Dubai Museum () is the main museum in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is located in the Al Fahidi Fort (), built in 1787 and is the oldest existing building in Dubai.

The museum was opened by the Ruler of Dubai in 1971, with the aim of presenting the traditional way of life in the Emirate of Dubai. When entering, one can see the fort constructed and the various displays that go along with it. From the fort, there is a path to the galleries, which display the general culture of the land, especially in the 1800s. It includes local antiques as well as artifacts from African and Asian countries that traded with Dubai. It also includes several dioramas showing life in the emirate before the advent of oil, in addition to artifacts from recent discoveries as old as 3000 BC.

In 2007, Dubai Museum received 1,800 visitors daily, with a yearly total of 611,840. In March 2008, the museum had 80,000 visitors. The most popular times are from August to April. The museum received over 1 million visitors in 2013. The total area of Dubai museum is 4,000 square meters.

A renovation was carried out in 2021 by the former HQ of the Dubai ruler.

History

Al Fahidi Fort was built in several phases. The oldest tower was built around 1787, and is believed to be the oldest building in Dubai that still exists today. The fort was used to guard the landward approaches to the town from the raids of neither ruler's palace, a garrison, and a prison.

In 1969, Sheikh Hamdan Bin Rashid Al Maktoum issued a letter to Sheikh Badr Mohammad Al Sabah, head of the office of state in Kuwait, asking for a museum expert to be sent to Dubai to help establish the museum.

Fort

Al Fahidi Fort is square-shaped with towers occupying three of its corners. It was built of coral rock and mortar in several phases. Just off the southern wall lie a reconstruction of the old city walls. Next to them stands a tall dhow (traditional boat) in the middle of a large courtyard that covers the underground galleries. Two cannons guard the main gate to the fort on the eastern wall, adorned by flags of Dubai and the United Arab Emirates.

Internal halls line three of the fort walls. One hall is at the main gate and houses the ticket office, while the others contain a collection of old weapons and arms from different historical periods along with a model of the city in 1820 AD. Traditional musical instruments are also displayed next to a video of folkloric music.

The halls surround a central courtyard. Here you will find a bronze cannon with cannonballs, a well, and various types of boats. In the corner stands a traditional summer house called Arish. The Arish is made entirely from weaved palm fronds. It comprises seating and sleeping areas as well as a kitchen, filled with household furnishings and objects used by the locals in past times. The Arish features the distinct wind tower design, used for air conditioning in the pre-electricity days.

Galleries

Entrance to the galleries is located at the tower on the south-western corner of the fort. After descending the spiral stairs visitors enter the first gallery, where old maps of Dubai are displayed. Next is the video room, showing a video, updated in 2007, that depicts Dubai from before the discovery of oil in the 1960s to the current day. Below it there is a map that shows the urban scape of the city growing in sync with the timeline of the video.

Life-size dioramas of the pre-oil era await behind the next door. Once they enter, visitors will set foot on the deck of a dhow unloading at the model creek-side souq. Moving ahead they will see the shops filled with craftsmen, vendors and buyers. A tailor, a carpenter, an iron smith, a textile vendor and others line the street. Realistic sounds and life-size videos of craftsmen at work give the impression of a bustling souq.

The street leads to a model of a mosque, house and family, then turns to the right where it is surrounded by depictions of desert life with a date farm, a camel, wild animals, and a Bedouin tent filled with jewelry, trinkets and objects from the daily life of Bedouins. The walls tell about their knowledge of the stars and how they used it to guide their activities. Next is the largest diorama which is all about the sea, with a huge scene of the building of a dhow, scenes of marine life detailing local species, in addition to a collection of seafaring equipment. The last diorama features an archaeological site in Al Qusais area that goes back to 3000 BC. There are tombs, an excavated skeleton, and an archaeologist. All the way sounds, visual effects and electronic guides accompany the dioramas.

Cabinets filled with archaeological finds from Al Qusais site line the walls next to the excavation scene. Finally, the winding track leads to a gallery displaying finds from other sites and historical eras, like the Umayyad site at Jumeirah. The gift shop is the last stop before a spiral ramp takes you up to the museum's southern exit.

Transport
Visitors can reach Dubai Museum by public buses through the Ghubaiba or Fahidi bus stations nearby or by metro station of the Ghubaiba or Fahidi which is also located nearby. Rented cars or tours operators also provide transportation services.

Footnotes

References
حصن الفهيدي بدبي "Al Fahidi Fort in Dubai", Alriyadh newspaper, 8 April 2001.
Al Feheidi Fort  on the Dubai Municipality's "Dubai Historic" website. (requires Internet Explorer to view correctly)
Attractions:Dubai Museum on Dubai Government's website.

External links

 Dubai Museum Website
 Gulf News | Dubai Museum

Infrastructure completed in 1787
Museums established in 1971
Museums in Dubai
City museums in the United Arab Emirates
History museums in the United Arab Emirates
National museums of the United Arab Emirates
Forts in the United Arab Emirates
Castles in the United Arab Emirates
History of Dubai
Museums established in 1787

Dubai Museum


For the type of shoes (sandals), see Flip-flops

In electronics, a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store information. Signals applied to control inputs can change the circuit's state. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic. Flip-flops and latches are fundamental building blocks of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems.

Flip-flops are mainly used as static RAM to store data in a computer. That data is represented in binary. Binary is represented in a 1 ("high state") and 0 ("low state"). The structure of flip flops vary, but the general characteristic is that two branches affect each other's state by putting the current resulting state of one branch and using that as input for the next iteration of the other branch.

History
The first electronic flip-flop, originally called the Eccles-Jordan trigger circuit, was invented in 1918 by the British physicists William Eccles and F. W. Jordan. The initial design's only active elements were two vacuum tubes. While working at Hughes Aircraft, Eldred Nelson coined the term JK for a flip-flop which changed states when both inputs were on (a logical "one").

Implementation
Flip-flops can be either simple or clocked. A simple flip-flop changes state as soon as the input changes. A clocked flip-flop changes state only when an extra pulse occurs. This pulse is called the clock signal. Commonly, flip-flop only refers to clocked circuits; the simple ones are commonly called latches.

Types

The two common types of flip-flops are SR ("set-reset"), D ("data" or "delay").

SR flip-flop
The most fundamental flip-flop is the simple SR flip-flop. In the SR flip-flop, the S and R stand for set and reset. The stored bit is present on the output marked Q.

If S is pulsed high while R is held low, then the Q output is forced high. Conversely, if R is pulsed high while S is held low, then the Q output is forced low. When the R and S inputs are both low, the Q outputs are in a constant state. However, when the R and S inputs are both high, the Q outputs are in a forbidden state.

Since high and low mean logical '1' and '0', respectively, the SR flip-flop can have four combinations showing below:

(A) S = 1, R = 0: set

(B) S = 0, R = 0: hold

(C) S = 0, R = 1: reset

(D) S = 1, R = 1: not allowed

The restricted combination (D) leads to an unstable state.

D Flip-flop

A D Flip-Flop prevents an SR flip-flop from receiving the forbidden combination. It takes only one input for data, called D. It splits this data down two paths. On one path it flips the data to the opposite value. This is the "NOT" box in the animation. That way, S = 1, R = 1 is never fed to the internal SR latch.

References

Electronic components
Electronic circuits

Flip-flop (electronics)


Dolan (Uyghur: دولان, Долан; Simplified Chinese: 刀朗 or 多朗) refers to a people or region of what is now Xinjiang Province, China. People who call themselves Dolan can be found in Awat County, the Yarkand River valley, the Tarim River valley and the Lop Nur region of present-day Xinjiang. Though modern Dolan people now speak the vernacular dialect (usually Uyghur), the term refers to an earlier culture and civilization in the region. The history of this people is little known. Some scholars and travelers believed the Dolan of the Yarkand River valley to be a Kazakh or Kyrgyz group that settled in the area during the Qing dynasty. This belief was based on their noticeably different physiognomy and language and their semi-nomadic lifestyles.

Some of the aspects of Dolan culture that remain to the present day include the unique style of music and dance. The music is performed with chants, plucked and bowed string instruments and drums. This music is now grouped into a category of Uyghur Muqam music, although the instruments and musical characteristics are very different from the Uyghur 12 Muqam.

The plucked-string instruments used to perform Dolan Muqam, Dolan Meshrep or Dolan Pls are different from their counterparts in Uyghur folk music and usually contain a large set of sympathetic strings that resonate with certain key tones, similar to the lutes and fiddles of India and the near east.

References

 Svanberg, Ingvar. "Ethnic Categorizations and Cultural Diversity in Xinjiang: The Dolans along the Yarkand River." Central Asiatic Journal, 40/2 (1996): 260–282.

Ethnic groups in Xinjiang

Dolan people


K-Swiss, Inc. is an American footwear company. It is based in Westlake Village, California. It designs, develops, and markets a range of athletic shoes under the K-Swiss brand and its wholly owned subsidiary Royal Elastics, Inc.

K-Swiss was founded in 1966 in Los Angeles, California, by two Swiss brothers who became interested in tennis after emigrating to the United States, where they introduced the first leather tennis shoes.

American clothing companies
Companies based in Los Angeles
1966 establishments in California

K-Swiss


The townsite of Tambellup is located in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, 317 km south-east of Perth on the Great Southern Highway where it crosses the Gordon River. It is 23 km south of Broomehill.

The area around Tambellup was first settled by pastoralists in the late 1840s, and in 1849 the Surveyor General, John Septimus Roe, when passing through the area, referred to Morrison's south west station at "Tambul-yillup". The area was later settled by the Norrish family, and the spelling commonly used for the place then was "Tambellelup". When the Great Southern Railway was opened in 1889 a station was established at Tambellup, and it appears that the shortened version of the name was created by the railway, as the timetable in 1889 uses the "Tambellup" spelling. Tambellup was gazetted a townsite in 1899.  The meaning of this Aboriginal name is not known, although one source gives it as "place of thunder" (from Toombellanup).
Another explanation is that Tambellup means "the place of many Tammars", Tammar being the Noongar word for a small marsupial that used to frequent the area.

