John Thurman "Red" Cochran Jr. (August 2, 1922 – September 5, 2004) was an American football cornerback and later an assistant coach and scout in the National Football League.  He played college football at Wake Forest University.

Playing career
Red grew up in Fairfield, Alabama and played high school football at Hueytown High School. Cochran received a scholarship to play football and baseball at Wake Forest University, then in Wake Forest, North Carolina, where he was the passing tailback in a single wing formation offense. He Played under Wake Forest Hall Of Fame Coach Douglas "Peahead" Walker. He made the All Southern Conference football team honors in 1942. On Nov. 26, 1942, Cochran had an amazing day in a 33–14 win over South Carolina at Legion Memorial Stadium in Charlotte. In the first quarter, Cochran took a lateral pass and went 30 yards for a touchdown. In the third quarter, he broke through right tackle and went 54 yards for a score. Also in the third quarter, he sprinted 25 yards and threw a lateral to a teammate who went on to score. Cochran added a 57-yard punt return for a score in the third quarter and went 45 yards with an interception for a touchdown in the fourth quarter.

However, World War II broke out in the middle of his college career, he became a lieutenant in the United States Army Air Forces and served as a B-24 Liberator pilot with the Fourteenth Air Force in China as part of the 373rd Bomb Squadron, 308th Bomb Group.

Cochran completed his senior year eligibility in 1946 after his service. He also was a starting outfielder for Wake Forest batting in the #4 clean-up position as the teams power hitter. Later after his NFL pro football career was cut short by a career ending knee injury in 1950, he then returned as a Demon Deacons assistant coach from 1951 to 1955.  He was inducted into the Wake Forest Sports Hall of Fame in 1973.

Cochran was drafted in the eighth round of the 1944 NFL Draft by Card-Pitt (a merger of the Cardinals and Pittsburgh during World War II because of a lack of players).  He played cornerback, return specialist, punter, and running back for the Chicago Cardinals from 1947 to 1950.  Starting corner back as a rookie in 1947, he played on the Cardinals only NFL Championship team in 1947, when the Cardinals beat the Philadelphia Eagles 28–21 at Comisky Park in Chicago. In his first two seasons, Cochran had 15 interceptions in 24 games. Ranked 10th in NFL history for interceptions in first 2 seasons. In the 1948 NFL Championship game, Red intercepted the ball twice, in a close game won by the Philadelphia Eagles, 7–0.

Cochran holds the Cardinal team record for Punt Return Average at 20.9 yards/return, in 1949. He also led the NFL in 1949 in total kick return yardage with 724 yards (410-Kickoff, 314-Punt), including a lead leading 2 punt returns for touchdowns. Red also took over punting duties in 1949 with a 42.0 yard average for the season.

In addition to pro football, Cochran also played minor league baseball in the offseason in 1948 for the Goldsboro (NC) Goldbugs in the Class D Coastal Plain league. That season Red had a batting average of .254 and a slugging percentage of .338 in 36 games.

Coaching career
After being an assistant coach at Wake Forest from 1951 to 1955, Cochran was hired for his first NFL coaching position an assistant coach for the Detroit Lions, where he would coach from 1956 to 1958.  Red was the first assistant coach to be hired by Vince Lombardi for his staff as the offensive backfield   (including quarterbacks)coach for the Packers, where he would coach from 1959 to 1966. There he helped mold the Pro Football Hall of Fame backfield of Bart Starr, Jim Taylor and Paul Hornung, from a team that was the worst team in the NFL and the worst team in Packer's history in 1958. The pair of Hornung and Taylor, along with Jerry Kramer and Fuzzy Thurston were known for the legendary Packer Sweep, part of the most feared running attack in the NFL during the Packer dynasty of the 1960s, averaging 153.8 yards rushing per game. After a year away from football, Cochran would coach for the St. Louis Cardinals (1968–1969) and the San Diego Chargers (1970). He then went back to Green Bay as offensive backfield coach (1971–1974), his last coaching position. Then, from 1975 until his death in 2004, he was a scout for the Packers.

Cochran's teams, in 52 years as a player (1947–1950), assistant coach (1956–1966, 1968–1974) and scout (1975–2004), played in 10 NFL championship games, and won seven. In 1997, he was inducted into the Green Bay Packer Hall of Fame.

In 2014 Cochran was posthumously inducted into his home state's Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in Birmingham, Alabama for his lifetime achievements in sports, primarily in football.

References

1922 births
2004 deaths
American football running backs
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football coaches
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football players
Chicago Cardinals coaches
Chicago Cardinals players
Detroit Lions coaches
Green Bay Packers coaches
Green Bay Packers scouts
San Diego Chargers coaches
United States Army Air Forces bomber pilots of World War II
People from Fairfield, Alabama
Players of American football from Jefferson County, Alabama
United States Army Air Forces officers
Hueytown High School alumni
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame

Red Cochran


The Nissan Skyline (スカイライン in Japanese) is a line of compact cars and compact executive cars first made by the Prince Motor Company in 1955, and then by Nissan Motor Company after the two companies merged in 1966. After the merger, the Skyline and its larger counterpart, the Nissan Gloria, were sold in Japan at dealership sales channels called Nissan Prince Shop.

It is currently available in either coupé, or sedan body styles. They are most commonly known by their round brake lights. The station wagon bodystyle was ended in 1989 with the introduction of the R32 platform.

Models R30 to R34 of the Skyline are still popular cars for modifying by Japanese car enthusiasts from the 1980s to today.  There are available features such as straight-6 engines, turbochargers, and the high-performance GT-R trim. While not distributed in the United States, the Skyline's prominence in video games, movies and magazines resulted in many such cars being imported there from 1999 to late 2005. Motorex petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to allow 1990–1999 GT-Rs and GTSs to be imported, at the condition that they were changed to meet United States Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.

The 11th-generation Skyline (V35) was another major turning point for the nameplate. It dropped some of the Skyline's trademark characteristics such as the straight-6 engine and turbocharging, eventually separated the GT-R into its own line, and moved to V6-engined era, this decision which extended to all later Skylines. Nissan decided to keep the Skyline for the luxury-sport market. Its platform-mate, the 350Z, revived the Z line of pure sports cars. The V35 was the first Skyline made for export to North America, being sold under Nissan's luxury marque Infiniti as the G35. The Skyline (V36/J50) is sold in Europe, North America, South Korea, Taiwan, and the Middle East as the Infiniti G37.

April 11, 2010 saw a world record for the biggest ever Nissan Skyline meet and the most ever officially recognized on a track in the Guinness Book of World Records. This took place at Silverstone, United Kingdom at the ISTS event.

Skyline

1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles

Nissan Skyline


Software as a product (SaaP, also programming product, software product) is a product, software, which is made to be sold to users, and users pay for licence which allows them to use it, in contrast to SaaS, where users buy subscription and where the software is centrally hosted.

One example of software as a product has historically been Microsoft Office, which has traditionally been distributed as a file package using CD-ROM or other physical media or is downloaded over network. Office 365, on the other hand, is an example of SaaS, where a monthly subscription is required.

Development effort estimation
In the book The Mythical Man-Month Fred Brooks tells that when estimating project times, it should be remembered that programming products (which can be sold to paying customers) are three times as hard to write as simple independent in-house programs, because requirement to work on different situations, which increases testing efforts and as a documentation.

See also
 The Mythical Man-Month
 Minimum viable product
 Product manager
 Software as a service

Literature

References

Software distribution

Software as a Product


Patricia Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993) was an American educator who served as the first lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974 as the wife of President Richard Nixon. She also served as the second lady of the United States 1953 to 1961 when her husband was vice president.

Early life
Her birthplace was Ely, Nevada. Her birth name was Thelma Catherine Ryan. Her father's name was William M. Ryan. Her mother's name was Katherine "Kate" Halberstadt Ryan. Her ancestors from her father's side were from Ireland. Her ancestors from her mother's side were from Germany. Her mother was born in 1879 near Frankfurt, Germany.

Their family was not Catholic. But her father had got baptized as a Catholic, and perhaps returned to it shortly before her death. After her birth, her family moved near Los Angeles, California. They settled on a small truck farm in the city of Dairy Valley. Presently, the name of this place is Cerritos, California.

When Thelma grew and entered college, she legally changed her name to Patricia.

Pat's mother died in 1925. At that time, Pat was only 13 years old. She took over all the household duties for her father and two older brothers. In 1930, after months of illness, her father also died. At that time, Pat was only 18 years old.

During all these years, she worked on the family farm. She also worked in a local bank as a cleaner and bookkeeper.

Early career
In 1929, she graduated from Excelsior High School. For some time, she attended Fullerton Junior College. She worked in many jobs. Some of the jobs were the job of a driver, a X-ray technician, a pharmacy manager and a typist.

She had a will to continue her education. She studied at the University of Southern California. During her studies in the university, she did part-time jobs on campus. She also worked as a sales clerk in a fashionable department store and as an extra in the film industry. She can be seen in a brief walk-on in the 1935 movie Becky Sharp. Pat's efforts became successful. She graduated from the University of Southern California cum laude in 1937.

Patricia worked as a high school teacher in Whittier, California. Later, during World War II, she worked as a government economist.

Many persons have said about her: "Few, if any First Ladies worked as consistently before their marriage as did Pat Nixon." Once she had herself said: "I do or I die, but I never cancel out".

Marriage and family
In Whittier, Pat Ryan met a young lawyer named Richard Nixon. He had just graduated from Duke University. The two became known to each other at an acting group. They also acted together in a play. They became closer and married on 21st June 1940 at in Riverside, California.

Richard Nixon served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. After the war, in 1946 Richard Nixon entered politics. He successfully ran for the Congress of the United States.

In 1946, she gave birth to a daughter Tricia Nixon Cox, called Tricia. In 1948, she gave birth to her second baby, Julie Nixon Eisenhower. The Nixon couple gave a lot of time and all the affection to their daughters despite official and other engagements.

Her husband, Richard Nixon rose very fast during next six years. He became a member of the United States House of Representatives, then a member of the United States Senate. Thereafter, he became the Vice President of the United States while Dwight D. Eisenhower became the President of the United States.

Pat went abroad along with her husband when he was the Vice President. On a trip to Venezuela, some people threw stones at their car and spat on the car.

First Lady
The Nixon couple came to the White House in 1969. They started a tradition of inviting families to Sunday church services in the East Room of the White House. The President later discontinued these services due to concerns over the separation of Church and State. In short, separation of Church and the State says that religion and the government should remain separate from each other.

