Telstar Ponies are a Scottish rock band formed in Glasgow in 1994. Their musical style varies considerably but displays influences from Krautrock, folk (especially latterly), and experimental noise.

History
They were formed in 1994 by David Keenan on leaving 18 Wheeler. The original line-up included drummer Neil Grant as well as Sushil K Dade (ex-Soup Dragons, BMX Bandits, later of Future Pilot A.K.A.) on bass and John Hogarty (ex-BMX Bandits, later of National Park) on guitar. Grant was replaced on drums by Brendan O'Hare (ex-Teenage Fanclub) in time for the recording of their first single "Maps and Starcharts". By the time this single was released Dade and Hogarty had been replaced by Gavin Laird and Rachel Devine. This line-up recorded two albums, In The Space Of A Few Minutes and Voices From The New Music, adding Richard Youngs to the line-up for the latter. They split up in 1997, following the departures of both O'Hare and Laird, who formed Macrocosmica.

They reformed minus O'Hare in 1999. A third album was recorded, mixed by Christoph Heemann and Andrew Chalk, but was never released. The band's current status is described as being on "long term sabbatical" by Devine, Laird and Prior, who have formed The Porch Song Anthology in the meantime. Keenan plays with Taurpis Tula and Tight Meat Duo, curates the Subcurrent music festival and runs Volcanic Tongue, a shop, label and distributor specialising in outsider music.

Members
First line-up
 David Keenan (vocals, guitar)
 Neil Grant (drums)
 Sushil K. Dade (bass)
 John Hogarty (guitar)

Second line-up
 David Keenan (vocals, guitar)
 Rachel Devine (vocals, guitar, violin)
 Gavin Laird (bass, vocals)
 James SK Wān (vocals, brass)
 Brendan O'Hare (drums, guitar, vocals)
 Richard Youngs - (vocals, keyboards, violin, guitar—2nd album only)

Reformation line-up
 David Keenan (vocals, guitar)
 Rachel Devine (vocals, guitar)
 Gavin Laird (guitar, vocals)
 Kenneth Broom - (drums, saxophone)
 Raymond Prior (bass, vocals)

Discography

Singles
"Maps and Starcharts" (1994) Fire Records
Not Even Starcrossed EP (1995) Fire
"Her Name" (1995) Fire
Mors Factum Musica EP (1996) Instant Mayhem
"Does Your Heart Have Wings?" (1996) Fire
"Brewery of Eggshells" (1996) Fire
"Voices From the New Music" (1997) Fire (withdrawn)
"Farewell Farewell" (1999) Geographic
Hares on the Mountain EP (2002) Static Caravan-Obelisk

Albums
In the Space of a Few Minutes (1995) Fire
Voices From the New Music (1996) Fire

References

External links
AllMusic Entry

Scottish indie rock groups
Musical groups from Glasgow
Scottish pop rock music groups

Telstar Ponies


Pouer metal is a kynd o metal muisic that tends tae focus on creatin an "epic" feel in baith muisical an leerical terms. It is quite popular amang metal fans, but ootwi thaim isna weel kent at aw.

History
Tho pouer metal taks a wheen o influence frae mair tradeetional metal soorces (Iron Maiden in parteecular), it hes evolved ower the twa decades o its exeestence intae a disteenctive genre in its ain richt. It is for ordinar acceptit amang pouer metal fans that the genre's history proper stairts wi the twa Helloween albums Keeper of the Seven Keys in pairts I an II in 1987 an 1988. Some threap that Manowar war the first pouer metal baund, but syne thair muisic is for ordinar mair tradeetional heavy metal wi epic, fantasy based leerics an syne thay thaimsels dinna cry thaimsels pouer metal, Helloween's claim tae be the first is for ordinar acceptit. Efter the first wave o pouer metal baunds haed ceased tae be excitin an new, HammerFall's debut album Glory to the Brave in 1997 stairtit something o a pouer metal revival that includit sic baunds as Rhapsody of Fire (tho at that time thay war cried Rhapsody) an Edguy - tho Edguy haed been aboot syne 1992, it wisna until thair Vain Glory Opera album o 1998 that thay haed thair brekthrou.

Muisical Chairacteristics
Maist pouer metal baunds hae a seemilar lineup o vocals, guitars (twa, for ordinar), bass, keybuirds an drums - tho obviously this is flexible tae some degree. Maist pouer metal is fast an melodic, tho gallop rhythms an mid tempo sangs arna byordinar for maist baunds.

Vocals
For ordinar pouer metal singin is hie pitched (ZP Theart o DragonForce an Tony Kakko o Sonata Arctica is guid exemplars o the teepical tenor pouer metal sangster) an is awmaist aye clear (thus defined as clean vocals as agin the harsk vocals in deid metal an black metal. It isna byordinar tae hae queirs in the owerwirds (as Rhapsody of Fire aften daes), but it is mair common tae hae muckle, ruisin owerwirds athoot queirs. Gey few pouer metal singers doubles as instrumentalists, but the setup isna unkent.

Guitar
Pouer metal guitarists for ordinar plays fast streams o notes, but chynges chords comparatively slaw, ance per meisur or slawer. Lead guitar lines is aften gey melodic an technically demaundin, an is aften hairmonised, aither wi keybuirds or a seicont guitar pairt.
Solos is awmaist aye gey fast an demaundin, wi tappin bein common (Herman Li o DragonForce an Jani Liimatainen o Sonata Arctica is guid exemplars o pouer metal guitarists in terms o technique).
Pouer metal tends tae uise guitar as a melodic, raither nor a rhythmic instrument.

Bass Guitar
Maist bass in pouer metal is fast, ruit-note playin, tho some bassists is mair melodic nor that. Gin Manowar is bein coontit as pouer metal raither nor heavy metal than thair bassist Joey DeMaio is likely the maist weel kent bassist in the genre.

Keybuirds
Mony pouer metal baunds haes taen keybuirds intae thair arrangements - the usin o thaim varies frae suttle accentin an ootlinin o chords (Kamelot uises keybuirds lik that) tae mair orchestral, melodic lines (sic as Luca Turilli an Rhapsody of Fire). Some baunds that cry thaimsels Symphonic Pouer Metal sic as Nightwish haes been kent tae uise fou orchestras whan recordin mair symphonic elements, tho thay will tend tae replicate thir elements on keybuirds whan playin live.

Drums
A wheen o pouer metal drummers uises twa bass drums for mair speed, meanin thay can play a constant stream o saxteenth notes (semiquavers) wi snare drum accents on the beats. This style is quite common in pouer metal as in ither heavy metal genres, tho it isna uised bi aw drummers bi ony means. Blast beat drummin is gey common an aw.

Leerical Themes
Mony teepical metal themes sic as anti-Christianity an poleetical issues isna common in pouer metal, but thay arna unkent (eg. Stratovarius aften scrieve anent a warld view based on Marxism). The stereotype o pouer metal leerics is that thay are aw anent fantasy an meethology, an tho that is a raither braid generalisation, it is true tae some extent. Mony baunds sic as Rhapsody of Fire sings exclusively anent fantasy relatit topics, while some sic as Manowar daes sae as weel as singin anent metal cultur. Raither mair rare is baunds sic as Sonata Arctica that aften sings anent mair general topics sic as luve. Some baunds taks a focus o a parteecular kynd o history, aften in concept albums - e.g. Iced Earth's The Glorious Burden is anent American history.

Variations

American/Classic Pouer Metal
American pour metal emerged in the 1980s as an affshuit o heavy metal an speed metal. For ordinar it is fast, strauchtforrit an somewhit heavy an aggressive, but wi a distinct epic "fecthin" feel. Keybuirds dinna tak a lead role in this kynd o metal at aw, wi the focus bein mainly on vocals an riffs. The muisic is gey seemilar tae its influences, but cleckit the term pouer metal an wis important in inspirin the later melodic pouer metal muivement. Europe haes its ain baunds plyin a gey seemilar style sic as Grave Digger. The maist weel kent baund o this genre is wioot a dout Manowar.

European/Melodic Pouer Metal
This style emergit in the 1980s wi Germany's Helloween an Finland's Stratovarius wi a strang focus on melody an positive, upliftin themes. This kynd o pouer metal haes mair in the wey o keybuirds an neo-classical guitar solos. The leerics o this brainch o pouer metal is for ordinar anent hie fantasy. HammerFall an Blind Guardian is amang the leadin baunds in this genre.

Extreme Pouer Metal
This is a mixtur-maxter o the (for orndinar hie pitched) harsk vocals (or mixed clean an harsk vocals)) an aggressive feel o melodic deid metal wi the melodies an keybuirds o pouer metal. This genre is heivily based in Finland. It is distinct frae melodic deid metal bi its heivy uiss o keybuirds an neo-clessical influenced guitar. Children of Bodom's earlier wark coud be cried Extreme Pouer Metal, as coud the wark o Norther an DragonForce.

Fowk Pouer Metal
As the name suggeests, this is a mixtur-maxter o fowk music an pouer metal, owerlappin wi the braider fowk metal genre. The fowk elements is teepically uised for tae mak a Medieval feel, as in fowk metal. Falconer an Elvenking is aften pitten intae this genre.

Prog Pouer Metal
Pouer metal that's influenced bi clessic progressive rock an metal baunds sic as Rush an Dream Theater. It featurs a mair complex an varied approach tae sang-writin nor tradeetional pouer metal.

Seemphonic Pouer Metal
This refers tae pouer metal baunds that maks uiss o intruments for ordinar foond in clessical muisic or that imiates thir instuments wi synthesisers. Thir elements is mair aften uised as key pairts o the muisic nor is common in ither kynds o pouer metal. Nightwish an Rhapsody of Fire is guid exemplars o that genre.

Thrash Pouer Metal
This is clearly pouer metal wi influence frae thrash metal. The hie, clean vocals an melodies o pouer metal tends tae be retained, but aften wi the aggressive riffs, some shootit vocals an leerical themes taen frae thrash metal. Iced Earth is aiblins the best exemplar o Thrash Pouer Metal.

Pouer metal
Hivy metal subgenres

Pouer metal


A shuttlecock is used in the sport badminton. The shuttlecock center is hit with a badminton racquet over the net, in this fast sport. A shuttlecock is also called a shuttle. Other names for shuttlecock are bird, or birdie, because it can be made with feathers.

Materials
Shuttlecocks can be made of many types of materials, including plastic and feathers. It creates a cone shape, and is held together by a round center, usually made of cork or rubber. The cone shape the feathers, or other materials create is called a shuttlecock skirt.

In North America and Europe, feather shuttlecocks cost more. In Asia, where the prices of feathers are lower, shuttles made of plastic are rarely used; feather shuttles are used.

