an the Al Ain International Soccer Club which haes three youth teams, includin ane for 7-9 year aulds.

Thare is a watter sports centre cried Wadi Adventure wi a wave puil an surf instructors.  Addeetionally, the pairk haes facilities for kayakin an raftin on a airtificial river.

See an
Qanat watter management seestem
 Al Ain Internaitional Airport

References

Freemit airtins

 Al Ain City Municipality
 Al Ain Wildlife Park and Resort
 Al Ain Wildlife Park and Resort. Preserving desert wildlife & habitats
 Al Ain Wildlife Park and Resort. Expansion project
 Al Ain: Oasis in the Desert (Photographic essay from Al Ain Women's College)

Oman–Unitit Arab Emirates border crossins
Persie Gulf
Populatit places in Abu Dhabi (emirate)
Warld Heritage Steids in the Unitit Arab Emirates

Al Ain


The Australian Labor Party (NSW) was an Australian political party commonly known as Lang Labor. It was the New South Wales branch of the Australian Labor Party which broke away from the national party and acted independently from 1931 to 1936.

In 1931 Jack Lang, the Premier of New South Wales, announced the "Lang Plan". This plan would reduce the effects of the Great Depression. The main feature of the plan was to stop making loan repayments to foreign banks. This was the opposite of the policy of the federal Labor government led by James Scullin. As a result, Lang's supporters, led by Jack Beasley and Eddie Ward, were forced out of the federal Caucus.

This led to a split between the Federal and State leaders of the Labor party. In 1931 Lang's supporters voted with the United Australia Party Opposition in the House of Representatives to bring down the Scullin government. This caused an early election. The New South Wales Branch ran candidates as the Australian Labor Party (New South Wales). They were known as "Lang Labor" candidates. Supporters of the federal party (led in New South Wales by Ted Theodore and Ben Chifley) were known as Federal Labor candidates.

The elections were a huge defeat for Labor, but most of the Lang members had safe working class seats and survived. Ward was narrowly defeated in East Sydney. (He was re-elected at a by-election in 1932). Theodore and Chifley were both defeated, and Federal Labor won only three seats in New South Wales. At the 1934 federal elections Federal Labor won only one seat (Newcastle).

In 1935 John Curtin became the new federal Labor leader. In February 1936 he brought about a reconciliation with the New South Wales Branch. At the 1937 elections Labor ran as a united party in New South Wales.

References
Lang, J. T. (1970). The Turbulent Years, Alpha Books
McMullin, Ross (1991). The Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party 1891–1991, OUP

Political parties in New South Wales
1931 establishments
1930s establishments in Australia
1930s disestablishments in Australia

Australian Labor Party (NSW)


A kitchen stove, cooking stove, cookstove, or cooker is a kitchen appliance designed for cooking food.

Stoves use direct heat for cooking and have an oven for baking. The design uses wood, coke or anthracite for fuel. The basic idea is that the stove completely encloses the fire inside its iron body. There are still many traditional stoves made, which burn wood or solid fuel. Many also have back boilers for domestic heating.

Gas stoves are different, because they have open flames on top of the stove, whereas the original stoves have hidden flames. Modern gas stoves were developed already in the 1820s, but these were isolated experiments. At the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, a gas stove was shown, but only in the 1880s did this technology start to become a commercial success. The main factor in this delay was the slow growth of the gas pipe network. Gas and electric stoves have largely replaced solid fuel stoves.

Related pages
AGA cooker

References

Cooking appliances
Home appliances
Commercial kitchen equipment

Kitchen stove


Edward Lawrence Winn Jr. (August 22, 1919 – December 31, 2017) was an American politician and member of the U.S. House of Representatives representing Kansas's 3rd district from 1967 to 1985. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Born in Kansas City, Missouri, Winn participated in athletics at Southwest High School before losing one of his legs in a boating accident at Lake Lotawana when he was sixteen. He earned a B.A. in journalism from University of Kansas in 1941. After graduating, Winn worked for a Kansas City radio station for two years and, during World War II, worked for North American Aviation at Fairfax Field, north of Kansas City, Kansas, where the B-25 Mitchell bomber was manufactured. He then pursued a career in home building and was vice president of the Winn-Rau Corporation from 1950 until his election to Congress. Additionally, he was a director of the National Association of Home Builders for fourteen years and was president of the Home Builders Association of Kansas.

