How I Met Your Mother (or HIMYM) is an American situation comedy (sitcom) that started on CBS Broadcasting on September 19, 2005.

The story is set in New York City. It is about a man named Ted Mosby who tells his son and daughter how he met their mother. Ted is played by Josh Radnor and the story is narrated by Bob Saget who plays Ted Mosby in the future year 2030. Other characters and friends of Ted are Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel), Robin Scherbatsky (Cobie Smulders), Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris), and Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan). "How I Met Your Mother" is also said to be the inheritor of "Friends" -- another famous sitcom from 1994 to 2004.

The 9th and final season started airing on September 23, 2013. The show ended on March 31, 2014.

Plot
A retelling of Ted Mosby's (Josh Radnor) life before he met his wife (Cristin Milioti), whom is telling his kids in the year 2030, hence the title, How I Met Your Mother. The story focuses on Ted's everyday life and relationships between his four best friends, Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel), Lily Auldren (Alyson Hannigan), Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Robin Scherbatsky (Cobie Smulders). The show is mainly a comedy, along with heart-warming scenes and tearful moments. The show was loosely based on the lives of the show's producers; Carter Bays and Craig Thomas.

Main Characters
 Ted Mosby by Josh Radnor.  An architect, idiotically romantic. A 30 years old man living in New York and is looking for true love. All he wants to do is to find a wife, so he is always misled to do many stupid things by or with his friends, especially Barney.
 Barney Stinson by Neil Patrick Harris.  A histrionic businessman, he has numerous ideas about how to get a girl, and frequently does. Ted's best friend (self-proclaimed). The "Playbook" is his most prized possession. Met with Ted in a bar named "McLaren" and become one of Ted's friends.
 Robin Scherbatsky by Cobie Smulders  A Canadian TV reporter, journalist and newscaster. A beautiful and elegant woman, but is slightly tomboyish,  due to being raised as a boy by her father whom wanted a son. Was Ted's initial love interested, and became a major part of Ted's personal life.
 Marshall Eriksen by Jason Segel.  A lawyer, filled with honesty and justice. A typical boy born in Minnesota, loves his mother, wants help the world by his work. Ted's best friend from college.
 Lily Aldrin by Alyson Hannigan.  A kindergarten teacher, who studied art history in college. Loves to paint. Bright and bubbly, and can't keep a secret. Became one of Ted's best friends after she started dating Marshall, whom she married at the end of Season 2.
 The Mother by Cristin Milioti.  She was an Economics student in Colombia university (where Ted teaches), she plays bass in a reggae band (a major plot point of the story), and that she has been portrayed as 'the girl with the yellow umbrella' since the first season.

By season
 Season 1: Ted meets Robin, started dating but blew it on the first one. Marshall is engaged to Lily. Ted meets Victoria, a baker, whom had to leave for Germany to continue her studies, thus they broke up. Ted officially dates Robin, Lily left Marshall to pursue her dreams in the finale.
 Season 2: Ted and Robin have some conflicts about their marriage and about having children and broke up in the end. Robin's past was brought to light, where she was a teenage pop star called Robin Sparkles. Lily and Marshall reconciles, and gets married in the finale.
 Season 3: Barney slept with Robin, both confused with their feelings. Ted dates Stella, a Dermatologist. He proposes to her near the finale.
 Season 4: Ted opens his own firm, Mosbius Design, but it later failed. Barney finds out he loves Robin. Ted was left at the altar, being one the biggest blows in his life.
 Season 5: Ted decides to teach architecture as a professor in college. The playbook is introduced.
 Season 6: Ted gets to fulfill his life-long dream; to design a skyscraper in New York City for GNB. Ted dates Zoe, the ex-wife of an aristocrat, who was also against GNB on blowing up the Arcadian, making her also being against Ted, thus making their relationship very confusing and fragile. Marshall's father died from a heart attack. Barney meets his real father. Lily gets pregnant.
 Season 7: Robin and Barney's relationship becomes more complicated and confusing. The 'Duckie Tie' deal. Lily gives birth to baby Marvin in the finale.
 Season 8: Barney's big and elaborate 'play' to propose to robin. Ted's building is finished. Lily gets a second chance at an art career and Marshall received an offer to be a judge. Ted decides to move to Chicago, in hopes to get away from Robin, whom he is afraid still harbor feelings for. The mother is introduced in the finale.
 Season 9: Ted holds a blue French horn in the series finale.

Other websites

 Official Website

References

2005 American television series debuts
2014 American television series endings
2000s American sitcoms
2000s romance television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s romance television series
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Histrionic personality disorder in fiction
Television series about friendship
Television series set in New York City

How I Met Your Mother


Fructolysis refers to the metabolism of fructose from dietary sources. Though the metabolism of glucose through glycolysis uses many of the same enzymes and intermediate structures as those in fructolysis, the two sugars have very different metabolic fates in human metabolism. Unlike glucose, which is directly metabolized widely in the body, fructose is almost entirely metabolized in the liver in humans, where it is directed toward replenishment of liver glycogen and triglyceride synthesis. Under one percent of ingested fructose is directly converted to plasma triglyceride. 29% - 54% of fructose is converted in liver to glucose, and about a quarter of fructose is converted to lactate. 15% - 18% is converted to glycogen. Glucose and lactate are then used normally as energy to fuel cells all over the body.

Fructose is a dietary monosaccharide present naturally in fruits and vegetables, either as free fructose or as part of the disaccharide sucrose, and as its polymer inulin. It is also present in the form of refined sugars including granulated sugars (white crystalline table sugar, brown sugar, confectioner's sugar, and turbinado sugar), refined crystalline fructose , as high fructose corn syrups as well as in honey. About 10% of the calories contained in the Western diet are supplied by fructose (approximately 55 g/day).

Unlike glucose, fructose is not an insulin secretagogue, and can in fact lower circulating insulin. In addition to the liver, fructose is metabolized in the intestines, testis, kidney, skeletal muscle, fat tissue and brain, but it is not transported into cells via insulin-sensitive pathways (insulin regulated transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4). Instead, fructose is taken in by GLUT5. Fructose in muscles and adipose tissue is phosphorylated by hexokinase.

Fructolysis and glycolysis are independent pathways

Although the metabolism of fructose and glucose share many of the same intermediate structures, they have very different metabolic fates in human metabolism. Fructose is metabolized almost completely in the liver in humans, and is directed toward replenishment of liver glycogen and triglyceride synthesis, while much of dietary glucose passes through the liver and goes to skeletal muscle, where it is metabolized to CO2, H2O and ATP, and to fat cells where it is metabolized primarily to glycerol phosphate for triglyceride synthesis as well as energy production. The products of fructose metabolism are liver glycogen and de novo lipogenesis of fatty acids and eventual synthesis of endogenous triglyceride. This synthesis can be divided into two main phases: The first phase is the synthesis of the trioses, dihydroxyacetone (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde; the second phase is the subsequent metabolism of these trioses either in the gluconeogenic pathway for glycogen replenishment and/or the complete metabolism in the fructolytic pathway to pyruvate, which enters the Krebs cycle, is converted to citrate and subsequently directed toward de novo synthesis of the free fatty acid palmitate.

The metabolism of fructose to DHAP and glyceraldehyde
The first step in the metabolism of fructose is the phosphorylation of fructose to fructose 1-phosphate by fructokinase (Km = 0.5 mM, ≈ 9 mg/100 ml), thus trapping fructose for metabolism in the liver. Hexokinase IV (Glucokinase), also occurs in the liver and would be capable of phosphorylating fructose to fructose 6-phosphate (an intermediate in the gluconeogenic pathway); however, it has a relatively high Km (12 mM) for fructose and, therefore, essentially all of the fructose is converted to fructose-1-phosphate in the human liver. Much of the glucose, on the other hand, is not phosphorylated (Km of hepatic glucokinase (hexokinase IV) = 10 mM), passes through the liver directed toward peripheral tissues, and is taken up by the insulin-dependent glucose transporter, GLUT 4, present on adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

Fructose-1-phosphate then undergoes hydrolysis by fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (aldolase B) to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde; DHAP can either be isomerized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by triosephosphate isomerase or undergo reduction to glycerol 3-phosphate by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The glyceraldehyde produced may also be converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by glyceraldehyde kinase or converted to glycerol 3-phosphate by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The metabolism of fructose at this point yields intermediates in gluconeogenic pathway leading to glycogen synthesis, or can be oxidized to pyruvate and reduced to lactate, or be decarboxylated to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria and directed toward the synthesis of free fatty acid, resulting finally in triglyceride synthesis.

Synthesis of glycogen from DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
The synthesis of glycogen in the liver following a fructose-containing meal proceeds from gluconeogenic precursors. Fructose is initially converted to DHAP and glyceraldehyde by fructokinase and aldolase B. The resultant glyceraldehyde then undergoes phosphorylation to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Increased concentrations of DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the liver drive the gluconeogenic pathway toward glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate and glycogen formation. It appears that fructose is a better substrate for glycogen synthesis than glucose and that glycogen replenishment takes precedence over triglyceride formation. Once liver glycogen is replenished, the intermediates of fructose metabolism are primarily directed toward triglyceride synthesis.

Synthesis of triglyceride from DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Carbons from dietary fructose are found in both the FFA and glycerol moieties of plasma triglycerides (TG). Excess dietary fructose can be converted to pyruvate, enter the Krebs cycle and emerges as citrate directed toward free fatty acid synthesis in the cytosol of hepatocytes. The DHAP formed during fructolysis can also be converted to glycerol and then glycerol 3-phosphate for TG synthesis. Thus, fructose can provide trioses for both the glycerol 3-phosphate backbone, as well as the free fatty acids in TG synthesis. Indeed, fructose may provide the bulk of the carbohydrate directed toward de novo TG synthesis in humans.

Fructose induces hepatic lipogenic enzymes
Fructose consumption results in the insulin-independent induction of several important hepatic lipogenic enzymes including pyruvate kinase, NADP+-dependent malate dehydrogenase, citrate lyase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase. Although not a consistent finding among metabolic feeding studies, diets high in refined fructose have been shown to lead to hypertriglyceridemia in a wide range of populations including individuals with normal glucose metabolism as well as individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. The hypertriglyceridemic effects observed are a hallmark of increased dietary carbohydrate, and fructose appears to be dependent on a number of factors including the amount of dietary fructose consumed and degree of insulin resistance.

‡ = Mean ± SEM activity in nmol/min per mg protein

§ = 12 rats/group

* = Significantly different from control at p < 0.05

Abnormalities in fructose metabolism
The lack of two important enzymes in fructose metabolism results in the development of two inborn errors in carbohydrate metabolism – essential fructosuria and hereditary fructose intolerance. In addition, reduced phosphorylation potential within hepatocytes can occur with intravenous infusion of fructose.

