Sir John Frank Kermode, FBA (29 November 1919 – 17 August 2010) was a British literary critic best known for his 1967 work The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction and for his extensive book-reviewing and editing.

He was the Lord Northcliffe Professor of Modern English Literature at University College London and the King Edward VII Professor of English Literature at Cambridge University.

Kermode was known for many works of criticism, and also as editor of the popular Fontana Modern Masters series of introductions to modern thinkers. He was a regular contributor to the London Review of Books and The New York Review of Books.

Early life and education
Kermode was born on the Isle of Man, the only son and elder child of John Pritchard Kermode (1894–1966) and Doris Pearl (1893–1967), née Kennedy. His father was a delivery truck driver and warehouseman for a ferry company, and his mother, a "farm girl", had been a waitress. The family was of "extremely modest means", and "struggled to maintain a respectable yet always precarious standard of life". The Kermode family- which according to Kermode's reminiscences had "some kind of Welsh connection"- had in previous generations been somewhat more comfortable financially; Kermode's grandfather was an organist, and his grandmother, who remarried as a widow, came to own an off-licence/ general store. Her new husband "staged a robbery of the shop and stole the stock and... she went bankrupt". Kermode's father, on returning from serving in the First World War, finding there now to be no family business, "took temporary jobs and then got what he thought was a job that would see him through, as a storekeeper and he stayed in that for the rest of his career". Kermode's father retired after the Second World War, both he and his wife coming to be in poor health; Kermode's mother suffered from dementia, and his father was "an extreme diabetic", dying from diabetes while resident in a retirement home. Kermode, having come first in the examinations allowing attendance, was educated at Douglas High School for Boys and the University of Liverpool. He served in the Royal Navy during the Second World War, for six years in total, much of it in Iceland.

Career
He began his academic career as a lecturer at King's College, Durham University, in 1947. He later taught at the University of Reading from 1949, where he produced the Arden edition of Shakespeare's The Tempest. He held professorships at the University of Manchester (1958) and the University of Bristol (1965), before being appointed to the Lord Northcliffe chair at University College London (UCL) in 1967. Under Kermode, the UCL English Department chaired a series of graduate seminars which broke new ground by introducing for the first time contemporary French critical theory to Britain.

Kermode was a contributor for several years to the literary and political magazine Encounter and in 1965 became co-editor. He resigned within two years, once it became clear that the magazine was funded by the CIA.

In 1974, Kermode took the position of King Edward VII Professor of English Literature at Cambridge University. He resigned the post in 1982, at least in part because of the acrimonious tenure debate surrounding Colin MacCabe. He then moved to Columbia University, where he was Julian Clarence Levi Professor Emeritus in the Humanities. In 1975–76 he held the Norton Lectureship at Harvard University.

Awards and recognitions
He was knighted in 1991. A few months before Kermode's death the scholar James Shapiro described him as "the best living reader of Shakespeare anywhere, hands down".

Kermode died in Cambridge on 17 August 2010.

Personal life
Kermode was married twice. He was married to Maureen Eccles from 1947 to 1970. The couple had twins. His second marriage was to the American scholar Anita Van Vactor. The couple co-edited The Oxford Book of Letters (1995).

In September 1996 he had boxes containing valuable books and manuscripts removed and destroyed in a dustcart by a Cambridge City Council refuse collection team (instead of the removal company employed to move them to another house). He sued CCC for £20,000; the Council denied responsibility.

Academic positions
 Lecturer, University of Durham (1947–49)
 Lecturer, University of Reading (1949–58)
 John Edward Taylor Professor of English Literature, University of Manchester (1958–65)
 Winterstoke Professor of English, University of Bristol (1965–67)
 Lord Northcliffe Professor of Modern English Literature, University College London (1967–74)
 Honorary Fellow, University College London (1996–2010)
 King Edward VII Professor of English Literature, University of Cambridge (1974–82)
 Fellow, King's College, Cambridge (1974–87)
 Charles Eliot Norton Professor of Poetry, Harvard University (1977–78)
 Julian Clarence Levi Professor in the Humanities, Columbia University (1982–84)
 Honorary Fellow, King's College, Cambridge (1988–2010)

Works
English Pastoral Poetry from the Beginnings to Marvell, (1952), Life, Literature and Thought Library, Harrap, , OCLC 230064261
The Arden Edition of the Works of William Shakespeare: The Tempest (1954) London: Methuen, OCLC 479707500
Seventeenth Century Songs, now first printed from a Bodleian manuscript (1956), ed. with John P. Cutts. Reading University School of Art, OCLC 185784945
John Donne (1957), London: Longmans, Green & Co., , OCLC 459757847
Romantic Image (1957), Routledge & Kegan Paul, , OCLC 459757853
The Living Milton: essays by various hands, collected and edited by Frank Kermode (1960), Routledge & Kegan Paul, OCLC 460313451
Wallace Stevens (1961), Evergreen pilot books, EP4, New York: Grove Press, , OCLC 302326
Puzzles and Epiphanies: essays and reviews 1958–1961 (1962), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, OCLC 6516698
Discussions of John Donne. Edited with an introduction by Frank Kermode (1962), Boston: D. C. Heath & Co., OCLC 561198453
Spenser and the Allegorists (1962), London: Oxford University Press, OCLC 6126122
William Shakespeare: the final plays (1963), London: Longmans, Green & Co., OCLC 59684048
The Patience of Shakespeare (1964), New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, OCLC 10454934
The Integrity of Yeats (1964), with Donoghue, Denis, Jeffares, Norman, Henn, T. R., and Davie, Donald (1964), Cork: Mercier Press, , OCLC 1449245
Spenser: selections from the minor poems and The Faerie Queene (1965), London: Oxford University Press, OCLC 671410
On Shakespeare's Learning (1965), Manchester: Manchester University Press, OCLC 222028401
Four Centuries of Shakespearian Criticism (1965) Rouben Mamoulian Collection (Library of Congress) (1965), Avon library, OS2, New York: Avon Books, , OCLC 854327
The Humanities and the Understanding of Reality (1966), with Beardsley, Monroe C., Frye, Northrop, Bingham, Barry; Thomas B. Stroup, ed. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, OCLC 429358239
The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction (1967; 2nd edition 2000), New York: Oxford University Press, , OCLC 42072263
Marvell: selected poetry (1962), New York: New American Library, , OCLC 716175
Continuities (1968), New York: Random House, , OCLC 166560
The Poems of John Donne (1968), Cambridge: University Printing House, OCLC 601720173
Shakespeare: King Lear: a casebook (1969), Casebook series, London: Macmillan,
The Metaphysical poets,(1969), Fawcett Pub. Co, OCLC 613406485
On Poetry and Poets by T. S. Eliot (1969) editor
Modern Essays (1970), London: Collins, , OCLC 490969948
Shakespeare, Spenser, Donne (1971), London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, , OCLC 637793898
The Oxford Reader: varieties of contemporary discourse (1971), ed. with Poirier, Richard. (1971), New York: Oxford University Press, , OCLC 145191
Lawrence (1973), London: Fontana Modern Masters, , OCLC 628922
The Oxford Anthology of English Literature: The Middle Ages Through the 18th Century  (1973) ed. with John Hollander, two vols.
English Renaissance Literature, Introductory Lectures (1974), with Stephen Fender and Kenneth Palmer
The Classic: literary images of permanence and change (1975), New York, Viking Press, , OCLC 1207405
Selected Prose of T. S. Eliot (1975), London, Faber and Faber, OCLC 299343248
The Genesis of Secrecy: on the interpretation of narrative (1979), Charles Eliot Norton lectures, Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press, , OCLC 441081372
The Art of Telling: essays on fiction (1983), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, , OCLC 9283076
Forms of Attention (1985), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, , OCLC 11518139
The Literary Guide to the Bible (1987), ed. with Robert Alter, London, Collins & Sons, OCLC 248461187
History and Value (1988), Clarendon lectures and Northcliffe lectures 1987, Oxford: Clarendon Press, , OCLC 613291093
An Appetite for Poetry: essays in literary interpretation (1989), London: Collins, , OCLC 20419496
Poetry, Narrative, History (1989), Oxford: Blackwell, , OCLC 283038643
Andrew Marvell (1990), ed. with Keith Walker, Oxford: New York, Oxford University Press, OCLC 21335465
The Uses of Error (1990), London: Collins, , OCLC 246587512
An Unmentionable Man (1994), ed. with Edward Upward, London: Enitharmon Press, OCLC 407255162
The Oxford Book of Letters (1995), ed. with Anita Kermode, Oxford: Oxford University Press, OCLC 406986931
Not Entitled: a memoir (1995), New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, , OCLC 32544681
Stevens: collected poetry and prose (1997), ed. with Joan Richardson, New York: Library of America, , OCLC 470040871
The Mind Has Mountains: a.alvarez@lxx (1999), ed. with Anthony Holden, et al, Cambridge: Los Poetry Press, OCLC 42309776
Edward Upward: a bibliography 1920–2000 (2000), ed. with Alan Walker, London: Enitharmon Press, OCLC 49843441
Shakespeare's Language (2000), New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, , OCLC 42772306
Pleasing Myself: from Beowulf to Philip Roth (2001), London: Allen Lane, , OCLC 462323235
life.after.theory (interview) (2003), Michael Payne, John Schad, eds.London; New York: Continuum, OCLC 51567851
Pieces of My Mind: writings 1958–2002 (2003) (American edition subtitled essays and criticism 1958–2002), London: Allen Lane, , OCLC 52144014
The Age of Shakespeare (2004), London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, , OCLC 59277844
Pleasure, Change, and Canon (2004), with Robert Alter, The Berkeley Tanner lectures, Oxford University Press,
The Duchess of Malfi: seven masterpieces of Jacobean drama (annotated edn; 2005), Modern Library,
Concerning E. M. Forster (2009), Farrar, Straus and Giroux,
Bury Place Papers: essays from the London Review of Books (2009), London Review of Books,

References

Further reading
Margaret Tudeau-Clayton and Martin Warner, editors (1991), Addressing Frank Kermode. Essays in Criticism and Interpretation
Christopher J. Knight (2003), Uncommon Readers: Denis Donoghue, Frank Kermode, George Steiner, and the Tradition of the Common Reader

External links
 John Sutherland interviews Frank Kermode
 Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 19 February 2008 (video)
 Fontana Modern Masters or "Books, Art, and Books as Art : A Cover Story"
 Frank Kermode interviewed by Christopher Tayler, 5 December 2009
 Frank Kermode interviewed by Jonathan Derbyshire in New Statesman
 About Kermode's life and obituary, The Guardian, Wednesday, 18 August 2010.