Winn was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican from the Wyandotte and Johnson Counties-based 3rd congressional district in 1966, succeeding three-term congressman Robert Ellsworth, and would be reelected eight more times until his retirement in 1984. During his tenure, he served on the House Committee on Foreign Affairs and was a congressional representative to the United Nations. He was succeeded by fellow Republican Jan Meyers.

Winn met his wife, Joan Elliott, while attending college and the two would be married for seventy-three years until her death in 2015. Together, they had five children; the death of their son Robert in 1983 played a part in the senior Winn's decision to retire from Congress. He lived in Prairie Village until his death on December 31, 2017, at age 98.

References

External links

1919 births
2017 deaths
American amputees
American construction businesspeople
American politicians with disabilities
Businesspeople from Kansas
Businesspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
People from Prairie Village, Kansas
Politicians from Kansas City, Missouri
University of Kansas alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Kansas
20th-century American businesspeople

Larry Winn


Karen Anne Carpenter (March 2, 1950 – February 4, 1983) was an American singer and drummer who was most popular in the 70s. She is known as the singer of the group the Carpenters.

Karen had anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder of extreme weight loss dieting. This was a little-known illness at the time. Although she had begun recovery with a doctor-supervised program and regained 30 lbs (14 kg), permanent damage to her body had been sustained from the years of extreme weight-loss dieting and she died at the age of 32. The cause of her death was heart failure, from complications related to her illness which caused her to believe mistakenly that she needed to lose weight.

Early life
Karen Carpenter was born at Yale New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut on March 2, 1950 to Agnes Reuwer Tatum and Harold Bertram Carpenter. She played baseball a lot, and said that she liked being the pitcher. She had a brother, named Richard Carpenter. While Karen played baseball with her friends, Richard usually played the piano. Her parents, Agnes and Harold Carpenter, decided that they wanted to move to Downey, California, a city near Hollywood. They moved in 1963.

In Downey, Karen attended Downey High School. She was a good student, but did not like gym. In order to get out of gym, she asked to be in the marching band instead. When she got into the marching band, the director gave her the glockenspiel, an instrument that sounds somewhat like a xylophone. Karen did not like the glockenspiel and asked her band director if she could play the drums instead. Seeing Karen's natural talent for rhythm, the director approved. From then on, she practiced drumming on pots and pans before her parents finally bought her a drum set.

Her brother formed the Richard Carpenter Trio in 1965. Karen played the drums. Richard played the piano, and a friend named Wes Jacobs played the electric bass. They played jazz music at clubs in Hollywood. They entered the Battle of the Bands contest at the Hollywood Bowl in 1966. The Richard Carpenter Trio played "The Girl From Ipanema" and "Iced Tea," a song composed by Richard Carpenter. They won the Battle of the Bands that year. Afterwards, they signed with RCA Records, but the RCA thought their music would not sell, so RCA let them go. The Richard Carpenter Trio made one last TV appearance on "Your All American College Show" in 1968, where they played "Dancing in the Street." Karen had a great drum solo. They won the "Your All American College Show" contest, too.

In 1967, Richard and Karen formed another group called Spectrum. Spectrum focused on making big harmonies, and the public did not like their music. Both the Richard Carpenter Trio and Spectrum disbanded in 1968.

Career
After five years of going nowhere, Richard and Karen Carpenter wanted to sign with a record label, but were constantly rejected. Joe Osborn, a bass player, had recording studio and let Richard and Karen record demo tapes. They sent in those demo tapes to a man named Herb Alpert. Herb Alpert appreciated Richard and Karen's music, and agreed to sign the two to his record label, A&M Records.

In April 1969, Richard and Karen Carpenter signed to A&M Records as "Carpenters." They released their first album that year as well. It was called "Offering." It did not have any popular songs on there, except for a song called "Ticket to Ride." When they released it as a single, the public's reaction was somewhat less than great. Too many people were accustomed to the Beatles' version.

The next year, Herb Alpert recommended a song called "(They Long to Be) Close to You." After being given the music, Richard Carpenter worked on arranging it to invent their own sound. This song was their first major hit. It went to #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Later that year, the Carpenters recorded another song, called "We've Only Just Begun." It was originally for a commercial for a bank called "Crocker Bank", but Richard saw potential in it. He again began working on the arrangement and the song was released. Ultimately, "We've Only Just Begun" released it as a single, went to #2 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Throughout their career, Karen and Richard continued to be successful and release great singles. All of them placed in the top 20 until 1977. In 1977, both singles released only peaked at #32 and #35. Their last top 20 released in 1981 "Touch Me When We're Dancing" peaked at #16. This was seen as a successful "come back" for the Carpenters however Karen would pass away just two years later.

