A package management system keeps track of information about software packages: what files go where, and which package owns that file, therefore behaving like a phone directory. Examples of package management systems for Linux include dpkg, rpm and emerge. In Microsoft Windows, "Add/Remove Programs"/"Programs and Features" are like package managers, but use no format (it leaves it up to the program).

Software

Package management system


Arctinus of Miletus or Arctinus Milesius () was a Greek epic poet whose reputation is purely legendary, as none of his works survive. Traditionally dated between 775 BC and 741 BC, he was said to have been a pupil of Homer. His father was Teleus son of Nauteus.
Phaenias of Eresus placed him in the 7th century BC and claimed that he was defeated by Lesches of Pyrrha in competition. One of the "cyclic poets", Arctinus composed the epics Aethiopis and Sack of Troy, which were contributions to the Trojan War cycle, and possibly Naupactia.

These poems are lost, but an idea of the first two can be obtained from the Chrestomathy ascribed (probably wrongly) to Proclus the Neo-Platonist of the 5th century AD.

The Aethiopis (Αἰθιοπίς), in five books, is so called from the Aethiopian Memnon, who became the ally of the Trojans after the death of Hector. According to Proclus, the poem took up the narrative from the close of the Iliad:

"The Amazon Penthesilea arrives to aid the Trojans in war. She is the daughter of Ares and a Thracian by birth. Achilles kills her while she is fighting at her best, and the Trojans bury her. Achilles kills Thersites, who railed at him and reproached him for loving Penthesileia."

The Aethiopis  concluded with the death and burial of Achilles and the dispute between Ajax and Odysseus for his arms.

The Sack of Troy (Iliou Persis) told the stories of the Trojan Horse, Sinon, and Laocoön, the capture of the city, and the departure of the Greeks pursued by the anger of Athena at the rape of Cassandra by Ajax the Lesser. The Little Iliad, usually ascribed to Lesches, bridged the gap in the story-line between Aethiopis and the Sack of Troy.

References

Sources
Eusebius, Chronicle Olympiad 1.2, 5.1.
Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 1.131.6.
Suda s.lem. Arctinus (Alpha, 3960:  Ἀρκτῖνος).

Further reading
 David Binning Monro,  "On the Fragment of Proclus' Abstract of the Epic Cycle Contained in the Codex Venetus of the Iliad", Journal of Hellenic Studies, 4 (1883), 305-334.
 T.W. Allen in Classical Quarterly, April 1908, pp. 82ff.

Ancient Milesians
Early Greek epic poets
8th-century BC Greek poets

Arctinus of Miletus


"A Defence of Poetry" is an unfinished essay by Percy Bysshe Shelley written in February and March of 1821 that the poet put aside and never completed.  The text was published posthumously in 1840 in Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments. Its final sentence expresses Shelley's famous proposition that "poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world."

Background

The essay was written in response to his friend Thomas Love Peacock's article "The Four Ages of Poetry", which had been published in 1820. Shelley wrote to the publishers Charles and James Ollier (who were also his own publishers):
I am enchanted with your Literary Miscellany, although the last article has excited my polemical faculties so violently that the moment I get rid of my ophthalmia, I mean to set about an answer to it.... It is very clever, but I think, very false.

To Peacock, Shelley wrote:
Your anathemas against poetry itself excited me to a sacred rage. . . . I had the greatest possible desire to break a lance with you ... in honour of my mistress Urania.

The text we know as A Defence of Poetry was eventually published eighteen years after Shelley's death, after being subjected to some editing by John Hunt and Shelley's wife Mary Shelley, in her Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments.

Editorial introductions

Shelley's aim was to show that poets establish morality and inspire the legal norms in a civil society, thus creating a foundation for the other institutions of a community.

Robert M. Hutchins and Mortimer J. Adler wrote:

In A Defence of Poetry, [Shelley] attempts to prove that poets are philosophers; that they are the creators and protectors of moral and civil laws; and that if it were not for poets, scientists could not have developed either their theories or their inventions. Poets introduce and maintain morality. The mores so created are codified into laws. The social function or utility of poets is that they create and maintain the norms and mores of a society.

David Perkins wrote:

...Shelley was mainly concerned to explain the moral (and thus the social) function of poetry.  In doing so, he produced one of the most penetrating general discussions on poetry that we have.

Major themes

Shelley's argument for poetry is an important text of English Romanticism. In 1858, William Stigant, a poet, essayist, and translator, wrote in his essay "Sir Philip Sidney" that Shelley's "beautifully written Defence of Poetry" is a work which "analyses the very inner essence of poetry and the reason of its existence, – its development from, and operation on, the mind of man". Shelley writes in Defence that while "ethical science arranges the elements which poetry has created," and leads to a moral civil life, poetry acts in a way that "awakens and enlarges the mind itself by rendering it the receptacle of a thousand unapprehended combinations of thought".

A Defence of Poetry argued that the invention of language reveals a human impulse to reproduce the rhythmic and ordered, so that harmony and unity are delighted in wherever they are found and incorporated, instinctively, into creative activities: "Every man in the infancy of art, observes an order which approximates more or less closely to that from which highest delight results..." This "faculty of approximation" enables the observer to experience the beautiful, by establishing a "relation between the highest pleasure and its causes". Those who possess this faculty "in excess are poets" and their task is to communicate the "pleasure" of their experiences to the community. Shelley does not claim language is poetry on the grounds that language is the medium of poetry; rather he recognises in the creation of language an adherence to the poetic precepts of order, harmony, unity, and a desire to express delight in the beautiful. Aesthetic admiration of "the true and the beautiful" is provided with an important social aspect which extends beyond communication and precipitates self-awareness. Poetry and the various modes of art it incorporates are directly involved with the social activities of life. Shelley nominated unlikely figures such as Plato and Jesus in their excellent use of language to conceive the inconceivable.

For Shelley, "poets . . . are not only the authors of language and of music, of the dance, and architecture, and statuary, and painting; they are the institutors of laws, and the founders of civil society." Social and linguistic order are not the sole products of the rational faculty, as language is "arbitrarily produced by the imagination" and reveals "the before unapprehended relations of things and perpetuates their apprehension" of a higher beauty and truth. Shelley's conclusive remark that "poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world" suggests his awareness of "the profound ambiguity inherent in linguistic means, which he considers at once as an instrument of intellectual freedom and a vehicle for political and social subjugation".

References

Sources
Sandy, Mark. "A Defence of Poetry" by Percy Bysshe Shelley. 25 August 2004.  (The Literary Encyclopaedia.)
Shelley, Percy Bysshe. Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments. In two volumes. Edited by Mary Shelley. London: Edward Moxon, (1840) [1839].
English Essays: From Sir Philip Sidney to Macaulay. With Introductions and Notes. The Harvard Classics. Edited by Charles W. Eliot, LL.D. NY: P.F. Collier and Son, 1909.
Bennett, Betty T., and Stuart Curran, editors. Shelley: Poet and Legislator of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
Kaufman, Robert. "Legislators of the Post-Everything World: Shelley's Defence of Adorno," English Literary History, 63 (Fall, 1996): 707–33.
Lee, Monika. "Shelley's A Defence of Poetry and Frye: A Theory of Synchronicity." Lee, Alvin (ed.); Denham, Robert D. (ed.). The Legacy of Northrop Frye. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994. 190–200.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe. "A Defense of Poetry." Romanticism: An Anthology. Ed. Duncan Wu. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998. pp. 944–956.
Verkoren, Lucas. A Study of Shelley's 'Defence of Poetry': Its Origin, Textual History, Sources and Significance. Amsterdam: Mijs, 1937.
Delisle, Fanny. A Study of Shelley's A Defence of Poetry: A Textual and Critical Evaluation. Volume 2. Edwin Mellen Press, 1974.
Dod, Elmar. "Die Vernünftigkeit der Imagination in Aufklärung und Romantik. Eine komparatistische Studie zu Schillers und Shelleys ästhetischen Theorien in ihrem europäischen Kontext." (Title: Imaginative Reason in Enlightenment and Romanticism. A Comparative Study of Schiller's and Shelley's Aesthetic Theories in Their European Context.) Tübingen: Max Niemeyer 1985.
Ferguson, Margaret W. "Border Territories of Defense: Freud and Defenses of Poetry." The Literary Freud: Mechanisms of Defense and the Poetic Will. New Haven: Yale UP, 1980. 149–80.
Liberto, Fabio (April, 2010). "The Politics of Language in P.B. Shelley." La questione romantica, 2/1, pp. 43-59.
Mahoney, John L. (1984). "The Idea of Mimesis in Shelley's A Defence of Poetry." The British Journal of Aesthetics, 24(1), pp. 59–64.
Mahoney, John L. "Teaching 'To a Sky-Lark' in Relation to Shelley's Defense." Hall, Spencer (ed.). Approaches to Teaching Shelley's Poetry. New York: MLA, 1990. 83–85.
Cameron, Esther (2003). "Shelley's 'Defence' Today." The Antigonish Review, 122.
Macdonald, Kate. "A Defence of Poetry: A Study of the Relationship Between Percy Shelley and Thomas Love Peacock".
Leigh, Ivey. "Percy Shelley's A Defense of Poetry: How Hidden Poets Lead to Society's Salvation." British Poetry, Suite101.com. 25 February 2009.
Kucich, Greg. Keats, Shelley, and Romantic Spenserianism. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991.
Rudy, John G. "Romanticism and Buddhism: Shelley's Golden Wind: Zen Harmonics in A Defence of Poetry and 'Ode to the West Wind'". Romantic Circles Praxis Series.
O'Neill, Michael (Fall, 1996). "A Defence of Poetry: Reflections on the Occasion of Writing." Criticism.
Turley, Richard Marggraf. (April, 2000). "An Echo of Clarke's Address in Shelley's Defence?" Neophilologus, 84, 2, pp. 323–27.
Cox, Jeffrey. Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School: Keats, Shelley, Hunt and their Circle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Baker, John Ross (1981). "Poetry and Language in Shelley's Defence of Poetry." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 39, 4, pp. 437–449.
Eichman, Richard (Spring, 2000). "'Imagining' History: Shelley's Use of History as Rhetoric in A Defence of Poetry." Publication of the Illinois Philological Association, 3.
Hall, Jean. (1992). "The Divine and Dispassionate Selves: Shelley's Defence and Peacock's The Four Ages." Keats-Shelley Journal: Keats, Shelley, Byron, Hunt, and Their Circles, 41, pp. 139–63.
Mahon, James Edwin. "Truth and Metaphor: A Defense of Shelley." Debatin, Bernhard (ed.); Jackson, Timothy R. (ed.); Steuer, Daniel (ed.). Metaphor and Rational Discourse. Tübingen, Germany: Niemeyer, 1997, pp. 137-46.
Smith-Hubbard, Julie L. (2008). "Cosmopoetics and Politics: Were Those 'Unacknowledged Legislators of the World' Actually Women?" Forum on Public Policy.
Pottle, Frederick A. "The Case of Shelley." English Romantic Poets: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. M. H. Abrams. 2nd ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1975, pp. 366-83.
Rich, Adrienne. "Legislators of the world. Commentary: In our dark times we need poetry more than ever, argues Adrienne Rich." The Guardian, 18 November 2006.
McElderry, B. R., Jr. (1944). "Common Elements in Wordsworth's 'Preface' and Shelley's Defence of Poetry." Modern Language Quarterly, 5(2), pp. 175–181.