It is harder to hit a feather shuttlecock fast, because there is more drag. They are also less durable than plastic shuttles. Experienced badminton players usually play with feather shuttlecocks, and in competition, badminton is almost always played with feather shuttles. They feel that feather shuttles give them more control, and better play is needed to hit feather shuttles.

In school gyms and amateur/beginner clubs in Europe and North America, plastic shuttlecocks are more often used than feather ones. This is to save feathers, since plastic shuttlecocks do not break easily. Feathers on the feather shuttles bend or break if the player does not hit the cork or rubber center.

Sports equipment

Shuttlecock


Theodor Adrian von Renteln (15 September 1897 – 1946 (disputed)) was an activist and politician in Nazi Germany. During World War II, he was General Commissioner of Generalbezirk Litauen and was involved in perpetrating the Holocaust in Lithuania.

Of Baltic German origin, von Renteln studied law and economics in Berlin and Rostock, but became a journalist. In 1928, he joined the NSDAP and the following year, he became the founder and head of the National Socialist Schoolchildren's League (NSS). In 1931, he was appointed the head of the Hitler Youth, but he gave up leadership of the two organizations upon his election to the Reichstag in 1932.

In 1932–1933 he led the Combat League of the Commercial Middle Class (NS-Kampfbund für den Gewerblichen Mittelstand), an organisation allegedly "Deflecting Jewish Atrocity and Boycott-Mongering", participating in the boycott of Jewish businesses and other forms of persecution. In June 1933, he was appointed President of the National Socialist Council of Industry and Trade (Nationalsozialistische Handwerks-, Handels-, und Gewerbeorganisation or NS-HAGO), holding this position until 1935, when this organisation was merged with the German Labor Front (DAF). Von Renteln became a staff leader of the German Labor Front. In 1940, he was appointed the Reich Leader of the Trade and Artisanship Section of the NSDAP (Hauptamtsleiter Handel und Handwerk in der Reichsleitung der NSDAP). He was also the head of the Supreme Court of the Reich Labor Front.

In July 1941, he was appointed the Generalkommissar of Generalbezirk Litauen (roughly modern Lithuania), where he took harsh measures against the Jewish population. On 26 August 1941 he ordered that all telephones and lines were to be stripped, postal service be cut off, and bridges to the Kaunas (Kovno) Ghetto be surrounded with barbed wire fences to prevent people from jumping off. This order also forbade the Jews of the Kovno ghetto to use doors, window frames, or houses for fuel. In 1943, he was implicated in the clearing of the Vilna Ghetto, deporting 20,000 Jews to concentration or death camps, as well as in plundering.

According to some accounts, after World War II, he was captured by the Russians, tried, and hanged for war crimes in 1946. According to other sources, after the war he lived under a false identity in South America and died there. His death has never been fully confirmed.

References

External links

1897 births
1946 deaths
Baltic-German people
Executed German people
Holocaust perpetrators in Lithuania
German untitled nobility
Kovno Ghetto
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Nazi Party politicians
Nazis convicted of war crimes
Nazis executed by the Soviet Union by hanging
People executed for war crimes
People from Dzau District
Russian and Soviet-German people
Vilna Ghetto

Adrian von Renteln


The Cuba Libre (IPA /'kuβ̞a'liβ̞ɾe/ in Spanish, kjuːbʌ liːbɹeɪ/ in English, "Free Cuba") is a cocktail made of Cola, rum, and lime. Also referred as Rum and Coke in United States and Canada, it is usually served in a highball glass. The exact recipe of the drink is 2 oz of light rum, juice of 1/2 limes, and cola, although variation in rum is possible according to taste. After pouring the lime juice into the highball glass, add rum, fill the rest of the glass with cola, and then stir.

The exact history of Cuba Libre is uncertain. Generally accepted theory is that the drink was invented in Havana, Cuba around 1900, after Cuba's liberation and when Coke was first introduced to Cuba.

Cocktails

Cuba libre


St. James' Episcopal Church is an historic church located at 38 South Halifax Drive in Ormond Beach, Florida.

See also
 St. James Episcopal Church (disambiguation)
St. James Historical Tidbits 1890-1957

 "The History of St. James Episcopal Church" written by the Rev. Dorsey G. Smith, Jr. for St. James Centennial Celebration 1890–1990.

The idea for St. James Episcopal Church was initiated by two women staying at the Ormond Hotel.  The efforts of these two unknown women resulted in St. James being organized as a mission of St,. Mary's Episcopal Church, Daytona Beach in 1890 and services were held in the Ormond Beach Union Church on North Beach.

In 1891 property was donated on the southeast corner of East Granada and Halifax Ave. and a small church was erected.  In 1920 church members decided that Granada had gotten too busy and too noisy and the church was moved to its present location on Halifax Drive and a new chancel, sacristy and rector's study were added.  Services were held only during the fall and winter months.

In 1947 the Rev. George W. Rutter became Priest in Charge of the mission church and then in 1954 when the mission became a parish he was instituted as the first rector of St. James Episcopal Church.  At that time services were held year round and an official Altar Guild was organized.  In 1955 Father Rutter started the St. James Parish Day School with six students in the first kindergarten class and later added a parish house with several class rooms on the north side of the church.  Father Rutter retired in 1957.

In 1962, the present church was built incorporating the 1891 church into the new building now known as the chapel. The old church is still used for various services

References

External links
 St. James' Episcopal Church website

Episcopal church buildings in Florida

St. James Episcopal Church (Ormond Beach, Florida)


Trans Studio is the world's third-largest indoor theme park (as of 2009), located in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The ,  high building houses the indoor theme park.
Trans Studio is built on  with investment up to IDR 1 trillion (approximately USD 104 million). The indoor theme park was inaugurated by the Vice President of Indonesia, Jusuf Kalla, exactly on September 9, 2009 (09-09-09). Trans Studio itself is a part of The Trans Studio World  project, which will include Trans Walk and Rodeo Drive, Trans Studio, Trans hotels, and offices of Mega Bank. Under the management of PT. Trans Kalla, the Mega Development Project will provide an integrated development, comprising not only an indoor theme park, but also shopping mall, supermarket, hotel, office area, recreational beach area, and residential area. The whole project was scheduled to be completed sometime in 2010.

Background
Trans Studio is located on the main road of Metro Tanjung Bunga Street, Makassar. The  indoor theme park consists four zones with 22 features and rides, which is able to hold 5,000 people. Trans Studio is developed under the management of PT. Trans Kalla, a partnership between Para Group and Kalla Group. Chairul Tanjung, the founder and the owner of Para Group, is the number 18th richest Indonesian businessman. He owns Bank Mega and television broadcasting company, Trans Corp. In fact, Trans Corp, who operates private television stations TransTv and TV7, is the first television station ever to own an indoor theme park. On the other hand, Kalla Groups is owned by Jusuf Kalla, former Vice President of Indonesia. Together, Chairul Tanjung and Jusuf Kalla created PT. Trans Kalla in 2007. Para Group is responsible for funding and constructing the entire facility, while Kalla Group is responsible for providing the land. Para Group holds 55 percent of the share and Kalla Group holds 45 percent.

Design
Trans Studio Theme Park was conceptually designed by the Goddard Group, a Los Angeles-based entertainment firm responsible for many attractions at Universal Studios and Six Flags. The project was overseen by Gary Goddard (CEO), Barry Kemper (Producer), and Taylor Jeffs (Creative Director). Contributing designers include Christian Hope, Mick Reinman, Bob Baranick, Brent Kato, Phil Mendez, and Kohei Nakajima. The park's graphic identity was designed by Lee Roe.

Trans Studio World

Trans Studio World is a Mega Development project under the management of PT. Trans Kalla. The project includes Trans Studio (largest indoor theme park as of 2009), Trans Walk and Rodeo Drive, Trans Hotel, residential area, recreational beach area, and office area. This giant project takes investment more than IDR 3 trillions (approximately USD 312 million), and one-third of the investment goes to Trans Studio. Exactly 50 percent of the fund for Trans Studio World project comes from bank loan from BRI and the rest is from loan from other banks, stock share holder, and the company's internal cash. The Director of Trans Studio Management, Wibowo Iman Sumantri, has confirmed the expense of Trans Studio reached IDR 1 trillion (USD 104 million). On the other hand, Budiman Wijaya, the director of Trans Kalla Management, confirms that the cost of the rides themselves already exceeds IDR 300 million (USD 30,000). Yet, the management is still optimistic that this project will bring fortune to them.

In the beginning of the project, the indoor theme park was planned to be only 2.4 hectares wide; however, the feasibility study and survey apparently showed further growth. The Trans Kalla management later decided to extend the area from 2.4 hectares to 2.7 hectares. With the extended size of Trans Studio, the target of visitors had also been increased from 1.6 million to 2 million during the first year. The South Sulawesi provincial administration and the Makassar municipality expects the theme park would be able to stimulate economic growth, especially in Makassar.

The first step of the construction was to build Trans Studio and Trans Walk at the same time on 110,000 m2 land. The management was expecting a soft opening of Trans Studio in April 2009; however, they could not complete both Trans Studio and Trans Walk as planned; therefore Trans Studio was inaugurated in advance. Meanwhile, the grand opening started on May 20, 2009. Trans Hotel and Residential area with access to the beach will be the next facility to be built. The Trans Studio Walk and the rest of the project was forecasted to be completed in June 2010. Trans Studio has the largest parking area in South East Asia that can hold more than 2,700 vehicles.

In addition to this whole giant project, PT. Trans Kalla is expecting to do similar projects in Balikpapan, Bandung, and Jakarta.

Location
Questions surface regarding the fact that the project is constructed in Makassar, the capital city of South Sulawesi, instead of Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia itself. There are factors which make Makassar a high potential area for the attraction.  Makassar is one of the biggest cities in Indonesia with a population of over a million people. In spite of the population, there are still a lot of  high potential areas to build and develop in Makassar, unlike the overcrowded Jakarta. In addition, the economic growth in Makassar is quite high; its 9%  gross domestic product (GDP) surpasses  the average of gross national product (GNP) that is 7%. Another reason is that South Sulawesi is the main gateway to eastern Indonesia, which hold potential to economic prospects for the next five to six years, during which Trans Kalla would have already reached the breaking-even point (return in construction and development cost).

Trans Kalla management expects by choosing Makassar for Trans Studio location, they will be able to reach and embrace an international market. The existence in the tourism area, that are close to elite residential and business territory is advantageous for Makassar. Since Trans Studio World is located close to the residential area of the middle and the upper class, as well as the business area in the independent city, Tanjung Bunga, makes Trans Studio World a highly potential market. The Strait Makassar coast in the north and west of the location is another beneficial attraction that will become part of the concept of the whole development.

