The innate immune system defends the host from infections.  It includes cells which recognize and respond to pathogens (germs) right away. The innate immune system response is not specific: it responds the same way to all pathogens that it recognises.

Unlike the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system does not give long-lasting immunity against specific infections.

Innate immune systems rapidly defend against infections in all plant and animal life. The innate system is the  evolutionarily older defense strategy. It is the main immune system found in plants, fungi, insects, and in primitive multicellular organisms. The system is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime.

The vertebrate innate immune system:
Acts as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents. If that fails, then:
 Gets  immune cells (such as natural killer cells) to the infection by producing cytokines.
 Starts the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells and clear out dead cells.
 White blood cells identify and remove foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and lymph.
 Activates the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation.

Anatomical barriers
The innate immune system includes the skin.  The outer layers of the skin are called "epithelial". Epithelial cells form a waxy physical barrier that keeps out most infectious agents. These cells are the innate immune system's first line of defense against invading organisms.

Old skin cells drop off, and this helps remove bacteria that have stuck to the skin.

The skin continues internally as the lining of the intestine and lung. In the intestines or lungs, movement by peristalsis or cilia helps to remove infectious agents. Also, mucus traps infectious agents. In the intestines, gut flora can prevent pathogenic bacteria by secreting toxic substances, or by competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or for attachment to cell surfaces.

The flushing action of tears and saliva helps prevent infection of the eyes and mouth.

Inflammation

Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to pathogens or foreign substances that get past the anatomical barriers.

Inflammation is stimulated by chemical factors released by injured cells. It sets up a physical barrier against the spread of infection, and promotes healing of damaged tissue after the clearance of pathogens.

Chemical factors produced during inflammation attract phagocytes, especially neutrophils. Neutrophils then trigger other parts of the immune system.<ref>Lotze M.T. & Tracey K.J. 2005. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal. Nature Reviews Immunology '5''' (4) 331-342. </ref>

 Complement system
The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps antibodies clear pathogens or mark them for destruction by other cells.

The cascade is composed of many plasma proteins, which are made in the liver.  The proteins work together to:
 trigger the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
 tag pathogens for destruction by coating their surface.
 disrupt the plasma membrane of an infected cell, causing cytolysis of the infected cell, and death of the pathogen.
 rid the body of neutralized antigen-antibody complexes.

Elements of the complement cascade can be found in many non-mammalian species including plants, birds, fish and some species of invertebrates.

Cells of the innate immune response

All white blood cells (WBC) are known as leukocytes. Leukocytes are different from other cells of the body: they work like independent, single-celled organisms. They can move freely, and capture cell debris, foreign particles, or invading microorganisms. They are produced by blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow.

The innate leukocytes include: Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils; and the phagocytic cells including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. They identify and eliminate pathogens that cause infection.

 Mast cells

Mast cells are a type of innate immune cell in connective tissue and the mucous membranes. They are intimately associated with defence against pathogens and wound healing. They are also often associated with allergy and anaphylaxis. When activated, mast cells rapidly release characteristic granules, rich in histamine and heparin, along with various hormonal mediators, and chemotactic cytokines into the environment. Histamine dilates blood vessels, causing the signs of inflammation, and recruits neutrophils and macrophages.

Phagocytes

The word 'phagocyte' literally means 'eating cell'. These are immune cells that engulf, i.e. phagocytose, pathogens or particles.  To engulf a particle or pathogen, a phagocyte extends portions of its plasma membrane, wrapping the membrane around the particle until it is enveloped (i.e. the particle is now inside the cell). Once inside the cell, the invading pathogen is contained inside an endosome which merges with a lysosome. The lysosome contains enzymes and acids that kill and digest the particle or organism.  Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens, but are also able to react to a group of highly specialized molecular signals produced by other cells, called cytokines.  The phagocytic cells of the immune system include macrophages], neutrophils, and dendritic cells.

Phagocytosis of the hosts' own cells is common as part of regular tissue development and maintenance. When host cells die, phagocytic cells remove them from the affected site. By removing dead cells,  phagocytosis is an important part of the healing process.

Macrophages

Macrophages are large phagocytic leukocytes. They can move across the cell membrane of capillary vessels and go between cells to hunt invading pathogens. Macrophages are the most efficient phagocytes, and can phagocytose substantial numbers of bacteria or other cells or microbes.
The binding of bacterial molecules to receptors on the surface of a macrophage triggers it to engulf and destroy the bacteria. Pathogens also stimulate the macrophage to produce chemokines, which summon other cells to the site of infection.

Neutrophils

Neutrophils and two other cell types (eosinophils and basophils), are known as granulocytes (because they have granules in their cytoplasm) or polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) due to their distinctive lobed nuclei.

Neutrophil granules contain a variety of toxic substances that kill or inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi. The main products of the neutrophil  are strong oxidizing agents. These include hydrogen peroxide, free oxygen radicals and hypochlorite. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocyte, with 50 to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. They are usually the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection. The bone marrow of a normal healthy adult produces more than 100 billion neutrophils per day, and more than 10 times that many per day during acute inflammation.

Dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DC) are phagocytic cells present in tissues that are in contact with the external environment, mainly the skin (where they are often called Langerhans cells), and the inner mucosal lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines. Dendritic cells are very important in the process of antigen presentation, and serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

Basophils and eosinophils

Basophils and eosinophils are cells related to the neutrophil (see above). When activated by a pathogen encounter, basophils releasing histamine are important in defense against parasites, and play a role in allergic reactions (such as asthma). When they are activated, eosinophils secrete a range of highly toxic proteins and free radicals that kill bacteria and parasites. The same chemicals also cause tissue damage during allergic reactions. Activation and toxin release by eosinophils is therefore tightly regulated to prevent any inappropriate tissue destruction.

Natural killer cells

Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a part of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes. Instead, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells. It recognises such cells by a condition known as "missing self". This term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC I (major histocompatibility complex). This can occur in viral infections of host cells. They were named "natural killer" because they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are "missing self".

 Invertebrate immune systems
 Antimicrobial peptides

Antimicrobial peptides, or host defence peptides, are part of the innate immune response. They are found among all classes of life. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antibiotics. They kill both gram negative and gram positive bacteria, mycobacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis''), enveloped viruses, fungi and even transformed or cancerous cells.

Marine fish sources have high levels of antimicrobial compounds. Testing with live fish showed that fish peptides used in food/feed ingredients worked well.

References

Innate immune system


Cleidin (cried claes an attire an aa) is a collective term for garments, eetems worn on the bouk. Cleidin can be made o textiles, ainimal skin, or ither thin sheets o materials put thegither. The weirin o cleidin is mostly restrictit tae human beins an is a featur o nearly aw human societies. The amoont an teep o cleidin worn depend on bouk teepe, social, an geografic considerations. Some cleidin can be gender-speceefic.

Pheesically, cleidiin serves mony purposes: it can serve as pertection frae the elements an can enhance saufty in hazardous activities sic as hikin an cuikin. It pertects the weirer frae reuch surfaces, rush-causin plants, insect bites, sclinters, thorns an prickles bi providin a baurier atween the skin an the environment. Claes can insulate against cauld or het condeetions. Forder, thay can provide a hygienic baurier, keepin infectious an toxic materials awey frae the bouk. Cleidin forby provides pertection frae ultraviolet radiation. Weirin claes is a social norm an aa, as bein deprived o cleidin in front o ithers mey be embarrassin, or nae weirin claes in public tae the extent that genitals, breasts or buttocks are veesible coud be seen as indecent exposur.

Cleidin


A dollhouse (or doll house) is a toy home made in miniature. Dollhouses have been mainly for children. Making and collecting them, however, is also a hobby for many adults. In the United States and Canada, the term dollhouse is used. In the United Kingdom, the term doll's house is used.

Early dollhouses were seen more than 400 years ago as baby house display cases in Europe. Smaller dollhouses that looked like real houses on the outside appeared in Europe in the 18th century.

Early dollhouses were hand-made. After the Industrial Revolution and World War II, doll houses were mass produced. They became more standard and cost less to buy.

Mass-produced dollhouses include those related to the Barbie doll.

One famous dollhouse is Queen Mary's dollhouse. It took four years to build. Another is Colleen Moore's dollhouse. It took seven years to build.

References

Toys

Dollhouse


The Manitoba general election of September 21, 1999 was held to elect members to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, Canada. The New Democratic Party won the election. They won 32 out of 57 seats. The Progressive Conservative Party won 24 seats. The Manitoba Liberal Party won one seat. The Manitoba Party, the Green Party, the Libertarian Party, and the Communist Party all ran candidates as well, but none won any seats. Each of those parties got less than 1% of the total vote.

The New Democratic Party formed the government for the first time since losing the 1988 general election. Gary Doer became premier.

1999 elections
1999 in Canada
election
September events
1990s elections in Canada

1999 Manitoba general election


Norrland is the northernmost region of Sweden. The other two regions are Götaland and Svealand. Norrland includes the Swedish counties Gävleborg County, Västernorrland County, Jämtland County, Västerbotten County and Norrbotten County. By "Upper Norrland" people usually mean Norrbotten and Västerbotten counties.
Historically parts of northern Finland have also been parts of Norrland.

