The Gleaner Company Ltd. is a newspaper publishing enterprise in Jamaica. Established in 1834 by Joshua and Jacob De Cordova, the company's primary product is The Gleaner, a morning broadsheet published six days each week. It also publishes a Sunday paper, the Sunday Gleaner, and an evening tabloid, The Star. Overseas weekly editions are published in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. The paper was known as The Daily Gleaner until 1992.

The company is headquartered in Kingston, Jamaica.

Overview
The Gleaner Company Limited is a Jamaica-based newspaper company. The principal activities of the company and its subsidiaries are the publication and printing of newspapers and radio broadcasting. The company's subsidiaries include Independent Radio Company Limited (IRC)- Power 106 and Music 99 FM, Gleaner Online Limited, Creek Investments Limited, Selectco Publications Limited, GV Media Group Limited and The Gleaner Company (Canada) Inc. and The Gleaner Company (USA) Limited.

There were approximately 417 direct employees. In addition to these direct employees, the company's business depends on contractors and vendors who are business people trading in their own right. Then there are also motor contractors, rural agents, space writers, correspondents, freelance photographers and contributors. In total, some 4,000 people in Jamaica are involved in the Gleaner's operations.

History
The Gleaner commenced publication in the year 1834. It was founded by two brothers, Jacob and Joshua de Cordova.

In 1898 it became a publicly registered company and is listed on the Jamaica Stock Exchange.

From 1834 until mid-1969, the Gleaner Company was situated at various locations on Harbour Street, principally at 148–156 Harbour Street, with some departments operating from 146–161 Harbour Street. Continued growth prompted the company to erect the present building at 7 North Street, where construction work on the plant commenced on 1 February 1967. It was completed in 1969 and blessed by religious leaders in the community on 26 May of that year. By Monday, 14 July of the same year, the company conducted its business entirely on the new premises.

As the need became apparent for the western end of the island to be better serviced, a branch office was established in Montego Bay in 1966, and later advertising offices were opened in Ocho Rios and Mandeville.

Gleaner publications
 The Gleaner is published Monday through Saturday. The Gleaner, a morning broadsheet, is the flagship of the group, containing news, views, sports and in-depth reporting. The Gleaner contains the following regular sections and features the following:
 Western Focus provides for the needs of the people lining in the five western parishes; this special edition carries news, features, and advertisements from those parishes.
 The Flair Magazine is designed to address topics of concerns to women.
 The Financial Gleaner is for the business and financial community.
 Youthlink is a magazine addressing educational and other issues of concerns to the youth and highlighting their achievements.
 The Sunday Gleaner, first published in 1939, is a weekend paper reaching twice as many readers as the daily paper.
 The Star is an afternoon tabloid. "The people paper", it provides investigative reports, news, special columns, and stories.
 The Weekend Star, first published in 1951, reviews of Jamaican music, dance, theatre, and culture.
 Track and Pools is for the horse-racing fraternity. It features computer-calculated tips for each race.
 The Children's Own is published each week during the academic term.
 Hospitality Jamaica is about tourist industry news.

Publications in North America
 The Weekly Star, the Entertainment Paper, covers Jamaican music, arts, and theatre, with human interest features and news about community life.
 The Weekly Gleaner with North America Extra is the top Caribbean newspaper, distributed in 22 American and eight Canadian cities.

Publication in the United Kingdom
 The Weekly Gleaner (UK) carrying news of interest to the West Indians in United Kingdom, the paper offers coverage of important issues and events in both the Caribbean and the United Kingdom.

Notable years in the life of the company

1834 13 September: The first publication was a four-page weekly newspaper printed at 66 West Harbour Street along with the Mercantile Intelligencer. It began life as The Gleaner and Weekly Compendium of News, published on Saturdays only, at a quarterly subscription rate of 10 shillings in Kingston, and 13 shillings and four pence in the rural areas.
 December: The name changed to The Gleaner: A weekly family newspaper devoted to literature, morality, the arts and sciences, and amusements.

1836 Merger of deCordova's Advertising Sheet with The Gleaner to produce a four-page paper, published every day except Sundays.

1875 The Gleaner was printed on a steam-driven press.

1882 Fire destroyed its plant at 148 Harbour Street and The Gleaner was printed at The Government Printing Office for two weeks.

1897 10 June: The Gleaner became a public company.

1902 The Gleaner increased its size to 16 pages and sold for one penny.

1907 14 January: An earthquake and subsequent fire destroyed the building on Harbour Street, four days later the newspaper was on the streets again, and printing being done at the Government Printing Office for a time.

1908 Rapid expansion with the introduction of three linotype machines.

1912 A photo-engraving department was installed.

1917 Hoe Rotary Press was installed.

1920 Motor delivery routes were established.

1925 The Pink Sheet magazine was added to the Saturday Gleaner.

1939 10 September: The first Sunday Gleaner was published, right after World War II started.

1950 11 June: The first Children's Own newspaper was published.

1951 July: The first Overseas Gleaner (now The Weekly Gleaner) was published.
24 November: The first Star was published.

1959 The Company installed a Crabtree rotary press, which allowed the Gleaner to print nine colours, and the Star, six colours.

1960 Branch offices were established, the first was located in Montego Bay.

1962 The Weekend Star was introduced, 24-pages with an eight-page entertainment section, priced at three pence.

1963 The Sunday Magazine was added to The Sunday Gleaner.

1964 Gleaner shares quoted on the Jamaica Stock Market at 12 shillings per five-shilling share.

1969 The Gleaner "The Old Lady of Harbour Street" began operating at 7 North Street, Central Kingston, its current location, where a six-unit Crabtree rotary press was installed.

1982 Major computer system installed - making it one of the first newspapers in the Caribbean to switch over to new technology.

1992 7 December: Name change from The Daily Gleaner to The Gleaner.

1993 The Company signed an agreement with System Integrators, Inc. (SII) to provide news publishing solutions.

1994 The Company installed a 16-unit Goss Urbanite press and a new pre-press system with facility to fully paginate each newspaper page.

1997 16 February: Launch of web site at
 9 June, The Gleaner Company Ltd. begun printing The Miami Herald International Satellite Edition on a daily basis. This operation ended on 31 March 1999

1999 31 March, The Gleaner stopped printing The Miami Herald - International Satellite Version

2000 April: The Story of The Gleaner: Memoirs and Reminiscences of the newspaper was published.
 June: The Digital Laboratory was established.
 September Gleaner started subscription route in Mandeville

2001 Local websites launched go-Kingston and go-Montego Bay.

 February The Gleaner's evening tabloid, The Star, staged its first inaugural Star Awards to recognize excellence in local music.
 20 March the first issue of Youthlink magazine launched.

2002 London Extra first published - 25 October
 Canada Extra first published - 19 December
 Portmore Star first published - 19 January

2004 Hospitality Jamaica was first published. (13 October)

References

External links

 The Gleaner

Newspaper companies
Mass media in Jamaica
Publishing companies established in 1834
Companies established in 1834
Companies based in Kingston, Jamaica
1834 establishments in the British Empire

Gleaner Company


Taejo o Joseon (October 11, 1335 – May 24, 1408; r. 1392-1398), born Yi Seong-gye, whose chynged name is Yi Dan, wis the foonder an the first keeng o the Joseon Dynasty o Korea, an the main figure in owerthrowin the Goryeo Dynasty. He wis posthumously raised tae the rank o Emperor in 1899 bi Gojong, the Gwangmu Emperor, who haed proclaimed the Korean Empire in 1897.

Taejo's faither Yi Ja-chun wis a minor Mongol offeecial, but his ethnicity wis Korean. Taejo joined the Goryeo airmy an rose through the ranks, seizin the throne in 1392. He abdicatit in 1398 durin the strife atween his sons an dee'd in 1408.

Joseon rulers
1335 births
1408 daiths
Goryeo fowk
Korean generals

Taejo o Joseon


Moritz Adolf Schlesinger (30 October 1798 in Berlin – 25 February 1871 in Baden-Baden), generally known during his French career as Maurice Schlesinger, was a German music editor.  He is perhaps best remembered for inspiring the character of M. Arnoux in Gustave Flaubert's novel Sentimental Education.