External links
 1840 first edition, Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments. London: Moxon.
 Online version of 1915 edition, Selected Prose Works of Shelley. London: Watts.
 Martin Luther King, Jr. quoted Shelley's views on poetry from A Defence of Poetry, The King Center, Atlanta, GA.

British essays
1821 essays
1840 essays
Essays about poetry
Essays in literary theory
Literary criticism
English poetry
Romanticism
Works by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Essays published posthumously
Unfinished literature

A Defence of Poetry


The Adult Contemporary is a weekly music chart that is published on the Billboard magazine. It lists the top 30 popular songs. It measures the top 30 songs depending on its airplay, digital download sales, and single sales. It is only based on 85 radio stations that play adult contemporary music. The chart first appeared on the July 17, 1961 issue of Billboard magazine.

Recurrents
The Hot Adult Contemporary Recurrents lists the top 10 adult contemporary songs that are one year old but are still being played on radios.

Other charts
The Adult Top 40 chart was released in 1996. This lists only lists the top 40 adult contemporary songs. The Top 40 Mainstream ranks both adult contemporary songs and dance-pop songs on 141 radio stations.

Related pages
Billboard charts

Record charts

Adult Contemporary


Luca Badoer (born 25 January 1971) is an Italian Formula One driver. He was born in Montebelluna. He has raced for the Scuderia Italia, Minardi, Forti Corse and most recently, Ferrari teams. In addition to his racing duties, Badoer has been active as one of the test and reserve drivers for Ferrari since 1997 and in 2009 stood in for Ferrari's regular race driver Felipe Massa at the European Grand Prix and the Belgian Grand Prix, after the Brazilian was injured during qualifying for the Hungarian Grand Prix and his original replacement, Michael Schumacher, pulled out due to injury.

1971 births
Living people
Formula One current
Italian Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Veneto

Luca Badoer


Malapascua is a Philippine island situated in the Visayan Sea,  across a shallow strait from the northernmost tip of Cebu Island. Administratively, it is part of the peninsular barangay of Logon, Daanbantayan, Cebu. Malapascua is a small island, only about , and has eight hamlets. According to the latest 2020 census, the island has an estimated population of 6,257.

Holiday industry

Malapascua became known in the early 1990s as a dive destination. Prior to this, the island was known for its wide white sand beach, known as Bounty Beach; it has also become known for its beautiful coral gardens, coral walls and excellent local dive spots, as well as further-out sites including Gato Island, Monad Shoal, and Kemod Shoal. Monad Shoal is an underwater plateau where thresher sharks and manta rays can regularly be sighted. Most of the islanders derive their livelihood from tourism, while some still rely on subsistence fishing and farming.

Malapascua Island or barangay Logon is believed to be the place where the Virgin de los Desamparados made a miracle sometime in 1890 when the island had only nine households of the Monteclar, Deogrades, Rosales, Gulfan, Rubio, Bohol and Bruces families. It was said to be a piece of wood that had never burnt. In 1907 the parish priest of Kandaya, now Daanbantayan town, Rev. Fr.  Maga, baptized it of its name upon the request of the local residents. The size of the image is not the original size and it is said to be growing until present. Devotees from different parts of the country and even abroad come during the feast days on May 11 and 12. The chapel was originally made of coconut palm and leaves but now it is made of steel and cement.

Similar to other islands, natives were dependent on fishing as a source of livelihood. Agricultural products such as corn and rice were supplied from neighboring islands, such as Cebu and Leyte. With the population increasing and fish stocks dwindling, tourism came to the rescue. Nowadays, the majority of islanders either directly or indirectly make a living out of tourism, which is developing rapidly. The growth of tourism has also increased local immigration to the island, thus the demand for housing. The lack of a pier for bigger boats – due to financial constraints – is keeping a brake on construction growth.

Monad Shoal

The number-one dive site of Malapascua is Monad Shoal, a natural cleaning station for fish located  from the island ( – 30–35 minutes boat ride). The shoal is a rather unremarkable  long rock stump at the edge of a  drop and has a flattish top at a depth of . The site is best known as the only place in the world where thresher sharks can be seen regularly at and just before sunrise. They use the seamount as a cleaning station for bluestreak and moon cleaner wrasse to remove ectoparasites such as gnathiids from their skin and clean their gills and mouths. The shoal also attracts other pelagic fish such as devil rays and eagle rays. Manta rays and hammerheads are seasonal. Unfortunately most of the coral reefs of the shoal have been damaged by destructive fishing methods, as has happened all over the Philippines, and elsewhere. In June 2016 a ship ran aground on the shoal, damaging  of the protected area.

See also
Carnaza Island – an island north of Malapascua

References

Sources

External links

 Official Municipality of Daanbantayan website
 Malapascua Island website

Beaches of the Philippines
Underwater diving sites in the Philippines
Islands of Cebu
Tourist attractions in Cebu

Malapascua


Giovanni Paisiello (9 May 1740 – 5 June 1816) was a composer from Italy. He wrote more than 80 operas. He also wrote music for churches and concerts.

Life
Paisiello was born in Roccaforzata, a small town near Taranto in the south of Italy. His father was a veterinarian (a doctor for animals). When he was five years old, his father sent him to a Jesuit school in Taranto. His father wanted him to be a lawyer. Paisiello's teachers saw that he had a very beautiful singing voice and much talent for music. This made his father change his mind. He sent Paisiello to a famous music school in Naples called the . He studied at the music school for five years. At first, he composed church music, but then he began writing operas. Soon his operas became popular all over Italy.

In 1776, Catherine II, the Empress of Russia, invited him to work for her in St. Petersburg. Paisiello worked for the Empress for eight years. He composed operas for her theatre and conducted the royal orchestra. In 1784, he went back to Italy to work for King Ferdinand IV of Naples. He was the chief composer for a famous opera house in Naples, the Teatro di San Carlo. He also composed church music and concert music for the king. Napoleon Bonaparte admired Paisiello's music very much and invited him to Paris. From 1802 until 1804, Paisiello worked in Paris composing music for Napoleon. He then went back to Naples. He was the head of the music school there from 1807 until 1814. The last years of his life were not happy. He had money problems, and his operas were no longer popular. He died in Naples in 1816.

Sources
Grove, George (1900) "Paisiello, Giovanni", in A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450-1889), Vol. 2, pp. 633-634. MacMillan & Co., Ltd.
Randel, Don Michael (ed.) (1996). "Paisiello, Giovanni" in The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music, p. 664. Harvard University Press

1740 births
1816 deaths
18th-century Italian composers
19th-century Italian composers

Giovanni Paisiello


A steep coast is a stretch of coastline where the mainland descends abruptly into the sea. There is a sharp transition from the land to sea as opposed to that on a flat coast where the land descends gradually seawards. The height of the land on a steep coast is well above sea level.

Most steep coast are rocky cliffed coasts (also called abrasion coasts), where the erosion processes of wave action result in a steep declivity. Another type of steep coast is the fjord which is formed when a glacial valley lies partially under water as a result of a rise in sea levels. In Norway, New Zealand or Alaska there are fjords whose almost vertical sides tower over 1,000 metres above the water and plunge 300 metres below it.

On volcanic islands the sea can enter the caldera and the face of the volcanic pipe can form a steep coastline. The best-known example of that is Santorini in the archipelago of the Cyclades in Greeces. Fira, the main town of the island, lies on the rim of the caldera which is around 300 metres above the sea and drops below it for another 200 metres.

References

Geomorphology
Coastal geography
Coastal and oceanic landforms

Steep coast


Radcliffe is a settlement in the county of Northumberland, England. It is located 1 km south of the town of Amble.

Radcliffe was a mining community, once home to over 700 people. A colliery was worked here until 1892, when a fault in the seam, then fire and flooding, made coal extraction uneconomical. New pit shafts were sunk nearby at Newburgh and later at Hauxley, but flooding remained a problem with the pits in this area.

Through much of the 19th and early to mid-20th century, the name of the settlement included the word Terrace - "Radcliffe Terrace, Hauxley" giving the erroneous impression that it was part of Hauxley (or another local town); despite this, it was an independent (and somewhat isolated) settlement. The first word can be found spelled with many variations, even relatively recently: Ratliff, Radcliffe, Ratcliffe, Ratcliff, and Radcliff (and possibly others).

By the mid-twentieth century, the surviving pits in this area of Northumberland were also becoming uneconomical to run, especially when compared to extraction using opencast mining techniques. The last shift worked underground at Radcliffe  was on 2 February 1962. In 1965 plans were drawn up to opencast mine the coal seam beneath Radcliffe and Newbrough.

The aging, and somewhat run-down, colliery-owned housing stock of the village was demolished in 1971 to allow for opencast operations. The inhabitants that had not already moved voluntarily to take advantage of better housing, were relocated to Amble, onto an estate named the Radcliffe estate. Various streets in this town, such as Dandsfield Square, an award-winning project when first built , are named after the demolished streets of Radcliffe.

As of 2009, opencast mining continues in the area, but the mining operations at Radcliffe have ceased, and the land returned to agriculture, and turned over to a nature reserve at Hauxley. Little is now visible at the site of the village - a farm, a few private houses, a mechanic's workshop, and the old sports pavilion survived the demolition. The workshop was the site of Craiggs' Bus Garage, and has re-opened as a repair workshop specialising in agricultural machinery. The house opposite was the home of Charlie Nyberg, who ran a newsagency and barbershop from there. This house, built circa 1960, replaced the previous house and Post Office, demolished for road widening. At the nature reserve, the footings of some features (paths, picnic area, etc.) are partially made with bricks, some of which show the imprint of Radcliff (many collieries included a brickworks). Some newer homes have also been built along the A1068 Amble to Ashington road.

