Federal Highway 95 (Carretera Federal 95) connects Mexico City to Acapulco, Guerrero. The Autopista del Sol (The Highway of the Sun) is a tolled alternative (Route 95-D), which bypasses several towns of the state of Guerrero, including the city Iguala, and thus reduces transit time between Acapulco from Mexico city from 8 hours to almost 3.5 hours.

The highway is the main road that leads to the Lagunas de Zempoala National Park. At Tlalpan, Mexico City, the highway serves the Estadio Azteca.

History

The oldest reference to a road between Mexico City and Acapulco date to 1531, when Hernán Cortés ordered the construction of a passage in order to move supplies between the capital and the coastal city. It was converted into a more solid road and received the name Road to Asia due to the passage of wares along it.

In early 1920 Juan R. Escudero, who was originally from Acapulco, asked President Álvaro Obregón to expedite the construction of the road, Escudero offering a group of his men to support the construction work. Obregón agreed and proceeded to improve the sections from Mexico City to Amacuzac and from Iguala to Chilpancingo. A year later, he improved the stretch that runs from Chilpancingo to the south towards Acapulco, and also began a better line of road north of Acapulco.

After the murder of Escudero in late 1923, the emergence of the Huerta rebellion and pressure from the bourgeoisie in Acapulco, the work would be stopped again for a short period. Between 1924 and 1925, the work was restarted by Amadeo S. Vidales, who was appointed head of the Guerrero area, with the support of a group of 328 men, whose salaries he paid.

Route

Federal District

Federal Highway 95 begins in Mexico City at the end of the avenues Insurgentes and Viaducto Tlalpan. The road begins heading out towards the south for 6.6 kilometres, passing through the population center of San Andrés Totoltepec. The next 3.4 kilometres ascend the mountainous areas of the Yoyolica volcano, before passing through the population center of Los Angeles. The road continues south through the outskirts of the town of Parras which leads to Chichinautzin Microwave Station. Finally, it covers a stretch of 8.6 km to the town of El Capulin; in this section, it leaves the Federal District and into the state of Morelos.

Distances
 Leaving Mexico City and San Andres Totoltepec — 6.6 km
 to Los Ángeles — 3.4 km
 Los Ángeles to Parras — 10.12 km
 Parras to El Capulín (Morelos) — 8.6 km

Morelos

The tollroad comes from the Federal District into the state of Morelos from north to south through the towns of El Capulin and the Tres Marias municipality of Huitzilac to reach the city of Cuernavaca, the state capital. Upon entering Cuernavaca, the road becomes divided Free State Road. Leaving the city, the tollroad continues towards the south to the junction with the road to Cuernavaca Airport. In this area there are a number of junctions that connect the villages of Puente Morelos, Xochitepec and Tletama.

The road continues south to another junction with Highway 166 in the town of Alpuyeca. Highway 166 continues towards the north-west and passes through other areas, such as Miacatlán, Mazatepec, Tetecala de las Reformas, among others. Highway 95 continues south in a stretch with junctions for Coatetelco and Ahuehuetzingo and through the towns of Loma Larga and El Abinico, the latter three belonging to the municipality of Puente de Ixtla. Subsequently, the road crosses near the towns of Puente de Ixtla and San Gabriel de las Palmas to where it joins again with Highway 166 and once again immediately after the city of Amacuzac. In this area, the road changes direction towards the west through the towns of Huajintlán, Teacalco and the town of Casino de la Union. This is the last stretch of the highway before entering the state of Guerrero.

Distances
 Junction of Huitzilac and Zempoala Lakes National Park to area of Coajomulco - 5 km
 From Coajomulco to the junction at Huitzilac - 9 km
 to Tepoztlan Huitzilac - 6 km
 to the city of Cuernavaca — 5 km
 Cuernavaca to Temixco - 10 km
 to Acatlipa - 3 km
 to the town of Puente Morelos - 2 km
 to Palo Bolero - 5 km
 to the road junction of Xoxocotla - 5 km
 Xoxocotla junction to the junction to Mazatepec - 3 km
 Mazatepec to Ahuehuetzingo - 4 km
 Ahuehuetzingo to Puente de Ixtla - 7 km
 Puente de Ixtla to - 12 km
 Amacuzac the intersection with Federal Highway 55 (at Guerrero) - 16 km

Guerrero

In Guerrero, Highway 95 enters near Cacahuamilpa Caves National Park; the road follows its course and enters the city of Ixtapan de la Sal. It continues its path past the area of Tetipac and passing near the town of Acuitlapan and Acamixtla where it reaches the city of Taxco de Alarcón. In this city, the road turns to the south again; it passes Tecalpulco, Taxco el Viejo, Campuzano Puente, San Juan de la Union and Mexcaltepec (all in the municipality of Taxco de Alarcón) and the town of Iguala de la Independencia in El Naranjo.

The road now meets with State Highway 1 which connects the city of Iguala and the city of Tepecoacuilco, Huitzuco. Further south, Highway 95 has more turnoffs to settlements in the municipalities of Iguala de la Independencia and Tepecoacuilco of Trujano como Zacacoyuca, Santa Teresa, Sabana Grande, Sale Palulo, Maxela, Coacoyula Alvarez, Xalitla and Valerio Trujano. From this section, Highway 95 goes into Cañón del Zopilote (Buzzard Canyon), in the municipality of Eduardo Neri, crossing the bridge over the Balsas River (known in this area as Mezcala) and near the town of Mezcal.

Further south, the road meets a junction near the archaeological site at La Organera-Xochipala. Subsequently, it crosses the town of El Pantanal, where there is a free state road that bisects Huitziltepec. The route then crosses through the city from the Zumpango River and then travels 8 miles toward Chilpancingo de los Bravo. The highway joins the Autopista del Sol. Leaving the urban area, the road provides access to Mazatlan, Palo Blanco, Agua de Obispo, Rincon de la Via, Ocotito and Julian Blanco which belongs to Municipality of Chilpancingo de los Bravo. The road enters the town of Juan R. Escudero and through the Tierra Colorada and then out toward the west-southwest and across the Papagayo River. It is at this point that the road enters the city of Acapulco and passes near the town of El Playon, through the town of Xaltianguis and on a bridge over the Potrerillos River and the locations of El Cuarenta y Cinco and Cuarenta y Dos. In the latter there is a crossing that leads to Piedra Iman and La Providencia. Later, it passes near the towns of El Cuerenta and El Treinta y Cuatro, which features a turnoff linking the towns of Dos Arroyos, Colonia Guerrero, Altos de Camaron and Venta Vieja.

Finally, Highway 95 passes near the town of Lomas de San Juan and meets with Highway 200 from the region of Costa Chica; Highway 200 and 95 come together in an attempt to bypass the city of Acapulco. The road crosses around the towns of El Veintiuno, El Paso Quemado, and Limon and finally to the city of Acapulco.

References

Notes

Sources
 Liquidano Doria, Faustino; Liquidano Dimayuga, Eleuteria (1994). "Siglo XVI", Memoria de Acapulco. Acapulco, Guerrero: Ediciones Municipales.
 Martínez Carbajal, Alejandro (2005). "Etapa Revolucionaria: La Carretera México-Acapulco", Historia de Acapulco, Primera edición, Acapulco, Guerrero: DPA Impresores.
 Escudero, Francisco R. (1997). "II: La Esperanza: La Carretera Federal México-Acapulco", Origen y evolución del turismo en Acapulco, Acapulco, Guerrero.

095
Transportation in Guerrero
Transportation in Mexico City
Morelos
Acapulco
Sierra Madre del Sur

Mexican Federal Highway 95


Muon-catalyzed fusion (μCF) is a type of cold nuclear fusion, which means that nuclear fusion can happen at low temperatures and under normal pressure. There need to be 3 particles: a muon, a positively charged triton and a positively charged deuteron. The muon, which has a greater mass (when its not moving) than an electron, drags the heavier triton and the deuteron to it, creating something called a muonic heavy hydrogen ion. This means that the particle is a hydrogen atom with more protons then electrons, that contains a muon, and that contains extra neutrons which make it heavier. This reaction can be done at room temperature or below, such as -270 degrees Celsius.

To create these, a stream of negative muons is sent onto blocks of protium, deuterium and tritium (3 first isotopes of hydrogen). The muon bumps out the electron in the hydrogen atom. Because the electron is replaced, any 2 atoms are bound together. This makes a molecular ion, also called a special muonic molecule. A muon is 207 times more massive then an electron. Because of the difference in mass, the atom changes. Because it is heavier, the atoms in the molecular ion are pressed very tightly together, and then the nuclei, the centers of the atoms, join together. The following process is called nuclear fusion. The 2 nuclei join together and "glue" together. But, their weights do not just add up, a part of their mass is released as energy. This is the energy used.

Now, the process continues because the muon is thrown out of the nuclei when they fuse, so it can join other nuclei, which continues the reaction. Sometimes the muon is attached to something else thrown out from the nucleus, and the muon is lost. This stops the reaction.

Positives and negatives
The good thing about this is that muon-catalyzed fusion uses little energy, and produces much energy. The only problem is that the reaction is not stable, so it does not last a long time, because the muons are lost. This process is still a long way from being used for business.

Nuclear physics

de:Kalte Fusion#Myonen-katalysierte Fusion

Muon-catalyzed fusion


The California State Lottery began in October 1985 after voters authorized it in Proposition 37, the California State Lottery Act of 1984. It offers a range of games including number draws, scratchcards and a mock horse race. The earnings provide supplementary funding for public education.

Lottery Act
The Lottery Act was intended to provide more money to schools without imposing extra taxes. Accordingly, the Lottery was required to provide at least 34% of its revenues to public education, supplementing (not replacing) other funds provided by California. Another 50% of its revenues must be paid to the public in the form of prizes, making a mandated minimum of 84% of all funds that must be given back to the public in the form of prizes or funds for public education. The remainder, a maximum of 16%, was to be spent on administration, such as salaries and running the games.