He was the son of Adolf Martin Schlesinger, founder of the music journal Berliner allgemeine musikalische Zeitung.  Maurice moved to Paris permanently in the 1820s where he founded a music publishing house closely linked to that of his father.  In 1834 he founded a society with the stated object of publishing both classical and contemporary music at reasonable prices.  He published works by Mozart, Haydn, Weber, Beethoven, Hummel, Chopin, Giacomo Meyerbeer and Hector Berlioz. He employed Richard Wagner, as an arranger and journalist, during the latter's first visit to Paris in 1840–41, and made the first introduction of Wagner to Franz Liszt.

Schlesinger created the journal Gazette musicale, which he later combined with the Revue musicale of François-Joseph Fétis.  He eventually sold his portion of the journal in 1846 to a former employee named Louis Brandus.

References

1798 births
1871 deaths
German music publishers (people)
Music in Paris
Businesspeople from Berlin

Maurice Schlesinger


Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin (International title: One Great Love / ) is a 2011 Philippine family military drama series that aired on ABS-CBN featuring an ensemble cast. The show aired from March 7 to August 19, 2011. It is the second Philippine television series to be shot in high definition format after Rounin.

Plot

Alexander Del Tierro (Coco Martin) was born into a family affiliated with the army, his father, Col. Joaquin Del Tierro (John Estrada) is a respected military officer and his grandfather, Gen. Jaime Sebastiano (Ronaldo Valdez) is one of the feared generals in the Philippines but doesn't have a close relationship with his mother, Alondra (Lorna Tolentino) blaming him for the death of her youngest son, Jaime Del Tierro, Jr. (Bugoy Cariño) which led Alexander to join the military otherwise after continuously refusing to do so. His best friend, Gabrielle (Andi Eigenmann) has been by his side in the most important times of his life and has developed feelings for him since they were about 10 years old. Gabrielle is raised by her grandfather, Gen. Edgardo Marcelo (Dante Rivero) after her parents died in the line of duty. Unfortunately Alexander doesn't feel the same way for her but one of their military friends, Norberto Matias (Martin del Rosario) does.

Alondra was brought up by Teresa Valderosa (Angel Aquino), Gen. Jaime's mistress. Her mother died after being hit by a car forcing Jaime to bring her into his family. It is there that she met Joaquin, her half-sister Lora's (Amy Austria-Ventura) boyfriend and developed feelings for him. Alondra has always envied and hated her sister, wanting everything that she owns, especially Joaquin and their father's affection. Lora's mother Remedios (Boots Anson-Roa) comes from a long line of rebels but was forced to leave the mountains when she fell in love with Jaime, she finds herself trapped in an unhappy marriage. After finding out about Jaime's mistress, she headed back to the mountains and waited for her daughter. In a later accident, Alondra tells a taxi driver to run over her sister. Lora is immediately sent to a private doctor. Alondra's  best friend Mimi (Candy Pangilinan) and Mimi's cousin Tomas (Tonton Gutierrez) agrees that they would help her and it is there that they discovered about Lora's pregnancy. Jaime lies to Joaquin after hearing the news of Lora's disappearance and tells him that she has been found dead, thinking that she has decided to follow her mother to the mountains instead. Alondra leaves the country but goes back in time for Lora's labour. Lora gives birth to twin brothers but the doctors inform them that the other has died. Alondra takes the other baby, Alexander, and brings him to Joaquin, claims that he is theirs, forcing him to marry her.

Tomas' wife and child died before he met Lora, and he has developed feelings for her. After finding out that the twin who they thought died was breathing, he takes it as a message from God to start a new life. Lora wakes up from her coma after a year not knowing that she has given birth and finds out that Joaquin has been married with her sister. It is there that she decided to follow her mother, Remedios now named Elena, to the mountains with Tomas with his new name Bernabe and herself as Rosa taking Javier with them, the baby that Tomas allegedly found in a burning apartment.

Javier (Coco Martin) was raised up by his surrogate mother Rosa and his adoptive father Bernabe and Elena. Javier is aware that they're not his birth parents and longs to find his true family and live a normal life. His former girlfriend, Krista (Maja Salvador) is still in love with him and has two missions in life: to fulfill the romance between them and to avenge her parents death. Krista was raised up as an orphan by the rebels along with her brother Tiago (Lloyd Zaragoza). She witnessed her parents' death and remembers the soldier that killed them, Edgardo. When she was a kid, she was saved from the hands of the military by Alexander and fell in love with him and when she met Javier, she thought that it was him that helped her.

In an encounter between the soldiers and the rebels, Alexander and Javier met, and since then they tried to learn about each other's lives and family. The two brothers often switch lives and both fell in love with their female counterparts, Javier with Gabrielle and Alexander with Krista. The people surrounding them start to suspect that something is going on that neither of them knows.

Alondra follows Alexander and it is their that she finds out that Alexander has a twin brother. She develops a strong relationship with Javier that Alexander never felt, Alondra often sees Javier as Jaime Jr. Wanting to find out who raised Javier, she follows him on his way back to the mountains and is surprised to see Lora.

The soldiers capture Diego (Ronnie Lazaro), Tiago and Ibon (Jojit Lorenzo) in a later attack. Edgardo is forced to tell the truth to Joaquin concerning Lora and Remedios' alleged death and disappearance after facing the two in an encounter.

The truth between the twin brothers are revealed after Gabrielle, Alexander, Krista and Javier meet face to face. Rosa, Elena and Bernabe witness the capture of Javier and Krista. Elena surrenders for Javier but Rosa manages to escape. The four later decide to take on amnesty including Bernabe who was captured weeks after, reusing their birth names. Kaye realizes that Alexander was the one that saved her from the military when they were kids and immediately falls in love with him but Gabrielle refuses to feel the same way for Javier, despite having the same appearance, Gabrielle is convinced that Javier doesn't have the qualities that made her fall in love with Alexander. Mimi suspects that Alondra is responsible behind Lora's sudden disappearance. After months Lora comes back revealing the truth behind her absence, the fact that she was in prison after being framed by Tomas with drugs to keep her away from Joaquin. She comes back to Manila and visits the military camp in hope to see Joaquin but sees Alondra instead and is captured by the military. Lora decides to take on amnesty to be with her family especially her mother. Joaquin draws closure to her after years of not seeing each other and finds out the truth of why she never came back. She is set free along with Diego, Tiago and Ibon who decided to take on amnesty to take their revenge to the people that betrayed them namely Javier.

Javier experiences a hard time adjusting to a normal life and develops hatred and jealousy towards his brother, having Gabrielle's affection and a stable relationship with Krista. He gets involved in a carnapping business but later chose to betray his friends, Inigo (Franco Daza), Rico (Dino Imperial) and Bunch (Michael Roy Jornales) to avoid being sent to prison. Alexander meanwhile proposes to Kaye and Joaquin is more than happy for his son and arranged for the parental marriage proposal. It is there that Diego, Tiago and Ibon took their revenge. Unfortunately, Remedios gets shot and is rushed to the hospital which caused her to suffer subdural hematoma  and eventually dies. Her death caused Lora and Jaime to re-build a strong relationship back to what it was before Alondra came into their lives, making her sister more jealous than before.

Javier is framed of drug possession and unlicensed armory and is sent to prison but escapes. He is seen roaming around a street near their house and Alexander is immediately ordered to run after him. Alexander surrounds his brother alone with no way out. Javier smacks Alexander making his brother fall out of conscious and asks Alondra for help who suggested locking up Alexander and impersonate Alexander. Javier locks his brother in a cage and breaks up with Krista to pursue his love for Gabrielle giving her suspicion that he isn't the same person. Gabrielle follows him on his visit to Alexander with Alondra and Mimi and is convinced that foul play has been involved. Mimi sees Gabrielle and, with confusion and desperation, hits her with an ax lying on the ground and falls into a ditch and loses consciousness. Gabrielle later wakes up and finally finds Alexander in the cage and dies painfully in front of her best friend and true love.

