Josiah Priest (1788–1861) was an American nonfiction writer of the early 19th century. His books and pamphlets, which presented both standard and speculative history and archaeology sold in the thousands. Although Priest appears to have been poorly educated, he attempted to portray himself as an authority in his books. Priest is often identified as one of the creators of pseudoscientific and pseudohistoric literature. Although his work was widely read and several of his works were published in multiple editions, his books were characterized by theories that were used to justify the violent domination over both the Native American and African-American peoples. Priest's works were among the most overtly racist of his time. Priest's works help set the stage for the Trail of Tears and the defense of slavery that contributed to the conflicts of the American Civil War.

Early life
Priest was born in Unadilla, New York. He grew up during a time when the United States was first establishing itself as a nation. Little specific is known about his schooling, but it is assumed that he received a basic primary and secondary education. At the age of 24 he married Eliza Perry from Lansingburgh, New York. After a brief period in Lansingburgh, they migrated to Albany, New York, around the year 1819. While there, Priest was first employed as a coach "trimmer" or upholsterer, He later worked in leather, mainly fashioning saddles and harnesses. He and Eliza conceived and raised a total of ten children. He was reportedly well-liked by the churchgoers for his dramatic performance during the sermons, several of which were published. Priest's fundamentalist view of Christianity and his faith in Biblical literalism are evident throughout his work. Josiah Priest knew Oliver Cowdery, who later assisted Joseph Smith, Jr., in the production of the Book of Mormon.

Writing career

Priest decided to give up his profession as a leather worker and become a writer. His first book, in a genre now identified as cryptozoology was The Wonders of Nature and Providence, Displayed, compiled from Authentic Sources, Both Ancient and Modern, Giving an Account of Various and Strange Phenomena Existing in Nature, of Travels, Adventures, Singular Providences, &c. (1826). His other major publications were American Antiquities and Discoveries of the West (1833) and Slavery, As It Relates to the Negro (1843), each of which was published in multiple editions.

His writing about American prehistory—and this comment is not made entirely to be humorous—might be classified as science fiction or fantasy as well as a subgenre of American Romanticism, the elements of which are pronounced in the early products of popular culture. Winthrop Hillyer Duncan writes, "This author is thought by some to have been the creator or forerunner of the popular dime and nickel novels of the sixties, seventies and eighties."

American Antiquities (1833)
This 400-page publication centered around Priest's own study of the Bible and antiquarian journals, supplemented by information from his travels. After visiting earthworks in Ohio and New York, Priest concluded that these mounds could be traced back to a lost race that had inhabited America even before the Native Americans. This idea is now referred to as the "mound builder myth" and still has supporters in society today. The book grew in popularity because of Priest's views on Native Americans. "It tapped into the widely accepted view of those times that Native Americans were merely bloodthirsty savages, bent on the destruction of all but their own race. It was inconceivable to Priest and like-minded men that a race so lazy and inept could conceive and build such huge, elaborate structures." Priest speculated that the original dwellers could be the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. The reasoning Priest gives for his conclusion that there was an even earlier settler than the Native Americans relies upon his own Biblical interpretation of the flood story. According to Josiah, after the great flood disappeared, Noah and his ark landed on America. While surveying the land, Noah also discovered mounds that had been constructed before the waters rose up. Upon seeing this, Noah questioned where these agricultural phenomena came from. "Surveying the various themes of mound builder origins, he could not decide whether the mounds were the work of Polynesians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Israelites, Scandinavians, Welsh, Scotts, or Chinese, although he felt certain the Indians had not built them."

Priest's clear bias against Native Americans probably derived from stories he heard during the American Indian Wars. Immediately following the American Revolution, Native Americans who were engaged in bloody and violent battles were frequently represented by the dominant culture as savages and threats to peace.

Slavery, As It Relates to the Negro (1843)
Another work in which Priest uses Biblical interpretation as a central theme is Slavery, As It Relates to the Negro, Or African Race (1843). In this overtly racist book, Priest seeks to use references from the Bible to prove that God created black people to be slaves. Priest claims that Noah's three sons were each a different color. The black offspring was named Ham, which Priest says was a word Egyptians used to identify objects that were black. He goes on to assert that Ham was cursed from birth to be a servant. As a consequence of his sins, all his people would also suffer the fate of slavery. Priest writes, "The appointment of this race of men to servitude and slavery, was a judicial act of God, or in other words was a divine judgment." Multiple revised editions of this book were republished in the 1850s under the title, Bible defence of slavery or, The origin, history, and fortunes of the Negro race.

Priest provides three pieces of evidence for why the Bible justifies the enslavement of black people. He says that the blacks were created with lower intelligence and more irrational behavior than other colors of man, suiting them as servants. He cites a verse in the Book of Genesis that states that Ham and all of his descendants were destined to be slaves. He argues that, due to the black's inferior attributes, they possessed a need to be enslaved. His book discusses how a black man's physical stature and skin, as opposed to those of a white man, are designed to be more durable and therefore intended for hard manual labor.

Pamphlets and historical profiles
In addition to his books, Priest wrote several pamphlets focusing on heroes of the American Revolution. His narratives suggest a preoccupation with racial conflicts, since they focus mainly on soldiers who had been held in captivity by Native Americans. Frank H. Severance (1856-1931), a noted author-historian, defended Priest's style of writing, saying, "I'm aware that Priest is not altogether trustworthy as a historian; yet he concedes to his works "a large amount of historic material obtained at some pains from sources more or less authentic."... Priest is least trustworthy in his more ambitious work; whereas his unpretentious pamphlets... contain true narratives of individual undertakings in the Revolution, Indian captivities and other
pioneer experiences, gathered by the writer direct from the hero whose adventures he wrote down, without literary skill... but also without apparent perversion or exaggeration." Priest recorded stories of Native American atrocities against white settlers that otherwise may have been forgotten. However, his selection of stories was biased towards portrayals of Native Americans as violent.

Criticisms and legacy
Critics dismiss Priest's books as compilations of poorly supported theories motivated by racism. Robert Silverberg notes, "The argument he constructs is built on literal interpretations of Biblical passages mixed with popular pseudo-scholarly views and gross misreadings of related texts."

Priest was known for integrating many types of sources into his writings, seeking to create a semblance of authority and credibility for a popular audience. Priest's fantastic assertions persist today in the works of pseudoscience, pseudohistory, and New Age pop culture. In this respect, he can be considered a pioneer in popular but highly erroneous publishing. The popularity of his works allowed Americans of his time to indulge in romantic fantasies about the past that encouraged their own racism.

Notes

References
 Harpster, Jack; Statler, Ken (2010) Captive! The Story of David Ogden and the Iroqouis. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
 Priest, Josiah (1843) Slavery, As It Relates to the Negro, or African Race. Albany: C. Van Bethuysen & Co.
 Sloan, De Villo (2002) "The Crimsoned Hills of Onondaga: Josiah Priest's Hallucinatory Epic," Journal of Popular Culture 36 (1)
 Williams, Stephen (1991) Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory. University of Pennsylvania Press

Bibliography
 The wonders of nature and Providence, displayed, (1826) Google eBook.
 American antiquities and discoveries in the West, 3rd rev. ed. (1833) Open Library.
 American antiquities and discoveries in the West, (1835) Internet Archive.
 American antiquities and discoveries in the West, (1835) Google eBook.
 Bible defence of slavery and the origins, fortune, and history of the Negro race, as deduced from history, both sacred and profane, their natural relations--moral, mental, and physical--to the other races of mankind, compared and illustrated--their future destiny predicted, etc. (1851) Internet Archive.
 Bible defence of slavery and origins, fortune, and history of the Negro race, (1852) Google eBook.

External links

1788 births
1851 deaths
American non-fiction writers
19th-century American writers
People from Unadilla, New York
Writers from Albany, New York
Pseudohistorians
Pseudoarchaeologists
American proslavery activists
Archaeology and racism

Josiah Priest


Eating is taking in food to get energy or nutrients or for enjoyment. People and animals need to eat because they cannot make their own food inside their bodies like plants. All plants' energy comes from the sun. Plants take the sun's energy, and they are eaten by other animals as food. The animals then eat each other for the energy.

However, many people can not stop themselves from eating, and they become fat or obese. You can become fat by eating the wrong, unhealthy types of food and by eating too much. When a plant collects energy from the sun through its leaves, it is called photosynthesis. If a plant gets too much food, it can just store it until later. They use this stored food during the winter. When you are proven to be fat or obese through your body mass index (BMI), it means you are heavier than the average for your height. The taller you are, the heavier you should be, in theory. If someone is too heavy to be called fat, then they are called obese. When someone eats too much of one thing, they become fat. Someone can eat junk food, but they can also balance themselves by also eating fruits and vegetables.

Food and drink

Eating


A sex shop is a shop that sells adult products including sex toys, pornography, lingerie and fetish goods.

Most countries make it so that children cannot enter sex shops. Some require shops to have warnings outside the shop.

In the United Kingdom, sex shops must not show the products on sale inside the shop so that people on the street can see them. Sex shops in the United Kingdom are the only place where you can buy videos rated as "R18" by the British Board of Film Classification.