On April 8, 2010, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed into law Assembly Bill 142 (Hayashi, D-Hayward). Amending the Lottery Act, this bill reallocates Lottery revenues "so as to maximize the amount of funding allocated to public education." As an urgency statute, this bill took effect immediately. The new allocation increased to at least 87% the portion of Lottery revenue returned to the public, and correspondingly decreased to a maximum of 13% the amount spent on administration. It then specified that "not less than 50% of the total annual Lottery revenues, in an amount to be determined by the commission, be returned to the public in the form of prizes." This leaves "the commission to establish the percentage to be allocated to the benefit of public education at a level that maximizes the total net revenues allocated to the benefit of public education." It also imposed requirements "to ensure continued growth in Lottery net revenues allocated to public education", with annual procedures that would, "in any one of the first 5 full fiscal years after the enactment of this measure, ... provide for the repeal of the changes made by this measure on the following January 1, and the prior law to be restored", if those requirements were not then met. This bill follows the practice of "other large state lottery systems, including Texas, North Carolina, and Florida, which have shown an increase in revenue through similar changes."

Commission
The Lottery Act mandates a five-member commission, appointed by the governor, to "oversee the Lottery and the Director" and make quarterly reports "to the Governor, the Attorney General, the Controller, the Treasurer, and the Legislature." Annually the commission selects a chairperson. Regular meetings of the commission are held at least quarterly and are open to the public. On January 29, 1985, Gov. George Deukmejian appointed the first Lottery commissioners: William Johnston, Laverta Montgomery, John Price, Howard Varner, and Kennard Webster. Deukmejian appointed the first director, Mark Michalko, formerly Ohio Lottery legal counsel, in May 1985. On 12 March 2012, Governor Jerry Brown appointed Gregory J. Ahern to the commission, who was also elected as Sheriff of Alameda County in 2006.

History
The Lottery Act of 1984 was presented to voters in November of that year as a ballot proposition, Proposition 37, and passed with 58% of the vote. On January 29, 1985, Gov. George Deukmejian appointed the first Lottery commissioners: William Johnston, Laverta Montgomery, John Price, Howard Varner, and Kennard Webster. The Act mandated an extremely tight timeline for establishing the Lottery and bringing it to operational status. To comply, the state government immediately built the Lottery's original headquarters in only three months in the Richards neighborhood of Sacramento (just north of downtown), where it has been located ever since. Governor Deukmejian appointed the Lottery's first director, Mark Michalko, formerly Ohio Lottery legal counsel, in May 1985. The first lottery games were Scratchers; sales began on October 3, 1985. A weekly Lotto game began a year later on October 14, 1986. Games hosted by the California Lottery include MEGA Millions, Super Lotto Plus, Fantasy 5, Daily 4, Daily 3, Daily Derby, and Scratchers.

In 1996, as a result of a lawsuit by Indian tribes, the Supreme Court of California unanimously struck down the lottery's implementation of keno, ruling that it was a house-banked game, not a lottery game, which at that time was illegal anywhere in California. In her opinion for the court, Associate Justice Kathryn Werdegar explained that the California Penal Code and case law interpreting the Penal Code have traditionally distinguished between a "lottery" and a "banked game" or "banking game", and it was the intent of the state electorate in enacting the Lottery Act to allow only a "lottery". In a true "lottery", the players play against each other; in a "banked game", they play each other and against the house. The critical distinction between the two is that a bank in a "banked game" can be broken based purely upon whether each of the individual bets is won or lost; the house unconditionally promises to pay prizes on all winning bets with no maximum ceiling. The high court explained that while this definition of a lottery does not prohibit fixed-prize lotteries, such lotteries are valid only if the total prize amount and the maximum number of fixed prizes to be won are fixed before the draw. Subsequently, California Attorney General Dan Lungren also ruled that Daily 3, which at the time had fixed payouts, also was illegal because it created an interest on the part of the state that fewer people should win, contrary to a lottery where the operator has no stake in the outcome of the draw. In response to these rulings, the Lottery modified Keno and created Hot Spot, which has a pari-mutuel payout format, and modified Daily 3 to a pari-mutuel format where payouts vary depending on the number of individuals who picked the winning numbers.

California joined Mega Millions on June 22, 2005; it became the 12th jurisdiction to offer the game, and the last to join before the 2010 cross-sell expansion with Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL). A Mega Millions drawing was held in Hollywood to commemorate the event.

In September 2011, the California Lottery moved into a new $58 million headquarters at 700 North 10th Street across the street from the old one, which it promptly demolished. Because it was built in a frantic 90-day rush to comply with the Lottery Act, the original headquarters had numerous construction defects in the roof, foundation, and elevator, as well as a mold problem.

California, while initially never desiring to offer Mega Millions's rival Powerball, was briefly a member of the MUSL because an "international" lottery game that would have included a number of US lotteries was planned; however, the game never came to fruition. However, in February 2012 the California Lottery initiated an impact analysis of the Powerball game, in preparation for a recommendation in July 2012. Subsequently, the Fiscal Year 2012–2013 Business Plan included funding for a launch of Powerball within the fiscal year, with Powerball launching in California on April 8, 2013. As a result of the California Supreme Court's decision, California is the only state with variable payouts for both games.

Current draw games

In-house draw games

Daily 3
Playing Daily 3 involves picking three digits 0 through 9 and a playstyle. Bettors can choose Quick Pick to have the numbers picked randomly by computer. The playstyle choices are straight (this is the default if the player doesn't choose one) box, or straight/box. The game costs $1 per play, per draw, and the Advance Play option allows up to 14 consecutive draws. There are two draws every day, televised at 1:29pm and 6:59pm.

Daily 4
A "pick 4" type game premiered on May 19, 2008. Each play costs $1 and drawings are held once per day. Playstyles, like "Daily 3".

Daily Derby
Daily Derby is a mock horse racing game. Players choose three horses out of 12, one each to finish first (win), second (place) and third (show); players also choose a race time from 1:40:00 to 1:49:99, by marking the last three digits of the time on the playslip. Alternately, players can select Quick Pick to have the computer choose the horses, the race time, or both. Daily Derby also offers Advance Play for up to 14 consecutive draws. The game costs $2 per play, per draw; held daily at 6:35pm and televised at 6:59pm.

Fantasy 5
Fantasy 5 players choose five numbers from 1 through 39. A ticket includes up to five sets of numbers; they can be played up to 12 drawings. Games cost $1 per play. Fantasy 5 is drawn evenings at 6:35pm and televised at 6:59pm. The starting jackpot ranges between $60,000 and $80,000. Players can win by matching 2, 3, 4, or all 5 numbers in any order with the numbers selected on their fantasy 5 tickets.

A player who bought a $5 Fantasy 5 ticket used to get a coupon to mail in for a "second-chance" drawing to be on the Make Me a Millionaire show, or to play the Dream Machine on the first TV show, The Big Spin. That drawing was cancelled in July 2010 and now players receive a "second-chance" coupon with a twenty digit code. Players can enter those codes at www.calottery.com/fan5 to be entered into a weekly drawing for a cash prize ranging from $1,000 to $10,000.

SuperLotto Plus
SuperLotto Plus is a lotto game played in the style of Mega Millions and Powerball. SuperLotto Plus is drawn every Wednesday and Saturday. The game began in 1986 as Lotto 6/49 (which was played similarly to the Canadian version of the game), then changed to SuperLotto somewhere in the 90s (with the matrix of 6/51). In 2000, the name was changed to SuperLotto Plus. Its starting jackpot is $7 million (annuitized); a cash option is available for jackpot winners. SuperLotto Plus players choose five numbers from 1 through 47, and one Mega Ball number from 1 through 27.

While the cash option usually is chosen, the SuperLotto Plus annuity is graduated. As of the May 11, 2013, drawing, the advertised annuity jackpot represents a 30-payment graduated annuity stream, similar to that of Mega Millions, partly in response to low long-term interest rates. The cash value is now guaranteed. The graduated payments begin at 1.81% of the jackpot amount and rise exponentially such that the final payout is 5.56% (more than triple that of the first payment) of the advertised jackpot amount. Previously, the first payment was 2.5% of the annuity value (or share) of the jackpot, with the second installment 2.7%. The remaining 24 payments increased by 0.1 percentage point yearly, so that the final (26th) installment represented 5.1% of the annuity.

Hot Spot
Hot Spot is a quick-draw keno style game. The game was updated on August 1, 2011, to allow players to choose to play any number of "spots" from 1 through 10 from a pool of numbers from 01 through 80. A new higher top prize of $100,000 was also offered for 10 spot play. Previously, players could only choose to play 2, 3, 4, 5 or 8 spots. Wagering can be either $1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $10, or $20, for a maximum of 100 consecutive draws. In addition, players can choose a Bulls-Eye wager for each draw, hoping to hit the 1 number out of the 20 numbers drawn that is selected as the bulls-eye number. Drawings occur every day and every four minutes from 6:00 am until 2:00 am. Lottery retailers have monitors that display Hot Spot drawings and recent results from other Lottery games. Fixed prizes are awarded. To meet the pari-mutuel requirements, a continuous "wagered prize fund" is created from 63% of gross sales, which ensures that the fixed payouts are met under normal circumstances, and calls for reductions should an unusually large number of individuals win a particular prize. If the wagered prize fund exceeds $2.9 million, prize augmentation and promotions are created to distribute the excess funds.

Multi-jurisdictional games
The CSL's involvement in multi-state games includes part-time employees stationed in Atlanta (for Mega Millions) and Tallahassee, Florida (for Powerball), or wherever each game may be drawn, in order to fulfill the Lottery Act's requirement that a CSL employee supervises and audits the drawings for each game offered.

Mega Millions

In 2004, Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, as part of his redesign of California government, suggested that California join a multi-jurisdictional lottery. In June 2005, the Lottery Commission voted to join Mega Millions.

California is unique among the 45 Mega Millions participants in that all nine prize levels for Mega Millions within its borders are always parimutuel, rather than each non-jackpot prize having a set value. This leads to different prize amounts for equivalent winners sold in California when compared to those sold in the other 44 jurisdictions. For example, the "advertised" second prize in Mega Millions is $1,000,000; but in California the record amount was set for a $3.9 million sold in Hacienda Heights in 2023 as part of the roll for a $1.1 billion jackpot. The second prize pool within California frequently rolls; it is, in effect, a "secondary jackpot". Unlike the other Mega Millions members, California currently does not offer the Megaplier, which is drawn in Texas by a random number generator.

