Operation Tiger 94 ( or ) was a military action in the summer of 1994, by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) against the Bosnian autonomous zone of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia, its leader Fikret Abdić and his Serbian backers the Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina (SVK), and the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS). The battle was a huge success for the ARBiH, which was able to rout Abdić's forces and occupy the territory of Western Bosnia. Fikret Abdić was able to recapture the territory in November 1994 in Operation Spider.

Background
The early 1990s saw the existence of a western "Muslim" enclave held by Bosnian government forces under the leadership of the  ARBiH commander, Atif Dudaković. The region was fortunate that even having some Croatian population in southwest, it was able to avoid internecine fighting between the once-allied Croatian Defence Council (HVO) forces and government Bosnian ARBiH forces that plagued central Bosnia.  This was however about the only thing the western enclave had in its favour.

In addition to being completely surrounded by Serbian forces with the Republic of Serbian Krajina to the west and the Bosnian Republika Srpska (VRS) to the east, the Western enclave forces had to deal with the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia and its leader Fikret Abdić.

AP Western Bosnia

The Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia was a de facto independent entity that existed in the Western enclave of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1993 and 1995. Its capital city was Velika Kladuša. In 1993 Fikret Abdić, once the president of the Agrokomerc company, decided to carve out a little state for himself and succeeded in recruiting enough followers to make his dream a reality. Abdić was able to hold power over his mini-state by using cult-like propaganda techniques over his followers and Serbian arms and military training. Local residents of Velika Kladusa were reported as treating Abdić with excessive reference and "were ready to do whatever he said."

5th Corps
Even though it was totally surrounded by Serbian forces and constantly harassed by Abdić's followers, the western enclave protected by the 5th Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (five infantry brigades strong) was able to hold its own and achieve some success partly thanks to the leadership of Atif Dudaković. By the summer of 1994, Dudaković had developed a plan in hopes of eliminating the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia.

Secret plan
The plan was hatched by Dudaković and the commander of the 5th Corps 502nd Brigade, Hamdija Abdić known as "Tigar" (no relation to Fikret Abdić). In total secrecy, Hamdija approached Fikret Abdić as a dissatisfied military commander willing to sell his services and treachery to him for the right price. Fikret Abdić was suspicious but decided to take the risk and gave Hamdija a large sum of money, promising that if fighting broke out he would support Hamdija's coup attempt. Hamdija promptly informed Dudaković, who ordered that all aid workers be confined to quarters and that large fires be started using piles of tires to create the illusion of burning buildings. Then Dudaković told his dumbfounded troops to fire in the air as if they were fighting an invisible enemy.

Fikret Abdić and his Serbian backers, watching from a distance, saw the smoke and heard the gunfire while listening to rattled aid workers yelling over their radio channels for extraction.  Assuming they were seeing a military coup in progress, they promptly sent in their best weapons, troops and officers to support Hamdija Abdić. Abdić had been lured into a trap, and Dudaković and the still-loyal 5th Corps were able to force the swift surrender of his forces and seize badly needed weapons.  The Serbian VRS and SVK turned out Fikret Abdić in a rage, and what was left of his demoralized forces had to face an attack by Dudaković's strengthened 5th Corps. They were quickly routed.

The testimony of Colonel Patrick Barriot
Q.Tell me, in Krajina, at the time of the conflict between the Muslim forces in the Bihać pocket, according to the information I have, is it correct that there were 40.000 Muslim refugees in Krajina?
A. Yes. I can confirm the figures. This happened during the summer of 1994. The 5th Corps of the BH army in the Bihać pocket was headed by General Atif Dudaković and it launched an attack especially in the area of Velika Kladuša, and it expelled up to 40.000 Muslims who were faithful to Fikret Abdić. These 40.000 Muslims were expelled towards the Krajina area, and they were taken in two camps which I personally visited together with people, officials from the UNHCR. Bertrand Dupasquier was a responsible official at the time. These 40.000 people were taken in the Batnoga and Turan camps where they were taken care of with a lot of humanity by the local population in Krajina. The local population fed them but also looked after them medically speaking; if they were wounded, if they were sick, if they were women about to deliver, they were taken care of. So all these Muslims were gathered in Batnoga and Turan and they were taken care of in the Glina Hospital with total dedication. They were given blood supplies. They were helped without any kind of discrimination. And very often the few medicines, the few supplies that there were in the Glina Hospital were given to the Muslim population.
Q. These refugees, these 40.000 Muslims who came to Krajina, could they have gone to Croatia or somewhere else?
A. No. It was impossible for them to get out and to seek shelter in Krajina or elsewhere. The only opening for them or the only possibility offered to them later on was a return to the Bihac pocket early in 1995. And it is precisely in the Bihać pocket that the large amount of them were massacred during the Operation Storm by the 5th Corps of the BH army, but also by Croat troops that had infiltrated in Bosnia-Herzegovina and in Western Bosnia.
Q. Does that mean that there was a double standard involved in terms of treating the Muslim population itself; those who were on Alija Izetbegović's side received support whereas those who were on Fikret Abdić's side were exposed to all kinds of persecution, destruction and the like?
A. I'm sorry, I didn't quite understand your question.
Q. Does that mean that the Muslims who were on the side of Fikret Abdić, including these 40.000 expelled refugees, were practically victims of persecution by the Muslim and Croat forces?
A. Yes, quite. Absolutely. In 1994, it was obvious that the central authority in Sarajevo and that Izetbegović's army was trying everything possible to eliminate both Fikret Abdić and to remove all the Muslims in the Bihać pocket faithful to the latter. So they were exposed, and they were victims of the central authority in Sarajevo, and they also fell prey to the Croat forces which were intent on removing any kind of support to the Krajina Serbs, support by the Muslims who were in the Bihać pocket.
Q. What about the authorities of the Republic of the Serbian Krajina? Was it clear to them that since these Muslims had nowhere to go that a considerable number of these people could stay on in Krajina forever?
A. Yes. In my view there was no problem whatsoever regarding taking in the Muslims in the Krajina Republic, because even before the 5th Corps was created in the Bihać pocket, it was obvious and it was frequent that Muslims would come from Velika Kladuša, from that area towards Glina where they were taken care of, they were looked after, and they could remain very safely in that area and also in Banovina.

Aftermath
Fikret Abdić was able to recapture the territory in November 1994 in Operation Spider. It was renamed to "Republic of Western Bosnia" in 1995.

As a consequence of the 1995 Operation Storm, the Republic of Western Bosnia was dissolved, its forces defeated and its territory was incorporated into the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (present day Una-Sana Canton).

Fikret Abdić was arrested and after the war he was convicted for acts of war crimes against civilian Bosniaks that stayed loyal to the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The government of Bosnia-Herzegovina charged him with the deaths of 121 civilians and three prisoners of war, and the wounding of 400 civilians in the Bihać region. Croatia, where he had taken refuge, refused to extradite him, but he was put on trial there. In 2002 he was sentenced to 20 years in prison for war crimes committed in the area of the "Bihać pocket". In 2005 the Croatian Supreme Court reduced the sentence to 15 years.

Other major counterattacks by both Croatian and Bosnian forces in western Bosnia included Croatian Operation Mistral 2 (September 1995) and Bosnian Operation Sana (October 1995). Further offensives were ended by the signing of the Dayton Agreement, largely thanks to pressure from those operations and the NATO bombardment of Bosnian Serbs.

The Serbian population of those areas of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina fled east, to Banja Luka and as far as Vojvodina and Kosovo. The United Nations estimated there were 150,000-200,000 refugees from Croatia alone. The number of refugees from western Bosnia is unknown.

References

Bosnian War
Conflicts in 1994
Military operations of the Bosnian War
1994 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
June 1994 events in Europe
July 1994 events in Europe
August 1994 events in Europe

Operation Tiger (1994)


The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) is a species of hyena (or "hyaena" in British English). They are often called the laughing hyena. They are found almost everywhere in Sub-Saharan Africa. There are between 27,000 and 47,000 individuals, though their population is getting smaller in the wild. This is because of habitat loss and illegal hunting. They lived in Europe for at least a million years until the end of the Pleistocene.

The spotted hyena is the largest member of the Hyaenidae. They are the most social Carnivora animals, with various group sizes. Hyenas are pack hunters. Their behaviors are still not well understand. However, their social system is not cooperative but competitive. Females take care of their own cubs only, and males are not interested in helping females with their cubs. Females are larger than males and they can control them. The females are the only mammalian species not to have a vaginal opening.

The spotted hyena is a successful scavenger as well as hunter They can eat skin, bone and other animal waste. Spotted hyenas hunt with a family group of about two to five other hyenas. The family lives in large communities (called "clans") which may have up to 80 individuals.

They  run around herds of animals and choose one to attack. After they have selected their prey, they  chase them for a long time. They can run at speeds up to 60 km/h. Humans have known spotted hyenas for a long time. In the Upper Paleolithic, humans made paintings of hyenas in caves. Spotted hyenas have a negative reputation in Western culture and African folklore. In African folklore, spotted hyenas are described as ugly and scared animals. In Western culture, they are seen as greedy, stupid, foolish, powerful and a dangerous animal.

Books

References

Other websites

 The IUCN Hyaenidae Specialist Group page on spotted hyena
Davis, Delbert Dwight & Story, Harriette Elizabeth (1949), The female external genitalia of the spotted hyena, Fieldiana: Zoology, vol. 31, no. 33, Chicago Natural History Museum
 McPherson, Jamie The Good, the Bad and the Hyena , BBC Wildlife, Summer 2008.

Mammals of Africa
Hyaenas

Spotted hyena


The M1911 is a .45 ACP caliber pistol originally made by Colt, and is now the most copied pistol design in the world. It was designed in the early 1900s by John Browning and was used in battle by many soldiers in World War I, World War II, The Korean War, and in the Vietnam War. It is semi-automatic and can fire a bullet each time the trigger is pulled. Military versions of the gun can hold seven or eight rounds inside its magazine and one more in the chamber. M1911 style guns are still made today and are for sale.

