Anton Maria Anderledy (3 June 1819 – 18 January 1892) was a Swiss Jesuit, elected the twenty-third Superior General of the Society of Jesus.

Religious and academic formation
Son of a director of the postal services, Anderledy entered the Jesuit novitiate at Brig in 1838. After the novitiate, he taught for 2 years (1842–44) the classics at the college of Fribourg, where he excelled as a Latin scholar. Philosophy was done in Rome (1844–47) where he began also his theological studies. For reason of health, however he moved back to Fribourg. When the Jesuits were expelled from Switzerland (November 1847), Anderledy carried on his theological studies for a while in Chambéry (Savoy) from where another expulsion order (March 1848) drove him with fifty others to the United States. Still a student of Theology he completed the course in St. Louis, Missouri, and was finally ordained priest (29 September 1848) there, by Archbishop Peter Richard Kenrick.

Missionary, Rector, Provincial
For two years (1848–50) Anderledy took care of the pastoral needs of the German migrants at Green Bay, Wisconsin, where he devoted himself with great energy to his flock. He was recalled to Europe in 1850, first in order to make his final year of formation (called 'Tertianship') in Drongen, Belgium and soon after (1851), in Germany, to be a member of the 'missionary band' led by Father Peter Roh. With him he took part in more than 40 popular missions in different German towns. In 1853, he was chosen to be rector of Jesuit students in Cologne. He accompanied them to Paderborn and remained in charge of their studies until 1859, when he was appointed Provincial of the German Province. During Anderledy's term of office, which lasted six years, he purchased the splendid medieval abbey of Maria Laach, near Bonn, where he established the province-house of higher studies. In 1865, he was himself sent to Maria-Laach as professor of moral theology. From there he launched the well-known Theological journal Stimmen aus Maria-Laach. In 1870, Anderledy was called to Rome as Assistant to the Jesuit Superior-General, for the German-speaking provinces.

General Congregation XXIII
Superior General Pieter Beckx, 88 years old and infirm, had called a General Congregation in order that a vicar general (with rights of succession) be given him. Due to the great uncertainty of the political situation in Italy, General Congregation XXIII did not meet in Rome but at Fiesole (Firenze) in 1883. The electors chose with near unanimity Anton Anderledy as vicar-general (and successor to be) of Pieter Beckx. The same congregation passed also a decree that condemned 'Liberalism in the Church' and strengthened theological and scientific formation in the society. It did express also strong support for the Gregorian University.

Vicar General, General
In January 1884 Anderledy assumed all the duties of the Superior-General as Beckx went into retirement in Rome. On Beckx's death in 1887, Anderledy became in title the Superior-General of the Society of Jesus.
 The few circular letters he wrote to the Society are largely on religious and spiritual themes: the canonization of Edmund Campion (and others), promotion of the devotion to the Sacred Heart, and again canonizations of Alphonsus Rodriguez, John Berchmans and Aloysius Gonzaga.
 He expressed strong support to Pope Leo XIII, first by backing strongly (in a letter of 1884) the Pope's condemnation of freemasonry in Humanum genus, and later by condemning vicious anti-papal writings that were circulating in France.
 During this time, the Jesuits were banned in many of the nations of Europe; indirectly this promoted apostolic work overseas. The Canadian mission was upgraded and made independent from England. New missions were started in Moldavia (1885), Pune (India, 1886), El Minya (Egypt, 1887). Several Theologates and Universities were founded too: Enghien (French Jesuits in exile in Belgium, 1887), Los Gatos (California), Kurseong (India, 1888), Tananarive (Malagasy, 1888), etc.
 He edited and published a new edition of Reuter's Neo-Confessarius, which he annotated.

Appreciation
 Anderledy's term is characterized by its brevity, coming as it does after his immediate predecessors' long terms of office.  He also had to govern the Society while exiled from Rome:  his headquarters ("Curia Generalizia") was at Fiesole (Firenze). This was a source of many inconveniences.
 In his handling of the Jesuits he was known for great firmness of character. He also showed a modern interest in scientific studies in Jesuit schools.
 In spite of very difficult circumstances [at one point all the Jesuit schools in France and Italy were confiscated and their staff sent into exile] the number of members of the Society continued to increase: from 11,481, when he was elected, to 13,275 in 1892.

References
 BAUMGARTNER, A., A.R.P. Antonius Anderledy, in Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, vol.42 (1892), pp. 241–265.
 STAEHELIN, E., Der Jesuitenorde und die Schweiz, Basel, 1923.
 SYRE, O.J. (ed), Jesuiten, Graz, 1954.

1819 births
1892 deaths
People from Brig District
Superiors General of the Society of Jesus
Swiss Jesuits
Clergy from St. Louis
Religious leaders from Wisconsin
19th-century Swiss Roman Catholic priests
Swiss expatriates in the United States
Swiss expatriates in Belgium
Swiss expatriates in Germany
Swiss expatriates in Italy
19th-century American Jesuits

Anton Anderledy


The Mahdi or Mehdi ('the rightly-guided one') is Islam's messiah or savior. It is said that he and the Prophet Jesus will change the world for the better, bringing God in all hearts, before Yaum al-Qiyamah (Day of the Resurrection).

In particular, the Sudanese tribal leader Muhammed Ahmed proclaimed himself as the Mahdi, appointed by Allah to free his country. He defeated the forces of the Khedive of Egypt and the British, only to die suddenly six months later.

Other websites
 Who are Mahdavis?
 The Promised Mehdi
 Syed Mohammad AlMahdi AlMow'ood

Islamic theology

Mahdi


European colonization often referred to as imperialism is a process which is said to have begun in 1492 when Christopher Columbus became the first European to leave a lasting impact or tangible records o his visit to the Americas.  Columbus was not the first case of a European visiting the Americas but the voyages of Erik Raude (Erik the Red) and Leif Erikson to present-day Newfoundland are usually ignored because they left very little lasting impact.  Spanish and Portuguese exploration of the Americas culminated with the conquests of Mexico City (Tenochtitlan) in 1521.  When no living successors to the Aztec throne could be found, upon the death of Cuauhtemoc in 1524, the Spanish colony of New Spain or Mexico was held until 1810.  Likewise, the Inca were conquered in 1530 by Francisco Pizarro.  Brazil remained a Portuguese possession from 1500 until independence was declared in 1820.  Simon Bolivar, known as the liberator, played a role in the nation building of Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia, and Paraguay.  In the Americas, Spain and Portugal played the dominant role in colonization for the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries.  Napoleon's attempt to conquer the European continent in the early Nineteenth Century led to the weakening of Spain and Portugal and also led to France asserting itself in the Americas with mixed success.  Haiti was lost due to a slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, and Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States of America in 1803.  The French-Speaking province of Quebec is today part of Canada.  The British Empire abolished slavery in 1807.  After boundaries were established in the Americas, European countries set their sights on Asia and Africa.

Africa had played a role in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, but the trade that dotted the West coast of Africa was not enough for some Europeans. Britain, France, Portugal, the Boers of South Africa, and later Germany and Italy colonized Africa.  The exploration of Asia followed a similar trajectory.  Britain claimed India, which was composed of 565 princely states, and the British Crown directly ruled it from 1857 to 1947.  France claimed Indochina (today Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia). The Netherlands claimed Indonesia, and only Papua New Guinea (United Kingdom-Australia) and East Timor (Portugal) were the portions of the archipelago claimed by other nations.  The final phase of European imperialism is usually considered to be after the end of the First World War, when Germany, Turkey, and Austria were stripped of their empires.  Iraq, Palestine, and Jordan were British "mandates" while Lebanon and Syria were gien over to French administration.  Following World War II, the decolonization phase spanned 1945-1975, with Portugal being forced out of its "overseas" territories during the "dirty war" spanning 1974-1976.  Hong Kong (UK) and Macau (Portugal) were returned to the People's Republic of China in the 1990s thus disbanding the last places which could be considered colonial enclaves.  The end of imperialism is notable because it has changed the map of the world as much and arguably mair nor the fall of communism.

Colonialism
Europe
Americaes

European colonisation o the Americas


Terry Southern (May 1, 1924 – October 29, 1995) was an American writer.  He was part of the Paris postwar literary movement in the 1950s.  He was a friend to Beat writers in Greenwich Village in the 1960s.  In the 1970s he made changes to the way movies were written.  In the 1980s he wrote for Saturday Night Live and talked about screenwriting at several universities in New York.

Works

Books
Flash and Filigree (1958)
Candy (with Mason Hoffenberg) (1958)
The Magic Christian (1959)
Red-Dirt Marijuana and Other Tastes (1967)
Blue Movie (1970)
Texas Summer (1992)

Screenplays
 Dr. Strangelove (with Stanley Kubrick and Peter George) (1964) (Academy Award and BAFTA Award nomination)
The Loved One (with Christopher Isherwood) (1965)
The Collector (uncredited) (1965)
 The Cincinnati Kid (with Ring Lardner Jr.) (1966)
Casino Royale (1967) (uncredited)
 Barbarella (with Roger Vadim, Claude Brule, Vittorio Bonicelli, Clement Biddle Wood, Brian Degas and Tudor Gates) (1968)
Easy Rider (with Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper) (1969) (Academy Award nomination)
The End of the Road (with Dennis McGuire and Aram Avakian) (1969)
The Magic Christian (with Joseph McGrath) (1969)
The Telephone (with Harry Nilsson) (1988)

Awards and nominations
1963 O. Henry Award; "The Road Out of Axotle", published in Esquire, August, 1962
1964 Writers Guild of America; Screenwriter's Award for Best Written American Comedy of 1964, for Dr. Strangelove
1964 Academy Award Nomination for Best Writing (Adaptation) for Dr. Strangelove
1964 BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay nomination for Dr. Strangelove
1969 Academy Award Nomination for Best Original Screenplay; Easy Rider (with Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper)
1975 The Paris Review; Funniest Story of the Year; "Heavy Put-Away, or, A Hustle Not Devoid of a Certain Grossness, Granted"
1994 Gotham Award; Writer Award

writers from Texas

1924 births
1995 deaths
O. Henry Award winners

Terry Southern


Australasia is one of the world's geographical regions. It is unified in natural history and geology because of its ancient origin as part of the supercontinent Gondwana. It is the geographical area which contains the Australasian ecozone.

Its islands are all south-east of the Bali–Lombok line, known as the Wallace Line, after Alfred Russel Wallace. The main political entities are Australia, Indonesia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea. The main islands are:

Flores
Lombok
New Caledonia
New Guinea
North Island (New Zealand)
South Island (New Zealand)
Sulawesi
Sumbawa
Tasmania
Timor

Australasia's region is Oceania. It includes Australia, New Zealand, the island of New Guinea, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean.