Even though 59% of Sweden's area is within Norrland, only 12% of its population live there. The biggest town of Norrland is Umeå.

Norrland is famous for its landscape, and for phenomena such as the Midnight sun, Polar night and Aurora also called the Northern lights.

Geography of Sweden

Norrland


Reality means anything that exists. An event that has actually happened, or a thing which really exists is said to have "reality." Something close to reality is realistic.

Reality is the state of things as they are, rather than as they may appear or might be imagined. In a wider definition, reality includes everything that is and has been, whether or not we can see it and understand it. An even wider definition includes everything that has existed, exists, or will exist.

Reality is often contrasted with what is imaginary, delusional, in the mind, dreams, what is false, what is fictional, or what is abstract.

All the same, what is abstract plays a role in everyday life and in academic research. For instance, causality, virtue, life and justice are abstract concepts. They are difficult to define, but they are not pure delusions.

Television programs that are not scripted are called Reality TV.

Viewpoints on reality
Philosophy looks at the nature of reality itself, and the relationship between the mind (as well as language and culture) and reality.
Science: the view that the world described by science is the real world. The scientists' view of reality depends on evidence, tests and experiments, worked out by specialists. In the end, what ends up in textbooks is what an "invisible college" of scientists has agreed on.

References

Reality


The Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC) is a group of 11 colleges and universities in the Midwestern United States who play football against one another. Each school plays the others every season, and the conference champion earns a place in the NCAA Division I Football Championship, the postseason tournament of the second-level Football Championship Subdivision (FCS).

The MVFC has a confusing history that is closely tied to that of two other existing conferences: the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) and the Association of Mid-Continent Universities (AMCU), now known as The Summit League. In the 1984 season, the last in which both of these conferences played football, all of the AMCU football schools were members of NCAA Division I-AA, now known as FCS. The MVC had schools that played in both DIvision I-A (today's Football Bowl Subdivision) and Division I-AA. The AMCU dropped football after the 1984 season, and the MVC announced it would do the same after the 1985 season. Beginning with the 1985 season, all of the remaining AMCU football teams, plus the MVC's I-AA teams, joined the Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference (Gateway), which had sponsored only women's sports. Most of the schools in the Gateway were also MVC members. The MVC's I-AA football teams had membership in the MVC and Gateway in the 1985 season.

In 1992, the women's portion of the Gateway merged into the MVC. At that time, the Gateway became a football-only conference, changing its name to Gateway Football Conference. In 2008, the Gateway (which now had five MVC members) changed its name to the current Missouri Valley Football Conference. The MVFC and MVC are still legally separate, but operate out of the same offices in St. Louis.

Current members
Illinois State University
Indiana State University
Missouri State University
University of North Dakota
North Dakota State University
University of Northern Iowa
University of South Dakota
South Dakota State University
Southern Illinois University Carbondale (usually called "Southern Illinois")
Western Illinois University
Youngstown State University

Former members
Two schools that were in the MVFC during the Gateway era have moved to other conferences.
 Eastern Illinois University – member from 1985–1995; left for the Ohio Valley Conference.
 Western Kentucky University – member from 2001–2006; upgraded its football program to the top-level Division I FBS. It was already a non-football member of the Sun Belt Conference, and later played football in the Sun Belt as well. WKU has since moved to Conference USA.

References

Missouri Valley Football Conference


Anno Domini (Medieval Latin : "in the year of the Lord"), shortened as AD or A.D., is used to refer to the years after the birth of Jesus. AD is also a shortening for Christian Era. Similarly, Before Christ, shortened as BC or B.C., is used in the English language to refer to all years before the start of the time period Anno Domini.  In past centuries, AD came before the year but comes after a century or millennium.  For example, a person would write AD 2014 but 21st century AD or 3rd millennium AD.  There is no zero year in this system.  This means that the year A.D. 1 follows the year 1 B.C.

Some people mistakenly interpret "A.D." as standing for "after death."  The abbreviation "A.D." was originally placed before the year number (e.g. A.D. 145); then "B.C." often placed after the year number (e.g. 145 B.C.).  Nowadays it is more usual to put both abbreviations after the numbers (e.g. 145 AD; e.g. 145 BC).

This dating system was meant to signal the year of Christ's birth, but modern scholars have decided Jesus was actually born a few years earlier.

Pre History  term
The system for working out the years was invented by Dionysius Exiguus in about AD 525. He fixed the point Anno Domini, which is used to number the years of both the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar. He used it to identify the several Easters in his Easter table. He did not use it to date any historical event. When he devised his table, Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year — he himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of Probus Junior [Flavius Probus]", which he also stated was 525 years "since the incarnation [conception] of our Lord Jesus Christ". How he arrived at that number is unknown. He invented a new system of numbering years to replace the Diocletian years that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.

The Anno Domini calendar era became dominant in Western Europe only after it was used by the Venerable Bede to date the events in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731. The French emperor Charlemagne made it popular in mainland Europe. Some parts of Europe did not use the Anno Domini system until the 15th century. For example, Portugal used a different system called the Spanish era until 1422.

References

Calendars
Chronology

Anno Domini


The Renaissance is a period in European history that followed the Middle Ages and ended in the 17th century. "Renaissance" is a French word for "cultural rebirth." During this period, there was a "rebirth" of classical learning. People started relearning the teachings of scholars from Ancient Greece, Rome, and other ancient societies. The Renaissance is often said to be the start of the "modern age"

During the Renaissance, there were many advances in art, literature, the sciences, mathematics, and culture. Many famous artists, writers, philosophers, and scientists lived during this period. A person who is clever at a great number of things is sometimes called a "Renaissance man". The most famous Renaissance man is Leonardo da Vinci, who was a painter, a scientist, a musician and a philosopher.

The Renaissance started in Italy, but soon spread across the whole of Europe. In Italy, the period is divided into three parts:
 the Early Renaissance
 the High Renaissance
 the Late Renaissance  <ref></ref> (also called the Mannerist period)

Following the Mannerist period was the Baroque period, which also spread across Europe starting around 1600. Outside Italy, it can be hard to tell where the Renaissance period ends and the Baroque begins.

 Causes of the Renaissance

 Reading and printing
In the Middle Ages, most artistic, legal, and historical production took place in and around books. Monasteries, churches, universities, and people who could afford them produced and owned books. Books were produced entirely by hand, which is why they were called manuscripts; illuminated manuscripts include hand-colored, drawn, and gilded pictures.

Most books at that time were written in Latin, Greek, and Roman, which was used in the Catholic Church. Only priests and well-educated people read Latin then. People were forbidden by law from translating the Bible into Italian, English, German, French, or other "local" languages.

Around 1440 the first printed books were made in Europe. The printing press made it possible to print copies of large books like the Bible and sell them cheaply. It took 300 calf skins or 100 pig skins to print the Bible. Printers soon began to print everything that they thought was interesting: Ancient Greek and Roman writings, poetry, and plays; stories about the lives of the saints; mathematics textbooks; medical textbooks; Christian stories; erotic stories; books about animals and monsters; maps of the world; and advice to princes about how to rule their people.

Before the invention of the printing press, knowledge had belonged to priests, monasteries and universities. Suddenly many thousands of people, even merchants, could learn far more than they ever could before.

 Ancient Roman things
From about 400 B.C. to about 400 AD, Europe experienced a Golden Age. In Ancient Greece and Rome, there were many philosophers, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and mathematicians. Things were beautiful, well-organized and well-run.

However, by the year 1400, the city of Rome was in ruins. Inside the broken walls that had been smashed in 410 AD were the remains of huge temples, sports arenas, public baths, apartment blocks and palaces. Nearly all of them were half-buried and ruined, so they could not be used. Many were pulled down to use as building stone.

Among the ruins of this once-great city, the people of Rome lived in cottages. They still went to church in the huge churches (basilicas) built by the first Christian Emperor, Constantine the Great, in the 4th century. They still held market day in the Ancient Roman market place of Campo dei Fiori ("Field of Flowers").

In 1402, Filippo Brunelleschi and a teenage Donatello came to Rome. They were probably the world's first archaeologists. They were fascinated by everything that they saw. They measured ancient ruined buildings, drew things, and dug around for weeks looking for bits of broken statues and painted pottery that they could put back together. By the time they went back home to Florence, they knew more about Ancient Roman architecture and sculpture than anyone had known for about a thousand years. Brunelleschi became a very famous architect and Donatello became a very famous sculptor.

 Cash and politics

The Renaissance really began in the city of Florence. In those days, Italy was not one single country. It was made of many little states, all governed in different ways. These states were constantly making alliances and fighting with each other.

Rome was politically powerful, because Rome had the Pope, the person in control of the Roman Catholic Church. Because of his very great importance as a spiritual leader, most people and most cities did not want to argue with any pope. After a pope died, a new pope was elected. Everyone who was rich and powerful hoped a member of their family would be chosen. It was always a good idea to have several young men in the family trained as priests, just in case. It also helped to be good friends with other rich families. One way to do this was to have lots of daughters and get them to marry rich powerful men from different cities. This was the way that politics worked.

