Henry McNish (11 September 187424 September 1930), often referred to as Harry McNish or by the nickname Chippy, was the carpenter on Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917. He was responsible for much of the work that ensured the crew's survival after their ship, the Endurance, was destroyed when it became trapped in pack ice in the Weddell Sea. He modified the small boat, James Caird, that allowed Shackleton and five men (including McNish) to make a voyage of hundreds of miles to fetch help for the rest of the crew.

After the expedition he returned to work in the Merchant Navy and eventually emigrated to New Zealand, where he worked on the docks in Wellington until poor health forced his retirement. He died destitute in the Ohiro Benevolent Home in Wellington.

Early life
Harry "Chippy" McNish was born in 1874 in the former Lyons Lane near the present site of the library in Port Glasgow, Inverclyde, Scotland. He was part of a large family, being the third of eleven children born to John and Mary Jane (née Wade) McNish. His father was a journeyman shoemaker. McNish held strong socialist views, was a member of the United Free Church of Scotland and detested bad language. He married three times: in 1895 to Jessie Smith, who died in  February 1898; in 1898 to Ellen Timothy, who died in December 1904; and finally to Lizzie Littlejohn in 1907.

There is some confusion as to the correct spelling of his name. He is variously referred to as  McNish, McNeish, and in Alexander Macklin's diary of the expedition, MacNish. The McNeish spelling is common, notably in Shackleton's and Frank Worsley's accounts of the expedition and on McNish's headstone, but McNish is also widely used, and appears to be the correct version. On a signed copy of the expedition photo his signature appears as "H. MacNish", but his spelling is in general idiosyncratic, as revealed in the diary he kept throughout the expedition. There also is a question regarding McNish's nickname. "Chippy" was a traditional nickname for a shipwright; both this and the shorter "Chips" (as in wood chips from carpentry) seem to have been used.

Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition

Endurance
The aim of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition was to be the first to cross the Antarctic continent from one side to the other. McNish was apparently attracted by Shackleton's advertisement for the expedition (although there are doubts as to whether the advertisement ever appeared):

McNish, at 40, was one of the oldest members of the crew of the Endurance (Shackleton though was seven months older). He suffered from piles and rheumatism in his legs.  He was regarded as somewhat odd and unrefined, but also highly respected as a carpenterFrank Worsley, the captain of the Endurance, refers to him as a "splendid shipwright". The pipe-smoking Scot was, however, the only man of the crew that Shackleton was "not dead certain of". His Scots accent was described as rasping like "frayed cable wire".

During the initial stage of the voyage to Antarctica from Buenos Aires, he was kept busy with a number of routine tasks. He worked on the pram dinghy Nancy Endurance; made a small chest of drawers for Shackleton; specimen shelves for the biologist, Robert Clark; and instrument cases for Leonard Hussey, the meteorologist; and put up wind screens to protect the helmsman. He constructed a false deck, extending from the poop-deck to the chart-room to cover the extra coal that the ship had taken on board. He also acted as the ship's barber. As the ship pushed into the pack ice in the Weddell Sea it became increasingly difficult to navigate. McNish constructed a six-foot wooden semaphore on the bridge to enable the navigating officer to give the helmsman directions, and built a small stage over the stern to allow the propeller to be watched in order to keep it clear of the heavy ice.

When the ship became trapped in pack ice his duties expanded to constructing makeshift housing, and, once it became clear that the ship was doomed, to altering the sledges for the journey over the ice to open water. He built the quarters where the crew took their meals (nicknamed The Ritz) and cubicles where the men could sleep. These were all christened as well; McNish shared The Sailors' Rest with Alfred Cheetham, the Third Officer. Assisted by the crew, he constructed kennels for the dogs on the upper deck. Once Endurance became trapped, and the crew were spending the days on the ice, McNish erected goalposts and football became a daily fixture for the men. To pass the time in the evening, McNish joined Frank Wild, Tom Crean, James McIlroy, Worsley and Shackleton playing poker in the wardroom.

The pressure from the ice caused Endurance to start to take on water. To prevent the ship from flooding McNish built a cofferdam, caulking it with strips of blankets and nailing strips over the seams, standing for hours up to his waist in freezing water as he worked. He could not prevent the pressure from the ice crushing the ship though and was experienced enough to know when to stop trying. Once the ship had been destroyed he was put in charge of rescuing the stores from what had been The Ritz. With McNish in charge it took only a couple of hours to open the deck far enough to retrieve a good quantity of provisions.

On the ice

During his watch one night while the crew were camped on the ice, a small part of the ice floe broke away and he was only rescued due to the quick intervention of the men of the next watch who threw him a line allowing him to jump back to safety. Shackleton reported that McNish calmly mentioned his narrow escape the next day after further cracks appeared in the ice. After the loss of the Endurance four of the sled dogs and Mrs Chippy, the cat McNish had brought on board, were shot on Shackleton's order due to his belief that keeping them alive in such harsh conditions would be an unnecessary drain on the crew's scarce resources. McNish never forgave Shackleton for having his cat killed.

McNish proposed building a smaller craft from the wreckage of the ship, but was overruled, with Shackleton instead deciding to head across the ice to open water pulling the ship's three lifeboats. McNish had been suffering with piles and homesickness from almost before the voyage had begun, and once the ship was lost his frustration began to grow. He vented his feelings in his diary, targeting his tent-mates' language:

In great pain while pulling sledges across the ice, McNish briefly rebelled, refusing to take his turn in the harness and protesting to Frank Worsley that since the Endurance had been destroyed the crew was no longer under any obligation to follow orders. Accounts vary as to how Shackleton handled this: some report that he threatened to shoot McNish; others that he read him the ship's articles, making it clear that the crew were still under obligation until they reached port. McNish's assertion would have normally been correct: duty to the master (and pay) normally stopped when a ship was lost, but the articles the crew had signed for the Endurance had a special clause inserted in which the crew agreed "to perform any duty on board, in the boats, or on the shore as directed by the master and owner". Aside from this, McNish really had no choice but to comply: he could not survive alone and could not continue with the rest of the party unless he obeyed orders.

As supplies began to dwindle the party grew hungry. McNish records that he smoked himself sick trying to alleviate the pangs of hunger and although he thought the shooting of the dogs terribly sad, he was happy to eat the meat they provided stating "Their flesh tastes a treat. It is a big treat for us after being so long on seal meat."

When the ice finally brought the camp to the edge of the pack ice, Shackleton decided that the three boats, the James Caird, Stancomb Wills, and Dudley Docker, should make initially for Elephant Island. McNish had prepared the boats as best he could for a long journey in the open ocean, building up their sides to give them a higher clearance from the water.

Elephant Island and the James Caird
On the sea journey to Elephant Island, McNish was in the James Caird with Shackleton and Frank Wild. As they approached the island, Wild, who had been at the tiller for 24 hours straight, was close to collapse, so Shackleton ordered McNish to relieve him. McNish was not in a much better state himself and, despite the terrible conditions,  he fell asleep after half an hour. The boat swung around and a huge wave drenched him. This was enough to wake him, but Shackleton, seeing McNish too was exhausted, ordered him to be relieved.

After the crew had made it to Elephant Island, Shackleton decided to take a small crew and make for South Georgia, where there was a possibility that they would find crews from the whaling ships to help effect a rescue for the rest of the men. McNish was called upon by Shackleton to make the James Caird seaworthy for the long voyage and was selected as part of the crew, possibly because Shackleton was afraid of the effect he would have on morale if left behind with the other men. For his part, McNish seemed happy to go; he was unimpressed by the island and the chances of survival for the men overwintering there:

McNish used the mast of another of the boats, the Stancomb Wills, to strengthen the keel and build up the small 22 foot (6.7 m) long boat, so it would withstand the seas during the 800 mile (1480 km) trip. He caulked it using a mixture of seal blood and flour, and, using wood and nails taken from packing cases and the runners of the sledges, he built a makeshift frame which was then covered with canvas. Shackleton was worried the boat "bore a strong likeness to stage scenery", only giving the appearance of sturdiness. He later admitted that the crew could not have lived through the voyage without it.
When launching the boat McNish and John Vincent were thrown from the deck into the sea. Although soaked, both were unharmed, and managed to exchange some clothes with the Elephant Island party before the James Caird set off. The mood on board was buoyant and McNish recorded in his diary on 24 April 1916:

The mood did not last though: conditions aboard the small craft during the trip were terrible, with the crew constantly soaked and cold. McNish impressed Shackleton with his ability to bear up under the strain (more so than the younger Vincent, who collapsed from exhaustion and cold). The six men split into two watches of four hours: three of the men would handle the boat while the other three lay beneath the canvas decking attempting to sleep. McNish shared a watch with Shackleton and Crean. All the men complained of pains in their legs and, on the fourth day out from Elephant Island, McNish suddenly sat down and  removed his boots, revealing his legs and feet were white and puffy with the early signs of trench foot. On seeing the state of McNish's feet Shackleton ordered all the men to remove their boots.

South Georgia
The crew of the James Caird reached South Georgia on 10 May 1916, 15 days after setting out from Elephant Island. They landed in Cave Cove on King Haakon Bay; it was on the wrong side of the island, but it was a relief for all of them to make land; McNish wrote in his diary:

They found albatross chicks and seals to eat, but despite the relative comfort of the island compared to the small boat, they still urgently needed to reach the whaling station at Husvik on the other side of the island to fetch help for the men on Elephant Island. It was clear that McNish and Vincent could not continue, so Shackleton left them in the care of Timothy McCarthy camped in the upturned James Caird, and with Worsley and Crean made the hazardous trip over the mountains. McNish took screws from the James Caird and attached them to the boots of the men making the journey to help them grip the ice. He also fashioned a crude sledge from driftwood he found on the beach, but it proved too clumsy to be practical. When Shackleton's party set off on 18 May 1916, McNish accompanied them for a few hundred yards but he was unable to go any further. He shook hands with each of the men, wishing them good luck, and then Shackleton sent him back. Putting McNish in command of the remaining men, Shackleton charged him to wait for relief and if none had come by the end of winter to attempt to sail to the east coast. Once Shackleton's party had crossed the mountains and arrived in Husvik, he sent Worsley with one of the whaler's ships, Samson, to pick up McNish and the other men. After seeing the emaciated and drawn McNish on his arrival at the whaling station, Shackleton recorded that he felt that the rescue had come just in time for him.

