The Legacy was a professional wrestling heel stable on World Wrestling Entertainment's Raw brand that consisted of Randy Orton, Ted DiBiase, Jr., Cody Rhodes, and former members Sim Snuka (Jimmy Reiher, Jr.) and Manu (Afa Anoa'i, Jr.). The stable was founded at Night of Champions when Cody Rhodes turned on Hardcore Holly forming "Priceless" with Ted DiBiase Jr. Legacy held the WWE Tag Team Championship twice with Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase holding the titles on two separate occasions.

History

Roots

(December 2007-Mid 2008)
The roots of the team started December 10 2007, on the Raw 15th anniversary, when Cody Rhodes and Hardcore Holly defeated Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch for the World Tag Team Championship.
They retained the championship in many matches, against fellow tag-teams such as Carlito and Santino Marella, and Paul London and Brian Kendrick.

Rhodes and Holly would then enter a feud with Ted Dibiase and his mystery partner, when DiBiase Jr. and The Million Dollar Man Ted DiBiase, Sr., appeared in a segment on Raw. DiBiase and his father, challenged Rhodes and Holly to a title match at Night of Champions (2008) against DiBiase (Jr.) and a mystery partner which they accepted. At Night of Champions DiBiase came to the ring unaccompanied and said his partner would be there. However, the bell rang and there was no partner for it to be a two on one handicap match. DiBiase demanded that he face Holly first and as DiBiase approached Holly, Holly was attacked by his tag team partner Rhodes, revealing that he was DiBiase's tag team partner, turning Rhodes heel and in the process. Rhodes and DiBiase became the new tag team champions.

Priceless

After holding the titles for just over a month, they dropped it to John Cena and Batista on the August 4 edition of Raw. The following week, DiBiase and Rhodes used their rematch clause to regain the title. Rhodes and DiBiase were joined by Manu, forming a stable of multi-generational superstars. On the October 27, 2008 edition of Raw, Rhodes and DiBiase lost their titles to Kofi Kingston and CM Punk. During this time, Rhodes, DiBiase and Manu entered a storyline with Randy Orton where Orton constantly criticized and insulted them, and attacked DiBiase on November 7, on Raw; punting him in the head. At Survivor Series, Rhodes, along with Orton, was a sole survivor, for Orton's team, in the Elimination match.

The Legacy (Mid 2008-Early 2010)
Rhodes and Manu accepted Orton's offer to form an alliance a few weeks after the "DiBiase incident"; attacking John Cena along with Chris Jericho, and the trio dubbed themselves "The Legacy"; debuting the following week in a 2 on 3 handicap match against Batista and the WWE Champion Triple H, and although they were now a stable, neither one of the three made any changes in their attire.

The December 15th edition of Raw they defeated Batista and the World Heavyweight Champion John Cena, in a match where Orton punted Batista in the head, leaving him indefinitely inactive (actually due to a torn hamstring), also that night Cody and Manu interfered in Rey Mysterio's match against Sim Snuka, giving a beating to Rey, who was later attacked by Mike Knox.,

Randy Orton and Cody Rhodes and Ted Dibiase JR formed Legacy

The following week; December 22, Orton qualified for a Fatal Four Way Elimination Match, his opponent being the now unable to compete Batista, while the same night, Manu lost to Kofi Kingston in a one on one match, with Rhodes at ringside.

After Orton grew tired of The Legacy losing matches, in an ongoing quest to mold his disciples; he informed Cody Rhodes, Sim Snuka and Manu that that very night they would have to complete their first test. Each man would have to compete in a singles match. Each man who won would have completed "step one," any man who lost would be out of his Legacy; the only man that lost was Manu.

While same that night, Kelly Kelly confronted her real secret romance Randy Orton, After lying to Kane about his identity two weeks previous. After listening to Kelly Kelly berate him for not calling her back, Orton told Kelly that he didn't need her to protect him against Kane. He then blew her off by telling her that he didn't need any distractions while vying for the World Heavyweight Championship, this caused an alteration in between Kane and Orton, in a match where Kane jobbed to Kane, and thus ending the feud.

In the Elimination Fatal Four Way to determine who would follow to face John Cena at the Royal Rumble, in between Y2J, Orton, Shawn Michaels and JBL, just as Jericho prepared to lock JBL into the Walls of Jericho, Michaels laid out the first ever Undisputed Champion Chris Jericho with a Sweet Chin Music. Next up, it was Orton who found himself on the receiving end of Sweet Chin Music.
On the January 5, 2009 edition of Raw, Cody Rhodes and Sim Snuka competed against Cryme Tyme for "step two". They won the match when Rhodes pinned JTG. However, Since it was Rhodes who scored the pinfall victory in the match and not Snuka, Orton declared that Snuka was out and that Rhodes was in for good.
On the January 12 episode of Raw, Snuka and Manu vowed to ambush Randy Orton, along with the returning DiBiase, giving Rhodes the chance to join them. As they ambushed Orton, DiBiase and Rhodes instead joined with Randy Orton attacked Snuka and Manu, severing their ties and starting a feud in between them. DiBiase then formally joined The Legacy. Stephanie McMahon announced that Orton, Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase would participate in the Royal Rumble.
The next week Orton won a six-man-over-the-top-rope-battle-royal, against Kofi Kingston, Kane, Santino Marella, Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase, the two last helping Orton win the match, eliminating his opponents for him, later in the night; Mr McMahon made his return to Raw, but as McMahon was about to fire Orton, Orton punted him in the head, and had McMahon taken out on a stretcher. On January 25, 2009, Orton won the 2009 Royal Rumble match, by last eliminating Triple H, and winning the traditional WrestleMania title shot.

Orton opened Raw the night after the Royal Rumble, flanked by the members of the Legacy, Rhodes and DiBiase, as well as two lawyers and a therapist. He followed to reveal that he (kayfabe) suffers from IED (Intermittent Explosive Disorder, a mental condition that caused him to experience violent outbursts when provoked, losing all control of his emotions and actions). According to Orton and his therapist, WWE knew of the condition, and if fired, the Orton said that he planned on not only taking Rhodes and DiBiase with him, but also on bringing a lawsuit against the company.

The leader of the Legacy then detailed his plans for a second lawsuit, suing for breach of contract if he is not granted the opportunity to compete in the main event of WrestleMania XXV, an honor he earned by defeating 29 other Superstars in the Royal Rumble Match the night before. Before leaving with Rhodes, DiBiase, his therapist and his lawyers, Orton issued a prepared, half-hearted apology to Mr. McMahon, his family and the WWE Universe.

At the close of the show, Stephanie McMahon entered the ring, expressing her desire to speak to Randy Orton face-to-face. Accompanied by his therapist, two lawyers, Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase, the 2009 Royal Rumble winner made his entrance, reiterating the consequences waiting for Stephanie if she was to fire him: Two costly lawsuits being filed against WWE as well as DiBiase and Rhodes walking. The Legend Killer went even further, threatening to file an injunction to stop WrestleMania, the event at which he is guaranteed a World Title Match.

After daring McMahon to fire him, the Raw General Manager announced that they had other plans for him – even beyond the Superstars that engulfed the ring. With that, Stephanie's brother Shane McMahon made his entrance, and attacked Orton with such ferocity that it took the entire Raw roster to restrain him.

The following week Orton challenged McMahon to a  No Holds Barred match at No Way Out, which Shane accepted.

The next week Orton faced The Undertaker and lost by desqualification, while Rhodes and DiBiase defeated Cryme Tyme. Orton would then go on to feud with then WWE Champion Triple H, for what Orton and Legacy had done to Triple H's family. On the March 2nd edition of Raw, Randy Orton chose to face Triple H in the main event at Wrestlemania 25. At Wrestlemania 25 Triple H would defeat Randy Orton after hitting him with a sledgehammer and a pedigree. The night after Wrestlemania 25, Orton had a one on one match with Mr. McMahon, just as Orton was about to go for the punt kick, Shane McMahon came to the aid of his father; this prompted Rhodes and DiBiase to come out and attack Shane; which then lead to Triple H coming out. As Legacy were attacking Triple H, Batista returned to attack Randy Orton for what he did to him in December of 2008.

On the February 22nd 2010 episode of Monday Night RAW, Orton made a 6-Man Tag Match because he was thinking Legacy needed to form together and Randy even said he was sorry but after Orton left the scene, it was revealed that Ted and Cody were planning to betray Randy once and for all but during the match, when Cody tagged Randy out, while entering the ring, Orton shockingly DDT'd Cody. Ted was in shock because he realized Orton figured out their plan which lead to Orton supposedly turning into a face and RKO'd Ted DiBiase right on the spot and left the arena leaving Evan Bourne to pin the fallen Cody Rhodes.

In wrestling
Finishing and signature moves

Randy Orton
 RKO - Jumping cutter
 Running punt (Running punt)

Cody Rhodes
 The Silver Spoon DDTFlowing snap DDT
 Rolling Cutter

"Priceless" Ted DiBiase
 Priceless Dream Cobra Clutch
 Cobra Clutch Leg Sweep Cobra Clutch Leg Sweep

Theme music
 "Voices" by Rev Theory (Used by Randy Orton and when he entered the ring  with Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase)
 "Priceless" by Jim Johnston (Previously used for Cody Rhodes, Ted DiBiase, Sim Snuka and Manu when they entered the ring on their own and together.)
 "Priceless (Remix)" by Jim Johnston (Used for Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase when they enter the ring on their own and together.)

Championships and accomplishments
 World Wrestling Entertainment

 Royal Rumble (2009) - Randy Orton
 WWE Championship (5 times) - Randy Orton

References

Other websites
 Cody Rhodes's WWE Profile
 Ted DiBiase's's WWE Profile
 Randy Orton's WWE Profile

WWE teams and stables

The Legacy (professional wrestling)


A conch is a sea-dwelling mollusc. It is a marine gastropod. The ch at the end of 'conch' may be pronounced hard or soft.

Many other gastropods have common names with conch in them. They are however not true conches, in the family
Strombidae. One such example is the Horse Conch (Pleuroploca gigantea).  The genus Strombus is made up of the true conches.

While most Strombid species are extinct, at least 65 species still exist. Of these, most are in the Indo-Pacific Oceans while six are in the greater Caribbean region. Living true conch species include the Queen Conch, Strombus gigas, and the West Indian Fighting Conch (Strombus pugilis).

Many conch, such as the Queen Conch, are found among beds of sea grass in warm tropical waters.

Strombus gigas is included in Appendix II of the UNEP's CITES list of endangered species and international trade is heavily restricted.

Anatomy

Conches have spirally constructed shells. Depending on species (or aberrant growth patterns), shell growth can be sinistral (left-handed) or dextral (right-handed).

