Sir Francis Joseph Edmund Beaurepaire (13 May 1891 – 29 May 1956) was an Australian distance freestyle swimmer from the 1900s to the 1920s, who won three silver and three bronze medals, from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London to the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.

He was also a decorated politician and businessman, serving for ten years in the Victorian Legislative Council and as Lord Mayor of Melbourne and building a multimillion-dollar tyre business empire, Beaurepaires and Olympic Tyres.

Early life
Beaurepaire was born to Francis Edmund de Beaurepaire, a cable tram conductor, and Mary Edith Inman. Growing up in Melbourne, Beaurepaire was educated at Albert Park State School and Wesley College.

He had his first swimming lesson at the age of four, when his father dropped him into the sea water baths at South Melbourne with a rope tied around his waist. He often practised in the sea, close to where effluent was ejected into Port Phillip Bay. Later, when he had earned more money, he paid tuppence (2d. = two pence) to enter the now demolished Stubbs' South Melbourne Baths to train.

His career was nearly ended when he was hospitalized for 12 months with rheumatic fever. However, encouraged by his schoolteacher and South Melbourne barber Tommy Horlock, who later became his coach, Beaurepaire fought off the ailment and resumed training with the Albert Park State School Swimming Club.

Swimming career

In 1906, a few months before his 15th birthday, Beaurepaire won the  and  freestyle at the Victorian championships. In 1908, he captured the , 880 yd and mile freestyle events at the Australian Championships to claim a spot in the 1908 Summer Olympics team. On arrival in London with Horlock, he found that no arrangements had been made to pick them up, so they were forced to live with 16 pounds between them for a month, before officials became aware of their plight.

Beaurepaire trained in London for three months before the Games. Unable to afford admission to swimming pools, He was forced to train at Highgate Ponds, at temperatures of 10 °C. After a  event in the River Thames prior to the Olympics he was numbed by the cold to such an extent that he collapsed and needed to be pulled from the water to avoid drowning. Later he won the  British Championship at Bradford, defeating Henry Taylor of Lancashire, and then proceeded to win the  event at Nottingham.

Arriving at the Olympics, the competitors were confronted with a pool dug into the athletics track, with no filtration or chlorination, effectively being a muddy pond. Beaurepaire had caught influenza and finished in second and third in the 400 m and 1500 m freestyle respectively, both events being won by Taylor. He was eliminated in the heats of the 100 m freestyle. He also finished fourth in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay. After the Olympics, Beaurepaire again raced Taylor over  and one mile (1.6 km) in Britain, winning the latter, in which some 20,000 spectators attended.

Returning to Australia, he broke the  world record at the Melbourne City Baths. He reappeared prominently in 1910 when he won more than a dozen state and national titles, breaking the world  freestyle record in the process. His tour of the United Kingdom and continental Europe later that year resulted in world records in the 200 m, 300 m, , 400 m, 500 m and , three of which were achieved in one race. He later swept all of the British championships from  up to one mile (1.6 km). He competed in 41 first-class and championship races in four months, winning all of them.

In 1911, after his long return by sea to Australia, he suffered his first defeat in three years and was forced to abandon the  freestyle event at the Australian Championships mid-race. Due to exhaustion, he took a break from competitive swimming to become a swimming instructor, earning 3 pounds 10 shillings (£3/10/-) a week with the Victorian Department of Education as a physical education instructor.

He was barred from Olympic competition by the International Swimming Federation, which ruled him to be a professional, although he was not earning money for swimming. This ruled him out of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, where the Australian 4 × 200 m freestyle relay team won gold. The decision to bar him was reversed in 1914.

He joined the Australian Defence Force as an infantryman, but was invalided and joined the YMCA services, and served in Egypt, England and France before being hospitalized in 1917 with trench fever and gassing, and being returned to Australia.

In February 1920, he won the Victorian championships, and soon after broke the 1000 m world record and qualified for the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. With swimming held in a near-freezing open-water canal, Beaurepaire abandoned the 400 m freestyle mid-race due to illness, but managed to claim a bronze in the 1500 m freestyle. He combined with William Herald, Ivan Stedman and Henry Hay to claim the silver medal in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay, some 21 s behind the American squad.

His sister Lily also competed as part of the swimming and diving team, becoming the first brother-sister combination to represent Australia at the Summer Olympics.

Back in Australia and later in Hawaii that year, he broke the  and one mile (1.6 km) records, and twice broke the 1000 m and 1500 m records. He was named as the captain of the swimming team for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. He was eliminated in the heats of the 400 m freestyle, but at the age of 34 he claimed bronze in the 1500 m freestyle, behind fellow Australian Boy Charlton and Sweden's Arne Borg. He won a silver medal in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay alongside Charlton, Ernest Henry and Moss Christie.

His last competitive appearance was his victory at Kew, Victoria in the State Championships in March 1928, which he won at 37 years of age. In all he set 15 world records over a span of 13 years, winning 79 Victorian titles, 11 British titles and a record 34 Australian titles. It was not until 2000 that Susie O'Neill broke his Australian record.

He attended the 1932 Summer Olympics as a swimming official and judge.

Beaurepaires

In 1922, he was awarded the Royal Humane Society Gold Medal and ₤550, a significant sum in that era, after assisting another lifesaver, Jack Chalmers in rescuing a shark attack victim at Coogee, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney. He used this to start Beaurepaires, a tyres, wheels, batteries business, which had assets worth more than 8 million pounds at his death. The business now has over 230 stores in Australia.

Local, state and federal politics
From 1940 to 1942, Beaurepaire was the Lord Mayor of Melbourne. He was knighted in the King's Birthday Honours of 1942.

He was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council in 1942, serving until 1952. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Senate for the United Australia Party in the 1943 federal election.

In 1948 he was part of a delegation that went to London to lobby at the 1948 Summer Olympics for Melbourne to host the 1956 Summer Olympics. In 1949 Melbourne won the hosting rights and Beaurepaire was again re-elected as Lord Mayor. He hoped that he could preside over the Games. However, he died of a heart attack in the barber's chair at the Hotel Windsor, just seven months before the Games. His son, Ian Francis Beaurepaire, was also a Lord Mayor of Melbourne.

See also
 List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
 1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game
 World record progression 200 metres freestyle

Footnotes

References
 Pioneer Exhibition Game Australian Football: in aid of British and French Red Cross Societies: 3rd Australian Division v. Australian Training Units at Queen's Club, West Kensington, on Saturday, October 28th, 1916, at 3pm, Wightman & Co., (London), 1919.
 First World War Records: Frank. J.E. de Beaurepaire, YMCA Representative, National Archives of Australia.
 Y.M.C.A. and Soldiers: Work in English Camps, The Argus, (Saturday, 9 September 1916), p.17.
 Richardson, N. (2016), The Game of Their Lives, Pan Macmillan Australia: Sydney.

 Radio National Interview with daughter-in-law Beryl Beaurepaire

External links

1891 births
1956 deaths
Swimmers from Melbourne
Australian sportsperson-politicians
Australian male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Olympic swimmers for Australasia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australasia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australasia
Swimmers at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Participants in "Pioneer Exhibition Game" (London, 28 October 1916)
Swimmers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
World record setters in swimming
Mayors and Lord Mayors of Melbourne
Australian Knights Bachelor
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
People educated at Wesley College (Victoria)
Australian people of French descent
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
20th-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian businesspeople
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
People from Albert Park, Victoria

Frank Beaurepaire


The Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) makes decisions on trade disputes between governments that are adjudicated by the Organization. Its decisions generally match those of the Dispute Panel.

Institutional structure

The DSB is, in effect, a session of the General Council of the WTO: that is, all of the representatives of the WTO member governments, usually at ambassadorial level, meeting together. It decides the outcome of a trade dispute on the recommendation of a Dispute Panel and (possibly) on a report from the Appellate Body of WTO, which may have amended the Panel recommendation if a party chose to appeal. Only the DSB can make these decisions: Panels and the Appellate Body are limited to making recommendations.