There were other powerful cities in Italy too. Venice had a large and powerful navy. Milan controlled trade with Northern Europe and was very rich. Genoa was also very rich, because it controlled trade with France and Spain. Florence, where many people say the Renaissance started, was another important city.

Florence's strength did not come from a strong army, a strong fortress, or control over trade. It came from banking. The Medicis were an important banking family. They helped to make Florence a powerful city and the centre of Renaissance learning.

Capture of Constantinople

 List of important events of the Renaissance
 In art
[[File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|The Birth of Venus' by Sandro Botticelli]]

 1401: Lorenzo Ghiberti wins a competition to create the Florence Baptistry Doors. Over the next 21 years, he creates two famous bronze doors with relief sculptures showing religious scenes.
 1420s: Masaccio and Masolino paint the Brancacci Chapel in Florence.
 1440s: Donatello makes the statue of Gattamelata on Horseback in Padua.
 1470s: Botticelli paints the Birth of Venus in Florence.
 1490s: Leonardo da Vinci paints The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa in Milan.
 1508-1512: Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel Ceiling in Rome.

 In architecture

 1420: Workers begin to build The Dome of Florence Cathedral, using Brunelleschi's design.
 1420s: Brunelleschi designs the church of Church of San Lorenzo in Florence.
 1444: Michelozzo designs the Medici-Riccardi Palace for Cosimo de' Medici.
 1471: Alberti designs the Church of Sant' Andrea in Mantua.
 1506: Work begins on the new St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
 1550: Palladio designs the Villa Rotunda near Vicenza.

 In science and technology
 Early 1300s: The first guns are made.
 1455: Johannes Gutenberg uses the printing press he invented to create the first printed book in Europe.
 Late 1400s: The quadrant was developed to help sailors find their way at sea.
 1480s: Leonardo da Vinci studies human anatomy.
 1550s: Peter Henlein of Nuremberg makes the first watches.
 1608: Hans Lippershey of Holland makes the first telescope.
 1618, William Harvey discovered that the heart pumps blood.

 In thinking
(See illustration above: Raphael's "School of Athens")
 Early 1300s: Petrarch publishes writings based on the works of St. Augustine and other classical writers.
 Mid 1400s: The Humanist Academy is created to discuss ancient writings and modern ideas. The Medici family supports the academy financially.
 1511: Desiderius Erasmus publishes In Praise of Folly, which satirizes the traditions of the Catholic Church.
 1532: Machiavelli publishes The Prince by Machiavelli, which says that people who wish to have political power often do wicked things to get it.

 In religion

 1382: John Wycliffe first translates the Bible from Latin into English. This begins a movement to translate the Bible into many other European languages.
 1454-1455: Johannes Gutenberg prints his famous Bible. The mass production of Bibles begins.
 1517: On the door of Wittenberg Castle, Martin Luther posts The Ninety-Five Theses (his ideas about problems in the Church). This is an important event in the Reformation.
 1534: Henry VIII splits the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church
 1545: Pope Paul III calls the Council of Trent so that Catholic leaders can meet and discuss the problems that the Reformation has caused for to the Catholic Church. This is the beginning of the Counter Reformation.
 1559: John Calvin starts the Geneva Theological Academy to teach people new (Reformation) ideas about Christian faith.

 In writing
 Early 1300s: Dante Alighieri writes The Divine Comedy in Italy.
 1348: Giovanni Boccaccio, an Italian, starts writing a collection of stories called The Decameron. 1477: William Caxton publishes The Canterbury Tales, which was written in the 1300s by Geoffrey Chaucer. This is the first important book written in the English language.
 1532 and 1534: Francois Rabelais writes Pantagruel and Gargantua in France.
 1550: Giorgio Vasari, an Italian, publishes "Lives of the Great Architects, Painters and Sculptors of Italy".
 1590-1612: William Shakespeare writes his 37 plays in England.
 1605 and 1616: Miguel de Cervantes publishes the tale of Don Quixote, Man of La Mancha in Spain.

 In exploration
 1487-1488: Bartholomeu Dias sails down the coast of Africa to the Cape of Good Hope.
 1492: Christopher Columbus sails from Spain across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies.
 1497-1499: Vasco da Gama sails from Portugal to India by going around Africa.
 1519-1522: Ferdinand Magellan leads an expedition to sail around the world. The expedition is completed under the command of Juan Sabastian del Cano.
 1577-1580: Sir Francis Drake completes the second voyage around the world.

 Related pages
 Renaissance music
 List of Renaissance artists
 Medical Renaissance
 Duecento
 Trecento

 References

 Ilan Rachum, The Renaissance: an Illustrated Encyclopedia, Octopus,
 Edmond Wright, Ed., The Medieval and Renaissance World, Chartwell Books, Inc.
 Margaret Aston, The Fifteenth Century, Tames And Hudson,
 Denys Hay and John Law, Italy in the Age of the Renaissance, Longman,
 John T. Paoletti and Gary M. Radke, Art in Renaissance Italy, Laurence King Publishing, (2005),

 Other websites
 Links for Middle School students from the Courtenay Middle School Library Collection''

Renaissance

Renaissance


South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom claimed by Argentina. They are in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The territory was started in 1985, before that it was classed as part of the Falkland Islands. The islands do not have a native population, but in 2006 they had around 20 people on the islands. Most of these people were scientists who are at Bird Island, museum staff at Grytviken and the British Government Officers.

Antarctic region

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands


Luel is Cumbra burg.  Luel stend in Edendāle, nēah þæs ēa mūþan and nis in beorgum, noþylæs is hit scīre heafod forþæm þe hēo is sē mǣsta tūn and stent on hēaƿegum toƿeard eall þære scīre þorp and oð Engla and Scotta ceastrum.

In geardagum ƿæs Luel fæst on Rēaferaland and his dimhūs and his gealgtrēoƿ ƿæron mid rēafras ful, begen Englas and Scottas.  Ēac ƿæron his ƿealla hēah and ƿæs his castel strang ƿiþ Scotta þrēate.

Þā fang Iacobus I tō rīce feal þis yfel land in friþ.

Byrig on Cumbralande
Ceastra þæs Geānedan Cynerīces
Biscopstōlas

Luel


लुबिन(डोएच: Lüben) छगु दक्षिण-पश्चिमी पोल्यांडया नगर ख। थ्व नगर जिम्निका खुसिया सिथय् ला।

जनसंख्या
As of the 2004 census, the town had a total population of 77,625.Situated in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Legnica Voivodeship (1975-1998), Lubin is among the most dynamic Polish cities in terms of its economic development. The headquarters of the third largest Polish corporation KGHM Polska Miedz are located in Lubin.

इतिहास
The town was founded by about 1170 by German settlers. In the 12th century it was the seat of a castellan. It obtained
its city rights in about 1295. From 1331 it belonged to the Bohemian crown and shared the political fortunes of
Silesia. In 1742 it became a part of Prussia. In 1871 it was connected by rail to Legnica and Głogów. During World War
II about 70% of the city's buildings were destroyed. In 1945 between the days of 8-10 February Red Army soldiers mass
murdered 150 pensioners of elder's home and 500 psychiatric hospital patients in Lubin[1]. As a result of the decisions
taken at the Potsdam Conference, the city became a part of Poland and the German population was expelled and replaced
by Poles, many of them expelees themselves from areas of Eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. In 1982 the town
saw significant demonstrations against the martial law declared by the Communist regime, which were put down by
security units, resulting in death of 3 people[2][3]. Note: A lubin is also the ghost of a werewolf.

पिनेया स्वापूत
 Lubin
 Adresy firm Lubin
 Strony Lubin

पोल्यांडया थाय्

लुबिन


The English Mail-Coach is an essay by the English author Thomas De Quincey. A "three-part masterpiece" and "one of his most magnificent works," it first appeared in  1849 in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, in the October (Part I) and December (Parts II and III) issues.

The essay is divided into three sections:
Part I, "The Glory of Motion," is devoted to a lavish description of the mail coach system then in use in England, and the sensations of riding on the outside upper seats of the coaches (in the author's often opium-tinged perceptions). With many digressions (on subjects ranging from Chaucer's poetry to a comparison of the River Thames with the Mississippi), De Quincey discusses the "grandeur and power" of the mail-coach ride; prior to the invention of the railroad, the mail coach represented the ultimate in transportation, in speed and force and controlled energy. Perhaps the most memorable and frequently-cited portion of Part I is De Quincey's comparison of one veteran mail-coachman to a crocodile. The crocodile-coachman's pretty granddaughter is memorialized as "Fanny of the Bath Road."
The concluding portion of Part I is set apart under the subtitle "Going Down with Victory," and relates the author's sensations as the mail coaches spread news of English victories in the Napoleonic Wars across England — though simultaneously spreading grief, as women learn the fates of men lost in battle.
Part II, "The Vision of Sudden Death," deals in great detail with a near-accident that occurred one night while De Quincey, intoxicated with opium, was riding on an outside seat of a mail coach. The driver fell asleep and the massive coach nearly collided with a gig bearing a young couple.
Part III, "Dream Fugue, Founded on the Preceding Theme of Sudden Death," is devoted to De Quincey's opium dreams and reveries that elaborated on the elements of Parts I and II, the mail coaches, the near accident, national victory and grief. Beginning with a quotation from Paradise Lost and a clarion "Tumultuosissimamente", the author introduces his theme of sudden death, and relates five dreams or visions of intense and exalted emotion and radiant language.
I — At sea, a great English man-of-war encounters a graceful pinnace filled with young women, including one mysterious, recurring, archetypal figure from the narrator's visionary experience.
II — In a storm at sea, the man-of-war nearly collides with a frigate, the mysterious woman clinging among its shrouds.
III — At dawn, the narrator follows the woman along a beach, only to see her overwhelmed by shifting sands.
IV — The narrator finds himself borne with others in a "triumphal car," racing miles through the night as "restless anthems, and Te Deums reverberated from the choirs and orchestras of earth." The "secret word" — "Waterloo and Recovered Christendom!" — passes before them. The car enters an enormous cosmic cathedral; with three blasts from a Dying Trumpeter, the mysterious female reappears with a spectre of death and her "better angel," his face hidden in his wings.
V — With "heart-shattering music" from the "golden tubes of the organ," the cathedral is filled with re-awakened "Pomps of life." The living and the dead sing to God, and the woman enters "the gates of the golden dawn...."
A "Postscript" concludes the whole and provides a conceptual frame for "This little paper," the unique literary artifact that precedes it.

