John Heminges (bapt. 25 November 1556 – 10 October 1630) was an actor in the King's Men, the playing company for which William Shakespeare wrote. Along with Henry Condell, he was an editor of the First Folio, the collected plays of Shakespeare, published in 1623. He was also the financial manager for the King's Men.

Life
Heminges was baptised at St Peter de Witton Church, Droitwich, Worcestershire, on 25 November 1556. Sent to London at the age of twelve, he was apprenticed for nine years to the City Grocer John Collins, becoming a freeman of the Grocers' Company on 24 April 1587. On 10 March 1588 he received a licence to marry Rebecca Knell (née Edwards), the widow of William Knell, an actor with the Queen's Men who had been killed at Thame, Oxfordshire, in 1587 by John Towne, a fellow actor. Heminges and his sixteen-year-old wife settled in the parish of St Mary Aldermanbury, and had at least thirteen children there between the years 1590 and 1613.

Heminges's association with the theatre had begun by 1593, when he and Augustine Phillips were with Lord Strange's Men. By the next year he and Phillips had joined the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later the King's Men. Heminges remained with the Company until his death. Privy Council records from 1630 state that he received £100 to relieve the Company during a period of plague.

Heminges remained active in the Grocers' Company alongside his theatrical activities; indeed, the two sometimes intertwined. On 13 December 1608 he was admitted as one of the ten seacoal-meters for the city of London, citizens appointed to measure the coal imported into the city by sea. Shortly afterwards he took on John Jackson as his deputy. Both Heminges and Jackson later acted as trustees for William Shakespeare when he purchased the Blackfriars Gatehouse in 1613. Between 1595 and 1628 Heminges took on ten apprentices with the Grocers' Company. Of these ten, eight appear to have performed for Heminges's company, in both boys' and adult roles. Alexander Cooke was one of his apprentices. Heminges also built and operated a taphouse at the Globe.

Heminges was mentioned in Shakespeare's will, along with Richard Burbage and Henry Condell, each being bequeathed 26 shillings and eightpence to buy mourning rings. Burbage died before the publication of Shakespeare's First Folio, but Heminges and Condell became credited contributors of the book. They mentioned in their preface, "To the great Variety of Readers", that they wished "the Author himselfe had liv'd to have set forth, and overseen his owne writings", they also mention their own care and pain "to haue collected & publish'd" the works. Their editorial efforts were vital to preserving a number of Shakespeare's plays, some of which might have been lost otherwise.

As a sharer in the Globe Theatre, Heminges' name, along with the other sharers, is mentioned several times in various legal documents that were discovered by American researcher Charles William Wallace. The Globe was plagued by lawsuits as the shares were left to beneficiaries who did not have the continued welfare of the company at heart. In one such lawsuit, Heminges v Ostler, Heminges was sued by his daughter, Thomasina Ostler over a share of the company. The surviving records do not specify the final outcome of the suit. At his death, Heminges' shares in the Globe and Blackfriars theatres passed to his son, William Heminges. The lawsuit records are valuable to historians for the detailed information they contain regarding the company business.

Heminges died in October 1630 in Southwark, and was buried 12 October 1630 at the parish church of St Mary Aldermanbury. In his will he had asked to be buried as close to his wife as possible.

Work

The extent and nature of Heminges' acting is not entirely clear. He is known to have performed in Ben Jonson's Sejanus and Every Man in His Humour (in both cases, alongside Shakespeare). A Jacobean inscription in the 1616 Jonson folio lists him playing the role of Corbaccio in Volpone; since the same list includes Nathan Field, who did not join the King's Men until 1616, it seems that Heminges continued to act, at least intermittently, into his fifties. Edmond Malone reported seeing Heminges' name associated with the role of Falstaff; there is, however, no other evidence of this connection. There is little more evidence to substantiate the claim later made by an actor to Alexander Pope that Heminges was a tragedian. Of his activities as manager more is known. Court documents relating to the King's Men generally list Heminges as the recipient of money due the company; the records of Henry Herbert indicate that Heminges at least sometimes served as the point of contact between the company and the Master of the Revels. He appears to have owned a structure abutting the Globe Theatre, which may have been used as an alehouse. He served as trustee for Shakespeare when the latter purchased a house in Blackfriars in 1613.

Notes

References

Further reading
Pam Hinks. John Heminges (bapt 25 November 1566 ) St Peter de Witton Church, Droitwich, Worcestershire Parish Register 1544 onwards
Collier, J. P. Lives of the Original Actors in Shakespeare's Plays. London: Shakespeare Society, 1853.
Egan, Gabriel. "John Heminges' Tap-house at the Globe." Theatre Notebook 55 (2001), 72–7.
Nunzeger, Edwin. A Dictionary of Actors and of Other Persons Associated With the Public Presentation of Plays in England Before 1642. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1929.

External links
 John Heminges at the Globe Theatre
 Theatre Notebook

1556 births
1630 deaths
People from Droitwich Spa
English male Shakespearean actors
English male stage actors
English editors
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
16th-century English male actors
17th-century English male actors
King's Men (playing company)
People associated with Shakespeare

John Heminges


Oxfordshire (short Oxon, from the Latinised form Oxonia) is a county in the South East of England, bordering on Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire, and Warwickshire.

It is divided into five local government districts: Oxford, Cherwell, Vale of the White Horse (after the Uffington White Horse), West Oxfordshire and South Oxfordshire.

The county has a major tourism industry. The area is known for the concentration of motorsport companies and facilities. Oxford University Press has headed a concentration of print and publishing firms; the university is also linked to the concentration of local biotechnology companies.

The main centre of population is the city of Oxford. Other significant settlements are Bicester, Banbury, and Chipping Norton to the north of Oxford; Witney to the west; Thame and Chinnor to the east; and Abingdon, Wantage, Didcot and Henley-on-Thames to the south. Future population growth in the county is hoped to be concentrated around Banbury, Bicester, Didcot and Witney, near the South Midlands growth area.

The highest point of the county is Whitehorse Hill, in the Vale of White Horse, reaching 856 feet (261m).

History
The county of Oxfordshire was formed in the early years of the 10th century.

Historically the area has always had some importance, it has been good agricultural land resting between the main southern cities and Oxford (whose name came from Anglo-Saxon Oxenaford = "ford for oxen"). The area was part of the Cotswolds wool trade from the 13th century. The Great Western Railway reached Didcot in 1839. Morris Motors was founded in Oxford in 1912 and MG in Abingdon in 1929. The importance of agriculture as an employer has gone down in the 20th century; today less than one percent of the county's population are involved.

The Vale of the White Horse and parts of South Oxfordshire south of the River Thames were historically part of Berkshire, but were added to the administrative county in 1974.

Towns and cities
 Abingdon (In Berkshire until 1974)
 Banbury
 Bicester
 Burford
 Carterton
 Chipping Norton
 Didcot (In Berkshire until 1974)
 Faringdon (In Berkshire until 1974)
 Henley-on-Thames
 Oxford
 Thame
 Wallingford (In Berkshire until 1974)
 Wantage (In Berkshire until 1974)
 Witney
 Woodstock

Places of interest

  Blenheim Palace — UNESCO World Heritage Site
  Chinnor & Princes Risborough Railway — A heritage railway operated with steam and diesel locomotives
  Cholsey and Wallingford Railway
 Cotswold Wildlife Park and Gardens
  Didcot Railway Centre — Museum of the Great Western Railway

  Kelmscott Manor — Home of William Morris
   Oxford
  River and Rowing Museum
  River Thames
  Rousham House and Gardens
  Wallingford Museum

Related pages
 University of Oxford (including links to the individual colleges).
 Oxford Canal
 Blewbury

Other websites

 Oxfordshire County Council
 Results of the 2005 county council election
 Thisisoxfordshire Oxfordshire news, sport & information
 Flags of Oxfordshire

Ceremonial counties of England

Oxfordshire


Fin-de-siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture is a 1979 transdisciplinary non-fiction book written by cultural historian Carl E. Schorske and published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Described by its publisher as a "magnificent revelation of turn-of-the-century Vienna where out of a crisis of political and social disintegration so much of modern art and thought was born," the book won the 1981 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. The book is lavishly illustrated with both color and black-and-white reproductions of key artworks, referenced in the text which explains their relevance to the themes in question.

Synopsis
Partly reconstructed from Schorske's articles published in the American Historical Review, the book is structured into seven thematically interlocking chapters. Each chapter considers the interrelationships between key artists with the development of psychoanalysis and what was — at the time — viewed as an end of history.

In the 'Introduction' the author claims that the text was born from his desire 'to construct a course in European intellectual history, designed to help students to understand the large, architectonic correlations between high culture and socio-political change' (p. XVIII). In his view, Vienna was a peculiar cultural environment due to the late ascendancy and early crisis of its liberal middle class between the 1860s and the 1890s. This compression of the socio-political liberal hegemony provided the opportunity for a 'collective Oedipal revolt' against the liberal inheritance, promoted by "Die Jungen" (the Young Ones), spreading from politics in the 1870s to literature and art in the 1890s. The chronologically compressed and socially circumscribed character of the Viennese experience created a more coherent context for studying the different ramifications of its high culture (p. XXVI).

The second essay, "The Ringstrasse, its critics, and the birth of urban modernism" looks back to explore the liberal cultural system in its ascendancy through the medium of urban form and architectural style ... but it looks forward too … to the critical responses on the part of two leading participants in it — Otto Wagner and Camillo Sitte — reveal the emergence of conflicting tendencies, communitarian and functionalist, in modern thought about the built environment (p. XXVIII).

Popular culture
Schorske's work was one of the major references for Selden Edwards' The Little Book,
and serves as the model for a fictional book ("Random Notes", later edited and renamed Fin de Siècle) written by one of the main characters, Arnauld Esterhazy.