The DSB uses a special decision procedure known as 'reverse consensus' or 'consensus against' that makes it almost certain that the Panel recommendations in a dispute will be accepted. The process requires that the recommendations of the Panel (as amended by the Appellate Body) should be adopted "unless" there is a consensus of the members against adoption. This has never happened, and because the nation 'winning' under the Panel's ruling would have to join this reverse consensus, it is difficult to conceive of how it ever could.

Once it has decided on the case, i.e., whether the complaint had been shown to be right or wrong, the DSB may direct the 'losing' Member to take action to bring its laws, regulations or policies into conformity with the WTO Agreements. This is the only direction that emerges from a WTO dispute. There is no concept of "punishment" or even restitution. The DSB will give the losing party a "reasonable period of time" in which to restore the conformity of its laws etc.

If the losing party fails to restore the conformity of its laws within the "reasonable period of time", the DSB may—on an exceptional basis—authorise a successful complainant to take retaliatory measures to induce action on the part of the losing party. This is very rare. Almost all WTO members "voluntarily" implement DSB decisions in time. Of course, when a losing country brings its laws etc. into conformity it may choose how to do so; indeed, it may not necessarily make the changes that the winning party would prefer.

List of chairs of the DSB
 David Walker (diplomat) 2019
 Junichi Ihara 2017

Prominent cases
 US requirements for Turtle excluder devices (Shrimp-Turtle Case)
 The 2002 United States steel tariffs
 US exceptions to secondary broadcasting rights
 European Union (EC) restrictions on genetically modified food
 EC regulation of asbestos

See also
World Trade Organization Dispute 160

External links
 WTO dispute settlement website.
 UNCTAD Project on Dispute Settlement.

World Trade Organization
Dispute resolution

Dispute Settlement Body


Cornetfish are a small family of elongated fishes in the order Syngnathiformes. This family has only one genus, Fistularia, with four species. They live all over the world in tropical and subtropical marine environments.

Cornetfish are thin and rather long. They may be as long as 6.6 feet.

They usually live around coastal waters or coral reefs.

Syngnathiformes

Cornetfish


A schnitzel is a traditional German and Austrian dish.  It is made out of boneless meat thinned with a hammer, coated in bread crumbs and fried. It is a popular part of Austrian cuisine. In Austria, the dish called Wiener Schnitzel is traditionally served with a slice of lemon and either Potato salad or potatoes with parsley and butter.

The traditional Wiener schnitzel is made of veal.  It is now often made of pork. When made of pork, it is often called Schnitzel Wiener Art in Germany.  In Austria, by law it has to be called Wiener Schnitzel vom Schwein to show it is different it from the original. In Austria and Germany, the term Wiener Schnitzel is protected by law.  Any schnitzel called by that name has to be made from veal.

In Finland, watermelon is traditionally eaten with Schnitzel (pork Schnitzel is the most popular in the country). In New Zealand their beef Schnitzel meals are almost always eaten with a large serving of mashed potatoes and/or boiled vegetables.

References

German food
Austrian food
Meat dishes

Schnitzel


Jacqueline du Pré OBE (26 January 1945 - 19 October 1987) was an English cellist. Today she is thought of as one of the greatest cellists of all time. She is particularly remembered for her performances of the Elgar Cello Concerto. She was still quite young when she became ill with multiple sclerosis and had to give up playing her cello.

Early years
Jacqueline du Pré was born in Oxford, England. Her father came from Jersey. His mother was a talented pianist who taught at the Royal Academy of Music. When she was four Jacqueline heard the sound of a cello on the radio and she told her mother she wanted "one of those." She started with lessons from her mother, who composed little pieces with little drawings. Then, when she was five, she went to the London Violoncello School . Her first teacher was Alison Dalrymple.

Soon she and her sister, who played the flute, were winning local music competitions. Du Pré's main teacher, from 1955 to 1961, both privately and at the Guildhall School of Music in London, was the famous cellist William Pleeth. She took part in a masterclass with Pablo Casals in Zermatt, Switzerland in 1960, and had some lessons with Paul Tortelier in Paris in 1962, and with Mstislav Rostropovich in Russia in 1966. Rostropovich said that she was the only young cellist who could play better than he could.

Career
In March 1961, when she was 16, du Pré gave her first concert at the Wigmore Hall, London, and she played the Elgar Cello Concerto in 1962 in the Royal Festival Hall with the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Rudolf Schwarz. She performed at the BBC Proms in 1963 playing the Elgar concerto again, with Sir Malcolm Sargent. People liked it so much that she was asked to play it every year for three years. Du Pré performed at the Proms every year until 1969.

In 1965, when she was 20, she recorded the Elgar concerto for EMI with the London Symphony Orchestra and Sir John Barbirolli. This made her internationally famous. People still judge every cellist's performance of this work by this recording by du Pré.

She played with the world's greatest orchestras and conductors, including the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic, New Philharmonia Orchestra, BBC Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Israel Philharmonic, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. She regularly performed with conductors such as Barbirolli, Sir Adrian Boult, Sir Malcolm Sargent, Daniel Barenboim (her husband), Zubin Mehta, and Leonard Bernstein.

There were two cellos that Du Pré usually played. One was a Stradivari cellos, the Stradivarius made in 1673, and the other was made in 1712 and was called the Davydov Stradivarius. Both instruments were gifts from her godmother. She performed with the 1673 Stradivarius from 1961 until 1964 when she got the Davydov. Many of her most famous recordings were made on this instrument, including the Elgar Concerto with Barbirolli, the Robert Schumann Cello Concerto with Barenboim and the two Brahms cello sonatas. From 1969 to 1970 du Pré played a Francesco Goffriller cello, and in 1970 she got a modern instrument from the Philadelphia violin maker Sergio Peresson. It was the Peresson cello that du Pré played for the rest of her career until 1973, including a second, live recording of the Elgar Concerto, and her last studio recording in 1971 of the sonatas by Frederic Chopin and César Franck.

She often played chamber music with her husband Daniel Barenboim and her friends Yehudi Menuhin, Itzhak Perlman, Zubin Mehta, and Pinchas Zukerman. In 1969 a film was made when they played Schubert's Piano Quintet ("Trout"). There were also other films made of her playing.

Personal life
Jacqueline du Pré met pianist Daniel Barenboim on New Year's Eve in 1966. They were married the following June (1967) at the Western Wall in Jerusalem. As her husband was Jewish, she converted to Judaism. They very often performed together, with Baremboim either playing the piano or conducting an orchestra.

Jacqueline's sister Hilary and her brother Piers later wrote a book about her called A Genius in the Family. This was made into a film Hilary and Jackie. In this film it was claimed that Jacqueline had had an affair with Hilary's husband. They said that this had helped her at the time she was having a nervous breakdown. Hilary's daughter later criticized the story and said that her father had made Jacqueline have sex with him.

In the early 1980s, Barenboim began an affair with the Russian pianist Elena Bashkirova, with whom he had two sons. This was kept secret from Jacqueline, who was very ill by that time.

Illness
In 1971, Jacqueline du Pré's started to suffer from multiple sclerosis. She began to lose feeling in her fingers, as well as in other parts of her body. She stopped playing for a while. Then, in 1973, she started playing again, but she could not play so well. She performed the Elgar Concerto for her last London concerts in February 1973 with Zubin Mehta and the New Philharmonia Orchestra.

Her last public concerts were in New York in February 1973, where she was going to play four performances of the Brahms Double Concerto with the violinist Pinchas Zukerman, and Leonard Bernstein conducting the New York Philharmonic. Du Pré later said she had difficulty in opening the cello case. She was in the middle of a performance when her fingers could no longer perform. The last performance was cancelled.

In October 1973 it was confirmed that she had multiple sclerosis. During her last years she was in a wheelchair. She sometimes gave some masterclasses. She died of multiple sclerosis in London on October 19, 1987, at the age of 42.