Conches have long eye stalks, a long and narrow aperture, and a siphonal canal with an indentation near the anterior end. This indentation is called a stromboid notch. They also have a foot ending in a pointed, sickle-shaped, horny operculum. They grow a flared lip on their shells upon reaching sexual maturity.

Conches have a characteristic leaping motion, using their pointed, sickle-shaped, horny operculum to propel themselves forward. They lay eggs in long, gelatinous strands.

Human use

The animal inside the shell is eaten, either raw, as in salads, or cooked, as in fritters, chowders, gumbos, and burgers. In East Asian cuisines, the meat is often cut into thin slices and then steamed or stir-fried. Conch meat is also often confused with Scungilli, which is more accurately whelk meat.

Conch shells are sometimes used as decoration, as decorative planters, and in cameo-making. As with other mollusk shells, they are ground up into an ingredient in porcelain. In classic Mayan art, conches are shown being utilized in many ways including as paint and ink holders for elite scribes, as bugle or trumpet, and as hand weapons (held by combatants by inserting their hands in the aperture).

In some countries, cleaned Queen Conch (Strombus gigas) shells or polished fragments are sold, mainly to tourists, as souvenirs or in jewelry. Without a permit however, export is a breach of CITES regulations and may lead to arrest  . This is most likely to occur on return to the tourist's home country while clearing customs. In the UK conch shells are the 9th most seized import.

Conch shells are occasionally used as a building material, either in place of bricks or as bulk for landfill.

It is also believed to be used as a weapon by the earliest Caribbean natives.

Playing the conch shell
Conch shells are sometimes made into crude bugles by removing the small tip of the shell to form a mouthpiece. Such instruments are used in the Pacific Islands as well as in many parts of Asia.  While lacking the range capabilities and tonal quality of brass instruments, the conch shell is still an interesting instrument to play. As it has no mouthpiece or valves, the embouchure in shell playing is critical. Most shells will only naturally play one note, but with pitch manipulations, multiple sounds can be achieved.  The insertion of the hand and the placement of the fingers will also change the pitch of the shell.  The conch shell is said to be the musical instrument of mermaids and mermen. Steve Turre is the leading innovator of the shell.  It is sometimes found in classical works, such as the symphony piece "La Noche de Los Mayas", or "Night of the Mayas", which was premiered in 1939 with Jacob Watkins on percussion and conch.

Religious symbolism

Hindu tradition

The conch shell is a major Hindu article of prayer, used as a trumpeting announcement of all sorts. The God of Preservation, Vishnu, is said to hold a special conch, Panchajanya, that represents life as it has come out of life-giving waters. In the story of Dhruva the divine conch plays a special part. The warriors of ancient India would blow conch shells to announce battle, such as is famously represented in the beginning of the war of Kurukshetra in the Mahabharata, the famous Hindu epic. The conch shell is a deep part of Hindu symbolic and religious tradition. To this very day, many Hindus use the conch as a part of their religious practices, blowing it during worship at specific points, accompanied by ceremonial bells.

See also: Krishna

Buddhist tradition
Buddhism also has incorporated the conch into its symbolism. See: Buddhist symbolism.

Literature
William Golding's Lord of the Flies features frequent references to "The Conch". In the novel, a conch shell is blown to call the other boys together. It is held by whoever is speaking at meetings, symbolically representing democracy and order. When Roger, Jack's lieutenant, smashes the shell, it is a sign that civilized order has collapsed and Jack's domination has begun.

Media

Bivalves

Conch


A brassière, commonly called a bra, is an undergarment for women. Its main purpose is to support their breasts, but is sometimes also used for sexual attraction in the form of lingerie. The bra is a nineteenth century invention which took off as a fashion garment in the 20th century.

Brassière measurement
Brassière measurement (also called bust size or bra size) refers to the size of bra a woman wears. Bra sizes were first introduced in the 1910s. The sizes vary from one manufacturer to another. Bra size systems are often used to label off-shelf bras and not custom-made bras.

The term cup, in relation to bras, began being used in 1916 when two patents were issued. Cup sizes are given in letters such as A, B, C, D, E, F and G the Further the letter is the bigger the bra needed so for example a C size bra is bigger than an A size bra.
Bra sizes in most countries have a number and a letter (for example, 34B). The number comes from the measurement of the ribcage directly underneath the breasts. The letter is a measure of how much larger the breasts are than the ribcage. This is found by measuring the chest over the breasts (across the nipples) and subtracting the ribcage measurement from the breast measurement, then finding the matching letter of the alphabet. For example, someone with a 3-inch difference between the breast measurement and the ribcage measurement would have a C-cup bra. However, this does not always work, since different manufacturers have differently-sized bras. Many women prefer to find a brand and size that works for them by trial and error.

Many Males and Females can find looking at bulging bras arousing.

Underwear
Breasts

Brassière


Factors of production are means necessary for the production of goods and services in economics.

Classical economics has three factors:
 Land or natural resources – goods that exist in nature before any such as soil and minerals and that are used in the creation of products. The payment for land is rent.
 Labor – human effort used in production. That means technical expertise and marketing expertise, too. The payment for labor is a wage.
 Capital goods – human-made goods (or means of production) which are used in the production of other goods. These include machinery, tools and buildings. In a general sense, the payment for capital is called interest or profit.

Other page
Means of production

Factors of production


Joey Walters (born October 29, 1954) is a former slotback and wide receiver who played in the Canadian Football League, mainly for the Saskatchewan Roughriders. He later played for the Washington Federals and the Orlando Renegades of the USFL. Walters played college football at Clemson University.

Early career

Walters played football at West Florence High School.  In 2006, he was inducted into the Florence Area Hall of Fame.

Clemson

Walters played for the Clemson Tigers from 1973–1976 under head coach Red Parker.  He served as co-captain in the 1976 season and caught 26 passes (6th overall in the ACC) for 392 yards and two touchdowns.

Canadian Football League

Winnipeg Blue Bombers

Walters started his professional career in 1977 with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.  He played in four games, catching six passes for 59 yards, before being traded to the Saskatchewan Roughriders.

Saskatchewan Roughriders

He finished the remaining 10 games of the 1977 season with the Roughriders, catching 23 more balls for 404 yards and four touchdowns.  Walters would go on to play five more seasons in Saskatchewan, culminating in back-to-back West and CFL All-Star honors from 1981–1982.

Walters left the Roughriders and the CFL in 1982, but he is still widely regarded as one of the greatest players in team history.  In 1990, he was inducted into the team's Plaza of Honor.

United States Football League

In 1983, Walters signed with the Washington Federals of the USFL.  He spent three years with the team, including the 1985 season when they moved to Florida and became the Orlando Renegades.  Walters' best season was in 1984, when he caught 98 passes for 1410 yards and 13 touchdowns.  Although the Federals had a 12-42 record over the USFL's three seasons, Walters' performance was enough to merit him Honorable Mention honors on the USFL All-Time Team.

National Football League

Two years after the USFL folded, Walters signed with the Houston Oilers as a replacement player during the 1987 NFL strike. In just five games, he caught five passes for 99 yards while also helping out in the return game.

Post-football career

After he was done playing football, Walters was employed by Davgar Restaurants, serving as the company's Marketing Manager before being promoted to Director of Marketing.  He also worked with Burger King Corporation as a marketing representative for the Southeast Region.

Since 2000, he has worked with Florida Citrus Sports, a not-for-profit organization in Orlando, Florida, that produces sports events such as the Capital One Bowl and Champs Sports Bowl.  Walters handles operations and team support, coordinating with football operations officials from the participating bowl schools on practices and game day needs.  In addition, he is the director of the Florida Classic, the annual showdown between the Bethune–Cookman Wildcats and the Florida A&M Rattlers that is currently the nation's largest HBCU football game.  Florida Citrus Sports manages the Florida Classic on behalf of the two schools.

Walters is also the director of FCSports' summer camp program, a cornerstone of the company's Foundation.  The Summer Camp is a free camp for low-income families in Central Florida and focuses on promoting the "Four A's" – Athletics, Academics, Attitude and Achievement.

Personal life

Walters resides in Winter Springs, Florida, with his wife, Patricia, and their son, Leo.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091021120241/http://geocities.com/cfl_historical/Walters.Joey.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120404184341/http://www.theacc.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/021006aab.html
 https://archive.today/20130118184225/http://communities.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/blogs/roughriders/archive/2009/02/23/catching-up-with-joey-walters.aspx
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110807001928/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=WALTEJOE01
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120523200305/http://www2.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/columnists/story.html?id=59af035e-0acc-4810-ae84-6239445458f0
 http://www.cflapedia.com/Players/w/walters_joey.htm
 http://www.oursportscentral.com/usfl/stat84was.php

1954 births
Living people
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football slotbacks
Canadian football wide receivers
Clemson Tigers football players
Houston Oilers players
National Football League replacement players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Washington Federals/Orlando Renegades players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players

Joey Walters


Frank Iemke Kooyman (Born Iemke Daniels Kooijman) (November 12, 1880 – September 13, 1963) was a hymnwriter who wrote several hymns used by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Kooyman was born in Terschelling, West Frisian Islands, Netherlands on November 12, 1880.  He moved to Amsterdam in 1897, and was baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1899. From 1902 to 1905 he served as an LDS missionary in the Netherlands.  Kooyman spent most of his adult life living in Utah.

In 1929 he returned to the Netherlands as mission president and served in this capacity for four years, residing there with his wife and three children. He wrote many articles that were published in the local press while in this capacity.

While mission president, Kooyman translated at least fifty hymns into Dutch and published a Dutch hymnal. He later assisted in making new Dutch translations of the Book of Mormon, Doctrine and Covenants and Pearl of Great Price. He translated the temple ordinances into Dutch.

Kooyman worked in the office of the Church Historian on his return from the Netherlands. He was on the committee that compiled the 1948 English hymnal of the LDS Church.

In the current English edition of the hymnal are the following hymns for which Kooyman wrote the text:
"In Memory of the Crucified" (Hymn # 190)
"How Beautiful Thy Temples Lord" (Hymn # 288)
"Thy Spirit, Lord, Has Stirred Our Souls" (Hymn # 157)
"Thy Will, O Lord, Be Done" (Hymn # 188)

References
Cornwall, J. Spencer. Stories of Our Latter-day Saint Hymns
Hymns. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1985.

1880 births
1963 deaths
20th-century Mormon missionaries
Converts to Mormonism
Dutch hymnwriters
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Dutch leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Dutch Mormon missionaries
Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
Dutch Latter Day Saint hymnwriters
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Mormon missionaries in the Netherlands
People from Terschelling
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Frank I. Kooyman


Cardowan is a suburb situated in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the north-eastern outskirts of Glasgow.