The English Mail-Coach is one of De Quincey's endeavors at writing what he called "impassioned prose," like his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater and Suspiria de Profundis. De Quincey had originally intended The English Mail-Coach to be one part of the Suspiria.

Its literary quality and its unique nature have made The English Mail-Coach a central focus of De Quincey scholarship and criticism.

References

Further reading

 Engel, Manfred: "Literarische Anthropologie  à rebours. Zum poetologischen Innovationspotential des Traumes in der Romantik am Beispiel von Charles Nodiers Smarra und Thomas DeQuinceys Dream-Fugue", Komparatistik als Humanwissenschaft, ed. by Monika Schmitz-Emans, Claudia Schmitt and Christian Winterhalter (Würzburg: Könighausen & Neumann 2008), 107–116.

External links
Full text at Project Gutenberg
The original Section I Section II and III of the essay at Internet Archive as appeared in Blackwood's Magazine in 1849
Entry on The English Mail Coach in The Encyclopedia Americana

1849 essays
Works by Thomas De Quincey
Works originally published in Blackwood's Magazine

The English Mail-Coach


Ole Buck (born 1 February 1945, in Copenhagen) is a Danish composer.

He studied the piano from the age of twelve. He also made many early attempts at orchestral composition, eventually achieving a breakthrough at the age of 20 with Calligraphy for soprano and chamber orchestra. He later studied in Aarhus, producing such works as Fioriture (1965) for flute and piano and Punctuations (1968) for orchestra. Buck's Summertrio (1968) for flute, guitar and cello indicated a new direction for Danish music, promptly dubbed the "New Simplicity".

Other significant pieces in Buck's output include the ballet Felix Luna (1970–71), Fairies (1972) for soprano and orchestra, Pastorals (1976) for orchestra, Microcosm (1992) for string quartet, Rivers and Mountains (1994) for orchestra, and Flower Ornament Music (2002) for chamber group.

External links
Biography and works list

1945 births
Living people
Danish classical composers
Danish male classical composers
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Composers from Copenhagen
Twelve-tone and serial composers
20th-century Danish male musicians
21st-century male musicians

Ole Buck


Mad (stylized as MAD) is an American animated sketch comedy television series produced by Warner Bros. Animation. The series was based on Mad magazine, where each episode is a collection of short animated parodies of television shows, films, video games, celebrities, and other media, using various types of animation (CGI, claymation, stop-motion, photoshopped imagery, etc.) instead of the usual animation style that Warner Bros. Animation is known for. The series premiered on the evening of September 6, 2010 on Cartoon Network at 8:30 P.M. right after the series premiere of Regular Show. The series ended its three-year run on December 2, 2013.

Series developer Kevin Shinick worked as a writer, producer, and voice actor on Adult Swim's Robot Chicken, and many people cite Mad as a "kid-friendly version of Robot Chicken".

Recurring sketches
The series has some recurring sketches:

 A Mad Look Inside – A short piece in which viewers see a magical world inside a celebrity. This only played during Season 1.
 Alfred E. Neuman for President – During the Election of 2012, there were campaigns for Alfred E. Neuman's presidential election.
 Ask the Celebrity – Where various celebrities respond with absurd answers to questions in letters from fans. For example, when Miley Cyrus was asked to tell what she did to put on a good concert performance, she stated that she would rub cats on herself and walk on wool carpeting.
 Bad Idea # – This presents a scenario from the long list of possible bad ideas.
 Celebrities Without Their Make-Up – The segment shows what real and fictional celebrities would look like without their make-up. For example: Zach Galifianakis is Benson from Regular Show without his make-up, Russell Brand is a wooden nutcracker without his make-up, Robert Pattinson is Alfred E. Neuman without his make-up, Iron Man is C-3PO without his make-up, and SpongeBob SquarePants is a fruitcake without his make-up.
 Commercials – There are some commercials for fictional items and programs on every episode.
 Dear Reaper - The Grim Reaper reads and replies to letters from children regarding their deaths.
 Don Martin – Adaptations to comics strips by longtime Mad cartoonist Don Martin.
 Drawn-Out Dramas – After one of the primary sketches of the episode concludes, the Mad "wallpaper" will appear and "rip open" to reveal a Sergio Aragones-style sketch in front of a colored background, often using a version of Alfred E. Neuman in some capacity.
 Gross and Beyond Gross – Showcases the differences between "gross" and "beyond gross".
 MAD News – A newsman delivers recent news. This sketch originally began appearing randomly in the middle of an episode—usually interrupting another sketch. Starting with episode 9, the sketch served as a cold opening for every episode. With Season 3 and the introduction of the MADvent Calendar, it returned to being featured as an interruption.
 MADitorial – An editorial segment starting with episode 5 of Season 4. The sketch is animated by Jorge R. Gutierrez.
 MADucation 101... – Lessons in any subject.
 MADvent Calendar – A series of funny and ridiculous pop culture events that happened recently. Starting with Season 3, the sketch serves as the new cold opening for every episode.
 Mike Wartella – Animations by cartoonist M. Wartella.
 Rejected – A segment revealing rejected ideas within various pop culture properties like Rejected Transformers, Rejected Superheroes, Rejected Audition Tapes, Rejected Pokémon, Rejected Toy Story 3 Characters, Rejected Smurfs, and more.
 Security Cam – A presentation of surveillance footage of things that happens at public places during nightly closing hours. Each video features seemingly supernatural occurrences with the implicit suggestion that such things would never happen during the day.
 Snappy Answers to Stupid Questions – An adaptation of Al Jaffee's reoccurring magazine feature, it features a person who asks a question regarding something that was obviously presented, resulting in the person or people whom were so queried to give a sarcastic response that suggests otherwise.
 Spy vs. Spy – An adaptation of the long-running comic series Spy vs. Spy.
 Super-villains for Your... – A parody of the PSA segments from the Super Friends. Here various super-villains from the Legion of Doom present themselves as moral guidance to some child or children. However, being villains, they always manage to swindle, double cross, or betray the children resulting in them dying at the villain's hand or suffering some unforeseen related event.
 This Day in History – A look at an achievement on the day of the initial broadcast. Most cases it will involve a lesser known person of historical significance doing or coming up with something in the shadow of another well-known historical figure.
 What's Wrong with this Picture? – A game inviting the viewer to recognize something which is incorrect or out–of–place within the picture shown on the screen, but then reveals the correct or least likely things shown to be the expected answer.
 Where's Lady Gaga – A Where's Waldo type sketch featuring pop superstar Lady Gaga who is hiding at a small-time public function. The viewer is asked to try to find her only to see at the end that she is always cleverly disguised as a prop to blend in perfectly with her surroundings.