On Sunday, 15 February 1942, at 8:22 pm, a landmine was dropped on Radcliffe by a German aeroplane being chased by an RAF fighter plane. Three houses, a school, and a church were demolished. Three members of the Craiggs' extended family were killed, and several others injured. Casualties would have been much higher if the service in the church had not finished shortly before, and the congregation dispersed.

The Radcliffe War Memorial, erected in 1928 for the First World War, and with an additional roll of honour added for the fallen of the Second World War, was removed from Radcliffe and relocated to Amble, opposite the Amble Clock Tower Memorial in the Town Square.  The original location can still be seen at the west side of the A1068 to the south of the village, where the surrounding wrought iron railings remain.

Governance
Radcliffe  is in the parliamentary constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed.

References

External links
 The History of Hauxley Township
 Radcliffe War Memorial

Villages in Northumberland

Radcliffe, Northumberland


Jack Froggatt (17 November 1922 – 17 February 1993) was an English footballer.

Career
Coming from a footballing family, Froggatt started his football career in 1945, whilst in the RAF. Froggatt's uncle, Frank and cousin, Redfern Froggatt both played for Sheffield Wednesday, with the latter racking up 434 games for The Owls.

Previously working in his father's butcher shop, the Sheffield-born winger signed for Portsmouth as a centre-half but managed to persuade manager Jack Tinn to play him as an outside-left. Froggatt crowned his Pompey debut in 1945 with a second-half goal at The Dell in a War League South match with South Coast derby rivals Southampton and went on to become a regular goalscorer. He had alarming speed, excellent ball control and was very strong in the air, making him one of the most versatile players Pompey have ever had.

A stocky player, who was known for his robust running and sharp shooting, 'Jolly Jack' earned his first cap for England on 6 November 1949, where he scored on his international debut, from the outside-left position in a 9–2 victory over Northern Ireland at Maine Road.

For his Club, Froggatt formed part of the formidable trio with Jimmy Scoular and Jimmy Dickinson, which was often seen as the most powerful half-back line in immediate post-war football as Pompey won consecutive first division titles in 1948–49 and 1949–50.

With Duggie Reid taking the number 5 shirt in Froggatt's last season, Froggatt reverted to the wing again. Reluctantly leaving in March 1954, the winger went on to play 143 matches for Leicester City, scoring 18 goals. In September 1957 Froggatt went on to sign for Kettering Town for a fee of £6000.

Froggatt made his debut at Rockingham Road in November 1957 in the 3–1 win over Barry Town in front of 3,819, he scored his first goal for the club against Cheltenham Town two weeks later in the home 2–1 win.

During his Poppies career Froggatt scored three hat-tricks, the first in the 6-4 thriller against Spalding United in the 1st Qualifying round of the FA Cup, in October 1958. His second hat-trick was scored in April 1959 in the Southern League North West Division against Kidderminster Harriers as the Poppies ran out 4-3 victors at Rockingham Road during their promotion season. His final trio came against Gloucester City on 15 April 1961 as Kettering ran out a 6–1 score line in the Southern League Division One, a Championship season as the Poppies returned to the Southern League Premier.

Froggatt was the player/manager of the club from January 1958, replacing Harry Mather until September 1961. Under his tenure in the hot seat he saw promotion, a relegation and a Championship season. Froggatt was succeeded by Wally Akers, but he still continued to play for the Poppies. His final league game for the Poppies came in the 1–3 defeat by Chelmsford City on 23 March 1963.

Froggatt's 20-year football career came to an end on 6 May 1963, a benefit match against one of his former clubs, Portsmouth. 1,800 turned out to see Pompey race into a 4–0 lead after just 35 minutes, before goals from Dennis Randall, Froggatt  and George Armour made the score more respectable.

Retiring from football, Froggatt returned to Portsmouth to become a publican. For 22 years, he kept the Manor House in Cosham, The Milton Arms near Fratton Park and a hotel in Partridge Green, West Sussex.

References

1922 births
1993 deaths
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Men's association football wingers
English Football League players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Kettering Town F.C. players
Footballers from Sheffield
English Football League representative players
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II

Jack Froggatt


Noise music is a special type of music that uses noise as the main part of the song. Sometimes musicians make it so that they can find out what makes music what it is. They are exploring whether a sound can be music if it does not have melody or rhythm. Noise music was first made at the start of the 1910s. It is often called Sound Art, because it is a mixture of art and sound.

Music genres

Noise (music)


Podcasting is a way to share information as digital audio files.  People often  subscribe, download, and share podcasts using a computer and listen to them on an MP3 player.

Many podcasts are similar to broadcast radio news or discussion programs.  Some use other formats such as a continuing story, comedy show, lecture, or audiobook.

As of 7 August 2022, there are at least 2,864,367 podcasts and 135,736,875 episodes.

Different types
Podcasts can be found for almost anything. Radio shows, do-it-yourself projects, special interest groups, religious sermons, comedy sketches, cartoons, and just about anything else can be found. A podcast can be found using a podcast search engine. Once a podcast is found, it can be subscribed to, like a magazine or newspaper, and streamed or downloaded. Podcasting services are used to stream or download podcasts and listen to them.

Podcasting has become so popular that many people who write for magazines or report news on television have also been putting out their own podcasts. Anyone can start a podcast and share their knowledge with the world with the help of different platforms that are currently available online.

References

Other websites
 Podcasting News Directory

Podcasting


The word amplifier (sometimes called an amp) usually refers to an electronic amplifier. Electronic amplifiers make a signal from a radio or electric musical instrument (such as an electric guitar or an electric bass guitar) louder and stronger. Amplifiers are also hidden in any electronic thing that makes sound with loudspeakers. This includes televisions, radios, computers, and mp3 players, to name a few.

Amplifiers ability to use low impedance speakers may vary. Typical impedance is 8 ohms.

Classification can be done by current loss when amplifier is on but does not get signal. Example: A-class amplifier takes more current without signal than B-class amplifier but A-class amplifier have smaller distortion.

There is also several distortion types.

How it works
Electronic amplifiers make a signal from the radio or electric instrument louder and stronger by using transistors or vacuum tubes. Electronic amplifiers have to be connected to electrical current or a battery to work. Once the signal from the radio or electric instrument has been made louder and stronger, the signal needs to be connected to a loudspeaker so that people can hear it.

When an amplifier tries to make the sound louder than it can, it adds distortion to the sound. Some amplifiers are made to add controlled distortion. Distortion from transistors sounds different than distortion from tubes. Distortion from tubes is often said to be more musical. Because of all this, more expensive amplifiers often add controlled distortion with tubes. Many of these amplifiers use transistors for a "clean" sound (without distortion).

History
From the  1920s until the  1950s, electronic amplifiers used vacuum tubes. However, electronic amplifiers with vacuum tubes were heavy, and they produced a lot of heat. They also broke down a lot.

Since the 1960s, most electronic amplifiers have been built with transistors. Transistors are lighter, cheaper, and more reliable.

Electronic musical instruments
Electronics
Audio technology

Amplifier


The current coat o airms o Mexico haes been an important seembol o Mexican politics an cultur for centuries. The coat o airms depicts a Mexican Golden Eagle perched upon a prickly peir cactus devourin a snake. Tae the fowk o Tenochtitlan this wad hae strang releegious connotations, but tae the Europeans, it wad come tae seembolise the triumph o guid ower evil. The naitional coat o airms is an aa uised in the Seal o the Unitit Mexican States, a modified offeecial version uised bi the federal, state an municipal govrenment.

Legend o Tenochtitlan
The coat o airms recaws the foondin o Mexico Ceety, then cawed Tenochtitlan. The legend o Tenochtitlan as shawn in the oreeginal Mexica codices, paintins, an post-Cortesian codices dae no include a snake. While the Fejérváry-Mayer codex depicts an eagle attackin a snake, ither Mexica illustrations, lik the Codex Mendoza, shaw ae an eagle, while in the text o the Ramírez Codex, Huitzilopochtli asked the Tenochtitlan fowk tae leuk for an eagle devourin a precious bird percht on a prickly peir cactus. In the text bi Chimalpahin Cuauhtlehuanitzin, the eagle is devourin somethin, but it is no mentioned wha it is. Still ither versions shaw the eagle clutchin the Aztec seembol o war, the Atl-Tlachinolli glyph, or "burnin water." The oreeginal meanings o the seembols wur different in numerous aspects. The eagle wis a representation o the sun god Huitzilopochtli, who wis vera important, as the Mexicas referred tae themsels as the "Fowk o the Sun." The cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica), full o its fruits, cawed "nochtli" in Nahuatl, represent the island o Tenochtitlan. Tae the Mexicas, the snake representit wisdom, an it haed strang connotations wi the god Quetzalcoatl. The story o the snake wis derived frae an incorrect translation o the Crónica mexicáyotl bi Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc. In the story, the Nahuatl text ihuan cohuatl izomocayan, "the snake hisses", wis mistranslatit as "the snake is torn." Based on this, Faither Diego Durán reinterpretit the legend, sae that the eagle represents aw that is guid an richt, while the snake represents evil an sin. Despite its inaccuracy, the new legend wis adoptit acause it conformed wi European heraldic tradeetion. Tae the Europeans it wad represent the struggle atween guid an evil. Awtho this interpretation daes no conform tae pre-Columbian tradeetions, it wis an element that coud be uised bi the first missionaries for the purposes o evangelism an the conversion o the native fowks.

Seembolism

Creatures

The bird featurt on the Mexican coat o airms is the Golden Eagle. This bird is kent in Spainyie as águila real (literally, "ryal eagle"). In 1960, the Mexican ornithologist Rafael Martín del Campo identified the eagle in the pre-Hispanic codex as the Northren Caracara or "quebrantahuesos", a species common in Mexico (awtho the name "eagle" is taxonomically incorrect, as the caracara is in the falcon faimily). Even sae, the golden eagle is considered the Mexican eagle for offeecial purposes, an for the same reason is considered the offeecial bird o Mexico. When Faither Duran introducit the snake, it wis oreeginally an aquatic serpent. But in 1917, the serpent wis portrayed as a rattlesnake, acause it wis mair common than the aquatic varieties in pre-Hispanic illustrations. As a result o this, the design an colour o the snake on the modren coat o airms dae no correspond wi those o ony species o snake, an wur inspired bi the representations o Quetzalcoatl, a rattlesnake wi quetzal feathers.