Powerball

In February 2012, as a response to declining sales and low per-capita revenue from the lottery, California Lottery management initiated a review of whether Powerball would be appropriate for the state. In September 2012, the Lottery Commission approved management's request to launch Powerball in April 2013, citing a net increase in revenue of $90 to $120 million as a result of Powerball, desiring to avoid the launch of a $20 scratcher in fall 2013.

In November 2012, California promulgated the regulations for Powerball in the state. Similar to Mega Millions, all non jackpot draws in the state are within an intrastate pool, with California sending its jackpot share (30% of draw sales) to MUSL for addition to the multi-state jackpot pool. This leads to different prize amounts for equivalent winners sold in California when compared to those sold in the other 44 jurisdictions. Each pool for a particular prize category will rollover, thus the "pick 5" prize will create a secondary jackpot similar to the "pick 5" payout in California's implementation of Mega Millions. The record amount was set in 2023 for $3,987,429, as part of a $600 million jackpot roll. Also, as a result of the California Supreme Court ruling which mandates pari-mutuel payouts, California will not participate in the PowerPlay multiplier option. California launched Powerball on April 8, 2013, with the first drawing on April 10, 2013.

Former games

Draw games
Little Lotto: A pick 6-out-of-39 game with a fixed top prize of $500,000. A year later, it became Fantasy 5.

Decco: Played in a similar fashion as most US "pick-4" drawing games, except players had to match one playing card(2 through Ace) in each of the four suits.

Topper: Each SuperLotto Plus ticket automatically was printed with the names of three of California's 100 then-most-populous-cities(e.g. Los Angeles, San Diego, Sacramento). If the player wagered an additional $1, they were eligible to win up to $25,000 in the Topper drawing, which was drawn by random number generator.

Raffle

The California Lottery offered two raffles; March 17, 2007 and one on January 1, 2008. The raffles offered the best chance to win a $1 million prize, as well as various smaller prizes, and were designed to respond to lottery players' complaints that many million dollar prizes be offered instead of a few larger prizes. However, the raffles did not sell out, and were not repeated.

TV game shows
The California Lottery has had two TV game shows.

The Big Spin
The Big Spin, the California Lottery's first game show, broadcast its final episode on January 10, 2009, ending its run as the longest-running lottery game show in the US. The Lottery had several methods for choosing contestants, including prizes in Scratchers games and "second-chance" drawings from other games. The top prize was fixed at $3 million; the minimum guaranteed prize was $1,750. While Big Spin Scratchers remained in circulation in 2009, winners who would previously have spun the wheel on The Big Spin had the option to spin the wheel—untelevised—as an alternative to going to the Make Me a Millionaire show, which succeeded The Big Spin. Following the show's ending in 2009, the California Lottery commission deemed the wheel to be too historic to salvage, and decided to preserve The Big Spin wheel as part of a permanent exhibit at their headquarters in Sacramento. Guests are invited to spin the wheel for fun without cash prizes.

Make Me a Millionaire
Make Me a Millionaire, the California Lottery's second TV game show, debuted on January 17, 2009, for an initial four-year run with host Mark L. Walberg and co-presenter Liz Hernandez. On May 4, 2010, the California Lottery announced the show's cancellation due to poor ratings, with the last program telecast on July 3, 2010. The show will not be replaced; money that was allocated for its production will be used for prizes for the Lottery's Scratchers games.

Players qualified for the Make Me a Millionaire show by winning in the "Make Me a Millionaire" Scratchers game, or by a Fantasy 5 second-chance drawing; when the show began, winners from "Big Spin" Scratchers also qualified. After the TV show was canceled, winners of the "Make Me a Millionaire" Scratchers games, which were sold until June 25, 2010, had until December 22, 2010, to claim their opportunities to play and win prizes off the air. Similarly, Fantasy 5 second-chance draw coupons, which were discontinued on July 4, 2010, could be submitted by December 31, 2010. Five unaired episodes of Make Me A Millionaire were produced and made available for viewing on the Lottery's YouTube channel.

During the game play, each of the 12 contestants won at least $2,000; seven of the contestants were selected randomly to play four different games of chance with a top prize of at least $1 million. The first game, Lucky Penny, gave three players a minimum prize of $2,000 and the possibility of winning a car. The second game is Safe Cracker, in which two players competed for prizes ranging from $2,000 to $92,000. Next is California Cool, with one player and prizes ranging from $5,000 to $200,000. The last game is Millionaire, also for one player; it guaranteed $10,000 with a jackpot that began at $1 million, increasing by $200,000 each week until won.

Scratchers
California sells scratch cards under the branding "Scratchers". The prizes are smaller than other lottery games, but there are better odds (averaging 1:5). There are dozens of Scratchers games on sale at any time, and the selection of games changes frequently. Winners must be claimed within 180 days of the announced end-of-game date. Scratchers range in price from $1 to $30. A $20 scratcher, "$5 Million Jackpot", was introduced September 25, 2013. To commemorate the Lottery's 30th anniversary, on August 24, 2015, a $30 Scratcher "California Lottery 30th Anniversary" was launched.

Claiming prizes
For each prize of less than $600, players may collect from either a Lottery retailer or the Lottery itself. Prizes of $600 or more must be collected from the Lottery, via claim form.

Claim period
Almost all prizes must be claimed within 180 days of the draw or the announced end of the game. If the 180th day is a weekend or holiday, the final claim date is extended to the next business day. Any unclaimed prize money is transferred to the education fund in addition to the minimum 34% that the Lottery is already obligated to transfer from income.

Because many of the 44 Mega Millions participants have a one-year claim period, the California legislature changed the language in the Lottery Act. On April 23, 2008, Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed Assembly Member Van Tran's Assembly Bill 1251, modifying California Government Code section 8880.321 to allow for a one-year claim period for a Mega Millions jackpot prize. This is the only prize in California that has a one-year claim period. All other prizes have the 180-day claim period. This legislation affected Mega Millions drawings after July 5, 2008.

Payment options
All prizes for Fantasy 5, Daily Derby, Daily 3, Daily 4, and non-jackpot SuperLotto Plus, Mega Millions, and Powerball prizes, are paid out in one payment, less 24% or 33% (depending upon the winner's tax documentation) Federal withholding if the prize is over $5,000. Merchandise prizes over $5,000 are subject to 33% Federal withholding. Scratchers tickets are generally one-payment prizes; however, some games have annuity options for payments each year, or per week. California does not tax California Lottery winnings, however it taxes lottery winnings from other jurisdictions. For SuperLotto Plus and Mega Millions jackpots, the player may choose a single cash payout for a floating percentage of the jackpot, or an annuity. The SuperLotto Plus, Mega Millions, and Powerball payment schedule are on a graduated basis over 30 annual payments. Until 2005, when California joined Mega Millions, the payment choice on SuperLotto Plus had to be made when the ticket was bought. Since then, there is a 60-day window after winning, in which the choice of cash or annuity is to be made.

Unclaimed prizes
Unclaimed prizes remaining after the claim period expires always go to supporting California's public schools. As of the end of FY 2013–14, a total of $793.5 million in unclaimed prizes have been awarded to education.

TV Stations
As of 2022, California Lottery Drawings are Televised Daily at 1:29pm & 6:59pm, with SuperLotto Plus Drawings Televised between 7:57pm–8:00pm on Wednesdays & Saturdays, Mega Millions Drawings Televised on Tuesdays & Fridays and Powerball Drawings Televised on Mondays, Wednesdays & Saturdays between 8:00pm–8:25pm Pacific Time. California Lottery Drawings aired at each local station.

Bakersfield - KBAK-TV

El Centro, CA/Yuma, AZ - KYMA

Eureka - KIEM-TV

Fresno - KFSN

Los Angeles - KCAL-TV

Monterey/Salinas - KION-TV

Palm Springs - KMIR-TV

Redding/Chico - KRVU-LD

Sacramento - KTXL

San Diego/Tijuana - KSWB-TV

San Francisco - KRON-TV

Santa Barbara/San Luis Obispo/Santa Maria - KSBY

Controversies

On March 15, 2022, former lottery Investigator Reid Galbreath released a book titled "What Are The Odds? Blowing The Whistle on California's Lottery." Galbreath exposed several instances of the lottery misappropirating public funds meant for education and ignoring/violating established regulations against such conduct. Galbreath's book also cited an investigation by the California State Auditor which exposed millions of additional public money misspent by the California Lottery. To date none of the owed money has been repaid to education.

See also
 Gambling in California

References
47. What Are The Odds: Blowing The Whistle On

California's Lottery-Galbreath, Reid

49. https://www.auditor.ca.gov/reports/2019-112/summary.html

External links

State lotteries of the United States
Economy of California
1984 establishments in California

California State Lottery


Bet Twice (April 20, 1984 – March 5, 1999) was a multi-millionaire American thoroughbred racehorse and sire.  Foaled in Kentucky, he was out of the mare Golden Dust and was sired by Sportin' Life, who in turn was the son of the British Triple Crown champion Nijinsky. He was bred by William S. Farish III and E. J. Hudson and born on what became Lane's End Farm in Versailles, Kentucky.

Two-year-old season
Bet Twice was owned by a syndicate of approximately three dozen that included baseball players Pete Rose and Garry Maddox. His principal shareholder was Robert Levy, the owner of Atlantic City Race Course. As a two-year-old, Bet Twice won the grade one Laurel Futurity and  Arlington-Washington Futurity Stakes and the grade two Sapling Stakes.

Three-year-old season
Early in his three-year-old season, Bet Twice won the grade two Fountain of Youth Stakes on the road to the Triple Crown. He met a crop of talented horses in that three-year-old year, including Gulch and Cryptoclearance; however, his rivalry with Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner Alysheba was most famous. He faced the other colt nine times, beating him three times (Alysheba won four times, while neither horse won in their other two meetings).