Sex industry
Shops

Sex shop


The Story of the Amulet is a novel for children, written in 1906 by English author Edith Nesbit.

It is the final part of a trilogy of novels that also includes Five Children and It (1902) and The Phoenix and the Carpet (1904). In it the children re-encounter the Psammead—the "it" in Five Children and It. As it no longer grants wishes to the children, however, its capacity is mainly advisory in relation to the children's other discovery, the Amulet, thus following a formula successfully established in The Phoenix and the Carpet.

Gore Vidal writes, "It is a time machine story, only the device is not a machine but an Egyptian amulet whose other half is lost in the past. By saying certain powerful words, the amulet becomes a gate through which the children are able to visit the past or future.  ... a story of considerable beauty."

Plot summary

At the beginning of this book, the journalist father of Robert, Anthea, Cyril, and Jane has gone overseas to cover the war in Manchuria. Their mother has gone to Madeira to recuperate from an illness, taking with her their younger brother, the Lamb. The children are living with an old Nurse (Mrs Green) who has set up a boarding house in central London. Her only other boarder is a scholarly Egyptologist who has filled his bedsit with ancient artefacts. During the course of the book, the children get to know the "poor learned gentleman" and befriend him and call him Jimmy.

Nurse's house is in Fitzrovia, the district of London near the British Museum, which Nesbit accurately conveys as having bookstalls and shops filled with unusual merchandise. In one of these shops the children find the Psammead. It had been captured by a trapper, who failed to recognise it as a magical being. The terrified creature cannot escape, for it can only grant wishes to others, not to itself. Using a ruse, the children persuade the shopkeeper to sell them the "mangy old monkey", and they free their old friend.

Guided by the Psammead, the children purchase an ancient amulet in the shape of an Egyptian Tyet (a small amulet of very similar shape to the picture can be seen in the British Museum today) which should be able to grant them their hearts' desire: the safe return of their parents and baby brother. But this amulet is only half of an original whole. By itself, it cannot grant their hearts' desire. Yet it can serve as a portal, enabling time travel to find the other half.

In the course of the novel the Amulet transports the children and the Psammead to times and places where the Amulet has previously existed, in the hope that – at some point in time – the children can find the Amulet's missing half. Among the ancient realms they visit are Babylon, Egypt, the Phoenician city of Tyre, a ship to "the Tin Islands" (ancient Cornwall), and Atlantis just before the flood. In one chapter, they meet Julius Caesar on the shores of Gaul, just as he has decided that Britain is not worth invading. Jane's childish prattling about the glories of England persuades Caesar to invade after all.

In each of their time-jaunts, the children are magically able to speak and comprehend the contemporary language. Nesbit acknowledges this in her narration, without offering any explanation. The children eventually bring "Jimmy" (the "Learned Gentleman") along with them on some of their time trips. For some reason, Jimmy does not share the children's magical gift of fluency in the local language: he can only understand (for example) Latin based on his own studies.

In one chapter the children also come to the future, visiting a British utopia in which H.G. Wells is venerated as a reformer. Wells and Nesbit were both members of the Fabian political movement, as was George Bernard Shaw, and this chapter in The Story of the Amulet is essentially different from all the other trips in the narrative: whereas all the other adventures in this novel contain scrupulously detailed accounts of past civilisations, the children's trip into the future represents Nesbit's vision of Utopia. This episode can be compared to many other visions of utopian socialist futures published in that era; Nesbit's is notable in that it concentrates on how the life of children at school would be radically different, with economic changes only appearing briefly in the background. (It seems somewhat akin to William Morris's News from Nowhere.) It also mentions a pressing danger of Edwardian England: the number of children wounded, burned, and killed each year. (This concern was addressed in the Children Act 1908, and later in the Children's Charter.)

Literary significance and criticism
The Story of the Amulet profits greatly from Nesbit's deep research into ancient civilisations in general and that of ancient Egypt in particular. The book is dedicated to Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, the translator of the Egyptian Book of the Dead and Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities of the British Museum, with whom she met to discuss the history of the ancient Near East while writing the book. The Amulet is sentient and is named Ur Hekau Setcheh; this is a genuine Ancient Egyptian name. The hieroglyphics written on the back of the Amulet are also authentic.

Amulet coincidentally appeared the same year as the first instalment of another story involving children viewing different periods of history, Rudyard Kipling's Puck of Pook's Hill.

During their adventure in Babylon, the children attempt to summon a Babylonian deity named Nisroch but are temporarily unable to recall his name: Cyril, in an obvious in-joke, refers to the god as "Nesbit". Author E. Nesbit was a member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, and was knowledgeable about ancient religions; she may well have been aware that there was indeed an ancient deity named Nesbit: this was the Egyptian god of the fifth hour of the day. In F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre's novel The Woman Between the Worlds (1994, taking place in 1898), E. Nesbit briefly appears in the narrative, dressed in costume as the Egyptian god Nesbit.

The chapter The Queen in London contains broadly negative stereotypes of stockbrokers clearly intended to be Jewish: they are described as having "curved noses"; they have Jewish names such as Levinstein, Rosenbaum, Hirsh and Cohen; and their dialogue is rendered in an exaggerated dialect of Yiddish-inflected English. They are depicted as shuddering at the thought of poor people eating good food, and then they are massacred by the queen's guards. Another character in the book, the shopkeeper Jacob Absalom, is hinted at being Jewish and is depicted negatively.

Allusions and references in The Story of the Amulet
The chapter "The Queen in London" satirises contemporary occult belief. A journalist mistakes the Queen of Babylon for the Theosophist Annie Besant (like Nesbit, a socialist and social reformer) and mentions Theosophy in reference to (to him) inexplicable events taking place in the British Museum). "Thought-transference" (telepathy) also gets a mention as part of an elaborate and mistaken rationalisation by the Learned Gentleman of Anthea's stories of the Queen and ancient Babylon.

The eponymously named ninth chapter, which takes place in Atlantis, though primarily inspired by Plato's dialogue Critias, also borrows such details from C. J. Cutcliffe Hyne's novel The Lost Continent: The Story of Atlantis (1899), such as the presence of mammoths, dinosaurs, and a volcanic mountain on the island.

The final chapter in which the lonely Learned Gentleman and the quixotic ancient Egyptian priest fuse into a single being, with the ritual being overseen by Anthea, is one of the most stirring and unusual moments in the book. It almost appears to represent a marriage, not just of intellect and ancient knowledge, but also of love.

Influence on other works

Several elements in The Story of the Amulet were borrowed by C. S. Lewis for his Narnia series, particularly The Horse and His Boy (1954) and The Magician's Nephew (1955). The Calormene god Tash closely resembles the deity Nisroch, whose name may also have influenced the title of the Calormene king, the Tisroc. Lewis's Tisroc, like Nesbit's King of Babylon, must have his name followed by "may he live forever", and the appearance of Jadis, Queen of Charn, in London in The Magician's Nephew, and the havoc she causes there, closely parallel the Queen of Babylon's eventful journey to London.

In the third canto of his poem "Villon" (written 1925, published 1930), British modernist poet Basil Bunting stated he took the image of two drops of quicksilver (mercury) merging from Nesbit's The Story of the Amulet and described her work as the "pleasantest reading of my childhood".

References

External links

 HTML text with original illustrations, at Indiana

1906 British novels
1906 fantasy novels
English novels
Children's fantasy novels
Novels about time travel
Novels by E. Nesbit
Low fantasy novels
1906 children's books
Books illustrated by H. R. Millar
Novels set in prehistory
Fictional depictions of Julius Caesar in literature
Novels set in ancient Egypt
Phoenicia in fiction
Novels set in Atlantis
Novels set in the 1900s
Novels set in London
Children's books about time travel
Children's books set in London
Children's books set in prehistory
Children's books set in ancient Egypt
Children's books set in the 1900s
Children's books set in Lebanon
Children's books set in Cornwall

The Story of the Amulet


Hans Richter (born as Raab (now Györ) 4 April 1843; died Bayreuth 5 December 1916) was an Austro-Hungarian conductor.  His name was originally János Richter.

Richter came from a musical family and studied violin, horn and music theory at the Vienna Conservatory.  He became famous for his conducting of the music of Richard Wagner, Anton Bruckner and Johannes Brahms.

Richter helped Wagner to prepare the printed musical scores of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg and the four operas in the cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen.  He conducted a lot in Vienna and at the Bayreuth Opera House which Wagner had built for the performance of his own operas.

Later he became very popular in England and lived in Manchester.  He was conductor of the Hallé Orchestra and director of the Birmingham Music Festival.  He conducted German operas at Covent Garden and in 1909 he conducted Wagner's Ring cycle which was being performed in English for the first time.

When he retired he lived in Bayreuth until his death.

Richter helped the English audiences to get to know the music of Wagner, Dvořák and Elgar.  Elgar dedicated his First Symphony to Hans Richter, describing him as a "true artist and true friend".

1843 births
1916 deaths
Austrian conductors
Hungarian conductors

Hans Richter


Li Yin Zhang (; ), also known in Korea by her Korean name RiIn Jang, is the first and currently only Chinese solo singer to break into the Korean music industry. Li Yin has been nicknamed the "Chinese BoA". She speaks both Mandarin and Korean, and has released music in both Korea and China. She also speaks English but has not yet released any records fully in English.

