Customatix (later "Cmax") was a Santa Cruz, California-based seller of made-to-order footwear launched in May 2000. The parent company, Solemates, Inc., was founded in 1999 by former Adidas executives Dave Ward, Irmi Kreuzer, Mikal Peveto and David Solk.

The Customatix.com website allowed the user to customize one of several shoe designs and purchase a pair of shoes. Each basic shoe design featured a large selection of customizable parameters, including choice of component materials and colors, plus text and graphics, allowing trillions of possible variations.

The web application was created by a dot com engineering company called Lutris Technologies. The Chief Designer was Noel Barnes and Production Manager was Daryl L Tempesta. The Cmax project was published in the magazine "HOW". Over 1 million images were created. Some shoes had 3 billion trillion combinations .

Customized shoes were manufactured in China and shipped directly to the customer.

By mid-2004, the website had gone offline.

See also

 Mass customization
 Configuration system

References

External links
 2000 Forbes Article
 2001 Wired Article

Shoe companies of the United States
Companies based in Santa Cruz County, California
Santa Cruz, California
Clothing companies established in 2000
American companies disestablished in 2004
American companies established in 2000

Customatix


Bible study is intensive reading of the Bible.

For Christians, study of the Bible is often part of daily life. A lot of other people are also interested in this piece of world literature.

In Europe before the 16th century it was not possible for most people to study the Bible.  Books were written using only the languages Latin and Greek.  Only people who had learned to read those languages could study the Bible. The Roman Catholic Church said people could not translate the Bible into other languages, for example Italian or English because many people could not read and it took the lifetime of a monk, by himself, to translate the Bible.

When the Reformation started in 16th century Europe, the Bible was translated into several languages.  Many books were printed in these languages. People were then able to read the Bible in their own language.

Related pages
 Biblical study, the academic study of the Bible

Bible

Bible study


Johann Nepomuk Cosmas Michael Denis, also: Sined the Bard, (27 September 1729 – 29 September 1800) was an Austrian Catholic priest and Jesuit, who is best known as a poet, bibliographer, and lepidopterist.

Life
Denis was born at Schärding, located on the Inn River, then ruled by the Electorate of Bavaria, in 1729, the son of Johann Rudolph Denis, who taught him Latin at an early age. At the age of ten, he was enrolled to be educated by the Jesuits at their college in Passau. After completing his studies in 1747, he entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Vienna.

In 1749, following this initial formation period, Denis was sent to carry his period of Regency at Jesuit colleges in Graz and Klagenfurt. He was ordained a priest in 1757. Two years later, he was appointed professor at the Theresianum in Vienna, a Jesuit college. After the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773, and the subsequent closing of the college, he remained there to maintain its library until 1784, at which time he was made second custodian of the library of the royal court, and seven years later became its chief librarian.

Denis died in Vienna in 1800.

Writings
A warm admirer of Klopstock, Denis was one of the leading members of the group of so-called bards; and his original poetry, published under the title Die Lieder Sineds des Barden (1772), shows all the extravagances of the bardic movement. He is best remembered as the translator of Ossian (1768–1769; also published together with his own poems in 5 vols. as Ossians und Sineds Lieder, 1784).

More important than either Denis' original poetry or his translations were his efforts to familiarise the Austrians with the literature of Northern Germany; his Sammlung kürzerer Gedichte aus den neuern Dichtern Deutschlandes, 3 vols. (1762–1766), was in this respect invaluable. He has also left a number of bibliographical compilations, Grundriss der Bibliographie und Bücherkunde (1774), Grundriss der Literaturgeschichte (1776), Einleitung in die Bücherkunde (1777), and Wiens Buchdruckergeschichte bis 1560 (1782).

Ossians und Sineds Lieder have not been reprinted since 1791; but a selection of Denis' poetry, edited by Richard Hamel, is to found in volume 48 (1884) of Kürschners Deutsche Nationalliteratur. His Literarischer Nachlass was published by Joseph Friedrich Freiherr von Retzer in 1802 (2 vols), two years after Denis had died in Vienna, aged 71.

Scientist
In addition to his literary output, working with Ignaz Schiffermüller, Denis formed an early collection of butterflies and moths, and published the first catalogue of the Lepidoptera found around Vienna. His collection was kept at the Hofburg Palace and was destroyed in course of the Revolution of 1848.

Works
Poetische Bilder der meisten kriegerischen Vorgänge in Europa seit dem Jahr 1756, Wien 1760
Die Gedichte Ossians, eines alten celtischen Dichters, aus dem Englischen übersetzt, Wien 1768–69
Einleitung in die Bücherkunde, Wien 1777–1778
Die Lieder Sineds des Barden, Wien 1772 (which includes the text to Mozart's Gibraltar).Systematisches Verzeichniß der Schmetterlinge der Wienergegend herausgegeben von einigen Lehrern am k. k. Theresianum (with Ignaz Schiffermüller), Wien 1775Grundriß der Bibliographie, Wien 1777Die Merkwürdigkeiten der k. k. garellischen öffentlichen Bibliothek am Theresiano, Wien 1780Bibliotheca typographica Vindobonensis ab anno 1482 usque ad annum 1560, Wien 1782 (auch deutsch Wiens Buchdruckergeschichte bis 1560, Wien 1782–1793)Ossian und Sineds Lieder, 5 Bände, 1784Kurze Erzählung der Streitigkeiten über die alten Urkunden, Heidelberg 1785Zurückerinnerungen, Wien 1794Carmina quaedam, Wien 1794Beschäftigungen mit Gott schon in dem 12. Jahrhundert gesammelt, Wien 1799

 Literature
Paul von Hofmann-Wellenhof: Michael Denis. Ein Beitrag zur deutsch-oesterreichischen Literaturgeschichte des XVIII. Jahrhunderts''. Wagner, Innsbruck 1881

Notes

References

External links

Biography and list of selected works

1729 births
1800 deaths
People from Schärding District
18th-century Austrian Jesuits
Austrian lepidopterists
18th-century Austrian poets
Austrian male poets
Austrian bibliographers
18th-century Austrian writers
Jesuit scientists
18th-century male writers

Michael Denis


A sound film is a motion picture (or movie) with sound that has been synchronised with the image. Before sound films, there was only silent film, and dialogue was shown in words on the screen. The first known exhibition of sound movies took place in Paris in 1900. But sound movies were not widely made commercially until a long time later. The first commercial screening of a short sound movie took place in New York City in April 1923. They are now the standard kind of technology for movie making.
The first sound film was THE JAZZ SINGER.

Movie terminology
Sound
Audio technology

Sound film


A garnishment is the means for collecting monetary judgments against a defendant by ordering third parties to pay money directly toward the plaintiff. Wage garnishments are a process of deducting money off employees' monetary compensation (including their salary); these types of garnishments continue until entire debts are paid and can be taken for any debt, however usual examples are:

 child support
 defaulted student loans
 tax

Wage garnishments can adversely affect credit reputation or one's ability to open bank accounts.

Law

Garnishment


The Ringstraße (also known as Ring) is a street in Austria's capital Vienna. It goes around the first district in almost the shape of a circle. The street is 5.2 km long and is divided into nine sections. It is one of the main sights in Vienna.

History

On December 20th, 1857, emperor Franz Joseph I. ordered to destroy the old city walls and to build a street which should show the glory of the Habsburg Empire. The old walls were a traffic block because in 1850, the suburbs became part of the city as districts II. till IX. The order of the emperor outlined the exact size of the boulevard, as well as the geographical positions and functions of the new buildings. The only building which was erected by the city was the Town Hall.

During the following years, a large number of important public and private buildings were erected. Nobility and  bourgeoisie began to build mansions along the street. Most of them were built in the Ringstraßenstyle, which mainly quotes older styles.

Sections of the Ringstraße

The Ringstraße has several sections. It surrounds the central area of Vienna on all sides, except for the northeast, where its place is taken by the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the street going along the Donaukanal (a branch of the Danube). Starting from the Ringturm at the northern end of the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the sections are:
 Schottenring (named after the Schottenstift)
 Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Ring (Karl Lueger)
 Dr.-Karl-Renner-Ring (Karl Renner)
 Burgring (Hofburg)
 Opernring (Vienna State Opera)
 Kärntner Ring (Carinthia)
 Schubertring (Franz Schubert)
 Parkring (Wiener Stadtpark)
 Stubenring (named after the Stubenbastei, part of the viennese citywall since 1156)

Buildings along the Ringstraße
 The K.u.K. Hofoper (now Vienna State Opera), in neo-romantic style by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Nüll,
 the Akademie der bildenden Künste (Academy of Fine Arts),
 the Justizpalast (now Federal Ministry of Justice),
 the Parliament building, in neo-attic style (a reference to the democracy of ancient Athens) by Theophil Freiherr von Hansen,
 the Rathaus (Town Hall) in Flemish-Gothic style by Friedrich Schmidt,
 the K.u.K. Hofburgtheater (now Burgtheater) by Karl Freiherr von Hasenauer,
 the University Building, in neo-renaissance style (a reference to the beginnings of the university system in northern Italy,
 the Votivkirche, in neo-gothic style (a reference to the gothic Cathedrals of France) by Heinrich Freiherr von Ferstel,
 the Börse (Stock Exchange),
 the Ringturm, modern 1950s style,
 the Urania observatory,
 the Kriegsministerium (now Regierungsgebäude), in neo-baroque style by Ludwig Baumann,
 the Postsparkasse (Postal Savings Bank), in Jugendstil by Otto Wagner,
 the Museum für Angewandte Kunst (Museum of Applied Arts) in neo-renaissance style by Heinrich Freiherr von Ferstel,
 the Palais Württemberg (now Hotel Imperial),

Gallery

Other websites

 suf.at - Vienna Ringstraße
 Die Ringstraße - ein Juwel unter den Straßen der Welt
 viennatouristguide.at - Sights along the Ringstraße

Vienna

Ringstraße


The Ichneumonoidea are parasitoid wasps. They are a superfamily in the suborder Apocrita.