Polar Medal

Whatever the true story of the rebellion on the ice, neither Worsley nor McNish ever mentioned the incident in writing. Shackleton omitted it entirely from South, his account of the expedition, and referred to it only tangentially in his diary: "Everyone working well except the carpenter. I shall never forget him in this time of strain and stress". The event was recorded in the ship's log, but the log entry was struck during the sea voyage in the James Caird, Shackleton being impressed by the carpenter's show of "grit and spirit". Nevertheless, McNish's name appeared on the list of the four men not recommended for the Polar Medal in the letter sent by Shackleton on his return. Macklin thought the denial of the medal unjustified:

Macklin believed that Shackleton may have been influenced in his decision by Worsley who shared a mutual enmity with McNish, and had accompanied Shackleton back from Antarctica. Members of the Scott Polar Research Institute, New Zealand Antarctic Society and Caroline Alexander, the author of Endurance, have criticised Shackleton's denial of the award to McNish.

Later life, memorials and records

After the expedition McNish returned to the Merchant Navy, working on various ships. He often complained that his bones permanently ached due to the conditions during the journey in the James Caird; he would reportedly sometimes refuse to shake hands because of the pain. He divorced Lizzie Littlejohn on 2 March 1918, by which time he had already met his new partner, Agnes Martindale. McNish had a son named Tom and Martindale had a daughter named Nancy.  Although she is mentioned frequently in his diary, it appears McNish was not Nancy's father.

He spent 23 years in the Navy in total during his life, but eventually secured a job with the New Zealand Shipping Company. After making five trips to New Zealand he moved there in 1925, leaving behind his wife and all of his carpentry tools. He worked on the waterfront in Wellington until his career was ended by an injury. Destitute, he would sleep in the wharf sheds under a tarpaulin and relied on monthly collections from the dockworkers. He was found a place in the Ohiro Benevolent Home, but his health continued to deteriorate and he died on 24 September 1930, aged 56, in Wellington Hospital.

He was buried in Karori Cemetery, Wellington, on 26 September 1930, with full naval honours; HMS Dunedin (which happened to be in port at the time) provided twelve men for the firing party and eight bearers.  However, his grave remained unmarked for almost thirty years; the New Zealand Antarctic Society (NZAC) erected a headstone on 10 May 1959. In 2001, it was reported that the grave was untended and surrounded by weeds. However, in 2004 the grave was tidied and a life size bronze sculpture of McNish's beloved cat, Mrs Chippy, was placed on his grave by NZAC, having been paid for by public subscription. His grandson, Tom, believes this tribute would have meant more to him than receiving the Polar Medal.

In 1958, the British Antarctic Survey named a small island in his honour, McNeish Island, which lies in the approaches to King Haakon Bay, South Georgia. The island was renamed McNish Island in 1998 after his birth certificate was presented to the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee.

On 18 October 2006, a small oval wall plaque commemorating his achievements was unveiled at the Port Glasgow Library in his home town, and earlier in the same year he was the subject of an exhibition at the McLean Museum, Greenock. His journals are held in the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington, New Zealand.

Notes

a. For the location of McNish's birth, see map.

b. There was little doubt as to his skill as a shipwright even before he was called upon for the modifications to the boats. He was never seen to take measurements, producing perfect work by eye. Macklin commented that all the work he did was first class, and even Thomas Orde-Lees, who disliked him, grudgingly admitted he was an "expert wooden ship's man".

c. "Mrs" Chippy was discovered to be a male a month after the voyage started, but by that time the name had stuck.

d. "Wife" in this source probably refers to Agnes Martindale, who was his partner but not his wife. McNish was already divorced by this time.

Citations

External links

1874 births
1930 deaths
British Merchant Navy personnel
Burials at Karori Cemetery
Explorers of Antarctica
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
People from Port Glasgow
Scottish emigrants to New Zealand
Scottish explorers
Scottish sailors

Harry McNish


A failure (fail,  or flop) is where a goal or mission is not completed. It can mean the opposite of success.

Commercial failure
A commercial failure is a product that does not complete a goal.

Most of the items listed below had high expectations, but failed to be successful.

For flops in computer and video games, see List of commercial failures in computer and video gaming
For company failures of the 1997–2001 Dot-com bubble, see Dot-com company
See also Vaporware
Box-office bomb

Product failure
Product failure can be the failure to sell the product, or a problem with the product that may stop it from working after a while, or lead to the person using the product hurting themselves. The Edsel, a brand from Ford that was marketed in the late 50's is one of the best known product failures and became closely associated with them.

Examinations
People who take tests or examinations will pass the test if they are successful.  If they are unsuccessful they "fail" the test.

Basic English 850 words

Failure


Major General Walter Adams Coxen  (22 June 1870 – 15 December 1949) was a senior Australian Army officer in the First World War. In April 1930 Coxen was promoted to the position of Chief of the General Staff. He retired in 1931.

Early life and career
Walter Adams Coxen was born at Egham, England, on 22 June 1870. Coxen and his family moved to Australia in 1880. Walter was educated at Brisbane Grammar School and Toowoomba Grammar School. He took a job with the Queensland Department of Railways as a clerk and draftsman on 18 August 1887, but was retrenched in 1892 due to the depression of the 1890s.

In 1893 Coxen was commissioned into the Queensland Militia Garrison Artillery as a second lieutenant. In June 1895 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in the Permanent Military Forces, in the Queensland Artillery. In 1897 he was sent to England to study at the Royal School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness, concentrating on coast defence and siege artillery, and then went to Aldershot for training with the Royal Artillery in 1898.

On returning to Australia in 1899 he was appointed commander of the garrison on Thursday Island, with the rank of captain. In July 1902 he succeeded Major William Bridges as Chief Instructor at the School of Gunnery at Middle Head. In November 1907, Coxen again went to England for ordnance training at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich.

He was promoted to major in 1908, and returned to Australia in February 1910. Coxen served briefly with the coast artillery at Fort Queenscliff before becoming Inspector of Ordnance and Ammunition at Army Headquarters in Melbourne. In January 1911 he became Director of Artillery. On 14 August 1914, Coxen also became Inspector of Coast Defences with the rank of lieutenant colonel.

First World War

On 21 May 1915 Coxen was ordered to raise the brigade of siege artillery (SAB) for service in Europe. The brigade was to consist of two batteries, with eight siege guns to be supplied by Britain and 415 officers and other ranks, about half of whom would be permanent force artillery gunners. The brigade, which became known as the 36th Heavy Artillery Group (36 HAG), departed Melbourne on 17 July 1915 and landed in England on 25 August 1915. After a delay due to a short supply of heavy artillery pieces, the 54th Siege Battery was equipped with 8 inch howitzers and the 55th Siege Battery with 9.2 inch howitzers. The batteries moved to France on 26 February and 2 March 1916 respectively.

The 36th Heavy Artillery Group began operations in support of the British XVII Corps in the Arras sector before moving south to join the British Fourth Army for the Battle of the Somme. The Group then joined I Anzac Corps Artillery at Pozières and took part in the Battle of Pozières in support of the Australian infantry. For his services, Coxen was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in the 1917 New Year Honours.

On 18 January 1917, Coxen replaced Brigadier General Talbot Hobbs as commander of the 1st Division Artillery. On his appointment to the 1st Division, Coxen was promoted to brigadier general. He served in that capacity through the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line, the Battle of Bullecourt and the Third Battle of Ypres. On 18 October 1917, Coxen took over as commander of the Australian Corps Artillery and was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1918 New Year's Honours. On 16 November 1918, Coxen became Director of Ordnance in the AIF's Department of Repatriation in London. He returned to Australia in August 1919 and became Chief of Ordnance, and a member of the Military Board. In the 1919 New Year's Honours, Coxen was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).

Post war
In January 1920 he was promoted to full colonel. He became Deputy Quartermaster General in April 1920, Chief of Artillery in May 1921 and Quartermaster General in 1925. In March 1927 he was promoted to major general and finally became Chief of the General Staff in April 1930. Due to a new government policy on retirements, he was retired on 1 October 1931.

In retirement he was director of the council for Victoria's centenary celebrations in 1934. Coxen died at the Repatriation General Hospital, Heidelberg on 15 December 1949 and was cremated with full military honours.

See also
 List of Australian generals
 Fort Queenscliff Museum

References

External links
 Walter Adams Coxen Biography

1870 births
1949 deaths
Military personnel from Surrey
Australian generals
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
People from Egham
People educated at Brisbane Grammar School
People educated at Toowoomba Grammar School

Walter Coxen


John Gibson Clarkson (July 1, 1861 – February 4, 1909) was a Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher. He played from 1882 to 1894. Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Clarkson played for the Worcester Ruby Legs (1882), Chicago White Stockings (1884–1887), Boston Beaneaters (1888–1892), and Cleveland Spiders (1892–1894).

He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1963.

Career overview
Clarkson compiled a career 328–178 record, placing him twelfth on the MLB list of all-time wins. Clarkson pitched over 600 innings in a season twice and won a career-high 53 games in 1885. In MLB history, only Charles Radbourn has won more games in a single season (59 in 1884). In just five seasons from 1885 to 1889, Clarkson won 209 games.

Clarkson had a wide variety of curve balls and was considered to be a calculating, scientific pitcher who carefully analyzed every hitter's weaknesses. Hall of Fame hitter Sam Thompson said of Clarkson: "I faced him in scores of games and I can truthfully say that never in all that time did I get a pitch that came where I expected it or in the way in which I guessed it was coming."

At the time Clarkson retired from the game, he was the winningest pitcher in National League history.