Tambellup's main street is Norrish Street, named after its first European settler, Josiah Norrish (1841-1884), who in 1872 was attracted to the area by its large stands of Santalum spicatum (commonly known as sandalwood). Today, the main industry in Tambellup is sheep farming, while sandalwood continues as a distant second.  Much of the sandalwood is exported, and used in the manufacture of joss sticks.

The Gordon River has flooded several times since Tambellup was established. The first recorded flood was in 1913, then again in 1937, then a major flood in 1955 when the river rose  resulting in some parts of the town being  underwater.

In January 1982, a decaying tropical cyclone passed over the catchment area feeding the Gordon River causing it to flood the town. Much of the town, including the main street, was covered to a depth of about .

The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town is a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.

Notes

External links
  The Sydney Morning Herald, 8 February 2004
 Hidden Treasures of the Great Southern
 Albany Gateway

External links
 Shire of Broomehill-Tambellup

Towns in Western Australia
Shire of Broomehill-Tambellup
Grain receival points of Western Australia

Tambellup, Western Australia


The Flag of Denmark, the Dannebrog is red with a white Scandinavian cross. It is the oldest flag in the entire world.

The flag is supposed to have fallen from the sky during a battle in 1219 in Estonia. The Danes were about to lose the battle when this sign from above gave the warriors new energy, and made them win.

In reality the Dannebrog of 1219 was most likely a crusade banner - the war in 1219 was a crusade against the Estonians, who were not Christians.

The battle took place in the 15th of June, and every year the flags birthday is celebrated on this day.

In some countries the flag is a symbol of the state. In Denmark the Dannebrog is very much a symbol of the people, and the flag is used for all kinds of private celebrations - such as birthdays, weddings and Christmas. For Danes the Dannebrog is a sign of happiness and celebration and not of patriotism.

National symbols of Denmark
Denmark

Flag of Denmark


Napalm Death is a extreme metal baund formit in Meriden, Ingland in 1981. While nane o its oreeginal members remain in the group, the lineup o vocalist Mark "Barney" Greenway, bassist Shane Embury, guitarist Mitch Harris an drummer Danny Herrera haes remained consistent for maist o the baund's career.

Napalm Death are creditit wi definin the grindcore genre bi incorporatin elements o hardcore punk an daith metal, short sangs, fast tempos, deep guttural vocals an sociopoleetical leerics. The baund's debut album Scum, released in 1987 bi Earache Records, pruivit substantially influential throughoot the global metal commonty.

Biografie

Early history 1981–1986
Napalm Death wur formit in the veelage o Meriden near Birmingham,  Ingland, in August 1982 bi Nic Bullen an Miles Ratledge while the duo wur still in thair early teenage years. The duo haed been playin in amateur baunds syne 1980 as an extension o thair fanzine writin, an went throu a nummer o names (includin "Civil Defence", "The Mess", "Evasion" an "Undead Hatred") afore chuisin Napalm Death in mid 1981.

The baund wur initially inspired bi the early wave o punk baunds, parteecularly the anarcho-punk movement (a sub-genre o punk muisic focused on anarchist politics) an groups athin that genre sic as Crass.

The first stable line-up o the group consistit o Nicholas Bullen on vocals an bass, Simon Oppenheimer on guitar, an Miles Ratledge on drums, an lastit frae December 1981 tae Januar 1982. Graham Robertson jynt on bass in Januar 1982. Simon Oppenheimer left the group in August 1982 an wis replaced bi Darryl Fedeski who left the group in October 1982: at this pynt, Graham Robertson began tae play guitar an Finbarr Quinn (ex-Curfew) jynt on bass an backin vocals.

The group played concerts throughoot 1982 (playin thair first concert on 25 Julie 1982 at Atherstone Miners Club) an 1983 (sharin billin wi anarcho-punk groups sic as Amebix, The Apostles an Antisect), an made 4 demo recordins in 1982 an 1983, ane o which contributit thair first released recordin tae the Bullshit Detector Volume 3 compilation released bi Crass Records in 1984.

The baund entered a period o hiatus frae the end o 1983 onwards, playin anerlie ane concert in 1984 (a benefit for strikin mine wirkers) wi additional vocalist Marian Williams (ex-Relevant POS, an sister o the drummer o the group Human Cabbages frae Coventry).  Durin this period, Bullen met Justin Broadrick, a guitarist frae Birmingham wi whom he shared an interest in the muisic o baunds sic as Killing Joke, Throbbing Gristle, Crass, Amebix, Swans, an the developin pouer electronics scene. Bullen jynt Broadrick's Final project for a period in 1983.

In Julie 1985, Napalm Death briefly reformit in order tae appear at a concert at the Mermaid in Birmingham which wis an aa notable as the last concert bi Final. The group consistit o a 4-piece line-up o Miles Ratledge - drums, Bullen - vocals, bass an guitar, Graham Robertson - guitar an bass, an Damien Errington - guitar.

Efter this concert, Ratledge an Bullen asked Broadrick tae jyne Napalm Death as guitarist, wi Bullen as vocalist an bass player. The baund began tae develop a muisical style which blendit elements o post-punk (pairticularly Killing Joke an Amebix), hivy punk in the vein o Discharge, an thrash metal (wi pairticular reference tae Possessed an Celtic Frost).

The group played thair first concert as a trio on 31 August 1985 (playin 2 concerts on the same day: Telford wi Chumbawamba an Blyth Power, an Birmingham wi We've Got a Fuzzbox and We're Gonna Use It), an began tae play regularly in the Birmingham aurie (pairticularly at The Mermaid public hoose in the Sparkhill aurie o Birmingham) wi a wide range o musickers includin Icons of Filth, Concrete Sox, The Varukers, Decadence Within, an The Groundhogs.

In September 1985, Peter Shaw (ex-Autism) jynt on bass. The 4-piece line-up recordit Hatred Surge (the band's 5t demo recordin) on 23 October 1985 which the baund made available at thair concerts an bi mail.

Follaein the recordin o the demo, Bullen an Broadrick wished tae extend thair exploration o a mair extreme muisical style which creatit a split in the group wi Ratledge: as a result, the group splintered an Mick Harris (a local fan) wis asked tae jyne as drummer in December 1985.

The trio - Bullen on vocals an bass, Broadrick on guitar an Harris on drums - made thair first performance on 15 December 1985 an went on tae play mony concerts in 1986, predominantly in the Birmingham aurie, wi muisickers sic as Amebix, Antisect, Chaos UK, Varukers, Disorder an Dirge.

The group recordit a 6t demo, From Enslavement to Obliteration, on 15 Mairch 1986, which the group made available at thair concerts an throu mail, afore makin a 7t recordin later that year, Scum, which wis proveesionally intendit tae form pairt o a split LP wi the Inglis hardcore baund Atavistic on Manic Lugs records. This recordin later became the first side o the baund's debut album Scum in 1987.

The baund then faced a nummer o line-up chynges. Bullen wis becomin frustratit wi the muisical direction o the group, an began tae lose interest as a whole: as a result, Jim Whiteley wis asked tae jyne as bass player. The baund played a nummer o concerts as a fower-piece afore Justin Broadrick left the group tae play the drums for local baund Head of David. The group attemptit tae fynd a new guitarist bi askin Shane Embury (ex-Unseen Terror an a fan o the group) tae jyne an givin a trial period tae Frank Healy (ex-Annihilator, later o Cerebral Fix an Sacrilege). Efter Broadrick's depairtur, Bullen's dissatisfaction wi the muisical direction o the group led him tae leave the group in December 1986 (in order tae focus on his studies in Inglis leeteratur an philosophy at varsity).

1987–1989
Wi the depairtur o Broadrick an Bullen, the baund haed tae leuk for new members. Guitarist Bill Steer played in a baund based in Liverpool, cried Carcass an gien the affinity atween the baunds, he jynt Napalm Death while still playin an active role in Carcass.  The baund asked a friend (Lee Dorrian) tae jyne as vocalist due tae his guid relationship wi the baund (he haed organised a nummer o concerts for the baund), even tho he haed niver been in a baund afore. This line-up recordit the B side o the Scum LP at Rich Bitch studios in Mey 1987, an the album wis released throu Earache Records.

The baund promptly lost anither member juist afore thay unnerteuk a short tour efter the release o Scum. Jim Whiteley left the group (tae jyne Ripcord) an Shane Embury (umwhile drummer o Unseen Terror) jynt on bass.
The baund then appeared on twa compilation records ('North Atlantic Noise Attack' an the 'Pathological Compilation'), recordit twa Peel sessions an a split 7" wi the Japanese baund S.O.B. Thay an aw returned tae Rich Bitch studio ance mair an recordit thair seicont album: From Enslavement to Obliteration.

A follae-up release tae "Enslavement.." came in the form o the sax sang 12" EP "Mentally Murdered", which wis tae be the last recordin wi the Harris/Steer/Dorian/Embury line-up. This EP wis recordit at the Slaughterhouse Studios an teuk on a slichtly different soond, blendin grindcore wi daith metal. Follaein the release, Napalm Death wur featurt on naitional telly in the Unitit Kinrick in a hivy metal special bi Arena (BBC 2).

The baund continued tae tour, but as suin as thay came back hame frae Japan, in Julie 1989, Steer an Dorrian left the baund: Steer decidit tae focus full-time on Carcass, while Dorrian formit the doom metal group Cathedral. The group recruitit Jesse Pintado (ex-Terrorizer) on guitar an Mark "Barney" Greenway (ex-Benediction) as vocalist. This line-up teuk pairt in the Grindcrusher tour organised bi Earache Records an featurin fellae label-mates Carcass, Bolt Thrower an Morbid Angel. The group recruitit Mitch Harris (ex-Righteous Pigs) as thair seicont guitarist efter the tour.

1990–1994
In Florida, thay stairtit wirkin on thair next album, Harmony Corruption. While writin Harmony Corruption thay chynged thair style a little, frae grindcore, tae a mix o blast beats an some slower, mair rhythmic pairts. In addition, daith metal wis a major influence on Harmony Corruption, mair sae than thair previous records. Efter releasin the new record, thay went on tourin aroond the warld an frae the material filmed at those concerts thay released a hame-video, Live Corruption. It wis directit bi notit metal director Steve Payne.