The superfamily is made up of the ichneumon wasps, (family Ichneumonidae), and the braconids (family Braconidae). The superfamily contains well over 80,000 different species. Members of the family Ichneumonidae are usually larger than members of the Braconidae, and the family has three times as many species as the braconids. The two families are distinguished mainly by details of wing venation.

Almost all are solitary insects, and most are parasitoids—the larvae feeding on or in another insect which finally dies. Being in the same order, ichneumonoids are closely related to other hymenoptera such as ants and bees. Many species in both families use polydnaviruses (with double strand DNA) to suppress the immune system of the host insect.

Some species use many different insects as hosts, others are very specific in host choice. Various ichneumons are used successfully as biological control agents in controlling pests such as flies or beetles.

Ichneumon wasp species are highly varied, ranging from  to  long. Most are slender, with the females of many species (particularly in the genus Megarhyssa) having an extremely long ovipositor for laying eggs. The female finds a host and lays an egg on, near, or inside the host's body. Upon hatching, the larval ichneumon feeds either externally or internally, killing the host when they themselves are ready to pupate. Despite looking formidable, the ovipositor does not deliver a sting like many wasps or bees. It can be used by the wasps to bore through rotten wood, and lay eggs in grubs hiding under the wood.

Other websites

 Reference large-format photos of 15 different species of Ichneumonidae
 An interesting account  of an observer's encounter with Ichneumons.
 University of Florida Department of Entomology & Nematology page about Ichneumons
 BugGuide page: Family Ichneumonidae - Ichneumon Wasps

References

Parasitoids
Wasps

Ichneumon


The May Queen or Queen of May is a word which has two different but related meanings. It can refer to either  a mythical figure or  to a holiday personification.

Mythology
The May Queen is also known as The Maiden, the goddess of spring, flower bride, queen of the faeries, and the lady of the flowers. The May Queen is a symbol of the stillness of nature around which everything revolves. She stands for purity, strength and the potential for growth, as the plants grow in May. She is one of many personifications of the energy of the earth.

She was once also known as Maid Marian in the medieval plays of Robin Hood and of the May Games - she is the young village girl, crowned with blossom, attended by children with garlands and white dresses. Some folklorists have drawn parallels between her and Maia, the Roman Goddess of Springtime, of Growth and Increase whose very name may be the root of "May".

Festivals

The May Queen is a girl (usually a teenage girl from a specific school year) who is selected to ride or walk at the front of a parade for May Day celebrations. She wears a white gown to symbolise purity and usually a tiara or crown. Her duty is to begin the May Day celebrations. She is generally crowned by flowers and makes a speech before the dancing begins. Certain age groups dance round a May pole celebrating youth and the spring time.

An Elizabethan account
In 1557, a diarist called Henry Machyn wrote:

"The xxx day of May was a goly May-gam in Fanch-chyrchestrett with drumes and gunes and pykes, and ix wordes dyd ryd; and thay had speches evere man, and the morris dansse and the sauden, and a elevant with the castyll, and the sauden and yonge morens with targattes and darttes, and the lord and the lade of the Maye".

Translation: On the 30th May was a jolly May-game in Fenchurch Street (London) with drums and guns and pikes, The Nine Worthies did ride; and they all had speeches, and the morris dance and sultan and a elephant with a castle (saddle in the shape of a castle) and the sultan and young moors with shields and arrows, and the lord and lady of the May".

Maintaining the tradition
Many areas keep this tradition alive today, most notably the Brentham Garden Suburb, England which hosts it annually. This has the record of the oldest unbroken tradition although the May Queen of All London Festival at Hayes Common in Bromley is a close contender. A May queen is selected from a group of 13 upwards girls by the young dancers. She returns the next year to crown the new May Queen and stays in the procession.

A May Day celebration held annually in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada has the distinction of being the longest running May Day celebration of its kind in the British Commonwealth. This May Day celebration began in 1870 and is approaching one hundred and forty years of age. Archival film footage of New Westminster's May Day celebrations from 1932-1962 can be seen online at Quest for the Queens .

Cultural references to the May Queen
 A May Queen is mentioned in the Led Zeppelin song "Stairway to Heaven".
 May Queen is the name of a ketch-rigged trading vessel built in 1867 at Franklin, Tasmania. She had a 106-year working life and is the oldest boat of her type afloat in the world. She is on the International Register of Significant Ships.
 "May Queen" is the title of a song song on singer-songwriter Liz Phair's second album Whip-Smart.
 "May Queen" is the title of a song by Inkubus Sukkubus.
 "The May Queen" is the title of an anthology  of women's writings about being in their thirties edited by Andrea N. Richesin (Tarcher/2006).
 The naming of a "Queen of May," including the idea that she would die at the end of the festivities, is a plot device in an episode of BBC's Doctor Who (Series 21) titled "The Awakening" (1984).
 May Queen is a Richard Thompson song on the Still album.

Related pages
 May Day
 May crowning

References

Festivals

May Queen


Poole is a town in Dorset, England. It is the second biggest town in Dorset after Bournemouth. In 2001, 138,299 people lived there. Lots of tourists visit Poole because of its nice beaches and sunny weather. It has a very big natural harbour. Lots of people in Poole work for Barclays Bank, Hamworthy Engineering, Poole Packaging, Sunseeker, RNLI and Ryvita.

Harbour
Poole's harbour is the second biggest natural harbour in the world after Sydney in Australia but the water in Poole is very shallow which means that very big ships cannot go into Poole Harbour. It was used in World War II for some ships to set off for France on D-Day. The harbour entrance is also the home to many millionaires being in the top 5 most expensive places to live in the world.

History
People have lived in Poole for 2,000 years. There were lots of Celtic people there. Archaeologists found a boat in the harbor which they think was made in 295 BC. When the Romans invaded Britain in the 1st century, they landed in Poole. In the Norman Conquest in 1066, Poole was used mostly for fishing but then became a port for trading things like wool. In the 18th century, Poole was one of the biggest ports in England.

The harbor stopped being so useful because big boats could not get in, so they went to places like Liverpool, Southampton and Plymouth. Even though the harbor can not be used that well, due to the shallowness of the sea, it is very beautiful and peaceful for people.

Unitary authorities in Dorset
Towns in Dorset
Port cities and towns of England

Poole


The Alligator Effigy Mound is an effigy mound in Granville, Ohio, United States.  The mound is believed to have been built between AD 800 and 1200 by people of the Fort Ancient culture.  The mound was likely a ceremonial site, as it was not used for burials.

Located on privately owned land, Alligator Mound is one of two extant effigy mounds known in the present-day state of Ohio, along with Serpent Mound in Adams County, Ohio. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1971. Effigy mounds were built more often by ancient indigenous peoples located in the areas of the present-day states of Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin than in the Ohio area, and many have survived there.

Survey history

Squier and Davis: 1848
Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis surveyed the privately held site in Granville, Ohio for the Smithsonian Institution and reported their findings in their 1848 publication Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. They described the site as "strange." They report the location of the work as being 150 to 200 feet in height. They note that people in the area called it "the alligator," "although the figure bears as a close resemblance to the lizard as any other reptile." The head of the effigy points towards the southwest. The work totaled 250 feet in length from head to tail. The body was noted at 40 feet wide, and each leg was measured at 36 feet. They describe the ends of the paws as being "a little broader than the remaining portions of the same, as if the spread of those toes had been originally indicated."

Squier and Davis note that the head, shoulders and rump of the effigy are higher than the rest of the body. The height of the mound ranges from four feet to six feet. In the middle of the effigy was a small mound, which they believed was used as an altar. Stones covered the altar, with marks from being lit on fire in the past. A graded way was made from the altar to the "top of the effigy." The graded way is ten feet wide. They note evidence of excavation in parts of the effigy with little disturbance to the site. Through excavation they determined that the site is made of clay and that the clay had been imported from another area. They also noted that no historical excavation, made by the creators of the effigy, was found in the region.

They examine the headland where the mound is built. They describe it as a "beautifully rounded spur of land," and question if the site was rounded by humans to create such a rounded place. During their visit, they also noticed that damage had been done to the headland. They note that other earthworks can be seen from the top of the headland, specifically those in the Newark group.

After their survey, Squier and Davis concluded that the site was used for sacrifices or "on stated or extraordinary occasions,".

Lepper and Frolking: 1999
In 1999, Brad Lepper and Tod A. Frolking conducted a professional archaeological investigation of the mound.  By radiometric dating of a piece of charcoal recovered from the base of the mound, they estimate its construction to have been 1,000 years BP (about AD 950).  Lepper suggests that the Alligator Mound is an effigy of an underwater panther, a powerful figure in Native American myth.  He thinks that early European settlers misinterpreted what Native Americans told them about the effigy.  They were told that it was a fierce creature that lived in the water and ate people, which they assumed to be an alligator.

References

External links

 Ohio Exploration Society - Alligator Mound
 - The Project Gutenberg EBook of Animal Carvings from Mounds of the Mississippi Valley, by Henry W. Henshaw

1848 archaeological discoveries
Fort Ancient culture
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Archaeological sites in Ohio
Geography of Licking County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Licking County, Ohio
Geoglyphs
Mounds in Ohio

Alligator Effigy Mound


Mass spectrometry (MS) is a process that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles.
You can use it to find out the mass of particles, and to find the basic chemicals in a sample or molecule. It can also tell you the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds.

There are 5 main steps a mass spectrometer takes:
 Vaporization: The substance has to be injected into the ionizing tube, where it is turned into a gas if it is not already one. This is done by heating up the substance so much that it vaporizes, which allows the substance to move along the mass spectrometer.
 Ionization: The sample is then hit with electrons by an electron-gun, changing the sample so it only has positively-charged ions. This is so the samples are attracted to the magnetic fields, allowing the mass spectrometer to work.
 Acceleration: The positively-charged ions are then accelerated through an electric field of negatively charged plates which the ions are attracted to, to allow them to be tested in the next stages.
 Separation: As the ions are moved along a magnetic field, the atoms with a higher mass-to-charge ratio will not be affected as much by the magnetic field, while those with a lower mass-to-charge ratio will be affected more. Most atoms only have a single charge, so with those, the angle of the heavier atoms won't change much, while the angle of the lighter atoms will change a lot. This is because they have more mass compared to their single charge.
 Detection: There is a detector at the end of the mass spectrometer. When an ion hits the detector, a single electric current is produced at that location, which is then multiplied many times so a computer can notice it. The current produced is always proportional to the amount of ions of that specific type hitting the location. Molecules and atoms of the same type will always hit a specific location of their own.
Using the information which the method can collect, you can find the mass-to-charge ratio of the particles, and the relative abundance (how many atoms of each type were in the sample you put in).