As the First Lady, she herself answered all her letters. Like Jacqueline Kennedy, she had an interest in adding artifacts to the White House. Her efforts brought about 600 paintings and furnishings into the White House Collection. Mrs. Nixon also arranged for a series of performances by artists at the White House. Among the guests were The Carpenters in 1972.

Pat Nixon went along with her husband to several other countries. Most important of such visits were to the People's Republic of China in 1972 and the summit meetings in the Soviet Union.

She went to Peru with materials to help the victims of an earthquake. She also went to Africa and South America as the Personal Representative of the president of the United States.

Pat Nixon had several other personal interests. She was an avid fan of soap operas, and 'Search for Tomorrow' was her favorite.

In August 1974, her husband resigned as the President of the United States. People say that while her husband was making his resignation speech, Mrs. Nixon was packing their things for moving out of the White House. They left the White House on 9th August 1974. They shifted to San Clemente, California to live.

Later life
Her husband resigned as the President of the United States. With this, her public and social life ended. She did not appear in public often. She was a lifelong heavy smoker in private. Her heath became very weak. In 1976, and again in 1982, she suffered a stroke. Richard Nixon said that she read a book about Watergate and became so upset that she had a stroke the next day. She also got mouth cancer and problems in her spinal cord. In December 1992, when she was in a hospital with emphysema, physicians found that she also had lung cancer.

She died of lung cancer at 5:45 am on June 22, 1993 at age 81. Her husband and daughters were by her side. Her husband died about ten months later. She and President Nixon lie buried at the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California. Her epitaph reads: "Even when people cannot speak your language, they can tell if you have love in your heart".

References
 White House biography
 First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon

Other websites

 Richard Nixon's Tribute to His Beloved Pat
 Pat Nixon's Gravesite

1912 births
1993 deaths
Cancer deaths in New Jersey
Deaths from emphysema
Deaths from lung cancer
Extras
First Ladies of the United States
Writers from Nevada
Writers from New Jersey
Writers from California
People from Park Ridge, New Jersey
Richard Nixon
Second Ladies of the United States

Pat Nixon


Jan van Scorel (1 August 1495 – 6 December 1562) was a Dutch painter, who played a leading role in introducing aspects of Italian Renaissance painting into Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting.  He was one of the early painters of the Romanist style who had spent a number of years in Italy, where he thoroughly absorbed the Italian style of painting.  His trip to Italy coincided with the brief reign of the only Dutch pope in history, Adrian VI in 1522–23.  The pope made him a court painter and superintendent of his collection of antiquities. His stay in Italy lasted from 1518 to 1524 and he also visited Nuremberg, Venice and Jerusalem. Venetian art had an important impact on the development of his style.

He differed from most Romanists in that he was a native of the northern Netherlands and not of Flanders and that he remained most of his life in the northern Netherlands.  He settled permanently in Utrecht in 1530 and established a large workshop on the Italian model. The workshop mainly produced altarpieces, many of which were destroyed in the Reformation iconoclasm in the years just after his death.  He also held clerical appointments. This did not stop him from having a long-time relationship with a mistress who may have modelled for some of his female figures.

Biography

Van Scorel was born in Schoorl, north of Alkmaar and close to Egmond Abbey. It is not known whether he began his studies under the Master of Alkmaar, Pieter Gerritsz in Haarlem, Jacob Cornelisz in Amsterdam, or with Jan Gossaert in Utrecht, but it is certain that the last two were the master painters he would meet later in his life and who would have the greatest effect on his technique. Van Scorel is recorded in Haarlem in 1517 where he perhaps collaborated with his contemporary Maarten van Heemskerck, who like him, had been born close to Alkmaar (they certainly collaborated in Haarlem in 1528).

In 1524 Jan Gossaert is recorded at Duurstede Castle, near Utrecht, where Jan van Scorel was his pupil. Van Scorel began traveling through Europe in his early twenties after visiting Utrecht. In 1518–22 he is registered in Venice, and along the way, heading to Nuremberg and then on via Austria over the Alps.  In the village of Obervellach in 1520, he completed his first representative work, the "Frangipani-Altar" in St. Martin's church. Giorgione was a considerable influence on Van Scorel during his tenure in Venice.  After leaving Venice, Van Scorel was in Rome from 1522 to 1524 and made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.  His experiences in Jerusalem are depicted in many of his later works. Perhaps Van Scorel's example encouraged Van Heemskerck to travel to Rome himself later.

In 1521, Van Scorel returned to Rome where he met the Dutch pope Pope Adrian VI, who he may have met earlier in Utrecht. The pope appointed him painter to the Vatican.  The pope sat for a portrait by Van Scorel.  Van Scorel underwent the influence of Michelangelo and Raphael and succeeded Raphael as Keeper of the Belvedere.

Upon his return to the Netherlands in 1524, he settled in Utrecht where he began a successful career as a painter and a teacher. Van Scorel was a very educated man and skilled as an engineer and an architect, as well as an artist.  He was also multi-lingual, no doubt as a result of his travels. He made the plans for building a polder in his native North Holland, called the Zijpe- en Hazepolder, that was later financed by his friend from Antwerp, the merchant Servaes de Haese. Perhaps because of the work on this polder, he is registered in Haarlem in 1528, where he collaborated with Heemskerck and assisted with the school there that Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert would later run.

Considered to be the leading Netherlandish Romanist, Van Scorel moved to Ghent for painting contracts before returning to Utrecht for the same reason, where he died in 1562, leaving behind a wealth of portraits and altarpieces.  Though many of his works fell victim to the Iconoclasm in 1566, some still remain and can be seen primarily at museums in the Netherlands.

Influences
Contemporary painters that Van Scorel may have met, taught, and/or collaborated with, are Cornelis Willemsz (1481–1552), Aertgen van Leyden, the Master of Alkmaar (or Cornelis Buys), Pieter Gerritsz, Jacob Cornelisz, Jan Gossaert, Maarten van Heemskerck, Antonis Mor, Lambert Sustris, Master of the Good Samaritan, and Martin Schermus van Deventer. He also was the teacher of the painter Michel Coxie whom he took to Italy with him in 1532 for seven years. Coxie & van Scorel returned to Mechlan in 1539 and brought with them the influence of Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo. Coxie in particular was known as a colorist and it was his works that were studied by the young Rubens.

Public collections
 Centraal Museum, Utrecht
 Museum Catharijneconvent, Utrecht
 Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam
 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

References

External links

 Short biography
 Guide to pictures on-line
 Literature on Jan van Scorel

1495 births
1562 deaths
Dutch Mannerist painters
Dutch male painters
Dutch Roman Catholics
People from Schoorl
History of Utrecht (city)

Jan van Scorel


Kefalonia (and Kephalonia or Cephalonia) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the largest of the Ionian islands and the sixth largest Greek island after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios. Its area is 781 square metres and its population is 36,404 according to a 2001 Greek census.

Geography
Kefalonia is home to the highest mountain in the Ionian islands. The mountain is named Ainos and its altitude is 1, 628 metres. The biggest town on the island is Argostoli which is the capital of the Kefalonia prefecture. The second biggest town is Lixouri which is located opposite Argostoli. Beside Kefalonia is the island Ithaca, the place of birth of ancient hero Odysseus. Some archaeologists believe that Kefalonia is the place of birth of Odysseus.

Sites
Kefalonia has many beautiful beaches and it is one of the most popular tourist destinations. The most popular beach on the island is Myrtos which is located in the north-west of the island. Kefalonia hosts a truly beautiful natural environment with many forests mainly on Ainos mountain. Also in Kefalonia there is a famous cave-lake which is named Melissani and is located in the east of the island

References

Islands of Greece

Kefalonia


Harryette Mullen (born July 1, 1953), Professor of English at University of California, Los Angeles, is an American poet, short story writer, and literary scholar.

Life
Mullen was born in Florence, Alabama, grew up in Fort Worth, Texas, graduated from the University of Texas at Austin, and attended graduate school at the University of California, Santa Cruz. As of 2008, she lives in Los Angeles, California.  Mullen's most recent work is Urban Tumbleweed: Notes from a Tanka Diary.

Mullen began to write poetry as a college student in a multicultural community of writers, artists, musicians, and dancers in Austin, Texas. As an emerging poet, Mullen received a literature award from the Black Arts Academy, a Dobie-Paisano writer's fellowship from the Texas Institute of Letters and University of Texas, and an artist residency from the Helene Wurlitzer Foundation of New Mexico. In Texas, she worked in the Artists in Schools program before enrolling in graduate school in California where she continued her study of American literature and encountered even more diverse communities of writers and artists.

Mullen was influenced by the social, political, and cultural movements of African Americans, Mexican Americans, and women in the 1960s-70s, including the Civil Rights Movement, Black Power movement, the Black Arts Movement, Chicano Movement, and feminism. Her first book, Tree Tall Woman, which showed traces of all of these influences, was published in 1981.

Especially in her later books, Trimmings, S*PeRM**K*T, Muse & Drudge, and Sleeping with the Dictionary, Mullen frequently combines cultural critique with humor and wordplay as her poetry grapples with topics such as globalization, mass culture, consumerism, and the politics of identity. Critics, including Elisabeth Frost and Juliana Spahr, have suggested that Mullen's poetry audience is an eclectic community of collaborative readers who share individual and collective interpretations of poems that may provoke multiple, divergent, or contradictory meanings, according to each reader's cultural background.

Mullen has taught at Cornell University and currently teaches courses in American poetry, African-American literature, and creative writing at the University of California, Los Angeles. While living in Ithaca and Rochester, New York, she was a faculty fellow of the Cornell University Society for the Humanities and a Rockefeller fellow at the Susan B. Anthony Institute at University of Rochester. She has received a Gertrude Stein Award for innovative poetry, a Katherine Newman Award for best essay on U.S. ethnic literature, a Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists award (2004), and a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Her poetry collection, Sleeping with the Dictionary (2002), was a finalist for a National Book Award, National Book Critics Circle Award, and Los Angeles Times Book Prize. She received a PEN/Beyond Margins Award for her Recyclopedia (2006). She is also credited for rediscovering the novel Oreo, published in 1974 by Fran Ross. Mullen won the fourth annual Jackson Poetry Prize from Poets & Writers in 2010.