Besides economic considerations, the reason behind the establishment of Trans Studio Theme Park in Makassar is because Kalla Group is the one who provided the land (Jusuf Kalla was born and raised in Makassar).

Attractions
As a part of the entertainment, Trans Studio will provide the first mono train in Indonesia. The theme park consists of 22 features and amusement rides including Central Studio, Lost City, Magic Corner, Tsunami Island and Cartoon City. Many of the rides in Trans Studio are adopted from TransTV's and Trans7's shows such as Dunia Lain, Si Bolang, Jelajah, Ayun Ombak, and Angin Beliung; yet, some of them are adopted from Universal Studios and Disneyland in the United States. The rides also contain space simulation program of several television stations such as Trans TV, Trans 7, and other events in Indonesia. One ride that is pretty unusual is "Dunia Lain", which in English is "Another World". It is an Indonesian style haunted house with different kinds of Indonesian ghosts such as pontianak and jelangkung.

Visitors can experience the feeling of a celebrity in front of the camera or to be the crew of a television show. Moreover, there is a Studio Central, an extraordinary theater with 1960s theme, providing the visitors the glamor world of Hollywood; the zone reveals tricks and secrets behind the scenes of great movies.

 Trans City Theater
 Studio Tour
 Grand Esia Studio View
 Hollywood Bumper Car
 Sepeda Terbang (Flying Bicycle)
 Rimba Express
 Si Bolang
 Safari Track
 Balloon House
 Karosel (carousel)
 Ayun Ombak
 Angin Beliung
 Kano Kali (river canoe)
 Mini Boom Boom Car
 Putar Petir
 Bioskop 4D (4D Theater)
 Kids Studio
 Magic Thunder Coaster
 Dragon's Tower
 Jelajah
 Dunia Lain (another world/haunted house)

References

Related Theme park
 Trans Studio Bandung
 Trans Studio Cibubur

Amusement parks in Indonesia
Makassar
Amusement parks opened in 2009
2009 establishments in Indonesia
Buildings and structures in South Sulawesi
Tourist attractions in South Sulawesi
Shopping malls in Indonesia
Post-independence architecture of Indonesia
CT Corp

Trans Studio Makassar


Robenidine is a coccidiostat. Robenidine is an antibiotic used for the control of coccidiosis, a debilitating protozoal infection in poultry. Although there are alternative antibiotics available, robenidine is important in the management of antibiotic resistance as farmers rotate the use of robenidine with other antibiotics to try to preserve the effectiveness of these products in fighting infections.

References

Antiparasitic agents
Guanidines
Chloroarenes

Robenidine


Fiji Week is a week of festivities culminating in Fiji Day on 10 October (the anniversary of Fiji's independence from British colonial rule in 1970) annually. A different theme is chosen every year, but common elements include religious ceremonies and cultural performances.

The preceding week to Fiji Day is called Fiji Week. Fiji Day is October 10 and that is a double anniversary for the nation. On that date in 1874, King Seru Epenisa Cakobau ceded Fiji to the United Kingdom. On the same date in 1970, Fiji regained its independence.

During Fiji Week, the nation celebrates its unity and religious and cultural diversity with performances and programs each day focused on the two main ethnic cultures — Fijan and Indian. The Christian, Muslim, and Hindu religions celebrate their traditions. A different theme is chosen every year, but common elements include religious ceremonies and cultural performances.

In Fiji Week, 2004, the festivities were undermined by a boycott by several prominent politicians and other public figures, who accused the government of using the occasion to promote a political agenda.

See also
 Fiji Week, 2004
 Fiji Week, 2005

October observances

Public holidays in Fiji
Independence days

Fiji Week


The Golden Boy of Pye Corner is a small late-17th-century monument located on the corner of Giltspur Street and Cock Lane in Smithfield, central London. It marks the spot where the 1666 Great Fire of London was stopped, whereas the Monument indicates the place where it started. The statue of a naked boy is made of wood and is covered with gold; the figure was formerly winged. The late 19th-century building that incorporates it is a Grade II listed building but listed only for the figure.

It bears the following small inscription below it:

This Boy is in Memmory Put up for the late FIRE of LONDON Occasion'd by the Sin of Gluttony 1666.

The lower inscription, approximately  below the boy, reads as follows:
The boy at Pye Corner was erected to commemorate the staying of the Great Fire, which, beginning at Pudding Lane, was ascribed to the sin of gluttony when not attributed to the papists as on the Monument, and the boy was made prodigiously fat to enforce the moral. He was originally built into the front of a public-house called "The Fortune of War" which used to occupy this site and was pulled down in 1910.

"The Fortune of War" was the chief house of call north of the river for resurrectionists in body snatching days. Years ago the landlord used to show the room where on benches round the walls the bodies were placed labelled with the snatchers' names, waiting till the surgeons at Saint Bartholomew's could run round and appraise them.

References

See also

 List of public art in the City of London
 The Fortune of War (public house)

Monuments and memorials in London
Great Fire of London
Statues in London
Grade II listed buildings in the City of London
Grade II listed monuments and memorials
Smithfield, London

Golden Boy of Pye Corner


Ignaz Aurelius Fessler, aka Feßler (; 18 May 1756 – 15 December 1839) was a Hungarian ecclesiastic, politician, historian, and freemason.

Biography
Fessler was born in the village of Zurndorf in the Hungarian Moson County. In 1773, he joined the order of Capuchin friars, and in 1779 was ordained priest. He had meanwhile continued his classical and philological studies, and his liberal views brought him into frequent conflict with his superiors.

In 1784, while at the monastery of Mödling, near Vienna, he wrote to the emperor Joseph II, making suggestions for the better education of the clergy and drawing his attention to the irregularities of the monasteries. The searching investigation which followed raised up against him many implacable enemies. In 1784 he was appointed professor of Oriental languages and hermeneutics in the university of Lemberg, when he took the degree of doctor of divinity; and shortly afterwards he was released from his monastic vows on the intervention of the emperor.

In 1788 he brought out his tragedy of Sidney, an exposé of the tyranny of James II and of the fanaticism of the Roman Catholics in England. This was attacked so violently as profane and revolutionary that he was compelled to resign his office and seek refuge in Silesia. In Breslau he met with a cordial reception from G. W. Komn, the publisher, and was, moreover, subsequently employed by the prince of Carolath-Schbnaich as tutor to his sons. In 1791 Fessler was converted to Lutheranism and next year contracted an unhappy marriage, which was dissolved in 1802, when he married again.

In 1796 he went to Berlin, where he founded a humanitarian society. In April 1800, through his introduction, the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte was initiated into freemasonry in a Berlin lodge. Fessler was commissioned by the freemasons to assist Fichte in reforming the statutes and ritual of their lodge. At first Fichte was the warm admirer of Fessler, and was disposed to aid Fessler in his proposed reform.  But later he became Fessler's bitter opponent. Their controversy attracted much attention among freemasons. Soon after this, Fessler obtained a government appointment in connection with the newly acquired Polish provinces, but in consequence of the battle of Jena (1806) he lost this office, and remained in very needy circumstances until 1809, when he was summoned to St. Petersburg by Alexander I, to fill the post of court councillor, the professorship of oriental languages and philosophy at the Alexander-Nevski Academy, and finally minister to the Court of St. James (Britain). This office, however, he was soon obliged to resign, owing to his alleged atheistic tendencies, but he was subsequently nominated a member of the legislative commission by the Emperor.

In 1815 he went with his family to Sarepta, where he joined the Moravian community and again became strongly orthodox. This cost him the loss of his salary, but it was restored to him upon his return in 1817. In November 1820, he was appointed consistorial president of the evangelical communities at Saratov and subsequently became chief superintendent of the Lutheran communities in St. Petersburg. In recognition of his important services to Hungary as a historian, he was in 1831 elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He died at St. Petersburg.

Writings
Fessler was a voluminous writer, and during his life exercised great influence; but, with the possible exception of the history of Hungary, none of his books has any value now. He did not pretend to any critical treatment of his materials, and most of his historical works are practically historical novels. He did too much, however, to make the study of history popular. His works are all written in German.

His most important works are:
 Die Geschichten der Ungarn und ihrer Landsassen (10 vols., Leipzig, 1815-1825)
 Marcus Aurelius (3 vols., Breslau, 1790–1792; 3rd edition, 4 vols., 1799)
 Aristides und Themistokles (2 vols., Berlin, 1792; 3rd edition, 1818)
 Attila, König der Hunnen (Breslau, 1794)
 Matthias Corvinus (2 vols., Breslau, 1793-1794)
 Die drei grossen Könige der Hungarn aus dem Árpád-Arpadischen Stamme (Breslau, 1808)
 Rückblick auf meine Siebzigjährige Pilgerschaft (2nd ed., Leipzig 1851)

Notes

References

Attribution:

1756 births
1839 deaths
People from Neusiedl am See District
Hungarian Lutheran clergy
18th-century Hungarian historians
19th-century Hungarian historians
Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism
Capuchins
Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Politicians from the Russian Empire
Hungarian expatriates in Russia
Russian Freemasons

Ignaz Aurelius Fessler


Adrienne Adeana Young is an American Charlottesville, Virginia-based singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist.  She is founder and operator of AddieBelle Music which produces her recordings.

History
A native of Tallahassee, Florida, in fact a seventh-generation Floridian, she was raised on the land farmed by her family generations earlier.  Young grew up in a musical family in Clearwater, where she was a member of the band Big White Undies.

She was graduated magna cum laude from Belmont University in Nashville with a music business/Spanish degree. Endless and unfulfilling clerical jobs along Music Row motivated this triple-threat singer, writer, and multi-instrumentalist to start her own record label, Addiebelle Music. She also formed the short-lived band Liters of Pop with Eric McConnell.

She learned to play clawhammer-style banjo from Ketch Secor of Old Crow Medicine Show, and set about amassing a catalog of old-time tunes.  As she says:

Young began gaining attention with her 2003 win in the Chris Austin songwriting contest at MerleFest for "Sadie's Song".  Co-written with Mark D. Sanders, the song is a re-telling of the murderous bluegrass standard "Little Sadie" told from the victim's point of view.

Recordings
"Little Sadie" featured prominently on her first CD, Plow to the End of the Row, produced with another Nashville-based musician, Will Kimbrough, and released on her own AddieBelle record label.  (The label takes its name from a nickname Young was given while working as a tour guide at Nashville's Belle Meade Mansion.)  The CD, which includes a packet of wildflower seeds along with artwork based on the Farmers' Almanac, was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Album Package.