The baund caught considerable flack frae langtime fans in respect tae the "daith metal" soond an production o Harmony Corruption. Smartin frae the accusations o sellin-oot bi the Breetish unnergrund "elites", Napalm entered Eddie Van Dale's Violent Noise Experience Club in Mairch o '91 tae record sax new tracks. Thir new sangs, the "Mass Appeal Madness" 12" LP, haed a muckle mair raw grind quality tae them, fyndin instant favour wi fans. This recordin, alang wi the "Mentally Murdered" 12", the split 7" wi S.O.B. an live tracks frae Live Corruption, foond a hame on the Death by Manipulation CD.

Drummer Mick Harris - the anerlie remainin member o the line-up that haed played on the baund's first album, Scum - eventually left Napalm Death acause o conflicts regardin thair muisical style. Danny Herrera, a close friend tae Jesse Pintado, wis brocht in tae replace Mick. The addition o Herrera wad be the last major line-up chynge o the baund, save for Jesse Pintado's futur absence, which haes yet tae be filled (an vocalist Phil Vane niver recordit wi the baund).  Napalm Death released a new record, Utopia Banished. Nou wirkin wi producer Colin Richardson. This release wis a kynd o "return tae the ruits" - grindcore. Efter recordin The World Keeps Turning EP, the baund toured Europe wi Dismember an Obituary on the "Campaign for Musical Destruction" tour. Thay then toured the US wi Sepultura, Sacred Reich an Sick Of It All. The proceeds o Napalm Death's 1993 EP Nazi Punks Fuck Off wur donatit tae anti-fascist organisations.

The baund remixed the track "Mind Of A Razor" bi Lunnon based hip hop crew Gunshot. The remixed version o the track appeared on the EP o the same name in 1992. Thereefter, thay went tae the studio an recordit Fear, Emptiness, Despair. Awtho it wis still as hivy an aggressive as iver, the new record teuk a different direction an soondit mair experimental; thay addit mair rhythmic riffs, an industrial-lik structur, an then addit grindcore blast beats. Live concerts wi Entombed, Obituary an Machine Head showed the audience hou violent an aggressive the new Napalm Death soond wis. Thay continued wi the experimentation throu the rest o the 1990s.

1995–2004
The Greed Killing EP wis the next release frae the baund, throu Earache. Efter the preview wi the EP, Diatribes, a full-lenth album wis released. Awtho things seemed tae be goin smoothly frae the ootside, thay wur goin throu problems. Misunnerstaundin rose atween the members an sangster Greenway wis evictit frae the baund in late/mid 1996. Greenway went tae record wi Extreme Noise Terror (the ENT release Damage 381 features Barney on lead vocals) an ENT's main sangster Phil Vane went tae fill vocals slot in Napalm Death. Things did no go as well as thay wur supposed tae, an Vane wis kicked oot o the baund juist afore thay got intae the studio tae record the new album. As a result, Greenway rejoined Napalm Death.

The next albums Inside the Torn Apart an Words from the Exit Wound continued wi the experimentation but displayed mair signs o grindcore, notably faster tempos than the last twae albums.  This return wis completit wi the release o Enemy of the Music Business. It shows thair anger wi the muisic industry an especially wi Earache. It wis the last time Pintado iver recordit wi the baund. Order of the Leech continued whaur thair previous album endit an can be seen as even mair faster an aggressive.

In 2004, thay recordit a covers album cried Leaders Not Followers: Part 2, the sequel tae thair earlier covers EP. It conteens covers o auld hardcore punk an hivy metal baunds, includin Cryptic Slaughter, Massacre, Kreator, Sepultura, Siege an Discharge. Due to personal problems, Jesse Pintado did no play on aither Order of the Leech or Leaders Not Followers: Part 2; it wis Harris who performed the owerdubbin insteid. At this pynt, Pintado left Napalm daith acause he grew tired o the baund an wantit tae stairt something new.

2005 onwards

In Aprile 2005, thair next album The Code Is Red...Long Live the Code wis released. It featurs guest appearances frae Jeffrey Walker (umwhile o Carcass), Jamey Jasta (Hatebreed vocalist) an Jello Biafra (umwhile o Dead Kennedys, an Lard amang mony ither baunds). The album continues the baund's progressive approach tae thair brutal brent o extreme metal, wi thair trademark grindcore soond retained.

Napalm Death feenished recordin thair follae-up album titled Smear Campaign in Juin 2006; released on 15 September 2006 tae vera strang reviews frae fans an creetics alike. The main leerical focus is creeticism o the Unitit States Govrenment an ither govrenments who are strangly releegious. The album features a guest appearance bi Anneke van Giersbergen, vocalist for the Dutch rock baund The Gathering. Thare is a limitit edition digipak version o Smear Campaign, which haes twa new sangs, "Call That an Option?" an "Atheist Runt".

In early 2006 Napalm Death headlined a tour wi Kreator, A Perfect Murder, an Undying. On 27 August 2006, Jesse Pintado dee'd in a hospital in the Netherlands due tae liver failure, promptin Mitch Harris tae express his sadness at the loss o someane he thocht o as "a brither" on the baund's offeecial wabsteid. Efter the Smear Campaign tour, the baund did a 2007 "World Domination Tour".

In November 2008, Napalm Death's fowerteent studio album, entitled Time Waits For No Slave, leaked ontae the internet; it wis offeecially released on 23 Januar 2009.  Similar tae Smear Campaign, Time Waits For No Slave an' a' haed a digipak version containin twa extra sangs ("Suppressed Hunger" an "Omnipresent Knife In Your Back").

In Februar 2011, Napalm Death appeared in an episode o Channel 4's "Skins". An aw in 2011, thay recordit the single "Legacy Was Yesterday". Napalm Death are puttin the feenishin touches on Utilitarian, thair 15t studio album, an will be released on 27 Februar 27 in Europe an 28 Februar 2012 in North Americae via Century Media.

Discografie

Scum (1987)
From Enslavement to Obliteration (1988)
Harmony Corruption (1990)
Utopia Banished (1992)
Fear, Emptiness, Despair (1994)
Diatribes (1996)
Inside the Torn Apart (1997)
Words from the Exit Wound (1998)
Enemy of the Music Business (2000)
Order of the Leech (2002)
Leaders Not Followers: Part 2 (2004)
The Code Is Red...Long Live the Code (2005)
Smear Campaign (2006)
Time Waits for No Slave (2009)
Utilitarian (2012)
Apex Predator – Easy Meat (2015)
Throes of Joy in the Jaws of Defeatism (2020)

Members

Current members
Mark "Barney" Greenway – vocals (1989–1996, 1997–present)
Shane Embury – bass guitar (1987–present)
Mitch Harris – guitars, backin vocals (1990–present)
Danny Herrera – drums (1991–present)

Past members

Vocals
Nik Napalm (Nicholas Bullen) (1981–1986)
Marian Williams (1984)
Lee Dorrian (1987–1989)
Phil Vane (1996–1997)

Bass guitar
Nik Napalm (Nicholas Bullen) (1981, 1985–1986)
Grayhard (Graham "Robbo" Robertson) (1982)
Fin (Finbar Quinn) (1983–1984)
P-Nut (Peter Shaw) (1985)
James (Jim) Whiteley (1986–1987)

Guitar
Si O (Simon Oppenheimer) (1981–1982)
Daz F (Daryl "Sid" Fedeski) (1982)
Grayhard (Graham "Robbo" Robertson) (1983–1985)
Damien Errington (1985)
Justin Broadrick (1985–1986)
Frank Healy (1987)
Bill Steer (1987–1989)
Jesse Pintado (1989–2004) (deceased)

Drums
Rat (Miles Ratledge) (1981–1985)
Mick Harris (1985–1991)

Associatit acts
Members o Napalm Death hae muivit on tae form baunds sic as Carcass, Godflesh, Cathedral, Scorn, Jesu, an Black Galaxy. Addeetionally, baund members hae formit numerous side projects, includin Lull, Painkiller, Brujeria, Lock Up, Meathook Seed, Defecation, Teeth of Lions Rule the Divine, an Venomous Concept.

Notes

Freemit airtins

 Offeecial wabsteid
 Offeecial MySpace

Crust an d-beat groups
Daithgrind muisical groups
Inglis daith metal muisical groups
Inglis grindcore muisical groups
Inglis hivy metal muisical groups
Muisical groups frae Birmingham, Wast Midlands
Muisical groups established in 1981
Muisical quartets
Muisical quintets
Kerrang! Awards winners
1980s muisic groups
1990s muisic groups
2000s muisic groups
2010s muisic groups
Earache Records airtists
Century Media Records airtists

Napalm Death


The Nation is  the oldest continuously published weekly magazine in the United States. It was first founded in July 1895 in New York City. The Nation has offices in Washington, D.C., London, Chicago, Paris, and in South Africa. It covers architecture, art, corporations, defense, environment, films, legal affairs, music, peace and disarmament, poetry, and the United Nations.

Magazines published in New York City

The Nation


In cryptography, a weak key is a key which when used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way, and simplifies breaking (cracking) the ciphertext.

Weak keys usually represent a very small fraction of the overall key space, which means that if someone generates a random key to encrypt a message, it is a rare condition that weak keys will cause a security problem.  However, it is considered a good design for a cipher to have no weak keys ("quality chiper"). A cipher with no weak keys is said to have a flat, or linear,  key space.