Inborn errors in fructose metabolism

Essential fructosuria

The absence of fructokinase results in the inability to phosphorylate fructose to fructose-1-phosphate within the cell. As a result, fructose is neither trapped within the cell nor directed toward its metabolism. Free fructose concentrations in the liver increase and fructose is free to leave the cell and enter plasma. This results in an increase in plasma concentration of fructose, eventually exceeding the kidneys' threshold for fructose reabsorption resulting in the appearance of fructose in the urine. Essential fructosuria is a benign asymptomatic condition.

Hereditary fructose intolerance

The absence of fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (aldolase B) results in the accumulation of fructose 1 phosphate in hepatocytes, kidney and small intestines. An accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate following fructose ingestion inhibits glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) and gluconeogenesis, resulting in severe hypoglycemia. It is  symptomatic resulting in severe hypoglycemia, abdominal pain, vomiting, hemorrhage, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and hyperuricemia eventually leading to liver and/or kidney failure and death. The incidence varies throughout the world, but it is estimated at 1:55,000 (range 1:10,000 to 1:100,000) live births.

Reduced phosphorylation potential
Intravenous (i.v.) infusion of fructose has been shown to lower phosphorylation potential in liver cells by trapping inorganic phosphate (Pi) as fructose 1-phosphate. The fructokinase reaction occurs quite rapidly in hepatocytes trapping fructose in cells by phosphorylation. On the other hand, the splitting of fructose 1 phosphate to DHAP and glyceraldehyde by Aldolase B is relatively slow. Therefore, fructose-1-phosphate accumulates with the corresponding reduction of intracellular Pi available for phosphorylation reactions in the cell. This is why fructose is contraindicated for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions and is never given intravenously as a source of carbohydrate. It has been suggested that excessive dietary intake of fructose may also result in reduced phosphorylation potential. However, this is still a contentious issue. Dietary fructose is not well absorbed and increased dietary intake often results in malabsorption. Whether or not sufficient amounts of dietary fructose could be absorbed to cause a significant reduction in phosphorylating potential in liver cells remains questionable and there are no clear examples of this in the literature.

References

External links

The Entry of Fructose and Galactose into Glycolysis, Chapter 16.1.11. Biochemistry, 5th edition, Jeremy M Berg, John L Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer, New York: W H Freeman; 2002.

Biochemistry
Carbohydrates
Cellular respiration
Metabolic pathways

Fructolysis


Lewis Benedictus Smedes (August 20, 1921 – December 19, 2002) was a renowned Christian author, ethicist, and theologian in the Reformed tradition. He was a professor of theology and ethics for twenty-five years at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California.  His 15 books, including the popular Forgive and Forget: Healing the Hurts We Don't Deserve, covered some important issues including sexuality and forgiveness.

Personal
Lewis Benedictus Smedes was born in 1921, the youngest of five children. His father, Melle Smedes, and mother, Rena, emigrated to the United States from Oostermeer, Friesland in the Netherlands (Rena's original name was Renske.) When he was two months old, his father died in the partially completed house he built in Muskegon, Michigan.

Smedes married Doris Dekker. He died after falling from a ladder at his home in Sierra Madre, California on December 19, 2002. He was survived by his wife, three children, two grandchildren and one brother.

Education
Smedes graduated from Calvin College (B.A.), Calvin Theological Seminary (B.D.), and the Free University of Amsterdam (Th.D).  He pursued other graduate studies at Oxford University in United Kingdom and the University of Basel in Switzerland.

Professional
Smedes began his teaching career at Fuller Theological Seminary as a visiting professor in 1968.  He joined the faculty as full professor in 1970.  He retired in 1995.

After his time at Fuller, Smedes performed several years of pastoral service in the Christian Reformed Church at Madison Avenue Christian Reformed Church (Paterson, NJ), where he was ordained.

Smedes also taught at the Free University in Amsterdam (1968 to 1969) and Calvin College (1957 to 1970) in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Collections of Smedes papers are housed at Calvin University and Fuller Theological Seminary.

Major works
In addition to many articles, Smedes wrote many popular books including:

 Forgive & Forget: Healing the Hurts We Don't Deserve, Harper, 1984
 A Pretty Good Person What it Takes to Live with Courage, Gratitude, & Integrity or When Pretty Good Is as Good as You Can Be, Harper, 1990
 Standing on the Promises
 Choices:  Making Right Decisions in a Complex World
 How Can It Be All Right When Everything Is All Wrong?
 Caring & Commitment:  Learning to Live the Love We Promise
 The Incarnation in Modern Anglo-Catholic Theology
 All Things Made New
 Love Within Limits
 Sex for Christians
 Mere Morality: What God Expects From Ordinary People
 A Life of Distinction
 The Art of Forgiving
 Shame and Grace: Healing the Shame We Don't Deserve
 Keeping Hope Alive
 My God and I, a Spiritual Memoir, Eerdmans, 2003

References
 Mark A. Kellner (December 1, 2002) Lewis Smedes Dead at 81 from Christianity Today
 Lewis Smedes Papers .

1921 births
2002 deaths
American people of Dutch descent
Calvin University alumni
Christian Reformed Church ministers
People from Muskegon, Michigan
Fuller Theological Seminary faculty
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam alumni
University of Basel alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
People from Sierra Madre, California
20th-century American clergy

Lewis B. Smedes


Lime is a green fruit, and the tree fruit itself. They are citrus fruits similar to lemons. Citrus fruits like limes are rich in vitamin C. Sailors from Britain were given lemon or lime juice to stop them falling ill with scurvy. This is how they got the nickname Limey. There are several citrus trees whose fruits are called limes. They include the key lime Citrus aurantiifolia, the Persian lime, the kaffir lime, and the desert lime Citrus glauca.

Limes are small, round and bright green. If they stay on the tree for a long time they turn yellow. Then they look like small round lemons.

Lime juice is used in cooking and in drinks. Lime oils are often used in perfumes, used for cleaning, and used for aromatherapy.

Lime tastes acidic and bitter. Lime juice is also made from limes.

Different kinds of limes
 Persian lime – This lime is most often sold in supermarkets as lime.
 Key lime – Smaller than the Persian lime, used to mix Cocktails and make pies.
 Kaffir lime – Very small fruits, vegetable oil from the leaves is used for perfumes, leaves are used for cooking.

Other websites
 http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/limes.htm

Citrus

Lime


Susan Storm Richards (also known as Invisible Girl and later, Invisible Woman) is a fictional character, a Marvel Comics superheroine created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby. The character first appeared in Fantastic Four #1 in November 1961. Like the other founding members of the Fantastic Four, Sue received her powers after being exposed to a cosmic storm. Her primary power deals with light waves, allowing her to render herself and others invisible. However, she can also project powerful fields of invisible energy which she uses for a variety of offensive and defensive effects. Sue plays a central role in the lives of her brother, her husband, her children (Franklin Richards and Val Richards), and her friend, Ben Grimm. She has been adapted into motion puctures and is played by Rebecca Stabb, Jessica Alba and Kate Mara.

Characters created by Stan Lee
Fantastic Four characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1961
Marvel Comics mutates

Invisible Woman


The barycenter (or barycentre; from the Greek βαρύκεντρον) is the point between two objects where they balance each other. For example, it is the center of mass where two or more planets orbit each other. When a moon orbits a planet, or a planet orbits a star, both bodies are actually orbiting around a point that lies outside the center of the larger body. For example, the moon does not orbit the exact center of the Earth. It actually orbits a point on a line between the center of the Earth, and the Moon. This is about 1,710 km below the surface of the Earth. This is the point where the mass of the moon, and the mass of the Earth balance. This is the point about which the Earth, and Moon orbit as they travel around the Sun.

The solar system of course also has a barycenter—depending on the current locations of the planets the barycenter of the solar system is below the surface of the sun or more than twice the sun's diameter outside of the sun's surface.

Also the barycenter exists in the world of geometry. For example, the circle has a barycenter.

Celestial mechanics

Barycenter


The Genesis creation narrative, found in the first two chapters of the Book of Genesis in the Bible, describes a supernatural beginning of the earth and life, ending with the creation of humans in the image of God. This creation narrative is part of the Bible of Judaism and Christianity.

Chapter 1 tells of God's creation of the world, ending with the consecration of the seventh day as the Sabbath. Man and woman are created to be God's rulers over the new creation. Chapter 2 tells of God's planting a garden in which he places the first man, and from whose rib he creates the first woman. The chapter ends by saying marriage is holy.

References

Creation myths
Old Testament

Genesis creation narrative


"For Tomorrow" is a song by English alternative rock band Blur. It is the lead track to their second album, Modern Life Is Rubbish (the title appears in the lyric). Released 19 April 1993 as the first single from the album, "For Tomorrow" charted at number 28 in the UK Singles Chart. The Visit to Primrose Hill Extended version of "For Tomorrow" was included in the band's compilation albums, Blur: The Best of, (being the only song from Modern Life Is Rubbish to be featured) and Midlife: A Beginner's Guide to Blur.

Single background
In this period the band had gone on a tour of the US which they greatly detested, especially as the country was the home of grunge and audiences were not receptive to their music. After that tour lead singer Damon Albarn started to write songs with a very British feel. This was one such song, written on Christmas Day 1992 at the family piano in his parents' house. David Balfe, the head of the band's record company, commissioned this song as the original album did not have any hit singles.

Like the rest of Modern Life Is Rubbish, the song was produced by Stephen Street, although Jeff Lynne was also considered as a possible producer.
The chorus features a la la la refrain, sung by female backing singers, whom Street instructed to sing like Thunderthighs on the classic Mott the Hoople singles. Guitarist Graham Coxon explained that "Everyone, wherever they are in the world knows what la la la means." A string section, The Duke String Quartet, was also used by the band for the first time.
The single cover of the two World War II fighter planes was used by the band as a sense of Britishness.

Release and reception
The single was released without a 7" vinyl format, possibly to emphasise the importance of the six-minute-long 'Visit to Primrose Hill extended' version which appears on the 12" vinyl, cassette and CD1. CD2 however did feature the shorter 'single version'. The song charted at number 28 in the UK in its first week of release, a position matched by Blur's next single, "Chemical World". This was the third lowest chart position the band reached in the UK, the previous single "Popscene" had reached number 32 and "She's So High" in 1990 didn't make the Top 40, charting at number 48. The song did not chart in any other countries.

Much like the band's next single "Chemical World", the CD1 contained a big Compac-Plus box for both CD1 and CD2 to go in, but CD2 was sold separately.

Lyrical themes
The lyric of the song is about London, and especially Primrose Hill, a hill in the borough of Camden, North London. From there one can see the whole of central London before them. The complete phrase from the song says "Take a drive to Primrose Hill // It's windy there, and the view's so nice". Part of the promotional video was also filmed at Primrose Hill.