References

External links

1979 non-fiction books
Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction-winning works
History of Vienna
Arts set in Vienna
20th-century history books

Fin-de-siècle Vienna


Kymenlaakso is a region in Finland. As of November 2013, there were over 180,000 people living there. Neighbouring regions are Uusimaa, Päijänne Tavastia, Southern Savonia and South Karelia.

Municipalities in the region are Hamina, Iitti, Kotka, Kouvola, Miehikkälä, Pyhtää and Virolahti. Kymenlaakso was one most earliest industrialized areas in Finland, since around the 1800s.

Other websites
 Webpages

Kymenlaakso

Kymenlaakso


Twelfth Night, Or What You Will is a play written by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy.

Plot
Orsino, the Duke of lllyria, is in love with the Countess Olivia. She has not dated any men for seven years because of the death of her brother, so she turns him down. Meanwhile,  Viola was shipwrecked in Illyria but she has been rescued by a captain. She has lost her twin brother, Sebastian. She dresses herself as a boy and uses the name Cesario, so she can get work as a page for Orsino. As Orsino's page, Viola is sent to Olivia with love letters. Viola finds out, to her dismay, that Olivia has fallen for her (as a boy) rather than Duke Orsino.  Also, Viola has already fallen in love with the Duke.

Sebastian (Viola's twin, thought to be dead) comes ashore in Illyria. He thinks Viola has drowned in the shipwreck. A man named Antonio has rescued him from the surf; at some risk to himself, because Antonio fought against the Duke at one time. Meanwhile, in Olivia's house, Sir Toby Belch (her cousin) has tricked Sir Andrew Aguecheek into supporting him, by convincing him that he could be a suitor for Olivia. So with the help of Maria, Olivia's maid, and Feste, a clown, Belch plots to make a fool of the steward. Maria writes a love letter to Malvolio that will make him think Olivia has fallen for him. Malvolio falls for the joke and dresses crazily as the letter says to. Not knowing it is a joke, the Countess is horrified and has Malvolio locked away as a madman.

Belch tries to get Sir Andrew to fight a duel with Viola's "Cesario" character as she leaves but Olivia has a crush on Cesario. Viola and Sir Andrew prepare for a duel that neither one wants. Antonio intervenes to defend Cesario, because he thinks he is his friend Sebastian, and is arrested for piracy against Orsino. Olivia has become engaged to Sebastian. Viola still does not recognize Antonio. Later, Belch and Sir Andrew talk to Sebastian, who does not back down from Aguecheek when challenged and beats him in the duel. Meanwhile, Olivia has met and become engaged to Sebastian.

Antonio is brought before the Duke for questioning, and Viola tells all about the duel. Antonio tells everyone how he dragged "this man" from the surf, saving his life. Then Olivia comes in, searching for her new husband, which she thinks is Viola. Adding to this confusion, Belch and Aguecheek enter claiming that Viola/Cesario has violently assaulted them. In the midst of Viola's denials, Sebastian shows up. The brother and sister recognize one another and are reunited. Sebastian helps to explain the confusion over who fought and married who.

In the end, Orsino and Viola are in love. Olivia and Sebastian are happily wed, and Olivia fusses at Belch and Maria for their abuse of Malvolio, who vows to get even. Belch agrees to wed Maria to make up for getting her in trouble. Everyone, except unhappy Malvolio, lives happily ever after. Orsino welcomes Olivia and Sebastian and he now realises he is attracted to Cesario. He promises to marry her as soon as she is dressed as a woman again.

Plays by William Shakespeare
1600s plays

Twelfth Night


Cryptozoology is the study of animals that people think might exist, but can't be proved to exist. It also is the study of animals many scientists think are extinct, but which people sometimes report. Those who study or look for such animals are called cryptozoologists. Some people call the unproven creatures cryptids. John Wall was the first person to use this word in 1983.

List of cryptids

 Bigfoot
 Chupacabra
 Loch Ness Monster
 Mokele-mbembe
 Yeti
 Kraken
 Leviathan
 Jersey Devil
 De-Loys monkey (Ameranthopoides loysi), also known as Didi or Vasitri

Mongolian Death Worm
The Mongolian Death Worm is a strange snake-like animal that lives in the Gobi Desert. Scientists do not know if it really exists or not.

People who report seeing it say it is like a red, fat worm around 2 – 4 feet long. People who live in Mongolia call it allghoi khorkhoi. These people also say the creature spits yellow poison that will kill you as soon as it touches you and it can produce electricity so powerful that it could kill large animals.

References

Pseudoscience

Cryptozoology


Divers Institute of Technology (DIT) is a private, for-profit educational institution for the training of commercial divers and located in Seattle, Washington. Founded in 1968 in Seattle, Washington, Divers Institute of Technology is located on the North end of Lake Union near Gas Works Park in the Wallingford district.

The seven-month program consists of 900 hours, including dive time. There are twelve classes per calendar year, with a new class starting each month. From July 1, 2006, to June 30, 2007, the average number of students per class was 23, with a retention rate of 90%. It is estimated that 10% of the students are women.

Divers Institute is one of only two dive schools in the U.S. to grant students the Canadian Standards Association Unrestricted Surface Supplied Air Diver Certification, issued by the Diver Certification Board of Canada, allowing graduates to dive internationally.

History

Divers Institute of Technology was founded in 1968, by John Manlove, U.S. Navy (Ret.), and Leiter Hockett, a local shipwright and underwater construction contractor. The school was situated on barge #41 of the Lake Union ship canal. The program initially consisted of 14 weeks of training, increasing to 16 weeks in 1975. Its goal was "to ensure that all apprentice divers hold the essential, core skills necessary to compete in the commercial diving industry, whether it's in the inland or offshore sector."

The 1970s and 1980s saw a rising need for repair to U.S. inland infrastructures, such as bridges, dams, power plants, and port facilities. In response to this industry demand and to changing technologies, Divers Institute broadened its curriculum to incorporate the unique requirements of the inland diving community. Subjects such as Non-Destructive Testing and hazardous materials handling were integrated, the welding and cutting programs were expanded, and the new technology of hydraulic tool training was added.

In June 1985, barge #41 sank. Instructors and students spearheaded the salvage effort to retrieve equipment and records, while the school continued to operate on a full-time schedule. Divers Institute was relocated onshore along the Lake Union ship canal in 1990, where it began training on the current seven-month program schedule.

Throughout its history, the ownership of Divers Institute has had a significant effect on its development. Letier Hockett, one of the school's founders, sold his holdings to Jack Blispinghof, who became instrumental in obtaining accreditation from the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges (ACCSC). In 1975, Blispinghof sold to Chuck Litzo. Litzo and original founder John Manlove then increased the program from 16 to 26 weeks of training, allowing Canadian students to qualify for financial aid. In 1985, Manlove and Litzo sold the school to John Ritter, U.S. Navy (Ret.) and Norval Duncan in 1985, who expanded the program yet again, from 26 to 30 weeks.

In 1998, Divers Institute was purchased by its current owners, Bruce Banks and Jack Ringleberg, who have sought to update the school's training and facilities, with the mission "to provide advanced technical training that produces the most qualified, skilled professionals in the constantly evolving underwater marine industry." Banks is a retired U.S. Navy Commander and President of Jamestown Marine Services, Inc in Groton, Connecticut. Ringleberg is also U.S. Navy (Ret.) and PE President of JMS Naval Architects and Salvage Engineers, in Mystic, Connecticut.

In September 2003, Divers Institute of Technology was audited by the Diver Certification Board of Canada (DCBC) and found to be in compliance with CSA 275.4. This certification is fully recognized by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) of the United Kingdom and the Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS), and all other diving and national certifying regulatory agencies having reciprocity agreements with the aforementioned authorities. Divers Institute is the first diving program in the U.S. to reach this goal.

In March 2011, campus relocated to a newer facility at the north end of Lake Union, in the Seattle neighborhood of Wallingford.

Campus

Divers Institute of Technology's training facility is located in the Seattle neighborhood of Wallingford, in the Northlake area on the north end of Lake Union. Dock and land-based facilities provide protected moorage for floating classrooms and submerged diving projects. All on-campus dives are conducted in natural underwater environments.

Portions of the training program require students to dive at greater depths, and in a variety of visibility and temperature conditions. These dives are conducted under instructor supervision at various locations around the Puget Sound. For the deep dives series required for international certification, students are taken out on the school's 63-foot diving vessel, which is equipped with a multi-place decompression chamber.

Training
The 900-hour program includes training in the following subjects: physics, basic dive medicine, CPR, First Aid, hyperbaric chamber, dive suit components and operation, rigging, instruction in inland and offshore diving, HazMat procedures, underwater welding, hydraulic tools, salvage, SCUBA, open water deep dives, and introductory mixed gas/saturation diving.

Upon completion of the program, graduates may earn the following certifications, if they meet the requirements set forth by each certifying authority while in school:

Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Unrestricted Surface Supplied Air Diver Certification, issued by the Divers Certification Board of Canada (DCBC)
First Aid, CPR, Oxygen provider, A.E.D. and Blood Pathogens Certification
Hazardous Waste Materials (HazMat) 80-hour OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120 and WAC 40-hour HAZWOPPER Certification
SDI Open Water SCUBA Certification
Kirby Morgan Hat Operator Certification
API Rigger; Chevron USA API 2D (RP2D) (REV-6) Certification
Job Safety Analysis (JSA) certificate

Faculty
A significant number of the instructors at Divers Institute of Technology are former U.S. military. In 2008, of the 19 instructors on staff, 14 were veterans: nine U.S. Navy (Ret.), three U.S. Marine Corps (Ret.), one U.S. Army (Ret.), one U.S. Air Force (Ret.).

Three instructors reached the rating of U.S. Navy Master Diver prior to retirement: Gary Chancellor, Director of Training; Frank LaQue, Director of International Programs; and Hy Spalding, instructor.

