Susquehannock State Park is a Pennsylvania state park on  in Drumore Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park is on a scenic plateau overlooking the Susquehanna River and Conowingo Reservoir. The park is named for the Susquehannock people, who lived in the area. Susquehannock State Park is located on small roads a few miles south of Pennsylvania Route 372 and west of Pennsylvania Route 272. The nearest city is Quarryville, Pennsylvania, about  East.

Recreation
In addition to its many fine views of the river and Wissler Run, the park is used for picnics, hiking, horseback riding, and has organized group tenting facilities for overnight use by qualified groups.

Hiking trails
There are  of hiking trails at Susquehannock State Park. The trails wind through a variety of habitats. Native holly, rhododendron and a wide variety of wildflowers can be seen at the park. Woodland creatures like the white-tailed deer, songbirds and some lizards can be seen. Osprey, vultures, hawks and bald eagles can be seen soaring over the river and park from the scenic overlooks. All trails, except Rhododendron Trail, are open to horseback riding.

 Overlook Trail is  and leads to the two scenic overlooks at Hawk Point and Wissler's Run.
 Rhododendron Trail is  and is the steepest and longest trail in the park. The trail passes rhododendrons and the remains of the homestead of Thomas Neel, an American Revolutionary War veteran.
 Pine Tree Trail is a short and steep access trail to Wissler's Run.
 Five Point Trail is  and features views of creek valleys and many rhododendrons.
 Holly Trail is  and passes by native holly bushes and Christmas ferns.
 Fire Trail is a short logging road through a stand of poplar trees.
 Spring Trail is  and features pawpaw trees.
 Nature Trail passes through a mature hardwood forest for .
 Phites Eddy Trail is a short trail that runs along the river in the vicinity of a former inn.
 Landis Trail is   and is named for Lester Landis the original owner of the historical Landis House which is across from the park office. A stand of Virginia bluebells bloom along this trail in late April and early May.
 Pipeline Trail is  and follows the right of way of an abandoned pipeline.

Scenic overlooks
Susquehannock State Park features two scenic overlooks. They offer a view of the Susquehanna River and the Conowingo Reservoir on the Susquehanna River. Hawk Point overlooks the reservoir, a hydroelectric impoundment created by Conowingo Dam in northern Maryland. The waters of the reservoir provide hydroelectric power and cooling water for the Peach Bottom nuclear reactor. The reservoir is also a recreational center for boating and fishing. The waters also provide a habitat for a wide variety of fish. These fish are preyed upon by bald eagles and osprey. Hawks, turkey vultures and black vultures can also be seen soaring over the park from Hawk Point. Down the hill from Hawk Point overlook is Wissler's Run overlook. This vista gives a view of the original rocky nature of the Susquehanna's riverbed.

The Susquehannock Tribe
The Susquehannocks, an Iroquoian speaking tribe, had their first encounter with Europeans in 1608 when Captain John Smith was exploring the Chesapeake Bay for the English Crown. What the Susquehannock called themselves is unknown, the modern name comes from the name, Sasquesahanough or "roily water people", bestowed upon them by Cpt. Smith and his Algonquian interpreter. They made their home by the river and had only one small village (Conestoga), but they were a strong tribe, that controlled trade routes along the river and the upper reaches of the bay. The Susquehannock lived along the river until 1675 when they suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Iroquois. Following this loss they began a period of migration and eventual decline. Five chiefs were murdered in Maryland when they went to a meeting to negotiate a treaty. They migrated to New York in 1677 and intermingled with the Iroquois. They returned to Conestoga in 1697 but left again in the early 18th century when they migrated, again, to Ohio. Some remained behind and became known as Conestogas. They were able to live in Pennsylvania until 1763 when a group of six were slaughtered by the anti-Indian Paxton Boys. The remaining members of the tribe sought protection from the colonial governor and were taken to a workhouse in Lancaster. The Paxton Boys gained entry to the workhouse and murdered fourteen more Indians. Only two Susquehannocks remained in Pennsylvania. They worked the rest of their lives as servants on a farm where they died and were buried bringing about the end of the Susquehannock people in Pennsylvania.

Nearby state parks
The following state parks are within  of Susquehannock State Park:
Elk Neck State Park (Maryland)
Gunpowder Falls State Park (Maryland)
Rocks State Park (Maryland)
Samuel S. Lewis State Park (York County)
Susquehanna State Park (Maryland)
White Clay Creek Preserve (Chester County)
White Clay Creek State Park (Delaware)

References

External links

State parks of Pennsylvania
Protected areas established in 1965
Parks in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
1965 establishments in Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania

Susquehannock State Park


In Erse meethologie, Niamh  is the dochter o Manannán mac Lir. She is ane o the Queens o Tír na nÓg, an micht be the dochter o Fand an aw.

Niamh crossed the Wastren Sea on a magical horse, Enbarr, an askit Fionn mac Cumhaill if his son Oisín wad come with her to Tír na nÓg (the Land o Youth). Oisín gree'd an went wi her, promisin his faither he wad return tae visit suin.

Oisín wis a member o the Fianna an, tho he fell in luve wi Niamh durin their time thegither in Tír na nÓg, he became hamesick efter wha he thocht wis three year.  Niamh let him borrae Enbarr, who coud run abuin grund, an made him promise no tae get aff o the horse or touch Erse soil.

The three year he spent in Tír na nÓg turned oot tae be 300 Erse years. When Oisín returned tae Ireland, he askit whaur he coud find Fionn mac Cumhail an the Fianna, anerly tae find that they haed been deid for hunders o years an wur nou anerly remembered as legends. Whilst travellin throu Ireland, Oisín wis askit bi some men tae help thaim muive a staundin stane. He reached doun tae help thaim, but fell aff his horse.  Upon touchin the grund he instantly became a auld man. He is then said tae hae dictatit his story tae Saunt Patrick, who cared for an nursed him till he dee'd. Meanwhile, Niamh haed gien birth tae their dochter, Plor na mBan.  Niamh returned tae Ireland tae search for him, but he haed dee'd.

Erse Navy ship
The L.É. Niamh (P52), a ship in the Erse Naval Service, is namit efter her.

References

Fenian Cycle
Tuatha Dé Danann

Niamh (meethologie)


Viscount Alanbrooke, o Brookeborough in the Coonty o Fermanagh, is a title in the Peerage o the Unitit Kinrick. It wis creatit on 29 Januar 1946 for Field Marshal Alan Brooke, 1st Baron Alanbrooke. He haed awready been creatit Baron Alanbrooke, o Brookeborough in the Coonty o Fermanagh, on 18 September 1945, an aa in the Peerage o the Unitit Kinrick. Brooke wis the saxth son o Sir Victor Brooke, 3rd Baronet, an the uncle o the Prime Meenister o Northren Ireland Basil Brooke, 1st Viscoont Brookeborough. As o 2010 the titles are held bi his son, the third Viscoont, who succeedit his hauf-brither, Thomas, who wis unmarried an haed nae children, in 1972. Lord Alanbrooke is an aa in remainder tae the Brooke Baronetcy o Colebrooke, a title held bi his kinsman Alan Brooke, 3rd Viscoont Brookborough.

Viscoonts Alanbrooke (1946)
Alan Francis Brooke, 1st Viscoont Alanbrooke (1883–1963)
Thomas Brooke, 2nt Viscoont Alanbrooke (1920–1972)
Alan Victor Harold Brooke, 3rd Viscoont Alanbrooke (b. 1932)

There is nae heir tae the titles.

See an aa
Viscoont Brookeborough

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Alanbrooke

Viscoont Alanbrooke


थ्व होलोकस्टय् नाजी पिडिततेतःचःवाहालि याइपिनिगु धलः खः।

देय्

यहुदीतेगु डिपोर्टेसन याये मब्युगु देतः
 डेनमार्क करिब ८,००० यहुदीतेत सामुहिक कथलं, अक्टोबर, १९४३य्।
 The Nazi-allied government of बुल्गेरिया, lead by Dobri Bozhilov, deported a higher percentage of Jews (from the areas of Greece and Macedonia that it occupied) to holding camps in Bulgaria and then onto death camps in the north, than did German occupiers in the region  . In Bulgarian occupied Greece, the Bulgarian authorities arrested the majority of the Jewish population on Passover 1943     . The active participation of Bulgaria in the Holocaust however did not extend to its pre-war territory and it did not deport its own 50,000 Jewish citizens.
 The government of फिनल्यान्ड refused repeated requests from Germany to deport Finnish Jews to Germany. Requests that Norway and the Baltic states deport Jewish refugees were largely refused, as well.
 The country of अल्बानिया is reputed to have hid and saved not only all Albanian Jews, but also several hundred Jewish refugees from other countries, including Serbia, Greece, and Austria, although there are those who disagree with this . In 1997, Albanian Muslim Shyqyri Myrto was honored for rescuing Jews, with the Anti-Defamation League's Courage to Care Award presented to his son, Arian Myrto.  In 2006, a plaque honoring the compassion and courage of Albania during the Holocaust was dedicated in Holocaust Memorial Park in Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn, New York, with the Albanian ambassador to the United Nations in attendance.
In 1943, the Nazis asked Albanian authorities for a list of the country's Jews. They refused to comply. "Jews were then taken from the cities and hidden in the countryside," Goldfarb explained. "Non-Jewish Albanians would steal identity cards from police stations [for Jews to use]. The underground resistance even warned that anyone who turned in a Jew would be executed." ... "There were actually more Jews in the country after the war than before — thanks to the Albanian traditions of religious tolerance and hospitality."