The ending of the song has a line about a man, Jim, entering his house in Emperors' Gate, SW7 (Kensington). When Albarn's parents first moved to London, they lived in a flat next door to The Beatles. In a 2005 interview Damon Albarn stated that he used Emperors' Gate in the lyric because of this (13 Emperors' Gate was the first London-based home for the Lennons; they lived there in 1964 ). He found it "romantic" that his parents lived right next to these people.

Increase in stature
Like Modern Life is Rubbish, the album this song appears on, "For Tomorrow" has increased in stature since its release. The song charted at number 15 in a Time Out poll about the best songs about London, the magazine labelled the track as an "indie anthem". In addition, Mojo magazine chose this song in their "50 Greatest British Tracks Ever" list. In a blurtalk.com vote, For Tomorrow was voted fifth out of all of the band's singles, despite being the third lowest charting on its release.

Music video
The video, directed by Julien Temple, was filmed in a classic black and white style. The video was shot entirely in London. Some repeated scenes include:
 The band at Trafalgar Square
 Shots of Nelson's Column
 Albarn leaning out of a London bus
 The band flying kites atop Primrose Hill
 Albarn floating in the River Thames
 Young and old residents lip-syncing the song in front of Trellick Tower
The video ends with Albarn rolling down Primrose Hill with a girl.

On May 10, 2023, marking the 30th anniversary of Modern Life is Rubbish  , a 4K colour version of the video became available on the Blur YouTube channel.

Track listings
All songs were written by Albarn, Coxon, James and Rowntree.

CD1
 "For Tomorrow" (Visit to Primrose Hill extended) – 6:00
 "Peach" – 3:57
 "Bone Bag" – 4:03

CD2
 "For Tomorrow" (single version) – 4:20
 "When the Cows Come Home" – 3:49
 "Beachcoma" – 3:37
 "For Tomorrow" (acoustic version) – 4:41

12-inch and cassette
 "For Tomorrow" (Visit to Primrose Hill extended) – 6:00
 "Into Another" – 3:54
 "Hanging Over" – 4:27

Personnel
 Damon Albarn: lead vocals, Solina organ, sleigh bells
 Graham Coxon: electric guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals
 Alex James: bass guitar
 Dave Rowntree: drums, timpani
 Additional brass by: The Kick Horns
 Strings by Duke Strings

Charts

References

External links
[ 12"], [ CD1], [ CD2] – "For Tomorrow" single reviews at Allmusic

1993 singles
Blur (band) songs
Songs about London
Songs written by Damon Albarn
Songs written by Graham Coxon
Songs written by Alex James (musician)
Songs written by Dave Rowntree
Song recordings produced by Stephen Street
Music videos directed by Julien Temple
1993 songs
Food Records singles

For Tomorrow (song)


Mark Stephen Gardener (born 6 December 1969, in Oxford, England) is an English rock musician, and a singer and guitarist with the shoegazing band Ride.

Ride
Gardener formed Ride with Andy Bell (guitarist), whom he met at Cheney School in Oxford, and Laurence Colbert (drummer) and Steve Queralt (bass guitarist), whom he met doing Foundation Studies in Art and Design at Banbury in 1988. While still at Banbury the band produced a tape demo including the tracks "Chelsea Girl" and "Drive Blind". In February 1989 "Ride" were asked to stand in for a cancelled student union gig at Oxford Polytechnic that brought them to the attention of Alan McGee. After Ride had supported The Soup Dragons in 1989, McGee signed them to Creation Records.

With Ride, Gardener released three EPs between January and September 1990, entitled Ride, Play and Fall. While the EPs had only limited chart success, enough critical praise was received to make Ride the "darlings" of the UK music press. The first two EPs were eventually released together as Smile in the USA in July 1990 (and later released in the UK in 1992), while the Fall EP was incorporated into the CD version of their debut album, Nowhere, released in October 1990. Nowhere was hailed as a critical success and the media dubbed Ride "The brightest hope" for 1991.  This was followed in March 1992 by the band's second album Going Blank Again.

Despite having a solid fanbase and some mainstream success, the lack of a breakthrough contributed to inter-band tension, especially between Gardener and Bell. Their third album, Carnival of Light, was released in 1994, after shoegazing had given way to Britpop. Carnival of Light was oriented towards this new sound, but sales were sluggish and the shift in musical tastes devastated much of their original audience and critics alike.

1995 saw the dissolution of the band while recording their fourth album, Tarantula, due to creative and personal tensions between Gardener and Bell. The track listing of Carnival of Light gives some indication of the tension that was mounting between the two guitarists, with the first half of the album being songs written by Gardener and the last half of the album being songs written by Bell – one or both had refused to let their songs be interspersed with pieces written by the other. Bell penned most of the songs for Tarantula, one of which – "Castle on the Hill" – was a lament for the band's situation and contains references to Gardener's self-imposed exile from the group. Gardener contributed only the song "Deep Inside My Pocket", a bitter illustration of Gardener's view of Bell at the time. The album was deleted from sales one week after release, but was re-released in 2001 along with the other Ride albums. Critics were almost universally negative regarding the album and almost seemed to view the split with relief.

Ride reformed in 2014 and have since released two albums, 2017's Weather Diaries and 2019's This Is Not a Safe Place. Both albums have received positive reviews from critics.

The Animalhouse
After leaving Ride, Gardener released the limited edition single "Magdalen Sky" on the Shifty Disco label in June 1997. This was part of the label's Single of the Month club, and was limited to 1000 copies only. It featured a rare B-side "Can't Let it Die (Home Demo in the Attic)". "Magdalen Sky" was featured on the year-end single compilation It's a Shifty Disco Thing Vol. 1. Later that same year, Supergrass producer Sam Williams played his song "Blah Na Na", which had itself also been a Shifty Disco Single of the Month, at one of Gardener's solo concerts, an event that would lead to the founding of The Animalhouse.

In late 1997, Gardener and Williams joined with former Ride drummer Loz Colbert and bassist Hari T to form the Animalhouse. The band began making live appearances and received attention from the music press for its blend of 1960s psychedelica, Britrock, and electronica. Owing to a variety of legal and label related reasons, the band did not release any material until April 2000's Small EP. The album Ready To Receive followed in September, to commercial success in Japan, but limited success elsewhere. Shortly after the release of the album, the Animalhouse disbanded, with Gardener stating that "it just didn't work."

Solo and other work
After the demise of The Animalhouse, Gardener moved to France and retreated from the music business. But it was not to last; while visiting his sister he began playing an acoustic guitar, re-learning old songs and writing new ones. Meanwhile, interest in Ride increased upon the release of a greatest hits record which Gardener and his former bandmates participated in selecting the songs for. This was followed by a box set, remastered re-issues of all of Ride's albums and a one-off "reunion" recorded for a Sonic Youth tribute television show. This reunion resulted in the 2002 release of a limited edition instrumental EP entitled Coming Up For Air. Gardener began playing solo shows in 2002, both in the United States and in the UK, supporting the Ride releases as well as his own newly written material.

Gardener toured extensively in the two years preceding the release of his first solo studio album, including many stops in New York City. The tours ranged from shows featuring Gardener and a 12-string acoustic guitar to a full-backing band featuring members of Goldrush. An early EP was released in late 2003 as a Mark Gardener/Goldrush collaboration called Falling Out into the Night, which featured a Gardener song ("Snow in Mexico") backed by Goldrush, a Goldrush song ("Out of Reach"), and a Ride cover ("Dreams Burn Down") featuring the two together. An acoustic solo show in April 2003 at The Knitting Factory in New York City was released on CD entitled Live at the Knitting Factory, NYC. This release was a limited edition and was intended to help finance the recording of Gardener's first studio album.

Finally, Gardener completed his debut solo album in 2005, titled These Beautiful Ghosts, a collaboration with fellow Oxford musicians Goldrush. In addition to Goldrush, other performers on the album include: Grasshopper and Suzanne Thorpe from Mercury Rev, Gene Park, Cat Martino, Kaye Phillips, Clive Poole, and Sacha from The Morning After Girls. A limited edition version of These Beautiful Ghosts, featuring a bonus DVD with tour footage and other materials, was made available to anyone who pre-ordered the album. Due to unforeseen issues, this DVD was delayed for over three years, finally being finished and sent out to those who had pre-ordered the album in January 2009. The album was produced and mixed by Bill Racine and Gardener. It was initially released in North America on US indie label United For Opportunity, and in 2006 was also made available in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Japan. Further European, Australian, and South-East Asia releases of the album were scheduled in late 2006. A single for the album, "The Story of the Eye", featuring a remix by Ulrich Schnauss, was released on 7-inch in November 2006 by Sonic Cathedral.

The tours and collaborative EP were what led to Goldrush's extensive participation on These Beautiful Ghosts. Sometime after the release of the album, Gardener and Goldrush had a falling-out, and Goldrush no longer accompanies Gardener to shows. He has continued touring, playing solo and with different performers, most notably Cat Martino, who appeared on the album, and since late 2006, a new backing band.

Gardener has also worked with a variety of artists, performing live, recording instruments and/or vocals, and producing during his post-Ride career. He has collaborated with neo-psychedelic rock band The Brian Jonestown Massacre's 13th studio album, My Bloody Underground, co-writing the song "Monkey Powder" with Anton Newcombe, and contributing to and appearing on other songs on the album. Gardener and Newcombe recorded the BJM album predominately in Iceland.

Gardener has also worked with alternative rock band The Morning After Girls (from Melbourne). He contributes vocals on the song "Fall Before Walking", on the group's debut album, Shadows Evolve.

Gardener has also worked with alternative rock French band Molly's (from Amiens). He produced and realised the first album of the band "Sighs of the Night" which was recorded in his own studio OX-4 Sound based in Oxford. On the album which was released on 24 January 2011, he contributes vocals on the track "Tastes Like Sedative", and joined Molly's on stage in Amiens to perform Ride's song "Leave Them All Behind".

During touring for the album, Gardener has appeared on stage with both Andy Bell and Loz Colbert.

Gardener currently has his own recording studio in Oxford where he produces and mixes for many bands including Swervedriver, Brian Jonestown Massacre,  Robin Guthrie, Dead Horse One among others. He also provided the soundtrack for award-winning film Upside Down – The Creation Records Story, picking up a MOJO Vision Award for his work in 2011.