Biography

Li Yin was born on 18 February 1989 in Sichuan, China. She grew up in a musical family, as both of her parents were professional violinists. As a child, her parents took her to their rock concerts and exposed her to a variety of music. At three years old, she began to learn the violin. Li Yin liked classical, American and European music so much that she says she never sang children's songs when she was a child.

As she grew older, Li Yin became more into pop music than rock music. She had to secretly listen to pop music because her parents were against it. When she was twelve, she went to a middle school founded by the Sichuan Music College after scoring the highest with her violin-playing, but she chose to become a singer instead. She was selected as one of the top-ten teenage singers in a national singing competition in Beijing. Eventually, her parents began to support her dream to become a singer.

Debut

Singles: "Timeless" / "Y (Why...)"

Li Yin was discovered by SM Entertainment. She started training in 2003 at the age of 13 and for 3 years, she special singing and dance training under SM Entertainment. While doing so, she discovered her R&B talent.

Li Yin's debut was greatly anticipated not only in Korea, but the whole of Asia because of the promotion of her being "The Next BoA" and "The Chinese BoA." Before her official debut, it was already known that her song was a duet with popular TVXQ-member Xiah Junsu, which caused even more excitement and anticipation among the general public.

On 8 September 2006, Li Yin released her first single, "Timeless". On the first day of release, she ranked #2 on the online charts of SBS Inkigayo. The song was placed #1 on Daum's Music Video chart as well as hitting the highest search number on the famous Korean search engine Naver. The PV was ranked #1 on Melon's Video Chart for 30 days .

In early 2007, Li Yin promoted the second track of her debut single called "Y (Why...)", which is a power ballad. SM Entertainment also released a "Timeless" documentary version of her "Y (Why...)" PV. It featured her hardships while training, as well as many behind-the-scenes clips of her promotion of "Timeless", including never-before-seen footage of her and Xiah Junsu.

She also performed with boy-band TVXQ at their second Korean concert in Seoul, South Korea on 23 February 2007. She sang BoA's part in the song "Try-Angle", previously performed by BoA, TVXQ and The TRAX.

She also performed "Timeless" with Xiah Junsu at the Hallyu Expo in Korea on 8 March 2007. In July, along with Kangta, TVXQ, The Grace and Super Junior, she performed in Korea for the SMTown Summer Concert 2007.

Album: 星愿 - I WILL

After a long year of absence without releasing any records, Zhang Li Yin announced during an interview early December 2007 that her long-awaited debut album will be released in February 2008. The album is titled 星愿 - I WILL (lit. Star Wish: I Will ). It has been released in Korea, China, Japan, Singapore and Malaysia.

References

1989 births
Living people
C-pop singers
Chinese musicians
Chinese singers
K-pop singers
People from Sichuan
Pop musicians

Zhang Li Yin


Todd Matthew Yoder (born March 18, 1978) is a former American football tight end. Yoder was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2000. He played college football at Vanderbilt. He has also been a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars and Washington Redskins. He now resides in Clearwater, Florida, coaching High School football at Calvary Christian High School.

High school career
Yoder attended New Palestine High School  in New Palestine, Indiana, where he lettered in football, basketball, and track. In football, he was an All-State running back as a senior, after he rushed for 1,219 yards and made 14 receptions for 12 touchdowns. He played wide receiver as a junior and sophomore.

College career
Yoder was a four-year letterman at Vanderbilt and posted 80 career receptions for 1,267 yards and eight touchdowns, during those four years. He caught 25 passes for 361 yards and two touchdowns as a senior. He was named to the SEC's Goodworks Team as a junior. He finished second on the team with 21 receptions during sophomore season. Todd was named to the freshman All-SEC after leading the Commodores in receiving with 21 catches for 471 yards and three touchdowns, and his first collegiate catch was a 50-yard touchdown reception versus Notre Dame. He graduated with a degree in chemistry.

Professional career
In his career, he has 48 catches 460 yards and eight touchdowns. Years previous to joining the Washington Redskins, Yoder had only caught two touchdown passes.

Radio career
While a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Yoder co-hosted "The Todd Yoder Show" with radio host Randy Harris. The program was broadcast weekly, usually from a different venue throughout Tampa Bay, in front of a live audience.

References

External links
Todd Yoder at ESPN.com

1978 births
Living people
American football tight ends
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Vanderbilt Commodores football players
Washington Redskins players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Players of American football from Indiana
People from New Palestine, Indiana
Sportspeople from the Indianapolis metropolitan area

Todd Yoder


Sea Serpent was an 1850 extreme clipper that sailed in the San Francisco trade, the China trade, and the transatlantic lumber trade. She was one of the longest lived clippers, with a service life of 36 years and 5 months.

Race to San Francisco, 1851
Sea Serpent raced Stag Hound and John Bertram from New York City to San Francisco in 1851. Stag Hound arrived in 107 days. Sea Serpent made a 125-day passage, having had to put into Valparaiso eight days for repairs.

Tea Race with Crest of the Wave
Sea Serpent sailed from Shanghai for London in company with the British clipper Crest of the Wave. A premium of thirty shillings a ton, over and above the amount of the freight, had been offered to the vessel first in, and this was quite sufficient inducement for both skippers to crack on. The two ships were fairly near together all the way home, and they actually hove to for pilots, off the Isle of Wight, within an hour of each other. The American captain determined that he would not be outdone by the Britisher, so leaving his ship in the hands of the mate, he came ashore in the boat that brought out his pilot, took the steamer from Cowes to Southampton, and the train up to Waterloo. From thence he took a cab to the Custom-house, and reported the Sea Serpent as "arrived," while each ship was carrying on all she knew in order to get into the Thames before the other.

Fast passage between Whampoa and Anjer
In 1853, Sea Serpent "sailed from Whampoa Reach to New York in 101 days. The 29 days passage from Whampoa to Anjer was the fastest made that season."

Description of Sea Serpent and tea clippers at Whampoa
About 1850-51, the upper anchorage at Whampoa Reach, below Canton, was a sight to be remembered by those who loved to look at beautiful ships, and the 'tea-fleet' was gathered waiting for 'the new crop.' There, moored in line, were the Sam Russell, the Sea-Serpent, the Challenge, the Flying Cloud, the Sea Witch, and half a dozen others, bright with paint and varnish and gilding, and their bottoms well cleaned of barnacles by the swift muddy current of fresh water ... They scrubbed copper, holystoned decks, squared the yards by the lifts and braces, and hoisted and lowered colors in unison with the American man-of-war which happened to be stationed there ...

"But one day, in the 'cool weather,' there would come a sudden change. Our clipper friends had men aloft, bending sails ... and all readiness was made for sea. About noon the great covered chop-boats came down the stream, with immense chattering of men and all sorts of fuss ... Stages were rigged, and the chests and half-chests came on board and were stowed away like magic, for the ship's capacity had been exactly measured beforehand, and each chest or half-chest fitted into place like a piece in a Chinese puzzle. These large ships were thus loaded in a few hours. Each chest had two slips of bamboo ... As they came over the gangways one slip was seized by an officer of the vessel, the other by a Chinese comprador, and thus 'tally' was kept. The crew of the vessel had no need to go into the hold, the Chinese stevedores made all snug; and then the hatches were put on and the hatch-covers well battened down, while, without delay, sail was made, the anchor weighed, and the Chinese pilot took charge to get her ... to sea as soon as possible; for in no business was time more synonymous with money than in the race with the 'new crop.'

"It was a sight to see the handling of those ships as they "backed and filled" and tided down the Reaches, sometimes almost grazing the quarter of a vessel at anchor; and, again, just escaping the tail of a mud-bank, while the grizzled old pig-tailed pilot took his bearings, squinted aloft, and in his own pidgeon-English said, 'Haul down jib! ... Shiver the mizzen-topsail! Throw her flat aback!'

Loss of the ship
On June 12, 1891, on a voyage from Dublin to Quebec with a cargo of timber, she was abandoned at sea at 46° N, 40°W. The crew of 17 left the ship in boats, and was picked up by the bark Gulnare.  On October 18, 1891, the barque Ardgowan sighted Sea Serpent at 45°N, 24°W.  She drifted  in 93 days, and was sighted 19 times before disappearing.

References

Further reading

External links
Sea Serpent - Stag Hound, The Era of the Clipper Ships
Captain Jacob D. Whitmore, died at sea on Sea Serpent, 1860
 A Day at St. Helena, excursion of three Sea Serpent passengers
Progress – kanskje Holmestrands mest berømte skute? Translated: Progress – maybe Holmestrands most famous ship? Page is in norwegian.

Tea clippers
California clippers
Lumber ships
Individual sailing vessels
Ships built in New Hampshire
Age of Sail merchant ships of the United States
Merchant ships of Norway
Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Missing ships
Maritime incidents in 1891
1850 ships
Extreme clippers

Sea Serpent (clipper)


A cargo ship or freighter is any kind of ship that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers travel on the world's seas and oceans each year, and handle most international trade. Cargo ships are usually specially designed for a special task, often carrying tools like cranes to load and unload. They come in all sizes.