1919 births
2010 deaths
British literary critics
Manx writers
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Academics of Durham University
Academics of the University of Reading
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
Academics of the University of Bristol
Academics of University College London
Harvard University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the British Academy
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Shakespearean scholars
People educated at St Ninian's High School, Douglas

Frank Kermode


Anonymous works are works, such as art or literature, made by someone who is anonymous. Some authors or artists choose to keep their identity a secret; others cannot reveal their names for legal reasons. In 2007, The Washington Post published an article by an anonymous author describing the use of national security letters by the FBI. In this case, the author, who would have preferred to be named, could not reveal his or her identity because it was against the law.

Some anonymous works are not created by people who choose to be anonymous, but their creators are unknown (not by choice). With some very old or ancient works, the creator's name may simply be lost over the course of history, or historians are not sure. In such cases the author is often referred to as Anonymus, the Latin form of "anonymous". In the United States it is legally defined as "a work on the copies or phonorecords of which no natural person is identified as author."

Related pages
Pseudonym

Literature
Intellectual property law

Anonymous work


Tanjong Pagar MRT Station (EW15) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the East West Line in Downtown Core, Singapore. The station caters to people, especially businessmen and residents, working and living in the Shenton Way and Robinson Road areas. Currently the station is surrounded by recent developments of Tanjong Pagar Centre, of which it is the tallest skyscraper in Singapore (290 metres). Permission is required by the authority and it is exempted from the height restrictions due to Paya Lebar Airbase.

History
The station was first opened on 12 December 1987, as part of the extension of the system to Outram Park.

The station was expanded in 2004 to facilitate disabled access and the new Exit I was later opened. Before the Tanjong Pagar Centre (Exit J) opens, there are several exits in the MRT station, all connected by the underpass:

A: Peck Seah Street
B: Maxwell Road
C: Anson Road
D: Prince Edward Road
E: AXA Tower (formerly Temasek Tower)
F: Robinson Road
G: Telok Ayer (Amoy Street Market)
H: Springleaf Street

The faregates at this station were replaced in 12 October 2012 and the Exit I faregates were replaced on 20 August 2017.

References

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations

Tanjong Pagar MRT station


The Crucible is a 1950s play about the Salem Witch Trials by Arthur Miller.

Miller wrote this play during the time of McCarthyism in America. Many people were afraid that communism would stop the American way of life. Some people falsely accused their enemies and even their friends of being communists during this time. Miller writes about the ideas of fear and false accusation which affected him during this time.

A "crucible" is a severe test or trial, which is exactly what happens in the play. Miller intended "The Crucible" as an allegory to McCarthyism. The events that took place during the time the play was written were very similar to the Salem witch hunts. This is why Miller named the book "The Crucible" after the Salem Witch Trials.

Characters
Many of the characters in the Crucible are based on real people who were at the Salem Witch trials.  Some are also based on people in the 1950s Red Scare, such as Joseph McCarthy and Julius Rosenberg
John Proctor- Farmer in the town, had an affair with Abigail Williams, has three sons, is accused of being a witch, refuses to say he was wrong, and dies for his dignity.
Abigail Williams- Niece of Samuel Parris, former servant to John and Elizabeth Proctor.  Uses the trials to gain status in the town and get revenge on Elizabeth.
Reverend Parris- The local Congregational minister, who starts the witch issue by bringing Rev. Hale.  Uncle of Abigail
Betty Parris- His daughter, who becomes sick after dancing in the woods
Elizabeth Proctor- John Proctor's wife, accused of being a witch by Abigail Williams after she fired her for sleeping with her husband
Reverend John Hale-An outsider who knows a lot about witches and the devil.  Rev. Parris brings him in.  Though he first is trying to find as many witches as possible, he later quits the witch trials because he finds out that there is no devil, but that unspoken revenge is working its way through the trials
Giles Corey-Old man who owns a lot of land and often argues with his neighbors.  Accidentally implies that his wife is a witch because she reads books and when she does, he can not pray.  Arrested for not naming names, then killed by being crushed by large rocks
Deputy Governor Danforth-One of the judges at the witch trials, who wants to end all bad practices in Salem, is sure there is a devil in Salem at the beginning but at the end has his doubts as well
Thomas Putnam- Owns a lot of land, takes to the witch idea to explain the death of his children and to buy other people's land after they are hung
Ann Putnam-Thomas Putnam's wife
Tituba- Servant to Reverend Parris, from the Barbados Islands.  She practices some sort of voodoo.
Martha Corey-Wife of Giles Corey, who is said to be a witch because she reads
Rebecca Nurse-Old and religious woman who is killed for not thinking the witch trials were a good idea, charged because Mrs. Putnam was jealous she had so many kids when all but one of the baby Putnams died
Cheever-the recorder of the trials, he writes down what happens and is told to arrest people

Plot (theatre version)
In the beginning of the story, Reverend Parris is looking at his daughter, Betty, while weeping and praying. She is asleep on her bed and cannot wake up. They know that she is not dead, but she does not move or speak. She just lies there. Parris heard that Betty and other girls were dancing in the woods. (This was a very bad thing at the time because that implied they knew the devil.)

Reverend Parris's slave, Tituba, is from Barbados. Abigail says that she put a spell on Betty so she would not wake up. Parris is angry with Tituba. He makes her say that she was a witch, and the devil made her curse Betty. Suddenly, Abigail and Betty both say that they were with the devil too, so they would get out of trouble. They say that other people like Goody Osborne and Goody Good are witches too.

John Proctor's relationship with his wife is quite tense because he cheated on her with Abigail. They try to pretend that nothing is wrong but end up having a tense argument about it. While they are arguing, Mary Warren comes in. Proctor is angry with her for leaving the house when he demanded that she did not. She is arrogant and says she is an official of the court and that her services are needed. Mary informs John and Elizabeth that many more than 39 people will be executed instead of the 19 they heard about. She also claims that she saved Elizabeth's life because Elizabeth was "somewhat mentioned" in court. After Mary goes to bed, Cheever comes to arrest Elizabeth. John does not take it well and rips the arrest warrant. After an emotional exchange, Elizabeth is taken and she gives Mary brief directions for the next day.

In court, John tries to help his wife by accusing the "witches" in court with Mary's deposition. He tells the court how well he knows these people and that they cannot be witches. He confesses that he slept with Abigail and that she wishes to see Elizabeth dead. Abigail is angered and threatens the judge. He tries to get Mary to tell the truth and she initially does, but then reforms to Abigail's act again after being accused of working with the devil. Mary then calls John a witch and says that he has dealings with the devil. This is a problem because John is very respected in the town, so the judges ask him to admit that he works with the devil. He will be able to live if he lies.

In the end, he signs a letter of confession stating that he works with the devil. Then he destroys the letter instead of lying. He wants to live so he could look after his family, but chose to keep his respect and honor instead. He is tried and the court kills him by hanging. However, the court allows Elizabeth to live because she is pregnant. Abigail runs away to Boston with Mercy Lewis, after stealing her uncle's money because she thinks that people know she told lies.

Salem Witch Trials
American plays
1953 works
1950s plays

The Crucible


Donald in Mathmagic Land is a 1959 American live-action animated featurette produced by Walt Disney Productions and featuring Donald Duck. The short was directed by Hamilton Luske (with Wolfgang Reitherman, Les Clark, and Joshua Meador as sequence directors) and was released on June 26, 1959. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) at the 32nd Academy Awards, and became a widely viewed educational film in American schools of the 1960s and beyond.

Plot

1: Very Strange
The film begins with Donald Duck, holding a hunting rifle, passing through a doorway to find that he has entered Mathmagic Land. This "mighty strange" fantasy land contains trees with square roots, a stream flowing with numbers, and a walking pencil that plays tic-tac-toe. A geometric bird recites (almost perfectly) the first 15 digits of pi. Donald soon hears the voice of the unseen "True Spirit of Adventure" (Paul Frees), who will guide him on his journey through "the wonderland of mathematics".

2: The Time Of Pythagoras
Donald is initially not interested in exploring Mathmagic Land, believing that math is just for "eggheads". When "Mr. Spirit" suggests a connection between math and music, though, Donald is intrigued. First, Donald discovers the relationships between octaves and string length which develop the musical scale of today. Next, Donald finds himself in ancient Greece, where Pythagoras and his contemporaries are discovering these same relationships. Pythagoras (on the harp), a flute player, and a double bass player hold a "jam session" which Donald joins after a few moments using a vase as a bongo drum. Pythagoras' mathematical discoveries are, as the Spirit explains, the basis of today's music, and that music would not exist without "eggheads". The segment ends with a sequence of live action musicians playing both jazz and classical music and Pythagoras' pals fading away.

3: The Golden Rectangle
After shaking hands with Pythagoras, who then vanishes, Donald finds on his hand a pentagram, the symbol of the secret Pythagorean society. The Spirit then shows Donald how the mysterious golden section appears in the pentagram. Next, the pentagram is shown to contain the pattern for constructing golden rectangles many times over. According to the Spirit, the golden rectangle has influenced both ancient and modern cultures in many ways. Donald then learns how the golden rectangle appears in many ancient buildings, such as the Parthenon and the Notre Dame cathedral. Paintings such as the Mona Lisa and various sculptures such as the Venus de Milo contain several golden rectangles. The use of the golden rectangle is found in modern architecture, such as the United Nations building in New York City. Modern painters have also rediscovered the magic of the golden rectangles.