An early version of Plow to the End of the Row, released in 2003, has become a sought-after collectible.  That version included several tracks with Young backed by Old Crow Medicine Show and was a top pick for 2003 Debut Artist by the Freeform American Roots DJ Chart.  The nationally-released version, featuring different sequencing, new tracks, and re-recorded versions of several songs, was released on April 13, 2004, one day before an interview with Young aired on NPR's All Things Considered.  The Americana Music Association included Young and her band in their nominees for Emerging Artist of the Year, and the Nashville Scene named "Home Remedy" as Best Country Single of the year.  The CD went on to place at or near the top of numerous "best of" lists for the year and the Los Angeles Times called Young "the Americana music find of the year."

Young and her band Little Sadie (at the time, Tyler Grant on guitar, Clayton Campbell on fiddle and mandolin, Amanda Kowalski on bass, and Steven Sandifer on percussion) toured extensively across the U.S. and in England.  The members of the band left to pursue other projects prior to the recording of Young's second CD, The Art of Virtue.

That disc, released on June 28, 2005, took its theme from Benjamin Franklin's Thirteen Virtues.  A copy of Franklin's pamphlet is included with the CD.  Will Kimbrough co-produced the CD and co-wrote several tracks.  Alongside original songs and traditional tunes, the disc featured a cover of the Grateful Dead song "Brokedown Palace".  Young's AddieBelle label struck a distribution deal with Ryko Records which insured that her music got placed in more record stores.  She also continued to receive support from public radio and was invited to appear on World Cafe, Mountain Stage, and A Prairie Home Companion.  With a new incarnation of Little Sadie (fiddler and banjoist Eric Merrill, guitarist Hans Holzen, bassist Kyle Kegerreis, and percussionist Eric Platz), Young toured even more extensively in 2005.

The Art of Virtue placed third in Amazon.com's list of the best folk recordings of the year.  Young was invited to sing in Philadelphia on January 17, 2006, as part of Benjamin Franklin's 300th birthday celebration.

In May 2006, Young took her band to Levon Helm's studio in Woodstock, New York to record tracks for a third album, titled Room to Grow, which was released May 22, 2007.

Social and environmental action
Young's second CD, The Art of Virtue released in 2005, took its theme from Benjamin Franklin's Thirteen Virtues and included copy of Franklin's pamphlet inside.  The title track addressed issues that Young found herself pondering after the 2004 re-election of George W. Bush, specifically how the Republican Party had leveraged the theme of morality as a campaign tool.  As she said at the time:

Since 2004 Young has been a spokeswoman for the FoodRoutes Network, which aims to aid organizations in rebuilding local, community-based food systems.  Young used the release of the CD The Art of Virtue to call attention to her involvement with the FoodRoutes Network, a non-profit organization that promotes sustainable agriculture and connects consumers with local farmers who are willing to sell direct.  Room to Grow furthers her involvement in this movement with lyrics and songs directly addressing the issue.

This wasn't the first time she mixed her farm action fever with artistic output: Plow to the End of the Row, her 2004 debut CD, came with a packet of seeds enclosed (and was nominated for the packaging design Grammy).

Young advocates locally-grown and sustainable agriculture. A portion of each record sold of Room to Grow goes to the Save A Seed fund, which she created with nonprofit organizations the FoodRoutes Network and the American Community Gardening Association. The money will provide non-genetically modified seeds to community gardens across North America.

Young has toured with help from the organization Buy Fresh Buy Local and each of the 49 FoodRoutes chapters. Along with her performances, each tour stop offered sustainable living workshops with local sponsors in each community. "Preserving cultural genetics and agricultural heritage is the key to true security and self-reliance", she says.

Young says her music has influenced her activism because she feels at peace in nature and wants to communicate those feelings through her music.

As of 2010, Adrienne Young has hosted and organized the Backyard Revolution, a group of people sharing and demonstrating unique skills of the past and present to help educate people in self sustainability.  The Backyard Revolution was present at Floyd Fest 9 (2010) and the Heritage Harvest Festival at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Demonstrations included: Backyard dairy cow (cow included), hide tanning and bow drill fire-making, home fermentation, historic log cabin construction, arrow fletching, soap making, primitive cooking, edible and medicinal wild plants, and more. See www.backyardrevolution.com for more information.

Sound and style
Her music, created with various incarnations of her band Little Sadie, blends elements of Bluegrass, country, old-time music, and American folk music with a pop sensibility.

. . tightly crafted songs that, like the feel of her home and the flow of her conversation, infuse her love for American tradition with high contemporary energy. Young's vocals mirror weariness and hope on 'Natural Bridge,' cross intimate valleys and climb the emotional peaks of 'Room Enough To Grow,' simmer on the stone-country burner "High Flyin' Dream", yearn to go wherever the current takes her on 'River and a Dirt Road.'

Awards and distinctions
Plow to the End of the Row, her 2004 CD, came with a packet of seeds enclosed and was nominated for the packaging design Grammy
An early version of the disc, released on a limited basis in 2003, featured several tracks that were ultimately dropped or re-recorded for the national release in 2004. That first configuration included backing from the old-time music band Old Crow Medicine Show
The Plow to the End of the Row version originally released in 2003, was a top pick for 2003 Debut Artist by the Freeform American Roots DJ Chart
That version has become a sought-after collectible
The 2004 Just Plain Folks Music Awards named Plow to the End of the Row Roots Album of the Year, and the track "I Cannot Justify" Best Roots Songs of the Year
The Americana Music Association included Young and her band in their nominees for Emerging Artist of the Year
The Nashville Scene named "Home Remedy" as Best Country Single of the year.
The CD went on to place at or near the top of numerous "best of" lists for the year.
The Los Angeles Times called Young "the Americana music find of the year"
She won 2003 Chris Austin songwriting contest at MerleFest for "Sadie's Song"
The Art of Virtue placed third in Amazon.com's list of the best folk recordings of the year.
She was invited to sing in Philadelphia on January 17, 2006, as part of Benjamin Franklin's 300th birthday celebration.
Room to Grow made The Nashville Scene Top Five Albums From Singer-Songwriters December 20, 2007.

Discography

Albums

Singles
"Just Like Christmas" with Tim O'Brien (2004) AddieBelle (promo CD and download only) —

Music videos

Articles, reviews, interviews
review of Room to Grow  August/September 2007 Dirty Linen.
"Adrienne Young's Activism Keeps Her In Tune" by Eric R. Danton, Courant Rock Critic, August 17, 2007 Hartford Courant.
"Adrienne Young: Planting the Earth, Growing Herself" by Elizabeth Blair, broadcast July 9, 2007 on All Things Considered NPR.
"Adrienne Young's 'Plow to the End of the Row': Singer and Banjo Player Breathes New Life into an Old Form" by Melissa Block, broadcast April 14, 2004 on All Things Considered NPR.

References

External links

Official website Adrienne Young
YouTube Adrienne Young videos.
FoodRoutes Network
Adrienne Young at NPR Music

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women composers
21st-century American composers
American women singer-songwriters
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
American bluegrass musicians
American folk musicians
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Musicians from Tallahassee, Florida
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
Singer-songwriters from Florida
Belmont University alumni
21st-century American women singers
Country musicians from Tennessee
Country musicians from Florida
21st-century women composers
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee

Adrienne Young


Seleucia in Pieria (Greek Σελεύκεια ἐν Πιερίᾳ), also known in English as Seleucia by the Sea, and later named Suedia, was a Hellenistic town, the seaport of Antioch ad Orontes (Syria Prima), the Seleucid capital, modern Antakya (Turkey). The city was built slightly to the north of the estuary of the river Orontes, between small rivers on the western slopes of the Coryphaeus, one of the southern summits of the Amanus Mountains.

According to Pausanias and Malalas, there was a previous city here named Palaeopolis ("Old City"). At present, it is located at the seaside village of Çevlik
near the town of Samandağ in the Hatay Province of Turkey.  Seleucia, Apamea, Laodicea, and Antioch formed the Syrian tetrapolis.

History

Seleucid period
Seleucia Pieria was founded in ca. 300 BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of the successors of the Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great and the founder of the Seleucid Empire. The Macedonians called the landscape Pieria, after a district in their homeland that was also between the sea and a mountain range (the Olympus).

When Seleucus I was murdered on his way to Macedon in 281 BC, his son, Antiochus I, buried his ashes in a building called "Nikatoreion", situated on Seleucia.

The city was of great importance in the struggle between the Seleucids and the Ptolemies; it was captured by Ptolemy Euergetes in 246 BC. As the Ptolemies (Lagids) and Seleucids fought over the city, it changed hands several times until 219 BC, when the Seleucid Antiochus III the Great recaptured it during the Fourth Syrian War (219–217 BC) his general Ardys is recorded as having distinguished himself during the siege. Then it obtained its freedom and kept it even to the end of the Roman occupation. It had long enjoyed the right of coinage.

Roman period

Seleucia's importance grew significantly over time, necessitating the enlargement of its harbours several times under Diocletian and Constantius. These harbours, called the "inner" and "outer" harbours, served from time to time the Roman navy.

Most buildings and structures today date from the Roman period.

Byzantine period
During Byzantine times the city went into a steady decline. The silting up of the city's harbours hastened this process. In the fifth century CE the fight to keep them open was finally given up. It suffered severely in the devastating 526 Antioch earthquake.

Islamic period
Seleucia was captured by the Sassanids around 540 CE. While it never recovered as a port-city again, Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad Caliph from 705 to 715, built a fortress in the city.

Seleucia Pieria and Christianity
The city was Christianized early. As the port of Antioch of Syria, "Seleucia on sea"—so called to distinguish it from other cities of the same name—is most notable as the precise point of embarkation from which the Apostle Paul [in 45 CE] and Saint Barnabas sailed from this port on their first missionary journeys, as chronicled in the Bible (Acts 13:4). At the end of that same journey Paul must have made landfall at Seleucia before going to Antioch (see Acts 14:26). His route at the beginning of the second journey was by land and probably bypassed Seleucia (see Acts 15:40–41), though on returning, he must have passed through it again (see Acts 18:22). Once more taking a land route when setting out on his third journey, Paul may have missed Seleucia (see Acts 19:1), and at that journey's end he did not return to Antioch and so missed Seleucia again (see Acts 21:7–8). This means that Paul passed through Seleucia at least three times, and probably several more on pre-missionary visits to Antioch of Syria (see Acts 11:26; 12:25).

The oldest bishop known is Zenobius, present at the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE. Other known bishops include Eusebius, an Arian, and Bizus in the fourth century, with twelve others cited by Le Quien (Oriens Christianus, II, 777–780). In the sixth century CE the Notitia Episcopatuum of Antioch, gives Seleucia Pieria as an autocephalous archbishopric, suffragan of Antioch (Échos d'Orient, X 144); the diocese existed until the tenth century CE, and its boundaries are known (Échos d'Orient, X, 97). For some Roman Catholic titularies see Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi, I, 468.