Australasia


Tom Clifford (15 November 1923 – 1 October 1990) was an Irish rugby union player who played in the prop position. Clifford played club rugby with Young Munster, represented the Munster provincial team, was capped 14 times for Ireland, and was a member of the Lions team that toured in 1950.

Early life

Tom Clifford was born in Phippsoboro, County Tipperary. When Clifford was three years old, his family moved to Limerick. He attended CBS Sexton Street secondary school, where he participated in the school hurling team.

Club and provincial rugby career

Clifford made his senior début for Young Munster in a friendly match against Constitution aged 15 at fullback. He made his Munster Senior Cup début in 1943 as a wing-forward.

During his time at the club, Young Munster won the Munster Senior League on two occasions, 1944 and 1952 and twice reached the final of the Munster Senior Cup in 1947 and 1948, but lost both times.

Clifford retired from playing rugby in 1957. Young Munster's home ground, Tom Clifford Park, is named after him.

International career

Clifford made his début for Ireland against France at Lansdowne Road on 29 January 1949 in Ireland's first game of the 1949 Five Nations Championship. He played in all four of Ireland's matches in the 1949 tournament which ended with Ireland being crowned the champions and winning the Triple Crown. He also in all of Ireland's games during the 1950 Five Nations Championship.

Clifford was named in the squad for the 1950 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia, the first post-war tour by a British Isles combined team and the first where the team was officially called British Lions. The touring party travelled by boat, departing in April and not returning until October. Out of the 29 games in total played during the tour, Clifford featured in 20 of them, including in all five test matches; three against New Zealand and two against Australia. On his return to Limerick, a crowd of around 8000 people turned out at Limerick railway station to greet him.

The 1951 Five Nations Championship was again won by Ireland, with Clifford playing in the games against France and England. Clifford's only appearance at home outside of the Five Nations Championship came in December 1951, as South Africa played Ireland as part of their European tour. His final international appearances came during the 1952 Five Nations Championship, with his last game being against Wales on 8 March.

Personal life

Clifford married his wife, Virginia in August 1957.

References

1923 births
Irish rugby union players
Ireland international rugby union players
Young Munster players
Rugby union props
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Ireland
1990 deaths
Rugby union players from County Tipperary
Munster Rugby players

Tom Clifford (rugby union)


For movies of the Indian state of Karnataka, see Sandalwood (cinema).

Sandalwood is a form of wood and also the oil made from it. It is used for perfume and medicine. They are found in India, Australia, Indonesia, and the Pacific Islands. Its genus is Santalum. In Indonesia and Malaysia, its local name is Cendana.

Wood
Perfumery

Sandalwood


Léonin (lived in the late 12th century) is the first composer we know about who wrote organum, a kind of church music.  We know nothing about his life.  He was probably French.  He seems to have worked at Notre Dame Cathedral because he wrote a collection of music called Magnus Liber (meaning: Big Book), or, at least, he wrote some of it.  This book has music for two voices.  It was designed for services at Notre Dame.  A younger composer called Pérotin did some more work on the collection, changing some of it.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980.  ()

Medieval composers
French composers

Léonin


Autopoiesis refers to life and other self-organising systems. The word means "self creation or self-production". It refers to a system which can reproduce and sustain itself.

The term was introduced in 1972 by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela to define the self-maintaining chemistry of living cells. Since then the concept has also been applied to systems theory and sociology.

What is life?
Autopoiesis was a modern definition for life, plus any other systems with lifelike properties. To qualify for the name autopoiesis a system would need to show three main features:
The production of their own components
The correct assembly of these components
Continuous repair and maintenance of their own existence.
Roth commented that "In short, organisms are self-reproducing and self-maintaining, or 'autopoietic', systems". This approach makes use of molecular biology ideas and systems science ideas, but it does not refer to the particular way life is organised on Earth. This is because the authors thought it was possible for machines to have those features, and for other types of life to exist.

References

Biology
Systems theory
Philosophy of science

Autopoiesis


Chichester is a small cathedral city in West Sussex, England, with a population of 26,795 (2011 Census). It is quite near the sea, and near to a harbour for yachts.

The City of Chichester is twinned with:
  Chartres, France
  Ravenna, Italy

There are many buildings in the centre of Chichester which have interesting architecture. The oldest building is Chichester Cathedral. There are many beautiful houses in the Cathedral precincts. In many parts of the city one can still see the old city walls, and it is possible to walk along the top in some places. There is an old butter market dating from 1808. A century later another storey was added on top.

Just to the north of Chichester is the Goodwood race course. Many people go there in the summer to watch the horse races. Goodwood is in the South Downs which is a beautiful area for walking.

Chichester is an old Roman town. In the centre of Chichester are four main streets: North Street, South Street, East Street and West Street. These four streets meet in the centre, where there is a small round building with a cross: the Chichester cross. The four main streets form an area which is mostly pedestrianized. Chichester Cathedral stands near the centre, between West Street and South Street. Further to the north lies the area of Summersdale and the conservation area around Graylingwell Hospital. South of Chichester is a canal which links the city to the sea. Soon after it was built in the 19th century the railway came to Chichester so that the canal was not used for long. The canal was left in a bad state for many years until, more recently, it was restored. Some of it can be used by small boats, and there are reedbeds where birds can breed.

There is a Roman Museum near Fishbourne, just west of the city, where many Roman remains can be seen, including a palace which once stood there.

Chichester is a Fairtrade City. Suppliers of Fairtrade are shown by a green dot in the web directory.

Because Chichester is so historic it has been divided into eight conservation areas. People are very anxious that the town should not lose its historic character.

Culture

Every year in July, a three-week festival, the Chichester Festivities, takes place. Then in August since 2007 there has been a week long I AM JOY Arts and Music festival held across different venues in the city.  The Chichester Festival Theatre has productions for most of the year. It is one of the most famous theatres outside London.

Pallant House Gallery won the 2007 gallery of the year Gulbenkian Prize. It has a lot of modern British art.

The Joy Gallery, open from December 2008 to November 2009, showcased emerging and established artists from the local area.

Chichester has its own amateur orchestra, the Chichester Symphony Orchestra, which gives three concerts during the year.

Chichester RAJF (From "Real Ale and Jazz Festival") gives a four-day festival of music and real ale held each July in tents beside the 13th century Guildhall in Priory Park.

Sport
There is plenty of sport in Chichester. Chichester R.F.C. are a central team and rugby club. There is a large swimming pool with fitness rooms and sports hall. There are tennis courts near the Festival Theatre.

Education
Chichester has several schools, including Chichester High School for Boys, Chichester High School for Girls, Bishop Luffa School and Prebendal School which is linked to the Cathedral. There is a University of Chichester which, until recently, was known as Bishop Otter College.

Transport
Several roads lead into Chichester. The A27, which runs along the south coast, now bypasses the city. There are rail links to London, Gatwick, Portsmouth, Southampton and Basingstoke. Many years ago there was a small train which went to Midhurst, and even a tram to Selsey. Nowadays busses go to these towns. They depart from the central bus station near the railway station.

References

Other websites

 Chichester Web
 Chichester Live Music
 I AM JOY Arts Collective
 The Joy Gallery
 Pallant House Gallery
 Chichester Festival Theatre

Settlements in West Sussex
Cities in England

Chichester


The Swedish Army Museum () is a museum of military history located in the district of Östermalm in Stockholm. It reopened in 2002 after a long period of closure, and was awarded the title of the best museum of Stockholm in 2005. Its displays illustrate the military history of Sweden, including its modern policy of neutrality, and of the Swedish Army.

History
The Army Museum has been located at Artillerigården in Östermalm, Stockholm, since it was opened in 1879. The site has been used for military purposes since the middle of the 17th century, and the main depot of the artillery was located here for nearly 300 years. The current buildings were erected during the latter part of the 18th century. The museum was first known as the Artillery Museum, and changed its name to the Army Museum at the beginning of the 1930s, in order to reflect more accurately the focus of the museum. The museum underwent a major refurbishment and opened in new, modern premises in 1943.

Exhibitions
The displays show the living conditions of the soldiers, their families and the general population during both wartime and peacetime. They include life-size figures of soldiers of past centuries, as well as scenes of the major battles of Swedish forces, weapons, military clothes and other attributes of war. The trophies and flags of armies defeated by Sweden in the 17th and 18th centuries are displayed in a special room.

The museum also houses a mini-exhibition about Raoul Wallenberg, the renowned Swedish diplomat who saved thousands of Jews from the Nazis during the final months of World War II.

Gallery

See also
 List of museums in Stockholm

References
The Army Museum
The National Swedish Museums of Military History

External links

Website of the Swedish Army Museum

Museums in Stockholm
Military and war museums in Sweden
Army museums in Europe

Swedish Army Museum


Taxila is an ancient town in Punjab, Taxila Tehsil,  Pakistan. At one time, it was also part of the Indo-Greek Kingdom.

It is famous today because of a museum of Buddhist antiques nearby. There are also some old ruins of the Gandhara Buddhist civilization there. Another famous place near this town is the Nicholson Memorial a monument in memory of a British officer John Nicholson.

Towns in Punjab (Pakistan)
Rawalpindi District

Taxila


A thiol is a molecule that has a R–SH group. Thiols are like alcohols with an oxygen atom changed with a sulfur one. They have often a very strong and bad smell. Thiols are added to natural gas so that people can smell it. This is because methane does not have a smell but can explode very easily.

Thiols are very easy to oxidize. They are also quite acidic, more than alcohols. When the proton is taken away by a base, the thiol can become a nucleophile. It can do reactions like nucleophilic substitution.

One of the natural amino acids, cysteine, has a thiol in its structure.

Functional groups
Organosulfur compounds

Thiol


Naver is a brand of South Korea's Internet portal service.

Naver Corporation stated working since 1999 and it is considered as popular search portal in South Korea, which holds a market share of over 70% since 2011. "Naver" is a combination of the words "navigate" and the suffix, "-er". It means 'a human' who navigate Internet. Also, it is similar to the English "neighbor". Naver Corporation listed on KOSDAQ (Korean Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) in September 2002 and transferred to KOSPI (Korea Composite Stock Price Index) in November 2008.

History
Naver was launched in June 1999 by the Naver Corporation. In August 2000, Naver serviced the "Comprehensive Search". In July 2000, Naver Corporation was merged with Hangame which is an online game portal. So they changed their name to NHN. It means "Next Human Network". They still used the brand name of portal service, which is Naver. In 2002, Naver serviced "Knowledge Search". This service had a great vogue among Korean Internet users. In 2005, Naver added a blog service. In August 2013, NHN was undergone split off Naver Corporation and NHN Entertainment (formerly 'Hangame'). Since then, Naver Corporation has managed 'Naver'.