4: Mathematical Forms In Nature
The Spirit shows Donald how the golden rectangle and pentagram are related to the human body and nature, respectively.  The human body contains the "ideal proportions" of the golden section; Donald, overinterpreting the Spirit's advice, tries to make his own body fit such a proportion, but his efforts are to no avail; he ends up "all pent up in a pentagon". The pentagram and pentagon are then shown to be found in many flowers and animals, such as the petunia, the star jasmine, the starfish, the waxflower, and with the help of the inside of a nautilus shell, the Spirit explains that the magic proportions of the golden section are often found in the spirals of nature's designs, quoting Pythagoras: "Everything is arranged according to number and mathematical shape".

5: Mathematics in Games
Donald then learns that mathematics applies not only to nature, architecture, and music, but also to games that are played on geometrical surfaces, including chess, baseball, American football, basketball, hopscotch, and three-cushion billiard. Donald even volunteers the game Tiddlywinks, but the Spirit does not pursue this option. Themes of Lewis Carroll's 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass are scattered throughout the chess scene; Carroll himself was both a writer and a mathematician. The extended billiards scene, which features a non-speaking live actor, shows the calculations involved in the game's "diamond system", and Donald finally learns how to do the calculations, though he ends up making it tough for himself, spectacularly hitting ten cushions in a single shot nonetheless.

6: Mathematical Thinking
The Spirit then asks Donald to play a mental game, but he finds Donald's mind to be too cluttered with "Antiquated Ideas", "Bungling", "False Concepts", "Superstitions", and "Confusion".  After some mental house-cleaning, Donald plays with a circle and a triangle in his mind, he spins them to make them respectively into a sphere and a cone, and then he discovers useful inventions such as the wheel, train, magnifying glass, drill, spring, propeller, and telescope. Donald then discovers that pentagrams can be drawn inside each other indefinitely. Therefore, numbers provide an avenue to consider the infinite. The Spirit states that scientific knowledge and technological advances are unlimited, and the key to unlocking the doors of the future is mathematics. By the end of the film, Donald understands and appreciates the value of mathematics. The film closes with a quotation from Galileo Galilei: "Mathematics is the alphabet with which God has written the universe".

Cast
 Clarence Nash as Donald Duck (voice)
 Paul Frees as The True Spirit of Adventure / Narrator (voice), and the Pi creature (voice)
 June Foray as the Chess Queen (voice)
 Daws Butler as the Chess King (voice)
 Roman Yanez as The Billiards Player

Production
The film was directed by Hamilton Luske. Contributors included Disney artists John Hench and Art Riley, voice talent Paul Frees, and scientific expert Heinz Haber, who had worked on the Disney space shows. It was released on a bill with Darby O'Gill and the Little People. In 1959, it was nominated for an Academy Award for (Best Documentary – Short Subjects). In 1961, two years after its release, it was shown as part of the first program of Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color with an introduction by Ludwig Von Drake.

The film was made available to schools and became one of the most popular educational films ever made by Disney. As Walt Disney himself explained, "The cartoon is a good medium to stimulate interest. We have recently explained mathematics in a film and in that way excited public interest in this very important subject."

Releases
1959 – theatrical release
1961 – Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, episode #8.1: "An Adventure in Color/Mathmagicland" (TV)

Home media
The short was released on November 11, 2008 on Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume Four: 1951-1961.

Additional releases include:
1988 – Walt Disney Mini Classics: Donald in Mathmagic Land (VHS)
2007 – Donald in Mathmagic Land (DVD exclusive to the Disney Movie Club)
2009 – Donald in Mathmagic Land (DVD)

In other media
 A comic book adaptation was made, scripted by Don R. Christensen, pencilled by Tony Strobl, and inked by Steve Steere. However, this version differs in some ways from the original film version, providing a better context for Donald's excursion into Mathmagic Land.
 The House of Mouse episode "Gone Goofy" features an advertisement for Mathmagic Land at the end.
 In the 2023 Ted Lasso episode "Sunflowers," Lasso consumes what he believes to be psychedelic drugs and begins to hallucinate about the geometry of triangles. The style of animated hallucination sequence is visually similar to that of Donald in Mathmagic Land, and Lasso also hears the voice of The True Spirit of Adventure (voiced by Corey Burton) explaining the significance of the triangle.

References

External links

 Donald in Mathmagic Land at Disney.com

1950s educational films
1959 animated films
1959 short films
1950s Disney animated short films
Disney educational films
Donald Duck short films
1950s English-language films
Short films with live action and animation
Films scored by Buddy Baker (composer)
Animated films set in ancient Greece
Films set in Athens
Animated films set in New York City
Animated films set in Paris
Films about mathematics
Animated films about music and musicians
Films adapted into comics
Animated films based on Alice in Wonderland
Films directed by Les Clark
Films directed by Hamilton Luske
Films directed by Joshua Meador
Short films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman
Films produced by Walt Disney
Cultural depictions of Pythagoras
American animated featurettes
1950s American films
Baseball animation
Basketball animation

Donald in Mathmagic Land


The title of Duke of Bedford is a British title has been created several times and is today held by the Russell family since 1694. The heir to the title is usually given the title of "Marquess of Tavistock". The family seat is Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire. The private mausoleum and chapel of the Russell Family and the Dukes of Bedford is at St. Michael's Church in Chenies, Buckinghamshire. The family owns the Bedford Estate in central London. The duke is entitled to the style of address of His/Your Grace.

Dukes of Bedford, sixth Creation (1694)
Other titles: Marquess of Tavistock (1694), Baron Howland (1695), Earl of Bedford (1551), Baron Russell (1538) and Baron Russell of Thornhaugh (1603)
 William Russell, 1st Duke of Bedford (1616–1700), was created Duke of Bedford in 1694, after the Glorious Revolution
 Wriothesley Russell, 2nd Duke of Bedford (1680–1711), only son of Rt. Hon. William Russell, Lord Russell (whose attainder had been reversed in 1688)
 Wriothesley Russell, 3rd Duke of Bedford (1708–1732), third son of the 2nd Duke, died without issue
 John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford (1710–1771), fourth and youngest son of the 2nd Duke
 Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford (1765–1802), eldest son of Lord Tavistock, died without issue
 John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford (1766–1839), second son of Lord Tavistock
 Francis Russell, 7th Duke of Bedford (1788–1861), eldest son of the 6th Duke
 William Russell, 8th Duke of Bedford (1809–1872), only son of the 7th Duke, died unmarried
 Francis Charles Hastings Russell, 9th Duke of Bedford (1819–1891), eldest son of Maj.-Gen. Lord George Russell, second son of the 6th Duke
 George William Francis Sackville Russell, 10th Duke of Bedford (1852–1893), eldest son of the 9th Duke, died without children
 Herbrand Arthur Russell, 11th Duke of Bedford (1858–1940), second son of the 9th Duke
 Hastings William Sackville Russell, 12th Duke of Bedford (1888–1953), only son of the 11th Duke
 John Ian Robert Russell, 13th Duke of Bedford (1917–2002), eldest son of the 12th Duke
 Henry Robin Ian Russell, 14th Duke of Bedford (1940–2003), eldest son of the 13th Duke
 Andrew Ian Henry Russell, 15th Duke of Bedford (b. 1962), eldest son of the 14th Duke

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son Henry Robin Charles Russell, Marquess of Tavistock (b. 2005).

Duke of Bedford


August Kopff (February 5 1882–April 25 1960) was a German astronomer who found many comets and asteroids.

He found some comets, such as the periodic comet 22P/Kopff and the non-periodic C/1906 E1.

He found many asteroids, such as the notable Trojan asteroids 617 Patroclus and 624 Hektor.

A crater on the Moon is named after him: see Kopff (crater).

1882 births
1960 deaths

German astronomers

August Kopff


A Lego minifigure (a.k.a. Lego person) is a small figure as part of Lego toys. Minifigures are found in Lego sets, although they are also sold separately as keychains and magnets, also can be found in Lego minifigures bags. Minifigures in 1975 were the same size as minifigures today, but did not have any moving arms or legs. They had a small variety of headpieces, including caps, pigtail hair and cowboy hats. Since 1978, Lego minifigures have had more clothing, hats, shirts and pants to choose from. They started packing them in sets, including Star Wars.

Minifigures are still used in many Lego sets we know today. There are many minifigures such as mermaid with a identical tail to the ocean king and many shorter characters such as the evil dwarf.

Lego

Lego minifigure


Postum is a drink first made by C. W. Post in 1895. It is a powder substitute for coffee that is mixed with water. The ingredients are wheat bran, wheat, molasses, and corn dextrin.

It is advertised as a healthier choice of drink than coffee.

Drinks

Postum


La Verra Frida si usa diri c'accuminzau nta lu 1947, sùbbutu dòppu la secunna guerra munniali. Nta ogni casu sciarra, picca firucia l'unu cu l'autru e tinzioni ca fuorru li fattura basilari di la Verra Frida ponu siri ducumintati ca accuminzarri nta na manera seria subbitu duoppu a Prima Verra Mundiali nta lu 1914.
Lu quadru sinotticu ilenca macari dati impurtanti nta l'uriggini di la Verra Frida, sibbeni sta paggina cierca di dari na brevi spiegazzioni di comu sti iventa influenzarru a Verra Frida (1947-1991) vera e propria.

1910-
Granni divisiona suciali nta lu munnu tra chiddi ca ci avieunu lu putiri e n zaccu i sanaredda e chidda ca vivienu comu a li bestie.