Elements
 The eagle, in a combative stance
 The snake, held bi a talon an the beak o the eagle
 The nopal on which the eagle staunds; The nopal bears some o its fruits (tunas)
 The pedestal, on which the nopal grows, immersed in the Aztec seembol for watter
 Aik an Laurel leaves encirclin the eagle cluster; tied thegither wi a ribbon wi the Mexican banner's colors

Pictographic
 The emblem haes at least twa abstraction levels. First, the pictographic representation o the name o the Aztec's caipital ceety, Tenochtitlan, as tenoch is the wird for the cactus fruit an titlan means "the place o."  On anither level, it represents ane o the maist important cosmological beliefs o the Aztec cultur.
 The emblem shows an eagle devourin a serpent, which actually is in conflict wi Mesoamerican belief. The eagle is a seembol o the sun an a representation o the victorious god Huitzilopochtli, in which form, accordin tae legend, bowed tae the arrivin Aztecs. The snake is a seembol o the earth an, in certain pre Hispanic tradeetions, a representation o Quetzalcoatl; mair specifically, in Aztec (Mexica) tradeetion, the snake is the representation o Coatlicue, the personification o earth an mither o Huitzilopochtli. In some codices, the eagle haulds the glyph for war tae represent the victorious Huitzilopochtli. This glyph, the Atl tlachinolli, which means "burnin water", haes a certain resemblance wi a snake, an mey plausibly be the oreegin o this confusion.
 Wi the watter element, the attributit element o the muin, it recaws the meethology an rebirth o Huitzilopochtli, the god an hero o the Aztecs.
 The fruit o the Nopal cactus, cried Tuna, represents the hert o Copil, the nephew o the god Huitzilopochtli. The god ordered the fowk tae "build the ceety in the place o Copil's hert" (Ramírez Codex), whaur the cactus grew on his land. It an aa alludes tae the human sacrifice customs o the Aztecs.

References

Mexico
Naitional seembols o Mexico
Mexican heraldry

Coat o airms o Mexico


The Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków (, ) is an annual cultural event organized since 1988 in the once Jewish district of Kazimierz (part of Kraków) by the Jewish Culture Festival Society headed by Janusz Makuch, a self-described meshugeneh ("crazy person"), fascinated with all things Jewish. The main goal of the festival is to educate people about Jewish culture, history, and faith (Judaism), which flourished in Poland before the Holocaust, as well as to familiarize them with modern Jewish culture, developing mostly in the United States and Israel, and finally, to provide entertainment.

Each festival is held in late June or early July and takes nine days, from Saturday to Sunday. During that time concerts, exhibitions, plays, lectures, workshops, tours, etc. are organized. The two most important concerts are: the inaugural concert on the first Sunday, and the final concert on the last Saturday of the festival. The former usually takes place in one of seven synagogues of Kazimierz and features cantoral music; the latter is always held outdoors, in Ulica Szeroka, the main street of the Jewish part of Kazimierz, and features klezmer music. In between, there are many more concerts, usually with some variations of klezmer music.

The workshops provide an occasion to learn about traditional Jewish cuisine, dance, music, calligraphy and other aspects of Jewish culture. More about Jewish culture, as well as about topics related to the Holocaust, is taught at numerous lectures. Exhibitions of Jewish art, particularly paper-cut, are also organized. The program of the festival also includes tours of the synagogues and cemeteries of Kazimierz as well as the former Nazi-era Kraków Ghetto in the nearby district of Podgórze. During the festival Gentiles are also invited to watch or participate in Jewish prayers at the synagogue.

Jewish Culture Festival brings together artists of Jewish culture from all over the world – music bands, soloists, choirs, jazz musicians, and dance teachers. The festival promotes a whole variety of different styles of Jewish music: synagogue song, hasidic, classical, Jewish folk and – very popular in Krakow nowadays – klezmer. For the Poles this event is a way of promotion of Jewish culture and paying a homage to the community that used to live in Poland, although many Jews were reportedly offended by the commercialization of Polish Jewish culture. "Others argue that there is something deeper taking place in Poland as the country heals from the double wounds of Nazi and Communist domination."

It is one of Poland's major annual cultural events and one of the biggest festivals of Jewish culture in the world. Artists and entertainers usually associated with the festival include: Benzion Miller, Yaakov Stark, David Krakauer, Frank London, Leopold Kozłowski, Michael Alpert, Theodore Bikel, Paul Brody, and many others. Jewish dances are led by Steven Weintraub.

See also
 Culture of Kraków
 Events in Krakow
 Taube Foundation for Jewish Life & Culture
 Festival of Jewish Culture in Warsaw
 Jewish culture

Notes

References
Jewish Culture Festival official website
Jewish Culture Festival official website
Jewish Press article about Jewish Culture Festival
The New York Times article on Jewish Culture Festival
Poland's New Jewish Question. Ian Buruma on the Jewish revival in Poland.
In Krakow, a "Jewish Woodstock." International Herald Tribune.

Jewish culture
Culture in Kraków
Festivals in Poland
Recurring events established in 1988
Jews and Judaism in Kraków
Tourist attractions in Kraków
1988 establishments in Poland
Annual events in Poland
Jewish festivals
Summer events in Poland

Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków


Delphinus is a genus of dolphin, commonly known as the "Common Dolphin". There are two species in this genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis), and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus capensis). But some studies say that there is a third species, the "Arabian Common Dolphin" (Delphinus tropicalis), which has a long, thin beak and is found in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.

Description
Both, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin are medium-sized dolphins. Adults grow between the lengths of 1.9 to 2.5 meters (6.2 to 8.2 ft), and weigh around 80 to 235 kg (180 to 520 lb). Males are longer and heavier than females. They are dark grey on the back, the belly is white, and the sides are light grey, gold, or yellow in color.

Behavior
Common Dolphins live in both, warm temperate and tropical waters from 40°N to 50°S. They eat many species of fish like sardines, herrings, and bonitos, octopuses and squids. They are fast swimmers, swimming up to the speed of 60 km per hour. They have made dives up to 200 meters (660 ft) deep.

Reproduction
Common Dolphins are pregnant for around 10 to 11 months before giving birth to young which are 70 to 100 centimeters (2.3 to 3.3 ft) long, and weigh around 10 kg (22 Ib). They give birth to 1 young at a time. Females mature between the age of 2 and 7 years old and males mature between the age of 3 and 12 years old. They live for around 35-40 years.

Species
At first it was thought that there was only one species of the Delphinus genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus Delphis). But later, studies showed that there was another species, the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus Capensis). The difference between the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin, is that the Short-beaked Common Dolphin is smaller in size and has a smaller beak than the Long-beaked Common Dolphin. Now scientist say there is a third species, the Arabian Common Dolphin (Delphinus Tropicalis) which has a long, thin beak and lives in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, but it is not confirmed.

Oceanic dolphins

Delphinus


Wilhelmina "Minnie" Vautrin (September 27, 1886 – May 14, 1941) was an American missionary, diarist, educator and president of Ginling College. She was a Christian missionary in China for 28 years. She is known for the care and protection of at least 10,000 Chinese refugees during the Nanking Massacre in China, at times even challenging the Japanese authorities for documents in an attempt to protect the civilians staying at her college.

After surviving in the Nanking Safety Zone from 1937, she returned to the United States in May 1940. One year later, she sealed her house tightly, turned on the gas and committed suicide in America due to extreme stress and trauma from the Nanjing Massacre. Vautrin was awarded the Order of the Blue Jade by the Chinese government for her humanitarian work during the Nanjing Massacre.

Biography

Wilhelmina Vautrin was born in Secor, Illinois on September 27, 1886, to Pauline (née Lohr) and Edmond Louis Vautrin. Her father Edmond, a French immigrant from Lorraine, moved to Peoria, Illinois in 1883 to undergo a blacksmithing apprenticeship with his uncle, and later moved to Secor, where he married Pauline. Minnie was the second of the couple's three children; her elder brother died as an infant.

When Minnie was six years old, her mother died of unrecorded causes. After this, Minnie was sent to several different foster homes. Three years later, the courts permitted her to return home to her father, where she assumed many household chores and excelled in school. Her teacher, commending Vautrin's work at school, later said that "Minnie was a born student...She could excel in most anything she tried, and was a genuinely Christian girl." After primary schooling, Vautrin attended Secor High School. During her high school career, Vautrin worked several part-time jobs to save for her schooling and volunteered at local churches.

Vautrin was accepted to Illinois State Normal University in Normal, Illinois in 1903. Due to her financial situation, Vautrin had to delay her studies several times to work. When she graduated in 1907, she was ranked first in her class of 93 students and spoke at the commencement ceremonies. She taught mathematics at LeRoy High School, Illinois before continuing her studies at the University of Illinois. At the university, Vautrin was president of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. She graduated in 1912 as salutatorian of her class with an A.B. in Science. The university pastor recommended Vautrin to the recruiters of the Foreign Christian Missionary Society, who requested that she replace a teacher in China.  Iris Chang, writer of The Rape of Nanking, notes that Vautrin was "Tall and Handsome in her youth, with long dark hair, she was a vivacious and popular woman who attracted numerous suitors," but who decided that instead of getting married she would become a missionary.

When Vautrin received this request in 1912, Christian missions to China, facilitated by groups such as the Foreign Christian Missionary Society, had begun to flourish as a result of the treaties ending the First Opium War (1840–42) and Second Opium War (1863-65) that opened Chinese seaports to Christianity. Hua-ling Hu, one of Vautrin's biographers and writer of American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking: The Courage of Minnie Vautrin, writes that "by 1914, about six thousand young Americans went to foreign countries as missionaries, over one-third of them to China." Vautrin accepted the Foreign Christian Missionary Society's request to develop a girls' school in China, and when she was 26 years old, she traveled to Hofei to establish the San Ching Girls' Middle School. During her time at the school the number of pupils increased and a high school department was added. In Hofei, Vautrin also met her future fiancé, a fellow American missionary whose name is unknown.