The first mass spectroscope was invented by the British physicist J. J. Thomson in 1912. His student Francis Aston developed the mass spectroscope for practical use. They are now widely used for agriculture, brewing, food processing, geology, petroleum exploration, medical drugs measurements and space exploration. They are often used with a chromatography system which helps prepare the sample for mass spectrometry.

References

Other websites
 Mass Spectrometry by Paul Andersen on Youtube
 Mass Spectrometry MS by the Royal Society of Chemistry on Youtube

Mass spectrometry


The Tocantins River is a river that flows through the northeastern part of Brazil. It rises in the district with a lot of mountains known as the Pireneus.  These can be found to the west of the Federal District. Its western tributary, the Araguaia River, has headwaters very far south on the slopes of the Serra dos Caiapós.

Rivers of Brazil

Tocantins River


Aramids are polymers. The name stands for aromatic polyamide. Structurally aramids are similar to proteins.

Overview
Stephanie Kwolek developed aramids at DuPont in 1965. DuPont uses the trade name Kevlar for them..

Aramids are very present in security helmets, in splinter-resistant glass, in Ballistic vests, but also in other domains. They are used as a replacement for asbestos as a building material, for gaskets and other sealings, but also as helpers to make sails, parachutes and similar tools.

Armour
Polymers

Aramid


The Rhetorical Triangle represents the three rhetorical appeals created by Aristotle. The Greek terms pathos, logos, and ethos compose the triangle. Pathos means appealing to emotions; ethos means appealing to ethics; logos means logic. The balance of these terms creates a powerful way to convey a message in any communication style.

Examples of each Greek term
Ethos: "9 out of 10 professors at The University of New Hampshire recommend that students read this book for success in their college career."
This is ethos because it refers to reputable sources.

Pathos: "If you do not donate to this charity, patients could go without necessary care to treat their illnesses."
This is pathos because it appeals to emotions of readers.

Logos: "75 percent of customers see results within the first two months of using this product."
This is an example of logos because it offers statistics to support a claim.

Rhetoric

Rhetorical Triangle


Fleet is a town in Hampshire, United Kingdom and tends to be a dormitory town serving London and Reading.

Fleet has one shopping center, and a music shop just off the High Street and many small, fun attractions.

There are a number of pubs there with some character, and even two small nightclubs. It has a lot of green, and is good for rambling but there is the danger of a field being an army firing range.

Working in Fleet
Its local business parks seem to be a focus for many CAD companies serving the local military in Fleet, Aldershot, and Farnborough. Notably there are AutoDesk and PTC.

There are also many good schools especially Heatherside Infant and Juniors and Court Moor!

Travelling in Fleet
It has its own train station on the London-Basingstoke line. It also has bus services running to and from local towns, including Reading. The local bus company did go bust a few times, notably at the same time as the major plague of train accidents and strikes in early 2002 - where combined with large snow deposits, made travel in or out of the town impossible or at least very unpleasant. Anyone who lived on the London-Basingstoke line will remember people being crammed into the guard-vans of the train after waiting 90 minutes, or being stuck between stations for what seemed like days.

Towns in Hampshire

Fleet, Hampshire


A referee is an official who watches a whole game of sports and makes all the decisions. The players of the sport being watched must always admit that the referee is always right, even if they aren't. Usually, if any player argues, they can get a yellow card or even sent off with a red card. Referees use a whistle so players and fans can hear when play needs to be stopped. Sometimes referees may have Assistant referees to help them just in case they didn't see something or for offsides in Football (soccer).

Referees usually wear clothing to separate them from the players. Most referees wear white and black shirts or an all black uniform.

Referee abuse
Referee abuse is any abuse towards and referee (referee, assistant referee, fourth/fifth officials) verbally or physically. If a player physically abuses a referee, for example if they push, hit, or kick them, they can be shown a red card, suspended for multiple matches, or even be criminally charged and spend time in jail if the abuse was serious enough and be banned from the game for life.

Sports occupations

Referee


Such Is Life: Being Certain Extracts From The Diary of Tom Collins is a novel written by the Australian author Joseph Furphy (aka Tom Collins) in 1897, and published on 1 August 1903. It is a fictional account of the life of rural dwellers, including bullock drivers, squatters and itinerant travellers, in southern New South Wales and Victoria, during the 1880s.

The book gives the impression of being a series of loosely interwoven stories of the various people encountered by the narrator as he travels about the countryside. The people he meets round campfires pass on news and gossip and tell stories, so that sometimes the reader can infer information by putting these second hand stories together with the action of the narrative. At times the prose may be difficult for some modern readers to understand because of the use of Australian vernacular and the attempt to convey the accents of Scottish and Chinese personalities.

The title of Such Is Life is said to be derived from Ned Kelly's last words—said as he was about to be hanged. The book is full of mordant irony from start to finish, not least from the contrast between the narration and the action—the narrator at times employing extremely high blown language (and displaying Furphy's almost freakish degree of book-learning) in humorous contrast to the extremely low characters and mundane events he is describing. Furphy employs both pathos and bathos and the narration teases the reader with its tangents, like a shaggy dog story. (The pseudonym 'Tom Collins' is slang for a tall story.) There are hidden substories, and the narrator sometimes gets hold of the wrong end of the stick in untangling them, but the reader can nut them out. Subjects which occur in the book but are not spoken of directly include: foul language; nakedness and undergarments; passing as the opposite sex; homosexuality among bullock drivers; effeminacy; mutilation; and murder. At the same time the great joy of the novel is its realism: Furphy is able to capture the flavour of interaction between the bush characters he meets, their way of talking, the physical landscape, the feel of a nomad's life. The 19th century US novelist he is most similar in approach to is Mark Twain. With its use of a digressive, unreliable narrator, Furphy's method in Such Is Life can be compared with that of his Brazilian contemporary Machado de Assis.

Such is Life has been described as Australia's Moby-Dick because, like Herman Melville's book, it was neglected for thirty or forty years before being discovered as a classic.

References

External links

1903 Australian novels
Novels set in New South Wales
Novels set in Victoria (state)

Such Is Life (novel)


Emeritus is a title given to a professor, bishop or other person with an important office. The title says that these people, while still holding their title, no longer practice their function. Usually, this is done because of old age. Usually the emeritus is put after the official title of the person, as in Professor emeritus.

In the time of the Roman Empire, it was used for soldiers, to say that they no longer needed to serve in the army. That way, a Bishop emeritus no longer needs to take part in the celebration of the mass, but he is still able to perform confirmations or to ordain priests.

Titles

Emeritus


Ford 7Y is a caur frae Ford biggit in the Unitit Kinrick atween 1938 an 1939.

It wis offeecially marketed as a Ford "Eight", an wis a rebodied an slichtly lairger version o the Ford Model Y. During that time 65,098 caurs war produced. The caur wis pouered bi a 933 cc, 8 hp Ford sidevalve ingine.

A minor facelift towards the end o 1939 resulted in the first Ford Anglia.

The caur sported some unusual features sic as openable rear windaes that wur locatit in the main body wirk as this wis anerlie a twa door vehicle.  A rear wheel civer wis available on the de-luxe models wi the standard version an aa haein a recess in the rear bodywirk tae accept the spare wheel, albeit na covered.  The storage o the spare wheel in this manner mimics the stylin o the V8 Ford Pilot.  This model wis an aa the last tae be fitted wi a 'kink' in the front bumper 'fore the simpler straucht bumpers wur introduced on the Ford Anglia (E04A).

7Y
1938 introductions

Ford 7Y


St. Stephen's Church is a historic church at 22-27 Oxford Street in New Hartford, Oneida County, New York. It was built in 1825 and is a rectangular timber framed Federal style structure with selected Gothic detail.  It features a central pavilion and two-stage tower composed of a square lower level and octagonal belfry with domed cap. A Gothic Revival parish house ell was attached to the main block in 1912 and subsequently enlarged in the 1950s.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

References

Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Episcopal church buildings in New York (state)
Federal architecture in New York (state)
Churches completed in 1825
Churches in Oneida County, New York
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
National Register of Historic Places in Oneida County, New York

St. Stephen's Church (New Hartford, New York)


Radio Monte Carlo (RMC) is the name of radio stations owned and managed by several different entities:

RMC (France) is a French-speaking station, broadcasting in France and Monaco owned by NextRadioTV.
RMC Sport, a French bouquet of paid TV sport channels, launched on 7 June 2016 as SFR Sport and rebranded as RMC Sport on 3 July 2018:
RMC Sport 1, flagship channel
RMC Sport 2, multisports
RMC Sport 3, extreme sports and equitation
RMC Sport 4, combat sport
RMC Sport Live 5-16, additional channels to broadcast live matches
RMC Découverte and RMC Story, two digital free-to-air TV channels focused on talk-shows and documentaries
Radio Monte Carlo Network is an Italian-speaking station, broadcasting in Italy and Monaco from both Monaco and Milan, and owned by Mediaset. Radio Monte Carlo was founded in 1966 by Noel Cutisson and its enlisted deejays included: Antonio Devia, Awanagana, Ettore Andenna, Gigi Salvadori, Herbert Pagani, Liliana Dell'Acqua, Luisella Berrino, Manuela De Vito, Marco Odino, Mario Raffaele Conti, Max Pagani, Riccardo Heinen, Roberto Arnaldi, Valeria Porrà, and others. Nowadays deejays are: Paolo Remondini, Alberto Capozzella, Luisella Berrino, Maurizio Di Maggio, Massimo Valli, Max Venegoni, Patrizia Farchetto, Marco Porticelli, "Jackie", Nick "The Nightfly", David Dunn, Kay Rush, "Katamashi", Stefano Bragatto, Monica Sala, Clive Malcolm Griffiths, Mauro Pellegrino and Erina Martelli.
Monte Carlo 2 (MC2) is the second Italian-speaking station, formerly associated with RMC Radio Monte Carlo Network broadcasting in Italy and Monaco.
Radio Monte Carlo (Switzerland) was a German-speaking station broadcasting from Zurich, Switzerland. It ceased in 2014 following bankruptcy of Music First Network AG
Radio Monte Carlo (Russia) is broadcasting from Moscow (102.1 fm), Saint Petersburg (105.9 fm), Rostov-on-Don (103.7 fm), Kaliningrad (100.9 fm), Vyborg (99.8 fm), Syzran (92.9 fm), Balakovo (96.6 fm) and Nakhodka (106.7 fm). This is the Russian-speaking radio station which broadcasts modern, new age, and semi classic music along with news and other broadcasts. At 2008-2010 was broadcasting contemporary lounge and house music and remixes.
Radio Monte Carlo International was an English language station on 205 metres on the mediumwave. Launched on December 1, 1970 with British DJs Tommy Vance and Dave Cash with contemporary pop music and considered at the time as a rival of Radio Luxembourg's English programming.
Radio Monte Carlo Doualiya is an Arabic-speaking station, broadcasting throughout the Middle East and North Africa.
Radio Monte Carlo (Uruguay) - Montevideo, Uruguay is a Spanish-speaking station broadcast on 930AM.
Radio Monte Carlo (Georgia)