1914
 28 di giugnu: Gavrilo Princip togghi da circulazzioni l'Arciduca Franz Ferdinand a Sarajevo inniscannu, attraversu na serie d'allianzi, lu scoppiu di la Prima Verra Munniali. Nun fu sulu du iventu a farila anniscari a Verra Munniali, ma sulu a goccia ca fici trabuccari lu vasu: c'era assai tinzioni nta lu munnu pi via di la Rivoluzzioni i Frivaru, e dunqui macari ppi via di la Rivoluzzioni d'Ottoviri (o Rivoluzzioni Bolscevica) nta Russia ca vitti a nascita di lu primu statu cumunista a livellu planetariu.
 1 d'austu: Scoppia a Prima Verra Munniali ca porta a formazzioni di l'Unioni Sovietica duoppu aviriri fattu cariri lu Cuvernu Russu Pruvvisoriu.

1917
 Rivuluzzioni di Frivaru e Rivuluzzioni di Uttuviri: A Rivuluzzioni Russa di lu 1917
 Uttuviri 25: A rivuluzzioni bulscivica eni nu golpi sinza ittari sancu unni lu partitu cumunista russu pigghia lu cuntrollu nta na nuttata e 'nfini porta a funnazzioni di l'Unioni Suvietica. Lu primu attu puliticu di Lenin eni di niguzziari a paci cu li tideschi, lassannuci nu munzieddu di tirrituri uccidintali a lu statu girmanicu.
 Uttùviru: Inizziu dâ Verra Civili Russa

1918
 Austu: 'Ntirventu alliatu 'nta Verra Civili Russa - a Gran Britannia, gli Stati Uniti di la Merica e a Francia mannanu truppi ppi circari d'aiutari lu Sercitu Viancu a bincìri supra a li Bulscivichi e l'Armata Russa. Nun sa firanu e lu Zarri ca so famigghia riali vènunu gghiustizziati, ma stu nun fàrisi l'affari soi di parti di l'Ovist ci rumpi i scatuli ei Russi.

1920s

1922
 29 Dicèmmiri: S'apprisenta supra a scena 'ntirnazziunali l'Unioni Suvietica duoppu ca li Bulscivichi vinciunu a Verra Civili Russa.

1924
 Vladimir Lenin sa cuagghia ruoppu lu terzu 'nfartu nta n'annu lassannu nu vuotu ri putiri..

1928
 Joseph Stalin addiventa lu premier di l'URSS.

anni trenta

1933
 8 ri nuvèmmiri: li stati uniti di la merica arricanusciunu l'URSS.

1939
 23 d'austu: lu pattu Molotov-Ribbentrop canusciutu macàri comu Pattu ri Nun-Aggrissioni lassa l'Uccidenti inzicuru supra a l'URSS e, in particulari, a comu Stalin riaccisci cchiu tardi duranti a sicunna verra munniali quannu va a fari parti di l'allianza anti-nazzista ccu li stati uniti di la merica e lu rignu unitu..
 1 ri sittèmmiru: Parti a Sicunna Verra Munniali.
 3 di sittèmmiru: A Gran Britagna e a Francia addichiaranu verra a Girmania ruoppu l'invasioni ra Pulonia di parti ra a Wehrmacht.
 10 di sittèmmiru: Canada addichiara verra a Girmania.

1940s

1941
 June 22: Germany repudiates the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and invades the USSR in Operation Barbarossa.
 December 7: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor causing the USA to join World War Two.

1944
 June 6th: The United Kingdom (UK), United States (US) and Canada  land in Normandy, France, in the D-Day landings. US, UK and other Allied forces have fought in the Mediterranean and Italy for the past 11 months, in order to draw German forces away from the main invasion area. The four years of war against Germany see 26.5 million Russian dead in contrast to 300,000 American in all theatres of war, and 390,000 British dead.
 August 29th: Soviet territory is fully liberated from Axis troops. Soviet troops enter Poland.

1945
 February 4:  The Yalta Conference occurs, deciding the post-war status of Germany. The Allies (the USA, the USSR, Great Britain and France) to divide Germany into four occupation zones. Also the nations agreed that free elections were to be held in all countries occupied by Nazi Germany. In addition the new United Nations would replace the failed League of Nations.
 July 24: US President Harry S. Truman informs Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalin that the United States has nuclear weapons.
 August 2: The Potsdam Conference ends with the Potsdam Agreement that organizes the division and reconstruction of Europe after World War II. New boundaries of Poland were agreed. After the agreement to divide Germany into four zones [Yalta Conference], the four nations also decide to split Germany's capital, Berlin into four zones as well. They also agree to start legal trials at Nuremberg of the Nazi War criminals.
 August 6: US President Truman gives permission for the world's first military use of an atomic weapon against the Japanese city of Hiroshima in an attempt to bring the only remaining theater of war from the Second World War in the Pacific to a swift close.
 August 8: The USSR honors its agreement to declare war on Japan within three months of the victory in Europe, and in Operation August Storm invades Manchuria. In accordance with the Yalta Conference agreements, the Soviet Union also invades Japanese Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.
 August 9: US President Truman gives permission for the world's second and last military use of an atomic weapon against the Japanese city of Nagasaki in order to try to secure a swift Japanese unconditional surrender in the end of the Second World War.
 September 2: The Japanese surrender unconditionally to the US on board the USS Missouri to representative General Douglas MacArthur.
 September 5: Igor Gouzenko, a clerk working in the Soviet embassy in Ottawa, Canada, defects and provides proof to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police of a Soviet spy ring operating in Canada and other western countries.  The Gouzenko affair helps change perceptions of the Soviet Union from an ally to a foe.

1946
 January: Chinese Civil War resumes between Communist and Nationalist forces.
 January 7: The Republic of Austria is reconstituted, with its 1937 borders, but divided into four zones of control: American, British, French, and Soviet.
 January 11: Enver Hoxha declares the People's Republic of Albania, with himself as Prime Minister.
 February 22: George F. Kennan writes his Long Telegram, describing his interpretation of the objectives and intentions of the Soviet leadership.
 March: The Greek Civil War reignites between communists and the conservative Greek government.
 March 2: British soldiers withdraw from their zone of occupation in southern Iran. Soviet soldiers remain in their northern sector.
 March 5: Winston Churchill warns of the descent of an Iron Curtain across Europe.
 April 5: Soviet forces evacuate Iran after a crisis.
 July 4: The Philippines gains independence from the United States, and begins fighting communist Huk rebels.
 September 6: In a speech known as the Restatement of Policy on Germany in Stuttgart,  James F. Byrnes, United States Secretary of State repudiates the Morgenthau Plan and gives Germans hope for the future. He states the US intention to keep troops in Europe indefinitely and expresses US approval of the territorial annexation of 29% of pre-war Germany, but does not condone further claims.
 September 8: In a referendum, Bulgaria votes for the establishment of a People's Republic, deposing King Simeon II. Western countries dismiss the vote as fundamentally flawed.
 December 19: French landings in Indochina begin the First Indochina War. They are resisted by the Viet Minh communists who want national independence.

1947
 January 1: The American and British zones of control in Germany are united to form the Bizone also known as Bizonia.
 March 12: United States President Harry Truman announces the Truman Doctrine. The Doctrine states that the USA will remain committed to "contain" further communist expansion. Truman cites the  domino effect as a possibility.
 May 22: US extends $400 million of military aid to Greece and Turkey, signalling its intent to contain communism in the Mediterranean.
 June 5: Secretary of State George Marshall outlines plans for a comprehensive program of economic assistance for the war-ravaged countries of Western Europe. It would become known throughout the world as the Marshall Plan.
 July 11: The US announces new occupation policies in Germany. The occupation directive JCS 1067, whose economic section had prohibited "steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany [or] designed to maintain or strengthen the German economy", is replaced by the new US occupation directive JCS 1779 which instead notes that "An orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany."
 August 14: India and Pakistan are granted independence by the United Kingdom.
 November 14: The United Nations passes a resolution calling for the withdrawal of foreign soldiers from Korea, free elections in each of the two administrations, and the creation of a UN commission dedicated to the unification of the peninsula.

1948
 February 26: The Communist Party takes control in Czechoslovakia, after President Edvard Beneš accepts the resignation of all non-communist ministers.
 April 3: Truman signs the Marshall Plan into effect. By the end of the programs, the United States has given $12.4bn in economic assistance to European countries.
 May 10: A parliamentary vote in southern Korea sees the confirmation of Syngman Rhee as President of the Republic of Korea, after a left-wing boycott.
 June 18: A communist insurgency in Malaya begins against British and Commonwealth forces.
 June 21: In Germany, the Bizone and the French zone launch a common currency, the Deutsche Mark.
 June 24: Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin orders the blockade of all land routes from West Germany to Berlin, in an attempt to starve out the French, British, and American forces from the city. In response, the three Western powers launch the Berlin Airlift to supply the citizens of Berlin by air.
 June 28: Yugoslavia splits from the Soviet camp.
 July 17: The constitution of the Republic of Korea is effected.
 September 9: The Soviet Union declares the Democratic People's Republic of Korea to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, with Kim Il-Sung as Prime Minister.

1949
 April 4: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is founded by Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States, in order to resist Communist expansion.
 May 11: The Soviet blockade of Berlin ends with the re-opening of access routes to Berlin. The airlift continues until September, in case the Soviets re-establish the blockade.
 May 23: In Germany, the Bizone merges with the French zone of control to form the Federal Republic of Germany, with Bonn as its capital.
 June 8: The Red Scare reaches its peak, with the naming of numerous American celebrities as members of the Communist Party.
 August 29: The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb. The test, known to Americans as Joe 1, succeeds, as the Soviet Union becomes the world's second nuclear power.
 September 13: The USSR vetoes the United Nations membership of Ceylon, Finland, Iceland, Italy, Jordan, and Portugal.
 September 15: Konrad Adenauer becomes the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.
 October 1: Mao Zedong declares the foundation of the People's Republic of China - adding a quarter of the world's population to the communist camp.
 October 7: The Soviets declare their zone of Germany to be the German Democratic Republic, with its capital at East Berlin.
 October 16: Nikolaos Zachariadis, leader of the Communist Party of Greece, declares an end to the armed uprising. The declaration brings to a close the Greek Civil War, and the first successful containment of communism.