In 1918, after serving for a period of six years in China, Minnie returned to the United States for furlough. She enrolled in Columbia University in New York City to pursue a Master's degree in Education, which she received in 1919. While at Columbia University, Vautrin was approached by a teacher from Ginling College, and was asked to serve as president of the institution for one year. The college was the third institution founded by a group of American missionaries who sought to "establish four woman's colleges in China — one each in north, central, west, and south." Vautrin postponed her wedding for one year in order to become the acting president at Ginling College in 1919. However, she later broke off her engagement and never married.

At Ginling College, Vautrin decided to extend her one-year agreement. She created courses on education administration and management, an innovative student-teaching program, and handled the planning and funding of the new campus by the West Gate of Nanking. During the fall semester of 1922, Vautrin hosted a fundraiser to build an elementary school for 150 local, mostly illiterate children who lived in the homes near Ginling College's campus. The biographer Hua-ling Hu writes that, while at Ginling College, Minnie "attempted to lead the students to fulfill the spirit of Ginling's motto, 'abundant life,' by making them walk out of the 'ivory tower' to see and understand the suffering of the poor and by encouraging them to devote their lives for the betterment of the society." However, some of the college's staff members and students did not support Vautrin's method, who found her overbearing, conservative, and self-righteous. This may be due to her "watchful and interfering administrative style."

In 1926, after Vautrin returned from a brief visit to her family in America, the Chinese Nationalist government's Northern Expedition troops under General Chiang Kai-Shek captured Nanking. While in Nanking, the army perpetrated the Nanking Incident, which involved the destruction and looting of the city and the slaughter of native citizens as well as foreigners. Ginling College was not harmed during the looting, and Vautrin hid in the college's attic with a few others while Chiang Kai-shek's troops were on Ginling's campus. The Nanking Incident deterred many American missionaries from serving in China, and many left the country.

However, Vautrin remained at Ginling College, and served as its president until the Nationalist government mandated that all colleges in China have native-born presidents. She was replaced by a Ginling graduate, Dr. Wu Yi-fang, in September 1928. In 1931, Vautrin returned to the United States on furlough and in order to care for her aging father. She returned to Ginling in 1932. On June 21, 1937, Vautrin received word that her father, Edmond, had died at the age of 83.

Upon hearing of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, Vautrin cancelled her planned furlough, scheduled for 1938, and immediately returned to Nanking from Tokyo in order to protect Ginling College and its students. Vautrin prepared intensely for the approaching Imperial Japanese army. She made arrangements to prepare the campus by sending records to Shanghai, purchased supplies, instructed students and faculty on emergency precautions, cleaned out and converting rooms in campus buildings for storage and refuge, and ordered the building of trenches. The first Japanese air raid on Nanking took place on August 15, 1937. As a result of the raid, the American embassy arranged for the evacuation of Americans from the city. In her diary, Vautrin wrote that she felt compelled to stay in Nanking:

I personally feel that I cannot leave... Men are not asked to leave their ships when they are in danger and women are not asked to leave their children.

By September, only three Ginling students remained on campus. Due to financial strains, the salaries of the fifteen remaining faculty members at Ginling College were halved. Anticipating a direct Japanese assault on the city, the foreigners who chose to stay in Nanking organized the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone (ICNSZ) on November 15, 1937. The committee requested that the Japanese and Chinese governments treat a refugee zone of Nanking as neutral, and both nations agreed and granted the ICNSZ neutrality. The Japanese placed one condition on the neutrality, requiring that the neutral zone would be made void if Chinese military personnel were found hiding within it.

In the first few nights of the Japanese attack on the city, 850 refugees came to Ginling College, which was designated as one of the twenty-five refugee camps in Nanking. When the Imperial Japanese Army took complete control of Nanking in December 1937, she and other foreign nationals—including John Rabe—worked to protect civilians in the Nanking Safety Zone. Ginling College took up its full role as a refugee haven, at times harboring up to 10,000 women in buildings designed to support between 200 and 300. During this period, Vautrin wrote fairly frequently in her diary. One of her entries was a prayer:

Oh, God, control the cruel beastliness of the soldiers in Nanking tonight, comfort the heartbroken mothers and fathers whose innocent sons have been shot today, and guard the young women and girls through the long agonizing hours of this night. Speed the day when wars shall be no more. When thy Kingdom will come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven.

When all other refugee camps closed on February 4, 1938, a large number of women and children again sought refuge at the college and a census in mid-March showed 3,310 refugees were resident there. Vautrin would patrol the campus grounds and repel incursions of Japanese soldiers into the college and rescue and care for refugees. She saw to the burial of the dead and the reception of newborn babies and was successful in tracing missing husbands and sons. Industrial or crafts classes were provided for women who had lost their husbands, so that they might support themselves. One hundred women graduated under this program.

Vautrin recounted the war in her diary in 1937:

There probably is no crime that has not been committed in this city today. Thirty girls were taken from language school last night, and today I have heard scores of heartbreaking stories of girls who were taken from their homes last night—one of the girls was but 12 years old. Food, bedding and money have been taken from people. … I suspect every house in the city has been opened, again and yet again, and robbed. Tonight a truck passed in which there were eight or ten girls, and as it passed they called out "救命!救命! Jiuming! Jiuming!"—save our lives. The occasional shots that we hear out on the hills, or on the street, make us realize the sad fate of some man—very probably not a soldier.

On 19 December:

In my wrath, I wished I had the power to smite them for their dastardly work. How ashamed women of Japan would be if they knew these tales of horror.

In 1938, she wrote in her diary that she had to go to the Japanese embassy repeatedly from December 18 to January 13 to get proclamations to prohibit Japanese soldiers from committing crimes at Ginling because the soldiers tore the documents up before taking women away. Near the end of her service at Ginling College, Vautrin wrote several entries that lacked her previous determination and optimism. Among these was April 14, 1940:

I'm about at the end of my energy. Can no longer forge ahead and make plans for the work, for on every hand there seems to be obstacles of some kind.

In the spring of 1940, suffering from severe stress probably due to worry about the fate of Ginling College and its students, Vautrin was accompanied back to the United States by a colleague. After attempting to commit suicide using sleeping pills, Vautrin appeared to recover for a short while. However, she later committed suicide by turning on the gas stove in her apartment in Indianapolis. She was 54 years old. One entry in her journal, recorded shortly before her death, displays her devotion to Ginling College and the people of China, whom she served for 28 years as a Christian missionary:

Had I ten perfect lives, I would give them all to China.Resting Place:

Salt River Cemetery, 9433 South Shepherd Rd., Shepherd, MI 48883, Michigan, USA

Legacy
Vautrin was awarded the Order of Brilliant Jade on July 30, 1938, by the Chinese government for her sacrifices during the Nanjing Massacre. Her work saving the lives of Chinese civilians during the massacre is recounted in the biographical book, American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking, written by historian Hua-Ling Hu. In the 2007 documentary film Nanking, Vautrin was portrayed by actress Mariel Hemingway, who recited excerpts from Vautrin's diary.

The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall is a museum built by the Nanjing Municipal Government to memorialize the 300,000 victims of the Nanjing massacre, the survivors, and those who tried to protect the people of Nanjing during the atrocity. In the museum, there is a memorial to Minnie Vautrin. Additionally, there is a statue of Vautrin in Jinling Women's College, among memorials to the other non-Chinese individuals who helped to protect the college and its inhabitants during the Nanjing massacre.

The hardcore band Hiretsukan honors Wilhelmina Vautrin in their song "Song For Wilhelmina Vautrin" on their 2005 record End States.

Other
She is depicted in Lu Chuan's 2009 film City of Life and Death. In the 2009 film John Rabe, Minnie Vautrin is replaced by the fictive Valérie Dupres of an "International Girls College" as an important fellow Nanking Safety Zone committee member. In Nanjing Requiem, a 2011 novel by Chinese-born writer and Boston University professor Ha Jin, Ha writes from the perspective of a fictionalized assistant to Vautrin named Anling Gao. Minnie Vautrin's diaries provided inspiration for the novella 13 Flowers of Nanjing written by Geling Yan, which was the basis for the 2011 film The Flowers of War (金陵十三釵; pinyin: Jīnlíng Shísān Chāi), directed by Zhang Yimou.

See also

 Finding Iris Chang
 Nanking
 John Magee (priest)
 John Rabe

Citations

General bibliography
 Chang, Iris, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II, foreword by William C. Kirby. Penguin USA, 1998.   (paperback)
 Hu, Hua-Ling, American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking: The Courage of Minnie Vautrin. Southern Illinois University Press, 2000.
 Lutz, Jessie Gregory. "Vautrin, Minnie" American National Biography (1999) Vautrin, Minnie (1886-1941), missionary to China
 Secor Centennial Committee, "The Minnie Vautrin Story," in The Secor Centennial Book, 1857–1957, 1957
 Treudley, Mary Bosworth. This stinging exultation (Asian folklore and social life monographs) (1972)

Primary sources
 Hu, Hua-ling, and Zhang Lian-hong. Undaunted Women of Nanking: The Wartime Diaries of Minnie Vautrin and Tsen Shui-fang (Southern Illinois Press, 2010).
 Vautrin, Minnie. Terror in Minnie Vautrin's Nanjing: Diaries and Correspondence, 1937–38 (University of Illinois Press, 2008).

Further reading

Novels about the Nanking Massacre, inspired by or featuring Vautrin:

 Galbraith, Douglas (2006). A Winter in China.
 Kent, Kevin (2006). Nanking, BookSurge Publishing. .

External links
 "Illinois missionary became heroine in China"
 "Google books copy of Minnie Vautin's diary"
 Original diaries of Vautrin, The Nanking Massacre Project, Yale Divinity School Library
 Hu, Hua-ling. "Minnie Vautrin". National Women's History Museum. 2016.

1886 births
1941 suicides
1941 deaths
American expatriates in China
American humanitarians
American Protestant missionaries
Female Christian missionaries
Illinois State University alumni
People assisting Chinese during the Nanjing Massacre
People from Woodford County, Illinois
Protestant missionaries in China
Suicides by gas
Suicides in Indiana
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Witnesses of the Nanjing Massacre
Women in war in China
Women in World War II

Minnie Vautrin


The Margalla Hills (Urdu: مرگله کی پہاڑىاں) is a mountain range in the lesser Himalayas. The Hills are north of Islamabad. The Margalla Range has an area of . The hills are an 'off shoot' or linked part of the bigger Murree hills. It is a range with many valleys as well as mountains. Its highest peak is Tilla Charouni, in its eastern end, which is 1,604 metres tall. The range has an average elevation of 1000 metres. The range gets some snow in some higher places in winters.