Episodes

Voice cast

Principal cast
 Kevin Shinick
 Hugh Davidson
 Mikey Day
 Larry Dorf
 Rachel Ramras
 Gary Anthony Williams

Guest/other voices

 Jason Antoon
 Eric Artell
 Diedrich Bader
 James Barbour
 Josh Beren
 Gregg Berger
 Jeff Bergman
 Gregg Bissonette
 Steven Blum
 Rachel Butera
 Jen Cohn
 Chris Cox
 Daniel Cummings
 Brian T. Delaney
 Grey DeLisle
 Barry Dennen
 John DiMaggio
 Ben Diskin
 Chris Edgerly
 Eden Espinosa
 Keith Ferguson
 Quinton Flynn
 Will Friedle
 Tamara Garfield
 Ralph Garman
 Mark-Paul Gosselaar
 Gilbert Gottfried
 Clare Grant
 Seth Green
 Nikki Griffin
 Melinda Hamilton
 Anthony Hansen
 Whit Hertford
 Aldis Hodge
 Richard Steven Horvitz
 Tom Kane
 Tom Kenny
 Arif S. Kinchen
 Seana Kofoed
 Stan Lee
 Matthew Lillard
 Beth Littleford
 Eric Lopez
 Biz Markie
 Deborah Marlowe
 Jason Marsden
 Julia McIlvaine
 Jim Meskimen
 Breckin Meyer
 Piotr Michael
 Dan Milano
 Shirley Mitchell
 Jason Nash
 Julie Nathanson
 Nolan North
 Jason Palmer
 Nicole Parker
 Rob Paulsen
 Christopher "Kid" Reid
 Corinne Reilly
 Peter Renaday
 Kevin Michael Richardson
 Joey Richter
 Elizabeth Rodriguez
 Rico Rodriguez
 Salli Saffioti
 Meredith Salenger
 Ben Schwartz
 Michael Sinterniklaas
 Dana Snyder
 Kath Soucie
 Stephen Stanton
 Brody Stevens
 Tara Strong
 James Patrick Stuart
 Cree Summer
 Catherine Taber
 Fred Tatasciore
 Kirk Thornton
 Ho-Kwan Tse
 Christine Tucci
 Alanna Ubach
 Andrew W.K.
 Windy Wagner
 Audrey Wasilewski
 Michaela Watkins
 Frank Welker
 Scott Whyte
 Billy Dee Williams
 Debra Wilson
 Thomas F. Wilson
 Henry Winkler
 Adam Wylie
 "Weird Al" Yankovic
 Victor Yerrid
 Keone Young

Awards and nominations

2012 Emmy Awards
Outstanding Short Format Animated Program for "Kitchen Nightmares Before Christmas / How I Met Your Mummy" (Nominated)

2012 PAAFTJ Television Awards
Best Animated Series (Nominated)

Home media
The DVD Mad – Season 1, Part 1 was released on September 20, 2011, with a matted 1.33:1 picture and an English stereo track. The extras on the DVD are trailers for Young Justice, the 2011 ThunderCats, and The Looney Tunes Show. The rest of the first season was released on January 17, 2012.

All four seasons of the series are available on the online streaming service Amazon Prime.

See also
Popzilla

References

External links

Mad (magazine)
2010 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
2010s American animated television series
2010s American anthology television series
2010s American satirical television series
2010s American sketch comedy television series
2010s American surreal comedy television series
2010s American variety television series
American children's animated anthology television series
American children's animated comedy television series
American computer-animated television series
American flash animated television series
American stop-motion animated television series
American television series with live action and animation
American television shows featuring puppetry
Animated television shows based on DC Comics
Cartoon Network original programming
Children's sketch comedy
Sketch comedy
Crossover animated television series
English-language television shows
Television shows based on magazines
Television series by Warner Bros. Animation
Television series created by Kevin Shinick

Mad (TV series)


A Le Fort fracture of the skull is a classic transfacial fracture of the midface, involving the maxillary bone and surrounding structures in either a horizontal, pyramidal or transverse direction. The hallmark of Lefort fractures is traumatic pterygomaxillary separation, which signifies fractures between the pterygoid plates, horseshoe-shaped bony protuberances which extend from the inferior margin of the maxilla, and the maxillary sinuses. Continuity of this structure is a keystone for stability of the midface, involvement of which impacts surgical management of trauma victims, as it requires fixation to a horizontal bar of the frontal bone. The pterygoid plates lie posterior to the upper dental row, or alveolar ridge, when viewing the face from an anterior view. The fractures are named after French surgeon René Le Fort (1869–1951), who discovered the fracture patterns by examining crush injuries in cadavers.

Signs and symptoms

Le Fort I – Slight swelling of the upper lip, ecchymosis is present in the buccal sulcus beneath each zygomatic arch, malocclusion, mobility of teeth. Impacted type of fractures may be almost immobile and it is only by grasping the maxillary teeth and applying a little firm pressure that a characteristic grate can be felt which is diagnostic of the fracture. Percussion of upper teeth results in cracked pot sound. Guérin's sign is present characterised by ecchymosis in the region of greater palatine vessels.

Le Fort II and Le Fort III (common) – Gross edema of soft tissue over the middle third of the face, bilateral circumorbital ecchymosis, bilateral subconjunctival hemorrhage, epistaxis, CSF rhinorrhoea, dish face deformity, diplopia, enophthalmos, cracked pot sound.

Le Fort II – Step deformity at infraorbital margin, mobile mid face, anesthesia or paresthesia of cheek.

Le Fort III – Tenderness and separation at frontozygomatic suture, lengthening of face, depression of ocular levels (enophthalmos), hooding of eyes, and tilting of occlusal plane, an imaginary curved plane between the edges of the incisors and the tips of the posterior teeth. As a result, there is gagging on the side of injury.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is suspected by physical exam and history, in which, classically, the hard and soft palate of the midface are mobile with respect to the remainder of facial structures. This finding can be inconsistent due to the midfacial bleeding and swelling that typically accompany such injuries, and so confirmation is usually needed by radiograph or CT.

Classification

There are three types of Le Fort fractures. As the classification increases, the anatomic level of the maxillary fracture ascends from inferior to superior with respect to the maxilla:
 Le Fort I fracture (horizontal), otherwise known as a floating palate, may result from a force of injury directed low on the maxillary alveolar rim, or upper dental row, in a downward direction. The essential component of these fractures, in addition to pterygoid plate involvement, is involvement of the lateral bony margin of the nasal opening. They also involve the medial and lateral buttresses, or walls, of the maxillary sinus, traveling through the face just above the alveolar ridge of the upper dental row. At the midline, the inferior nasal septum is involved. Historically, it has also been referred to as a Guérin fracture, although this name is less commonly used in practice.

 Le Fort II fracture (pyramidal) may result from a blow to the lower or mid maxillary area. In addition to pterygoid plate disruption, their distinguishing component is involvement of inferior orbital rim. When viewed from the front, the fracture is classically shaped like a pyramid. It extends from the nasal bridge at or below the nasofrontal suture through the superior medial wall of the maxilla, inferolaterally through the lacrimal bones which contain the tear ducts, and inferior orbital floor through or near the infraorbital foramen.

 Le Fort III fracture (transverse), otherwise known as craniofacial dissociation, may follow impact to the nasal bridge or upper maxilla. The salient feature of these fractures, beyond pterygoid plate involvement, is that they invariably involve the zygomatic arch, or cheek bone.  These fractures begin at the nasofrontal and frontomaxillary sutures and extend posteriorly along the medial wall of the orbit, through the nasolacrimal groove and ethmoid air cells. The sphenoid is thickened posteriorly, limiting fracture extension into the optic canal. Instead, the fracture continues along the orbital floor and infraorbital fissure, continuing through the lateral orbital wall to the zygomaticofrontal junction and zygomatic arch. Within the nose, the fracture extends through the base of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid air cells, the vomer, which are both part of the nasal septum. As with the other fractures, it also involves the junction of the pterygoids with the maxillary sinuses. CSF rhinorrhea, or leakage of the nutrient laden fluid that bathes the brain, is more commonly seen with these injuries due to ethmoid air cell disruption, as the air cells are located immediately beneath the skull base.

Treatment
Treatment is surgical, and usually is able to be performed once life-threatening injuries are stabilized, to allow the patient to survive the general anesthesia needed for maxillofacial surgery. First a frontal bar is used, which refers to the thickened frontal bone above the frontonasal sutures and the superior orbital rim. The facial bones are suspended from the bar by open reduction and internal fixation with titanium plates and screws, and each fracture is fixed, first at its superior attachment to the bar, then at the inferior attachment to the displaced bone. For stability, the zygomaticofrontal suture is usually replaced first, and the palate and alveolar ridge are usually fixed last. Finally, after the horizontal and vertical maxillary buttresses are stabilized, the orbital fractures are fixed last.

See also
 Oral and maxillofacial surgery
 Le Fort osteotomy

References

External links
 eMedicine - Facial Trauma, Maxillary and Le Fort Fractures
 - LeFort Fractures

Bone fractures
Injuries of head
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Orthopedic classifications

Le Fort fracture of skull


František Skála (born 1956 in Prague) is a Czech sculptor, painter, children's book illustrator, musician, and dancer. He was part of one of the earliest post-modern Czech art groups, known as Tvrdohlaví (The Stubborn Ones) formed in 1987.

Life and career

Skála studied woodcarving at Secondary Applied Arts School (SUPŠ) in Prague from 1971 to 1975 and in 1982 graduated from the University of Applied Arts (VŠUP) in Prague in film and television graphics.

His initial career was as an illustrator of children's books, and he won a number of awards in this field. In 1995, he represented the Czech Republic with his illustrations at the Frankfurt International Book Fair. His comic series The Great Travels of Hair and Chin was intended to be made into an animated feature film, and Skála worked on the project for several years, though in the end the project was not completed.

As well as illustration, he began to be known from the beginning of the 1980s as a sculptor and creator of objects and installations. He presented his works at both solo exhibitions and joint exhibitions with his colleagues from the art group Tvrdohlaví (The Stubborn Ones), active from 1987 to 1991, which was one of the earliest post-modern art groups in the Czech art scene, and of which Skála was a founder member. He is also a member of a number of other art collectives, including: Bude konec světa (BKS; The End of the World is Coming), he is Commander of the Order of the Green Ladybird (Řád zelené berušky), and a member of the music groups Malý taneční orchestr Universal (the Universal small dance band), which performs popular music from the communist era of Czechoslovakia in a humorous fashion, and Finský barok (Finnish Baroque). He is a member of the Sklep theatre company, and the vocal trio Tros Sketos.