She appears in the documentary film The Black Candle, directed by M. K. Asante, Jr. and narrated by Maya Angelou.

Background
Mullen has stated that she was brought up in Fort Worth, Texas, but that her family is originally from Pennsylvania. Growing up in such a small black community was hard especially because, as Mullen has said in interviews, "a black Southern vernacular was spoken, which my family didn't speak." This created a division between Mullen and her peers who considered her an outsider for speaking "white."

Language
Mullen recalls on the different languages that she learned as a child as opposed to those around her. When one hears the term different languages one thinks of languages that are spoken in other far away foreign places, yet Mullen is discussing the different types of English that are spoken in her community. The English she grew up learning was considered to be the "Standard English," which is summed up as the proper way of speaking English, the one that will make black people more approachable in a nice part of town, the English that will make a person of color employable. The black vernacular is considered to be incorrect, and if people only spoke this vernacular they would be considered uneducated. This did not sit well with Mullen because she wanted black children to understand that being black and educated were not mutually exclusive terms. Mullen says that she does not believe that certain vernaculars are particularly educated or uneducated; society has however decided for them that there is a right way of speaking and a wrong way.

Influences
Language is the bridge that can connect two different cultures, and Mullen experienced the opposite of that when she was growing up at first. The "Standard English" she spoke created a barrier for her she could not anticipate. As it does for many other black children that speak "proper" and are considered different for it. This contributes to black children equating their blackness to their language making some feel inadequate because they don't sound "black enough."

As Mullen comes to understand in college there is more than one way of being black, and this came as a shock to her because she was learning about all these other black cultures from a white man. Mullen thought it strange that she could obviously see the blackness of different cultures and yet hold no true meaningful relation to it. There was not type of familiarity between her and all these other black cultures.

Even in the black community where she should feel "safe" in or "belong," Mullen felt alienated. Code switching is in many ways the key to survival in these instances. For black children all over they know how to speak when they are hanging out with friends versus how they should speak to a cop if they are pulled over.

Work

Poetry collections
Tree Tall Woman, 1981
Trimmings, 1991
S*PeRM**K*T, 1992
Muse & Drudge, 1995
Sleeping with the Dictionary, 2002
Blues Baby: Early Poems, 2002
Recyclopedia: Trimmings, S*PeRM**K*T, Muse and Drudge, 2006
Urban Tumbleweed: Notes from a Tanka Diary, 2013
Broken Glish: Five Prose Poems, 2013
Open Leaves: Poems from Earth, 2023

Critical essays and books
"Runaway Tongue: Resistant Orality in Uncle Tom's Cabin, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Our Nig, and Beloved", The Culture of Sentiment, 1992
"Optic White: Blackness and the Production of Whiteness", Diacritics, 1994; reprinted in Cultural and Literary Critiques of the Concept of 'Race''', 1997
"'A Silence Between Us Like a Language': The Untranslatability of Experience in Sandra Cisneros' Woman Hollering Creek", MELUS Journal, 1996
"Incessant Elusives: the Oppositional Poetics of Erica Hunt and Will Alexander," "Holding their Own: Perspectives on the Multi-Ethnic Literatures of the United States", 2000.
"African Signs and Spirit Writing", Callaloo, 1996; reprinted in African American Literary Theory: A Reader, 2000, and The Black Studies Reader, 2004
"'Apple Pie with Oreo Crust': Fran Ross's Recipe for an Idiosyncratic American Novel", MELUS Journal, 2002
"'Artistic Expression was Flowing Everywhere': Alison Mills and Ntozake Shange, Black Bohemian Feminists in the 1970s", Meridians, 2004The Cracks Between What We Are and What We Are Supposed To Be: Essays and Interviews (University of Alabama Press), 2012

Collaboration
In 2011, Barbara Henning published a collection of postcard interviews with the author, titled: Looking Up Harryette Mullen'' (Belladonna). In it, Mullen writes, "Poetry, in general, is a rule-breaking activity."

References

External links
 UCTV: 1/2 Video of Harryette Reading her Poetry
 "Add-Verse" a poetry-photo-video project Mullen participated in

1953 births
People from Florence, Alabama
American feminists
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Language poets
Living people
Modernist women writers
Poets from Texas
American women poets
Modernist writers
21st-century American women

Harryette Mullen


An antagonist is the character in a story who stands in opposition towards the protagonist. As an example, in the Disney movie The Lion King, the main antagonist is Scar.

While the most common practice is for a hero to be the protagonist and the villain to be the antagonist this is not always the case. As an example in the manga/anime series Death Note protagonist Light Yagami was the villain as it was his goal to rid the world of criminals in order to create his own ideal "utopia" and rule it like a god while antagonist L was the hero as it was his goal to end Light's psychotic killing spree. Another example is Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street where the titular protagonist and the antagonist Judge Turpin were both villains.

A story may also have secondary antagonist, either a partner/accomplice of the main antagonist or an entirely separate threat altogether (though a lesser one). Just like the main antagonist they aren't always villains but they are obstacles towards the goal(s) of the protagonist(s).

It is possible for a protagonist to become an antagonist. A well-known example of this is in the Star Wars movie series, when Anakin Skywalker turns from a Jedi to a Sith, to become Darth Vader.

+

Antagonist


Cynicism is a philosophy started by the Cynics, Ancient Greek philosophers. It was started by Antisthenes in the 5th century BC. The main points the cynics wanted to make was that man had no needs. At the same time, they were against possessing material goods. They also were against prejudices such as being ashamed of being naked. Diogenes of Sinope made the cynics extend their views and combine them with that of other schools of philosophy, like the stoa. They also integrated elements of Greek mythology.

Today, the word 'cynicism' generally describes the opinions and actions of those who believe that self-interest is the primary motive of human behavior. These persons, called cynics, shy away from relying upon sincerity, human virtue, or altruism as motivations.

Related pages
Nihilism

Philosophical movements and positions

Cynicism


Spider-Plant Man is a British parody short film which parodies the 2002 film adaptation of the superhero character Spider-Man. The film was made for the Comic Relief 2005 appeal and aired on BBC One on 11 March 2005. It features Rowan Atkinson as Peter Piper/Spider-Plant Man and Rachel Stevens as his love-interest Jane-Mary. Additionally, Jim Broadbent also made an appearance, portraying Batman, while Tony Robinson played Robin.

Plot
Peter Piper, a photographer, visits a laboratory where a spider plant with teeth has been created. Piper attempts to take a picture, but is bitten on the bottom by a plant coming down from the ceiling.

Piper leaves the lab via a back door, sits in a dark alley, sweating, and begins to turn green. His molecular structure is shown to be changing with the text "This means something very nasty is happening". When he wakes up, he finds that when he stretches, plants shoot from his arms. He is also able to climb walls. Suddenly, a sweeper, who is also crawling on the wall and cleaning the walls, appears there.

Piper is then shown sitting on a roof, when he sees that Jane-Mary is getting mugged. He goes to save her, but he realizes that he needs a costume. He appears in the alley in a Red Indian costume, a fairy costume and eventually in his green Spider-Plant suit. He saves Jane-Mary, who falls in love with him. He suggests to her that he might be Peter Piper, only to be told that Piper is a loser and a creep. Later Spider-Plant man is seen saving the day around London including helping to retrieve Demo song tapes for the singer and reality TV star Peter Andre.

Spider-Plant Man is then shown landing in an alley late at night where another man says he is his enemy. Peter guesses that he is the Green Goblin, Doctor Octopus, the Itchy Skull, or The Human Man, but it appears to be Batman. The Caped Crusader tells him that he is really angry that no one cares about him anymore and that everyone only wants spiders nowadays. He no longer has the Batmobile, owning only a dilapidated "Bat-Clio". Even Robin has abandoned him. "Apparently he was only in it for the money." Piper tries to help Batman but tells him he has much more important things to do. Suddenly Batman tells Piper that he has kidnapped Jane-Mary and demands him to give up being a Super Hero or she will die but luckily Piper quickly guesses that Batman has trapped her on top of Tower Bridge and rushes off to save her.

Spider-Plant Man swings through London, wondering where Tower Bridge is, while Batman, who couldn't get his Bat-Clio to start, takes the Underground to Tower Bridge. Jane-Mary is bound to a flag on Tower Bridge by Batman. Spider-Plant Man and Batman begin to fight, where they are mistaken by a reporter for Fathers 4 Justice activists. Peter fires a spider plant at him, followed by Batman throwing his Batarang and the battle goes on.

Batman's sidekick Robin (played by Tony Robinson) arrives, and makes a deal with Batman for 20% of the profits on Batman products and a Robinmobile and starts attacking Piper. Whilst hanging from Tower Bridge, Spider-Plant Man makes a deal with Robin for 25% on all pajama sales and his own cereal brand with real marshmallows, Robin switches sides and attacks Batman. Batman is punched off the tower and lands on the reporter. He then punches a Fathers 4 Justice supporter and hijacks a little kid's scooter and gets away.

Spider-Plant Man and Jane-Mary start to kiss. Robin tells Peter it's time to go and moments later Peter punches him. He then asks Jane-Mary whether she will marry him, and she responds, "Who's asking me, Spider-Plant Man or the man behind the spandex?" He replies, "You choose". Jane-Mary is then shown lying in the sun on a beach, next to Piper who is still in his Spider-Plant suit. Piper then turns to the audience, smiling as then a web shoots out with the word "END".

Cast
Rowan Atkinson as Peter Piper / Spider-Plant Man
Rachel Stevens as Jane-Mary
Jim Broadbent as Batman
Mackenzie Crook as Scientist
Nick Frost as Scientist
Simon Pegg as Frank Matters
Peter Andre as Himself
Tony Robinson as Robin

Development
Spider-Plant Man originated while Rowan Atkinson and some other writers were brainstorming ideas for a possible fifth series of Blackadder. One of these ideas was Batadder, a parody of Batman, where Atkinson would play the title character, and Robinson would play his sidekick based on Robin. Plans for the fifth Blackadder series eventually fell through and that particular idea gave rise to the Comic Relief special. Ed Bye of Red Dwarf fame directed the episode "Spider-Plant Man" and used CGI from The Farm and Steve Deakin-Davies' Ambition company.

References

External links

Plot overview

2005 films
2005 short films
2005 comedy films
2000s superhero comedy films
British comedy short films
Comic Relief
Parodies of Spider-Man
2000s English-language films
Unofficial Spider-Man films

Spider-Plant Man


A municipal corporation is a term used by the local government. An incorporated town is able to create its own laws. These laws are in addition to the laws of the country, province, or state where the town is located.