Services
Naver provides not only a search service but also various other services. The popular services are 'Junior Naver', which is a portal site aimed at children and 'Happy Bean', which is an online donation portal. Also Naver has acquired many Internet service companies. In 2006, Naver acquired a search company '1noon'. They acquired 'me2day', a micro blog website and 'Wingbus', a tour guide website in 2009. Also they established some subsidiary companies. In 2007, they established NHN Japan. It was changed to LINE Corporation in April 2013. Also they established 'Camp Mobile', the mobile exclusive affiliated company in March 2013.

References

Other websites
Naver.com
Junior Naver
Happy bean
Hangame
Line
Naver Webtoon

Websites
Companies of South Korea
1990s establishments in South Korea
1999 establishments in Asia

Naver


Dongkha (el. 3060 m./12,000 ft.) is a high mountain pass in the Himalaya connecting Sikkim in Republic of India with Tibet.

The pass offers a view of the Tibetan Plateau. The pass is located in North Sikkim. Near the pass is the placid Cholamo Lake, 6.5 km long and 2.5 km wide.

Mountain passes of India

Dongka La Pass


Evanescence is an American alternative metal/rock band. It was founded in 1995 in Little Rock, Arkansas by singer Amy Lee and former-guitarist Ben Moody. The band gained local popularity and released a number of EPs before signing a record deal with Wind-up.

The band released Fallen, their first full-length album, in 2003. Fallen gained popularity after two of its songs were featured in the film Daredevil. The album was a critical and commercial success and sold more than 17 million copies worldwide; spawning the hit singles "Bring Me to Life" and "My Immortal". It also helped the band win two Grammy Awards.

In 2006, the band released their second studio album, The Open Door, which was positively received. It debuted at #1 in the Billboard Hot 200 chart, and sold more than 447.000 copies in its first week. The album sold more than 6 million copies and its third single, "Sweet Sacrifice", was honored with a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Song.

After concluding "The Open Door Tour", the band went on a lengthy hiatus. The band announced that they would be working on a new album in June 2009, but the production was delayed several times. Evanescence, the bands' self-titled third studio album, was eventually released on October 11, 2011. It debuted at #1 in 5 Billboard charts, including the Hot 200 and Rock Albums charts. "What You Want" became the first single off the album, and was released on August 9, 2011 to positive critical reception. "My Heart is Broken" was chosen as the second single and sent to radio stations on October 31, 2011. An accompanying video premiered on Evanescence's Vevo account on YouTube on January 28, 2012. Lee has confirmed via a Twitter message that the third single will be "Made of Stone". A remixed version "Made of Stone" was featured in the soundtrack of the 2012 film Underworld: Awakening.

The band has suffered many line-up changes throughout the years. David Hodges was the first member to exit the band in 2002. Co-founder Moody left the band mid-tour in 2004 due to creative differences with frontwoman Lee, followed by Will Boyd in 2006. In 2007, Lee fired guitarist John LeCompt and drummer Rocky Gray announced he was quitting the band shortly after. As of mid-2007, Lee is the only original member left in the band.

Evanescence was ranked at #71 on the Best Artists of the Decade chart. As a female-fronted band that utilizes dramatic vocals and orchestral elements in their music, critics and fans have drawn parallels between Evanescence and other female-fronted symphonic and gothic metal bands such as Lacuna Coil. The band is recognized for their dark music and lyrics, Lee's vocals and piano instrumentations against the background of "chugging" guitar riffs and their use of electronic elements.

History

Early years (1994 – 2000)

The people who founded Evanescence are singer, songwriter and pianist Amy Lee and guitarist and songwriter Ben Moody who is no longer a member in the band. They met in a youth camp in 1994, when Moody heard Lee playing a song on the piano.

After that, they started writing music together. Two of their songs were played on the local radio station and the listeners wanted them to do a concert. They later appeared live and became a popular act in their area.

They chose "Evanescence" as a name for their band because Lee thought "it is mysterious and dark, and places a picture in the listener' mind." Evanescence means "to disappear" or "to fade away".

Before Fallen was released, Evanescence made two EPs (Evanescence EP and Sound Asleep EP) and one Demo CD called Origin. Some of the songs on Fallen can be found on their previous records, like My Immortal.

Fallen and Anywhere but Home (2001 – 2005)

Three of Lee and Moody's friends joined the band. They were John LeCompt, Rocky Gray and Will Boyd. The three also worked on previous Evanescence songs. The band also signed their first major label (Wind-Up Records) in 2001 and started working on Fallen. The band entered the studio in August 2002 to start recording songs for the album.

Fallen became a worldwide success, and spent 43 weeks on the Billboard top 10 charts. It sold over 15 million copies and was certified 7x platinum in the United States. It is also one of the eight albums to stay for at least a year within the Billboard Top 50 charts.

Their most successful single from Fallen is Bring Me to Life, which won a Grammy award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 2004. Another popular single is My Immortal, which was nominated for a Grammy in 2005. The other two singles are Going Under and Everybody's Fool. All four songs had videos to promote them.

Ben Moody left the band while they were touring in Europe. The reason given for this is because of creative differences with the band's singer Amy Lee. Moody was replaced by another guitarist, Terry Balsamo.

In 2004, Evanescence released Anywhere but Home, their first live album. It includes a concert in Paris, some behind-the-scenes features, and the single Missing, which reached #1 in Spain. The CD also had three live songs, Breathe No More, Farther Away, and the band's cover of Korn's Thoughtless.

The Open Door and Hiatus (2005 – 2009)

The band entered the studio in September 2005 to start recording songs for their second album

Will Boyd left the band in 2006 for "not wanting to do another big tour" and for wanting "to be close to his family". He was replaced by Tim McCord.

The Open Door is the band's first album to reach #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. The album had four singles with videos, which are Call Me When You're Sober, Lithium, Sweet Sacrifice and Good Enough. In 2008, Evanescence was nominated for a Grammy award for Sweet Sacrifice.

The band toured two times to promote The Open Door. The first tour was held in countries such as the United States, Canada, Japan and Australia. In the second tour, they returned to the US and had more concerts there. They also joined the Family Values Tour 2007 with the band Korn and the Argentinean festival Quilems Rock 07 with the bands Aerosmith and Velvet Revolver.

On May 4, 2007, John LeCompt said that he was fired from Evanescence, and that Rocky Gray left the band. They were replaced for some time by Will Hunt and Troy McLawhorn, who are from the band Dark New Day.

Evanescence (2009 – present)

Lee announced in June 2009 that Evanescence were working on a new album and explained the reason behind the lengthy absence:
"I believe that to make great music you have to give yourself the freedom to evolve. I don't see the point in making the same record twice, so I always want to challenge myself to make something better, stronger, and more interesting than before. That takes time, but it's worth the wait for me. Hopefully, it will be for the fans too. Look out for new music next year…"
Lee later posted more information about the album through Evanescence's fan forum, EvThreads. She described the music as "dark, sarcastic, fun, strange, familiar and very different at the same time", stating that it's not music people would expect from the band. In another post, she mentioned that she was collaborating with Will "Science" Hunt and Balsamo in writing for the album.

The band played a sold-out "secret show" at the Manhattan Center Grand Ballroom in New York City on November 4, 2009, along with label-mates Civil Twilight. The tickets sold out in five minutes. Lee told the audience that the bands' appearance was a warm-up for their headlining appearance at the Maquinária festival in São Paulo, Brazil, which took place on November 8. The Maquinária show featured an intro containing a brief sample of the bands' new music. Lee later posted the lyrics to the intro on EvThreads and stated that she was "glad" to share "at least just a minute of new music". Both these appearances featured James Black of Finger Eleven as a fill-in guitarist.

Evanescence entered the studio on February 22, 2010 to begin recording and chose Steve Lillywhite to produce the album. Will Hunt joined Evanescence as a drummer while Will "Science" Hunt participated as a programmer and secondary drummer. Despite his collaboration with Lee on most songs of the album, he eventually didn't join the band. The album was initially more electronic music-oriented and slated for a late 2010 release. However, according to Lee, Lillywhite "wasn't the right fit" and the music "wasn't coming together right". He was eventually replaced by producer Nick Rasculinecz and the band started over with writing new material and developing songs from the previous session.

In June 21, Lee announced in Evthreads.com that the band have temporarily left the studio to work further on the songs and that their label company was going through "uncertain times", which could delay the release of the album. However, she stated in her post that the band would return to the studio "soon enough". Evanescence reentered the studio in early April, 2011 with producer Nick Rasculinecz, and the album was speculated to be released in fall 2011. Because of the change og producers, Lee indicated that the album would be heavier in its sound. She also noted the band's growing participation in the songwriting process, saying that she felt like she was "finally in a real band". Additionally, Troy McLawhorn rejoined Evanescence as a primary guitarist for the album, though not as a permanent band member. On June 12, Lee announced through her Twitter account that McLawhorn was officially back with Evanescence and that the new release date for the album was October 4, 2011.

Members
 Amy Lee - Vocals, piano/keyboards, harp
 Troy McLawhorn - Lead guitar
 Tim McCord - Bass guitar
 Jen Majura - Rhythm guitar
 Will Hunt - Drums and percussion

Discography
Studio albums
 Fallen (2003)
 The Open Door (2006)
 Evanescence (2011)
 The Bitter Truth (2021)

Singles
 Bring Me to Life
 Going Under
 My Immortal
 Everybody's Fool
 Call Me When You're Sober
 Lithium
 Sweet Sacrifice
 Good Enough
 What You Want
 My Heart Is Broken
 Lost in Paradise

Radio Singles
 Imaginary
 Missing
 Weight of the World

References

1990s American music groups
1995 establishments in the United States
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Alternative metal bands
American heavy metal bands

Gothic metal bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1995
Musicians from Little Rock, Arkansas

Evanescence


Peter Dollond (2 February 1731 – 2 July 1820) was an English inventor of optical instruments. He was the son of optician John Dollond. He is known for his successful optics business, and for the invention of the apochromat.

Biography
Dollond was born in Kensington. Working together with his father and subsequently with his younger brother and nephew (George Dollond) he successfully designed and manufactured a number of optical instruments. He is particularly credited with the invention of the triple achromatic lens - i.e., apochromatic lens - in 1763, still in wide use today, though known as the Cooke triplet after a much later 1893 patent.

Peter Dollond worked at first silk weaving with his father, but his father's passion for optics inspired him so much that in 1750 Peter quit the silk business and opened an optical instruments shop in Kennington, London. After two years, his father gave up silk, too, and joined him.

Dollond telescopes, for sidereal or terrestrial use, were amongst the most popular in both Great Britain and abroad for a period of over one and half centuries. Admiral Lord Nelson himself owned one. Another had sailed with Captain Cook in 1769 to observe the Transit of Venus. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1772.

