There is another disease that is unrelated to diabetes mellitus, called diabetes insipidus

Diabetes is a condition that results from lack of the hormone insulin in a person's blood, or when the body has a problem using the insulin it produces (insulin resistance). There is another disease with a similar name, diabetes insipidus, however, they are not related. When people say "diabetes", they usually mean diabetes mellitus. People with diabetes Mellitus are called "diabetics".

Glucose is not regular sugar that is available in stores and supermarkets. Glucose is a natural carbohydrate that our bodies use as a source of energy. The kind of sugar sold in supermarkets is called sucrose, and is much different from glucose. High concentrations of glucose can be found in soft drinks and fruits.

The glucose level in the blood is controlled by several hormones. Hormones are chemicals in the body that send messages from cells to other cells. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas. When you eat, the pancreas makes insulin to send a message to other cells in the body. This insulin tells the cells to take up glucose from the blood. The glucose is used by cells for energy. Extra glucose that is not needed right away is stored in some cells as glycogen. When you are not eating, cells break down the stored glycogen into glucose to use as energy.

Types of diabetes

Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Type 1 diabetes Mellitus happens when the part of the pancreas that makes insulin is destroyed by that person's own immune system.  When the pancreas does not make insulin, glucose – sugar – in the blood cannot get into the parts of the body that need sugar to live.  In order to live, a person with type 1 diabetes must take insulin for the rest of their life, usually through injections or a pump.  They need to check their blood sugar level on a regular basis, often, many times each day.

Type 1 diabetes happens most of the time in younger people, however, it can occur in adults, although this is much less common.  About 1 out of every 10 people with diabetes have type 1 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Type 2 diabetes Mellitus is an illness very different from type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the person makes insulin, but either the insulin does not work in that person's body as it should, or they do not make enough insulin to process the glucose.  When insulin does not work as it should, glucose (sugar) in the blood cannot get into the parts of the body that need sugar.

Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes mellitus is like type 2 diabetes.  It happens to some women when they are pregnant.

Other types of diabetes
Other types of diabetes include but are not limited to:

Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA)
Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

Type 2 diabetes happens most of the time in an older person who is overweight.

The onset of symptoms in type 1 diabetes usually happens suddenly. In type 2 diabetes, there may be mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. Making it much harder to detect.

Warning signs of diabetes

Frequent urination
Excessive thirst
Increased hunger
Weight loss
Fruity breath odor
Tiredness
Lack of interest and concentration
Vomiting and stomach pain (often mistaken as the flu)
A tingling sensation or numbness in the hands or feet
Blurred vision
Frequent infections
Slow-healing wounds
Bedwetting - in children and adults

Complications of diabetes

Complications are problems that happen because of a disease. In the case of diabetes, there are two kinds of complications. The first kind happens quickly and can be dealt with quickly. This kind is called an acute complication. The other kind is caused by the blood glucose being too high for many years, and is called a chronic complication or long-term complication.

Excess blood glucose is called 'hyperglycemia'. If very high, it can cause acute complications. In type 1 diabetics, one of these complications is diabetic ketoacidosis which is a medical emergency and can often be detected by a fruity smell on the breath. Another acute complication, more common in type 2 diabetics, is non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma which is also very dangerous.

Too low blood glucose is called hypoglycemia. It can also cause acute complications. If too low, diabetics can have many symptoms such as sweating, trembling, anger (or feeling passive), and possibly even passing out. Diabetics with hypoglycemia may be confused or even unconscious. They may appear to have drunk too much alcohol. Severe hypoglycemia is very dangerous and can cause death. The best treatment of hypoglycemia is avoiding it. If it happens, eating food containing glucose (for example, table sugar) usually improves the condition quickly. Sometimes it is treated by giving an injection of a medicine called 'glucagon'. Glucagon is a hormone made by the pancreas. It has the opposite effect of insulin. Administering glucagon will cause the blood glucose level to rise by forcing stored glucose into the blood.  Hypoglycemia is usually caused by too much diabetic medication, insufficient food, too much exercise, or a combination of these.

Chronic complications are mostly caused by hyperglycemia (but not high enough to always cause acute complications). It causes damage to blood vessels and nerves. Damage to blood vessels can eventually cause strokes, heart attacks, kidney failure, blindness, slow healing of skin breaks - with the added possibility of infection - and even amputations from poor circulation (decreased blood flow, usually to the feet and toes). Damage to nerves can make diabetics not feel pain (this usually happens in their feet). This causes them to have more injuries and not realize they have hurt themselves. Damage to nerves can also cause pain even when there's no real injury. It's a type of phantom pain or ghost pain. The pain can be so intense that strong pain medication may be required.

Monitoring of diabetes

Because of the damage caused by high blood glucose, it is important to treat diabetes mellitus. The goal is to maintain a normal blood glucose level. The normal range for blood glucose is 80-120 mg/dL (milligrams of glucose per deciliter of blood) or 3.5-7 mmol/l (millimole per liter of blood). These are different ways of saying the same thing, much like yards and meters are different units of distance measurement.

Diabetics should check their blood glucose often. This is to make sure they do not get hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. A glucometer is a battery-powered measuring device that checks the blood glucose level. Diabetics often carry a glucometer with them and check their blood sugar level several times a day. They may also suffer severe constipation and frequent urination.

Doctors may also use a blood test called a hemoglobin A1C. This is sometimes written Hgb-A1C or other ways; there's no standard name. This tells the doctor what the average blood glucose has been for about the past 90 days. If the level has been too high, it may indicate new medication, different medication dosages, or a better diet may be needed.

Diabetics must be monitored for signs of complications due to diabetes. They should see an eye doctor regularly to be checked for damage to the blood vessels in the eyes. If this is not found and treated early, it can cause blindness. They should have their urine or blood checked regularly for signs of kidney damage. They must check their feet for cuts, bruises, blisters, and so on at least every day. And they should have their feet checked regularly for nerve damage, circulation problems, and infections.

Treatment of diabetes

The most important goal in diabetes is to keep the blood glucose level as close to normal as possible. Taking care of your Diabetes levels requires awareness. You should be aware of the status of your blood sugar like when there is a rise or a fall. Since it usually goes up after eating, and down after exercise, coping with it sensibly is often complex, and usually takes care and thought. Treatment differs between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.  People with type 1 diabetes are treated with insulin. People with type 2 usually begin with diet, exercise, and weight loss, perhaps moving to medication (and, though not as common, insulin).

Education is important for both types of diabetes. Diabetics must learn about diet. They learn how to estimate and keep track of how much carbohydrate, protein, and fat are in different foods. They plan their meals to have the right amount of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Patients with type 1 may decide how much insulin to take before a meal based on how much they will eat.

Diabetics must also be careful about exercise. Exercise is important to stay healthy, but intense or extended periods of exercise can cause hypoglycemia. As a result, diabetics must plan exercise carefully.

In addition to controlling blood glucose levels, other treatments may be needed. Diabetics often have blood vessel diseases, so it is important to pay attention to other diseases that may affect blood vessels. In people with diabetes, treating high blood pressure (hypertension) and high cholesterol is more important than usual. Both of these diseases damage blood vessels. The treatment goals can change for diabetics. For instance, in people without diabetes, blood pressure should be 140/90 or less. In diabetics, it should be 130/80 or less.

Health Disparities

South Asian American Population
A health disparity refers to unfair burden of disease on one population compared to another. In the United States, there is a health disparity faced by South Asian Americans (SAA) when it comes to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus or diabetes. Diabetes is a condition in which the bloodstream has too much sugar (blood glucose) instead of inside the cells-where it should be. It is a disease linked to obesity or high BMIs, and unhealthy diets high in sugar. However, SAA face this condition at lower BMIs due to their food, lifestyle, and biological factors. Traditional diets consist of foods that are usually are imported, brought in the country from outside, without nutrition labels or in different languages. This makes it hard to follow the dietary guidelines for Americans or government recommendations on how to eat healthy. Also, a lot of the population does not know that there are biological factors that make it likely for them to get diabetes. One big factor is insulin resistance. Insulin is a hormone or an assisting character that helps sugar get into cells. Sometimes, bodies get into the condition of ignoring insulin which means the sugar cannot easily get into cell. To solve this problem, the body ends up making even more insulin which just leads to high blood sugar levels in bloodstream. Because diabetes costs the government and people a healthy life and a lot of money, more people, specifically SAAs, should be aware of their risks to minimize chance of diabetes.

Other websites
 World Health Organization - Diabetes Programme
 International Diabetes Federation

References

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus


Liana Alexandra Septefrati (born Liana Moraru; 27 May 1947 – 10 January 2011) was a Romanian composer, pianist and music educator.

Biography
Alexandra was born in Bucharest, Romania, on 27 May 1947. From 1965 to 1971, she studied at the Ciprian Porumbescu Conservatory (now the National University of Music Bucharest) under Tudor Ciortea and Tiberiu Olah and took composition courses in 1974, 1978, 1980 and 1984 in Darmstadt, Germany. She had a doctorate in musicology and taught composition, orchestration, and music analysis at the Conservatory from 1971 until her death in 2011. A prolific composer in the neoromantic style, Alexandra had over 100 of her works performed and published in Romania. According to musicologist Octavian Cosma, she was "in her element with orchestral and chamber music, employing repetitive and evolving techniques, with melodic lines which suggest lyricism and meditation" and an instrumentation that used "a palette of delicate, pastel colours." Iuliana Porcos described her work as "characterized by a clarity of orchestration and particularly by an evolving repetitive structure which induces a feeling of plenary meditation. Her composing style is defined by simplicity, accessibility and clarity, in accord with the 20th century composers' wish to approach consonance (a new type of consonance), minimalism and archetype."

Alexandra married the Romanian cellist and composer Şerban Nichifor in 1978. They performed together as Duo Intermedia from 1990 and were co-directors of the Nuova Musica Consonante - Living Music Foundation Festival.

Liana Alexandra died at her home in Bucharest on 10 January 2011 of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 63. On 12 January 2011, two days after her death, the broadcast Univers muzical românesc on Radio România Muzical was dedicated to her. In May of that year, Liana Alexandra: Marturii despre muzica ei (Liana Alexandra: Confessions about her Music) was published by Editura Stephanus in a bilingual Romanian and English edition. Edited by Şerban Nichifor, the book is an anthology of writings on Alexandra's music by composers, critics and musicologists including Viorel Cosma, Grete Tartler, Robert Voisey, and Jacques Leduc. Later that month, her 1987 opera În labirint (The Maze) was performed in her memory by the Banatul Philharmonic of Timișoara as the closing concert of the Timișoara International Music Festival (31 May 2011).