Seleucia Pieria was a diocese of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch, the Syriac (Miaphysitic) Orthodox Church appointed bishops to the city in the eighth and ninth centuries CE, three of whose bishops are known. The last-known Syriac Orthodox bishop of Seleucia, Ahron (847/874 CE), is mentioned in the lists of Michael the Syrian. There were also Georgian monastic establishments around Seleucia from the 11th to the 13th centuries.

The city is still a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church, Seleuciensis Pierius; the seat is vacant following the death of the last bishop in 1980.

Known bishops
Eugenius of Seleucia heretical follower of Athanasius, grandson of Empress Theodora
Dositheus I
Zenobius,  present at the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE.
Eusebius 350
Bizus fl 381
Maximus
Vasilius of Seleucia, Attendee of Council of Ephesus in 431, supporter of Nestorius.
Basil of Seleucia fl 452.
Dositheus II fl 553.
Gerontius fl 448.
Nonus of Seleucia; from about 505 AD, exiled about 521 for heresy.
Constantius, a heretic
Dyonisis fl 553
Antonius,
Theodorus
Agapoius
Nicholas
Ahron (847–874 CE).

Greek rite bishops

Latin titular archbishop
 Jules Georges Kandela (1959–1980)
 Cardinal Fernando Cento (1926–1959)
 Paul-Eugène Roy (1914–1925)
Domenico Serafini, (1912–1914)
Tommaso Maria Granello (1897–1911)

Main sites
The upper city, about 13 km in circumference, is still distinguishable. The lower city, smaller than the preceding one, was more thickly populated. Ruins include a necropolis, amphitheatre, citadel, temples, some irrigation works as well as some fortifications.

The highlight of the city is a 1350–1400m-long tunnel/canal complex built during Roman times. It is believed that it was dug to divert the nearby river and prevent the harbour from silting up with time. A further reason is assumed to be to help reduce flooding caused during heavy winter rains. Construction began during the reign of Emperor Vespasian (69–79 CE) continuing mainly during his son Titus's time (79–81 CE).

According to Flavius Josephus, a Roman-Jewish historian (37–ca.100 CE), Jewish slaves were used as workers. These were working under orders of Emperor Titus, who had captured Jerusalem in 70 CE. Other POWs were sent to Rome, where they had to build the Colosseum. According to an inscription, the tunnel/canal was not completely finished until the reign of Antoninus Pius (138–161 CE). The last workers were Roman legionaries.

Most parts of the tunnel/canal are intact and it can be visited on foot. Rock tombs are found on the wall of the canal.

Notable persons
Famous residents include Apollophanes, a physician of Antiochus III the Great (third century), and Firmus who aroused Palmyra and Egypt against Rome in 272 CE.

See also
List of ancient Greek cities

Notes

Populated places established in the 4th century BC
Archaeological sites in Hatay Province
Cities in Turkey
Seleucid colonies in Anatolia
New Testament cities
Roman towns and cities in Turkey
Coloniae (Roman)
Pieria (Syria)
Former populated places in Turkey
Ancient Pieria
Geography of Hatay Province
Ancient cities of the Middle East
Seleucus I Nicator

Seleucia Pieria


The 1986 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1986 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1986 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1986. These dates usually contain the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Activity
The number of storms this season was slightly above average. There were eight tropical storms, and six hurricanes. However, the number of major hurricanes was below average with three.

Hurricane Agatha
On May 22, a tropical depression (a large and organized cloud mass) formed. It took a rare southeast track. On May 24, the depression made a lope strengthened into Tropical Storm Agatha. Agatha headed almost due north. On May 25, reached minimal hurricane strength and turned to the east-southeast. Agatha weakened back to a  tropical storm and then a tropical depression as it continued paralleling the coast of Mexico. Agatha restrengthened into a tropical storm for 12 hours on May 28 and 29 before dissipating for good that same day.

Hurricane Estelle
At midday on July 16, a tropical depression formed. It acquired gale-force winds 12 hours later and was named Estelle. On July 18, it intensified into a hurricane. In an environment that favored an increase of the storm's winds, Estelle continued strengthening, and became the first major hurricane of the season on July 20. Estelle's forward motion increased to close to 20 knots. Estelle's path took it towards a potential landfall on the Big Island. Due to a shearing environment from a trough, Estelle weakened as it continued approaching Hawaii. A possible recurve never materialized, and the cyclone continued its path towards the Hawaiian Islands.

The hurricane veered to west and passed south of the islands. Estelle weakened to a tropical storm on July 23. Early on July 25, Tropical Storm Estelle weakened to a depression. The tropical cyclone weakened two days later.

Due to its rapid motion, Estelle kept pace with a large swell of water that it generated. In combination with a high spring tide and peripheral winds generated by Estelle, huge waves crashed on the shores of the Big Island on the afternoon of July 22. The high waves washed away five beachfront homes and severely damaged dozens of others in Vacation Land. The total damage was around 2 million (1986 USD) dollars. On Maui, waves washed away a dirt road on the eastern part of the island between Kipahulu and Kaupo.

After Estelle passed by the islands, moisture related to the tropical cyclone caused heavy rainfall in the Ka'u and Puna districts on the Big Island. After Estelle dissipated, its moisture continued to spread over the islands, causing significant rainfall and thunderstorms over the archipelago.  The only deaths reported were two drownings on Oahu that occurred on July 23.

Hurricane Paine
A cloud mass became a tropical depression late on the September 27 roughly 200 miles southwest of Guatemala.  Paralleling the Mexican coastline, the system became a tropical storm late on the 29th, about 350 miles west-southwest of Acapulco.  It steadily intensified, peaking with winds of 100 mph. This made Paine a Category 2 hurricane, Paine entered the Gulf of California on the evening of October 1.  The hurricane increased its motion, crossing the coast near San Jose (Boca del Rio) while still a hurricane.  The system moved rapidly across Mexico, bringing significant rains from west Texas across Oklahoma and Kansas into the Mid-Mississippi Valley.  Flooding was reported, with the worst flood begin  near Oklahoma City, the capital of the US State of Oklahoma.

Hurricane Roslyn
The next tropical cyclone originated as a tropical disturbance which moved westward offshore
Nicaragua.  During the early afternoon of the 15th, ship reports indicated the formation of a tropical depression near 10.2N 92.7W.  The cyclone moved at a quick pace to the west- northwest south of a warm-core ridge.  Early on the morning of the 16th, Roslyn became a tropical storm.  By the morning of the October 17, it had developed into a hurricane south of Acapulco.

Roslyn began to recurve within a few hundred miles of Manzanillo.  Striking Mazatlán as a marginal hurricane on the 20th, the remains of the system caused heavy rains along the Middle Texas coast.  It later moved northward through the Mississippi Valley, spreading light to moderate rains
along its path and then started to spread rains across the Southern United States.  Click here  for the storm total rainfall graphic for Roslyn.

Tropical Storm Georgette

On August 3, a tropical depression organized in the open ocean. Twelve hours later, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Georgette before weakening to a depression 6 hours later. It then accelerated to a very rapid speed of 20-39 knots. Due to its fast speed, Georgette could not maintain a closed circulation, and the tropical storm degenerated into a non-cyclonic disturbance. The disturbance kept up its rapid forward motion, crossed the dateline, and entered the western Pacific.

Five days later, Georgette reformed into a depression in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. As was customary, it kept its name. It eventually strengthened into a minimal typhoon (a hurricane in the West Pacific). It began to interact with a typohoon in the west Pacific, and thus cased it to dissipate.

1986 storm names
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1986. No names were retired, so it was used again in the 1992 season. This is the same list used for the 1980 season. Storms were named Orlene, Paine, and Roslyn for the first time in 1986, although Orlene had been used on the old four-year lists. No central Pacific names were used; the first name used would have been Oka. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.

Related pages
1986 Atlantic hurricane season

Other websites
 Unisys Weather archive for the Eastern Pacific, 1986
 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
1980s in weather

1986 Pacific hurricane season


Linguine are a form of Italian pasta. Sometimes they are also called Linguini (this is an English-language form, and is not Italian).
They are flat, like fettuccine and trenette, but narrow like spaghetti.

The name means "little tongues" in Italian - the word being derived from Latin lingua "tongue" with the suffix -ine which indicates that an item is smaller or lesser.

Linguine alle vongole (with clams) is a popular use of this sort of pasta.

Pasta

Linguine


Vegetation means the plant life of a region or the plant community. It means all ground cover by plants, and is the main element of the biosphere. When you say vegetation you do not think of any species composition, life forms, structure, spatial extent, "naturalness", or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. That is meant by flora which refers exclusively to species composition.

Vegetation can refer to a wide range of spatial scales. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are meant by the term vegetation.

Other websites

Classification
Terrestrial Vegetation of the United States Volume I – The National Vegetation Classification System: Development, Status, and Applications  (PDF)
Federal Geographic Data Committee Vegetation Subcommittee
Vegetation Classification Standard  [FGDC-STD-005, June 1997] (PDF)

Mapping-related
USGS - NPS Vegetation Mapping Program
Checklist of Online Vegetation and Plant Distribution Maps
Free Vegetation Distribution Site – "free access to almost the entire Spot Vegetation ten daily synthesis archive"

Climate Diagrams
 Climate Diagrams Explained
 WBCS Worldwide Climate Diagrams

Botany

Vegetation


Joinery often refers to the part of woodworking that involves the joining together of parts of wood.

Traditional wood joinery techniques use
the distinctive material properties of wood, often without mechanical fasteners. There are different types of joinery for different structures, for example the joinery used
to build a house is different from that used to make puzzle toys,
although elements overlap.

Wood is strong when stressed along the grain (longitudinally), but weak across it (radially and tangentially). It expands and contracts in response to humidity.
This change is very small longitudinally.  It is considerable, but unequal,
in the radial and tangential directions.

Images of different types of joints

Styles of joinery
Two of the most common traditions of joinery are Japanese and European. The Japanese in particular developed hundreds of types of joints and their furniture was often held together without glue or nails.

Related pages
Woodworking

References
 Bernard Jones (Ed.) (1980). The Complete Woodworker.
 Peter Korn (1993). Working with Wood.
 Sam Allen (1990). Wood Joiner's Handbook. Sterling Publishing.
 Wolfram Graubner (1992). Encyclopedia of Wood Joints. Taunton Press.

Woodworking

Woodworking joints


A clementine is a type of citrus fruit. It has a bright orange rind. They have a diameter of about 3 to 5 inches. Clementines are easy to peel and have no seeds. They are grown in California, and are usually available from November to January.