Aside from being a great pitcher, Clarkson was also a fair hitter. His 24 career home runs ranks 7th on the List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers. He also had 232 career RBIs and 254 runs scored.

Total Baseball ranked Clarkson as the fourth best pitcher of all time behind Hall of Famers Cy Young, Christy Mathewson and Lefty Grove, though Bill James ranks him lower at number 42 in his The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract.

Clarkson's election to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1963 was by the Veterans Committee.

Early years
Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Clarkson was one of five sons of a prosperous jeweler.  Clarkson had two brothers who were also major league pitchers: Dad Clarkson and Walter Clarkson.  The three Clarkson brothers rank third in wins by brothers behind the Niekro and Perry brothers. Another brother, T. Henry Clarkson, was a golf and billiards player. The Clarkson's also had two maternal cousins, Walter Hackett and Mortimer "Mert" Hackett who played professional baseball.

After attending business school and playing semipro ball, Clarkson signed as a free agent with Worcester of the National League in 1882.  Clarkson played his first major league game at age 20 on May 2, 1882.  He played in three games for the Ruby Legs, finishing with a 1–2 record in 24 innings. The Worcester team folded after the 1882 season, and Clarkson pitched in the minors the following two years.

Chicago White Stockings (1884–1887)
Chicago manager Cap Anson saw Clarkson pitching for Saginaw in the Northwest League in 1884. On August 24, 1884, the White Stockings purchased him from Saginaw.

The White Stockings finished in fifth place in 1884, but Clarkson put in a strong performance, going 10–3 in 13 starts after being acquired from Saginaw.  His .769 win percentage was the second best in the league, and his 2.14 ERA was sixth best.

Clarkson was known to be extremely sensitive to criticism.  Shortly after his death in 1909, former Chicago player/manager Cap Anson noted that "not many know what amount of encouragement it took to keep him going."  Anson recalled: "Scold him, find fault with him, and he would not pitch at all. Say to him after a game: 'Grand work, John, I will probably use you again tomorrow, for we've got to have that game,' and he would go out the next day and stand all batters on their heads.'"  Alfred H. Spink, The National Game (1910), quoted in Bill James, The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (2001), p. 873.

A 53-win season in 1885
In 1885, Clarkson became Chicago's principal starting pitcher.  In a remarkable feat of durability, Clarkson appeared in 70 games that year, pitched 623 innings and threw 68 complete games.  He also won 53 games with an ERA of 1.85 (Adjusted ERA+ of 165).

On July 27, 1885, he pitched the only no-hitter of his career with a 4–0 win over the Providence Grays.

His 50th win of the season occurred on September 19, 1885, a 10–3 victory over Boston.

The White Stockings won the 1885 National League pennant with 83 wins, 53 of which came from Clarkson.  Clarkson started three games in the 1885 World Series against the St. Louis Browns, with a record of 1–1 and an ERA of 1.12, allowing only two earned runs in 16 innings.

Clarkson's performance in 1885 led the National League in wins (53) and strikeouts (308) and ranks as one of the most remarkable in major league history.
 His 53 wins is the second highest single season total in MLB history.
 His 68 complete games is the seventh highest single season total in MLB history.
 His 70 games started is the eighth most in MLB history.
 His 632 innings pitched is the eighth most in MLB history.

A 36-win season in 1886
In 1886, Clarkson shared the pitching load with Jim McCormick and Jocko Flynn, each of whom won at least 23 games and pitched over 250 innings.  Clarkson had a record of 36–17, with 50 complete games and an ERA of 2.41 (Adjusted ERA+ of 150) in  innings pitched.  He also led the league with a career-high 313 strikeouts.  On August 8, 1886, Clarkson struck out a team-record 16 batters against Kansas City.

The 1886 White Stockings finished with a record of 90–34 with a winning percentage of .726 that ranks as one of the highest in baseball history.  After winning the National League pennant by  games over the Detroit Wolverines, the White Stockings faced the St. Louis Browns in the World Series for the second consecutive year.

Clarkson pitched four games (three of which were complete games) in the 1886 World Series.  He had a record of 2–2 with 28 strikeouts and an ERA of 2.04 in 31 innings pitched.

The sixth game, at St. Louis, was considered one of the greatest games ever played to that time.  With the Browns ahead three games to two, Anson called on Clarkson to start his fourth game in six days.  Clarkson responded with seven shutout innings, but gave up three runs in the eighth inning, and the game went to extra innings.  In the bottom of the tenth inning, the Browns' center fielder Curt Welch singled (only the fourth hit off Clarkson) and moved to third on a sacrifice.  Welch and Browns' third base coach Arlie Latham tried to distract Clarkson with heckling and faking moves toward home.  When Welch finally attempted the steal, Chicago's catcher, King Kelly, had called for a pitchout, but Clarkson threw a wild pitch, and Welch scored the World Series winning run.

A 38-win season in 1887
In 1887, Clarkson was 38–21 for Chicago with 56 complete games and a 3.08 ERA.  However, King Kelly was sold to Boston before the season began, and the team began a decline, dropping to third place in 1887.  Clarkson, always a touchy temperament, reportedly became more difficult to handle after Kelly's departure.

Boston Beaneaters (1888–1892)

On April 3, 1888, the White Stockings sold Clarkson to the Boston Beaneaters for $10,000—a huge sum at the time.  Clarkson followed teammate King Kelly, who had been sold from Chicago to Boston the previous year at the same price. The two became known as the "$20,000 Battery."

Clarkson pitched five seasons for Boston.  He was 33–20 in 1888, starting 54 games and pitching 53 complete games with an ERA of 2.76.

A 49-win season in 1889
The 1889 season was Clarkson's best for Boston.  He started a career-high 72 games and had an astounding record of 49–19 with 68 complete games, 284 strikeouts, and a 2.73 ERA in 620 innings pitched.

While Clarkson's 1889 numbers are comparable to those he posted in 1885, the game and distance to the plate had changed, and no other pitcher pitched nearly as many games or innings as Clarkson in 1889.  As a measure of his dominance, Clarkson's 49 wins were 11 more than any other pitcher; his 620 innings were 200 more than any other pitcher; and his 68 complete games were 22 more than any other pitcher.  He also had twice as many shutouts as the next best pitcher.  He was only the fourth pitcher to win the pitching Triple Crown, by leading the National League in wins, ERA and strikeouts.

On June 4, 1889, Clarkson became the first pitcher in major league history to throw an immaculate inning, striking out all three batters on a total of nine pitches in the third inning of a 4–2 win over the Philadelphia Quakers.

Later years in Boston
Clarkson became involved in the players' rebellion in 1890, but then opted to remain with the Beaneaters.

In 1891, Clarkson helped lead the Beaneaters to the National League pennant.  Clarkson led the team with a 33–19 record, 47 complete games, and  innings pitched.

During a game that carried into the dusk hours, Clarkson once pitched a lemon to the plate to persuade the umpire, Jack Kerins to call the game due to darkness.  Kerins called the lemon a strike, and when shown by Boston's catcher that he had called a lemon a strike, Kerins finally called the game.

Cleveland Spiders (1892–1893)
On June 30, 1892, after 16 starts and an 8–6 record, Clarkson was released by Boston's new manager, Frank Selee. He was signed as a free agent by the Cleveland Spiders. Clarkson went 17–10 for the remainder of the 1892 season, for a season record of 25–16. (The Spiders' pitching staff included Cy Young, who won 36 games in 1892 and 34 games in 1893.)

In 1893, Clarkson had the first losing record of his career, finishing 16–17 with a career-high ERA of 4.45.

After the 1893 season, Clarkson went on a hunting trip with his close friend Charlie Bennett, who had been his catcher from 1888 to 1890. Bennett got off the train in Wellsville, Kansas and when he tried to reboard, Bennett slipped and fell under the train's wheels.  Bennett lost both of his legs in the accident. Clarkson witnessed the incident, and it was said to have severely affected his already unstable nature.

In 1894, his final year in the major leagues, Clarkson went 8–10 in 18 starts for the Spiders. He played his last major league game on July 12, 1894.

Life after baseball
After his baseball career ended, Clarkson moved to Bay City, Michigan and ran a cigar store there until 1906.

In either 1905 or 1906, Clarkson suffered a breakdown, was declared insane, and was committed to an insane asylum. Clarkson spent much of the next three years in mental hospitals.

During a visit with family in 1909, Clarkson fell seriously ill, and was admitted to the McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, a well-known psychiatric clinic. He died there, of pneumonia, February 4, 1909, aged 47.

Notable Achievements
 National League pitching Triple Crown (1889)
 National League ERA leader (1889)
 National League wins leader (1885, 1887 and 1889)
 National League winning percentage leader (1889)
 National League innings pitched leader (1885 and 1887–1889)
 National League strikeouts leader (1885, 1887 and 1889)
 National League complete games leader (1885, 1887 and 1889)
 Six 30-win seasons (1885–1889 and 1891)
 Two 40-win seasons (1885 and 1889)
 53 wins in 1885 is second most in MLB history
 Two seasons with 600 innings pitched (1885 and 1889)
 Two 300 strikeout seasons (1885 and 1886)

See also

 300 win club
 List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers
 List of Major League Baseball no-hitters
 Major League Baseball titles leaders

Notes

External links

 New York Times Obituary for Clarkson

1861 births
1909 deaths
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Massachusetts
19th-century baseball players
Worcester Ruby Legs players
Chicago White Stockings players
Boston Beaneaters players
Cleveland Spiders players
National League Pitching Triple Crown winners
National League ERA champions
National League strikeout champions
National League wins champions
Sportspeople from Bay City, Michigan
Deaths from pneumonia in Massachusetts
East Saginaw Grays players
Saginaw Greys players
McLean Hospital patients

John Clarkson


A longboat was an open boat used on-board ships during the age of the sailing ships. The original name was 'Shallop' but was changed to longboat in the 18th century. A ship or vessel would carry several ship's boats  for various uses. The most important would be a longboat, an open boat to be rowed by up to eight or ten oarsmen. The longboat had rowing benches designed for up to two men to an oar. A longboat was designed for use in rough water and could be rigged for sails.