Prizes and honors
Alexandra's compositions have won numerous prizes and honors, including:

1975, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1987, 1988 - Prize of the Union of Romanian Composers
1979, 1980 - Gaudeamus Prize
1980 - Prize of the Romanian Academy
1993 - International Society for Contemporary Music Prize
1997 - ACMEOR Prize of Israel

Selected works
Symphonic, vocal-symphonic and concert music
Symphony I (1971)
Cantata for women's choir and orchestra, verses by Lucian Blaga (1971)
"Valences", symphonic movement (1973)
Concerto for clarinet and orchestra (1974)
Cantata II for soprano, baritone, mixed chorus and orchestra, verses by Lucian Blaga (1977)
Cantata III "Country-land, country-idea" for women's chorus and orchestra, verses by Nichita Stanescu (1977)
Symphony II "Hymns" (1978)
Concerto for flute, viola and chamber orchestra (1980)
Symphony III "Diacronies" (1981)
Symphony IV (1984)
Symphony V (1985-1986)
Symphony VI (1988-1989)
Symphonic poem "Jerusalem" (1990)
Concerto for string orchestra (1991)
Concerto for piano for four hands and orchestra (1993)
Symphony VII (1996)
Symphony VIII (1995-1996)
Symphony IX "Jerusalem" (1970)
Concerto for saxophone and orchestra (1997)
"Pastorale" for wind orchestra (1999)
Concerto for organ and orchestra (2002). Premiered at the Mihail Jora Concert Hall, Bucharest, 13 November 2002, with Radio Chamber Orchestra, conducted by Cristian Brancusi and Ilse Maria Reich as organist.
Computer music (2003) - Bassoon Quartet, Barcarola, Pastorale, Dancing Visions (12 variations), 1 CD
Computer music (2004) - Rhythms (8 Studies), 1 CD

Opera
The Snow Queen, children's opera after the story by Hans Christian Andersen (1978)
În labirint, chamber opera (1987)
Chant d'amour de la Dame à la Licorne, chamber opera set to verses by Etienne de Sadeleer (1995)

Chamber music
Sonata for solo flute (1973)
Music for clarinet, harp and percussion (1972)
Lyric Sequence for clarinet, trumpet and piano (1974)
Two sequences for soprano and chamber orchestra (1976)
"Collages" for brass quintet (1977)
"Incantations" II for violin, viola, cello and piano (1978)
"Consonances" I for trombone quartet (1978)
"Consonances" II for clarinet and piano (1979)
"Consonances" III for solo organ (1979)
"Consonances" V for solo organ (1980)
"Images interrupted" for woodwind quintet (1983)
"Cadenza" for violin (1983)
"Pastorale" for bass clarinet and piano (1984)
"Allegro veloce e caratteristico" for organ (1985)
Sonata for six horns (1986)
"Larghetto" for string chamber orchestra (1988)
"Intersections" - sonata for horn and piano (1989)
Music for Het Trio (1990)
"A tre" for flute, clarinet, and bassoon (1991)
"Cadenza" III for piano (1992)
Sonata for piano (1993)
"Fantasy" for cello and piano (1994)
"Poem for Romania", "Poem for Madona from Neamt" for soprano and piano, texts by Eugen Van Itterbeek (1994)
"Consonances" VI for recorder quartet (1997)
"Five movements" for violoncello and piano (1997)
"Consonances" VII for solo harp (1998)
"Parallel musics" for saxophone, cello and piano (2001)
"Incantations" III for cello and tape (2002)

Books
Componistica muzicală: Un inefabil demers între fantezie şi rigoare (Musical composition: An ineffable act between fantasy and mathematical rigor). Editura Universității Naționale de Muzică, 2005

Discography
Alexandra was a member of the Vox Novus consortium. Several of her compositions for the consortium's 60x60 project appear on:
60x60 (2004–2005). Vox Novus VN-001
60x60 (2006–2007). Vox Novus VN-002

Her 1981 choral work Soarele Si Luna appears on:
Contemporary Music IV - music by Paul Constantinescu, Pascal Bentoiu, Liana Alexandra, Laurentiu Profeta, et al. Conducted by Marin Constantin, 1998, re-released 2005. Electrecord 260

Symphonies number 2, "Imnuri", and number 3, "Diacronii", were released on Electrecord LP ST-ECE 02183, recorded in 1977, performed by the Romanian Radio & Television Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Iosif Conta and Liviu Ionescu.

References

Further reading
Tartler, Grete (1984). Melopoetica. Editura Eminescu (Romanian)

External links

Nichifor, Şerban (ed.) (2011). Liana Alexandra: Marturii despre muzica ei (Liana Alexandra: Confessions about her Music). Editura Stephanus (bilingual version in Romanian and English on archive.org)
Liana Alexandra's official YouTube channel
Works by and about Liana Alexandra on WorldCat

1947 births
2011 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Romanian women classical composers
Romanian classical composers
Romanian women composers
Romanian women educators
National University of Music Bucharest alumni
Academic staff of the National University of Music Bucharest
Pupils of Karlheinz Stockhausen
Romanian women music educators
20th-century women composers
Musicians from Bucharest

Liana Alexandra


Andrew Ian Wilson (born 29 February 1968) is a British classical archaeologist and Head of School of Archaeology at the University of Oxford. He was director of the Oxford Institute of Archaeology from 2009 to 2011. Wilson's main research interests are the economy of the Roman world, Greek and Roman water supply, and ancient technology.

Early life and education
Wilson was educated at the Perse School, Cambridge, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he studied Literae Humaniores (Classics) from 1987 to 1991. From 1991 to 1993 he worked as a computer consultant for the electronics firm Eurotherm, before returning to Oxford to study for his doctorate (1993 to 1997), a social and technological study on water management and usage in Roman North Africa, supervised by John Lloyd.

Academic career
From 1996 to 2000 he was a Fellow by Examination in Classical Archaeology at Magdalen College, Oxford, and spend nine months at the British School at Rome as a Rome Scholar in 1999 and 2000. In 2000 he became University Lecturer in Roman Archaeology at the University of Oxford, and a Fellow of Wolfson College; and in 2004 was appointed Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire, and Fellow of All Souls College.

Wilson was Director of the Oxford Institute of Archaeology from 2009 to 2011, and was Head of the School of Archaeology from 2013. He is Chairman of the Society for Libyan Studies, and is on the editorial and advisory boards of several periodicals: Ancient West and East; Facta: A journal of Roman Material Culture Studies; and Oxford Journal of Archaeology. With Alan Bowman, he directs the Oxford Roman Economy Project (OxREP).

Wilson's research marshals archaeological data to address historical questions about ancient society, technology and economy. He has co-directed excavations in Rome, Euesperides (modern Benghazi, Libya), and Utica, Tunisia with Josephine Crawley Quinn and Elizabeth Fentress, and has participated in excavation and fieldwork projects in Thamusida, Morocco, on the Tunisian isle of Jerba, in the Libyan desert region Fazzan, Yeronisos on Cyprus and Al-Andarin in Syria. , he has published over ninety articles and reviews and is co-editor of the monograph series Oxford Studies in the Roman Economy for Oxford University Press.

Recent works
 Books
 Quantifying the Roman Economy: Methods and Problems, Oxford Studies in the Roman Economy, Vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009 (co-editor),

 Selected articles and book chapters
 Urban Production in the Roman World: The View from North Africa, Papers of the British School at Rome, Vol. 70, 2002, pp. 231–273
 Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy, Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 92, 2002, pp. 1–32
 The Spread of Foggara-based Irrigation in the Ancient Sahara, in Mattingly, David John; McLaren, Sue; Savage, Elizabeth; al-Fasatwi, Y.; Gadgood, Khaled (eds.), The Libyan Desert: Natural Resources and Cultural Heritage, London: The Society for Libyan Studies, 2006, pp. 205–216,
 The Economic Impact of Technological Advances in the Roman Construction Industry, in Lo Cascio, Elio (ed.), Innovazione tecnica e progresso economico nel mondo romano, Bari: Edipuglia, 2006, pp. 225–236,
 The Metal Supply of the Roman Empire, in Papi, Emanuele (ed.), Supplying Rome and the Roman Empire, Journal of Roman Archaeology, supplement 69, 2007, pp. 109–125,
 Hydraulic Engineering, in Oleson, John Peter (ed.), Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 285–318,
 Machines, in Oleson, John Peter (ed.), Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 337–366,
 Large-scale Manufacturing, Standardization, and Trade, in Oleson, John Peter (ed.), Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 393–417,
 Economy and Trade, in Bispham, Edward (ed.), The Short Oxford History of Europe, Vol. 2: Roman Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 170–202,
 Villas, Horticulture and Irrigation Infrastructure in the Tiber Valley, in Coarelli, Filippo; Patterson, Helen (eds.), Mercator Placidissimus: The Tiber Valley in Antiquity. New Research in the Upper and Middle River Valley, Proceedings of the Conference Held at the British School at Rome, 27–28 February 2004, Rome: Edizioni Quasar, 2009, pp. 731–768,

See also
 Roman technology
 Roman aqueducts
 List of Roman watermills

References

External links
 Personal website at Oxford University – incl. publications in PDF format for download
 Website at the Institute of Archaeology, Oxford
 Oxford Roman Economy Project
 The Society for Libyan Studies

British archaeologists
Classical archaeologists
Historians of antiquity
Economic historians
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Fellows of Wolfson College, Oxford
Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
People from Hertford
1968 births
Living people
People educated at The Perse School
Professors of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire

Andrew Wilson (classical archaeologist)


Bellegarde-sur-Valserine is a former commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Valserhône. In 2010, 11,790 people lived in the commune. The inhabitants are the Bellegardiens. The local economy is mostly based around commerce. Monuments in the commune are numerous. There are many castles including the Châteaux de Musinens, Mussel, Arlod, Vanchy and Crêts. There are also many churches including the Saint-Vicent-de-Paul, Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption, Saint-Nicolas d'Arlod and Saint-Claude de Vanchy churches. Famous people from Bellegarde-sur-Valserine include Robert Barrier, a politician, David Venditti, a French rugby player, Younès Kaboul, a French football player, Nelly Moenne Loccoz, a French snowboarder and Yves Amoureux, an author and movie producer.