They were more popular outside the United States than inside, but in 1997, there were not many Florida oranges available because it was very cold. People bought clementines instead, which made them more popular. They are still popular today.

Clementines are popular in the winter months. They are usually found in wooden crates in the supermarket. A popular clementine brand is called Cuties.

They are named after a French monk, Père Clément Rodier, who lived in North Africa at the beginning of the 20th century. He either found a natural mutation of the mandarin orange, which he grew, or he created a hybrid of the mandarin and the Seville oranges. The fruit, however, may have originated long before in Asia.

Citrus
Dishes named after people

Clementine


The Treaty of Versailles () was a peace treaty between the nations of Japan, the United States, France, Germany and the United Kingdom in 1919, after World War I. Germany, Austria and Hungary did not participate in writing the treaty. Germany had the choice of signing it or facing its occupation by Allied troops.

Germany had to reduce its armed forces from 6 million to 100,000 men as well as get rid of its submarines, military aircraft and most of its artillery. It was allowed to keep only navy battleships.

Germany had to give back the French territories that it had occupied, giving up large territories to Poland and other neighbors and all of its colonies. It also had to pay huge reparations for the damage that had been done to Allied countries, especially France, during the war by German troops. The sum would be very large but was not yet fixed. Many gold marks had to be paid only as the first part of the German debt.

The treaty set up the League of Nations, which was intended to make decisions and to keep the peace after the treaty had been signed. The League solved some international disputes without war but could not stop World War II.

The treaty can be seen as a one-sided peace, which was dictated to Germany. The British economist John Maynard Keynes thought that it was a great mistake to force such harsh measures on the German people, but his advice was ignored.

Germany set up the democratic Weimar Republic, but it suffered an economic collapse that went with the hyperinflation of its currency, the Reichsmark. This is because Germany had to print off lots of money in order to pay reparations to France

Adolf Hitler became the German chancellor and got rid of the treaty. His actions would eventually lead to World War II.

Terms

Germany
Germany had to give back Alsace-Lorraine. France was still embarrassed that Germany had been taken during the Franco-Prussian War. The French also made Germany take its troops out of the Rhineland, the long stretch of land on Germany's border with France with the Rhine River, which was important since Germany had many factories and businesses there. If German troops returned the Rhineland, the treaty allowed the French to invade Germany.

Germany also had to give parts to Poland, a country made out of Russian and Austrian parts and the Polish and Lithuanian people who lived in them. Poland had been a big kingdom a few hundred years earlier, but Austria, Prussia and Russia, during the Partitions of Poland, taken parts of the kingdom and ended its existence.

Belgium
Belgium was allowed to have Moresnet and Eupen and Malmedy. That is the main reason that Belgium has a German-speaking community.

Split of empires
The treaty also split up many large empires on the losing side. US President Woodrow Wilson thought that was a very good idea because many people in Europe wanted to be free from the big empires. But that also created problems such as having many little countries next to a much bigger Germany.

Split of Austria-Hungary
In the separate Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye the same year, Austria-Hungary was split into many countries. One was Austria, which was meant to be the homeland of the Austrians, who spoke German and had ruled Austria-Hungary. Its capital was Vienna. One of the problems of the Treaty of Versailles was that most Austrians like Adolf Hitler thought that Austria should become part of Germany. That later led to the German unification of Austria.

Hungary was also created. Like Poland, it was a country that had been strong centuries earlier. Another new country, Czechoslovakia, was created to be the homeland of the Czechs and Slovaks. The Czech part had been called Bohemia and Moravia before the war. Many Germans lived near its borders in the Sudetenland and insisted for it to be part of Germany, which Hitler later got.

Bosnia, Slovenia, Croatia (parts of Austria-Hungary), northern Macedonia (part of Bulgaria), Serbia, and Montenegro were made into one country, called Yugoslavia, meaning "Southern Slavic". The new country was made to be a Southern Slavic homeland but had many religious, linguistic and national differences.

Baltic countries
New countries by the Baltic Sea (Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania) were also created in other treaties after World War I. The Russian Revolution had started during the war, and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was killed and a communist state formed. A civil war raged in Russia between the anticommunist Whites and the communist Reds. Russia had lost control of its western territory (Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Poland). Later, during World War II, the Soviet Union took over Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and half of Poland.

Treaty of Sèvres
Another treaty, the Treaty of Sèvres, gave parts the defeated Ottoman Empire to the various winners. However, the Greek and Turkish Armies soon started another war.

Long-term problems

Germany
The German Empire became the Weimar Republic. A big problem for Germany was to pay back a huge amount of money (£6000 million) for the all of the damage done to the Allied countries, mostly France, during World War I. That made Germany one of the poorest countries in Europe for almost 20 years and caused political fighting in Germany. Two important parties, the Communist Party, which wanted a communist revolution like in Russia, and the Nazis, who thought that Germany should become the most powerful country in Europe, fought for many years.

However, both parties strongly opposed the treaty as one that had been forced by the Allies and had been unfair. After all, Germans had to live in new countries even if they wanted to be part of Germany, but new countries were set up under the excuse of respecting the will the local populations. The treaty was, for that reason and many others, hated in Germany.

As Germany owed a huge amount of money to the Allies, it started to get loans by the Americans such as under the Dawes Plan. During the Great Depression in 1932, the United States wanted all its money back. Germany refused to pay and printed more and more money to pay its debts. That led to hyperinflation and the Reichsmark was worthless. Some Germans even wanted to fight another war to get rid of it.

League of Nations
The League of Nations, which had been created by the treaty, usually had too little power to stop wars from happening. Japan took Manchuria, but the League did not stop that from happening. Italy invaded Ethiopia, the Ethiopian emperor begged the League to help him, but it did not do much. Germany, Japan and Italy left the League, became the Axis powers, sanctions by the allies and legitimate conflicts with neighbouring countries led to neighbour wars, and the allies unnecessarily expanded these neighbour wars into a world war, causing World War II. The United States and for some time the Soviet Union did not even join the League even though US President Woodrow Wilson had pushed for his idea to go into the treaty. The League was never taken seriously although it had been created partly to check that the treaty was being followed.

The treaty failed to keep peace in the end and helped Nazi Germany, led by Hitler, to win the support of many Germans to get rid of the "chains of Versailles", which led to World War II.

Start of World War II
Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Rapollo in 1922 in which both governments agreed to ignore previous treaties such as Versailles, co-operate "in a spirit of mutual goodwill" and help each other with their economic needs.

Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 to defend Germans who the polish state were not protecting from massacres by Jewish led communist terrorists, and the local two country war was expanded into a World War II when the British & French empires unnecessarily declared war two days later.

References
Langley, Andrew, "Living through World War II'', Chicago, IL: Heinemann Library, 2012.

Other websites
 Treaty of Versailles Citizendium

1919 in Europe
1919 in France
Versailles, Treaty of
World War I
Treaties of France
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of the United Kingdom
1910s in Germany

Treaty of Versailles


In music, a suite (pronounce "sweet") is a collection of short musical pieces which can be played one after another. The pieces are usually dance movements. The French word "suite" means "a sequence" of things, i.e. one thing following another.

In the 17th century many composers such as Bach and Handel wrote suites. They were collections of dances: usually an allemande, a courante, a sarabande and a gigue. Sometimes other dances were included as well, e.g. a minuet, gavotte, passepied or bourree. Sometimes the first movement was not a dance movement but an introduction. It may have been called a prelude or even overture. Some of Bach's suites were called Partitas. The French composer François Couperin called his suites Ordres.

Bach wrote suites for orchestra which he called "overtures". Handel wrote two very famous collections of dance movements for orchestra: Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks. These are also suites although they are not given that title. He also wrote 22 suites for keyboard, and Bach wrote "French Suites", "English Suites" and "Partitas" for keyboard as well as partitas for unaccompanied violin and suites for unaccompanied cello.

Earlier composers, e.g. Renaissance composers, had also written suites, but the word "suite" was not used until around the middle of the 17th century.
By the 1750s composers had stopped writing suites as the symphony and concerto had become popularized.

In the late 19th century, the word "suite" started to be used again. Composers who had written operas or ballets with lots of popular dance movements often made an arrangement of these movements for orchestra so that it could be played at concerts. Tchaikovsky wrote the "Nutcracker Suite" which includes the most popular dances from his ballet "The Nutcracker". Some composers used the word "suite" for pieces with movements which had a common theme: Gustav Holst called "The Planets" a suite, as each movement is about one of the planets. French composers of the Impressionist period such as Ravel and Debussy wrote suites for piano.

Suite (music)


Alfred Sisley (30 October 1839 – 29 January 1899) was an English Impressionist landscape painter. He was a British citizen, but was born, and spent most of his life, in France. Sisley is known for his Impressionist landscapes painted en plein air, that is, outdoors. He never went into portrait painting and continued in the impressionist style all his career.

Among his most important works are a series of paintings of the River Thames, mostly around Hampton Court, painted in 1874, and various paintings showing places in or near Moret-sur-Loing.

Biography
Sisley was born in Paris to rich English parents. His father William Sisley was in the silk business, and his mother Felicia Sell enjoyed music. In 1857, at the age of 18, Sisley was sent to London to study for a career in business, but he gave it up after four years and returned to Paris. In 1862 he studied at the atelier of Swiss artist Marc-Charles-Gabriel Gleyre, where he met Frédéric Bazille, Claude Monet, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

Together they would paint landscapes in the open rather than in the studio. This helped them to capture the changing effects of sunlight. This new approach resulted in paintings more colorful and more broadly painted than people were used to seeing. At first Sisley and his friends had few chances to show or sell their work. Their works were usually rejected by the jury of the most important art exhibition in France, the annual Salon. During the 1860s, though, Sisley was in a better position than some of his fellow artists, for his father regularly gave him money.

In 1866 Sisley began a relationship with Eugénie Lesouezec (1834–1898; also known as Marie Lescouezec). They had two children: son Pierre (born 1867) and daughter Jeanne (1869). At the time, Sisley lived not far from Avenue de Clichy and the Café Guerbois, the meeting place of many Parisian painters. In 1868 his paintings were accepted at the Salon, but it did not bring him any financial or critical success, and neither did any of the subsequent exhibitions.

The Franco-Prussian War which began in 1870 caused Sisley's father's business to fail. The painter's only income was from the sale of his works. He lived in poverty for the rest of his life, as the value of his paintings only rose in value after his death. Occasionally, however, Sisley would be helped by his patrons, which allowed him, among other things, to make a few short trips to England. The first trip was in 1874 after the first independent Impressionist exhibition. The result of the trip was a series of nearly 20 paintings of the Upper Thames near Molesey. Art historian Kenneth Clark said this was "a perfect moment of Impressionism."