Municipal corporation happens when an urban neighborhood becomes a self-governing entity under state laws. After this event, an award or declaration is presented by the municipal charter.

Municipal charters
A municipal charters is a legal paper that establishes municipality; such as a city or town. This was created in Europe during the Middle Ages time. With a municipal charter, the new towns or cities are given rights.

Municipal charters by country

Canada
In Canada, charters are given by the provincial authorities.

Germany
In Germany, the municipal charters have existed since the Medieval Times.

India

In India the municipal corporation has a local government that is in charge of a city population that has 200,000 people or more. Because of the panchayati raj system, the city government has to discuss with the state government. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad have the biggest municipal corporations. Members are chosen from the wards of the city. The municipal corporations are responsible for roads, public transportation, water supply, records of births and deaths, sanitation that includes waste management, sewage, drainage and flood control, public safety services like fire and ambulance services, gardens and maintenance of buildings. Taxes is where the municipal corporations get their money from to fix problems in their cities.

Republic of Ireland
In Ireland municipal corporations have been in Ireland since the Medieval Times. In Dublin, the municipal corporation have been there since the 13th century.

South Africa
In Durban the municipal corporation was called the "Durban Corporation".

Sweden
In Sweden, cities were made by the royal charter until 1951.

Philippines
In the Philippines, cities are made by the laws enacted by a lot of national legislatures.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, cities are made by the royal letter patent.

United States
In the United States, cities are made by the municipal charters. This is usually followed by a referendum vote.

References

Urban planning

Municipal corporation


The subfamily Deomyinae consists of four genera of mouse-like rodents. These were placed in the subfamilies Murinae and Dendromurinae until very recently.  They are sometimes called Acomyinae, particularly in references that predate the discovery that the link rat, Deomys ferugineus, is part of the clade.  Deomyinae is the older and more appropriate name.

Deomyines share no morphological characteristics that can be used to separate them from other muroids. Subtle aspects of the third upper molar have been suggested, though.  This subfamily is united solely on the basis of shared genetic mutations.  These conclusions have demonstrated good statistical support using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization.

Because of the lack of physical characteristics that supportthis group, it is very possible that the subfamily as it is currently recognized could grow bigger.  Many of the genera currently placed in Murinae or Dendromurinae have never been included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis.  There are potential surprises awaiting when they are.

All genera are found in Africa, suggesting the deomyines may have originated there.  The spiny mice, Acomys spp. are also found in Asia.

There are currently 4 genera and 36 species included in the Deomyinae.

List of Genera
Subfamily Deomyinae
Genus Acomys - spiny mice
Genus Deomys - link rat
Genus Lophuromys - brush-furred mice
Genus Uranomys - Rudd's mouse

References
Chevret, P., C. Denys, J.-J. Jaeger, J. Michaux, AND F. M. Catzeflis. 1993. Molecular evidence that the spiny mouse (Acomys) is more closely related to gerbils (Gerbillinae) than to the true mice (Murinae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90:3433-3436.

Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Rodents

Deomyinae


Troubleshooting is a form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes on a machine or a system.  It is a logical, systematic search for the source of a problem in order to solve it, and make the product or process operational again.  Troubleshooting is needed to identify the symptoms.  Determining the most likely cause is a process of elimination—eliminating potential causes of a problem.  Finally, troubleshooting requires confirmation that the solution restores the product or process to its working state.

Diagnostics
In general, troubleshooting is the identification or diagnosis of "trouble" in the management flow of a system caused by a failure of some kind.  The problem is initially described as symptoms of malfunction, and troubleshooting is the process of determining and remedying the causes of these symptoms.

A system can be described in terms of its expected, desired or intended behavior (usually, for artificial systems, its purpose).  Events or inputs to the system are expected to generate specific results or outputs.  (For example, selecting the "print" option from various computer applications is intended to result in a hardcopy emerging from some specific device). Any unexpected or undesirable behavior is a symptom.  Troubleshooting is the process of isolating the specific cause or causes of the symptom.  Frequently the symptom is a failure of the product or process to produce any results. (Nothing was printed, for example). Corrective action can then be taken to prevent further failures of a similar kind.

The methods of forensic engineering are useful in tracing problems in products or processes, and a wide range of analytical techniques are available to determine the cause or causes of specific failures. Corrective action can then be taken to prevent further failure of a similar kind. Preventive action is possible using failure mode and effects (FMEA) and fault tree analysis (FTA) before full-scale production, and these methods can also be used for failure analysis.

There are two major elements required to enable a troubleshooting diagnosis to take place - à priori domain knowledge and search strategies. These are interdependent, and here is where we can identify fundamentally two different types of problem, with matching approaches to their diagnosis. Rasmussen suggested there is strategy guided by the characteristics of the correct functioning of the device (topographic strategy), and strategy guided by the characteristics of abnormal functioning (symptomatic strategy). The second is really asking "what's wrong?" the first is asking "what's happening?"

A strategy is an organized set of activities expressing a plausible way of achieving a goal. Strategies should not be viewed as algorithms, inflexibly followed to solutions. Problem solvers behave opportunistically, adjusting activities within a strategy and changing strategies and tactics in response to information and ideas.

A symptomatic strategy (also known as cased-based reasoning, or shallow reasoning) requires à priori domain knowledge that is gleaned from past experience which established connections between symptoms and causes. This knowledge is referred to as shallow, compiled, evidential, history-based as well as case-based knowledge. This is the strategy most associated with diagnosis by experts. Diagnosis of a problem transpires as a rapid recognition process in which symptoms evoke appropriate situation categories. An expert knows the cause by virtue of having previously encountered similar cases. Cased based reasoning is the most powerful strategy, and that used most commonly. However, the strategy won't work independently with truly novel problems, or where deeper understanding of whatever is taking place is sought.
A topographic strategy falls into the category of deep reasoning. With deep reasoning, in-depth knowledge of a system is used. Topography in this context means a description or an analysis of a structured entity, showing the relations among its elements.
Also known as reasoning from first principles, deep reasoning is applied to novel faults when experience-based approaches aren't viable. The topographic strategy is therefore linked to à priori domain knowledge that is developed from a more a fundamental understanding of a system, possibly using first-principles knowledge. Such knowledge is referred to as deep, causal or model-based knowledge.

Hoc noted that symptomatic approaches may need to be supported by topographic approaches because symptoms can be defined in diverse terms. The converse is also true – shallow reasoning can be used abductively to generate causal hypotheses, and deductively to evaluate those hypotheses, in a topographical search.

Aspects

Usually troubleshooting is applied to something that has suddenly stopped working, since its previously working state forms the expectations about its continued behavior. So the initial focus is often on recent changes to the system or to the environment in which it exists. (For example, a printer that "was working when it was plugged in over there"). However, there is a well known principle that correlation does not imply causality. (For example, the failure of a device shortly after it has been plugged into a different outlet doesn't necessarily mean that the events were related.  The failure could have been a matter of coincidence.) Therefore, troubleshooting demands critical thinking rather than magical thinking.

It is useful to consider the common experiences we have with light bulbs.  Light bulbs "burn out" more or less at random; eventually the repeated heating and cooling of its filament, and fluctuations in the power supplied to it cause the filament to crack or vaporize.  The same principle applies to most other electronic devices and similar principles apply to mechanical devices.  Some failures are part of the normal wear-and-tear of components in a system.

The first basic principle in troubleshooting is to be able to reproduce the problem, at wish.
Second basic principle in troubleshooting is to reduce the "system" to its simplest form that still show the problem.
Third basic principle in troubleshooting is to "know what you are looking for. In other words, to fully understand the way the system is supposed to work, so you can "spot" the error when it happens.

A troubleshooter could check each component in a system one by one, substituting known good components for each potentially suspect one.  However, this process of "serial substitution" can be considered degenerate when components are substituted without regard to a hypothesis concerning how their failure could result in the symptoms being diagnosed.

Simple and intermediate systems are characterized by lists or trees of dependencies among their components or subsystems.  More complex systems contain cyclical dependencies or interactions (feedback loops).  Such systems are less amenable to "bisection" troubleshooting techniques.

It also helps to start from a known good state, the best example being a computer reboot.  A cognitive walkthrough is also a good thing to try.  Comprehensive documentation produced by proficient technical writers is very helpful, especially if it provides a theory of operation for the subject device or system.

A common cause of problems is bad design, for example bad human factors design, where a device could be inserted backward or upside down due to the lack of an appropriate forcing function (behavior-shaping constraint), or a lack of error-tolerant design.  This is especially bad if accompanied by habituation, where the user just doesn't notice the incorrect usage, for instance if two parts have different functions but share a common case so that it is not apparent on a casual inspection which part is being used.

Troubleshooting can also take the form of a systematic checklist, troubleshooting procedure, flowchart or table that is made before a problem occurs. Developing troubleshooting procedures in advance allows sufficient thought about the steps to take in troubleshooting and organizing the troubleshooting into the most efficient troubleshooting process. Troubleshooting tables can be computerized to make them more efficient for users.

Some computerized troubleshooting services (such as Primefax, later renamed MaxServ), immediately show the top 10 solutions with the highest probability of fixing the underlying problem. The technician can either answer additional questions to advance through the troubleshooting procedure, each step narrowing the list of solutions, or immediately implement the solution he feels will fix the problem. These services give a rebate if the technician takes an additional step after the problem is solved: report back the solution that actually fixed the problem. The computer uses these reports to update its estimates of which solutions have the highest probability of fixing that particular set of symptoms.

Half-splitting

Efficient methodical troubleshooting starts on with a clear understanding of the expected behavior of the system and the symptoms being observed.  From there the troubleshooter forms hypotheses on potential causes, and devises (or perhaps references a standardized checklist of) tests to eliminate these prospective causes.  This approach is often called "divide and conquer".

Two common strategies used by troubleshooters are to check for frequently encountered or easily tested conditions first (for example, checking to ensure that a printer's light is on and that its cable is firmly seated at both ends). This is often referred to as "milking the front panel."

Then, "bisect" the system (for example in a network
printing system, checking to see if the job reached the server to determine whether a problem exists in the subsystems "towards" the user's end or "towards" the device).