Karen also recorded her first and only solo album entitled "Karen Carpenter" in 1979-1980 while her brother Richard took time off to recover from an addiction to prescription sleeping pills. The album was not released during Karen's lifetime and would remain the A&M vaults until 1996 when Richard Carpenter finally felt the time was right to release it. Karen dedicated her solo to her brother "Dedicated to my brother Richard... With all my heart..." Karen's fans have had a mixed reaction to her solo album but the majority believe the album was strong enough to be released at the time that it was recorded and would have had few strong hits for the singer. However Karen choose to shelve the album after it was negatively received by the powers that be at A&M Records and her brother.

Records
With the Carpenters, Karen Carpenter had a lot of records. Here is a list of them. The italicized words are the names of the records, and the things in the (parentheses) are the years that the records were released.
 Ticket to Ride (1969)
 Close to You (1970)
 Carpenters (1971)
 A Song for You (1972)
 Now & Then (1973)
 The Singles: 1969-1973 (1974)
 Horizon (1975)
 A Kind of Hush (1976)
 Passage (1977)
 Made in America (1981)
 Voice of the Heart (1983 - after Karen's death)

References

Other websites
 Richard and Karen Carpenter official website

1950 births
1983 deaths
American pop musicians
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from anorexia
American pop singers
Musicians from New Haven, Connecticut
Singers from Connecticut
Musicians from Downey, California
Singers from California

Karen Carpenter


The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a big patch of garbage and debris in the middle of the northern Pacific Ocean.  It is caught in the water currents.  It formed because currents near the center of the Northern Pacific Ocean move around in an ocean gyre, which catches and holds floating pieces of plastic.

Location
The "Yellowwood Island" actually has two areas, described as an eastern patch and a western patch, which are separated because of ocean currents. Scientists estimate that the size of the "plastic island" is approximately equal to the land area of Texas, United States, but it could be as much as twice the size. Also, it is not really a floating island. It is more like a soup of plastic pieces floating in the ocean just below the surface.  It is  from California, between Hawaii and Japan.

Hazards
Ships try to avoid this patch of garbage because it can get caught in their screws.

Many birds, turtles, and other sea animals go to Pacific Islands to lay their eggs and raise their young. Unfortunately, they eat the smaller pieces of plastic, thinking that they are food swimming in the ocean. They also get caught in the garbage. The United Nations Environment Program estimates that the plastic soup causes the death of one million sea birds and 10,000 sea animals every year. Some micro-invertebrates have also been found to eat tiny pieces of plastic with similar results.

Composition

For a long time, people thought the garbage patch was mostly plastic that had been used by ordinary people, like plastic straws and forks.  In 2018, scientists found out that most of the plastic in the patch was lost fishing nets and other fishing tools used on large fishing boats.

Since the plastics are organic compounds, they tend to absorb other organic compounds, such as pesticides. Scientists have discovered high levels of DDT and other organic compounds in this deadly plastic soup.

Sources
The pieces of plastic come from all over the world. Any country that has a shore or river, where such pieces blow or wash out to sea is a source. Scientists estimate that the United States and other industrial countries contribute less garbage to the plastic island due to modern garbage disposal; but such countries also produce and sell much of the plastic that becomes garbage for non-industrial countries.

Changes
Changing winds and currents often cause parts of this plastic island to break away and send pieces of plastic toward the beaches and shorelines of Pacific Islands and the continents. It's considered a major problem for tourism, and because of the problems that it causes the island and ocean environments.

This is a world wide environmental problem.

Cleanup
In April 2008, Richard Sundance Owen, a building contractor and scuba dive instructor, started the Environmental Cleanup Coalition to solve the problem of the pollution in the North Pacific. They are working with other groups to find ways to safely remove plastic and organic compounds from the oceans.

Project Kaisei is a project to study and clean up the garbage patch launched in March 2009. In August 2009 two ships from the project, the RV New Horizon and the Kaisei, went to research the patch and decide the possibility of a commercial scale collection and recycling operation.

References

fuck you

Great Pacific Garbage Patch


The Rhode Island Historical Society is a privately endowed membership organization, founded in 1822, dedicated to collecting, preserving, and sharing the history of Rhode Island. Its offices are located in Providence, Rhode Island.