Examples of 128-Bits weak keys
 All zeros (0x0000000000000000)
 All ones (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
 Alternating '1' + '0' (0x0101010101010101)
 Alternating 'F' + 'E' (0xFEFEFEFEFEFEFEFE)
 Alternating 'E' + '1' (0xE1E1E1E1F0F0F0F0) or (0x1E1E1E1E0F0F0F0F)

Cryptography

Weak key


Theoretical Computer Science is domain of Computer Science that looks at the notion of information and about how information can be processed. It also looks at the way models are built in computer science. Common divisions of theoretical computer sciences include:
Automata theory: An automaton is an abstraction of a machine, which changes its internal state according to some rules. Automata theory also looks at the kinds of problems that can be solved by such automata.
Computability theory and Computational complexity theory look at the question if a problem can be solved by a given automaton, and how well a given solution is, compared to others.
Formal languages are the way to communicate with a given automaton. Most of the time, the question is whether the automaton will accept a word of a formal language, that is, when the word is fed into the automaton, the automaton will end up in an exit state. Semantics are used to talk about the grammars of such languages, and how they are constructed.
Information theory talks about the notion of information. Originally it was developed for signal processing. It is concerned with how a message needs to be changed, so that it can be transmitted over a  channel, an how to undo the changes at the other end, so that the original message can be recovered. These processes are known as encoding and decoding. Information theory also talks about how much self-information there is in a message. This is the theoretical basis for data compression, cryptography and digital signatures. Error detection and correction is about detecting if errors have occurred when the message was transmitted. In some cases, it may be possible to recover the original message even if errors have occurred, or part of the message has been lost.

Other domains, such as Logic and Statistics used as well, but in most cases, they are not the primary focus of theoretical computer science.

Theoretical computer science


Bennett "Benny" Marshall (November 6, 1919 - September 25, 1969) was a ten-time winner of the Alabama Sportswriter of the Year from the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association. He is considered the top sports writer in Alabama newspaper history. He became sports editor of The Birmingham News in 1959, replacing Zip Newman, and won numerous state and national awards. His son, Phillip Marshall, was a sports writer for The Huntsville News, The Birmingham Post-Herald, The Huntsville Times and sports editor of The Montgomery Advertiser. Three other children - David, Ellen and Matt - are no longer living. Marshall died on September 25, 1969, from a self-inflicted gunshot. He was 49.

Benny Marshall wrote a sports column for The Birmingham News. Amongst the variety of his writing styles, one particular style stood out from the rest. He could tell a story in his column in a way that touched people. Fifty years later, there are still some who can remember a Benny Marshall story bringing tears their [then] young eyes. Marshall covered the top football games played by the state's two major universities. He was a dutiful reporter of the facts and the big plays, an entirely different style than he used in many of his columns. Sometimes he would simply report independent factoids that were disconnected. The title on those columns was, "Noted in passing...". Other times, Marshall might have identified a sports story that had heart. When he was inspired, he could make that story come alive with the brief touching tapestry he weaved with his well chosen words. Marshall's talent for capturing the depth and character of humanity as played out in a sports story endeared him to sports lovers throughout the state.

References

1919 births
1969 deaths
American male journalists
Writers from Birmingham, Alabama
20th-century American writers
Journalists from Alabama
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American male writers
1969 suicides
Suicides by firearm in Alabama

Benny Marshall


Kršćanski pogledi na brak su tradicionalno brak smatrali posvećenim od Boga kao doživotnu zajednicu muškarca i žene.

Povezano
 Katolički pogledi na brak
 Pravoslavni pogledi na brak
 Protestantski pogledi na brak

Eksterni linkovi
 Analysis of historic, current and Biblical Christian views on Marriage, Divorce and Remarriage
 Annulment Tribunal, Diocese of San Jose
 Annulments, Information on Roman Catholic
 Bernard Orchard, Summary of The Betrothal and Marriage of Mary to Joseph and chronological chart
 Bernard Orchard, The Betrothal and Marriage of Mary to Joseph, Part 1
 Bernard Orchard, The Betrothal and Marriage of Mary to Joseph, Part 2
 Biblical view of marriage — The Blood Covenant of Marriage
 Catholic divorce
 Catholic Familyland
 Christian Marriage Resources
 Christian view of the meaning and permanence of marriage
 Christians for Biblical Equality
 Divorce; Canonical Impediments
 Divorce
 First Century Marriage Research by Dr. Intone Brewer, Tyndale Biblical Library
 Future of Marriage from a Christian Viewpoint
 Marriage Catechism
 Photo: Orthodox Crowning (Marriage)  Russian Orthodox
 Saint Josemaría on marriage
 "The Kyrios Dialogue" - The Socratic Method used on conservative Christian men for the issue of a husband's authority.
 Wedding Crowns (Photo) Russian Orthodox

Sakramenti
Brak

Kršćanski brak


Kermit Lance Hall (August 31, 1944 – August 13, 2006) was a noted legal historian and university president. He served from 1994 to 1998 on the Assassination Records Review Board to review and release to the public documents related to the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.

Biography
Hall was raised in Akron, Ohio. His father, Kermit, was a tire builder, and his mother, Katherine, a bookkeeper. He was a Vietnam era veteran. He earned his bachelor's degree from the University of Akron and master's degree in 1967 from Syracuse University.  He earned his Ph.D. degree from the University of Minnesota in 1972. He also received a Master of Studies in Law (MSL) degree from Yale Law School in 1980.

Over the course of his career, Hall held academic positions in the history departments at Vanderbilt University, Wayne State University, and University of Florida.  In 1992, Hall began a rapid ascent in higher education administration that included appointments at University of Tulsa, Ohio State University, and North Carolina State University.  He served as president of Utah State University from 2000 to 2005, and in early 2005 he became the seventeenth president of the State University of New York at Albany.  During a distinguished career as a scholar, he wrote six books and edited twenty-two, including the award-winning The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court (second ed., rev. 2005), The Magic Mirror: Law in American History (1989), A Comprehensive Bibliography of American Constitutional and Legal History (1984), and The Politics of Justice: Lower Federal Judicial Selection and the Second Party System, 1829-1861 (1979).  He served on numerous editorial boards and edited several book series, including Bicentennial Essays on the Bill of Rights published by Oxford University Press.

He received fellowships and grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the American Bar Foundation.  In 1993, President Bill Clinton appointed him to the Assassination Records Review Board, which reviewed and eventually released tens of thousands of documents pertaining to the death of President John F. Kennedy.  After the board completed its work, Hall received in 1999 the James Madison Award from the American Library Association for his commitment to openness in government.   In recent years, Hall assumed the role of public intellectual.  A frequent lecturer in both the U.S. and abroad, he provided expert commentary to the national media about the history of the U.S. Constitution and the Supreme Court.

Hall died of a heart attack on August 13, 2006, while swimming on vacation on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. He was 61 years old.

A remembrance ceremony was held on August 14, 2006, at the Albany campus.  The ceremony was attended by numerous campus leaders including Provost Susan Herbst, SUNY Chancellor John Ryan, Senator Hillary Clinton, Congressman John E. Sweeney, and Albany Mayor Gerald Jennings.

Personal life
He was married to Phyllis, and was survived by his sister, Mary Bouvier, as well as several nieces, nephews, grand-nieces and grand-nephews.

References

External links
 UAlbany news release
 In Memoriam: Kermit Hall, January 2007, Perspectives, American Historical Association

1944 births
2006 deaths
Accidental deaths in South Carolina
American legal scholars
Presidents of University at Albany
Syracuse University alumni
University of Akron alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
University of Tulsa faculty
Presidents of Utah State University
Yale Law School alumni
20th-century American academics

Kermit L. Hall


David Eric "Dave" Grohl (born January 14, 1969) is an American rock musician and singer. He is best known as the lead singer, occasionally drummer, and guitarist of rock band Foo Fighters and the drummer of the grunge band Nirvana from 1990 to 1994. He has also been part of thirty different bands in his life, including one from the 1980s called Scream.  Other bands he has played in include Nine Inch Nails and Tenacious D.

Biography

Early life
Dave Grohl lived most of his early life in Springfield, Virginia. He played in many local punk bands, on guitar. By 15 years old he was a drummer in the hardcore punk band, Scream. Scream toured all over the United States and Europe but broke up in 1989. After they broke up he tried out to be a drummer in a small band called Nirvana.

Nirvana

Grohl joined Nirvana in 1990, along with Krist Novoselic and Kurt Cobain. They went on to be one of the most successful bands of the decade, selling over 50 million albums worldwide. Grohl joined shortly before the release of Nevermind. Nevermind proved to be a classic album, one that is still a big influence on the alternative metal and alternative rock scene. The band only recorded one more studio album though, In Utero in 1993. On April 8, 1994, Kurt Cobain's body was found at his home in Seattle. He had shot himself in the head with a shotgun. This event ended Nirvana and Grohl started his own band Foo Fighters in 1995.

Foo Fighters

The original Foo Fighters album was recorded entirely by Grohl himself. He recorded the parts for each instrument one at a time and then combined them. Foo Fighters are now a multi Grammy Award winning rock band and sell out huge arenas when they are on tour.

References

1969 births
American punk musicians
American rock drummers
American rock guitarists
Living people
Musicians from Ohio
Musicians from Virginia
Nirvana members
Nine Inch Nails

Dave Grohl


Binar Bening Berlian is a soap opera that airs in RCTI. This soap opera is produced by SinemArt. Supported by beautiful actress and handsome actors such as Asmirandah Zantman, Celine Evangelista, Irish Bella, Jonas Rivanno, Ashraf Sinclair, Christian Sugiono, Ari Wibowo, Vira Yuniar, Tia Ivanka, Teuku Ryan and others. Directed by Sanjeev Kumar and story written by Serena Luna.

Cast

External links
 Sinopsis Binar Bening Berlian
 RCTI

Indonesian television soap operas

Binar Bening Berlian


The New Testament is part of the Christian Bible, and the most important religious writing of Christianity. It tells the story of Jesus Christ, his followers, and the beginnings of Christianity. It was written in Koine Greek.

The New Testament is made up of different parts. In total, there are 27 texts in the New Testament. The Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches have the same texts, but their arrangement varies; the Syriac Churches and the Ethiopian Churches have different versions. The Syriac Churches do not put Peter 2, John 2 and 3, Jude and the Revelations in the New Testament. The Ethiopian Churches do not have a common canon.

Four of the Books of the New Testament are the Gospels. Most of the others are Epistles.

The Four Gospels

Each of the Gospels tells the story of Jesus Christ, or the young Messiah, who Christians believe is the "Son of God who is born to save the world from sin". Each of the Gospels tell this same story, with a little more or less detail from the other. The other books tell about the history of the church and explain the Christian faith through letters written to persons and groups that have believed in Jesus

The traditional author is listed after each entry.
 The Gospel of Matthew, traditionally the Apostle Matthew, son of Alphaeus.
 The Gospel of Mark, traditionally Mark, who wrote down the narrative given by the Apostle Simon, called Peter.
 The Gospel of Luke, traditionally Luke, who was a companion of the Apostle Paul, who was formerly called Saul.
 The Gospel of John, traditionally John the Apostle.