नेता व कूटनीतिज्ञ
 Raoul Wallenberg - Swedish diplomat, saved up to 100,000 Jews. Wallenberg disappeared in January 1945 after saving the lives of tens of thousands of Jews condemned to certain death by the Nazis during World War II. He was captured by the Soviet troops who, in January 1945, took control of Budapest.
 Aristides Sousa Mendes - Portuguese diplomat in Bordeaux, who signed about 30,000 visas to help Jews and persecuted minorities to escape the Nazis and the Holocaust.
 Folke Bernadotte - Swedish diplomat, who negotiated the release of 27,000 people (a significant number of which were Jews) to hospitals in Sweden.
 Traian Popovici - Romanian mayor of Cernăuţi (Chernivtsi): saved 20,000 Jews of Bukovina.
 Frank Foley - British MI6 agent undercover as a passport officer in Berlin, saved around 10,000 people by issuing forged passports to Britain and Palestine (in British hands at the time).
 Henryk Slawik - Polish diplomat, saved 5,000-10,000 people in Budapest, Hungary.
 Per Anger, Swedish diplomat in Budapest who originated the idea of issuing provisional passports to Hungarian Jews to protect them from arrest and deportation. Anger collaborated with Raoul Wallenberg to save the lives of thousands of Jews.
 Ángel Sanz Briz - Spanish consul in Hungary. Saved, together with Giorgio Perlasca, more than 5,000 Jews in Budapest by issuing Spanish passports for them.
 Giorgio Perlasca - Italian. When Ángel Sanz Briz was ordered to leave Hungary, he falsely claimed to be his substitute and continued saving some thousands more Jews.
 Paul Grueninger - Swiss commander of police who provided falsely dated papers to over 3,000 refugees so they could escape Austria following the Anschluss.
 Giovanni Palatucci - Italian police official who saved several thousand.
 Chiune Sugihara - Japanese consul to Lithuania, 2,140 (mostly Polish) Jews and an unknown number of additional family members were saved by passports, many unauthorized, provided by this Japanese diplomat in 1940.
 Delia Murphy - wife of Dr. Thomas J. Kiernan, Irish minister in Rome 1941-1946, Worked with with Hugh O'Flaherty and was part of the network that saved the lives POWs and Jews, from the hands of the Gestapo.
 Varian Fry - American journalist who saved 2,000 - 4,000 Jews, including prominent artists and intellectuals.
 Irena Sendlerowa - Polish head of Zegota children's department: saved 2,500 Jewish children.
 Oskar Schindler - German businessman whose efforts to save his 1,200 Jewish workers were recounted in the book Schindler's Ark and the film Schindler's List.
 Karl Plagge Major in the German Army who issued work permits in order to save almost 1,000 Jews, see The Search for Major Plagge: The Nazi Who Saved Jews, by Michael Good
 Frits Philips - Dutch industrialist who saved 382 Jews by insisting to the Nazis that they were indispensable employees of Philips.
 Luiz Martins de Souza Dantas - Brazilian in charge of the Brazilian diplomat mission in France. He granted Brazilian visas to several Jews and other minorities persecuted by the Nazis. He was proclaimed as Righteous Among the Nations in 2003.
 Władysław Bartoszewski - Polish Zegota activist
 Jan Karski - Polish emissary of Armia Krajowa to Western Allies and eye-witness of the Holocaust.
 Zofia Kossak-Szczucka - Polish founder of Zegota.
 Albert Göring - German businessman, who helped Jews and dissidents survive in Germany; ironically, he was the brother of Hermann Göring.
 Carl Lutz - Swiss consul in Budapest, managed to provide safe-conducts for emigration to Palestine to many thousands of Hungarian Jews.
 Paul V. McNutt - United States High Commissioner of the Philippines, 1937-1939, who facilitated the entry of Jewish refugees into the Philippines.
 Manuel L. Quezon - President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, 1935-1941, assisted in resettling Jewish refugees on the island of Mindanao.
 Sir Nicholas Winton - British stockbroker who organised the kindertransport which saved mainly Jewish children from Czechoslovakia and Austria after Kristallnacht.
 Witold Pilecki - the only person who volunteered to be imprisoned in Auschwitz, organised a resistance inside the camp and as a member of Armia Krajowa sent the first reports on the camp atrocities to the Polish Government in Exile, from where they were passed to the rest of the Western Allies.
 Necdet Kent - Turkish Consul General at Marseille, who granted Turkish citizenship to hundreds of Jews. At one point entered an Auschwitz-bound train at enormous personal risk to save 70 Jews, to whom he had granted Turkish citizenship, from deportation.
 Namik Kemal Yolga - Turkish
 Selâhattin Ülkümen - Turkish
 Dimitar Peshev - Head of the Bulgarian Parliament.
 Wilm Hosenfeld - German officer who helped Pianist Wladyslaw Szpilman, a Polish Jew, among many others.
 Eduard Schulte - German industrialist, first to inform Allies about the mass extermination of Jews.
 Hiram Bingham IV, American Vice Consul in Marseilles, France 1940-1941
 Ho Feng Shan - Chinese Consul in Vienna, freely issued visas to Jews
 Abdol-Hossein Sardari - Head of Consular affairs at the Iranian Embassy in Paris. He saved many Iranian Jews and gave 500 blank Iranian passports to an acquaintance of his to be used by non-Iranian Jews in France.

धार्मिक नेतातः

 Pope Pius XII - during the German occupation of Rome he organised that Italian Jews would be concealed in convents and monasteries. Up to 1,000 Jews were even concealed at the Pope's Summer Residence Castel Gandolfo
 Archbishop Damaskinos - Archbishop of Athens during the German occupation. He formally protested the deportation of Jews and quietly ordered churches under his jurisdiction to issue fake Christian baptismal certificates to Jews fleeing the Nazis. Thousands of Greek Jews in and around Athens were thus able to claim that they were Christian and were thus saved.
 Metropolitan Chrysostomos of Zante, who, when ordered by the Axis occupying forces to submit a list of all Jews on the island, submitted a document bearing just two names: his own and the Mayor's. Consequently all 275 Zante Jews were saved.
 Father Alfred Delp S.J., an agent who helped Jews escape to Switzerland while serving as a minister in suburban Munich; also involved with the Kreisau Circle.
 Archbishop Stefan of Sofia - Bishop of Sofia and Exarch of Bulgaria.
 Hugh O'Flaherty - an Irish Catholic priest who saved about 4,000 Allied soldiers and Jews; known as the "Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican". Retold in the film The Scarlet and the Black.
 Bernhard Lichtenberg - German Catholic priest at Berlin's Cathedral. Sent to Dachau because he prayed for Jews at Evening Prayer.
 Andrey Sheptytsky - Metropolitan Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, harbored hundreds of Jews in his residence and in Greek Catholic monasteries. He also issued the pastoral letter, "Thou Shalt Not Kill," to protest Nazi atrocities.
 The Sisters of Social Service, who saved thousands of Hungarian Jews; included Sister Sara Salkahazi, recognized by Yad Vashem as well as beatified.
 Andre Trocmé and Magda Trocmé - A French pastor and his wife who led the Le Chambon-sur-Lignon village movement that saved 3,000-5,000 Jews.

आम मनुत
 Janis Lipke from Latvia, protected and hid around 40 Jews from the 'hands' of the Nazis in Riga
 Albert Bedane - of Jersey, provided shelter to a Jewish woman, as well as others sought by the German occupiers of the Channel Islands
 Michal Bar - Jakub Lorbenfeld
 Julia and Józef Bar - five members of Reisenbach family
 Victor Bodson helped Jews escape from Germany through an underground escape route in Luxembourg.
 Corrie ten Boom, rescued many Jews in the Netherlands - was sent to Ravensbrück
 Sgt.-Major Charles Coward was an English POW who smuggled over 400 Jews out of Monowitz labour camp.
 Miep Gies, Jan Gies, Bep Voskuijl, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman hid Anne Frank and 7 others in Amsterdam, Holland for two years.
 Alexandre Glasberg, Ukrainian-French priest who helped hundreds of French Jews escape deportation.
 Friedrich Kellner, justice inspector, who helped Julius and Lucie Abt, and their infant son, John Peter, escape from Laubach.
 Stanislaw Kielar - 2 girls from Reisenbach family
 Heralda Luxin, Young woman who sheltered Jewish children in her Cellar
 Józef and Stefania Macugowscy, hid six members of the Radza family, and several others, in Nowy Korczyn, Poland.
 Aristides Sousa Mendes, diplomat who freely issued visas to Jews fleeing to Portugal
 Shyqyri Myrto, Albanian rescuer of Jozef Jakoel and his sister Keti.
 Dorothea Neff, Austrian stage actress
 Algoth Niska Finnish gentleman rogue and alcohol smuggler; smuggled Jews via the Baltics.
 Irene Gut Opdyke, Polish hid twelve Jews in a German major's basement
 Jaap Penraat - Dutch architect who forged identity cards for Jews and helped many escape to Spain.
 Tim Pickert rescued dozens of Jews from the ghettoes of Kraków, Poland to hide them in his windmills located on his plush estate 23 kilometers northwest of the The Hague, Netherlands.
 Stefania Podgorska Burzminski and Helena Podgorska at age 16 and 7(Helena was her sister), they smuggled out of the ghettos and saved 13 Jews from the liquidation of the ghettos.
 Jan and Weronika Przybylak - Jakub Einhorn
 Nicolaus Rossini, helped many Jewish orphans - was executed in Kraków-Płaszów
 Suzanne Spaak, wealthy socialite who saved Jewish children in France
 Dorota and Antoni Szylar - 7 members of Weltz family
 Marie Taquet-Martens and Major Emile Taquet hid some seventy-five Jewish children in a home for disabled children they were running in Jamoigne-sur-Semois, Belgium.
 Wiktoria and Józef Ulm, their 6 children and unborn baby - shot dead by Germans- Szall and Goldman families
 Johan Hendrik Weidner, escape network rescued 800 Jews
 Gabrielle Weidner, escape network rescued 800 Jews

गां

 Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, in the Haute-Loire département in France, which saved up to 5,000 Jews
 Markowa, Poland, which saved 17 Jews
 Tršice, Czech Republic, many people from this village helped hide a Jewish family, six of them were given the honorific of Righteous Among the Nations
 Nieuwlande, The Netherlands - during the war this small village contained 117 inhabitants. They unanimously decided in 1942 and 1943 that every household would give shelter to one Jewish household or individual during the war, thus making it impossible that anyone in the small village would betray their neighbours. Dozens of Jews were thus saved. All inhabitants have been honored by Yad Vashem.

स्वयादिसं
 Righteous Among the Nations
 Zegota Council to Aid Jews in occupied Poland

पिनेयागु स्वापू
 Heroes and Heroines of the Holocaust
 Holocaust Rescuers Bibliography
 Saving Jews: Polish Righteous
 Holocaust Memorial Budapest, testimony from the family Jakobovics in 1947
 Witness: "Karoly Szabo played a determining role among Wallenberg's supporters"
 About the "Righteous Among the Nations" Program at Yad Vashem
इतिहास

होलोकस्टय् यहुदीपिन्त ग्वहालि यापिङ्गु धलः


Mansfield Lovell (October 20, 1822 – June 1, 1884) was a major general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. As military commander of New Orleans when the city unexpectedly fell to the Union Navy in 1862, Lovell was fiercely criticized by local citizens for failing to predict a naval invasion. The Confederate government also heaped blame on him, to deflect attention from their own error in leaving so few troops to defend the city. A Court of Enquiry later cleared him of charges of incompetence, but his reputation never recovered.

Early life
Lovell was born in the District of Columbia. His father was Joseph Lovell, the eighth Surgeon General of the United States Army. His great grandfather, James Lovell, was an active member of the Whig organization in Boston before the American Revolution, and was a member of the Continental Congress from 1777 to 1782. He was one of the prime movers in the scheme to supplant General George Washington as commander-in-chief by General Horatio Gates and an original member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati.

Lovell graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1842 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the U.S. artillery. He was severely wounded at Belén Gate during the Battle of Chapultepec in the Mexican–American War, receiving a brevet appointment to captain for his service in that battle. After serving on a variety of minor posts, he resigned from the army in 1854 to join the abortive Cuban expedition of General John A. Quitman. He then moved to New York City, where he engaged in business and served as deputy street commissioner.