In 1990, he received an honourable mention in the Jindřich Chalupecký Award, and the following year won the main award, founded and presented by Václav Havel. The prize awards a three-month residential fellowship at the Headlands Center for the Arts in San Francisco in the United States.

From 1992, he worked on designs for the interiors of the performance areas of the Akropolis Palace in Prague.

In 1993, he was chosen to represent the Czech Republic at the 45th Venice Biennale. He made the 850 km journey to Italy on foot and then displayed drawings from the journey, along with fragile objects made of items he had found on the way, in the Czech Pavilion. He has also been a guest artist at art universities in Australia and the USA.

According to the Czech Republic's official website, his work demonstrated a "peculiar poeticism", and his work is distinctive for the wide range of materials, including found objects, that he utilises, as well as the ironic humour in his work.

References

External links
 František Skála's homepage
 František Skála at artlist.cz (database of contemporary Czech art

 Video

  for the 2002 Karlovy Vary Film Festival

1956 births
20th-century sculptors
21st-century Czech sculptors
Czech male sculptors
Czech painters
Czech illustrators
Living people
Musicians from Prague

František Skála


In chemistry, an alkali is an aqueous (from water) solution with a pH value of more than 7.
The word 'Alkali' comes from the Arabic 'qali' meaning 'from the ashes' since ashes mixed with water used as cleaning products (such as soaps) are made of alkali materials.

An alkali is where a base is dissolved in water. Often it is the salt of an Alkali metal
An alkali is the opposite to an acid and can be neutralised (brought down to pH 7) by adding acid.

Characteristics
 It feels soapy
 It is corrosive (it can burn your skin away)
 The higher the number is over 7 on the pH scale the stronger the alkali is.
 Highly soluble (can be dissolved) in water
 They have a bitter taste
 Turns red litmus paper blue
 Can conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile ions
 Is blue or purple on universal indicator

Strength
Like acids, alkalis can be weak or strong, depending on the nature and the concentration of the ionic salt composing it. The strength of an alkali can be found using universal indicator. Also like acids, the strength of an alkali is rated using the pH scale.

For example, soap and toothpaste contain weak alkalis, while cleaning products often contain strong ones.

Examples of common Alkalis
 Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
 Potassium hydroxide, KOH
 Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
 Aqueous ammonia, NH3 (aq)
 Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2

Uses of common Alkalis
 Sodium hydroxide is used to make paper, detergents and soap.
 Potassium hydroxide is used by farmers to make acidic soil more alkaline so that plants will grow better in it, and is also used as the electrolyte in alkaline, Ni-Cd, and Ni-MH batteries.
 Calcium hydroxide is used to neutralize acidic soil.
 Ammonium hydroxide is used as a cleaning agent.

Oxides and Hydroxides
Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are two types of base. When neutralised (an acid is added) they produce a salt and water. The type of salt produced depends on the acid and base.

Related pages
 Base
 Acid

Other websites
 Small article on Alkaline chemicals
 A distributor of Alkali Metals
 A revision site directed towards GSCE students
 In depth article on Alkalis - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
 Alkali cleaning materials
 Small in depth article on Alkali Metals

Chemistry

Alkali


Bentley Heath is a veelage in the West Midlands burgh o Solihull, Ingland.

Location
Bentley Heath is tae the East o the M40 an the Sooth o the M42 which, alang wi a sma but important green belt aurie, separates Bentley Heath an its neighbours o Knowle an Dorridge frae the greater urban aurie o Birmingham. It faws in the Meriden Gap an historically wis pairt o Warwickshire. It is 125 metres (400 ft) abuin sea-level, locatit in the Midlands Plateau.

Featurs o the Veelage

There is a relatively lairge amoont o green space tae be foond in Bentley Heath, wi the pairk, Bentley Heath Schuil fields an various sma greens dottit aroond the residential roads. In the veelage itsel is the aforementioned C o I schuil, a butchers, a co-operative store, a winter sports shop, a post office an a newspaper shop. There are twa hair salons in the veelage centre an a GvR pillar box situatit unner a lairge oak tree next tae the bus stop.

History

Earliest existence
It is likely that the Heath wis first inhabitit in Anglo Saxon times. The Domesday Book records the land as belangin tae Turchil o Warwick. Efter changing hands a number o times, the maist famous Laird o the Manor wis Laird Byron efter whose wife Lady Byron Lane in Knowle is named. Widney Manor is referred tae back in the reign o Henry III. Bentley Heath wis first mentioned in its awn richt in 1280 where reference wis made tae the "Heath at Benteley".

Widnay Manor came intae the awnership o the Holbech family in the reign o Elizabeth I. Nae ane landlaird awned the land o Bentley Heath as the estate wis split up in 1738; in the mid-19t century the main landawners wur Thomas Haydon, Lady Noel Byron an Ann Musgrove.

Aroond 1850, the Great Western Railway wis built, splittin the estate in twae. The Muntz family bought some o the land in the latter pairt o the 19t century.

Bentley Heath Kirk o Ingland Primary School
Bentley Heath Kirk o Ingland Primary Schuil is the anerlie primary schuil in the veelage. The current heidmaster is Mr. Andrew Williams.

References
Bentley Heath and Windey Manor, Edna G. Handley, 1992, ISBN 0951989707

Veelages in the Wast Midlands (coonty)
Solihull

Bentley Heath


Mathias Grünewald (c. 1470 in Würzburg, died 31 August 1528) was a German painter and artist. Today he is seen as one of the important German artists of the Renaissance. His real name was Mathias Gothart or Mathias Neidhardt, his first name is also spelled Mathis. Sometimes he is called Mathias of Aschaffenburg. Today, only ten paintings and 35 drawings survive. At first many of his works were attributed to Albrecht Dürer, even though Dürer's style of paining is completely different. All the surviving works have religious motifs.

1470s births
1528 deaths
German painters
People from Würzburg

Matthias Grünewald


John William Mills  (born 4 March 1933, London) is an English sculptor.

He studied at Hammersmith School of Art, 1947–54, and at the Royal College of Art, 1956–60. He was a resident at Digswell House 1962–66, and currently lives at Hinxworth Place in Hertfordshire.

Teaching

Various part-time teaching posts in UK from 1958 to 1962:
 Full-time at St. Albans School of Art and Hertfordshire College of Art and Design, 1962–77
 Visiting Associate Professor in Printmaking and Sculpture, Eastern Michigan University, 1970–71
 Visiting lecturer Detroit School of Creative Arts, 1970–71
 Visiting Professor and Artist in Residence University of Michigan, 1980.

Awards

 Fellow of the Royal British Society of Sculptors, 1982
 Otto Beit medal, Royal British Society of Sculptors, 1983 (for the sculpture 'Curved Neck Grace')
 President of the Society, 1986, and again in 1997
 Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, 1993
 Honorary Master of Arts, University College Northampton, 2000

Work in public places

 William Blake Memorial (Blake House, London)
 Blitz the National Firefighters Memorial (South side of St. Paul's Cathedral, London)
 London River Man (Isle of Dogs, London)
 John Jorrocks (Croydon, London)
 Family Outing (Thames Centre, Newton Aycliffe, County Durham, England)
 Brothers (University Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA)
 Swimmers (Cambridge swimming pool, Cambridge, England)
 Diver (Eastern Michigan University, USA)
 St George (Windsor Court Hotel, New Orleans, USA)
 Degas Dancing (La Cabaña Restaurant, Buenos Aires, Argentina)
 Thoughtful Girl (Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA)
 The Thrower (Ernest Bevin School, Tooting, London)
 Boy With Cat (Highfields, Hemel Hempstead, England)
 Lion (Ward Freeman School, Buntingford, Hertfordshire, England)
 The Unicorn and Wellcome Wellcome Foundation, Beckenham, Kent, England)
 Road Research (Road Research Laboratories, Crowthorne, England)
 The Risen Christ, St Mary's Church, Ashwell, Hertfordshire, England)
 Sir Thomas Sopwith (Brooklands Museum, Brooklands, England)
 Sir Lawrence Bragg, (The Royal Institution, London)
 Jackie Milburn Memorial (Ashington, Northumberland, England)
 The Meeting, Harpur Square, Bedford, Bedfordshire, England
 Chinese Reference, Harlow, Essex, England (Tesco Site)
 Quadriga, fountain Charleston Place Hotel, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
 Time, Cavendish Hotel (Chatsworth House Estate) Derbyshire, England
 The Risen Christ, Church of Great St Mary, Sawbridgeworth, Essex, England
 Campus Thoughts, University College Northampton, England
 Memorial to Alan Turing, University of Surrey, Guildford, England
 Lion and the Unicorn and Digitalis, William Harvey Centre, Charterhouse Square, London
 Monument to the Women of World War II Whitehall, London

Competitions
 Winner of the design competition for 'The Topham Trophy' 1961 and 1962.
 Winner of the RBS silver medal in 1991 for 'Blitz'.
 Winner of the Royal Mint design competition for the 'D-Day fifty pence coin 1993'.
 Winner of the Royal Mint design competition for the 'VE Day two pound coin 1994'.
 Winner of the Royal Mint design competition for the Euro Cup two pound coin 1995.
 Winner of the Coin of the Year award (Krause Publications) for the D-Day fifty pence 1994.
 Winner of the Royal Mint design competition for the Euro Cent, British entry for the European Competition 1996.
 Winner of the Royal Mint design competition for the 25th anniversary of the our entry into the Common Market fifty pence coin 1997.
 Winner of the Royal Mint design competition for the 50th anniversary of DNA Double helix two pound coin.