Alexander successfully escapes and captures Javier and ties him up. He is determined to find out who murdered his best friend and discovers that Alondra has been helping him. He fixes things up with Krista and tells her that Javier has been impersonating him explaining his recent actions. Meanwhile, Mimi runs away before the military find out about the murder. Alondra is frightened that she and Tomas would reveal the truth and so frames Tomas of killing Gabrielle by placing his watch besides Gabrielle's body bringing Tomas' life in danger. Lora finds out that Tomas has been lying to her all these years about her scar and that she has given birth and demands him for her sons but he refuses to answer. Alondra discovers that Alexander has escaped and hides Javier elsewhere and informs him about Gabrielle's death but refuses to believe so, Javier sneaks in to Gabrielle's funeral to prove it for himself. The military spotted Javier but they also saw Tomas who, after being beaten by Javier, managed to escape after a close call. The truth slowly unravels as Alexander reports to the headquarters of his suspicion that Alondra is helping Javier escape. Berto meanwhile finds out that Mimi is Tomas' cousin bringing to conclusion that Alondra might've taken Alexander from Lora, this is later proven after taking a DNA test, that Alexander and Javier are in fact Lora and Joaquin's sons. The only thing Lora wishes for is Javier, to fulfill her dream of having a complete family. Tomas is later found after threatening to kill Alondra. Alondra comes back home and finds out that they have discovered the truth and so Joaquin leaves her for good and files for annulment, meanwhile Lora visits Tomas and tells her that she would be leaving him considering that they're not legally married and would be erasing him from her mind. Not knowing that Lora is his real mother, Javier promises to protect Alondra bringing Alexander and Lora's life in danger with Alondra's plan to kill them for revenge. Tiago is put to prison and Diego and Ibon are wanted after Krista and Alexander overhears their plan of murdering Javier. Mimi returns with the help of Adele and sacrifices herself and admits that she is responsible for the death of Gabrielle.

Alondra kidnaps Lora and holds her in captive at the same building where they kept Alexander then, bringing her life in danger but later escapes with another reverse of events. Tomas breaks out of prison to prevent Alondra from harming her, Diego and Ibon later captures him and he tips them to go the same village where Alondra has kept Lora. In a rather puzzling encounter, Javier goes to the warehouse, without knowing that it is Alondra in uniform, Javier shoots her and is confused after seeing Alexander. Alondra treats her wound and finds a gun and plans to shoot her sister. Tomas meanwhile sacrifices himself for Lora as she is held at gunpoint by the rebels, Tomas gets shot and begs Lora for forgiveness before dying in her arms. The brothers eventually face off in a final showdown as Alexander tries to convince Javier to sacrifice himself, Lora and Joaquin gets hold of him and reveals the truth of their relation and finally decides to surrender and reconciles with his family including his best friend Krista, he is proven not guilty of the crime he was framed up for and wasn't sent to jail. Alondra meanwhile falls in the hands of the rebels who uses her to get hold of Javier and Lora. She is surprised to hear that they would help her despite all her wrongdoings and she asks for forgiveness from her family and lastly God as the military forces fail to stop the bombs planted around her. Jaime Jr. visits her spiritually and tells her to come home with him to heaven as the bomb explodes. The series ends a year after with Lora and Joaquin and Alexander and Krista celebrating a double wedding. Gen. Jaime is now retired and has passed on his seat to Edgardo as Vice Chief of Staff and Alexander and Krista are happy parents of twin brothers. The final scene shows Joaquin, Lora, Alexander, Krista, and Javier with the babies fulfilling the dream of a complete family.

Cast and characters

Main cast
 Coco Martin as 2nd lieutenant. Alexander "Xander" Sebastiano del Tierro and Javier Sebastiano del Tierro
 Maja Salvador as Kaye "Krista" Villanueva-del Tierro
 Andi Eigenmann as Gabrielle "Gabby" Marcelo
 Martin del Rosario as Norberto "Berto" Matias

Supporting cast
 Lorna Tolentino as Alondra Sebastiano-del Tierro
 John Estrada as Col. Joaquin del Tierro
 Amy Austria as Lora Sebastiano-del Tierro / Rosa Sta. Maria
 Tonton Gutierrez as Tomas "Bernabe" Sta. Maria
 Boots Anson-Roa as Remedios Sebastiano / Elena
 Ronaldo Valdez as Gen. Jaime Sebastiano
 Dante Rivero as Gen. Edgardo P. Marcelo

Recurring cast
 Candy Pangilinan as Miranda "Mimi" Estrella
 Ronnie Lazaro as Julian "Diego" Pamintuan
 Jojit Lorenzo as Diosdado "Ibon" Pamintuan
 Lloyd Zaragoza as Fidel "Tiago" Villanueva
 John Apacible as lieutenant Col. Santiago
 Frances Makil-Ignacio as Adele

Extended cast
 Chiqui del Carmen as Yaya Meena
 Franco Daza as Iñigo Rivera Suarez
 Dino Imperial as Rico
 Michael Roy Jornales as Butch

Guest cast
 Arnel Carreon as Capt. Roberto Marcelo
 Therese Carlos as 1st Lt. Margarita Marcelo
 Dominic Ochoa as Mr. Matias
 Yayo Aguila as Mrs. Matias
 Allan Paule as Mr. Villanueva
 Melissa Mendez as Mrs. Villanueva
 Frank Gray Jr. as Gen. Armando Espiritu
 Regine Angeles as Pam
 Dionne Monsanto as Gem

Special participation
 Nash Aguas as young Alexander "Xander" S. del Tierro and Javier S. del Tierro
 Mika Dela Cruz as young Gabrielle "Gabby" Marcelo
 Khaycee Aboloc as young Kaye "Krista" Villanueva
 Bugoy Cariño as Jaime del Tierro, Jr.
 Kim Chiu as young Alondra Sebastiano
 Erich Gonzales as young Lora Sebastiano
 Xian Lim as young Joaquin del Tierro
 Albert Martinez as young Gen. Jaime Sebastiano
 Agot Isidro as young Remedios Sebastiano
 Angel Aquino as Teresa Valderosa
 Gary Valenciano as himself / Wedding singer (final episode)

Production
Early production for Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin began in November 2010 and premiered on March 7, 2011. It previously had a working title of The General's Family, but later changed to Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin. It is the first television drama that featured three generations of artists followed by 2012 series, Walang Hanggan.

Postponement
The series was originally set to air on January 28, 2011. However, the show was postponed to give way for Mutya. The show was to replace Noah but since the show was child-oriented, Mutya seemed like a better fit and was chosen to replace it. When teasers for the series were shown, it was revealed that the first episode will be aired on February. However, it was once again postponed. Finally, the show was given an air date, on March 7.

Timeslot change
The series originally aired at the 8:20-9:00pm timeslot. However, in June 2011, the show was moved to a later timeslot that was previously occupied by Mara Clara. This was to give way to the premiere of the show Guns and Roses. Despite a later airing, the show still dominated its timeslot. However, compared to the average of 30 million viewers the show had on its original timeslot, the ratings dropped, garnering only an average of 25 million viewers after the show's time change. On its last three weeks of airing, the series regained its original audience.

Reception

Ratings
The premiere on March 7, 2011, garnered a 38.7% audience share and earned first place, according to the March 7 data released by Kantar Media-TNS survey. The 3-part marathon special, shown during Holy Week, earned the fifth spot with 18.1% share in the ratings on April, 21 Thursday. The following day, the series earned sixth place with 16.4% ratings share. The last day of the marathon rose in the ratings earning second place with 17.8% based on the Kantar Media-TNS National Household Ratings. The series ended strongly, earning first place in the ratings with 39.1% audience share. According to Kantar Media-TNS data, Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin is the most watched program, along with 100 Days to Heaven, during the third quarter of the year.

Citation from the Armed Forces
The production team of the series and the actors playing the role of a militar were cited by the Armed Forces of the Philippines for promoting a positive image of the Philippine military. Minsan has been one of the two shows to be praised by the AFP after the 2009 series Tayong Dalawa. The three leading actors, Martin, Eigenmann and del Rosario went in training for the production of the series as they are in the field for the series more often than the seniors and were trained by actual soldiers so that they could portray their characters and movements perfectly. BGen. Jose Z. Mabanta Jr, AFP Spokesperson Commander, CRSAFP even praised the series and even recommended "that everyone watches this show", Ltc. Americo Fabrigar (GSC) PAF, Commander Information Development Group, CRSAFP also shared his opinion and said "they did very good. Maganda rin ang concept. [The concept is good.]"