Civil War
With the outbreak of the Civil War, Lovell left New York City and enlisted in the Confederate army. He was appointed as a major general on October 7, 1861, to replace Maj. Gen. David Twiggs. By the time Lovell was posted to New Orleans, Abraham Lincoln had approved plans for a Union Navy attempt to capture New Orleans by entering the Mississippi River at its mouth and sailing northward 80 miles to the city. Neither Lovell, or the city's officials or the Navy Department in Richmond thought this was a credible option and concentrated on plans to repel Union land forces from approaching the city from the Upper Mississippi area. Forts Jackson and St. Philip, the two Confederate forts  at the mouth of the river, were believed sufficient to discourage an up-river assault in the unlikely event such a tactic was planned. From the beginning of the war, believing the city safe, much of its fighting forces were sent to other Southern battlefields, depleting the city of all but a small number of its Confederate Army defenders. When fishermen brought news of the landing of the Union ships off the Louisiana coast in February 1862, the inability of the Confederates to hold the city if the forts failed became obvious. When the forts could not be captured after several days' bombardment, Farragut's fleet slipped past them under cover of darkness and within four days appeared at the city's docks. While these ships were en route, the decision was made to evacuate the land defenses from New Orleans for use in fighting in the Louisiana interior and other parts of the Confederacy. It is believed Lovell's preparations to protect the city from a land invasion were sound, but Farragut's threat to bombard the vulnerable city with his formidable gunships once the fleet landed brought an end to Confederate New Orleans.

General Lovell was roundly criticized for his failure to prevent the fall of the city even though he did not have sufficient men or materiel to repulse the Union forces. He then commanded an infantry division under Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn at the Second Battle of Corinth in Mississippi. Historian Peter Cozzens stated that if Lovell had been more aggressive on the first day of battle, the Confederates might have won the battle. Cozzens excused Lovell's inertia on the second day, writing that any attack was probably doomed to fail. Lovell was later relieved of command as a consequence of his poor performance at New Orleans. Stung by this reprimand, he demanded a court of inquiry, which met in April 1863 and declared him innocent of charges of incompetence. However, he was not given any assignments for the rest of the war.

In his book about Confederate New Orleans, The Night the War Was Lost, author/historian Charles L. Dufour blames Jefferson Davis and in particular Naval Secretary Mallory for deciding that the land war in Virginia took greater precedence over giving more attention to the valuable port city of New Orleans. Its unanticipated fall into Union hands sent shockwaves not only through the Confederacy but Europe as well, where, next to New York City, it was the best-known of American cities. According to Dufour, the Davis government deflected blame onto Lovell for the loss of New Orleans in an effort to avoid being blamed by the Southern public. Lovell's valiant efforts to clear his name never really accomplished their goal. His honor and career were seen by Dufour as having been sadly sacrificed to the political power and reality of war.

Postbellum life
Lovell farmed a rice plantation near Savannah, Georgia, immediately after the war, but a tidal wave destroyed his first crop, forcing him to return with his family to New York City. He resumed his career as a civil engineer and surveyor. Lovell worked under the supervision of former Union general John Newton on a project to clear obstructions from the East River at Hell Gate. He died in New York City and was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Bergeron, Arthur W., Jr., "Mansfield Lovell", The Confederate General, Vol. 4, Davis, William C., and Julie Hoffman (eds.), National Historical Society, 1991, .

 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
  Winters, John D. The Civil War in Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963. .

External links

1822 births
1884 deaths
Military personnel from Washington, D.C.
Confederate States Army major generals
United States Army officers
People of Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Members of the Aztec Club of 1847
United States Military Academy alumni
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)

Mansfield Lovell


A lemma is a word that stands at the head of a definition in a dictionary. All the head words in a dictionary are lemmas. Technically, it is "a base word and its inflections".

A lemma is the word you find in the dictionary. A lexeme is a unit of meaning, and can be more than one word. A lexeme is the set of all forms that have the same meaning, while lemma refers to the particular form that is chosen by convention to represent the lexeme.

In English, for example, run, runs and running are forms of the same lexeme, but run is the lemma.

Morphology
In English, the lemma of a noun is the singular: e.g., mouse rather than mice. In languages with gender, the head word of regular adjectives and nouns is usually the masculine singular. If the language also has cases, the lemma is often the masculine singular nominative.

In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French aller, German gehen, Spanish ir.  In English it usually is the full infinitive (to go) although alphabetized without 'to' (go).

Difference between stem and lemma
In computational linguistics, a stem is the part of the word that never changes even when different forms of the word are used. A lemma is the base form of the verb. For example, from "produced", the lemma is "produce", but the stem is "produc-". This is because there are words such as production. When sound (phonology) is taken into account, the definition of the unchangeable part of the word is not so useful. Notice the sound of the words in the example: "produced"  versus "production" .

Some lexemes have several stems but one lemma. For instance "to go" (the lemma) has the stems "go" and "went". Here, the past tense is based on a different verb, "to wend". The "-t" suffix is equivalent to "-ed".

References

Linguistics

Lemma (linguistics)


Forgotten Fantasy: Classics of Science Fiction and Fantasy was a short-lived American fantasy and science fiction magazine published by Nectar Press. The headquarters is in Hollywood, California. Douglas Menville served as editor, and Robert Reginald as associate editor. The magazine was digest-sized in format and specialized in reprinting neglected classics of speculative fiction from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, along with occasional earlier pieces. It appeared in five bimonthly issues from October 1970 through June 1971 which were reprinted by the Borgo Press imprint of Wildside Press in 2007.

The primary significance of Forgotten Fantasy is as the precursor to the Newcastle Forgotten Fantasy Library, a book reprint series to which its editors eventually turned their energies after the magazine's demise, and which continued its mission of reviving fantasy classics.

During its short life, Forgotten Fantasy published short stories by F. Marion Crawford, Lord Dunsany, Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, Voltaire, H. G. Wells, Nathaniel Hawthorne, E. Nesbit, Algernon Blackwood and Tudor Jenks, novelettes by Arthur Conan Doyle and William Morris, and poems by Thomas Lovell Beddoes, Goethe (translated by Matthew Gregory Lewis) and Richard Le Gallienne, as well as serializing such longer works as The Goddess of Atvatabar by William R. Bradshaw and Hartmann the Anarchist by E. Douglas Fawcett (of the latter only the first part of a projected two appeared before the magazine ceased). Regular non-fiction features were Menville's "Excavations" and "Calibrations", of which the first appeared in every issue and the second all but the first. Cover artists included Bill Hughes, whose work appeared on three of the issues, George Barr, and Tim Kirk.

References

External links
 Bibliographic details on Galactic Central
 Checklist of issues from Locus
 (with links to detailed contents list of each issue)
 Bibliography of Robert Reginald

Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Defunct science fiction magazines published in the United States
Fantasy fiction magazines
Magazines established in 1970
Magazines disestablished in 1971
Magazines published in Los Angeles
Science fiction magazines established in the 1970s
Science fiction magazines disestablished in the 1970s

Forgotten Fantasy


A complex system is one where smaller elements make complex things happen. These smaller elements can be simple elements or they can be complex systems within themselves. Any such complex elements can be interrelated in simple or complex ways and may be hard to identify as distinct.

Abstract
'Complex systems' is a field which studies the common properties of systems considered complex in nature, society and science. It is also called complex systems theory, complexity science, study of complex systems and/or sciences of complexity.

Problems
The key problems of such systems are  difficulties with their formal modeling and simulation. From such perspective, in different research contexts complex systems are defined on the base of their different attributes.

Systems

Complex system


Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilev (also Gumilyov; , ;  – August 26, 1921) was a Russian poet, literary critic, traveler, and military officer. He was a co-founder of the Acmeist movement. He was the husband of Anna Akhmatova and the father of Lev Gumilev. Nikolai Gumilev was arrested and executed by the Cheka, the secret Soviet police force, in 1921.

Early life and poems
Nikolay Gumilev was born in the town of Kronstadt on Kotlin Island, into the family of Stepan Yakovlevich Gumilev (1836–1910), a naval physician, and Anna Ivanovna L'vova (1854–1942). His childhood nickname was "Montigomo," the Hawk's Claw. He studied at the gymnasium of Tsarskoye Selo, where the Symbolist poet Innokenty Annensky was his teacher. Later, Gumilev admitted that it was Annensky's influence that turned his mind to writing poetry. He spent some of his youth in Tbilisi, Georgia going the First Gymnasium.

His first publication were verses I ran from cities into the forest () on September 8, 1902. In 1905 he  published his first book of lyrics entitled The Way of Conquistadors. It comprised poems on most exotic subjects imaginable, from Lake Chad giraffes to Caracalla's crocodiles. Although Gumilev was proud of the book, most critics found his technique sloppy; later he would refer to that collection as apprentice's work.

From 1907 and on, Nikolai Gumilev traveled extensively in Europe, notably in Italy and France. In 1908 his new collection Romantic  Flowers appeared. While in Paris, he published the literary magazine Sirius, but only three issues were produced. On returning to Russia, he edited and contributed to the artistic periodical Apollon. At that period, he fell in love with a non-existent woman Cherubina de Gabriak.  It turned out that Cherubina de Gabriak was the literary pseudonym for two people:  and Maximilian Voloshin. On November 22, 1909, he had a duel with Voloshin over the affair.

Gumilev married Anna Akhmatova on April 25, 1910. He dedicated some of his poems to her. On September 18, 1912, their child Lev was born. He would eventually become an influential and controversial historian.

Travel to Africa

Like Flaubert and Rimbaud before him, but inspired by exploits of Alexander Bulatovich and Nikolay Leontiev, Gumilev was fascinated with Africa and travelled there almost each year. He explored, helping development of Ethiopia, sometime hunted lions, and brought to the Saint Petersburg museum of anthropology and ethnography a large collection of African artifacts. His landmark collection The Tent (1921) collected the best of his poems on African themes, one of them "Giraffe".

Guild of Poets

In 1910, Gumilev fell under the spell of the Russian Symbolist poet and philosopher Vyacheslav Ivanov and absorbed his views on poetry at the evenings held by Ivanov in his celebrated "Turreted House". His wife Akhmatova accompanied him to Ivanov's parties as well.

Dissatisfied with the vague mysticism of Russian Symbolism, then prevalent in the Russian poetry, Gumilev and Sergei Gorodetsky established the so-called Guild of Poets, which was modeled after medieval guilds of Western Europe. They advocated a view that poetry needs craftsmanship just like architecture needs it. Writing a good poem they compared to building a cathedral. To illustrate their ideals, Gumilev published two collections, The Pearls in 1910 and the Alien Sky in 1912. It was Osip Mandelstam, however, who produced the movement's most distinctive and durable monument, the collection of poems entitled Stone (1912).