Published works
 Sculpture in Ciment Fondu, 1958 (Contractors Record, London).
 The Technique of Sculpture 1962 (B.T.Batsford, London).
 Sculpture in Concrete, 1966 (McClaren, London ).
 The Technique of Casting for Sculpture 1968 (B.T.Batsford, London).
 Studio Bronze Casting 1969 (McClaren, London), this book was written in collaboration with Michael Gillespie ARBS.
 Modelling the Figure and Head 1978 (B.T.Batsford, London).
 Encyclopaedia of Sculpture Techniques 1989 (B.T.Batsford, London).
 Catalogue contribution for Chelsea Harbour 93 (RBS) 1993.
 Sculpture 108, Contributed article 'What I didn't learn at Art School' Spring issue 1997
 Sculpting the Human Figure 2006 (Crowood Press)

References

'Blitz' Firefighters Memorial
Memorial to the Women of World War II Fund
H.M.Queen Elizabeth II unveiling Women of World War II Monument
John W Mills Images of Quentin Crisp

1933 births
Living people
English male sculptors
Modern sculptors
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Sculptors from London
People from Balham

John Mills (sculptor)


A quilt is a type of blanket made of three layers: a top piece of cloth, a layer of insulating material often called batting, and a bottom piece of cloth for backing. The layers are joined together either by sewing or by tying the layers together with pieces of yarn, thread, or ribbon.

The top layer of the quilt can be made from many pieces of cloth sewn together in patterns, known as patchwork. Other patterns can be made by running lines of stitching through the three layers.

Sometimes quilts are not used as bedding, but are works of art made to be hung on a wall (wall hangings) or used as decoration.

Quilting is done in many cultures, such as the Amish, in Hawaii, and in India.

Cloth
Textile arts

Quilt


(第一) is a compound modifier phrase of Japanese origin, meaning number one, or first. In kanji, "dai" ("number") is 第 and "ichi" ("one") is 一. "Dai" is also defined "ordinal number marker." It is this feature that makes the phrase a modifier, or an adjective, describing a noun, as first. Number one functions in the same way.

The phrase is also written without the hyphen, as daiichi.

Dai-ichi is frequently used in proper names, hence capitalized; also Dai-Ichi and occasionally Dai Ichi. There is a sound-alike common first name with different spelling.

Uses include but are not limited to:
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (or Fukushima Dai-ichi), a.k.a. Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant (福島第一原子力発電所) (dai and ichi are the third and fourth characters) – a six-unit nuclear plant complex struck in the March 11, 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Dai-ichi Life Insurance Co (第一生命保険株式会社) – the third largest life insurer in Japan by revenues
Dai Ichi Daihoumaru Ship case (第一大邦丸事件) – a 1952 incident between the South Korean Coast Guard and the Japanese Dai Ichi Daihoumaru ship
Dai-Ichi Kangyō Bank (第一勧業銀行) – was one of the largest banks in the world during the latter half of the 20th century
Dai-ichi KōKū Kantai (第一航空艦隊) (dai and ichi are the first and second characters) – 1st Air Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy; amongst a number of military-unit names incorporating the phrase
Dai-ichi Hōsō – The 1st Broadcast (第1放送) (dai is first character; ichi is the numeral "1" instead of 一) on Radio Nikkei carries general programs and horse racing from eastern Japan (hōsō; click link to edit listing)
Dai-Ichi-dōri Station (第一通り駅) – a commuter station in downtown Hamamatsu city (dōri)
Morioka Dai-ichi High School, a.k.a. Morioka First High School (盛岡第一高等学校) – is a public, coeducational, university preparatory high school in Morioka city, Iwate, Japan
Daiichi Sankyo (第一三共株式会社) (Dai and ichi are the first and second characters) – a Japan-based major pharmaceutical company
Daiichi Institute of Technology (第一工業大学) – a private university in Kirishima, Kagoshima, Japan
Dai-ichi was the name of a professional Go tournament 1959–75

Related phrases
Dai-ni (第二) means number two or second, using two parallel bars (二) or "2" for "ni"; also daini
Examples
Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant, a.k.a. Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant, (福島第二原子力発電所) (dai and ni are the third and fourth characters), Fukushima Dai-Ni Genshiryoku Hatsudensho, Fukushima II NPP, 2F or "Fukushima Daini" – a four-unit nuclear plant complex seven miles south of the Dai-Ichi plants and also struck in the March 11, 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Radio Nikkei's 2nd Broadcast (第2放送) (dai is first character; ni is the numeral "2" instead of 二) (Dai-ni Hōsō) carries live company stock price announcement and horse racing from western Japan; Radio Nikkei is Japan's domestic shortwave commercial radio broadcasting station

Dai-san (第三) means number three or third, using three parallel bars (三) or "3" for "san"
Examples
Kyōto 3rd district (京都府第3区)
"the third beer" (第三のビール) (dai-san no bīru) – beer-flavored beverages developed to compete with Happoshu or low-malt beer

And continuing for 4, 5, 6, etc.

See also
Dai (disambiguation)
Ichiban (disambiguation), Japanese for "number one" or "best"

References

Japanese words and phrases

Dai-ichi


Jimmy Wetch (born April 23, 1968 in St. Paul, Minnesota) is an American professional pool player nicknamed "The Kid". He was at one time a feared , later becoming an accomplished tournament pro, having won numerous competitions. He was ranked fifth in the world by the Pro Billiards Tour (PBT) in 1996.

Early years
The son of Jimmy, Sr., the owner of a painting business, and Janice Wetch, a switchboard operator, he has one sibling, Sharon, who is four years his junior. His early life was characterized by instability. Wetch's parents divorced when he was nine, remarried when he was 17, and again divorced after a short time. Wetch would sometimes live with one parent, and sometimes with the other, or both when they were together, and each of his parents moved a number of times, though always in or around the Twin Cities area. Wetch never went to the same school for more than two years in a row. "It still probably affects me," said Wetch in a 1999 interview, "To this day I'm not very good at interacting with people."

At a young age, Wetch became fascinated with gambling, so much so that his mother threatened to enter him in Gamblers Anonymous. He pitched coins, played cards, bet on sports, and even on pinball. His other gambling pursuits tapered off when he discovered a pool table at 13 while playing cards in a friend's basement. Wetch was soon hooked, spending as much time as possible in a local pool room called the Rack & Cue, playing eight ball and nine ball for 20 cents a game or more. He earned free table time by recording high scores on the room's video games.

Wetch's talent was quickly evident: A month after taking up the sport he was already beating his father, who was a decent recreational player. Pool became his passion. He would practice his  at the kitchen table, attempting to keep his stroke perfectly level by passing it through a hollowed-out cube of pool chalk without touching the sides, and stain his father's towels wiping down the  of his cue stick. Every night after completing his homework, he would head to the pool room to practice. He was known there for pestering all the better players for tips to improve his game.

By 15 years of age, Wetch had  50 balls at straight pool, calling each shot in advance, as is mandatory in the game. At 16, he posted a run of 131 balls, and at 17 he won the 1985 Minnesota State Championship. Wetch had theretofore been a decent student, but pool had become all he thought about. He soon dropped out of St. Paul's Humboldt High School, to take up the life of a . He set off with a family friend, one Joe Saad, who acted as his  on the road. By that time, he had already earned the nickname, "The Kid", given to him by a manager of Minnesota Billiards, one of the pool rooms in which Wetch had cut his teeth.

On the road
Wetch kept at the  for a number of years. Joe Saad would back him with thousands of dollars, sometimes accompanying him on his trips, and sometimes not. Wetch was soon playing matches for huge stakes; Up to $10,000 bet on a single  . In addition to Saad, Wetch was fostered by others such as veteran road player Jack Cooney, a hustler who often went under the assumed name George Carlson and was twenty years Wetch's senior. "He taught me how to survive out there, to be patient for decent games and to manage my money right."

However, Wetch's love for gambling and for pool did not translate into a love of the hustle. He did it because it was the only way he knew how to make money doing what he loved, but he never liked "the , the moving, the mismatches, the phony names.""I never felt good about the hustling. No matter how much money I made at it, I knew I didn't want to keep doing it. Frankly, when no one knows how you play, it's like putting a gun to someone's head. It wasn't a matter of whether you were going to win, but how much you were going to win, Early on, you make money everywhere you go. Then it all disappears."  – Wetch, in Billiards Digest (1999)

The event that finally took him off the road came in Houston in 1993. He had made a large score playing high-stakes pool one night. The following morning while attempting to leave his hotel room with his then-girlfriend, two men shoved the two back into the room and at gunpoint demanded the money he had won. Not satisfied with the amount of money Wetch handed over, they placed a bag over his head and beat him. Though he escaped the ordeal with only minor injuries, he promised himself he would only make one more road trip to gather a stake, and then he would quit. He made that final trip and used the money to open up a pool room with partner David Wagner, Jimmy's Pro Billiards in Columbia Heights, Minnesota. The following year, in 1994, he took the ultimate step for a road player, shucking aside his anonymity by going pro.