1950s

1950
 January 6: The United Kingdom recognizes the People's Republic of China. The Republic of China severs diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom.
 January 31: The last Kuomintang soldiers surrender on continental China.
 February 14: The Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China sign a pact of mutual defense.
 March 1: Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-Shek moves his capital to Taipei, Taiwan, establishing a stand-off with the People's Republic of China.
 April 14: United States State Department Director of Policy Planning Paul Nitze issues NSC-68, a classified brief, arguing for the adoption of containment as the cornerstone of United States foreign policy. It would dictate US policy for the next twenty years.
 May 9: Robert Schuman describes his ambition of a united Europe. Known as the Schuman Declaration, it marks the beginning of the creation of the European Community.
 June 25: North Korea invades South Korea, sparking the Korean War.
 June 27: The United Nations votes to send forces to Korea to aid South Korea. The Soviet Union cannot veto, as it is boycotting the Security Council over the admission of communist China. Eventually, the number of countries operating under the UN aegis increases to 16: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
 June 28: Seoul, the capital of South Korea, falls to North Korean forces.
 July 5: United Nations forces engage North Korean forces for the first time, in Osan. They fail to halt the North Korean advance, and fall southwards, towards what would become the Pusan Perimeter.
 September 15: United Nations forces land at Inchon. Defeating the North Korean forces, they press inland and re-capture Seoul.
 October 7: United Nations forces cross the 38th parallel, into North Korea.
 October 8: Forces from the People's Republic of China mobilize along the Yalu River.
 October 19: Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, falls to United Nations forces.
 October 25: China invades Korea with 300,000 soldiers, catching the United Nations by surprise. However, they withdraw after initial engagements.
 November 26: United Nations forces approach the Yalu River. In response, China invades Korea again, but with a 500,000 strong army. This offensive forces the United Nations back towards South Korea.

1951
 January 4: Chinese soldiers capture Seoul.
 March 14: United Nations forces recapture Seoul during Operation Ripper. By the end of March, they have reached the 38th Parallel, and formed a defensive line across the Korean peninsula.
 April 11: US President Harry S. Truman fires Douglas MacArthur from command of US forces in Korea.
 April 18: The European Coal and Steel Community is formed by the Treaty of Paris.
 September 1: Australia, New Zealand, and the United States sign the ANZUS Treaty. This compels the three countries to cooperate on matters of defense and security in the Pacific.
 September 20: Greece and Turkey join NATO.
 December 12: The International Authority for the Ruhr lifted part of the remaining restrictions on German industrial production and on production capacity.

1952
 April 28: Japan signs the Treaty of San Francisco and the Treaty of Taipei, formally ending its period of occupation and isolation, and becoming a sovereign state.
 June: Strategic Air Command begins Reflex Alert deployments of B-36 and B-47 long-range nuclear bombers to overseas bases like purpose-built Nouasseur Air Base in French Morocco, placing them within unrefueled striking range of Moscow.
 June 21: The United States launches the world's first nuclear-powered submarine, USS Nautilus.
 June 30: The Marshall Plan ends, with European industrial output now well above that of 1938.
 July 26: Gamal Abdel Nasser heads a coup against King Farouk of Egypt.
 October 2: The United Kingdom successfully tests its atomic bomb in Operation Hurricane. The test makes the UK the world's third nuclear power.
 November 1: The United States detonates the world's first hydrogen bomb in Operation Ivy.

1953
 January 20: Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes President of the United States.
 March 5: Joseph Stalin dies, setting off a power struggle to succeed him.
 July 27: A Cease-fire ends fighting on the Korean Peninsula.
 August 19: The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) assists a royalist coup that ousts Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh (Operation Ajax). The coup was organized because of Iranian nationalization of the oil industry and fears of Iran joining the Soviet camp.
 September 7: Nikita Khrushchev becomes leader of the Soviet Communist Party. His main rival, Beria, is executed in December.
 December 4-8: Eisenhower meets with Churchill and Joseph Laniel of France in Bermuda.

1954
 May 7: The Viet Minh defeat the French at Dien Bien Phu. France withdraws from Indochina, leaving four independent states: Cambodia, Laos, North Vietnam (founded by the communist former Viet Minh) and South Vietnam (anti-communists). The Geneva Accords calls for free elections to unite Vietnam, but none of the major parties wish this to occur.
 May: The Huk revolt in the Philippines is defeated.
 June 18: The elected leftist Guatemalan government is overthrown in a CIA-backed coup. An unstable rightist regime installs itself. Opposition leads to a guerrilla war with Marxist rebels in which major human rights abuses are committed on all sides. Nevertheless, the regime survives until the end of the Cold War.
 July 23: Nasser, an Egyptian nationalist, ousts the pro-British King Farouk and establishes a dictatorship. Soon he becomes an important Soviet ally.
 August 11: The Taiwan Strait Crisis begins with the Chinese Communist shelling of Taiwanese islands. The US backs Taiwan, and the crisis resolves itself as both sides decline to take action.
 September 8: Foundation of the South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) by Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Like NATO, it is founded to resist Communist expansion, this time in the Philippines and Indochina.

1955
 February 24: The Baghdad Pact is founded by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. It is committed to resisting Communist expansion in the Middle East.
 March: Soviet aid to Syria begins. The Syrians will remain allies of the Soviets until the end of the Cold War.
 April: The Non-aligned movement is pioneered by Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia, Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. This movement was designed to be a bulwark against the 'dangerous polarization' of the world at that time and to restore balance of power with smaller nations. It was an international organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.
 May 9: West Germany joins NATO and begins rearmament.
 May 14: The Warsaw Pact is founded in Eastern Europe and includes East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Albania, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union. It acts as the Communist military counterpart to NATO.
 May 15: Austria is neutralized and allied occupation ends.
 July: Dwight Eisenhower and Nikita Khrushchev attend the Geneva Four Power Conference, the first between the leaders.

1956

 February 25 : Nikita Khrushchev delivers the speech "On the Personality Cult and its Consequences" at the closed session of the Twentieth Party Congress of the CPSU. The speech marks the beginning of the De-Stalinization.
 June 28: in Poznań, mass protest of workers against communists. Fights in town.
 July 26: Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal.
 October 23: 1956 Hungarian Revolution: Hungarians revolt against the Soviet dominated government. They are crushed by the Soviet military, which reinstates a Communist government.
 October 29: Suez Crisis: France, Israel, and the United Kingdom attack Egypt with the goal of removing Nasser from power. International diplomatic pressures force the attackers to withdraw. Canadian Lester B. Pearson encourages the United Nations to send a Peacekeeping force -the first of its kind- to the disputed territory. Lester B. Pearson wins a Nobel Peace Prize for his actions, and soon after becomes Canadian Prime Minister.

1957
 January 5: The Eisenhower doctrine commits the US to defending Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan from Communist influence.
 January 22: Israeli forces withdraw from the Sinai, which they had occupied the previous year.
 A Communist insurgency begins in South Vietnam, sponsored by North Vietnam.
 October 1: The Strategic Air Command initiates 24/7 nuclear alert (continuous until termination in 1991) in anticipation of a Soviet ICBM surprise attack capability.
 October 4: Sputnik satellite launched.

1958
 July 14: A coup in Iraq, the 14 July Revolution, removes the pro-British monarch. Iraq begins to receive support from the Soviets. Iraq will maintain close ties with the Soviets throughout the Cold War.
 August 23: Second Taiwan Strait Crisis begins when China begins to bomb Quemoy.
 August: Thor IRBM deployed to the UK, within striking distance of Moscow.

1959
 1 ri ginnaru: a rivuluzzioni cubbana. Fidel Castru addiventa lu premier di na Cubba marxista nova. Li muvimenta ri cuerriglieri ispirati a Cubba si sparpagghianu ntâ merica latina.
 March 24: New Republic government of Iraq leaves Central Treaty Organization
 July 24: During the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow US Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev openly debate the capacities of each Superpower. This conversation is known as the Kitchen Debate.
 September: Khrushchev visits U.S. for 13 days.
 December:  Formation of the National Liberation Front in South Vietnam. It is a Communist insurgent movement that vows to overthrow the anti-communist South Vietnamese government. It is supplied extensively by North Vietnam.

1960s

1960
 April: Jupiter IRBM deployment to Italy begins, placing nuclear missiles within striking range of Moscow (as with the Thor IRBMs deployed in the UK).
 May 1: American pilot Francis Gary Powers is shot down in his U-2 spy plane while flying at high altitude over the Soviet Union, resulting in the U-2 Incident, an embarrassment for President Eisenhower.
 June: Sino-Soviet split: The Chinese leadership, angered at being treated as the "junior partner" to the Soviet Union, declares its version of Communism superior and begin to compete with the Soviets for influence, thus adding a third dimension to the Cold War.
 July 31: Communist insurgents in Malaya are defeated.
 August 9: The Pathet Lao (communist) revolt in Laos begins.

1961
 January 20: John F. Kennedy becomes President of the United States.
 February 4: Angolan nationalists, including communists, begin an insurgency against Portuguese rule.
 April 15: Bay of Pigs Invasion: A CIA-backed invasion of Cuba by counter-revolutionaries ends in failure.
 May 25: John F. Kennedy announces the US intention to put a man on the moon - kickstarting the Apollo program
 June 4: Kennedy meets with Khrushchev in Vienna.
 June: Jupiter IRBM deployment to Turkey begins, joining the Jupiters deployed to Italy as well as the Thor IRBMs deployed to the UK as nuclear missiles placed within striking distance of Moscow.
 August 13: The Berlin Wall is built by the Soviets to stop the flood of people attempting to escape East Germany.
 August 17: Alliance for Progress aid to Latin America from the United States begins.
 October 31: The Soviet Union detonates the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever tested, with an explosive yield of some 50 megatons.