History

Founded in 1822, the Society is the fourth oldest state historical society in the United States (after the Massachusetts Historical Society, New-York Historical Society, and Maine Historical Society). The Rhode Island Historical Society was founded and funded by many of Providence's early Yankee philanthropists, including Moses Brown and Henry J. Steere. In 1854 the "Southern Cabinet" of the Rhode Island Historical Society became reorganized as the Newport Historical Society.

As of October 2022, the organization's executive director is C. Morgan Grefe, Ph.D., and the board chair is Robert H. Sloan, Jr.

Description

The Society has the largest and most important historical Rhode Island collection within its main library and two museums.  The Society's collections include some 25,000 objects, 5,000 manuscripts, 100,000 books and printed items, 400,000 photographs and maps, and 9 million feet of motion-picture film. Through the Newell D. Goff Center for Education and Public Programs, the Society offers a variety of educational programs including workshops, lectures, films, and walking tours of Providence.  In recent years the Society has been very active in teacher-training programs seeking to improve the quality of history teaching in Rhode Island.  The Society also presents exhibits, films, concerts, and many other community activities and programs.  The Society publishes its journal Rhode Island History in either two or three issues annually covering various aspects of Rhode Island history from pre-colonial to recent.

The Society's most noteworthy recent advances include its first on-line collection access catalog and the first major restoration of the historic John Brown House, a $2.5 million project that should be complete in 2010.

Properties

The Society owns and operates the following notable museums and properties:
The Robinson Research Center (library) (121 Hope Street, Providence)
John Brown House Museum, (52 Power Street, Providence) (a National Historic Landmark) built in 1786;
Nelson W. Aldrich House (Society Headquarters/Goff Center) (110 Benevolent Street, Providence), also a National Historic Landmark, built in 1822;
Museum of Work and Culture (42 South Main Street, Woonsocket), a regional history museum devoted to the ethnic history of northern Rhode Island.

See also
List of libraries in Rhode Island

References

External links

State historical societies of the United States
Organizations based in Providence, Rhode Island
Educational buildings in Providence, Rhode Island
Libraries in Providence, Rhode Island
Rhode Island culture
History of Rhode Island
Historical societies in Rhode Island
1822 establishments in Rhode Island
Historic preservation organizations in the United States
Historical society museums in Rhode Island
Museums in Providence, Rhode Island

Rhode Island Historical Society


The Overseas collectivities (French: collectivité d'outre-mer or COM), are an administrative division of France. These territories include some former overseas territories and other French overseas holdings with a particular status. All of these were given the name collectivités d'outre-mer because of a constitutional reform on March 28, 2003.

As of March 31, 2011, there are five of these communities:
 French Polynesia, with a great degree of autonomy, two symbolic manifestations of which are the title of the President of French Polynesia (Le président de la Polynésie française) and the territory's additional designation as a pays d'outre-mer. Legislature: Assembly of French Polynesia.
 Saint-Barthélemy
 Saint-Martin
 Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada, which has a Territorial Council.
 Wallis and Futuna in the Pacific Ocean, which is the only inhabited part of France that is not divided into communes.

Other websites
Official site
past and current developments of France's overseas administrative divisions like collectivité d'outre-mer (French language)

Subdivisions of France

French overseas collectivities


The Pac-Man defense is a defensive business strategy used to stave off a hostile takeover, in which a company that is threatened with a hostile takeover "turns the tables" by attempting to acquire its would-be buyer. The name refers to Pac-Man, a video game in which the protagonist is at first chased around a maze of dots by 4 ghosts.  However, after eating a "Power Pellet" dot, he is able to chase and devour the ghosts.  The term (though not the technique) was coined by buyout guru Bruce Wasserstein.

Examples

United States
A major example in U.S. corporate history is the attempted hostile takeover of Martin Marietta by Bendix Corporation in 1982. In response, Martin Marietta started buying Bendix stock with the aim of assuming control over the company. Bendix persuaded Allied Corporation to act as a white knight, and the company was sold to Allied the same year.

In 1984, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission commissioners said that the Pac-Man defense was cause for "serious concern," but balked at endorsing any federal prohibition against the tactic. The commissioners acknowledged a Pac-Man defense can benefit shareholders under certain circumstances, but emphasized that management, in resorting to this tactic, must bear the burden of proving it is not acting solely out of its desire to stay in office. One concern is that the money spent to gain control of the intruding company, which includes payment for the services of lawyers and other professionals needed to mount that defense, represents substantial funds that could have otherwise been used to improve the company's business or increase its profits.