Critical reception
The show received mainly positive reviews. Praising the actors for their perfect portrayal for their roles. Nestor Toree, an acclaimed critic of the Philippine Daily Inquirer said, "With its well-honoured talents. Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin is the new dramatic show to beat. It's great to see Lorna Tolentino and Amy Austria back in harness again." Isah Red of the Manila Standard said, "This has, in a way, made me watch local soaps again, with the interesting twist in the storyline" but commented on Martin's "slight problem with speech" but is "saved by correct muscular utilization in his face for the proper expression" Red also praised Tolentino and Austria and is convinced that they are "the serial's best actors" with "Estrada and Gutierrez struggling not to push their performances over the top" she also viewed Salvador and Eigenmann's performance and commented that sometimes Salvador "turns in an over-the-top performance" and understands Eigenmann's performance as to being "very young and has no insight in her turn as a military woman." Alfie Lorenzo of Abante Tonite said "With Coco Martin, damang-dama ng publiko kung ano ang role na ipinakita niya. Tumatagos sa laman at buto ng mga televiewers" [with Coco Martin, the audience can recognise the roles he's showing. It penetrates the flesh and bones of the televiewers] but also agrees to Martin having a slight lisp problem but is overthrown with his powerful acting. Lorenzo also praised Ronaldo Valdez's acting as a strict and straight-up general and grandfather. Another critic from Pilipino Star Ngayon, Veronica Samio praised Coco Martin on his acting, "sa kanyang kagalingan, nagagawa niyang distinct ang kanyang dalawang roles. [Because of his excellence in acting, he can make the two roles he's portraying distinct.] Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin will live long." Further reviewers such as Jun Nardo of Abante said, "Na-excite naman kami sa episodes na aming napanood dahil sa magandang kwento nito," and also praised Tolentino and Austria's performance. Melba Llanera PMPC Star Awards for TV (PMPC) President said, "Isang teleseryeng t'yak na aabangan, susuportahan at magiging bahagi nanaman ng pang araw-araw na buhay ng mga Pilipino. [A must-watch TV series that will be part of many Filipino's daily life.]"

Promotion

Mall tour
The cast of Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin, namely stars Coco Martin and Maja Salvador, lead the show's Pambansang Pasasalamat Tour (lit. National Thanksgiving Tour) around the nation. Martin del Rosario and Andi Eigenmann  took part in some of the locations. The first official mall tour was on July 10, 2011, in Robinsons Metro East Manila followed by their second stop in CSI The City Mall, Dagupan on July 16. The crew stopped in Robinsons Place Pampanga before Metro East on June 7.  Martin and Salvador later toured in Robinsons Place, Lipa on July 24 with special guests. They then visited the Pacific Mall Metro Mandaue Cebu on July 30. On the following day they stopped by in Robinsons Santa Rosa Market with their final tour being held in SM City North EDSA on August 14 featuring all the main and supporting cast in the SM Skydome.

Soundtrack
The Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin soundtrack was released by Star Records led by its title theme song sung by Gary Valenciano and originally performed by Ariel Rivera. The song Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin was also covered by Regine Velasquez. The digital album was officially on sale during the Pambansang Pasasalamat Tour for only ₱99 pesos.

DVD release
ABS-CBN has released Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin on DVD, that has been translated to the title, One Great Love. The DVD set contains all episodes from volume 1-10.

Awards and nominations

See also
List of programs aired by ABS-CBN

References

External links
 Official Website

2011 Philippine television series debuts
2011 Philippine television series endings
ABS-CBN drama series
Television series by Dreamscape Entertainment Television
Philippine action television series
Philippine romance television series
Philippine military television series
Filipino-language television shows
Television shows set in the Philippines

Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin


BibTeX is reference management software for formatting lists of references.  The BibTeX tool is typically used together with the LaTeX document preparation system. Within the typesetting system, its name is styled as . The name is a portmanteau of the word bibliography and the name of the TeX typesetting software.

The purpose of BibTeX is to make it easy to cite sources in a consistent manner, by separating bibliographic information from the presentation of this information, similarly to the separation of content and presentation/style supported by LaTeX itself.

Basic structure
In the words of the program's author Oren Patashnik:

Here's how BibTeX works. It takes as input

BibTeX chooses from the .bib file(s) only those entries specified by the .aux file (that is, those given by LaTeX's  or  commands), and creates as output a .bbl file containing these entries together with the formatting commands specified by the .bst file [..].                                                                 LaTeX will use the .bbl file, perhaps edited by the user, to produce the reference list.

History
BibTeX was created by Oren Patashnik and Leslie Lamport in 1985. It is written in WEB/Pascal.

Version 0.98f was released in March 1985.

With version 0.99c (released February 1988), a stationary state was reached for 22 years.

In March 2010, version 0.99d was released to improve URL printing. Further releases were announced.

Reimplementations
During the period following BibTeX's implementation in 1985, several reimplementations have been published:

BibTeXu
A reimplementation of bibtex (by Yannis Haralambous and his students) that supports the UTF-8 character set. Taco Hoekwater of the LuaTeX team criticized it in 2010 for poor documentation and for generating errors that are difficult to debug.
bibtex8
A reimplementation of bibtex that supports 8-bit character sets.
CL-BibTeX
A completely compatible reimplementation of bibtex in Common Lisp, capable of using bibtex .bst files directly or converting them into human-readable Lisp .lbst files.  CL-BibTeX supports Unicode in Unicode Lisp implementations, using any character set that Lisp knows about.
MLBibTeX
A reimplementation of BibTeX focusing on multilingual features, by Jean-Michel Hufflen.
BibLaTeX
A complete reimplementation. "It redesigns the way in which LaTeX interacts with BibTeX at a fairly fundamental level. With biblatex, BibTeX is only used to sort the bibliography and to generate labels. Instead of being implemented in BibTeX's style files, the formatting of the bibliography is entirely controlled by TeX macros." It uses the bibliography processing program Biber and offers full Unicode and theming support.
Bibulous
A drop-in BibTeX replacement based on style templates, including full Unicode support, written in Python.

Bibliographic information file
BibTeX uses a style-independent text-based file format for lists of bibliography items, such as articles, books, and theses.  BibTeX bibliography file names usually end in .bib. A BibTeX database file is formed by a list of entries, with each entry corresponding to a bibliographical item.  Entry types correspond to various types of bibliographic sources such as article, book, or conference.

An example entry which describes a mathematical handbook would be structured as an entry name followed by a list of fields, such as author and title:
@Book{abramowitz+stegun,
 author    = "Milton {Abramowitz} and Irene A. {Stegun}",
 title     = "Handbook of Mathematical Functions with
              Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables",
 publisher = "Dover",
 year      =  1964,
 address   = "New York City",
 edition   = "ninth Dover printing, tenth GPO printing"
}

If a document references this handbook, the bibliographic information may be formatted in different ways depending on which citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago etc.) is employed.  The way LaTeX deals with this is by specifying   commands and the desired bibliography style in the LaTeX document.  If the command  appears inside a LaTeX document, the bibtex program will include this book in the list of references for the document and generate appropriate LaTeX formatting code.  When viewing the formatted LaTeX document, the result might look like this:

 Abramowitz, Milton and Irene A. Stegun (1964), Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables.  New York: Dover.

Depending on the style file, BibTeX may rearrange authors' last names, change the case of titles, omit fields present in the .bib file, format text in italics, add punctuation, etc.  Since the same style file is used for an entire list of references, these are all formatted consistently with minimal effort required from authors or editors.

The types of entries and fields used in virtually all BibTeX styles are listed below.