Perception

Radio Monte Carlo is considered one of the most popular networks especially in non-European Italian and French-speaking regions for its assumed neutrality. During the Iraq War, it was mentioned by some journalists as a reliable source.
Radio Monte Carlo was founded by the Nazis in March 1942, ceased transmission in June 1944 and was back on the air with American help as a joint venture with the Principality of Monaco in August 1944. In 1998, the French government sold its share to a private holding group made up of Sud Radio and la Depeche du Midi.

Broadcasts in other languages

Radio Monte Carlo's transmission network includes some high power Longwave and Mediumwave transmitters located at Roumoules in France. For many years the MW unit has been hired out at nighttime to the Middle East Reformed Fellowship through Trans World Radio, with programming in various languages including Arabic and English. In 1970, RMC's transmitters were also used by the short lived British commercial album station Radio Geronimo.

The World Tomorrow broadcast

During the late 1950s The World Tomorrow radio broadcast of Herbert W. Armstrong was carried by Radio Monte Carlo in the English, Spanish and Russian languages. Armstrong claimed that while the Voice of America was jammed by the Soviet Union, his Russian-language broadcast was heard loud and clear in Moscow. The Medium wave transmitter of RMC carries mostly Trans World Radio programming during evening hours.

Transmitters
 Transmitter Roumoules
 Col de La Madonne
 Fontbonne

External links

 Radio Monte Carlo Network (IT)

Radio stations established in 1950
International radio networks
International broadcasters
Multilingual broadcasters
Radio in France
Radio stations in Italy
Radio stations in Russia
R.T.I. - Mediaset

Radio Monte Carlo


The waveform is the shape of a wave as it travels. There are many different waveforms. They are usually a shape which is repeated over and over (a "periodic waveform"). A common waveform is the sine wave. It is normally not possible to see a waveform without some device.

Root mean square

The amplitude of a waveform may change a lot. Even though it changes, the waveform has a root mean square (rms) value. For example: in the UK, the AC mains supply is a sine wave and has a voltage of 240 V. This is an rms voltage. The actual voltage varies:

The amplitude of the sine wave keeps changing from -339.4 V to +339.4 V.

Root mean square is important. It lets us work out many useful things, like power and heating in a wire.

This table has information about working out the rms for some waveforms.

Wave physics

Waveform


Christopher Eric Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was an Anglo-American atheist, writer and debater. He wrote for various magazines including The Nation, Free Inquiry, Slate, and others.  He was a supporter of the philosophical movement humanism.

Hitchens was educated at Balliol College, Oxford. After graduation in 1970, he became a magazine writer. In 1982, he moved to Washington, D.C. In 1988, he learned from his grandmother that his mother was Jewish, but had kept her religion a secret.  Hitchens remained an atheist and did not adopt any religious faith. He did not write about his religious views until his 2007 book God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything.

Hitchens tried to write from first-hand experience.  To write his essays, he braved gunfire in Sarajevo, he was jailed in Czechoslovakia, and in 2008, he was brutally beaten in Beirut, Lebanon. In 2009, Hitchens agreed to be waterboarded. He wrote in Vanity Fair magazine, "If waterboarding does not constitute torture then there is no such thing as torture".

Hitchens died of oesophageal cancer.

Books by Hitchens
 1984 Cyprus. Quartet. Revised editions as Hostage to history: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger, 1989.
 1988 Blaming the Victims: spurious scholarship and the Palestinian question. (contributor, and co-editor with Edward Said) Verso,
 1990 The Monarchy, Chatto & Windus
 1990 Blood, class and nostalgia: Anglo-American ironies, Farrar Straus & Giroux.
 1995 The missionary position: Mother Teresa in theory and practice, Verso
 1997 The Parthenon marbles: the case for reunification, Verso
 1999 No one left to lie to: the values of the worst family, Verso
 2000 Unacknowledged legislation: writers in the public sphere, Verso
 2001 The trial of Henry Kissinger. Verso.
 2001 Letters to a young contrarian, Basic Books
 2002 Why Orwell matters also Orwell's Victory, Basic Books,
 2004 Love, poverty, and war: journeys and essays, Thunder's Mouth, Nation Books.
 2005 Thomas Jefferson: author of America. Eminent Lives/Atlas Books/HarperCollins Publishers,
 2007 Thomas Paine's Rights of Man: a biography. Atlantic Monthly Press,
 2007 The Portable Atheist: essential readings for the non-believer. (Editor) Perseus Publishing. .
 2007 God is not great: how religion poisons everything, Twelve/Hachette Book Group USA/Warner Books,  / Published in the UK as God is not great: the case against religion, Atlantic Books, .
 2008 Christopher Hitchens and his critics: terror, Iraq and the Left. (with Simon Cottee and Thomas Cushman), New York University Press
 2008 Is Christianity good for the world?—A Debate (co-author, with theologian Douglas Wilson). Canon Press. .
 2010 Hitch-22: a memoir, Twelve.
 2011 Arguably: essays by Christopher Hitchens. Twelve. UK edition as Arguably: selected prose, Atlantic,  /
 2012 Mortality. Twelve,  / . Atlantic Books,  /

References

Other websites
The Christopher Hitchens Web

American activists
American atheists
American journalists
British activists
British atheists
Cancer deaths in Texas
Deaths from esophageal cancer
English journalists
Humanists
Democratic socialists
Writers from Portsmouth
1949 births
2011 deaths

Christopher Hitchens


As the seat of the Papacy, the Vatican City and its predecessor, the Papal States, has played an important role in the development of Christian music. They perform chants of ancient origin, such as Gregorian chants, as well as modern polyphonic music. The papal choir is a well-known institution that dates back more than four hundred years. Singers were originally from northern Europe, but began arriving more from Spain and Italy in the 16th century. At this time, church authorities became concerned about the words of liturgical texts being drowned out by the traditional melodies. As a result, reformers like Palestrina revised the rules behind Gregorian chanting and Germanium, which were printed by the Medici Press in Rome; these reforms continued to be followed to the present day. A traditional musical instrument was the pipe organ. After the end of the Papal States, the Popes' ability to sponsor composers and musicians waned. However, it did not end entirely nor did interest in the subject. Pope Pius X and Pope Pius XII both wrote on the subject. In modern times, John Harbison and Gilbert Levine have composed or conducted for the Vatican. Although not of the Vatican, a Christmas concert where popular musicians performed had been held at the Vatican for thirteen years until ending in 2006. Notable performers at it included José Feliciano, Whitney Houston, Dionne Warwick, Gloria Gaynor, and B. B. King. The concert created controversy in 2003 due to statements by Lauryn Hill who used the opportunity to criticize the Vatican over Roman Catholic sex abuse cases.

See also

Wake Up! (Pope Francis album)
Sistine Chapel Choir
List of Roman Catholic Church musicians
Roman School
Index of Vatican City-related articles

References

External links
Encyclical of Pope Pius XII on Sacred Music
 Music manuscript display in the Vatican

Culture of Vatican City
European music by country
Catholic music

Music of Vatican City


Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry which studies the elements, and inorganic compounds.

Inorganic chemistry can be defined simply as all chemistry which is not organic chemistry. Organic chemistry is basically the study of carbon compounds. Inorganic chemistry studies the elements (including carbon), and all compounds other than carbon compounds. There are a few exceptions to this rule, but this definition covers most cases.

Related pages
Metal
Organic chemistry

Branches of chemistry

Inorganic chemistry


Swift (Shen Li-Min) is a superhero in the Wildstorm universe published by DC Comics. Swift first appeared in Stormwatch #28 and was created by Jeff Mariotte and Ron Lim. She is currently a member of The Authority.

Fictional character biography
When a comet passed by Earth, it activated a genetic quirk in some people that would manifest into superpowers either naturally or through special Seedlings called Activators. Swift was one such Seedling. Swift was brought into Stormwatch as a rookie, with her powers only partially activated. Weatherman Henry Bendix later reconfigured the Stormwatch teams, assigning her to Stormwatch Black, Stormwatch's black ops team, alongside Jenny Sparks (with whom she had a brief romance) and Jack Hawksmoor. It was then that Christine Trelane offered to fully activate Swift's powers, bringing out their full potential, and she accepted.

After Stormwatch disbanded, Swift joined former teammates in The Authority. Formerly a pacifist, she has put aside those beliefs to fight for a better world regardless of the cost. She has fought all over the world, from Moscow to Mexico to Gamora Island. During the Transfer of Power storyline, Swift was replaced by Rush from Canada after being taken out of a fight by radioactive feces. Swift was brainwashed into becoming the obedient trophy wife of a television mogul who had been part of the conspiracy to replace her and her team. She was insulted at every opportunity, from having her cooking ignored to the implications she could not remember large words. Eventually she overheard the "off-button" code of the monster Three-Willied Seth and proceeded to free herself. She literally took the heads of the television mogul and his software billionaire co-conspirator. She also saved her friend Angela Spica, the Engineer, and killed the man who had been abusing Angela.