According to the principles of acmeism (as the movement came to be dubbed by art historians), every person, irrespective of his talent, may learn to produce high-quality poems if only he follows the guild's masters, i.e., Gumilev and Gorodetsky. Their own model was Théophile Gautier, and they borrowed much of their basic tenets from the French Parnasse. Such a program, combined with colourful and exotic subject matter of Gumilev's poems, attracted to the Guild a large number of adolescents. Several major poets, notably Georgy Ivanov and Vladimir Nabokov, passed the school of Gumilev, albeit informally.

War experience

When World War I started, Gumilev hastened to Russia and enthusiastically joined a corps of elite cavalry. He fought in battles in East Prussia and Macedonia.  For his bravery he was invested with two St. George crosses (December 24, 1914 and January 5, 1915).

His war poems were assembled in the collection The Quiver (1916). In 1916 he wrote a verse play, Gondla, which was published the following year; set in ninth-century Iceland, torn between its native paganism and Irish Christianity, it is also clearly autobiographical, Gumilev putting much of himself into the hero Gondla (an Irishman chosen as king but rejected by the jarls, he kills himself to ensure the triumph of Christianity) and basing Gondla's wild bride Lera on Gumilev's wife Akhmatova (or maybe Larissa Reissner). The play was performed in Rostov na Donu in 1920.

During the Russian Revolution, Gumilev served in the Russian Expeditionary Force in France. Despite advice to the contrary, he rapidly returned to Petrograd. There he published several new collections, Tabernacle and Bonfire, and finally divorced Akhmatova (August 5, 1918), whom he had left for another woman several years prior. The following year he married Anna Engelhardt, a noblewoman and daughter of a well-known historian.

Execution
In 1920 Gumilev co-founded the All-Russia Union of Writers. He made no secret of his anti-communist views. He also made the Sign of the Cross in public and didn't care to hide his contempt for "half-literate Bolsheviks". On August 3, 1921, he was arrested by the Cheka on charges of participation in a nonexistent monarchist conspiracy known as the "Petrograd military organization". On August 24, the Petrograd Cheka decreed execution of 61 participants of the case, including Nikolay Gumilev. They were shot on August 26 in the Kovalevsky Forest (the actual date was established only in 2014; previously it was thought he died on August 25). Maxim Gorky, his friend and fellow writer, hurried to Moscow and appealed to Lenin, but was unable to save Gumilev.

Legacy
Gumilev's execution placed a stigma on Akhmatova and on their son, Lev. Lev was arrested later in the purges of the 1930s and spent almost two decades in a gulag.

Despite Gumilev's execution, Gondla was again performed in Petrograd in January 1922: "The play, despite its crowd scenes being enacted on a tiny stage, was a major success. Yet when the Petrograd audience called for the author, who was now officially an executed counter-revolutionary traitor, the play was removed from the repertoire and the theatre disbanded."

In February 1934, as they walked along a Moscow street, Osip Mandelstam quoted Gondla's words "I am ready to die" to Akhmatova, and she repeated them in her "Poem without a Hero."

Cultural influence
Although banned in the Soviet times, Gumilev was loved for his adolescent longing for travel and giraffes and hippos, for his dreams of a fifteen-year-old captain" His "The Tram That Lost Its Way" is considered one of the greatest poems of the 20th century.

The Russian progressive rock band Little Tragedies used the poetry of Gumilev in many of their songs, and had four albums which were entirely based on Gumilev's poetry (The Sun of the Spirit, Porcelain Pavilion, Return, Cross).
 In 2016 an English translation of his verse drama Gondla was published  by the Irish poet and diplomat Philip McDonagh and a production toured in Ireland.

See also
Silver Age of Russian Poetry
4556 Gumilyov, an asteroid named after him
List of famous duels

Russian people in Ethiopia
 Alexander Bulatovich
 Leonid Artamonov
 Nikolay Leontiev

Notes

Further reading
 Владимир Полушин. Николай Гумилев. Жизнь расстрелянного поэта. – М., Молодая гвардия, 2006, 750 с. (ЖЗЛ).

External  links

Collection of Poems by Nikolay Gumilev (English Translations)
Russian Site on Gumilev
Nikolay Gumilyov. Poems

1886 births
1921 deaths
People from Kronstadt
People from Petergofsky Uyezd
Nobility from the Russian Empire
Tagantsev conspiracy
Male poets from the Russian Empire
Russian World War I poets
Russian military personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Cross of St. George
Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia
Executed writers

Nikolai Gumilev


The emblem o Kyrgyzstan wis adoptit follaein the dissolution o the Soviet Union on 2 Juin 1992. The emblem haes a circular form whilk maistly bears the colour blue. Licht blue is kent as the Kyrgyz colour o courage an generosity (c.f. the banner o Kazakhstan an the emblem o Kazakhstan). Tae the left an richt o the coat o airms, wheat an cotton are displayed. In the upper pairt, the name o the kintra appears in Kyrgyz "Кыргыз Республикасы" (Kyrgyz Respublikasy).

In the middle, the Tian Shan muntains is displayed, ablo whilk fields is shawn. Ahint the muntain panorama, a body can see a risin sun. A bird beatin its wings stauns unner this panorama, whilk gies the impression that the panorama lees on the shouthers o the bird.

History
Afore unthirldom frae the USSR, Kyrgyzstan haed a coat o airms seemilar tae aw ither Soviet Republics. Lik ither post-Soviet republics whase airms dinna predate the October Revolution, the current emblem retains some components o the Soviet ane, in this case, the wheat, cotton, risin sun an the Tien Shan.

Naitional seembols o Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan

Emblem o Kyrgyzstan


Vlad III, commonly known as Vlad the Impaler ( ) or Vlad Dracula (;  ; November 14311476/77), was Prince of Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death in 1476/77. He is often considered one of the most important rulers in Wallachian history and a national hero of Romania.

In the English-speaking world, Vlad is best known for the legends of his cruelty. These legends gave Bram Stoker the idea for his main character in the popular Dracula novel.

Historical background

Wallachia was placed between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. The Turks were fighting against the Kingdom of Hungary led by John Hunyadi and this made Wallachia a battle ground between Turks and Hungarians. The rulers of Wallachia were chosen by the Romanian aristocrats, called boyars. The ruler was often from a noble house, sometimes an illegitimate prince born outside of marriage. The country rulers were struggling with each other, and this was resulting in instability, family disputes and murders.

Biography

Family background

Vlad the Impaler was born in 1431. His father was Vlad II Dracul. His mother is unknown. Vlad II was married to princess Cneajna of Moldavia. He had several mistresses. Vlad III was raised by Cneajna with the help of her household. He had two brothers, Mircea born c. 1430 and Radu born 1435. He also had a half-brother, Vlad the Monk born around 1425-1430.

Vlad II went to the court of Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund of Luxemburg as a young man. Sigismund was supporting Vlad II for the throne of Wallachia, and made Vlad II knight 1431 of the Order of the Dragon (Societas Draconis in Latin).

The oldest brother, probably named Mircea, was sent by Vlad II to fight the war against the Turks in 1444. This war called the Battle of Varna was lost. Mircea and his father died in 1447.

Vlad's half-brother. Vlad the Monk was waiting in Transylvania for a chance to rule Wallachia. Vlad the Monk was a monk until he became prince of Wallachia in 1482.

Radu, known as Radu III the Fair or Radu the Handsome, the youngest brother, was also Vlad's most important rival as he continuously tried to replace Vlad on the throne.

Marriage
From his first marriage, Vlad the Impaler (or Vlad III) had a son, later prince of Wallachia, as Mihnea the Evil. His first wife, whose name we do not know, died during the war 1462. Vlad III the Impaler was fighting against the Turks. The legend says that the Turkish army surrounded Vlad's castle, the Poienari Castle, led by his brother Radu the Handsome. Vlad's wife threw herself off the tower into the Argeş River below the castle. According to legend she remarked that she "would rather have her body be eaten by the fish of the Argeş than be captured by the Turks."
Vlad had another two sons with his second wife Ilona Szilágyi a fraternal cousin of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. Some historians strongly believe they may have also had a daughter named Maria Zaleska (Princess Zaleska).

Early years
Vlad was very likely born in the city of Sighişoara in Transylvania, then a part of the Kingdom of Hungary, during the winter of 1431. Sighişoara was a military fortress at that time. He was born as the second son to his father Vlad Dracul. He had an older brother, Mircea, and a younger brother, Radu the Handsome. Although his native country was Wallachia, the family lived in exile in Transylvania because his father had been chased away by pro-Ottoman boyars.

A hostage of the Ottoman Empire
Vlad's father was pressured by the (Turkish) Ottoman sultan. He gave a promise to be the vassal of the Sultan and gave up his two younger sons as hostages so that he would keep his promise.

Vlad suffered much at the hands of the Ottomans, and was locked up in an underground prison; however, his younger brother, Radu, caught the eye of the sultan's son. Radu was released and converted to Islam, and he was allowed into the Ottoman royal court.

These years had a great influence on Vlad. They shaped Vlad's character. He was often whipped and beaten by the Turks for being stubborn and rude. He developed a well-known hatred for Radu and for Mehmed, who would later become the sultan.

Short reign and exile
Vlad's father and Vlad's older brother, Mircea, were dead at this point. The Turks invaded Wallachia and the Sultan put Vlad III on the throne as his puppet ruler. His rule at this time was short; Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and chased him away the same year. Vlad fled to Moldavia and was put under the protection of his uncle, Bogdan II.

War

Bogdan was assassinated. Vlad took a chance and fled to Hungary. Impressed by Vlad's knowledge of the Ottoman Empire, Hunyadi pardoned him and took him in as an adviser. Later, Hunyadi made him the Kingdom of Hungary's candidate for the throne of Wallachia.

In 1456, Hungary invaded Serbia to chase away the Turks, and at the same time Vlad III invaded Wallachia. Both invasions were successful. Hunyadi suddenly died of the plague. Vlad became prince of Wallachia.

Main reign (1456–62)
Vlad was spending most of his time at the court of the city of Târgovişte. He made laws, met foreign ambassadors, judged in trials. He reinforced some castles and probably enjoyed hunting with his friends.
The constant state of war since the death of his grandfather, Mircea the Elder, in 1418, led to increased crime levels and less agricultural production. Trade had almost disappeared in Wallachia.

Vlad tried to solve these problems with severe methods. He needed an economically stable country.

Vlad wanted to eliminate all threats to his power, mainly the rival nobility groups, such as the boyars. This was done mainly by killing them and reducing the their economic role. The Wallachian nobility had connections with the Saxon merchants. The Saxons lived in the free towns of Transylvania, making trade flourish. Vlad cut their towns trade privileges with Wallachia, and started war against them.