Entry types
A BibTeX database can contain the following types of entries:

article
An article from a journal or magazine.
Required fields: author, title, journal, year, volume
Optional fields: number, pages, month, doi, note, key
book
A book with an explicit publisher.
Required fields: author/editor, title, publisher, year
Optional fields: volume/number, series, address, edition, month, note, key, url
booklet
A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher or sponsoring institution.
Required fields: title
Optional fields: author, howpublished, address, month, year, note, key
conference
The same as inproceedings, included for Scribe compatibility.
inbook
A part of a book, usually untitled. May be a chapter (or section, etc.) and/or a range of pages.
Required fields: author/editor, title, chapter/pages, publisher, year
Optional fields: volume/number, series, type, address, edition, month, note, key
incollection
A part of a book having its own title.
Required fields: author, title, booktitle, publisher, year
Optional fields: editor, volume/number, series, type, chapter, pages, address, edition, month, note, key
inproceedings
An article in a conference proceedings.
Required fields: author, title, booktitle, year
Optional fields: editor, volume/number, series, pages, address, month, organization, publisher, note, key
manual
Technical documentation.
Required fields: title
Optional fields: author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note, key
mastersthesis
A master's thesis.
Required fields: author, title, school, year
Optional fields: type, address, month, note, key
misc
For use when nothing else fits.
Required fields: none
Optional fields: author, title, howpublished, month, year, note, key
phdthesis
A Ph.D. thesis.
Required fields: author, title, school, year
Optional fields: type, address, month, note, key
proceedings
The proceedings of a conference.
Required fields: title, year
Optional fields: editor, volume/number, series, address, month, publisher, organization, note, key
techreport
A report published by a school or other institution, usually numbered within a series.
Required fields: author, title, institution, year
Optional fields: type, number, address, month, note, key
unpublished
A document having an author and title, but not formally published.
Required fields: author, title, note
Optional fields: month, year, key

Field types
A BibTeX entry can contain various types of fields. The following types are recognized by the default bibliography styles; some third-party styles may accept additional ones:
address
Publisher's address (usually just the city, but can be the full address for lesser-known publishers)
annote
An annotation for annotated bibliography styles (not typical)
author
The name(s) of the author(s) (in the case of more than one author, separated by and)
booktitle
The title of the book, if only part of it is being cited
Email
The email of the author(s)
chapter
The chapter number
crossref
The key of the cross-referenced entry
doi
digital object identifier
edition
The edition of a book, long form (such as "First" or "Second")
editor
The name(s) of the editor(s)
howpublished
How it was published, if the publishing method is nonstandard
institution
The institution that was involved in the publishing, but not necessarily the publisher
journal
The journal or magazine the work was published in
key
A hidden field used for specifying or overriding the alphabetical order of entries (when the "author" and "editor" fields are missing).  Note that this is very different from the key (mentioned just after this list) that is used to cite or cross-reference the entry.
month
The month of publication (or, if unpublished, the month of creation)
note
Miscellaneous extra information
number
The "(issue) number" of a journal, magazine, or tech-report, if applicable. Note that this is not the "article number" assigned by some journals.
organization
The conference sponsor
pages
Page numbers, separated either by commas or double-hyphens.
publisher
The publisher's name
school
The school where the thesis was written
series
The series of books the book was published in (e.g. "The Hardy Boys" or "Lecture Notes in Computer Science")
title
The title of the work
type
The field overriding the default type of publication (e.g. "Research Note" for techreport, "{PhD} dissertation" for phdthesis, "Section" for inbook/incollection)
volume
The volume of a journal or multi-volume book
year
The year of publication (or, if unpublished, the year of creation)

In addition, each entry contains a key (Bibtexkey) that is used to cite or cross-reference the entry. This key is the first item in a BibTeX entry, and is not part of any field.

Style files
BibTeX formats bibliographic items according to a style file, typically by generating TeX or LaTeX formatting commands.  However, style files for generating HTML output also exist. BibTeX style files, for which the suffix .bst is common, are written in a simple, stack-based programming language (dubbed "BibTeX Anonymous Forth-Like Language", or "BAFLL", by Drew McDermott) that describes how bibliography items should be formatted. There are some packages which can generate .bst files automatically (like custom-bib or Bib-it).

Most journals or publishers that support LaTeX have a customized bibliographic style file for the convenience of the authors. This ensures that the bibliographic style meets the guidelines of the publisher with minimal effort.

Examples of uses
 Astrophysics Data System – The NASA ADS is an online database of over eight million astronomy and physics papers and provides BibTeX format citations.
 BibDesk – Open-source software application for macOS for creating, editing, managing, and searching BibTeX files.
 BibSonomy – A social bookmark and publication management system based on BibTeX.
 Citavi – Reference manager. Works with various TeX-Editors and supports BibTeX input and output.
 CiteSeer – An online database of research publications which can produce BibTeX format citations.
 CiteULike (discontinued) – A community based bibliography database that had BibTeX input and output.
 The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies – uses BibTeX as internal data format, search results and contributions primarily in BibTeX.
 Connotea – Open-source social bookmark style publication management system.
 Digital Bibliography & Library Project – A bibliography website that lists more than 910,000 articles in the computer science field.
 Google Books – The bibliographic information for each book is exportable in BibTeX format via the 'Export Citation' feature.
 Google Scholar – Google's system for searching scholarly literature provides BibTeX format citations if the option is enabled in 'Scholar Preferences'.
 Google Research – Housed within the artificial intelligence division of Google is a compilation of publications by Google staff with BibTeX citation links.
 HubMed – A versatile PubMed interface including BibTeX output.
 INSPIRE-HEP – The INSPIRE High-Energy Physics literature database provides BibTeX format citations for over one million high-energy physics papers.
 JabRef – Open-source cross-platform software application for creating, editing, managing, and searching BibTeX and BibLaTeX files.
 MathSciNet – Database by the American Mathematical Society (subscription), choose BibTeX in the "Select alternative format" box
 Mendeley – Reference manager, for collecting papers. It supports exporting collections into bib files and keep them synchronized with its own database.
 Paperpile – Reference manager, supports BibTeX input and output. BibTeX output can be customized.
 Pandoc – Open-source document converter that can read a BibTeX file and produce formatted citations in any bibliography style specified in a citation style language (CSL) file.
 Qiqqa – Software application for Windows that includes a fully featured BibTeX editor and validator, along with tools for automatically populating BibTeX records for PDFs.
 refbase – Open-source reference manager for institutional repositories and self archiving with BibTeX input and output.
 RefTeX – Emacs based reference manager.
 Wikindx – Open-source virtual research environment/enhanced bibliography manager including BibTeX input and output.
 Wikipedia – Pressing cite this page on the side of an article provides a BibTeX format citation.
 Zentralblatt MATH – Database by the European Mathematical Society, FIZ Karlsruhe and Heidelberg Academy (subscription, 3 free entries); choose BibTeX button or format.
 Zotero – Open-source reference manager with advanced features such as synchronization between different computers, social bookmarking, searching inside saved PDFs and BibTeX output.

See also

Data schemes
 EndNote – a text-based data scheme used by the EndNote program
 refer – an aging text-based data scheme supported on UNIX-like systems
 RIS – a text-based data scheme from Research Information Systems
 Bebop – a web-based front-end interface for BibTeX

Other
 Citation Style Language – a newer XML-based bibliography style specification analogous to BibTeX's .bst files
 Comparison of reference management software
 List of TeX extensions

References

External links

CTAN: Package bibtex official site
bibtex.org third-party site.
BibTeXing. The original manual (1988) by the co-author of BibTeX, Oren Patashnik.
Managing Citations and Your Bibliography with BibTeX by Jürgen Fenn (The PracTeX Journal 2006, number 4).
BibTeX tutorial. Section from Getting to Grips with LaTeX tutorials.

Bibliography file formats

BibTeX


A mosque is a place where Muslims worship. The word mosque comes from the Arabic word masjid.  A larger, 'collective', mosque is called a masjid jāmi. Larger mosques offer more services to their community.

For many Muslim people, a mosque is more than a place of worship. Muslims worship, study and discuss Islam, and do many other things in a mosque and its compounds. In the United Kingdom, many mosques are used as community centres. They are also used to teach about Islam. Religious festivals and gatherings are held in mosques. Weddings are one example. Mosques have rules to control what people do inside. One of these is that it is disrespectful to disturb another person who is worshipping.

Many mosques are known for their Islamic architecture. The earliest mosques, opened in 7th century were open-air spaces. They are the Quba Mosque and Masjid al-Nabawi.  Later Mosques were buildings that were specially designed. Nowadays, mosques are in every continent, except Antarctica.

Architecture

Many mosques are famous works of architecture. They are often built in a style that has stayed the same for many centuries. Many mosques have prayer halls, domes, and minarets. They may also have a courtyard. Mosques are often built with patterned walls.