Discography

Albums
 Live at the Knitting Factory, NYC (2004)
 These Beautiful Ghosts (11 October 2005)
 Universal Road (with Robin Guthrie) (23 March 2015)

Singles/EPs
 "Magdalen Sky" (30 June 1997)
 Falling Out into the Night EP (4 November 2003)
 The Story of the Eye (20 November 2006)

Compilation appearances
It's A Shifty Disco Thing Vol. 1 (December 1997) – "Magdalen Sky"
0–60 in Five Years (2002) – "Magdalen Sky"
Flirt (6 August 2003) – "See What You Get" (acoustic)
Sunsets and Silhouettes (2004) – "Snow in Mexico"

Guest spots and collaborations
Man With No Name – The First Day single (1998) – vocals/co-writer
Meister – Above The Clouds (Single) ~ BECK O.S.T (2004) – vocals
Jam & Spoon – Mary Jane (2004) – vocals
The Morning After Girls – Morning After Girls (2005) – vocals
The Morning After Girls – Shadows Evolve (2005) – vocals
Rinocerose – Schizophrenia (2005) – vocals
Rinocerose – Rinocerose (2006) – vocals/co-writer
The Tamborines – Sally O'Gannon (2006) – backing vocals
Brian Jonestown Massacre – Monkey Powder (2008) – vocals/co-writer
Molly's - Tastes like sedative (2011) – vocals

References

External links
Mark Gardener official website
Mark Gardener official MySpace site

1969 births
Living people
Musicians from Oxford
English male singers
English rock guitarists
English male guitarists
People educated at Cheney School
Ride (band) members

Mark Gardener


Inhalation is half of what occurs when people or animals breathe. Air is moved from the outside through the respiratory system into the lungs. The lungs take out some oxygen and put it into the blood. Drugs can also be inhaled with an inhaler to put them into the blood. The air is then moved out of the lungs again. This is the other half of breathing, called exhalation.

Respiratory system

Inhalation


The Christian Heritage Party is a minor political party in Canada.  It fielded forty-five candidates in the 2006 federal election.  Information about some of these candidates may be found here. The leader of the party at the time of the election was Ron Gray.

Alberta

Larry R. Heather (Calgary Southwest)

Heather received 279 votes (0.49%), placing fifth against Conservative Party leader Stephen Harper.

Manitoba

Colin George Atkins (Brandon—Souris)

See here for a complete profile. He has been a candidate for the CHP in four elections, including the 2006 election.

Robert Scott (Elmwood—Transcona)

See here for more information.  Robert Scott has been candidate for the CHP in six elections.

David J. Reimer (Portage—Lisgar)

See here for more information. In 1988, Reimer received 3,087 votes for a fifth-place finish.  This result remains one of the best in CHP history.

Reimer has been the interim deputy leader of the CHP.  He spent over $10,000 in the 2004 campaign, a large sum for a minor-party candidate.  His wife, Katharine Reimer, has also campaigned for the party.

Anthony Barendregt (Selkirk—Interlake)
Anthony Barendregt (born 1961 in British Columbia) is a politician in Manitoba, Canada.  He has campaigned for the House of Commons of Canada on two occasions—once as an independent, and once for the Christian Heritage Party.

Barendregt moved to Manitoba in 1984, and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in History and Political Science from the University of Manitoba.  He now works in the construction industry, and has been a supervisor, foreman and contractor on a number of projects.  He has also been involved in youth outreach programs with aboriginal children, and spent many of his past summers working with the disabled in New Westminster, British Columbia.

He first ran for the House of Commons in the Canadian federal election of 2000, at a time when the CHP had been officially de-registered.  Campaigning as an independent, he received 178 votes in Selkirk-Interlake.

The CHP were re-established by the 2004 election, and Barendregt again ran in the Selkirk—Interlake riding.  He received 353 votes, or less than 1% of the total.  On one occasion in this campaign, he claimed that the CHP would not increase funding to Canadian universities because they only consider postmodern views to be relevant.

Jane MacDiarmid (St. Boniface)

MacDiarmid was raised in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, and holds Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Education degrees from the University of Manitoba.  She began working professionally as an educator since 1984, and has trained English as a Second Language employees in both the private and the public sector.  At the time of the 2004 election, she was working towards the completion of a Master's Degree in ESL Training at Providence College.  Her oldest child works as a church minister.

MacDiarmid was a Winnipeg-area school trustee for sixteen years, serving on the Charleswood/Tuxedo board for the division of Assiniboine South.  She has also served as table officer on the Manitoba Association of School Trustees executive.

Eric Truijen (Winnipeg North)

See here for full details on the candidate.

Heidi Loewen-Steffano (Winnipeg South)

Loewen-Steffano (born April 20, 1975 in Winnipeg) is a homemaker, and is active as a foster mother.  Her biography indicates that she has several years of university experience, working toward a degree in "Gang and Cult-related issues".  She is a member of Soul Sanctuary in Winnipeg.  She received 259 votes (0.62%), finishing fifth against Conservative candidate Rod Bruinooge.

Ontario

Peter J. Ellis (Guelph)

See here for full information. Ellis has been a candidate for the Christian Heritage Party five times.

Stephen Downey (Hamilton Mountain)

Downey was born in Hamilton in 1965, and holds an honours certificate in Business Computer Applications from Mohawk College in the city.  He has been a member of the Christian Heritage Party since 1988, and describes it as the "only party that expresses the views I hold as a Christian" (Hamilton Spectator, 16 November 2000).  He was assistant manager of the Scottish Rite Club during the 2000 election (Spectator, 16 December 2000), and has worked as a bookkeeper and manager for two other clubs in the city. Since June 2003, Downey has been the CHP's executive director at the national office in Ottawa. He is a member of Bethel Gospel Tabernacle and stressed his opposition to abortion and same-sex marriage in the 2006 campaign (Spectator, 16 January 2006).

David W. Bylsma (Niagara West—Glanbrook)

See here for full details. He has been a candidate for the Christian Heritage Party in six elections.

Bill Bylsma (St. Catharines)

Bylsma moved to Canada in 1951, as an immigrant from the Netherlands.  He is a retired welder and marine steel fitter. He joined the CHP in 1988, has chaired the CHP St. Catharines Electoral District Association for several years, and is active with the CHP's Right To Life organization. He received 481 votes (0.83%), finishing fifth against Conservative candidate Rick Dykstra.  His wife Tilly and son David have also campaigned for the CHP.

Peter Vander Zaag (Simcoe—Grey)

Dr. Vander Zaag was born as raised in Alliston, Ontario.  He is a farmer and scientist, and has worked extensively in international development programs on food production and related issues.  Since the 1970s, he has been involved with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) in places such as Bangladesh, Rwanda and Vietnam.  From 1982 to 1990, he was director of the International Potato Center in Southeast Asia (Tulsa Tribune, 26 December 1991).

In the 2006 campaign, Vander Zaag has criticized the Canadian government for cutting back on aid to developing nations as well as for promoting liberal social values. Notwithstanding their divergent views on social issues, Vander Zaag has praised Stephen Lewis as the only "bright light for Canada's image in Africa".

Locally, he was chair of the Alliston Community Christian School for six years and served on the executive of the Christian Farmers Federation of Ontario for five years. He lives in Essa Township, and is a member of the Alliston Christian Reform Church. Vander Zaag developed a successful potato breeding operation in the 1990s and 2000s, creating chip potato varieties that can be stored for longer periods than standard potatoes.

He first contested Simcoe—Grey for the CHP in the 2004 federal election, and received one of the best results for the party anywhere in the country.

Carol Ann Krusky (Wellington—Halton Hills)

Krusky (born in Guelph) holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Wilfrid Laurier University, and has taken courses at Guelph Business College. She operates a health and safety consultancy business with her husband, and has worked for the organization Women in Crisis. She has also provided assistance to pregnant youth and developmentally disabled children. She received 606 votes (1.10%), finishing fifth against Conservative incumbent Michael Chong.

Saskatchewan

Dale Sanders (Saskatoon—Wanuskewin)

Sanders (born 1969 in Saskatoon) holds a diploma in chemical technology from Kelsey SIAST.  He began working at Weyerhaeuser in the mid-1990s, was a Laboratory Technologist at the time of the 2006 election.  He received 307 votes (0.85%), finishing fifth against Conservative incumbent Maurice Vellacott.

Vellacott is a staunch social conservative, and holds many policy views similar to those of the CHP.  He held a telephone conversation with Sanders during the election and, according to Sanders, indicated that vote-splitting with the Conservatives would be "on the conscience" of the CHP candidate if it led to a Liberal victory.  Sanders described this as subtle intimidation, although Vellacott denied this was his intent.  Sanders also argued that he could not support the Conservative Party as he had in the past, as it was not presenting a coherent policy on social issues (Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, 9 January 2006).

Other Candidates (detailed entry not prepared)

Marcel Bourassa (Saskatoon-Rosetown-Biggar, Sask.)

Carson Chisholm (Stormont-Dundas-South Glengarry, Ontario)

Gary De Boer (Sarnia-Lambton, Ontario) (also ran 2004)

Irma DeVries (Perth-Wellington, Ontario) (also ran 2004)

Ken De Vries (Elgin-Middlesex-London, Ontario) (also ran 2004, 2000, 1997, 1993)

Steven Elgersma (Haldimand-Norfolk, Ontario) (also ran 2004)

Ron Gray, leader (Chilliwack-Fraser Canyon, B.C.) (also ran 2004, 2000, 1997, 1988, and in byelections May 2003, May 2002, Nov 1999, Mar 1996)

Vicki Gunn (York-Simcoe, Ontario) (also ran 2004)

James "Jim" Hnatiuk (South Shore-St. Margaret's, Nova Scotia) (also ran 2004)

Mike Janssens (Lambton-Kent-Middlesex, Ontario)

Stefan Jetchick (Louis-Hebert, Quebec)

Dave Joslin (Huron-Bruce, Ontario) (also ran 2004, 2000, 1997)

W. Baird Judson (Charlottetown, P.E.I.) (also ran 2004, 2000, 1997, 1993, 1988)

Christopher S. M. Kempling (Cariboo—Prince George, B.C.)

Adrian Peter Kooger (Simcoe North, Ontario) (also ran 2004, 2000)

John Markus (Oxford, Ontario)

Kevin Norng (Ajax-Pickering, Ontario)

Joe Pal (Vancouver Centre, B.C.) (also ran 2004, 1997)

Kevin Pielak (Surrey North, B.C.)

Irma Ruiter (Welland, Ontario) (also ran 2004)

Marc Slingerland (Lethbridge, Alberta)

Blaine William Stephan (Vegreville-Wainwright, Alberta)

Harold Stephan (Battlefords-Lloydminster, Saskatchewan) (also ran 2004)

Rod Taylor (Skeena-Bulkley Valley, B.C.) (also ran 2004)

Frank Wagner (Nanaimo-Alberni, B.C.) (also ran 2004, 2000)

John Wierenga (Yellowhead, Alberta)

Sally Wong (Mississauga East-Cooksville, Ontario) (also ran 2004)

John H. Wubs (Brant, Ontario) (also ran in 2004)

Iris Yawney (Dauphin-Swan River-Marquette, Manitoba)

Henry Zekveld (Durham, Ontario)

Previous runs for a candidate were not necessarily in a riding of the same name.