It was the most used pistol in the United States Military from 1911-1985, when it was replaced by the 9mm caliber Beretta M9, a military version of the Beretta 92. The M1911 was replaced because military leaders liked that the Beretta pistol could hold more bullets. Another reason was because other NATO countries pressured the US to follow a rule that all NATO weapons must use the same ammunition. Even after the Beretta M9 officially replaced the M1911, many US soldiers still use the M1911 in combat. The M1911 is a common pistol design for police and special forces because it is reliable in function, easy to modify by a gunsmith, and effective.

The "1911" in the name is because the pistol was adopted by the United States Army in the year 1911.  M1911A1 pistols have an 'A1' added because they were changed from the original design in the 1920s in military service.  The pistol was made first by Colt Manufacturing but was produced by many other companies during World War II. Because the M1911 is so popular, several gun companies make their own version of this gun which are still sold today.

Bibliography
 Colt 1911 & Early prototypes by Gerard Henrotin (H&L Publishing - HLebooks.com 2003)
 The Colt 1911A1 Explained by Gerard Henrotin (H&L Publishing - HLebooks.com 2004)

Pistols

M1911 pistol


The Second Coming was a television drama shown by ITV, starring Christopher Eccleston.

The story is about a man named Steve who goes away for 40 days and 40 nights (like Jesus). When he comes back he is convinced he is the Son of God but nobody believes him. He turns day into night and everyone believes him then. He has a message from God to find the "Third Message". He finds from his friend July that the Third Message is her writings and one of her writings demands that he die. When Steve dies, he does not go to Heaven as it is destroyed, along with God, Satan and Hell. This is so humanity can work things out for itself.

Other websites

2003 British television series debuts
2003 British television series endings
2000s British drama television series
Fantasy television series
ITV television programmes
English-language television programs

The Second Coming (TV)


Amiga Format was a British computer magazine for Amiga computers, published by Future plc. The magazine lasted 136 issues from 1989 to 2000. The magazine was formed when, in the wake of selling ACE to EMAP, Future split the dual-format title ST/Amiga Format into two separate publications (the other being ST Format). In 1991, the magazine was selling 135,000 copies a month.

History

Amiga Format can be thought of the "mother" or "big sister" magazine of Amiga Power, which it both predated and outlived. Whereas Amiga Power was strictly games-only, Amiga Format covered all aspects of Amiga computers, both hardware and software, both application and gaming uses. A further spin-off was Amiga Shopper, which dealt purely with the hardware and "serious" software side of the Amiga scene.

The magazine was published on a monthly basis and offered various multi-issue tutorials on different application software, such as C programming or LightWave graphics rendering. The last tutorial was cut short in the middle because of the cancellation of the magazine.

Amiga Format pioneered the concept of putting complete application software on a magazine coverdisk as a response to a moratorium on complete games titles being cover-mounted.

Amiga Format was the second-to-last regularly issued print magazine about the Amiga in the United Kingdom. The last was Amiga Active, which ran for 26 issues from October 1999, although Amiga Format was the only such magazine after CU Amiga Magazine's closure in October 1998 until the launch of Amiga Active.

Regular features

Reader Games

A notable regular feature in the later stage of the magazine (introduced by then-editor Nick Veitch) was Readers' Games. Here readers of the magazine could send in games they had programmed themselves, and the magazine staff would then publish a brief review of them. In the CD-ROM edition of the magazine, all the Readers' Games were also included on the covermount CD-ROM. Most of the games were written in AMOS BASIC or Blitz BASIC.

In one issue a competition was run to find the best game developed by a reader using a previously covermounted version of Blitz BASIC.  A game called Total Wormage was entered by Andy Davidson.

Although Total Wormage was disqualified as it was not submitted with working source code, Acid Software introduced Andy Davidson to Team17 who would go on to release the game commercially as Worms.

Emulators
While the continuing uncertainty about the Amiga platform's future slowed software development, there was an increase in the interest surrounding emulation software. Longtime contributor Simon Goodwin contributed one of the longest running series to the magazine, which broke down emulators by target platform and went through the mechanics of getting them working

Just the FAQs
Introduced in issue 129 and continuing until the final issue, Just the FAQs consisted of a single page each month containing an interview with a prominent figure in the Amiga community, with the exception of the January 2000 issue (published in December 1999), which instead explained the limited effects the Year 2000 problem would have on the Amiga.

Interviews were conducted with Chris Wiles (managing director of Active Technologies), Neil Bothwick (founder of the Wirenet ISP), Alan Redhouse (of Eyetech), Wolf Dietrich (head of Phase 5 Digital Products), Andrew Elia (of AmigaSoc), and Ben Hermans (of Hyperion Entertainment). In the final issue, a special interview was conducted with Eric Schwartz's cartoon character Sabrina.

Backstage
Backstage was a four-page newsletter sent to subscribers with each issue. The tone of the newsletter was less formal than that of the magazine, and it would often provide behind-the-scenes information on the activities of prominent members of the Amiga Format staff. Backstage also gave details of the contents of the Subscribers' Superdisk (an extra floppy disk sent to subscribers, whose contents were also stored in a password-protected archive on the cover CD), and featured special offers for subscribers.

References

External links

 Amiga History Guide: Amiga Format
 David Viner - UK Computer Magazines
 Amiga Format Magazine Issue Archive
Archived articles originally published in Amiga Format:
 Amiga audio, networking and system stability
 A long-running series of articles about emulators (for other computers running on Amigas)

1989 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Amiga magazines
Defunct computer magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1989
Magazines disestablished in 2000
Mass media in Bath, Somerset
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Video game magazines published in the United Kingdom

Amiga Format


State Electoral District means an electorate in the Lower House or Legislative Assembly of Australian states and territories. Most state electoral districts (except Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania, which have multi-member electorates using a proportional voting method) send a single member to a state or territory's parliament using the preferential method of voting. The size of a state electoral district depends on the Electoral Acts in the state and vary in size between them. At present, there are 407 state electoral districts in Australia.

State electoral districts do not apply to the Upper House, or Legislative Council, in the states which have one (New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia). In New South Wales and South Australia, MLCs represent the entire state, in Tasmania they represent single-member districts, and in Victoria and Western Australia they represent a region formed by grouping electoral districts together.

By State/Territory

Australian Capital Territory
There are three electorates for the Legislative Assembly, two with five members each, and one with seven members, making up seventeen members in total.

New South Wales

There are currently 93 electoral districts in New South Wales.

Northern Territory

There are 25 single-member electoral divisions in the Northern Territory, and 13 former divisions.

Queensland

There are 89 electoral districts in Queensland, for the Legislative Assembly of Queensland.

South Australia
There are 47 single-member electoral districts in South Australia, for the South Australian House of Assembly.

Tasmania

There are 5 electoral divisions in Tasmania.

Victoria

There are 88 electoral districts in Victoria, for the Victorian Legislative Assembly.

Western Australia

There are 59 single-member electoral districts in Western Australia for the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. 42 are in the Perth metropolitan area and 17 are in the rest of the state.
Australian electorates

State Electoral District


Pomerania (Pommern in German, Pomorze in Polish) is a region on the Baltic Sea. It is now part of two countries, Germany and Poland.

Prehistoric tribes

20,000 years ago the territory of present-day Pomerania was covered with ice, which did not start to recede until the late period of the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic some 10,000 years BC, when the Scandinavian glacier receded to the north. Various archaeological cultures developed in the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.

Since around 500BC and before 500 AD Pomerania was dominated by East Germanic tribes including several tribes of Goths, who according to archeological evidence and their own tradition have come from Scandinavia. Goths and Rugians are recorded by Roman historians in the areas of Pomerania in 98 AD. The Veneti, non-Germanic tribe, which later assimilated with Slavs, are recorded by Ptolemy and Pliny the Elder around Vistula in first century AD. By the 7th century Slavic tribes (Wends) such as the Pomeranians settled the area.

Conquest and rule
Pomerania was first conquered by the Polish duke Mieszko I in the second half of the 10th century. Pagan uprisings in 1005 and 1038 resulted in independence for Western Pomerania and Pomerelia, respectively. Regained by Poland in 1116/1121, the Polish could not hold the Pomeranian duchy longer than 1135, whereas Pomerelia after the 1138 partition of Poland among the sons of Boleslaus Wrymouth became a part of the Polish seniorat, which was declared fief of the Holy Roman Empire in 1156.

The Western part, the Duchy of Pomerania, was declared part of the Holy Roman Empire (1181). After a brief period of Danish rule (1168/1186-1227), it remained part of Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation until 1806.

1000 years of history of the areas between Elbe, the Oder and Vistula

References

Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Geography of Poland

Pomerania


The state of affairs is the combination of circumstances applying within a society or group at a particular time. The current state of affairs may be considered acceptable by many observers, but not necessarily by all. The state of affairs may present a challenge, or be complicated, or contain a conflict of interest. The status quo represents the existing state of affairs. Unresolved difficulties or disagreements concerning the state of affairs can provoke a crisis. Dispute resolution is naturally desired, and naturally provided, by forms of inclusive social interaction, such as consensus decision-making, which adapt, but not conveniently,  from a family or tribal model to encompass a global scope.
Current knowledge and discussion about the state of affairs is communicated through the media.

See also
 De facto
 Fact
 Possible world
 The powers that be

External links
States of Affairs at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Social concepts

State of affairs (sociology)


The Austrick preses election 2016 wis on on the 24t Apryle 2016 (first roun) an the 22t Mey 2016 (first saicont roun) an 4t o December 2016 (saicont time daein the saicont roun). The first saicont roun wis atween Alexander Van der Bellen, wanthirlt candidate that is pairt o the Greens (the winner) an Norbert Hofer o the FPÖ. The election wis eminent fur twa things: first, it wis the saicont Green preses in the warld, an the first in Austrick an, seicont, baith the feckmaist pairties o Austrick (the Social Democratic Pairty an the Fowk Pairty) wis out o the election fae the first roun. On the 1t o Julie, the constitutional court decides there eneuch irregularities (but nae cheaterie) that the fowk maun redae the election. In the redaein o the election, Van der Bellen bears the gree again, wi a muckler distance aheid o Hofer (53% agin 47%).