Originally built around Cardowan Colliery, Garnkirk fire-clay works and clay mines in the immediate area, Cardowan's proximity to Glasgow has been key to its expansion over the years, which has seen the former colliery site being transformed into a large scale residential development.

History
The oldest documented reference to Cardowan comes from the Charters of David I of Scotland regarding the lands around Cardowan, Easter Cardowan, and Cardowan Muir. These areas of land currently include the Forestry Commission's Cardowan Moss and the village of Cardowan.

The oldest surviving buildings in the area are St. Joseph's RC Church, the original St. Joseph's School, Craigendmuir House, as well as older structures in adjacent Stepps.
Excluding Cardowan Drive and the northern end of Cardowan Road which are often regarded as being part of Stepps, the earliest housing in the area which is still existing was built in the late 1930s to early 40s and served to replace housing in the (now extinct) nearby villages of Garnkirk and Heathfield.

The streets of Cardowan Road, Clayhouse Road, and Frankfield Road were constructed first, with the easternmost end of the latter being renamed Ardtoe Crescent and Place and Dorlin Road a short time later.
Thereafter further housing was built in the 1950s creating the streets of Craigendmuir Road, Comedie Road and an extension to Clayhouse Road. Following this in the 1960s, Drimnin Road, and Mossview Road (including Resipol Road and Gaskin Path) were completed. Due to the shortages of building materials during the second World War the last five blocks on Frankfield Road were built with flat roofs which were only replaced in the 1980s.
The 1980s also brought the construction of Blaneview and further housing on Clayhouse Road, and in the 1990s Nicholson Court was built on the site of the original Stepps railway station and sidings.

Cardowan Colliery
The mine at Cardowan was the site of several accidents including the explosion of 1927 in which on 1 August at 3:50pm 3 men were killed. (John Kilpatrick, Maurice M'Bride, George Jackson)  A further explosion occurred in 1932 on 16 November in which 11 men were killed. (William Bradley, Michael Flynn, Peter Frati (formerly Jacobelli), William McAlister, John McNab, James McVey, Richard Maroney, George Mullen, James Reynolds, John Watt, John Whiteford) Then again in Jan 1982 there was another explosion at some 1700 feet underground and 2 miles from the pithead, resulting in 41 injuries. The mine finally closed at the end of 1983.

Transport
The fastest method of public transport to Glasgow or Cumbernauld is by train from . A bus service operates from Cumbernauld Road which also connects the above destinations. By road, there is a choice of routes; to Glasgow or Edinburgh via the M80 and the M8. The M80 to Cumbernauld and Stirling also provides access to the M73, leading to the M74 southbound to Hamilton, Carlisle and onto the M6 to England.

Neighbourhoods in North Lanarkshire
Greater Glasgow
Mining communities in Scotland

nl:Stepps

Cardowan


Lactarius torminosus, commonly known as the woolly milkcap or the bearded milkcap, is a mushroom in the genus Lactarius. It is a common and widely distributed fungus, found in North Africa, northern Asia, Northern Europe, and North America. L. torminosus associates with various trees, most commonly birch, and the mushrooms grow on the ground singly or in groups in mixed forests.  Although it is valued for its peppery flavor and eaten after suitable preparation in Russia and Finland, it is highly irritating to the digestive system when eaten raw. The toxins responsible for the acrid taste are destroyed by cooking.

The caps of L. torminosus mushrooms are convex with a central depression, and attain a diameter of up to . Its color is a blend of pink and ochre hues, sometimes with circular zones of darker shades. The edge of the cap is rolled inwards, and shaggy when young. On the underside of the caps are narrow flesh-colored gills crowded closely together. It is on these fertile gill surfaces that the spore-bearing cells, the basidia are found. The cylindrical stem is a pale flesh color with a downy surface, reaching a length of up to  and a thickness of . When cut or injured, the fruit bodies ooze a white latex that does not change color upon exposure to air. The variety normandensis, in contrast, has latex that changes from white to yellow.

Mushrooms

Lactarius torminosus


The Mojo Blues Band is a blues band from Austria which was formed in 1977 by guitarist Eric Trauner and pianist Joachim Palden. The name of the band is derivated from "mojo", a talisman in the voodoo cult.

Band history
The founders of the band played before 1977 in clubs of Vienna. In 1977 Palden won a boogie woogie contest. The first prize was a record contract. They decided to form a band, which they named "Mojo Blues Band". The line up was:
 guitar, vocals Erik Trauner
 piano Joachim Palden
 bass Matthias Mitsch
 drums Bobby Sperling
Being the only blues band in Vienna they were often booked as backing band for blues artists who were touring in Austria. They played for example with Johnny Shines, J. B. Hutto, Charlie Musselwhite, Louisiana Red, Sunnyland Slim, Champion Jack Dupree, Homesick James, Honeyboy Edwards, Leon Thomas, Katie Webster, Hal Singer, Jan Harrington and Eddie Clearwater. They also played together with Axel Zwingenberger. This is documented on CDs.

In 1980 they teamed with Dana Gillespie and changed their style more to Rhythm ´n Blues. At the early 1990s their song Alligator Walk became a hit in the US Shag 8 a special dance) scene. Following this they toured North- and South Carolina. 1989 they visited Chicago and came back with 16 hours material they have recorded with musicians from Chicago. The CD "The Wild Taste of Chicago" was made out of this tapes. 1993 Christian Dozzler left the band to form his own group. So Eric Trauner had to learn playing the harp.

2001 the band played her last concert consisting of:
 Erik Trauner, (voc, guit, slideguit, harp)
 Daniel Gugolz (bass),
 Markus Toyfl (guit)
 Peter Müller (drums)
 Thomas Horneck (piano)
Peter Müller founded the label Styx Records. But soon Trauner formed the band again. Members are:
 Siggi Fassl (vocals, guit)
 Charlie Furthner (piano)
 Didi Mattersberger (drums)
 Herfried Knapp (bass)

List of blues musicians they have played with

Discograhie

Mojo Blues Band
 Shake That Boogie, 1978
 Hey Bartender, 1980
 ... And the Boogie Woogie Flu, 1982
 Hot Bricks, 1984
 Midnight in Swampland, 1987
 Champ's Housewarming, feat.: Champion Jack Dupree, Axel Zwingenberger, Thorsten Zwingenberger, 1988
 The Wild Taste of Chicago, feat.: A. C. Reed, Big Mojo Elem, Willie Kent, Taildragger, Tim Taylor, 1989
 Alligator Walk, 1991
 Super Blues News (3 CD-Box), 1992
 Blues Roll On, feat.: Johnnie Allan, Harry Siomoneaux, Taildragger, Big Mojo Elem, Big Wheeler, Steve Bell, Little Mac Simmons1994
 Rhythm & Blues Party feat. Red Holloway (sax), 1996
 20 Years in the Blues Jungle, 1997
 A Chicago Blues Night Live, feat.: Taildragger, 1999
 Southern Blues Cruise, 1999
 Blues-Parade 2000 Vol.1 und Vol.2 (DoppelCD-Box), feat.: Jimmy McCracklin, Nappy Brown, Jimmy Anderson, Bob Gaddy, Larry Dale, ua.,''1999
 Get Out Blues, 2004
 Thirty Year Blues Affair, 2007

Erik Trauner Solo
 Up Slide Down, 1995
 I'll Fly Away, 1998
 A Scarecrow´s Moan 2006

Singles 45rpm und CD-Singles
 1982 Sea Cruise (45 rpm): Bellaphon 100-31-005
 1988 Rosa Lee (45 rpm): EMI Austria 12C006 1334337
 1988 Shim Sham Shimmy/Hungarian Stew Axel Zwingenberger/Champion Jack Dupree/MBB (45 rpm): Vagabond VRSGL 8.88014-7
 1991 Alligator Walk/ Mellow, Though & Easy (45 rpm): EMI Austria 1-33484-7
 1992 Wintertime Is Coming/ Sleepless (45 rpm): EMI Austria 12C 006-133492-7
 1992: All My Money´s Gone/ Better Of Dead (45 rpm): EMI Austria 863004-7
 1992: All My Money´s Gone/ Better Of Dead/Rollin´and Squezzing (CD - Maxi): EMI Austria 863004-2

Videos
 The Wild Taste of Chicago, 1989

Other websites
 Official website

Blues bands

Mojo Blues Band


The terms lamb, mutton  or hoggett are used to describe the meat of a domestic sheep.  The meat of a sheep a year old or younger is generally known as lamb, whereas the meat of an older sheep is either hoggett or mutton depending on its age and characteristics.  In some countries all such meat is referred to as lamb.  All of these are known as sheepmeats.

The meat of a lamb is taken from the animal between one month and one year old, with a weight of between 5.5 and 30 kilograms.  This meat generally is more tender than that from older sheep and is often eaten more often in some western countries, most often on Easter.

Hoggett and mutton can taste more flavorful than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids; many therefore prefer the stronger flavour of older animals.

References

Meat

Mutton


The word fiddle refers to a violin when used in folk music. Many people also use it simply as a fun word for "violin". Someone who plays the fiddle is a "fiddler". The bow is sometimes called a "fiddling stick". Fiddle playing, or fiddling, is a style of folk music.

The word fiddle is also used for instruments of several hundred years ago which developed into the violin. These instruments varied a lot from one country to another and one time to another. They were of different shapes and sizes, and even had many different names. Often they were held against the chest instead of being tucked under the chin. In the Middle Ages a small, narrow violin called a kit was often used by dancing masters. It was small enough to be put in a pocket. In south eastern Europe there was even a fiddle with a belly (the front of the instrument) made of skin. Fiddle strings were usually made of gut.

Many fiddles have bridges which are flatter on top than those of classical violins. The flatter bridges makes it easier to play chords and to bow quickly from one string to another. The strings are tuned in a variety of ways. A player might even change the tuning for playing different pieces of music. Tunings other than the regular G-D-A-E tuning, such as G-D-G-D or A-E-A-E, are common. One, two or three of the strings may have been used for a drone (continuous note) while playing the tune on the top string(s).

Many fiddlers have not received classical training but have learned by listening to other fiddlers and copying them. The music they play is dance music. Classical violin playing developed out of country fiddle playing. Most fiddlers use bows which are the same as violin bows, but in some countries such as Hungary they use shorter, heavier bows with horse hair that is tied around the frog (the heel of the bow). With this type of bow the player tightens the hair by squeezing it while playing.