One of its main uses was as a pulling boat. Another was to weigh anchor. When a ship was at anchor, longboats carried people and supplies between ship and shore.

References

Boats

Longboat


Juan José María Erasmo de Jesús Seguín y Fuentes (May 26, 1782 – October 30, 1857) was a prominent citizen and politician in San Antonio de Bexar (modern-day San Antonio, Texas, USA) in the 19th century.  From 1807 until 1835, Seguín served as head postmaster of San Antonio, Texas.  After Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Seguín was named the sole representative from Texas to the constitutional convention.  He helped to draft the Constitution of 1824 and was a major influence in the addition of a general colonization provision. Seguín assisted Stephen F. Austin in choosing land for the first colony of American settlers to immigrate to Texas.  He later supported the Texas Revolution, providing political as well as material support. He was the father of Tejano revolutionary Juan Seguín.

Early life and his family
Juan Jose Maria Erasmo de Jesús Seguín was born on May 26, 1782, to a family of French descent in San Antonio de Bexar (now San Antonio, Texas, USA).  His paternal grandfather, Bartolomé Seguin, had moved to Spanish Texas from the Mexican interior soon after the founding of the town in 1718.  Seguin's parents, Santiago Seguín and Maria Guadalupe Fuentes, had seven children; Erasmo was the third.

Seguin married María Josefa Becerra, daughter of a non-commissioned officer from Presidio La Bahía (Goliad, Texas), stationed at Bexar. Unusually for the times, Becerra could read and write.  The couple had three children; two, including Juan Seguin, survived to adulthood.  Erasmo Seguin helped to create the first public school in Bexar, which his son attended.

Although the Seguin family lived in Bexar, on the south side of Main Plaza facing Nueva (between current Main and Dwyer), they also owned a ranch of  located  from Bexar in present Karnes County.  The land had been purchased from the Missión San Antonio de Valero after its secularization.  The ranch was named La Mora, and by 1810 Seguin employed five vaqueros to work it.

After 1824, he added a  ranch located on present-day River Bend Golf Club near Floresville.  On this estate he made a home, on a rise overlooking the San Antonio River;  it would become known as Casa Blanca. Here, Seguin raised animals and farmed cotton and corn. It would become an important source of supply for the Texan army. Seguín received additional income from his appointment as postmaster; he served in this capacity from 1807 until 1835, with two brief breaks.

Mexican Revolution
During the Mexican War of Independence, Seguin likely sympathized with the rebellion. In January 1811, Juan Bautista de las Casas led a revolt in Bexar, overthrowing governor Manuel María de Salcedo and appointing himself head of a new Mexican state. His arbitrary rule caused much dissatisfaction within Texas, and Seguin helped to organize the counterrevolt that deposed de las Casas.  A governing council was created to help lead the province until Spanish troops could regain control; Seguin held one of the seats.

In 1813, Governor Salcedo was again overthrown, this time by the Republican Army of the North.  They declared Texas an independent republic headed by José Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara.  During the invasion by the Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition, Seguin was in the United States on business.  He returned carrying a letter from American authorities recommending that Gutierrez be replaced.  While he was en route, the Spanish army, under José Joaquín de Arredondo, had defeated the invaders, killing 1300 Texians at the Battle of Medina, and resumed control of the province.  Seguin's letter was found and confiscated, but he argued that he had been coerced into carrying it against his will.  Arredondo did not believe Seguin's protests and labeled him a traitor. Seguin was dismissed from his position as postmaster and his property was confiscated.  He was not, however, jailed.

Several years later, Arredondo offered a blanket pardon to most Tejanos. Seguin refused the pardon and instead took his case to the courts.  In 1818, the court cleared Seguin of all charges and he was able to regain his property and his postal position.  In the summer of 1820, Seguin was elected alcade, or mayor of Bexar. It would be just one of many of the municipal offices he would serve over the next two decades. In 1822, he was fully restored as postmaster and in 1825 he was appointed quartermaster of Presidio San Antonio de Bexar, a position he held for a decade.

Texas colonization
In the early 1820s, the Spanish government reversed a long-standing policy against immigration.  For the first time, people would be allowed to settle in Texas from other countries, including the neighboring United States.  In 1821, the governor of Spanish Texas, Antonio María Martínez, asked Seguin to act as ambassador to Moses Austin and inform him that he had been awarded the first colonization contract.  Several months later, Seguin and Juan Martín de Veramendi met Austin's son, Stephen at Natchitoches and escorted him into Texas.  The small group explored a large area in eastern Texas.  Three weeks into their trip, several of Seguin's employees found them to deliver the news that Mexico had been granted its independence from Spain.

In its initial years of existence, Mexico was in much political turmoil. In late 1823, authorities called for a constitutional convention. Seguin was elected as the only delegate to represent Texas. For the next eight months, he and the other representatives worked to draft a constitution.  The Constitution of 1824 was signed in October 1824.  The new Mexican constitution was similar to that of the United States, with the major exception that it established Catholicism as the national religion.  Against Seguin's protests, Texas was combined with Coahuila to form a new state, Coahuila y Tejas. Seguín did succeed in inserting language that allowed Texas to petition for independent statehood at a later date.  He was also influential in gaining a provision for a General Colonization Law.  In an extension of the Spanish policy of 1821, the colonization law would allow state governments to grant land to empresarios, who could then allot it to individual colonists.  The grants would be void after six years, however, if fewer than 100 colonists settled in the land grant.  Among other issues he championed was a lessening of the restriction against Catholicism and slavery.
After the convention ended, Seguin returned to Bexar. Seguín is listed as a slave owner in the 1820 US census, owning a "mulatto slave" named María Juliana Cureste.

Texas Revolution
Texas colonists held several meetings and conventions to discuss their grievances with Mexican governance. Most of these were considered illegal by contemporary Mexican law and lacked in attendance by native Texans. Austin tried to persuade Seguín to support the resolutions sought by the colonists. Austin went directly to San Antonio de Béxar to meet with Seguin after the Convention of 1833 adjourned on April 14. Seguin called a series of meetings, held from May 3 to 5, for prominent locals to discuss the convention proceedings.  He was the only Béxar politician to fully support separate statehood.

The Texas Revolution erupted in October 1835, and General Martin Perfecto de Cos arrived in Bexar to take command of all of the Mexican troops in Texas.  Unlike most other residents of Bexar, Seguin remained at his home instead of fleeing to the countryside.  His loyalty was questioned by Mexican authorities because his son Juan was also a prominent supporter of the rebellion.  Before the end of the year, Cos forced him to leave the city.  At the same time, Seguin was stripped of his position as postmaster; he would not regain the post.

During the revolution, Seguin supplied the Texian army with beef, cattle, horses, and corn, as well as rockets for the storming of Bexar. Seguin would follow eastward with the Texians, during the Runaway Scrape. Bringing a large herd of sheep with him, he would end up eventually losing them. Seguin's ranch would also end up being raided and depleted by both the Texian and Mexican armies, who were scavenging for food. The Republic of Texas did later award him compensation for his efforts to assist the army.

Later life
After the revolution, Erasmo tried to rebuild his wealth. Erasmo Seguín was named a Chief Justice of Bexar County from December 18, 1837, until January 9, 1840. Things were going well, but in 1842, the tide again turned against him. He was accused of being disloyal to Texas. Casa Blanca was raided by Texan rustlers and his cattle herds stolen. His son would end up fleeing the country for his life, suggesting that Erasmo should join him. However, Erasmo held on. Most other Anglo-Texans would trust and support Erasmo Seguin and nothing would become of the charges against him.

In 1848, his son returned to the ranch, where Erasmo remained farming and ranching, until his death on October 30, 1857. Erasmo was buried next to his wife in the family plot on Casa Blanca, in Floresville, Texas.

See also

Notes

References

 originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press

People from San Antonio
1782 births
1857 deaths
Tejano slave owners
People of Spanish Texas
Mayors of San Antonio
Mexican people of Spanish descent
Mexican people of French descent
People of Mexican Texas
People of the Texas Revolution
Quartermasters
Burials in Texas
19th-century American politicians
Tejano politicians

Erasmo Seguín


Richard Bruce Faulds MBE (born 16 March 1977 in Guildford, Surrey), is a retired English sport shooter, who competed for Great Britain in the 2000 Summer Olympics and won the men's double trap.  He also competed at the 1996, 2004, 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics.

Born into a family who then ran a stud farm in Sussex, Faulds was then raised on the  family-owned Owl's Lodge Farm in the Hampshire village of Longparish. On his tenth birthday, Faulds's father Bruce bought him some shooting lessons, with Richard hitting 17 out of 25 clays in his first attempt. His father built him a range on the family farm, but just before finishing third in his first world junior championship, his PE teacher said that his hand–eye co-ordination was very poor. It was discovered that Faulds suffered from a weak left eye, which was corrected by special dot-to-dot exercises with such good effect that he now shoots left-handed.

Faulds competed internationally for Britain at the age of 13, and was a world junior champion when he was 16. Three years later, Faulds competed in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics finishing fifth, and became the 1997 European champion. After working at the West London Gun Club for three years as an instructor, Faulds became a full-time shooter, and qualified for the 2000 Sydney games after shooting a then double trap world record score at a World Cup meeting held again in Atlanta, Georgia. Faulds shot a then Olympic record total of 143 in the preliminary round, and won his Olympic gold medal after a shoot-off at the Sydney International Shooting Centre, to become Britain's first shooting gold medal-winner since Malcolm Cooper in 1988.

At the 2004 Athens Olympics, Faulds came 13th in the double trap event, losing his title to Ahmed Al Maktoum from the United Arab Emirates.