Bet Twice and Alysheba battled down the stretch in what many consider one of the most physical Derbies ever. Alysheba prevailed by a half length over Bet Twice with both colts almost two and a half length in front of the rest of the field.

In the Preakness Stakes, Bet Twice was listed at post time as the fourth choice at 5-1. He broke sharply and was third going into the first turn. He was up with the leaders when he was floated out wide. Approaching the stretch, the colt took the lead from Lookingforthebigone and Alysheba. In the closing moments of the race, Alysheba rallied, and Bet Twice lost by a half length again. In third and fourth were Cryptoclearance and Gulch respectively.

Bet Twice may be best known for his victory in the 1987 Belmont Stakes.  Ridden by Craig Perret and trained by Jimmy Croll, he won by 14 lengths and denied Alysheba the Triple Crown. By virtue of his victory in the Belmont and runner-up performances in the Preakness Stakes and the Kentucky Derby, he edged out Alysheba for the first ever $1,000,000 Chrysler Triple Crown Bonus as the top performing three-year-old in the Triple Crown series.

Bet Twice then won the Haskell Invitational at Monmouth Park over Alysheba. He also finished ahead of Alysheba in the Travers Stakes at Saratoga Race Course, though both horses finished in mid-pack behind Java Gold on the sloppy track.

Four-year-old season

When Bet Twice was four, his connections accepted an invitation to run him in the first revival of the $500,000 Grade I Pimlico Special Handicap at "Old Hilltop" in Baltimore, Maryland. He entered that race as the post-time fourth choice at odds of 7-1 in a field of seven graded stakes winners, including Crytoclearance. Going into the famous "club house turn" at Pimlico Race Course, Oaklawn Handicap winner Lost Code led the field, followed by local favorite Little Bold John and dual classic winner Alysheba. Then, on the far turn, Bet Twice weaved through traffic and moved between horses to challenge for the lead. Coming down the stretch, he drifted out and brushed Lost Code. Then he drew off and won by 3/4 lengths. The time for the Grade I race at 1 3/16 miles was 1:54 1/5.

Later that year, Bet Twice had runner-up finishes in the Grade I Philip H. Iselin Handicap, the Grade III Ben Ali Stakes and the Grade III Salvator Mile. He also had show performances in the Grade I Suburban Handicap and the Grade I United Nations Handicap.

Retirement
Bet Twice stood at stud for six years at Muirfield Farm from 1990 through 1996. He was pensioned from stud duty at age 12. On March 5, 1999, he died at Muirfield East in Maryland at age 15.

Resources
 Pedigree & Partial Stats

External links
 NY Times Bet Twice a Winner
 Video at YouTube of Bet Twice winning the 1988 Pimlico Special

1984 racehorse births
1999 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
Belmont Stakes winners
American Grade 1 Stakes winners
Thoroughbred family 9-f

Bet Twice


Pöhlde is a village in southern Lower Saxony in Germany. It is part of the town Herzberg am Harz. It has a population of 2207 (1 October 2006).  Archaeological excavation has revealed traces of settlement dating to the 2nd through 4th centuries AD. The town is noted for its Benedictine (later Premonstratensian) abbey. The Annals of Pöhlde, an important 12th century historical text, were composed here.

Villages in Lower Saxony

Pöhlde


A wire brush is a tool consisting of a brush whose bristles are made of wire, most often steel wire. The steel used is generally a medium- to high-carbon variety and very hard and springy. Other wire brushes feature bristles made from brass or stainless steel, depending on application. Wires in a wire brush can be held together by epoxy, staples, or other binding. Wire brushes usually either have a handle of wood or plastic (for handheld use) or are formed into a wheel for use on angle grinders, bench grinders, pistol-grip drill motors, or other power tools.

Uses

The wire brush is primarily an abrasive implement, used for cleaning rust and removing paint. It is also used to clean surfaces and to create a better conductive area for attaching electrical connections, such as those between car battery posts and their connectors, should they accumulate a build-up of grime and dirt. When cleaning stainless steel, it is advisable to use a stainless steel bristle wire brush, as a plain carbon steel brush can contaminate the stainless steel and cause rust spots to appear. Brass bristle brushes are used on softer surfaces or when it is necessary to clean a harder surface without marring it. Brass bristle brushes are also used in potentially flammable environments where non-sparking tools are required. Wire brushes are also used to clean the teeth of large animals, such as crocodiles and pigs.  They are also used widely in surface engineering to clean the castings prior to painting.

History
The origins of the wire brush are unknown, although it is believed that the Romans used similar tools in the manufacture of roof tiles. As the Roman Empire fell, the tool fell out of use.

Barbeque grill cleaning
A number of surgeons recommend that wire brushes not be used to clean barbecue grills. In some cases, bristles break off the brush which then become deposited in food cooked on the grill. Ingestion of these bristles can cause gastrointestinal perforation.

On May 20, 2020, American food writer and grilling authority Derrick Riches called for a ban on the manufacture and sale of wire-bristle grill-cleaning brushes.

See also
 Wire wheel

References

Cleaning tools
Hand tools
Metalworking tools
Metalworking hand tools
Tools

Wire brush


In photography, exposure range may refer to any of several types of dynamic range:

 The light sensitivity range of photographic film, paper, or digital camera sensors.
 The luminosity range of a scene being photographed.
 The opacity range of developed film images
 The reflectance range of images on photographic papers.

The exposure range of a device is usually expressed in stops, which are equivalent to  where c is the medium or device's contrast ratio. For example, average Digital Video (DV) has a contrast ratio of 45:1, so its exposure range is roughly 5.5 stops. Film has an exposure range of approximately 14 stops.

Exposure is usually controlled by changing the lens aperture (the amount of light it gathers), the shutter speed (how long light is gathered) or sensitivity (how strongly the film or sensor responds to light). Changing exposure does not change the exposure range.

A graduated neutral density filter can be also used to improve the reproduction of the exposure range of the scene, by darkening bright parts of the image. A graduated filter will reduce the extreme highlights of an image, such as a clear, open sky as well as sunlight. The filter is usually an even gradation of neutral gray to clear, covering the top third to half of the filter in gray. Therefore, it mostly affects the top third to half of the frame's exposure, leaving the highlights in the bottom half to two-thirds unaffected. Often these filters are the square gelatin, polycarbonate, or glass type. A mounting kit such as a square frame receptacle mounted to interchangeable screw-in rings will hold the filter at an appropriate orientation. These can be mounted to the end of an SLR lens camera in the same fashion as a polarizing lens, UV filter, and various other screw-in type filters for SLR and DSLR cameras.

See also
 Exposure latitude
 High dynamic range imaging

Science of photography

Exposure range


Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biopolymer that is made by bacteria. It can break down naturally (it is biodegradable). PHA has the same qualities of plastic, but it uses renewable raw material such as sugar from crop, instead of finite natural resources such as crude oil, natural gas and coal. Some PHAs share properties with polypropylene, a plastic used to make ropes and packaging. Others are similar to rubber.

Polymers

Polyhydroxyalkanoates


St Andrews is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 55 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown. It is part of the Macarthur region.

History
The name St Andrews came from an early 19th-century property owned by Scottish convict Andrew Thompson who in turn had named it after the patron saint of Scotland St Andrew.

The area was used for cattle and dairy farming for the next 150 years or so. In 1957, the first plans were announced by the state government to create a large satellite city in the area but the idea foundered after locals opposed it because the land was such good farming land. Nevertheless, the sprawl of Sydney towards Campbelltown couldn't be halted. In 1976, the name St Andrews was approved for the suburb and in 1977, Landcom began building homes in the area. The following year a primary school was opened and the suburb was well established.

Population
In the 2006 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census, the suburb of St Andrews had a population of 5,952 people, with higher than average numbers of Australian citizens (90%) and people born overseas (28%). The most common languages spoken other than English were Arabic (5%), Hindi (2%) and Spanish (2%). The median family income ($1282 per week) was slightly higher than average as was the median housing loan repayment ($1500 per month).

Schools
 St Andrews Public School
 Robert Townson (Primary) - Raby
 Robert Townson High School - Raby
 Mary Immaculate Catholic Primary School - Eaglevale
 Mount Carmel Catholic College - Varroville

References

Suburbs of Sydney
Hume Highway
City of Campbelltown (New South Wales)

St Andrews, New South Wales


The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the eight  targets of the United Nations. They were decided in 2000. All 189 United Nations member states (there are 193 now), and at least 23 international organizations, said they would try to help achieve the goals by 2015:

 To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
 To achieve universal primary education
 To promote gender equality
 To reduce child mortality
 To improve maternal health
 To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
 To ensure environmental sustainability.
 To develop a global partnership for development.

Each goal had specific targets, and dates for reaching those targets. To help progress, the G8 finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel $40 to $55 billion in debt owed by poor countries. This was to allow them to use resources  for improving health, education and reducing poverty.

Developed countries' aid for the MDGs rose during the period. More than half went for debt relief. Much of the rest went towards natural disaster relief and military aid, instead of development.

References

History of the United Nations
Development

Millennium Development Goals


Kuntala Kumari Sabat (8 February 1901 – 23 August 1938) was an Odia poet during colonial India.

Kuntala Kumari Sabat was born on 8 February 1901, at Jagadalpur in Bastar region. Her parents were Daniel and Monica. Shortly after her birth, her parents went to Burma with family. So Kuntala Kumari passed her early childhood at Burma with her parents. Then she returned to Khurda with her mother Monica after her father got remarried at Burma. So Kuntala Kumari stayed at Khurda with her mother for a short period. She completed her early school education at Ravenshaw Girl's School and higher study at Medical School, Cuttack. Kuntala Kumari composed poems during her school days. She came out successfully from the medical school and became popular as a doctor with her sincerity and simplicity. Although a physician by profession, she knew the colonial treatment of the anatomy of an enslaved nation better than her own degree.