Jacqueline du Pré was given many honours. She was made an OBE in 1976. After her death a rose was named after her by the Royal Horticultural Society. The music building of St Hilda's College, Oxford is named after her. She has left us many recordings of her playing.

Other websites
 Jacqueline du Pré Official website

1945 births
1987 deaths
Converts to Judaism
Deaths from multiple sclerosis
People with multiple sclerosis
Cellists
Disease-related deaths in England
Jewish British musicians
Musicians from Oxfordshire

Jacqueline du Pré


The World Alliance for Decentralized Energy (WADE) was founded in 1997 with the original name of the International Cogeneration Alliance. It was originally formed in response to the UNFCCC meetings in Kyoto to raise the profile of cogeneration on the agenda. In 2002 the organization changed its name to WADE and broadened its scope to include all forms of decentralized energy or distributed generation including renewable technologies such as solar PV and small scale  wind power.

See also
 Decentralized energy

References

External links
World Alliance for Decentralized Energy

Sustainable energy
Distributed generation
Renewable energy organizations

World Alliance for Decentralized Energy


The Goethe-Institut (GI, English: Goethe Institute) is a non-profit German cultural association. It has 159 branches worldwide. Its goal is to promote the study of the German language abroad, and encourage international cultural exchange and relations. The GI was founded in 1951. It is named after German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

The institute has developed a series of exams for learners of German as a foreign language (Deutsch als Fremdsprache, DaF). The series includes all levels: A1 up to C2. In addition there is the Green diploma to acquire and prove German as a foreign language teaching qualifications.

References

Other websites
 Homepage

1950s establishments in Germany
1951 establishments in Europe
Cultural organizations
Munich
Organisations based in Germany

Goethe-Institut


Robert Ferrar (died 30 March 1555) was a Bishop of St David's in Wales.

He was prior of Nostell Priory, embraced the English Reformation, and was made Bishop of St. David's by Edward VI. He suffered martyrdom during the Marian persecutions.

Early life
There is no specific information on the date and place of Robert Ferrar's birth, but he did state to Stephen Gardiner that he was born in the reign of King Henry VII. It is assumed he was born in Yorkshire because of his later connections with the county: He was found first living at Nostell Priory in Yorkshire in the 1520s. On 24 May 1524, Ferrar was ordained successively as acolyte and subdeacon. On 24 September, four months later, he was ordained as deacon. After being ordained as a deacon all students participated in a profession, a promise to lead a life of poverty, chastity and obedience. Ferrar argued that to live chastely entailed a life of celibacy. From among the canons of Nostell he was chosen to receive the benefit of a university education sponsored by the priory. From c.1525–1534 Ferrar was a student at the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford, where he became a Bachelor of Theology.

Influences
In 1526, while Ferrar was in Cambridge, a number of students took an interest in the teachings of Martin Luther, and were later to become prominent as reformers and martyrs of the English church. These included Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, Thomas Bilney and Robert Barnes. They were bold enough to preach new doctrines publicly, but were accused of heresy and forced to conform with the traditional teaching. Also in 1528 the prior of St. Mary's college at Oxford was John Ramsey. Among his books was a copy of Erasmus's Enchiridion militis Christiani or "Handbook of the Christian Soldier."

A group of scholars of New Cardinal College spread the teachings of the reformer among Oxford students. Because Lutheranism was suspected within the college, a purge and search was ordered, and illegal reformist books were found. Ferrar was on John Foxe's list as possessing forbidden books, leading to his first arrest. Ferrar formally applied for his degree in theology in May 1533, which was granted.

After receiving his licence, Ferrar preached in the towns and villages near Nostell Priory where he was based. In June 1538 Thomas Cromwell appointed Ferrar as Prior of St. Oswald. Ferrar left the priorship by 1539 and there is little record of him for the next seven years. According to sources, he did not preach during this time.

When Henry VIII passed the Act of Six Articles Ferrar was a target for attack by those who sought to enforce it. He was summoned on 10 September 1540 for the safety of his soul and heretical views. When he failed to appear he was excommunicated. He bought land in 1545 for agricultural and business purposes.

Ferrar as bishop
In 1547 Edward VI took the throne, and Ferrar was released from prison following the repeal of the Six Articles.  He was then appointed as a preacher to represent Edward during the royal visitation of 1547. Ferrar worked to bring reforms, such as the addition of the English Bible, the exposure of idolatry and other "superstitious" activities, throughout several dioceses in England and Wales.  Soon after, Ferrar was appointed as the Bishop of St. David's diocese by Edward VI on Sunday 9 September 1548.  It is unclear why, but several months passed between Ferrar's consecration and his arrival at St. David's.

Upon his arrival, however, he moved for serious reforms. Ferrar pursued religious reform in his short term as bishop through parliamentary legislation, administration of ecclesiastical property, control over the cathedral chapter, supervision of clergy, enforcing discipline through court, and direct approaches to the congregation through biblical preaching. This radical restructuring led to conflict between him and his clergy, particularly Rowland Meyrick, appointed in 1550 as chancellor. A "blame game" ensued between them: Ferrar accused them of accepting bribes while his clergy claimed praemunire.  This would eventually lead to his downfall when his clergy stood witness against Ferrar.

Decline from bishop
Formal trouble arose for Ferrar when his canons at St. David's put together an indictment against him with 56 articles. The accusations against him were under the categories of:
Abuse of his authority;
Maintenance of superstition contrary to the King's ordinances and injunctions;
Wilful negligence; and
Folly.

Under the first category, it was alleged that when he first became bishop, he "appointed his chancellor by his letter of commission," ignoring the king's style and authority.  In the second place, he was accused because he did not rebuke people who prayed with beads in their hands when he met with them, knowing that it was superstitious. He was also accused of not speaking about enough godly things; instead it was said that he spoke of worldly things such as: "baking, brewing," In addition, under category four he was accused that his church service was not paraphrased in English, and some of his churches did not have English bibles.

Ferrar responded twice to the charges made against him at Carmarthen. Foxe's Book of Martyrs contains a response, by an unknown writer, to the accusations made against Ferrar in 1551.  This response is written in the style of a legal document, and was likely presented in 1552.  An excerpt from this document reads,

The said bishop allegeth that he hath not ... used any superstitions of papistry, as it is untruly surmised against him; but hath and doth, to the uttermost of his power, wit, and cunning, set forth, preach, and teach, the true doctrine of the Gospel."

The articles presented against Ferrar in 1551 were inconclusive, so the Privy Council requested an examination of witnesses. It took place from 3 May to 7 May 1552. Ferrar was kept in London while the witnesses were being interviewed, so he would not affect how people answered the questions. Around 124 witnesses were interviewed.

The witness examinations were supposed to take place before three commissioners: Thomas Jones, John Wogan, and David Vaughan.  Because so many witnesses were interviewed, over such a short period of time, the process of the commission was suspect. In November 1552, Ferrar was able to present objections concerning witness testimony. Ferrar believed that certain witnesses were biased, because they were people who had shown hostility towards him in the past. Witnesses who may have been biased in their accusations against Ferrar included Roger Barlow, Griffith Dwnn, Thomas John Thomas, and John Evans.

About half the witnesses' testimony concerned how Ferrar was aware of the crimes committed by his officers and friends, but failed to punish them.  Brown sees this as "a concerted attempt to blacken Ferrar's name through attacking the character of his supporters."  On the other hand, there were witnesses who denied the charges made against Ferrar. Roger Owen, a commissary of Ferrar, denied a few of the 56 articles.

Ferrar was sent to King's Bench Prison in Southwark when Queen Mary I took the throne in 1553. He was imprisoned with other bishops, including John Hooper of Gloucester and Miles Coverdale of Exeter. On 14 February 1554 Bishop Gardiner charged Ferrar with violation of chastity.  "He was required to answer whether he believed in the lawfulness of clerical matrimony and in transubstantiation.  For some time Ferrar refused to answer.  At another sitting Bishop Morgan pronounced him contumacious, and condemned him."  In March 1554, Ferrar officially lost his position as a bishop.