Apart from his Olympic career he has also won numerous titles in the sport of English Sporting Clays and FITASC, both of which closely replicate the flight characteristics of live quarry species. His first World title came as a Junior in the FITASC discipline in 1993, a feat he repeated in 1994, 95 and 96 while also collecting Junior World Sporting titles in 1994 and 1995. Since joining the ranks of the Senior Class he has won the World Sporting Championships four times, (2000, 2002, 2006, 2008) the World FITASC Championship four times (2002, 2005, 2007, 2008) and the Beretta World Sporting Championship five times (1998, 2002, 2006, 2008 and 2010).

He has also taken numerous domestic titles including the English Open Sporting (1993, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008) and the British Open Sporting (1998, 2005).

Richard and Tanya, also a successful shooter in her own right live near Newbury in Berkshire along with their young son Charlie and daughter Lauren.

In 2010 Richard and Tanya opened Owls Lodge Shooting School near Barton Stacey. The ground contains Sporting, Olympic trap, Double trap, Olympic skeet, Universal trench and Down-The-Line layouts.

In 2011, Faulds won individual silver and team gold in the double trap at the European Shooting Championships in Serbia.

On 16 December 2014, Faulds announced his retirement from competitive shooting, ending his career with five Olympic appearances, two bronze medals from the World Championships, a tally of five European medals (one gold, three silver, and one bronze) from the European Championships, an Olympic gold medal from 2000, and a world record in double trap, set in 1998.

Olympic results

References

External links

Richard Faulds profile at BBC Hampshire

1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Guildford
People from Longparish
British male sport shooters
Trap and double trap shooters
Olympic shooters for Great Britain
Shooters at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2012 Summer Olympics
English Olympic medallists
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
World record holders in shooting
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in shooting
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England
Shooters at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Shooters at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

Richard Faulds


The gavotte was a folk dance, performed by the peasants in the Brittany region of France. Later it was popular in French and English courts in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was especially popular in the French courts of King Louis XIV.

The music for a gavotte has a four beat feel, with upbeats on beats three and four. To dance a gavotte the dancers must cross their feet twice in each step pattern, with each step followed by a hop. Singers often provided the accompaniment, though dancers might also be accompanied by an ensemble of such instruments as a violin, a drum, bagpipes or shawm, a forerunner of the modern oboe.

The gavotte later became a musical, rather than a dance piece. In the Baroque period gavottes were mainly found in binary form. When composers began writing suites, six short dance based pieces, the gavotte usually was played between the sarabande and the gigue. The best known examples of the gavotte are found in the suites and partitas written by J.S.Bach.

Musical forms

Gavotte


Thomas Edward Lawrence CB DSO (16 August 188819 Mey 1935) wis a Breetish airchaeologist, militar officer, diplomat an writer. He wis renowned for his liaison role during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign an the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during the First Warld War. The breadth and variety o his activities and associations, an his ability tae describe them vividly in writing, earned him internaitional fame as Lawrence o Arabia—a title uised for the 1962 film based on his wartime activities.

He wis born oot o wedlock in Tremadog, Wales, in August 1888 tae Thomas Chapman (who became, in 1914, Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet), an Anglo-Irish nobleman frae County Westmeath, and Sarah Junner, a Scottish governess (whom Chapman haed left his wife and first family in Ireland tae cohabit wi; thay cried themselves Mr and Mrs Lawrence).The faimily next moved tae Kirkcoobrie in Gallowa' in 1888 whaur wis born his brither William George.

Craigville, St Mary's Street, Kirkcoobrie, Gallowa', the Lawrence faimily hame.

In 1896, the Lawrences moved tae Oxford, whaur thair son attended the High School an in 1907–1910 studied History at Jesus College. Atween 1910 and 1914 he worked as an archaeologist, chiefly at Carchemish, in what is nou Sirie.

Suin efter the outbreak o war he volunteered for the Breetish Airmy and wis stationed in Egyp. In 1916, he wis sent tae Arabia on an intelligence mission and quickly became involved wi the Arab Revolt, providin, alang wi ither Breetish officers, liaison tae the Arab forces. Wirkin closely wi Emir Faisal, a leader o the revolt, he participated in and whiles led military activities against the Ottoman armed forces, culminatin in the capture o Damascus in October 1918.

Efter the war, Lawrence jynt the Foreign Office, wirkin wi baith the Breetish govrenment and wi Faisal. In 1922, he retreated frae public life and spent the years until 1935 serving as an enlisted man, maistly in the Royal Air Force, wi a brief stint in the Airmy. During this time, he wrote and published his best-kent work, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, an autobiographical accoont o his participation in the Arab Revolt. He an aw translated beuks intae Inglis and wrote The Mint, which wis published posthumously and detailed his time in the Royal Air Force wirkin as an ordinary aircraftman. He corresponded extensively and wis friendly wi well-kent artists, writers, an politicians. For the Royal Air Force, he participated in the development o rescue motorboats.

Lawrence's public image resulted in pairt frae the sensationalised reporting o the Arab revolt bi American jurnalist Lowell Thomas, as well as frae Seven Pillars o Wisdom. In 1935, Lawrence wis fatally injured in a motorcycle accident in Dorset.

References

1888 births
1935 daiths
Fowk frae Caernarfonshire
Ottoman Empire in Warld War I
Alumni o Jesus College, Oxford
Alumni o Magdalen College, Oxford
Fowk eddicated at the Ceety o Oxford Heich Schuil for Boys
Fellaes o Aw Souls College, Oxford
Asexual men
Breetish guerrillas
Breetish Airmy personnel o Warld War I
Breetish airchaeologists
Breetish Airmy General Leet officers
Fowk o Anglo-Erse strynd
Ryal Artillery sodgers
Ryal Air Force airmen
Ryal Tank Regiment sodgers
Companions o the Order o the Bath
Companions o the Distinguished Service Order
Guerrilla warfare theorists
Breetish fowk o Erse strynd
Welsh fowk o Erse strynd
Motorcycle road accident daiths
Road accident daiths in Ingland
Chevaliers o the Légion d'honneur
French–Inglis translators
Greek–Inglis translators
20t-century Breetish writers
20t-century airchaeologists
Castellologists
20t-century translators

T. E. Lawrence


A model is a person who has the job of using their body to pose for art, or to show fashion items, such as clothes or jewellery. Models often appear in advertising on television and in print media, for example newspapers and magazines, or on the web.

First model
The first person described to work as a fashion model was Parisian shopgirl, Marie Vernet Worth. She was a 'house' model in 1852, for her fashion designer husband at the haute couture House of Worth.

Commercial models
There are many different types of models. Some models only use certain parts of their bodies. For example, a hand model is a person who only uses their hands. A hand model would be used to display certain items, for example rings and watches. These models are mostly used for advertisements.

Fashion models are used to sell clothing or cosmetics. People who make clothing will often use fashion models to wear the clothing they make at fashion shows. The models will walk up and down a raised section of floor called the catwalk or runway to show the clothing to other people. Some exclusive 'fashion houses' also use models to show off their dresses to clients. This idea was invented by Charles Worth.

Photographers use models for advertising, editorial and personal portfolio work. Work can involve news, fine art, fashion, fitness and glamour. Some photographers may ask models to express different moods or feeling for pictures.

Models can be all shapes and sizes, both men and women. Models do not have to be size zero, though most are young, good-looking females. There are specialist models for feet, hands and face, all of which may be photographed for various reasons. Some models are plus-size models and are of a larger build.

Supermodels
A supermodel is a highly paid model who usually has a worldwide reputation. The term supermodel began being used in the 1980s. Supermodels usually work for top fashion designers and famous clothing brands. They have multimillion-dollar contracts. They also have endorsements and campaigns. They have branded themselves as household names and are recognized worldwide.

Art models
Fine art models are hired by photographers, painters, sculptors and other artists to pose for their art.

Models are frequently used during art classes, but are also employed by professional artists. The most common types of art created using models are figure drawing and painting, sculpture and photography. Although commercial motives dominate over aesthetics in advertising, its 'artwork' commonly employs models.

Throughout the history of Western art, drawing the human figure from life was considered the best way to develop the skill of drawing. In the art school classroom setting, there are no real limitations on who the model can be. In some cases, the model may pose with various props, one or more other models, animals etc., against real or artificial background, in natural or artificial light and so on.

Models for life drawing classes are often nude, apart from visually non-obstructive personal items such as small jewellery and sometimes eyeglasses. This may be referred to as being 'undraped' or 'disrobed'.

Employment
Models typically work in one of two ways:
 Agency. Models are given work by an agency: the agency takes a percentage of the fee.
 Self-employed. Models are contacted directly by advertising agencies, photographers and others. The models set their own fee.

References

Art

Entertainment occupations

Model (person)


French literature () generally speaking, is literature written in the French language, particularly by citizens of France; it may also refer to literature written by people living in France who speak traditional languages of France other than French. Literature written in the French language by citizens of other nations such as Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, Senegal, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, etc. is referred to as Francophone literature.

For centuries, French literature has been an object of national pride for French people, and it has been one of the most influential components of the literature of Europe. France ranks first on the list of Nobel Prizes in literature by country.

One of the first known examples of French literature is the Song of Roland, the first major work in a series of poems known as, "chansons de geste".

The French language is a Romance language derived from Latin and heavily influenced principally by Celtic and Frankish. Beginning in the 11th century, literature written in medieval French was one of the oldest vernacular (non-Latin) literatures in western Europe and it became a key source of literary themes in the Middle Ages across the continent.

Although the European prominence of French literature was eclipsed in part by vernacular literature in Italy in the 14th century, literature in France in the 16th century underwent a major creative evolution, and through the political and artistic programs of the Ancien Régime, French literature came to dominate European letters in the 17th century.

In the 18th century, French became the literary lingua franca and diplomatic language of western Europe (and, to a certain degree, in America), and French letters have had a profound impact on all European and American literary traditions while at the same time being heavily influenced by these other national traditions. Africa and the far East have brought the French language to non-European cultures that are transforming and adding to the French literary experience today.