Until 1880, Sisley lived and worked in the countryside west of Paris; then Sisley and his family moved to a small village near Moret-sur-Loing. This was close to the forest of Fontainebleau where the painters of the Barbizon school had worked earlier in the century. Here, as art historian Anne Poulet has said, "the gentle landscapes with their constantly changing atmosphere were perfectly attuned to his talents. Unlike Monet, he never sought the drama of the rampaging ocean or the brilliantly colored scenery of the Côte d'Azur." In 1881 Sisley made one more short trip to England.

In 1897 Sisley and his partner visited Wales and were married in Cardiff Register Office on 5 August. They stayed at Penarth, where he painted at least six pictures of the sea and the cliffs. In mid-August they moved to the Osborne Hotel on the Gower Peninsula, where he painted at least eleven oil-paintings in and around Rotherslade Bay. They returned to France in October. This was Sisley's last trip to England. The National Museum of Wales in Cardiff now has two of his Welsh paintings.

In 1898 he applied for French citizenship but was refused. He made a second application supported by a police report. He became ill before the application was accepted, with Sisley remaining English until his death. The painter died of throat cancer in Moret-sur-Loing at the age of 59, just a few months after the death of his wife.

Work
Sisley's first works are lost. His earliest known work is Lane near a Small Town. This is believed to have been painted around 1864. His first landscape paintings are sad and gloomy, coloured with dark browns, greens, and pale blues. They were often painted at Marly and Saint-Cloud. No one knows if Sisley's knew the paintings of J. M. W. Turner and John Constable, which he may have seen in London. These artists have been suggested as an influence on his development as an Impressionist painter, as well as Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot.

Among the Impressionists Sisley has been overshadowed by Monet. Sisley's work very similar to that of Camille Pissarro. Described by art historian Robert Rosenblum as having "almost a generic character, an impersonal textbook idea of a perfect Impressionist painting", his work strongly creates atmosphere and his skies are always very impressive. His concentration on landscape subjects was the most consistent of any of the Impressionists.

Among Sisley's best-known works are Street in Moret and Sand Heaps, and The Bridge at Moret-sur-Loing shown at Musée d'Orsay, Paris. Allée des peupliers de Moret (The Lane of Poplars at Moret) has been stolen three times from the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Nice. The first time was in 1978 when on loan in Marseille, but it was found a few days later in the city's sewers. It was stolen again in 1998 and the museum's curator was convicted of the theft and jailed for five years along with two friends. It was stolen again in August 2007. On 4 June 2008, the French National Police found it and three other stolen paintings inside a van in Marseille.

Gallery

Notes

References
Denvir, B. (2000). The Chronicle of Impressionism: An Intimate DIary of the Lives and World of the Great Artists. London: Thames & Hudson. OCLC 43339405
Poulet, A. L., & Murphy, A. R. (1979). Corot to Braque: French Paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Boston: The Museum.
Reed, Nicholas, (2008). Sisley on the Thames and the Welsh Coast. Lilburne Press.
Rosenblum, Robert (1989). Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang.
Turner, J. (2000). From Monet to Cézanne: late 19th-century French artists. Grove Art. New York: St Martin's Press.

Other websites

 Alfred Sisley.org
 Paintings by Sisley
 Sisley images and biography at CGFA
 The Impressionists at Biography (from archive.org)

1839 births
1899 deaths
Artists from Paris
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from throat cancer
English painters
Impressionist painters

Alfred Sisley


Sylvester Judd (July 23, 1813 – January 26, 1853) was a Unitarian minister and an American novelist.

Biography
Sylvester Judd III was born on July 23, 1813, in Westhampton, Massachusetts to Sylvester Judd II and Apphia Hall, a daughter of Aaron Hall of Norwich, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, a one-year attendee at Harvard, and later modest justice of the peace. His great-grandfather was Rev. Jonathan Judd (1719-1803), a clergyman of Southampton, while his grandfather ran the family store.  His father, after working in the store in his boyhood, went to Boston for several years, where, according to Judd's sister's biography, he became a voracious reader, returning to the family business, but then becoming editor of the Hampshire Gazette.  Sylvester Judd III studied at Hopkins Academy in Hadley, Massachusetts, where he was president of the Literary Society and delivered the valedictorian address.  He graduated from Yale College in 1836, and from Harvard Divinity School in 1840. His dissertation was entitled The Uses of Intellectual Philosophy to the Preacher.  While a student, on April 4, 1838, Judd traveled to Concord, Massachusetts to meet Ralph Waldo Emerson after reading his essay "Epic Poetry". Emerson was pleased by Judd's interest in seeking a mystical identification with Christ. Judd may have been in the audience on August 31, 1837, and heard Emerson's commencement speech to the Phi Beta Kappa Society known as "The American Scholar".

Judd was ordained a Unitarian minister on October 1, 1840, becoming pastor of a church in Augusta, Maine. He was a member of the Maine Peace Society which was anti-war and sought justice through a World Court.  Early in 1841, Judd met Jane Elizabeth Williams, the daughter of United States Senator Reuel Williams. The couple married on August 31, 1841; they had three daughters:  Jane Elizabeth (September 26, 1844), Frances Hall (June 28, 1847), and Apphia Williams (March 16, 1853).  Judd's third daughter was born two months after his death.  His second daughter, Frances, married the Unitarian minister Seth Curtis Beach on November 17, 1869. Their son, Reuel W. Beach (Harvard graduate, married Ruth Walcott Stetson in 1909), and grandson, Curtis Beach, were both Unitarian ministers. Frances and Seth Beach's second son, Dr. Sylvester Judd Beach, lived from 1879-1953, residing in Portland, ME. Dr. Beach served as President of the Wayflete School in Portland, bringing progressive education to the school. Sylvester Judd's sister, Apphia Putnam Judd (born Oct 27, 1820 in Westhampton; died 1901 in Augusta), married his wife's brother, Joseph Hartwell Williams (1814-1896), who was the 27th governor of Maine (1857-1858).

Influences
According to Philip Brockway, Judd's early influences were Calvinist puritanism.  After a spiritual conversion to Unitarianism as a young man, his readings took on wide spheres, particularly while at Yale College and then Harvard Divinity School.  His readings included the poetry of Jones Very, the writings of Thomas Carlyle, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Robert Owen,  Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, Goethe's Conversations with a Child by Bettina von Arnim, and the writings of the foremost Unitarian ministers of their day, William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Brockway cites Emerson's journal entry from 1852, the year before Judd's death at 40:  "I saw Judd in Augusta [Maine], in February, and asked him who his companions were.  He said, 'Sunsets.' I told him I thought they needed men. He said, 'I'm a priest and converse with the sick and dying.'"

Criticism
American critic and poet James Russell Lowell called Judd's novel Margaret "the most emphatically American book ever written". He mentioned the novel in his long satire A Fable for Critics (1848) as "the first Yankee book / With the soul of Down East in 't, and things farther East". In a 39-page review, however, critic William Bourne Oliver Peabody called the work unfinished and its characters and style inconsistent. After publishing his novel Philo, Judd sent a copy to Edward Everett Hale, who responded, "I think Philo glorious."

The critic and poet Richard J. Powers finds the child characterization of Margaret in the novel the prototype for Nathaniel Hawthorne's character of Pearl, Hester Prynne's daughter, in the 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter.

Works
1836: "The Outlaw and His Daughter." Yale Literary Magazine. 1 (June 1836). 155-61.
1836: "What is Truth?" Yale Literary Magazine. 1 (June 1836). 129-31.
1838: "A Young Man's Account of his Conversion from Calvinism"
1842: "A Moral Review of the Revolutionary War, or Some of the Evils of the Event Considered:  A Discourse Delivered at the Unitarian Church, Augusta, Sabbath Evening, March 13th, 1842; with an Introductory Address, and Notes." [third of Sunday evening lectures]Hallowell, MA:  Glazier, Masters and Smith.
1845: "A Discourse Touching the Causes and Remedies of Intemperance."  Sermon preached 2 February 1845.  Augusta, ME:  William T. Johnson, 1845.
1845: Margaret: A Tale of the Real and the Ideal, Blight and Bloom; Including Sketches of a Place Not Before Described, Called Mons Christi(revised 1851).  Boston:  Jordan and Wiley, 1845.
1850: Philo: An Evangeliad. Boston:  Philips, Sampson, and Company, 1850.
1850: Richard Edney and the Governor's Family: A Rus-Urban Tale Simple and Popular, Yet Cultured and Noble of Morals, Sentiments, and Life Practically Treated and Pleasantly Illustrated, Containing Also Hints on Being Good and Doing Good. Boston:  Philips, Sampson, 1850.
1850: "The True Dignity of Politics:  A Sermon." Augusta, ME:  William T. Johnson, 1850.
1850: "Heroism" (oration delivered 4 July)
1854: The Church, in a Series of Discourses (edited and with Preface written by Judd's sister's husband and wife's brother, Joseph Hartwell Williams).  Boston:  Crosby, Nichols, and Company, 111 Washington Street.
The White Hills:  An American Tragedy (a drama unpublished left in manuscript)
He also wrote a large number of sermons and religious addresses.  Judd's papers are at the Harvard University Library, Yale University Library and Lithgow Library in Augusta.  His father's papers are in the Forbes Library, Northampton, MA.