Footnotes

2006

Christian Heritage Party of Canada candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election


Cell growth (or interphase) is shorthand for the idea of "growth in cell populations" by means of cell reproduction.

It is the stage which cells are preparing for the next division, biochemical activities and reactions are taking place, however no obvious changes can be seen at this stage. Until cell division, a parent cell divides to form two or more new daughter cells.

Phase
 First growth phase (G1) - In this phase, new organelles like mitochondria or chloroplasts are made. These organelles help store and provide energy. It also has mechanism to ensure everything is ready for DNA synthesis.
 Synthesis phase (S) - DNA molecules are replicated.
 Second growth phase (G2) - The cell continues to grow until to its maximum size, therefore energy stores can be increased at the same time.

Cell populations
Cell populations go through a type of exponential growth called doubling. Thus, each generation of cells should be twice as numerous as the previous generation. But not all cells survive in each generation, as written by Richard Dawkins in 1997.

Cell reproduction
Cell reproduction is asexual.

The process of cell reproduction has three major parts. The first part of cell reproduction involves the replication of the parental cell's DNA. The second major part is the separation of the duplicated DNA into two equally sized groups of chromosomes. The third major aspect of cell reproduction is the physical division of entire cells, usually called cytokinesis.

Cell reproduction is more complex in eukaryotes than in other organisms. Prokaryotic cells such as bacterial cells reproduce by binary fission, a process that includes DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. Eukaryotic cell reproduction either involves mitosis or a more complex process called meiosis. Mitosis and meiosis are sometimes called the two "nuclear division" processes.

Comparison of the three types of cell reproduction
The DNA content of a cell is duplicated at the start of the cell reproduction process. Prior to DNA replication, the DNA content of a cell can be represented as the amount Z (the cell has Z chromosomes). After the DNA replication process, the amount of DNA in the cell is 2Z (multiplication: 2 x Z = 2Z). During Binary fission and mitosis the duplicated DNA content of the reproducing parental cell is separated into two equal halves that are destined to end up in the two daughter cells. The final part of the cell reproduction process is cell division, when  daughter cells physically split apart from a parental cell. During meiosis, there are two cell division steps that together produce the four daughter cells.

Immediately after DNA replication a human cell will have 46 "double chromosomes". In each double chromosome there are two copies of that chromosome's DNA molecule. During mitosis the double chromosomes are split to produce 92 "single chromosomes", half of which go into each daughter cell. During meiosis, there are two chromosome separation steps which assure that each of the four daughter cells gets one copy of each of the 23 types of chromosome.

Sexual reproduction

Cell reproduction that uses mitosis can reproduce eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes bother with the more complicated process of meiosis because sexual reproduction such as meiosis confers a selective advantage.

Related pages
 Cancer
 Developmental biology
 Binary fission
 Mitosis
 Meiosis

References

 Morgan DO. (2007) "The Cell Cycle: Principles of Control" London: New Science Press.
 Climbing Mount Improbable (1997) Richard Dawkins.

Other websites
A comparison of generational and exponential models of cell population growth

Cell biology

Cell growth


Microsoft Software Licensing and Protection Services, also known as Microsoft SLPS, is a software licensing suite that provides developers with the ability to license software, create license versions, and track performance of products and profitability. SLPS is intended for developers and independent software vendors (ISV) streamline operations with .NET protection technology and a licensing server.

History
Microsoft SLPS, formerly called SecureLM, was acquired by Microsoft in January 2007 from the company Secured Dimensions. Secured Dimensions was founded in 2005 by Avi Shillo in Israel. It was acquired by Microsoft soon after the CEO of Microsoft Israel, Arie Scope, joined its board of directors.

On June 9, 2009, Microsoft announced that a Dublin-based company called InishTech has acquired the product and would service existing contracts and accept new SLPS customers.

Themes

Security
SLPS performs "private permutation" for each company by transforming managed (.NET) code into a secure virtual machine (SVM) language that is attached to the application, protecting it from manipulation by end users. This process is done using a toolkit called Code Protector. Application features can later be marked as licensable or modifiable entities. SLPS is .NET certified and works with the Visual Basic .NET platforms, C#, Java and web applications.

Licensing
In the Code Protector toolkit, developers can mark pieces of code as 'licensable' that can later be activated as bundles, SKUs, or packages where features can be turned on and off. Possible license models are time-based licenses, trial versions, user-based licenses, feature-based licenses and others depending on the business type.

Distribution
SLPS lets developers create and activate new digital licenses without having to ship a new product to the office. This removes the hassle of recompiling code or ordering a new product or SKU. All they need to do is create a new digital license and SLPS will unlock it and activate it.

Management
Developers and managers have access to real-time information about new licenses generated, license expiry times, and most popular packages. SLPS lets developers monitor billing, license usage, and software features usage. It can also be tied into a back-end billing system or customer relationship manager (CRM) to allow business partners to perform similar SLPS operations.

Product models
InishTech SLPS is available in three different Editions: Standard, Professional and Enterprise.

Code Protector Software Development Kit A tool kit that will allow software developers to protect their software from reverse engineering, a common form of piracy.
SLP Server A server that will manage the licensing issues and product keys for software vendors.
SLP Online Service A InishTech hosted solution for license management.

See also
License manager
Product activation
Floating licensing

References
Microsoft Announces SLP Services Press Release
SLPS White Paper
Red Herring Article on Secured Dimensions Acquisition
ZDnet Interview with SLPS Manager
techcrunch.com New Release: Microsoft Quietly Closes Software Licensing and Protection Service

External links

Microsoft SLPS - Not for 64 bit

Software Licensing and Protection Services


Anders Graneheim (born May 3, 1962) is a Swedish bodybuilder. He was Swedish and Nordic Bodybuilding Champion during the 1980s. After a nine-year absence from competitive bodybuilding he competed in the "Sweden Grand Prix" in Gothenburg in 1997, where he placed third after two professional bodybuilders.

He won the Swedish competition B&K Classic Body Show in 2000 which earned him a pro card in bodybuilding. He also competed in Master's Mr. Olympia in USA in August 2002.

Anders Graneheim is a popular guest poser at bodybuilding contests and sports events, and he holds seminars about training and nutrition in gyms, sports centers and schools, and he is engaged as a nutrition expert for Swedish athletes and sports teams. He also writes articles for the Swedish bodybuilding monthly BODY Magazine (formerly B&K Sports Magazine), in which he also has a regular expert column.

With a career spanning over more than 20 years, Anders Graneheim is regarded as one of Sweden's most outstanding bodybuilders. He is regarded as Sweden's best bodybuilder ever when it comes to symmetry, and he is one of the few bodybuilders in Sweden that is also known to the general public.

Anders Graneheim has been portrayed in a one-hour TV documentary named Sista Posen ("The Last Pose") on Swedish Television, in which a camera team followed his training and preparation for the Master's Mr. Olympia competition in the summer of 2002. The documentary was aired on Swedish Television in 2003 and has also been aired on Danish and Norwegian television in 2004 and 2005.

Anders Graneheim's major bodybuilding competitions and titles
As a Junior:

1983:
Mr. Fotonorden (a photo competition for young bodybuilders from the Nordic countries)

1983:
Norrland Champion (weight class -70 kg) Norrland is a region in Sweden
National Champion (-70 kg)
Nordic Champion (-70 kg)

Senior Division:

1985:
European Championships Qualification, 2nd place, -80 kg

1986:
Norrland Champion (-80 kg)
National Champion (-80 kg)

1988:
National Champion (-90 kg)

1997:
Sweden Grand Prix, 3rd place, (his first competition in nine years)

2000:
Winner, B&K Classic Body Show

2002:
Master's Mr. Olympia, 10th place

See also
List of male professional bodybuilders

References

External links

  B&K - Anders Graneheim: Sista posen

1962 births
Living people
Swedish bodybuilders
Professional bodybuilders

Anders Graneheim


Abbey Dawn is a clothing line designed by musician Avril Lavigne. It was designed only for Kohl's in the US. The name is from Lavigne's childhood. Her father had nicknamed her "Abbey Dawn", and her high school friends would often call her "Abbey".

Abbey Dawn is featured in Lavigne's 2011 single, What the Hell. There, the latter enters a vintage clothing store.

Avril Lavigne
pl:Avril Lavigne#Abbey Dawn

Abbey Dawn


Operation Ichi-Go (or "Operation Number One") was a series of battles between the armies of Japan and China. The battles happened between April and December 1944. There were three battles in the Chinese provinces of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi. The goals of Operation Ichi-go were to make a route to French Indochina and to capture bases that American bombers were using to attack Japan and her shipping.

Course of the campaign
There were two parts to the operation. In the first part, the Japanese secured the  Railway between Beijing and Wuhan. In the second part they destroyed the US air forces in Hunan province and reached the city of Liuzhou. Liuzhou was near the border with Japanese-occupied Indochina.

400,000 men, 12,000 vehicles and 70,000 horses took part in operation Ichi-Go. The Japanese army included the very well trained Kwantung Army units and equipment from Manchukuo, North China and Japan. It was the largest land operation by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War.  Many of the new American-trained Chinese units were fighting in Burma under General Joseph Stilwell using weapons leased from the United States. Chiang Kai-shrek had agreed that Stilwell could manage the distribution of American arms.

In Operation Kogo, 390,000 Chinese soldiers, led by General Tang Enbo, defended Luoyang. The Japanese 3rd Tank Division crossed the Yellow River around Zhengzhou in late April and defeated the Chinese near Xuchang. They then moved around to the right and put Luoyang under siege.  Luoyang was defended by three Chinese divisions. The 3rd Tank Division began to attack on May 13 and won Luoyang on May 25.

The second part of Ichigo began in May. Japanese forces moved south and occupied Changsha, Hengyang, Guilin and Liuzhou. In December 1944, Japanese forces reached French Indochina and completed the operation. Despite this success, US air forces moved inland from the threatened bases near the coast. The U.S. Air Force often stopped the railway between Beijing and Liuzhou that had been started in Operation Ichigo. Japan continued to attack airfields where US air forces were stationed up to the spring of 1945.

USA's XX Bomber Command were using B-29 bombers like the ones that were attacking Japan. They were forced to move as well, but this affected their efficiency for only a short time. In early 1945 the Twentieth Air Force moved to newly established bases in the Marianas under the command of the newly established XXI Bomber Command.

Aftermath
The failure to hold the coastal airfields led to a loss of confidence in General Joseph Stilwell by Chiang Kai-shek. Stilwell was replaced in October 1944 by President Roosevelt. The new Chief of Staff to Chiang Kai-Shek and commander of the U.S. Forces in China was Major General Albert Wedemeyer. Stillwell's other responsibilities in China, Burma and India were given to other officers.