References

Former communes in Ain

Bellegarde-sur-Valserine


George Cadle Price, PC, OCC (15 January 1919 – 19 September 2011), was a Belizean politician and statesman. He served twice as the head of government and Prime Minister of Belize from 7 April 1961– 17 December 1984 and 7 September 1989– 3 July 1993. He served as First Minister of British Honduras from 7 April 1961 to 1 January 1964, then he served as Premier of British Honduras from 1 January 1964 to 1 June 1973, then he served as Premier of Belize from 1 June 1973 to 12 September 1981 under British and United Kingdom rule until independence on 12 September 1981 and was the nation's and country's first Prime minister after and upon independence that year. He is considered to have been one of the Principal architects of Belizean independence. Today he has been called and referred to by many as "the Father of the Belizean Nation". Price effectively dominated Belizean Politics from 7 April 1961 in the early 1969a until his retirement from party leadership as Leader of the People's United Party on 10 November 1996, serving as the nation's and country's Head of government under various titles for most or during that period.

He entered Belizean Politics in 1947 when Belize was still called British Honduras. He was elected as the Deputy Chairman of the then Independent Party the same year in 1947 before the 1947 British Honduras general election. He won the nominations as an Independent Representative for Belize City unopposed, 5 months before the 1947 British Honduras general election and stood as an Independent Candidate for Belize City Constituency In the 1947 British Honduras general election and won his seat of Belize City constituency. His then Party, the Independent Party which was then led by John Smith was the only Party that contested in the 1947 British Honduras general election and won all the then, nine seats British Honduras Legislative Assembly unopposed in the 1947 British Honduras general election. After the 1947 British Honduras general election, Price was appointed as Chairman of the Belize City Council by the then Leader of The Independent Party, John Smith. Price served faithfully as Chairman of the Belize City Council and as a Member of Parliament and the Legislative Assembly of Belize, he hired workers to build houses and roads in Belize City as the then, British Honduras was not developed yet and Price seemed that something was missing in Belize City. In 1949, Price was appointed as Attorney General and Minister of Economic Development by Leader, John Smith. In that same year of 1948, with the devaluation of the British Honduras dollar he, together with a group of citizens and nine of his political colleagues and friends such as then Leader of the Independence Party, John Smith, then Deputy First Minister Leigh Richardson, Herbert Fuller and Herman Jex, firmed the People's Committee (PC) The People's Committee (PC) marked and was the start of the "peaceful, constructive Belizean revolution. On 29 September 1950, he renamed and founded the People's United Party from the Independent Party together with his political friends and colleagues John Smith and Leigh Richardson, which he led for four decades and 40 years and which he devoted to the political and economic independence of the British Colony, then known as the British Honduras.

Early life and education

George Cadle Price was born in Belize City on 15 January 1919 in what was then part of the British Honduras, to his Father, William Price, and his Mother, Irene Escalante Price (nèe Escalante) which was her maiden name. They had eleven children in total including Price. Price had eight sisters and two brothers.

Price received his early and Primary education at Holy Redeemer Primary School In Belize City which he attended from 1926 to 1931 when he was 7 years old in 1926 to 12 years old in 1931. He graduated from Holy Redeemer Primary School and was awarded the "Most Contributive Student" and "Most Outstanding In English in the entire Primary 6 level on Recognition Day which was held on 5 November 1930. In 1931. a year later after he graduated from his Primary school of Holy Redeemer Primary School. He received his Secondary education at St. John's College High School In 1931 and studied there from Secondary one all the way to Secondary four B. In 1931, the same year he first attended St. John's College High School, he survived the hurricane of 1931 which destroyed St. John's College High School at Loyola Park, Swimming away from the wreckage. Under the Jesuits he was exposed to the teachings of Catholic Social justice, in particular the encyclical Rerum novarum. He graduated from St. Johns College High School on 5 November 1935. Upon graduation from St. John's College High School on 5 November 1935, the young price felt a call to priesthood, so he went to pursue his studies abroad on the advice of his parents and family. He was eligible to pursue a education at a Junior college as he did exceptionally well during his O-levels in St Johns College High School but did not attend any Junior college in the British Honduras as his parents thought then that there was no proper education in the British Honduras and that the education system in British Honduras then was weak they wanted Price to learn more about the education system globally across the world and global. So they urged him to pursue his education abroad instead of at home, in the British Honduras. So Price tailed that move. In 1936 at the age of 16 years old, A year after he graduated from St. John's College High School which is the following year Price traveled to the Mississippi located in the United States and attended a Junior college there known as Saint Augustine's Minor Seminary In Mississippi, United States and studied there until 1940. When he was studying at Saint Augustine's Minor Seminary, his family would often travel from British Honduras to Mississippi in the United States where that Junior college was located so see Price and check on him and how he was going along with his education in Saint Augustine's Minor Seminary. In the early 1940s, Saint Augustine's Minor Seminary was not extremely popular for the people of British Honduras to study there as few people the British Honduras knew about that Junior college. Price's family would sometimes stay with him for a few days in Mississippi, United States before departing back to their own Country of British Honduras.

References

1919 births
2011 deaths
Prime Ministers of Belize

George Cadle Price


Asansol Airfield  is a former wartime Royal Air Force Station and later used by the United States Army Air Forces airfield in Asansol, India used during the Burma Campaign 1944-1945. It is located near Nigah village on NH 2/ Grand Trunk Road.

History
Established in 1941 by the Royal Air Force as a result of the Japanese conquest of Burma.   On 3 April 1942 six USAAF 7th Bombardment Group B-17 Flying Fortress aircraft took off from Asansol Airfield to bomb warehouses and docks at Rangoon.

On 6–7 April, 10 DC-3s of Pan American Airways begin hauling 30,000 gallons of fuel and 500 gallons of lubricants from Dum Dum Airport, Calcutta to Asansol for operations. This fuel, subsequently transferred via Dinjan Airfield, India to China, was for use by Lieutenant Colonel James H Doolittle's raiders when they landed in Chuchow, about 100 miles southwest of Shanghai, China after their attack on Japan.    Doolittle Raiders never made Chuchow due to fuel shortages, aircraft subsequently lost.

In 1943, airfield turned over to USAAF.  Initially used by 5318th Provisional Air Unit, beginning late 1943 operating P-51 Mustangs, B-25 Mitchell medium bombers and C-47 transports with Waco CG-4A gliders used for attacks in Burma.  The unit tested the United States' first use of a helicopter in combat, six Sikorsky R-4s in May 1944.    1st Air Commando Group activated in May 1944.  Used by 164th, 165th, 166th Liaison Squadrons, equipped with UC-64, L-5 observation aircraft, September–December 1944.  Later used by 5th and 6th Fighter Squadrons, December 1944-June 1945 flying P-47 Thunderbolts.

Also used by 319th Troop Carrier Squadron, flying C-47s, September–December 1944.  1st ACG returned to United States, 6 October 1945.

References

 Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983.
 www.pacificwrecks.com - Asansol Airfield

External links
Airports Authority of India

Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in British India
Royal Air Force stations of World War II in Asia
Defunct airports in India
Airports in West Bengal
Buildings and structures in Paschim Bardhaman district
Transport in Asansol
Airports established in 1941
World War II sites in India
1941 establishments in India
20th-century architecture in India

Asansol Airfield


Fuzz bass (also called "bass overdrive" or "bass distortion") is a style of playing the electric bass. When a person plays fuzz bass, the bass sounds buzzy and distorted. Fuzz bass is created by turning up the volume on a bass amplifier very high, or by using an electronic fuzz pedal.  In the mid-1960s, some bass players began to play fuzz bass. The Beatles' 1965 song "Think for Yourself" (from Rubber Soul) has fuzz bass. The 1965 Rolling Stones song "Under My Thumb" has fuzz bass.

Music technology
String instruments

Fuzz bass


Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was one of the short lived Ernestine duchies.  It only existed between 1572 - 1596 and again from 1633 - 1638.  It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, today it is within the federal states of Bavaria and Thuringia.

Creation
The duchy was created by the Division of Erfurt in 1572 when Coburg and Eisenach were split from the Duchy of Saxony-Weimar for Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst, the sons of Johann Friedrich II, the Middle.

Rulers
The two princes at this time were still children, so the Elector August of Saxony was regent until 1586.  This is when Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst becgan to rule the duchy.  Johann Ernst retired to his hunting lodge in Marksühl, and in 1590 the two brothers divided the country. Johann Casimir  kept Saxe-Coburg, and Johann Ernst took Saxe-Eisenach. Johann Casimir died in 1633so his brother Johann Ernst inherited his possessions, again were short and Coburg and Eisenach were reunited until Johann Ernst's death in 1638.

Division
Johann Ernst also had no children, so the Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach line died out, out the territory was divided between the other Ernestine line.

House of Wettin

Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach


Lytes Cary is a manor house with associated chapel and gardens near Charlton Mackrell and Somerton in Somerset, England. The property, owned by the National Trust, has parts dating to the 14th century, with other sections dating to the 15th, 16th, 18th, and 20th centuries. "Yet all parts blend to perfection with one another and with the gentle sunny landscape that surrounds them," comments Nikolaus Pevsner. The House is listed as Grade I by English Heritage.

The chapel predates the existing house, having been built around 1343, and functioned as a chantry chapel, where masses could be said for the souls of the family, both living and dead. The great hall was added in the 15th century and the Oriel Room in the 16th. Various renovations were undertaken during the 16th and 17th centuries after which the house fell into disrepair with the north range being demolished by the early 19th century. In 1907 Sir Walter Jenner of the Jenner baronets bought the house and restored it in a period style, furnishing it with fine 17th century and 18th century oak furniture, antique tapestries and fabrics modelled after medieval textiles, along with historic and period paintings. On his death in 1948 he left the house to the National Trust.

The gardens are listed as Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England. The original 17th-century gardens have disappeared. However, the Jenners laid them out in an Arts and Crafts style with a series of 'rooms', which are separated from each other by high, neatly clipped box and yew hedges. These are complemented by ponds and walks in and between each of the 'rooms'.

History

The parkland surrounding the house includes the site of a deserted medieval settlement which is a scheduled monument.

The unusual name derives from the Lyte family who lived at Lytes Cary for over four centuries, and the River Cary which flows nearby. The first documentary evidence is from 1285 when it was known as Kari. William le Lyte was a feudal tenant of the estate in 1286, and the Lyte family occupied and added to the house until the mid-18th century. The earliest surviving part of the manor and associated buildings is the chapel, which dates to the mid-14th century.