Fiddles were played by people from all areas of society: from noble people to simple peasants. Many of them were minstrels who entertained important people. Some of them may have been able to read music, but many would have learned by copying other players and memorizing the music. At important feasts the minstrels may have played music while walking up to the high table when the food was brought in. They played to accompany dancers and singers, and even acrobats. We can see from old paintings that they sometimes played with other instruments such as trumpets, drums or percussion. We do not know the music they played because it was never written down, but some tunes we still hear today may have come from those old tunes, since some people still learn tunes by ear, from people who learned them by ear, and so on. Some American "old-time" tunes, and some Breton tunes may have come to us in this way, for example.

Related pages
 Violin
 Rebec
 Hardanger fiddle

String instruments
Folk instruments

Fiddle


A computer museum is a museum for the study of historic computer hardware and software. The International Council of Museums defines a "museum" as a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates, and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment, for the purposes of education, study, and enjoyment".

Some computer museums are a part of larger institutions. For example, the Science Museum in London and the Deutsches Museum in Munich. Others, such as the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, the MuseumsForum in Paderborn, and The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park, deal only with computing. Some deal mainly in the early history of computing. Others focus in the era that started with the first personal computers such as the Apple I, Altair 8800, Apple IIs, older Apple Macintoshes, Commodore Internationals, Amigas, IBM PCs and more rare computers such as the Osborne 1. Some deal more on research and conservation. Some museums are for computer education and entertainment.  There are also private collections.

The term 'museum' has grown in common usage to include online collections, in much the same way other activities have made the change ('Online shopping', 'Online Gallery' etc.). Online Museums range in type and quality from those that collate and preserve material to those that simply show photographs of hardware from other sources. They are different from traditional museums mainly in that the exhibits can not be touched or interacted with in the traditional sense.

Further reading
Bell, Gordon (2011). Out of a Closet: The Early Years of the Computer Museums. Microsoft Technical Report MSR-TR-2011-44.
Bruemmer, Bruce H. (1987). Resources for the History of Computing: A Guide to U.S. & Canadian Records. Charles Babbage Institute.
Cortada, James W. (1990). Archives of Data-Processing History: A Guide to Major U.S. Collections. Greenwood

Notes and references

Other websites

Online museums
Bitsavers – Extensive software and document archive.
Bull computer History
Columbia University Computing History
Early Office Museum – Bookkeeping, adding, calculating, tabulating machines.
ENIAC Museum, University of Pennsylvania
IBM Archives
Information Processing Society of Japan – IPSJ Computer Museum
old-computers.com – , it includes 935 computers, 84 consoles and 98 pongs.
Russian Virtual Computer Museum
The Apple Museum – ...more than 350 Apple products listed
The Computer Collector
Videocard virtual museum – Videocard personal collection

North American museums
iMusée  (Montreal, Quebec, Canada)
Intel Museum (Santa Clara, Ca.)
Microsoft Visitor Center (Redmond, Wash.) – ...vision, products, culture, and history of Microsoft.
Old Computer Museum (Mass.) – Private collection
Smithsonian Computer History Collection (Wash. D.C.)

European museums
Retro Computer Museum (Leicestershire, England) – Regular open days and hands-on events.
ComputerMuseum–Muenchen (Muenchen, Germany) – With a division for Seymour Cray/CDC/Cray Research
FWT UNESCO Computer Museum (Padova, Italy)
Heinz Nixdorf Museum  (Paderborn, Germany) – Claims to be the largest.
House for the History of IBM Data Processing  (Sindelfingen, Germany)
The Jim Austin Computer Collection (York, England) – A private collection that can be visited by appointment.
The technikum29 museum (nr. Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany) – A small museum of computer and communications technology that specializes in maintaining and demonstrating equipment in fully working order.
The UK National Archive for the History of Computing  (Manchester, England) – Concentrates on the preservation of historical documents related to computing, rather than on the computers themselves.
Universiteit van Amsterdam – Computer Museum (The Netherlands)

Lists of Computer museums
Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum's extensive links for the history of computers and technology
The Computer Collector: listing of collections, museums, historical information

Museums
Computers

Computer museum


Huang Rong is a fictional female protagonist in the wuxia novel The Legend of the Condor Heroes by Jin Yong. She also appears as a supporting character in the sequel, The Return of the Condor Heroes.

In The Legend of the Condor Heroes
Huang Rong was born to Huang Yaoshi and Feng Heng. Her mother died shortly after she was born and her father raised her all by himself on Peach Blossom Island. She was an intelligent child and quick learner, so her father imparted her with all his skills and knowledge. She flees from home after a quarrel with her father and disguises herself as a beggar by donning filthy rags.

Huang Rong meets Guo Jing for the first time in an inn while she was arguing with a waiter. Guo Jing feels sorry for her and decides to pay for her meal. Huang Rong finds him interesting and she orders all kinds of fine cuisine and shares with him. Guo Jing even gives her some gold ingots he received from Genghis Khan. When she asks, he offers her his prized Ferghana horse, a rare Central Asian breed. Since then, Huang Rong is attracted to Guo Jing as she sees that he is a simple, honest and innocent young lad.

Guo Jing and Huang Rong embark on adventure together even though Guo's teachers, the "Seven Freaks of Jiangnan", dislike Huang and oppose Guo's decision to be with her. They meet Hong Qigong, who teaches Guo Jing the Eighteen Dragon Subduing Palms () to repay Huang Rong's favours of preparing fine cuisine for him every day during the brief period of time he spent with them.

Hong Qigong initially refuses to teach Huang Rong any skills when he learns that she is the daughter of his friendly rival, Huang Yaoshi. However, he starts to like her for her adorable nature, and especially after she and Guo Jing saved him from Ouyang Feng. He fought with Ouyang Feng and won but was bitten by the latter's poisonous serpent, and lost all his inner energy while purging the venom from his body. He teaches Huang Rong his Dog Beating Staff Technique after deciding to pass on his position as the chief of the Beggars' Gang to her.

Huang Rong plays a significant role in Yang Kang's death although she does not kill him directly. Yang Kang attacks her with a palm strike in an attempt to prevent her from revealing the truth behind the murders he committed. However, instead, he hits the spikes on the soft armour she is wearing. The armour was incidentally stained with venom from a rare snake bred by Ouyang Feng and the poison seeps through Yang Kang's wounds into his body and kills him eventually.

Towards the end of the novel, on the summit of Mount Hua, Huang Yaoshi finally consents to his daughter's marriage to Guo Jing.

In The Return of the Condor Heroes
Guo Jing and Huang Rong play supporting roles in the character development of the protagonist Yang Guo in the sequel. The couple have three children (Guo Fu, Guo Xiang, and Guo Polu) and have also accepted the brothers Wu Xiuwen and Wu Dunru as their students.

During their first meeting with Yang Guo, Guo Jing accepts the boy immediately and wants to raise him like a son and groom him to become a young hero. However, Huang Rong has reservations over her husband's decision. She feels that Yang Guo bears an uncanny resemblance to his late father in his attitude and behaviour, and does not fully trust the boy. Yang was taught only literary arts and Confucian values during the brief period of time he spent with the couple. This prejudice was reinforced when Huang always place the blame on Yang Guo whenever her daughter did something wrong to him, notably shown when she supports Guo Fu for slicing off Yang Guo's arm due to her believing that Yang Guo kidnapped her daughter and used her life to exchange for an antidote to a poison he suffers from due to an earlier incident with Gongsun Zhi (until she knows the truth and became regretful for blaming him).

Huang Rong is responsible for the split of Xiaolongnü and Yang Guo many times. Huang Rong's attitude towards Yang Guo changes over time as her husband shows high regard for the boy and especially after Yang Guo selflessly saved their family from danger again and again. At one point, she fears for Guo Fu's life, after her daughter sliced off Yang Guo's arm in a heated quarrel, but Yang Guo forgives Guo Fu and saves her life later. Huang Rong only fully trusts Yang Guo after he saved Guo Xiang from the Mongols in a later chapter.

Huang Rong joins her husband in defending Xiangyang and provides him with all the support to resist the Mongol invaders. They eventually defeated the Mongols and prolonged Xiangyang's existence as a Song territory for another 13 years before it finally fell to the Mongols prior to the events of the sequel The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber.

In The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber
In The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber, it is revealed that the couple realise that the eventual fall of Xiangyang is inevitable, so they wrote their knowledge of martial arts and military strategy on scrolls and hid them separately in the blades of the Heaven Reliant Sword and Dragon Slaying Saber, in the hope that future generations would inherit their legacy. Huang Rong was killed along with the rest of her family (excluding Guo Xiang) after Xiangyang fell to the Mongols.

Character description
Huang Rong is described as a young beggar dressed in filthy clothing during her first appearance in The Legend of the Condor Heroes. Her face is stained with mud and her clothes are covered in dust. When Guo Jing agrees to meet her on the riverbank, she looks completely different from her earlier image, now that she is clean and dressed in beautiful clothes. Her appearance is described as "with skin whiter than snow, charm unrivalled by any, and a presence so stunning, one would almost blush from staring at her too intently". Guo Jing is taken aback by her new look.

Martial arts and skills

Huang Yaoshi
Huang Rong learnt most of her martial arts and skills from her father. Guo Jing is unable to fully grasp all these skills. Some of them are listed below.

 Peach Flower Fallen Hero Palm (), known in later editions as Falling Flower Divine Sword Palm ().
 Divine Flicking Finger () is a technique of channelling a large amount of inner energy into a finger and releasing it with a precise amount of strength and control. It is used to propel objects towards enemies with force and accuracy.
 Jade Flute Swordplay () is a type of swordplay that focuses on attacking an opponent's acupuncture points.

Hong Qigong
Huang Rong meets Hong Qigong while out on adventure with Guo Jing. Hong Qigong teaches them his skills to repay Huang Rong's favours of preparing fine cuisine for him. The skills Huang Rong learnt from Hong Qigong are as follows:

 Carefree Fist () was created by Hong Qigong in his younger days. It requires flexibility and smoothness as its name "carefree" implies.
 Rain of Petals () is a skill created by Hong Qigong to counter Ouyang Ke and his snakes. It involves using sewing needles as dart-like throwing weapons.
 Dog Beating Staff Technique () is a skill known only to the Beggars' Gang's chief. This technique is one of the best among all pole weapons skills for its ever-changing styles and movements. Hong Qigong teaches Huang Rong when he decides to pass on his position as chief to her. Huang Rong teaches Lu Youjiao this skill later when she names him her successor.

Nine Yin Manual
The Nine Yin Manual is the most coveted martial arts manual of its time because of the incredible inner energy cultivation techniques and extraordinary skills it records. Guo Jing shares with Huang Rong after memorising and learning the skills in the book. Mastering the manual's skills allows both of them to maximise the potential of the various skills they had learnt earlier.

Miscellaneous skills and knowledge
Huang Rong acquired most of her knowledge of geography, medicine, strategy, mathematics, music, literature, etc. from her father. She also inherited her mother's eidetic memory.