Some Popular Places

Damn-e-Koh
Damn-e-Koh is a garden viewing point in the middle of the Margalla Hills. Daman-e-Koh is a midpoint for tourists on their way to the higher view point. There is a plan to construct a chairlift from Daman-e-Koh to Pir Sohawa. Monkeys are a common sight during winter. Cheetahs are frequently reported to descend from higher hills of Murree during snowfall.

Monal
Monal is a family resort in the Margalla Hills. It has a restaurant  and point from where you can view the city of Islamabad. It is a short way up the Margalla hills. It attracts tourists from several places to eat, buy and enjoy. There is a Motion Ride too.

Pir Sohawa
Pir Sohawa is a rapidly developing tourist resort located 17 kilometers (11 mi) from Islamabad on top of Margalla Hills. It has a 3000 plus ft elevation and located in Monal village which is geographically part of Haripur District.Bright hills is a holiday resorts at scenic views of canyons on Margalla hills.

Margalla National Park
Margalla National Park is located in the foothills of the Margalla. The park includes the Margalla Hills, which form's the foothills of the Himalayas, along with Shakarparian Park and Rawal Lake. Established in 1980, Margalla Hills National Park covers approximately 17,386 hectares (67.13 sq mi).

Hikking and Trekking
Margalla is famous for its hiking routes that go till Pir Sohawa and above. Some famous routes are:
 Trail 3
 Trail 6
 Trail 5
 Bruti and Tila Charouni trail

Mountain ranges of Pakistan

Margalla Hills


Keur sajarah sarta kagunaan séjén ngeunaan India, tempo India (disambiguasi).
India(भारत), resmina Républik India, mangrupa salah sahiji nagara di Asia Kidul. India mangrupa nagara katujuh panggedéna numutkeun wewengkon géografis, kadua pangloba pangeusina, sarta nagara nu ngagem démokrasi liberal panglegana di dunya. India wawatesan jeung Pakistan, China, Bangladésh, Népal jeung Bhutan. Puseur nagarana nyaéta New Delhi. India miboga garis basisir leuwih ti tujuh rébu kilométer and borders Pakistan di béh kulon; Cina, Nepal, jeung Bhutan di béh wétan kalér; sarta Bangladésh jeung Myanmar di béh wétaneunnana. Di Samudra India, India wawatesan jeung nagara kapuloan Sri Lanka, Maladéwa jeung Indonésia.
Urang India mibanda perdaban sarta budaya anu lumangsung ti taun 3300 SM, India mangrupa bagéan ti peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus kalawan mekarkeun budaya wewengkonna ngaliwatan paniagaan sarta dirojong ku barter bahan tatanén. Salila mangtaun-taun, nagara ieu jadi puseur ruteu penting, puseur mekarkeun budaya sarta tempat ngadegna karajaan-karajaan anu gedé. Agama Hindu, Sikh, Buddha jeung Jainis mangrupa agama asli ti India, sedengkeun Islam jeung Kristen datang ngaliwatan paniagaan sarta ku kaayaan budaya anu geus mekar saméméh ayana invasi ti nagara asing. Sanajan lamun diitung invasi asing nepi ka 4000 taun, tapi budaya India jeung sosial kamasarakatanna teu bisa diruntagkeun, nu hadé ti nagara asing bakal dipiceun atawa bisa di serep gumantung kabudayaan bangsa India, komponén sosial masarakat angger lengkep jeung moal bisa dirobah. Kalawan turunna pamor Karajaan Mughal, sababaraha nagara Eropa kungsi nyoba nyieun puseur atawa pos paniagaan di India. Tahta Inggris, dina mangsa sababaraha abad saeutik-sautik geus nyoba pikeun ngahijikeun karajaan-karajaan di India kalawan ku maksud pikeun ngajajah India. Tapi saméméh bisa nyokot sagala rupa kauntungan ti kolonialisme, rahayat India kalawan kaayaan séké sélér anu rupa-rupa bisa ngahiji dina hiji gerakan anu kuat pikeun réformsi sosial jeung nyieun sistem pamaréntahana sorangan sarta ngulang deui kajayaan Karajaan India mangsa baheula. Hasilna, India jadi hiji nagara modérn di taun 1947. Rahayat India, satwa liar, géografisna jeung sistem iklim India mangrupa anu pangragemna saalam dunya, jeung India modérn ayeuna bisa disebut bakal jadi nagara adidaya di mangsa ka hareupna.

Étimologi

Ngaran India // asalna tina kecap Indus, nu asalna tina basa Hindu Persia baheula, tina basa Sansekerta Sindhu, sesebutan pikeun tempat sajarah di Walungan Indus.
Konstitusi India jeung pamaké umum biasa ngagunakeun Bharat, salaku ngaran resmina, ngaran India ogé diaku kalawan status nu sarua. Ngaran katiluna nyaéta, Hindustan  (basa Persia: Taneuh Hindu < basa Persia Hindu Kuno, India/taneuh Indus < basa Sansekerta Sindhu, walungan Indus)  geus dipaké ti abad ka 12, sanajan nu dipakéna sakapeung masih kontemporér atawa teu tangtu maké Bhatat, India, atawa Hindustan.

Sajarah

Zaman batu nu dicirian ku ayana tempat dikumpulkeunana batu sarta lukisan di Bhimbetka perenahna aya di nagara bagéan Madhya Pradesh,  mangrupa léngkah awal kapanggihna kahirupan manusa di India. Padumukan permanen nu munggaran di India geus aya ti 9.000 taun nu geus kaliwat. Tuluy mekar jadi Peradaban Lembah Indus, kurang leuwih 3300 SM di India Kulon. Ieu hal dituturkeun ku peradaban Veda nu ngadadasaran agama Hindu jeung aspek budaya lainna ti masarakat India awal. Kurang leuwih taun 550 SM, loba karajaan independen jeung républik dipikawanoh minangka Mahajanapadas nu diwangun di sakabéh nagara nu ka hareupna bakal ngadadasaran ayana India kuno.
Karajaan nu diwangun ku Dinasti Maurya sahandapeun Kaisar Asoka Agung ngahiji jeung karajaan paling modérén sa-Asia Kidul iwal ti
Karajaan Dravida di beulah kidul. Ti taun 180 SM, aya runtuyan invasi ti Asia Tengah nu dituturkeun ku Indo Yunani, Indo-Scythia, Indo-Partia, jeung Kushan di anak benua India kalér-kulon. Abad katilu, Dinasti Gupta ngurus jeung nalingakeun hiji périodeu nu disebut India Kuno atawa Golden Age. Sedengkeun di bagéan kalér miboga daérah nu leuwih gedé, leuwih saeutik karajaanana. Di beulah kidul aya sawatara dinasti kayaning Chalukya, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Cheras, Chola, Pallavas jeung Pandya kalawan daérah nu béda-béda. Pangaruh politik karajaan beulah kidul kacida rohakana, sanajan aya dina undak nu leuwih handap ti batan karajaan di beulah kalér India nu dilegaan ka daérah Asia Tenggara jeung Sri Lanka nu dipangaruhan ku budaya maranéhanana. Karajaan di beulah kidul leuwih stabil jeung bisa ngayakeun paniagaan maritim nu ngajual rempah-rempah jeung permata ka nagara Saudi Arabia, Cina, jeung Éropa ti jaman kuno. Élmu pangaweruh, téhnik, seni, sastra, matématika, astronomi, agama jeung filsafat tumuwuh mekar di handapeun kapamingpinan raja-raja ieu.

Sanggeus invasi ti Asia Tengah, antara abad ka-10 jeung abad ka-12, loba daérah di India Kalér dikawasa ku Karajaan Délhi. Tuluy Dinasti Mughal nambahan wilayah kakawasaanana ngaliwatan sawatara anak benua India. Tapi ngan sababaraha karajaan pribumi anu tuluy mekar, utamana nu aya di beulah kidul saperti Karajaan Wijayanagara. Ti abad kagenepbelas kabéhdieunakeun, sawatara nagara Éropa kaasup Portugal, Walanda, Perancis, jeung Inggris mimiti datang salaku padagang. Maranéhanana tuluy nyokot kauntungan tina sifat fractious di antara karajaan-karajaan pikeun ngawangun koloni di ieu nagara. Taun 1856, sabagéan gedé wilayah India aya dina kakawasaan British East India Company. Sataun ti harita, pemberontakan nasional gagal nalika rék baruntak ka unit militer jeung karajaan, nu kasohor sacara lokal minangka Perang munggaran kamerdikaan India (dipikawanoh minangka Pemberontakan Sepoy), ngabalukarkeun India aya di handapeun kontrol langsung ti Karajaan Inggris minangka koloni Karajaan Inggris.

Awal abda ka-21 pajoangan nasional keur kamerdékaan diprakarsai ku Kongrés Nasional India jeung sawatara kelompok révolusioner. Ieu gerakan sabagéan gedé dipingpin ku Mahatma Gandhi jeung Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, jeung Subhash Chandra Bose miboga kalungguhan nu penting.
Jutaan protés nyampak dina rupa-rupa kampanyeu massa sipil, kalawan komitmen keur ahimsa atawa non-kekerasan. Ahirna, sanggeus kaluar Gerakan India Pembangkangan Sipil salila Perang Dunia II, jeung sajumlahing pemberontakan angkatan bersenjata sanggeus perang, India merdéka tina penjajahan Inggris dina tanggal 15 Agustus 1947. Tilu taun ti harita, dina tanggal tanggal 26 Januari 1950, India nyusun konstitusi anyar sarta robah jadi républik.
Sanggeus merdéka, loba pemberontakan di daérah-daérah. Aya sengketa wilayah jeung China nu encan anggeus, nu ngabalukarkeun ayana Perang Sino- India dina taun 1962; antara India jeung Pakistan, nu antukna nyababkeun perang dina taun 1947, 1965, 1971, jeung perang di Kargil taun 1999. India mangrupa anggota pendiri Gerakan Non-Blok jeung PBB (mangsa harita masih kénéh bagéan tina British India). Dina taun 1974, India ngayakeun uji coba nuklir bawah tanah. Hal ieu dituturkeun ku lima tes lainna dina taun 1998. Reformasi ékonomi anu signifikan dimimitian ti taun 1991 nyababkeun India jadi salah sahiji nagara anu kamekaran ekonomina pangtéréhna di dunya. Angka kamiskinan taun 1996 turun jadi 22% dina taun 2006.