The Great Hall was built in the mid-15th century, and in the early 16th century the entrance porch and oriel room were added to the eastern side of the hall, and the great parlour and little parlour to the south of the hall, with bedrooms above. Sometime after the Lyte family sold the Manor in 1755, tenants moved in and the house gradually fell into disrepair. In 1810, it was reported by a neighbour that the north range 'had lately been destroyed and a farm house built on the site', (this north range is dated by architectural historians to the late 18th century) and by the time John Buckler came to draw the house in 1835 the west range had also disappeared.

In 1907, Sir Walter Jenner of the Jenner baronets and son of the late Sir William Jenner, physician to Queen Victoria, bought Lytes Cary. At that time the Great Hall was being used as a cider store and the Great Parlour was full of farm equipment. Jenner's brother Leopold had just bought and started to restore Avebury Manor in Wiltshire, and Jenner was inspired by his brother's work there. He set about restoring Lytes Cary and decorating the interiors in period style, including fine 17th century and 18th century oak furniture, antique tapestries and fabrics modelled after medieval textiles. He had the west range rebuilt in a plain William and Mary style by the architect C.E. Ponting, but left the historic core of the house mostly untouched. It incorporates carvings believed to be from the demolished St Benet Gracechurch.

Jenner left the manor to the National Trust after he died in 1948. The house was designated as a Grade I listed building in 1959. The National Trust opened the west range as a holiday rental property in 2006. Only the older parts of the house are open to the public.

Architecture

House
The two-storey house and the chapel are built of the local Blue Lias stone. Parts of the house have mellow honey-coloured Hamstone dressings, especially around windows and at quoins; the later 18th century additions have brick dressings. The roofs are stone tiled with some later terracotta tiles.

Chapel

The chapel predates the existing house, and functioned as a chantry chapel, where masses could be said for the souls of the family, both living and dead. It was built by Peter Lyte in about 1343, and was completed by 1358, and would have served both the original manor which now no longer survives and later the existing house. It has a small window, or squint, that permitted servants and others to observe communion from the house.

The chapel was thoroughly renovated in 1631 by Thomas Lyte, who installed the arch-braced-collar truss roof, the communion rail, a rear screen and a frieze below the roof painted with the arms of the Lytes and their relations. A monument to the south of the altar records Thomas' work on the chapel. In 1912 Sir Walter Jenner added the stained glass, including medieval glass said to have come from Charlton Mackrell church which William Le Lyte had commissioned before his death in 1316.

Great Hall

This structure was built in the mid-15th century. At the southern end is a shallow raised dais on which the Lytes and favoured guests would have sat at a long table, facing the rest of the hall where the servants would have dined. The roof has arch-braced-collar trusses, with double purlins, and cusped curved windbraces. Typical of West Country design, these carved windbraces are both decorative and practical. Beneath is a cornice of pierced quatrefoils, and at the base of each main rafter is a carved wooden angel with a shield with the Lyte arms. The fireplace is 15th century, while the windows and the stained glass in them date from the early 16th century. The hall is entered from the east front porch via the screens passage, which would have divided the Hall from the kitchen and servants quarters' which would have lain to the left of the hall. The screen and gallery are not original, having been inserted by Sir Walter Jenner in 1907. He based the decoration on that of the arch from the Great Hall through to the Oriel Room. At the time of Jenner's arrival in 1907 the Great Hall was being used as a cider store.

The Great Hall is furnished with mostly 17th century oak furniture, including tables, coffers and wainscot chairs, and a great dining table, on which stand two blue and white late 17th century Delftware pyramidal tulip vases. One treasure of the home is the Lytes Herbal, a 16th-century botanical volume by noted horticulturist Henry Lyte, who was born and resided at the manor. Lyte's Niewe Herball was published in 1578 and was a translation and elaboration of the Cruydeboeck of Flemish herbalist Rembert Dodoens. The herbal was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. A copy is displayed in the Great Hall.

Oriel Room

This was added to the south of the Great Hall in the early 16th century to provide a small intimate room where the family could eat in private away from the servants. Above it is the small Oriel Bedroom, probably originally a dressing room for the Great Chamber as its only entrance is via that room. At the same time that the oriel room and bedroom were added, rooms were added or remodeled to the south of the Great Hall: the Great Parlour with Great Chamber above, and the Little Parlour with Little Chamber above. John Lyte, the builder, placed his coat of arms on the outside of the building.

Great Parlour
This was the main family sitting room on the ground floor, with the south-facing grand window giving views to the gardens, and was remodelled by John Lyte in 1533. In the early 17th century Thomas Lyte added the wood paneling (including Ionic pilasters) and the internal porch: these decorative features also had the practical benefit of keeping out the drafts. In the 20th century the room was being used as a store for farm equipment. Sir Walter Jenner had the paint stripped from the panelling to reveal the original warm-coloured oak.

Above is the Great Chamber, an impressive room with a barrel ceiling with geometrical plaster decoration featuring John Lyte's arms and those of his wife, Edith Horsey. This ceiling is a rare survival. The wall above the bed displays the royal coat of arms and Tudor roses, signifying Lyte's loyalty to King Henry VIII (whose government Lyte represented in Somerset). The panelling is 17th century, as are the great four poster bed and the tapestries on the walls. Some of the original oak panelling of the room may have been used in the construction of the canopy of the bed.

Little Parlour
This smaller room may have been used by Henry and Thomas Lyte for their studies. It too has later paneling and an alcove in which are displayed a collection of early glassware. Above this room is the Little Chamber, used by Sir Walter Jenner as his bedroom. The bed came from Burton Pynsent House in Somerset, a house given to William Pitt the Elder by an admirer of his achievements as prime minister.

Paintings
Sir Walter Jenner furnished the rooms with furniture and included historic and newly commissioned paintings. The paintings include: portraits of Lady Catherine Neville by Robert Peake James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth and Mary II of England by Sir Peter Lely and William III of England by Godfrey Kneller, along with landscapes by Jan Wyck and Jack Green. Oil paintings of horses by George Denholm Armour and George Richard Pain are also included in the extensive collection.

Gardens

All trace of Henry Lyte's garden has disappeared. Records show that his son Thomas kept a very well-stocked orchard, which included in 1618 "Apples, 3 skore severall sorts. pears and Wardens (a type of pear), 44 sorts. Plummes, 15 divers kynds. Grapes, 3 severall sortes. Cherries, 1. Walnuts, 3. Peaches, 1." By the Victorian period the garden had run to seed, and so the Jenners had to start from scratch on their arrival in 1907. They had the gardens designed and constructed to include a series of hedged and walled "rooms" with topiary, specimen trees, a pool, statuary, croquet lawn, walkways, an Elizabethan orchard, and a herbal border that includes plants described in the Lytes Herbal. The gate piers at the east and west entrances are listed buildings.

The gardens were constructed in a series of 'rooms', which are separated from each other by high, neatly clipped box and yew hedges. The gardens were influenced by the Arts and Crafts style popular at the time. The Jenners had a garden staff of four.

In 1965 Graham Stuart Thomas, the National Trust's first Gardens Adviser designed the Main Border. From 1955 to 1997 the Trust's tenants at the Manor, Biddy and Jeremy Chittenden, transformed the garden, and Biddy rethought and replanted the main border in 1996, using new plants but following Stuart Thomas's colour scheme.

The gardens are listed as Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England. A barn and other outbuildings north west of the house are listed buildings.

The Apostle garden is aligned on the front door in the East front of the house and a building which has been described as a water tower, built by the Jenners in imitation of the dovecote at Avebury Manor, which was wrongly identified as a Dovecote by English Heritage. The garden is a severe, formal approach, flanked by topiarised yews, and is "deliberately low-key and simple so as not to distract from the beauty of the building". The main border is  long and at its best in midsummer. The flowers grade from blues and yellows, through creams and apricots to pinks, mauves and reds. There is a restful White Garden beyond for contrast.

The orchard contains fruit trees such as quinces, medlars, crab apples and pears are underplanted with spring-flowering meadow plants such as snake's head fritillaries, camassias, narcissus, cowslips and lady's smock. The orchard is crossed by wide mown paths meeting at a central sundial. Originally four weeping elms were situated at the four corners of the garden, but they succumbed to Dutch elm disease in the early seventies and were replaced in 1973 by four weeping ash trees which make inviting 'houses'. The orchard can be viewed from the raised walk on its east side, another idea copied from Avebury Manor. A main path known as the Long walk is based on the Long Walk at Hidcote Manor Garden in Gloucestershire, although it is on a smaller scale. It is a plain grassed walkway connecting the Raised Walk with the Pond Garden.

The pond garden, seat garden and croquet lawn are interlinked, with aligned openings to form a vista from the bay windows of the Great Parlour and Great Chamber on the south front of the house over to the Sparkford plain. A short tunnel of hornbeams link the Pond Garden to the Vase Garden, where variegated weigela is underplanted with euphorbia and vinca.

See also
 Grade I listed buildings in South Somerset
 List of National Trust properties in Somerset

References

Bibliography

External links

National Trust website for Lytes Cary Manor

Gardens in Somerset
National Trust properties in Somerset
Grade I listed houses in Somerset
Grade I listed buildings in South Somerset
Historic house museums in Somerset
Country houses in Somerset
Arts and Crafts gardens
Grade II listed parks and gardens in Somerset
Hamstone buildings
Hall houses

Lytes Cary


Advance Australia Fair (Hiòng-chiân bí-lē ê Ò-chiu) sī Ò-chiu ê kok-koa.

Eng-gí
Australians all let us rejoice,
For we are one and free;
We've golden soil and wealth for toil,
Our home is girt by sea;
Our land abounds in nature's gifts
Of beauty rich and rare;
In history's page, let every stage
Advance Australia fair!
In joyful strains then let us sing,
Advance Australia fair!

Beneath our radiant Southern Cross,
We'll toil with hearts and hands;
To make this Commonwealth of ours
Renowned of all the lands;
For those who've come across the seas
We've boundless plains to share;
With courage let us all combine
To advance Australia fair.
In joyful strains then let us sing
Advance Australia fair!