She is also versed in the art of laying formations, such as the Eight Trigrams Formation, to counter enemies' advances. She uses her powers to make huge rocks and boulders form an array and maze to confuse enemies and force them to retreat.

Huang Rong is an excellent cook. She prepared several fine dishes for Hong Qigong to ask him to teach Guo Jing martial arts. Hong Qigong has a penchant for fine cuisine and could not resist the temptation that he has no choice but to keep his promise and teach Guo Jing.

In other media
Notable actresses who have portrayed Huang Rong in films and television series include Yung Siu-yee (1958), Michelle Yim (1976), Barbara Yung (1983), Susanna Au-yeung (1983), Idy Chan (1988), Athena Chu (1994), Bonnie Ngai (1995), Zhou Xun (2003), Kong Lin (2006), Ariel Lin (2008), Yang Mingna (2014), Li Yitong (2017), and Gong Beibi (2022).

Huang Rong is a main character in the 2000 role-playing video game Shachou Eiyuuden: The Eagle Shooting Heroes, released by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation.

Family tree

Notes

References
  Tan, Xianmao (2005). Huang Rong: The Most Intelligent, Clever and Adorable Woman. In Rankings of Jin Yong's Characters. Chinese Agricultural Press.

Literary characters introduced in 1957
Jin Yong characters
The Legend of the Condor Heroes
The Return of the Condor Heroes
Condor Trilogy
Fictional female soldiers and warriors
Fictional wushu practitioners
Fictional Song dynasty people
Fictional Han people
Fictional characters from Zhejiang
Role-playing video game characters

Huang Rong


The Alabama Sports Hall of Fame (ASHOF) is a state museum located in Birmingham, Alabama, dedicated to communicating the state's athletic history. The museum displays over 5,000 objects related to athletes who were born in Alabama or earned fame through athletics that reflects positively upon the state, usually through excellence at an educational institution or sporting event in Alabama. The ASHOF was established by state legislative act on August 14, 1967.

Membership
The ASHOF currently lists over 300 inductees, including five of the top 15 athletes selected as the greatest of the last century by ESPN. Nationally prominent members include Jesse Owens, Hank Aaron, Joe Louis, Willie Mays, Carl Lewis, Chase Riddle, Don Hutson, Shug Jordan, Howard Hill, and Paul "Bear" Bryant. A complete list can be found on the museum's official website.

The museum has an annual induction banquet each year, where it inducts between six and eight persons who have contributed to the athletic arena in some capacity.  At least two of these inductees are in the "seniors" category, which covers persons before the modern sports era.

Each year also brings a "Distinguished Sportsman" inductee.  This is usually an Alabama sportsman, but may instead be a "Distinguished American Sportsman", if voted as such by the Board of Directors.  Two notable examples of an American Sportsman are president George Herbert Walker Bush and Bob Hope.

Facility
The ASHOF is located in a  building in downtown Birmingham, adjacent to the Birmingham Jefferson Convention Complex and across an intersection from the Southeastern Conference headquarters. The collection spans three floors of the building. The facility includes the 75 seat Bryant-Jordan Theater.

Collection
Over 5,000 objects are displayed in the museum. The Heisman Trophies won by Auburn University athletes Pat Sullivan and Bo Jackson are both displayed, as is a houndstooth hat worn by University of Alabama coach "Bear" Bryant, life size dioramas, athletic equipment and historic uniforms.

Museum leadership
The current executive director is Scott Myers, the former Managing Partner of the Alabama Steeldogs arena football team. Mr. Myers replaced William Legg, who helped spearhead the revitalization of the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 1992 with a new facility.  The current museum is a showplace of sports memorabilia and is often used as an example of how an effective sports museum should be presented.

The curator responsible for the display of artifacts is Dr. Avalee Willoughby.  She was recognized in 2007 with the Frank "Pig" House Award.

See also
Paul W. Bryant Museum
Walk of Champions (University of Alabama)

References

External links

Museums in Birmingham, Alabama
Sports museums in Alabama
Halls of fame in Alabama
State sports halls of fame in the United States
All-sports halls of fame
Awards established in 1967

Alabama Sports Hall of Fame


Claude Fischler (born 1947) is a French social scientist (sociology, anthropology). He is a directeur de recherche of the French National Centre for Scientific Research and heads the Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Anthropologie du Contemporain (Interdisciplinary Institute for Contemporary Anthropology), a research unit of the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, in Paris.

Research topics
Claude Fischler's main area of research has been a comparative, interdisciplinary social science perspective on food and nutrition. His work covers the structure and function of cuisines, tastes and preferences and their evolution and change over time and space, as well as body image.

Subsequently, he came to focus on perception of risk, scares and crises, on comparative approaches of attitudes toward food and health across cultures (in relation to, among other things, prevalence of obesity), on the reception and perception of sensitive technologies (including novel foods) and more recently on assessment and measurement of well-being and quality of life in a comparative perspective.

His main current research is on commensality - eating together - its forms and functions, and its possible impact on public health. The anthropology of commensality ties into the general issue of sharing food, at the local and global levels.

Activities
Claude Fischler served on the Scientific Committee and the Expert Committee on Human Nutrition of the French Agency for Food Safety (AFFSA) and on its board of directors. He has been a member of the steering committee of the French National Program on Nutrition and Health.

He has also been a member on the Executive Committee of the European Sociological Association.

He serves on the Strategic Committee on Sustainable Agriculture and Development advising the French Minister of Food and Agriculture and also on the Advisory Group on Risk Communication of the European Food Safety Authority.

Bibliography

Books as main author
 Le Retour des astrologues. Diagnostic sociologique, Paris, Club de l'Obs, 1971.
Reviewed in Archives de sociologie des religions17:34 (1972), pp. 183-184.
 La Croyance astrologique moderne : Diagnostic sociologique, with Edgar Morin & al., Lausanne, L'Age d'homme, 1981.
 La Damnation de Fos, with Bernard Paillard, Paris, Le Seuil, 1981.
 L'Homme et la Table, Paris, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1990.
 L'Homnivore. Le goût, la cuisine et le corps, Paris, Odile Jacob, 1990.
Awarded a prize by the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques.
Reprinted in 1991, 2001, 2010.
 Du Vin, Paris, Odile Jacob, 1999.
 Manger. Français, Européens et Américains face à l'alimentation, with Estelle Masson, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2008.

Books as editor
 La nourriture - pour une anthropologie bioculturelle de l'alimentation, Communications 31, 1979.
 Manger magique », Paris, Autrement, n°149, 1994.
 Pensée magique et alimentation aujourd'hui, Cahiers de l'OCHA 5, 1996.
 Les alimentations particulières : Mangerons-nous encore ensemble demain ?, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2013.

Works in English
"Food, Self and Identity", Social Science Information 27:2 (1988), pp. 275–292.
"Food Selection and Risk Perception"
"Commensality, Society, and Culture", Social Science Information 50(3-4) (2011), pp. 528–548.

External links
 Claude Fischler's website.
Claude Fischler, Edgar Morin Centre.

French sociologists
French anthropologists
1947 births
Living people

Claude Fischler


Bako Sahakyan (, sometimes transcribed as Bako Sahakian or Saakian, born August 30, 1960) is the fourth president of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. He replaced Arkadi Ghukasyan, who held the presidential post for two five-year terms.

Biography
Sahakyan was born in Stepanakert, NKAO, Azerbaijan SSR in 1960. After serving in the Soviet army, he worked for nine years in a Stepanakert factory. In 1990, he joined the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army, of which he became a deputy commander. In 1999, he was named interior minister of Nagorno-Karabakh. He also led the Nagorno-Karabakh security service from 2001 to June 2007.

Bako Sahakyan is married and has two children.

References

Other websites
 Official website of the President of the Nagorno Karabagh Republic
High turnout in Nagorno-Karabakh

1960 births
Living people
Armenian politicians
Presidents (government)

Bako Sahakyan


Opus the Penguin (Opus T. Penguin) is a fictional character created by artist Berkeley Breathed. Breathed has described him as an "existentialist penguin" and the favorite of his many characters.

Opus has appeared in several of Breathed's creations, most notably his 1980s comic strip Bloom County. Breathed also included Opus in the sequel strip to Bloom County, Outland, and later made him the star of his own self-titled strip.

Introduction and appearance
Opus was originally introduced in June 1981, as a one-time gag about hapless Mike Binkley bringing home what he thought was a German Shepherd, which turned out to be a penguin, much to the disappointment of his father.  After being featured in a few strips, the character was dropped for several months, before being gradually re-introduced in January 1982, and eventually becoming a central character in Bloom County.  Opus' popularity quickly grew until he became the signature character of  Bloom County and of Breathed's subsequent comic strips.

Opus' appearance changed since his inception - he originally looked like a common penguin, but between 1982 and 1986 his nose grew dramatically (developing its signature bump in the middle, of which Opus is very self-conscious). Mike Binkley, during one Sunday strip, points out the fact that Opus more closely resembles a puffin, a revelation shocking to the sensitive Opus. (In the final panel of the same strip, Opus responds by telling Binkley that he looks like a carrot.) Opus says he is attracted to "svelte buoyant waterfowl".

He is usually seen wearing a bow tie and collar, though he sometimes switches to a diagonally striped necktie when running for public office.  Beginning in Outland during the 1990s, he is also occasionally seen inexplicably wearing white briefs.

Opus once mentioned his height during an interview for "The bureau of nosy statistics." In this comic strip he said that his height is two feet eleven inches.

Notable storylines
According to Opus' back story, he is from the Falkland Islands, How he got from there to Bloom County is explained in "The Night Of The Mary Kay Commandos". He was separated from his mother at a young age, and much of his personality is therefore enmeshed in his sense of abandonment and yearning for a mother figure. There is never any mention of Opus' father if he ever knew him.

Over the years Opus has served as Steve Dallas' legal secretary, journeyed to Antarctica in search of his mother, played the tuba in heavy metal group Deathtöngue (later renamed Billy and the Boingers), wooed (and was nearly married to) an abstract sculptor named Lola Granola, worked as a newspaper personals editor, lifestyle columnist and comic strip writer, had brief, experimental stints employed as a farmer, garbageman and even a cartoonist (or, as he called it, a stripper, which he would also be at one point), and run for vice president on the National Radical Meadow Party ticket, along with his running mate Bill the Cat.