Vlad gave key positions in the Prince's Council to people of lower rank who were loyal to him. Vlad preferred to knight men from the free peasants.
Vlad III was always on guard against the Dăneşti clan. Some of his attacks into Transylvania may have been efforts to kill or capture Dăneşti princes. Several members of the Dăneşti clan died at Vlad's hands. Rumors say that thousands of citizens of the free towns that sheltered his rivals were impaled by Vlad. One captured Dăneşti prince was forced to read his own funeral speech while he kneeled at an open grave before his execution.

Personal crusade

There was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Hungarian Kingdom. Following family traditions, Vlad decided to side with the Hungarians. To the end of the 1450s there was once again talk about a war against the Turks, in which the king of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus would play the main role. Knowing this, Vlad stopped paying money to the Ottomans in 1459, and at around 1460, he made a new alliance with Corvinus. The Turks did not like this and tried to remove him from power but they failed. In the winter of 1461 Vlad attacked and devastated the area between Serbia and the Black Sea, leaving over 20,000 people dead.

In response to this, the Sultan Mehmed II headed towards Wallachia with an army of 60,000 men in the spring of 1462. With his army of 20,000-30,000 men Vlad was not able to stop the Turks from entering Wallachia. The Turks occupied the capital Târgovişte (June 4, 1462) and chased Vlad away. Vlad was hiding and made small attacks on the Turks. On the night of June 16 Vlad and some of his men entered the main Turkish camp, wearing Turkish clothing, and attempted to kill Mehmed. Later the Turkish army retired and left Vlad's brother, Radu the Handsome, as the new ruler prince.
Radu the Handsome gathered support from the nobility and Vlad fled to Hungary.
In August 1462 Radu made a deal with the Hungarian Crown.

In captivity
Vlad was living in exile because he was afraid of the boyars of Wallachia. Vlad escaped to Hungary but he was put in prison there. The exact time of Vlad's captivity is not known for sure. Apparently his imprisonment was not too dangerous. He was able to gradually win his way back into the favor of King Matthias. He was able to meet and marry a member of the royal family (the cousin of King Matthias). However, some do not believe that it was likely to happen that a prisoner was permitted to marry into the royal family.

He had two sons with his new wife. Vlad also became a member of the Roman Catholic Church. Diplomatic letters and writings from Buda during this time show that Vlad's actual period of imprisonment was short.

The openly pro-Turkish policy of Vlad's brother, Radu was probably a cause in Vlad's good treatment while in prison. It is interesting to note that the Russian texts, normally very favorable to Vlad Ţepeş, tells that even in captivity he could not give up his favorite games; he often captured birds and mice which he tortured and mutilated, and some were impaled on tiny spears.

The years before his final release in 1474 (when he began making plans for the reconquest of Wallachia), Vlad lived with his new wife in a house in the Hungarian capital. His sons were about ten years old when he reconquered Wallachia in 1476.

Return to Wallachia and death

Around 1475 Vlad and Stefan Báthory of Transylvania invaded Wallachia with a mixed force of Transylvanians, some dissatisfied Wallachian boyars, and Moldavians sent by Prince Stephen III of Moldavia, Vlad's cousin. Vlad's brother, Radu the Handsome, died a couple of years earlier and had been replaced on the Wallachian throne by another Turkish candidate, Prince Basarab the Elder, a member of the Dăneşti clan. When Vlad's army arrived, Prince Basarabs army fled, some to the Turks, others in the mountains. After placing Vlad Ţepeş on the throne, Stephen Báthory and his forces returned to Transylvania, leaving Vlad in a very weak position. Vlad had little time to get support before a large Turkish army entered Wallachia to put back Prince Basarab on the throne. Vlad's cruelties over the years made the boyars to believe that they had a better chance to survive under Prince Basarab. Even the peasants, tired of the cruelty of Vlad, abandoned him. Vlad had to meet the Turks with the small forces at his disposal, which were made up of less than four thousand men.

There are several variants of Vlad III the Impaler's death. Some sources say he was killed in battle against the Turks near Bucharest in December 1476. Others say he was killed by disloyal Wallachian boyars in the war against the Turks, or during a hunt. Others believe Vlad was killed in the war, surrounded by the bodies of his loyal Moldavian bodyguards. Still other reports claim that Vlad was accidentally killed by one of his own men. Vlad's body was decapitated by the Turks and his head was sent to Istanbul preserved in honey. The sultan had it displayed on a stake as proof that Kazıklı Bey was dead. The exact place of his grave is unknown.

Legacy

Tales and legends about Vlad stayed a part of folklore among the Romanian peasants. By constant retelling they have become confused and created an ideal picture of a big national hero. Among the Romanian peasants, Vlad Ţepeş was sometimes remembered as a prince who defended his country.

But sometimes he is remembered as a very cruel and often capricious ruler. There are several events that are common to all tales.
One tale is about foreign ambassadors whom Vlad Ţepeş was meeting at Târgovişte. All versions agree that Vlad, in response to some real or imagined insult, (perhaps because they refused to remove the hats in Vlad's presence), had their hats nailed to their heads.

A good description of Vlad Dracula survives, courtesy of Nicholas of Modrussa, who wrote:
He was not very tall, but very stocky and strong, with a cruel and terrible appearance, a long straight nose, distended nostrils, a thin and reddish face in which the large wide-open green eyes were enframed by bushy black eyebrows, which made them appear threatening. His face and chin were shaven but for a moustache. The swollen temples increased the bulk of his head. A bull's neck supported the head, from which black curly locks were falling to his wide-shouldered person.

His famous portrait was rediscovered in the late 1800s, in the gallery of horrors at Innsbruck's Ambras Castle.

Cruelty

Vlad III Ţepeş has been described as very cruel. The old Romanian word for dragon is Dracul, which in modern Romanian means "devil". In Old Romanian, it means "dragon". Dracul was the name given to his father, Vlad II, by other members of the Order of the Dragon. Impalement was Ţepeş's preferred method of torture and execution. His method of torture was a horse attached to each of the victim's legs while sharpened stake was forced into the body. Vlad often had the stakes arranged in patterns. The most common pattern was a ring outside of a city that was his target. The height of the spear indicated the rank of the victim. The corpses were often left there for months.

One tale says 10,000 were impaled in the Transylvanian city of Sibiu (where Vlad the Impaler had once lived) in 1460. Another tale says that on Saint Bartholomew's Day (in August), Vlad the Impaler had 30,000 people of the free Transylvanian city of Braşov impaled. One of the most famous woodcuts of the period shows Vlad the Impaler feasting amongst a forest of stakes outside Braşov, while a nearby executioner cuts apart other victims. Impalement was not his only method of torture. Other methods include nails in heads, cutting off limbs, strangulation, burning, cutting off noses and ears, mutilation of sexual organs (especially in the case of women), scalping, skinning, exposure to the elements or to animals, and boiling alive.

His victims included women, children, peasants, great lords, ambassadors from foreign powers and merchants. However, the vast majority of his European victims came from the merchants and boyars of Transylvania and Wallachia. Most of the merchants there were German-speaking Saxons who were seen as bad people because they were not Romanian. He saw the boyars as people who were not loyal (Vlad's own father and older brother were murdered by boyars).

Almost as soon as he came to power, he gave a party for his boyars and their families to celebrate Easter. These nobles were part of the conspiracy around his father's death. Vlad, to avenge his father's death, had all the assembled nobles arrested. The older boyars were impaled on the spot. The younger nobles and their families were marched north from Târgovişte to the ruins of the Poienari Castle in the mountains above the Argeş River. The boyars and their families were forced to work for months rebuilding the old castle. According to the reports, they worked until the clothes fell off their bodies, and then were forced to continue working naked. Very few survived the building of Vlad's castle.

Vlad Ţepeş is also believed to have tortured and impaled some of the Turkish forces. It was reported that an invading Ottoman army turned back when they saw thousands of rotting corpses impaled on the banks of the river Danube. In 1462, Mehmed II returned to Constantinople after being sickened by the sight of 20,000 impaled corpses outside of Vlad's capital of Târgovişte. Many of the victims were Turkish prisoners of war.

Anecdotal evidence

Much of the information we have about Vlad III Ţepeş comes from texts published in the Holy Roman Empire in German texts from 1488 and books written in Russian. These were entertainment in a society where the printing press was new. The texts were reprinted over the thirty years following Vlad's death. The German texts said Vlad Ţepeş was a person who terrorized the land and killed innocents. The Russian texts said his actions were justified, because Vlad helped them. The texts agree on some details.

According to the texts, he was particularly cruel against women and wanted his people to work hard. Merchants who cheated their customers were likely to be killed because of that.

The vampire legend
The fictional vampire in the novel Dracula by Bram Stoker was inspired by the legends of this Wallachian prince. The cruel person of the Impaler was a suitable character for Stoker's purposes possibly combined with Oscar Wilde, a poet whom dated Stoker's wife and was outed as homosexual near the making of Stoker's famous novel. The events of Vlad's life happened in a region of the world that was still medieval in Stoker's time.

Although there were vampire tales originating elsewhere, the vampire, as he became known in Europe, largely originated in Southern Slavic and Greek folklore. The vampire tale is virtually absent in Romanian culture. Vampirism became part of the popular culture in Europe beginning in the late 17th century. Philosophers in the West began to study the phenomenon. It was during this period that Dom Augustine Calmet wrote a famous text on vampirism in Hungary. It was also during this period that authors and playwrights first began to explore the vampire legend. Stoker's novel was a work in a long series of works that were inspired by the reports coming from the Balkans.

Further reading
 Florescu, Radu R.; McNally, Raymond T. (1989). Dracula: Prince of Many Faces. Little Brown and Company.
 Radu R., Florescu; McNally, Raymond T. (1994). In Search of Dracula. Houghton Mifflin.
 Treptow, Kurt W. (2000). Vlad III Dracula: The Life and Times of the Historical Dracula. Center for Romanian Studies.
 Babinger, Franz (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press.
 Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad the Impaler by Kurt W Treptow, Center for Romanian Studies, 2018, amzn.to/2rYx93U via @amazon

References

Other websites

 Vlad Tepes - Dracula Between Hero and Vampire
 Vlad III Dracula
 Vlad's History
 Vlad's Biography
 Vlad III Dracula
 The Tale of Dracula Russian manuscript circa 1490, with English translation (MS Word format)
 The Real Life of Dracula
 Dark Prince: The True Story of Dracula (2000) (TV)
 Coins attributed to Vlad III Tepes

1431 births
1476 deaths
Romanian leaders
Princes and princesses

Vlad the Impaler


The TERGV (for Regional Express Train on high-speed line) is a model to run trains in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. The idea is to run regional trains on lines constructed for "express trains", instead of the "classic lines". This works only in the case that the high-speed line is used only rarely. Running regional trains on such lines slows down the express trains, and costs more than running them on the classic lines. Despite these problems, the concept is very promising for distances between 100 and 200 km.