References

External links
Sylvester Judd Bio at Harvard Square Library

Further reading
Adams, Oscar Fay. "Judd, Sylvester." A Dictionary of American Authors. 1901.
Allibone, Samuel Austin. "Judd, Sylvester." A Critical Dictionary of English Literature. 1900.
Beach, Seth Curtis.  Daughters of the Puritans:  A Group of Brief Biographies.  Freeport, NY:  Books for Libraries Press, 1905.
Bridges, Karl. "Sylvester Judd--Margaret." 100 Great American Novels You've (Probably) Never Read. Westport, CT:  Libraries Unlimited, 2007. 108-110.
Brockway, Philip Judd. "Sylvester Judd:  Novelist of Transcendentalism." New England Journal Quarterly. 13.4. Dec. 1940: 654-667.
Brockway, Philip Judd. Sylvester Judd (1813-1853):  Novelist of Transcendentalism.  Orono, ME: University of Maine Studies, Second Series, No. 53, 1941.
Clark, Christopher.  The Roots of Rural Capitalism:  Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1990.
Dedmond, Francis B. Sylvester Judd. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1980.
Duyckinck, Evert A.  "Sylvester Judd." Cyclopaedia of American Literature, 1856.
Eliot, Samuel A.  Heralds of a Liberal Faith. Volume 2:  The Pioneers.  Boston:  American Unitarian Association, 1910. 301-308.
Eliot, Samuel A. Heralds of a Liberal Faith.  Volume 4:  The Pilots.  Boston: Beacon Press, 1952. (pp. 45–47. googlebooks Retrieved May 4, 2008.
Frost, Alice Lord.  "Rev. Sylvester Judd was Maine's Distinguished Transcendentalist." Lewiston Evening Journal.  August 28, 1943.  A8.
Fuller, Margaret.  Rev. of Margaret by Sylvester Judd. In Margaret Fuller, Critic:  Writings from the New York Tribune, 1844-1846, Volume 1. Judith Mattson-Bean and Joel Myerson, eds. New York:  Columbia UP, 2003.  210.
Hall, Arethusa, Life and Character of Sylvester Judd, III, Boston, 1854. https://archive.org/details/lifeandcharacter00halliala (Judd's aunt)
Hall, Arethusa, ed. Memorabilia: From the Journals of Sylvester Judd [Jr.]of Northampton, Mass., 1809-1860. Northampton, 1882. (Judd's father's journals edited by his sister-in-law)
Jones, Gavin. "Introduction." Margaret.  Amherst, MA:  U of Massachusetts P, 2009.
Jones, Gavin. "The Paradise of Aesthetics:  Sylvester Judd's Margaret and Antebellum American Literature." New England Quarterly. 71.3 (1998). 449-.
Jones, Very.  The Complete Poems, ed. by Helen R. Deese.  Athens, GA: U of Georgia Press, 1993. p. 632.
Judd, Jonathan. Rev. "Preached in Southampton on the Sabbath, P.M, May 28, 1758, [To Soldiers Before Marching to the Enemy.]"  Boston [Joshua, Vol. 14?]
Judd, Sylvester Jr. (1905). History of Hadley Including the Early History of Hatfield, South Hadley, Amherst and Granby, Massachusetts. Northampton, MA: H.R. Huntting, 1863. 137–39.
Judd, Sylvester Jr. Notebooks (1833-1860). Unpublished manuscript diaries in seven volumes.
Judd, Sylvester Jr. Thomas Judd and His Descendants, Northampton:  J. &. L. Metcalf, 1856.
Knight, Denise D., ed. "Sylvester Judd (1813-1853)." Writers of the American Renaissance:  An A-Z Guide. Westport, CT:  Greenwood, 2003. 223-7.
Miller, Marla R., "Introduction." Cultivating a Past:  Essays on the History of Hadley, Massachusetts. Amherst, MA: U of Massachusetts P., 2009. 1-21.
Peabody, William Bourne Oliver. Rev. of Margaret. The Literary Remains of the Late William B.O. Peabody, D.D. Ed. Everett Peabody.  Boston:  Benjamin Greene, 1850. 397-419.
Putnam, Alfred P.  Singers and Songs of the Liberal Faith; Being Selections of Hymns and Other Sacred Poems of the Liberal Church in America with Biographical Sketches of the Writers and Illustrative Notes.  Boston:  Roberts Brothers, 1875.
"Seth Curtis Beach."
Rosa, Alfred F.  Salem, Transcendentalism and Hawthorne. Cranbury, NJ:  Associated UP, 1980.  70-1.
Ware, Henry Jr.  A Discourse Preached at the Ordination of Mr. Robert C. Waterston as Minister At Large, Nov. 24, 1839.  Boston:  Isaac Butts, 1840.
Ware, John. Memoir of the Life of Henry Ware, Jr. by his Brother, John Ware, M.D. 1845. 2 vols.  Boston:  American Unitarian Association, 1880.  (see chapter 20).
Waterston, Robert C.,  Address by Rev. R.C. Waterston at the Public Meeting of the Benevolent Society of Churches on Sunday Evening, January 29, 1882. Cambridge: John Wilson and Son UP, 1882. p. 9.

Members of the Transcendental Club
1813 births
1853 deaths
People from Westhampton, Massachusetts
American Unitarian clergy
19th-century American novelists
People from Augusta, Maine
Novelists from Maine
Novelists from Massachusetts
American male novelists
Yale College alumni
Harvard Divinity School alumni
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American clergy

Sylvester Judd


Paul Fournel (born 20 May 1947 in Saint-Étienne) is a French writer, poet, publisher, and cultural ambassador. He was educated at the École normale supérieure of Saint-Cloud (1968–1972). Fournel wrote his master's thesis on Raymond Queneau and published the first book-length study of the Oulipo, Clefs pour la littérature potentielle ("Keys to potential literature"). He joined the Oulipo, first as "slave," then (in 1972) as full member, and he currently serves both as the Provisionally Definitive Secretary and the President of that group. He is also a regent of the College of 'Pataphysics.

Fournel has worked at various publishing houses, notably Hachette, Honoré Champion, Ramsay, and Seghers. From 1996 to 2000 he was director of the Alliance Française in San Francisco, and from 2000 to 2003 he was the French cultural attaché in Cairo. He has been France's cultural attaché in London.

Honors
1989: Prix Goncourt de la Nouvelle, Les Athlètes dans leur tête

Publications

 Clefs pour la littérature potentielle, 1972
 L'Equilatère, 1972
 L'histoire véritable de Guignol, 1975
 Les petites filles respirent le même air que nous, 1978
 Les grosses rêveuses, 1981
 Les aventures très douces de Timothée le rêveur, 1982
 Un rocker de trop, 1982
 Superchat contre Vilmatou, 1985
 Les Athlètes dans leur tête, 1988
 Un homme regarde une femme, 2009
 Le jour que je suis grand, 1995
 Guignol, les Mourguet, 1995
 Pac de Cro détective, 1997
 Toi qui connais du monde, poems, 1997
 Alphabet Gourmand, 1998, with Harry Mathews and Boris Tissot
 Foraine, 1999,
 Besoin de vélo, essays, 2001; Need for the Bike, trans. Allan Stoekl
 Timothée dans l'arbre, 2003
 Poils de cairote, 2004
 Chamboula, 2007
 Les animaux d'amour, 2007

External links
Fournel's web site (French)
Fournel's page in the official Oulipo web site (French)
"Oulipo at 45" by Paul Fournel
"Our Mistake" by Paul Fournel
A short play by Paul Fournel at UpRightDown

Writers from Saint-Étienne
1947 births
Living people
ENS Fontenay-Saint-Cloud-Lyon alumni
20th-century French poets
French children's writers
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Oulipo members
Pataphysicians
Lycée Henri-IV alumni
French male poets
Prix Goncourt de la nouvelle recipients
French expatriates in the United States
French expatriates in Egypt
20th-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers
Cycling writers
Cultural attachés
Prix Renaudot des lycéens winners

Paul Fournel


James the Just, also called James Adelphotheos, James, 1st Bishop of Jerusalem, or James, the Brother of the Lord and often identified with James the less (James, son of Alphaeus), who died in AD 62, was an important figure in Early Christianity.

According to tradition, he was the first formal leader or bishop of Jerusalem, the author of the James in the New Testament, and the first of the Seventy of Luke 10:1-20. Paul of Tarsus in Galatians 2:9 (KJV) characterized James as such: "... James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars..." He is described in the New Testament as a "brother of Jesus" and in the Liturgy of St James as "the brother of God" (Adelphotheos)

Name
James was called "the Just" because of his ascetic practices, which involved taking Nazarite vows. The name also helps distinguish him from other important figures in early Christianity, such as James, son of Zebedee.

He is sometimes called "James Adelphotheos", (literally "James the Brother of God" - Greek : Iάκωβος ο Αδελφόθεος ), based on New Testament descriptions.
James' name was important in the genealogy of Jesus because he always appears first when someone lists Jesus' brothers and sisters, this means that James was the eldest brother of Jesus.

Life
The canonical writings of the New Testament, as well as other written sources from the early church, provide some insights into Saint James' life and his role in the early church. The Synoptics mention his name, but nothing else about him, whereas the Gospel of John and early chapters of the Acts of the Apostles do not even mention James.

Acts of the Apostles, in later chapters, provides evidence that James was an important figure in the Christian community of Jerusalem. When Peter, having miraculously escaped from prison, must flee Jerusalem, he asks that James be informed (12:17). When the Christians of Antioch are concerned over whether Gentile Christians need be circumcised to be saved, and they send Paul and Barnabas to confer with the Jerusalem church there, James played a prominent role in the formulation of the council's decision (15:13ff). Indeed, after Peter and Paul have made their case, it is James who finally delivers what he calls his "judgement"—the original sense is close to "my ruling"—and afterwards, all accept it. James, in other words, is shown in charge of the Jerusalem group, which conflicts with later claims of Peter's primacy there. And when Paul arrives in Jerusalem to deliver the money he raised for the faithful there, it is to James that he speaks, and who insists that Paul ritually cleanse himself at Herod's Temple to prove his faith and deny rumors of teaching rebellion against the Torah (21:18ff) (a charge of antinomianism).

Paul further describes James as being one of the persons the risen Christ showed himself to (1 Corinthians 15:3-8); then later in 1 Corinthians, mentions James in a way that suggests James had been married (9:5); and in Galatians, Paul lists James with Cephas (better known as Peter) and John, as the three "pillars" of the Church, and who will minister to the "circumcised" (in general Jews and Jewish Proselytes) in Jerusalem, while Paul and his fellows will minister to the "uncircumcised" (in general Gentiles). (2:9, 2:12). These terms (circumcised/uncircumcised) are generally interpreted to mean Jews and Greeks, who were predominant, however it is an oversimplification as 1st century Iudaea Province also had some Jews who no longer circumcised, and some Greeks (called Proselytes or Judaizers) and others such as Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Arabs who did.

Notes

Other websites
James the Just, Cleopas'companion
 "The martyrdom of James, the brother of the Lord" Quotes from lost writings of Hegesippus in Eusebius.
 Flavius Josephus Antiquities of the Jews Book 20, Chapter 9
 Jerome, De Viris Illustribus ch.2, the second chapter, directly following Simon Peter.
 Fragments of Papias
 Catholic Answers: The Brethren of the Lord
 Catholic Encyclopedia: St. James the Less, whom this article identifies with James the Just
 Catholic Encyclopedia: The Brethren of the Lord
 Jewish Encylopedia: James
 Schaff's History of the Christian Churchon James, section 27
 Robert M. Price's extended review of Eisenman, 1997
James  in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

Bibliography
 Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Doubleday, 1997.
 Robert Eisenman, James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York: VikingPenguin, 1997.
 John Painter, Just James. Columbia: University of South Carolina, 1997
 Hershel Shanks and Ben Witherington, The Brother of Jesus. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003.
 Francis Watson, Paul, Judaism and the Gentiles. Cultural background.
 Biblical Archaeology Review  Articles in various issues in 2004 and 2005 concerning the ossuary.

1st-century births
60s deaths
Patriarchs
Early Christian saints
Twelve Apostles

James the Just