In the tradition of many other popular characters, Opus apparently died (while unwillingly brought along on a balloon expedition to Washington, DC, to zap the ambassador from apartheid-era South Africa with a ray that would temporarily turn him black) only to return with amnesia. He later regained his memory after being in a state of intense and total shock; he heard an erroneous report that Diane Sawyer (on whom he had an enormous crush) had married Eddie Murphy. Another story line led Opus, in search of his mother, to a Mary Kay Cosmetics testing building, which he was shocked to find out was cruelly using animals as test subjects for various cosmetics. Another memorable story line featured Opus being the subject of moral scorn as a perpetrator of "penguin lust".  He fled Bloom County, and was absent for a long time, eventually reappearing lost in the desert, before his mother came to him in a hallucination and told him to return to his home. In another story, Opus wrote an autobiography, A Penguin's Story, which nobody bought. Milo Bloom later rewrote the memoir, exaggerating and fabricating most of it, in his typical fashion. The new, scandalous memoir, entitled Naked Came I, became a bestseller in the Bloom County universe, leading Opus to even more notoriety than he had as Bill the Cat's running mate.

A major failing of Opus is his inability to resist the temptations of television infotainment commercials, a la Ronco, with the result being that he is frequently seen receiving crateloads of useless and arcane kitchen utensils such as "turnip twaddlers".

Opus also has a very amusing (but somewhat unfortunate) history of "losing parts"; on several occasions, his "fanny" has fallen off (often with a clanking sound on the floor), and he has also had instances where his nose droops or is taken completely off as a result of sneezing while using dental floss and so on. Sometimes these are combined; he has had either his nose and rear end fall off, or his nose droop while his rear end has fallen off, and so on. He eventually learned that his navel was in fact the screw that attached his rear end to his body.

Opus appeared in the Berkeley Breathed Christmas children's book, A Wish for Wings That Work. It was later turned into a cartoon.

Post–Bloom County
Opus was the second Bloom County regular to appear in the Sunday-only Outland strip, after Outland'''s original protagonist, Ronald-Ann Smith. He also appeared in some of Breathed's children's books, including A Wish for Wings That Work and Goodnight Opus.

Eight years after Outland ended, Opus returned in a second Sunday-only strip simply titled Opus, in 2003. The first few strips showed Opus's discontent living in Antarctica with his overbearing mother. A misdirected Mars probe happened to give him the means to return to Bloom County, where he set about looking for his old friends. To date, he has been reunited with four — Bill the Cat, Steve Dallas, and (on June 3, 2007), Michael Binkley and Oliver Wendell Jones.

According to the July 10, 2005 edition of the Opus comic strip, Opus lived at 996 Melba Lane, presumably in Bloom County.

Opus appears on the label of Honest Tea's Peach Oo-la-long tea.

Ending
On October 6, 2008, Berkeley Breathed announced that he would retire the character on November 2. He added that "I'll be leaving Opus in a way that it should be very clear that this time there's no going back home" and that he felt "unrealistically emotional" about drawing the final Opus strip and writing a final ending.

The final strip showed Opus fast asleep in bed on the final page of Goodnight Moon, Steve Dallas having opened the book in the previous strip.

Revival

Opus returned in the 2015 revival of Bloom County'', awakening from a 25-year nap.

References

External links
Berkeley Breathed's website
Opus archive at Washingtonpost.com

Bloom County characters
Comics characters introduced in 1981
Fictional penguins
Anthropomorphic birds

Opus the Penguin


Shell-Mex and BP Limited was a British joint venture between two petroleum companies – Royal Dutch Shell (Shell) and the British Petroleum Company (BP). It was formed in 1932 when both companies decided to merge their United Kingdom marketing operations, partly in response to the difficult economic conditions of the times.

The parent organisations demerged their United Kingdom marketing operations in 1976. The announcement of this action was as follows:

Since 1932 the products of the Companies of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group and of The British Petroleum Group have been marketed in the UK through the agency of Shell-Mex and B.P. Ltd. In that year the company's business amounted to about 3 million tons, out of a total UK market of some 7 million tons.

The activities of this most successful enterprise have extended greatly over the years. In 1970 Shell-Mex and B.P. Ltd. supplied 40 million tons of the UK petroleum market, amounting to a total of 100 million tons.

In the majority of countries outside the UK. Shell and BP have always each marketed their products through their own entirely separate organisations and it has been decided that Shell and BP marketing operations in the UK should now be brought more into line with this pattern over the next 4-5 years.

Since 1966 the Shell and the BP Service Station networks have been managed by separate sales organisations within Shell-Mex and B.P. It is now proposed to extend this 'brand streaming' progressively to cover all products and all market sectors. This will ultimately lead to the establishment of two viable marketing organisations within Shell-Mex and B.P. thus facilitating the termination of the agency agreement.

The National Benzole Company will continue to trade under the National brand and will form part of the BP marketing organisation.

The Supply, Storage and Delivery functions, and the Computer and other services, will be the object of further detailed study once brand streaming of direct trade is substantially complete and a plan for the treatment of Authorised Distributors is agreed. Should it be decided that these functions should continue for a period after the transfer of the sales activities, then these will continue to be carried out by Shell-Mex and B.P.

The employees of Shell-Mex and B.P. will be redeployed within the separate marketing organisations and redundancies will not arise as a result of this re-organisation.

The company's head office was at Shell Mex House on London's Strand.

Other companies acquired by Shell-Mex and BP
 1934 Dominion Motor Spirit
 1957 National Benzole

References

Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Joint ventures
Former BP subsidiaries
Former Shell plc subsidiaries
Energy companies established in 1932
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1932
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1975
1932 establishments in England
1975 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British companies established in 1932

Shell-Mex and BP


Tigran Petrosian Chess House (), officially the Central House of Chess-player named after Tigran Petrosian (), is the centre of the sport of chess in Yerevan, Armenia. It was opened in 1970. In 1984, it was renamed after the former world chess champion Tigran Petrosian. The architect of the triangular-shaped building was Zhanna Meshcheryakova. Tigran Petrosian laid the first stone in the foundation of the building. Currently, the director of the centre is Hrachik Tavadyan.

The chess house is located on Khanjyan street, within the Circular Park of the Kentron district. It is home to the Yerevan chess school operating since 1971.

According to many visitors, the chess house is one of the best chess centers in the world. Many great international events have been regularly held in the building, including the Tigran Petrosian Memorial. It is also the venue of the yearly domestic championship.

The Tigran Petrosian Chess House publishes the "Shakhmatayin Hayastan" weekly (, meaning Chess in Armenia) since 1972.

In 1989, the statue of the champion Tigran Petrosian, created by the Armenian sculptor Ara Shiraz, was erected in front of the chess house.

In 2002, the Chess Academy of Armenia was opened.

The chess house is also serving as the home of the Chess Federation of Armenia. The president of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan, is the current head of the Chess Federation of Armenia.

The building of the chess house is listed among the historic and cultural monuments of the city of Yerevan.

See also

Chess in Armenia
Chess Federation of Armenia
Armenian Chess Championship
List of Armenian chess players
Sport in Armenia

References

External links
Official website

Chess in Armenia
Sports venues in Yerevan
Buildings and structures completed in 1970

Tigran Petrosian Chess House


Prince Albert Casimir of Saxony, Duke of Teschen (11 July 1738, Moritzburg, Electorate of Saxony – 10 February 1822, Vienna) was a Saxon prince from the House of Wettin who married into the Habsburg imperial family. He was noted as an art collector and founded the Albertina in Vienna, one of the largest and finest collections of old master prints and drawings in the world.

Biography
Albert was a younger son of King Augustus III of Poland (who was also Elector of Saxony) and Maria Josepha of Austria, a first cousin of Empress Maria Theresa, being the eldest daughter of Emperor Joseph I. Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen, was also one of the godparents to his namesake, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Young Albert was specifically chosen by Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria to be her husband. This was a special favour granted by her mother, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, because marriages of imperial children were usually used for diplomatic purposes. Still, the betrothal and wedding had to wait until the death of her father, Emperor Francis I, and the wedding decorations were black because it occurred during the official mourning period after his death. From his father-in-law's estate, Albert received the territory of Teschen in Austrian Silesia and was accordingly given the title of Duke of Teschen. Since he became a member of the Habsburg-Lorraine family, the title of Archduke was also given to him.

The Silesian Duchy of Teschen had been inherited by Emperor Francis through his father's Gonzaga ancestry, as compensation for the lost Duchy of Montferrat, taken from them in favor of the dukes of Savoy. Archduchess Maria Christina, the daughter of Francis of Lorraine, received the duchy among her dowry. Prince Albert of Saxony thus became the Duke of Teschen, the only non-Habsburg to become such after the title passed into Habsburg control. Their marriage remained childless except for a daughter that died as a baby, and upon the death of the widowed Albert in 1822, Teschen was granted to their adopted son, Archduke Charles of Austria, who became Duke of Teschen and started the Habsburg-Lorraine branch of Dukes of Teschen.

Albert was royal governor of Hungary from 1765 to 1781, with his seat at Bratislava Castle and his summer residence in Halbturn Castle at Neusiedl. He was then made Governor of the Austrian Netherlands, along with his wife. In Brussels, they built a palace in Laeken (the present-day home of the Belgian royal family) as their seat. There, he assembled the beginnings of his vast art collection, which he took with him when the couple had to flee from Brussels to Vienna in 1793, due to the French Revolution and following his military defeat by invasion forces at the Battle of Jemappes.

In Vienna, a palace adjoining the Hofburg, originally designed by Emanuel Teles Silva-Tarouca, was enlarged for them by architect Louis Montoyer. That palace is today called the Albertina, after Albert, and houses the collection he started. Only two-thirds of his collection survives, because one of the cargo ships bringing it from Brussels sank en route. After his return to Vienna, he used as an advisor Adam von Bartsch, the Curator of the Imperial prints collection and the greatest prints scholar of his age.

After the early death of his wife in 1798 of typhus, Albert lived only for his art collection, which he bequeathed to his nephew and adopted son, Archduke Charles of Austria.

Next door to his palace, in the Augustinerkirche, Albert had a famous memorial to his wife carved by Antonio Canova. The couple are buried in tombs 111 and 112 in the Tuscan Vault of the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, with their hearts in urns 40 and 28 in the nearby Herzgruft, and their viscera in urns 75 and 63 of the Ducal Crypt in Vienna's cathedral.

Ancestry

References

External links

 Albertina Museum (in German)

1738 births
1822 deaths
People from Moritzburg
People from the Electorate of Saxony
German Roman Catholics
Saxon princes
Polish Prince Royals
Dukes of Teschen
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
House of Wettin
Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
German art collectors
18th-century art collectors
19th-century art collectors
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Burials at the Imperial Crypt
Burials at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
Albertine branch
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
Sons of kings

Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen


Bernard Lamy (15 June 1640 – 29 January 1715) was a French Oratorian, mathematician and theologian.

Life
Lamy was born in Le Mans, France. After studying there, he went to join the Maison d'Institution in Paris, and to Saumur thereafter. In 1658 he entered the congregation of the Oratory.