The Peter Dollond compound chest microscope is based on improvements to the Cuff-style microscope introduced by British scientific instrument designers Edward Nairne and Thomas Blunt around 1780. Another design was for the Peter Dollond compound monocular Eriometer around 1790 used to accurately measure the thickness and size of wool fibres.

After successfully defending a legal challenge to the patent he held for the achromatic lens the business prospered and he successfully sued his rivals for patent infringement.  Dollond's reputation, especially with his father being a Fellow of the Royal Society as a result of his development and patenting of the achromat, provided the company with the de facto right of refusal on the best optical flint glass.  This privilege permitted Dollond to maintain an edge in quality over competitor's telescopes and optical instruments for many years.

Notable customers also included:

Leopold Mozart
Frederick the Great
Thomas Jefferson
James Lind

Dollond & Co merged with Aitchison & Co in 1927 to form Dollond & Aitchison, the well-known British high street chain of opticians.

Peter Dollond's wife was Ann Phillips and they had two daughters, Louise and Anne.

References

External links

1731 births
People from Kensington
18th-century British astronomers
English inventors
British scientific instrument makers
1820 deaths
Optical engineers
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Peter Dollond


Aldemaro Romero (March 12, 1928 – September 15, 2007) was a Venezuelan pianist, composer, arranger and orchestral conductor. He was born in Valencia, Carabobo State.

Biography
Romero was a prolific composer, creating a wide range of music, such as Caribbean, Jazz, Venezuelan waltzes, including works for orchestra, orchestra and soloist, orchestra and choir, chamber music, up to symphonic works of great dimensions. In 1951 Romero signed contract with RCA Victor to record with a full orchestra, what was to be a very successful album in the "Dinner In..." series, featuring popular Latin American music. Under the RCA label he published his LP Dinner in Caracas, with which beat all sales records in South America until then. Afterwards, recorded numerous LP albums in different countries. In America, his ability as arranger/conductor led him to collaborate with popular orchestras and singers, such as Dean Martin, Jerry Lee Lewis, Stan Kenton, Machito and Tito Puente, among others. He also toured extensively, performing in numerous countries: Mexico, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Spain, France, Greece, Switzerland, Sweden, Italy, Russia, Egypt and Japan.
Romero was the creator of a new form of Venezuelan music, known as "New Wave" (Onda Nueva), derived from the joropo and influenced by Brazilian Bossa Nova. He also had an important role in the field of learned music.

Aldemaro Romero died in Caracas on September 15, 2007, at the age of 79.

Other websites
 Aldemaro Romero Discography
 Aldemaro Romero official website

Jazz musicians
Pianists
Venezuelan musicians
1928 births
2007 deaths
20th-century composers
Conductors
People from Caracas
Carabobo

Aldemaro Romero


Sri Yukteswar Giri (also written Sriyuktesvara, Sri Yukteshwar) (Devanagari:  ) (10 May 1855 – 9 March 1936) is the monastic name of Priya Nath Karar (also spelled as Priya Nath Karada and Preonath Karar), an Indian monk and yogi, and the guru of Paramahansa Yogananda and Swami Satyananda Giri. Born in Serampore, West Bengal, Sri Yukteswar was a Kriya yogi, a Jyotisha (Vedic astrologer), a scholar of the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads, an educator, author, and astronomer. He was a disciple of Lahiri Mahasaya of Varanasi and a member of the Giri branch of the Swami order. As a guru, he had two ashrams, one in Serampore and another in Puri, Odisha, between which he alternated his residence throughout the year as he trained disciples.

Described by Tibetologist W.Y. Evans-Wentz as being "of gentle mien and voice, of pleasing presence," and with "high character and holiness," Sri Yukteswar was a progressive-minded figure in 19th-century Serampore society; he regularly held religious festivals throughout the year around the towns and at his ashrams, created a "Satsanga Sabha" spiritual study organization, established syllabi for educational institutions, and re-analyzed the Vedic astrological yugas. Noted for his sharp mind and insightful knowledge, he became a respected guru throughout the greater Kolkata area to his Kriya yoga students, and also regularly invited individuals from all social backgrounds to his ashrams to discuss and exchange ideas on a range of topics.

As a guru, he was nonetheless known for his candid insight, stern nature and strict disciplinary training methods, as noted by his disciple Yogananda in his autobiography. The rigorous nature of his training eventually prepared his disciples, such as Satyananda and Yogananda himself, for their own intense social work in India and America, respectively. In accordance with the high ideals and "penetrating insight" with which he lived, Sri Yukteswar was considered by Yogananda as a Jnanavatar, or "Incarnation of Wisdom;" Evans-Wentz felt him "worthy of the veneration which his followers spontaneously accorded to him...Content to remain afar from the multitude, he gave himself unreservedly and in tranquility to that ideal life which Paramhansa Yogananda, his disciple, has now described for the ages."

Early life
Sri Yukteswar was born Priya Nath Karar in Serampore, India to Kshetranath and Kadambini Karar. Priya Nath lost his father at a young age, and took on much of the responsibility for managing his family's land holdings. A bright student, he passed the entrance exams and enrolled in Srirampur Christian Missionary College, where he developed an interest in the Bible. This interest would later express itself in his book, The Holy Science, which discusses the unity behind the scientific principles underlying Yoga and the Bible. He also attended Calcutta Medical College (then affiliated with the University of Calcutta) for almost two years.

Personal life
After leaving college, Priya Nath married and had a daughter. His wife died a few years after their marriage. He was a vegetarian.

Spiritual career
He eventually was formally initiated into the monastic Swami order as "Sri Yuktesvar Giri" (note: thus 'Sri' is not a separate honorific, but part of his given name). "...many follow the usual procedure (for writing or saying someone's name informally) and drop the "Sri" and say only "Yukteswar", but this is not correct. If one wants to put a "Sri" at the beginning as in the prevalent fashion, then his name would look as: "Sri Sriyukteswar Giri."

In 1884, Priya Nath met Lahiri Mahasaya, who became his Guru and initiated him into the path of Kriya Yoga. Sri Yukteswar spent a great deal of time in the next several years in the company of his guru, often visiting Lahiri Mahasaya in Benares. In 1894, while attending the Kumbha Mela in Allahabad, he met the Guru of Lahiri Mahasaya, Mahavatar Babaji, who asked Sri Yukteswar to write a book comparing Hindu scriptures and the Christian bible. Mahavatar Babaji also bestowed on Sri Yukteswar the title of 'Swami' at that meeting. Sri Yukteswar completed the requested book in 1894, naming it Kaivalya Darsanam, or The Holy Science.

Spiritual life
Sri Yukteswar converted his large two-story family home in Serampore into an ashram, named "Priyadham", where he resided with students and disciples. In 1903, he also established an ashram in the seaside town of Puri, naming it "Karar Ashram". From these two ashrams, Sri Yukteswar taught students, and began an organization named "Sadhu Sabha".

An interest in education resulted in Sri Yukteswar developing a syllabus for schools, on the subjects of physics, physiology, geography, astronomy, and astrology He also wrote a book for Bengalis on learning basic English and Hindi called First Book, and wrote a basic book on astrology. Later, he became interested in the education of women, which was uncommon in Bengal at that time.

Yukteswar was especially skilled in Jyotiṣa (Indian astrology), and prescribed various astrological gemstones and bangles to his students. He also studied astronomy and science, as evidenced in the formulation of his Yuga theory in The Holy Science.

He had only a few long-term disciples, but in 1910, the young Mukunda Lal Ghosh would become Sri Yukteswar's most well known disciple, eventually spreading the teachings of Kriya Yoga throughout the world as Paramahansa Yogananda with his church of all religions – Self-Realization Fellowship/Yogoda Satsanga Society of India. Yogananda attributed Sri Yukteswar's small number of disciples to his strict training methods, which Yogananda said "cannot be described as other than drastic".

Regarding the role of the Guru, Sri Yukteswar said:
Look, there is no point in blindly believing that after I touch you, you will be saved, or that a chariot from heaven will be waiting for you. Because of the guru's attainment, the sanctifying touch becomes a helper in the blossoming of Knowledge, and being respectful towards having acquired this blessing, you must yourself become a sage, and proceed on the path to elevate your Soul by applying the techniques of sadhana given by the guru.

Author W.Y. Evans-Wentz described his impression of Sri Yukteswar in the preface to Yogananda's Autobiography of a Yogi:
Sri Yukteswar was of gentle mien and voice, of pleasing presence, and worthy of the veneration, which his followers spontaneously accorded to him. Every person who knew him, whether of his own community or not, held him in the highest esteem. I vividly recall his tall, straight, ascetic figure, garbed in the saffron-colored garb of one who has renounced worldly quests, as he stood at the entrance of the hermitage to give me welcome. His hair was long and somewhat curly, and his face bearded. His body was muscularly firm, but slender and well-formed, and his step energetic.

Yukteswar attained mahasamadhi at Karar Ashram, Puri, India on 9 March 1936.

The Holy Science

Sri Yukteswar wrote The Holy Science in 1894. In the introduction, he wrote:
The purpose of this book is to show as clearly as possible that there is an essential unity in all religions; that there is no difference in the truths inculcated by the various faiths; that there is but one method by which the world, both external and internal, has evolved; and that there is but one Goal admitted by all scriptures.

The work introduced many ideas that were revolutionary for the time – for instance, Sri Yukteswar broke from Hindu tradition in stating that the earth is not in the age of Kali Yuga, but has advanced to Dvapara Yuga. His proof was based on a new perspective of the precession of the equinoxes. He also introduced the idea that the sun takes a 'star for its dual', and revolves around it in a period of 24,000 years, which accounts for the precession of the equinox. Research into this theory is being conducted by the Binary Research Institute, which produced a documentary on the topic titled The Great Year, narrated by James Earl Jones. There was an Apple iPhone Application for calculating Sri Yukteswar's calculations.

The theory of the Sun's binary companion expounded by Sri Yukteswar in The Holy Science has attracted the attention of David Frawley, who has written about it in several of his books. According to Frawley, the theory offers a better estimate of the age of Rama and Krishna and other important historical Indian figures than other dating methods, which estimate some of these figures to have lived millions of years ago – belying accepted human history.

Noted disciples
 Paramahansa Yogananda
 Swami Satyananda Giri
 Swami Hariharananda Giri
 Swami Bhabananda Giri
 Motilal Mukhopadyay
 Sri Sailendra Bejoy Dasgupta
 Sri Amulya Charan Santra
 Swami Narayana Giri (Prabhujee)

In popular culture
Sri Yukteswar's face can be seen on the cover of the Beatles' album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). He appears on the upper left of the crowd behind the Beatles.