Death

Ferrar's desire was to die as a "true bearer of the cross of Christ". His martyrdom took place on 30 March 1555 on the market square (now Nott's Square) in Carmarthen.  He received this secular execution publicly as an example to any who were wishing to conform to his doctrines which were deemed inadequate and brought many accusations upon him.  On 30 March he was burnt on the south side of the market cross, telling (a spectator) that "if he saw him once stir in the pains of his burning, he might then give no credit to his doctrine; and as he said, so did he maintain his promise, patiently standing without emotion, until one Richard Gravell with a staff struck him down."

Ferrar's death is the subject of a poem (first published 1957) called "The Martyrdom of Bishop Farrar" (sic) by the poet Ted Hughes. "Ted Hughes was related to Ferrar on his mother's side; the stoical gene helped him get through his own years of trial and persecution."

There is a memorial to Bishop Robert Farrar (sic) in St Peter's Church, Carmarthen.

Progeny
Ferrar's son, Samuel, obtained preferment in the Diocese of St. David's. His daughter married Lewis Williams, rector of Narberth, Pembrokeshire.

Timeline
1485–1509: Ferrar is born sometime under the reign of Henry VII

1520s: Ferrar lives in St. Oswald's monastery

24 May 1524: Ordained acolyte and subdeacon at St. Oswald's

25 September 1524: Ordained as deacon at St. Oswald's

1525–1534: Studies at Cambridge and Oxford, acquiring a bachelor's degree in theology

1538–1539: Prior of St. Oswald's

1540: Ferrar is summoned for heresy under The Six Articles Act

1547: Edward VI takes rule after Henry VIII dies; Ferrar is appointed preacher to represent Edward during the royal visitation of 1547 to spread reforms

Sometime in 1548: Ferrar is married to his wife, Elizabeth

9 September 1548: Ferrar is consecrated as Bishop of St. David's, having been appointed by Edward VI

24 November 1548 – 14 March 1549: Ferrar attends the House of Lords and plays a role in the passing of the Uniformity Act, instituting mandatory English prayer books

1549: spends time travelling throughout his diocese preaching and spreading reforms under Edward VI

1550: Birth of his first son, Samuel

1551: Birth of second son, Griffith

Autumn 1551: 56 articles presented to Privy Council

1552: Statements are made on Ferrar's behalf that he "preached and taught the true doctrine of the Gospel"

May 1552: Commission of Witnesses interviewed

November 1552: Ferrar presents objections to witness testimony

1553: Queen Mary takes throne and Ferrar is sent to Bench Prison in Southwark

1553: Birth of third son, Sage

February 1554: Bishop Gardiner charges Ferrar with violation of chastity

March 1554: Ferrar officially loses his position of bishop

13 March 1555: Ferrar is sentenced to death for his crimes

30 March 1555: Ferrar is burned at the stake in Carmarthen

References

Notes

External links

 Williams, Sir G. FERRAR, ROBERT (d. 1555) at Welsh Biography Online
tudorplace.com Biography
Picture of Ferrar

1500s births
1555 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
People from Halifax, West Yorkshire
Augustinian canons
Bishops of St Davids
Bishops of Sodor and Man
Executed British people
People executed under Mary I of England
Executed English people
16th-century Protestant martyrs
16th-century English clergy
People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning
People executed for heresy
Protestant martyrs of England

Robert Ferrar


A lithium battery is a long-life, lightweight, high-power battery used in watches, medical devices, camera flashes, electronic car keys, alarm systems, and many other devices. It is normally in the shape of a coin. As the name suggests, the battery has lithium in it. The lithium is oxidized, providing the power for the battery. They are not rechargeable; once they are dead they should be thrown out. A lithium battery is different from a lithium-ion battery. They are rechargeable and are used in phones, portable computers, and other items like that. Lithium batteries come in several sizes. The size is indicated by a code. CR1216 is a small battery, while CR2012 is medium-sized and CR2450 is large. They are normally more expensive than other batteries.

Related pages
Lithium-ion battery
Lithium
Dry cell
Battery
Table of batteries

Batteries

Lithium battery


The Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) was a former state of India. It was created out of the merger of several Punjabi princely states on 15 July 1948, formally becoming a state of India in 1950. The capital and principal city was Patiala, and the last Maharaja of Patiala, Yadvindra Singh, served as Governor of the state during its short existence. The Governor was appointed by the President of India, but the people of the state also elected a 60-member state assembly, first elected on 6 January 1952. The Congress Party won 26 seats and the Akali Dal 19 seats.

On 1 November 1956, PEPSU was merged into Punjab state. Part of the former state of PEPSU, including the southeastern portion of the state around Jind and the Narnaul enclave, presently lie within the state of Haryana, which was separated from Punjab on 1 November 1966.

References

History of Punjab

Patiala and East Punjab States Union


The bench press is a weight training exercise for the chest muscles and some helping muscles in the shoulders and arms.

The most people who have bad form in this exercise will push with the feet to make their back bent and lifted up off the bench. This moves up the stomach area over the chest and helps the lower chest muscles move the weight. This may hurt the low part of the back.

Because the weight is directly above the body, a "spotter" or helper is used by many people in this exercise. The helper will stand behind the head of the person doing the exercise. If after doing some of the exercise the person doing the exercise cannot move the weight, the "spotter" will help the person move the weight back up to the starting position by taking hold of the bar and lifting together with the person.

Fitness

Bench press


A buzzword is a word or phrase that is made to either summarize a complex idea or reconstruct another word or phrase to reflect a particular point of view. Corporations make up buzzwords so that they can advertise stuff better. In this way, a buzzword is a lot like a product name or a proper noun. People can remember buzzwords better than non-buzzwords, which is why its good for advertising.

Example:
Multimedia has been a buzzword in the computer industry for years.

References

Rhetoric
Figures of speech
Terminology

Buzzword


Brittany (French: Bretagne, Breton: Breizh) is a region in Northwest France. The adjective for Brittany is Breton.

Today the official administrative region has 4 departments:
Côtes-d'Armor
Finistère
Ille-et-Vilaine
Morbihan
Before 1941, a fifth département was part of Brittany: Loire-Atlantique, which includes Nantes. The five departments form the cultural region of Brittany, also known as "historical Brittany".

Brittany is in the western France and its coastline points out into the Atlantic. Warmed by the Gulf Stream, Brittany has a mild and temperate climate with warm summers and wet winters.

Three languages are traditionally spoken in Brittany:
 Breton language in the West part, a Celtic mix similar to Cornish;
 Gallo (a Romance language) in the East part;
 And everywhere, French.

The capital of Brittany is Rennes in the Ille-et-Vilaine department.

The name of Brittany is related to Great Britain (in French, Grand Bretagne). The region has also been called Lesser Britain or Little Britain in the past. After the Anglo-Saxons started arriving in Great Britain in the 5th century, many of the Ancient Britons (Celts) moved to this region. The region may have already had strong ties with the Ancient Britons even before that. These tribes gave Brittany its name, the Breton language, the local place names and many parts of its culture. Brittany was a separate country from the 9th century until it was united with France in 1532. It was a province of France until the French Revolution, when its land was divided in departments. Brittany regained a regional government in the 1980s.

Brittany is the home of the world's largest collection of standing stones in one place, the Carnac stones.

Brittany's main industry is agriculture, in particular: pork farming, chicken farming and the production of maize (for cattle feed). Brittany is also the name of a dog breed.

Brittany


Ferry is a boat or ship that is used to take people, vehicles or goods across large bodies of water, such as seas, lakes and rivers.

In many places around the world, ferries are very important for public transport. Some of these places can only be reached by ferry, because they have no roads or railways with bridge or tunnels that join them to nearby places, nor do they have any locations at which to land airplanes, whether it is an airport or only an airfield.

Sometimes the trip in a ferry is free and sometimes it must be paid for. Many ferries also carry cars, some even have own rail tracks, allowing the ferry to carry trains on board.