Other websites
 Freighter travel at Wikivoyage
 Vessel size groups

Ship types

Freighter


The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a duchy in northern Germany,  it was about the same as the modern rural district of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  The duchy also had three exclaves near the town of Fürstenberg and the area around Ratzeburg in modern Schleswig-Holstein.

History
The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was set up in 1701. The capital was Neustrelitz. In 1808, the duchy joined the Confederation of the Rhine.  The Congress of Vienna made it a grand duchy and member of the German Confederation.  Mecklenburg-Strelitz joined the North German Confederation in 1867, and became a part of the German Empire in 1871.  On January 1, 1934 it was joined with the neighbouring state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin to form the State of Mecklenburg (today part of the federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania).

The US county Mecklenburg (Charlotte, North Carolina) is named after Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Strelitz-born Princess Charlotte (queen consort of King George III of the United Kingdom). The flower Strelitzia ("Bird of Paradise") also is in honor of her home country. Queen Luise of Prussia also was a born princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Dukes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1701–1815
 Adolf Friedrich II 1701–1708
 Adolf Friedrich III 1708–1752
 Adolf Friedrich IV 1752–1794
 Karl II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1794–1815

Grand Dukes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1815–1918
 Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1815–1816
 Georg, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1816–1860
 Friedrich Wilhelm 1860–1904
 Adolf Friedrich V 1904–1914
 Adolf Friedrich VI 1914–1918
 Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1918 (Regent)

Other websites
 House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
 Map of Mecklenburg in 1789

Mecklenburg-Strelitz
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the German Confederation
States of the North German Confederation
States of the German Empire
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1701 establishments
1918 disestablishments in Germany
18th-century establishments in Germany
1700s establishments in Europe
1815 establishments in Europe
1933 disestablishments
States of the Weimar Republic

Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz


James F. Blinn (born 1949) is an American computer scientist who first became widely known for his work as a computer graphics expert at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), particularly his work on the pre-encounter animations for the Voyager project, his work on the 1980 Carl Sagan documentary series Cosmos, and the research of the Blinn–Phong shading model.

In 2000, Blinn was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the technology of educational use of computer graphics and for expository articles.

He is credited with formulating Blinn's Law, which asserts that rendering time tends to remain constant, even as computers get faster. Animators prefer to improve quality, rendering more complex scenes with more sophisticated algorithms, rather than using less time to do the same work as before.

Biography
In 1970, he received his bachelor's degree in physics and communications science, and later a master's degree in engineering from the University of Michigan. In 1978 he received a Ph.D. in computer science from the College of Engineering at the University of Utah.

Blinn devised new methods to represent how objects and light interact in a three-dimensional virtual world, like environment mapping and bump mapping. He is well known for creating animation for three television series: Carl Sagan's Cosmos: A Personal Voyage; Project MATHEMATICS!; and the pioneering instructional graphics in The Mechanical Universe. His simulations of the Voyager spacecraft visiting Jupiter and Saturn have been seen widely.

Blinn was affiliated with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology until 1995. Thereafter, he joined Microsoft Research, where he was a graphics fellow until his retirement in 2009.  Blinn also worked at the New York Institute of Technology during the summer of 1976.

Jim Blinn's Corner
From 1987 to 2007, Blinn wrote a column for IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications called "Jim Blinn's Corner". He wrote a total of 83 columns, most of which were reprinted in these books:
 Blinn, James F.: Jim Blinn's Corner: Dirty Pixels, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.,
 Blinn, James F.: Jim Blinn's Corner: A Trip Down The Graphics Pipeline, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.,
 Blinn, James F.: Jim Blinn's Corner: Notation, Notation, Notation, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.,

Select publications
 Blinn, James F.: Simulation of Wrinkled Surfaces, Computer Graphics, Vol. 12 (3), pp. 286–292 SIGGRAPH-ACM (August 1978)
 Blinn, James F.: Texture and Reflection In Computer Generated Images, CACM, 19(10), October 1976, pp 542–547.
 Blinn, James F.: Models of Light Reflection for Computer Synthesized Pictures, SIGGRAPH 77, pp 192–198.
 Blinn, James F.: A Generalization of Algebraic Surface Drawing, ACM Transactions on Graphics, 1(3), July 1982, pp 235–256.
 Blinn, James F.: Light Reflection Functions for the Simulation of Clouds and Dusty Surfaces, SIGGRAPH 82, pp 21–29.

Awards
 1983, NASA Exceptional Service medal for Voyager Fly-by animation.
 1983, SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics Achievement Award.
 1989, IEEE Outstanding Contribution Award for Jim Blinn's Corner.
 1991, MacArthur Fellowship in recognition of and to allow continuation of his work in educational animation.
 1995, Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from the Parsons School of Design for contributions to computer graphics.
 1999, Steven A. Coons Award for Outstanding Creative Contributions to Computer Graphics.
 2000, Elected to the National Academy of Engineering

See also
 Metaballs

References

External links

 First Environment Mapping Images
 What Microsoft has to say about Blinn
 SIGGRAPH 98 Keynote Address

Computer graphics professionals
Computer graphics researchers
Living people
MacArthur Fellows
Microsoft employees
Microsoft Research people
1949 births
University of Utah alumni
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
New York Institute of Technology faculty
Voyager program
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
NASA people

Jim Blinn


Plum Island Light is located on the western end of Plum Island, which lies in the Long Island Sound, east of Orient Point at the end of the North Fork of Long Island, New York. An historic granite lighthouse originally built in 1869 sits at the site, but no longer serves as an active aid to navigation. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

A short distance northwest is a  metal tower that holds the automated light that has served as an aid to navigation since the earlier light was decommissioned in 1978.

History
In 1826 the west end of Plum Island was purchased from Richard Jerome for $90 for the purpose of building a lighthouse.
The following year a  high stone tower had been constructed to support the first light.  That first light
consisted of ten whale oil lamps with reflectors.  The light helped navigation near the entrance to Long Island Sound,
especially through the "Plum Gut" channel between Orient Point and Plum Island.  In 1856 the original lamps and reflectors
were replaced by a sixth-order Fresnel lens.

By the late 1860s the lighthouse was falling into disrepair.  A new  tall granite lighthouse building
was constructed and in service by 1869.  The structure is of the same design as lighthouses at
Sheffield Island in Norwalk, Connecticut; Morgan Point in
Noank, Connecticut; Great Captain Island in Greenwich, Connecticut, Old Field Point in Old Field, New York; and Block Island North on Block Island Rhode Island.
The sixth order lens from the original lighthouse had been moved to the new building, then it was changed to a newer fourth-order lens in 1897.

In 1897 Fort Terry was built on Plum Island.  The relations between lighthouse keepers and army personnel
remained congenial for many years, and the keepers could usually purchase food and supplies at the Fort commissary.
But in 1916 an order came down and the keeper at Plum Island Light was informed that purchasing supplies at Fort Terry
was no longer allowed.  The rule forced William Chapel, the keeper at the time, to sail over a mile to Orient, or
12 miles to New London to purchase supplies.  Eventually the United States Lighthouse Service was able to persuade the Army that lighthouse keepers should once again be allowed to purchase supplies at army commissaries.

Starting in 1939 the Lighthouse Service duties were taken over by the United States Coast Guard. Coast Guard employed keepers were removed from Plum Island in 1978 when the light was automated on a structure built to the side of the 1869 lighthouse.

In 1994 the Fresnel lens was removed from the lighthouse and moved to the East End Seaport Museum in Greenport where it is on display.

Starting in 2000 the East End Lighthouses group (distinct from the Seaport Museum organization) was formed and has
been working since that time with various government agencies to refurbish, and to hopefully eventually relight the
Plum Island light as an active aid to navigation. On April 24, 2007, a resolution was passed by the Town of
Southold that will transfer ownership of the lighthouse to the town.

The Plum Island Lighthouse is not open for public visits except for community stakeholder groups who are considered for access to Plum Island on a case-by-case basis through the United States Department of Homeland Security.  The light may be seen from the water, but landing on the island is restricted to persons authorized by the Department of Homeland Security for official business at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center.

In popular culture
The Archives Center at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History has a collection (#1055) of souvenir postcards of lighthouses and has digitized 272 of these and made them available online.  These include postcards of Plum Island Light  with links to customized nautical charts provided by National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration.

References

External links

Lighthouses completed in 1827
Lighthouses completed in 1869
Houses completed in 1869
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Lighthouses in Suffolk County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Southold (town), New York
Plum Island (New York)
1869 establishments in New York (state)
1827 establishments in New York (state)

Plum Island Light


Kolding is a Danish seaport found at the head of Kolding Fjord in Region Syddanmark (Region of Southern Denmark). Kolding is a transportation, commercial, and manufacturing centre, and has many industrial companies.

With a population of 86,000 inhabitants, Kolding is the seventh largest in Denmark.

History

Battles of Kolding

1658
In the Battle of Kolding on December 25, 1658, the alliance of Polish and Danish forces under hetman Stefan Czarniecki defeated the Swedish forces of Charles X Gustav of Sweden.