This latter technique can be particularly efficient in systems with long chains of serialized dependencies or interactions among its components.  It is simply the application of a binary search across the range of dependencies and is often referred to as "half-splitting". It is similar to the game of "twenty questions":  Anyone can isolate one option out of a million by dividing the set of alternatives in half 20 times (because 2^10 = 1024 and 2^20 = 1,048,576).

Reproducing symptoms
One of the core principles of troubleshooting is that reproducible problems can be reliably isolated and resolved.  Often considerable effort and emphasis in troubleshooting is placed on reproducibility ... on finding a procedure to reliably induce the symptom to occur.

Intermittent symptoms
Some of the most difficult troubleshooting issues relate to symptoms which occur intermittently.  In electronics this often is the result of components that are thermally sensitive (since resistance of a circuit varies with the temperature of the conductors in it).  Compressed air can be used to cool specific spots on a circuit board and a heat gun can be used to raise the temperatures; thus troubleshooting of electronics systems frequently entails applying these tools in order to reproduce a problem.

In computer programming race conditions often lead to intermittent symptoms which are extremely difficult to reproduce; various techniques can be used to force the particular function or module to be called more rapidly than it would be in normal operation (analogous to "heating up" a component in a hardware circuit) while other techniques can be used to introduce greater delays in, or force synchronization among, other modules or interacting processes.

Intermittent issues can be thus defined:

In particular he asserts that there is a distinction between the frequency of occurrence and a "known procedure to consistently reproduce" an issue.  For example, knowing that an intermittent problem occurs " within" an hour of a particular stimulus or event ... but that sometimes it happens in five minutes and other times it takes almost an hour ... does not constitute a "known procedure" even if the stimulus does increase the frequency of observable exhibitions of the symptom.

Nevertheless, sometimes troubleshooters must resort to statistical methods ... and can only find procedures to increase the symptom's occurrence to a point at which serial substitution or some other technique is feasible.  In such cases, even when the symptom seems to disappear for significantly longer periods, there is a low confidence that the root cause has been found and that the problem is truly solved.

Also, tests may be run to stress certain components to determine if those components have failed.

Multiple problems
Isolating single component failures that cause reproducible symptoms is relatively straightforward.

However, many problems only occur as a result of multiple failures or errors.  This is particularly true of fault tolerant systems, or those with built-in redundancy.  Features that add redundancy, fault detection and failover to a system may also be subject to failure, and enough different component failures in any system will "take it down."

Even in simple systems, the troubleshooter must always consider the possibility that there is more than one fault.  (Replacing each component, using serial substitution, and then swapping each new component back out for the old one when the symptom is found to persist, can fail to resolve such cases.  More importantly, the replacement of any component with a defective one can actually increase the number of problems rather than eliminating them).

Note that, while we talk about "replacing components" the resolution of many problems involves adjustments or tuning rather than "replacement." For example, intermittent breaks in conductors --- or "dirty or loose contacts" might simply need to be cleaned and/or tightened.   All discussion of "replacement" should be taken to mean "replacement or adjustment or other modification."

See also
 5 Whys
 Bathtub curve
 Cause and effect
 Debugging
 Forensic engineering
 No Trouble Found
 Problem solving
 Root cause analysis
 RPR Problem Diagnosis

References

Problem solving

Troubleshooting


A vocation (from the Latin word vocātiō meaning a calling) is a job that suits a person best. It is also the desire to do a particular job, especially a religious career like being a priest.  For religious people, a vocation is often something they feel God has asked them to do.  A vocation is followed more for spiritual or emotional reasons than  for money, which is a helpful extra benefit from a vocation but not the reason for it.

In Christianity
Vocations meet a psychological or spiritual need for the worker, and the word can also be used for a job at which a person is gifted.  The word "vocation" comes from the Latin vocare, meaning "to call";.  In the past the word meant people's being called to follow Christianity.  Martin Luther was the first to use it in the modern way, to describe a life-task.

Christians believe God has created each person with gifts and talents designed for a reason.  Christians can be called to vocations that are faithful to Christian teachings, such as marriage, or to be a priest, monk or nun, chastity as a single person or the general calling to live a life that is right, for the good of the Church or humanity.

For those who are not priests or full-time religious people, Protestantism was important in telling them they still had a vocation.  Calvinism told people to work hard in life. Calvin said a Christian had two callings; a general calling to serve God and a calling to do a particular job at which they are useful.  Protestant ministers in the past said working hard gives God glory.  Without something to do, they said people were more likely to sin.

Vocation outside of Christianity
This belief also has an impact outside of religion.  Modern occupations seen as vocations are those that involve caring or teaching, such as medicine, nursing, teaching, or veterinary work. Politics, may also be seen as a vocation. Campaigning for human rights, such as with the groups Amnesty International and Greenpeace, can also be seen as a vocation, although the word usually refers to a full-time job.  People following other religions can also feel called to do a certain job by their gods.

References

Vocation


Thomas Langton (died 27 January 1501) was chaplain to King Edward IV, before becoming successively Bishop of St David's, Bishop of Salisbury, Bishop of Winchester, and Archbishop-elect of Canterbury.

Early life
Langton was born in Appleby-in-Westmorland, and educated by the Carmelite friars there. He matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, but soon removed to Cambridge, probably to Clare Hall, on account of the plague. In 1461 he was elected fellow of Pembroke Hall, serving as proctor in 1462. While at Cambridge he took both degrees in canon law, and was afterwards incorporated in them at Oxford.

In 1464 he left the university, and some time before 1476 was made chaplain to King Edward IV. Langton was in high favour with the king, who trusted him much, and sent him on various important embassies. In 1467 he went as ambassador to France, and as king's chaplain was sent to treat with Ferdinand II, king of Aragon, on 24 November 1476. He visited France again on diplomatic business on 30 November 1477, and on 11 August 1478, to conclude the espousals of Edward's daughter Elizabeth and Charles, son of the French king. Two years later he was sent to demand the fulfilment of this marriage treaty, but the prince, now Charles VIII, king of France, refused to carry it out, and the match was broken off.

Career
Meanwhile, Langton received much ecclesiastical preferment. In 1478 he was made treasurer of Exeter, prebendary of St. Decuman's, Wells Cathedral, and about the same time master of St. Julian's Hospital, Southampton, a post which he still retained twenty years later. He was presented on 1 July 1480 to All Hallows Church, Bread Street, and on 14 May 1482 to All Hallows, Lombard Street, City of London, also becoming prebendary of North Kelsey, Lincoln Cathedral, in the next year. Probably by the favour of King Edward V, who granted him the temporalities of the see on 21 May, Langton was advanced in 1483 to the bishopric of St. Davids; the papal bull confirming the election is dated 4 July, and he was consecrated in August or September.

Langton's prosperity did not decline with Edward V's deposition. He was sent on an embassy to Rome and to France by King Richard III, who translated him to the bishopric of Salisbury by papal bull dated 8 February 1485. Langton was also elected provost of Queen's College, Oxford, on 6 December 1487, a post which he seems to have retained till 1495. He was a considerable benefactor to the college, where he built some new sets of rooms and enlarged the provost's lodgings. In 1493 King Henry VII transferred him from Salisbury to Winchester, a see which had been vacant over a year.

During the seven years that he was bishop of Winchester Langton started a school in the precincts of the palace, where he had youths trained in grammar and music. He was a good musician himself, used to examine the scholars in person, and encourage them by good words and small rewards. Finally, a proof of his ever-increasing popularity, Langton was elected Archbishop of Canterbury on 22 January 1501, but died of the plague on the 27th, before the confirmation of the deed. He was buried in a marble tomb within 'a very fair chapel' which he had built south of the lady-chapel in Winchester Cathedral.

Death
Before his death he had given 10 pounds towards the erection of Great St. Mary's Church, Cambridge, and in 1497 a drinking-cup, weighing 67 ounces, called the 'Anathema Cup,' to Pembroke Hall. This is the oldest extant hanap or covered cup that is hall-marked. By his will, dated 16 January 1501, Langton left large sums of money to the priests of Clare Hall, Cambridge, money and vestments to the fellows and priests of Queen's College, Oxford, besides legacies to the friars at both universities, and to the Carmelites at Appleby-in-Westmorland. To his sister and her husband, Rowland Machel, lands (probably the family estates) in Westmorland and two hundred marks were bequeathed. An annual pension of eight marks was set aside to maintain a chapel at Appleby-in-Westmorland for a hundred years to pray for the souls of Langton, his parents, and all the faithful deceased at Appleby-in-Westmorland.

Citations

References

15th-century births
1501 deaths
Archbishops of Canterbury
Bishops of St Davids
Bishops of Salisbury
Bishops of Winchester
16th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
15th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
Provosts of The Queen's College, Oxford
English chaplains
Catholic chaplains
People from Appleby-in-Westmorland
Burials at Winchester Cathedral
Chancellors of the Order of the Garter

Year of birth unknown

Thomas Langton


Carmina Burana is the name given to a collection of texts from the 11th and 12th century. There are over 240 texts in the collection, most of them written in Latin, some in Middle High German. Most of the texts are moral or satirical in nature. There are also texts about spring, or about love. Some of them are drinking songs, some of them were used as Minnesang.  Some of the songs contain hints for the melodies. For some, the melodies can be reconstructed.

The texts were written down around 1230. This happened either in an abbey in Styria, or near Brixen. They were discovered by Johann Christoph von Aretin in Benediktbeuern Abbey in 1803. Today, they are in the Bavarian State Library in Munich. There they can be found there as Codex Buranus, with the signature clm 4660/4660a.

Johann Andreas Schmeller edited them and published them as Carmina Burana – Lieder aus Benediktbeuern.

Carl Orff took 24 of them as Carmina Burana. He wrote the music for them. The work was first performed in 1937 in the Opera house in Frankfurt am Main. Together with his works Catulli Carmina and Trionfo di Afrodite he made a work containing all three, called Trionfi. Trionfi is performed much less than the Carmina Burana alone, though.

Other websites
 Complete original text (without translation) from Biblioteca Augustana
 Text with translations from Teach Yourself Latin
 Athena Review
 Carmina Burana: An Analysis of Perfection , 1996.

 Carmina Vulgata  in linguam Ruthenicam versa

12th-century books
Latin language
1930s operas

Carmina Burana


Carl Eugene Watts (November 7, 1953 - September 21, 2007) was an American criminal. He was a thief, burglar, stalker, kidnapper, torturer and serial killer.