Instructor Willy Wilson, U.S. Navy (Ret.).

Accreditation
DIT is accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges (ACCSC). This commission is listed by the U.S. Department of Education as a nationally recognized accrediting agency under the provisions of Chapter 33, Title 38, U.S. Code and subsequent legislation.

In the media

In 2000, 20th Century Fox commissioned Divers Institute of Technology to assist in the production of Men of Honor, the story of the U.S. Navy's first African-American Master Diver, Carl Brashear. Technical support was provided for filming on location in Portland and Rainier, Oregon. Several cast members, including Cuba Gooding, Jr. and Robert De Niro trained with DIT faculty and staff in the summer of 1999 on the Seattle campus.  The actors and crew were taught about the historic Mark V dress (common in Brashear's time), and its operation. Prop and set directors for the film borrowed over 200 items from Divers Institute, including helmets, Mark V umbilicals, canvas suits, dive knives, and dive station equipment.

Divers Institute of Technology has also been asked by the U.S. Coast Guard and local law enforcement to assist in investigations. In February, 2009, the U.S. Coast Guard asked DIT to assist in an inflation test to evaluate the condition of a life raft from the fatal sinking of the fishing vessel Katmai in October, 2008.

Divers Institute of Technology Executive Director, John Paul Johnston is frequently consulted for articles in popular press regarding the commercial diving industry, including the national job market and specialization within the field.

References

External links
 Official website

Underwater diving training organizations
Wallingford, Seattle
1968 establishments in Washington (state)
Educational institutions established in 1968
Schools in Seattle

Divers Institute of Technology


Sepals are one of the four basic parts of a flower. They are found below the petals.

The sepals are often small and green. Some flowers do not have petals. Then the sepals may be big and colorful. In some flowers, the petals and sepals look the same. They are both called tepals.

All the sepals together are called calyx.
The number of sepals is different for different flowers. Both petals and sepals surround the reproductive parts inside the flower. The term for sepals plus petals is the perianth.

The main job of the sepals is to keep the parts of the flower safe before it opens.They are usually green and leaf-like

Plant anatomy

Sepal


Karaite Judaism is a kind of Judaism that accepts only the Hebrew Bible as authoritative, and rejects any religious authority in Mishnah and Talmud, which are explanations of the Bible by rabbis in the first few centuries of the Common Era. Karaite Jews believe that each person should be able to explain the Torah for themselves, instead of following the explanations of the rabbis. Today the largest communities of Karaites are in Israel and San Francisco.

Declaration of faith
The list of main beliefs to Karaite Judaism are called the "Tuv Taam." It is called this because those are the first two words in Hebrew of the beliefs. These beliefs are:
 There is one God who is YHWH the creator of the Heavens and Earth.
 The Torah that Moses gave to the Israelites at Sinai is the truth
 The Torah is the infallible word of YHWH God of Israel.
 Those who follow the laws of the Torah their name will be written in the Book of Life .
 The place of where the Temple in Jerusalem stood is holy, and prayers are said in the direction of where it stood
 The first day of each Hebrew month is decided by the lunar (moon) cycle
 The Tanakh, is a book of truth.
 The beginning of the Jewish year according to the Torah is decided by the growth of the barley crops in the land of Israel
 The holidays talked about in the Torah are respected and celebrated
 YHWH is the ruler of the world and he is the only being that always has existed and always will exist
 The Great Day of YHWH will come and everyone will know his name.

Other websites
 Karaite Korner
 Karaite-USA
 Karaite Beliefs in 5 Languages

Jewish denominations

Karaite Judaism


The Polo Grounds was a sports stadium in New York City. It was actually the name of four different stadiums, which were all located in New York. The first Polo Grounds was the home of the New York Metropolitans baseball team from 1880 to 1885, and the New York Giants also played there. When this stadium was destroyed in 1889, the Giants moved to a new stadium, which they also called the Polo Grounds. Finally, in 1890, the Giants moved to the final version of the Polo Grounds, where they stayed until 1957. The New York Mets played at the Polo Grounds for two years after the Giants moved to San Francisco. The New York Giants and New York Jets football teams also played at the Polo Grounds, and the New York Yankees played there before Yankee Stadium was built. The Polo Grounds was torn down in 1964, and apartment buildings are now on the site.

Baseball stadiums
Former Major League Baseball venues
Sports buildings in New York City
New York Mets
San Francisco Giants
Buildings and structures in Manhattan

Polo Grounds


Footprints are shapes on the ground where people or animals walked. The foot touches the ground and at that position a footprint appears afterwards. This can happen because the ground is muddy or snowy and the foot sinks a little bit into the ground. Another possibility is that the foot is dirty or has fresh color on it. When the foot touches the ground the dirt or color remains at the ground and marks the position of contact.

Footprints mark the way of people or animals. Hunters for example are able to follow an animal by following its footprints. Like that leaving footprints can be a big disadvantage.

In the time of internet people also talk about digital footprints. This are not real footprint but small bits of data (for example the IP address) which enable computer professionals to follow the way of an user in the internet. This can also be a disadvantage for the user who is leaving the digital footprints.

References
 Definition at dictionary.reference.com
 Definition digital footprint

Forensics

Footprint


Selenic acid is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formul is H2SeO4.

Properties
It is normally a colorless solution in water. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It can turn into selenium trioxide when dehydrated carefully. It is a very strong acid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine and selenous acid. It can dissolve gold to make gold selenate. When heated above 200°C, it releases oxygen and turns into selenous acid. It reacts with bases to make selenates.

Preparation
Selenic acid is made by oxidation of selenium dioxide with hydrogen peroxide. It is hard to evaporate it, but when it is evaporated, it makes colorless crystals. It can be made by oxidation of selenous acid with a strong oxidizing agent, such as potassium permanganate, chlorine, or bromine. The HCl and HBr made as a byproduct can reduce the selenic acic to selenous acid again, though, so it has to be taken out.

It can also be made by reacting selenium with chlorine in water.

Related pages
Hydrogen selenide

Acids
Selenium compounds

Selenic acid


Emilia Pardo Bazán (16 September 1851 – 12 May 1921) (also known as Emilia, countess de Pardo Bazán) was a Spanish author and scholar.

Life
Bazán was born in A Coruña (also known as La Coruña or Corunna), part of the region of Galicia, and the culture of that area was incorporated into some of her most popular novels, including Los pazos de Ulloa (The Manors of Ulloa) and its sequel, La Madre Naturaleza (Mother Nature). She was also known for bringing naturalism to Spanish literature, for her detailed descriptions of reality, and for her role in feminist literature of her era.

Married at eighteen to Sr D. Jos Quiroga, a Galician country gentleman, she interested herself in politics, and is believed to have taken an active part in the underground campaign against Amadeo of Spain and, later, against the republic. In 1876 she came into notice as the successful competitor for a literary prize offered by the municipality of Oviedo, the subject of her essay being the Benedictine monk, Benito Jerónimo Feijoo. This was followed by a series of articles inserted in La Ciencia cristiana, a magazine of the purest orthodoxy, edited by Juan M. Orti y plana.

Other websites
Biography and list of works (Spanish language)

Spanish writers
1851 births
1921 deaths
People from A Coruña

Emilia Pardo Bazán


Colin George Blakely (23 September 1930 – 7 May 1987) was a Northern Irish actor. He had roles in the films A Man for All Seasons (1966), The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970), Murder on the Orient Express (1974), and Equus (1977).

Early life
Born in Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland, Blakely attended Sedbergh School in Yorkshire (now Cumbria), England. At the age of 18 he started work in his family's sports goods shop in Belfast, before going on to work as a timber-loader on the railways. In 1957, after a spell of amateur dramatics with the Bangor Drama Club, he turned professional with the Group Theatre, Belfast.

Career
In 1957, at the age of 27, Blakely made his stage debut as Dick McCardle in Master of the House. He also appeared in several Ulster Group Theatre productions, including Gerard McLarnon's Bonefire (1958) and Patricia O'Connor's A Sparrow Falls (1959). From 1957 to 1959 he was at the Royal Court Theatre, appearing in Cock-A-Doodle Dandy, Serjeant Musgrave's Dance and, to critical approval, The Naming of Murderers Rock. In 1961, he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company at Stratford-upon-Avon and from 1963 to 1968 was with the National Theatre at the Old Vic. On television, Blakely appeared in the "Armchair Theatre" series in 1962, episode "The Hard Knock" and director Charles Crichton unusually cast Blakely in two different roles during the same run of episodes of the 1967 series Man in a Suitcase. Also in 1967 he appeared in The Avengers in the episode "Murdersville" as Mickle.

In 1969, Blakely's controversial role as an anguished Jesus Christ in Dennis Potter's Son of Man gained him wide recognition. From that time onwards, he was a regular on British television, and in the same year played the leading role in a BBC adaptation of Anthony Trollope's The Way We Live Now.

Among the many stage plays in which he appeared were The Recruiting Officer, Saint Joan, The Royal Hunt of the Sun, Filumena Marturano, Volpone and Oedipus. He returned to the Royal Shakespeare in 1972 in Harold Pinter's Old Times and was subsequently in many West End plays.

Notable film roles included Maurice Braithwaite in This Sporting Life (1963), Vahlin in The Long Ships (1964), Sir Thomas More's house servant Matthew in A Man for All Seasons (1966), Dr. Watson to Robert Stephens's Holmes in Billy Wilder's The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970), and Joseph Stalin in Jack Gold's Red Monarch (1983). In the 1975 British film, It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet, derived from the James Herriot books, Blakely played the eccentric Siegfried Farnon. (Blakely's Son of Man co-star Robert Hardy would play the role in the 1978-1990 BBC television series All Creatures Great and Small.)