1849
A battle between German and Danish troops in the town on April 23 1849 during the First War of Schleswig.

The fireworks accident in Seest

On November 3, 2004, N. P. Johnsen's Fireworksfactory in Seest exploded. One firefighter died, 85 people were injured, and around 2000 people were evacuated during this accident in Kolding,.

Important places in Kolding
 The Museet på Koldinghus, the museum of the city. It has a collection of Danish art from the late Middle Ages to the 1940s, and a very large collection of items in gold and silver.
 The Trapholt art museum.
 The Designskolen Kolding, a university school of design

Sister cities
The following cities are sisters of Kolding:
  Anjo, Japan (since 1997)
  Delmenhorst, Germany (since 1979)
  Drammen, Norway (since 1946)
  Huéscar, Spain (since 1982)
  Lappeenranta, Finland (since 1947)
  Panevėžys, Lithuania (since 2000)
  Pisa, Italy (since 2007)
  Stykkishólmur, Iceland (since 1979)
  Szombathely, Hungary (since 1991)
  Örebro, Sweden (since 1946)

Notes

Other websites

 Official English homepage of Kolding municipality
 Official site of Koldinghus castle
 Kolding Museum

Cities in Denmark
Region of Southern Denmark

Kolding


This article focuses on internal migration as well as migration from and to Japan.

Between 6 million and 7 million people moved their residences each year during the 1980s. About 50 percent of these moves were within the same prefecture; the others were relocations from one prefecture to another. During Japan's economic development in the twentieth century, and especially during the 1950s and 1960s, migration was characterized by urbanization as people from rural areas in increasing numbers moved to the larger metropolitan areas in search of better jobs and education. Out-migration from rural prefectures continued in the late 1980s, but more slowly than in previous decades.

In the 1980s, government policy provided support for new urban development away from the large cities, particularly Tokyo, and assisted regional cities to attract young people to live and work there. Regional cities offered familiarity to those from nearby areas, lower costs of living, shorter commutes, and, in general, a more relaxed life-style then could be had in larger cities. Young people continued to move to large cities, however, to attend universities and find work, but some returned to regional cities (a pattern known as U-turn) or to their prefecture of origin (a pattern known as J-turn).

Government statistics show that in the 1980s significant numbers of people left the largest cities (Tokyo and Osaka). In 1988 more than 500,000 people left Tokyo, which experienced a net loss through migration of nearly 73,000 for the year. Osaka had a net loss of nearly 36,000 in the same year. However, the prefectures showing the highest net growth are located near the major urban centers, such as Saitama, Chiba, Ibaraki, and Kanagawa around Tokyo, and Hyōgo, Nara, and Shiga near Osaka and Kyoto. This pattern suggests a process of suburbanization, people moving away from the cities for affordable housing but still commuting there for work and recreation, rather than a true decentralization.

Japanese economic success has led to an increase in certain types of external migration. In 1990, about 11 million Japanese went abroad. More than 80 percent of these people traveled as tourists, especially visiting other parts of Asia and North America. However, about 663,100 Japanese were living abroad, approximately 75,000 of whom had permanent foreign residency, more than six times the number who had that status in 1975. More than 200,000 Japanese went abroad in 1990 for extended periods of study, research, or business assignments. As the government and private corporations have stressed internationalization, greater numbers of individuals have been directly affected, decreasing Japan's historically claimed insularity. Despite the benefits of experiencing life abroad, individuals who have lived outside Japan for extended periods often faced problems of discrimination upon their return because others might no longer consider them fully Japanese. By the late 1980s, these problems, particularly the bullying of returnee children in the schools, had become a major public issue both in Japan and in Japanese communities abroad.

Ethnic issues in Japan and the situation of foreigners (Gaikokujin in Japanese) and Korean residents in Japan in particular are described in the articles this sentence links to.

References

This article includes text from the public domain Library of Congress "Country Studies" at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.

Demographics of Japan
Internal migration

Migration in Japan


Francis Loughman (1892 – 13 May 1972) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) and Senator from the 1930s to the 1960s.

A pharmaceutical chemist before entering politics, Loughman was first elected to Dáil Éireann for the Tipperary constituency at the 1938 general election but lost his seat at the subsequent 1943 general election. He was re-elected at the 1944 general election but again lost his seat at the 1948 general election.  He was again elected at the 1957 general election and again lost his seat at the 1961 general election.

In the period between the 1948 and 1954 general elections, Loughman served as a member of 6th Seanad and 7th Seanad on the Cultural and Educational Panel.

References

1892 births
1972 deaths
Fianna Fáil TDs
Members of the 10th Dáil
Members of the 12th Dáil
Members of the 16th Dáil
Members of the 6th Seanad
Members of the 7th Seanad
Politicians from County Tipperary
Fianna Fáil senators
Cultural and Educational Panel senators

Frank Loughman


Ang Jingle Bells ay isang awiting pamasko na nasa wikang Ingles.

Panitik
Dashing through the snow, in a one-horse open sleigh, /sa mayelong daan bumabagtas ang paragos hila ng kabayo

Over the fields we go, laughing all the way. /duon nga sa kalawakang patag sige lang ang tawanan

Bells on bob-tails ring, making spirits bright, /munting mga batingaw nakapagpapaliwanag sa diwa ng kasiyahan

What fun it is to ride and sing a sleighing song tonight./o anong saya ng umaawit habang nakasakay sa padulas sa gabing ito!

Jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle all the way!/tunog ng kasiyahan tuloy tuloy sa nadaraanan

O what fun it is to ride in a one-horse open sleigh. /o kay saya na naksakay habang umaawit ng kasiyahan!

Jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle all the way!

O what fun it is to ride in a one-horse open sleigh.

A day or two ago, I thought I'd take a ride/

And soon Miss Fanny Bright, was seated by my side;

The horse was lean and lank, misfortune seemed his lot;

He got into a drifted bank and we got upsot

A day or two ago, the story I must tell

I went out on the snow, and on my back I fell;

A gent was riding by, in a one-horse open sleigh

He laughed as there I sprawling lie but quickly drove away

Now the ground is white, go it while you're young

Take the girls tonight, and sing this sleighing song;

Just get a bob-tailed bay, two-forty as his speed

Hitch him to an open sleigh and crack! you'll take the lead

Mga awiting pamasko na nasa wikang Ingles

Jingle Bells


Reynolds Group Holdings was a New Zealand based packaging company with roots in the former Reynolds Metals Company, which was the second-largest aluminum company in the United States, and the third-largest in the world.  Reynolds Metals was acquired by Alcoa in  Reynolds Group Holdings became Pactiv Evergreen through an IPO in 2020.

Reynolds Metals became known for the consumer product Reynolds Wrap foil, as well as for developing and promoting new uses for aluminum. Its RV Aluminaut submarine was operated by Reynolds Submarine Services Corporation.

It was headquartered for most of its existence in Richmond, Virginia; the Modernist style Reynolds Metals Company International Headquarters was built there in 1958.

History
The Reynolds Metals Company was founded in 1919 as the U.S. Foil Company in Louisville, Kentucky, by Richard S. Reynolds Sr., nephew of tobacco king R. J. Reynolds. Initially, the new company supplied lead and tin foil wrappers to cigarette and candy companies. In 1924, U.S. Foil purchased the manufacturer of Eskimo Pies, which were wrapped in foil. In 1928, Reynolds purchased Robertshaw Thermostat, Fulton Sylphon, and part of Beechnut Foil, adding them to U.S. Foil to create Reynolds Metals. In 1931, the company moved its headquarters to New York City and in 1938 the headquarters moved again to Richmond, Virginia.

The company began producing aluminum foil for packaging in 1926. Reynolds Metals created the first high-speed, gravure-printed foil, aluminum bottle labels, heat-sealed foil bags for foods and foil-laminated building insulation paper. In 1940 Reynolds Metals began mining bauxite (aluminum ore) in Bauxite, Arkansas and opened its first aluminum plant near Sheffield, Alabama, the following year. In 1947, the company released Reynolds Wrap Aluminum Foil. Reynolds Metals pioneered the development of aluminum siding in 1945, and Richard S. Reynolds began predicting a growing demand for additional aluminum during peacetime. He believed new aluminum-producing facilities would need to be built to meet demand. Reynolds Metals Company leased, and later bought, six government defense plants that were up for disposal. Reynolds later expanded into non aluminum products such as plastics and precious metals, introducing Reynolds Plastic Wrap in 1982.

After the Second World War, the sense of aluminum's utility expanded to include its ornamental characteristics. By repurposing military by-products into consumer goods, aluminum was now being marketed for its decorative appeal as well, creating a product of both functional and eye-catching qualities. Reynolds advertised aluminum for its multi-faceted property, now reaching areas of fashion, home improvement, and architecture. Reynolds marketed aluminum foil as gift wrap, aluminum yarn for Vogue dress patterns, and even extended their advertising strategy to include wrapping their office headquarters in aluminum.

Four sons of founder Richard S. Reynolds, William G. Reynolds, Richard S. Reynolds Jr., David P. Reynolds, and J. Louis Reynolds, were all part of the running of the business. Richard S. Reynolds Jr. succeeded his father as president in 1948 and under his leadership, the company underwent a major expansion with operations extended to countries around the world such as Venezuela and the Philippines. In 1976 David P. Reynolds, also known for his involvement in Thoroughbred horse racing, took over as president. He was the last member of his family to head the company and would retire as chairman.