1962
 July 20: Neutralization of Laos is established by international agreement, but North Vietnam refuses to withdraw its personnel.
 September 8: Himalayan War: Chinese forces attack India, making claims on numerous border areas.
 October 16: Cuban Missile Crisis: The Soviets have secretly been installing military bases, including nuclear weapons, on Cuba, some 90 miles from the US mainland. Kennedy orders a "quarantine" (a naval blockade) of the island that intensifies the crisis and brings the US and the USSR to the brink of nuclear war. In the end, the Soviets back down and agree to withdraw their nuclear missiles from Cuba, in exchange for a secret agreement by Kennedy pledging to withdraw similar American missiles from Turkey, and guaranteeing that the US will not move against the Castro regime.
 November 21: End of the Himalayan War. China occupies a small strip of Indian land. The war will influence India, one of the leaders of the non-aligned movement, to indeed align itself with the Soviets in a decade.

1963
 June 20: The United States agrees to set up a hotline with the USSR, so making direct communication possible.
 August 5: The Partial Test Ban Treaty is signed by the USA, UK and USSR, prohibiting the testing of nuclear weapons anywhere except underground.
 November 22: John F. Kennedy is shot and killed in Dallas. His vice-president Lyndon B. Johnson becomes President of the United States.

1964
 April 20 : US President Lyndon Johnson in New York, and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow, announce simultaneously plans to cut back production of materials for making nuclear weapons.
 August 4: United States President Lyndon B. Johnson claims that North Vietnamese naval vessels had fired on two American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. Although there was a first attack, the second attack is later proved unfounded. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident leads to the open involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War, after the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.
 October 14: Leonid Brezhnev succeeds Khrushchev to become General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
 October 16: China tests its first atomic bomb.

1965
 March 8: US military build up to defend South Vietnam. North Vietnam has also committed its forces in the war. US begins sustained bombing of North Vietnam.
 April 28: US forces invade the Dominican Republic to prevent a similar communist takeover like that occurred in Cuba.
 August 15: Second Indo-Pakistani War.
 November 14: Battle of the Ia Drang, the first major engagement between US Troops and regular Vietnamese forces.

1966
 March 10: France withdraws from NATO command structure.

1967
 April 25: 33 Latin American and Caribbean countries sign the Treaty of Tlatelolco in Mexico City, which sought the prohibition of nuclear weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean.
 May 23: Egypt blocks the Straits of Tiran, then expels UN peacekeepers and moves its army into the Sinai Peninsula in preparation for possible attack on Israel.
 May 25: Uprising in Naxalbari, India marking the expansion of Maoism as a violent, anti-US and anti-Soviet, revolutionary movement across a number of developing countries.
 June 5: In response to Egypt, Israel invades the Sinai Peninsula, beginning the Six-Day War.

1968
 January 30: Tet Offensive in South Vietnam begins.
 March 31: Johnson suspends bombings over North Vietnam and announces he is not running for reelection.
 June 8: Tet Offensive ends in Communist psychological victory over the Americans.
 July 1: The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is opened for signature.
 August 20: Prague Spring Reforms in Communist Czechoslovakia cause Warsaw Pact intervention to crush them.

1969
 January 20: Richard Nixon becomes President of the United States.
 March 2: Border clashes between the Soviet Union and China
 March 17: The US begins bombing Communist sanctuaries in Cambodia.
 July 20: The US accomplishes the first manned moon landing, Apollo 11.
 July 25: "Vietnamization" begins with US troop withdrawals from Vietnam and the burden of combat being placed on the South Vietnamese.
 September 1: Gaddafi overthrows the Libyan monarchy and expels British and American personnel. Libya aligns itself with the Soviet Union.

1970s

1970
 March 5: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, ratified by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States among others, enters into force.
 March 18: Lon Nol takes power in Cambodia. Khmer Rouge Communists begin attacking the new regime, which wants to end foreign presence in Cambodia.
 November 18: United States' aid to Cambodia to support the Lon Nol regime begins.

1971
 February 8: South Vietnamese forces enter Laos to briefly cut the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
 March 25: Third Indo-Pakistani War, Bangladesh becomes independent from Pakistan.
 September 3: Four Power Agreement on Berlin is signed by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, France, and the United States.
 October 25 : The United Nations General Assembly passes Resolution 2758, recognizing the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of China.

1972
 February 21: Nixon visits China, the first visit by a US President since the establishment of the People's Republic of China.
 March 30: North Vietnam invades South Vietnam only to be repulsed by the South with major American air support.
 May 26: SALT I agreement signals the beginning of détente between the US and USSR.
 September 1: Bobby Fischer defeats Russian Boris Spassky in a chess match at Reykjavík, Iceland, becoming the first official American chess champion (see Match of the Century).
 September 2 - 28: Summit Series, an ice hockey tournament between Canada and Soviet Union, is played.

1973
 January 27: The Paris Peace Accords end American involvement in the Vietnam War. Congress cuts off funds for the continued bombing of Indochina.
 September 11: Chilean coup d'état — The democratically-elected Marxist president of Chile, Salvador Allende, is deposed and dies during a military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet supported by the US.
 October 6: Yom Kippur War — Israel is attacked by Egypt and Syria, the war ends with a ceasefire.
 October 22: Egypt defects to the American camp by accepting a US cease-fire proposal during the October 1973 war.

1974
 September 12: The pro-Western monarch of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, is ousted by a Marxist military junta known as the Derg.
 June: SEATO formally ends after the France leaves the organization.
 August 9: Gerald Ford becomes President of the United States upon the resignation of Nixon.

1975
 April 17: The Maoist Khmer Rouge take power in Cambodia and begin a genocide later referred to as the "Killing Fields".
 April 30: North Vietnam invades South Vietnam. South Vietnam surrenders and the two countries are united under a Communist government.
 November 29: Pathet Lao takes power in Laos.
 May 12: Mayagüez incident: The Khmer Rouge seize an American naval ship prompting American intervention to recapture the ship and its crew. In the end, the crew is released from captivity.
 June 25: Portugal withdraws from Angola and Mozambique, where Marxist governments are installed, the former with backing from Cuban troops. The Civil war engulfs both nations and involves Angolans, Mozambicans, South Africans, and Cubans, with the superpowers supporting their respective ideologies.
 July: The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project takes place. It is the first joint flight of the US and Soviet space programs. The mission is seen as a symbol of the policy of détente and as an end to the space race.
 1 August: Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe signed by the United States, Canada, the Soviet Union and the countries of Europe

1976
 March 24: Coup d'état in Argentina. A Civil War against Argentinean based guerrilla starts.
 July 20: US military personnel withdraw from Thailand.
 September 9: death of Mao Zedong

1977
 January 1: Charter 77 is signed by Czechoslovak intellectuals, including Václav Havel.
 January 20: Jimmy Carter becomes President of the United States.
 23 giugnettu: Accumenza a Verra di l'Ogaden cca a Somalia c'attaccau l'Itiopia.

1978
 March 15: The Ogaden War ends with a Somali defeat.
 December 25: A Communist regime is installed in Afghanistan

1979
 January 7: Vietnam deposes the Khmer Rouge and installs a pro-Vietnam, pro-Soviet government.
 June 18: The SALT II nuclear weapons treaty is signed by Leonid Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter.
 February 17: Sino-Vietnamese War, China launches a punitive attack on North Vietnam to punish it for invading Cambodia.
 January 16: The Iranian Revolution ousts the pro-Western Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and installs a theocracy under Ayatollah Khomeini. CENTO dissolves as a result.
 May 9: War breaks out in El Salvador between Marxist-led insurgents and the US-backed government.
 June 2: Pope John Paul II begins his first pastoral visit to his native Poland.
 July 3: President Carter signs the first directive for secret aid to opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul, Afghanistan.
 July 17: Marxist-led Sandinista revolutionaries overthrow the US-backed Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua. The Contra insurgency begins shortly thereafter.
 September: Nur Mohammed Taraki, The Marxist president of Afganistan, is deposed and murdered. The post of president is taken by the Prime minister Hafizullah Amin.
 December 24: The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan to save the crumbling Communist regime there, resulting in the end of Détente.

1980s

1980
 February 22: The United States Olympic Hockey Team defeats the Soviet Union in the final group stage of the Winter Olympics, in the Miracle on Ice.
 March 21: The United States boycotts the 1980 Summer Olympics (July 19–August 3) in Moscow.
 August 31: In Poland the Gdańsk Agreement is signed after a strike wave starting at the Lenin Shipyards in Gdańsk. The agreement allows greater civil rights, such as the establishment of a trade union independent of communist party control.

1981
 January 20: Ronald Reagan is inaugurated as the 40th President of the United States. Reagan had been elected on a platform opposed to the concessions of Détente.
 August 19: Gulf of Sidra Incident: Libyan planes attack US jets in the Gulf of Sidra which Libya has illegally annexed. Two Libyan jets are shot down, no American losses are suffered.
 September 3: Poland and the Uprising of Solidarity.
 October 27: A Soviet submarine, the U137, runs aground not far from the Swedish naval base at Karlskrona.
 November 23: The US Central Intelligence Agency begins to support anti-Sandinista Contras.

1982
 April 2: Argentina invades the Falklands, starting the Falklands War.
 May 30: Spain joins NATO.
 June 6: Israel invades Lebanon to end raids and clashes with Syrian troops based there.