2016
Elections
Austrick

Austrick preses election 2016


A traveler's cheque (also traveller's cheque, travellers cheque, traveller's check or traveler's check) is a preprinted  cheque for a fixed amount.  The person who buys it must sign it and then sign it again when he "cashes" it.  It is a good way for a traveller to take money when going on holiday.  If a traveler's cheque is stolen it can be replaced so long as the person still has a receipt to prove that he bought it.

Traveler's cheques were a large part of the business of American Express.  Since 2005 the American Express have been issuing "American Express Travelers Cheque Cards".  These can be used in stores like a credit card.

Other websites
 American Express Traveler's Cheques merchant site

Money

Traveler's cheque


Dame Julia "Julie" Elizabeth Andrews, DBE, (née Wells; born 1 October 1935) is an Inglis actress, sangster, an author. Andrews, a bairn actress an sangster, appeared on the West End in 1948 an made her Broadway debut in The Boy Friend (1954). She rose tae prominence starnin in Broadway muisicals sic as My Fair Lady (1956), playin Eliza Doolittle, an Camelot (1960), playin Queen Guinevere. In 1957, Andrews starned in the premiere o Rodgers and Hammerstein's written-for-telly muisical Cinderella, a live, netwirk broadcast seen bi ower 100 million viewers.

Andrews made her featur film debut in Mary Poppins (1964), an wan the Academy Awaird for Best Actress for her performance in the teetle role. She starned in The Sound of Music (1965), playin Maria von Trapp, an wan the Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Actress – Motion Pictur Comedy or Muisical. Atween 1964 an 1986, she starned in The Americanization of Emily (1964), Hawaii (1966), Torn Curtain (1966), Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967), Star! (1968), The Tamarind Seed (1974), 10 (1979), Victor/Victoria (1982), That's Life! (1986), an Duet for One (1986).

In 2000, Andrews wis made a Dame bi Queen Elizabeth II for services tae the performin airts. In 2002, she wis ranked #59 in the BBC's poll o the 100 Greatest Britons. In 2003, she reveesitit her first Broadway success, this time as a stage director, wi a revival o The Boy Friend. Frae 2001 tae 2004, Andrews starned in The Princess Diaries (2001), The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004). Frae 2004 tae 2010, she lent her vyce tae the Shrek animatit films an Despicable Me (2010).

Andrews haes wan an Academy Award, a BAFTA, five Gowden Globes, three Grammys, twa Emmys, the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Awaird, the Kennedy Center Honors Awaird, an the Disney Legends Awaird. Apairt frae her muisical career, she is an aa an author o childer's beuks an haes published an autobiografie, Home: A Memoir of My Early Years (2008).

References

1935 births
20t-century Inglis actresses
20t-century weemen writers
21st-century Breetish muisickers
21st-century Breetish novelists
21st-century Breetish sangsters
21st-century weemen writers
Actresses awairdit Breetish dameheids
Actresses frae Surrey
American Theater Hall of Fame inductees
BAFTA winners (fowk)
Best Actress Academy Awaird winners
Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners
Breetish bairn actresses
Dames Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire
Donaldson Award winners
Inglis bairn actresses
Inglis bairn sangsters
Inglis bairn's writers
Inglis expatriates in Swisserland
Inglis expatriates in the Unitit States
Inglis female sangtsers
Inglis film actresses
Inglis memoirists
Inglis muisical theatre actresses
Inglis muisical theatre directors
Inglis sopranos
Inglis televeesion actresses
Inglis vyce actresses
Inglis weemen novelists
Grammy Awaird winners
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Awaird winners
Kennedy Center honourees
Livin fowk
Muisickers frae Surrey
Fowk eddicatit at the Airts Eddicational Schuils
Fowk eddicatit at Tring Pairk Schuil for the Performin Airts
Fowk frae Walton-on-Thames
Primetime Emmy Awaird winners
Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Awaird
Sangsters awairdit knichtheids
Sangsters wi a fower-octave vocal range
Weemen memoirists

Julie Andrews


The long-nosed bandicoot, Perameles nasuta, is a member of the bandicoot family which lives along the east coast of Australia from Victoria to Queensland. They are also found on the island of Tasmania. There are four species of long-nosed bandicoots, but Perameles nasuta is found in forests and rainforests. It has the shortest gestation and highest reproduction rate of all mammals.

They live in small hidden nests, in among shrubs, hollow logs, or old rabbit burrows. Bandicoots are protected by law, but the areas they like to live in have been cleared for farming or housing. They are also hunted by dogs, cats and foxes. Rabbits have eaten many of the plants and made it unsuitable for bandicoots. Around Sydney, they listed as an endangered species.

Description
The long-nosed bandicoot is a small animal, from 20—42.5 cm long with a thin rat like tail, from 7.5—17 cm in length. They weigh between 0.5—1.9kg. They are covered in coarse grey to brown fur, sometimes with a hint of yellow or orange. Their underbelly is a cream color. Being a marsupial the females have a rear opening pouch to carry their young. They have five clawed toes fingers on their front legs.

Breeding
The long-nosed bandicoot lives by itself, often chasing away other bandicoots. Their breeding season depends on the region in which they live. The female gives birth to two or three young after a short gestation period of 12 days. The tiny babies, blind and hairless, about 13mm in length, then move to the pouch where they are able to drink milk from the females eight nipples. They leave the pouch at about 54 days. The female is then ready to breed again. they live for between three and five years.

Diet
The long-nosed bandicoot is a nocturnal animal, coming out at night to find and eat insects, beetles, snails, worms, mice, lizards and tree roots. They are able to smell their food to find it. They use their front claws to dig a hole big enough to get their long nose in to find the food. They can be very unpopular in urban areas for digging up gardens. While looking for food they make a shrill high pitched squeak.

References

Marsupials of Australia

Long-nosed bandicoot


Anders Nordberg (born 17 February 1978) is a Norwegian orienteering competitor. He received a bronze medal at the 2004 World Orienteering Championship, and again a bronze medal in 2007. He finished second in the overall World Cup 2007.

Biography
Nordberg was born in Skien, a small town of 50,000 people in Telemark county, Norway. An avid sportsman, he had competed in cross-country skiing, track and field athletics, and football. He started training in orienteering relatively late, at the age of 14, and had no orienteering competitors in his family. However, already the next year he won a silver medal in the Norwegian youth championship in Hovedløpet.

After finishing school in 1997 he served for a year in the Royal Norwegian Navy. Then he began his studies at Agder University College, first for computer engineer (1998–2001) and then changed to the business administration and economics program (Siviløkonom, 2001 — 2005). In 2005, Nordberg completed his studies and became a professional sportsman, occasionally doing various part-time jobs. Before the 2006 World Orienteering Championship (WOC), he moved from Skien to Oslo. During the preparation, he trained in three high-altitude camps — two in winter in South Africa and one in summer in Italy. However, for the next WOC in 2007 he trained in Norway only. In orienteering, Nordberg specializes in long distance events. He is a football fan and an avid supporter of Norwegian club Odd Grenland and British Liverpool F.C.

Nordic and national championships
Nordberg collected three gold medals out of total four at Nordic championship in 2005, and received a silver medal in 1997. He won a gold medal at the 1996 National "night" championship, a silver medal in 2003, and a bronze medal in 2004. He was first at the 2006 National championships, and again in 2007 was awarded the King's cup. He was elected Orienteer of the year 2007 by Norwegian sports journalists.

International championships
Nordberg had started competing internationally only at the age of 25 at the Nordic Championship 2003 in Sweden, but failed to win any medal. The next year, he finished third in Västerås 2004 World Orienteering Championship (WOC) in the middle distance run. He also got a bronze medal in Kyiv 2007 WOC in the long distance event. By September 2009, his best career achievement is a silver medal at Olomouc 2008 WOC in the long distance run. Nordberg also competed in other orienteering disciplines with the best results being 11th in sprint at Vasteras 2004 WOC and 4th in relay at Kyiv 2007 Championship. He had participated in several European championships, but never got onto the podium — his best European result was 4th in relay in Roskilde 2004, Denmark.

Martin Johansson 2009 WOC injury

At WOC 2009 in Miskolc, Hungary, during the last leg of the relay race Thierry Gueorgiou (France), Michal Smola (Czech Republic) and Nordberg were close behind the lead runner, Martin Johansson (Sweden), when Johansson suffered a 12 cm deep penetrating trauma from a stick in his right thigh. While Nordberg ran for help, Gueorgiou and Smola pulled out the stick, harnessed the wound using a shirt and a GPS tracking strap and then carried Johansson to a road where Nordberg brought a physician to.

Clubs
Nordberg has represented the clubs Skien OK (1993–1999), Kristiansand OK (1999–2005), Bækkelagets SK (2006–2007), Halden SK (2008-2011) and Vaajakosken Terä from 2011.

References

External links

 Nordberg, Smola and Gueorgiou are jogging to the finish of the 2009 relay in Miskolc. Gueorgiou lost his shirt to harness the wound of Johansson
 Personal website of Nordberg

1978 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Skien
Norwegian orienteers
Male orienteers
Foot orienteers
World Orienteering Championships medalists
University of Agder alumni

Anders Nordberg


Cusco was a German cross-cultural new-age music band named after the Peruvian city of Cusco, which was once the capital of the Inca Empire. The band's music contains influences from music around the world, with an emphasis on South American flute sounds and melodies. Cusco's melodic and energetic music is a fusion of modern and ethnic styles with influences from classical music and rock music sensibilities. Most of the ethnic instruments were keyboard-generated.

The band was led by founders Michael Holm (Lothar Bernhard Walter; 1943–) and Kristian Schultze (1945–2011). Michael Holm, already a successful vocal artist, sought to make a musical tribute to ancient cultures. He and Kristian Schultze, formerly a member of the jazz band Passport, shared musical and historical interests. In 1979, they formed Cusco, and released their first album in 1980. They eventually signed with Higher Octave Music, releasing their first album on that label in 1988.  Their albums consistently reached very high peaks on the instrumental/new age music sales charts. They were nominated for a Grammy award three times.