Acts of the Apostles
 Acts of the Apostles (or Acts), the story of the apostles after the Gospels' story

Pauline epistles
Pauline epistles, the 13 or 14 letters believed to be written by Saint Paul the Apostle. They are named for the person or group to which they were sent.
 Romans
 First Corinthians
 Second Corinthians
 Galatians
 Ephesians
 Philippians
 Colossians
 First Thessalonians
 Second Thessalonians
 First Timothy
 Second Timothy
 Titus
 Philemon
 Hebrews was traditionally attributed to Paul, but nowhere is the author mentioned.

General epistles
General epistles are other letters which are named for the person traditionally believed to have written them.

 James
 First Peter
 Second Peter
 First John
 Second John
 Third John
 Jude

Book of Revelation
 Book of Revelation

References

Other websites
 The New Testament Gateway
Full text in original Greek

New Testament


Super Audio CD (SACD) is an optical disc format for audio storage introduced in 1999. It was developed jointly by Sony and Philips Electronics and intended to be the successor to the compact disc (CD) format.

The SACD format allows multiple audio channels (i.e. surround sound or multichannel sound). It also provides a higher bit rate and longer playing time than a conventional CD.

An SACD is designed to be played on an SACD player. A hybrid SACD contains a Compact Disc Digital Audio (CDDA) layer and can also be played on a standard CD player.

History

The Super Audio CD format was introduced in 1999, and is defined by the Scarlet Book standard document. Philips and Crest Digital partnered in May 2002 to develop and install the first SACD hybrid disc production line in the United States, with a production capacity of up to three million discs per year. SACD did not achieve the level of growth that compact discs enjoyed in the 1980s, and was not accepted by the mainstream market.

By 2007, SACD had failed to make a significant impact in the marketplace; consumers were increasingly downloading low-resolution music files over the internet rather than buying music on physical disc formats. A small and niche market for SACD has remained, serving the audiophile community.

Content

By October 2009, record companies had published more than 6,000 SACD releases, slightly more than half of which were classical music. Jazz and popular music albums, mainly remastered previous releases, were the next two genres most represented.

Many popular artists have released some or all of their back catalog on SACD. Pink Floyd's album The Dark Side of the Moon (1973) sold over 800,000 copies by June 2004 in its SACD Surround Sound edition. The Who's rock opera Tommy (1969), and Roxy Music's Avalon (1982), were released on SACD to take advantage of the format's multi-channel capability. All three albums were remixed in 5.1 surround, and released as hybrid SACDs with a stereo mix on the standard CD layer.

Some popular artists have released new recordings on SACD. Sales figures for Sting's Sacred Love (2003) album reached number one on SACD sales charts in four European countries in June 2004.

Between 2007 and 2008, the rock band Genesis re-released all of their studio albums across three SACD box sets. Each album in these sets contains both new stereo and 5.1 mixes. The original stereo mixes were not included. The US & Canada versions do not use SACD but CD instead.

By August 2009 443 labels had released one or more SACDs. Instead of depending on major label support, some orchestras and artists have released SACDs on their own. For instance, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra started the Chicago Resound label to provide full and burgeoning support for high-resolution SACD hybrid discs, and the London Symphony Orchestra established their own LSO Live label.

Many SACD discs that were released from 2000-2005 are now out of print and available only on the used market. By 2009, the major record companies were no longer regularly releasing discs in the format, with new releases confined to the smaller labels.

Technology

SACD discs have identical physical dimensions as standard compact discs. The areal density of the disc is the same as a DVD.  There are three types of disc:

Hybrid: Hybrid SACDs have a 4.7 GB SACD layer (the HD layer), as well as a CD (Red Book) audio layer readable by most conventional compact disc players.
Single-layer: A disc with one 4.7 GB SACD layer.
Dual-layer: A disc with two SACD layers, totaling 8.5 GB, and no CD layer. Dual-layer SACDs can store nearly twice as much data as a single-layer SACD. Like most dual-layer DVDs, the data spiral for the first layer is encoded from the inside out, and the second layer is encoded starting from the point where the first layer ends and ending at the innermost part of the disc. Unlike hybrid discs, both single- and dual-layer SACDs are incompatible with conventional CD players and cannot be played on them.

A stereo SACD recording has an uncompressed rate of 5.6 Mbit/s, four times the rate for Red Book CD stereo audio.

Commercial releases commonly include both surround sound (five full-range plus LFE multi-channel) and stereo (dual-channel) mixes on the SACD layer. Some reissues retain the mixes of earlier multi-channel formats (examples include the 1973 quadraphonic mix of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells and the 1957 three-channel stereo recording by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition, reissued on SACD in 2001 and 2004 respectively).

Disc reading

Objective lenses in conventional CD players have a longer working distance, or focal length, than lenses designed for SACD players. In SACD-capable DVD, Blu-ray and Ultra HD Blu-ray players, the red DVD laser is used for reading SACDs. This means that when a hybrid SACD is placed into a conventional CD player, the infrared laser beam passes through the SACD layer and is reflected by the CD layer at the standard 1.2 mm distance, and the SACD layer is out of focus. When the same disc is placed into an SACD player, the red laser is reflected by the SACD layer (at 0.6 mm distance) before it can reach the CD layer. Conversely, if a conventional CD is placed into an SACD player, the laser will read the disc as a CD since there is no SACD layer.

Direct Stream Digital

SACD audio is stored in Direct Stream Digital (DSD) format using pulse-density modulation (PDM) where audio amplitude is determined by the varying proportion of 1s and 0s. This contrasts with compact disc and conventional computer audio systems using pulse-code modulation (PCM) where audio amplitude is determined by numbers encoded in the bit stream. Both modulations require neighboring samples to reconstruct the original waveform; the more neighboring samples, the lower the frequency that can be encoded.

DSD is 1-bit, has a sampling rate of 2.8224 MHz, and makes use of noise shaping quantization techniques in order to push 1-bit quantization noise up to inaudible ultrasonic frequencies. This gives the format a greater dynamic range and wider frequency response than the CD. The SACD format is capable of delivering a dynamic range of 120 dB from 20 Hz to 20 kHz and an extended frequency response up to 100 kHz, although most available players list an upper limit of 70–90 kHz, and practical limits reduce this to 50 kHz. Because of the nature of sigma-delta converters, DSD and PCM cannot be directly compared. DSD's frequency response can be as high as 100 kHz, but frequencies that high compete with high levels of ultrasonic quantization noise. With appropriate low-pass filtering, a frequency response of 20 kHz can be achieved along with a dynamic range of nearly 120 dB, which is about the same dynamic range as PCM audio with a resolution of 20 bits.

Direct Stream Transfer

To reduce the space and bandwidth requirements of DSD, a lossless data compression method called Direct Stream Transfer (DST) is used. DST compression is compulsory for multi-channel regions and optional for stereo regions. It typically compresses by a factor of between two and three, allowing a disc to contain 80 minutes of both 2-channel and 5.1-channel sound.

Direct Stream Transfer compression was standardized as an amendment to the MPEG-4 Audio standard, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 6:2005 (Lossless coding of oversampled audio), in 2005. It contains the DSD and DST definitions as described in the Super Audio CD Specification. The MPEG-4 DST provides lossless coding of oversampled audio signals. Target applications of DST are archiving and storage of 1-bit oversampled audio signals and SA-CD.

A reference implementation of MPEG-4 DST was published as ISO/IEC 14496-5:2001/Amd.10:2007 in 2007.

Copy protection

SACD has several copy protection features at the physical level, which made the digital content of SACD discs difficult to copy until the jailbreak of the PlayStation 3. The content may be copyable without SACD quality by resorting to the analog hole, or ripping the conventional 700 MB layer on hybrid discs. Copy protection schemes include physical pit modulation and 80-bit encryption of the audio data, with a key encoded on a special area of the disc that is only readable by a licensed SACD device. The HD layer of an SACD disc cannot be played back on computer CD/DVD drives, and SACDs can only be manufactured at the disc replication facilities in Shizuoka and Salzburg. Nonetheless, a PlayStation 3 with an SACD drive and appropriate firmware can use specialized software to extract a DSD copy of the HD stream.

Sound quality

Sound quality parameters achievable by the Red Book CD-DA and SACD formats compared with the limits of human hearing are as follows:

 CD Dynamic range: 90 dB; 120 dB (with shaped dither);  frequency range: 20 Hz—20 kHz
 SACD Dynamic range: 105 dB; frequency range: 20 Hz— 50 kHz
 Human hearing Dynamic range: 120 dB; frequency range: 20 Hz—20 kHz (young person); 20 Hz—8-15 kHz (middle-aged adult)

In September 2007, the Audio Engineering Society published the results of a year-long trial, in which a range of subjects including professional recording engineers were asked to discern the difference between high-resolution audio sources (including SACD and DVD-Audio) and a compact disc audio (44.1 kHz/16 bit) conversion of the same source material under double-blind test conditions. Out of 554 trials, there were 276 correct answers, a 49.8% success rate corresponding almost exactly to the 50% that would have been expected by chance guessing alone. When the level of the signal was elevated by 14 dB or more, the test subjects were able to detect the higher noise floor of the CD-quality loop easily. The authors commented:

Following criticism that the original published results of the study were not sufficiently detailed, the AES published a list of the audio equipment and recordings used during the tests. Since the Meyer-Moran study in 2007, approximately 80 studies have been published on high-resolution audio, about half of which included blind tests. Joshua Reiss performed a meta-analysis on 20 of the published tests that included sufficient experimental detail and data. In a paper published in the July 2016 issue of the AES Journal, Reiss says that, although the individual tests had mixed results, and that the effect was "small and difficult to detect," the overall result was that trained listeners could distinguish between hi-resolution recordings and their CD equivalents under blind conditions: "Overall, there was a small but statistically significant ability to discriminate between standard quality audio (44.1 or 48 kHz, 16 bit) and high-resolution audio (beyond standard quality). When subjects were trained, the ability to discriminate was far more significant." Hiroshi Nittono pointed out that the results in Reiss's paper showed that the ability to distinguish high-resolution audio from CD-quality audio was "only slightly better than chance."