Kailash Rao was her literary teacher who guided her literary activities. Kuntala Kumari enrolled herself as a member of 'Nava Vidhan', the 'Brahmo Society'. She got wide applause when poems, 'Anjali' came out. She won approbation from almost all the literary figures of Orissa. A leading cultural association of women conferred on her the title 'Utkal Bharati'. Gopal Chandra Praharaj and Pallikabi Nanda Kishore Bal loved her and adopted her as their daughter. Kuntala Kumari joined a maternity welfare centre, which was newly opened at Cuttack in 1925. Later she left for Delhi on 1st July 1928. The same year she got married to Krishna Prasad. New phase of life began, yet she did not leave her writings. She had written in English, Kuntala Kumari Sabat : A True Patriotic Litterateur and Reflection of Her Literary Works on Gandhian Movement Dr. Janmejay Choudhury Bengali and Hindi and contributed to a number of nonOriya journals and edited a number of Hindi journals at Delhi. During her stay at Delhi, she presided over the 'All India Arya Mahila Sammilani' at Bareli. During this time also she was invited by the Allahabad University and Benaras Hindu University to deliver lectures. She was the president of the students federation at Aligarh. She was made the chair-person of a reputed social organisation founded by Harbilash Sarada for the introduction of widow marriage and abolition of child marriage. While at Delhi she took steps to encourage, publish and project Oriya literature. At Delhi, Kuntala Kumari was also associated with eminent writers like Maitheli Saran Gupta, Yeasshpal Jee Jain, S.H. Batsayan and a host of Hindi writers. 'Hindi Pracharini Sabha' conferred on her the title of 'Bharat Kavinetri.'

As a disciple of Gandhi she claimed independence as the birth right of Indian people. She took up the task of awakening the women. She encouraged them to join the National Movement under Gandhian leadership. She writes –

'Senapati Aaji Deichhanti Daka Utha bharatara Biraputrajaka, Apurba Asahayoga Ranagune Arte Antakasi para Janejane, Bharatara Jete Viragunamani Chaliasu Senapati Dakasuni.'

During the noncooperation movement she gave a clarion call to the people of Orissa to fight for freedom. She was the voice of modern Orissa. In a real sense she was a visionary and a rebel. She expressed her concern for the suffering mankind and wanted to free mankind from exploitation

No doubt, Kuntala Kumari had a lot of patriotic fervour in her. She had derived a special pride in herself by portraying Gandhi, Nehru and the spinning wheel in her lucid poems. This instilled a lot of confidence to visualise a free India through the veil of the darkened British rule. She was imbibed with the true spirit of a colonial poet's vision to awaken public consciousness like Bankim's immortal Bengali song. The Oriya youths plunged headlong into the noncooperation movement being addicted to her war songs. It ignited the sparks in them spontaneously, so to say rapidly. Although Kuntala Kumari had a brief span of life time of thirty eight years, her creations outlived her to pioneer the cause of rooting out British misrule in India. She composed beautiful numerous patriotic poems and songs. Her first collection of poems came out in 1922. Then it was followed by 'Uchhwas' – 1924, 'Archana' – 1927, 'Sphulinga' – 1929, 'Ahwan' – 1930, 'Prem Chintamani' – 1930, 'Oriyanka Kandana' – 1937, 'Garjat Krishaka' – 1939.4 Her love for man, nature and nation is reflected in her poems. She had a deep hatred for superstitions and conventions, raised her voice against high and mighty. She always tried to protest against injustice and inequalities. She renounced the heartless religious dogmas and practices. She comprehended the image of glorious past of Orissa. At times it carries the romantic strain of love for liberty, equality and fraternity.

She composed the inaugural song of 'Utkal Sammilani', chaired by Acharya P.C. Roy in 1924. the poems in the anthology 'Archana' echoes the voice of poor and lowly, the depressed and the marginalized. Her poetic longing for brave new world is expressed in most of her poems. Some of her poems published in 'Sphulinga', inspired the youth of Orissa and infused dynamism in them. The volume 'Ahwan' captures the spirit of Gandhi's clarion call to people to join the struggle for freedom. In her poems 'Sphulinga' she wants to inspire his fellowmen to get lessons from the history and to get out of the present set up and dullness. Her poems in Ahwan created tremendous sensation. Her fame as a patriot and poet spread over the country. She had a transterrestrial longing for an ideal world, a golden era ruled by love, justice and beauty. The yearning for liberty is always marked in her poems like 'Garjat Krishaka'. She expressed the poetic anguish over a cause of the elitish exploitation on the toiling mass. The entire gamut of Kuntala Kumari's poetic works oscillate between her love for her land and people and the love for God. The poetic identification with the sufferings of common men presents twofold note at one moment she protests and revolts and at the next, she discovers the mystical design in everything and everywhere. In nature, and all its creation see could she the face of God. Her poetry, in some degree, reveals all the romantic traits : "Love of nature, love of beauty, imagination, love of past and a wearied sadness." No doubt she has enriched the Oriya literature by her pen. Her commitment to explore the possibilities of a free world with faith in love, beauty, truth, goodness and wisdom. Her noble sentiments and her feelings for the sublime have given her poems a universal appeal. Her writings were regularly published in the 'Samaj' and 'Sahakar' under the title 'Delhi letters'. She expresses the socio-political life of pre-independent India and makes a zealous attempts to reform the tradition ridden society. In the novel, 'Na-tundi', She expresses real thing of the land. 'Raghu Arakhit' is one of her most outstanding works. It narrates the social character regarding marriage, where a compensation was given to the bride's family.

Kuntala Kuamri's voice was more reflected in her poetry anthologies AHWAN (the call) and Gadajata Krishaka (Feudatory Farmer). The following stanza provides enough stimulus to adorn the spirit of mankind. Oh ! my compatriot !! The man is not born to die of reminiscence or to sink in somewhere It is never a human fate That gets terminated through a happiness living After being condemned to the fretful glooms of failure in a deprived morbid prison of ever – disciplined humiliating; Thus great Earth is never a decaying caravan or a lady nurturing death. Her poetry was a great leap towards strengthening the debilitation of Oriya race against the mighty Britishers. It is definitely a great voice to heal up the wounded psyche of several Oriyas condemned to a bonded earth under 'British Raj'.6 She was a rebel no doubt and simultaneously a visionary. She stirred the conscience of the people through her writings. Her poems kindled a new spirit in the hearts of the people and inspired them to fight relentlessly against the Britishers.

One of the session of Utkal Sammilani was held at Balasore on 2nd August 1931 with Kuntala Kumari in chair. Jahnabi Devi was the chairperson of the reception. Nearly twelve hundred people all over Orissa attended. This meeting was also attended by more than a thousand women. In her speech as the chairman of the Reception Committee Jahnabi Devi refuted the universally accepted view of women's inability to stand on their own.8 In this session a central executive committee, named "All Orissa Women's Association" was set up. Here sincere efforts were made to work out a programme for the improvement of condition of women of Orissa. In an essay entitled "Kabi O Lekhakara Udeshya", she raised the status of a poet by declaring that she is not limited to any time and clime. A true creative artist moves high above such human limitations : "The poet or the writer is nature's representative. He is not confined to any particular nation or time. He belongs to all the nations, to all time and all humanity.9 Her death on 23rd August 1938 was a great loss for the people of Orissa. Her brief life was a saga of relentless struggle against evil and darkness. She was a talented woman poet from Orissa, second to none in her bold utterances for the cause of Indian freedom. Although she spent major part of her short life outside the state, she had enough inclination to intercede the causes of its Gods and Goddesses, aquatic landscapes, rural surroundings, and the people irrespective of rich and poor alike. Therefore, time and tide has not thrown her into the limbo of oblivion. Her ideas and concern for common man got reflected in her works. Her life and creatives made her a legendary personality in her lifetime itself. She championed the cause of a world-free from evil and injustice. Her passion for justice, equality, liberty and fraternity was astounding. Throughout her life she fought against injustice and exploitation.

References

1901 births
1938 deaths
Indian poets
Indian writers
People of British India
Indian physicians

Kuntala Kumari Sabat


The ALPHA Collaboration is a group of physicists from about 11 universities who work together (or "collaborate") to try to trap neutral antimatter. The neutral antimatter they are working to trap is antihydrogen. This is the antimatter version of hydrogen, the first atom in the periodic table. Antihydrogen, like hydrogen, has two oppositely charged particles. Hydrogen has a proton and an electron, and so antihydrogen would have an antiproton and a positron. A positron is the common name for the antielectron.

CERN
The ALPHA collaboration has its experiment at CERN in Geneva in Switzerland. CERN is the only place in the world that can provide "slow" antiprotons that can be easily captured by ALPHA. ALPHA then brings these antiprotons into contact with positrons and form antihydrogen.

Antihydrogen has, like many atoms and especially hydrogen, a small magnetic dipole moment. A dipole moment is another way of saying that the atom behaves a bit as if it was a tiny magnet with a north and a south pole. Normally such small magnets are attracted to other magnets. However, some atoms in some states behave such that they are repelled by magnetic fields. This means that the atoms could possibly be trapped in space by making a minimum of the magnetic field. ALPHA is trying to do just that with antihydrogen. By a clever arrangement of magnets, ALPHA has a so-called magnetic minimum trap, in which antihydrogen may be trapped.

This is a difficult process. The magnetic forces on these atoms are quite weak, so the trap can only contain antihydrogen atoms of very low motional (kinetic) energy, that is at very low temperature. The current state-of-the-art ALPHA trap can contain antihydrogen atoms in their ground state if they are colder than about 0.5 Kelvin (i.e. 0.5 degrees above absolute zero). ALPHA is currently working on making such cold antihydrogen.
Nuclear physics

en:Antiproton Decelerator#ALPHA collaboration

ALPHA Collaboration


Tamara Platonovna Karsavina (10 March 1885 – 26 May 1978) was a Russian ballerina. She began her career in the Imperial Russian Ballet and later danced with the Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.

Karsavina created the title role in The Firebird, the Ballerina in Petrushka, and The Young Girl in Le Spectre de la Rose. After she settled in Hampstead, London, she began teaching ballet professionally. She assisted in setting up The Royal Ballet, and was a founding member of the Royal Academy of Dance. Her pupils included Dame Alicia Markova and Dame Margot Fonteyn. She wrote two books: the autobiography Theatre Street (1930) and the dance textbook Classical Ballet: the flow of movement (1962).