Cusco's music was frequently used as pre-show background music in Epcot prior to IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth, and has been used as bumper music for the popular American syndicated radio program Coast to Coast AM, as well as several television advertisements, including a Bud Ice beer commercial. Additionally, Cusco composed and performed symphonic new age music for the German television special Sielmann 2000. Until his death in 2011, Schultze resided in Weilheim in Oberbayern, Germany; Holm still lives there.

See also
Cusco discography
 This is a YouTube Channel created by the Cusco Music Fans

References

External links
 Official Cusco Website

German world music groups
New-age music groups
Musical groups established in 1980

Cusco (band)


John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878–September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist. He established the psychological school of behaviorism, after doing research on animal behavior. This school was extremely influential in the middle of the 20th century, when B.F. Skinner developed it further.

Watson was forced to resign his chair at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, because his affair with a graduate student became a public scandal. After this, Watson worked for many years for J. Walter Thompson, a leading American advertising agency. He is credited with popularizing the "coffee break" during an ad campaign for Maxwell House coffee.

Behaviorism
Watson founded behaviorism in the spring of 1913 with his paper Psychology as the behaviorist views it.  In this article, Watson outlined the major features of his new philosophy of psychology, called "behaviorism".  The first paragraph of the article concisely described his position:

Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation.

In 1913, Watson viewed Ivan Pavlov's conditioned reflex as primarily a physiological mechanism controlling glandular secretions.  He had already rejected Edward Thorndike's "Law of Effect" (a precursor to B.F. Skinner's principle of reinforcement) because of what Watson believed were 'unnecessary subjective elements'. The article is also notable for its strong defense of the objective scientific status of applied psychology, which at the time was considered to be much inferior to the established experimental psychology.

With his behaviorism, Watson put the emphasis on external behavior of people and their reactions on given situations, rather than the internal, mental state of those people. In his opinion, the analysis of behaviors and reactions was the only objective method to get insight in the human actions. This outlook was thought to be extreme or radical behaviorism.

Views on child-rearing
Watson wrote the book Psychological care of infant and child in 1928, with help from his mistress, turned wife, Rosalie Rayner. Rosalie later entitled a self-penned article I am a mother of behaviorist sons.  In the book, Watson explained that behaviorists were starting to believe psychological care and analysis was required for infants and children.

His slogan was not more babies but better brought up babies. Watson argued for the nurture side of the nature-nurture debate, claiming that the world would benefit from extinguishing pregnancies for twenty years while enough data was gathered to ensure an efficient child-rearing process.  Watsons' description of a happy child was rather detached. It included ideas such as that the child can occupy himself through his problem-solving abilities, should only cry when in physical pain, and that the child stray from asking questions. Behavior analysis of child development as a field may have begun with the writings of Watson.

Watson carried out controversial science experiments known as the "Little Albert experiments"; in these experiments, Watson studied fear in infants.

Biographies of Watson and analysis of his work
Watson's views and life have been the subject of a number of works.
 Buckley, Kerry W. 1989. Mechanical Man: John Broadus Watson and the beginnings of behaviorism. Guilford Press.
 Buckley, Kerry W. 1994. Misbehaviorism: The case of John B. Watson's dismissal from Johns Hopkins University. In J.T. Todd & E.K. Morris (eds)  Modern perspectives on John B. Watson and classical behaviorism. Greenwood Press.
 Burnham, John C.  1994.  John B. Watson: interviewee, professional figure, symbol.  In J.T. Todd & E.K. Morris (eds)  Modern perspectives on John B. Watson and classical behaviorism. Greenwood Press.
 Coon, Deborah J. 1994 'Not a creature of reason': the alleged impact of Watsonian behaviorism on advertising in the 1920s. In J.T. Todd & E.K. Morris (eds) Modern perspectives on John B. Watson and classical behaviorism. Greenwood Press.
 Harris, Ben. 1979. Whatever happened to little Albert? American Psychologist, 34, #2, pp. 151–160. (on-line )
 Hartley, Mariette & Commire, Anne. 1990. Breaking the silence. New York : Putnam's. (Mariette Hartley is John B. Watson's granddaughter. Hartley claims in her autobiography that Watson's theories on childrearing blighted her childhood.)
 Mills, John A. 1998. Control: a history of behavioral psychology. New York: New York University Press.
 Samelson, F. 1981. Struggle for scientific authority: the reception of Watson's behaviorism, 1913-1920. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 17, 399-425.
 Todd, James T. 1994. What psychology has to say about John B. Watson: classical behaviorism in psychology textbooks, 1920-1989. In J.T. Todd & E.K. Morris, Modern perspectives on John B. Watson and classical behaviorism. Greenwood Press.
 Todd, James T. & Morris, Edward K. 1986. The early research of John B. Watson: before the behavioral revolution. The Behavior Analyst 9, 71-88.
 Todd, James T., & Morris, Edward K.  Modern perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism.  Greenwood Press, 1994.
 Watson, John B. "John Broadus Watson [Autobiography]." In C. Murchison (ed) A history of psychology in autobiography (Vol. 3, pp. 271–81). Clark University Press, 1936.

Books by Watson
1914. Watson, John B. Behavior: an introduction to comparative psychology. Henry Holt, New York.
1919. Watson, John B. Psychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist. Lippincott, Philadelphia. 2nd ed 1924.
1928. Watson, John B. Psychological care of infant and child. Norton, New York.
1930. Watson, John B. Behaviorism (revised edition). University of Chicago Press.

References

1878 births
1958 deaths
American psychologists
Scientists from South Carolina
People from Greenville, South Carolina
Johns Hopkins University faculty

John B. Watson


I Am Legend is a 1954 horror novel by American writer Richard Matheson. It helped the development of the zombie genre and in popularizing the idea of a worldwide apocalypse due to disease.

The novel was a success. It was adapted to a movie as The Last Man on Earth in 1964, as The Omega Man in 1971, and as I Am Legend in 2007. It also came with a direct-to-video 2007 production capitalizing on that movie, I Am Omega. The novel was also the inspiration behind the 1968 movie Night of the Living Dead.

1954 books
Horror novels
20th-century American novels
Science fiction books

I Am Legend (novel)


An alphanumeric code is one made only of letters and numbers.

However, humans can make mistakes, so the code is used so as to cut out common mistakes. Letters and numbers can be misread. The letters I, O and Q are similar to the numbers 1 and 0.

In passenger aircraft seats are labelled by row number followed by column letter. For wide bodied jets, the seats can be 10 across, labeled ABC-DEFG-HJK. The letter I is skipped to avoid mistaking it as row number 1.
In the identification number used by motor vehicle manufacturers, the letters I, O and Q are left out. They are too similar to 1 or 0.
Tiny embossed letters are used to label pins on an V.35/M34 electrical connector. The letters I, O, Q, S and Z were dropped to ease eye strain with 1, 0, 5, 3,and 2. That is called the DEC alphabet after the company that first used it.
For alphanumerics that are frequently handwritten (in addition to I and O) V is avoided because it may look like U when written; and Z for its similarity to 2.

Merriam-Webster dictionary suggests that the term "alphanumeric" may often additionally refer to other symbols, such as punctuation and mathematical symbols. This opens up a whole range of other possibilities, and a whole range of other confusions. It is not the usual way the term 'alphanumeric' is used. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines the term as given above in our first line (though not quite in the same words).

Lastly, it is usual for alphanumeric codes to be "case insensitive", which means it does not matter whether you write them in upper case (capital letters) or lower case (small letters).

References

Numerals
Typography

Alphanumeric


Muscle Shoals is a 2013 American documentary film about FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, and the nearby Muscle Shoals Sound Studio. Directed by Greg "Freddy" Camalier, the film was released by Magnolia Pictures on September 27, 2013. It features numerous recording artists as well as the staff and musicians associated with the studios.

Cast
 Gregg Allman
 Bono
 Clarence Carter
 Jimmy Cliff
 Aretha Franklin (final film appearance)
 Donna Jean Godchaux
 Rick Hall
 Roger Hawkins
 David Hood
 Mick Jagger
 Etta James
 Jai Johanny Johanson
 Jimmy Johnson
 Alicia Keys
 Ed King
 Spooner Oldham
 Dan Penn
 Keith Richards
 Percy Sledge
 Candi Staton
 John Paul White
 Steve Winwood
 Wilson Pickett

Reception
Muscle Shoals has generally received positive reviews from critics. Katie Van Syckle of Rolling Stone remarked

But the documentary's real highlights are the musings of the musicians who recorded there. Performers including Aretha Franklin, Keith Richards, Mick Jagger, Jimmy Cliff, Ed King and Steve Winwood reflect on what went into creating the magical environment and the legendary recordings that it spawned.  Artists were not only prolific in Colbert County, but their recordings were often infused with a recognizable sound Camalier describes as a "funky, soulful, propulsive kind of groove".

John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "The Next Must See Doc. A staple for Soul fans alongside 'Standing in the Shadows of Motown'." Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 97% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 69 reviews with a "Certified Fresh" rating, with an average score of 7.6/10.

Awards
 Grand Prize, Boulder International Film Festival

References

External links

2013 films
2013 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about the music industry
Florence–Muscle Shoals metropolitan area
Documentary films about Alabama
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
English-language documentary films

Muscle Shoals (film)


Secure Shell (SSH) is an Internet communication protocol used mostly to allow users to log into other computers and run commands. It lets people exchange data using a secure channel between two computers. It is used mainly on Linux, Macintosh and Unix computers. It is a lot like Telnet, but is safer. It is less likely to be hacked than Telnet is.

A person can make a key out of numbers. This key has two parts, a private part that should not be shared and a public part that should be. These parts are mathematically related to each. To send a message to a computer, the message is encrypted with the sender's private key and the receiver's public key. This is done in such a way that the message can only be read if the receiver has their private key and the sender's public key. This means that an attacker cannot read the messages without both keys.

SSH was designed by Tatu Ylönen in 1995 to replace the less secure protocols rlogin, Telnet and rsh, which were used to access shell accounts on remote computers.