Watts was born in Killeen, Texas. During his childhood his parents separated and divorced; he moved with his mother to Inkster, Michigan, she married another man. Watts was the eldest of ten children. Both Watts' marriages ended in divorce. He had one child.

Watts was an African-American; the large majority of his victims were white. He was diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and depression. He was of well below-average intelligence and was a disorganized thrill killer. He committed his crimes in Texas and Michigan. His methods of killing included strangulation, stabbing, bludgeoning and drowning. He was apprehended in Houston, Texas on May 23, 1982. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and was not released. He died of prostate cancer in hospital in Jackson, Michigan.

References

1953 births
2007 deaths
African-American people
American burglars
American kidnappers
American prisoners
American serial killers
American thieves
Cancer deaths in Michigan
Criminals from Michigan
Criminals from Texas
Deaths from prostate cancer
People who died in prison custody in the United States
People with antisocial personality disorder

Carl Eugene Watts


This is a list of cities, towns, villages, hamlets and named locations in the ceremonial and shire county of Norfolk, England.

A
Acle, Alburgh, Alby, Aldborough, Aldeby, Alderford, Alethorpe, Alpington, Anmer, Antingham, Arminghall, Ashby, Ashby St Mary, Ashill, Ashmanhaugh, Ashwellthorpe, Ashwicken, Aslacton, Attleborough, Attlebridge, Aylmerton, Aylsham

B
Babingley, Baconsthorpe, Bacton, Bacton Green, Bagthorpe, Bale, Banham, Banningham, Barford, Barmer, Barney, Barnham Broom, Barningham Green, Barroway Drove,  Barton Bendish, Barton Turf, Barwick, Bastwick, Bawburgh, Bawdeswell, Bawsey, Beachamwell, Beckett End, Beckhithe, Bedingham, Beeston, Beeston Regis, Beeston St Andrew, Beeston St Lawrence, Beetley, Beighton, Belaugh, Belton, Bengate, Bergh Apton, Berney Arms, Bessingham, Besthorpe, Bexfield, Bexwell, Billingford (South Norfolk), Billingford (Breckland), Billockby, Binham, Bintree, Bircham Newton, Bircham Tofts, Bittering, Black Carr, Blackborough End, Blakeney, Blakeney Point, Blickling, Blofield, Blo' Norton, Bodham, Bodney, Booton, Boughton, Bowthorpe, Bracon Ash, Bradenham, Bradfield, Bradwell, Brakefield Green, Bramerton, Brampton, Brancaster, Brancaster Staithe, Brandiston, Brandon Bank, Brandon Creek, Brandon Parva, Breckles, Brettenham, Bressingham, Breydon Water, Bridgham, Briningham, Brinton, Brisley, Briston, Brockdish, Broomhill, Brooke, Broom Green, Broome, Broomholm, Broomsthorpe, Browston Green, Brumstead, Brundall, Buckenham, Bull's Green, Bunkers Hill, Bunwell, Burgh-next-Aylsham, Burgh Castle, Burgh St Margaret, Burgh St Peter, Burlingham, Burlingham Green, Burnham Deepdale, Burnham Market, Burnham Norton, Burnham Overy, Burnham Thorpe, Burston, Bush Green, Bushey Common, Bustard's Green, Buxton, Bylaugh

C
Caister-on-Sea, Caistor St Edmund, California, Calthorpe Street, Cantley, Carbrooke, Cargate Green, Carleton Forehoe, Carleton Rode, Castle Acre, Castle Rising, Caston, Catfield, (Old) Catton, Cawston, Cess, Chedgrave, Choseley, Claxton, Clenchwarton, Cley next the Sea, Clint Green, Clippesby, Cobbler's Green, Cobholm Island, Cockley Cley, Cockthorpe, Colby, Coldham Green, Colkirk, Colney, Coltishall, Colton, Congham, Cordwell, Corpusty, Costessey, Coston, Crabgate, Cranwich, Cranworth, Crimplesham, Cringleford, Cromer, Crossdale Street, Crostwick, Crostwight, Crowgate Street, Crownthorpe, Crowshill, Croxton

D
Damgate, Darrow Green, Denton, Denver, Deopham, Deopham Green, Dereham, Dersingham, Dickleburgh, Didlington, Dilham, Diss, Ditchingham, Docking, Downham Market, Downham West, Drabblegate, Drayton, Drury Square, Drymere, Dumpling Green, Dunston, Dunton

E
Earlham, Earsham, East Barsham, East Beckham, East Bradenham, East Harling, East Lexham, East Raynham, East Rudham, East Runton, East Ruston, East Somerton, East Tuddenham, East Walton, East Wretham, East Winch, Eastgate, Eastmoor, Easton, Eaton, Eccles On Sea, Edgefield, Edingthorpe, Egmere, Elsing, Emneth, Erpingham, Etling Green

F
Fairstead, Fakenham, Felbrigg, Felthorpe, Feltwell, Fen Row, Fersfield, Fiddler's Green, Field Dalling, Filby, Fincham, Fishley, Fleggburgh, Flitcham, Flordon, Forncett St Mary, Forncett St Peter, Forncett End, Foulden, Foulsham, Foxley, Framingham Earl, Framingham Pigot, Freeland Corner, Freethorpe, Frettenham, Friars Quay (Norwich), Fring, Fritton (near Great Yarmouth), Fritton (near Morning Thorpe), Frogshall, Frost Row, Fulmodeston, Fundenhall, Fustyweed

G
Garboldisham, Garvestone, Gateley, Gayton, Gayton Thorpe, Geldeston, Gillingham, Gimingham, Gissing, Glandford, Gooderstone, Gorleston-on-Sea, Great Bircham, Great Cressingham, Great Dunham, Great Ellingham, Great Fransham, Great Hockham, Great Massingham, Great Moulton, Great Plumstead, Great Ryburgh, Great Snoring, Great Walsingham, Great Yarmouth, Greensgate, Gressenhall, Grimston, Griston, Guist, Guestwick, Gunthorpe

H
Hackford, Haddiscoe,  Hainford, Hales, Halvergate, Hanworth, Happisburgh, Hapton, Hardingham, Hardwick, Harleston, Harpley, Hassingham, Haveringland, Haverscroft Street, Hawes Green, Hay Green, Heacham, Hedenham, Hellesdon, Hemblington, Hempnall, Hempton, Hemsby, Hethersett, Hethel, Hevingham, Heydon, Hickling, High Green, High Kelling, Highoak, Hilgay, Hillington, Hindolveston, Hindringham, Hingham, Hockering, Hockwold cum Wilton, Hoe, Holkham, Holme next the Sea, Holt, Honing, Honingham, Hopton-on-Sea, Horning, Horningtoft, Horsey, Horsford, Horsham St Faith, Horstead, Houghton on the Hill, Houghton St Giles, Hoveton, Howe, Hunstanton, Hunt's Corner, Hunworth

I
Illington, Ingham, Ingoldisthorpe, Ingleborough, Ingworth, Intwood, Irmingland, Irstead, Irstead Street, Ivy Todd, Itteringham, Ickburgh

J
Johnson's Street, Jordan Street

K
Kenninghall, Kelling, Keswick (near Norwich), Keswick (near Bacton), Kettlestone, Kimberley, King's Lynn, Kirby Bedon, Kirby Row, Kirstead Green, Kempstone (nr Litcham)

L
Lamas, Langford, Langham, Langley Street, Larling, Lenwade, Letheringsett, Leziate, Limpenhoe, Lingwood, Litcham, Little Barningham, Little Cressingham, Little Ellingham, Little Hautbois, Little London (Corpusty), Little London (Marsham), Little London (Northwold), Little London (North Walsham), Little Melton, Little Ryburgh, Little Snoring, Little Thornage, Little Walsingham, Loddon,  Long Row, Long Stratton, Longham, Low Street (Hardingham), Low Street (North Tuddenham), Low Street (Rollesby), Low Street (Wortwell), Low Thurlton, Lower Green (Freethorpe), Lower Green (Hindringham), Lower Stow Bedon, Lower Street (Horning), Lower Street (Mundesley), Lower Tasburgh, Lower Thurlton, Ludham, Lynch Green, Lyng, Lyngate

M
Manson Green, Marham, Marlingford, Marshland St James, Martham, Matlaske, Mattishall, Mautby, Maypole Green, Melton Constable, Merton, Methwold, Methwold Hythe, Metton, Middleton, Mileham, Moorgate, Morley St Botolph, Morley St Peter, Morningthorpe, Morston, Morton, Moulton St Mary, Moulton St Michael, Mousehold Heath, Mulbarton, Mundford, Mundesley, Mundham.

N
Narborough, Narford, Neatishead, Necton, Nethergate, New Buckenham, New Costessey, New Holkham, New Houghton, New Rackheath, Newgate, Newton Flotman, Newport, Newton, Newton Greenways, Nogdam End, Nordelph, North Acre, North Barningham, North Barsham, North Burlingham, North Creake, North Elmham, North Pickenham, North Runcton, North Tuddenham, North Walsham, North Wootton, Northall Green, Northwold, Norton Corner, Norton Subcourse, Norwich, Northrepps, Nowhere

O
Oby, Old Buckenham, Old Catton, Old Costessey, Old Hall Street, Ongar Hill, Ormesby St. Margaret, Ormesby St. Michael, Ostend, Oulton, Oulton Street, Outwell, Overstrand, Overy Staithe, Ovington, Oxborough, Oxnead, Oxwick

P
 Palgrave, Panxworth, Paston, Pattesley, Peaseland Green, Pedham, Pennygate, Pentney, Peterstone, Pettywell, Plumstead, Pockthorpe, Podmore, Pollard Street, Postwick, Potter Heigham, Potthorpe, Pristow Green, Pudding Norton, Puddledock, Pulham Market

Q
Quarles, Quidenham

R
Rackheath, Ranworth, Reedham, Reepham, Repps, Reymerston, Riddlesworth, Ringland, Ringstead, Road Green, Rockland All Saints, Rockland St Mary, Rockland St Peter, Rollesby, Rougham, Roughton, Rowley Corner, Runcton Holme, Runham, Runhall, Rushford, Rushall, Ryston