Pamaréntahan

India is referred to as the largest democracy in the world, by virtue of the fact that it has the largest electing population among democratic countries.  The country has a federal form of government and a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. It has three branches of governance: the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.  The President is the head of state, though he has a largely ceremonial role to play. He is also the Supreme Commander of India's armed forces. The présidént is elected indirectly by an electoral college for five-yéar terms. présidéntial assent is needed for a Bill or Ordinance passed by the Parliament to come into force. The Prime Minister is the de facto head of government, and has most executive powers. He or she is appointed by the présidént, with the requirement that he or she enjoy the support of the party or coalition having more than 50% séats in the lower house. The Union Council of Ministers héaded by the Prime Minister aids and advises the présidént on governance matters.

The legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament, which consists of the upper house called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and the lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of Péople). The 245-member Rajya Sabha is chosen indirectly through the state Legislative Assemblies, and has a staggered six-yéar term. éach state sends members to the Rajya Sabha in a proportion of its population. The 545-member Lok Sabha is directly elected (Some séats are reserved for Caste based system) by popular vote for a five-yéar term (except two nominated Anglo-Indian members), and is the determinative constituent of political power and government formation. Universal adulthood suffrage is guaranteed by the Constitution for citizens above 18 yéars of age.
The executive arm consists of the présidént, Vice-présidént, and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet being its executive committee) héaded by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature.

India's independent judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, héaded by the Chief Justice of India. The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the eighteen High Courts of India, and additionally, the power to declare Union and state laws null and void if in conflict with the Constitution.

Pulitik

For most of its independent history, India has been ruled by the Indian National Congress. The party enjoyed a parliamentary majority barring two brief periods during the 1970s and late 1980s. This rule was interrupted between 1977 to 1980, when the Janata Party coalition won the election owing to public discontent with the "Emergency" declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The Janata Dal won elections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only two yéars. Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being formed first by the right-of-centre, nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) followed by a left-léaning United Front coalition. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-Congress and coalition government to complete a full five-yéar term. The 2004 Indian elections saw the left-léaning Congress party winning the largest number of séats to form a government by léading the United Progressive Alliance, and supported by communist parties and those opposed to the BJP.

Since independence, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations. It took a léad in the 1950s in advocating the independence of Européan colonies in Africa and Asia. During the Cold War, India tried to maintain its neutrality and was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement. After the Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, India's relationship with the Soviet Union warmed at the expense of ties with the United States and continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War. India has consistently refused to sign the CTBT and the NPT to maintain sovereignty over its nucléar program despite criticism and military sanctions. Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened India's relations with United States, China and Pakistan. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations of South America, Asia and Africa. In recent yéars, India has played an influential role in the SAARC. India has been a long time supporter of the United Nations, with over 55,000 Indian military and police personnel having served in 35 UN péace keeping operations over four continents . Since the 1990s, India has been considered a great or major power on the global stage, méaning it has considerable influence on international affairs.

Babagéan Administratif

Administratively, India is divided into twenty-eight states (which are further subdivided into districts), and seven union territories (or territories owned by the Central Government). All states and the union territories of Delhi and Pondicherry have elected governments. The remaining five union territories have centrally-appointed administrators. The states and territories are further divided into 602 districts.

See also: Districts of India, List of Indian districts

Géografi

The territory of India constitutes a major portion of the Indian subcontinent, situated on the Indian Plate, the northerly portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, in southern Asia. India's northern and northéastern states are partially situated in the Himalayan Mountain Range. The rest of northern, central and éastern India consists of the fertile Indo-Gangetic plain. In the west, bordering southéast Pakistan, lies the Thar Desert. The southern Indian Peninsula is almost entirely composed of the Deccan plateau, which is flanked by two hilly coastal ranges, the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.

India is home to several major rivers, including the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Yamuna, Godavari, Kaveri, Narmada, and Krishna. India has three archipelagos – Lakshadweep off the southwest coast, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands-volcanic island chain to the southéast, and the Sunderbans in the Gangetic delta in West Bengal.

Climate in India varies from tropical in the south to more temperate in the Himalayan north, with elevated regions in the north receiving sustained snowfall in winters. India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert. The Himalayas, along with the Hindu Kush mountains in Pakistan, provide a barrier to the cold winds from Central Asia. This keeps most of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations in similar latitudes. The Thar Desert is responsible for attracting the moisture laden southwest monsoon winds that provide most of India's rainfall between June and September.

Ékonomi

The economy of India is the fourth largest in the world as méasured by purchasing power parity (PPP), with a GDP of US $3.63 trillion. When méasured in USD exchange-rate terms, it is the twelfth largest in the world, with a GDP of $785.47 billion or Rs 35,34,615 crore in 2005, as calculated by the World Bank. India is the second fastest growing major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 9.1%, as of the  first quarter of 2006. Wealth distribution in India, a developing country, is fairly uneven, with the top 10% of income groups éarning 33% of all income. India's per capita income (PPP) of US$ 3,400  is ranked 122nd in the world.

For most of its independent history, India adhered to a quasi-socialist approach, with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment. Starting from 1991, India has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment. Privatisation of public-owned industries and some sectors to private and foreign players has continued amid political debate.

India has a labour force of 496.4 million of which 60% is employed in agriculture or agriculture-related industries which contributes to only about 22% of the GDP, 17% in mainstréam industry and 23% in service industries.  India's agricultural produce includes rice, whéat, oilseed, cotton, jute, téa, sugarcane, potatoes. Major industries include textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum and machinery.

India's large English spéaking middle-class has contributed to the country's growth in Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). It is becoming a major base for US tech companies for future targeted reséarch & development, including the likes of Google, IBM, and Microsoft. All this has helped the services sector to incréase its share of the economy to approximately 50%.

India is also a major exporter of financial, research and technology services. India's most important trading partners are the United States, China, UK, Singapore, Hong Kong, the United Arab Emirates, Switzerland and Belgium.

Démografis

India is the second-most populous country in the world with an estimated 1.1 billion péople in 2006. Language, caste and religion are determinants of social and political organisation within its diverse population. Although 81.5% of the péople are Hindus, India is also home to the second-largest population of Muslims in the world (12.2%), after Indonesia. Other religious groups include Sikhs (2%), Christians (2.33%), Buddhists (0.76%), Jains (0.40%), Jews, Zoroastrians, Ahmadis, and Bahá'ís. The national average literacy rate is 64.4%(with males-75.6% and females-54.2%). The state of Kerala léads the country with a literacy rate of approximately 94%.

Unlike the USA, UK, and Australian Censuses, the national Census of India does not recognize racial or ethnic groups within India.

India's biggest metropolitan agglomerations are Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Delhi, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), Chennai (formerly Madras), Bangalore and Hyderabad.  The national sex ratio is 933 females per 1,000 males and median age is 24.66. India's birth rate is 22.32 births per 1,000. The total fertility rate (TFR) for India is above the world average, however the growth rate is showing signs of decréase in South India.

India is home to two major linguistic families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman linguistic families. The Indian constitution recognises 23 official languages. Hindi and English are used by the Union Government of India for official purposes, wherein Hindi has a de jure priority. Sanskrit and Tamil enjoy classical language status in India . The number of dialects in India is as high as 1,652.

Budaya

India has a rich and unique cultural heritage, and has managed to preserve its established traditions throughout history whilst absorbing customs, traditions and idéas from both invaders and immigrants. Many cultural practices, languages, customs and monuments are examples of this co-mingling over centuries. Famous monuments, such as the Taj Mahal and other examples of Islamic-inspired architecture have been inherited from the Mughal dynasty. These are the result of a syncretic tradition that combined elements from all parts of the country.

Indian music is represented in a wide variety of forms. The two main forms of classical music are Carnatic from South India, and Hindustani from North India, éach of which has several popular sub classes. Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being Filmi music. In addition to this are the diverse traditions of folk music from different parts of the country. Many classical dance forms exist, including the Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, and Manipuri. They often have a narrative form and are usually infused with devotional and spiritual elements.

The éarliest literary traditions in India were mostly oral, and were later transcribed. Most of these are represented by sacred works like the Vedas and the epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Sangam literature from Tamil Nadu represents some of India's oldest traditions. There have been many notable modérn Indian writers, both in Indian languages and in English. Millions of ancient handwritten manuscripts have been identified and classified. India's only Nobel laureate in literature was the Bengali writer Rabindranath Tagore. India is the third largest newspaper market in Asia with an estimated circulation of at léast 66 million copies daily in 2003.

The nation also produces the world's second largest number of motion pictures every yéar. The most recognisable face is that of cinema production based in Mumbai, which produces mainly commercial Hindi films, often referred to as "Bollywood". There are also strong cinema industries based on the Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu languages.

Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday life in society. Religion in India is a very public affair, with many practices imbued with pomp and vitality accompanying their underlying spiritual qualities. Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-economic stratum. Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, and considered sacred, although urban families have grown to prefer a nucléar family system, owing to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family system.

The cuisine of India is  diverse, as ingredients, spices and cooking methods vary from region to region. Rice and whéat are the staple foods in the country. The country is notable for its wide variety of vegetarian and non-vegetarian cuisine. Spicy food and sweets are popular in India. Traditional dress in India gréatly varies across the regions in its colours and styles, and depend on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include the traditional sari for women and the traditional dhoti for men.

India's national sport is field hockey, although cricket is now the de facto national game. In some states, particularly in the northéast, football (soccer) is the most popular sport and is widely watched. In recent times, tennis has gained popularity in India. Chess is also gaining popularity with the rise of the number of recognised grandmasters. The most commonly held view is that chess originated in India. Traditional indigenous sports include kabaddi, Kho Kho and gilli-danda, which are played in most parts of the country.

India is also known as a land of féstivals. A melting pot of many religions, India has a rich diversity of festivals, many of which are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. The most widely known and popular celebrations include the Hindu féstivals of Diwali, Holi, Pongal and Dussehra and the Muslim celebration of Eid. A number of féstivals are common to most parts of India; however, they may be called by different names in the various parts of the country or may be celebrated in a different fashion and style.