Related pages
 Internet protocol suite
 Communications protocol

Other websites

 Putty - SSH on Windows

Internet security
Computer protocols

Secure Shell


Under the feudal system in England, a feoffee () is a trustee who holds a fief (or "fee"), that is to say an estate in land, for the use of a beneficial owner. The term is more fully stated as a feoffee to uses of the beneficial owner. The use of such trustees developed towards the end of the era of feudalism in the Middle Ages and declined with the formal ending of that social and economic system in 1660. The development of feoffees to uses may have hastened the end of the feudal system, since their operation circumvented vital feudal fiscal mechanisms.

Development
The practice of enfeoffing feoffees with fees, that is to say of granting legal seizin in one's land-holdings ("holdings" as only the king himself "owned" land by his allodial title) to a group of trusted friends or relatives or other allies whilst retaining use of the lands, began to be widespread by about 1375. The purpose of such an action was two-fold:
Akin to modern tax avoidance, it was a legal loop-hole to avoid the suffering of the customary feudal incidents, namely the payment of feudal relief on an inheritance, the temporary loss of control of a fiefdom through wardship where the landholder was under the age of majority of 21, and the forcible marriage of a young heiress. Nor could the land-holding escheat, that is to say revert permanently to the overlord, as was customary where the land-holder died without a legal heir. When the fiefdom was held by a group of feoffees, the death of the beneficial holder was legally irrelevant to its continued holding by them. They simply allow the lands to continue to be used by the deceased's heir. The feoffees are "an undying corporation which never suffered a minority and could not be given in marriage" (McFarlane, p. 146). The feudal overlord, the king himself if the land was held in-chief, was not entitled to exact feudal relief from the new beneficiary nor was he entitled to seize control of the lands and their revenues until such heir was of full-age, nor was he entitled to sell the heiress in marriage or to marry her to one of his own sons. This had a considerably deleterious effect on the royal finances, which state of affairs was rectified by the aggressive and imaginative new fiscal measures taken by King Henry VII after his accession in 1485.
The land-holder was able effectively to bequeath his land to whomsoever he wished, and was no longer bound by the custom of primogeniture where the eldest son alone had the right, on payment of the appropriate feudal relief, to inherit, that is to demand to be re-enfeoffed with his father's land-holdings by his father's overlord.

The effect was that on a man's death he appeared to hold little or no land, whilst in reality he had full use of it and of the revenues derived from it. If he was thought by the county escheator to have been a tenant-in-chief, a jury for an Inquisition post mortem would be convened to enquire into what manors he held from the king and who was his legal heir. Frequently the verdict of such inquisitions even in the case of the decease of the most influential men of the county, was "he holds no lands of the king in this county". Such reports can be a major source of confusion to the modern historian or biographer who is unaware of the operation of feoffees to uses. As McFarlane summarised "it can make a great landowner (sic) appear to die a landless man".

Procedure for creation
To effect such an arrangement a sealed charter was usually drawn up which specified all relevant matters, such as who the feoffees were to be, to whose use the feoffees were to hold the lands, for what period, who were the desired heirs of the settlor, what provision should be made for his widow, etc. Such charter appears as a conveyance or alienation, and may be mistaken as such by the unwary modern researcher. Likewise, such a charter may be misinterpreted by the modern observer as signifying that those named as recipients of the conveyance are themselves beneficial owners in the form of a commercial partnership, and therefore may be mistaken for wealthy men.

Legal status
Feoffee is a historical term relating to the law of trusts and equity, referring to the owner of a legal title of a property when he is not the equitable owner. Feoffees essentially had their titles stripped by the Statute of Uses 1535, whereby the legal title to the property being held by the feoffee was transferred to their cestui que use. The modern equivalent of a feoffee to uses is the trustee, one who holds a legal and managerial ownership in trust for the enjoyment benefit and use of the beneficiary.

Modern usage
The term is still in use today to mean a trustee invested with a freehold estate held in possession for a purpose, typically a charitable one. Some examples include: the trustees of the Chetham's Hospital charity in Manchester, in the towns of Colyton, Devon and Bungay in Suffolk, and the trustees of the Sponne and Bickerstaffe charity in Towcester, Northamptonshire. The Feoffees of St Michael's Spurriergate are the trustees of a charity that helps with the restoration of churches in York. In Ipswich, Massachusetts, US the Feoffees of the Grammar School have been trustees of a piece of land donated for the use of the town since the 1600s. In the village of Ecclesfield, South Yorkshire, the feoffees contribute to looking after the fabric of the church, Church of St Mary, Ecclesfield and also make other donations for the benefit of the local population but in the past they used to have responsibility for law and order, punishment of the guilty and upkeep of the roads. The Spalding Rectory Feoffees were formed in 1620 to pay the stipend of the Vicar of Spalding, Lincolnshire, which they continue to do.

Other examples are the companies of the Selby Feoffee and Welfare Charity and the Chittlehampton Feoffees.

As of 2021, there are 135 active feoffees registered at the Charity Commission in Britain and four feoffees registered at Companies House.

See also

Fee (or Fief or Fiefdom)
Fee simple
Feu
Legal history
Feudal land tenure
Land tenure

Sources
McFarlane, K.B., Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights, Oxford, 1972, Part 2, Introduction, pp. 144–147

References

Real property law
Feudalism in England

Feoffee


İnönü Stadium () was a football stadium in Istanbul, Turkey and the home ground of the football club Beşiktaş J.K. Previously, the ground had also been shared with Galatasaray S.K. and Fenerbahçe S.K. The ground was located in Dolmabahçe, close to Dolmabahçe Palace in the district of Beşiktaş, on the European side of Istanbul. The stadium was demolished except for the walls of the Eski Açık stand and its historical towers in order to build a new stadium for Beşiktaş J.K. at the same location - Vodafone Park.

The all-seater stadium had the capacity to host 32,145 spectators.

Structure
The BJK İnönü Stadyumu had four stands. The Kapalı stand which was parallel to the pitch at the north side could hold up to 5,881 supporters. It was regarded as the heart of the stadium, traditionally housing the most fanatical supporters. Facing the Kapalı was the Numaralı with a seating capacity of 5,237. The stands behind the goal areas were Eski Açık with a seating capacity of 7,962, and Yeni Açık with a seating capacity of 13,065. There were two towers on the left and right side of the Eski Açık stands that have been incorporated into the design of Vodafone Park, the current home of Beşiktaş. Before the stadium became an all-seater, the ground's capacity was over 39,000.

The Bosphorus, Dolmabahçe Palace, Dolmabahçe Clock Tower, Dolmabahçe Mosque, and Maiden's Tower were all viewable from the top rows of the Yeni Açık stand of the stadium, which made it the only stadium in the world from which a football fan could view two continents: Europe and Asia, which are separated by the Bosphorus strait.

History

BJK İnönü Stadium (originally named the Dolmabahçe Stadium) was designed by Italian architect Paolo Vietti-Violi, who collaborated with Turkish architects Şinasi Şahingiray and Fazıl Aysu for the project. The ground of Dolmabahçe Palace's stable was chosen as the location to build the stadium. The first foundation was laid on May 19, 1939, but construction work was halted due to the outbreak of the Second World War. The stadium was eventually inaugurated on May 19, 1947, by İsmet İnönü, the second President of Turkey and himself a Beşiktaş fan, and Lütfi Kırdar, the Governor of Istanbul. The initial capacity was 16,000. In the original project plan, there were two bronze statues of athlete figures at the Eski Açık stand: one throwing a discus, and the other throwing a javelin. However, the statues were never built due to financial concerns. The oil factory which was found behind the stadium was demolished to construct the Yeni Açık stand at the west part of the stadium in 1950 (hence the name Yeni Açık, meaning the New Open stand - referring to the two covered stands Numaralı and Kapalı, and the other uncovered stand, Eski Açık). Yeni Açık was eventually covered with a separate roof structure in 2004. Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe shared the stadium with Beşiktaş for many years, until the construction of the Ali Sami Yen Stadium in 1964, and the renovation of Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium in 1982.

The first football match at the Dolmabahçe Stadium took place between Beşiktaş and AIK Stockholm of Sweden, on November 27, 1947. The first goal in the stadium was scored by Süleyman Seba, the most famous and longest-presiding Chairman of the club (in the 1980s and 1990s), when he was a player at Beşiktaş. Beşiktaş lost this match 3–2. In 1952, the stadium was renamed as Mithat Paşa Stadium, and later in 1973, it was renamed as İnönü Stadium. A leasing contract was signed between Beşiktaş JK and the Ministry of Youth and Sports in February 1998 which gave all usage rights of İnönü Stadium to Beşiktaş JK for 49 years.

Renovation work took place at the stadium in 2004. The tartan track was removed within the scope of these renovations and the ground level was lowered by 4 meters to increase the capacity of the stadium to 32,145 spectators. The press seats were relocated to the Numaralı stand from the Kapalı stand. The executive suites that were found in the middle of the Kapalı stand were demolished and for the first time in Turkey, the wire fence between the stands and the pitch was removed for space. The number of gates was increased by 100%. A press center for Beşiktaş TV was built inside the stadium. Restrooms and lunch counters were also renovated. The Yeni Açık stand was covered with a metallic roof, and the stadium complied with UEFA standards.

The stadium's location is near the Bosphorus and is very close to Taksim Square. The stadium could be reached easily by many means of public transport (bus, ferry, metro, light-rail, funicular etc.) due to its central location.

There were four different parts of the stadium: Kapalı was where the most hot-blooded fans were during the matches. Yeni Açık was on the western side, facing the Bosphorus. Eski Açık was the smaller stand opposite Yeni Açık where visiting supporters were typically seated. Numaralı is where press, VIP, and protocol seats were located.

The 2012-2013 season was the last season of İnönü Stadium as Beşiktaş's home ground. The club played their 2013-14 and 2014-15 season home games mostly at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium and the Başakşehir Fatih Terim Stadium. Their new ground, Vodafone Park, was completed in April 2016.