Blakely also appeared in Young Winston (1972), The National Health (1973), Murder on the Orient Express (1974), The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976), Equus (1977), The Dogs of War  (1980), Nijinsky (1980) and  Evil Under the Sun (1982).

A noted Shakespearean actor, Blakely appeared on television as Antony in Antony and Cleopatra (1981), directed by Jonathan Miller as part of the BBC Television Shakespeare series; and as Kent in the 1983 Granada Television version of King Lear which starred Laurence Olivier. Other television appearances included Loophole (1981), The Beiderbecke Affair (1985), Operation Julie (1985) and Paradise Postponed (1986).

Personal life
Blakely was married to British actress Margaret Whiting for 26 years and had three sons, including twins. He died of leukaemia in London, aged 56.

Filmography

 Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960) – Loudmouth
 The Hellions (1961) – Matthew Billings
 The Password Is Courage (1962) – 1st German Goon
 This Sporting Life (1963) – Maurice Braithwaite
 The Informers (1963) – Charlie Ruskin
 The Long Ships (1964) – Rhykka
 Never Put It in Writing (1964) – Oscar
 The Counterfeit Constable (1964) – L'aveugle
 A Man for All Seasons (1966) – Matthew
 The Spy with a Cold Nose (1966) – Russian Premier
 Charlie Bubbles (1967) – Smokey Pickles
 The Day the Fish Came Out (1967) – The Pilot
 The Vengeance of She (1968) – George
 Decline and Fall... of a Birdwatcher (1968) – Solomon Philbrick
 Alfred the Great (1969) – Asher
 The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970) – Dr. Watson
 Something to Hide (1972) – Blagdon
 Young Winston (1972) – Butcher
 The National Health (1973) – Edward Loach
 Murder on the Orient Express (1974) – Cyrus B. Hardman
 Galileo (1975) – Priuli
 It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet (1975) – Siegfried Farnon
 The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976) – Inspector Alec Drummond
 Equus (1977) – Frank Strang
 The Big Sleep (1978) – Harry Jones
 Meetings with Remarkable Men (1979) – Tamil
 The Day Christ Died - Caiphas
 Nijinsky (1980) – Vassili
 Little Lord Fauntleroy (1980) – Silas Hobbs
 The Dogs of War (1980) – North
 Loophole (1981) – Gardner
 Nailed (1981) – Elder Protestant
 Evil Under the Sun (1982) – Sir Horace Blatt
 Trail of the Pink Panther (1982) –  Inspector Alec Drummond (archive footage) (uncredited)
 Red Monarch (1983) - Stalin
 The World of Don Camillo (1984) – Peppone

References

External links

1930 births
1987 deaths
Male film actors from Northern Ireland
Male television actors from Northern Ireland
Male stage actors from Northern Ireland
Male Shakespearean actors from Northern Ireland
People educated at Sedbergh School
People from Bangor, County Down
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from cancer in England
20th-century male actors from Northern Ireland
Royal Shakespeare Company members
Actors from County Down

Colin Blakely


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A
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D
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E
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F
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G
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H
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Harlow, Harpenden, Harrogate, Harrow, Hartlepool, Harwich, Haslemere, Hastings, Hatfield, Havant, Haverhill, Hawley, Hayle, Haywards Heath, Heanor, Heathfield, Hebden Bridge, Hedon, Helston, Hemel Hempstead, Hemsworth, Henley-in-Arden, Henley-on-Thames, Hendon, Hereford, Herne Bay, Hertford, Hessle, Heswall, Hetton-le-Hole, Heywood, Hexham, Higham Ferrers, Highworth, High Wycombe, Hinckley, Hitchin, Hoddesdon, Holmfirth, Holsworthy, Honiton, Horley, Horncastle, Hornsea, Horsham, Horwich, Houghton-le-Spring, Hounslow, Hoylake, Hove, Hucknall, Huddersfield, Hugh Town, Hull, Hungerford, Hunstanton, Huntingdon, Hyde, Hythe

I
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J
Jarrow

K
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L
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M
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N
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O
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P
Paddock Wood, Padstow, Paignton, Painswick, Peacehaven, Penistone, Penrith, Penryn, Penzance, Pershore, Peterborough, Peterlee, Petersfield, Petworth, Pickering, Plymouth, Pocklington, Pontefract, Polegate, Poltimore, Poole, Portishead, Portland, Portslade, Portsmouth, Potters Bar, Potton, Poulton-le-Fylde, Prescot, Preston, Princes Risborough, Prudhoe, Pudsey

Q
Queenborough, Quintrell Downs

R
Ramsgate, Raunds, Rayleigh, Reading, Redcar, Redditch, Redhill, Redruth, Reigate, Retford, Richmond, Richmond-upon-Thames, Rickmansworth, Ringwood, Ripley, Ripon, Rochdale, Rochester, Rochford, Romford, Romsey, Ross-on-Wye, Rothbury, Rotherham, Rothwell, Rowley Regis, Royston, Rugby, Rugeley, Runcorn, Rushden, Rutland, Ryde, Rye

Walden,

S

St Albans, St Asaph, St Austell, St Blazey, St Columb Major, St Helens, St I Cambridgeshire, St Ives, Cornwall, St Neots, Salcombe, Sale, Salford, Salisbury, Saltash, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Sandbach, Sandhurst, Sandown, Sandwich, Sandy, Sawbridgeworth, Saxmundham, Scarborough, Scunthorpe, Seaford, Seaton, Sedgefield, Selby, Selsey, Settle, Sevenoaks, Shaftesbury, Shanklin, Sheerness, Sheffield, Shepshed, Shepton Mallet, Sherborne, Sheringham, Shildon, Shipston-on-Stour, Shoreham-by-Sea, Shrewsbury, Sidcup, Sidmouth, Sittingbourne, Skegness, Skelmersdale, Skipton, Sleaford, Slough, Smethwick, Snodland, Soham,  Somerton, Southall, Southam, Southampton, Southborough, Southend-on-Sea, South Molton, Southport, Southsea, South Shields, Southwell, Southwold, South Woodham Ferrers, Spalding, Spennymoor, Spilsby, Stafford, Staines, Stainforth, Stalybridge, Stamford, Stanley, Stapleford, Staunton, Staveley, Stevenage, Stockport, Stocksbridge, Stockton-on-Tees, Stoke-on-Trent, Stone, Stony Stratford, Stotfold, Stourbridge, Stourport-on-Severn, Stowmarket, Stow-on-the-Wold, Stratford-upon-Avon, Streatham, Street, Strood, Stroud, Sudbury, Sunderland, Sutton, Sutton Coldfield, Sutton-in-Ashfield, Swadlincote, Swaffham, Swanage, Swanley, Swindon, Swinton

T
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U
Uckfield, Ulverston, Uppingham, Upton-upon-Severn, Uttoxeter, Uxbridge

V
Ventnor, Verwood

W
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Y
Yarm, Yarmouth, Yachtington,Yate, Yateley, Yeadon, Yeovil, York, Yoxall

Related pages
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Henry Sheffie Geyer (December 9, 1790March 5, 1859) was a politician, lawyer, and soldier from Missouri. Born in Frederick, Maryland, he was the son of John Geyer, saddler of Frederick Town. Geyer was of German descent, his father having come from Prussia.

Early life
Geyer was instructed privately, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1811 and practiced law in Frederick. Most of Geyer's legal knowledge was gained by working in the office of his maternal uncle, Daniel Sheaffee, who was a prominent lawyer.

He also wrote for the Frederick Town papers and had knowledge of the printing business. Geyer moved from Maryland to Staunton, Augusta County, Virginia.

Military career
During the War of 1812 he served as a first lieutenant in the Thirty-sixth Regiment, Maryland Infantry from 1813 to 1815. He reached the position of pay-master and spent some time stationed at Norfolk, Virginia. After the war ended, Geyer settled in St. Louis, Missouri, still holding the office of pay-master. He also began pursuing the study of law. After a year, Geyer resigned his pay-master position and began practicing law. Around the same time, he was appointed captain of the first military company west of the Mississippi River. Geyer was known as captain for the rest of his life.

Geyer became involved in a feud with Captain George Kennerby, the origin of which is unknown. Geyer was offended by Kennerby and challenged him to a duel. The two met at Bloody Island with pistols and exchanged shots. Kennerby was struck in the leg and was unable to stand. Both agreed to return to the fight at a later time, but before they could meet again, the argument was settled by the intervention of mutual friends and Geyer and Kennerby became friends for life.

Political career
In addition to his political career, in St. Louis, Geyer wrote for the Missouri Republican and was an editor of the St. Louis Times in 1833.

Geyer was a member of the convention of Missouri and helped to write the first Missouri constitution. He was a member of the Territorial assembly in 1818 and a delegate to the constitutional convention in 1820. In 1818, Geyer published a compilation of Missouri's territorial laws, known as "Geyer's Digest." From 1820 to 1824 he was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives and again in 1834-1835, serving as speaker on two occasions. In the 1830s, Geyer helped form and lead Missouri's Whig Party. He authored the Geyer Act of 1839 establishing public education in Missouri as well as the University of Missouri.

In 1850, Geyer was offered the position of secretary of war by President Millard Fillmore, but Geyer declined. He was elected senator after gaining support from both Whigs and Democrats over his ambiguous stance on slavery. Geyer succeeded Thomas Hart Benton, who ended his senatorial career by insisting that Congress had the power to restrict slavery in the federal territories. Benton was a senator for thirty years, and it was the first time he had been defeated in Missouri for the senatorship.

Geyer was elected as a Whig to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1851, to March 3, 1857. Geyer was elected to the Senate just as his own Whig party was dissolving and prominent leaders took other positions. The last Whig convention was in Baltimore on June 16, 1852. For two years, Geyer was the only senator from Missouri. Missouri became the first state to be represented by only one senator for a considerable period of time. The views of Bentonites and anti-Bentonites were so contentious, that the legislature did not elect another senator and the governor did not appoint anyone, believing it was not within the governor's ability to do so.