Tempo ogé

Catetan jeung rujukan

Tumbu luar

 Pamaréntahan
 Official portal of the Government of India
 Government of India Directory — Directory of Central and State government websites

 Séjénna

 Encyclopaedia Britannica, India - Country Page
 CIA World Factbook article on India
 BBC Country Profile on India

Nagara
Républik

Anggota Persemakmuran
Anggota SAARC
Urut jajahan Inggris
Nagara nu basana Basa Inggris
India
India

India


A web presence is a location on the World Wide Web where a person, business, or some other entity is represented (see also web property and point of presence).

Examples of a web presence for a person could be a personal website, a blog, a profile page, a wiki page, or a social media point of presence (e.g. a LinkedIn profile, a Facebook account, or a Twitter account). Examples of a web presence for a business or some other entity could be a corporate website, a microsite, a page on a review site, a wiki page, or a social media point of presence (e.g., a LinkedIn company page and/or group, a Facebook business/brand/product page, or a Twitter account).

Every web presence is associated with a unique web address to distinguish one point of presence from another.

Owned vs. Unowned
Web presence can either be owned or unowned. Owned media exists when a single person or group can control the content that is published on its web presence (e.g. a corporate website or a personal Twitter account). However, when a single person or group cannot solely control the content, the creator is different from the owner. This is considered unowned media (see earned media). A Wikipedia or Yelp page about a person, company, or product would be an example of a known (or "earned") web presence.

Occasionally, a first form of media known as "paid media" is often included in the discussion of media types: "earned vs. owned vs. paid". Paid media is commonly found in the form of advertisements, but it is not considered a form of web presence.

Management
Web presence management is the process of establishing and maintaining a digital footprint on the web. The three factors that are considered include the following: where a person or business has web presence; how each web presence represents its enterprise; and what is published at a point of presence.

Web presence management is the discipline of determining and governing:
 the distribution of policy documents
 which platforms are most appropriate (e.g. internal vs. external blog, YouTube vs. Vimeo)
 the single inventory of personal or corporate web presence (e.g. partners or advocates)
 where on the web a business and any relatable assets are represented
 where on the web a business and any relatable assets are impersonated or pirated
 web properties with the particular entities they represent
 who has control over which web properties
 new web properties which are not in the personal or corporate inventory (e.g. someone creates a new presence)
 authorized and unauthorized changes to the creation (e.g. branding) of a web presence
 a workflow for creating a web property that follows its corporate standards

Management system
The purpose of a web presence management system is to manage the web presence of a person or business. This includes the collection of domain names, websites, social media, and other web pages where he, she, or it is being represented. The tool generally offers the following key functions: new presence discovery, inventory management, change detection, access control, stakeholder coordination, and compliance workflow.

A web presence management system is meant to have a broader reach so that it emphasizes where a presence has been established, will be established, must be maintained, or must be remediated. An example of a web presence management system is the Brandle Presence Manager.

In order to publish content to the various points of web presence, multiple content management systems and sometimes even social media management systems are often used. The primary focus of most content and social media management systems is limited to their specific web platforms.

Domain names
Another aspect of web presence management is managing the collection of domain names registered to the person or business. Any entity may register multiple domain names for the same property. As a result, they can link alternative spellings, different top-level domains, aliases, brands, or products to the same website. Similarly, negative or derogatory domain names may also be registered. This is done to prevent certain domain names from being used against the person or business.

It is common for a larger business to have domain names registered by multiple employees at multiple domain name registrars, possibly a result of organizational or geographical requirements. Consequently, a web presence management system can be used to monitor all domain names registered by the business, regardless of the registrars used.

Discovery
Web presence discovery is the process of monitoring the web for a new point of presence about a person or business. Web presence discovery is often included in a web presence management system. Whether a new domain is registered, a new website is published, or a new social media account is established, it occurs outside of the person's or business' control. As a result, its purpose is to assess a new point of presence and appropriately handle any violations.

It is important to note that web presence discovery differs from content listening. The former involves looking for new properties on the web, whereas the latter refers to analyzing content that already exists to hear how a person or business is seen often in near real time. Examples of content listening systems include Sysomos and Radian6, which is now a subsidiary of Salesforce.com.

Brand protection
A person or business may choose to watch for a new web presence that might appear to misrepresent or mislead an audience, such as counterfeiters, spoofers, or malicious hackers. One of the early software in the online brand protection marketplace was MarkMonitor, now part of Thomson Reuters. This software helped detect rogue domain names and websites.

However, the modern day growth of social media has seen a rise in the number of fraudulent brand impersonations. It has become much easier for a new web presence to be created on those platforms, which results in a greater frequency of them today. As a preventive measure, online brand protection providers are now adding social media to their domain and website discovery options.

Security
The widespread growth of social media has also made it easier for unauthorized individuals to impersonate an employee. Consequently, social media has now become a recognized threat vector in that it can be used to socially engineer an attack on a business. To counter this, companies are able to use web presence monitoring tools to detect new points of presence on the web and thereby defend against socially engineered attacks.

Distributed inventory management
A web presence monitoring system can be used by a business to associate a new web property with its corporate inventory. It is designed to address autonomous, distributed behaviors. This usually applies to larger businesses whose geographically diverse employees are more prone to creating new points of presence on the web. For example, a retail chain may allow each local store to create and manage their web presence to market to and communicate with their local customer base. Similarly, a global business may have teams in each country or region who create and manage a web presence to adapt to local languages or cultures.

Monitoring
Web presence monitoring is the process of monitoring a known inventory of web presence to detect any changes that are made. Web presence monitoring is often included in a web presence management system and can serve multiple purposes for both larger corporations and certain individuals, such as celebrities.

It is important to note that presence monitoring differs from content listening. The former involves monitoring the properties (e.g. branding) of a web property in an established inventory, whereas the latter refers to analyzing content that already exists to hear how a person or business is seen often in near real time. Additionally, presence monitoring focuses on owned media and content listening on earned media.

Corporate, brand, and regulatory compliance
Many companies ensure that certain standards are met for a property on the web that represents their business. For companies in regulated industries, such as finance and healthcare, the company may be required by law to ensure that all publicized content, regardless of platform or technology, follow specific requirements.

The widespread growth of social media has seen a rise in the number of fraudulent corporate impersonations. It has become much easier for a new web presence to be created on these platforms, and so these are much more prevalent than they used to be. As a preventive measure, a web presence monitoring system alerts the company when a known property is changed, allowing for the property to be reviewed and amended so that it follows the proper standards.
. A web presence monitoring system helps alert the company when a known property is changed, so it can be reviewed and brought back, if necessary, into compliance with the appropriate standards.

Audit
A web presence audit is performed by an enterprise to determine that all points of presence on the web meet the objectives as well as governance, risk management, and compliance (GRC) needs. To ensure neutrality, these audits are often conducted as part of an information technology audit by a professional services agency or an internal audit team. However, a less formal web presence audit is often performed by internal members as a routine to meet GRC objectives.

A web presence audit usually includes web presence discovery and a review of all web-based content in the business' inventory of web presence. Even though web presence monitoring is not performed in a web presence audit, a review of the nature and scope of the company's web presence monitoring policies, procedures, and tools is considered.

Social media audit
Due to the emerging challenges introduced by the dynamic nature of social media, a business may choose to perform specific social media audits in greater frequency. A social media audit is similar to a web presence audit, but may also include the purposes of maintaining an accurate inventory of all business social media points of presence. Alternatively, the business may choose to employ automated web presence discovery and compliance systems to keep the corporate social media inventory up-to-date and compliant with GRC needs.

Web presence vs. web reputation management
Reputation management systems are often associated with web presence management. Web presence management is knowing where an individual or business is represented, whereas reputation management is knowing what people are saying about an individual or business. Web presence management handles owned media, while reputation management systems with earned media.

Both systems offer some similar degree of remediation. For web presence management systems, remediation would include finding counterfeit properties that infringe on a brand or trademark. For reputation management systems, remediation would include identifying and eliminating misleading reviews and/or encouraging the contribution of authentic comments.

Even though a web presence monitoring tool can help identify unowned web properties where people are talking about a person, product, or brand, it is only part of the solution. A reputation management system often includes a content listening system to monitor the stream of messages about a particular subject which may be coming from any point of presence on the web (e.g. a comment about a product by a customer on her personal Twitter account). For examples of some reputation management companies, click here.

See also

 Digital footprint
 Domain name system
 Earned vs. Owned vs. Paid media
 Internet presence management
 Online identity
 Online identity management
 Online presence management
 Online reputation management
 Social media measurement
 Social networking service
 Web page

References

Digital marketing
Social media
Corporate governance
Risk management
Information technology audit
Business software

Web presence


Owerri North is a Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Orie Uratta. It has an area of 198 square km and a population of 175,395 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 460. Owerri North is semi-urban government area. It encircles Owerri Municipal like a peninsula. Six major roads that lead out of the municipal cuts across Owerri North Communities. In the North, Orlu road leads to Amakaohia and Akwakuma communities. In the East, Okigwe road leads to Orji Community. In the West, MCC road off Wetheral to Obibi Uratta and Ihitaoha communities. In the South, Mbaise road leads to Egbu and Emekuku communities, while Aba road leads to Naze, Agbala and Ulakwo communities.

References

Local Government Areas in Imo State
Towns in Imo State
Local Government Areas in Igboland

Owerri North


Reconnaissance, sometimes called scouting, is the act of exploring to gain military information. Often referred to as recce (UK, Canada and Australia, ) or recon (U.S., ), the associated formal verb is reconnoitre (British spelling) or reconnoiter (American spelling).  In informal English, both recce and recon are often also used as a verb. The term is sometimes used in civilian / paramilitary and various government contexts.

Reconnaissance-in-force

Often, units sent out for reconnaissance are armed only for self-defense. They rely on stealth to gather information. Others are well-enough armed to also deny information to the enemy by fighting and or destroying their reconnaissance parties.

Reconnaissance-in-force (RIF) is a method of probing an enemy's position. An attack, even with a small force, may get a strong reaction by the enemy. Hopefully that reveals the enemy's strength, deployment, and other tactical information. The RIF commander can fall back with the information or expand the conflict into a full engagement. Other methods consist of hit-and-run tactics using moving very fast. In some cases light-armored vehicles are used for added fire superiority, as the need arises.

References

Military terminology

Reconnaissance


In crystallography, the cubic crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.

There are three main types of these crystals:

 Primitive cubic
 Body-centered cubic
 Face-centered cubic

Types

Chemistry
Minerals

Cubic crystal system