Records

Music
İnönü Stadium was used for many major music concerts. The first concert to take place at the stadium was Bryan Adams on 28 July 1992. This marked the first stadium concert in Istanbul.
Michael Jackson performed during his Dangerous World Tour on 23 September 1993  in front of a crowd of 48,000. He also scheduled to perform at the stadium during his Dangerous World Tour on 4 October 1992, but was cancelled due to a vocal cord ailment.
Madonna performed during her The Girlie Show World Tour on 7 October 1993 to an audience of 54,000 people.
Iron Maiden performed at the stadium on July 26, 2013 as part of their Maiden England World Tour, marking the stadium's last concert before its demolition and reconstruction.
Other major events in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s included performances by: Guns N' Roses, as part of the Use Your Illusion Tour; Metallica as part of the Nowhere Else to Roam and World Magnetic Tour; Bon Jovi as part of the I'll Sleep When I'm Dead Tour; Elton John as part of The One Tour; Scorpions as part of the Face The Heat Tour; Sting as part of the Ten Summoner's Tales Tour; Rod Stewart as part of the A Spanner in the Works Tour; Tina Turner as part of the Wildest Dreams Tour and Rihanna as part of the Diamonds World Tour. The stadium also hosted the heavy metal Sonisphere Festival in 2010, featuring the "big four" of thrash metal: Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, and Anthrax, in addition to Manowar, Rammstein and Alice in Chains.

New Inönü Stadium project

Due to the unique location of the stadium and its legal status as a "historic monument" protected by the High Council of Monuments of Turkey, the renewal project had to be modified and postponed several times and all official requests, efforts, renewal attempts were denied until 2013. The administrative procedures were eventually completed, and all required permission was given to the club. Club president Fikret Orman announced that the new stadium, with a total capacity of 41,903 spectators, 143 luxury lodges, and one "1903 stand", will be constructed. Demolition works started on 2 June 2013, following the end of the promotion play-offs of the TFF First League. Construction works were completed in April 2016, and the estimated cost of the project was around $80 million.

The project of the new stadium was designed by DB architects. The old stadium was demolished, except for the walls and two towers of the Eski Açık stand, since these structures are considered historic monuments.

See also
 Beşiktaş J.K.

References and notes

External links

 Beşiktaş J.K. official website: Project of the new İnönü Stadium

Beşiktaş Football
Sports venues in Istanbul
Football venues in Turkey
Bosphorus
Süper Lig venues
İsmet İnönü
Sport in Beşiktaş
Athletics (track and field) venues in Turkey
Sports venues completed in 1947
Defunct association football venues in Turkey
Sports venues demolished in 2013
Defunct sports venues in Turkey
Demolished buildings and structures in Istanbul
1947 establishments in Turkey
Beşiktaş J.K. facilities
2013 disestablishments in Turkey

BJK İnönü Stadium


Talc (from the Arabic talk) is a silicate mineral, a type of clay. It is the standard for grade 1 in the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. A fingernail can easily scratch it. Talc is composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. Talc and pyrophyllite are very similar, but pyrophyllite may be slightly harder.

Talc has a greasy feel and a translucent, soapy look. In loose form, it is the widely used substance known as talcum powder. Steatite, also called soapstone, is a rock with a lot of talc.

Minerals

Talc


Press was a daily middle-market tabloid newspaper published in Belgrade between 2005 and 2012.

Launched by a group of journalists who left Kurir and published by the company they established called Press Publishing Group, Press quickly developed sizable readership, reaching high circulation in the process. In time, the company parleyed the daily's market success into other print media projects such as another daily Biznis, aimed at business people, as well as a lifestyle weekly magazine Lola and a glossy monthly magazine FAME.

For years, much like many other Serbian media outlets, the paper faced speculation and accusations about its ownership structure. Rumours about the Press real owners being some of Serbia's most powerful politically connected business tycoons was rampant with individuals like Miroslav Mišković and Dragan Đilas often mentioned in this regard.

The daily was shut down in November 2012 amid great controversy that played out in the Serbian media when tycoon Miroslav Mišković announced his pull-out from the paper's ownership structure, thereby confirming his long-speculated association with the paper.

Ownership
The Press owners controlled the paper through an entity named Press Publishing Group d.o.o. which was registered in Serbia as a limited liability company in mid October 2006.

Initially, it was co-owned by the three parties: Amber Press Limited company from Cyprus (50%), individual Đorđe Stefanović (40%), and Mediavox d.o.o. company from Belgrade (10%). However, since Mediavox is also owned by Stefanović, Press Publishing Group was essentially a 50-50 joint venture between Stefanović and Cypriot Amber Press.

The company quickly established itself on the Serbian media market, receiving accolades and posting good business returns. According to its 2007 annual financial report submitted to the Serbian Economic Register Agency, the company had 136 employees and it posted an annual profit of RSD58,830,000 (approximately € 0.7 million at the time) for the calendar year 2007.

Then in May 2009, the ownership was restructured with Stefanović's 40% stake divided amongst 4 individuals: Biljana Kralj (22%), Đoko Kesić (6%), Dragan J. Vučićević (6%), and Svetomir Marjanović (6%).

Over the years, there were frequent speculation about the identity of the individuals behind the companies listed in the Press ownership structure. Serbian tycoons and businessmen Miroslav Mišković and Dragan Đilas were often mentioned in this regard. On 12 November 2012, that speculation was confirmed when politically influential Serbian tycoon Miroslav Mišković announced his decision to sell his stake in the paper, admitting in the process that he was the paper largest individual stakeholder. Reacting to Mišković's announcement, Serbian deputy prime minister Aleksandar Vučić claimed that Serbian businessman and the mayor of Belgrade Dragan Đilas also owns a large stake in the paper and called on him to publicly admit it.

History
In mid December 2005, Press became the latest in a growing list of Serbian print media outlets that came into existence due to a group of journalists leaving their previous place of employment en masse to launch a new paper. This is how Vreme weekly was started in 1990 (left Politika), Naša borba in 1994 (left Borba), and Glas javnosti in 1998 (left Blic).

In this case, the majority of Press staffers—including editor-in-chief Đoko Kesić and his deputy Dragan J. Vučićević—had worked at Kurir from its May 2003 inception until early December 2005 when a dispute over revenue sharing came to a head, resulting in about 90% of Kurirs staff leaving the paper. Public accusations of corruption and political skullduggery started flying thick and fast between Kurir owner Radisav Rodić on one side and Kesić-Vučićević editing duo on the other. During mid December 2005, Vučićević and newly named Kurir editor-in-chief Antonije Kovačević even publicly squared off in an impromptu TV duel on BKTV's talk-show Klopka hosted by Olivera Kovačević (no relation to Antonije Kovačević), but apart from a lot of shouting and theatrical rhetoric not many concrete facts were established.

Led by Kesić and Vučićević, the group that left Kurir announced their plan to start their own daily tabloid named Dnevni kurir, however, Kurir owner Rodić immediately filed a complaint with Trade Court, protesting copyright infringement. The court agreed with him and issued an immediate junction prohibiting publication under that name. Though they felt Kurir became what it is in large part due to their own efforts and skills, Kesić & Vučićević decided not to pursue the matter further legally and ended the issue by naming their new tabloid Press, instead.

Its premiere issue came out on 15 December 2005.

Press vs. Bojan Krišto
In late November 2008, Press began running a series of articles about Bojan Krišto, CEO of the state-owned company JP Aerodrom Beograd which operates Belgrade's Nikola Tesla Airport. The issue was his free-spending business practice when it came to approving salary bonuses for himself and members of the company's managing board. Since by the nature of the position, Krišto was politically delegated by G17 Plus, a member party of the ruling coalition For a European Serbia (ZES), the whole thing soon erupted into a political scandal. Opposition MPs demanded his resignation along with pressing criminal charges while even the President of Serbia Boris Tadić chimed in, calling the situation unacceptable. Much of the public's anger was directed at Krišto's party boss Mlađan Dinkić who was also the Minister of Economy and Regional Development as well as the Deputy Prime Minister. For a while it even appeared that this was the beginning of a rift in the Serbian ruling coalition and some even went as far as suggesting that together with other disagreements between government members such as the Russian gas deal, this airport case might just make the government fall.

No such thing happened, however, as Krišto resigned on 25 November 2008 under the weight of public pressure while Dinkić went on B92 programme Utisak nedelje on 30 November 2008 and more or less defended his party colleague. Dinkić repeatedly referred to the entire episode as "witch hunt" and even suggested that part of the motivation for Press to go after Krišto might lay in his apparent decision to make them pay the outstanding sum on the sponsorship deal that allowed the Press logo to be printed on the back of boarding passes issued at the airport. The very next day Press responded to this by saying they will present Dinkić with all the details of that particular business deal and demand that he issue a public apology for the "libelous remark".

Closing
On 15 November 2012, in the wake of Miroslav Mišković's announcement of his pulling out of the paper, the paper announced that day's issue to be its last in print. It was also announced on the same occasion that the issue for Republika Srpska would continue as well as the website. According to unofficial sources, the paper accrued debts of more than €16 million at the time of its folding.

Mišković's implicit admission of owning a stake in Press when he announced his pullout from the paper as well as the publication's demise three days later, caused a lot of reaction and controversy on the Serbian media scene as well as in the country's wider public. It again opened the issue of the real ownership behind Serbian print and electronic media outlets.

Reaction to the paper's demise

Ljiljana Smajlović
Ljiljana Smajlović, president of the Serbian Journalists' Association (UNS) said: "UNS supports the Press employees' demands of getting to the bottom of everything when it comes to Press — who were their real owners, what was the paper's circulation, and why weren't they given the opportunity to put together a newspaper the way they wanted to. UNS further appeals on the creditors of Press to show understanding of the situation the paper's employees find themselves in and to exercise restraint considering Miroslav Mišković's publicly stated promise to pay off most of the paper's outstanding debts. UNS is further criticizing the current Serbian government (led by Dačić and Vučić) for not delivering on one of its first promises upon taking office — discussing Verica Barać's report that clearly identified murky ownership structure of media outlets as the biggest threat to press freedom in Serbia. If it doesn't determine once and for all why the Serbian media market turned into Wild West where everybody deceives everybody when it comes to ownership structure and circulation figures, this government will share the responsibility for the situation with the previous one. It would be good if the Press' other owner — the still clandestine one — finally owned up and took responsibility for the paper's finances thereby helping the journalists re-form their newspaper, hopefully this time without debts to tycoons".