Contradictory results have been found when comparing DSD and high-resolution PCM formats.  Double-blind listening tests in 2004 between DSD and 24-bit, 176.4 kHz PCM recordings reported that among test subjects no significant differences could be heard. DSD advocates and equipment manufacturers continue to assert an improvement in sound quality above PCM 24-bit 176.4 kHz. A 2003 study found that despite both formats' extended frequency responses, people could not distinguish audio with information above 21 kHz from audio without such high-frequency content. In a 2014 study, however, Marui et al. found that under double-blind conditions, listeners were able to distinguish between PCM (192 kHz/24 bits) and DSD (2.8 MHz) or DSD (5.6MHz) recording formats, preferring the qualitative features of DSD, but could not discriminate between the two DSD formats.

Playback hardware

The Sony SCD-1 player was introduced concurrently with the SACD format in 1999, at a price of approximately US$5,000. It weighed over  and played two-channel SACDs and Red Book CDs only. Electronics manufacturers, including Onkyo, Denon, Marantz, Pioneer and Yamaha offer or offered SACD players. Sony has made in-car SACD players.

In order to playback SACD content digitally without any conversion, some players are able to offer an output carrying encrypted streams of DSD, either via IEEE 1394 or more commonly, HDMI.

SACD players are not permitted to offer an output carrying an unencrypted stream of DSD.

The first two generations of Sony's PlayStation 3 game console were capable of reading SACD discs. Starting with the third generation (introduced October 2007), SACD playback was removed. All PlayStation 3 models, however, will play DSD Disc format. The PlayStation 3 was capable of converting multi-channel DSD to lossy 1.5 Mbit/s DTS for playback over S/PDIF using the 2.00 system software. The subsequent revision removed the feature.

Several brands have introduced (mostly high-end) Blu-ray Disc and Ultra HD Blu-ray players that can play SACD discs.

Unofficial playback of SACD disc images on a PC is possible through freeware audio player foobar2000 for Windows using an open source plug-in extension called SACDDecoder. macOS music software Audirvana also supports playback of SACD disc images.

See also

 DSD-CD
 DualDisc
 Extended Resolution Compact Disc (XRCD)
 High Definition Compatible Digital (HDCD)
 Timeline of audio formats

References

Bibliography

 Janssen, E.; Reefman, D. "Super-audio CD: an introduction". Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE Volume 20, Issue 4, July 2003, pp. 83–90.

External links

 Super Audio Compact Disc: A Technical Proposal, Sony (archived PDF)
 SA-CD.net  Reviews of SACD releases and a discussion forum.

Audiovisual introductions in 1999
Compact disc
DVD
Audio storage

Super Audio CD


A skeitchbuird is typically a specially designed plywood buird combined wi a polyurethane coatin uised for makkin smoother slides an stranger durability, uised primarily for the activity o skateboard. The first skateboards tae reach public notice came oot o the surfin craze o the early 1960s, developit tae help surfers practice when waves wur unfavorable. The first prototypes wur simple widden buirds wi roller-skate wheels attached, an the practice wis sometimes referred tae as "sidewalk surfin." Bi the mid-1980s skeitchbuirds wur mass producit an sauld throughoot the Unitit States.

A skeitchbuird is propellt bi pushin wi ane fuit while the ither remains on the buird, or by pumpin one's legs in structures such as a puil or hauf pipe. A skeitchbuird can an aw be uised bi simply staundin on the deck while on a dounward slope an allouin gravity tae propel the buird an rider. If the rider positions their richt fuit forrit, he/she is said tae ride "goofy"; if the rider positions their left fuit forrit, he/she is said tae ride "regular." If the rider is normally regular but chuises tae ride goofy, he/she is said tae be ridin "switch," an vice versa. A skeitcher is typically mair comfortable pedalin wi their back fuit; chuisin tae pedal wi the front fuit is commonly referred tae as ridin "mongo."

Recently, electric skeitchbuirds hae an aw appeared. These nae langer require the propellin o the skeitchbuird bi means o the feet; rather an electric motor propels the buird, fed bi an electric battery.

There is nae govrenin body that declares any regulations on what constitutes a skeitchbuird or the pairts frae which it is assembled. Historically, the skeitchbuird haes conformit baith tae contemporary trends an tae the iver evolvin array o stunts performit bi riders/users, who require a certain functionality frae the buird. O course, the buird shape depends lairgely upon its desired function. Langbuirds are a type o skeitchbuird wi a langer wheelbase an lairger, softer wheels.

See an aw
 Wheelbase
 Skeitchbuirdin
 Langbuird (skeitchbuirdin)
 Surfbuird

References

Skeitchbuirdin
Sports equipment

Skeitchbuird


An aggregate fruit is a fruit that develops from a single flower, but the flower has more than one ovary, and the ovaries join together as the fruit grows.

A fruit that grows from just one flower that contains just one ovary, is not an aggregate fruit but a simple fruit.

Not all flowers with multiple ovaries grow into aggregate fruit; the ovaries of some flowers do not become tightly joined together to make a larger fruit.

Aggregate fruits may also be accessory fruits. In accessory fruits, parts of the flower that are not the ovary become juicy and form part of the fruit.

Aggregate fruits include:
 Raspberry
 Blackberry
 Strawberry is an aggregate fruit and is also an accessory fruit. The small dark-coloured dots on a strawberry are the ovaries. The juicy part of the strawberry grows from the base of the flower.

Related pages
Multiple fruit

References

Fruits
Plant anatomy

Aggregate fruit


The N59 road is a national secondary road in Ireland. It commences in County Sligo, south of Sligo Town at the Belladrehid interchange with the N4 north of Ballysadare. The route circles around the west of Ireland, passing west from Sligo into County Mayo and through Ballina. The N59 continues around Mayo, proceeding indirectly to Westport. Continuing south through Mayo into County Galway, the road passes through the village of Leenaun. The 182-year-old bridge in the centre of the village, carrying the road across the River Lahill, collapsed in floods on 18 July 2007. Due to the local terrain and road network, the diversionary route for getting from the south of the village to Westport was 110 km long. A temporary bridge was opened eight days after the floods, on 27 July. It has since been replaced by a new bridge.

South of Leenaun, the N59 proceeds southwest through Connemara to Clifden. From there, it returns east through Maam Cross and to Oughterard, from which it proceeds southeast to Galway city. The N59 ends at a junction with the N6 at Quincentenary Bridge.

At , the N59 is the longest numbered road in Ireland.

Road length (2015)

Infrastructural upgrades
County Mayo
Ballina Orbital Route Project
The objective of the Ballina Orbital Route Project is to provide an orbital link around the town connecting all existing and future National Primary and National Secondary Roads, all existing Regional Roads and all existing Local Roads radiating from the town. The consequent benefit will be a reduction in traffic congestion due to traffic having the opportunity of avoiding the town centre. It will also serve to open up lands on the periphery of Ballina for future development.
Project webpage

Ballina to Crossmolina
This scheme will provide either an up-grade of the existing road or an off-line new route that will serve to bypass the town of Crossmolina on its western terminus, will link the towns of Crossmolina and Ballina and finally integrate with the preferred route for the Ballina Orbital Route on its eastern terminus. The project will be approximately 13 km long with at-grade junctions where necessary providing opportunities to interact with the existing road network.

County Galway
Moycullen Bypass Project
Galway Route Selection and Preliminary Design Complete 2001, but as of May 2009 the project is in review with a view to canceling. It is no longer on NRA website as a programmed project.

See also
Roads in Ireland
Motorways in Ireland
National primary road
National secondary road
Regional road

References

Connemara motorists facing 110km diversions, RTÉ News, 18 July 2007.
Temporary bridge opens in Leenane, RTÉ News, 27 July 2007.
Roads Act 1993 (Classification of National Roads) Order 2006 – Department of Transport

National secondary roads in the Republic of Ireland
Roads in County Sligo
Roads in County Mayo
Roads in County Galway

N59 road (Ireland)


Virtual Memory is a way of managing memory which is a recent trend of technology used in computers. Hardware (the physical part of the computer, such as the CPU or graphics card) runs software. This software will need computer memory to run, and do what it needs to do. Most computers in use today can do more than one thing at a time, they run more than one application. This is known as multiprocessing.

In this case, all the programs or applications that are running on the computer at a time share its resources. A computer does not have more processors or main memory (RAM) just because more programs run on it.

Virtual memory is the idea that the application sees a block of memory of a given size. The application can use this memory as it sees fit. This block of memory is virtual in the sense that it comes from different parts. Some of it may be in the main memory of the computer, but some may also be on disk. The CPU has a special part, called Arithmetic Logic Unit which does some of the translations between application memory and system resources. Modern operating systems also do a part of this work.

When a program tries to access a block of memory that is not in system memory, that program is stopped, and the block is loaded into system memory. What was in that part of the system memory is written to disk. This is usually called paging.

Certain computer systems, such as  embedded systems, do not use virtual memory, because they need a very fast response time, or one that always stays the same. One of the problems is that with virtual memory it is difficult to predict the response time. An application that uses a part of memory which needs to be loaded from disk will have a different response time from one that does not. Therefore, virtual memory concept is not used in embedded systems.

Computer science

Virtual memory


A cursor is a shape on a computer screen that shows where actions made with the keyboard or mouse will make a change.

There are 2 types of cursor that most people will use.

 The Mouse cursor:  The pointer on the screen which the person using the computer can move using the computer mouse.  This cursor allows the person to select or "click" items with the mouse.  On most computers mouse cursors are the shape of an arrow.

 The Text Cursor:  Usually seen as a vertical line or rectangle that flashes on and off. The Cursor tells the person using the computer where they are typing things on the screen.  They can type letters, numbers and symbols where the cursor is.

The computer automatically moves the cursor one space to the right when a letter, number or symbol is typed.  The cursor can be moved to the start of the next line by pressing the Enter Key.