Mosques were first built on the Arabian Peninsula. The Muslims who built them used old architectural styles. They also combined these styles in new ways. A major influence was the palaces built during the Parthian and Sassanid dynasties of Persia. The Sarvestan palace from the Sassanid era is a good example of this. It has an arched entrance and a central dome. These features already existed in Persia before Islam.

After the Arab invasion of Persia, the new style, with its Sassanid influence, was used for the new Islamic world. Many forms of mosques have developed in different regions of the Islamic world. Important mosque types include the early Abbasid mosques, T-type mosques, and the central-dome mosques of Anatolia. In the 20th century, many countries that grew rich from oil paid for the building of many new mosques. The rulers of these countries often hired leading architects to design these mosques. They included non-Muslims.

Arab plan

Many early mosques have a square or rectangular plan. They also have a prayer hall and an enclosed courtyard. This is known as Arab-plan. The first mosques of this type were built during the Umayyad Dynasty.

The flat roof of the prayer hall was supported by columns. Many rows of columns were needed to support such roofs; this is called "hypostyle architecture". One of the most famous hypostyle mosques is the Mezquita de Córdoba in Spain. It is supported by over 850 columns.

In the warm Mediterranean and Middle Eastern climates, the courtyard served to hold the large number of worshippers during Friday prayers. Often, hypostyle mosques have outer arcades. They allow the visitors to enjoy the shade. Arab-plan mosques were built mostly during the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. The Arab plan was very simple, which did not allow for much further development. This caused that style of mosque to fall out of favour.

Central dome
The Ottomans began building central dome mosques in the fifteenth century. These mosques have a large dome centered over the prayer hall. There may also be smaller domes, which are off-center over the prayer hall or the rest of the mosque. This style was heavily influenced by the Byzantine religious architecture with its use of central domes.

Iwan
Iwan mosques are famous for their domed rooms and iwans. Iwans are spaces with an arched roof. They have an opening at one end. One or more iwans face a central courtyard that serves as the prayer hall. The style borrows from pre-Islamic Iranian architecture. Most mosques with this style are in Iran.

Parts of Mosques

Minarets

Most mosques have minarets. Minarets are tall towers. Usually they are at one of the corners of the mosque. The top of the minaret is the highest point in the mosque, and usually the highest point in the area around the mosque. The tallest minaret in the world is in the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco.

The first mosques had no minarets. The most conservative Islamic groups, like Wahhabis, still avoid building minarets. They see them as simply a fancy decoration and unnecessary. The first minaret was built in 665 in Basra during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. Muawiyah encouraged the building of minarets, as they were supposed to be the same as bell towers on Christian churches. Because of this, mosque architects used the shape of the bell tower for their minarets. Both the minaret and the bell tower serve the same purpose — to call the faithful to prayer.

Before the five required daily prayers, a muezzin calls the worshippers to prayer from the minaret. In many countries like Singapore where Muslims are not the majority, mosques are stopped from loudly playing the call to prayer. The main problem is the use of electronic amplification of the call, which is now widely used by mosques.

Domes

The domes were often placed directly above the main prayer hall. They represent the universe that Allah created. At first, these domes were small. They only took up a small part of the roof near the mihrab. Later, they took the whole roof above the prayer hall.
Domes normally have the shape of a hemisphere. The Mughals in India popularized onion-shaped domes in South Asia and Persia. Some mosques have several domes, as well as the main large dome. The other domes are often smaller.

Domes would help the imam be heard, as the sound waves would bounce in and then out of the dome making the voice louder.

Prayer hall
All mosques have a prayer hall, which is also called musalla. Normally, there is no furniture in it except for prayer mats or rugs. These are necessary, as Islamic prayer is usually done kneeling.

Some mosques have Arabic calligraphy and Qur'anic verses on the walls to help worshipers focus on the beauty of Islam and its holiest book, the Qur'an, as well as for decoration.

The qiblah wall is usually at the other side of the entrance to the prayer hall. This wall is specially decorated. In a properly sited mosque, it will be set perpendicular to a line leading to Mecca. People pray in rows parallel to the qiblah wall. They arrange themselves so they face Mecca. In the qiblah wall, usually at its center, is the mihrab, a niche or depression showing the direction of Mecca. The mihrab serves as the place where the imam leads the five daily prayers.

Washing (wudhu)
All people must wash themselves before they pray. Mosques often have fountains or other facilities for washing in their entrances or courtyards, so that people can perform the washing ritual before prayer.
At very small mosques, worshippers may use restrooms for their ritual washing, or wu'du. In traditional mosques, there is often a building specially for washing. This is often in the center of the courtyard. In the prayer halls, people must not wear shoes for much the same reason.

Modern features
Modern mosques should appeal to the community they serve. For this reason, other facilities may also be available at the mosque, like health clinics, libraries, and sports halls.

The inside of mosques

There may be decorative tiles, plaster or coloured mosaics on the walls. There are no pictures or statues.

Religious functions

Prayers

Adult Muslims are expected to pray five times a day. Most mosques have formal prayers for each of these times. If performing the prayer is difficult, for example for ill people, then exceptions are made.

Mosques also hold a special prayer service, called jumuah. This is done once a week. It is a form of Sabbath and replaces the Friday prayers at the mosque. Daily prayers can be done anywhere. However, Muslims are expected to do their Friday prayer at the mosque.

When a Muslim dies, a funeral prayer is normally held. It is held outdoors in a courtyard or square close to the mosque. The prayers have all the worshippers present, including the imam, taking part. During eclipses, mosques will host special prayers called eclipse prayers.

There are two large holidays (Eids) in the Islamic calendar. During these days, there are special prayers at mosques in the morning. Larger mosques will normally hold them for their own communities as well as the people from smaller local mosques. Mosques, especially those in countries where Muslims are the majority, will also host Eid prayers outside in courtyards or town squares.

Ramadan events

There are many events in Ramadan, Islam's holiest month. During Ramadan, Muslims must fast during the day. Mosques organise iftar dinners after sunset. These are done after the fourth required prayer of the day. Part of the food is given by members of the community, which creates nightly potluck dinners. The community contribution to these dinners is required. For this reason, mosques with smaller communities may not be able to hold the iftar dinners daily.

Some mosques will also hold meals in the morning before dawn. Mosques will often invite poorer members of the community to these meals. Islam sees giving charity during Ramadan as good acts.

Larger mosques sometimes offer special, optional prayers. They are done after the last required prayer of the day. During each night of prayers, one member of the community who has memorized the entire Qur'an will recite a part of the book. It can last for up to two hours. Sometimes, several such people (not necessarily of the local community) take turns to do this. During the last ten days of Ramadan, larger mosques will host all-night programs to observe Laylat al-Qadr. It is the night Muslims believe that the Islamic prophet Muhammad first received Qur'anic revelations. On that night, between sunset and sunrise, mosques employ speakers to teach the worshipers about Islam. Mosques or the community usually provide meals at times through the night.

Political functions

During the late twentieth century, more and more mosques have been used for political purposes. Modern-day mosques in the Western world want to educate good citizens. The details differ greatly from mosque to mosque and from country to country.

Advocacy
Countries with small Muslim populations use mosques as a way to support civic participation. They are more likely to do this than Muslim-majority countries of the Greater Middle East. American mosques host voter registration and civic participation drives. In the United States, Muslims are often immigrants, or the children of immigrants. Mosques want to interest these people for politics. They also want to keep them informed about issues that concern the Muslim community. People who attend the services at the mosque regularly are more likely to take part in protests, to sign petitions, and to involve themselves in political matters.

A link between political views and mosque attendance can still be seen in other parts of the world. After the al-Askari Mosque bombing in February 2006, imams and other Islamic leaders used mosques and Friday prayers to call for calm and peace during the widespread violence.

Beginning in the late twentieth century and continuing into the early twenty-first century, a small number of mosques have also become a base for extremist imams to support terrorism and extreme Islamic ideals. Finsbury Park Mosque in London is a mosque that has been used in this manner.

Social conflict

Like other places of worship, mosques can be at the center of social conflicts.