Dragan J. Vučićević
On 15 November 2012, at a press-conference he called over a different issue, former Press editor-in-chief, columnist, and one of its founders Dragan J. Vučićević (at the time the editor-in-chief of Informer) took several questions about the paper's demise. He said on the occasion: "Towards the end of 2010, Press got hijacked and taken away from me and the other founders by the people from top echelons of the authorities that ran Serbia at the time. They basically blackmailed us with a threat of laying off the 250 staffers that were employed at the paper at the time as well as the threat of making sure our loans don't get re-programmed. From the second half of 2010 until I eventually left in late December 2011 when they wouldn't allow me to continue writing my column, I was neither involved in the paper's business nor its editorial policy. All I did for the paper in 2010 and 2011 was writing a weekly column. Yes, I was listed at the same time as the managing board president of the Press Publishing Group, but it was only a formal title by the decision of some people that made decisions at the time — in reality I had nothing to do with the managing board, which by the way didn't even exist, and I'm not the right man to talk to about what went on in that paper during its last three years of existence. Yes, I was fictitiously listed as the managing board president. As far as Oliver Dulić and the payments from his environmental fund go, I learned of those only after I had already left Press. I had nothing to do with him. If you prove that I ever met him, signed any of his payments, or even talked to him over the phone I'll gladly go to jail. I never took a dinar from Dulić or anyone else from the Tadić authorities. I only suffered under those authorities. During the Tadić era in Serbia, only a few journalists dared to put up consistent and resolute resistance to his tyrannical rule and I feel that resisting Tadić and his cronies is one of the greatest highlights of my career in journalism. Especially under the circumstances when other journalists kept silent while cashing in their integrity from Dulić and other characters like Cole, Krle, and Šane".

This was in stark contrast to what Vučićević had to say on the same subject two years earlier in December 2010. Asked at the time about the Serbian tycoons' alleged clandestine involvement in the Serbian newspapers' ownership structure, Vučićević, the managing board president of Press Publishing Group, answered: "In Serbia there are constant conspiracy theories about different tycoons having a stake in various newspapers. That's not exactly the case and I'll tell why it isn't. The newspaper business in Serbia is not profitable enough for tycoons to be interested in it. They can turn much greater profits in other endeavours so why would they invest in newspapers. Do you know how long it takes to start making a profit on your investment in a newspaper? Between 5-7 years. Why would someone invest €1 million in a newspaper and then wait for 7 years to make that money back". Asked explicitly on the same occasion who owns Press, Vučićević answered: "Press is owned by Đoko Kesić, Sveta Marjanović, Biljana Kralj, and myself". Pressed further to say who is politically behind Press, Vučićević emphatically repeated: "No one".

Čedomir Jovanović
Speaking on the political talk-show Utisak nedelje, the leader of opposition Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Čedomir Jovanović said that public revelation about Mišković and Đilas being the owners of Press wasn't news to him, before continuing: "Press was the price Mišković had to pay to the DS-led authorities. It was a government racket".

Editorial history
Đoko Kesić December 2005 – November 2007
Dragan J. Vučićević November 2007 – November 2010
Svetomir Marjanović November 2010 – January 2011
Veljko Lalić January 2011 – August 2012
Borislav Kasanski August 2012 - October 2012
Miša Brkić October 2012 – November 2012

References

External links
Press Online - Official website

Press
Newspapers established in 2005
Publications disestablished in 2012
Mass media in Belgrade

Press (Belgrade newspaper)


Frederick William Galvin is a mathematician, currently a professor at the University of Kansas. His research interests include set theory and combinatorics.

His notable combinatorial work includes the proof of the Dinitz conjecture. In set theory, he proved with András Hajnal that if ℵω1 is a strong limit cardinal, then

holds. The research on extending this result led Saharon Shelah to the invention of PCF theory. Galvin gave an elementary proof of the Baumgartner–Hajnal theorem  (). The original proof by Baumgartner and Hajnal used forcing and absoluteness. Galvin and Shelah also proved the square bracket partition relations  and . Galvin also proved the partition relation  where η denotes the order type of the set of rational numbers.
Galvin and Karel Prikry proved that every Borel set is Ramsey. Galvin and Komjáth showed that the axiom of choice is equivalent to the statement that every graph has a chromatic number.

Galvin received his Ph.D. in 1967 from the University of Minnesota.

He invented Doublemove Chess in 1957, and Push Chess in 1967.

References

Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Combinatorialists
Set theorists
University of Minnesota alumni
University of Kansas faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)

Fred Galvin


The apothem (sometimes shortened to apo) of a regular polygon is a line segment from the center of the polygon to the middle of one of its sides. It is also perpendicular to that side. The word "apothem" can also mean the length of that line segment. Regular polygons are the only polygons with apothems; because of this, all apothems of one shape are congruent.

Properties
The apothem, a, can be used to find the area of any regular polygon with the side length, s, according to the following formula, which also states that the area is equal to the apothem times half the perimeter since ns = p.

.

geometry

Apothem


Leshten () is a mountainous village in Garmen Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria. It is situated in the Dabrash part of the Rhodope Mountains, 5 kilometers north of Garmen, 75 kilometers southeast of Blagoevgrad and 2 kilometers south of Gorno Dryanovo on the road between Garmen and Kovachevitsa.

In the early years of the 20th century it was a busy village with more than 500 inhabitants, most of them non-Muslim. Nowadays there are only a few local permanent inhabitants, but many of the old houses have been restored and renovated as summerhouses or guest-houses. They were built in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century in the architectural style typical for this region of the country. Most of the houses have very big terraces, inner courtyards and their own taverns.

The church "St Paraskeva" was built in 1837 and a school, run by the local priest has been added to it. Now the church is recognised as an Architectural and Cultural Monument of local importance. The school building has been converted to a pub, offering local cuisine and drinks.

The village is accessible by bus or by car, but the road is difficult in the winter.

References

Villages in Blagoevgrad Province

Leshten


The Liberal government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland that began in 1859 and ended in 1866 consisted of two ministries: the second Palmerston ministry and the second Russell ministry.

History

After the fall of the second of Lord Derby's short-lived attempts at governments in 1859, Palmerston returned to power, this time in alliance with his former rival, the Earl Russell, in what is regarded as the first Liberal government. Palmerston remained as Prime Minister until his death in 1865, when Russell succeeded him. However, disunity within the party caused the fall of the government in the following year, and Lord Derby formed another Conservative ministry.

Cabinets

The Viscount Palmerston's Cabinet, June 1859 – October 1865
Lord Palmerston – First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Commons
Lord Campbell – Lord Chancellor
Lord Granville – Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords
The Duke of Argyll – Lord Privy Seal
Sir George Cornewall Lewis – Secretary of State for the Home Department
Lord John Russell – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
The Duke of Newcastle – Secretary of State for the Colonies
Sidney Herbert – Secretary of State for War
Sir Charles Wood – Secretary of State for India
The Duke of Somerset – First Lord of the Admiralty
William Ewart Gladstone – Chancellor of the Exchequer
Edward Cardwell – Chief Secretary for Ireland
Thomas Milner Gibson – President of the Board of Trade and of the Poor Law Board
Sir George Grey – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Lord Elgin – Postmaster-General

Changes
July 1859 – Charles Pelham Villiers succeeds Milner-Gibson as President of the Poor Law Board (Milner-Gibson remains at the Board of Trade)
May 1860 – Lord Stanley of Alderley succeeds Lord Elgin as Postmaster-General
June 1861 – Lord Westbury succeeds Lord Campbell as Lord Chancellor
July 1861 – Sir George Cornewall Lewis succeeds Herbert as Secretary for War.  Sir George Grey succeeds Lewis as Home Secretary.  Edward Cardwell succeeds Grey as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.  Cardwell's successor as Chief Secretary for Ireland is not in the Cabinet.
April 1863 – Lord de Grey becomes Secretary for War following Sir George Lewis's death.
April 1864 – Edward Cardwell succeeds the Duke of Newcastle as Colonial Secretary. Lord Clarendon succeeds Cardwell as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
July 1865 – Lord Cranworth succeeds Lord Westbury as Lord Chancellor

The Earl Russell's Cabinet, October 1865 – June 1866

Changes
February 1866: The Lord de Grey succeeds Sir Charles Wood as Secretary for India. Lord Hartington succeeds Grey as Secretary for War.

List of ministers
Cabinet members are listed in bold face.

Notes

References
C. Cook and B. Keith, British Historical Facts 1830–1900

1859-1866
Government
1860s in the United Kingdom
1859 establishments in the United Kingdom
1866 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Ministries of Queen Victoria
Cabinets established in 1859
Cabinets disestablished in 1866
1850s in the United Kingdom
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston

pl:Drugi rząd lorda Russella

Liberal government, 1859–1866


Feedback is a connection, a loop, between the cause and effect of a process.

Electronic

Sometimes, output from an electronic source affects future input.  This can form what is called a "feedback loop". In some cases the output reinforces the input, making it stronger; this is called "self-reinforcing", "positive", "runaway" or "amplifying". In other cases, the output blocks or stops some of the input; this is called a negative feedback loop.

Positive feedback

Think about a sound system with input from a microphone and output to a loudspeaker. If the sound coming out of the loudspeaker is heard by the microphone, a loop is created, from speaker, to the microphone, through the cord, and back into the speaker.  The loop is made up of sound and the electrical energy that the microphone and loudspeaker use to create that sound.  If nothing stops the sound and electricity in the loop, it will travel faster and faster, which is why feedback starts out as a low hum and turns into a high squeal very quickly

This is an example of a positive feedback loop: the output reinforces the input; it makes the input stronger.

Negative feedback

Think about two mirrors that face each other.  The mirrors reflect each other infinitely, or forever, but in each reflection, the image in the mirror is slightly smaller than the image it reflects.  The images get smaller and smaller until they are no longer visible.  This is an example of a negative feedback loop: the output (the reflection) reduces the input; it makes the input smaller.

The runaway global warming hypothesis
Warm temperature caused a glacier to melt. As the glacier melts, areas that were at one time covered by snow and ice are now water or land. Because snow and ice reflect heat but water and land absorb heat, this causes the glacier to melt faster as more snow and ice is melted. This type of positive feedback is an example of thermal runaway.