During his time in the Senate, Geyer voted for the Kansas-Nebraska bill, which demonstrated his proslavery views.

Legal career
In the late 1830s or early 1840s, Henry Geyer had a law partnership with Benjamin B. Dayton, which was in business until Geyer was elected to the Senate. The firm of Geyer & Dayton had a large business and tried many important land suits.

Geyer did not seek reelection to the Senate after 1857 and resumed the practice of law. He was recruited to assist Reverdy Johnson in defending John F.A. Sanford, the slave-owner in the Dred Scott case. Geyer was asked to join Johnson because of his knowledge of Missouri law, his experience arguing in front of the Supreme Court, and his strong southern views. During the trial, Geyer argued for limited federal oversight of state supreme court decisions, against Dred Scott's right to bring suit in federal court, and stated that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

Geyer gained national recognition as a lawyer when he argued the case of The State vs. Darnes in 1840. Darnes was indicted for manslaughter for killing Mr. Davis, the publisher of the St. Louis Democratic newspaper, The Argus. An article in the paper denounced certain politicians, which offended Darnes. Darnes confronted Davis and struck him with an iron cane several times. Davis was taken to the hospital, but died after eight days. On the eighth day, Dr. Beaumont, a skilled surgeon, performed a trephining procedure on Davis to relieve pressure on the skull.  In his argument, Geyer maintained that Davis' death was caused by the surgery and not the injuries he sustained from Darnes. Davis was convicted of manslaughter in the third or fourth degree, essentially amounting to an acquittal. Geyer's two day argument was published in pamphlet form, republished in Boston, and used by the New England bar in similar cases.

Personal life
Henry Geyer married one of seven daughters of Rufus Easton, the first postmaster of St. Louis. This was one of three wives that Geyer married. At his death, he left a widow, one son, and two daughters.

Death and legacy
Geyer died in St. Louis on March 5, 1859, and was interred at Bellefontaine Cemetery. He was sixty-eight years old. Geyer Road in St. Louis is named in his honor.

References

External links

1790 births
1859 deaths
Maryland lawyers
Missouri lawyers
United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
Members of the Missouri House of Representatives
United States senators from Missouri
Speakers of the Missouri House of Representatives
Politicians from Frederick, Maryland
Missouri Whigs
19th-century American politicians
Whig Party United States senators
Opposition Party United States senators
Missouri Oppositionists
Burials at Bellefontaine Cemetery
19th-century American lawyers

Henry S. Geyer


Benjamin Franklin Isherwood (October 6, 1822 – June 19, 1915) was an engineering officer in the United States Navy during the early days of steam-powered warships. He served as a ship's engineer during the Mexican–American War, and after the war did experimental work with steam propulsion. Rising to the rank of rear admiral, as Engineer-in-Chief of the Navy during the Civil War, he helped to found the Navy's Bureau of Steam Engineering.

Career in civilian engineering
Isherwood was born in New York City. He worked for the Utica and Schenectady Railroad and trained under William C. Young, one of the most prominent engineers of that period. Isherwood then worked on the Croton Aqueduct, followed by an engineering job on the Erie Canal. Designing and constructing lighthouses for the Treasury Department was Isherwood's last employment before joining the Navy.

Early Naval career
At the age of 22, Isherwood was appointed first assistant engineer in the Navy May 23, 1844, serving aboard  from 1846 to 1847. During the Mexican–American War, he served on the , and later was senior engineer of the .

When the Mexican–American War ended, Isherwood was assigned to the Washington Navy Yard, where he assisted Charles Stuart in designing engines and experiments with steam as a source of power for propelling ships. Throughout the 1850s, Isherwood compiled operational and performance data from steam engines in American and foreign commercial vessels and warships. He used these empirical data to analyze the efficiency of engine types then in use.

In the twelve years between the Mexican–American War and the Civil War, Isherwood published 55 technical and scientific articles on steam engineering and vessel propulsion in the prestigious Journal of the Franklin Institute. In 1859 the engineer published the results of his own original thermodynamic experiments in the two-volume Engineering Precedents for Steam Machinery. Isherwood was the nation's most prolific antebellum technical writer.

Isherwood went to sea during the period between the wars, serving as Chief Engineer of the steam frigate  on a cruise of more than three years on the Asiatic Station. During this cruise he was stricken with dysentery, prompting his return to the United States.

Civil War
Shortly after the outbreak of the Civil War, Isherwood was appointed Engineer-in-Chief of the Navy, and so important were his services considered that the Bureau of Steam Engineering was created under his direction.

When the Civil War began, the Navy had 28 steam vessels, and during the war, the number grew to 600. Isherwood conducted the design and construction of the machinery necessary to accomplish this.  He designed ships that were fast enough to pursue the blockade runners.

In 1863 and 1865, Isherwood published the first and second volumes of Experimental Researches in Steam Engineering, which were translated into six languages and became a standard engineering text upon which future steam experimentation was based.

Post-war activities
Immediately upon the conclusion of the war, Isherwood was principally involved with organizing a new scientific curriculum for steam engineering at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. By 1874, naval engineers refined this curriculum to the point that it served as the model for mechanical engineering education at most American universities.

In 1869 Isherwood ran afoul of former  shipmate Admiral David Dixon Porter. During the war years Isherwood led a campaign to increase the rank and influence of engineering officers in the navy. Porter opposed this change in the service's class structure. After the presidential inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant, Isherwood's longtime patron, Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, could no longer protect him. Admiral Porter banished Isherwood to the Mare Island Navy Yard in San Francisco.

Despite his diminished stature, Isherwood continued to produce technical innovations. In 1870 and 1871, Isherwood conducted experiments that resulted in a propeller that was used by the Navy for the next 27 years.

He was a pioneer in the production of fast cruisers, producing this class against strong opposition. Following a tour of European dockyards, he became president of the Experimental Board under the Bureau of Steam Engineering until his retirement on October 6, 1884.

Isherwood died in New York City at the age of 92.

Legacy
The Navy has recognized Isherwood's contributions in various ways.  Isherwood Hall, built in 1905 on the campus of the United States Naval Academy, was the home of the Department of Marine Engineering.  It was razed in 1982 to make space for the academy's new Alumni Hall. Isherwood's name lives on as the new hall's Isherwood Entrance.

The Rear Admiral Benjamin F. Isherwood Award is awarded by the Navy to recognize "innovation and expertise in the effective assessment, development, execution, or deployment of technological solutions for operational Fleet needs."

Three U.S. Navy ships – two destroyers named  and the never-finished fleet replenishment oiler  – have been named for him.

In a 1941 article in the United States Naval Institute's Proceedings, George W. Dyson stated that Isherwood might possibly be the greatest engineer the United States Navy had developed.

The revolutionary engineering program initiated by Isherwood at the U.S. Naval Academy became the template for professional American mechanical engineering education. That basic curriculum designed at Annapolis in the late 1860s and early 1870s still serves as the core of university mechanical engineering pedagogy.

Selected publications
 Engineering Precedents for Steam Machinery; Embracing the Performances of Steamships, Experiments with Propelling Instruments, Condensers, Boilers, Etc., Accompanied by Analysis of the Same, Vol. II. New York: Bailliere Brothers, 1859.
 Experimental Researches in Steam Engineering Vol. I. (Philadelphia: 1863).
 'Notes on the Steamer Bibb.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 52 (1851): 250–255.
 'Investigation of the Comparative Merits of the Perpendicular and Radial Paddlewheels for Sea-Going Vessels.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 50 (August 1850): 134–139.
 'Investigation of the Comparative Merits of the Perpendicular and Radial Paddlewheels for Sea-Going Vessels.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 50 (September 1850): 181–188.
 'Reply to the Objections of 'M' (Published in the October Number, page 260) to a Comparison Between the Radial and Perpendicular Paddle Wheels for Steamers.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 50 (December 1850): 378–383.
 'Remarks on Nystrom's Screw Propeller.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 52 (July 1851): 42–49.
 'Trial Trip of the U.S. Screw Propeller Steamship of War, San Jacinto.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 52 (November 1851).
 'Notes on the Indicator Diagrams from the U.S. War Steamer Spitfire.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 51 (February 1851).
 'Notes on the U.S. War Steamer Spitfire.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 51 (March 1851).
 'Performance at Sea of the U.S. Steamship Fulton.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 53 (February 1852).
 'Remarks on H.B.M. Screw Steam Frigate Arrogant.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 53 (May 1852).
 'Performance of the U.S. Screw Steamship San Jacinto, from Norfolk, Va., to Cadiz, Spain, during the month of March, 1852.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 53 (June 1852): 393–397.
 'The French Line-of-Battle Screw Steamship Charlemagne.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 57 (February 1854).
 'Notes on the Application of Lamb and Sumner's Boilers to the U.S. Steamer Vixen.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 58 (1854): 267–269.
 'An Account of some Experiments on a Mixture of Saturated and Surcharged Steam (Wethered's patent) made under the direction of E.K. Collins, Esq.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 57 (April 1854): 257–267.
 'An Account of some Comparative Experiments made at the Washington, D.C., Navy Yard, April, 1854, on the ordinary mode of setting Land Boilers, and on the mode patented by Henry F. Baker.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 58 (September 1854): 193–201 and Vol. 58 (October 1854): 259–269.
 'Disquisition on the Laws regulating the Slips of Screw Propellers in Function and Form of Dimensions; based on a digest of the Experiments made in 1845 by M. Bourgois, Engineer de Vaisseau, at the French Government Manufactory at Indret.' Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 59 (March 1855): 156–163, Vol. 59 (April 1855): 219–231, Vol. 59 (May 1855): 295–304, and Vol. 59 (June 1855): 361–368.