The next Pac-Man defense occurred in 1988, when American Brands, fighting a hostile takeover attempt by E-II Holdings, announced a cash tender offer for E-II. In 2007, British mining giant Rio Tinto, fighting off an unsolicited $131.57 billion takeover bid from Australian rival BHP Billiton, considered turning the tables on its rival and launching a counterbid for BHP. In 2009, Cadbury considered trying a Pac-Man defense if no bid emerged to challenge Kraft Foods' hostile offer.

International
Internationally, perhaps the best-known case was that of Porsche and the Volkswagen Group, in which Porsche, under the leadership of Wendelin Wiedeking, led a hostile takeover of the much-larger Volkswagen Group by slowly acquiring a large stake in Volkswagen, eventually to the point of owning over 75% of the company in 2008 and potentially triggering Germany's "Volkswagen law". By October 2008, Porsche, who was enjoying record profitability, suddenly ran out of money during the financial crisis of 2007–08 and banks were reluctant to lend any more money to Porsche; in fact, they wanted their loans paid back immediately. Ferdinand Piëch, the chairman of Volkswagen and a board member of Porsche, loaned Porsche enough money to cover their debts, and Volkswagen, which Porsche tried to acquire, became the white knight and Volkswagen effectively took over Porsche. The unique situation had much to do with the historical closeness of the Volkswagen Group to Porsche, and the battle between the Porsche and Piëch families (both descended from Ferdinand Porsche) for control of Porsche. However, later that year when the two companies announced an official merger, Volkswagen was announced as the surviving partner.

Bibliography
 Big Deal: The Battle for the Control of America's Leading Corporations, Bruce Wasserstein, (1988, )
 Pac-Man Defense http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/pac-man-defense.asp

References

External links
Preventive anti-takeover defenses: evidence from the French market for corporate control

Business terms
Mergers and acquisitions
Pac-Man
Bendix Corporation

Pac-Man defense


The Shopworn Angel is a 1938 American drama film directed by H. C. Potter and starring James Stewart, Margaret Sullavan, and Walter Pidgeon.  The MGM release featured the second screen pairing of Margaret Sullavan and James Stewart following their successful teaming in the Universal Pictures production Next Time We Love two years earlier.

The screenplay by Waldo Salt is the third feature film adaptation  of a Dana Burnet short story, "Private Pettigrew's Girl", originally published in the Saturday Evening Post in 1918. The first version was Pettigrew's Girl, a silent film released in 1919, and the second was The Shopworn Angel (1928), a part-talkie released by Paramount Pictures starring Nancy Carroll, Gary Cooper, and Paul Lukas.

Plot
After the United States enters World War I in 1917, the limousine carrying Daisy Heath (Margaret Sullavan), a sophisticated Broadway musical theatre star, knocks down Bill Pettigrew (James Stewart), a naive young soldier from Texas. A policeman orders the chauffeur to take Bill back to camp. During the ride, he becomes slightly acquainted with the cynical, but not cold-hearted Daisy.

Upon their arrival at the army camp, Bill lets his buddies assume that Daisy is the date he had lied about. In fact, he has no one. When they find out the truth, they decide to get even. On their next leave, they take Bill to Daisy's show, so he can introduce them. However, Daisy pretends that she is Bill's girl. As they spend more time together, she begins to warm to him, much to the increasing jealousy of her wealthy real boyfriend, Sam Bailey (Walter Pidgeon), who is financing Daisy's show.

When Sam takes Daisy out for an afternoon at his Connecticut estate for the first time, she tells him that Bill has shown her what true love looks like and made her realize she actually does love Sam. She also believes that the rivalry has also given new depth to Sam's love for her.

That same day, Bill learns that his unit is finally going to ship out for the fighting in Europe. When he cannot get a leave, he goes AWOL so he can propose marriage. Daisy opts to accept so that he can sail for France with something to look forward to. Sam objects to the odd arrangement privately to Daisy, but kindly refrains from telling Bill the truth. The two marry; then Bill has to leave immediately.

He sends her cheerful letters every day. Then, a letter comes from the War Department. As Daisy is in the middle of a performance, her maid Martha takes it to Sam, sitting in the audience. When Sam opens the letter, Bill's ID tag falls out. Daisy sees it, tears fill her eyes as she realizes that Bill has been killed, but she bravely finishes singing "Pack Up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit-Bag and Smile, Smile, Smile".