The word 'ferry' can also mean 'to take someone or something by ferry'.

The Herald of Free Enterprise disaster, in which 193 people died near Zeebrugge in 1987, was one of the worst ferry accidents of recent times. It was caused by a crew member forgetting to close the bow doors of the ferry.

Other websites

References

Ferry


A firework is an explosive pyrotechnic device that is used mostly for entertainment. The most common use of a firework is as part of a fireworks display.

Fireworks (devices) are made to have these four effects: They make noise, light, smoke, and sometimes produce floating materials (confetti for example). They may be designed to burn with colored flames and sparks. Displays are common throughout the world and are a main point of many different cultural and religious festivals. Independence Day, New Year's Eve and Guy Fawkes Night are examples.

Some fireworks are ground-based, and others are shot into the air. Because they explode and can cause fires or burns, most countries have laws that only allow trained professionals to use display fireworks. Smaller, less explosive fireworks are available to regular, everyday people, but they are still dangerous and cause injuries each year.

History

Fireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color. The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays.

During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), many of the common people could purchase various kinds of fireworks from market vendors, and grand displays of fireworks were also known to be held. In 1110, a large fireworks display in a martial demonstration was held to entertain Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100-1125) and his court. A record from 1264 states that a rocket-propelled firework went off near the Empress Dowager Gong Sheng and startled her during a feast held in her honor by her son Emperor Lizong of Song (r. 1224–1264).

Rocket propulsion was common in warfare, as evidenced by the Huolongjing compiled by Liu Ji (1311–1375) and Jiao Yu (fl. c. 1350–1412). In 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder and its uses from China. A Syrian named Hasan al-Rammah wrote of rockets, fireworks, and other incendiaries, using terms that suggested he derived his knowledge from Chinese sources, such as his references to fireworks as "Chinese flowers".

The New Year's Eve celebrations for 2014 in Dubai broke the world record for biggest fireworks display.

Further reading

References

Other websites

 How Fireworks work
 Illegal Explosive Devices
 About.com The Chemistry of Firework Colors
Entertainment
Explosives

Firework


Navassa Island, or La Navase in Haitian Creole, is a small island without anyone living on it in the Caribbean Sea. It is located ninety miles south of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The United States government claims the two-square-mile island as a territory of the United States, and it is under control of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The island is also claimed by Haiti.

Some sailors sailing with Christopher Columbus named Navassa  in 1504, because no fresh water could be found there.

A captain named Peter Duncan gave it to the U.S. in the late 1850s, for the purpose of guano mining. After a rebellion in 1889, and the Spanish-American War of 1898, the mining was put to an end.

With the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, Navassa became important again, because of a lighthouse being built there. After World War II, no one lived on it again.

In 1996, Navassa's light was put out of use, and the island was transferred to the U.S. Department of the Interior. Three years later in 1999, the Fish and Wildlife Service received ownership of the island.

History
Navassa became a U.S. insular area in October 1857, when a representative of the Baltimore Fertilizer Company took possession of the island in the name of the United States pursuant to the Guano Act of August 18, 1856 (Title 48, U.S. Code, sections 1411-19). In 1889 the island's actual operation passed to the Navassa Phosphate Company. All operations were abandoned in 1898, when the island became effectively uninhabited.

Geography
Navassa Island is three square miles in area. Navassa lies about one hundred miles south of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, about thirty miles west of Cape Tiburon, Haiti, at the southwest entrance to the Windward Passage, east of Kingston, Jamaica. Navassa's climate is marine and tropical.

Its terrain is a raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating, ringed by vertical white cliffs, approximately nine to fifteen yards high. Navassa's environment is mostly exposed rock. However, it has enough grassland to support goat herds. Dense stands of fig-like trees and scattered cactus also exist. Only one tenth of the island's land is meadows or pastures. Navassa has no ports and only off-shore anchorage.

Political status
In 1976, the U.S. Coast Guard determined that the lighthouse on Navassa was no longer of any value to the U.S. Government and was ceasing its exercise of any interest in the island. However, the U.S. Coast Guard's ceasing to administer Navassa's use did not have any bearing at all on the United States sovereignty over the island, which remained constant regardless of the administering Federal agency or office. Consequently, under the provisions of Title 43, U.S.Code, section 1458, the Department of the Interior assumed responsibility for the civil administration of the U.S. insular area.

Acting under the authority that the Secretary of the Interior delegated to him in Secretary's Order No. 3205 (January 16, 1997) and Amendment No. 1 (January 14, 1998) to Secretary's Order No. 3205 and in fulfillment of his responsibilities as the civil administrator of the United States insular area of Navassa Island, the Director of the Office of Insular Affairs advises all persons interested in visiting Navassa Island that, having made a preliminary review of the island's ecology, he has decided indefinitely not to allow visits to the island and its surrounding waters until he has received a further assessment of the island's environment and conservation status. As used in this notice, the term "surrounding waters" includes the waters surrounding Navassa Island seaward to a line twelve (12) nautical miles distant from Navassa Island's coastlines. The Director of the Office of Insular Affairs intends that nothing in this notice shall deny or impair the right of innocent passage in the waters surrounding Navassa Island.

On September 2, 1999, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service established the Navassa Island Wildlife Refuge as an overlay. As of December 3, 1999, the Office of Insular Affairs ceased to have any administrative responsibility for Navassa. A Secretary's order of that date transferred full administration of Navassa from the Office of Insular Affairs to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

References

Other websites

 STATE OF NAVAZA
 Navassa Island profile  - OIA
 A tour of Navassa Island  - USGS
 Bill Warren's site laying out his claim to Navassa Island
 Site that supports the Haitian claim to Navassa
 Fabio Spadi (2001) "Navassa: Legal Nightmares in a Biological Heaven?" Boundary & Security Bulletin, autumn edition

United States Minor Outlying Islands
Caribbean islands
Uninhabited regions

Navassa Island


Burt Malcolm Styler (February 20, 1925 – June 13, 2011) was an American television and film screenwriter and producer. His film credits include Bob Hope comedy Boy, Did I Get a Wrong Number! and such popular TV series as The Life of Riley, My Favorite Martian, Mayberry R.F.D., Gilligan's Island, McHale's Navy, Chico and The Man, M*A*S*H, The Carol Burnett Show, and Too Close For Comfort. He wrote the teleplay/scripts for four of the popular CBS-TV sitcom series All in the Family, for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award in 1972, for writing the episode "Edith's Problem". Styler died of heart failure on June 13, 2011, at the Providence Tarzana Medical Center.

References

Interview conducted with Burt Styler in 2007 by Stephen W. Bowie
http://www.classictvhistory.com/OralHistories/burt_styler.html

External links

1925 births
2011 deaths
American male screenwriters
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Writers from New York City
Television producers from New York City
Film producers from New York (state)
Screenwriters from New York (state)

Burt Styler


Big Creek is a  tributary of the San Joaquin River in the Sierra Nevada, within the Sierra National Forest, central California.

The creek flows in Fresno County. The settlement of Big Creek is named for it, as was the 2020 Creek Fire, which started in the Big Creek drainage and became one of California's largest wildfires ever recorded.

Big Creek Hydroelectric Project
The Big Creek Hydroelectric Project, one of the most extensive hydroelectric systems in the world, is partly located on Big Creek. It is owned by Southern California Edison.

There are nine power plants in the project: Portal, Eastwood, Mammoth Pool; and Big Creek 1, 2, 2A, 3, 4, and 8. Reservoirs in the project include Huntington Lake, Shaver Lake, Redinger Lake, Florence Lake, Lake Thomas A Edison, and Mammoth Pool Reservoir. The terminus of the system is the outlet of Big Creek 4, which discharges into the San Joaquin River several miles downstream from Redinger Dam.

The San Joaquin passes through many more powerhouses downstream, including A.G. Wishon and the powerhouse at Friant Dam.