References

Sources

 Bennett, Frank M., The Steam Navy of the United States: A History of the Growth of the Steam Vessel of War in the U.S. Navy, and of the Naval Engineer Corps. Pittsburgh: W. T. Nicholson Press, 1896.
 Sloan, Edward, Benjamin Franklin Isherwood Naval Engineer: The Years as Engineer in Chief, 1861–69. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1965.
 Index to the Journal of the Franklin Institute for the One Hundred and Twenty Volumes from 1826 to 1885. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute, 1890.

External links
  Navy PAO biography of B.F. Isherwood

1822 births
1915 deaths
United States Navy engineering officers
Military personnel from New York City
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Union Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of the Mexican–American War
United States Navy rear admirals (upper half)

Benjamin F. Isherwood


In computer science and graph theory, the Canadian traveller problem (CTP) is a generalization of the shortest path problem to graphs that are partially observable. In other words, a "traveller" on a given point on the graph cannot see the full graph, rather only adjacent nodes or a certain "realization restriction."

This optimization problem was introduced by Christos Papadimitriou and Mihalis Yannakakis in 1989 and a number of variants of the problem have been studied since. The name supposedly originates from conversations of the authors who learned of a difficulty Canadian drivers had: traveling a network of cities with snowfall randomly blocking roads. The stochastic version, where each edge is associated with a probability of independently being in the graph, has been given considerable attention in operations research under the name "the Stochastic Shortest Path Problem with Recourse" (SSPPR).

Problem description

For a given instance, there are a number of possibilities, or realizations, of how the hidden graph may look. Given an instance, a description of how to follow the instance in the best way is called a policy. The CTP task is to compute the expected cost of the optimal policies. To compute an actual description of an optimal policy may be a harder problem.

Given an instance and policy for the instance, every realization produces its own (deterministic) walk in the graph. Note that the walk is not necessarily a path since the best strategy may be to, e.g., visit every vertex of a cycle and return to the start. This differs from the shortest path problem (with strictly positive weights), where repetitions in a walk implies that a better solution exists.

Variants
There are primarily five parameters distinguishing the number of variants of the Canadian Traveller Problem. The first parameter is how to value the walk produced by a policy for a given instance and realization. In the Stochastic Shortest Path Problem with Recourse, the goal is simply to minimize the cost of the walk (defined as the sum over all edges of the cost of the edge times the number of times that edge was taken). For the Canadian Traveller Problem, the task is to minimize the competitive ratio of the walk; i.e., to minimize the number of times longer the produced walk is to the shortest path in the realization.

The second parameter is how to evaluate a policy with respect to different realizations consistent with the instance under consideration. In the Canadian Traveller Problem, one wishes to study the worst case and in SSPPR, the average case. For average case analysis, one must furthermore specify an a priori distribution over the realizations.

The third parameter is restricted to the stochastic versions and is about what assumptions we can make about the distribution of the realizations and how the distribution is represented in the input. In the Stochastic Canadian Traveller Problem and in the Edge-independent Stochastic Shortest Path Problem (i-SSPPR), each uncertain edge (or cost) has an associated probability of being in the realization and the event that an edge is in the graph is independent of which other edges are in the realization. Even though this is a considerable simplification, the problem is still #P-hard. Another variant is to make no assumption on the distribution but require that each realization with non-zero probability be explicitly stated (such as "Probability 0.1 of edge set { {3,4},{1,2} }, probability 0.2 of..."). This is called the Distribution Stochastic Shortest Path Problem (d-SSPPR or R-SSPPR) and is NP-complete. The first variant is harder than the second because the former can represent in logarithmic space some distributions that the latter represents in linear space.

The fourth and final parameter is how the graph changes over time. In CTP and SSPPR, the realization is fixed but not known. In the Stochastic Shortest Path Problem with Recourse and Resets or the Expected Shortest Path problem, a new realization is chosen from the distribution after each step taken by the policy. This problem can be solved in polynomial time by reducing it to a Markov decision process with polynomial horizon. The Markov generalization, where the realization of the graph may influence the next realization, is known to be much harder.

An additional parameter is how new knowledge is being discovered on the realization. In traditional variants of CTP, the agent uncovers the exact weight (or status) of an edge upon reaching an adjacent vertex. A new variant was recently suggested where an agent also has the ability to perform remote sensing from any location on the realization. In this variant, the task is to minimize the travel cost plus the cost of sensing operations.

Formal definition
We define the variant studied in the paper from 1989. That is, the goal is to minimize the competitive ratio in the worst case. It is necessary that we begin by introducing certain terms.

Consider a given graph and the family of undirected graphs that can be constructed by adding one or more edges from a given set. Formally, let  where we think of E as the edges that must be in the graph and of F as the edges that may be in the graph. We say that  is a realization of the graph family. Furthermore, let W be an associated cost matrix where  is the cost of going from vertex i to vertex j, assuming that this edge is in the realization.

For any vertex v in V, we call  its incident edges with respect to the edge set B on V. Furthermore, for a realization , let  be the cost of the shortest path in the graph from s to t. This is called the off-line problem because an algorithm for such a problem would have complete information of the graph.

We say that a strategy  to navigate such a graph is a mapping from  to , where  denotes the powerset of X. We define the cost  of a strategy  with respect to a particular realization  as follows.
 Let  and .
 For , define
 ,
 , and
 .
 If there exists a T such that , then ; otherwise let .

In other words, we evaluate the policy based on the edges we currently know are in the graph () and the edges we know might be in the graph (). When we take a step in the graph, the edges incident to our new location become known to us. Those edges that are in the graph are added to , and regardless of whether the edges are in the graph or not, they are removed from the set of unknown edges, . If the goal is never reached, we say that we have an infinite cost. If the goal is reached, we define the cost of the walk as the sum of the costs of all of the edges traversed, with cardinality.

Finally, we define the Canadian traveller problem.
 Given a CTP instance , decide whether there exists a policy  such that for every realization , the cost  of the policy is no more than r times the off-line optimal, .

Papadimitriou and Yannakakis noted that this defines a two-player game, where the players compete over the cost of their respective paths and the edge set is chosen by the second player (nature).

Complexity
The original paper analysed the complexity of the problem and reported it to be PSPACE-complete. It was also shown that finding an optimal path in the case where each edge has an associated probability of being in the graph (i-SSPPR) is a PSPACE-easy but ♯P-hard problem. It was an open problem to bridge this gap, but since then both the directed and undirected versions were shown to be PSPACE-hard.

The directed version of the stochastic problem is known in operations research as the Stochastic Shortest Path Problem with Recourse.

Applications
The problem is said to have applications in operations research, transportation planning, artificial intelligence, machine learning, communication networks, and routing. A variant of the problem has been studied for robot navigation with probabilistic landmark recognition.

Open problems
Despite the age of the problem and its many potential applications, many natural questions still remain open. Is there a constant-factor approximation or is the problem APX-hard? Is it i-SSPPR #P-complete? An even more fundamental question has been left unanswered: is there a polynomial-size description of an optimal policy, setting aside for a moment the time necessary to compute the description?

See also
 Graph traversal
 Hitting time
 Shortest path problem

Notes

References

PSPACE-complete problems
Travelling salesman problem
Computational problems in graph theory

Canadian traveller problem


The policy of containment was a diplomatic strategy of the United States to prevent the spread of the communism during the Cold War. Economic support should bind countries to the United States. This was a counteraction against the new Soviet sphere of influence.

In March 1947 the US president Harry Truman (1884-1972) announced support for countries which were threatened by military force. This speech is called "Truman Doctrine" nowadays. In detail, he promised support for Greece and Turkey against the Soviet Union.

The most important part of the policy of containment was the "European Recovery Program" (1948), also known as "Marshall Plan", which should boost the European economy after the destruction in the Second World War using—most important—money, successful American economic models, and less European trade barriers.

History of the Soviet Union
20th century in the United States

Containment


The second USS Undaunted was laid down as rescue tug ATR-126 on 27 November 1943 at Port Arthur, Texas, by the Gulfport Boiler and Welding Works; reclassified auxiliary ocean tug ATA-199 on 15 May 1944; launched on 22 August 1944; and commissioned on 20 October 1944.

Following shakedown out of Galveston, ATA-199 paused briefly at New Orleans on 18 November, then put to sea the same day to rendezvous with a convoy bound for the Panama Canal with sections of an advance base dock ABSD-5 in tow. ATA-199 acted as retriever tug for the convoy and, on the 22d, took over a tow from a tug which had broken down. Arriving at the Canal Zone on the 29th, she spent over two weeks as a member of Service Squadron 2, pulling various units through the locks. On the 21st, she departed the Canal Zone again acting as the retriever tug for a Philippine-bound convoy, steamed via the Marshall Islands and Caroline Islands, and arrived at Leyte on 24 February 1945.

She operated in Leyte Gulf until 23 March when she departed Pedro Bay towing fleet ocean tug Serrano (ATF-112). She arrived at Ulithi four days later and joined Service Squadron 10. In the months that followed she operated in the Philippines, Marianas, Carolines, Solomons, and Admiralties towing vessels that varied from lighters to wrecking derricks. In June and July, she towed pontoon barges from the Russell Islands to Okinawa; then on the morning of 29 July, she departed Buckner Bay and headed for the west coast, with the battered destroyer, , in tow. During her homeward voyage—as she proceeded via Saipan, Eniwetok, and Pearl Harbor—Japan capitulated. The tug weathered a typhoon before reaching San Francisco on 26 September, at the end of a tow of nearly 7,000 miles.

Exactly one month later, she got underway again and returned to Pearl Harbor early in November. ATA-199 operated out of Oahu until 11 April 1946, when she departed Pearl Harbor, with a section of ABSD-7 in tow, and proceeded—via west coast ports and the Panama Canal—to Norfolk, Virginia where she delivered her tow on 21 July. She remained there until 24 August when she set her course via Panama City, Florida, and, on 7 September, arrived at New Orleans. Operating from that base, she conducted tows between various gulf ports until 24 June 1947 when she arrived at Beaumont, Texas, for inactivation overhaul.