1983
 September 1: Civilian Korean Air Flight 007 shot down by Soviet jet interceptors.
 October 25: US forces invade the Caribbean island of Grenada to overthrow the Marxist military government, expel Cuban troops and abort the construction of a Soviet-funded airstrip.
 November 2: Exercise Able Archer 83 — Soviet air defenses  mistake a test of NATO's nuclear-release procedures as fake cover for a NATO attack; in response, Soviet nuclear forces are put on high alert.

1984
 January: US President Ronald Reagan outlines a foreign policy speech reinforcing his previous thoughts
 July 28: Various allies of the Soviet Union boycott 1984 Summer Olympics.
 December 16: Margaret Thatcher and the UK government, in a plan to open new channels of dialog with Soviet leadership candidates, meet with Mikhail Gorbachev at Chequers.

1985
 March 11: Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of the Soviet Union.
 August 6: Coinciding with the 40th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, the Soviet Union begins what it has  announced is a 5-month unilateral moratorium on the testing of nuclear weapons. The Reagan administration dismisses the dramatic move as nothing more than propaganda, and refuses to follow suit. Gorbachev declares several extensions, but the United States fails to reciprocate, and the moratorium comes to an end on February 5, 1987.
 November 21: Reagan and Gorbachev meet for the first time at a summit in Geneva, Switzerland, where they agree to two (later three) more summits.

1986
 February 13: France launches Operation Sparrowhawk in an effort to repulse the Libyan invasion of Chad.
 April 15: US planes bomb Libya.
 April 26: Chernobyl disaster: A Soviet nuclear power plant in the Ukraine explodes, resulting in the worst nuclear power plant accident in history.
 October 11-12: Reykjavík Summit: US president Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Reykjavík, Iceland, nearly achieving a breakthrough on nuclear arms control.
 November 3: Iran-Contra scandal: the Reagan administration publicly announces that it has been selling arms to Iran to free hostages and illegally transferring the profits to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

1987
 June: Gorbachev announces Glasnost and Perestroika. Gorbachev's goal in undertaking glasnost is to pressure conservatives within the Party who oppose his policies of economic restructuring - perestroika. Mikhail Gorbachev hopes that through different ranges of openness, debate and participation, the Soviet people will support and participate in perestroika.
 June 12 - During a visit to Berlin, Germany, US President Ronald Reagan challenges Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
 September 10: The Battle of Cuito Carnevale (Angola) begins.
 December 8 - The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty is signed in Washington, DC by US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Some, like Hobsbawm, later claim this was the end de jure of Cold War.; Gorbachev agrees to START I treaty.

1988
 May 15: The Soviets begin withdrawing from Afghanistan.
 December 22: South Africa withdraws from South West Africa (Namibia).
 February 22: Incident: USS Yorktown (CG-48) and USS Caron (DD-970) are rammed off the Crimean peninsula after entering Soviet territorial waters.

1989
 January 20: George H. W. Bush is inaugurated as the 41st President of the United States.
 February 2: Soviet troops withdraw from Afghanistan.
 June 4: Tiananmen Square protests are crushed by the communist Chinese government.
 August:  Solidarity Movement elects new non-communist government in Poland.
 November 9: Revolutions in Eastern Europe: Soviet reforms and their state of bankruptcy have allowed Eastern Europe to rise up against the Communist governments there. The Berlin wall is torn down.
 December 3 : At the end of the Malta Conference Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and US President George H. W. Bush declare that a long-lasting peaceful era has begun. Many observers regard this summit as the official beginning of the end of the Cold War.
 December 14: Democracy is restored in Chile.
 December 16-25: Romanian Revolution. Rioters overthrow the Communist regime of Nicolae Ceauşescu, executing him and his wife, Elena. Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to violently overthrow its Communist regime or to execute its leaders.

1990s

1990
 February 26: The Sandinista government in Nicaragua is rejected in democratic elections.
 October 3: Germany is reunified.

1991
 July: Warsaw Pact was formally dissolved.
 August 19: Soviet coup attempt of 1991. The August coup, in response to a new union treaty to be signed on August 20.
 December 25: US President George H. W. Bush, after receiving a phone call from Boris Yeltsin, delivers a Christmas day speech acknowledging the end of the Cold War
 December 25: Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as President of the USSR. The hammer and sickle is lowered for the last time over the Kremlin.
 December 26: The Council of Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR recognizes the dissolution of the Soviet Union and dissolves itself.

See also

Cold War by period
Timelines
Cold War

Quatru sinòtticu di l'iventa ntâ Guerra Fridda


Michèle Cournoyer (born November 14, 1943) is a Canadian animator who on 1 March 2017 received a Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts for her body of work.

Early life
Born in Saint-Joseph-de-Sorel, Quebec, Cournoyer began drawing at the age of five, and started painting at 12 when she was hospitalized, and her father bought her an oil paint set. At the age of 17, she had to halt her art education when her mother became ill, with Cournoyer caring for her ailing mother and the family. Her mother died when Cournoyer was 20 years of age. After two years studying in Quebec City, she moved to Montreal, then to London to study graphic arts.  Studying in London during the 1960s, she was influenced by Pop Art, the Dada movement and surrealism. During the 1970s she worked as a set designer, art director, costume designer and screenwriter for several Quebec-based film companies.

Independent film and animation work
Her first animation film, Papa! Papa! Papa! (L'Homme et l'enfant), came about when a friend had a baby and Cournoyer, fascinated by the relationship between parent and child, created a photography flip book that would evolve into this film. Her 1973 short Alfredo was made during her time in Italy. Upon returning to Quebec, she worked in film as a set designer, art director, costume designer and screenwriter, with credits on such films as Mireille Dansereau's La vie rêvée (1972) and L'arrache-coeur (1979), as well as Gilles Carle's La Mort d'un bûcheron (1973). She also made her independent films Spaghettata, Toccata, Old Orchard Beach, P.Q.  and Dolorosa.

Working with the NFB
In 1989, Cournoyer won the National Film Board of Canada's French Animation Studio's 9th Cinéaste recherché competition in 1989, leading to the completion of her first NFB animated short A Feather Tale. Her films with the NFB have explored powerful themes. The Hat is a film about incest that was part of the International Critics' Week during the Cannes Film Festival, and was ranked as one of the 100 Best Animated Films of All Time in Variety 2005 survey. Accordion deals with sexuality, while Robes of War looks at terrorism and religion through a female suicide bomber. Her 2014 film, Soif explores alcoholism.

Technique
While she has experimented with computerization in such works as An Artist (1994), Cournoyer usually uses traditional animation methods. The Hat, which started on a computer, was completed by her on paper. Soif, an ink-on-paper film, took her four years, with 10,000 drawings required to arrive at the final 1,800 used in the film. She traditionally makes her drawings in pen with black ink, on white pages in black note books.

Filmography
Papa! Papa! Papa! (L'Homme et l'enfant), 1969
Alfredo, 1973
Spaghettata (co-directed with Jacques Drouin), 1976
La Toccata, 1976
Old Orchard Beach P. Q., 1981
Dolorasa, 1988
A Feather Tale (La Basse-cour), 1992
An Artist (Une Artiste), 1994
The Hat (Le Chapeau), 1999
The Accordion, 2004
Robes of War (Robe de guerre), 2008
Soif, 2014

Honours
In 2015, she was the subjective of a special retrospective and art exhibition at the Ottawa International Animation Film Festival. On February 27, Cournoyer was announced as a recipient of a 2017 Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts.

References

External links

 Watch films by Michèle Cournoyer at NFB.ca

1943 births
Living people
Film directors from Quebec
Canadian women artists
National Film Board of Canada people
Canadian animated film directors
Canadian women film directors
Feminist artists
Canadian women animators
Artists from Quebec
French Quebecers
People from Montérégie
Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts winners
Prix Albert-Tessier winners

Michèle Cournoyer


Nellee Hooper (born 1963, Bristol, England) is a British producer/remixer/composer best known for his work with Björk, No Doubt/Gwen Stefani, Madonna, Garbage, Andrea Corr, U2, Sneaker Pimps, Soul II Soul and Massive Attack. He also started being a motion picture music composer with famed Scottish composer Craig Armstrong and Marius De Vries for the soundtrack for Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet in 1996.

Biography

Hooper began his career as a DJ and as a member of the Wild Bunch, the Bristol-based group that would turn into Massive Attack.

Between 1989 and 1992 he produced the first albums for Soul II Soul (Club Classics Vol. I), Massive Attack (Blue Lines) and Björk (Debut), which in 1995 Mixmag magazine ranked the 31st, 1st and 3rd best dance albums of all time.

The 1995 BRIT Awards honored Hooper as Best Producer for his work on Massive Attack's Protection, Björk's Post and Madonna's Bedtime Stories albums.

In 1998 he won a BAFTA Award (Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music) for his work arranging the score and soundtrack for Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet.

In the late 1990s Hooper set up the Meanwhile imprint, which is a company part of Virgin Records.

Hooper continued to work slowly into the 2000s. He received a Grammy nomination in 2003 for his work on No Doubt's Rock Steady and Lamya's Learning From Falling albums. His other work has included producing the singles "GoldenEye" (1995) for Tina Turner, "Under the Bridge" (1998) for All Saints and "Down Boy" (2002) for Holly Valance, as well as providing remixes for artists like Janet Jackson and Sade.

Most recently he has worked with Gwen Stefani on her solo albums and on U2's 2004 release How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb, for which he won a Grammy Award. He also produced the first solo album of Andrea Corr of The Corrs, entitled Ten Feet High which was released on June 25, 2007.

1963 births
English composers
People from Bristol

Nellee Hooper


Aphrodite's Child was a Greek rock and pop band formed in 1967, by Vangelis Papathanassiou (keyboards, flutes), Demis Roussos (bass, acoustic and electric guitar, vocals), Loukas Sideras (drums and vocals), and Silver Koulouris (guitar). They initially found success in Europe with hit singles like "Rain and Tears", "End of the World", "I Want to Live", and "It's Five O'Clock", before pivoting to progressive rock with their third and final album, 666 (1972). An ambitious concept album inspired by the Book of Revelation, it later gained critical acclaim and has appeared on a number of lists of the top progressive and psychedelic albums of all time.