Career
In the 1994 Super Billiards Expo Players Championship in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, he finished third, knocked out by the ultimate winner, dominant pro Mike Sigel with a score of 9 to 8. Later that year he took first place at the McDermott Masters and was ranked sixteenth in the world by the PBT and named their rookie of the year. In 1995 he won the Huebler Cup and in 1996 a tour stop at Great Gorge, New Jersey, as well as three second-place finishes at tour events, including a tense 8-6 loss in the finals of the 1996 PBT Riviera Eight-ball Championship at the hand of the Magician, Efren Reyes. His PBT rank increased that year to fifth.

Despite his success on the pro tour, Wetch couldn't make enough money on tournament purses alone. He said in a 1999 interview: "Back in 1996, I thought this game was going somewhere. We were on TV, we were making pretty good money. I was proud to be a pool player back then ... [but now] I'm just going to put more effort and time into my room.... The bottom line is, you gotta make money to survive. I don't want to be another statistic." Today Wetch lives in Eagan, Minnesota, not far from his pool room.

Wetch remains an active player at professional pool events but has not broken into the top ten since his high finish in 1996. In 2006 he was selected as one of 150 players to compete on the International Pool Tour. He finished 77th in the rankings, earning a total of $15,000 in prize funds. Wetch is currently sponsored by Schön cues.

Titles
 1991 Midwest Open 9-Ball
 1995 Huebler Cup Open 9-Ball
 1994 McDermott Masters 9-Ball Championship

References

1968 births
Living people
American pool players
Sportspeople from Saint Paul, Minnesota
People from Eagan, Minnesota
Sportspeople from Dakota County, Minnesota

Jimmy Wetch


Bates Peak, about  high, is the westernmost peak on Rothschild Island, rising west of Fournier Ridge in the Desko Mountains. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Commander Lawrence O. Bates, U.S. Coast Guard, Executive Officer on USCGC Edisto during U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze, 1969.

References

Mountains of Palmer Land

Bates Peak


Clement Walter Labine (August 6, 1926 – March 2, 2007) was an American right-handed relief pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB) best known for his years with the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers from 1950 to 1960. As a key member of the Dodgers in the early 1950s, he helped the team to its first World Series title in 1955 with a win and a save in four games. He is one of eight players in MLB history to have won back-to back World Series championships on different teams, the other seven being Joc Pederson, Ben Zobrist, Jake Peavy, Jack Morris, Bill Skowron, Don Gullett, and Ryan Theriot.

He held the National League (NL) record for career saves from 1958 until 1962; his 96 career saves ranked fourth in MLB history when he retired. He also set a Dodgers franchise record of 425 career games pitched.

Youth and early career

Labine was born in Lincoln, Rhode Island, grew up in nearby Woonsocket, and served as a paratrooper in World War II. After compiling a 5–1 record for Brooklyn as a rookie in 1951, he shut out the New York Giants in game 2 of the National League pennant playoff, 10–0. Labine went on to enjoy several stellar seasons for the Dodgers as a relief pitcher. In 1955, the year the Dodgers finally brought a world championship to Brooklyn, he led the NL with 60 games pitched and 10 relief victories, and earned a career-best 13 wins overall. Although the save was not yet an official statistic, he has been retroactively credited with leading the NL twice (1956 and '57) in that category, with 19 and 17, respectively, and was an All-Star both years.

Move to Los Angeles and late career

Labine accompanied the Dodgers to Los Angeles when they relocated after the 1957 season, and in 1958 surpassed Al Brazle's NL record of 60 career saves. In 1959, he broke Brickyard Kennedy's franchise record of 381 games pitched; the Dodgers won the World Series again that year, defeating the Chicago White Sox, although Labine pitched only one inning in game 1's blowout loss.

His career appeared to be in jeopardy in 1960, when the Dodgers traded him to the Detroit Tigers in June after Labine had compiled an earned-run average (ERA) of 5.82. The Tigers subsequently released him on August 15, 1960, after he pitched 14 games for them, going 0–3, with an ERA of 5.12. The Pittsburgh Pirates signed Labine the following day.

The Pirates were in the NL pennant race and needed another right-handed reliever to complement Roy Face. Labine proved to be a valuable addition to the Pirates' bullpen. In 15 games for the Pirates through the remainder of the season, he compiled a record of 3–0 with three saves and an ERA of 1.48, as he helped the Pirates win the NL pennant and go on to the 1960 World Series, but Labine appeared only in three blowout losses during the series win over the New York Yankees.

After remaining with the Pirates in 1961, he ended his career with the New York Mets, pitching in three games during the Mets' debut 1962 season, including an inning in the Mets' first game. Later that year, the Pirates' Roy Face passed Labine's NL mark of 94 career saves.

Over all or parts of 13 seasons, Labine appeared in 513 games, winning 77 and losing 56 (.579), with a 3.63 ERA. He appeared in 13 World Series games, winning two and losing two, with a 3.16 ERA. His 96 career saves then trailed only Johnny Murphy (107), Ellis Kinder (102), and Firpo Marberry (101) in major league history. In 1966, Labine's Dodger career records of 425 games pitched and 83 saves were broken by Don Drysdale and Ron Perranoski, respectively.

Life after baseball

Following his retirement from baseball, Labine settled again in the Woonsocket area, where he became a designer of men's athletic wear, serving as general manager for the sporting goods division of the Jacob Finklestein's & Sons manufacturing company. His son, Jay, joined the Marine Corps and lost a leg while serving in Vietnam after stepping on a mine.  Labine died at age 80 in Vero Beach, Florida, one week after undergoing exploratory brain surgery following a bout with pneumonia; he had been serving as an instructor at the Dodgers' adult fantasy camp at their Dodgertown headquarters.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders

References

External links

Clem Labine
SABR Biography Project. Article written by Alfonso Tusa

1926 births
2007 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
American people of French-Canadian descent
Asheville Tourists players
Baseball players from Rhode Island
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Detroit Tigers players
Greenville Spinners players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
National League All-Stars
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
New York Mets players
Newport News Dodgers players
People from Woonsocket, Rhode Island
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Pueblo Dodgers players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
United States Army soldiers
Paratroopers

Clem Labine


Themistocles "Themi" Leftheris (born December 20, 1982) is a figure skater from the United States.

Leftheris has skated pairs for most of his life. He has had many partners and has done very well with them.

In 2005, he started skating as a team with Naomi Nari Nam. They placed 5th at the 2006 Nationals, a very good result for a new team. They won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2006 Skate America competition, which was even more good. They won the bronze at the 2007 Nationals and then placed 6th at the 2007 Four Continents.

Themistocles Leftheris is a very powerful skater. He and Nam are a good pairs team. They do very hard jumps for a pairs team, which is helped by Nam's good singles career.

Other websites
Naomi Nari Nam and Themi Leftheris Online  - Official website
 International Skating Union biography
 U.S. Figure Skating biography

1982 births
Living people
American figure skaters
Sportspeople from Florida

Themistocles Leftheris


A roundel (not to be confused with the rondel) is a form of  verse used in English language poetry devised by Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909).  It is the Anglo-Norman form corresponding to the French rondeau.  It makes use of refrains, repeated according to a certain stylized pattern.  A roundel consists of nine lines each having the same number of syllables, plus a refrain after the third line and after the last line.  The refrain must be identical with the beginning of the first line: it may be a half-line, and rhymes with the second line.  It has three stanzas and its rhyme scheme is as follows: A B A R ; B A B ; A B A R ; where R is the refrain.

Swinburne had published a book A Century of Roundels. He dedicated these poems to his friend Christina Rossetti, who then started writing roundels herself, as evidenced by the following examples from her anthology of poetry: Wife to Husband; A Better Resurrection; A Life's Parallels; Today for me; It is finished; From Metastasio.

Examples
Swinburne's first roundel was called "The roundel":

    A roundel is wrought as a ring or a starbright sphere, (A)
    With craft of delight and with cunning of sound unsought, (B)
    That the heart of the hearer may smile if to pleasure his ear (A)
        A roundel is wrought. (R)

    Its jewel of music is carven of all or of aught - (B)
    Love, laughter, or mourning - remembrance of rapture or fear - (A)
    That fancy may fashion to hang in the ear of thought. (B)

    As a bird's quick song runs round, and the hearts in us hear (A)
    Pause answer to pause, and again the same strain caught, (B)
    So moves the device whence, round as a pearl or tear, (A)
        A roundel is wrought. (R)

Swinburne's poem "A baby's death" contains seven roundels. The fourth roundel became the song "Roundel: The little eyes that never knew Light," set to music by the English composer Edward Elgar.

Notes

See also
Rondel (poem)
Rondeau (poetry)

External links

Poetic forms

Roundel (poetry)