Tâi-oân-ōe

Ò-chiu
Kok-koa

Advance Australia Fair


Stress could mean:

Mechanical
 Stress (mechanics)
 Yield stress in mechanical engineering and rheology

Biological
Stress (biology), medical or psychological stress; types of medical stress include:
 Stress (psychological), a feeling of mental strain or pressure
 Chronic stress, persistent stress which can lead to illness and mental disorder
 Eustress, positive stress that can lead to improved long-term functioning

Music
 Accent (music)
 Stress (band), an early '80s melodic rock band from San Diego
 Stress (Neo-Psychedelic band), from the late 1980s
 Stress, a song by the French band Justice on their debut album † (album)

Other
 Stress (game), card game
 Stress (linguistics), phonological use of prominence in language

Stress


A library classification is a system of organization by which library resources are arranged according to subject.
It is a implication of the Third law of Library & Information Science, which was given by Indian library innovator Dr. S R Ranganathan.

Types
There are many standard systems of library classification in use, and many more have been proposed over the years. However, in general, classification systems can be divided into three types depending on how they are used:

 Universal schemes which cover all subjects, for example the Dewey Decimal Classification, Universal Decimal Classification and Library of Congress Classification
 Specific classification schemes which cover particular subjects or types of materials, for example Iconclass, British Catalogue of Music Classification, and Dickinson classification, or the NLM Classification for medicine.
 National schemes which are specially created for certain countries, for example the Swedish library classification system, SAB (Sveriges Allmänna Biblioteksförening).

References

Library classification


Finance is a study which figures out how people, businesses and groups make and use money. It can mean:

 Thinking about money
 Thinking about how to control money to make profit
 Studying how to take chances in projects that make money
 As a verb, "to finance" is to provide money for business
Any system that includes circulation of money.

Some simple finance ideas
The process of finance is learning, how people and groups act in managing their money, and most of all how they manage making money, and making a profit, with spending money, or making a loss.

A group that makes more money than it spends can lend or invest the excess profit. On the other hand, a group that makes less money than it spends can raise money by getting a loan or selling part of its assets or spending less, or making more money.

A bank is where many people borrowing money meet people lending money. A bank gets money from lenders, and pays interest. The bank then lends this money to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders of different sizes to meet.

Corporate finance is  about things like the sale of stock by a company to the public. Stock is ownership in a company, broken up into pieces. The stock gives whoever owns it part ownership in that company.  If someone buys one share of XYZ Inc, and the company has 100 shares available, the buyer is 1/100th owner of that company and owns 1/100th (1%) of the profit.

Finance is used by people, by governments, by businesses, etc., as well as by all kinds of groups.

Personal finance

This is finance for people. It is about:
How much money will be needed by a person, now and when they get old.
Where will this money come from (e.g. savings or borrowing)?
How can people protect themselves against problems with money in their lives?
How can family money be given to children and grandchildren?
How do taxes affect money choices?

Business finance

Business finance is about finding money for a company's activities. It studies trying to make more profit than loss and taking good risks for the chance to make more money. That's what business is all about.

Financial economics

Financial economics is the study of economics which is important to financial things like changes in price and supply of goods.

It studies how much risk some actions that a company may take will cause, and how the company should spend its money.

Financial math

Financial math is the study of math for financial markets. Financial math studies mathematics, mainly statistics.

Other websites
 Wharton Finance Knowledge Project  - Finance knowledge
For facts about three areas in finance - company finance, money and investment management, see   Prof. Aswath Damodaran
For links to finance web sites see Web Sites for Discerning Finance Students, Prof. John M. Wachowicz -
For the introductory finance web site at the University of Arizona, studyfinance.com
For introductory articles on mathematical finance see quant notes
For introductory articles on behavioral finance see the BF gallery
For introductory articles on financial analysis see Financial Analysis
Learn how to practice good Financial Planning

Finance


Windjammer Barefoot Cruises was a leisure cruise line based in Miami Beach, Florida. Founded in 1947 by Michael Burke, the company scheduled one and two week cruises in the Caribbean and Central America, using a fleet of sailing tall ships. The ships were former yachts and commercial vessels that were refurbished as cruise vessels, accommodating 60 to 100 paying passengers and 20 to 40 officers and crewmembers. The ships were refitted to resemble 19th century sailing vessels called windjammers.

Caribbean itineraries included the British Virgin Islands, French West Indies, Grenadines, the ABC islands and The Bahamas.  Central American itineraries included Costa Rica, Panama, and Belize.

In September 2007, Windjammer's entire fleet was suspended from operating any further cruises. Although the company initially stated that it intended to resume service, no significant steps in that direction took place. Customers who were already booked on future cruises did not receive refunds from the canceled voyages. All remaining parts of the company that were still operating were shut down in April 2008. Later that year, the company's assets were auctioned off. The four ships in their fleet as of the shut down were all laid up and were left in a neglected state of condition.

Active ships at the time the company shut down:
 S/V Legacy
 S/V Polynesia --  sold to Portuguese Navy
 S/V Mandalay
 S/V Yankee Clipper -- permanently docked in Trinidad

Retired ships:
 S/V Yankee Clipper
 S/V Flying Cloud
 M/V Amazing Grace
 S/V Fantome (sunk in 1998)

Issues

Loss of S/V Fantome
In October 1998, Hurricane Mitch was responsible for the loss of the S/V Fantome, a four-masted schooner operated by Windjammer.  All 31 crew members aboard perished; passengers and other crew members had earlier been offloaded in Belize.  The story was recorded in the book The Ship and The Storm by Jim Carrier (). The ship, which was sailing in the center of the hurricane, experienced up to 50-foot (15 m) waves and over 100 mph (160 km/h) winds, causing the Fantome to founder off the coast of Honduras.

2007 financial difficulties
According to reports in The Wall Street Journal and elsewhere, Windjammer had been in serious financial trouble since 2007 or earlier. The Journal article explained that crews had gone unpaid, and the fleet of ships was found to be in disrepair. There were also reports that cruise passengers had complained of being stranded, either aboard the ships or at intermediate destinations.

After ceasing operations for several weeks, the company planned to relaunch cruises on its fleet of ships, starting with s/v Legacy on November 3, 2007 followed by the other ships in the spring of 2008.  (On April 27, 2010, the s/v Legacy was spotted tied up at Puerto Caldera, Costa Rica, in run-down condition). In a series of 2007 press releases, however, the company later canceled all sailings through January 2008.  No further information has been distributed by the company since November 2007, and no cruises are currently scheduled. The last press release on their website was released on December 21, 2007.

The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services has received numerous complaints about Windjammer since its shutdown, because the company has not refunded prepaid fares for the canceled cruises. The Department has responded to these complaints with statements indicating that Windjammer is no longer in business.

References

External links

Windjammer.com (Archive)

Defunct cruise lines
Defunct shipping companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Florida
Companies based in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Transport companies established in 1947
Transport companies disestablished in 2008
1947 establishments in Florida
2008 disestablishments in Florida

Windjammer Barefoot Cruises


Download means getting information from another computer or server. The opposite of downloading is uploading, which is sending data to another computer. Usually we do not say "download" for a single web page (for example when you open this page on your computer). When we say we downloaded something, it is normally a bigger computer file, like data or a computer program.

The word downloadable means the ability to get information or data from an owner for one's use. The source is expected to be authentic and have the right to send it. At the user's end, the downloaded information or data are to be used based on agreement notice.

In the 21st century, it is very easy to download files or informations - legally or not - from the internet.

Sideload
As most non-technical users use the word download to talk about any data transfer, the word "sideload" is sometimes used for local to local transfers as distinct from distant ones.

Computer networking
Internet
Technology
Computer science

Download


John M. Donaldson (January 17, 1854 – December 20, 1941) was an American architect and artist born on January 17, 1854, in Stirling, Scotland. Donaldson was principal designer of the successful Detroit-based architectural firm Donaldson and Meier from 1880 onwards.

Early years
In 1856, John and Isabella (McNaughten) Donaldson immigrated to Detroit, Michigan with their two-year-old son John.  He graduated from the Detroit Public Schools and later from the Polytechnic College.  Following that he returned to Europe where he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, Germany, at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, France, finishing his European art studies in Venice, Italy.

Success in Detroit

He returned to Detroit and in 1874 was invited to produce architectural sculpture for the Detroit City Hall then being built.  For this building Donaldson made a model of a statue of Pere Marquette that was carved in stone by Julius Melchers.  When the building was demolished in the 1950s the statue was salvaged and now stands on the campus of Wayne State University.

In 1878, Donaldson joined in  partnership with architect Henry T. Brush, but Brush's death a year later in 1879 ended it.  In 1882, Donaldson married Charlotte Grosvenor Brush, his former partner's widow.  In 1880, he formed a partnership with Henry J. Meier, Donaldson and Meier. Though Meier died in 1917, the firm continued as Donaldson and Meier until the 1970s.

Donaldson was a member of the American Institute of Architects and the National Sculpture Society.

In 1900, Donaldson wrote a letter for the Detroit Century Box time capsule.

Sources

Ferry, W. Hawkins, The Buildings of Detroit: A History, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan, 1968
Gibson, Arthur Hopkin, Artists of Early Michigan: A Biographical Dictionary of Artists Native to or Active in Michigan, 1701-1900, Wayne State University Press, Detroit,  1975
Hill, Eric J., and John Gallagher, AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Architecture in Detroit, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI  2003
Meyer, Katharine Mattingly and Martin C.P. McElroy, Detroit Architecture: A.I.A. Guide, Wayne State University Press, Detroit,  1980

References

External links
 The Detroiters, Pages 143 - 146 at www.usgennet.org

1854 births
Culture of Detroit
1941 deaths
19th-century American architects
Architects from Detroit
Art Deco architects
British emigrants to the United States
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
People from Stirling
20th-century American architects
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

John M. Donaldson


Spearhead was a British far-right magazine edited by John Tyndall until his death in July 2005. Founded in 1964 by Tyndall, it was used to voice his grievances against the state of the United Kingdom. The magazine has not continued under new editorship, although a new article appeared on the magazine's website in October 2010.

History
From 1967 to 1980, Spearhead served as the official mouthpiece of the National Front, mirroring its editor's involvement in this organisation. Opponents of its editor's political views regard it as an outlet for racist and neo-Nazi material, although Tyndall himself denied these accusations.

While Tyndall was leader of the British National Party, he used the magazine as a platform for promoting the policies of the BNP. When he lost the leadership election to Nick Griffin he started to use it to attack the current BNP leadership. In the light of this, along with the very much more 'hardline' opinions carried by the publication, which were not considered to be in line with current BNP thinking, the BNP consequently decided to prohibit the sale of Spearhead at BNP meetings. Tyndall was also expelled for related reasons, although he was later readmitted following an out-of-court settlement with the party. He was subsequently expelled again before his death.