Most Keyboards also have 4 cursor keys to move the text cursor up, down, left or right.

Software

Cursor


Chainat (Thai ชัยนาท (Pronunciation)) is ane o the central provinces (changwat) o Thailand. Neighborin provinces are (frae north clockwise) Nakhon Sawan, Sing Buri, Suphan Buri an Uthai Thani.

Geography
Chai Nat is locatit in the flat river plain o central Thailand's Chao Phraya River valley. In the sooth o the province the Chao Phraya (umwhile Chai Nat) Dam impunds the Chao Phraya river, baith for flood control as well as tae divert water intae the kintra's lairgest irrigation seestem for the irrigation o rice paddies in the lawer river valley. The dam, pairt o the Greater Chao Phraya Project, wis finished in 1957 an wis the first dam constructit in Thailand.

History
Oreeginally the ceety wis locatit at Sankhaburi. In the reign o Keeng Mongkut (Rama IV) the main settlement o the province wis moved tae its present-day location. Durin the wars wi the Burmese it wis an important military base for confrontin the Burmese Airmy. As aw these confrontations wur successful the ceety gained the name Chai Nat, which means place o victory.

Seembols
The provincial seal shows the Buddhist wheel, the Dhammajakra. In the backgrund are Khao Phlong muntain an river (Chao Phraya River). The wheel seembolizes the faith o the residents.

The provincial tree is the Bael Fruit Tree (Aegle marmelos), an the provincial flouer the Rainbow Shower Tree (Cassia javanica).

The slogan o the province is Venerable Luangpu Suk, Renouned Chao Phraya Dam, Famous Bird Park an Tasty Khao Taengkwa Pomelo.

Admeenistrative diveesions

Chainat is subdividit intae 8 destricts (amphoe). The destricts are further subdividit intae 53 subdestricts (tambon) an 474 veelages (muban).

Cultur

Festivals

Straw Bird Fair, Chai Nat's Product Fair and Red Cross Fair  (งานมหกรรมหุ่นฟางนกนานาชาติ งานของดี และงานกาชาดจังหวัดชัยนาท)
This annual fair is organized bi makin guid uise o straw, a bi-product in rice farmin. Various species o huge straw birds will come perchin on elaborately decoratit floats durin the straw bird procession an the competition is held in front o Chai Nat Ceety Hall. The event is held annually durin Cheenese New Year in Februar.

Chai Nat Pomelo Fair (งานส้มโอชัยนาท)
Chai Nat is ane o several provinces famous for producin exceptional pomelo. The best kent are o the Khao Taengkwa variety haein a well-roondit shape, smooth skin, thin peel, sweet-crispy taste an a little sour, but no bitter. The fair is held durin late August - early September in front o Chai Nat Ceety Hall an features mony activities such as pomelo contest, varieties o exhibitions bi provincial authorities, an young shoot an pomelo sales.

Provinces o Thailand

Chainat Province


Draco Lucius Malfoy is a fictional character from the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling. Malfoy is an antagonist, a Slytherin student in Harry Potter's year and Harry's main rival in school. In the Harry Potter movies, he is played by Tom Felton.

Appearance

The fictional Draco Malfoy is described as having a pale, pointed face, sleek white-blond hair and light icy gray eyes that seem cold.

Character

Draco Malfoy is depicted as a manipulative villain, exhibiting cunning use of magic and an ambitious attitude to get what he wants in the stories.

Family

Draco Malfoy is the only child of Lucius and Narcissa Malfoy, a member of the Black family, whose cousin is Harry Potter's godfather. Draco's family was "one of the first to come back to the good side after the Wizarding War ended and Voldemort was defeated." In a stage play towards the end of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2, Malfoy married Astoria Greengrass, a fellow housemate and had an only child, Scorpius Malfoy, who is identical to Draco. Astoria later died from blood malediction in 2017, which leaves Draco devastated.

Story

Draco Malfoy's father taught Draco Malfoy to bully Harry and his friends Ron, Hermione and Neville Longbottom. In the second book, he mocks Hermione by calling her "Mudblood", insulting her for her Muggle origins. In the sixth book of the Harry Potter series, Draco becomes a Death Eater, thinking it will make his father proud.  But, he realizes his mistake and when asked by Voldemort to murder Professor Dumbledore, he is unable to do so. Severus Snape commits the murder after he took the unbreakable vow to protect Malfoy. With Dumbledore's death, Malfoy becomes the master of the powerful Elder Wand.  He disarms Dumbledore and he is later disarmed by Harry Potter.

Harry Potter characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1997

Draco Malfoy


Thomas Creech (1659 – found dead 19 July 1700) was an English translator of classical works, and headmaster of Sherborne School. Creech translated Lucretius into verse in 1682, for which he received a Fellowship at Oxford. He also produced English versions of Manilius, Horace, Theocritus, and other classics.

Life
He was born at Blandford Forum, Dorset. His father, also called Thomas Creech, died in 1720, and his mother, Jane Creech, died in 1693; they had two children, Thomas the translator and one daughter Bridget, who married Thomas Bastard, an architect of Blandford, and had issue six sons and four daughters. Creech's parents were not rich. His classical training was due to Thomas Curgenven, rector of Folke in Dorset, but best known as master of Sherborne school, to whom Creech afterwards dedicated his translation of the seventh idyll of Theocritus, and to whom he acknowledged his debt in the preface to his translation of Horace. His education was supported from Colonel Strangways, a member of a well-known county family.

In Lent term 1675 Creech was admitted as a commoner at Wadham College, Oxford, and placed under the tuition of Robert Pitt. Creech's translation of one of the idylls of Theocritus is inscribed to his "chum Mr. Hody of Wadham College", and another is dedicated to Robert Balch, who at a later date was his "friend and tutor". Two of his letters are printed in Evelyn's Diary. He was elected a scholar of his college 28 September 1676, and took degrees: B.A. 27 October 1680, M.A. 13 June 1683, and B.D. 18 March 1696. He was a reputed scholar, and one of the first to benefit by William Sancroft's reforms in the elections for fellowships at All Souls' College, where he was elected a fellow in 1683.

For two years (1694–6) he was the headmaster of Sherborne School, but he then returned to Oxford, where a strangeness of manner was noticed in 1698. He accepted the college living of Welwyn, to which he was instituted 25 April 1699, but never entered into residence. After he had been missing for five days he was discovered (in July 1700) to have committed suicide in a garret in the house of Mr. Ives, an apothecary, with whom he lodged. He had wished to marry Miss Philadelphia Playdell of St. Giles, Oxford, but her friends would not consent to the marriage. In his will, dated 18 January 1699, and proved 28 June 1700, he divided his means into two parts, one of which he left to his sister Bridget Bastard for the use of his father during his lifetime and afterwards for herself, while he left the other moiety to Miss Playdell and appointed her sole executrix. She later married Ralph Hobson, butler of Christ Church, Oxford, and died in 1706, aged 34. He was also short of money.

There were printed after his death two tracts:

 A Step to Oxford, or a Mad Essay on the Reverend Mr. Tho. Creech's hanging himself (as 'tis said) for love. With the Character of his Mistress, 1700.
 Daphnis, or a Pastoral Elegy upon the unfortunate and much-lamented death of Mr. Thomas Creech, 1700; second edition (corrected) 1701, and it is also found in 'A Collection of the best English Poetry,' vol. i. 1717.

His portrait, three-quarters oval in a clerical habit, was given by Humphrey Bartholomew to the picture gallery at Oxford. It was engraved by R. White and also by Van der Gucht.

Works
Creech's 1682 translation of Lucretius vied in popularity with John Dryden's Virgil and Alexander Pope's Homer. A second edition appeared in the following year with extra commendatory verses in Latin and English, some of which bore the names of Nahum Tate, Thomas Otway, Aphra Behn, Richard Duke, and Edmund Waller; and when Dryden published his translations from Theocritus, Lucretius, and Horace, he made flattering comments on Creech's work in the preface. Creech's Lucretius was often reprinted, and was included in the edition of the British poets which was issued by Robert Anderson. An edition appeared in 1714 containing translations of verses previously omitted and numerous notes from another hand designed to set forth a complete system of Epicurean philosophy.

The success of his translation of Lucretius induced Creech to undertake an edition of the original work. It appeared in 1695 with the title 'Titi Lucretii Cari de rerum natura libri sex, quibus interpretationem et notas addidit Thomas Creech,' and was dedicated to his friend Christopher Codrington. This edition was also often republished, in particular at Glasgow in 1753. Creech's agreement with Abel Swalle for the preparation of this volume is among the Ballard MSS. at the Bodleian Library. H. A. J. Munro in his edition of Lucretius wrote of Creech as borrowing annotations mainly from Lambinus, attributing the popularity of the work to their clarity and brevity.

In 1684 Creech published 'The Odes, Satyrs, and Epistles of Horace. Done into English;' it was reprinted in the same year, and again in 1688, 1715, 1720, and 1737. Other translations by Creech consisted of:

 Several elegies from Ovid with the second and third eclogues of Virgil in a collection of 'Miscellany Poems,' 1684.
 Laconick Apothegms, or remarkable sayings of the Spartans in 'Plutarch's Morals,' 1684, vol. i. pt. iii. 135–204; a Discourse concerning Socrates his Demon, ib. ii. pt. vi. 1–59; the first two books of the Symposiacks, ib. ii. pt. vi. 61–144, iii. pt. viii. 139–418.
 Lives of Solon, Pelopidas, and Cleomenes in Plutarch's Lives, 1683–6, 5 vols., an edition often reprinted in the first half of the eighteenth century.
 Idylliums of Theocritus, with Rapin's discourse of Pastorals, done into English, 1684, and reprinted in 1721, which was dedicated to Arthur Charlett.
 The thirteenth Satire of Juvenal, with notes, in the translation 'by Mr. Dryden and other eminent hands,' 1693.
 Verses of Santolius Victorinus, prefixed to 'The compleat Gard'ner of de la Quintinye, made English by John Evelyn,' 1693.
 The five books of M. Manilius containing a system of the ancient astronomy and astrology, done into English verse, with notes, 1697.
 Life of Pelopidas in the 'Lives of Illustrious Men' by Cornelius Nepos, translated by the Hon. Mr. Finch, Mr. Creech, and others, 1713.