There are currently two lines that operate in this manner:
Lille-Dunkerque (30 minutes)
Lille-Calais-Boulogne-sur-Mer (55 min, 30 min to Calais)
To use these connections, an extra fee must be paid, which is three euros, per day. Another line, Lille to Arras has been opened. This line does not require the extra fee, and has proved very successful.

Rail transport in France
Hauts-de-France

TERGV


The Pontiac Grand Ville wis the tap-trim model in the diveesion's full-sized line frae 1971 tae 1975.  It displaced the Pontiac Bonneville which haed served as Pontiac's flagship syne 1957.

The Bonneville itsel wis no discontinued durin this period, but wis demotit in status, in effect replacin the discontinued Pontiac Executive.  The Grand Ville an Bonneville shared a nummer o trim an design elements that distinguisht them frae the Catalina, an wur in fact haurd tae tell apairt.  It seems unlikely that maist buyers iver fully grasped the difference.

In addition tae mair luxurious interior trimmins, the Grand Ville uised the mair formal rooflines o the Oldsmobile 98, Buick Electra an Cadillac DeVille, the premium models o those diveesions.  Thare wis uisually some distinctive chrome up front an taillicht trim at rear tae set it apairt.  For 1974 anerlie, the Grand Ville haed its awn pairkin lichts, which wrapped aroond the corner o the front fender.  The caur wis aften seen wi deluxe appearance options, sic as sport wheels an vinyl tops. Rear fender skirts wur featurt on the 1973 tae 1975 models.

Standard equipment on Grand Ville models included a 455 cubic-inch V8 ingine (1971-74 models, 400 cubic-inch V8 standard an 455 optional for 1975), Turbo Hydra-Matic transmission, power steerin an pouer front disc brakes. Popular options included air conditioning, power windaes an driver's seat, tilt steering wheel, cruise control, AM/FM stereo wi tape deck an muckle mair. Ane o the rarest options available on Grand Villes an ither full-sized Pontiacs durin this period wis the adjustable brake an accelerator pedals affered frae 1974 tae 1976.

Grand Ville enjoyed moderate success frae 1971 tae 1973.  Housomeivver, the Arab Oil Embargo o late 1973 an early 1974 led tae petrol shortages, lang lines at fillin stations, an skyrocketin pump prices.  Thir factors wad shairply cut intae full-sized caur sales in 1974 as Americans wur shunnin big gas guzzlers in favor o smawer mair fuel-efficient caurs.  For 1975, the Grand Ville became the Grand Ville Brougham an includit mair staundart equipment than in previous years, sic as pouer windaes an a carpetit trunk. This wad be the final year for the Grand Ville series, which an aa includit Pontiac's last convertible till 1983. For 1976, the Grand Ville nameplate wis dropped an the lineup wis renamed Bonneville Brougham, returnin that nameplate back tae its umwhile flagship status.

Grand Ville convertibles wur rare in the years frae 1971 tae 1975, niver toppin 5,000 per year durin the model run. Frae 1973 tae 1975 the Grand Ville wis Pontiac's anerlie full-size convertible afferin, 1971 an 1972 full-size Pontiac convertibles wur affered in baith the entry level Catalina line an the posh Grand Ville line. Thare wur nae convertible Bonnevilles efter the 1970 model year. The rarest o the rare Grand Ville convertibles wis the 1971 model wi juist unner 1800 ensaumples biggit. The final year 1975 proved tae be the maist 'abundant' wi juist ower 4500 models biggit, as wird haed gotten oot that this wad be the final year o production. The Grand Ville convertible haed the lawest production amangst its corporate cousins, the Olds 88 Royale, Buick LeSabre/Centurion, Chevrolet Caprice Classic an  Cadillac Eldorado convertible lines.

Grand Ville
1970s automobiles
Flagship vehicles
Rear wheel drive vehicles

Pontiac Grand Ville


Augusto Righi (27 August 1850 – 8 June 1920) was an Italian physicist who was a big part in the study of electromagnetism. He was born and died in Bologna.

In 1872 and 1880 in Bologna, he was researching mostly in electrostatics. He became an ordinary professor in physics at the University of Palermo in 1880, when he was there he studied the transfer of heat and electricity in bismuth. From 1885 to 1889 he was a professor at the University of Padua (Padova), studying the photoelectric effect. In late 1889 he went to the University of Bologna, where he worked for the rest of his life on things like the Zeeman Effect, 'Roentgen rays', and magnetism.

Other websites
 Righi  at chem.ch.huji.ac.il

The professor of G. Marconi. http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/augustorighi.html

1850 births
1920 deaths
People from Bologna
Italian physicists

Augusto Righi


Charles Edward Merrill (October 19, 1885 – October 6, 1956) was an American philanthropist, stockbroker, and co-founder, with Edmund C. Lynch, of Merrill Lynch (previously called Charles E. Merrill & Co.).

Early years
Charles E. Merrill, the son of physician Dr. Charles Morton Merrill and Octavia (Wilson) Merrill, was born in Green Cove Springs, Florida, where he spent his early childhood. In 1898 the family briefly moved to Knoxville, Tennessee but within the year returned to Florida to settle in Jacksonville. After the school had been damaged in the Great Fire of 1901, his parents decided to send him to the college preparatory academy operated by John B. Stetson University (now known as Stetson University). Merrill studied there from 1901 until 1903 and then in 1903 for the final year of high school was transferred to Worcester Academy. After two years at Amherst College, Merrill spent time at the University of Michigan Law School from 1906 to 1907; worked at Patchogue-Plymouth Mills from 1907 to 1909; at George H. Burr & Co., New York City, from 1909 to 1913; then established Charles E. Merrill & Co.

Merrill Lynch
Merrill and his friend, Edmund C. Lynch, created Merrill Lynch in 1915. Merrill made his money by investing. He orchestrated the 1926 merger which created the Safeway food chain, and Merrill Lynch provided investment banking services to Safeway to finance the acquisition of other chains, growing Safeway to more than 3,500 stores across the United States by 1931.

Merrill anticipated the stock market crash of 1929, and divested many of his holdings before the Great Depression.  Merrill merged his retail brokerage and wire operations with E. A. Pierce and Co., thereby restructuring Merrill Lynch and Co. to focus upon investment banking.  Additionally, Merrill was known to have pleaded with President Calvin Coolidge (like Merrill, an Amherst alumnus) to speak out against speculation, but Coolidge did not listen to him.

Following the 1930 restructuring, Merrill was able to spend more time focusing upon the further growth of Safeway, where he remained the largest shareholder and de facto CFO; in time, his son-in-law and grandson would also run the firm. Merrill was also a major investor in the S. S. Kresge Corporation, the forerunner of Kmart.

In 1939, immediately preceding the boom caused by World War II, Merrill was approached by Edward A. Pierce to merge the struggling brokerage E. A. Pierce & Co. back together with Merrill Lynch.  Merrill agreed to do so, but insisted that the combined firm retain the Lynch name.  Following a simultaneous acquisition of Philadelphia-based Cassatt & Co., the firm was reopened as Merrill Lynch, E. A. Pierce and Cassatt.  Merrill was convinced that the average American who wanted to invest should be able to buy shares in the stock market, which was previously a playground for the wealthy.  He instructed his employees to hold seminars at which husbands and wives could leave their children with child care providers while the parents learned how they, too, could invest.  Requiring husbands and wives to attend investment seminars together is a common marketing strategy to keep up sales pressure, as neither spouse will be able to say, "let me check with my wife (or husband) before I decide."

Personal life and family
Merrill was a well-known bon vivant. Married three times, Merrill was nicknamed "Good Time Charlie" by his friends and was described in 1998 by Time magazine as a "short, self-absorbed, prideful, flamboyant fellow" who "made the gossip pages as regularly as the financial pages". Merrill was known for his many extramarital affairs, which he referred to as "recharging my batteries".

In 1926, he purchased the James L. Breese House at Southampton in Suffolk County, New York, a 30-acre estate also known as "The Orchard". Designed in part by Stanford White with original landscaping by Frederick Law Olmsted, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 after being divided into 29 luxury condominiums (with its ballroom and first-floor reception areas left intact).

In the 1920s, Merrill also owned a Greenwich Village townhouse at 18 West 11th Street which was exploded by dynamite on March 6, 1970 by careless Weather Underground terrorists.

All three of Merrill's children were wealthy from unbreakable trusts made early in childhood.  Merrill was the father of educator and philanthropist Charles E. Merrill Jr. (1920–2017), author and founder of the Thomas Jefferson School (St. Louis, Missouri), Commonwealth School, and former chairman of the board of trustees of Morehouse College; San Francisco philanthropist Doris Merrill Magowan (1914–2001); and poet James Merrill (1926–1995), who created the Ingram Merrill Foundation to support writers and the arts. In the early 1950s, Merrill's three children renounced any further inheritance from their father's estate in exchange for $100 "as full quittance"; as a result, 95% of Charles Merrill's $25 million estate (he had already donated "The Orchard" to Amherst, which had in turn sold it) would benefit hospitals, churches, and educational causes.

Merrill's grandson, Peter Magowan, was President and CEO of Safeway Inc. and also the former managing general partner of the San Francisco Giants.

Other affiliations
Merrill's estate funded the Charles E. Merrill Trust, an engine of philanthropy, supporting the Merrill Science Center at Amherst College and Merrill College at the University of California, Santa Cruz, built in 1968.

Merrill was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1976.

Merrill played no role in Judge John M. Woolsey's decision admitting Ulysses into the United States, as many have assumed.  The Charles Merrill who assisted Woolsey was Charles Edmund Merrill Jr., president of the New York textbook publishing house, Charles E. Merrill Company.  See Birmingham, The Most Dangerous Book: The Battle for James Joyce's Ulysses (2014).

References

Sources

External links
 Merrill Lynch:  The Early Years
 Merrill-Magowan Family Papers at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections

1885 births
1956 deaths
American stockbrokers
Amherst College alumni
Merrill (company) people
People from Green Cove Springs, Florida
Businesspeople from Jacksonville, Florida
Philanthropists from Florida
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Worcester Academy alumni
Merrill family
20th-century American philanthropists

Charles E. Merrill


Johns Hopkins University Press (also referred to as JHU Press or JHUP) is the publishing division of Johns Hopkins University. It was founded in 1878 and is the oldest continuously running university press in the United States. The press publishes books and journals, and operates other divisions including fulfillment and electronic databases. Its headquarters are in Charles Village section of Baltimore, Maryland.

In 2017, after the retirement of Kathleen Keane, who is credited with modernizing JHU Press for the digital age, the university appointed new director Barbara Pope.

Overview
Daniel Coit Gilman, the first president of Johns Hopkins University, inaugurated the press in 1878. The press began as the university's Publication Agency, publishing the American Journal of Mathematics in its first year and the American Chemical Journal in its second. It published its first book, Sidney Lanier: A Memorial Tribute, in 1881 to honor the poet who was one of the university's first writers in residence. In 1891, the Publication Agency became the Johns Hopkins Press; since 1972, it has been known as the Johns Hopkins University Press.