A former editor of the magazine (of which Spearhead had several, in addition to Tyndall himself), until Tyndall's split-off in 1980, was Richard Verrall, a noted Holocaust denier, and then National Front ideologue.

The magazine had a limited circulation and was not easily obtainable in most British newsagents, and most public libraries refused to accept copies because of what was generally felt to be the racist tone of the publication. It was largely distributed by mail order subscription, and it had and still has a considerable Internet presence, with many of its articles being published on the magazine's website. This is still online, with a new article appearing on the site in October 2010. The site also contains a catalogue of books considered to be relevant to the magazine's themes and ideas; although many of these books contain far-right content, often taking the form of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, there are some more surprising entries, such as George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four and Greg Palast's The Best Democracy Money Can Buy. There are also many books promoting Social Credit, two books by David Icke and three by Richard Body.

In July 2010, Spearhead made a return as a bi-monthly magazine of the National Front although Valerie Tyndall, Tyndall's wife, made a complaint on the Spearhead archive website that the return of Spearhead has been made in the interests of a former foe of Tyndall, Erik Ericksson, and that it was not in the interest of Tyndall to have Spearhead in continuation after his death. Valerie also claimed that "Erik Ericksson" was the nom de plume of Eddy Morrison.

References

External links
Old website (1999 - 2005)
Old website

1964 establishments in the United Kingdom
2005 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Defunct political magazines published in the United Kingdom
Fascism in the United Kingdom
Fascist newspapers and magazines
Magazines established in 1964
Magazines disestablished in 2005

Spearhead (magazine)


Creation of the World is a mosaic composition in the dome of the Chigi Chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome, designed by Raphael. The chapel itself was designed by Raphael for his friend and patron, banker Agostino Chigi as a private chapel and family burial place. The dome was decorated with mosaics, a somewhat unusual and old-fashioned technique in the 16th century. Raphael's cartoons were executed by a Venetian craftsman, Luigi da Pace in 1516. The original cartoons were lost but some preparatory drawings, that confirm the originality of the work, survived in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. There are two studies for the figure of God and one for the angel above Jupiter. Another drawing in the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Lille shows the planet Mars with an angel. This is probably a creative drawing by a pupil suggested by its inferior quality. Luigi da Pace signed and dated the work at the corner of the panel of Venus:

"LV[dovicus] D[e] P[ace] V[enetus] F[ecit] 1516"

Description

The central roundel represents God, the Father, surrounded by putti, effectively foreshortened in an impetuous gesture, harking back to Michelangelo, which seems to give rise to the entire motion of the universe below. Eight mosaic panels show the Sun, the Moon, the starry sky and the six known planets as pagan deities depicted in half-length, each accompanied by an angel with colourful feathered wings. The figures are accompanied by the signs of the zodiac.

The sequence of the panels is as follows: the sky; Mercury, the god holding the caduceus (with Virgo and Gemini); Luna, the crescent moon jewelled goddess holding a bow (with Cancer); Saturn, the bearded god holding the scythe (with Aquarius and Capricorn); Jupiter, the king of the gods with his eagle holding a thunderbolt (with Sagittarius and Pisces); Mars, the god of war holding a sword and a shield (with Scorpio and Aries); Sol, the sun-jewelled god holding a bow (with Leo); Venus, the goddess of love with Cupid holding a torch as the Evening Star (with Taurus and Libra). A French engraver, Nicolas Dorigny created a series of plates depicting the mosaics in 1695 for Louis, Duke of Burgundy.

The mosaic panels are surrounded by richly gilded stucco decoration. The blue background creates an optical illusion giving the impression of an architectural framework opening to the sky above the chapel. The panels look like illusionistic skylights between the gilt stucco ribs while God is standing on the edge of the central oculus.

The traditional interpretation of the dome is that the composition shows the Creation of the World. Another (disputed) interpretation claims that it represents the cosmos as described by Plato in a Christianized Neoplatonist form. This idea had a widespread popularity in the Renaissance. In this case the dome is a depiction of the Realm of the Soul after Death with God, the Father receiving the soul (of Agostino Chigi) in his new home. The presence of the signs of the zodiac corroborates this interpretation because the signs were symbols of the passage of time in eternity, and they appeared in antique funeral art around the image of the departed.

Nicole Riegel emphasized the role of the angels in the composition: "In view of the important, anything but accessory position of the angels in the panels, there is an unmistakable effort for a reconciliation or interfusion of the Pagan and Christian life view."

Gallery

References

1516 paintings
Paintings by Raphael
Italian mosaic
Angels in art
Paintings of Cupid
Paintings of Mars (mythology)
Paintings of Venus
Paintings of Jupiter (mythology)
Artworks in Santa Maria del Popolo
Luna (goddess)
God the Father in art

Creation of the World (Raphael)


Caenorhabditis elegans is a species of roundworm or nematode. It is important because much research has been done on its genetics and development.

C. elegans is about 1 mm long. The worms are not parasites, they are free-living. They live in soil and feed on bacteria. C. elegans is a model organism, used to study animal development and behavior. It is the first multicellular organism for which scientists have been able to sequence its whole genome.

C. elegans has two types of sex: hermaphrodite and male. A hermaphrodite makes sperms when its in a larval stage and makes ova in an adult stage.  A male can only make sperm. Males are a little smaller than hermaphrodites.

Study using C. elegans was begun in 1965 by Sydney Brenner. In laboratories, they are easy to keep alive. At 25ºC, they spend 14 hours as an embryo.  Animals like C. elegans that do not take long to grow and are easy to feed are usually good organisms for research.

In 2002, the Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, Robert Horvitz, and John Sulston for their work on how C. elegans's genes cause it to grow and cause some of its cells to die.

References

Nematodes
Model organisms

Caenorhabditis elegans


Food photography is art made by taking photos of food. These photos are sometimes used for menus in restaurants, but they can also be used for advertising, or in a cookbook. System catering also needs images of their food. There are a number of techniques that are used when taking pictures of food, for example, when taking pictures of soft drinks, fake ice cubes are put in the drink instead of real ones, because real ice cubes would melt quickly.

Photography
Food and drink

Food photography


The Eleventh Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the  protagonist of the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who. He is played by Matt Smith in three series as well as five specials. As with previous incarnations of the Doctor, the character has also appeared in other Doctor Who spin-offs. Smith's portrayal of the Eleventh Doctor has been met with praise.

Within the series' narrative, the Doctor is a centuries-old alien Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time and space in the TARDIS, frequently with companions. At the end of life, the Doctor regenerates; as a result, the physical appearance and personality of the Doctor changes. Smith's incarnation is a quick-tempered but compassionate character whose youthful appearance is at odds with his more discerning and world-weary temperament.

This incarnation's main companions included feisty Scot Amy Pond (Karen Gillan), her husband Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill) and the mysterious Clara Oswald (Jenna-Louise Coleman). He also frequently appeared alongside River Song (Alex Kingston), a fellow time traveller with whom he shared a romantic storyline, and he was the last Doctor to appear alongside the long-serving companion Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen) prior to the actress' death, featuring in two episodes of the spin-off programme The Sarah Jane Adventures.

Casting

David Tennant announced at the National Television Awards on 29 October 2008 that he would be stepping down from portraying the Doctor because he felt that the four years he spent portraying the character was enough. At the time, BBC News published that Paterson Joseph, who appeared in the Doctor Who episodes "Bad Wolf" and "The Parting of the Ways", was the bookmakers' favourite to succeed Tennant, followed by David Morrissey, who would be appearing in the 2008 Christmas special, "The Next Doctor".  Other candidates included Sean Pertwee, son of Third Doctor actor Jon Pertwee; Russell Tovey, who portrayed Alonso Frame in the 2007 Christmas special, "Voyage of the Damned"; and James McAvoy.

Although Steven Moffat anticipated choosing a middle-aged actor for the new Doctor, Smith was aged 26 when cast, making him the youngest actor to portray the Doctor, three years younger than Peter Davison was at the time he began his role as the Fifth Doctor. Show producers were cautious about casting Smith because they felt that a 26-year-old could not play the Doctor adequately; BBC Wales Head of Drama Piers Wenger shared the sentiment, but noted that Smith was capable enough to play the role. Smith's casting in the role was revealed during an episode of Doctor Whos companion show Doctor Who Confidential, during which he described the role as "a wonderful privilege and challenge that I hope I will thrive on".

Character

Costume
The Eleventh Doctor spends most of his first full episode, "The Eleventh Hour", in the tattered remains of the Tenth Doctor's clothing, leading young Amelia Pond to nickname him "the Raggedy Man."

The Doctor's initial outfit, chosen within the narrative of "The Eleventh Hour" from an array of clothes found in a hospital, is a brown tweed jacket with elbow patches, bow tie, braces, blue trousers and black, ankle-high boots. The details of the outfit vary, switching from a braces and bow tie combination in red to the same in blue. In later stories, a green moleskin overcoat makes its way into the Doctor's ensemble, occasionally replacing the Harris jacket. On other occasions he does not wear a coat and wears a bow-tie and dress shirt.

The original tweed jacket is lost in the episode "Flesh and Stone" but replaced in "The Vampires of Venice", then becomes a plot point for the story arc for the season. In the Christmas special "A Christmas Carol", which aired the Christmas after the Eleventh Doctor's first series, he wears his most famous "Prince of Wales check" tweed jacket and a 1950s white dress suit. During season six and seven, he alternates the tweed jacket with the green moleskin overcoat. The tweed jacket makes a final appearance in "The Angels Take Manhattan".

After appearing in Victorian period clothing throughout "The Snowmen", the Doctor's costume changes to generally more somber colors beginning in "The Bells of Saint John" where he exchanges the monk's robes for an eggplant purple cashmere frock coat and a variety of waistcoats, and bow tie. Amy Pond's reading glasses, which were left behind with the Doctor after Amy and Rory's departure in the episode "The Angels Take Manhattan", are also occasionally worn.

In "The Big Bang", the Doctor briefly dons a fez, stating, "I wear a fez now, fezzes are cool." This began a running gag with "cool" headgear, including a beige Stetson, a black top hat, and the recurring fez, most of which were destroyed by River Song.