Cast
 Margaret Sullavan as Daisy Heath
 James Stewart as Bill Pettigrew
 Walter Pidgeon as Sam Bailey
 Hattie McDaniel as Martha
 Nat Pendleton as "Dice", one of Bill's army buddies
 Alan Curtis as "Thin Lips", another army buddy
 Sam Levene as "Leer", an army buddy
 Eleanor Lynn as Sally
 Charles D. Brown as McGonigle, Daisy's boss

Production

The film underwent major personnel changes during its development stages. The directing assignment first went to Richard Thorpe, then Julien Duvivier, before Potter was given the task. Originally cast as Daisy Heath was Jean Harlow, who died before filming began. She initially was replaced by Joan Crawford, who then yielded the role to Rosalind Russell, before newly signed MGM contract player Sullavan finally came on board. Melvyn Douglas originally was signed to play Sam Bailey, but the role ultimately went to Walter Pidgeon.

First-time screenwriter Salt had to adhere to the strict regulations of the Hays Code, which required him to dilute many of the sexually explicit elements of the preceding film versions of the story. This included transforming Daisy from a hard-edged chorus girl into a leading lady and Sam from her gangster lover into her wealthy, high society boyfriend.

Although not deemed an official remake of The Shopworn Angel, the Paramount Pictures film That Kind of Woman (1959) shared a very similar plot.

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack included tunes popular during World War 1 such as "You're in the Army Now," "Over There," "Stars and Stripes Forever," "K-K-K-Katy," "The Darktown Strutters' Ball," "(There Are) Smiles," and "Pack Up Your Troubles In Your Old Kit-Bag and Smile, Smile, Smile!." Margaret Sullavan's vocals were dubbed by Mary Martin.

Critical reception
Time described the film as "a tearjerker in the grand manner — simple, senile and heroically sentimental."

Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $722,000 in the US and Canada and $320,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $146,000.

References

External links

1938 films
1938 romantic drama films
American romantic drama films
American black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by H. C. Potter
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Sound film remakes of silent films
American World War I films
Films set in 1917
Films produced by Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Films with screenplays by Waldo Salt
Films scored by Edward Ward (composer)
1930s American films

The Shopworn Angel


A doorstop (or door stop or doorstopper) is a tool.

There are two types. One holds a door open (or stops it from closing), and the other stops the door from hitting a wall.

Doorstops that keep the door from hitting a wall can be put on the door, or on the wall, or on the floor in front of the wall.

Doorstops that are used to keep a door open come in two varieties:
Attached to the door they are supposed to stop
Wedges that can be put under the door they should stop, or anything heavy put in front of the door

Tools

Doorstop


Temerin is a town and municipality in South Bačka District, Vojvodina, Serbia. The municipality of Temerin includes the towns of Temerin and Bački Jarak, and villages Sirig and Kamendin. In the 2002 census, the town of Temerin had a population of 19,143, and the municipality had a population of 28,201. Most of its inhabitants are Serbs, while the largest minority in the town and municipality are Hungarians.

Geography
Temerin is located in Pannonian plain, about 20 km north of Novi Sad, the seat of the district. It is first mentioned in 1332 in the receipt by the pope Then Temerin was part of Kingdom of Hungary. Ottomans conquered it 1526, after Battle of Mohacz. Temerin stayed in Ottoman possession until Great Turkish War at the end of 17th century, when it became part of Austrian Empire. After World War I Temerin became part of Yugoslavian state.

References

Towns in Serbia

Temerin


Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Henao (January 17, 1600 – May 25, 1681), was a dramatist of the Spanish Golden Age.

Calderón was born in Madrid. His mother, who was of Flemish descent, died in 1610; his father, who was secretary to the treasury, died in 1615. Calderón was educated at the Jesuit College in Madrid, the Colegio Imperial, with a view to taking orders; but instead, he studied law at Salamanca.

Selected Works

 El médico de su honra (The Surgeon of his Honour)
 La vida es sueño (Life is a Dream)
 El Alcalde de Zalamea (The Mayor of Zalamea)
 La Dama duende (The Phantom Lady)
 Casa con dos puertas (The House with Two Doors)
 El Mágico prodigioso (The Mighty Magician)
 La Devoción de la Cruz (Devotion to the Cross)
 El Gran Teatro del mundo (The Great Theatre of the World)
 El Gran Mercado del mundo (The World is a Fair)
 El Pintor de su deshonra (The Painter of His Dishonour)
 El Prodigio de Alemania (The Prodigy of Germany) (in collaboration with Antonio Coello)

1600 births
1681 deaths
Spanish writers

Pedro Calderòn de la Barca