References

Rivers of Fresno County, California
Tributaries of the San Joaquin River
Rivers of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Sierra National Forest
Rivers of Northern California
Rivers of the Sierra Nevada in California

Big Creek (San Joaquin River tributary)


The Gobelins Manufactory () is a historic tapestry factory in Paris, France. It is located at 42 avenue des Gobelins, near Les Gobelins métro station in the 13th arrondissement of Paris. It was originally  established on the site as a medieval dyeing business by the family Gobelin.

Overview
It is best known as a royal factory supplying the court of the French monarchs since Louis XIV, and it is now run by the Administration générale du Mobilier national et des Manufactures nationales de tapis et tapisseries of the French Ministry of Culture. The factory is open for guided tours several afternoons per week by appointment, as well as for casual visits every day except Mondays and some specific holidays. The Galerie des Gobelins is dedicated to temporary exhibitions of tapestries from the French manufactures and furnitures from the Mobilier National, built in the gardens by Auguste Perret in 1937.

History
The Gobelins were a family of dyers who, in the middle of the 15th century, established themselves in the , Paris, on the banks of the Bièvre.

Comans-La Planche workshop
In 1602, Henry IV of France rented factory space from the Gobelins for his Flemish tapestry makers, Marc de Comans and François de la Planche, on the current location of the Gobelins Manufactory adjoining the Bièvre river. In 1629, their sons Charles de Comans and Raphaël de la Planche took over their fathers' tapestry workshops, and in 1633, Charles was the head of the Gobelins manufactory. Their partnership ended around 1650, and the workshops were split into two. Tapestries from this early, Flemish period are sometimes called pre-gobelins.

Colbert and Le Brun

In 1662, the works in the Faubourg Saint Marcel, with the adjoining grounds, were purchased by Jean-Baptiste Colbert on behalf of Louis XIV and made into a general upholstery factory, in which designs both in tapestry and in all kinds of furniture were executed under the superintendence of the court painter, Charles Le Brun, who served as director and chief designer from 1663–1690. On account of Louis XIV's financial problems, the establishment was closed in 1694, but reopened in 1697 for the manufacture of tapestry, chiefly for royal use. It rivalled the Beauvais tapestry works until the French Revolution, when work at the factory was suspended.

The factory was revived during the Bourbon Restoration and, in 1826, the manufacture of carpets was added to that of tapestry. In 1871, the building was partly burned down during the Paris Commune.

The factory is still in operation today as a state-run institution.

Historical site
Today, the manufactory consists of a set of four irregular buildings dating to the seventeenth century, plus the building on the avenue des Gobelins built by Jean-Camille Formigé in 1912 after the 1871 fire. They contain Le Brun's residence and workshops that served as foundries for most of the bronze statues in the park of Versailles, as well as looms on which tapestries are woven following seventeenth century techniques.

The Gobelins still produces some limited amount of tapestries for the decoration of French governmental institutions, with contemporary subjects.

Fulham connection
A branch of the manufactory was established in London probably in the early 18th-century in the area that is now Fulham High Street. Around 1753 it appears to have been taken over by the priest and adventurer, Pierre Parisot, but closed only a few years later.

Gallery

See also
 List of museums in Paris
 Beauvais Manufactory
 Moravská Gobelínová Manufaktura

References

 Wolf Burchard, The Sovereign Artist: Charles Le Brun and the Image of Louis XIV, London 2016
 Lacordaire, Notice historique sur les Manufactures impériales de tapisseries des Gobelins et de tapis de la Savonnerie, précédée du catalogue des tapisseries qui y sont exposées (Paris, 1853)
 Genspach, Répertoire détaillé des tapisseries exécutées aux Gobelins, 1662–1892 (Paris, 1893)
 Jules Guiffrey, Histoire de la tapisserie en France (Paris, 1878–1885).

External links

 Manufacture des Gobelins (in French)
 Gobelins tapestries in the Collections of the Mobilier national (France)
 Museums of Paris entry
 Paris.org entry

Tapestry-making operations
Textile arts of France
Textile industry of France
Textile mills
Textile museums in France
Manufacturing companies based in Paris
Buildings and structures in the 13th arrondissement of Paris
Art museums and galleries in Paris
Decorative arts museums in France
Arts and culture in the Ancien Régime
17th-century French art
History of Paris
1600s establishments in France
Companies established in 1602
1662 establishments in France
Companies established in 1662

Gobelins Manufactory


Nichole de Carle is a British fashion designer best known for her lingerie and swimwear brand of the same name.

Personal life
De Carle was born in Leicestershire. She graduated with a BA in Contour Fashion from De Montfort University in 2005. She has two sisters. Her sister Charlotte de Carle became a fashion model after modelling lingerie for Nichole.

Career
De Carle worked for fashion designers Alexander McQueen and Donna Karan before starting her eponymous fashion brand (also known as NDCL) in October 2009. The brand produces bondage-themed lingerie and underwear, drawing inspiration from things such as architecture. Her 2011 "White Diamond" knickers featured a 0.1 carat diamond and received significant press coverage due to the £232 price.

In 2012 De Carle organised a charity calendar featuring British female sporting celebrities, raising money for the Wellbeing of Women charity.

The brand is often worn by celebrities, particularly during live performances, including Beyoncé, Jessie J, Nicole Scherzinger, Cheryl Cole and Paloma Faith.

Television
De Carle featured in episode 3 of E4 reality talent competition Great British Hairdresser. She also appeared in episode 4 of reality show Dirty Sexy Things.

Awards
The brand was nominated for the 2011 UK Lingerie Awards in the "Independent Directional Brand" category.

References

External links

Living people
British fashion designers
Lingerie brands
Swimwear brands
Alumni of De Montfort University
1984 births

Nichole de Carle


The Citroën 2CV (, literally "twa tax horsepouer") wis an economy caur produced bi the French automaker Citroën frae 1948-1990. It wis technologically advanced an innovative, but wi uncompromisingly utilitarian unconventional looks, an deceptively semple Bauhaus inspired bodywork, that belied the sheer quality o its unnerlyin engineering. It wis designed tae muive the French peasantry on frae horse an carts. It is considered ane o Citroën's maist iconic caurs. In 1953, 'Autocar' in a technical review o the caur wrote o, "...the extraordinary ingenuity o this design, which is undoubtedly the maist original since the Model T Ford." It wis designed for law cost, simplicity o uise, versatility, reliability, an off-road drivin. For this it haed a licht, easily serviceable ingine, extremely saft lang traivel suspension (wi adjustable ride heicht), heich grund clearance, an for oversized loads a caur-wide canvas sunroof (which until 1960 an aa covered the boot).

2CV

Citroën 2CV


A comic strip is a series of panels with cartoon drawings in them that make a story. Sometimes comic strips are humorous, and sometimes they are serious. Famous examples of comic strips are:
 Peanuts by Charles Schulz
 Calvin and Hobbes by Bill Watterson.
 Motley's Crew by Ben Templeton and Tom Forman
 Between Friends by Sandra Bell-Lundy
 The Adventures of Tintin by Hergé
 Garfield by Jim Davis
 Big Nate by Lincoln Peirce

There are comic strips in newspapers and on the web. Comic strips on the web are called webcomics. Penny Arcade and xkcd are famous webcomics.

Art

Comic strip


The Morris Minor is a small 4-seater car with an 850 cc engine manufactured by Morris Motors Limited from 1928 until 1934. The name was resurrected for another newer car for the same market in 1948.

Beginning in 1922 the tiny seven horsepower Austin had brought motoring to a new public and broadened the market. Against that Morris's Oxfords and Cowleys had taken 41 per cent of the entire 1925 British private car market. Morris sales had begun to slow in 1926. They were revived by a new face for the Morris Oxford and Cowley and an expansion of Morris's range both up and down the scale.

The same year William Morris realised millions from the sale and stock market listing of preference shares in his business and he privately bought Wolseley, founded by Herbert Austin, which until a few years earlier had been Britain's largest car manufacturer.