A very different version of events was that General Joseph Stilwell was asking for a fuller use of Chinese forces and had made diplomatic connections with the Chinese Red Army commanded by Mao Zedong. They had agreed to follow an American commander.

Because Chiang Kai-shek was ignored by the American general, he had Stilwell called back to the United States. New York Times reporter Brooks Atkinson wrote at the time: The decision to relieve General Stilwell represents the political triumph of a moribund, anti-democratic regime that is more concerned with maintaining its political supremacy than in driving the Japanese out of China. America is now committed... to support a regime that has become increasingly unpopular and mistrusted in China, that maintains three secret police services and concentration camps for political prisoners, that stifles free speech and resists democratic forces... The Chinese Communists... have good armies that are now fighting guerrilla warfare against the Japanese in North China... The Generalissimo regards these armies as the chief threat to his supremacy... has made no sincere attempt to arrange at least a truce with them for the duration of the war... No diplomatic genius could have overcome the Generalissimo's basic unwillingness to risk his armies in battle with the Japanese....

But the Time Magazine article in which Atkinson was quoted went on to talk about the true failure of Stilwell's goals by saying that: The Chinese, exhausted by seven years of almost singlehanded war against Japan, were reluctant to give General Stilwell the troops he wanted for the Burma offensive; the Japs might suddenly crack down on them in earnest. When the Japs began the drive that last week seemed on the verge of cutting China in two, Chiang Kai-shek's Government might well have felt that its go-slow policy was justified..."

This loss and the poor opinion in the U.S.A. caused the Americans to lose confidence in the Chinese troops. Instead the U.S. focused all its resources on the island-to-island war in the Pacific.

References

1944 in Asia
1940s in Japan
20th century in China
Battles involving Japan
Battles involving the United States
World War II

Operation Ichi-Go


Treatise on Law is Thomas Aquinas' major work of legal philosophy. It forms questions 90–108 of the Prima Secundæ ("First [Part] of the Second [Part]") of the Summa Theologiæ, Aquinas' masterwork of Scholastic philosophical theology. Along with Aristotelianism, it forms the basis for the legal theory of Catholic canon law.

Aquinas' notion of law
Aquinas defines a law as "an ordinance of reason for the common good, made by him who has care of the community, and promulgated."

Law is an ordinance of reason because it must be reasonable or based in reason and not merely in the will of the legislator. It is for the common good because the end or telos of law is the good of the community it binds, and not merely the good of the lawmaker or a special interest group. It is made by the proper authority who has "care of the community", and not arbitrarily imposed by outsiders. It is promulgated so that the law can be known.

He says:

Strictly speaking, this is a definition of human law. The term "law" as used by Aquinas is equivocal, meaning that the primary meaning of law is "human law", but other, analogous concepts are expressed with the same term.

Kinds of law

The Treatise on Law deals with Aquinas view's on the objective ethical aspect of human decision-making. Aquinas presents a question and then puts each question into article raising specific questions he has. The first three questions are broken down in four topics concerning the essence of law, the effects of law, and the eternal law.

	 The first question (Question 90 of the larger Summa) is on the essence of law. Aquinas breaks the question down into four articles. The first article is on law's relation to reason. Aquinas believes that reason is the first thing human acts upon; "the source in any kind of thing is the measure and rule of that kind of thing…and so we conclude that law belongs to reason." The second is on law's relation to the common good. He states that we cannot find common good without reason; it guides us to common happiness through law. The third article is concerned with whether any person's reason is enough to make laws. The fourth article is concerned with whether promulgation is essential to law. Promulgation is important so that the law can achieve force. By the end of the fourth article Aquinas comes up with his definition on law, "Law is an ordination of reason for the common good by one who has care for the community, and promulgated."

	Question 91 is on the different kinds of law. Aquinas establishes four types of laws: eternal law, natural law, human law, and divine law. He states that eternal law, or God's providence, "rules the world… his reason evidently governs the entire community in the universe." Aquinas believes that eternal law is all God's doing. Natural law is the participation in the eternal law by rational creatures. Natural law allows us to decide between good and evil. Next we have Human Law; particular applications of law resulting by reason. "Human law originally sprang from nature." The last is Divine law which is important because "it belongs to any law to be directed to the common good at its end." These laws all go together and the relationship must be presented to comprehend them individually.

	Question 92 is the effects of laws. The first article asks "Is the Effect of Law to Make Human Beings Good?" Aquinas feels in order for law to make people good that law needs to guide people to their right virtue. "Therefore, since virtue makes those possessing it good, the proper effect of law is consequently to make its subject good, either absolutely or in some respect." The second article of Question 92 is "Whether the acts of law are suitably assigned?" This article focuses on what acts consist of; namely, "commanding, forbidding, permitting, and punishing." Aquinas believes that some human acts are good and some are evil.

Natural law

Natural law or the law of nature refers to normative properties that are inherent by virtue of human nature and universally cognizable through human reason. Historically, natural law refers to the use of reason to analyze both social and personal human nature to deduce binding rules of moral behavior. The law of nature, being determined by nature, is universal.

Eternal law
	Question 93 focuses on the Eternal as a whole. Aquinas is asking, is the eternal law the supreme plan in God? Aquinas argues whether or not if the eternal law is a plan of God. He says "God made each thing with its own nature. Therefore, the eternal law is not the same as divine plan." (93.1) Augustine contradicts this idea by stating "the eternal law is the supreme plan that we should always obey." Aquinas believes that the eternal law "is simply the plan of divine wisdom that directs all the actions and movements of created things." (93.1) He says that God is above all else. That he creates everything in the universe. Human beings participate in eternal law in two ways: by action and by cognition. "The virtuous are completely subjects to the eternal law, as they always act in accord with." Aquinas believes people who are truthful act according to the eternal law.

Human law

For Aquinas, human law is only valid if it conforms to natural law. If a law is unjust, then it is not actually a law, but a "perversion of law".<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2095.htm Summa I–II, q95, a2, 'dicendum quod] </ref>

Layout

The Treatise on Law (as part of the Summa Theologica) is divided into Articles (or broad topics) and Questions (or specific topics). The Questions each argue for a single thesis and defend it against objections. The division is as follows:

1. IN GENERAL
Q. 90: Of the Essence of Law (the rationality, end, cause, and promulgation of law)
Q. 91: Of the Various Kinds of Law (eternal, natural, human, divine, sin laws)
Q. 92: Of the Effects of Law

2. IN PARTICULAR
Q. 93: Of the Eternal Law
Q. 94: Of the Natural Law
Q. 95: Of Human Law
Q. 96: Of the Power of Human Law
Q. 97: Of Change in Laws
Q. 98: Of the Old Law
Q. 99: Of the Precepts of the Old Law
Q. 100: Of the Moral Precepts of the Old Law
Q. 101: Of the Ceremonial Precepts in Themselves
Q. 102: Of the Causes of the Ceremonial Precepts
Q. 103: Of the Duration of the Ceremonial Precepts
Q. 104: Of the Judicial Precepts
Q. 105: Of the Reason for the Judicial Precepts
Q. 106: Of the Law of the Gospel, Called the New Law, Considered in Itself
Q. 107: Of the New Law as Compared with the Old
Q. 108: Of Those Things That Are Contained in the New Law

Legacy
William S. Brewbaker III has called it "perhaps the most famous of metaphysical legal texts", while Robert M. Hutchins declared it "that greatest of all books on the philosophy of law".

See also
 Thomas Aquinas
 Christian views on the Old Covenant
 Determinatio Natural law
 Philosophy of law
 Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law

References

Bibliography
Aquinas, St. Thomas. Treatise on Law (Summa Theologica, Questions 90–97): With a New Introduction by Ralph McInerny, University of Notre Dame. (Washington, D.C.: Gateway Editions, Regnery Publishing, Inc. ©1956; 2001 printing).
Brewbaker, William S., III. Thomas Aquinas and the Metaphysics of Law (Alabama Law Review, Vol. 58 [2007], pg. 575); U of Alabama Public Law Research Paper No. 898941; Social Science Research Network: http://ssrn.com/abstract=898941. Accessed 28 March 2016.
Häring, Bernard, C.SS.R. The Law of Christ, Vol. I. Translated by Edwin G. Kaiser, C.PP.S. (Westminster, Maryland: The Newman Press ©1961, Second Printing November 1961).
Hutchins, Robert M. Aquinas Lecture 1949: St. Thomas and the World State'' (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1949).

Philosophy of law
Medieval philosophical literature
Scholasticism
13th-century Christian texts
13th-century books
Christian theology books
Works by Thomas Aquinas
Thomistic jurisprudence
Books about jurisprudence
Medieval legal texts
Treatises

Treatise on Law


Bullet-proof glass, or bullet-resistant glass, is a type of strong, clear material that resists bullets. Complete protection against all weapons is not possible.

It is usually made from two or more types of material, one hard and one soft. The softer layer makes the glass more elastic, so it can flex (bend) instead of shatter. There must be a clear view through the glass. Bulletproof glass varies in thickness from three-quarters of an inch to three inches.

A popular method is stick a special plastic film to the inner surface of ordinary glass. This 'security laminate' bonds to the glass with an adhesive. This gives a protection similar to the multi-layered bullet-resistant glass. Transparency is better, tint-free; thickness and weight is reduced as much as 50-70%. The laminate can be stuck on to existing windows; this a called a 'retrofit'.

Methods

The concept
The plastic provides little bullet-resistance. Glass, much harder than plastic, flattens the bullet. The plastic deforms, absorbing energy and (perhaps) stopping the bullet. The ability of the plastic layer to stop projectiles is directly proportional to its thickness. Bulletproof glass may be up to three inches thick.

The materials
All the parts of the glass must be transparent. The essential components are these:
 A very hard substance
 A softer plastic that can bend under heat and pressure
 A bonding agent (an adhesive). Items 2 and 3 may or may not be the same substance.

The most usual method today requires three parts in layers:
 Glass outside, specially strengthened during production
 Acrylic, also known as 'Perspex' or 'Plexiglas', is another very hard, clear material which can be used as well as, or even instead of, glass
 Adhesive, often the resin polyvinyl butyal
 Plastic inside, a thermoplastic polycarbonate

Simpler version
A simpler version is used for car windshields. It consists of two panels of toughened glass, bonded together with polyvinyl butyal (PVB). The PVB stops cracks in the outer glass from spreading.

Latest ideas

One-way
The idea is for guards inside to be able to shoot out, while attackers can't shoot in. One-way bulletproof glass is usually made of only two layers, a brittle layer on the outside and a flexible one on the inside. A bullet fired from the outside hits the brittle layer first, shattering an area of it. This absorbs some of the bullet's kinetic energy, and spreads it on a larger area. When the slowed bullet hits the flexible layer, it is stopped.