Lamy became professor of classics at Vendôme in 1661, and at Juilly in 1663. He was ordained in 1667.

After teaching a few years at Le Mans he was appointed to a chair of philosophy in the University of Angers. Here his teaching was attacked on the ground that it was too exclusively Cartesian, and Rebous the rector obtained in 1675 from the state authorities a decree forbidding him to continue his lectures.

He was then sent by his superiors to Grenoble, where, thanks to the protection of Cardinal Le Camus, he again took up his courses of philosophy. In 1686 he returned to Paris, stopping at the seminary of Saint Magloire, and in 1689 he was sent to Rouen, where he spent the remainder of his days to his death in 1715.

Works
His best known work is the Traité de Mécanique (1679), showing the parallelogram of force. He also wrote Traité de la grandeur en general (1680) and Les éléments de géometrie (1685).

His writings are numerous and varied. Among them may be mentioned:
 "La Rhétorique ou l'art de parler", (Paris, 1675, Rhetoric, or the art of speaking, English translation 1676) of this twenty editions were published.
 "Apparatus ad Biblia Sacra", etc. (Grenoble, 1687), translated into French by order of the Bishop of Châlons under the title "Introduction a la lecture de l'Ecriture Sainte" (Lyons, 1689).
 "Harmonia, sive Concordia quatuor Evangelistarum", a harmony or concordance of the Four Gospels (Paris, 1689). In this work he contends that John the Baptist was twice cast into prison, first in Jerusalem by order of the Sanhedrin, and later by Herod in Galilee. He maintains also that the Saviour and His Apostles did not eat the paschal lamb at the Last Supper, and that the Crucifixion occurred on the day on which the Jews celebrated the Passover. He considers Mary Magdalen, Mary the sister of Lazarus, and the sinner mentioned in Luke, vii, 37 sqq. to be one and the same person. These and other opinions involved him in controversy with Bulteau, pastor of Rouen, Jean Piénud, Le Nain de Tillemont, and others (see "Traité historique de l'ancienne Pâque des Juifs", Paris, 1693).
 "Apparatus Biblicus", which is a development of his introduction (Lyons, 1696; Jena, 1709; Amsterdam, 1710). It was translated into French by Abbé de Bellegarde (Paris, 1697) and by Abbé Boyer (Lyons, 1709). In this work he calls in question the historical character of the book of Tobias and book of Judith, and maintains that even after the Council of Trent a difference of authority should be recognized between the proto-canonical and deutero-canonical books of the Bible.
 "Défense de l'ancien sentiment de l'Eglise latine touchant l'office de sainte Madeleine" (Rouen, Paris, 1697).
 A volume of commentaries on his previous harmony of the Four Gospels (Paris, 1699).
 A Latin treatise on the Ark of the Covenant (Paris, 1720), a posthumous work published by Père Desmollets, who prefixed to the volume a biography of the author.

See also
 College of Juilly
 Lami's theorem
 List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

References

Bibliography

 François Girbal, Bernard Lamy (1640-1715), étude biographique et bibliographique, París: PUF, 1964.
 Regnier in Fulcran Vigouroux, Dictionnaire de la Bible, s.v.

External links

1640 births
1715 deaths
17th-century French Catholic theologians
17th-century French mathematicians
18th-century French mathematicians
French Oratory
Catholic clergy scientists

Bernard Lamy


was a Japanese philosopher, best known for his work in the
philosophy of religion dealing mostly with western religion and also western philosophical thoughts in theological aspects of Christianity.

Biography
Hatano was born in Matsumoto in Nagano Prefecture, and educated at Tokyo Imperial University, from which he graduated in 1899.  He was very influential in stimulating the study in Japan of Western philosophy and religion, both through his teaching (he was the first to teach the history of Western philosophy at Tokyo Semmon Gakko, now Waseda University), and through his early writings.  These included An Outline of the History of Western Philosophy (1897), The Origins of Christianity (1909), and A Study of Spinoza (1904–1905). The last of these was originally written in German and only translated into Japanese in 1910). It was reprinted after WW2.

He opposed a positivist approach to religion, arguing that though rationality underpinned religious beliefs, it depended upon an autonomous form of experience to discover at least partial truth.

He died in Tokyo at the age of seventy-three.

Bibliography
1897: An Outline of the History of Western Philosophy
1909: The Origins of Christianity
1904: A Study of Spinoza
1920: The Essence of the Philosophy of Religion and its Fundamental Problems
1935: Philosophy of Religion
1940: Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion
1943: Time and Eternity

References
St Elmo Hauman Jr. Dictionary of Asian Philosophies (London: Routledge, 1979)
John Maraldo. "Contemporary Japanese Philosophy" (in Brian Carr & Indira Mahalingam [edd]. Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy (London: Routledge, 1997)

Britannica bio

1877 births
1950 deaths
19th-century philosophers
20th-century Japanese philosophers
Philosophers of religion
University of Tokyo alumni
Academic staff of Kyoto University
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
Kyoto School
People from Matsumoto, Nagano

Seiichi Hatano


In a society, certain people may have ideas that are noticeably different from those of the majority. These people are sometimes called hat the majority (for example, the state or a religious group) recognises that their ideas are different. Very often, they also want autonomy, self-determination, and perhaps secession and independence from the main group. People may support separatism because they are of a different culture, ethnicity, religion, race or gender than the majority. It may also be because they have different ideas about governing, laws or religion.

Types of separatism

Ethnicity
Ethnic separatism is based more on differences in culture and language than religious or racial differences. These may also may exist, however.
Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia
South Ossetia and Abkhazia separated from Georgia.
Armenian separatists of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.

Religion

Religious separatist groups and sects want to withdraw from some larger religious groups.
In the 16th and 17th century, certain people in Great Britain wanted to become independent of the Church of England.
The separation of beliefs and/or practices is often followed by a migration. The dissident group may fear sanctions for heresy if they stay in their original homeland.

Physical separation of different religions

The Partition of British India into the modern-day countries of India, Pakistan,  Bangladesh and Myanmar (which was called Burma at the time). In India, most people are Hindu, in Pakistan, Islam is the state religion. In Bangladesh most people are Muslim. In Myanmar most are Buddhist.
The Partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into Jewish and Arab nations. This has led to separatism between the Jewish nation (Israel) and the Arab nations (Jordan and the Palestinian territories).

Race
Racial separatists are against their members marrying with other races. They want separate schools, businesses, churches and other institutions or even separate societies, territories and governments.
Black separatism is the idea to create separate institutions for black people in the United States
There were two wars in South Africa, where the Boer wanted to form an independent state: The First Boer War and the Second Boer War

Gender
Gender-based separatism includes:
Separatist feminism is a form of feminism

Related pages
 Segregation, forced separation
 List of unrecognized countries
 Separatist movements of India
 Separatist movements of Pakistan
 Minority rights
 Nationalism

References

Sociology

Separatism


Michel Aflaq ( , born Damascus 1910, dee'd Paris, 23 Juin 1989) wis a Sirie philosopher an poleetician who wis creditit for foondin o Ba'athism, a form o Arab naitionalism which wis combined wi Arab socialism.

Life
Born in Damascus tae a middle class Greek Antiochian Orthodox Christian family, Aflaq wis first educatit in the wastrenized schools o French Mandate o Sirie an Lebanon. He then went tae university at the Sorbonne in Paris, wi Salah al-Din al-Bitar. Durin their student days in Paris in the early 1930s, the twa wirked thegither tae formulate a doctrine that combined aspects o naitionalism an socialism. They developed their Arab naitionalist ideals, eventually attemptin tae combine socialism wi the veesion o a Pan-Arab naition. In his poleetical pursuits, Aflaq became committit tae Arab unity an the freein o the Arab warld frae Wastren colonialism.

Upon returnin tae Sirie, Aflaq an Bitar became schuil teachers an wur active in poleetical circles. Aflaq an Bitar are the foonders o the Arab Ba'ath Pairty in the early 1940s.

1910 births
1989 daiths
Arab Christians
Arab politeecians
Sirie writers
Sirie Christians
Varsity o Paris alumni
Arab naitionalist thinkers
Fowk frae Damascus
Antiochian Orthodox Christians
Eastren Orthodox Christians frae Sirie
Ba'ath Pairty (Iraq) politeecians
Ba'ath Pairty (Sirie) politeecians

Michel Aflaq


A Spelling bee is a spoken spelling competition. In a spelling bee, children are asked to spell words. The child who spells the most words correctly is the winner. Schools hold spelling bee competitions to encourage children to learn to read. As well, spelling bees encourage children to learn about spelling words and improve their vocabulary. One type of spelling bee is the Scripps National Spelling Bee, in Washington, D.C.

The United States National Spelling Bee was started in 1926 by The Courier-Journal, the newspaper of Louisville, Kentucky. Contests may have been held before that year. A key impetus for the contests was Noah Webster's spelling books. Webster's spelling books were an essential part of the curriculum of elementary school children in the United States for five generations. They were first published in 1786 and known as "The Blue-backed Speller". Now the key reference for the contests is the Merriam-Webster unabridged dictionary.

In a Spelling Bee it is actually best to go first rather than last because words usually go by levels in a school competition, so if it goes from easiest to hardest you will most likely get the less difficult words.

Type of game: Nytimes Spelling Bee for free online.

Spelling

Spelling bee


The Serbs in Hungary (,  / ) are recognized as an ethnic minority, numbering 7,210 people or 0.1% of the total population (2011 census). The number of Serbs in Hungary has drastically diminished; in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries large Serb communities existed throughout Hungary, notably in Buda (western Budapest), Baja, Szentendre and Szeged. The Serb community in the territory of present-day Hungary has its origin in migrations from the territory of medieval Serbian states during and after the Ottoman conquest of these states. Matthias Corvinus and his successors are known to have welcomed Serbs from the other side of the Danube, giving the exiled military commanders fiefdoms to rule and defend from the Ottomans. After the dissolution of Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1918 and after new borders were defined by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, only a small fraction of ethnic Serbs remained within the borders of post-Trianon Hungary.

History

The presence of Serbs in the territory of present-day Hungary date from the Middle Ages. The mother of the Hungarian king Géza II (1141-1162) was Helena of Serbia, a daughter of Uroš I, ruler of the Grand Principality of Serbia. During the rule of Géza II, her brother Beloš Vukanović was a palatine of the Kingdom of Hungary. When the Magyars arrived to the Pannonian Basin under Arpad in 896, they met there with the already well established Slavic population. This Slavic population however was quickly assimilated or otherwise exterminated. The Serbs who later migrated into the Pannonian Basin from the Balkans, were the descendants of  those Slavs who in the 7th century migrated from the Pannonian Basin southwards into the Balkan peninsula.