William Morris now had ample wherewithal to go after Herbert Austin's little car with his own small Morris. With a surplus of production facilities, and Wolseley's design engineers added to his own at Morris Commercial Cars, little time was taken for development of the Morris Minor. A more complex design than Austin's Seven, the all-new car was on the market before the middle of 1928.

Mechanicals

Engine
The new Morris engine was designed by Wolseley, by this time also personally owned by William Morris. It was largely a new design but following a conventional Wolseley SOHC front camshaft drive concept if much smaller than any existing Wolseley unit. The overhead camshaft was driven by a vertical spiral bevel geared shaft that passed through the dynamo carrying the armature. A single SU carburettor was fitted and coil ignition used.  The engine produced  at 4000 rpm allowing a top speed of 55 mph (88 km/h). The electrical system was 6 volt.

The Morris Minor's engine was produced in two versions. From 1928 to 1930 all the cars had an 847 cc overhead-camshaft engine designed and made by Wolseley. It remained in production for the more expensive Minors until 1932.

Morris's in-house engineers at Morris Commercial Cars led by Percy Rose, who had designed the chassis, devised a simpler valve train for the same block. This more conventional side-valve unit of slightly lower power output entered production in late 1930 at Morris Commercial Cars' new premises in the former Wolseley works at Adderley Park, under the supervision of the young Leonard Lord. Initially for the lower-priced cars — first for the £100 car, later for others — it remained in production until 1934.

39,087 of the overhead-camshaft type and 47,231 of the side-valve version were made.

Chassis
Although the company's main assembly plant was at Cowley, outside Oxford, the chassis and running gear were designed at another of W R Morris's private investments, Birmingham-based Morris Commercial Cars. Previously E G Wrigley & Co it was a former component supplier to Morris. He had bought and renamed it after it had fallen into receivership. Wrigley's had invested heavily and re-equipped its works to make components for a major mass-produced motorcar project, which had collapsed at the last minute.

The chassis built of channel-section steel has cable-operated four-wheel brakes and it rides on half-elliptic springs. The 26-inch wire wheels take tyres of 3.50-inch section. (by December the car tested had 27 x 4.00-inch tyres) The car is to be complete with all accessories including an engine starter. The central brake lever works a transmission brake at the back of the gearbox. The bucket-type front seats are adjustable, the passenger's side folds and tips.
 Equipment includes:
 automatic screen wiper – suction operated
 driving mirror
 shock-absorbers at both back and front
 full width bumpers at each end etc.
 safety glass by Triplex is available at extra cost
 petrol gauge
 electric horn
 speedometer

At first the only body types offered were a 2-door fabric-bodied saloon and a four-seat tourer, but during production up to a dozen different body styles were used. A big part of their success was that they were full-sized cars in miniature. The accommodation in the 2-door cars was described as "chummy" because of the unavoidable personal contact in the confined space.

From a cartoon of the day:
First urchin: (surveying a small car parked at the kerb) "Its an Austin, I tell yer."
Second urchin: "T'aint, its a Morris Minor."
Third urchin: "S'neither, it's got pedals."

Morris Eight, Austin Seven
Said W R Morris, "Some people think that my idea is to try to crush the Austin Seven off the market, which is absurd. But I can say this, my price will not be higher than that of the Austin Seven." Sir Herbert rejoined, "Personally, and as firms, we are on the best of terms with the Morris Company. The public will decide whose car they like best. Mr Morris's decision (to enter this sector) is no surprise to me ... I knew what was going on weeks ago."

There were no pictures, but the public's first detailed description of the new 8 hp Morris was released on Saturday 26 May 1928. The press release did say the engine's dimensions were 56 x 76 = 748 cc – presumably for Sir Herbert Austin The press had been told (they claimed by someone at Morris) these names were being considered: Morris-Oxley, -Bully, -Carfax, -Magdalen, -Calfley, -ette, -Iffley, -Dancer, -Moxley and -Cox.The Motoring weeklies published better descriptions and photographs in the last week of August.

Next, on Saturday 1 September 1928, prices were advertised:
 Tourer with leather, £125, (actual cars had Rexine) with Triplex Safety Glass screen £127.
 Two-door fabric saloon in blue or brown with sliding windows £135, with Triplex all round £141.10.0.
 Chassis only £100.

The launch was on 11 October 1928 at the opening of London's 22nd Olympia Motor Show. A 4-seated tourer was displayed and a 4-seated saloon with sliding windows. Both had two doors. The Times motoring correspondent tested the fabric saloon and reported at length in December finishing with "I liked the general control and one does not get the impression that one is driving a very small car".

The fabric covered bodies used so much wadding to smooth their corners birds learned to peck through the fabric for the felt to build their nests.

Coachbuilt, steel-panelled cars with a folding "sunshine" roof, i.e. "an opening head", for £9 more than the fabric car, were announced in August 1929 and all three cars were given rear-hinged doors with their forward ends sloping towards the front at the bottom. "This gives the required foot room for entering or leaving a light car". The two saloons shown at Olympia had buffers. A  5-cwt van was added to the Minor range for 1930. It was displayed as Morris's smallest van offering at the 1929 Motor Transport Show.

The following year, in August 1930, a new 2-seater semi-sports joined the range with a hood and side screens. It was designed for two adults and their luggage and was cheapest in the range by £5.  The tourer and two saloons, fabric and steel-panelled, remained in production. Advertisements referred to improved coachwork comfort and finish and improved lubrication and electrical systems. Tyres were now 19 x 4.00-inches. The coachbuilt saloon might now be had in black as well as blue. This last saloon came with automatic windscreen wiper, rear-vision mirror, safety glass and the new chromium finish. Morris's stand at Olympia displayed just a chassis of the Minor.

A £100 motor-car

Just before Christmas 1930 Sir William Morris Bt. released a statement saying that he would put on the market very soon a new car to sell at £100 and it would be known as the Morris Minor S.V. two-seater. The body, he said, is to be coach built—steel panels on a wood frame—has as few bright parts as possible "to reduce polishing" and is finished in naval grey with red upholstery. Decarbonisation and valve adjustment were very simple and contributed to the new car's low running costs. Within a few months 2-door saloon models with the S.V. type engine were also in production. A 4-seater S.V. tourer was announced in April.

The overhead valve engine was proving to be expensive to make and Wolseley's design—the six-cylinder version powered their successful Hornet saloon, and racing MGs—suffered from oil getting into the dynamo. So in 1931 a version with valve gear re-designed by staff of Morris Engines using side-valves and giving nearly the same power output,  at 4000 rpm, was introduced.

On the road, the tester advised, the new Morris Minor S.V. exceeded 50 mph. A certain amount of wheel-bounce consumed a lot of power when testing standing-start times. The tappets could have been adjusted more finely, the accelerator needs a steadier spring and there should be a rest pedal beside it. Speed and brake levers were rather distant, top speed was apt to jump out when the load came off, some wheel bounce and movement with such a short wheelbase is acceptable, the foot brakes pulled to the near-side.

The lower cost of the new engine allowed the Minor to be sold for the magic £100 as a stripped-down two-seater. The S.V. 2-seater cars were priced exactly 25 per cent cheaper than the SOHC cars had been. For a while both overhead and side valve versions were produced. The overhead-camshaft unit survived until 1932 in the four-door model, which also gained hydraulic brakes.

A four-door saloon
In August 1931 a new radiator shape was revealed. The overhead valve version was renamed Morris Family Eight and was given a 7 ft 7 inches wheelbase, an extra 13 inches. The Family Eight was placed within the range between the Minor and Cowley. This saloon has four doors and has enough room for four grown persons.  17 x 4.50-inch tyres were fitted to the new Magna type wire wheels. Magna wheels were now fitted throughout the entire Morris range. The saloon bodies were slightly restyled with a more rounded look being given an "eddyfree" front, the standard size was roomier, their front seats could be adjusted and their doors were widened and fitted with safety glass winding instead of sliding windows. New colour schemes were made available. The fuel tank moved from the scuttle area below the windscreen to the rear of the car. An electric fuel pump or "automatic petrol-lift" was fitted.