In an interview with Doctor Who Magazine, Steven Moffat revealed that the Eleventh Doctor had an entirely different costume until close to the start of filming. The original look had a swashbuckling feel which Doctor Who Magazine editor Tom Spilsbury described as "a little like something Captain Jack Sparrow wears in the Pirates of the Caribbean movies". However, Matt Smith was unhappy with the costume as he felt it reflected how someone else would dress the Doctor, rather than how the Doctor would dress himself. Smith also mentioned in a 2012 interview that his Doctor was going to have a "very long black leather jacket, but it was too Matrix-style". The eventual costume, in particular the bow-tie, was influenced by Patrick Troughton's Second Doctor, after Matt Smith fell in love with the Troughton story The Tomb of the Cybermen.

Personality

Steven Moffat describes the Eleventh Doctor as an "old man trapped in a young man's body" and Matt Smith characterizes him as someone with "a lot of blood on his hands" who copes via constant travelling and thrill-seeking.

The depictions of the personalities of the Tenth and Eleventh Doctors shared certain similarities e.g. both being youthful, energetic, friendly, childlike, "good boyfriend Doctors", as Steven Moffat described them and, according to Mark Gatiss "very human Doctors" when compared to other incarnations. Like his predecessor, when he first regenerates in the final scene of "The End of Time" (2010), the Eleventh Doctor complains that his incarnation is not a "ginger". He also seems surprised at his longer hair, at first mistaking his new body as female, stating, "Hair...I'm a girl!"

Appearances

Television

The Eleventh Doctor first appears in the final scene of "The End of Time" (2010) when his previous incarnation regenerates. Smith debuts fully in "The Eleventh Hour", where he first meets Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) as a child while investigating a mysterious crack in her wall. Many years later, Amy joins the Doctor as his travelling companion on the eve of her marriage to Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill). In "Victory of the Daleks", he is tricked into spawning a new generation of Daleks. In the two-part story "The Time of Angels" and "Flesh and Stone", he re-encounters future companion River Song (Alex Kingston) and his enemies the Weeping Angels and learns that cracks like the one in Amy's wall are erasing individuals entirely from time and space. After Amy attempts to seduce the Doctor, the Doctor recruits Rory as a second companion from "The Vampires of Venice" up until "Cold Blood", where he is killed protecting the Doctor and is erased from history. The Doctor also confronts his dark side in "Amy's Choice", where he is put through trials by a manifestation of his self-loathing, the Dream Lord (Toby Jones). In the final episodes "The Pandorica Opens" and "The Big Bang", an unknown force makes the TARDIS explode, causing the universe to collapse in on itself. Though he closes the cracks —reversing their effects and preventing the explosion— the Doctor himself is erased from history. River assists Amy in remembering the Doctor back into existence; he returns at her wedding to Rory, and the couple rejoin him as his companions. He next appears later in Death of the Doctor, a two-part story of spin-off series The Sarah Jane Adventures, alongside former companions Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen) and Jo Grant (Katy Manning), while Amy and Rory are on honeymoon.

Series 6 in 2011 continues to examine mysteries left unexplained at the end of Series 5. In "The Impossible Astronaut" and "Day of the Moon", Amy, Rory and River witness a future version of the Doctor murdered, which they vow to keep a secret from the present-day Doctor as they encounter hypnotic aliens called "the Silence". Eventually, Amy unknowingly lets slip that the Doctor dies in "The Almost People", when it also turns out that she is pregnant and has been kidnapped by the nefarious Madame Kovarian (Frances Barber). In "A Good Man Goes to War", the Doctor calls in old favours from across time and space to raise an army to rescue Amy from Demons Run, an asteroid in the 52nd century being used as a base by a religious order, but is unable to rescue her child, Melody Pond. The Doctor also learns that Melody—though Rory and Amy's child—is part Time Lord due to being conceived in the TARDIS, and she will grow up to become River Song. In "Let's Kill Hitler", the Doctor encounters a younger iteration of River and learns she has been conditioned by the Silence, explained to be a religious order, to assassinate him. She nearly succeeds using a kiss of poisoned lipstick before Amy convinces her to save his life instead. The Doctor also learns the circumstances of his death from historical records on a time-travelling shape-shifting robot ship called the Teselecta. In "The God Complex", the Doctor leaves Amy and Rory on Earth when he realises Amy's apotheosis of him endangers their lives. Some time passes before the Doctor is ready to confront his death. In "The Wedding of River Song", he devises an escape by concealing himself within the Teselecta, which is disguised to look like him, to make it seem he is shot and burned as history records. In a doomed alternate reality caused by River's reluctance to shoot the Doctor, the two become married; during the ceremony, she is let in on the Doctor's original plan and helps fake and corroborate his death. The Doctor is then warned by his old friend Dorium Maldovar (Simon Fisher-Becker) that more prophecies still concern him. The Doctor learns he will be asked the oldest question in the universe, "Doctor who?", on the battlefields of Trenzalore; the Silence had intended his death to prevent this.

In the Christmas special "The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe" (2011), the Doctor has Christmas dinner with Amy and Rory, who had been informed by River of his survival. They unite again in the Series 7 premiere "Asylum of the Daleks" (2012), in which the Doctor is erased from the Daleks' memory banks due to the actions of Oswin Oswald (Jenna Coleman), a young woman turned Dalek who had retained her human mind; she subsequently dies. The Doctor then takes Amy and Rory on several adventures, eventually taking them back on as full-time companions in "The Power of Three" before losing them during the events of "The Angels Take Manhattan". The Doctor subsequently "retires" to a secluded lifestyle in Victorian London, until the 2012 Christmas special "The Snowmen," when he is inspired to save the world by a barmaid/governess called Clara (Coleman) who he considers an ideal companion. Mid-adventure, Clara dies, and when the Doctor sees her tombstone, reading "Clara Oswin Oswald", he realizes that Oswin and Clara are the same woman in different moments of time. He resolves to find her again in another era. The Doctor succeeds in "The Bells of Saint John", saving a present-day version of Clara Oswald from agents of the Great Intelligence. He takes her as his companion and attempts to solve the mystery of "the Impossible Girl". The Doctor eventually gets his answer in "The Name of the Doctor" when he is forced by the Great Intelligence to go to Trenzalore, revealed to be the planet on which the Doctor will die. Within the Doctor's tomb, the Great Intelligence uses the dead Doctor's remnants—his disembodied "timestream"—to spread himself across the Doctor's history, turning his victories into defeats. Clara pursues him and is scattered throughout the Doctor's timeline creating Oswin Oswald and Clara Oswin Oswald among numerous other incarnations who undo the Great Intelligence's work. The Doctor has a mournful conversation with River's apparition, giving her closure before entering the timeline to retrieve Clara. However, once he saves her, the Doctor is forced to reveal the existence of a previous incarnation (John Hurt) who broke the promise represented by the name "Doctor"  during the Time War of his past.

In the show's 50th anniversary special, while investigating a strange occurrence beneath London's National Gallery, the Doctor encounters his past incarnation who fought in the Time War (John Hurt) as well as his immediate previous incarnation (David Tennant). Though the older Doctors berate the 'War Doctor' for his killing both Time Lords and Daleks with a sentient weapon known as the Moment, they ultimately choose to support his decision and forgive themselves for this past atrocity. Led by the Moment into the midst of the Time War, the Doctors realize they have the potential to change its outcome and enlist the aid of their previous incarnations in an uncertain bid to save Gallifrey from destruction. They place the planet in stasis and transport it to a pocket universe, making it appear to be destroyed. As an effect of time travel, only the Eleventh Doctor will remember saving Gallifrey; he learns from a cryptic curator (played by Tom Baker) that his plan worked. In "The Time of the Doctor," the Doctor is lured to what he learns is the planet Trenzalore to decode what he discovers is a message from the displaced Time Lords through the last remaining crack in the universe: the oldest question in the universe, "Doctor who?". Learning that the verification of his identity would allow the Time Lords to return, the Doctor finds out that the signal caught the attention of an assortment of his enemies, who wish to prevent Gallifrey's return, and the powerful Church of the Papal Mainframe, who wish to destroy the planet and avoid the possibility of a new Time War. After attempting to send Clara back to her time, the Doctor spends centuries defending the planet from alien incursions. During this time, a faction of the Church led by the Silence breaks away and attempts to avert these events by destroying the Doctor earlier in his timeline, as seen in series 5 and 6. The Doctor also reveals to Clara he has no regenerations remaining and will likely die in the siege. The siege escalates into all-out war and after centuries pass, only the Daleks remain. Though the heavily aged Doctor anticipates his predestined death on the battlefields of Trenzalore, Clara convinces the Time Lords to give the Doctor a new regeneration cycle as he uses a fiery blast of regenerative energy to destroy the Dalek mothership. The Doctor regains his youth before retiring to the TARDIS to complete the process. He hallucinates a final farewell to Amy Pond and delivers a eulogy to his present incarnation, before abruptly completing his transition into the Twelfth Doctor (Peter Capaldi). He made a reappearance in "Deep Breath" (2014). While adjusting to the new Doctor, Clara receives a phone call from the Eleventh Doctor made moments prior to their final meeting.  He asks her to help his new self and not to be afraid of him.

Literature
Like the Tenth Doctor, the Eleventh and Amy (and later Rory) appear in New Series Adventures novels in 2010. The first of these is Apollo 23 by Justin Richards, as well as the Decide Your Destiny series of interactive novels.  The character also appears in comic books published in Doctor Who Magazine, Doctor Who Adventures, and he took over from the Tenth Doctor in IDW Publishing's Doctor Who series before BBC Worldwide awarded the license to Titan Magazines. He'll continue to appear in these, as will the Tenth and Twelfth Doctors in their own stories. He appeared in the crossover series Star Trek: The Next Generation/Doctor Who: Assimilation2, where he was working with the crew of the Enterprise-D to defeat a Borg/Cybermen alliance.

Audio
The Eleventh Doctor also appears in a series of audiobooks. The first release of these is The Runaway Train by Oli Smith.

To tie into the 50th anniversary of Doctor Who in 2013, Big Finish and AudioGO produced The Time Machine, an audiobook story starring the Eleventh Doctor and narrated by Jenna Coleman. The Eleventh Doctor made his next audio appearance in 2016 for The Churchill Years - starring Ian McNeice narrating in-character as Winston Churchill - and its second series in 2018. He also appeared alongside the Tenth Doctor in The Jago and Litefoot Revival in 2017, narrated by Trevor Baxter and Christopher Benjamin.