After various moves on and off the university's Homewood campus, the press acquired a permanent home in Baltimore's Charles Village neighborhood in 1993, when it relocated to a renovated former church. Built in 1897, the granite and brick structure was the original church of the Saints Philip and James Roman Catholic parish and now houses the offices of the press on five floors.

In its 125 years of scholarly publishing, the Press has had only eight directors: Nicholas Murray, 1878–1908; Christian W. Dittus, 1908–1948; Harold E. Ingle, 1948–1974; Jack G. Goellner, 1974–1996; Willis G. Regier, 1996–1998; James D. Jordan, 1998–2003; Kathleen Keane, 2003–2017; and Barbara Pope, 2017–present.

Publications and divisions

JHU Press publishes 90 scholarly journals and more than 200 new books each year. Since 1993, JHU Press has run Project MUSE, an online provider of more than 550 scholarly journals and more than 20,000 electronic books.

The press has three operating divisions:
 Book Publishing: acquisitions, manuscript editing, design & production, and marketing
 Journals and Electronic Publishing, which includes Project MUSE
 Hopkins Fulfillment Services (HFS): order processing, information systems, and the distribution center

See also

 List of English-language book publishing companies
 List of university presses

References

External links

1878 establishments in Maryland
Book publishing companies based in Maryland
Publishing companies established in 1878
University presses of the United States

Johns Hopkins University Press


Michael Howe (1787 – 21 October 1818) was a famous bushranger in Tasmania, Australia. He called himself the "Lieutenant Governor of the Woods". He kept a written record of his thoughts in a book he called "The Journal of Dreams".

Early life
Howe was born in Pontefract, Yorkshire, in 1787. He joined the merchant navy at Hull. After a short while he ran away and joined the Royal Navy. He deserted (left without permission) the navy after two years. He had his own small boat and carried coal. In 1811 Howe was arrested at York and charged with highway robbery. He was sentenced to seven years in Van Diemen's Land.

Convict
Howe arrived in Hobart on October on the convict ship Indefatigable. He was sent to work for John Ingle, who had once been the Supervisor of Convicts. He was now a farmer and merchant. Howe soon escaped and went into the bush. He joined up with a large group of escaped convicts who had become bushrangers (robbers). The gang of 28 was led by John Whitehead. It included two soldiers (who had deserted) and two aboriginal women.

Bushranger
The bushrangers robbed a lot of houses and farms around New Norfolk. On April 25, 1815, the gang went to the house of a Mr.Carlisle. Carlisle and his friends went out to stop the gang from stealing a boat. Carlisle was shot dead, and his neighbour, Mr.O'Birne, was badly wounded. O'Birne died a few days later. The gang returned to New Norfolk in May 1815, to rob more houses. They met a group of soldiers and John Whitehead was shot and killed. To claim a reward for killing a bushranger, the body had to be identified. To stop people from claiming a reward for their capture, Howe and Whitehead had made a promise to each other. This would be to cut the head off whoever was killed first so no one would know who it was. As soon as Whitehead was shot, his head was cut off by Howe and hidden in the bush.

Leader of the bushrangers
After Whitehead's death, Howe became leader of the gang of bushrangers. He set up the gang as if they were on board a ship. Gang members could be punished if they broke the gang's rules. Punishment included having to cut and carry firewood, and even included being lashed (whipped). Howe would read to them from the Bible. He wrote letters to Governor Davey. In 1816 he signed the letters as "Lieutentant Governor of the Woods." In 1817 he began calling himself the "Governor of the Ranges." He was living with an aboriginal woman, called "Black Mary." Members of the gang were known to be James Garry, Peter Septon, George Jones, Richard Colier, John Chapman, Thomas Coyne, James Parker, Mathew Kegan, John Brown and Nenis Curry. The gang continued to rob people at Green Point, Coal River, and Bagdad.

Surrender
In 1817, Howe wrote to Governor William Sorell and offered to give himself up in return for a free pardon (not be put in gaol for any crimes). He offered to tell the government where all the gang members could be found. He was put into Hobart gaol while he was being questioned about the gang. He escaped while being taken for a walk through Hobart to get fresh air. He went back and rejoined the gang. Governor Lachlan Macquarie in Sydney stopped the pardon, and told Sorell to put more effort in to capture Howe. Sorell offered money, a free pardon and a return to England for anyone that captured Howe.

The gang breaks up
The hunt for the bushrangers became more organized. John Chapman and a man called Elliot were shot dead by the soldiers in 1817.  A gang member called Hillier cut Peter Septon's head off to claim a reward. He also tried to cut off Richard Colier's head. Both men were hurt in the struggle. Hillier was taken to Sydney where he was executed by hanging. Colier was executed in Hobart on March 26, 1818. In April, 1818, a group of convicts tried to steal a government boat. They were going to rescue Howe and take him to America. John Brown, James Parker, Thomas Coyne and Mathew Kegan gave themselves up to the military. They were all taken to Newcastle, New South Wales where they were given the lash (whipped) and sent to gaol.

Captured
In September 1818, a group came from Sydney to join in the hunt for Howe. They wanted the reward. One member of the group was the famous aboriginal tracker, Mosquito. They nearly caught him. They did get his guns and his knapsack (a backpack). In the knapsack they found his "Journal of Dreams". It was a book made from kangaroo skin and Howe had written in it using kangaroo blood as ink. In it Howe wrote about his fear of being killed by the aborigines, his dreams of his sister, and lists of vegetables and flowers he would grow in a house in the forest. As he escaped, Howe thought Black Mary was slowing him down, so he tried to shoot her.

On October 10, Howe was captured by two people he knew and trusted, Watts and Drewe. He managed to untie himself and stabbed Watts and shot Drewe dead. Watts died later from the injuries. On October 21, 1818, Black Mary led another two men,  a convict, Thomas Worrall, and a soldier, William Pugh, to where Howe was hiding near the Shannon River. Worrall had been a sailor who had been sent to Van Diemen's Land for his part in the naval mutiny at the Nore (mouth of the Thames) in 1797. He wanted the reward so he could be free and return to England. All the men shot at each other, but after a fierce fight, Pugh and Worrall bashed Howe to death with their muskets (guns).

Howe was buried by the river, but his head was taken back to Hobart where it was put on public display.

Australian first
Much of the information comes from a book by Governor Sorell's secretary, Thomas Wells. The book was called Michael Howe, the Last and Worst of the Bushrangers of Van Diemen's Land and printed in 1818 in Hobart. This was the first work of general literature printed in Australia.

References

1787 births
1818 deaths
Bushrangers
People from West Yorkshire

Michael Howe (bushranger)


The Sokehs rebellion was an uprising of the Sokehs tribe against local German rule that started on Sokehs Island off the main island of Pohnpei in the Eastern Caroline Islands (presently the Federated States of Micronesia) in 1910/1911.  The German district commissioner, Gustav Boeder, three other German officials and five islanders were killed by the rebels before German naval units arrived and restored order.

History of the rebellion
Land ownership on Pohnpei was the exclusive domain of chiefs who would assign parcels of land to their indigenous tribal subjects in sharecropping fashion.  Beginning in 1907 the German colonial administration began land reforms and required newly created owners to perform 15 days of labor per year for public works in lieu of taxes.

A group of Sokehs was detailed to roadwork on Sokehs Island on 17 October 1910.  One young laborer refused work instructions of his overseer and was ordered flogged for his transgression, the punishment being carried out by a Melanesian policeman. That same evening, Samuel, a lower ranking section chief (Sou Madau en Sokehs [master of the ocean]), persuaded all in this work gang to refuse further labor.  The next morning, 18 October 1910, when work was to commence, the Sokehs group threatened the two German overseers on the island, Otto Hollborn and Johann Häfner, who then fled to the Capuchin mission compound on Sokehs Island.

District commissioner Gustav Boeder was informed of the incident and together with his assistant Rudolf Brauckmann and two translators had his group rowed to the island by six Mortlock Islands boatmen to negotiate with the laborers.  As Boeder approached the Sokehs workers, he was shot and killed by rifle fire from a concealed position.  The rebels then killed Brauckmann, Häfner, Hollborn and 5 oarsmen; only the 2 translators and one oarsman escaped.  After the news of the violent revolt reached the main settlement Kolonia on Pohnpei, Max Girschner, the colony's medical doctor and now senior official, requested the chiefs of the other 4 tribes on Pohnpei to provide men for defending Kolonia.  The chiefs offered 600 warriors of whom several were then armed with rifles and bayonets in addition to their own weapons – but no attack on Kolonia occurred. Instead the rebelling Sokehs barricaded themselves at a defensive mountain hideout.

The remaining German officials had no access to cable or radio to request assistance.  It was not until 26 November 1910 when the mail steamer Germania arrived, that a report could be made to the colony's headquarters at Rabaul. The Colonial Office in Berlin received the message on 26 December 1910.

The response

Governor Albert Hahl at Rabaul dispatched the small cruiser  and the survey ship  with 163 newly hired Melanesian police recruits aboard. The ships arrived by mid-December 1910.  Initial skirmishing by the police recruits had little success and their commander, police lieutenant Karl Kammerich was harshly critical of their performance.

The new light cruiser  had docked at Tsingtao at Jiaozhou Bay on 17 September 1910 after a journey from Germany and was the latest addition to the Imperial Navy's East Asia Squadron. The ship then made several show-the-flag cruises to Japan and Hong Kong and patrolled north Pacific island possessions of the German Empire. She was then scheduled for her first annual maintenance at Tsingtao.  In response to the news from Pohnpei, the Berlin Admiralty ordered her commander to abandon the overhaul and proceed to the Caroline Islands.  At the same time the light cruiser , anchored at Hong Kong, was to link up with Emden and both ships then arrived at Pohnpei on 10 January 1911. As the senior naval officer at the scene, Emden'''s captain, Lieutenant Commander Waldemar Vollerthun on 13 January 1911 ordered the main batteries of the cruisers to fire on the rebel fortification. Under the ad hoc command of territorial commissioner Hermann Kersting, an assault formation of sailors armed with rifles and 30 Melanesian police, led by naval Lieutenant Edgar von Spiegel from Cormoran and junior officers from Emden captured the hideout and forced the Sokehs to flee. Many escaped to mainland Pohnpei.  The rebels fought using guerrilla tactics and offered bitter and stubborn resistance, but lack of food, non-cooperation by the other Pohnpei chiefs and tribes, and continual movement and flight exhausted the Sokehs warriors. On 13 February 1911 Samuel and five followers gave up. The remaining rebels surrendered on 22 February 1911. The cruisers departed the area on 1 March 1911 and arrived at their Tsingtao home base on 14 March 1911.

During the mountain assault and island campaign the German side suffered one junior officer, two ratings and two Melanesian policemen killed and one officer, five sailors and nine Melanesian policemen wounded. Sokehs losses are given at six killed, an unknown number wounded and missing.