Creech was engaged at the time of his death on an edition of Justin Martyr.

Notes

Attribution

External links

1659 births
1700 deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Suicides by hanging in England
People from Blandford Forum
17th-century suicides
17th-century English translators
Writers from Dorset
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford

Thomas Creech


The Hansen Writin Ball wis inventit in 1865 bi the reverend an principal o the Ryal Institute for the deaf-mutes in Copenhagen, Rasmus Malling-Hansen, 1835-1890.  The writin ball wis first patentit an entered production in 1870, an wis the first commercially produced typewriter. In Dens it wis cawed the skrivekugle. The Hansen ball wis a combination o unusual design an ergonomic innovations, but like maist o the early 19t century typewriters, it did no allou the paper tae be seen as it passed through the device.

Typewriters

Hansen Writin Baw


For other uses of the word "bass," see bass.

Bass is the name of some species (types) of fish that are often caught for food or sport.  There are freshwater bass (that live in rivers and lakes) and saltwater bass (that live in the ocean).  Many bass live in or near North America.  Bass are from the order of Perciformes or "perch-like fish".  Their name comes from the word for 'perch'.

Some well-known bass species are:
temperate basses such as the striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and white bass (M. chrysops), from the family Moronidae.
warm water basses, such as the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu), spotted bass (M. punctulatus), Guadalupe bass (M. treculii) and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), from the sunfish family, Centrarchidae. These basses are also called black basses.

Many other species are also called basses, such as:
The Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, from the perch family, Percichthyidae.
The black sea bass, Centropristis striata, from the family Serranidae.
The giant sea bass Stereolepis gigas, also called the black sea bass, from the family Polyprionidae.
The Chilean sea bass, Dissostichus eleginoides, more commonly known as the Patagonian toothfish.
The European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax.

Perciformes

Bass (fish)


Des canyons aux étoiles... (From the canyons to the stars...) is a large twelve-movement orchestral work by the French composer Olivier Messiaen. American Alice Tully commissioned the piece in 1971 to celebrate the bicentenary of the United States Declaration of Independence 1976.

While preparing the work in 1972, Messiaen visited Utah, where he was inspired by the birds and the landscape, particularly at colourful Bryce Canyon (Messiaen had sound-colour synaesthesia). It received its premiere in 1974. Performances of the work can have a duration in the range of 90 to 100 minutes.

The work is published by Éditions Alphonse Leduc.

Instrumentation
The work is scored for four soloists (piano solo, horn solo, xylorimba solo and glockenspiel solo) and orchestra.

The string section consists of only 6 violins, 3 violas, 3 cellos, and 1 double bass with fifth-string lower extension.

The woodwind requires 1 piccolo, 2 flutes, 1 alto flute, 2 oboes, 1 cor anglais, 1 E-flat clarinet, 2 B-flat clarinets, 1 bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, and 1 contrabassoon. Messiaen remarks: "all of the woodwind parts are difficult."

In addition to the sixth movement's horn solo, the brass section also consists of 2 horns, 2 trumpets in c, 1 trumpet in d, 2 trombones, and 1 bass trombone.

The unusually large percussion section, divided for 5 percussionists, consists of Messiaen's own invented instrument the geophone, 1 wind machine, 1 thunder sheet, 1 gong, 1 set of tuned gongs, 1 set of tubular bells, 1 pair of maracas, 1 whip, 1 bass drum, 1 triangle, 1 wood block, 1 set of wooden wind chimes, 1 set of crotales, 1 reco reco, and 1 tumba, among other percussion instruments.

Premieres
The world premiere of this work took place on November 20, 1974, at Alice Tully Hall at Lincoln Center, with the Musica Aeterna Orchestra. The solo personnel for the premiere were:
 Conductor: Frederic Waldman
 Piano solo: Yvonne Loriod, wife of Messiaen who was the piano soloist in many performances of this work as well as Messiaen's other works.
 Horn solo: Sharon Moe

The French premiere occurred on 29 October 1975, at the Théâtre de la Ville in Paris, for the Autumn Festival of 1975. The orchestra was the Ensemble Ars Nova, directed by Marius Constant. The solo personnel were:
 Piano solo: Yvonne Loriod
 Horn solo: Georges Barboteu

Structure
Messiaen specified that the work is in three sections: the first section contains movements 1–5, the second contains movements 6 and 7, and the third section contains movements 8–12. The movements are as follows:

Part 1:
 "Le Désert" ("The desert")
 "Les orioles" ("The orioles")
 "Ce qui est écrit sur les étoiles" ("What is written in the stars")
 "Le Cossyphe d'Heuglin" ("The white-browed robin-chat")
 "Cedar Breaks et le don de crainte" ("Cedar Breaks and the gift of awe")
Part 2:
"Appel interstellaire" ("Interstellar call")
"Bryce Canyon et les rochers rouge-orange" ("Bryce Canyon and the red-orange rocks")

Part 3:
"Les Ressuscités et le chant de l'étoile Aldebaran" ("The resurrected and the song of the star Aldebaran")
"Le Moqueur polyglotte" ("The mockingbird")
"La Grive des bois" ("The wood thrush")
"Omao, leiothrix, elepaio, shama" ("ʻōmaʻo, leiothrix, ʻelepaio, shama")
"Zion Park et la cité céleste" ("Zion Park and the celestial city")

The piano is treated as a solo instrument throughout the work, with the fourth and ninth movements being extended piano cadenzas, while the sixth movement "Appel interstellaire" is for horn alone.

Appel interstellaire
"Appel interstellaire" (Interstellar Call) was the first part of Des Canyons aux étoiles... that Messiaen composed. The title is followed by quotes:

It was originally composed for an entirely different purpose. In March 1971, the young French composer Jean-Pierre Guézec died, and his composer-friends contributed a collection of short pieces for solo instruments in his memory. For that collection, Messiaen wrote a brief movement for solo horn. He liked the piece well enough that when he began work on Des Canyons aux étoiles..., he adapted it for inclusion in the larger piece.

The music is extraordinarily difficult for the performer, who must master a range of techniques: flutter-tonguing, closed notes, glissandos, and faintly-sounded oscillations produced with the keys half-closed. "Appel interstellaire" begins with a strident call that might reach out across the universe, and between the various calls and extended techniques (and several long silences), the horn sings two lyric passages. Along the way we hear the calls of two birds—the Chinese thrush and the canyon wren—and at the end the music fades into silence on a recall of the faint oscillations.

It is increasingly performed as a solo, stand-alone piece by horn players in recitals although Messiaen himself did not wish it to be played separately.

References

Further reading

 , particularly chapter 13, "From the Canyons to the Stars".

External links
 "Canyons in the Canyon" by Roger Kaza, guest blog post, Alex Ross: The Rest Is Noise, 18 February 2016
 Programme note for 9–12 March 2016, From the Canyons to the Stars, Sydney Symphony Orchestra

Canyons
1974 compositions
Compositions for horn
1971 compositions

Des Canyons aux étoiles...


Christopher Latham Sholes (February 14, 1819 in Mooresburg (Pennsylvania, United States) - February 17, 1890 in Milwaukee (Wisconsin, United States) was an American inventor and politician, famous for designing the first commercial typewriter and "QWERTY" keyboard used today.

Biography
Born in Mooresburg, Pennsylvania, sholes moved to nearby Danville as a teenager, where he worked as an apprentice printer. After completing his apprenticeship, Sholes moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he became editor of the newspaper "Wisconsin Enquirer." Put in politics, he was a member of the Senate and the State Assembly. He served President Abraham Lincoln. The typewriter After having patented a counting machine with Samuel W. Souléen in 1864; An amateur inventor, Carlos Glidden suggested the possibility of turning his device into a typewriter. Four years later, on June 23, 1868, he patented his idea, to which he continued to dedicate a large part of his time. In 1872 he sold the patent (US $ 79,265) of his machine for $ 12,000 to Densmore and Yost, who reached an agreement with E. Remington and Sons (then manufacturers of sewing machines) to market what was known as "Typewriter. Sholes and Glidden ». Remington began the production of his first typewriter on May 1, 1873 in Ilion (New York).

Sholes continued working on new developments for the typewriter during the sixties, among the achievements obtained are the QWERTY keyboard in 1873 and the development of the mechanism that moves the blow to the type to be printed, inspired by the operation of the keys of the piano. He also developed the roller on which the paper is placed, a counterweight for the roller and the paper to move, the lever to change the line and the spacer'''''.

References

American inventors
1819 births
1890 deaths
Milwaukee

Christopher Sholes


Charles Livingstone Allen (June 24, 1913 – August 30, 2005) was an American ordained United Methodist minister most notable for his work as a Pastor.

Born in Newborn, Georgia, he ministered around the state, including 1948 to 1960 at Grace United Methodist in Atlanta. During his tenure at Grace, it became the largest congregation in Georgia.  In 1960, he moved to Houston, Texas, where he served at First United Methodist until 1983.  While at First Methodist, it became the largest Methodist congregation in the world at 12,000 members.

Allen was also a columnist for the Atlanta Journal and Atlanta Constitution during the 1950s and after that for the Houston Chronicle. He also authored inspirational books, including God's Psychiatry and All Things Are Possible Through Prayer: The Faith-Filled Guidebook That Can Change Your Life. He pioneered American TV ministries with his WSB-Channel 2 Atlanta Sunday night services beginning in 1956.

The section of Parkway Drive (which connects Highland Ave to Piedmont Park) north of Ponce de Leon in Atlanta was renamed in his honor in the 1960s.

References

 New Georgia Encyclopedia Biography
 Houston Chronicle Obituary
 Allen, Charles and Louis Marchiafava. Allen Charles Oral History, Houston Oral History Project, August 27, 1975.
 God's Psychiatry by Charles L. Allen God's Psychiatry Audiobook Amazon.com

1913 births
2005 deaths
Clergy from Atlanta
Clergy from Houston
People from Newton County, Georgia
American columnists
20th-century Methodist ministers
Journalists from Houston
American United Methodist clergy
20th-century American clergy

Charles L. Allen