Originally drawn flat-chested, as a plot point in the series she rapidly "developed" a more pronounced, archetypal superheroine bust size. According to Li-Min herself, this was due to her paying for very expensive breast implants, in fact she was quite boastful about them. One could surmise, due to the deconstructive, vaguely satirical nature of The Authority series, this was a joke directed at the oversized breasts usually common amongst female superheroes (including fellow Wildstorm characters Caitlin Fairchild and Zealot).

World's End

The 2008 Number of the Beast Wildstorm miniseries described the devastation of Earth and set the scene for a new Authority ongoing series, World's End, by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning. In this series, Swift acts for the devastated Authority as a messenger and transmitter, using her powers and a code of colored balloons as a communications channel while the Authority attempt to help survivors. She finds herself followed at all times by a flock of birds confused by the new, harsher, environment. Later, Swift works closely with their rivals, Stormwatch, as the pure need to help innocent civilians has made their grudges irrelevant.

As the new Doctor

She was one of the few heroes, along with the Authority, to leave Earth on the Carrier after its sudden departure for an unknown destination in the universe. Eventually, their destination was a lure for the shift-ship to have its passengers being taken as biological resources by the malevolent alien race known as the Karibna. Prior to the Carrier's capture, Swift was knocked into coma after combating a mind-controlled Aegean and was kept at the medical ward. Unlike the other human passengers who were captured by the Karibna, Swift's comatose body remained hidden due from an unknown power that is keeping her invisible. When the Authority defeated the Karibna and returned to Earth, which was at the time about to destroy itself through the insane Century Baby Gaia Rothstein, it was revealed that Swift was chosen as Earth's new Doctor as she possesses a connection to the planet's ecosystem. Her timely coming to Earth allowed her to enter Gaia's mind and tell her that she's forgiven for all that she's done and that she needs time to heal. Jeroen Thornedike then takes Gaia to the newly restored Garden of Ancestral Memory.

Possible origin
Jenny Sparks once encountered a large egg, guarded by Tibetan monks for generations, prophesied to hatch a winged woman at the end of the millennium and usher in a golden age of love and peace. The egg's incubation was not uneventful—it had to be rescued from Nazi agents by Jenny Sparks in 1943. The mini-series this was shown in was said to show Jenny Sparks' first meeting with the members of the Authority, indicating that the egg contains Swift. However the fetus is unnamed or given any real interaction with Sparks, and this origin seems to conflict with what was previously known about Swift's life and powers.

Powers And Abilities
When her powers were only partially activated, Swift had a line of feathers that ran along the underside of her arms. This allowed for only limited flight. After being fully activated by Christine Trelane, she has the ability to grow wings from her back at will as well as claws and talons on her hands and feet. Consequently, she is called the "fastest winged mammal on the planet". She has flown fast enough to catch super-speedsters. Enhanced strength and durability are shown, including an incident where Swift flew straight through a person, causing them to explode in all directions. She has some birdlike enhanced senses; apart from superior hearing and eyesight, she is able to feel or "read" the air to locate moving things. She can also retract her claws and talons and shed her wings, which eventually decompose into liquid, although she no longer does this since joining the Authority. She has also demonstrated excellent cooking and singing skills. Swift is the navigator for The Carrier, the sentient spaceship that is headquarters for the Authority.

As the new Doctor, she can alter reality as she imagines it.

References

External links
International Hero profile

Characters created by Ron Lim
Comics characters introduced in 1995
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics female superheroes
DC Comics LGBT superheroes
Fictional bisexual women
Stormwatch and the Authority characters
Fictional Tibetan people
Swift

Swift (character)


You May Not Kiss the Bride is a 2011 romantic action comedy written and directed by Rob Hedden and starring Dave Annable, Katharine McPhee, Mena Suvari, Kathy Bates, and Rob Schneider.

Plot

The unassuming pet photographer, Bryan Lighthouse (Dave Annable) is thrown into a serious action and romance adventure when he is forced to marry Masha Nikitin (Katharine McPhee) to pay a debt to her criminal parents against his will. Masha's father Vlatko (Ken Davitian) marries her to Bryan to get her a green card, under the condition that Bryan cannot touch her. Off to spend their honeymoon at a remote tropical resort somewhere in Tahiti, Masha's former boyfriend Brick (Vinnie Jones), who is in love with her (although she does not return the feeling), follows them.

After Masha catches Bryan dancing with a hotel waitress, she storms off, as it is hinted she hates womanizers. Feeling bad, the waitress Lani (Tia Carrere) suggests Bryan take Masha on a romantic outing, to a secret beach encased by a tropical rainforest to make it up to her. While teasing Bryan at the secret cove, Masha flees into the rainforest and is kidnapped.

Bryan searches for Masha back at the hotel, unaware she has been kidnapped. He then finds that his psychotic assistant, Tonya (Mena Suvari), who is in love with him, has tracked him down to the resort. Tonya has brought condoms and tries to have sex with him. After Bryan informs her that he does not want to have sex with her, Tonya agrees to help find Masha, but tells him that she will one day force him to have sex with her, after trying to have sex with him one more time.

After receiving a call from Masha's kidnappers demanding a ransom, Bryan asks Lani for help. While Bryan, Lani, and Tonya are making plans, Brick storms in and Lani and Tonya escape off the balcony, leaving Bryan to face Brick's wrath. When Brick finds a condom Tonya had brought on the unmade, wrecked bed, he assumes that Bryan had attempted to take Masha's virginity and hits him. Bryan barely escapes, while Brick calls Masha's father back in the USA and informs him of Masha's kidnapping, making it sound as if Bryan had been the kidnapper. Meanwhile, the kidnappers turn out to be two American INS agents Agent Meyers (Howard Bishop) and Agent Ross (Kevin Dunn).

Afterwards Brick tells Masha's father Vlatko about the condom and Bryan's supposed attempt to have sex with Masha, Vlatko becomes enraged and prepares to fly to the island. Lani calls her cousin, Ernesto (Rob Schneider) to help find Masha with his helicopter. A chase scene occurs between Brick and the four heroes (Bryan, Lani, Tonya, and Ernesto) and ends with the group making a hasty escape in Ernesto's helicopter, only to later crash-land by a fishing village. Deciding to rest on a beach at the edge of the village, Ernesto and Tonya kiss passionately, unconcerned of Masha's dire condition, and Lani and Bryan storm off in anger. Alone, Ernesto and Tonya almost have sex in a boat in the grass, but Brick soon shows up and knocks them out, revealing that Brick is in on the kidnapping. Separated, Lani and Bryan obliviously go in separate directions. Masha escapes her surfboard shack prison and finds Bryan, who is crazily driving a jeep stolen from Brick after he tried to kill Bryan. Bryan and Masha crash the jeep, which erupts into flames, and make an escape on foot.

Finding a canoe on a river, they outrun the three culprits and find a friendly welcoming old-time village. After eating a huge dinner and dancing and having fun, Masha and Bryan have sex for the first time. The next morning, they awake to a cheering village. However, during breakfast the two agents and Brick find the village. Brick and the lovers battle on a steep ocean cliff. Just as  Brick is ready to kill Bryan, Lani and Ernesto show up in the helicopter, catching Brick off guard. Masha, using the distraction, grabs Brick's gun and shoots him in the back: he falls off the cliff, taking Bryan with him. Masha is in shock, terrified with the thought that she killed Bryan too. Bryan appears in the waves, unharmed, and they are reunited with Masha's family.

Vlatko gives Bryan his blessing to marry Masha for real, but he declines despite his feelings for her.

Masha, heartbroken, continues her old life taking dance lessons. One day, unable to concentrate on the dance routine she was practicing, Masha leaves the dance studio to find Bryan outside ready to propose to her as he changed his mind. As the crowd around them applauds, the film ends with the camera panning away from the couple as they kiss.

Cast
 Dave Annable as Bryan Lighthouse, a pet photographer. He is Masha's husband and Tonya's initial love interest.
 Katharine McPhee as Masha Nikitin, Bryan's love interest and wife. She was kidnapped by Agent Ross, Agent Meyers and Brick.
 Rob Schneider as Ernesto, an insane helicopter pilot. He is Lani's cousin and Tonya's love interest.
 Mena Suvari as Tonya, Bryan's psychotic assistant who tries numerous times to have sex with him. She instead has sex with Ernesto.
 Tia Carrere as Lani, a resort waitress that helps Bryan find Masha. Ernesto's cousin.
 Vinnie Jones as Brick, another one of Masha's kidnappers who loves Masha.
 Kathy Bates as Bryan's mother, a  freak that encourages Bryan to take Masha's virginity.
 Kevin Dunn as Agent Ross, one of Masha's kidnappers.
 Howard Bishop as Agent Meyers, the third and final of Masha's kidnappers.
 Ken Davitian as Vlatko Nikitin, Masha's criminal father.
 Jeanne Rogers as Borislava Nikitin, Masha's mother.
 Paul Leo Klink as Club Zagrev VIP Paul.

Production
You May Not Kiss the Bride was filmed in Hawaii in early 2009. The production budget was $6 million. Hawaii Film Partners was the production company. Rob Hedden directed from his original screenplay.

Release
The film was set to debut September 2, 2011, in one theater in Hawaii (as the film company Hawaii Film Partners is Hawaii-based) in a very limited US release and then open overseas in Russia, Romania, Hungary, Canada, and Latin America.

On September 2, 2011, Consolidated Theaters announced that the film did not end up debuting in that one Hawaii theater as it was picked up by a yet-to-be-announced distributor and may get a wider US release later in 2011.

Variety reported on November 1 that the SC Group was shopping the film at the American Film Market, with a screening held on November 3 in Santa Monica, California.

The film was finally released theatrically in the US in late 2012, premiering in Hawaii on August 29, 2012, and opened on the mainland in several markets, including Chicago and Los Angeles, as well as Video On Demand, iTunes, and Amazon, on September 21, 2012. Since Hawaii Film Partners had trouble getting the film distributed due to its small budget and its stars not being major movie stars, HFP formed Hawaii Film Partners Distribution and distributed the movie themselves.