Reynolds Metals developed other, less well-known products; not all became commercially viable, such as an aluminum bus developed with Rohr Industries, a 12-foot aluminum utility boat, and other aluminum motor vehicles., The aluminum vehicles were surpassed in weight and cost by steel, plastics and fiberglass. However, when Reynolds Metals developed the world's first aluminum submarine, the Aluminaut, the experimental product participated in a key rescue. In 1969, Aluminaut rescued Alvin (DSV-2). Aluminaut's assistance enabled Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to continue operating its submersible. Alvin's work continues 45 years later.

By 1991, Reynolds Metals employed 30,800 workers at more than 100 operations in 20 countries, including 64 plants in the United States, and had a total production capacity of more than 1 million tons of aluminum and aluminum products. The company was acquired by Alcoa on May 3, 2000, to become the largest aluminum company in the United States.

On January 21, 2008, Alcoa sold its consumer unit to Rank Group Ltd. Rank's owner, New Zealand billionaire Graeme Hart, renamed Alcoa's former unit the Reynolds Packaging Group. Hart merged his other packaging companies into Reynolds to create Reynolds Group Holdings.

In an initiative led by Paul D. Thomas, Reynolds Packaging Group chief executive officer and a former Alcoa executive, on September 21, 2008, Reynolds announced that one of the foil plants that produced Reynolds Wrap, in downtown Richmond, Virginia, would be closed and foil operations moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where Reynolds Wrap first was produced. A small portion of the spooling operation from the Richmond Foil plant was moved to the Reynolds plant in Grove City, Pennsylvania, in early 2010. Hart later closed five other plants within Reynolds. As a reflection of the recessionary times, salaries were frozen and salaried employees were not given pay raises. Union employees with fixed compensation contracts did receive incentive compensation. In early 2010 all pay was unfrozen. Salaried employees have since received pay adjustments.

Headquarters
The former Reynolds Metals Company International Headquarters building is in Henrico County, Virginia, near Richmond. Built , it is a Modernist building designed by the architect Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. During its use by Reynolds, the Executive Office Building was known as Reynolds EXO. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places, one of the rare mid−20th century buildings on the list. Making extensive use of aluminum, down to threads in the carpeting, it is now owned by the University of Richmond and serves as the worldwide headquarters of Altria Group.

Consumer products
Reynolds Wrap was first made by a Reynolds Metals Company division, Reynolds Packaging, a business created to supply aluminum foil for packaging tobacco. When Alcoa purchased Reynolds Metals, it shed some non-metals packaging and printing businesses but preserved the Reynolds consumer brand, as well as the Reynolds Kitchens, which are still across the street from the former Reynolds headquarters building. Alcoa's Reynolds division was a leader in household baking and cooking products, which included Cut-Rite Wax Paper.

Reynolds published cookbooks such as Outdoor Cooking with Reynolds Wrap (1950) and Casual Cooking (1954) in an attempt to promote the sales of Reynolds Wrap.

In 1958, the company launched the "Designs for Giving" campaign, in which professional artists and designers were hired to create special patterns for gift wrapping. Designs included "Birds and Bees" for baby showers, "Born Lucky, Born Rich" for birthdays, and "Flight of Fancy" for weddings or Christmas.

Reynolds Consumer Products went public with an initial public offering on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol REYN on Friday, January 31, 2020.

References

Further reading
 Opportunity in Crisis: The Reynolds Metals Story (1956)

External links
Reynolds Kitchens website
https://www.reynoldsconsumerproducts.com/
Referenceforbusiness.com: History of the Reynolds Metals Company

Aluminum companies of the United States
Companies based in Richmond, Virginia
Manufacturing companies established in 1919
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1919
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2000
Florence–Muscle Shoals metropolitan area
History of Louisville, Kentucky
Reynolds family
1919 establishments in Kentucky
2000 disestablishments in Virginia
Packaging companies of New Zealand
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 2000
Alcoa
2000 mergers and acquisitions
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Virginia

Reynolds Group Holdings


András Szőllősy (; 27 February 1921 in Orăştie – 6 December 2007 in Budapest) was the creator of the Szőllősy index (abbreviated "Sz."), a frequently used index of the works of Hungarian composer Béla Bartók.

Szőllősy studied composition under Zoltán Kodály at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music where he was a professor of music history and theory from 1950 until his death. He was awarded a Ph.D. from the University of Budapest.

He won numerous prizes and awards for his own compositions, including Distinguished Composition of the Year 1970 at UNESCO's International Rostrum of Composers in Paris for Concerto No. 3 for sixteen strings, and the 1971 Erkel Prize. In 1985 he won the Kossuth Prize – the highest official recognition of the Hungarian state – and in 1987 he was proclaimed Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government. He became a member of the Széchenyi Academy of Literature and Arts in 1993 and was awarded the Széchenyi Prize in 1997.

Szöllősy's musicological writings include books on Bartók, Kodály, and Arthur Honegger. The Szőllősy index includes all of Bartók's compositions as well as his musicological writings. For instance, Concerto for Orchestra is Sz. 116 and Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta is Sz. 106.

External links
 . Former G. Ricordi website (accessed 19 December 2013).

1921 births
2007 deaths
People from Orăștie
Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni
Hungarian composers
Hungarian male composers
International Rostrum of Composers prize-winners
Eötvös Loránd University alumni
20th-century Hungarian male musicians

András Szőllősy


Manfred Siebald (born 26 October 1948 at Alheim-Baumbach) is a German singer-songwriter and lecturer in American studies in Mainz.

Siebald is best known as a Christian singer-songwriter, who writes and speaks on contemporary worship music. His songs of the genre Neues Geistliches Lied (NGL) have gained a firm place in the songbooks of many different Christian denominations and are sung in fellowships and youth groups throughout Germany.

Artistic and musical career
As a child Manfred Siebald learned to play several musical instruments, including the violin, the viola and the piano. Along with his studies at the University of Marburg he took instruction in harmonisation and singing. As early as 1970 he was conducting the Youth for Christ Choir and singing in the Christ Singers. He also brought out his first single – "Meinst du wirklich, es genügt?" – at that time. In 1972 he published his first solo album, entitled Da steh ich nun. Siebald gained an international following with his performances at Eurofest '75, the international youth conference and evangelistic crusade which was organized by the Billy Graham organisation in Brussels. Siebald has often been compared with the singer-songwriter Reinhard Mey for his style, and sometimes with Graham Kendrick for his influence on Christian music in his country.

Over time he has become the most well-known German Christian singer songwriter, and has influenced many others. This is demonstrated, among other things, by the release of the album In deinem Haus – A Tribute to Manfred Siebald in 2003, consisting of reinterpretations of some of Siebald's best-loved songs by other well-known Christian musicians (such as Michael Janzde from the group Beatbetriebde). The album was arranged by Florian Sitzmannde and produced by Arne Kopfermannde.

Siebald also translates English songs and writes lyrics for other singers. For example, he wrote all the lyrics for Cae Gauntt'sde album Welt von 1000 Wegen. He is frequently asked to write a theme song for special meetings or conferences. This was the case when he wrote "Von deinen Worten können wir leben" (We Can Live Off Your Words) for The Year of the Bible in 1992. To date Siebald has penned about 350 songs, produced 19 albums and published seven poetry books.

Manfred Siebald performs about thirty concerts annually, accompanying himself on various acoustic guitars. For this he travels all over Germany and abroad. For his concerts abroad, including the US, South Africa, and Sri Lanka, he has produced English versions of his songs.

Academic career
In 1967, Siebald graduated from secondary school in Kassel. While on tour in America with the German Youth for Christ Choir, he studied at Manchester College, North Manchester, Indiana, in 1969. He then read German and English philology at Philipps University of Marburg. He trained to be a secondary school teacher of English and German, taking his first state diploma examination in 1972. After his marriage in 1973, he paused his studies for three years, completing his teacher training by taking the second state examination in 1976.

In 1977, he did a PhD in American studies at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz. His dissertation dealt with the topic Auflehnung im Werk Herman Melvilles – Rebellion in Herman Melville's Novels. In 1983, he was made assistant professor (tenured) for American studies at Johannes Gutenberg University and continued his academic work after completion of his PhD. He interrupted his work at Mainz by taking sabbaticals at Wheaton College (Illinois) (Clyde S. Kilby Professor in 1992) and guest professor at Georgia State University in Atlanta (1996 and 1997). In the first year (1996), Siebald produced the monograph Der verlorene Sohn in der amerikanischen Literatur – The Prodigal Son in American Literature – which was published in 2003. He was made associate professor in American studies in Mainz in 2002 and has remained there to the present.

Other activities
Manfred Siebald is curator of the Faith and Science Institute of the Studentenmission in Deutschland (SMD), the German equivalent of the Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship (UCCF). In 1979, the nationwide television special "Whether My Songs Are Loud or Soft" was broadcast about his work. The same year, he co-founded the Christian arts group Das Rad (The Wheel) in Wetzlar, together with about 50 other Christians also working in the arts.