History

Origins
Papathanassiou and Roussos had already been successful in Greece, playing in the bands The Forminx and Idols respectively, when they got together with Sideras and Koulouris (born 26 January 1947, Piraeus, Greece) to form a new band. Their band's name was derived from the title of a track from another Mercury act, Dick Campbell, from his Sings Where It's At album.

Their first recording as a band was for George Romanos' album In Concert and in Studio where they played on four songs and were credited as "Vangelis and his Orchestra". In the same year, they recorded a two-song demo and submitted it to Philips Records. It was probably Vangelis's idea that the still-anonymous band should be relocated to London, which would be a more suitable environment for their music, as their country had entered a right-wing dictatorship in 1967. This decision, however, was not problem-free. Koulouris had to stay in Greece to fulfill his military service, while the band, on their way to London, got stuck in Paris partly because they did not have the correct work permits and partly because of the strikes associated with the May 1968 events.

Paris, and first album
In Paris the band signed to Mercury Records and were christened "Aphrodite's Child" by Lou Reizner, releasing their second single "Rain and Tears", a reworking of Pachelbel's Canon in D major. With this song the band became an overnight sensation in France and several other European countries in which the single charted well, despite the song being sung in English. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. In October of the same year, the band released their first album End of the World. The album contained equal amounts of psychedelic pop songs and ballads in the vein of Procol Harum or The Moody Blues.

The band began touring around Europe, and in January 1969 they recorded a single in Italian for the Sanremo Festival, in which they did not participate. Their next hit single was "I Want to Live", an arrangement of the song "Plaisir d'amour".

Recording in London and second album
For their second album, the band traveled to London to record at the Trident Studios. The first single from the album, "Let Me Love, Let Me Live" was released in November, while the album It's Five O'Clock came out in January 1970. It featured more successful ballads (like the title song), but also songs that crossed many musical genres including country rock.

After their second album, the band began touring again, this time without Vangelis who preferred to stay in Paris and record the music for Henry Chapier's film, Sex Power. Vangelis was replaced on stage by Harris Halkitis. The year 1970 went by with the band promoting their latest album and Vangelis working on his first film project. To keep the steady flow of hits, the band released another single in August 1970, "Spring, Summer, Winter and Fall".

Third album – 666, and breakup

In late 1970, the band began to record a musical adaptation of the biblical Book of Revelation, entitled 666. Koulouris, having finished his Greek army duty, rejoined the band. However, relations between the band members were declining, and things continued to worsen during the methodically slow recording process.

Essentially, the ambitious double album was Vangelis's concept, created with an outside lyricist, Costas Ferris. The music Vangelis composed was much more psychedelic- and progressive rock-oriented than anything the band had done before. This did not sit well with the other band members, who wished to continue in the pop direction that had brought them success. Furthermore, Roussos was being groomed for a solo career, having recorded and released his first solo single "We Shall Dance" (with Sideras on drums) and his first solo album On the Greek Side of My Mind.

Meanwhile, Vangelis turned his attention to recording the score for the 1970 French TV documentary L'Apocalypse des animaux, and worked on a single with his then-girlfriend Vilma Ladopoulou, performing with Koulouris under the pseudonym "Alpha Beta". By the time 666 was finally released almost two years later in June 1972, the band had already split up, despite having sold over 20 million records and remaining popular throughout Europe.

Both Vangelis and Roussos pursued successful solo careers: Roussos had a thriving solo career as a pop singer, and Vangelis went on to become a highly regarded electronic music artist. Vangelis's work composing movie soundtracks brought him much success for the next three decades, including an Oscar for Chariots of Fire. Vangelis's other soundtracks include Ridley Scott's Blade Runner (1982), to which Roussos contributed vocals, 1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992) and Oliver Stone's Alexander (2004). Roussos died in 2015.

Koulouris worked with both Roussos and Vangelis on occasion, while Sideras pursued a less successful solo career, releasing two albums and four singles after the break-up. As of 2017, Sideras still lived in Greece and performed with his band. Vangelis died in 2022.

Influence and legacy
Despite their short existence and lack of hit singles outside of Europe, the band is still regarded as a cult band. Their album 666 is often considered their masterpiece, in addition to being one of rock music's first concept albums. The album caught the attention of many musicians in the progressive rock field, including Yes frontman Jon Anderson, who would later collaborate with Vangelis (as Jon and Vangelis). Contemporary progressive rock acts such as Astra have also cited the band as an influence.

Covers and samples

Covers
In 2001, German heavy metal band Axxis released a cover of "The Four Horsemen" on their album Eyes of Darkness.
In 2004, Gregorian released a cover of "The Four Horsemen" on their album The Dark Side.
In 2005, German dance group Scooter released a Techno version of "The Four Horsemen" called The Leading Horse on their album Who's Got The Last Laugh Now?.
In 2015, the Greek band Cyanna Mercury (formerly known as Cyanna) covered "The Four Horsemen" on the Death Roots Syndicate compilation The End.
In 2022, American artist Brandon Boyd of Incubus released a cover of "End of The World" from the album "End of the World album" on his solo album Echoes & Cocoons.
"The Four Horsemen" has proven an especially popular cover among European heavy metal bands. Bands that have covered the song include the Italian band Death SS (on their 2006 album The 7th Seal), the Swedish doom metal band Griftegård (on an EP released through Ván Records in 2015), and the Greek black metal band Rotting Christ (on their 2016 album Rituals).
On their 2022 tour, Opeth covered the chant "Seven Bowls" (666).

Samples
In 1990, several tracks from the 666 album were sampled for the first Enigma album, MCMXC a.D..
The P-Model song "Biiig Eye" (from 1993's Big Body) features a sample of the track 'Loud, Loud, Loud'.
The Verve's song "The Rolling People" (from their 1997 album Urban Hymns) borrows its title from "Altamont", while also containing musical elements of "The Four Horsemen". Frontman Richard Ashcroft reportedly mentioned 666 as a strong influence on his music.
Deltron 3030 sampled the opening lyrics of 'Loud, Loud, Loud' in the track 'Mastermind'.
Beck's song "Chemtrails" (from his 2008 album Modern Guilt) also resembles "The Four Horsemen".
Daniel Lopatin's song "A7" (from the album Chuck Person's Eccojams Vol. 1) under the alias Chuck Person also samples the track "The Four Horsemen".

Discography

Albums

Studio albums
 End of the World (October 1968)
 It's Five O'Clock (November 1969) – FRA #1, IT #6
 666 (June 1972) – IT #23

Compilation albums
 Best of Aphrodite's Child (1971) – SPA #8
Reflection (1971)
Rain and Tears – The Best of Aphrodite's Child (1975)
 Aphrodite's Child's Greatest Hits (1995)
 The Singles (1995)
 The Complete Collection (1996)
 Babylon the Great:An Introduction to Aphrodite's Child (2002)
 The Singles+ (2003)

Singles

Bibliography
 Dinos Dimatatis, Get That Beat: To Elliniko Rock, 1960s–1970s. Thessaloniki: Katsanos, 1998.

References

External links
 Aphrodite's Child World Discography at www.demisroussos.org

1967 establishments in Greece
1972 disestablishments in Greece
Greek progressive rock groups
Musical groups established in 1967
Musical groups disestablished in 1972
Vangelis
Demis Roussos
Vertigo Records artists
Greek psychedelic rock music groups

Aphrodite's Child


Hysteria is when someone has a very strong emotion that is unmanageable. Often, this means a very strong sense of fear. When someone has hysteria, it is called "hysterics". Hysteria could be caused by traumatic events in a person's life.

Today, many psychiatrists and other doctors do not use the word "hysteria" for a patient. They use other words that have the same meaning. Some of the words they may use are "psychosomatic", "functional", "nonorganic", "psychogenic", or "medically unexplained".

One of the conditions of hysteria may be Histrionic personality disorder.

Symptoms

Hysteria


The Palazzo Chiericati is a Renaissance palace in Vicenza (northern Italy), designed by Andrea Palladio.

History

Palladio was asked to design and build the palazzo by Count Girolamo Chiericati. The architect started building the palace in 1550, and some further work was completed under the patronage of Chiericati's son, Valerio. However, the palazzo was not fully finished until about 1680, possibly by Carlo Borella.

Palladio also designed a country home, the Villa Chiericati, for the family.

The palazzo was built in an area called "piazza dell'Isola" (island square, currently Piazza Matteotti), which housed the wood and cattle market. At that time, it was an islet surrounded by the Retrone and Bacchiglione streams, and to protect the structure from the frequent floods, Palladio designed it on an elevated position: the entrance could be accessed by a triple Classic-style staircase.

Architecture

The palazzo's principal façade is composed of three bays, the central bay projecting slightly.  The two end bays have logge on the piano nobile level, while the central bay is closed.  The façade has two superposed orders of columns, Doric on the lower level with Ionic above.  The roof line is decorated by statuary.

Conservation

Since 1855 the building has housed the Museo Civico ('City Museum') and, more recently, the city's art gallery. It has received international protection since 1994, along with the other Palladian buildings of Vicenza, as part of a World Heritage Site.  (The site originally designated was "Vicenza, City of Palladio" which included the city of Vicenza and its immediate surroundings. In 1996, UNESCO expanded the World Heritage Site to include villas outside the core area and renamed it "City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto").

Gallery

External links

 www.museicivicivicenza.it
 Great buildings online retrieved 18.VIII.06
 Palazzo Chiericati – Vicenza – (1550) Description, photographs and location map

Houses completed in 1680
Chiericati
Andrea Palladio buildings
World Heritage Sites in Italy
1680 establishments in Italy
Museums in Vicenza

Palazzo Chiericati