Babri Mosque was the centre of such a conflict up until the early 1990s when it was demolished. Before a solution could be found, the mosque was destroyed by about 200,000 Hindus. It took place on 6 December 1992. The mosque was built by Babur to mark the birthplace of Ram. It was believed to be on a site of an earlier Hindu temple. The conflict over the mosque was directly linked to rioting in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) as well as bombings in 1993 that killed 257 people.

In February 2006, a bombing seriously damaged Iraq's al-Askari Mosque. This increased the existing tensions. The conflict between two Muslim groups in Iraq had already led to other bombings. However mosque bombings are not limited to Iraq. In June 2005, a suicide bomber killed at least 19 people at an Afghan mosque. In April 2006, there were two explosions at India's Jama Masjid.

After the September 11 attacks, several American mosques were targets of attacks. These ranged from simple vandalism to arson.

The Jewish Defense League was suspected of plotting to bomb the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California. There were similar attacks in the United Kingdom after the 7 July 2005 London bombings. Outside the Western world, in June 2001, the Hassan Bek Mosque was the target of attacks. The attacks involved hundreds of Israelis angry at Arabs for a previous attack.

Saudi influence

Saudi involvement in building mosques around the world only goes back to the 1960s.
In the 1980s, the Saudi Arabian government began to pay for the building of mosques in countries around the world. An estimated US$45 billion has been spent by the Saudi Arabian government for mosques and Islamic schools in foreign countries. Ain al-Yaqeen, a Saudi newspaper, reported in 2002 that Saudi money may have helped to build as many as 1,500 mosques and 2,000 other Islamic centers. Saudi citizens have also given a lot of money to mosques in the Islamic world, especially in countries where they see Muslims as poor and oppressed. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, in 1992, mosques in Afghanistan received money from Saudi citizens. The King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California and the Islamic Cultural Center of Italy in Rome are two of Saudi Arabia's largest investments in foreign mosques as former Saudi king Fahd bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud gave US$8 million and US$50 million to the two mosques, respectively.

Rules and behaviour in mosques

In a mosque, people should keep focused on worshiping Allah. For this reason, there are a number of rules about the correct behaviour in a mosque. Some of these rules are the same all over the world, such as no shoes should be worn in the prayer hall. Other rules are different from mosque to mosque.

Prayer leader
It is generally seen as good to have someone who leads the prayers, though this is not strictly necessary. The person who usually leads the prayers is called imam. He must be a free and honest man. He should also be an authority when it comes to answering questions on religion. In mosques that were built or that are kept up by the government, the imam is selected by the ruler. In private mosques, the community selects the imam, through majority voting.

Only men may lead prayers for men.  Women are allowed to lead prayers for congregations where there are only women.

Attending a mosque
In addition to washing, there are other rules that also apply to those who enter the mosque, even if they do not wish to pray there. It is forbidden to wear shoes in the carpeted area of the prayer hall. Some mosques also do not allow wearing shoes in other parts, even though these may not be devoted to praying.

Islam requires that its believers wear clothes that show modesty. As a result, both men and women must follow this rule when they attend a mosque (though mosques may not always enforce the rules). Men are supposed to come to the mosque wearing loose and clean clothes that do not show the shape of the body. Similarly, women who come to the mosque are expected to wear loose clothing, shirts, pants that cover to the wrists and ankles and cover their heads such as with a hijab. Many Muslims, regardless of their ethnic background, wear Middle eastern clothing associated with Arabic Islam to special occasions and prayers at mosques.

Mosques are places of worship. For this reason, those inside the mosque should be respectful to those who are praying. Loud talking or discussion of topics that could be disrespectful, is forbidden in areas where people are praying. It is also considered as rude to walk in front of Muslims in prayer or otherwise disturb  them.

Men and women pray in different parts

Islamic law requires men and women to be separated in the prayer hall. Ideally, women should pray behind men.  The second caliph Umar at one time stopped women from attending mosques, especially at night, because he feared they may be teased by males, so he made them to pray at home. Sometimes a special part of the mosque was railed off for women; for example, the governor of Mecca in 870 had ropes tied between the columns to make a separate place for women.

Many mosques today will put the women behind a barrier or partition or in another room. Mosques in South and Southeast Asia put men and women in separate rooms, as the divisions were built into them centuries ago. In nearly two-thirds of American mosques, women pray behind partitions or in separate areas, not in the main prayer hall; some mosques do not admit women at all. Although there are sections only for women and children, the Grand Mosque in Mecca is desegregated.

Non-Muslims in mosques

A few scholars of Islamic law believe that non-Muslims may be allowed into mosques, as long as they do not sleep or eat there. Followers of the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence disagree. They say that non-Muslims may not be allowed into mosques at all.

Different countries have different opinions on the question. Nearly all the mosques in the Arabian Peninsula as well as Morocco do not allow non-Muslims. The Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca is one of only two mosques in Morocco currently open to non-Muslims.

In modern-day Saudi Arabia, the Grand Mosque and all of Mecca are open only to Muslims. Likewise, the Masjid al-Nabawi and the city of Medina that surrounds it are also off-limits to those who do not practice Islam. For mosques in other areas, it has most commonly been taken that non-Muslims may only enter mosques if granted permission to do so by Muslims and if they have a proper reason.

In modern Turkey non-Muslim tourists are allowed to enter any mosque, but must obey the rules of decorum. Visiting a mosque is allowed only between prayers; visitors must wear long trousers and take off their shoes; women must cover their heads; no photos; no loud talk is allowed. No references to other religions are allowed (no crosses on necklaces, no cross gestures etc.).

However, there are also many other places in the west as well as the Islamic world where non-Muslims are welcome to enter mosques. Most mosques in the United States, for example, report receiving non-Muslim visitors every month. Many Mosques throughout the United States welcome non-Muslims as a sign of openness to the rest of the community and to encourage conversions to Islam.

Dogs
Dogs are usually banned from entering mosques, but on 24 September 2008, the Muslim Law Council UK made special ruling, called a fatwa, which granted a blind Muslim permission to take his guide dog into the mosque.

Mosques as hostels
It is common for a smaller mosque to serve as a hostel for Muslims on haj (pilgrimage to Mecca). Sometimes mosques are used for refugees, or as temporary homes for homeless people. Obligations to neighbours in Islam are very strict, and specific. In the Qur'an Mohammed said that a person who helps others in the hour of need, and who helps the oppressed; that person God will help on the Day of Travail (agony). There are other commands, such as helping the poor and being nice to people. An important part of being Muslim, or just being part of the mosque, is taking care of people who need help. A mosque is a social, as well as a religious, group.

A madrassa is a little different from a mosque. A madrassa focuses on teaching Islam, usually to children and young people.

Mosques in Spain

When Spain was under Muslim control, some of the most beautiful buildings were mosques. After 1491, Spain was under Christian control. However, the Christians did not tear down the mosques. They simply put a crucifix in them to make them into churches. These mosques influenced the Renaissance architecture (way of building) in Europe.

References

Mosque


Edam is a type of Dutch cheese. It is named after the town that it comes from, Edam in the Netherlands. Edam cheese is pale yellow. It is often sold in round pieces, covered in red paraffin wax. Edam that is sold in the Netherlands (and not exported) does not usually have wax on it.

References

Dutch cheeses
Edam-Volendam

Edam cheese


PsycINFO is a database of abstracts of literature in the field of psychology. It is produced by the American Psychological Association and distributed on the association's APA PsycNET and through third-party vendors. It is the electronic version of the now-ceased Psychological Abstracts. In 2000, it absorbed PsycLIT which had been published on CD-ROM.

PsycINFO contains citations and summaries from the 19th century to the present of journal articles, book chapters, books, and dissertations.

Overview
The database, which is updated weekly, contained over 3.5 million records as of October 2013. Approximately 175,000 records were added to the database in 2012.

Coverage
More than 2,540 peer-reviewed journal titles are included in the database, and they make up 78% of the overall content. Journals are included if they are archival, scholarly, peer-reviewed, and regularly published with titles, abstracts, and keywords in English.  As of October 2013, over 1,700 journal titles were included in their entirety (i.e. "cover to cover"). Articles were selected for psychological relevance from the remaining titles.