Since the 14th century, escaping from the Ottoman threat, a large number of Serbs migrated to the Kingdom of Hungary where many of them served as soldiers. After the Battle of Mohács in 1526, much of the territory of present-day Hungary came under Ottoman administration. During Ottoman administration towns in the territory of present-day Hungary began decaying and the former Hungarian and German population left them. In that time, especially in the 17th century, many Serb, and other South Slavic migrants settled in the territory of present-day Hungary. It is interesting that most of the Ottoman soldiers in the territory of present-day Hungary were South Slavs (mostly Serbs and Bosnian muslims).

After territory of present-day Hungary came under Habsburg administration, a new wave of Serb refugees migrated to the area in 1690, as a consequence of the Habsburg-Ottoman war. After the devastating Ottoman wars these cities had a very low population.

In 1698, more than a half of population of Pécs were South Slavs (including Serbs). In 1715, the population of Buda numbered 1,539 houses, of which 769 were South Slavic (mostly Serb), 701 German, and 68 Hungarian. In 1715, the population of Baja numbered 237 houses, of which 216 were South Slavic (Serb and Bunjevac), 16 Hungarian, and 5 German. In 1720, 88% of population of Szentendre were South Slavs (mostly Serbs). In 1720, the population of Szeged numbered 193 houses, of which 99 were Serb.

During the 18th and 19th century, the Hungarian-Serb ethnic border moved southward and fixed in the territory of present-day Vojvodina. Following the dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918, the Serbian army and South Slavic People's Administration from Novi Sad controlled not only present-day Vojvodina, but also southern parts of present-day Hungary.

The Treaty of Trianon from 1920 defined the border between Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and assigned most of Baranya and the northern part of Bácska (around city of Baja) to Hungary. As a response to this, a short-lived Serb-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic was formed in this area in 1921. The president of the republic was Serb, Petar Dobrović.

After the Serb-Croat-Slovene army evacuated the territory of the Baranya-Baja Republic the two countries signed a citizenship treaty. According to that treaty, members of the Serb minority in Hungary gained right to opt for citizenship of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. About two-thirds of the Serbs (called optants) left Hungary in the following decade. Almost the whole Serb population of Sárok, Deszk, Újszentiván, Szőreg, Majs and Dunaszekcső became optants.

In 1910, 26,248 people in the territory of present-day Hungary spoke Serbian. In 1920, number of Serbian speakers was 17,132, in 1930 7,031, in 1941 5,442, in 1970 11,177, in 1980 3,426, in 1990 2,953, 2001 3,388  and in 2011 3,708(compared with 7,210 declared Serbs in the same year).

Geography

Small Serb communities are scattered in the southern part of the country. There are also some Serbs who live in the central part of the country - in bigger towns like Budapest, Szentendre, etc. The only settlement with an ethnic Serb majority in Hungary is Lórév (Serbian: Lovra / Ловра) on Csepel Island. This small village of 307 people had 180 Serb inhabitants (and 202 people with a Serb "cultural heritage"). But there are other small Serb settlements in the town of Ráckeve and the village of Szigetcsép, also on Csepel Island. Not far to the north the Bunjevci settlement of Tököl is to be found. A tradition of mutual weddings between Lórév and Tököl existed as well as strong connections with Serbs from the villages of Medina in the south, three villages north of Budapest -- Budakalasz, Pomáz and Csobánka. We also find Serbs and Bunjevci living together in other Hungarian towns, Baja, Gara and Katymár, and in the following villages, Csávoly, Felsőszentiván, Bácsalmás, Csikéria, Bácsbokod, Mátételke and Vaskút.

Heritage

Serbs left a valuable architectural heritage in Hungary. The number of Serbian Orthodox churches is higher than we should expect by the small number of present-day Serb population. These Baroque churches were mostly built in the 18-19th centuries when Serb merchants formed rich and influential communities in Hungarian towns. Village churches show the historical presence of Serbs in places from where they absolutely disappeared by now.

Towns, cultural institutions, churches and monasteries:

 The most complex example of Serb architectural heritage in Hungary is the old town of Szentendre (Serbian: Sentandreja), next to the Danube, with 7 Orthodox Churches (two of which have been sold), brightly coloured merchant houses and the Museum of Serbian Orthodox Heritage.
 In Budapest, the Serbian Orthodox Cathedral in the Tabán district was damaged in WWII and later demolished. There is an old Serbian Orthodox Church in Serb Street, Pest and the famous Serb college, Thökölyanum (Serbian: Tekelijanum).
 Churches in Vác (Vac), Székesfehérvár (Stoni Beograd) with a Serbian open-air village museum, Szeged (Segedin), Baja (Baja) with two churches, Mohács (Mohač), Siklós (Šikloš), Eger (Jegra), Győr (Đur), Esztergom (Ostrogon), Hódmezővásárhely (Vašarhelj), Adony (Džuntaran, demolished after World War II).
Village churches in Pomáz (Pomaz), Csobánka (Čobanac), Izbég, Ráckeve (Srpski Kovin, rare example of Serb Gothic architecture from the 15th century), Lórév (Lovra), Szigetcsép (Čip), Budakalász (Kalaz), Magyarcsanád (Čanad), Battonya (Batanja), Deszk (Deska), Szőreg (Sirig), Dunapentele (Pantelija, now Dunaújváros), Százhalombatta (Bata), Dunaföldvár (Feldvar), Alsónána (Donja Nana), Bátaszék (Batsek, demolished in the 1960s), Medina (Medina), Illocska (Iločac), Magyarbóly (Madžarboja), Dunaszekcső (Sečuj), Villány (Viljan), Sárok (Šarok), Majs (Majš), Lippó (Lipova), Beremend (Breme), Erdősmecske (Racmečka), Somberek (Šumberak), Véménd (Vemend, demolished in 1964), Nagybudmér (Veliki Budmir, demolished in 2001), Hercegszántó (Santovo), Újszentiván (Novi Sentivan), Pécsvárad (Pečvar, demolished in 1925), Liptód (Litoba, demolished in 1951).
The Serbian Orthodox Monastery of Grábóc (Grabovac).

Notable people

Notable Serbs and notable persons of Serb descent from the territory of present-day Hungary include:

Helena (ca. 1109–1146), Queen consort of Hungary.
Jovan Avakumović (1748–1810), poet. Born in Szentendre.
Miloš Crnjanski (1893–1977), Serbian poet, author, and a diplomat. Born in Csongrád.
János Damjanich (born Jovan Damjanić)  (1804–1849), a general of the Hungarian army in 1848/1849 revolution. Damjanić is a controversial historical figure; being an ethnic Serb, he led the army that fought against his own people during the revolution. After the collapse of the Hungarian revolution in 1849, he was sentenced to death and executed together with twelve other Hungarian generals. Therefore, the Hungarians consider Damjanić a national hero, while the Serbs gave him a nickname љута гуја, српска издајица (ljuta guja, srpskа izdajica; i.e. "a venomous serpent, the traitor of the Serbs").
Petar Dobrović (1890–1942), a painter, politician, and president of the short lived Baranya-Baja Republic.
Soma Orlai Petrich (1822–1880), Hungarian painter whose father was Serbian.
Konstantin Danil, a well-known painter of Serbo-Russian roots.
Jakov Ignjatović (1822–1899), Serb novelist and prose writer. Born in Szentendre.
Radovan Jelašić (born in 1968 in Baja), a governor of the National Bank of Serbia.
Vikentije Jovanović (1698–1737),  Serbian Orthodox Metropolitan of Karlovci from 1732 to 1737
Jovan Pačić (1771–1849), poet and officer. He was born in Baja.
Sándor Petőfi (Aleksandar Petrović) (1823–1849), a Hungarian national poet of mixed Serb and Slovak descent.
Zorán Sztevanovity (Zoran Stevanović) (born in 1942), singer, guitar player.
Döme Sztójay (Dimitrije Stojaković) (1883–1946), a Hungarian soldier and diplomat of Serbian origin, who served as Prime Minister of Hungary during World War II.
Sava Tekelija (1761–1842), the first Serb doctor of law, president of the Matica srpska, philanthropist, noble, and merchant.
Mihály Vitkovics (Mihailo Vitković) (1778–1829), Hungarian and Serb poet.
Sebo Vukovics (Sava Vuković) (1811–1872), a Hungarian politician of Serb descent, who served as Minister of Justice in 1849 during the Hungarian Revolution.
Emil Uzelac, one of the earlier aviators.
Béni Kállay, a Hungarian statesman of Serbian roots.
Gavrilo Rodić, one of the highest ranking generals in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces in the 19th century.
Jeronim Ljubibratić in 1730 joined the regiment of Grenzer.
Dragomir Dujmov, A Serbian poet, born in Hungary.
Rajko Tomović, Serbian scientist, born in Hungary.
Milo Dor, Austrian writer of Serbian origin, born in Hungary.
Sportspeople:
Momčilo Tapavica (1872–1949), Hungarian tennis player, weightlifter and wrestler
Nataša Janić, Hungarian canoer, Serbian-born
Bojana Radulović, Hungarian handball player, Serbian-born
Nenad Puljezević, Hungarian handball player, Serbian-born
Nikola Eklemović, Hungarian handball player, Serbian-born
Milorad Krivokapić, Hungarian handball player, Serbian-born
Uroš Vilovski, Hungarian handball player, Serbian-born
Tijana Krivačević, Hungarian basketball player, Serbian-born
Predrag Bošnjak, Hungarian football player, Serbian-born
Nemanja Nikolić, Hungarian football player, Serbian-born
Serb noble families:
Jakšić noble family
Bakić noble family

See also

 Rascians
 Serbian communities in Hungary
 History of the Serbs
 Serbs of Vojvodina
 Metropolitanate of Karlovci
 Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation
 Serbian Kindergarten, Primary School, High School and Students' Home
 Rác (surname)

References

Sources

Serbian Orthodox Church in Hungary
Hungary

Serb communities in Hungary
Ethnic groups in Hungary
Hungary
Hungary
Hungary

Serbs in Hungary


Bagh-e-Jinnah (used to be called Lawrence Gardens) is a large park in Lahore, Pakistan. It includes a  botanical garden and other popular facilities, which were made during the British Raj. The Gardens were originally named after Sir John Lawrence, who was the first Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab and who did much to develop the city of Lahore in colonial times.

After Pakistan's independence, some people demanded that the Gardens be renamed with a more 'patriotic' name so during the 1980s, their name was finally changed to Bagh i Jinnah (Jinnah's Gardens), after Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of the country. However, many people in Lahore still continue to call the Gardens as 'Lawrence Gardens', for the sake of historical accuracy.

Lahore
Parks in Pakistan

Bagh-e-Jinnah