On 25 August 1947, she proceeded to Orange, Tex., where she was decommissioned the same day and assigned to the Texas Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet. The tug was named Undaunted on 16 July 1948 and transferred to the custody of the Maritime Administration—although still owned by the Navy—in September 1961. By January 1963, her name was struck from the Navy list. She was later transferred to the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.  She was then loaned as a training vessel to the US Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point, NY and renamed the TV Kings Pointer.  In 1993 the Kings Pointer was sold to basic Towing of Escanaba, MI and was renamed the Krystal K.  In 1998 the vessel was sold again to Pere Marquette Shipping of Ludington, MI for use as a push tug for their  bulk barge Pere Marquette 41.  The Krystal K was rebuilt as an articulated pusher tug and received a Hydraconn connection system and an elevated pilot house.  Upon completion the tug was given her original name of Undaunted.  The MT Undaunted is still in service to this day on the Great Lakes.

References

 NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive USS Undaunted (ATA-199)

1944 ships
Ships built in Orange, Texas
Sotoyomo-class tugs

USS Undaunted (ATA-199)


Gonville and Caius College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often called Caius (said keys) by the students. It was created in 1348 by Edmund Gonville who gave money to build it. In 1557 John Caius, a doctor, left some more money after studying at the college. The modern name comes from these two people. It now has about 700 students.

Being old, the college has kept many traditions. For example, there is a formal dinner every night. Also, when students go home for holiday they need to get an official permission from a Fellow (teacher) to leave.

Famous members

Some very famous people have studied at this College. Twelve of them have won a Nobel Prize:
 1932 Sir Charles Sherrington – neurophysiologist (student and fellow)
 1935 Sir James Chadwick – physicist, discovery of the neutron (student, fellow, and master)
 1945 Sir Howard Florey – co-discovery of penicillin (fellow)
 1954 Max Born – physicist
 1962 Francis Crick – discovery of the structure of DNA (PhD student and honorary fellow)
 1972 Sir John Hicks – economist (fellow)
 1974 Antony Hewish – astronomer (student and fellow)
 1976 Milton Friedman – economist (visiting fellow)
 1977 Sir Nevill Mott – theoretical physicist (fellow and Master)
 1984 Sir Richard Stone – economist
 2001 Joseph Stiglitz – economist (fellow)
 2008 Roger Tsien – chemist (fellow)

Stephen Hawking is also a Fellow at Gonville and Caius.

Other websites
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge

Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge


Stuart W. Bowen Jr. (born March 24, 1958), is an American lawyer who served as the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction (SIGIR) from October 2004 to October 2013. He previously served as the Inspector General for the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA-IG), a position to which he was appointed in January 2004. Mr. Bowen's mission includes ensuring effective oversight of the $63 billion appropriated for Iraq's relief and reconstruction.

Background

Stuart Bowen was born in Washington, D.C., on March 24, 1958. Bowen attended the Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Virginia, earned a B.A. from the University of the South/Sewanee, attended Vanderbilt University Law School, and received a J.D. from St. Mary's University School of Law in San Antonio, where he served on the Law Journal's Editorial Board. He spent four years on active duty as an intelligence officer in the U.S. Air Force, earning the rank of Captain and the Air Force Commendation Medal.  From 1991 to 1992, Mr. Bowen was Briefing Attorney to Texas Supreme Court Justice Raul Gonzalez; and from 1992 to 1994, he was an Assistant Attorney General of Texas, with a litigation practice focused on the  civil prosecution of state licensee regulatory violations and appellate work in state and federal court.

From 1994 to 2000, Mr. Bowen held a variety of positions on Texas Governor George W. Bush's staff, including Deputy General Counsel, Deputy General Counsel for Litigation, and Assistant General Counsel. He was part of President Bush's legal team handling the post-election litigation in Florida during November–December 2000; his work helped ensure that overseas military ballots were properly counted. Mr. Bowen subsequently served as counsel to the Bush-Cheney transition team.

From 2001 to 2003, Mr. Bowen served President Bush as Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy Staff Secretary and Special Assistant to the President and Associate Counsel. In 2003, he became a partner at the law firm of Patton Boggs LLP, working out of its Washington, D.C. office.

Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction

As Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Mr. Bowen is tasked with auditing and investigating the use of taxpayer funds appropriated for the Iraq reconstruction effort.  Since 2004, he has managed the production of 390 audits and inspections, producing financial benefits in excess of $1.5 billion; his investigations have yielded over 83 convictions, with recoveries in excess of $192 million via forfeiture orders, fines, and seizures.

Mr. Bowen has supervised the production of 35 quarterly reports to the Congress, travelled to Iraq 34 times, and testified before the Congress on 35 occasions.  He managed the compilation of seven lessons learned reports, including HARD LESSONS (Government Printing Office February 2009), a  book-length report on the entire Iraq reconstruction enterprise, which provides 13 recommendations for improving the US approach to overseas stabilization and reconstruction operations. All of these reports are available at the University of North Texas Libraries CyberCemetery archive of www.sigir.mil.

Mr. Bowen's work has earned a number of awards, including: The David Walker Excellence in Government Award for Performance and Accountability from the National Intergovernmental Audit Forum; Outstanding Inspector General's Report to Congress from the Council of Inspectors General for Integrity and Efficiency (CIGIE);Outstanding Investigative Task Force Award (CIGIE); Outstanding Inspection Report Award (CIGIE); Outstanding Investigative Case Accomplishment Award (CIGIE); Outstanding Audit Team Award from the President's Council on Integrity and Efficiency (PCIE); Outstanding Inspection Team Award (PCIE); Gaston Gianni Special Award for Outstanding Inspector General's Office (PCIE); Newsmaker of the Year Award from the Engineering News-Record; St. Thomas More Award for Distinguished Public Service from The St. Mary's University School of Law/San Antonio; and a Best and Brightest Award from Esquire Magazine. Because of the nature of its subject matter, Mr. Bowen's work has required media engagement, including appearances on C-SPAN, NPR, PBS, CNN, CBS, NBC, ABC, FOX, CNBC, and BBC, as well as numerous interviews with international and local print journalists. Mr. Bowen's writings have appeared in a variety of  publications including The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, National Defense University's Prism Quarterly, The Journal of International Peace Operations, and books published by King's College London and The National Defense University.

The SIGIR mission in Baghdad has not been without tragedy.  On March 24, 2008, a rocket impacted the Embassy grounds killing Paul Converse, a SIGIR auditor.  Paul was posthumously awarded the Jefferson Star by the State Department, its highest honor.  Five other SIGIR staff members have been wounded while serving in Iraq.

Texas Health and Human Services Commission Inspector General

In January 2015, Texas Governor Greg Abbott named Bowen as the Inspector General for the Texas Health and Human Services Commission.  The appointment is subject to Senate confirmation.

Brought in as an outsider to clean up a contracting scandal, Bowen also had to contend with hundreds of millions of questionable fraud allegations made by his predecessor.  By September he had settled cases totaling $9 million.  In addition, Bowen faced repairing ties with the Medicaid provider community and with HHSC.   As Inspector General, Bowen is charged with preventing, detecting, and deterring fraud, waste, and abuse in the Texas Health and Human Services System.

On October 22, 2015, Bowen accused Planned Parenthood of misconduct and informed them all of the state's Planned Parenthood affiliates were being dropped as a Medicaid health care provider.  He cited videos showing misconduct and sent investigators with letters to Planned Parenthood offices in San Antonio, Dallas, and the Houston area, requesting records.   His letters cited the authority of Health and Human Services Commission to investigate allegations of potential fraud involving Medicaid payments.

Bowen was forced to resign by Gov. Greg Abbott on May 10, 2017, after the governor discovered Bowen had been moonlighting for Hyatt Farber Schreck, a lobbying firm that represents the Iraqi government.
Bowen said he had consulted with a state ethics advisor and was told that his moonlighting "fully complied" with the health commission's policy.  However, the health agency's policies explicitly bar employees from having an "economic or monetary interest in a lobbying firm".

References

External links

http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/01/30/iraq.audit/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/04/AR2005050402256_pf.html Audit of Iraq Spending Spurs Criminal Probe, Washington Post, May 5, 2005
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000087&sid=anps9Ih6B6EE&refer=top_world_news U.S. Planned Poorly for Rebuilding Iraq, Inspector General Says, Bloomberg News, October 30, 2005
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/18/world/americas/18iht-fraud.html
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/29/AR2007012901817.html
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/31/AR2006083101162.html
http://www.stripes.com/news/another-report-faults-iraq-blunders-1.86247
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/world/middleeast/21reconstruct.html?pagewanted=all
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/iraqi-security-forces-facing-serious-problems-us-oversight-official-reports/2011/01/30/ABzwy5Q_story.html
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/marine-gets-6-years-in-prison-for-iraq-fraud/2011/02/07/ABr4SwQ_story.html
http://www.c-span.org/Events/House-Oversight-Cmte-Hearing-on-Troop-Withdrawal-from-Iraq/10737419967/

1958 births
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Living people
Sewanee: The University of the South alumni
St. Mary's University School of Law alumni
Texas lawyers
United States Air Force officers
United States government people of the Iraq War
Vanderbilt University alumni

Stuart Bowen


Anaphase () is the stage of mitosis after the process of metaphase, when replicated chromosomes are split and the newly-copied chromosomes (daughter chromatids) are moved to opposite poles of the cell. Chromosomes also reach their overall maximum  condensation in late anaphase, to help chromosome segregation and the re-formation of the nucleus.