See also
 Great Year
 Astrological age
 Axial precession

 Yuga

Notes

References

  Translated from Bengali edition, copyright Yoga Niketan

  1997 Anniversary Edition.

External links

1855 births
1936 deaths
20th-century Bengalis
19th-century Bengalis
Bengali Hindus
Bengali writers
19th-century astrologers
19th-century Hindu religious leaders
20th-century astrologers
20th-century Hindu religious leaders
20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians
Indian astrologers
Indian Hindu spiritual teachers
Bengali Hindu saints
Indian Hindu monks
Indian Hindu yogis
Kriya yogis
Paramahansa Yogananda
People from Hooghly district
Religious pluralism
University of Calcutta alumni
20th-century Indian writers
Indian male writers
20th-century Indian male writers
Indian religious writers
Indian spiritual writers
Writers from West Bengal
Indian yoga gurus

Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri


Joseph Manes Österreicher (), Hungarian physician; born at Óbuda 1759; died at Vienna, December 14, 1831.

He studied medicine, but could not practise until after the promulgation of the edict of toleration by Emperor Joseph II in 1781. He received his medical diploma in 1782. He was thereupon appointed physician at the hospital in his native town, and subsequently head physician of the county of Zala. In 1785 he became physician at the health resort of Balatonfüred.

In 1802 Österreicher went to Vienna to practise. His investigations into the adulteration of food attracted the attention of Emperor Francis, who rewarded him with handsome gifts; and on his appointment as chief physician to the imperial household in 1818, he received the great gold medal of citizenship.

Österreicher's works include:
 Analysis Aquarum Budensium Item Aquæ Sarisapiensis et Acidulæ Fürediensis, Vienna, 1781
 Nachricht von den Bestandtheilen und Kräften des Füreder Sauerbrunnens, ib. 1792
 Sal Mirabilis Nativus Hungaricus, ib. 1801

References

1756 births
1831 deaths
People from Óbuda
Hungarian Jews
18th-century Hungarian people
19th-century Hungarian physicians
Austro-Hungarian Jews

József Manes Österreicher


Sebastian Köber (born 28 May 1979) is a German boxer, who won the Heavyweight bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. Three years later, at the 2003 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Bangkok, he once again finished in third place.

Amateur
 German Super Heavyweight Champion 2003, German Junior Champion 1996, 1997

Heavyweight 201 lb/91 kg limit
1997 won the European Junior Championships at Heavyweight in Birmingham (England), beating Aleksander Jacenko (Ukraine) in the final.
2000 competed at the European Championships in Tampere, Finland. Result was:
 Lost to Jackson Chanet (France) PTS
2000 won a bronze medal in the Sydney Olympics at Heavyweight, representing Germany. Results were:
 Defeated Magomed Aripgadjiev (Azerbaijan) PTS (9-4)
 Defeated Mark Simmons (Canada) RSC-3
 Lost to Félix Savón (Cuba) PTS (8-19)
2001 competed at the World Championships in Belfast, Northern Ireland at Heavyweight. Lost the quarterfinal to David Haye on points.

Superheavyweight
2002 won a bronze medal at the European Championships at Superheavyweight in Perm, Russia. Results were:
 Defeated Chaba Kurtuts (Hungary) PTS (32-11)
 Lost to Alexander Povetkin (Russia) RSC-4
2002 won the Military Championship in Curragh (Ireland), beating Roberto Cammarelle (Italy) in the final 16-7
2003 2nd place at the European Union Championships in Strasbourg (France), lost to Modo Sallah (Sweden) by Walkover
2003 won a bronze medal at the World Championships in Bangkok, Thailand. Results were:
 Defeated Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov (Kazakhstan) PTS (20-19)
 Defeated Jaroslav Jaksto (Lithuania) PTS (27-15)
 Lost to Pedro Carrion (Cuba) PTS (18-26)
2004 competed at the European Championships in Pula, Croatia. Result was:
 Lost to Roberto Cammarelle (Italy) RSC
2004 Köber qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics by ending up in first place at the 1st AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
2004 competed in the Athens Olympics. Result was:
 Lost to Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov (Kazakhstan) PTS (18-28)
2005 won the Military World Championships in Pretoria, South Africa. Results were:
Defeated Magomed Abdusalamov (Russia) PTS (16-15)
Defeated Martin Tcho (Cameroon) PTS (27-2)
Defeated Jaroslav Jaksto (Lithuania) PTS (14-9)
Defeated Jack Saye Sr. (USA) PTS (12-5)

Pro
Köber turned pro in 2006, and won his first nineteen fights against unknowns before losing two decisions to extremely limited opponents, one with a losing record.

External links
 News and Pictures of Sebastian Köber

1979 births
Living people
Boxers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Germany
Olympic bronze medalists for Germany
Sportspeople from Frankfurt (Oder)
Olympic medalists in boxing
German male boxers
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Heavyweight boxers

Sebastian Köber


Amritsar (, meaning: The Lake of the Holy Nectar,) is the capital of the Amritsar District in the state of Punjab, India. According to the 2001 Indian census, over 1,500,000 people lived in the city.

Amritsar is in the state of Punjab, India, 32 km east of Lahore, Pakistan. The Harimandir Sahib, also known as the Golden Temple, is there. The temple is the centre of the Sikh religion.

History
In the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919 under British Rule a large number of protestors were shot at and killed by British troops.  The city is also famous for Operation Bluestar, a military operation carried out by India in 1984 that was ordered by the Prime Minister of India of the time, Indira Gandhi.  Many Sikhs were angered, as the holy Golden Temple of the Sikhs was damaged by the Indian Army.

References

Cities in Punjab, India
Capital cities in India

Amritsar


Roald Dahl (September 13, 1916 - November 23, 1990) wis a Welsh writer, famous for his novelles, short stories an  parteecular for his beuks for bairns. Mony o his beuks an stories hae been made intae films an shawed on TV aw athort the warld.

Amang his maist faur ben beuks are The Sleekit Mr Tod, The Eejits an Geordie's Mingin Medicine that hae been owerset intae the Scots. Mony o his bairn's beuks hae picturs drawn by Quentin Blake.

Thare is a Roald Dahl Museum an Story Centre in Great Missenden that shaws the wark o Roald Dahl.

1916 births
1990 daiths
20t-century Breetish writers
20t-century Breetish novelists
20t-century Breetish poets
20t-century Breetish short story writers

Absurdist feection
Breetish childer's writers
Breetish horror writers
Breetish short story writers
Breetish social commentators
Breetish male writers
Breetish Warld War II fleein aces
Disease-relatit daiths in the Unitit Kinrick
Edgar Awaird winners
King's African Rifles officers
Fowk eddicatit at The Cathedral School, Llandaff
Fowk eddicatit at Repton School
Fowk frae Llandaff
Ryal Air Force officers
Ryal Air Force personnel o Warld War II
Breetish fowk o Norse strynd
Childer's poets
Welsh fowk o Norse strynd
Writers frae Cairdiff
Warld War II spies for the Unitit Kinrick

Roald Dahl


A monoisotopic element is an element which has only a single stable isotope (nuclide). There are 26 such elements, as listed.

Stability is experimentally defined for chemical elements, as there are a number of stable nuclides with atomic numbers over ~40 which are theoretically unstable, but apparently have half-lives so long that they have not been observed either directly or indirectly (from measurement of products) to decay.

Monoisotopic elements are characterized, except in one case, by odd numbers of protons (odd Z), and even numbers of neutrons. Because of the energy gain from nuclear pairing, the odd number of protons imparts instability to isotopes of an odd Z, which in heavier elements requires a completely paired set of neutrons to offset this tendency into stability. (The five stable nuclides with odd Z and odd neutron numbers are hydrogen-2, lithium-6, boron-10, nitrogen-14, and tantalum-180m1.)

The single mononuclidic exception to the odd Z rule is beryllium; its single stable, primordial isotope, beryllium-9, has 4 protons and 5 neutrons. This element is prevented from having a stable isotope with equal numbers of neutrons and protons (beryllium-8, with 4 of each) by its instability toward alpha decay, which is favored due to the extremely tight binding of helium-4 nuclei. It is prevented from having a stable isotope with 4 protons and 6 neutrons by the very large mismatch in proton/neutron ratio for such a light element. (Nevertheless, beryllium-10 has a half-life of 1.36 million years, which is too short to be primordial, but still indicates unusual stability for a light isotope with such an imbalance.)

Differentiation from mononuclidic elements

The set of monoisotopic elements overlap but are not the same as the set of 21 mononuclidic elements, which are characterized as having essentially only one isotope (nuclide) found in nature. The reason for this is the occurrence of certain long-lived radioactive primordial nuclides in nature, which may form admixtures with the monoisotopics, and thus prevent them from being naturally mononuclidic. This happens in the cases of 7 () of the monoisotopic elements. These isotopes are monoisotopic, but due to the presence of the long-lived radioactive primordial nuclide, are not mononuclidic. These elements are vanadium, rubidium, indium, lanthanum, europium, lutetium and rhenium. See the list below; for (indium and rhenium), the long-lived radionuclide is actually the most abundant isotope in nature, and the stable isotope is less abundant.

In 2 additional cases (bismuth and protactinium), mononuclidic elements occur primordially which are not monoisotopic because the naturally occurring nuclide is radioactive, and thus the element has no stable isotopes at all. For an element to be monoisotopic, it must have one stable nuclide.

List of (observationally-stable) monoisotopic elements, ordered by atomic number and weight

Non-mononuclidic elements are marked with an asterisk, and the long-lived primordial radioisotope given. In two cases (indium and rhenium), the most abundant naturally occurring isotope is the mildly radioactive one, and in the case of europium, nearly half of it is.

 Beryllium-9
 Fluorine-19
 Sodium-23
 Aluminium-27
 Phosphorus-31
 Scandium-45
 Vanadium-51* naturally occurs with 0.25% of radioactive vanadium-50
 Manganese-55
 Cobalt-59
 Arsenic-75
 Rubidium-85* naturally occurs with 27.835% of radioactive rubidium-87
 Yttrium-89
 Niobium-93
 Rhodium-103
 Indium-113* naturally occurs with majority (95.7%) radioactive isotope indium-115
 Iodine-127
 Caesium-133
 Lanthanum-139* naturally occurs with 0.09% radioactive lanthanum-138
 Praseodymium-141
 Europium-153* naturally occurs with 47.8% radioactive europium-151
 Terbium-159
 Holmium-165
 Thulium-169
 Lutetium-175* naturally occurs with 2.59% radioactive lutetium-176
 Rhenium-185* naturally occurs with majority (62.6%) radioactive isotope rhenium-187
 Gold-197

See also

 Primordial nuclide
 List of nuclides (sorted by half-life)
 Table of nuclides
 Isotope geochemistry
 Radionuclide
 Mononuclidic element
 Stable isotope
 List of elements by stability of isotopes

References

External links
 Atomic Weights of the Elements as of year 2000, with a section on monoisotopics starting page 708

Isotopes
Sets of chemical elements
Metrology

Monoisotopic element


Michel van der Aa (; born 10 March 1970) is a Dutch composer of contemporary classical music.