S
Saddle Bow, Saham Toney, Salle, Salters Lode, Salhouse, Salthouse, Sandringham, Santon, Saxlingham, Saxlingham Nethergate, Saxlingham Thorpe, Saxthorpe, Scarning, Scratby, Scole, Sco Ruston, Scolt Head Island, Scottow, Scoulton, Sculthorpe, Sea Palling, Sedgeford, Setchey, Sharrington, Shelfanger, Shelton Green, Shereford, Sheringham, Shernborne, Shimpling, Shingham, Shipdham, Short Green, Shouldham, Shouldham Thorpe, Sidestrand, Silfield, Silvergate, Skeyton,  Skimmington, Sloley, Smallburgh, Smallworth, Snetterton, Snettisham, South Burlingham, Somerton, South Acre, South Creake, South Denes, South Green, South Pickenham, South Raynham, South Runcton, South Walsham, South Wootton, Southery, Southrepps, Southwood, Sparham, Sparhamhill, Sparrow Green, Spixworth, Spooner Row, Sporle, Sprowston, St. Olaves, Stacksford, Stalham, Stalham Green, Stanfield, Stanford, Stanhoe, Stibbard, Stiffkey, Stody, Stoke Holy Cross, Stokesby, Stonebridge, Stow Bedon, Stow Bridge,  Stradsett, Stratton Strawless, Strumpshaw, Stubb's Green, Surlingham, Sustead, Sutton, Swaffham, Swainsthorpe, Swannington, Swanton Abbott, Swanton Morley, Swanton Novers, Sweeting's Green,

T
Tacolneston, Tasburgh, Tatterford, Tattersett, Taverham, Terrington St Clement, Terrington St John, Testerton, Thetford, Tibenham, Tilney All Saints, Tilney High End, Tilney St Lawrence, Tittleshall, Themelthorpe, Thompson, Thornage, Thornham, Thorpe Abbotts, Thorpe Hamlet, Thorpe Market, Thorpe Parva, Thorpe St Andrew, Three Holes, Thrigby, Thurgarton, Thurlton, Thurne, Thurning, Thursford, Thurton, Thuxton Thwaite, Thwaite St Mary, Titchwell, Tivetshall St Margaret, Tivetshall St Mary, Toft Monks, Toftrees, Toftwood, Topcroft, Topcroft Street, Tottenhill, Tottington, Trimingham, Trunch, Tunstall, Tunstead, Tuttington, Twyford, Tyby

U
Upgate, Upper Guist, Upper Sheringham, Upper Street, Upton, Upton Green, Upwell

W
Wacton, Walcott, Walpole Cross Keys, Walpole Highway, Walpole Marsh, Walpole St Andrew, Walpole St Peter, Walsingham, Walsoken, Warham, Waterloo, Watlington, Wattlefield, Watton, Waxham, Weasenham All Saints, Weasenham St Peter, Weeting, Welborne, Wellingham, Wells-next-the-Sea, Welney, Wendling, Wereham, West Acre, West Barsham, West Beckham, West Bilney, West Bradenham, West Caister, Westfield, West Lexham, West Lynn, West Newton, West Raynham, West Rudham, West Runton, West Somerton, West Walton, West Winch, Westgate Street, Weston Green, Weston Longville, Westwick, Weybourne, Wheatacre, Whinburgh, Whissonsett, White Horse Common, Wicklewood, Wiggenhall St Germans, Wiggenhall St Mary Magdalen, Wighton, Wilby, Wimbotsham, Winfarthing, Winterton-on-Sea, Withergate, Witton Bridge, Witton (near Postwick), Witton (North Norfolk), Wiveton, Wolferton, Wood Dalling, Wood Norton, Woodbastwick, Woodrising, Woodton, Wormegay, Worstead, Worthing, Wortwell, Wramplingham, Wreningham, Wretham, Wretton, Wroxham, Wymondham

Y
Yaxham, Yelverton

See also
 Places of interest in Norfolk
 List of settlements in Norfolk by population
 List of places in England

External links
 Guide to villages and communities in Norfolk from UKVillages

Norfolk
Places

List of places in Norfolk


Rena Sinakin (born March 1949) is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. She was educated at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Sinakin started her career as a singer on Capitol Records. She later went on record on Atlantic/Atco.

During the 1970s, she moved into production. She produced Gladys Knight and the Pips, McFadden and Whitehead and John Lennon's band Elephants Memory.

1949 births
Living people
American record producers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Pennsylvania

Rena Sinakin


Career has various meanings, mostly having to do with a job.

The word comes from a French word meaning "road". It came to mean someone's path through life, or through a particular part of life, for example one's time in school. Later many people used the word  only for someone's work and, later yet, a profession, or a job that has an opportunity for advancement. Alternatively, "a career" often means a sequence of related jobs within a single industry or sector, such as "a career in medicine" or "a career in the building trade".

Career


The Aztecs were Native American people who lived in Mesoamerica. They ruled the Aztec Empire from the 14th century to the 16th century.

The name "Aztec" comes from the phrase "people from Aztlan". Legends say that Aztlan was the first place the Aztecs ever lived.  "Aztlan" means "place of the herons" in the Nahuatl language.p. 8

Often the term "Aztec" refers just to the people of Tenochtitlan. This was a city on an island in Lake Texcoco. These people called themselves the Mexica which is why the country is called Mexico, or the Nahua which is why their language is called Nahuatl.

History
Before the Aztec Empire conquered them, the indigenous (native) people  lived in many separate city-states.  These were small cities with farmland around them.  Each state had its own ruler.  Around 1100 AD, these city-states started to fight each other for power and control of the area's resources.

Historians think the Aztecs came to central Mesoamerica around 1200.  They came from what is now northwest Mexico.  According to historian Lisa Marty:

By 1325, the Aztecs had built Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco.  Tenochtitlan became a city-state that gradually became more and more powerful.

By about 1400, three city-states had grown into small empires.  In 1428, these two empires fought the Tepanec War for control of the area.  The Texcoco empire made an alliance with some other powerful city-states, including Tenochtitlan, and won the war.  These allies were supposed to share power equally as they started to gain control of more land.  However, by 1430, Tenochtitlan became the most powerful member of the alliance.  It became the capital city of the Aztec Empire, and its ruler became the 'high king' of the Empire.

The Aztec Empire

The Aztec Empire existed between about 1438 AD and 1521 AD.  When the Empire was largest, it spread across most of Mesoamerica and controlled about 11,000,000 people.

Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire. Tenochtitlan was one of the greatest cities of the world in that time.  By the early 1500s, at least 200,000 people lived in the city.  This made Tenochtitlan the largest city in the Americas before Christopher Columbus arrived.

Mexico City now covers the whole area where Tenochtitlan used to be.

Religion
The Aztecs believed in many gods. Two of the most important gods they worshipped were Huitzilopochtli, the god of war and the sun, and Tlaloc, the rain god. Another important god was Quetzalcoatl (feathered snake), the god of learning and civilization.

The Aztecs did many things to keep the gods happy. These things included human sacrifices.  They believed this helped keep the world from ending.  The Aztecs believed that the gods had created them, and that human sacrifice was the most powerful way of giving back the gift of life. The Aztecs also believed that the gods were in an almost never-ending struggle. The hearts and blood from the sacrifice fed the good gods to give them strength to fight the evil gods. The human sacrifices often took place on the Templo Mayor, the Aztecs' great pyramid temple.

Food
The Aztecs ate plants and vegetables that could grow easily in Mesoamerica. The main foods in the Aztec diet were maize, beans, and squash. They often used tomatoes and chili as spices.  Aztec markets sold fruit, vegetables, spices, flowers, dogs, birds, and cocoa beans. They also created chocolate. However, they did not have sugar, so their chocolate was a strong liquid with chili in it. They also made an alcoholic drink called chocolatl.   These foods later spread around the world.

Social structure
In Aztec society, there were different social classes with different social statuses.  The most important people were the rulers.  The Aztecs' first king was Acamapichtli.  Their last king was Cuauhtemoc.  He surrendered control of the Aztec Empire to Hernan Cortes during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

Next were nobles.  These were the Empire's powerful members of the government; great warriors; judges; and priests.  These people enjoyed a high social status.

The next social class was the commoners (common people).  These were the Empire's everyday workers.  Most of them farmed, ran stores, or traded.  Other workers included artisans, regular soldiers, and fishers.  Commoners were allowed to own land as a group or a family.  However, a single person was not allowed to own land.

The lowest social classes in Aztec society were serfs and then slaves.  Slaves had no rights at all.  They were bought and sold at Aztec markets.  The Aztecs also sacrificed some prisoners of war to their gods.  However, if they had the money, they could buy their own freedom and become commoners.

For most of the Aztec Empire's existence, it was very difficult to move between social classes.  Usually, if a person was born in a social class, they would stay in that class for the rest of their life.

Aztecs had harsh punishments for crimes that seem simple to us now. For example, a person could get the death penalty for adultery; cutting down a living tree; moving the boundary of a field to make their land bigger and someone else's smaller; major theft; treason; disorderly conduct (causing trouble in public), drunkenness; and promiscuity. Under Aztec sumptuary law, a commoner could also get the death penalty for wearing cotton.p. 88

Education

The Aztecs studied astrology and used the movements of the planets and the stars to create different calendars.  They had an accurate calendar which consisted of 365 days, based on the movements of the sun. They also had a religious calendar which was made up of 260 days.

The Aztecs also studied and taught many complex subjects, including geometry, mathematics, debate, law, music, poetry, architecture, and agriculture.

Sports

The most popular Aztec sport was Tlachtili. They played this game using rubber balls and vertical hoops on opposite walls in the middle of the court. The game's goal was to shoot the ball into the hoop using their knees. The first team to score won the game.

End of the Aztec Empire

Between 1519 and 1521, the Spanish conquistador, Hernán Cortés, allied with Tlaxcala and other enemies of the Aztecs.  The conquistadors defeated the Aztecs, took their empire, and made it into a Spanish colony. Some Aztecs did not want to fight against the soldiers of Cortés, because they thought they were gods.

Aztecs today
Today many Mexican people have Aztec and other Native American forefathers. People still use Aztec symbols in Mexico. On the Mexican flag, there is a picture of an eagle on a cactus with a snake in its mouth. This was an Aztec symbol. Even the name Mexico is an Aztec word.

References

Aztecs


José Hernández (born José Rafael Hernández y Pueyrredón; November 10, 1834 – October 21, 1886) was an Argentine journalist, poet, and politician best known as the author of the epic poem Martín Fierro.