Under the aristocratic ideals of the Ancien Régime (the "honnête homme"), the nationalist spirit of post-revolutionary France, and the mass educational ideals of the Third Republic and modern France, the French have come to have a profound cultural attachment to their literary heritage. Today, French schools emphasize the study of novels, theater and poetry (often learnt by heart). The literary arts are heavily sponsored by the state and literary prizes are major news. The  and the  are important linguistic and artistic institutions in France, and French television features shows on writers and poets (one of the most watched shows on French television was Apostrophes, a weekly talk show on literature and the arts). Literature matters deeply to the people of France and plays an important role in their sense of identity.

As of 2022, fifteen French authors have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature which is more than novelists, poets and essayists of any other country. In 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, but he declined it, stating that "It is not the same thing if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre or if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre, Nobel Prize winner. A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honorable form."

French Nobel Prize in Literature winners

For most of the 20th century, French authors had more Literature Nobel Prizes than those of any other nation. The following French or French language authors have won a Nobel Prize in Literature:
1901 – Sully Prudhomme (The first Nobel Prize in Literature)
1904 – Frédéric Mistral (wrote in Occitan)
1915 – Romain Rolland
1921 – Anatole France
1927 – Henri Bergson
1937 – Roger Martin du Gard
1947 – André Gide
1952 – François Mauriac
1957 – Albert Camus
1960 – Saint-John Perse
1964 – Jean-Paul Sartre (declined the prize)
1969 – Samuel Beckett (Irish, wrote in English and French)
1985 – Claude Simon
2008 – J. M. G. Le Clézio
2014 – Patrick Modiano
2022 - Annie Ernaux

French literary awards
  – created in 1948, for crime and detective fiction.
  – created 1918.
  – created in 1989.
 Prix Femina – created 1904, decided each year by an exclusively female jury, although the authors of the winning works do not have to be women.
 Prix Goncourt – created 1903, given to the author of "the best and most imaginative prose work of the year".
 Prix Goncourt des Lycéens – created in 1987.
 Prix Littéraire Valery Larbaud – created in 1957.
 Prix Médicis – created 1958, awarded to an author whose "fame does not yet match their talent."
  – created in 1926.
 Prix Tour-Apollo Award – 1972–1990, given to the best science fiction novel published in French during the preceding year.
 Prix des Deux Magots – created in 1933.

Key texts

Fiction
Middle Ages
 anonymous – La Chanson de Roland (The Song of Roland)
 Chrétien de Troyes – Yvain ou le Chevalier au Lion (Yvain, the Knight of the Lion), Lancelot, ou le Chevalier à la charrette (Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart)
 various – Tristan et Iseult (Tristan and Iseult)
 anonymous – Lancelot-Graal (Lancelot-Grail), also known as the prose Lancelot or the Vulgate Cycle
 Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung – Roman de la Rose ("Romance of the Rose")
 Christine de Pizan – "The Book of the City of Ladies"
 16th century
 François Rabelais – La vie de Gargantua et de Pantagruel ("Gargantua and Pantagruel")
 17th century
 Honoré d'Urfé – L'Astrée
 Madame de Lafayette – La Princesse de Clèves
 18th century
 Abbé Prévost – Manon Lescaut
 Voltaire – Candide, Zadig ou la Destinée
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse
 Denis Diderot – Jacques le fataliste (Jacques the Fatalist)
 Montesquieu – Persian Letters
 Pierre Choderlos de Laclos – Les Liaisons dangereuses
 Marquis de Sade – Justine (Sade)
 19th century
 François-René de Chateaubriand – Atala, René
 Benjamin Constant – Adolphe
 Stendhal – Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black), La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma)
 Honoré de Balzac – La Comédie humaine ("The Human Comedy", a novel cycle which includes Père Goriot, Lost Illusions, and Eugénie Grandet)
 Alexandre Dumas – The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers
 Victor Hugo – Notre Dame de Paris (The Hunchback of Notre Dame), Les Misérables
 Théophile Gautier – Mademoiselle de Maupin
 Gustave Flaubert – Madame Bovary, Salammbô, L'Éducation sentimentale (Sentimental Education)
 Jules Verne – Vingt mille lieues sous les mers (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea), Voyage au centre de la Terre (A Journey to the Center of the Earth), Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours (Around the World in Eighty Days)
 Edmond and Jules de Goncourt – Germinie Lacerteux
 George Sand – La Petite Fadette
 Guy de Maupassant – Bel Ami, La Parure (The Necklace), other short stories
 Émile Zola – Thérèse Raquin, Les Rougon-Macquart (a novel cycle which includes L'Assommoir, Nana and Germinal)
 20th century
 André Gide – Les Faux-monnayeurs (The Counterfeiters), L'Immoraliste (The Immoralist)
 Marcel Proust – À la recherche du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time)
 Albert Cohen
 François Mauriac
 Louis Aragon
 Blaise Cendrars
 André Breton – Nadja
 Gaston Leroux – Le Fantôme de l'Opéra (The Phantom of the Opera)
 Roger Martin du Gard – Les Thibault (The Thibaults)
 Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Voyage au bout de la nuit (Journey to the End of the Night)
 Colette – Gigi
 Jean Genet – Notre-Dame-des-Fleurs
 Julien Gracq – Le Rivage des Syrtes (The Opposing Shore)
 André Malraux – La Condition Humaine (Man's Fate), L'Espoir (Man's Hope)
 Albert Camus – L'Étranger (The Stranger or The Outsider)
 Michel Butor – La Modification
 Marguerite Yourcenar – Mémoires d'Hadrien
 Alain Robbe-Grillet – Dans le labyrinthe
 Georges Perec – La vie mode d'emploi
 Claude Simon - Les Géorgiques (The Georgics)
 Robert Pinget – Passacaille
 Jean-Paul Sartre – La Nausée (Nausea), L´Âge de Raison (The Age of Reason)
 Françoise Sagan – Bonjour Tristesse (Hello Sadness)
 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry – Le Petit Prince (The Little Prince)
 21st century
 Michel Houellebecq – La carte et le territoire (The Map and the Territory)
 Léonora Miano – La Saison de l'ombre
 Kamel Daoud – Meursault, contre-enquête (The Meursault Investigation)

Poetry
 Middle Ages
 William IX (1071–1127)
 Jaufre Rudel (1113–70)
 Bernart de Ventadorn (1130–90)
 Bertran de Born (1140–1215)
 Rutebeuf (1245–85)
 Jean Froissart (1337–1405)
 François Villon (1431–63) – Le Testament
 La Pléiade
 Clément Marot (1496–1544)
 Joachim du Bellay (1522–60)
 Pontus de Tyard (1521–1605)
 Pierre de Ronsard (1524–85)
 Baroque
 Agrippa d'Aubigné (1552–1630) – Les Tragiques
 Théophile de Viau (1590–1626)
 Classicism
 François de Malherbe (1555–1628)
 Jean de La Fontaine (1621–95) – The Fables
 Nicolas Boileau (1636–1711)
 Romanticism
 André Chénier (1762–1794)
 Alphonse de Lamartine (1790–1869) – Méditations poétiques
 Alfred de Vigny (1797–1863)
 Victor Hugo (1802–85) – Les Contemplations
 Gérard de Nerval (1808–55) – The Chimeras
 Alfred de Musset (1810–57)
 Charles Baudelaire (1821–67) – Les Fleurs du mal
 Parnassianism
 Théophile Gautier (1811–72)
 Leconte de Lisle (1818–94)
 Théodore de Banville (1823–91)
 Symbolism and Decadence
 Villiers de L'Isle-Adam (1838–89)
 Stéphane Mallarmé (1842–98)
 Paul Verlaine (1844–96)
 Comte de Lautréamont (1846–70)
 Arthur Rimbaud (1854–91) – Une Saison en Enfer
 Paul Valéry (1871–1945)
 Paul Fort (1872–1960)
 Modernism
Charles Péguy (1873–1914)
 Guillaume Apollinaire (1880–1918) – Alcools
 Blaise Cendrars (1887–1961)
 Saint-John Perse (1887–1975) – Vents
 Dada and Surrealism
 Paul Éluard (1895-1952)
 Tristan Tzara (1896–1963)
 André Breton (1896–1966)
 Louis Aragon (1897–1982)
 Henri Michaux (1899–1984)
 Robert Desnos (1900–45)
 René Char (1907–88)
 Postmodernism
 Jules Supervielle (1884–1960)
 Jean Cocteau (1889–1963)
 Francis Ponge (1899–1988) – Le Parti Pris des Choses
 Jacques Prévert (1900–77)
 Raymond Queneau (1903–76)
 Négritude
 Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906–2001)
 Birago Diop (1906–89)
 Aimé Césaire (1913–2008)

Theatre
 Pierre Corneille (1606–84)- Le Cid (1636), Horace
 Molière – Tartuffe, Le Misanthrope, Dom Juan, L'Avare (The Miser), Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid)
 Jean Racine – Phèdre, Andromaque, Bérénice, Athalie
 Marivaux – Jeu de l'amour et du hasard
 Beaumarchais – Le Barbier de Séville (The Barber of Seville), La Folle journée, ou Le Mariage de Figaro (The Marriage of Figaro)
 Alfred Jarry – King Ubu
 Edmond Rostand – Cyrano de Bergerac
 Jean Giraudoux – The Trojan War Will Not Take Place
 Jean Anouilh – Becket, Antigone
 Jean-Paul Sartre – No Exit
 Eugène Ionesco – La Cantatrice chauve''' (The Bald Soprano), Les Chaises (The Chairs), La Leçon (The Lesson), Rhinoceros Jean Genet – The Maids, The Balcony Samuel Beckett – En attendant Godot (Waiting for Godot), Fin de Partie (Endgame) and other works in French