The film was set to be released to theaters internationally in 20 countries in the Fall of 2012.

The DVD was released on February 5, 2013, in the United States.

Music
Most of the songs used in the film are by Hawaiian musicians. One of the songs, "Beautiful Stranger", was co-written by star McPhee and producers David and Shauna Jackson. The soundtrack is now available on iTunes.

References

External links

 Production/Distributor Company Site

2011 films
American romantic comedy films
American independent films
2011 romantic comedy films
2010s English-language films
Films set in Tahiti
Films directed by Rob Hedden
Films scored by Geoff Zanelli
Films with screenplays by Rob Hedden
2011 independent films
Films about sham marriage
2010s American films

You May Not Kiss the Bride


In mathematics, homology is a certain procedure to associate a sequence of abelian groups or modules with a mathematical object, such as a topological space or a group. The word homology has the Ancient Greek root homos, which means identical.

For a topological space, the homology groups are generally much easier to compute than the homotopy groups, and consequently one usually will have an easier time working with homology to help with the classification of spaces.

The original motivation for defining homology groups is the observation that shapes are distinguished by their holes. Since a "hole" is defined by something that is "not there", this poses the problem of how to define what a hole is, and how to distinguish between different kinds of holes. Homology is a rigorous mathematical method for defining and categorizing holes in a shape. As it turns out, there are some kinds of holes that homology cannot "see" — in which case homotopy groups may be what is needed.

Abstract algebra
Topology

Homology (mathematics)


Falsetto (, ; Italian diminutive of , "false") is the vocal register occupying the frequency range just above the modal voice register and overlapping with it by approximately one octave.

It is produced by the vibration of the ligamentous edges of the vocal cords, in whole or in part. Commonly cited in the context of singing, falsetto, a characteristic of phonation by both sexes, is also one of four main spoken vocal registers recognized by speech pathology.

The term falsetto is most often used in the context of singing to refer to a type of vocal phonation that enables the singer to sing notes beyond the vocal range of the normal or modal voice. The typical tone of falsetto register or M2, usually has a characteristic breathy and flute-like sound relatively free of overtones—which is more limited than its modal counterpart in both dynamic variation and tone quality. However, William Vennard points out that while most untrained people can sound comparatively "breathy" or "hooty" when using falsetto production, there are in rarer cases individuals who have developed a much stronger falsetto sound-production which has more "ring" to it.

Anatomical process
The modal voice, or modal register, and falsetto register differ primarily in the action of the vocal cords. Production of the normal voice involves vibration of the entire vocal cord, with the glottis opening first at the bottom and then at the top. Production of falsetto, on the other hand, vibrates only the ligamentous edges of the vocal folds while leaving each fold's body relatively relaxed. Transition from modal voice to falsetto occurs when each vocal cord's main body, or vocalis muscle, relaxes, enabling the cricothyroid muscles to stretch the vocal ligaments. William Vennard describes this process as follows:

In the modal register, the vocal folds (when viewed with a stroboscope) are seen to contact with each other completely during each vibration, closing the gap between them fully, if just for a very short time. This closure cuts off the escaping air. When the air pressure in the trachea rises as a result of this closure, the folds are blown apart, while the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages remain in apposition. This creates an oval gap between the folds and some air escapes, lowering the pressure inside the trachea. Rhythmic repetition of this movement creates the note.

In falsetto, however, the vocal folds are seen to be blown apart and in untrained falsetto singers a permanent oval orifice is left in the middle between the edges of the two folds through which a certain volume of air escapes continuously as long as the register is engaged (the singer is singing using the voice). In skilled countertenors, however, the mucous membrane of the vocal folds contact with each other completely during each vibration cycle. The arytenoid cartilages are held in firm apposition in this voice register also. The length or size of the oval orifice or separation between the folds can vary, but it is known to get bigger as the pressure of air pushed out is increased.

The folds are made up of elastic and fatty tissue. The folds are covered on the surface by laryngeal mucous membrane which is supported deeper down underneath by the innermost fibres of the thyroarytenoid muscle. In falsetto the extreme membranous edges, i.e. the edges furthest away from the middle of the gap between the folds, appear to be the only parts vibrating. The mass corresponding to the innermost part of the thyro-arytenoid muscle remains still and motionless.

Some singers feel a sense of muscular relief when they change from the modal register to the falsetto register.

Research has revealed that not all speakers and singers produce falsetto in exactly the same way. Some speakers and singers leave the cartilaginous portion of the glottis open (sometimes called 'mutational chink'), and only the front two-thirds of the vocal ligaments enter the vibration. The resulting sound, which is typical of many adolescents, may be pure and flutelike, but is usually soft and anemic in quality. In others, the full length of the glottis opens and closes in each cycle. In still others, a phenomenon known as damping appears, with the amount of glottal opening becoming less and less as the pitch rises, until only a tiny slit appears on the highest pitches. The mutational chink type of falsetto is considered inefficient and weak, but there is little information available about the relative strengths and weaknesses of the other two types.

Female falsetto
Both sexes are physically capable of phonating in the falsetto register. Prior to research done by scientists in the 1950s and 1960s, it was widely believed that only men were able to produce falsetto. One possible explanation for this failure to recognize the female falsetto sooner is that when men phonate in the falsetto register there is a much more pronounced change in timbre and dynamic level between the modal and falsetto registers than there is in female voices. This is due in part to the difference in the length and mass of the vocal folds and to the difference in frequency ranges. However, motion picture and video studies of laryngeal action prove that women can and do produce falsetto, and electromyographic studies by several leading speech pathologists and vocal pedagogists provide further confirmation.

While scientific evidence has proven that women have a falsetto register, the issue of 'female falsetto' has been met with controversy among teachers of singing. This controversy does not exist within the sciences and arguments against the existence of female falsetto do not align with current physiological evidence. Some pioneers in vocal pedagogy, like Margaret Green and William Vennard, were quick to adopt current scientific research in the 1950s, and pursued capturing the biological process of female falsetto on film. They went further to incorporate their research into their pedagogical method of teaching female singers. Others refused to accept the idea, and opposition to the concept of female falsetto has continued among some teachers of singing long after scientific evidence had proven the existence of female falsetto. Celebrated opera singer and voice teacher Richard Miller pointed out in his 1997 publication National Schools of Singing: English, French, German, and Italian that while the German school of voice teachers had largely embraced the idea of a female falsetto into pedagogical practice, there is division within the French and English schools and a complete rejection of the idea of female falsetto in the Italian school of singing. In his 2004 book, Solutions for Singers: Tools For Performers and Teachers, Miller said, "It is illogical to speak of a female falsetto, because the female is incapable of producing a timbre in the upper range that is radically different from its mezza voce or voce piena in testa qualities".

However, other writers of singing have warned about the dangers of failing to recognize that women have a falsetto register. McKinney, who expressed alarm that many books on the art of singing completely ignore or gloss over the issue of female falsetto or insist that women do not have falsetto, argues that many young female singers substitute falsetto for the upper portion of the modal voice. He believes that this failure to recognize the female falsetto voice has led to the misidentification of young contraltos and mezzo-sopranos as sopranos, as it is easier for these lower voice types to sing in the soprano tessitura using their falsetto register.

Musical history
Use of falsetto voice in western music is very old. Its origins are difficult to trace because of ambiguities in terminology. Possibly when 13th century writers distinguished between chest, throat and head registers (pectoris, guttoris, capitis) they meant capitis to refer to what would be later called falsetto. By the 16th century the term falsetto was common in Italy. The physician, Giovanni Camillo Maffei, in his book Discorso della voce e del modo d'apparare di cantar di garganta in 1562, explained that when a bass singer sang in the soprano range, the voice was called "falsetto". In a book by GB Mancini, called Pensieri e riflessioni written in 1774, falsetto is equated with "voce di testa" (translated as 'head voice').

The falsetto register is used by male countertenors to sing in the alto and occasionally the soprano range and was the standard before women sang in choirs. Falsetto is occasionally used by early music specialists today and regularly in British cathedral choirs by men who sing the alto line.

There is a difference between the modern usage of the "head voice" term and its previous meaning in the renaissance as a type of falsetto, according to many singing professionals. These days, head voice is typically defined as a mix of chest and head voice, therefore created a stronger sound than falsetto. The falsetto can be coloured or changed to sound different. It can be given classical styling to sound as male classical countertenors make it sound, or be sung in more contemporary musical styles.

In opera, it is believed that the chest voice, middle voice and head voice occur in women. The head voice of a man is, according to David A. Clippinger generally equivalent to the middle voice of a woman. This may mean the head voice of a woman is a man's falsetto equivalent. Although, in contemporary teaching, some teachers no longer talk of the middle voice, choosing to call it the head voice as with men. Falsetto is not generally counted by classical purists as a part of the vocal range of anyone except countertenors. There are exceptions, however, such as the baryton-Martin which uses falsetto (see baritone article).

Use in singing
Falsetto is more limited in dynamic variation and tone quality than the modal voice. Falsetto does not connect to modal voice except at very low volumes, leading to vocal breaks when transitioning from modal voice. In the absence of modern vocal training to hold back the volume of modal voice, in this overlapping area a given pitch in modal voice will be louder than the same pitch sung in falsetto. The type of vocal cord vibration that produces the falsetto voice precludes loud singing except in the highest tones of that register; it also limits the available tone colors because of the simplicity of its waveform. Modal voice is capable of producing much more complex waveforms and infinite varieties of tone color. Falsetto, however, does involve less physical effort by the singer than the modal voice and, when properly used, can make possible some desirable tonal effects.

Use in speech
The ability to speak within the falsetto register is possible for almost all men and women. The use of falsetto is considered uncommon in normal Western speech and is most often employed within the context of humor. However, the use of falsetto speech varies by culture and its use has been studied in African Americans and gay men in certain contexts. Its use has also been noted in the U.S. South. Pitch changes ranging to falsetto are also characteristic of British English.