Trial and punishment
Immediately after cessation of fighting, a summary trial was convened for 36 rebels.  The court convicted 17 for two main offenses: (a) the murder of four German officials and five island boatmen, and (b) for insurrection, and condemned them to death; 12 received multi-year sentences at hard labor, seven were acquitted and set free. On 24 February 1911, 15 rebels, including Samuel, were executed by a Melanesian police firing squad. Two of the condemned men ultimately did not receive the death penalty.

The colonial government banished the tribe of 426 Sokehs to Babelthuap in the German Palau Islands.

Aftermath
The land reforms started by the German colonial officials were completed during the remaining years of German colonial rule, with compensation and continued superior status for the chiefs.  Property borders were set by local tribal leaders and the scheme was accepted by the population.

In the early months of World War I, the Empire of Japan occupied all German islands north of the equator.  The Japanese began in 1917 a limited return of the Sokehs to Pohnpei, well aware of their opposition to foreign occupation. The Treaty of Versailles assigned to Japan as mandatory power the administration of Pohnpei and all German islands that Japan had occupied.  The Japanese concluded the return of the remaining Sokehs by 1927.

In the late 1980s, after independence, the government of the Federated States of Micronesia elevated the rebel leader, Samuel, to the status of a national hero. The anniversary of his execution, February 24th, is now a holiday; the mass grave of the fifteen insurgents in Kolonia is a national shrine.

Literature
Morlang, Thomas. Rebellion in der Südsee. Der Aufstand auf Ponape gegen die deutschen Kolonialherren 1910/1911'' [Rebellion in the South Seas. The Uprising on Ponape against German Colonial Rule 1910/1911], 200 p. Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag, 2010.

External links
Album of photos from Sokehs Rebellion
German colonial atlas with illustrated yearbook

References

History of Micronesia
Anti-imperialism in Oceania
Conflicts involving the German Empire
Rebellions in Oceania
Conflicts in 1910
Conflicts in 1911
German colonisation in Oceania
20th-century rebellions
Rebellions by ethnic group
Wars involving Germany
1910s in the German colonial empire
1910 in the German colonial empire
1911 in the German colonial empire
1910s in Oceania
1910 in Oceania
1911 in Oceania

Sokehs rebellion


iWork is a suite of programs created by Apple Inc., containing Pages, a word processing and desktop publishing program, Keynote, a presentation package and Numbers, a spreadsheet program.

Although iWork is called "a successor to AppleWorks" by Apple, it does not have the functions of AppleWorks's database and drawing tools. Also, it does not compete directly with the Mac version of Microsoft Office, but instead offers tools with a different focus (presentation, rather than analysis) at a lower price. It is made to integrate with other applications from Apple's iLife Suite. Although iLife comes free on every Mac, iWork is sold separately. From February to March 2008, a free 30-day trial of iWork was installed on every new Mac bought during that time, but now the trial must be downloaded from online. It is still given with copies of iLife. It was later sold for $19.99 per app on OS X and $9.99 per app on iOS. In October 2013 Apple announced that all iOS and OS X devices purchased onwards, whether new or refurbished, were eligible for a free download of all three iWork apps. iWork for iCloud, which also incorporates a document hosting service, is free to all holders of an iCloud account. iWork was released as freeware for macOS and iOS in April 2017. In September 2016, Apple announced that the real-time collaboration feature would be available for all iWork apps.

History

iWork '05
iWork '05 was launched on January 11, 2005 and had the new version 2 of Keynote and the first release of Pages. Before it was released, what would become iWork was said to be an add-on, upgrade, or new release of AppleWorks.

iWork '06
On January 10, 2006, Apple introduced iWork '06 at the Macworld Expo in San Francisco, which upgraded Pages to version 2 and Keynote to version 3. New features common to both applications included 3D charts, tables with formula support, reviewer comments, and shaped image masking. The addition of tables with formula support may have been added to quiet rumors of an Apple spreadsheet application. Since iWork's focus is on presentation, Apple gave a way to put most common spreadsheet features into a table while providing only limited additional functionality.

iWork '08
iWork '08 was announced on August 7, 2007 at a special event at Apple's Cupertino campus. New versions of Pages and Keynote were introduced, as was a new spreadsheet application, Numbers. Despite this, hard disk space requirements were reduced from 1.85 GB in iWork '06 to 690 MB in iWork '08. iWork '08 was the end of AppleWorks which was not sold anymore a week later. iWork 08 drops support for Mac OS X v10.3 'Panther'.

Related pages
Office suite
Keynote (software)

References

IWork
Office suites
Apple software

IWork


São Paulo (Portuguese for Saint Paul) is the capital of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is the biggest city in South America and the Southern Hemisphere and the second biggest city in the Western Hemisphere (after Mexico City).

The city has an area of 1,523 km² and more than 11 million people live there. It is the 11th most populous city on Earth.

History
In January 25, 1554, two priests, Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta, built a school - Colégio de São Paulo de Piratininga - to convert natives to Catholic religion. Today, this building is the Padre Anchieta Museum.

The first people moved to the region in 1560, when São Paulo became a village.

Because São Paulo was a poor village and was far away from the colony centre, the bandeirantes (explorers) chose it to start expeditions to enslave natives, recapture runaway slaves, and to find precious metals and stones (gold, diamonds, etc.).

In 1711, São Paulo became a city. In the end of the 18th century, people started growing sugarcane in the rural area of the province, and São Paulo was the way to the port of Santos.

In the 19th century, after the construction of São Paulo's Law School, São Paulo became the capital of the province, politicians and philosophers went there, and the first newspapers and books were printed. At this time, many European immigrants, especially Italians, moved to São Paulo to work at the big coffee plantations.

At the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, the city grew quickly. Some people who study Brazilian History says "the city was rebuilt".

In the 20th century, many factories were built, and more immigrants moved to work there.

Today, São Paulo is a centre of commerce, services and technology, and some people consider it the most important Latin American city.

Politics
The current mayor of São Paulo is Bruno Covas, and his party is "Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira", PSDB.

Geography

São Paulo is crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn. It is in a plateau (a high flat area), 760 metres above the sea level.

Because of its altitude, its climate (subtropical) is not so warm as it is near the coast. São Paulo is 70 km far from the coast, 420 km far from Rio de Janeiro, and 1,020 km far from Brasília, the Brazilian capital city.

The metropolitan area formed by São Paulo and 39 surroundings cities is the biggest in the Latin America. More than 19 million people live in this metropolitan area, which is also called Greater São Paulo and is the fifth biggest of the world.

Subdivisons
The city is divided into 31 boroughs, and each borough is divided into neighbourhoods. The boroughs form nine regions (or "zones"), with similar geographic location and history, but most people and companies prefer to use another division, with only five regions.

Ethnic diversity
Descendants of many peoples live in São Paulo: Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, African, German, Lebanese, Japanese. There are also descendant of peoples from other South American countries, for example Argentina and Bolivia, and other places, for example Chinese people, Jews, and South Koreans.

Every day, people from other cities or states move to São Paulo. Many are people from the Northeast region of Brazil that try to find a job in the city.

Economics
São Paulo is the commercial and industrial center of Brazil. There are factories and shops of all sizes and kinds. For example, in São Paulo there are some of the more expensive shops of Brazil, but also there are commercial districts formed only by cheap shops, and people from many places (also from other cities) buy clothing, electronics and other products at these districts.

Sports

Football is the sport with the biggest number of fans in the city. The most important clubs from the city are Corinthians, Palmeiras, and São Paulo. They are all playing in the Brazilian Série A, the major football championship in Brazil. Except Palmeiras.

There are also other big and medium teams from São Paulo, for example Portuguesa and Juventus, and many small teams. However, Santos FC, that is a club from Santos, a city in the coast, is the fourth team in number of supporters.

São Paulo also hosts the Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix, in Autódromo José Carlos Pace (known as Autódromo de Interlagos).

Other major sports are basketball and volleyball. Some people also play handball, tennis, and other sports.

Transportation
Some people do not like São Paulo because of the big number of cars, trucks and motorcycles on streets and avenues. The public transport is also very important for the people who live there. There are many bus lanes in the city, and a big Metro (underground railway) and railway system.

São Paulo has three airports and is the second city in number of helicopters of the world (New York City is the first).

Born in São Paulo
Below is a list of famous people born in São Paulo.
 Ayrton Senna
 Rubens Barrichello
 Leandro Barbosa
 Gustavo Borges
 Luciano Burti
 Cafu
 Hélio Castroneves
 Mário de Andrade
 Oswald de Andrade
 Emerson Fittipaldi
 Eder Jofre
 Amyr Klink
 Anita Malfatti
 Felipe Massa
 Fernando Meirelles
 Nenê
 José Carlos Pace
 Rivelino
 Robert Scheidt
 Ricardo Semler
 Fernando Meligeni
 Johan Pineda

Other websites

 São Paulo State Official Home Page  (in English)
 São Paulo City Official Home Page (in Portuguese)
 São Paulo Tourism Site  (in Portuguese)
 VisitSP São Paulo travel guide  (in English)

References

Capitals of Brazilian states
1550s establishments in South America
16th-century establishments in Brazil
1554 establishments

São Paulo


Michael Allan "Mike" Patton (born January 27, 1968) is an American singer. He is best known for being the singer of Faith No More.

Career
In 1984 when he was 15 years old he started Mr. Bungle. In 1989 he became the singer of Faith No More. Patton wrote all the lyrics for the band's third album, The Real Thing.  In 1991 Mr. Bungle released their first album, Mr Bungle..

1995
In 1995 Patton released three albums. Faith No More's fifth album King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime was released on March 28, 1995.

Mr Bungle released their second album Disco Volante on October 10, 1995.

1998-1999
Faith No More broke up in 1998. Patton started a noise band called Fantômas with Buzz Osborne and Dave Lombardo. In 1999 Patton started Tomahawk. He also started a record label called Ipecac Recordings with Greg Werckman. Mr Bungle released their last album California on June 13, 1999.

2000s
Patton started the band Peeping Tom in 2000. He also joined Lovage. In 2001 Tomahawk released their first album. Patton sang on The Dillinger Escape Plan's third EP, Irony Is a Dead Scene. He sung on Handsome Boy Modeling School's 2004 album White People. In 2005 he released an album with Melt-Banana called Animali In Calore Surriscaldati Con Ipertermia Genitale/Cat in Red. In 2006 Patton joined John Zorn's Moonchild Trio. Peeping Tom released their first album Peeping Tom. In 2009 Faith No More got back together. Patton made most of the soundtrack for the 2009 movie Crank: High Voltage.

2010s
On May 4 2010 Patton's third solo album Mondo Cane was released. Patton made the album with a forty-member orchestra and fifteen-piece backing band.

References

1968 births
American singer-songwriters
Living people

Mike Patton