Cybernetics

American mathematician Norbert Wiener made feedback loops more well known in 1948 in his book Cybernetics. Cybernetics is the study of feedback loops and their role in communication and control.

Engineering
Systems theory

Feedback


Door furniture (British and Australian English) or door hardware  (North American English) refers to any of the items that are attached to a door or a drawer to enhance its functionality or appearance.

Design of door furniture is an issue to disabled persons who might have difficulty opening or using some kinds of door, and to specialists in interior design as well as those  usability professionals which often take their didactic examples from door furniture design and use.

Items of door furniture fall into several categories, described below.

Hinges

A hinge is a component that attaches one edge of a door to the frame, while allowing the other edge to swing from it. It usually consists of a pair of plates, each with a set of open cylindrical rings (the knuckles) attached to them. The knuckles of the two plates are offset from each other and mesh together. A hinge pin is then placed through the two sets of knuckles and usually fixed, to combine the plates and make the hinge a single unit. One door usually has about three hinges, but it can vary.

Handles

Doors generally have at least one fixed handle, usually accompanied with a latch (see below). A typical "handle set" is composed of the exterior handle, escutcheon, an independent deadbolt, and the interior package (knob or lever).  On some doors the latch is incorporated into a hinged handle that releases when pulled on.

See also:
 Doorknob – A knob or lever on an axle that is rotated to release the bolt;
 Crash bar or Panic bar;
 Doorhandles for all types of doors (glass, wooden, etc.)
 Flush pull handle for sliding glass door.

Locks

A lock is a device that prevents access by those without a key or combination, generally by preventing one or more latches from being operated. Often accompanied by an escutcheon.  Some doors, particularly older ones, will have a keyhole accompanying the lock.

Fasteners
Most doors make use of one or more fasteners to hold the door closed. Typical or common fasteners include:

 Latch – A device that allows one to fasten a door, but doesn't necessarily require an external handle
 Bolt – A (nearly always) metal shaft usually internal to the door, attached by cleats or a specific form of bracket, that slides into the jamb to fasten a door.
 Latch bolt – A bolt that has an angled surface which acts as a ramp to push the bolt in while the door is being closed. By the use of a latch bolt, a door can be closed without having to operate the handle.
 Deadbolt – Deadbolts usually extend deeper into the frame and are not automatically retractable the way latch bolts are. They are typically manipulated with a lock on the outside and either a lock or a latch on the inside. Deadbolts are generally used for security purposes on external doors in case somebody tries to kick the door in or use a tool such as a crowbar or a hammer and screwdriver etc.
 Strike plate – A plate with a hole in the middle made to receive a bolt. If the strike is for a latch bolt, it typically also includes a small ramped area to help the bolt move inward while the door is being closed. (Also known as just "strike") It's also available as electric strike which allows you to open the door even though the mechanical lock is locked.
 Dust Socket - A (nearly always) plastic socket that sits under the Strike plate concealing the rough wood of the mortise.
 Aldrop- A device to keep the two panels of a door in closed position. It a set of curved plates fixed on the two panels of the door. A rod then passes though the curved plates to keep the door locked. A padlock can inserted in the rod to lock the door.

Accessories

Numerous devices exist to serve specific purposes related to how a door should (or should not) be used. See:
 Door chain - A device to secure door opening
 Door closer – Mechanical or electromagnetic device to close an open door (in the event of a fire)
 Door opener - Automatic door opening device activated by motion sensors or pressure pads
 Door damper – A hydraulic device employed to slow the door's closure
 Door knocker
 Door stop – used to prevent the door from opening too far or striking another object
 Espagnolette (for a window)
 Fingerplate
 Letter box or mail slot
 Peephole

A number of items normally accompany doors but are not necessarily mounted on the door itself, such as doorbells.

See also
 Architectural ironmongery

External links

Doors
Architectural elements
Hardware (mechanical)

Door furniture


Hans von Bülow (born Dresden, 8 January 1830 ; died Cairo, 12 February 1894) was a German conductor and pianist.  He was one of the most famous conductors of the 19th century as well as being a famous pianist.  He is especially remembered for his conducting of the operas of Richard Wagner.

Life
Bülow was born in Dresden.  His family belonged to the nobility: he had the title of "Freiherr" (similar to the English Baron).  When he was nine he had music lessons from Friedrich Wieck who was the father of Clara Schumann.   However, his parents said that he had to study law instead of music, and they sent him to Leipzig.

During this time he met Franz Liszt in Weimar and he heard him conduct the music of Wagner.  He decided to study music even though his parents did not want him to.  He went to Zürich where Wagner was living in exile.  Wagner thought he was very talented and got him some conducting jobs.  In 1851 he went to Weimar to study the piano with Liszt.  He worked very hard at his piano technique.  He also wrote articles about music.  Liszt also thought that von Bülow would become a great musician.

In 1853 Bülow made his first concert tour.  He played in Vienna, Pest, Dresden, Karlsruhe, Bremen, Hamburg and Berlin.  He taught the piano in Berlin and gave a lot of support to young composers who had new ideas about music.  He toured as pianist and conductor in Germany and Russia.  In 1857 he married Liszt's daughter, Cosima.  They had two daughters.

In 1864 he became the Hofkapellmeister in Munich.  This was a very important conducting job and it made him extremely famous.  He conducted the first performances of two Wagner operas: Tristan und Isolde (1865) and Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1868).  These were extremely successful.  Meanwhile Cosima was having a love affair with Richard Wagner.  In 1868 she left her husband to live with Wagner, taking their daughters with her.  She divorced  Bülow, who went to Florence for a while to recover from the shock.  However, he always continued to show great respect for Wagner and continued to conduct his music.  When Wagner died in 1883 he was terribly sad.

In 1872 Bülow toured again.  He visited England and the USA where, as the solo pianist, he gave the first performance (world premiere) of  Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 in  Boston in 1875.

From 1878 to 1880 he was conductor in Hanover, but had to leave after a quarrel with a tenor.  In 1880 he went to Meiningen where he conducted the orchestra, making it one of the best orchestras in Germany.  He made the players perform from memory.  He often conducted the music of Johannes Brahms.  He thought about every detail of the pieces he conducted.  He liked to have two pianos on the stage so that he could face the audience or have his back to them, whichever he wanted.
During this time he met Richard Strauss in Berlin.  He helped Strauss, who was a young man at the time, to make his music well known

He did new things with his orchestra, such as introducing a double bass with five strings (this is now normal in most European orchestras).  He also introduced timpani with pedals.  In the late 1880s he settled in Hamburg, but continued to tour, both conducting and performing on the piano.

Bülow had health problems which gave him very bad headaches.  He went to warmer countries to try to get better.  He died in a hotel in Cairo, Egypt,  ten months after his last concert performance.

Bülow was not only a conductor and pianist, but also a composer.  His piano compositions are influenced by Liszt.  They are very difficult to play.   He was also very good at writing about music.  He always wrote what he thought, even if it offended some people.

References
New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;

1830 births
1894 deaths
German conductors
German pianists
Musicians from Dresden

Hans von Bülow


Bertrand's postulate states that if n > 3 is an integer, then there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n − 2.

This statement was first made in 1845 by Joseph Bertrand. Bertrand verified his statement for all numbers in the interval [2, 3 × 106].

His statement was completely proven by Pafnuty Chebyshev in 1850. For this reason, the postulate is also called the Bertrand-Chebyshev theorem or Chebyshev's theorem. Srinivasa Ramanujan gave a simpler proof. Ramanujan later used that proof when he discovered Ramanujan primes. In 1932, Paul Erdős published a simpler proof using the Chebyshev function θ(x).

Other websites
 Ramanujan's simpler proof

Number theory

Bertrand's postulate


The Lion and the Unicorn are symbols of the United Kingdom. They are, properly speaking, heraldic supporters appearing in the full royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. The lion stands for England and the unicorn for Scotland. The combination therefore dates back to the 1603 accession of James I of England who was already James VI of Scotland. By extension, they are also  used in the arms of Newfoundland since 1637, the arms of Hanover between 1837–1866, and the arms of Canada since 1921.

Nursery rhyme
The traditional legend of enmity between the two heraldic animals is recorded in a nursery rhyme which has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 20170. It is usually given with the lyrics:

The lion and the unicorn
Were fighting for the crown
The lion beat the unicorn
All around the town.

Some gave them white bread,
And some gave them brown;
Some gave them plum cake
and drummed them out of town.

The legend of the two animals may have been intensified by the Acts of Union 1707 and it was one year later that William King (1663–1712) recorded a verse very similar to the first stanza of the modern rhyme. This seems to have grown to include several other verses. Apart from those above only one survives:

And when he had beat him out,
He beat him in again;
He beat him three times over,
His power to maintain.

This rhyme was played upon by Lewis Carroll, who incorporated the lion and the unicorn as characters in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass. Here, the crown they are fighting for belongs to the White King which, given that they are on the White side as well, makes their rivalry all the more absurd. Carroll subverts the traditional view of a lion being alert and calculating by making this particular one slow and rather stupid, although clearly the better fighter. The role of the Unicorn is likewise reversed (or mirrored, as in a looking-glass) by the fact that he sees Alice as a "monster", though he promises to start believing in her if she will believe in him. Sir John Tenniel's illustrations for the section caricature Benjamin Disraeli as the Unicorn, and William Ewart Gladstone as the Lion, alluding to the pair's frequent parliamentary battles, although there is no evidence that this was Carroll's intention.

See also

Lion and Unicorn Staircase
Royal coat of arms of Scotland
Coat of arms of Canada
Queen Elizabeth Gate

Notes

References

 Baker, E.D.  Dragon's Breath, 162-3.  New York: Bloomsbury USA Children's Books (2003).

British heraldry
English heraldry
Scottish heraldry
Lions in heraldry
Culture of the United Kingdom
Lewis Carroll characters
National symbols of the United Kingdom
Unicorns
English nursery rhymes
English children's songs
Songs about cats
Songs about horses

The Lion and the Unicorn