He is married to a doctor, Christine Siebald (née Stossberg), and they have a son, Benjamin, born in 1984.

In 2008, President Horst Köhler awarded him and his wife the Federal Cross of Merit for their tireless charity work both at home and abroad.

Music

Popular songs
 "Ins Wasser fällt ein Stein" – "A Stone Drops in the Pond", original text ("It only takes a spark") and music: Kurt Kaiser, his best-known song in the current German Protestant hymnal  (EG)
 "Geh unter der Gnade", in EG
 "Es geht ohne Gott in die Dunkelheit" – "It's dark without God"
 "In Deinem Haus" – "In your house, Lord"
 "Jesus, zu dir kann ich so kommen wie ich bin" – "I can come to you, Jesus, just as I am" (music: , sung every evening of the  crusade.)
 "Gut, dass wir einander haben" – "It's good that we've got each other" (song about the advantages of Christian fellowship)
 "Friede sei mit dir" – "Peace be with thee" (benediction)
 "Du bist mein Rabe" – "You are my raven" (love song)
 "Über Nacht" – "Over night" (song about the fall of the Berlin Wall and German reunification 1989/90)
 "Mit federleichter Hand" – "With a Soft Touch" (love song)
 "Wenn der Mund stumm ist" – "If I hold my tongue" (song about the September 11, 2001 attacks)
 "Die Weihnachtsfreude" – "Christmas joy" (a well-known carol, used as the theme tune for the cartoon Die Stadt, die Weihnachten vergaß – The Town That Forgot Christmas)
 "Wenn wir Gott in der Höhe ehren" – "If we glorify God in the Highest" (Christmas carol)

Discography

Single
 "Meinst du wirklich, es genügt?" (1970)Do you really mean, it's enough?"

Vinyl albums
 Da steh ich nun (1972)Here I stand
 Ich gehe weiter (1974)I'll press on
 Das ungedüngte Feld (1976)A Field of organic foodsee: discussion
 Zeitpunkte (1978)Points in Time
 Überall hat Gott seine Leute (1983) ("Manfred Siebald and Friends")God has his people everywhereThe title comes from Manfred's translation of Andrae Crouch's song "Through it all".
 Kreuzschnabel (1985)Crossbill
 Alles auf seine Weise – Liebeslieder (1986)Everything in its own way – Love songs

Compact discs
 Gib mir die richtigen Worte (1987) (Sampler)Words that are wise and yet simplesee: discussion
 Spuren (1988)Traces
 Von Wegen (1991)No Way
 Amasement(Instrumentals arranged by Tom Keene)
 Du bist mein Rabe – Lieder von der Liebe (1993)You are my raven – Love songs
 Worte wie Brot – Lieder für den Gottesdienst (1994) ("Manfred Siebald and friends")Words like bread – Worship songs
 Lass uns Freunde sein (Songs for children)(1996) ("Manfred Siebald and children")Let's Be Friends
 Nicht vergessen (1998)Not Forgotten
 Weltbewegende Winzigkeiten (2000)Little Things That Make the World Go Round
 Was die Engel uns sagen (2000) ("Manfred Siebald and friends") – Songs for ChristmasWhat the angels tell us
 Vielleicht kommst du mit (2001)Maybe you'll come along
 Morgenmantelmorgen (2004)Dressing Gown Morning
 Singen Sie bald mit? (2005) (Sampler) Manfred Siebald's congregational songsWill you sing along?
 Ich lass dich nicht fallen (2006)I won't let you fall
 The first four vinyl albums have been re-released on compact disc as a 4-CD pack.

Publications
For an extensive list of the academic publications see

Poetry books
Ist schon alles gesagt (1976) Poetry collection Has Everything Been Said?
Worauf noch warten (1980) Poetry collection Why Wait
Kreuzschnabel (1983) Poetry collection Crossbill (with woodcuts by Andreas Felgerde)
Wir brauchen Mut (1992) Poetry collection We Need Courage
Lehn dich zurück (1992) Poetry collection Lean Back
Von den Augen abgelesen (1993) Book of poetry Read My Eyes
Du bist mein Rabe (1993) Book of poetry You Are my Raven (with Christine Siebald)

Other books
Auflehnung im Werk Herman Melvilles — Rebellion in Herman Melville's Novels (1979) (dissertation)
Eine Handvoll schöner Gedanken Collection of aphorisms – A handful of beautiful thoughts (1985)
Das Leben ist eine Boulebahn – Life is a bowling alley (2003)
Der verlorene Sohn in der amerikanischen Literatur – The prodigal son in American literature (2003) (Monograph)
Die ganze Weite: Ein Amerika-Lesebuch. – The big picture: An American primer (2004)
Gib mir den richtigen Ton. Lauter Liedergeschichten – Give me the right sound. Stories of famous songs (2006)
Dorothy L. Sayers: Leben – Werk – Gedanken. – Her life, work and thoughts (2007)
Pitti lächelt und andere Geschichten – Pitti smiled and other stories (2008)

Articles
Amerikanisierung des Dramas und Dramatisierung Amerikas – Americanisation of Drama and Dramatisation of America (1985)Marriage Studies by Hans Helmcke, contributions by Horst Immel and Manfred Siebald.
"Salt of the Earth." Article in A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature. David Lyle Jeffrey, general editor. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans, 1992..

References

External links

 Official web site in German and English
 Article by Radio Khwezi, South Africa in English
 Transcription of an interview on the Bavarian Radio Alpha Forum on 8 June 2007 in German
 Academic CV (Resumé) link dead – 14 September 2009

1948 births
Living people
People from Hersfeld-Rotenburg
University of Marburg alumni
Academic staff of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
German male songwriters
German male singers
German male singer-songwriters
German singer-songwriters
German performers of Christian music
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Wheaton College (Illinois) faculty

Manfred Siebald


A platelet is a cell fragment that circulates in the blood. Platelets are involved in hemostasis through the making of blood clots. A low platelet count (number of platelets in the blood) can cause a person to bleed without their blood clotting (making scabs). A high platelet count can increase the risk of thrombosis (blood clots inside blood vessels), which stops blood from flowing properly.

Anatomy
Platelets do not have a cell nucleus. They are disc-shaped, and are 1.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter. The body does not have a lot of platelets, so they can all be used up quickly. They contain RNA, a canalicular system, and several different types of granules; lysosomes (containing acid hydrolases), dense bodies (containing ADP, ATP serotonin and calcium) and alpha granules (containing fibrinogen, factor V, vitronectin, thrombospondin and von Willebrand factor), the contents of which are released when the platelet is activated.

Blood

Platelet


Herz Cerfbeer of Medelsheim (, born  Naphtali Ben Dov-Beer, 1730 – December 7, 1793) was a French Jewish philanthropist. He was a contractor to the army, and employed his wealth and his influence with the French government in promoting the material and spiritual welfare of his coreligionists. The government permitted him to settle at Strasburg, in opposition to the wishes of the authorities of that city, who zealously enforced the law excluding Jews.

Cerfbeer protected all Jews who were willing to earn a livelihood by manual labor. As soon as he had received (in 1775) from Louis XVI the patent granting him the rights of citizenship "for services rendered by him to the government and to the land during the famine of 1770 and 1771," Cerfbeer established factories, where he employed Jews, in order to withdraw them from petty trading, and also to deprive their accusers of all excuse for prejudice.

The Strasburg Germans, who made every effort to prevent the Jews from settling in that city, compelled Cerfbeer to endeavor to obtain from the government the repeal of exceptional laws. A petition to the king was drawn up by Cerfbeer and sent to Moses Mendelssohn for revision. The latter consulted Christian Wilhelm von Dohm, who offered to write an apology for the Jews. This apology, Über die Bürgerliche Verbesserung der Juden, which Cerfbeer energetically spread in France, combined with his personal efforts, brought about the convocation by Malesherbes of a commission to make suggestions for the amelioration of the condition of the Jews in France. Cerfbeer was the leading member of this commission; and the first result of its efforts was the abrogation of the degrading poll-tax.

At the outbreak of the Reign of Terror in France, Cerfbeer was thrown into prison on suspicion of favoring the royal cause, but was set free after a year of confinement.

Being acquainted with the Talmud, Cerfbeer took a great interest in Jewish literature. He supported a yeshiva at Bischheim and published at his own expense rare Hebrew books, among which was the Lechem Setarim of Solomon Nissim Algazi. Wessely wrote a poem in honor of Cerfbeer (in Ha-Meassef, 1786, p. 49), and Abraham Auerbach dedicated to him his poem "Dibre ha-Mekes we-Bittulo."

References

Jewish Encyclopedia Bibliography
 Löwenstein, Leopold, in Blätter für Jüdische Geschichte und Literatur, 1848, Nos. 1 and 2
 Annuaire de la Société des Etudes Juives, ii. 154 et seq.
 Glaser, Alfred, Geschichte der Juden in Strasburg, pp. 38 et seq.
 Grätz, Heinrich, Geschichte der Juden, xi. 171 et seq.