Some people who speak frequently or entirely in the falsetto register are identified by speech pathologists as suffering from a functional dysphonia. Falsetto also describes the momentary, but often repeated, fluctuations in pitch emitted by both sexes while undergoing voice change during adolescence. These changes, however, are more apparent and occur with greater frequency in boys than they do in girls. Failure to undergo proper voice-change is called puberphonia.

See also
 Creaky voice
 Human voice

References

Further reading

External links

 Glossary definition of falsetto at Virginia Tech's Web site
 Story about the falsetto in rock music in The Boston Globe
 Video: vocal coach Kevin Richards explains the difference between falsetto and head voice

Phonation
Italian opera terminology
Singing techniques
Voice registers
Human voice
Vocal skills

Falsetto


Jose Benedicto Luis Luna "J.B.L." Reyes (August 19, 1902 – December 27, 1994) was a noted Filipino jurist who served as Associate Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court from 1954 until 1972.

After his retirement, Reyes became the first president of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines. He also worked with José W. Diokno with groups such as the Free Legal Assistance Group or FLAG and the Anti-Bases Coalition. He was also a highly regarded legal scholar in the field of civil law.

Early life

Reyes was born in Manila to Dr. Ricardo Albino Reyes and Marcia Concepcion Luna. By the age of 15, he had earned his Bachelor of Arts degree, magna cum laude, at the Ateneo de Manila University. He obtained his law degree from the University of the Philippines in 1922, and passed the bar examinations of that year, placing 6th. He was not allowed admission to the Philippine Bar until the following year, when he reached his 21st birthday. Reyes would later pursue masteral and doctoral studies in law at the Complutense University of Madrid and the University of Santo Tomas.

In the 1930s, Reyes was a law professor at the University of the Philippines and at the Far Eastern University. As early as then, he was earning esteem in the legal academe, and even abroad, particularly in the field of civil law. His Dean at the U.P. College of Law, Jorge Bocobo, remarked that Reyes was among of two Filipinos rated as outstanding civilists in Spain.

As a private practitioner, Reyes was among the founders of the Civil Liberties Union in 1937. His association with that group helped foster his lifelong reputation as a civil libertarian and an ardent nationalist. Within weeks after the Japanese invasion in 1941, Reyes helped organize the underground Free Philippines movement. His involvement with the resistance was soon exposed, and he was imprisoned by the Japanese in Fort Santiago in 1944. Unlike some of the other founders of the Free Philippines movement, such as Rafael Roces, Jr. and Antonio Bautista, Reyes was spared execution, though not torture.

After the war, Reyes was appointed to the Court of Appeals. He also helped found in 1947 the Manuel L. Quezon University, and joined its law faculty. When the Civil Code was enacted, Reyes, who had briefly served on the Code Commission before the war, published widely read article outlining his criticisms of several articles. That article has since been cited favorably in a number of Supreme Court decisions.

Supreme Court service

After nine years with the Court of Appeals, Reyes was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1954 by President Ramon Magsaysay. At 52, he was among the youngest justices appointed to the Court. However, Reyes would never get to serve as Chief Justice. This was in part because his close friend Roberto Concepcion, several months his junior, was appointed to the Court a few months before Reyes. Concepcion was named Chief Justice in 1966.

During his tenure on the Court, Reyes and Claro M. Recto were unsuccessfully nominated to the International Court of Justice.

In his 18 years on the Court, Reyes grew in prominence unlike few other Supreme Court magistrates before and since. Often, especially on matters relating to his specialty, civil law, his opinions proved to be the final word. In some quarters, he was called "the Court", in tribute to the considerable influence he wielded over his colleagues. Upon his retirement in 1972, one of his colleagues, the future Chief Justice Felix Makasiar, said of Reyes that "[n]o jurist within living memory has commanded during the last quarter of a century, the deep respect and admiration of the bench and bar, of dilettantes and scholars, of professors and students."

Jurisprudence

As expected, Reyes penned many leading decisions in civil law that remain widely studied today, including Tenchavez v. Escaño, 122 Phil. 765 (1966), on the recognition of foreign divorces in the Philippines; Republic v. Luzon Stevedoring, 128 Phil. 313 (1967), which defined force majeure; and Medina v. Makabali, 137 Phil. 329 (1969), affirming the best interest of the child as the paramount rule in custody cases. His dissenting opinion in Exconde v. Capuno, 101 Phil. 843 (1957), on the tort liability of schools for damages caused by their students, was eventually adopted by the Court in Amadora v. Court of Appeals, 160 SCRA 315 (1988).

Reyes weaved his strong nationalist views to an interpretation of the 1935 Constitution that emphasized its nationalistic thrust. He notably dissented in Moy Ya Lim Yao v. Commissioner of Immigration, 41 SCRA 292 (1971), where the Court had relaxed the requisites for a foreigner to acquire Filipino citizenship through marriage. Reyes opined that unlike perhaps in the United States, the Philippine constitution disfavored the absorption of immigrants and thus the citizenship laws should be interpreted with that view in mind. In similar fashion was Reyes's most famous opinion, among his last, in Republic v. Quasha, 46 SCRA 160(1972).

The Court, through Reyes, insisted on a restrictive interpretation of the expiring Parity Amendments occasioned by the Bell Trade Act, towards the end of prohibiting the ownership by foreigners of residential lands. At the end of his opinion, he criticized the earlier enactment of the Parity Amendments to the Constitution, saying: That Filipinos should be placed under the so-called Parity in a more disadvantageous position than United States citizens in the disposition, exploitation, development and utilization of the public lands, forests, mines, oils and other natural resources of their own country is certainly rank injustice and inequity that warrants a most strict interpretation of the "Parity Amendment", in order that the dishonorable inferiority in which Filipinos find themselves at present in the land of their ancestors should not be prolonged more than is absolutely necessary.

IBP presidency and later activism

Shortly after his retirement from the Court, Reyes was elected as the first president of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines. During his years on the Court, he had been one of the most active proponents of bar integration in the Philippines. He served as IBP president until 1975, and was president emeritus from then on until his death.

Unburdened by his judicial role, Reyes became an active member in the political opposition against the martial law rule of Ferdinand Marcos. Together with the two main co-chairmen Lorenzo M. Tañada and José W. Diokno, Reyes helped organize the Free Legal Assistance Group in October 1974 as a national officer, and later the Anti-Bases Coalition in 1983, which sought the removal of the American military bases in Clark and U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay. He also joined the Regional Council on Human Rights in Asia, set up and chaired by his friend Diokno, which framed the very first Asian human rights declaration. He was the lead petitioner in the landmark Supreme Court case of Reyes v. Bagatsing, 125 SCRA 553 (1983), where he successfully sought injunctive relief against the mayor of Manila, who had wanted to prohibit demonstrations in front of the United States embassy.

After the ouster of Marcos following the 1986 EDSA Revolution, Reyes once more joined his friend and was named by President Cory Aquino as vice-chair under Diokno, who was the chairman of the newly created Commission on Human Rights or what was called the Diokno commission. However, he resigned after serving as acting chairman after Diokno resigned earlier in 1987 because of the murder of several unarmed farmers by policemen at Mendiola Street. Reyes then retired to private life and died aged 92 in 1994. He is buried at Loyola Memorial Cemetery in Marikina.

Personal life and legacy

Reyes was married to Rosario L. Reyes, a distant relative who predeceased him by nearly forty years. They had three children.

Reyes had many protégés in the Philippine legal academe, especially in the field of civil law. Among the most prominent were Philippine Supreme Court Associate Justice Jose Vitug (who clerked for Reyes in the Court), and Ruben Balane.

Following his retirement from the Court, Reyes was named as the head of the Civil Code Revision Committee of the UP Law Center. This committee was instrumental in the drafting of the Family Code that took effect in 1987. In this capacity, Reyes advocated the equal treatment of wives and husbands under family law, and many substantial changes to the Civil Code were enacted to that effect. While Reyes himself was in favor of allowing divorce, this was not adopted by the Family Code.

A more contentious component of Reyes's legacy was his role in the increased difficulty of the bar examinations. Since the end of World War II, the passing rate of the bar examinations had ranged from 56 to 72% percent. However, when Reyes chaired the Bar Examinations Committee in 1955, the passing rate dropped dramatically to 26.8%, with a mortality rate of 73.2%. That ratio has been invariably maintained in the 50+ years since.

Reyes was an enthusiastic amateur photographer and painter. He was also among the first prominent Filipino practitioners of yoga.

In 2006, the Integrated Bar of the Philippines dedicated the multipurpose hall in its main offices as the "Jose B.L. Reyes Hall".

Reyes's name is on the Bantayog ng mga Bayani Wall of Remembrance, which recognizes heroes who fought against martial law in the Philippines under Ferdinand E. Marcos.

Some notable opinions
 Exconde v. Capuno (1957), dissenting
 Tenchavez v. Escaño (1965)
 Republic v. Luzon Stevedoring (1967)
 Medina v. Makabali (1969)
 Moy Ya Lim Yao v. Commissioner of Immigration (1971), dissenting
 Republic v. Quasha (1972)

Bibliography

Selected books
 An Outline of Philippines Civil Law (with Ricardo C. Puno, 1964)
 The Making of a Subversive: a Memoir (1984)

Selected articles
 Observations on the New Civil Code on Points Not Covered By Amendments Already Proposed, series of articles published in the Lawyer's Journal, Vols. XV-XVI (1950–1951)

Notes

References

External links
 Memorabilia Page, Supreme Court of the Philippines E-Library

Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
Filipino judges
Filipino educators
Filipino democracy activists
Lawyers from Manila
1902 births
1994 deaths
University of the Philippines Manila alumni
Manuel L. Quezon University
20th-century Filipino lawyers
Justices of the Court of Appeals of the Philippines
Burials at the Loyola Memorial Park
Individuals honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani
History of the Philippines (1965–1986)
Complutense University of Madrid alumni

J. B. L. Reyes


Godfried Jan Arnold Bomans (2 March 1913 – 22 December 1971) was a Dutch author and television personality. Much of his work remains untranslated into English.

Life and career
Godfried Bomans was born in The Hague and grew up in and around Haarlem, where his father had a law office.

Already as a pupil in high school Bomans showed literary interest; he became editor of school newspapers and published short stories, even in literary and student magazines.