Anaphase starts when the anaphase promoting complex marks an inhibitory chaperone called securin for destruction by ubiquitylating it. Securin is a protein which inhibits a protease known as separase. The destruction of securin unleashes separase which then breaks down cohesin, a protein responsible for holding sister chromatids together.

At this point, three subclasses of microtubule unique to mitosis are involved in creating the forces necessary to separate the chromatids: kinetochore microtubules, interpolar microtubules, and astral microtubules.

The centromeres are split, and the sister chromatids are pulled toward the poles by kinetochore microtubules. They take on a V-shape or Y-shape as they are pulled to either pole.

While the chromosomes are drawn to each side of the cell, interpolar microtubules and astral microtubules generate forces that stretch the cell into an oval.

Once anaphase is complete, the cell moves into telophase.

Phases
Anaphase is characterized by two distinct motions. The first of these, anaphase A, moves chromosomes to either pole of a dividing cell (marked by centrosomes, from which mitotic microtubules are generated and organised). The movement for this is primarily generated by the action of kinetochores, and a subclass of microtubule called kinetochore microtubules.

The second motion, anaphase B, involves the separation of these poles from each other. The movement for this is primarily generated by the action of interpolar microtubules and astral microtubules.

Anaphase A
A combination of different forces have been observed acting on chromatids in anaphase A, but the primary force is exerted centrally. Microtubules attach to the midpoint of chromosomes (the centromere) via protein complexes (kinetochores). The attached microtubules depolymerise and shorten, which together with motor proteins creates movement that pulls chromosomes towards centrosomes located at each pole of the cell.

Anaphase B
The second part of anaphase is driven by its own distinct mechanisms. Force is generated by several actions. Interpolar microtubules begin at each centrosome and join at the equator of the dividing cell. They push against one another, causing each centrosome to move further apart. Meanwhile, astral microtubules begin at each centrosome and join with the cell membrane. This allows them to pull each centrosome closer to the cell membrane. Movement created by these microtubules is generated by a combination of microtubule growth or shrinking, and by motor proteins such as dyneins or kinesins.

Relation to the cell cycle
Anaphase accounts for approximately 1% of the cell cycle's duration. It begins with the regulated triggering of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Metaphase ends with the destruction of B cyclin. B cyclin is marked with ubiquitin which flags it for destruction by proteasomes, which is required for the function of metaphase cyclin-dependent kinases (M-Cdks). In essence, Activation of the Anaphase-promoting complex (APC) causes the APC to cleave the M-phase cyclin and the inhibitory protein securin which activates the separase protease to cleave the cohesin subunits holding the chromatids together.

See also
 Interphase
 Prophase
 Prometaphase
 Metaphase
 Telophase
 Cytoskeleton
 Anaphase I
 Anaphase II
 Cdc20

References

External links

Mitosis

de:Mitose#Anaphase

Anaphase


The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (RPO) is a British orchestra based in London. It travels around to give concerts in many places.

History
The RPO was started just after World War II, in 1946, by the conductor Sir Thomas Beecham. Beecham did not start to get his players together until three weeks before the first concert which took place in Croydon on September 15, 1946. Beecham was principal conductor until his death in 1961.

When the orchestra toured the United States in 1950 they were the first British orchestra to visit America since the London Symphony Orchestra in 1912.

Beecham controlled all the organization of the orchestra. After Beecham's death, the orchestra was made into a self-governing group, like the other London orchestras. They went through some difficult years. In 1963 the Royal Philharmonic Society decided they would stop asking the RPO to play for their concerts, and in Glyndebourne, where the RPO had played for the opera since 1948, the London Philharmonic Orchestra became the resident orchestra instead. Sir Malcolm Sargent helped the orchestra to put on its own concerts at a cinema in north London.

The orchestra had made an agreement with the Royal Philharmonic Society about the concerts it would play. This meant it could call itself "Royal". In the 1960s the work they were doing no longer allowed them to call themselves "Royal", so in 1966 the Queen officially gave them the title "Royal".

In 1992 the orchestra appointed Peter Maxwell Davies as associate conductor and composer of the RPO.

On April 7, 1994, the Royal Philharmonic had the honour of performing at the Vatican in the historic "Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust" with Sir Gilbert Levine.

The RPO give a series of concerts in the Cadogan Hall, London, and in the Royal Albert Hall. They tour all over Britain and also abroad. In the period 2002-2007 they played in 30 different countries.

Recordings
The orchestra made many recordings with Sir Thomas Beecham. In 1964 Igor Stravinsky recorded his opera "The Rake's Progress" with the RPO. From 1964 to 1979 they recorded many Gilbert and Sullivan operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.

Non-classical work
The Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra is part of the same organization. They spend their time playing lighter classical music. The RPO have also worked with pop music groups and has given its own series of children's concerts. In 2007 they announced a series of free educational workshops for the local community.

Conducting leadership
 Thomas Beecham (1946-1961)
 Rudolf Kempe (1962-1975)
 Antal Doráti (1975-1978)
 Walter Weller (1980-1985)
 André Previn (1985-1992)
 Vladimir Ashkenazy (1987-1994)
 Yuri Temirkanov (1992-1998)
 Daniele Gatti (1996-2009)
Charles Dutoit (2009-present)

Other websites
 Royal Philharmonic Orchestra official website

British orchestras

Royal Philharmonic Orchestra


The post-revolution Egyptian land reform was an effort to change land ownership practices in Egypt following the 1952 Revolution launched by Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Free Officers Movement.

Problems prior to 1952
Prior to the 1952 coup that installed Muhammad Naguib as president, less than six percent of Egypt's population owned more than 65% of the land in the country, and less than 0.5% of Egyptians owned more than one-third of all fertile land. These major owners had almost autocratic control over the land they owned and charged high rents which averaged 75% of the income generated by the rented land. These high rents coupled with the high interest rates charged by banks plunged many small farmers and peasants into debt. Peasants who worked as laborers on farms also suffered, receiving average wages of only eight to fifteen piastres a day.
The combination of these circumstances led historian Anouar Abdel Malek to call the pre-reform Egyptian peasantry "an exploited mass surrounded by hunger, disease and death".  Another historian, Robert Stephens, has compared the state of Egyptian peasants before land reform to that of French peasants before the French Revolution.

Law Number 178
On September 11, 1952, Law Number 178 began the process of land reform in Egypt.  The law had numerous provisions that attempted to remedy the Egyptian land problems:
Land owners were prohibited to possess more than 200 feddans of land.  However, fathers with more than 2 children were allowed to own 300 feddans.
A limit on the rental rate for land was set at seven times the land tax value of the plot of land.
All land leases were given a minimum duration of three years.
The government established cooperatives for farmers holding less than five feddans.  The members of these cooperatives worked together to obtain supplies such as fertilizers, pesticides, and seeds as well as cooperating to transport their products to market.
A minimum wage for agricultural workers was set at 18 piastres per day.
Additionally, the law provided for the redistribution of any land that owners held over the limits it established:
Each affected owner would receive compensation for his excess land in government bonds worth a total of ten times the rental value of the land.  These bonds would pay 3% interest and mature in thirty years.
All land bought by the government would be sold to peasants though no person could obtain more than five feddans from the government.  Peasants who bought land would pay the government the cost of the land and a 15% surcharge over a period of thirty years.

Law 178 initially met opposition from Prime Minister Ali Maher Pasha who supported a limit of 500 feddans for land ownership.  However, the Revolutionary Command Council demonstrated its power by forcing him to resign, replacing him with Muhammad Naguib and passing the law.

Modifications to land reform
In 1958, three provisions of the land reform law were revised:
The interest on the bonds the government used to repay owners of seized land was lowered to 1.5%.
People who purchased land from the government were given forty years (in place of thirty) to complete repayment.
The government surcharge to be paid by purchasers was lowered to 10%.

In 1961, the government again revised the land reform program by lowering the land ownership maximum to one hundred feddans.

Results
Initially, land reform essentially abolished the political influence of major land owners.  However, it only resulted in the redistribution of about 15% of Egypt's land under cultivation, and by the early 1980s, the effects of land reform in Egypt drew to a halt as the population of Egypt moved away from agriculture.  The Egyptian land reform laws were greatly curtailed under Anwar Sadat and eventually abolished.

See also
Land reform
Arab Socialism
Agrarian Reform

References
Abdel Malek, Anouar (1968). Egypt: Military Society. New York: Random House. .
Stephens, Robert (1971). Nasser: A Political Biography. New York: Simon and Schuster. .
"Egypt: The Society and Its Environment" (1990). Retrieved 31 March 2005.

Notes

Egyptian Revolution of 1952
History of Egypt (1900–present)
Agriculture in Egypt
1952 in Egypt
1952 in Africa
Land reform

Land reform in Egypt


Sir John Robert Kerr (24 September 1914 – 24 March 1991) was the 18th Governor-General of Australia from 1974 to 1977. He is famous for dismissing Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in 1975. This is one of the most famous events in Australian history. Even though the Whitlam government was not voted back in after being dismissed, Kerr's actions divided opinion and he continued to be disliked by many people.

Prime Minister Gough Whitlam chose John Kerr to be Governor General in 1974. In 1974–75 the Whitlam government thought about borrowing US$4 billion in foreign loans. A Minister, Rex Connor, had secret discussions with a loan broker from Pakistan. The Treasurer, Jim Cairns, misled parliament about this. This made the new leader of the Opposition, Malcolm Fraser use the Senate to stop passing money for the government until there was an election. Whitlam refused. In 1975 the opposition, led by Malcolm Fraser, blocked government supply in the Senate. This meant that the government had no money. This was a big crisis in Australia. In order to end the crisis, John Kerr dismissed Whitlam and made Fraser the Prime Minister. Whitlam lost the election that was held a month later.

References

1914 births
1991 deaths
Governors-General of Australia
Politicians from Sydney
Australian lawyers

John Kerr