However, when a bullet is fired from the inside, it hits the flexible layer first. The bullet penetrates the flexible layer because its energy is focused on a smaller area; the brittle layer then shatters outward due to the flexing of the inner layer and does not significantly hinder the bullet's progress. A problem with this idea is that a two-layer glass has limited stopping power.

Improvement on glass
There is a new type of transparent armour with aluminium oxynitride instead of glass. As the outside 'strike plate' layer, it is much lighter and performs better than traditional glass/polymer laminates. Aluminum oxynitride 'glass' can defeat .50 caliber armour-piercing rounds. Various types of other materials which closely resemble glass are also being developed.

Ceramics
Certain types of ceramic can also be used for transparent armour. They are denser and harder than traditional glass. These new types of transparent ceramic armours make thinner armour with equal stopping power to traditional laminated glass.

References

Glass
Armour

Bullet-proof glass


Krasnoselskaya () is a Moscow Metro station in the Krasnoselsky District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Sokolnicheskaya Line, between Komsomolskaya and Sokolniki stations. Krasnoselskaya is located under Krasnoprudnaya Street, east of the intersection with Krasnoselskaya Street.

Name
It is named after Krasnoselskaya Street.

History
The section of the Sokolnicheskaya Line between Sokolniki and Komsomolskaya was built under Krasnoprudnaya Street, using the cut and cover method. Construction work on Krasnoselskaya began in spring 1933, and the station opened along with other 9 stations of the line on 15 May 1935.

Design
The planned passenger volume at Krasnoselskaya was relatively low, so the station was built with a narrower platform than the other stations of the first line. The station has one row of ten-sided columns, which are faced with red and yellow Crimean marble. The walls are finished with yellow and red ceramic tile and punctuated at regular intervals by concrete pilasters. The architects of the station were B. Vilenskiy and V. Yershov.

Entrance
Krasnoselskaya was originally planned to have entrances at two ends, but only the western one, located at the northeast corner of Krasnoprudnaya Street and Upper Krasnoselskaya Street, was built. In 2005 the vestibule's original tile floor was replaced with similarly-coloured marble.

References

Moscow Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1935
Sokolnicheskaya Line
Railway stations located underground in Russia

Krasnoselskaya


Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose in animal cells.

Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle. Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose, but one that is less compact than the energy reserves of triglycerides. Only the glycogen stored in the liver can be made accessible to other organs.

Related pages
 Metabolism

Other websites
 Glycogen detection using Periodic Acid Schiff Staining

Carbohydrates
Organic compounds

Glycogen


This article is about a list of retired Atlantic hurricane names. Atlantic hurricane names only get retired if and when they are notable enough by causing a lot of damage or killing many people. They can also be retired if and when the government or country requests the name to be retired, by the World Meteorological Organization.

Below is a list of Atlantic hurricane names retired.

1950s: Carol, Edna, Hazel, Connie, Diane, Ione, Janet, Audrey, Gracie

1960s: Donna, Carla, Hattie, Flora, Cleo, Dora, Hilda, Betsy, Inez, Beulah, Camille

1970s: Celia, Agnes, Carmen, Fifi, Eloise, Anita, David, Frederic

1980s: Allen, Alicia, Elena, Gloria, Gilbert, Joan, Hugo

1990s: Diana, Klaus, Bob, Andrew, Luis,  Marilyn, Opal, Roxanne, Cesar, Fran, Hortense, Georges, Mitch, Floyd, Lenny

2000s: Keith, Allison, Iris, Michelle, Isidore, Lili, Fabian, Isabel, Juan, Charley, Frances, Ivan, Jeanne, Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma, Dean, Felix, Noel, Gustav, Ike, Paloma

2010s: Igor, Tomas, Irene, Sandy, Ingrid, Erika, Joaquin, Matthew, Otto, Harvey, Irma, Maria, Nate, Florence, Michael
2020s: Laura, Eta, Iota, Ida, Fiona, Ian

Related pages
List of retired Pacific hurricane names

Weather lists

List of retired Atlantic hurricane names


A covalent bond is a chemical bond between two non-metal atoms. An example is water, where hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) bond together to make (H2O).

A full outer shell (or electron shell) usually has eight electrons, or two in the case of hydrogen or helium. Valence electrons are the electrons held comparatively loosely in the outer shell of the atom. (The structure of electron shells is determined by quantum mechanics.)

The number of electrons in an atom is decided by the number of protons in the atom. Electrons orbit atomic nuclei, and they are like fuzzy orbital paths around an atomic nucleus. The first layer has up to two electrons. The layers after that usually contain up to eight. Covalent bonds are formed by atoms sharing valence electrons.

If for example, an atom had nine electrons, the first two  orbit very close to the nucleus, the next seven  orbit a little farther away. The outer seven electrons  are less tightly held than the inner two electrons because they are further away from the positively charged nucleus. If this atom gets close to another atom, with a loosely held electron in its outer shell, a new orbital will become available to the loosely held electron. This new electron orbital is bound to both atomic nuclei and has a lower energy level than the original electron orbital. The electron can spontaneously jump to it and emit a photon with the excess energy. Now we have an electron orbiting both atoms which results in the atom that provided the electron having a small net positive charge and the other atom having a small net negative charge. The two atoms are now held together by the electromagnetic force of attraction between positive and negative charges. This is called a covalent bond. To break this bond needs the same amount of energy as was released when it was formed.

A water molecule consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms held together by a covalent bond. In this case the oxygen atom shares one electron with each hydrogen atom. This means that the oxygen atoms has a small net positive charge and the hydrogen atom has a small net negative charge. As a result, the oxygen and hydrogen atoms are attracted to each other due to the electromagnetic force. Because of this the water molecule is a polar molecule: its charge is not evenly distributed.

Types of covalent bond
Atomic orbitals (except for s orbitals) make different types of covalent bonds:
Sigma (σ) bonds are the strongest covalent bonds. They have head-on overlapping of orbitals on two different atoms. A single bond is usually a σ bond.
Pi (π) bonds are weaker (and are due to lateral overlap between p (or d) orbitals).
A double bond between two given atoms has one σ and one π bond, and
a triple bond has one σ and two π bonds.

Covalent bonds are weaker than ionic bonds, and have a lower melting point. They are also generally poor conductors of electricity and heat.

Bond length

In chemistry, bond length is the measure of the size of a covalent bond. Because molecules are very small, they are measured in picometers, or about one millionth of a billionth of a meter.

The chemistry of molecules is explained mostly by their bonds, and their bonds are caused by their structure of electrons.

Related pages
Valency

Covalent bond


Hathor was an Egyptian goddess. She was a cow goddess and was associated with the Milky Way. Hathor was the daughter of Ra.

Temples and worship

There are still remains of Hathor's temple in Dendera, Egypt. Dendara was her most well known. Her temple is 37 miles away from Luxor.  It is thought that the temple of Hathor was built and decorated between the second century B.C.E. and the first century C.E. It had two intricately designed columned halls with the head of the goddess Hathor engraved in to each of them.  Additionally, several shrines were built on the flat roof of the temple.  There was also an enclosed sacred lake where the priests and patients would bath in order to heal themselves and become pure. There was sacred treasure hidden in two underground rooms near the sanctuary. At her temple people would pray to her for good wealth.  Overall, Hathor was a busy goddess, as were most of the other gods and goddesses.

Goddess' purpose

In Egypt, Hathor was the goddess of love, beauty, dancing, music, and fertility. Hathor is one of the main goddesses. Hathor means "House of Horus". Before Hathor was the nice goddess she was the goddess of destruction. There was a myth that Ra ordered Hathor (Sekmet) to go out to eat the people. But days passed and Ra wanted Sekmet (Hathor) to stop but Sekmet was enjoying it. So Ra dyed beer red and scattered it all over the land. Sekmet saw it and thought it was the blood of the people she killed, so she drank it all and became drunk. After she slept for three days and woke up renewed, she didn't want to eat human flesh any more and became a new goddess, Hathor.

Appearance
Hathor appeared in four different forms. In human form, Hathor had a cow head with two cow horns. She was represented as a cow because cows were highly valued animals. She wore a menat which was a special necklace. A menat is a heavy beaded necklace with a crescent shape in the front and a tall mushroom shaped piece in the back. In one of her animal forms, she was a cow with an ankh. An ankh was the symbol of life. Another of Hathor's animal forms was a fierce lion.  Hathor's symbol was a cow with a sun disc.  The ancient Egyptians drew her as the sky of the Milky Way. Hathor's titles include the Golden One, the Lady of Song, the Mistress of Maidens, and the Lady of the Sycamore. She had traveled to Greece from a horrible argument with the gods and goddesses, she was banished from the land, and she was so ashamed of herself, she became the goddess of beauty and love.

Power
Hathor had a lot of power over Ancient Egyptians moods. Hathor had the power to bring laughter, happiness and joy. If she was far away the Egyptians mood would become miserable. Hathor very much enjoyed helping and changing others moods embracing them and loving them dearly. Hathor saw past the hell that was placed and granted Peace to all for eternity. Everyone then became their own Ptah.

References
Relmer, Pat Egyptian Mythology
Dunand, Francoise God and Men in Egypt
Manning, Ruth Ancient Egyptian Women
Wilkinson, Richard The Complete Gods and Goddesses in Ancient Egypt
Barret, Clive The Egyptians Gods and Goddesses
Lesko, Barbara The Great Goddesses of Egypt
Fisher, Lenard The Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt

 Hathor Article by Caroline Seawright
 Domain of Het-Hert (Hathor)

Egyptian gods and goddesses

Hathor


Gibsons is a Canadian city in British Columbia, Canada. Gibsons is on the Sunshine Coast. The Canadian television series, The Beachcombers, was set and shot in Gibsons. The movies Charlie St. Cloud and Needful Things were filmed in Gibsons. The town also won the Berkeley Springs International Water Tasting contest which made them the first in the world. The town was first called Gibson's Landing in 1929 but was changed to Gibsons in 1947.

Other websites
Town of Gibsons' Official website

Cities in British Columbia

Gibsons, British Columbia


Hate Forest wis a Ukrainian Naitional Socialist black metal baund formed bi Roman Sayenko, the leadin member o Drudkh, Dark Ages, an Blood of Kingu. Thurios joined the baund in 1998 efter the recordin o "Scythia". The muisic is maistly vera fast, but occasionally also slow, wi law, distortit vocals an daurk ambient elements (some releases hae consistit entirely o daurk ambient tracks). The baund never gave interviews, never released photos, an held their distance frae the black metal scene. Efter Hate Forest disbandit Sayenko focused on Blood of Kingu, a baund similar in style but o different inspiration.