Other websites

 Karsavina: A website with complete information about Karsavina's birth and death.

1885 births
1978 deaths
Russian autobiographers
Ballets Russes
Russian ballerinas

Tamara Karsavina


The Thinker () (1902) is a bronze statue. It was made by the sculptor Auguste Rodin. It depicts a man sitting and thinking with his arms bent on his knee and his chin on his hand. Rodin first called the statue The Poet. It was part of a commission by the Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris to create a huge gate based on the epic poem The Divine Comedy of Dante. Each of the statues in the piece represented one of the main characters in the poem. The Thinker was originally meant to depict Dante himself in front of the Gates of Hell considering his great poem.  Over twenty casts of the sculpture exist. They are now in museums around the world. Some of those copies are enlarged versions of the original work, while others have somewhat different proportions.

Other websites
 The Thinker project , Munich. Discussion of the history of the many casts of this artwork.

Statues
1902 works

The Thinker


The Archbishop of Vienna is the prelate of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna who is concurrently the metropolitan bishop of its ecclesiastical province which includes the dioceses of Eisenstadt, Linz and St. Pölten.

From 1469 to 1513, bishops from elsewhere were appointed as administrators. The first bishop residing in Vienna was Georg von Slatkonia. From 1861 to 1918, the archbishops, as members of the Herrenhaus, were represented in the Reichsrat of Cisleithania and bore the title of a Prince-Archbishop.

References

Vienna
Austria religion-related lists
Catholic Church in Austria

Archbishop of Vienna


Saturation or saturated generally means "thoroughly full", while unsaturated means less than full. These terms may be related to:

 Dew point, which is a temperature that occurs when atmospheric humidity reaches 100% and the air can hold no more moisture
 Market saturation, in economics, a situation in which a product has become diffused (distributed) within a market
 Saturated model, a concept in mathematical logic
 Saturation (album), an album by the alternative rock band Urge Overkill
 Saturation (biology), in mutation studies, the observed number of mutations relative to the maximum amount possible (usually undefined).
 Saturation (chemistry), multiple definitions for chemistry
 Saturation (color), the intensity of a specific hue
 Saturation (magnetic), the state when the material cannot absorb a stronger magnetic field
 Oxygen saturation, a clinical measure of the amount of oxygen in a patient's blood
 Saturation (telecommunications), a number of meanings
 Saturation arithmetic, in arithmetic, a version of arithmetic in which all operations are limited to fixed range
 In the earth sciences, saturation generally refers to the water content in the soil, where the unsaturated zone is above the water table and the saturated zone is below.
 A saturated liquid or saturated vapor contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling or condensing.
 A saturated transistor is a  BJT transistor that is fully turned on.

Saturation


The Tantalus Range is a subrange of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in southern British Columbia, Canada.  The range is easily viewed from the "Sea to Sky Highway" that travels from Vancouver to Squamish and Whistler. To Squamish people, the local indigenous people of the area, the name of the Tantalus Range is Tsewílx' ().

The range's southern end is on the western edge of Squamish and it runs only about 35 km northwest on the west bank of the Squamish River and is less than 16 km wide at its widest.  It is about 460000 ha (4600 km² or 1775 mi²) in area.  Mount Tantalus, , is the highest in the range.

The origin of the name, as well as the names of many of its peaks, are from Greek mythology.  Tantalus was doomed in Hades to be half-submerged in cold water with fruit dangling close but not close enough to eat, which is where the word tantalize has its root.  Allegedly the name was conferred by a local mountain climber who was "tantalized" by the sight of the range's impressive spires and icefalls from across the turbulent waters of the Squamish River.  Alternately, another version of the legend has Tantalus and his family frozen before a banquet, unable to move - very descriptive of the ice-draped and somehow regal character of the peaks and icefields of the range. .

The Tantalus Range is a favourite with climbers, and also with photographers and filmmakers.  The best views of it can be had just north of Squamish from the Brohm Ridge and Cheakamus Canyon stretches of BC Highway 99 (the Sea-to-Sky Highway).

Neighbouring ranges:

Garibaldi Ranges
North Shore Mountains
Clendinning Range

(unnamed ranges not listed at present)

See also
Tantalus Provincial Park
Alpha Mountain
Mount Dione
Omega Mountain
Mount Niobe
Ossa Mountain
Pelion Mountain
Mount Pelops
Mount Sedgwick
Serratus Mountain
Mount Thyestes
Lydia Mountain

Gallery

References

Pacific Ranges
Sea-to-Sky Corridor

Tantalus Range


The History o Scotland is kent tae hae oreiginatit bi the hinder end o the last glacial period (in the paleolithic), about 10,000 year syne. Prehistoric Scotland gaed intae the Neolithic Era roond aboot 4000 bc, the Bronze Age roond aboot 2000 bc, an the Iron Age roond abbot 700 bc. Scotland's clarkit history oreiginatit wi the incomin o the Roman Empire the 1st century, whan the province o Britannia reakit hyne til the nor'lins as the line atweesh the firths o Clyde til the Forth. North o this wis Caledonia, whase fowk war kent in Latin as "Picti", "the paintit yins". Constant fechtin pusht Rome's legions aback: Hadrian's Wall ettelt tae seal aff the Roman sooth an the Antonine Dyke ettelt tae muive the Roman mairch tip the nor'lins. The first yin wis owergaed in the Great Muckle Conspeeracy o the 360s an the second wis swith forhouied. Whilst Rome hinderly retreatit frae Breetain, Gaelic fowk cried the Scoti began tae settle in Wastmaist Scotland an Wales.

By the wey o 9t- an 10t-century soorces, the Gaelic kinrick o Dál Riata wis foondit on the west coast o Scotland in the 6t century. In the neist century, the Gaelic meesionar Columba foondit a monastree at Iona an introduced Celtic Christianity til the fowk thareby. Ahint Ingland's Gregorian mission, the Pictish king Nechtan chose tae abolish maist Celtic practices in favor o the Roman rite, restrictin Gaelic influence on his kingrick an evitin war wi Saxon Northumbria.[1] Taewart the end o the 8t century, the Viking invasions began. Successive defeats bae the Norse forced the Picts an Gaels tae cease their historic hostility atweesh ilk anither an tae unite in the 9th century, forming the Kingrick o Scotland.

The Kinrick o Scotland wis unitit under the descendants o Kenneth MacAlpin, first king o a unitit Scotland. His descendants, kent til modern historians as the Haudin o Alpin, focht amang ilk anither in frequent disputed successions. The last Alpin king, Malcolm II, died wiout issue in the early 11t century an the kingrick passed through his daughter's son, Duncan I, whae stertit a new line o kings kent til modern historians as the Haudin of Dunkeld or Canmore. The last Dunkeld king, Alexander III, died in 1286 leavin anerly a single infant granddaughter as heir; four years later, Margaret, Maid o Norway hersel died in a tragic shipwreck en route tae Scotland. Ingland, under Edward I, would tak advantage o the questioned succession in Scotland tae launch a series of conquests intae Scotland. The resultin Wars o Scots Unthirldom were fought in the late 13t an early 14t centuries as Scotland passed back an forth atween the House of Balliol an the House of Bruce. Scotland's ultimate victory in the Wars o Independence unner David II confirmed Scotland as a fou independent an sovereign kingrick. Whan David II died wiout issue, his nephew Robert II established the Haudin o Stewart (the spelling would be chynged to Stuart in the 16th century), whilk would rule Scotland uncontested for the neist three centuries. James VI, Stuart king o Scotland, inherit the throne o Ingland in 1603 an aw, an the Stuart kings an queens ruled baith independent kingdoms til the Act o Union in 1707 merged the two kingricks intae a new state, the Kinrick o Great Breetain. Queen Anne wis the last Stuart monarch, rulin til 1714. Syne 1714, the succession o the British monarchs o the haudins o Hanover an Saxe-Coburg an Gotha (Windsor) wis due til their descent frae James VI an I o the Haudin o Stuart.

In the Scots Enlichtment an Industrial Revolution, Scotland becam yin o the commercial, intellectual an industrial pouerhooses o Europe. Its industrial dwyne ahint the Second World War wis parteecularly fell, still an on in recent decades the kintra hae enjoyed something of a cultural an economic renaissance, fuelled in pairt bae a resurgent financial services sector, the proceeds o North Sea ile an gas.

History o Scotland


The CMLL Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increíbles 2010 or "National Incredible Pairs Tournament 2010" was the first of a series of Lucha Libre (professional wrestling) tournaments for Tag Teams traditionally held early in the year. The tournament was based on the Lucha Libre Parejas Increíbles match type where two wrestlers of opposite allegiance, portraying either villains, referred to as "Rudos" in Lucha Libre wrestling terminology or fan favorites, or "Technicos". At times some of the team members were part of a pre-existing scripted feuds or storylines with each other. There were some exceptions to the "Tecnico teams with a Rudo" rule, but the majority of the teams has been actual Parejas Increíbles. In this tournament each team represented the region where they were born or where they learned to wrestle which also excluded any non-Mexican competitors from the tournament. The teams represented the four most important regions of Lucha Libre in Mexico Mexico, Guadalajara, Jalisco, the La Laguna Region and Monterrey, Nuevo León. The team of Máscara Dorada and Atlantis won the 2010 tournament.

Tournament
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) introduced their annual Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increíbles tournament in January 2010. The tournament would feature teams of wrestlers who do not usually team up, in fact most of the teams are on opposite sides of the Tecnico/Rudo (Fan favorite/villain) divide and were often direct rivals. The participating teams would all represent the region where they were raised or where they learned to wrestle. The 16 teams represented Mexico, Guadalajara, Jalisco, the La Laguna Region and Monterrey, Nuevo León in the tournament. The tournament was a standard single-elimination Tag Team, split into two brackets of eight teams, the two matches for the two brackets took place on the January 22, 2010 Super Viernes and the January 29, 2010 Super Viernes and the final match was held on the February 5, 2010 Super Viernes as the semi-main event of the show.