1730 births
1793 deaths
18th-century French Jews
18th-century French people
French philanthropists
People from Bas-Rhin
Alsatian Jews
French people of German-Jewish descent
18th-century philanthropists
French prisoners and detainees

Herz Cerfbeer of Medelsheim


Barry Gordon Buzan, FBA, FAcSS (born 28 April 1946) is a British political scientist. He is an Emeritus Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and a honorary professor at the University of Copenhagen and Jilin University. Until 2012 he was Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at the LSE. Buzan sketched the Regional Security Complex Theory and is therefore together with Ole Wæver a central figure of the Copenhagen School.

Career
From 1988 to 2002 he was Project Director at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI). From 1995 to 2002 he was research Professor of International Studies at the University of Westminster, and before that Professor of International Studies at the University of Warwick. During 1993 he was visiting professor at the International University of Japan, and in 1997-8 he was Olof Palme Visiting Professor in Sweden.

He was Chairman of the British International Studies Association 1988-90, Vice-President of the (North American) International Studies Association 1993-4, and founding Secretary of the International Studies Coordinating Committee 1994-8. From 1999 to 2011 he was the general coordinator of a project to reconvene the English school of international relations theory, and from 2004 to 2008 he was editor of the European Journal of International Relations. In 1998 he was elected a fellow of the British Academy, and in 2001 he was elected to the Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences.

Research interests
Buzan defines his interests as:

the conceptual and regional aspects of international security;
international history, and the evolution of the international system since prehistory;
international relations theory, particularly structural realism;
international society, and the 'English School' approach to International Relations.

Buzan was a major contributor to the Copenhagen School of political thought, being the first to the various forms of securitization by the state. Buzan connected this concept to regional security complex theory.

Personal life
Buzan was born in London, but his family emigrated to Canada in 1954. He holds the citizenships of the United Kingdom and Canada, Buzan is a graduate of the University of British Columbia (1968) where he started an uncompleted master programme. He received his doctorate at the London School of Economics (1973). He describes his political views as social democratic and his religious views as extreme secularist.

Buzan's wife, Deborah Skinner, is an artist and youngest daughter of psychologist B. F. Skinner. They have no children. His brother was author Tony Buzan, with whom he co-authored The Mind Map Book.

Works
Buzan has published extensively, his most important works include:
People, States & Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations  (1983; revised second edition 1991)
The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism (1993) with Charles Jones and Richard Little
Security: A New Framework for Analysis (1997) with Ole Waever, Jaap De Wilde
The Arms Dynamic in World Politics (1998) with Eric Herring
The Mind Map Book (2000) with Tony Buzan
Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security (2003) with Ole Waever
The United States and the Great Powers: World Politics in the Twenty-First Century (2004)
From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation (2004)
The Evolution of International Security Studies (2009) with Lene Hansen.
Non-Western International Relations Theory: Perspectives on and beyond Asia (2010) editor with Amitav Acharya.
An Introduction to the English School of International Relations: The Societal Approach (2014).
The Global Transformation: History, Modernity and the Making of International Relations (2015) with George Lawson
The Making of Global International Relations: Origins and Evolution of IR at its Centenary (2019) with Amitav Acharya

Awards
Buzan won the American Society of International Law's 1982 Francis Deak Prize for his article Navigating by Consensus: Developments in the Technique at the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea.

References

Living people
British political scientists
British international relations scholars
Academics of the London School of Economics
Academics of the University of Warwick
Academics of the University of Westminster
Constructivist international relations scholars
Political realists
Fellows of the British Academy
1946 births
Copenhagen School (security studies)
Academic staff of the University of Copenhagen
Academic staff of Jilin University
Alumni of the London School of Economics

Barry Buzan


North Star is the prominent star that is closest in the sky to the north celestial pole. It appears just about directly overhead to an observer at the Earth's North Pole.

North Star may also be:

Places
In Australia:
 North Star, New South Wales, Australia

In Canada:
 North Star Hotel, a hotel in Vancouver, Canada

In the United States:
 Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska
 North Star, California
 North Star, Delaware
 North Star, Ohio
 North Star, Wisconsin
 North Star Township, Michigan
 North Star Township, Brown County, Minnesota
 North Star Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota
 North Star Mall, a shopping center in San Antonio, Texas

Newspapers
 North Star (anti-slavery newspaper), an anti-slavery newspaper published from 1847 to 1851 by the escaped slave and abolitionist Frederick Douglass
 The North Star, a slip edition for Ross & Cromarty of the Inverness-based Highland News

Transportation
 MS North Star, a small expedition ship operated by Lindblad Expeditions for cruising in remote areas
 North Star (aircraft), a passenger aircraft manufactured by Canadair for Trans Canada Airlines
 North Star, a brand name of NZ Bus in Auckland, New Zealand, providing services between the Northern suburbs and the central city
 North Star, a vessel borrowed by the U.S. Navy during World War II and renamed USS Crossbill
 North Star was the name given to four different locomotives of the Great Western Railway (GWR):
 North Star (broad gauge locomotive, 1837–71), a locomotive designed by Robert Stephenson and one of the first to run on the Great Western Railway
 North Star (1866–1902), one of the GWR 378 Class locomotives; named  and name removed
 North Star (1898–1912), one of the GWR 3031 Class locomotives that were built for and run on the Great Western Railway between 1891 and 1915; renamed Bulkeley in 1906.
 North Star (1906–29), one of the GWR 4000 Class locomotives, rebuilt to 4073 Class in 1929
 North Star (1929–57), a GWR 4073 Class rebuilt from the above
 North Star (Amtrak), a former train route in Minnesota

Entertainment
 North Star (1925 film) directed by Paul Powell.
 The North Star (1943 film) directed by Lewis Milestone
 North Star (1996 film) directed by Nils Gaup.
 "North Star" (Star Trek: Enterprise), a third-season episode of Star Trek: Enterprise
 "North Star" (Glenn Martin, DDS episode), an episode of Glenn Martin, DDS
 "North Star", a song by Robert Fripp from the 1979 album Exposure
 "North Star", a song by Magnolia Electric Co. from the 2005 album Trials & Errors
 "North Star", an unreleased song by U2, only played live during their 360° Tour
 "North Star", a 1977 composition by Philip Glass
 A cover of the Glass composition by Mike Oldfield on his 1979 album Platinum
 North Star Federation, a Cyber Nations alliance
 Under the North Star, novel trilogy by Finnish author Väinö Linna, published 1959–1962

Company
 Beijing North Star, a conglomerate company in Beijing, China
 North Star Computers, a company established in 1976
 North Star Mine, Grass Valley, CA, USA
 North Star Mine Powerhouse
 North Star House (Grass Valley, California)
 North Star, brand of shoes owned by Bata Shoes

Education
 North Star School District, a school district in Pennsylvania
 North Star (education), an Unschool based in Hadley, Massachusetts, United States
 North Star Middle School (disambiguation)

Sports
 Minnesota North Stars, a team in the National Hockey League between 1967 and 1993
 Kildonan North Stars, a team in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League between 1976 and 1990

Other
 VMware ThinApp, a product by VMware with the codename VMware Project North Star
 "North Star State", nickname of the U.S. state of Minnesota
 North Star (organization), a group for LGBT Mormons

North Star (disambiguation)


The Grumman EA-6B Prowler is a military aircraft. It is a version of the A-6 Intruder. It is used as electronic warfare aircraft for radar jamming. It was never exported. It is used only by the US Navy and the US Marines Corps. After 2021, it will be replaced by Boeing EA-18 Growler.

The EA-6B Prowler was used in the Vietnam War, in the Gulf War, and in the war of Kosovo. It was used in Afghanistan's war against al-Qaeda.

The aircraft can be used from an air base or an aircraft carrier.

Bibliography

Vietnam War aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
United States Navy aircraft
EA-6B

Grumman EA-6B Prowler


Robert Palmer Dilworth (December 2, 1914 – October 29, 1993) was an American mathematician. His primary research area was lattice theory; his biography at the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive states "it would not be an exaggeration to say that he was one of the main factors in the subject moving from being merely a tool of other disciplines to an important subject in its own right". He is best known for Dilworth's theorem  relating chains and antichains in partial orders; he was also the first to study antimatroids .

Dilworth was born in 1914 in Hemet, California, at that time a remote desert ranching town. He went to college at the California Institute of Technology, receiving his baccalaureate in 1936 and continuing there for his graduate studies. Dilworth's graduate advisor was Morgan Ward, a student of Eric Temple Bell, who was also on the Caltech faculty at the time. On receiving his Ph.D. in 1939, Dilworth took an instructorship at Yale University. While at Yale, he met and married his wife, Miriam White, with whom he eventually had two sons. He returned to Caltech as a faculty member in 1943, and spent the remainder of his academic career there.
Dilworth advised 17 Ph.D. students and  has 635 academic descendants listed at the Mathematics Genealogy Project, many through his student Juris Hartmanis, a noted complexity theorist. Other notable mathematicians advised by Dilworth include Curtis Greene and Alfred W. Hales.

Selected bibliography
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References and external links
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20th-century American mathematicians
Lattice theorists
1914 births
1993 deaths
California Institute of Technology alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
Yale University faculty
People from Hemet, California
Mathematicians from California

Robert P. Dilworth