Early years
Michel van der Aa was born 10 March 1970 in Oss. He trained as a recording engineer at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, and studied composition with Diderik Wagenaar, Gilius van Bergeijk, and Louis Andriessen.

Career
The music of van der Aa has been performed by ensembles and orchestras internationally. Those include the AskoSchönberg ensemble, Freiburger Barockorchester, Ensemble Modern, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, Dutch National Opera, Mozarteum Orchestra Salzburg, Seattle Chamber Players, Ensemble Nomad Tokyo, musikFabrik, Continuum Ensemble Toronto, Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra, Netherlands Radio Orchestras, Norrköping Symphony Orchestra, Sweden, and the Helsinki Avanti! Chamber Orchestra.

He completed a short program in film directing at the New York Film Academy in 2002. He also participated in the Lincoln Center Theater Director's Lab, a short, intensive course in stage direction in 2007.

Michel van der Aa's music theatre works, including the chamber opera One (2002), the opera  (2006, Amsterdam) and the music theatre work The Book of Disquiet, have received international critical praise. The innovative aspect of these operas is their use of film images and sampled soundtracks as an essential element of the score.

He directed the television production of One for the Dutch national broadcasting company NPS. Passage (2004), a short film by van der Aa, has been shown at several international festivals and has been aired on Dutch national television.

He has been a featured artist at the Perth Tura New Music Festival and Holland Festival. He has collaborated with choreographers such as Kazuko Hirabayashi, Philippe Blanchard, Ben Wright and Annabelle Lopez Ochoa.

Awards
Van der Aa was the recipient of the Gaudeamus International Composers Award in 1999. He also received the prestigious Matthijs Vermeulen Award for One in 2004. He received the Siemens Composers' Prize in 2005. He also received the Charlotte Köhler Prize for his directing work and the interdisciplinary character of his oeuvre in the same year. He was awarded the Hindemith Prize of the Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival in 2006.

In November 2012 it was announced that van der Aa would be the recipient of the 2013 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in Music Composition, for his cello concerto Up-Close, a 'highly innovative fusion of musical and visual art' written for Sol Gabetta and the Amsterdam Sinfonietta. In 2013 he won the Mauricio Kagel Music Prize.

Projects
Van der Aa's 3D film-opera Sunken Garden, a collaboration with David Mitchell, author of Cloud Atlas, was a joint commission from English National Opera, Barbican Centre, Toronto Luminato Festival, Opéra National de Lyon, and the Holland Festival. It was given its première by English National Opera conducted by André de Ridder at the Barbican Centre, London, on 12 April 2013, with Roderick Williams in the role of Toby.

His music is recorded on the Harmonia Mundi, Col Legno, Composers' Voice, BVHaast, and VPRO Eigenwijs labels, as well as his own label Disquiet Media.

Works

Opera and music theatre

 Vuur (2001), opera, for solo voice, actors, singers, ensemble and soundtrack
 One (2002), chamber opera, for soprano, soundtrack and film
 libretto by the composer
  (2005–06), opera, for six solo voices, ensemble, soundtrack, and film
 libretto by the composer, after Hirokazu Kore-Eda
 The Book of Disquiet (2008), music theatre, for actor, ensemble, soundtrack and film
 libretto after Fernando Pessoa, adapted by the composer
 Sunken Garden (2011–12), opera, for three singers, ensemble, soundtrack, and film
 libretto by David Mitchell
Blank Out (2015–16), chamber opera, for soprano, baritone (film), choir (film) and 3D film
Eight (2018–19), virtual reality installation, for mezzo-soprano, soprano, choir, soundtrack, VR
Upload (2021, Bregenzer Festspiele), music and libretto by van der Aa, for soprano, baritone, small orchestra, film projection, motion capture

Orchestra

 See-Through (2000), for orchestra
 Here [to be found] (2001), for soprano, chamber orchestra, and soundtrack
 Here [enclosed] (2003), for chamber orchestra and soundtrack
 Second Self (2004), for orchestra and soundtrack
 Imprint (2005), for Baroque orchestra
 Spaces of Blank (2007), song-cycle for mezzo-soprano, orchestra and soundtrack
 Violin Concerto (2014) for violin and orchestra

Ensemble

 Span (1996), for ensemble and soundtrack
 Between (1997), for percussion quartet and soundtrack
 Above (1999), for ensemble and soundtrack
 Attach (1999–2000), for ensemble and soundtrack
 Here [in circles] (2002), for soprano (with small cassette player) and ensemble
 Mask (2006), for ensemble and soundtrack
 Up-Close (2010), concerto for solo cello, strings ensemble/orchestra, soundtrack and film

Chamber music

 Auburn (1994), for guitar (classical or electric) and soundtrack
 Oog (1995), for cello and soundtrack
 Double (1997), for violin and piano
 Quadrivial (1997), for flute, violin, cello, and prepared piano
 Solo (1997), for percussion solo
 Wake (1997), for percussion duo
 Caprce (1999), for violin solo
 Just Before (1999), for piano and soundtrack
 Memo (2003), for violin and portable cassette recorder
 Transit (2009), for piano and film
 Rekindle (2009), for flute and soundtrack
 And how are we today? (2012), for mezzo-soprano, piano, and double bass
 Miles Away (2012), for mezzo-soprano, violin, piano and double bass

Dance and film

 now [in fragments] (1995), for soprano, clarinet, cello and soundtrack
 ballet, commissioned by the Richard Alston Dance Company in collaboration with Ben Wright
 Staring at the Space (1995–96), for chamber orchestra
 70 minute theatre/dance work, commissioned by the Norrköping Symphony Orchestra and the Östgöta Dance Company
 Faust (1998), for ensemble and soundtrack
 a large-scale (90 minute) dance work, commissioned by the New National Theatre Tokyo, choreographed by Kazuko Hirabayashi
 The New Math(s) (2000), for soprano, traverso, marimba, violin and soundtrack
 Co-commissioned score with Louis Andriessen for a short film directed by Hal Hartley, for the BBC and NPS
 Solitaire (2003), for violin and soundtrack
 ballet, commissioned by the Het Nationaal Ballet, Den Bosch

Other
 Writing to Vermeer (1999), opera by Louis Andriessen and Peter Greenaway, with the thirteen electronic music inserts (which accompany a corresponding film projection) composed by van der Aa.
 The Book of Sand (2015), digital interactive song cycle, based on Jorge Luis Borges' short story "The Book of Sand", with Kate Miller-Heidke
 Time Falling (2020), album in collaboration with Kate Miller-Heidke

References

External links

 Facebook
 Profile, Intermusica
 Profile and works, Boosey & Hawkes

1970 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Dutch classical composers
Dutch male classical composers
Dutch opera composers
Gaudeamus Composition Competition prize-winners
Living people
Male opera composers
New York Film Academy alumni
People from Oss
Pupils of Louis Andriessen
Royal Conservatory of The Hague alumni
Ernst von Siemens Composers' Prize winners
20th-century Dutch male musicians
21st-century male musicians

Michel van der Aa


A screwdriver is a tool used to turn (or "drive") screws into something. It has an axial shaft with a tip of a certain shape that fits into the head of a screw. On the other end of the screwdriver is a cylindrical handle to be held by a person's hand. As the handle is rotated, it creates a torque that turns the tip via the screwdriver's shaft. There are many different sizes and kinds of screwdrivers. A screwdriver is usually identified by the shape of its tip. The tip is shaped in a certain way to match the groove cut into the head of a screw. A screwdriver is, therefore, a mechanism to apply torque to a screw and turn it in tight spaces.

Drive and blade types
Screwdrivers come in a large variety of shapes and sizes to match those of screws. If a screwdriver that is not the right size and type for the screw is used, it is likely that the screw will be damaged in the process of tightening it. Many screwdriver designs have a handle that can be used with different tips. The shaft and the tip can be removed from the handle, and a different one can be attached instead. The shaft and the tip are together called a bit (as with a drill bit). This allows a set of one handle and several heads to be used for a variety of screw sizes and types.

Powered screwdriving

Most screwdrivers are operated manually, but there are some that use an electric or other motor to rotate the bit. They are used to drive screws quickly into various materials. There are different types of driver bits that let a drill drive different types of screws. The bit can be removed and swapped with another bit of a different shape. Many types of drills are able to be used as power screwdrivers. The best have a control over how much torque force is used, which allows the screws to be tightened to a specific level.

References

Other websites

Tools

Screwdriver


Guild Wars 2 is a type of computer game called a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) that is played on the Internet. It is owned by ArenaNet. Guild Wars 2 takes place in a fantasy world that is called Tyria. The game's story is about a guild called Destiny's Edge, and their attempt to kill six evil elder dragons. It is the sequel to Guild Wars. In August 2015, the game became free to play, and had sold more than 5 million copies by then.

Playing Guild Wars 2

The world of Guild Wars 2 is the same as the world in Guild Wars, but many changes has been made to it. These changes include new buildings and new landscapes, because Guild Wars 2 takes place 250 years after Guild Wars. Much of the land has also been corrupted by the elder dragons.

There are five different races to choose from when you create a new character. These races are Human and Charr, from Guild Wars Prophecies, Norn and Asura from Guild Wars Eye of the North, and the Sylvari, a new race to the Guild Wars series. There are also 8 professions to choose from. The profession and race of the player decides what special abilities the player can use. As in Guild Wars, the player has a skill bar where he/she can choose from a large pool of abilities. The skill bar is different from Guild Wars. It can now hold ten skills instead of eight, but is more limited.  The weapon the player is holding decides the first five skill slots. The 6th slot is used for a healing skill. The 7th, 8th and 9th slots are used to hold the remaining skills that the player can use. Finally, the 10th slot is used for an elite skill, which is more powerful than the other skills. ArenaNet has made the skill bar more limited to solve the balance problem many MMORPGs has. Skills in Guild Wars 2 has also been made in quality instead of quantity.

The maximum level is higher than in Guild Wars. The player can now get to level 80 instead of 20. ArenaNet said that level 80 is a good maximum level because it allows the player to go through the game's storyline without having to grind. It was very important for ArenaNet that players in Guild Wars 2 should not have to grind. This is because ArenaNet wanted the players to have fun the entire time they were playing Guild Wars 2. The player's level can also change depending on where in the world the player is.  When the players fight monsters the player's level will be the same level as the monsters of that area plus one. For example, if a level 80 character goes to a level 5 area, he will become level 6, if he goes to a level 10 area, he will become level 11.