In the absence of Matt Smith, voice actor and impressionist Jacob Dudman has voiced the Eleventh Doctor in multiple Big Finish productions, including the ongoing range The Eleventh Doctor Chronicles, which debuted in August 2018. In the first volume, Dudman voices the Doctor and serves as narrator; the second volume, due for release in September 2021, will feature Dudman as the Doctor in full-cast dramas with no narrator. Dudman also voices the Eleventh Doctor for a cameo appearance opposite the Fifth Doctor in Thin Time and a pair of Short Trips in which the Doctor reunites with Jo Grant and meets his next incarnation, also voiced by Dudman.

Video games
The Eleventh Doctor is the first of the Doctors to appear in full-on action adventure games. Doctor Who: The Adventure Games is composed of four stories ("episodes"), produced alongside the 2010 series. Smith and Gillan lent their voices and likenesses. The first, City of the Daleks, carries on from the TV episode "Victory of the Daleks" and is a stealth and puzzle game set in 1960s Earth and the Dalek planet of Skaro. The second, Blood of the Cybermen, is the Eleventh Doctor and Amy's first Cyberman story. The third episode is the video game TARDIS, and the fourth is The Shadows of the Vashta Nerada, featuring the titular enemy return in an underwater setting. The fifth Adventure Game The Gunpowder Plot was released on 31 October 2011, again featuring Matt Smith's voice.
In May 2012, The Eternity Clock was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, and PC, starring Matt Smith and Alex Kingston.

Critical reception
Matt Smith's portrayal of the Doctor was met with critical acclaim. Following the broadcast of "The Eleventh Hour",  The Daily Telegraph reviewer Benji Wilson opined that "the Doctor is meant to be a mad alien, and Smith looks like one before he even opens his mouth", stating "it was ridiculous but it felt right: mad, alien, brand new but very old. A+ to the casting director. A+ to Smith". In The Guardian, Daniel Martin concurred, stating that "Smith inhabits the role from the moment he pops up...[he] carries off the youthful vigour of a new body and the ancient professorial wisdom with easy panache".

Martin Anderson of Shadowlocked claimed him to be the best Doctor since "Tom Baker practically redefined the character in the 1970s". Smith's performance in "Flesh and Stone" was acclaimed by Gavin Fuller of The Daily Telegraph, who noted that "Matt Smith's 'quick-paced delivery' is 'a major facet' of the success of the current series." In his review of "The Big Bang", Fuller once again praised Smith's acting.  "Matt Smith was superb in his scenes where the Doctor sacrifices himself in the Pandorica to rescue the multiverse". Kyle Anderson of Nerdist wrote "I don't know about you all, but the Eleventh Doctor was MY Doctor." Dan Martin of The Guardian also claimed Smith as "my ultimate Doctor."

References

External links

 .

Television characters introduced in 2010
11
The Sarah Jane Adventures characters
Articles containing video clips
Male characters in television
Crossover characters in television

Eleventh Doctor


The Pontiac Aztek is a mid-size crossover that wis produced by the General Motors marque Pontiac frae the 2001 model year tae the 2005 model year – the first crossover offered bi General Motors.

The Aztek wis heavily criticized on its exterior stylin, wi Time magazine in 2007 calling the Aztek ane o the worst caurs o all time, an again in 2010 as the 34t worst invention o all time. A poll in The Daily Telegraph in August 2008 placed the Aztek at number ane o "The 100 ugliest caurs" o all time.

Aztek

Pontiac Aztek


Eero Antero Mäntyranta (20 November 1937 – 30 December 2013) was a Finnish skier. He has won several medals and the Winter Olympic Games.

Mäntyranta was born in Pello, Finland.

He competed in four Winter Olympics from 1960 to 1972. He won seven medals at the first three of them. This makes him one of the most successful skiers in Finland. His success at the 1964 Winter Olympics earned him the nickname "Mister Seefeld". The Finnish Ministry of Education honored him with the Pro Urheilu letter of recognition in 2000. There is a museum called Mäntyranta in Pello.

Mäntyranta died on 30 December 2013 from a heart attack. He died in Pello, aged 74.

Other websites

Holmenkollen medalists  – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file
Holmenkollen winners since 1892  – click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file

1937 births
2013 deaths
1960 Winter Olympics
1964 Winter Olympics
1968 Winter Olympics
1972 Winter Olympics
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Finnish Olympic bronze medalists
Finnish Olympic silver medalists
Finnish Olympic gold medalists
Finnish skiers

Eero Mäntyranta


Ivan Owen (19 August 1927 – 17 October 2000) was a British actor, mainly a voice actor, who created the vocal persona of the puppet Basil Brush. He performed as Basil from the early 1960s until his death.

Life and career

Born in Dulwich, south London, Owen did his National Service after World War II, and thus came into contact with Terry Scott. After being demobbed, he attended the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art but did not finish his course. He then worked in repertory theatre.

Owen had already developed expertise in puppet voices when he met Peter Firmin, Basil's designer, in the 1960s. He voiced Basil from his first appearance in 1963, which he modelled, it is reported, on that of Terry-Thomas. He also operated the puppet, although the only moving part of it was the mouth. As well as Basil Brush, he provided the voice for another well-known television puppet, the dog "Fred Barker". Basil Brush, who had made his first on-screen appearance in 1963, returned to star in his own show between 1968 and the 1980s.

Although Basil Brush was once ubiquitous in Britain and many countries of the Commonwealth, Owen maintained his anonymity throughout the height of the puppet's prominence during the 1970s, never giving television interviews or allowing himself to be photographed as he believed it would "break Basil's spell". He did, however, record one radio interview after he retired as Basil's voice. He died of cancer in 2000, aged 73, in Plymouth.

References

External links

1927 births
2000 deaths
Place of death missing
English puppeteers
English male voice actors
Male actors from London
20th-century English male actors
Deaths from cancer in England

Ivan Owen


Partisan Review was an American political and literary quarterly published from 1934 to 2003, though it suspended publication between October 1936 and December 1937.  It was founded by William Phillips and Philip Rahv.  It grew out of the John Reed Club as an alternative to New Masses, the publication of the American Communist Party, but became anti-Communist after Stalin.  Many of its early authors were the children of Jewish immigrants from Europe. The journal reached its peak influence from the late 1930s to the early 1960s, but then gradually lost its relevance to modern American culture.  Phillips died in September 2002 at age 94.  The journal continued under his wife Edith Kurzweil until April 2003.

In 1949, Partisan Review awarded George Orwell £357 for the year's most significant contribution to literature, Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Classic stories and articles first published in Partisan Review:

 Saul Bellow's "Two Morning Monologues"
 two of T. S. Eliot's "Four Quartets"
 Leslie Fiedler's "Come Back to the Raft Ag'in, Huck Honey"
 Clement Greenberg's "Avant-Garde and Kitsch"
 George Orwell's "Such, Such Were the Joys"
 Delmore Schwartz's "In Dreams Begin Responsibilities"
 Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Gimpel the Fool"
 Susan Sontag's "Notes on "Camp""

Bibliography
Bloom, Alexander, Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals & Their World, Oxford University Press, 1986.

Other websites
 http://slate.msn.com/id/2081610
 http://chronicle.com/free/2003/04/2003041603n.htm
 Partisan Review online Archive 1996–2003

American magazines

Partisan Review


The Ford Mondeo is a line of large family luxury compact vehicles produced by The Ford Motor Company since 1992. There have so far been five generations of the Mondeo.

First Generation (Mk1 1992-1996)

The Ford Mondeo Mk1 was released on November 16, 1992 and went on sale on March 22, 1993. It was a class leader back in its day thanks to its fine ride and handling and was competing against many other modern cars such as the Honda Accord, the Toyota Carina and more. The car was sold as a 4 door sedan, hatchback, and station wagon. The Mk1 was discontinued in 1996 as the Mk2 replaces it.

Second Generation (Mk2 1996-2000)

The Mk2 Mondeo (or known as the Mk1 Mondeo facelift of makeover) started production in 1996. It was released due to bad problems with the Mk1 towards the time being of 1996: The headlights had bad performance, passengers would get squashed in the back seat of the car due to the small spacing between the front seats and the back, etc. The Mk2 lacked all that, but still kept a similar body to the Mk1. The Mk2 was discontinued in 2000 to leave space for the Mk3.

Third Generation (Mk3 2000-2007)

The Mk3 started production in October 2000 to replace the Mk2. The Mk3 featured an all new design compared to previous models. The Mk3 was also wider and more comfortable than the previous models. It included all new headlights too.

2003 saw a facelift of the Mk3. It featured Ford's new high-tech stereo, a more powerful A/C/Heater, and featured an updated interior. It also featured more classy body colours compared to the ones offered on the 2000-2003 Mk3.

They once again updated the model in 2005 to keep customers interested in the model. The Mk3 was discontinued in 2007 for the Mk4.

Fourth Generation (Mk4 2007-2014)

The Mk4 was released in May 2007 in the United Kingdom and had five different trim levels: Edge, Zetec, Ghia, Titanium, and Titanium X. The Ford Mondeo Mk4 is the successor to the Mk3 and has new sporty styling and more interior space, it received a facelift in October 2010. The Mk5 replacement was meant to arrive in 2013 but due to production delays, it was pushed back to October 2014.

Fifth Generation (Mk5 2014-2022)

The Mk5 Mondeo first launched in the US in 2012 as the Ford Fusion, it was meant to arrive in Europe in 2013 but production delays pushed its launch back to October 2014, due to production moving from Belgium to Spain. Like previous Mondeos, it comes in many bodystyles, engines and trim levels and is attractively styled. In March 2021, Ford announced that they will be ending production of the Mondeo in March 2022 due to falling sales and growing demand for SUV's like Ford's own Kuga which has often outsold it in recent years.

References

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Mondeo

Ford Mondeo


A Shehnai  is a South Asian music instrument which is normally played at marriages and other ceremonies, rites and rituals. The word itself is of Turkish origin, combining 'Sheh' (or 'Shah') 'Royal' and '-Nai' or 'Ney', a type of Flute. A version of the Shehnai, the Surnai, is also played in the Northern and North-western areas of India and Pakistan, in particular at traditional Polo matches.

Also referred as Nadasvaram in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is usually made of wood and it has to be blown like a flute to play it.

Ustaad Bismillah Khan is considered as the maestro of Shehnai.

References

Flutes

Shehnai