Biography

Hernández, whose ancestry was Spanish, was born on a farm near San Martín (Buenos Aires Province). His father was a majordomo or foreman of a series of cattle ranches. His career was to be an alternation between stints on the Federal side in the civil wars of Argentina and Uruguay and life as a newspaperman, a short stint as an employee of a commercial firm, and a period as stenographer to the legislature of the Confederation.

Hernández founded the newspaper El Río de la Plata, which advocated local autonomy, abolition of the conscripted "frontier contingents", and election of justices of the peace, military commanders, and school boards. He opposed immigration, because he believed it undermined the pastoral foundation of the region's wealth. He envisioned a federal republic based in pastoralism, but also featuring a strong system of education and a literate population.

Although a federalist opposed to the centralizing, modernizing, and Europeanizing tendencies of Argentine president Domingo Sarmiento, Hernández was no apologist for General Juan Manuel de Rosas, whom he characterized as a tyrant and a despot.

Hernández is known today almost exclusively for his masterpiece Martín Fierro, the epic poem that stands as the pinnacle of gauchesque literature. The poem was apparently begun during a period of exile in Brazil following the defeat at Ñaembé (1870) and was published in two parts (in 1872 and 1879).

Hernández died of heart disease October 21, 1886, in Belgrano, which was at that time a separate suburb, and is currently a neighborhood of the city of Buenos Aires.

He was buried in La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires.

References
 Jorge Luis Borges, "José Hernández", in El Martín Fierro ()

External links

  Historical-biographical study on José Hernández,  epílogue to the full text of Martín Fierro (Ida y Vuelta), pages 474 to 495 of the 1995 online edition of the poem (free access) by the Buenos Aires City Govt. (Spanish).

1834 births
1886 deaths
People from San Martín, Buenos Aires
Argentine journalists
19th-century Argentine poets
Argentine male poets
Argentine people of Spanish descent
Argentine people of French descent
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
Argentine people of Irish descent
19th-century journalists
Argentine male journalists
19th-century male writers

José Hernández (writer)


St. Vincent and the Grenadines is a source country for some children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically for the purpose of sexual exploitation within the country; it may also be a destination country for women in forced prostitution and men in forced labor. Reporting suggests that Vincentian children may participate in commercial sexual exploitation to supplement their families' income. In these situations, parents, relatives, or other care-givers receive in-kind or financial compensation or other benefits from a child engaging in sexual activities. Reporting suggests the number of victims trafficked in, to, or through St. Vincent and the Grenadines is comparatively small. Information on the extent of human trafficking in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, however, is lacking, as the government has conducted no related investigations, studies, or surveys.

The Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so. Despite these efforts, including the government's public commitment to addressing human trafficking, the government did not provide evidence of law enforcement efforts to combat trafficking by investigating reports of the commercial sexual exploitation of children and of women who may be forced to engage in prostitution, nor did it provide more than minimal protection to victims or suspected victims or make any effort to prevent human trafficking during the year. U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 2"  in 2017.

Prosecution
The Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines made minimal progress in anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts over the last year. The government has no specific or comprehensive laws prohibiting trafficking in persons, although slavery and forced labor are both constitutionally prohibited. Trafficking offenders could be prosecuted under relevant provisions in immigration, prostitution, or labor laws, though there were no such efforts reported over the last year. Sufficiently stringent penalties for trafficking offenders under these laws range from 10–15 years' imprisonment and are commensurate with penalties prescribed for other serious offenses. Law enforcement authorities showed no signs of proactively investigating or prosecuting suspected trafficking offenses under existing trafficking-related provisions in prostitution or labor laws. The government did not provide specialized training for law enforcement or other government officials in how to recognize, investigate, and prosecute instances of trafficking or trafficking victim identification. In November 2009, officials attended information seminars on regional trafficking issues. Twenty-five officials attended two days of workshops conducted by the International Organization for Migration and an expert in trafficking law in March 2010. The government received reports of two suspected trafficking cases during the past year, one involving foreign women who may have been victims of sex trafficking and one involving boys who claimed to have been victims of labor trafficking. In October 2009, immigration officers noted some potential female trafficking victims in a group attempting to transit St. Vincent and the Grenadines, began investigating their situation, and requested outside assistance to further their investigations. Officers were, however, required by law to deport the women before they could complete their inquiries either internally or with the governments of neighboring countries. In the other case, police detained a number of teenage boys during a drug raid who claimed they were subjected to forced labor by criminals involved in the production and sale of illegal drugs. Local prosecutors and police investigated the claims and determined the juveniles fabricated the allegations to escape prosecution for the drug-related offenses.

Protection
The Vincentian government did not show tangible progress in ensuring that victims of trafficking are identified and provided access to necessary services. The Ministry of Mobilization and Social Development, however, developed a referral process to transfer victims detained, arrested, or placed in protective custody by law enforcement authorities to institutions that provide short- or long-term care. The St. Vincent and the Grenadines Human Rights Association provided legal services and other limited aid to victims of any crime, and did not knowingly assist any victims of trafficking during the year. The government provided some funding and building space to three local NGO's whose shelter, counseling, and other services for all crime victims would also be available to trafficking victims. Government officials have no formal procedure for proactively identifying victims of trafficking for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation, but on the two occasions noted above individual law enforcement officials suspected trafficking may have occurred in conjunction with other suspicious activities. Under current laws, the government did not encourage victims' assistance in the investigation and prosecution of trafficking or other crimes, nor did it provide legal alternatives to the removal of foreign victims to countries where they would face hardship or retribution. St. Vincent and the Grenadines had no law or official procedures in place to ensure that victims would not be inappropriately incarcerated, fined, or otherwise penalized for unlawful offenses committed solely as a direct result of being trafficked.

Prevention
The government made minimal efforts to prevent trafficking and to increase the public's awareness of the dangers of human trafficking in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. In 2009, the Prime Minister made the first-ever address to parliament on trafficking issues. The government did not conduct anti-trafficking information or education campaigns during the reporting period. It did not develop an anti-trafficking national plan of action, and did not establish an anti-trafficking working group. A foreign donor provided funds for the government to consult with a legal expert on drafting comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation that would be appropriate within the context of the country's existing legal structure and in accordance with international agreements and standards. The consultant also provided two days of workshops on trafficking awareness and an anti-trafficking legislative structure. The government made no efforts to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts. St. Vincent and the Grenadines is not a party to the 2000 UN TIP Protocol.

See also
Human rights in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

References

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Human rights in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Crime in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Human trafficking in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines


Sophie of Winzenburg (1105 in Winzenburg, near Hanover – 6 or 7 July 1160 in Brandenburg an der Havel) was the first Margravine of Brandenburg.

Life
Sophie was a daughter of Count Herman I of Winzenburg and his first wife, who was a Countess of Everstein. She donated an oxgang of farmland near Wellen to the monastery at Leitzkau and later another oxgang near Wolmirsleben. In 1158, she accompanied her husband on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

Death
Her sister, Beatrix, was abbess of Quedlinburg Abbey. Sophie and Beatrix both died in 1160. Some sources suggest that Sophie died on 25 March, other name 6 or 7 July. She was buried in the church of the monastery in Ballenstedt.

Criticism
The present state of research is that the identity of her father has not been conclusively proven. She may have belonged to another noble house in which the name Sophie was used.

Image
Seven hundred years after her death, a bracteate depicting Sophie and her husband was found in Aschersleben. Her portrait is stylized, as was usual in that period. The fact that Albert depicted his wife beside him on coins is a sign of his extraordinary love for Sophie.

Marriage and issue
In 1125, she married Albert the Bear. She had a dozen children with him. Of these children, Bernhard lived the longest, viz. until 1212.
 Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg (1126/1128 – 7 March 1184)
 Count Herman I of Orlamünde (died 1176)
 Siegfried (died 24 October 1184), Bishop of Brandenburg from 1173 to 1180, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, the first ranked prince, from 1180 to 1184
 Heinrich (died 1185), a canon in Magdeburg
 Count Adalbert of Ballenstedt (died after 6 December 1172)
 Count Dietrich of Werben (died after 5 September 1183)
 Count Bernhard of Anhalt (1140 – 9 February 1212), Count of Anhalt, and from 1180 also Duke of Saxony as Bernard III
 Hedwig (d. 1203), married to Otto II, Margrave of Meissen
 Daughter, married  to Vladislav of Olomouc, the eldest son of Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia
 Adelheid (died 1162), a nun in Lamspringe
 Gertrude, married in 1155 to Duke Děpold I of Jamnitz
 Sybille (died c. 1170), Abbess of Quedlinburg
 Eilika

Footnotes

References
 Otto Dungern: Thronfolgerecht und Blutsverwandtschaft der deutschen Kaiser seit Karl dem Großen, Papiermühle, Vogt, 1910, p. 159
 Bettina Elpers: Regieren, Erziehen, Bewahren: mütterliche Regentschaften im Hochmittelalter, Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main, 2003, , p. 152

External links
 Genealogical data for Sophie
 Genealogical data for Sophie and incomplete data for her children

1105 births
1160 deaths
Margravines of Brandenburg
12th-century German nobility
12th-century German women

Sophie of Winzenburg


A leading actor, leading actress, or leading man or lady or simply lead (), plays the role of the protagonist of a film, television show or play. The word lead may also refer to the largest role in the piece, and leading actor may refer to a person who typically plays such parts or an actor with a respected body of work. Some actors are typecast as leads, but most play the lead in some performances and supporting or character roles in others.

Sometimes there is more than one significant leading role in a dramatic piece, and the actors are said to play co-leads; a large supporting role may be considered a secondary lead. Award nominations for acting often reflect such ambiguities. Therefore, sometimes two actors in the same performance piece are nominated Oscars for Best Actor or Best Actress—categories traditionally reserved for leads. For example, in 1935 Clark Gable, Charles Laughton and Franchot Tone were each nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award for Mutiny on the Bounty. There can even be controversy over whether a particular performance should be nominated in the Best Actor/Actress or Best Supporting Actor/Best Supporting Actress category; for instance, The Godfather's Al Pacino boycotted the 45th Academy Awards ceremony since he was insulted at being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor award; he noted that he had more screen time than his co-star and Best Actor winner Marlon Brando and so he should have received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor.

A title role is often but not necessarily the lead. A lead role must also be differentiated from a starring role, which means that an actor is credited as a part of the main cast but not that they necessarily play the main character.

See also
Character actor
Starring role

References

Acting
Mass media occupations
Filmmaking occupations

Leading actor