Tournament participants
Three of the teams in the 2010 tournament were not actually Increíbles as Rudos El Felino and Sangre Azteca teamed up, Rudos Ephesto and Euforia were paired as well as tecnicos El Sagrado and Shocker and Héctor Garza  and Toscano, done to fit the "Regional" approach. The following teams were part of the 2010 Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increíbles, listed by the city/area they represented:
Key

Mexico City
Brazo de Plata  and Ray Mendoza Jr.
El Felino  and Sangre Azteca
El Hijo del Fantasma  and Mephisto
La Mascara  and Negro Casas
Maximo  and Mr. Niebla
Místico  and Averno
Valiente  and Rey Bucanero
Guadalajara
Máscara Dorada  and Atlantis
Rouge  and El Texano Jr.
El Sagrado  and Shocker
La Laguna
Blue Panther  and Misterioso Jr.
Ephesto  and Euforia
La Sombra  and Dragón Rojo Jr.
Monterrey, Nuevo León
Héctor Garza  and Toscano
Stuka Jr.  and Último Guerrero
Volador Jr.  and El Terrible

Block A

To determine the team match-ups in the tournament a representative of each team entered a Battle royal where the order of elimination determined when the team would wrestle in the first round – the first two wrestlers eliminated would face off, then the next two and the next two, with the final two men in the ring facing off in the last of the opening round matches.

The first Battle Royal, on January 22, included El Terrible, El Hijo del Fantasma, Averno, Dragón Rojo Jr., Euforia, Máscara Dorada, Máximo and Misterioso II. The match ended with El Terrible and El Hijo del Fantasma as the last two wrestlers in the ring, which meant their teams would meet in the final first round match that evening. After the match order was determined the actual tournament began. The first match saw Atlantis and Máscara Dorada defeat Dragón Rojo Jr. and La Sombra. While Atlantis is a Rudo the team got along without any problems, Atlantis wore his old Tecnico style white mask and wrestled a more tecnico style to complement Máscara Dorada. The second match saw Máximo and Mr. Niebla form a team that quickly earned the nickname La Peste con Amour ("the Love Plague") born from Mr. Niebla being part of La Peste Negra ("the Black Plague") and Máximo's Exótico ring character. The team won when Máximo kissed Blue Panther or Misterioso II, distracting him long enough for Mr. Niebla to sneak up behind him to roll him up for the pinfall. The third first round match paired longtime rivals Místico, CMLL's top Tecnico up with Averno, one of CMLL's top Rudos together to face Euforia and Averno's regular partner Ephesto. Místico and Averno came out with a surprising show of unity as they both wore masks that melded their own masks with their partner's mask, the arch-enemies got along in the match, handily winning it. The last match saw El Terrible and Volador Jr. defeat Hijo del Fantasma and Mephisto to earn their way to the quarter-finals.

Atlantis and Máscara Dorada defeated La Pestre con Amour when Máximo tried to kiss Atlantis to distract him, but ended up kissing Mr. Niebla instead, distracting Mr. Niebla so he lost to a quick roll-up and pinfall. The most talked about storyline of the evening took place in the second quarter final match as Místico and Averno took on Volador Jr. and El Terrible. Up until that night Místico and Volador Jr. (Along with La Sombra had formed a trio called "Super Sky Team", but on the night of January 22 that partnership ended in a surprising fashion. During the match Místico wrestled a much more aggressive, Rudo style especially when in the ring with Volador Jr. Mistico would tear up Volador's mask and win by cheating. Following the match Místico kept attacking Volador Jr. The semi-final match once again saw Místico continue his newly found Rudo ways, tearing at Máscara Dorada's mask and wrestling a more brutal style than he usually wrestled. In the end Atlantis forced Averno to submit to win a place in the finals of the match. Initially it was thought that Místico's rudo tactics were just because he was teamed up with Averno, leaving his true allegiance up in the air at that moment.

Block B
The second block matches took place on January 29 and again started with a battle royal to determine the order of matches. The match included El Sagrado, Ray Mendoza Jr., Stuka Jr.La Máscara, Rush, Sangre Azteca, Toscano and Valiente with Ray Mendoza Jr. and Stuka Jr. being the last two men in the ring. In the first round El Sagrado and Shocker defeated Rey Bucanero and Valiente, taking full advantage of the fact that they were able to get along without problems.
Negro Casas and La Mascara defeated El Texano Jr. and Rush despite the two being involved in a long going rivalry between the Casas family and the Alvarado wrestling family (La Mascara is the son of Jesús Alvarado Nieves better known under the ring name Brazo de Oro). Héctor Garza and Toscano defeated El Felino and Sangre Azteca. In the final first round match Último Guerrero and Stuka Jr. defeated Ray Mendoza Jr. and Brazo de Plata as Mendoza and Brazo de Plata were unable to put their animosity aside for the night. The longest first round match went 05:11 while the shortest match was 03:52. In the second round La Mascara and Negro Casas defeated Shocker and El Sagrado while Garza and Toscano defeated the bracket favorites Último Guerrero and Stuka Jr. While Toscano and Garza were both Tecnicos (fan favorites) and had teamed before it was the Rudo (villain)/tecnico team of Negro Casas and La Mascara who worked best together and won the semi-final match, earning the right to face Atlantis and Máscara Dorada the following week for the Parejas Increibles Nacional tournament trophy.

Finals
La Máscara and Negro Casas were clearly the crowd favorites in the finals of the Pareja Increíbles Nacional tournament as they were on their "home turf" in Mexico City. La Máscara and Casas faced Atlantis and Máscara Dorada, representing Guadalajara, Jalisco. Unlike the preliminary rounds matches that were only one fall matches the finals featured the traditional Mexican best two out of three falls. La Máscara and Casas won the first fall when Casas pinned Atlantis after 08:07. Atlantis forced Negro Casas to submit and Máscara Dorada forced La Máscara to submit to claim the second fall after 3 minutes and 32 seconds of wrestling. The final fall went 12:30, taking the entire match to the 24:09 mark and saw Atlantis force Negro Casas to submit, followed by La Máscara being counted out as he was outside the ring for more than 20 seconds giving Atlantis and Máscara Dorada the victory and the trophy for the Parejas Increíbles Nacional tournament. The tournament was deemed a success by several magazines and websites as it managed to change up the status quo of CMLL.

Tournament brackets

Aftermath
The tournament winners Atlantis and Máscara Dorada did not team up after the tournament ended until they were reunited for the 2011 Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increíbles, which they would also win. The only team in the tournament that would actually continue to team up was La Peste Con Amour as Maximo and Mr. Niebla would team up throughout February and March, teasing both Maximo turning Rudo and Mr. Niebla turning Tecnico. The two would team up until mid to late March 2010 when Mr. Niebla suffered a knee injury and the storyline was dropped.

The biggest storyline to come from the tournament was the apparent Rudo turn of CMLL's top Tecnico Místico, a turn that was cemented during the February 5, 2010 Super Viernes where he faced Volador Jr. in a brutal match that saw Místico work a full-fledged Rudo style. In the second fall Místico pulled his mask off and threw it to Volador Jr. in an attempt to get Volador Jr. disqualified. The end came when Volador Jr. reversed Místico's La Mística and won by applying the same move to Místico. Following the match Místico angrily proclaimed "¡Yo soy la máxima figura de la lucha libre!". ("I am the greatest figure in wrestling"). On February 12, 2010 Místico lost the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship to Volador Jr. losing two falls to one. In April, 2010 Místico announced that he was done being a Rúdo and returned to the Técnico side, although Volador Jr. kept suspicious of Místico. The storyline between the two cooled off for a bit, but in late May, 2010 tension resumed as Místico and Volador Jr. faced off once again over the Mexican Light Heavyweight Championship, with Volador Jr. retaining the belt. At the 2010 Sin Salida the two were on opposite sides of a Relevos Increibles, Místico teamed with Máscara Dorad and Mr. Águila while Volador Jr. teamed with Averno and Negro Casas. Averno came to the ring wearing the same combined Averno/Místico mask he had worn for the Parejas Increibles tournament and tried to convince Místico to join the rúdo side, only to turn around and reveal that both he and Volador Jr. were wearing a combined Averno/Volador Jr. mask underneath. Volador Jr. worked as a rúdo throughout the match, losing the match for his team when he tried to cheat but was caught by the referee. The storyline between Místico and Volador Jr. would continue to build, but remained unresolved when Místico left CMLL to join World Wrestling Federation as "Sin Cara".

References

2010 in professional wrestling
CMLL Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles

CMLL Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increíbles (2010)


Leo II of Galicia, also known as Lev Yurevich (unknown – 1323) was Prince of Lutsk and Galicia, one of the last two Romanovichi kings of Rus` (r. 1308–1323; according to some sources, 1315–23). He was a member of the senior branch of Monomakhovichi.

He was the son of King Yuri I (1252–1308), whom he succeeded on the royal throne of Galicia-Volhynia. After the death of his father, he ruled the kingdom together with his brother Andrew. His mother was Euphemia of Kuyavia. According to most sources, the brothers were co-kings, managing the kingdom together, but there are sources indicating that Lev II was seated in Halych and Andrew in Volodymyr (and yet others stating a similar arrangement, but with the seats reversed), which would seem to imply split jurisdiction.

Fighting Lithuania and Tatars
The first common letter of Lev II and Andrew dates to August 9, 1316, in which they renewed the union with the Prussian Crusaders (the Teutonic Order, also known as the Teutonic Knights), whom they promised to defend from the Tatars and "any hostile invader"; the latter mention apparently referred to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as that state at the time threatened not only the unity but also the very existence of both the Knights and the Galician state.

It is reported that in the second decade of 14th century, the Lithuanians increased their pressure upon Galicia-Volhynia, eventually wresting away control of Dorohychyn and Berestia. The years of the brothers' "joint" reign were in spent in more-or-less constant conflict with both the Gediminids of Lithuania and with their own nominal overlords, the Mongol-Tatars of the Golden Horde.