He originally studied law at the University of Amsterdam (1933–1938; LL.B.) and then until 1942 psychology and philosophy at the University of Nijmegen, but spent his entire life writing.

In 1943 he quit his studies and moved back to Haarlem. There he helped save a number of Jews, for which he received the distinction Righteous Among the Nations. He is best known for his books of modern-day fairy tales and his short, humorous pieces full of wit, parody and mild irony. In 1950 he began an artist's club in Haarlem called Teisterbant, that became better known for its literary influences rather than other arts. He was friends with leading Haarlem artists and writers, and was "best man" for local artist Anton Heyboer in 1953. He was a widely read author in the 1950s and 1960s, but he is not mentioned in most histories of Dutch literature and did not receive a single literary prize. Nevertheless, a seven-volume edition of his collected Works was published between 1996 and 1999. His phantasy book Erik, or the Little Insect Book (1940), widely read during the German occupation of the Netherlands (1940–1945), was made into a film in 2004.

After the war, he became known in the Netherlands for his series on the hilarious adventures of Pa Pinkelman and Tante Pollewop, published in De Avonturen van Pa Pinkelman (1946) and Avonturen van Tante Pollewop (1948), both illustrated by Carol Voges. These were syndicalized in the then Catholic newspaper de Volkskrant. For that paper he also wrote a unique two-column column on the front page on Saturdays, until a row with the then editor Jan van der Pluym in 1967, who wanted to break loose from the paper's Catholic background, put an end to that.

Aside from his fairy tales and humorous books, Bomans also produced numerous collections of essays and criticism. During the 1950s he wrote a very entertaining travel book about Rome – Wandelingen door Rome (Walks Through Rome).

His radio and television appearances were mainly in the role of an eccentric wit on discussion panels and in game shows. He was one of the first writers in the Netherlands to appear regularly on television. He became a media personality, a new phenomenon in the late fifties and early sixties of the 20th century. This contributed to his popularity, but hardly to any respect among the 'critical' literary elite who frowned upon these less serious appearances.

A memorable event in the history of Dutch television was a live comment by Bomans. In October 1963 he was invited to the Edison Award-ceremony of the Grand Gala du Disque Populaire. One of the performing artists was Marlene Dietrich. Bomans stood next to the diva that he admired and told a frolicking anecdote ending with the famous line (attributed by him in this anecdote to a mumbling "very old little man" sitting next to him in the cinema): "I wish my wife had just one leg like that...". He was also well-known and admired for his Sinterklaas-stories and impersonations.

Being a staunch admirer of the works of Charles Dickens, he was a founder member (in 1956) of the Haarlem Branch of the Dickens Fellowship, of which he became a life president later on. In 1969 The Dickens Fellowship London made him a vice-president (an honorary member) to recognize his efforts to promote Dickens' works. An anthology of his collected writings on Dickens was published posthumously in February 1972.

Bomans died on 22 December 1971 at Bloemendaal, aged 58, from a heart attack and was buried on 24 December on the Sint-Adelbertskerkhof (Saint Adelbert Cemetery) in Bloemendaal.

Legacy
In 1972 the Godfried Bomans Genootschap (Godfried Bomans Society) was founded.

In 2009, the IAU decided to baptize asteroid 23404 "Bomans". This asteroid was discovered on 15 September 1972 by the American astronomer of Dutch descent Tom Gehrels and its name was suggested by the Haarlem book collector Mrs. Loes Timmerman.

Selected works
Source:
 Memoires of gedenkschriften van minister Pieter Bas, 1937
 Wonderlijke Nachten (Wonderful/Wondrous Nights)
 Erik of het klein insectenboek, 1940 (Erik, or the Little Insect Book), translated as Eric in the Land of the Insects (published Boston, 1994) . The book has inspired the film Erik of het klein insectenboek, (2004).
 Sprookjes, 1946 (Fairy Tales), translated as The Wily Wizard and the Wicked Witch and other weird stories (published London, 1969) and as The wily witch and all the other fairy tales and fables (Owing Mills, Maryland, Stemmer House Publishers, Inc., 1977).
 Kopstukken, 1947
 Pim, Frits en Ida (an eight-volume series of Children's Books, of which four were translated into English: Gnomes and princes, 1979; The uninhabited island, 1979; The runaway balloon, 1980; Captains, pirates and runaways, 1980)
 Dickens, waar zijn uw spoken?, 1972 (posthumously published anthology of articles on Dickens and his books)

References

External links
 Godfried Bomans at Yad Vashem website

1913 births
1971 deaths
Dutch male novelists

Dutch children's writers
Dutch columnists
20th-century Dutch novelists
Dutch humorists
Dutch satirists
Dutch parodists
Dutch comics writers
Dutch television personalities
Catholic Righteous Among the Nations
University of Amsterdam alumni
Writers from The Hague
Writers from Haarlem
Sinterklaas
Dutch Righteous Among the Nations
Mass media people from The Hague

Godfried Bomans


The sousaphone () is a brass instrument in the same family as the more widely known tuba. Created around 1893 by J.W. Pepper at the direction of American bandleader John Philip Sousa (after whom the instrument was then named), it was designed to be easier to play than the concert tuba while standing or marching. It should also carry the sound of the instrument above the heads of the band. Like the tuba, sound is produced by moving air past the lips, causing them to vibrate or "buzz" into a large cupped mouthpiece. Unlike the tuba, the instrument is bent in a circle to fit around the body of the musician; it ends in a large, flaring bell that is pointed forward, projecting the sound ahead of the player. Because of the ease of carrying and the direction of sound, it is widely employed in marching bands, as well as various other musical genres. Sousaphones were originally made out of brass but in the mid-20th century started to be made from lighter materials like fiberglass; today both types are in wide use.

Brass instruments

Sousaphone


Progressive Judaism, sometimes called Reform Judaism is a change of beliefs within Judaism. This change began in 19th century Germany. There are a number of changes which fall under these denominations. In very basic terms:
Jewish laws can be split into two laws: ethical and ritual laws. The ethical laws do not change, the ritual laws can be changed.
As good as Jews can, they should try to be like the country they live in. This means that some of the ritual laws must be changed. The changes also allow modern lifestyles.
The religious books of Judaism should not be read exactly as they are written. They can be read, thought about and challenged like any other text.
Women are seen as the same as men and are allowed to sit with the men when in the synagogue while in Orthodox Judaism, women are expected to sit in a different place. Women are also allowed to not wear head coverings when attending synagogue.
Hebrew is not always spoken in Reform synagogues.

Related pages
Orthodox Judaism - the old type of Judaism
Conservative Judaism

Jewish denominations
Judaism in Germany

Reform Judaism


The Belfast Agreement, also known as the Good Friday Agreement, was a political agreement in the Northern Ireland peace process during The Troubles. It was signed in Belfast on 10 April 1998 (Good Friday) by the British and Irish governments and it was supported by most of the political parties in Northern Ireland. On 23 May 1998 the Agreement got the support of the voters of Northern Ireland in a referendum. Also on the same day, voters in the Republic of Ireland voted separately to change their constitution in line with the Agreement. Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, and would remain so until a majority of the people both of Northern Ireland and of the Republic of Ireland wished otherwise. Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) was the only large party in the whole of Ireland that was against the Agreement.

1990s treaties
1998 in the United Kingdom
1990s in Northern Ireland
Politics of Northern Ireland
Politics of Ireland
Belfast

Belfast Agreement


Edward C. Braunstein (born April 21, 1981) is an American politician from Bayside, Queens.  He is a Democratic member of the New York State Assembly representing the 26th Assembly District in Queens, New York.

Braunstein received a Bachelor of Science degree in finance from the State University of New York at Albany. After college he worked as a legislative assistant in the New York City office of Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver, while also attending evening classes at New York Law School. He graduated magna cum laude in February 2009 and subsequently passed the New York State bar exam that same month.

He has served on Queens Community Board 11 and was a member of its Parks Committee and Education Committee.

Braunstein won a September 2010 Democratic primary election to replace retiring Assembly member Ann-Margaret Carrozza. In the November 2010 general election he defeated the Conservative-Republican candidate by a vote of 15,264 to 11,043.

References

External links
 Official biography at the New York State Assembly website

1981 births
Living people
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
People from Bayside, Queens
University at Albany, SUNY alumni
New York Law School alumni
21st-century American politicians

Edward Braunstein


Trecento was the Italian word for the Italian culture during the 14th century.

Characteristics

The Trecento is considered the beginning of the Italian Renaissance cultural movement. It is sometimes called Proto-Renaissance.

One of the most important centres of art and architecture in this period is Florence, a political, economical and cultural pole of Italy.

The most important artists who represent this period are Giotto, in painting, and Donatello, in sculpture. Indeed the Trecento begins with the works of the painter Giotto and includes Taddeo Gaddi, Orcagna, Altichiero and the sculptor Nicola Pisano.

In 1334 Giotto was appointed chief architect to Florence Cathedral, of which the "Campanile" (founded by him on 18 July 1334 AD) bears his name, but was not completed to his design. Most of the famous Florence Cathedral, an architecture masterpiece, was built during the Trecento.

Important sculptors included two pupils of Giovanni Pisano: Arnolfo di Cambio and Tino di Camaino, and Bonino da Campione.

The Trecento was also famous as a time of heightened literary activity, with writers working in the vernacular instead of Latin. Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio were the leading writers of the age. Dante produced his famous La Divina commedia (The Divine Comedy), a summation of the medieval worldview, and Petrarch wrote verse in a lyrical style influenced by the Provençal poetry of the troubadours.

In music, the Trecento was a time of vigorous activity in Italy. Musicians and composers of the Trecento included the renowned Francesco Landini, as well as Maestro Piero, Gherardello da Firenze, Jacopo da Bologna, Giovanni da Cascia, Paolo "Tenorista" da Firenze, Niccolò da Perugia, Bartolino da Padova, Antonio Zachara da Teramo and Matteo da Perugia.

Related pages
 Duecento
 Quattrocento
 Cinquecento
 Italian Renaissance art

Bibliography
 Burke, Peter. The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy. Princeton University Press. Princeton, 1999.

References

Renaissance
14th century in Italy

Trecento