Chapters from authored and edited books make up 11% of database, while entire authored and edited books make up 4% of the database. Books are selected if they are scholarly, professional, or research-based, English-language, published worldwide, and relevant to psychology.

Dissertations are selected from Dissertation Abstracts International (A and B), and make up 10% of database. They are selected on basis of classification in DAI in sections with psychological relevance. The database contains abstracts in dissertation records starting from 1995.

Publications from at least 50 countries are included, with journals in more than 27 languages, and non-English titles in Roman alphabets from 1978 to the present.

Record contents
Each record contains a bibliographic citation, abstract, index terms from the Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, keywords, classification categories, population information, the geographical location of the research population, and cited references for journal articles, book chapters, and books, mainly from 2001 to present. Records of books include the book's table of contents.

Abstracts range from 1995 to present, and virtually 100% of records have abstracts (0.007% no abstracts). For non-dissertation documents added from 1967 to present, 99.2% contain abstracts.

The 11th Edition (print) of Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms was released in July 2007, containing 200 new terms. There are more than 8,400 controlled terms and cross-references, with hierarchical, alphabetical, and subject arrangements. Records are indexed with the most specific term applicable, and major and minor terms assigned, with a maximum of 15 total terms, 5 major terms. The Thesaurus, no longer available in print format, is included with all PsycINFO licenses and is updated regularly.

The classification system consists of 22 major categories and 135 subcategories, and a list of codes. Each record is assigned to one or two classifications.

There were more than 57 million cited references in approximately 1.4 million entries for journal articles, books, and book chapters as of October 2013, all in APA-style format.

Historic records
 Sources: Psychological Abstracts 1927–1966; Psychological Bulletin 1921–1926; American Journal of Psychology 1887–1966; All APA journals back to first issue of publication; Psychological Index (1894–1935); citations to English language journals only; Classic Books in Psychology of the 20th Century and the Harvard Book List, 1840–1971
All records published in Psychological Abstracts are now in PsycINFO. There are more than 335,000 historic records in PsycINFO, which differ from 1967–present records

No controlled vocabulary (descriptor) field; index field may contain descriptor terms, but they are not controlled; other indexing fields, such as Age Groups, form/Content are not present; classifications are broad only

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See also
 PsycCRITIQUES
List of academic databases and search engines

References

External links

Bibliographic databases and indexes
Works about psychology
American Psychological Association

PsycINFO


In the fictional story Animal Farm, Benjamin is the oldest animal on Manor Farm, and very cool-tempered. He seldom speaks, except to make some cynical remark. He is the only animal on the farm that never laughs, saying that there was nothing to laugh at when asked about it. Without admitting it, Benjamin is devoted to Boxer, grazing with him in a small paddock near the orchard on Sundays.  He was not changed by the rebellion that took place towards the beginning of the novel.

Animal Farm characters

Benjamin (Animal Farm)


Richard Cotovsky (born January 13, 1954) is an American character actor of film, stage, and television.  He is also a director of stage.

Richard Cotovsky was born in Chicago, Illinois. He attended Southern Illinois University. He transferred to the University of Illinois at the Medical Center in Chicago to earn a degree in pharmacy. In his senior year, he took introduction to the theater which made him interested in acting.

In 1999, Cotovsky directed Brian Friel's play, "Freedom of the City," at the Mary-Arrchie Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois.  He received a Joseph Jefferson Citation for directing this play which also received best ensemble and production. In 2000, he directed at Chicago, Illinois's Live Bait Theater's the world premiere of the John Susman play "Nelson & Simone".  In 2006, he acted in the Sam Shepard play, "Buried Child," at the Mary-Arrchie Theatre Company.

Filmography

References

External links

1954 births
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Chicago
American directors

Richard Cotovsky


Independence Hall is a historic building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  It is called Independence Hall because the Declaration of Independence was passed there.  The United States Constitution was also written there.  It served as the capital of the United States several times, mostly during the Revolutionary War.  It was also the meeting place of the state legislature of Pennsylvania.  It is a World Heritage Site.  It is on the back of the $100 bill.

The Liberty Bell was originally in the bell tower of the building.

Abraham Lincoln's funeral included coming to Independence Hall, where over 300,000 people viewed the president's body.

Inside the building

Buildings and structures in Philadelphia
World Heritage Sites in the United States

Independence Hall


The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The three founders were soon joined by William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner to form a seven-member "brotherhood". After they had broken up, John William Waterhouse painted in their style. Their influence shrank as the impressionists and post-impressionists became more important.

The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the 'mechanistic approach'. This was first adopted by the Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. The Brotherhood believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art. So, they are called Pre-Raphaelites.

In particular, they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts, whom they called "Sir Sloshua". To the Pre-Raphaelites, according to William Michael Rossetti, "sloshy" meant "anything lax or scamped in the process of painting ... and hence ... any thing or person of a commonplace or conventional kind".  In contrast, they wanted to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian and Flemish art.

The Pre-Raphaelites continued to accept the idea of history painting, and the imitation of nature, as central to the purpose of art. Despite this, they were a reform movement: they created a distinct name for their form of art, and published a periodical, The Germ, to promote their ideas. Their debates were recorded in the Pre-Raphaelite Journal.

The Brotherhood were highly praised by the art critic John Ruskin, and in turn they were influenced by his ideas. Rossetti's wife Elizabeth Siddal was their favourite model, and she developed into  an excellent artist herself.

References

Art movements
British artists

Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood


The  is the largest plain in Japan. It is in the Kanto Region of central Honshū.  The total area 17,000 km2 covers more than half of the region. It extends over Tokyo, Saitama Prefecture, Kanagawa Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, Gunma Prefecture, and Tochigi Prefecture.

A number of plateaus make up a large part of the plain.  These large plateaus are divided into smaller ones by shallow river valleys.  Volcanic ash from surrounding volcanoes are thought to have been deposited on these plateaus.

What is unusual is the overall tilt of the plateaus and hills.  The entire area is slightly bent or slanted and forms a basin centered in the Tone River and Tokyo Bay. Tectonic changes are still happening, as the plain's central region gradually sinks lower towards sea level.

References

Honshū

Kantō Plain


Alexander Arutiunian (born September 23, 1920, Yerevan; died March 28, 2012) was an Armenian composer and pianist, widely-known particularly for his Trumpet concerto. He was awarded by the State Prizes of USSR (1949) and Armenia (1970), People's Artist of the USSR (1970) and Armenian SSR (1964) honorary titles, "St Mesrop Mashtots" and "Khorenatsi" Armenian medals, "Alexandrov" Gold medal (1976), "St Sahak and St Mesrop" Order by Holy Etchmiadzin (2004).

He graduated from the Music Conservatory of Yerevan, then he studied composition with Genrikh Litinsky. After graduation he returned to Yerevan to teach at the local Conservatory and later he became artistic director of the Armenian Philarmonic Orchestra.

In 1948 he was awarded the USSR State Prize for the Motherland cantata, a graduation piece he wrote as a student at the Moscow Conservatory. He has continued to win acclaim at home and abroad for his works, many of which are quickened by the folk traditions of Armenian music.

Some of Arutiunian's works for wind instruments, notably the 1950 concerto for trumpet, the concerto for tuba, and the brass quintet Armenian Scenes, have secured their place in the international repertory, having been performed by conductors such as Valeri Gergiev, who has recorded his Symphony for large orchestra, composed in 1957 with the Symphony orchestra of the Russian All-Union Radio. In 1988, he composed his Violin Concerto "Armenia-88".

Filmography

Music for Films
 Nahapet (1977) (as Life Triumphs in USA)
 Za chas do rassveta (An Hour Before the Dawn, 1973, TV)
 Sirtn e yergum (The Heart Sings, 1957)
 Urvakannere heranum en lernerits (Ghosts Leave the Peaks, 1955)
 Aleph, lectures contades (2000) Italian TV episode (soundtrack: "Concerto for trombone and orchestra")

As Actor
 Lalvari vorskane (Lalvar Hunter, 1967) as Zako

Other websites
 www.alexanderarutiunian.com
 List of works
 Arutiunian's 85th Birthday Concert in Yerevan
 Arutunian at IMDB

References

1920 births
2012 deaths
Armenian composers
People from Yerevan
20th-century composers
21st-century composers
Pianists

Alexander Arutiunian