There are two ways the player can fight other players in Guild Wars 2: World versus World and Structured PvP. In Structured PVP the player gains the maximum level and gain access to all abilities in the game. The players then fight players five versus five on matches that are about 10 minutes long. Unlike World versus World the players can not use rewards from Structured PvP anywhere outside Structured PvP. In World versus World the player also gains the maximum level, but can not use abilities that are not unlocked by the players character. World versus world matches are also one entire week long, so the player can join and leave whenever he wants. The goal in World versus World is to take control of capture points; castles, forts and camps. Holding these points gives points to the server holding them. The points gives players rewards in the servers world, such as more experience and more money from killing monsters.

Because Guild Wars 2 takes place 250 years after Guild Wars, the player can not keep their character from Guild Wars in Guild Wars 2. Instead the player can link their Guild Wars account to the Guild Wars 2 account to get rewards in Guild Wars 2. The points are gained by completing a variety of tasks in Guild Wars. When a task is completed, the player can turn the task into points by adding them to the Hall of Monuments. The Hall of Monuments is available in the Eye of the North expansion.

Story

Guild Wars 2 takes place 250 years after the player defeats the Great Destroyer in Guild Wars Eye of the North.  Over the past 2 centuries, Elder Dragons who has slept under the earth has awoken. Currently, 5 dragons have awoken, and they have started to destroy and corrupt Tyria. The humans have lost almost all of Ascalon to the Charr. The remaining humans now live in Kryta and Ebonhawke. The norn, a race of nordic hunters, has been driven from their homeland in the north by Jormag, an Elder Dragon of ice. The Norn now live in the Southern shiverpeaks, instead of the northen shiverpeaks. The asura, a small but smart race, has been driven out of their homeland to the west. Their underground home has been invaded by destroyers. The Destroyers are servants to Primordus, an Elder Dragon of fire. The asura now live in Rata Sum, a very large city floating in the air. East of Rata sum, a new race has arrived to Tyria; the sylvari, The sylvari are similar to humans, but they are made out of trees, bushes and even mushrooms. They birth from the Pale Tree, a tree that was planted during Guild Wars Eye of the North.

References

Online games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
2012 video games

Guild Wars 2


Logan Fontenelle (May 6, 1825 – July 16, 1855), also known as Shon-ga-ska (White Horse), was a trader of Omaha and French ancestry, who served for years as an interpreter to the US Indian agent at the Bellevue Agency in Nebraska. He was especially important during the United States negotiations with Omaha leaders in 1853–1854 about ceding land to the United States prior to settlement on a reservation. His mother was a daughter of Big Elk, the principal chief, and his father was a respected French-American fur trader.

European Americans thought Fontenelle was a chief but, because of his white father, he was not considered part of the tribe. As the Omaha had a patrilineal system, only if he had been formally adopted by a man of the tribe could he have advanced to be a chief. The Omaha considered him a half-breed and, because of his father, a "white man." Fontenelle lived on the reservation and died young at the age of 30, killed with five Omaha on the tribal summer buffalo hunting trip when they were attacked by an enemy band of Sioux warriors.

Fontenelle acted as an interpreter in Omaha negotiations with the United States during 1853–1854 for land cessions, first in Nebraska, with 60 Omaha leaders and the US Indian agent Gatewood; they came to agreement in January 1854. Later that year, Fontenelle accompanied a delegation of seven gente chiefs of the Omaha who traveled overland to Washington, D.C., for further talks. Fontenelle was one of the signatories of the treaty, perhaps because he was the only Omaha speaker at the meeting who was literate in English. Forced to accept changes to the treaty during that trip, the Omaha chiefs agreed to cede  of their land to the United States. They believed that at least that they were securing US protection from the Sioux, but were to be disappointed. Within a couple of years, the Omaha removed to a reservation in northeast Nebraska in the Blackbird Hills, essentially present-day Thurston County.

Biography

Early years
Logan Fontenelle was born at Fort Atkinson, Nebraska Territory on May 6, 1825.  He was the oldest son of four born to Me-um-bane, a daughter of the Omaha principal chief Big Elk (1770–1846/1853), and her husband Lucien Fontenelle, a French-American fur trader from New Orleans. Their other children were Albert (1827–1859), Tecumseh (Felix) (1829–1858) (named after the Shawnee chief), Henry (born 1831), and Susan (1833–1897). The senior Fontenelle sent his sons to St. Louis, Missouri, for European-American schooling. His daughter Susan was educated at home with her mother and family, received extended training in the local mission schools, and married Louis Neals.

In 1828, Lucien Fontenelle purchased the former Pilcher's Post, becoming the agent at what became known as Fontenelle's Post. He represented the American Fur Company on the Missouri River in what developed as Bellevue, Sarpy County, Nebraska. In 1832, with the fur trade declining sharply, Fontenelle sold the post to the US government.

It used the complex for the headquarters of the regional Indian agency, called the Upper Missouri Indian Agency or Bellevue Agency. This agency administered relations with the Omaha and other regional tribes. In the following decades, the Indian agent had the lead for negotiating with regional tribes for land cessions to the United States in order to allow sale to American settlers.

Return to Nebraska
After his father died in 1840, the 15-year-old Logan Fontenelle returned from St. Louis to Nebraska, where he began to work as an interpreter for the US Indian Agent at the Bellevue Agency. He also worked as a trader. Several years later, in August 1846 he acted as an interpreter for Big Elk when he signed an illegal treaty with Brigham Young to allow the Mormon pioneers to create a settlement on Omaha territorial lands. (The United States wanted to be a party to all treaties related to Native American territory.) Not having guns, the tribal leaders were seeking aid from the Mormons for protection from the Sioux, who had been raiding them. They likely thought it a bad deal in the end, as the Mormons consumed many of their local resources and did little to protect them.

In the spring of 1843 Logan took Gixpeaha ("New Moon,") a woman of the Omaha, as his wife. He had a house built near his father's for him and Gixpeaha. They had three daughters: Emily, born mid-winter 1845; Marie, born December 21, 1848; and Susan, born February 8, 1850. Sometime in 1846 while staying at Logan's home, Father Christian Hoecken baptized Gixpeaha and baby Emily, then "solemnized their marriage." During Christmas of 1850 Father Hoecken, back in Bellevue on a missionary errand, baptized Marie and Susan.

Fontenelle allied with the future Omaha chief Joseph La Flesche (1822–1888), a Métis fur trader who had been adopted as a son of the principal Omaha chief Big Elk. About 1848, the Omaha removed to the Bellevue Agency. By that time designated by Big Elk as his successor, LaFlesche brought his family to settle with the tribe.

About this time, LaFlesche and Fontenelle established a ferry across the Platte River near the present-day site of Columbus, Nebraska, to accommodate the increasing migrant traffic. Later, they started another ferry across the Elkhorn River near Fremont, Nebraska. After making a profit, they sold the ferries to English immigrants.

In the summer of 1854 a group of town site promoters from Quincy, Illinois arranged for Fontenelle to select a location for their new colony. He took them to a location overlooking the Elkhorn River about forty miles northwest of Bellevue. The men asked Fontenelle the price for twenty square miles of land for their township and his reply was a hundred dollars; however, he lowered the price when the promoters decided to name the town and a nearby creek in honor of him. This town was incorporated March 14, 1855; unfortunately "the good people of Quincey were innocent of correct French pronunciation [Font-nel, ] uttered the name as a three-syllable word, and came down heavily on the second syllable." The creek was called Logan.

Treaty negotiations
The US Indian Agent James M. Gatewood had been under pressure by the government to gain a land cession from the Omaha. In turn, they wanted protection by the US government against the Sioux, who made frequent raids on them, and economic means to ensure their future.  In January 1854, 60 Omaha leaders met in council to discuss the treaty; they were reluctant to delegate so important a matter even to their gente chiefs. Together, the large group of men negotiated a treaty with the US Indian Agent Gatewood. Fontenelle acted as the interpreter. The treaty included provision for payments of tribal debts to the traders Fontenelle, Louis Saunsouci, and Peter Sarpy.

The Omaha finally designated seven chiefs: Joseph LaFlesche (Iron Eye), Two Grizzly Bears, Standing Hawk, Little Chief, Village Maker, Noise, and Yellow Smoke to represent them and accompany Gatewood to Washington to conclude the negotiations, but authorized little room for changes. Fontenelle and Saunsouci went with the chiefs as interpreters. Joseph LaFlesche had been designated by Big Elk as his successor and in 1853 had become chief of the Wezhinshte gens. Both he and Fontenelle signed the Treaty of 1854, together with five gente chiefs, whereby the tribe sold nearly all its land to the government. Fontenelle may have signed in place of one of the other chiefs because he was literate in English.

The reservation was established on land in the Blackbird Hills, comprising present-day Thurston County. The terms were changed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs to be less favorable than those negotiated by Gatewood and the 60 Omaha in Nebraska. Among the changes: Omaha were to receive considerably less money for their land, and the President was to have the discretion to distribute the annuities in cash or goods, rather than all in cash as the Omaha wanted.  Payments were to be made until 1895.

About 800 Omaha removed to the reservation, and their number increased over the following decades to 1100 in 1881.  Under the treaty terms, the Omaha tribe received "$40,000 per annum for three years from January 1, 1855; $30,000 per annum for the next succeeding ten years; $20,000 per annum for the next succeeding fifteen years; and $10,000 per annum for the next succeeding twelve years," to 1895.  The President of the United States, based on recommendations by the US Indian Office (and the agent in the field, who had the most authority in the matter), was to determine the proportions of the annuity to be received in money and in goods.

Death
In 1855 a band of Brulé Sioux killed and scalped Fontenelle and five of his party, who were part of the Omaha summer buffalo hunt, along Beaver Creek in the present-day Olson Nature Preserve in Boone County, Nebraska. John Bigelk, nephew of Big Elk, described the Sioux attack: "They killed the white man, the interpreter, who was with us." As the historian Melvin Randolph Gilmore has noted, Big Elk called Fontenelle
"a white man because he had a white father. This was a common designation of half-breeds by full-bloods, just as a mulatto might commonly be called a [black] by white people, although as much white as black by race."Because the tribe was patrilineal, it considered children's social identity to be determined by that of the father.

Iron Eyes (Joseph LaFlesche) account of Fontenelle's death states:
"Logan could have made a dash like I did, but he laid down in the grass and attempted to fight the Sioux alone. His first shot missed, but with the second he killed a Sioux. The Sioux thought that there were two men there, and those in the front halted. Another party of about a dozen made a charge on him from behind. Logan had reloaded his gun, and as they came up he turned and killed two of them. The party that were in front dashed in before he could reload and killed and scalped him."When the battle with the Sioux was over, the survivors found Fontenelle's remains, and Louis Saunsouci carried the body back to camp. It was wrapped in buffalo robes and placed on a travois pulled by Fontenelle's horse (recovered from the Sioux during battle.) Having sent messengers ahead, they traveled back to Bellevue.