Nonfiction
 Michel de Montaigne – The Essays Blaise Pascal – Les Pensées René Descartes – Meditations on First Philosophy, Discourse on Method François de La Rochefoucauld – The MaximsJean de la Bruyère - Les Caractères ou les Mœurs de ce siècle
Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon - Mémoires
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, The Social Contract, Les Confessions (Confessions)
 François-René de Chateaubriand – Genius of Christianity, Memoirs from Beyond Grave Alexis de Tocqueville – Democracy in America Frédéric Bastiat – The Law Jules Michelet – Histoire de France, La Sorcière Henri Bergson – Creative Evolution Albert Camus – The Myth of Sisyphus Jean-Paul Sartre – Existentialism is a Humanism, Being and Nothingness Simone de Beauvoir – The Second Sex Claude Lévi-Strauss – Tristes Tropiques Emil Cioran – A Short History of Decay, The Trouble with Being Born and other works in French
 Paul Ricœur – Freedom and Nature. The Voluntary and the Involuntary Michel Foucault – Discipline and Punish Pierre Bourdieu – La Distinction''

Literary criticism
Nicolas Boileau
Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve
Hippolyte Taine
Jacques Lacan
Maurice Blanchot
Paul Bénichou
Roland Barthes
Jean Ricardou
Paul Ricœur
Michel Foucault
Jean-François Lyotard
Jacques Derrida
Julia Kristeva

Poetry

Parnassianism
Romanticism
Symbolism (arts)

See also
 French culture
 French art
 List of French language authors
 List of French language poets
 French science fiction
 Fantastique
 Media of France
 Books in France

Notes and references

Further reading

External links

 French Language & Literature Resources at Yale University
 Littérature francophone virtuelle (ClicNet) online texts
 Athena Textes Français online texts
 The Marandet Collection of French Plays
 ABU online texts
 French Literature at Digital Librarian
 Jean-Michel Maulpoix & Co.: Modern and contemporary French literature site maintained by prominent French poet Jean-Michel Maulpoix

French literature


Ivan Generalić (December 21, 1914 – November 27, 1992) was a Croatian painter in the naïve tradition.

Biography
Generalić was born in Hlebine near Koprivnica. In elementary school, painting lessons were his greatest joy and as a child he used to earn money. He mostly drew with pencil on paper bags and some of these sketches were seen by Krsto Hegedušić, at the time (1930) just a student of the art academy, later a professor. Hegedušić was impressed with Generalić's work and organized Generalić's first public art exhibition, held in 1931 in the Zagreb Art pavilion. Positive critiques and contacts at the time led to a new era of not only Croatian, but also world art as well.

After World War II, in 1945 he became a member of ULUH (society of Croatian artists). In 1953 he exhibited in Paris, where he lived and painted for a few months. In 1959 he painted The Deer Wedding - his most valuable work, according to followers of the Croatian naïve art world. His home and peasant life of that time was his inspiration. His subjects include weddings, farm work, seasonal celebrations and funeral processions, and his rural scenes often included political commentaries on the social injustices of his time. Due to his technique of using oil paints on the reverse of a glass pane rather than conventional canvas, his pictures have a unique reflective quality.

Generalić has a large number of followers, beside his colleagues who form the first generation - Franjo Mraz and Mirko Virius. His second generation followers are Franjo Filipović, Dragan Gaži, Josip Generalić, Ivan Večenaj.

References

External links
www.generalic.com
 http://thearthistoryjournal.blogspot.com/2011/04/ivan-generalic.html
Artnet.com

20th-century Croatian painters
Croatian male painters
1914 births
1992 deaths
People from Hlebine
People from the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Modern painters
Croatian naïve painters
Yugoslav painters
20th-century Croatian male artists

Ivan Generalić


Project Athena was a joint project of MIT, Digital Equipment Corporation, and IBM.  It was launched in 1983, and research and development continued until June 30, 1991, eight years after it began. It is widely believed that the goals were to create a computing environment that would utilize up to 1,000 workstations but in fact, the goal was to improve the quality of education delivered by the Institute.

The concept that a user could go to any workstation and access any files or applications without finding major differences in the user interface and service, just like browsing the Internet today.

The project created  many technologies that are widely used today, such as the X Window System and Kerberos.

References
 Treese, G. Winfield, Berkeley UNIX on 1000 Workstations: Athena Changes to 4.3 BSD USENIX Association, February 1988.
 Arfman, J. M.; Roden, Peter. Project Athena: Supporting distributed computing at MIT IBM Systems Journal Volume 31, Number 3, 1992.
 Champine, George (1991). MIT Project Athena: A Model for Distributed Campus Computing, Digital Press, .
 Avril, C. R.; Orcutt, Ron L.  Athena: MIT's Once and Future Distributed Computing Project, Information Technology Quarterly (Fall 1990).
 Athena at MIT (mit.edu)

Other websites
 Athena at MIT
 Project Glue at UMD College Park

Software

Project Athena


The Prince is a book written by Niccolò Machiavelli, who lived in the city of Florence in the country of Italy. The book was published in 1513.

The book talks about politics and government. During his life, Machiavelli saw many changes in the government of Florence. He thought a lot about what a king or prince should do to make a strong government. In the book, he said the ruler had to get a lot of power.

One of the things he said that made people worried, was that ethics and politics are different. A person might have to do things that are wrong to get power. This thought made his works scandalous.

Some people think that Machiavelli was being honest with his advice and saying what he really thought. Other people think that Machiavelli was playing a joke on princes who wanted too much power and did not care about what was right.

Other websites
 Il Principe (HTML e-book)
 The Prince Book  Read the book online or download for free. Suitable for e-readers

Works of philosophy
16th-century books
1510s works
Italian literature

The Prince


Dr. Erhard Karl Kietz (August 22, 1909 – April 6, 1982) was a German-born physicist, who researched frequency constancy of video signals.

Life
Born August 22, 1909 in Leipzig, Germany as the eldest child of mathematics teacher Georg and Anna Kietz, Erhard Karl Kietz attended the Nikolai School in Leipzig and then studied physics, mathematics and chemistry at the University of Leipzig. He was awarded the Doctorate of Science degree in Feb. 1938. Taking on the study of these various science branches enabled him to gain an overview of the various aspects of a situation. Along that line, he also had an independent, critical view of political proceedings. He was very interested in politics but opposed the extremism that he saw arising within nations.
During his studies at the University, he was an assistant to Dr. August Karolus, television pioneer, in the laboratory of the Physical Institute of the University from May 1929 to Feb. 1938. From March 1938 until May 1945, he conducted independent research in the same laboratory as physicist in the fields of television, high frequency and amplification technology. Aside from television, his major field of work was the origination of extremely constant oscillation through tuning forks and oscillating crystals. During World War II, he was twice buried in the rubble of bomb attacks on the Institute of Physics at the University of Leipzig.

On August 9, 1941, he married Gisela Raschig, born June 1, 1917.
On June 15, 1945, they, with their two young children and his lab colleague, Dr. Herbert Mangold, with wife and toddler daughter, were evacuated by the U.S.A. military to the outskirts of Munich.  In 1947, their eldest son died from sepsis at the age of five.  A middle ear infection during the difficult last months of the war left the bacteria in his system and lack of penicillin in the post-war turmoil rendered a cure unattainable.

On May 15, 1956, he, with his family which now included 6 children ages 11 to 9 months, boarded the Dutch freighter Witmarsum of the Independent Gulf Lines in Hamburg, Germany for emigration to the United States.

On June 10, 1956, the family arrived in Houston, Texas, from there riding the 441 miles southward by bus to their destination Elsa, Texas.  There was no work in his field, however; so in September 1956, the family moved to Altadena, California, on the advice of a German friend, who had emigrated a few years before.  Here Dr. Erhard Kietz was employed in the research division of Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation in Pasadena, where he participated in the design of instrumentation recording equipment under Adrian B. Cook.
In January 1959, the family moved to Menlo Park in the San Francisco Bay area, during the development of the area into Silicon Valley. Dr. Kietz joined Ampex Corporation in Redwood City, California, as Staff Electrical Engineer of the Research and Engineering Division headed by Charles P. Ginsburg.  From here, he retired as Senior Staff Engineer in 1971

Unfortunately he felt displaced in American society. Longing for his home country grew;  he and his wife considered options to return to Germany.  In July 1971, he, along with his two youngest daughters, who were still teenagers (his wife died in a car accident in 1967), departed New York for Bremerhaven on the passenger ship Bremen, locating in Dankoltsweiler (Baden-Württemberg), Germany.  He died April 6, 1982, in Blütlingen (Lower Saxony), Germany.

Personality
He was an accomplished cellist who also played the piano well.
His passionate love of classical music can be traced to his upbringing in an extended musical family who enthusiastically attended concerts and played music in the home in Leipzig.  He loved playing in the orchestras of Leipzig before World War II and of Munich after the War. A middle ear infection in his youth left him hard of hearing which put an end to any dreams of orchestral participation later on.  This condition cast a large shadow over him.  He did, however, retain an ear for perfect pitch (from another room in the house during his daughter's piano practice: "F-SHARP, not F, can't you hear that!").

He was a man of integrity and modesty.  He had great love for and commitment to his family, cognizant of needing  to impart guiding values to his children, but most often coming across with an authoritative tone that rendered his children unreceptive at the time; yet in adulthood they recognized the intangible gifts that were imparted to them, such as intellectual curiosity, love of classical music, observation of nature, an interest in astronomy or an adventuresome spirit to discover the world around them near and far, be it on bicycle day trips through the forests to the villages south of Munich or on mountain hikes, or  in California by bus, later in a used station wagon, to see that State's natural beauties.  It was not easy to do for a man with six children and limited means; yet attending concerts and traveling within means were more important than material comfort because those experiences would make lasting impressions and mold the minds of his children.  His children benefited from his talent to explain the most complex scientific processes in age-appropriate terms so that they understood the concept.

He had a staunch belief in the truth of the Bible but was aware of mistakes in translations.  Therefore, he made it his life's study to compare different translations.   He had an unwavering faith in a forgiving God and a sustaining hope of salvation and paradise.