Lev II and Andrew established firm relations with the Polish High Duke (King) Władysław I (Władysław the Short or Elbow-high; also known as Ladislaus I of Poland, ) and, as already pointed out above, with the crusading knights of the Teutonic Order, as well as striving to lessen the ties of their kingdom's subservience to the Golden Horde.

They were also in union with the allies of King Władysław I – the Scandinavian Kings and the Pomorian Dukes – against the Margraves of Brandenburg (1315).

Death
Sources differ on the circumstances of his death; most historians agree he died, together with his brother Andrew, in 1323, but there is disagreement over whether they were battling the Mongol-Tatars or the Lithuanians, and over whether the deaths occurred while defending Pidliashia or Berestia.

Both King Lev and his brother King Andrew were apparently much respected in the west. In May 1323, Polish King Władysław I, in a letter to the Pope, wrote with obvious regret: "Two last Ruthenian (Ukrainian) kings, that had been firm shields for Poland from Tatars, left this world and after their death Poland is directly under Tatar threat.

In 1321, Lev's son, Prince George of Lutsk, the last of the line, had died in a battle with the forces of Grand Duke Gediminas of Lithuania while defending the castle in Lutsk. After the deaths of Lev II and his brother two years later, the line of the direct descendants of Roman Mstislavich ended, and the Galician state was left without a ruling dynasty. The Galician boyars (nobility) subsequently attempted to rule the state themselves. Fearing subjugation by Władysław I, they apparently sought the protection of the Tatars. But soon more conservative elements amongst the boyars gained the upper hand, and the Galician throne was given to the Mazovian Duke Boleslaw Trojdenowicz (who was related to the deceased royal brothers through the marriage of his father Trojden I of Masovia to their sister Maria).

Ancestry

See also
 List of Ukrainian rulers

External links
 Great history of Ukraine: Galician-Volhynian state

Year of birth missing
1323 deaths
Romanovichi family
Piast dynasty
Eastern Orthodox monarchs
14th-century monarchs in Europe
Kings of Ruthenia

Leo II of Galicia


The celestial equator is a term in observational astronomy. It is a great circle on the imaginary celestial sphere, in the same plane as the Earth's equator. In other words, it is a projection of the terrestrial equator out into space.  As a result of the Earth's axial tilt, the celestial equator is inclined by 23.4° with respect to the ecliptic plane.

An observer standing on the Earth's equator visualizes the celestial equator as a semicircle passing directly overhead through the zenith. As the observer moves north (or south), the celestial equator tilts towards the southern (or northern) horizon. At the poles, the celestial equator is parallel to the horizon.

The observer always sees the ends of the semicircle disappear over the horizon exactly due east and due west, regardless of the observer's position on Earth.

References

Astronomy

Celestial equator


A Microformat is an attempt to re-use existing content in HTML and XML documents. Such content may be information on how to contact someone, or it may be geographical coordinates, for example. This information can then be processed by software more easily.

Technically, this kind of information is already there. A microformat aims at making this information accessible more easily. That way, tags might be added to flag the information.

Example
In this example, the contact information is presented as follows:

Joe Doe

The Example Company

604-555-1234

   http://example.com/

With hCard microformat markup, that becomes:

Joe Doe

The Example Company

604-555-1234

   http://example.com/

Here, the formatted name (fn), organisation (org), telephone number (tel) and web address (url) have been identified using specific class names and the whole thing is wrapped in class="vcard",  which indicates that the other classes form an hCard (short for "HTML vCard") and are not merely coincidentally named. Other, optional, hCard classes also exist. It is now possible for software, such as browser plug-ins, to extract the information, and transfer it to other applications, such as an address book.

Internet

Microformat


PDF commonly refers to the Portable Document Format in computing.

Other uses could also mean:

In education
 Postdoctoral fellow

In fiction
 Planetary Defence Force in the Warhammer 40,000 universe

In the military
 Panama Defense Forces
 P.D.F. (upper case) is an abbreviation of "Permanent Defence Forces" - the standing branches of the Irish Defence Forces
 People's Defence Force - the army of Grenada before the US led invasion in 1983.

In science
 Atomic pair distribution function (Physics)
 Parkinson's Disease Foundation (http://www.pdf.org) (Medicine)
 Parton Distribution Functions (Physics)
 Planar deformation features (Geology)
 Polypeptide Deformylase (Chemistry)
 Powder Diffraction File (Physics)
 pdf and p.d.f. (lower case) can refer to "probability density function" (Mathematics, statistics and probability)
 PDF and P.D.F. (upper case) can refer to "probability distribution function" (Mathematics, statistics and probability)

In software
 Package Definition File (Microsoft Systems Management Server)
 Portable Document Format
 Printer Description File, in earlier editions of Quark Xpress page layout software.

Additional uses
 KPDF-CA, a television station in Phoenix, Arizona
 PDF417, a 2D barcode - PDF means Portable Data File
 PDF Solutions, a listed company headquartered in San Jose, California
 Peace Development Fund, a non-profit public foundation based in Amherst, Massachusetts
 Peak draw force in a Compound bow in Archery
 Playa del Fuego, a Delaware art festival inspired by the annual Nevada Burning Man festival
 An abbreviation of Pretty Damned Funny

PDF (disambiguation)


Sung Si-Bak (Hangul: 성시백, Hanja: 成始柏, ; born February 18, 1987, in Seoul, South Korea) is a South Korean short track speed skater. At the 2007 Winter Universiade, he won all five short track speed skating events. Sung has won more than 20 World Cup races and earned two World Cup titles, in addition to skating on the winning World Championship 5000 m relay teams in 2007 and 2008. He qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Sung was in medal contention leading into the final lap of the 1500 m event there, when a crash between him and a teammate led to his finishing in 5th place.

Career
Sung began speedskating in elementary school at the behest of his parents, who hoped that it would help make him stronger. He nearly gave up the sport in order to continue his schooling, but chose to continue training as a professional speedskater.

Sung's career in the short track speed skating world cup has been a successful one. In the 500 m, he took first place in the 2007/2008 season, second in the 2008/2009 season, and third in the 2009/2010 season. In the 1500 m, he was first in 2008/2009 and third in 2009/2010. In total, he has won more than 20 World Cup races. He has also seen some success in World Championships. In 2007 and 2008, he was a member of the world champion 5000 m relay teams. He and his South Korean teammates also won the World Team Championships in 2009, having earned third place the previous year and second in 2007.

Sung was selected for the South Korean team at the 2010 Winter Olympics to compete in four events, the 500 m, the 1000 m, the 1500 m, and the 5000 m team relay.

In the first of these events, the 1500 m, Sung was among the three leading skaters, all South Koreans, going into the final lap when he was taken out by his teammate Lee Ho-Suk who attempted to pass him and both collided and slid into the wall. The fall allowed Americans Apolo Anton Ohno and J. R. Celski to take silver and bronze. Lee Ho-Suk was disqualified for causing the fall, and Sung who would have gotten silver, finished in 5th place.

In the heat race for the 1000 m competition, he set an Olympic Record with a time of 1:24.245.  However, disappointingly he didn't advance to the finals as he finished third in the semi-finals.  During the pre-finals of 1000 m, he was disqualified from the event for bumping another skater.

In the 500m Olympic Final, Sung was in the lead but slipped in the final corner before making contact with Charles Hamelin, and ended up crossing the finish line third.  However, he was able to take the Silver medal due to a disqualification of Apolo Ohno.

See also
 South Korea at the 2010 Winter Olympics

References

External links
 Sung Si-Bak's biography on nbcolympics.com

1987 births
Living people
South Korean male short track speed skaters
Olympic short track speed skaters for South Korea
Olympic silver medalists for South Korea
Olympic medalists in short track speed skating
Short track speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in short track speed skating
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Asian Games bronze medalists for South Korea
Short track speed skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Universiade medalists in short track speed skating
Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade
FISU World University Games gold medalists for South Korea
Competitors at the 2005 Winter Universiade
Competitors at the 2007 Winter Universiade
South Korean Buddhists
21st-century South Korean people

Sung Si-bak


Henry de Cliff (died 1334), was an English judge.

First mentioned
De Cliff is first mentioned as accompanying the king abroad in May 1313; and on 11 May 1317, as a master in chancery, he had charge of the Great Seal at the house of the Lord Chancellor, John Sandale, Bishop of Winchester.

Possible confusion and further career
There is another master in chancery in Edward II's reign of the same name, probably a brother. From 1317 till 1324 de Cliff continued to be one of the clerks under whose seal, during the absences of the Lords Chancellors Sandale, Hotham, Bishop of Ely, Salmon, Bishop of Norwich, and Baldock, the great seal was constantly secured. On the opening of parliament on 6 October 1320 he was auditor of petitions in England and Wales. On 23 February 1324 he appears as a canon of York and as procurator in parliament at Westminster, both for the dean and chapter of York and for the bishop of St Asaph.

As Master of the Rolls
On 4 July 1325 he was appointed Master of the Rolls, and after the abdication of Edward II in 1326 he was, on 17 December, directed to add his seal to that of the Bishop of Norwich to secure the great seal. Until the appointment of Bishop Hotham of Ely as lord chancellor on the accession of Edward III, the Bishop of Norwich and Cliff discharged the chancellor's duties. For some dispute with Thomas de Cherleton, Bishop of Hereford, in connection with the presentation to the prebend of Blebury in Salisbury Cathedral he incurred the penalty of excommunication, in regard to which, within a month of his accession, and again in the following March, Edward III personally wrote letters on his behalf. The great seal continued to be often entrusted to him. From the resignation of John de Hotham to the appointment of Henry Burghersh, Bishop of Lincoln (1 March to 12 May 1328), he held it along with William de Herlaston, and during absences of Burghersh it was in his custody again in 1328 (1–30 July and 17–26 August), and in 1329 (31 May-11 June). He was similarly entrusted with it under the next chancellor, John de Stratford, bishop of Winchester, in April and November 1331, and April and December 1332. In 1329 he was a commissioner with the Bishop of Hereford and another to open the adjourned session of parliament.

Death
He died in January 1334, and on the 20th was succeeded by Michael de Wath.

References

Year of birth missing
1334 deaths
14th-century English judges

Henry de Cliff