An eyewitness account of the funeral reports that
"a procession...moved slowly along, led by Louis San-so-see [sic], who was driving a team with a wagon, in which, wrapped in blankets and buffalo robes was [Logan Fontenelle.] On either side the Indian chiefs and braves, mounted on ponies, with the squaws and relatives of the deceased, expressed their grief in mournful outcries. His remains were taken to [his] house...a coffin was made which proved to small without unfolding the blankets...he had been dead so long it was a disagreeable task. After putting him in the coffin his [squaws] who witnessed the scene, uttered the most piteous cries, cutting their ankles until the blood ran in streams. An old Indian woman...standing between the house and the grave, lifted her arms to heaven and shrieked her maledictions upon the heads of the murderers. Col. Sarpy, Stephen Decatur, Mrs. Sloan, and an Otoe half-breed, and others stood over the grave when his body was lowered. While Decatur was reading the...funeral service of the Episcopal church, he was interrupted by Mrs. Sloan, who stood by his side and in a loud voice told him 'that a man of his character ought to be ashamed of himself to make a mockery of the Christian religion by reading the solemn service of the church."Decatur had read the funeral service due to the absence of clergy. He proceeded until the end. "After the whites, headed by Col. Sarpy, had paid their last respects, the Indians filed around the grave and made a few demonstrations of sorrow." Another account states that after the white mourners had left, the Indians had their own oratory and chanted funeral songs into the night.

After Logan died, his widow Gixpeaha went to live on the Omaha reservation, where she lived to old age. Their  daughters Marie and Susan married Omaha men and raised families. His eldest daughter Emily was not married when she died in 1869.

Chiefdom dispute

Some historians contend that Fontenelle was made a chief of the Omaha in 1853 after the death of Big Elk. This assertion is contradicted by Big Elk having designated Joseph LaFlesche as his successor. In addition, contemporary accounts say that Fontenelle was respected, but only the whites thought he was a chief. They were the only ones to commemorate him with honors after his death.

It appears confusion arose because he accompanied the chiefs to Washington, D.C., as an interpreter. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) also used Saunsouci as an interpreter. For some reason, the officials included Fontenelle's name as one of the seven chiefs on the treaty, which he signed, but the name of chief Two Grizzly Bears was not included, nor did he sign. Fontenelle was the only one of the group of Omaha speakers who was literate in English and could read what was on the treaty. Boughter suggests that Gatewood may have represented him to the BIA officials as a chief, or the Omaha did to increase his stature. He may also have been recognized as an honorable chief because of "charitable acts" and gifts to the tribe.

An 1889 sketch of Joseph LaFlesche in the Bancroft Journal said he was the only chief of the Omaha to have had any European blood; as noted, he was adopted as a son by Big Elk, which was the way he fully entered the tribe. Although A. T. Andreas called Fontenelle the "last great chief" of the Omaha in his 1882 history of Nebraska, the assertion of chieftainship is not supported by the evidence of tribal structure and contemporary views provided in 1919 by Melvin R. Gilmore, curator of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, and by the 20th-century historian Judith Boughter. It appears that only the whites thought Fontenelle was a chief in his own lifetime and during the decades after his death. As Gilmore noted, the Omaha had a tribal structure that had patrilineal hereditary leadership; because children belonged to their father's gens, there was no place in the tribe for a child fathered by a European or American, unless the person was officially adopted by a male of the tribe.

Dr. Charles Charvat reports in his work a passage from The Omaha Tribe that "on account of business and governmental interferences, two classes of chiefs developed in Indian tribes : one class was called regular chiefs, because they had attained their position through inheritance or through adoption by a former chief ; and a second class was known as 'paper chiefs,' because they usually had some document assuring them official and extra-tribal favor...it is likely that [Logan Fontenelle] had acquired titular and other influence as the United States interpreter, and then through personal effort and natural ability attained prestige which made him a de facto chief."

Legacy
Fontenelle is honored in the names of several places, and with a monument:
 Fontenelle Forest in Bellevue
 Fontanelle in Washington County, Nebraska
 Fontanelle in Adair County, Iowa
 Logan Creek (Omaha "Taspóⁿhi báte wachʰíshka")  a stream flowing through Cedar, Dixon, Thurston, Cuming, Burt, and Dodge counties in Nebraska.
 Fontenelle Boulevard in Omaha was originally intended to take drivers to the town of Fontanelle, Nebraska.
 Early 1900s, Hotel Fontenelle, a grand hotel in Omaha.
 Logan Fontenelle Housing Project, Omaha
 The Fontenelle Elementary School, Omaha, and the Logan Fontenelle Middle School, Bellevue.
 A monument was erected to Logan Fontenelle in Petersburg, Nebraska, near the site of his death.
 Fontenelle Park at the intersection of Fontenelle Boulevard and Ames Avenue in North Omaha.

References

Further reading
 Barak, A. (2000) The Mongrel: A Story of Logan Fontenelle of the Omaha Indians, dramatized account of Fontenelle's life. iUniverse.

External links
 "Treaty with the Omaha, 1854", in Indian Affairs: Treaties By United States, US Dept. of the Interior, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904, p. 611

Native American leaders
People from Washington County, Nebraska
1825 births
1855 deaths
Native American history of Nebraska
Nebraska people of French descent
People from Bellevue, Nebraska

Logan Fontenelle


Rheydt is a borough of the city of Mönchengladbach, Germany. It lies in the very west of North Rhine-Westphalia.

The first written mention of the town is in 1180. From 1918 until 1933 it was part of the city of Mönchengladbach. Dr. Joseph Goebbels, who was born in Rheydt, arranged for the city to get back its independence. It is a town with many factories, mainly silk and textiles. It was bombed heavily during World War II. In 1975 it again became part of Mönchengladbach. The central station, Rheydt Hauptbahnhof, kept its original name, which makes Mönchengladbach the only city in Germany to have two stations called Hauptbahnhof.

Schloss Rheydt, one of the best preserved palaces of the Renaissance period, is located in Rheydt.

Boroughs of Germany
Mönchengladbach

Rheydt


Poor Scouser Tommy er en fotballsang som blir sunget av Liverpool FCs supportere. Den oppstod på 1960-tallet da Bill Shankley var manager der, og det ble lagt til et ekstra vers etter 5-0 seieren over Everton FC i 1982 da Ian Rush lagde 4 mål. De første versene er etter melodien fra "Red River Valley" og den andre delen er etter melodien fra "The Sash".

Sangen

Let me tell you the story of a poor boy

Who was sent far away from his home

To fight for his king and his country

And also the old folks back home

So they put him in a Highland division

Sent him off to a far foreign land

Where the flies swarm around in their thousands

And there's nothing to see but the sands

In a battle that started next morning

Under an Arabian sun

I remember that poor Scouser Tommy

Who was shot by an old Nazi gun

As he lay on the battle field dying dying dying

With the blood gushing out of his head (of his head)

As he lay on the battle field dying dying dying

These were the last words he said...

Oh... I am a Liverpudlian

I come from the Spion Kop

I like to sing, I like to shout

I go there quite a lot (every week)

We support the team that's dressed in Red

A team that we all know

A team that we call Liverpool

And to glory we will go

We've won the League, we've won the Cup

We've been to Europe too

We played the Toffees for a laugh

And we left them feeling blue – Five Nil!

One two

One two three

One two three four

Five nil!

Rush scored one

Rush scored two

Rush scored three

And Rush scored four!

Fotballsanger
Liverpool FC

Poor Scouser Tommy


The Walkman is the invention as well as the brand name of Sony. It represents a portable audio player. Today, similar devices are also called "Walkman". The name describes players that have small sizes and can be carried by one anywhere. The portable player was a revolutionary device since one could take favorite music with him or her.

History

The  original Walkman cassette player was released in 1979. The name "Walkman" was used in Japan, while abroad it had other names, one of which was "Soundabout". First the product did not have a name, and then one of the company's staff proposed "Walkman". Because it was a direct translation from Japanese, Sony's leadership seemed skeptical. They thought "Walkman" was not a suitable name for a device which was to be launched in the United States and Europe.

Sony used new ways to introduce its new product on the market and advertise it. The main idea of Sony was to make people aware that Walkman is a product that is unique on the market and that it is both new and fun. On June 22 (the date of release), Sony Walkman appeared in Tokyo. The company held an unusual press conference where different journalists were invited to Yoyogi, which is Tokyo's major park. They were given a Walkman to prove that the portable player is fun and easy to use.

By 1995 there were already about 150 million Walkman portable players produced. Later, MP3 players became more popular.

Related pages

 Sony
 Japan
 iPod
 MP3
 Laptop
 DVD
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Audio technology
Music technology

Walkman


Cerre is a Los Angeles based womenswear and accessories brand founded in 2005 by husband and wife, Clayton and Flavie Webster. The couple met while they were both working as fashion models in Europe. The brand was first launched as a collection of bags and leather goods, and eventually expanded into apparel in the spring of 2010. Cerre is named after Flavie Webster's grandmother's surname.

In 2011, Cerre opened its Melrose Avenue flagship store. The 1,600 square foot West Hollywood store, designed by Clayton Webster, also serves as the brand's atelier.

In 2009, Cerre collaborated with costume designer Trish Summerville to create custom leather jackets and bags for Rooney Mara's character in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film), as well as costumes for Robin Wright's character. In 2012, the designers teamed up with Summerville again to design custom pieces for the film The Hunger Games: Catching Fire.

In 2012, Cerre was the recipient of the Moss Adams Fashion Innovator Award.

References

Links

Official website

American fashion designers
Companies based in Los Angeles

Cerre


Mario Party 3 is a party board video game for the Nintendo 64 console. It is the third game in the Mario Party series. It is the last Mario Party game for the Nintendo 64. It was made by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo. It was released on December 7, 2000 in Japan, on May 7, 2001 in North America, and on September 3, 2001 in Europe.

Gameplay

Mario Party 3 plays like the first two Mario Party games. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player who wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. A new element in this game is the Game Guy Space. If a player lands on this space, they must pay all of their coins to play a mini-game. If successful, the player's coins will be doubled (or more, depending on the outcome). If the player fails, they lose all of their coins. This is the only Mario Party game this space appears in. Also, the player may now hold up to three items at a time. Six boards are available. The last one must be unlocked in Story Mode.

A new feature in this game are duel boards. Here, the player faces another player in a one-on-one duel on a board. Both players have up to two partners they can use. Twelve partners are available to use. The object is to decrease the other player's health to zero. There are six duel boards available. Duel boards are played after party boards in Story Mode. In Story Mode, the player gets a stamp for winning.

Eight characters are playable in this game. Two characters, Waluigi and Princess Daisy, make their first playable appearances in this game.

2000 video games
2001 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Mario Party games

Mario Party 3