As a small boy, he endured World War I and he came of age in the terrible time between wars.  As a new family man, he survived World War II.  Those experiences developed in him a reluctance to contribute to warfare in any way.  He was averse to science serving military development, yet his qualifications made it near impossible to escape a career serving foremost military interests with only later a jump of those products to civilian use.  On the other hand, the technology he developed contributed, through the radar and video flights over the Soviet Union and Cuba (1962), to a more realistic, much lower, assessment  of ballistic missiles need, as well as prevention of surprise attacks, for it was seen that the number of missiles in the Soviet Union was in reality from one fourths to only one tenths of what had been surmised.  The arrival and readying of Soviet missiles in Cuba could be seen and thus, measures to get the Soviet Union to remove them could be taken before harm was done.

In a letter dated March 1965, to his eldest daughter, who was studying at university, he wrote:

"In my opinion, there is no more satisfying purpose in life than to live
the life of a researcher – with the exception of having a fine family."

Scientific contributions
Erhard Karl Kietz' scientific career began with his doctorate dissertation, released in February 1938, published in Dresden in 1939, Versuche über die Frequenzkonstanz elektrisch angetriebener Stimmgabeln (Experiments about the frequency constancy of electric tuning forks).  This work was of great interest because one needed a very constant time measure for developing applications like radar and video.

The first electronic clocks that used a very accurate internal frequency mechanism contained a tiny electrically driven tuning fork which directly powered a very fine-toothed pinion; this was then geared down to the clock hands.

His early work in the development of television includes work on a 10–channel and a 200-channel television system for a giant picture display, a 1000-line television system and research on the behavior of photoelectric cells at high frequencies.  Later he contributed considerably to the fundamental research and practical development of magnetic tape recording of high frequency signals, e.g. video signals.

The two daunting problems that needed to be solved were the high demand on time stability at playback and overcoming the bandwidth constraints of the hitherto existing magnetic recording technology.   The demand for high bandwidth in recording was achieved with an assembly of four heads rotating very fast transverse to the tape.  This rendered possible a very high head to tape speed with a slow tape run.  By this means the bandwidth could be extended three orders of magnitude: from 18 kHz with customary stationary heads up to 20 MHz with rotating heads.  In connection with this, a fast switching from one head to the next had to be solved.  This principle of rotating heads was and is at the time of this writing employed by all professional and later by all home video tape recorders.

The time-base correction was at first accomplished with very complex technology (individual video lines were recorded on a rotating disc by means of a cathode beam and were scanned elsewhere in precise time grid by means of a second cathode beam), later realized by semi conductor circuits.

Dr. Erhard Kietz authored a Summary of Problems and Activities in Electronic Time Base Correction, released for Ampex Corporation on June 15, 1960.  Here again, the concern is an exact time base with jitter of less than a tenth of a microsecond, without which video recorders cannot function.

Dr. Erhard Kietz' Transient-free and Time-Stable Signal Reproduction from Rotating-Head Recorders was published in the National Space Electronics Symposium Record, 1963, Miami Beach, Florida, Paper 4.3.  A Revision was published in February 1968.

In March 1967, he and his colleague Sid Damron authored the technical paper Digital Recording at Exceptionally High Bit Rates, Reliability and Density.

In April 1967, Dr. Erhard Kietz authored a presentation titled "Developments in the Magnetic Recording of Multimegahertz Bandwidths".  It was presented by his colleague Sid S. Damron on April 25, at the Rome Air Development Center at Griffiss Air Force Base in New York for a Wide-Band Recording Symposium.

In 1968, Sid Damron and Erhard Kietz, working together at Ampex Corporation in Redwood City, California, published Exceptionally High-Density Data Recording in the periodical Modern Data December 1968 (pp. 28–31.)

Shortly before retiring from Ampex Corporation, Dr. Erhard Kietz authored a scientific paper titled Electronic Track Alignment of Digital Signals Recorded at High Density on a Multitrack Recorder.  This treatise dealt with the change from analog to digital recording and the state of the research at the beginning of 1971.

The first applications were the radar signals of the polar radar stations, later radar signals and pictures from high-flying planes and soon after, high definition picture recordings of signals from satellites that orbited earth and transmitted their pictures to earth only to designated locations.  In this summary it becomes clear how much smaller and lighter the instruments could successively be constructed.

The "latest" reel-to-reel tape recorder, as well as an example of the anti-missile applications of Ampex' Signal recording and transmission is seen in the articles of the Ampex Monitor 1961
Miniaturization was mainly achieved through the emerging transistor technology and, only a little later, through integrated circuits with rapidly growing complexity.  When one sees the current video recording devices, one cannot even imagine anymore how much signal processing is necessary for video recording and play-back.  The first video recorders were housed in several cabinets full of electronics.

Television video recording was practically a fall-out of the military application.  From the end of the 1960s on into the 1980s, Ampex video tape recorders were utilized in television studios all over the world.

During his tenure at Ampex Corporation, Dr. Erhard Kietz developed four patented inventions, which were assigned to Ampex Corp.:

He was a co-participant in the development of other patents.

His sister Dr. Gertraud Kietz, 31 March 1913 – 11 August 2001, achieved high esteem as a child psychologist and author.
Overview of her life and work in German

See also

List of inventors
List of physicists
Spy satellite
Crystal oscillator
Quadruplex videotape
Ampex
History of science – physics

References

External links

Huurdeman, Anton A. The worldwide history of telecommunications p. 296 August Karolus
Free Patents Online: Erhard Kietz

1909 births
1982 deaths
Scientists from Leipzig
Scientists from the Kingdom of Saxony
20th-century German inventors
20th-century German physicists
20th-century American physicists

Erhard Kietz


Plan B was a monthly music magazine based in London, England. It catered mainly towards independent music but did not discriminate between the relative popularity of the bands it features. Plan B also documented alternative culture such as film, comics, video games, visual art and books. It was founded by editor-in-chief Everett True (a.k.a. Jerry Thackray), art director Andrew Clare and publisher Chris Houghton, although later editor and publisher Frances Morgan was also a major influence.

In May 2009, it was announced that Plan Bs forty-sixth issue would be its last.

Background
Plan B was started after the demise of the magazine Careless Talk Costs Lives, which shared a similar ethos and many of the same contributors.

Ethos
The concept originally laid down by Thackray was to exist under the radar of the mainstream music press such as the New Musical Express or Q, both of which are seen as the antithesis of Plan B. Although Thackray used to work in the mainstream media throughout the nineties under the pseudonym Everett True along with his CTCL compatriot Steve Gullick, he became disheartened by the lack of individuality and increased focus on commercialism. Thus, Plan B (along with Gullick's Loose Lips Sink Ships) was created to champion causes apparently forgotten in the mainstream press. Plan B tried to mirror the artistic nature of its content by including full page photography and colourful illustrations. This is largely due to the work of art director Andrew Clare. It is also printed in full colour on thick, satin paper, which creates a musky scent.

The emphasis of Plan B was on nurturing young talent and subsequently, many of the writers are unknown within their field. Several regular contributors do freelance work for the mainstream music press but their work in Plan B was usually more varied because the magazine did not impose a 'house style' on its writers. This often led to a more anecdotal, emotional response to art - a style which is discouraged in the mainstream press. This was reflected in the magazine's reviews, which did not contain the 'grading' or 'marking' system so commonly found elsewhere.

In keeping with this ethos, Plan B commonly covered artists with little mainstream appeal. The contributors as a whole did not distinguish between artists within the mainstream and those in the left-field but the bias is arguably towards the latter. Thackray is also renowned for being a champion of equality within music, whether sexual, gender-based or racial. Indeed, detractors have in the past labelled his supposed bias towards female-helmed bands to be over-zealous. Of course, this could also be seen as a genuine attempt by Thackray to redress the balance in a male dominated music press.

In September 2006, Plan B changed its frequency from bi-monthly to monthly.

In a post-mortem piece of the magazine as part of Drowned in Sound's Music Journalism R.I.P? Week , former staff writer kicking_k said of Plan Bs demise: "Had we been selling more issues, there would have been a buffer, we may have been able to ride out the drought. I think it's important could-be readers realise that – if there's a magazine out there you still plan on reading month after month, brace yourself and buy it – every edition of Plan B, surveys say, was read by four people. If each of those had bought their own, it'd still be here."

Content
Plan B was divided into the following sections -
 The Void - previews of new bands and miscellaneous short articles and columns.
 Features - longer interviews with bands and musicians.
 Live - reviews of live music.
 Albums - reviews of recorded music.
 Media - articles on books, films, video games, visual art and comics.

Covers
The following bands have been on the cover of Plan B magazine -

Chicks On Speed, Joanna Newsom, Magnetic Fields, Smoosh, Afrirampo, Arcade Fire, Black Dice, Sonic Youth, The Research, Cat Power, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, The Long Blondes, Silver Jews, The Gossip, CSS, Boris, Sunn O))), Deerhoof, Herman Dune, Electrelane, Grinderman, Battles, Wiley, Björk, M.I.A., Animal Collective, Scout Niblett, Prinzhorn Dance School, Billy Childish, Dirty Projectors, Earth, The Breeders, Glass Candy, Chromatics, No Age, Sparks, Los Campesinos!, Roots Manuva, Rolo Tomassi, Gang Gang Dance, Grace Jones, Micachu, Bat For Lashes, Dan Deacon, PJ Harvey & John Parish, Grizzly Bear and Speech Debelle

Credits
Plan B was credited to the following people -

Editorial
Louis Pattison - Editor
Andrew Clare - Art Director
Cat Stevens (not the singer) - Photography Editor
kicking k - The Void (new bands and smaller features) + Lives
Lauren Strain - Albums

Publishing
Frances Morgan - Publisher
Everett True - Publisher-At-Large
Nick Taylor - Advertising Manager
Richard Stacey - Assistant Publisher

Plan B Magazine was published by Plan B Publishing Limited. Distribution through Warners Group Distribution (Newsagents, Borders and International), Worldwide Magazine Distribution (HMV/Virgin) and Cargo Records (Record Stores).

Notes

External links
 Plan B website; includes forum and information on back issues.

Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Music magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 2004
Magazines disestablished in 2009
Magazines published in London

Plan B (magazine)