Members
 Roman Sayenko (also in Drudkh, Blood of Kingu an Dark Ages) - vocals an aw instruments
 Thurios (also in Drudkh an Astrofaes)

Umwhile members
Khaoth - drums (for live performance, 2001)
Alzeth - guitar (1998-1999)

Discography
 Scythia Full- length, 1999
 Darkness EP, 2000
 The Curse Demo, 2000
 The Most Ancient Ones Full-length, 2001
 Blood & Fire EP, 2001
 Ritual EP, 2001
 The Gates Full-length, 2001
 Blood & Fire/Ritual Compilation, 2001
 To Those Who Came Before Us EP, 2002
 Purity Full-length, 2003
 To Twilight Thickets Compilation, 2003
 Battlefields Full-length, 2003
 Resistance EP, 2004
 Sorrow Full-length, 2005
 Nietzscheism Compilation, 2005
 Temple Forest Demo, 2007 (recordit in 2000, appeared as a part o "To Twilight Thickets", released in 2007 as a stand-alone demo)
 Grief Of The Universe/Spinning Galaxies Split EP wi Legion Of Doom, 2008
 Dead But Dreaming Compilation, 2009
 Those Once Mighty Fallen Split with Ildjarn, 2013

External links
 Hate Forest on Myspace

Naitional Socialist black metal muisical groups
Ukrainian black metal muisical groups
Muisical groups established in 1995
Muisical groups disestablished in 2007

Hate Forest


Today, television can show a number of programmes. Usually the content of these programmes is rated, by a number of people (usually called advisory board). Some of the programmes may be suitable for children (of different ages), other content may not be suitable for children. The watershed is the time of the day where content not suitable for children may be shown. This is usually during the night (starting in the later evening, and ending in the early morning)

Content that children should not see
The content that is not suitable for children to see usually includes sex or nudity outside a functional context. People bathing naked in a lake may be ok, people doing a striptease in a night club or cabaret may not be. Other content generally not suitable includes various levels of violence or the use of illegal drugs. Sometimes strong language (full of expletives) is also seen as unfit for children.

Television

Watershed (television)


Bobby Cohen is an American film producer whose credits include The Cider House Rules and Memoirs of a Geisha.

Life and career
Bobby Cohen was born on February 8, 1970, in New York state. Cohen's parents are both attorneys. After graduating from Cold Spring Harbor High School in 1988, Cohen attended and received a degree from New York University.

Cohen worked as an assistant at the Writers & Artists Agency. At the age of 23, Cohen joined Miramax Films where he worked his way up to Senior VP of Production.  During that time, he contributed to movies like Clerks, Scream and Beautiful Girls. His first producing credit was for 54, which was mildly received. Cohen produced several other movies for Miramax before leaving in 2003.

After Miramax, Cohen started his own production company, Cohen Productions. Cohen's company produced the Gwyneth Paltrow movie, View from the Top. Following that, Cohen became president of Red Wagon Productions, where he was executive producer on such projects as Jarhead and Memoirs of a Geisha.  After leaving Red Wagon, Cohen went on to produce such films as Definitely, Maybe for Working Title/Universal Pictures and Revolutionary Road for DreamWorks.

Filmography
He was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted.

Film

Television

Production manager

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
Filmmakers from New York (state)
Film producers from New York (state)
New York University alumni
People from Cold Spring Harbor, New York

Bobby Cohen


Joseph Raymond Conniff, better known as Ray Conniff, was an American bandleader. He worked with many musicians, including Rosemary Clooney and Johnny Mathis. He created the Ray Conniff Singers (representing twelve women and thirteen men) around 1959; the group lasted until mid 1970s. Conniff was born November 6, 1916 and died October 12, 2002.

American bandleaders
1916 births
2002 deaths

Ray Conniff


The Cotentin Peninsula (\kō-ˌtäⁿ-ˈtaⁿ\), also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a peninsula in Normandy that is part of the coast of France. It extends in a northwest direction into the English Channel. To its west are the Channel Islands and to the southwest is the Brittany Peninsula. It is in the Departement of Manche, in the region of Normandy. The largest town is Cherbourg on the north coast. Cherbourg is a major port on the English Channel. The west coast of the Cotentin known as Côte des Îles ("Islands Coast") faces the Channel Islands. Ferry links serve Carteret, and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney from the port of Dielette.

History

The peninsula formed part of what the Romans called Armorica. Coutances was the capital of the Unelli, a Gaulish tribe. It got its name Constantia in 298 during the reign of Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus. Under the Carolingians it became known as the Cotentin and was controlled by viscounts. For some time these were members of the Saint-Sauveur family. They lived at Saint-Sauveur on the Douve river.

In the ninth century, Vikings settled the Cotentin, which became part of Normandy in the early tenth century. Many place names there come from the Norse language. Examples include La Hague, and La-Hougue both derived from the Old Norse word haugr meaning a hill or mound. Until the construction of modern roads, the peninsula was almost inaccessible in winter because of marshland cutting off the higher ground. This explains occasional historical references to the Cotentin as an island.

King Alan the Great of Brittany waged war successfully on the Norsemen. As the result of his conquests, the Cotentin Peninsula was included in the territory of the Duchy of Brittany. After his death, the Norsemen invaded and occupied Brittany from 907 to 939. While they were eventually expelled by Alan's grandson, Alan II, Duke of Brittany, the subsequent rulers of Brittany were weaker than Alan the Great.  The succeeding Dukes of Brittany suffered continuing Norse invasions and Norman raids. Eventually the Cotentin Peninsula was lost to the  Brittany, and became part of Normandy.

In 1088 Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, gave the Cotentin to his brother Henry, later King Henry I of England. Henry, as count of the Cotentin, established his first power base there and in the adjoining Avranchin to the south During the Hundred Years' War, King Edward III of England landed in the bay of La Hogue, and then came to the Church of Quettehou in Val de Saire. It was there that Edward III knighted his son Edward, the Black Prince. A remembrance plaque can be seen next to the altar. The naval Battle of La Hogue in 1692 was fought off Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue near Barfleur.

The town of Valognes was, until the French Revolution, a provincial social resort for the nobility, nicknamed the Versailles of Normandy. The social scene was described in the novels of Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly (himself from the Cotentin). The grand houses and châteaux; were destroyed during World War II.

During World War II, part of the 1944 Battle of Normandy was fought in the Cotentin. The westernmost part of the D-Day landings was at Utah Beach, on the southeastern coast of the peninsula. What followed was a campaign to occupy the peninsula and take Cherbourg.

Economy
The main economical resource is agriculture. Dairy farming is a prominent activity. Along the west coast, renowned vegetables are grown, such as the carrots of Créances. The renowned trademark "Florette" was created in Lessay. The region is also famous for its shellfish culture. These include oysters from Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue and Pirou. Other products are alcoholic beverages like cider and calvados, made from locally grown apples and pears.

The region hosts two important Nuclear power plants. At Flamanville there is the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant. The other is the COGEMA La Hague site. It is a large nuclear waste reprocessing and storage complex operated by Areva NC. The nuclear power industry provides many jobs in the region. The roads used for transport of nuclear waste have been blocked many times in the past by environmental action group Greenpeace. Local environmental groups have voiced concerns about the radioactivity levels of the cooling water of both these nuclear sites. These are being flushed into the bay of Vauville. However, the radioactivity is much lower than the natural background levels and does not pose any hazard.

There are two important naval shipyards in Cherbourg. The state-owned shipyard DCNS has built French nuclear submarines since the 1960s. Privately owned CMN builds frigates and patrol vessels for various states, mostly from the Middle East. Tourism is also an important economic activity in this region. Many tourists visit the D-Day invasion beaches, including Utah Beach in the Cotentin. At Sainte-Mère-Église a few miles away from the beach, there is a museum dedicated to the 82nd Airborne Division and the 101st Airborne Division. The Cité de la Mer in Cherbourg is a museum of oceanic and underseas subjects. The main attraction is Redoutable, the first French nuclear submarine, launched in 1967.

Culture

Due to its relative isolation the Cotentin is one of the last remaining places the Norman language is spoken. The Norman language writer Alfred Rossel, native of Cherbourg, composed many songs which form part of the heritage of the region. Rossel's song Sus la mé ("on the sea") is often sung as a regional patriotic song.

References

Web pages

Renaud, Jean   Les Vikings et la Normandie (Ouest-France. 2002) ISBN/ISSN : 2-7373-0258-7
Renaud, Jean   Les dieux des Vikings  (Ouest-France. 2002) ISBN/ISSN : 2-7373-1468-2

Manche
Peninsulas of Europe

Cotentin Peninsula


White Stains is a poetic work, its title based on male masturbation, written by English author and occultist Aleister Crowley under the pseudonym "George Archibald Bishop". It was published in 1898 in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

White Stains contains various poems in both English and French which can also be regarded as individual works. The majority of these poems are overtly sexual in content. Crowley claimed that he had written White Stains for the purpose of rewriting Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis in a lyrical form. As with other works of Crowley, obscenity is celebrated.

David Bowie references "white stains" in his song Station to Station.

Some of the Poems
 "Dedicace" – Crowley tells of a lover whose sex is not clearly recognisable. The poem has a sado-masochistic tendency.
 "Sonnet to the Virgin Mary" – This poem is a praise to the Virgin Mary.
 "A Fragment" – This is a fragment of a theatrical work in a lyrical form. It deals with the meeting of two lovers, a man and a woman.
 "The Rainbow" – This poem is a praise to the glory of God.
 "With A Copy Of "Poems and Ballads" – In this poem which is written in French Crowley pays homage to a friend who is not clearly identifiable.
 "Ad Lydiam, Ut Secum A Marito Fugeret" – This is a poem about love which contains many descriptions of nature.
 "Contra Conjugium T.B.B" – The first stanza of the poem is written in Latin. The other stanzas are written in English. It is a religious praise sung by a priest in church.
 "The Ballad Of Choosing" – This is a poem about being predestined for fame. Every stanza ends with the sentence "Thou has a guerdon, is it not for hire?".
 "A Jealous Lover" – Crowley tells of a person, his love for a woman and his (or probably her) jealousy concerning his beloved.
 "Ballade De La Jolie Marion" – Only the title of this poem is French. The poem itself is written in English. It deals with the inevitability of the end of love due to being separated from the beloved person. Every stanza ends with the refrain "We must part, and love must die."
 "At Stockholm" – This poems deals with the unnecessarity of spoken language when kisses can speak for themselves.
 "Mathilde" – This is a poem about the sex appeal that Crowley sees in the title-giving woman.
 "Yet Time To Turn" – In this poem a man remembers himself of a woman he once loved.
 "All Night" – This is a poem about sex in the night.
 "Ode To Venus Callipgye" – This poem is a praise to Venus.
 "Volupté" – This poem is written in French. It is a poem about sexual desire.

References

External links
 White Stains the full text of the book.
 Article on the book by Rictor Norton

1898 poetry books
English poetry collections
Erotic poetry
Thelemic texts
Works by Aleister Crowley
Works published under a pseudonym

White Stains