Morris Family Eight SOHC prices:
 4-door 4-seat Saloon with sliding head £152.10.0
 Sports coupé with sliding head £175 later named Special Coupé
 chassis £115
These Morris Family Eight cars were fitted with hydraulic brakes. Their new smooth sloping screen and rounded front allowed smooth passage of air and less resistance. The use of hydraulics distinguished the Morris from the competing Austin 7 with its less reliable cable brakes.

The S.V. cars continued now known as Morris Minors in contrast to the Morris Family Eight cars.
Morris Minor S.V. prices:
 2-seater £100
 tourer £115
 saloon £112.10.0 (with sliding head £125)
 Chassis only £90

All Morris cars were given anti-splash side-shields to their front wings. The Minor was given a new better-looking radiator and longer bonnet, better steering by Bishop Cam, and a four-speed gearbox. The £100 2-seater kept the old radiator, three-speed gearbox, worm and wheel steering and windscreen of a single panel.

Morris displayed at the next Motor Show in October 1932 a Minor chassis for £87.10.0. For £90 the same chassis came equipped with a four-speed twin-top gearbox ("silent" third), cam steering and deep radiator. The 2-door Minor coachbuilt saloon is £125 or with fixed head £122.10.0

Also displayed was the new side valve Family Saloon, a long wheelbase car previously named Family Eight when equipped with the SOHC engine. There is now a Special Coupé for £165. The complete Family Saloon is £145 and the chassis alone £100.

By the end of August 1933 all Morris cars had synchromesh four-speed gearboxes, dipping headlights, hydraulic shock absorbers, leather upholstery, hydraulic brakes, rear petrol tank, direction indicators and safety glass. The Family Saloon and Minor added to that illuminated direction indicators and pneumatic upholstery.

The £100 car suffered a price rise in August 1933.

The 2-door saloon on the original wheelbase was tested and the result published in November 1933. The tester was pleased enough but made much of the fact that this car was designed to carry three adults or two adults and two children. He described the car as narrow in the beam but with room enough and added that the seats are "reasonably comfortable".

The Minor and Family Saloon were replaced by the Morris Eight in August 1934 with an entirely new body and a slightly larger 918 cc engine. It continued to be a sales success.

Quantity produced

OHC cars exceeded the number of SV cars

Percentage of production by body style

The Morris Minor name was revived in 1948 for the Issigonis-designed car.

Notes

References

Minor 1928
Cars introduced in 1928
1930s cars

Morris Minor (1928)


The Nicobar Islands are an island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean. They are part of India.

The Nicobar islands include 22 islands of different sizes. The largest one is Great Nicobar. The total land area of the chain is 1841 km². The highest point on the Nicobars is Mount Thullier at 642 m. The population of the islands was 42,026 in 2001, roughly 65% of whom are indigenous peoples (the Nicobarese and Shompen peoples, listed among the Scheduled Tribes of India), and 35% migrants from India and Sri Lanka.

The Nicobars are located southeast of the Indian subcontinent. They are separated form the subcontinent by the Bay of Bengal by about 1,300 km and are separated from the Andaman Islands to the north by the 150 km wide Ten Degree Channel and are 189 km from the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the southeast. The Andaman and Nicobar islands separate the Bay of Bengal from the Andaman Sea. Until the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Indira Point, south of Great Nicobar, was the southernmost point in India.

The islands cluster into three groups. The northern group includes Car Nicobar (127 km²) and uninhabited Batti Malv (2 km²). The central group includes Chowra (8 km²), Teressa (101 km²), Poahat (13.3 km²), Katchal (174 km²), Camorta (188 km²), Nancowry (67 km²), and Trinket (86 km²); the Isle of Man and Tillangchong (17 km²) are uninhabited. Tillangchong is a wildlife sanctuary. The southern group includes Great Nicobar (1045 km²), Little Nicobar (157 km²), Kondul (4 km²) and Pulomilo (1 km²); the islets of Meroe, Trak, Treis, Menchal, Cubra, Pigeon, and Megapod are uninhabited. Megapod is a wildlife sanctuary.

Administratively the Islands are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union territory of India. The capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands territory is Port Blair on South Andaman. The Union Territory is divided into two districts, Andaman district and Nicobar district (the latter encompassing all of the Nicobars). The Indian Government presently restricts access to the Nicobars by special permit, and in general non-Indian citizens are forbidden from visiting the Nicobar Islands.

Islands of India
Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Nicobar Islands


The Northwestern University Settlement House is an Arts and Crafts style house located at 1400 West Augusta Boulevard in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The Settlement Association was founded in 1891 by Northwestern University to provide resources to the poor and new immigrants to the West Town neighborhood. The actual Settlement House structure was built in 1901 by Pond & Pond. It was designated a Chicago Landmark on December 1, 1993.

It is the longest continually operating settlement house in the country, as well as the largest settlement house in Chicago since the closing of Hull House which was founded by Jane Addams.

History
The Northwestern University Settlement House was one of the major contributions in Chicago history to creating American social reform, as part of a broader, international movement. Advocates of the Settlement movement such as Samuel Barnett and Arnold Toynbee in the UK, and Lillian Wald, Harriet Vittum, and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Jane Addams in the U.S., influenced the social policy arena.  Among the many achievements in changing public institutions, they promoted fair salaries for workers and improvement of poor neighborhoods, turned feminism into a social force, advocated the concept of juvenile court, brought about recognition of the child as a person with rights, and developed vast programs to integrate immigrants and promote multiculturalism.

In January 1891, the President of Northwestern University, Henry Wade Rogers, his wife Emma, and two faculty members founded the Settlement Association.  They modeled the house on the University Settlement model, developed by Toynbee Hall in London, even featuring designs from portions of the Jane Addams' Hull House. The Northwestern University Settlement House formally opened its new building at 1400 W. Augusta Boulevard, in 1901. Northwestern University Settlement House provided the poor of Chicago's West Town neighborhood with educational and recreational programs. Its mission was to provide resources that empower its "neighbors" to take personal responsibility for overcoming the obstacles of poverty and improving the quality of their lives. It was one of the first to aid Polish immigrants in the late 19th century to the early 20th century.

Today, Northwestern University Settlement House continues to run a traditional settlement operation, providing holistic educational, experiential, arts and emergency services to the entire family, currently serving more than 40,000 individuals annually.

External links
Northwestern University Settlement House Association
Chicago Landmarks, Northwestern University Settlement House

References

Residential buildings completed in 1901
Houses in Chicago
Chicago Landmarks
Northwestern University
Settlement houses in Chicago
History of Chicago
1901 establishments in Illinois


Frieza (フリーザ, Furīza) is a fictional character in the Dragon Ball manga and the second major villain in the Dragon Ball Z anime.

Frieza is one of the strongest aliens in Dragon Ball Z. He enjoys invading other planets. Frieza is a very mean person who thinks he is very strong. He has destroyed planets, without mercy. He will even kill his own servants if he wishes to. Frieza is always trying to get more power. Because of this, he ends up fighting the heroes of Dragon Ball Z so he can get the Dragon Balls. The Dragon Balls are magical balls that can grant wishes to whoever collects all 7.

Frieza is what the creator, Akira Toriyama, thought monsters looked like in his childhood.

Name pun and debate
Frieza's name is a pun on all things relating to the cold, with family members introduced later following his example. As his name ends in a short "a" vowel (rather than the long "ā" which usually signifies "er" in kana spellings on English words), the character's name is typically spelled with an "a" at the end (as opposed to "Freezer"). However, during FUNimation's dubbing of Dragon Ball Z, the English writers went with the spelling of "Frieza". This has led to some conjecture over it: U.S. released video games and the English dub use "Frieza", while the Japanese language subtitles on FUNimation's DVDs and the Viz translation of the manga uses "Freeza."

Planet Namek takeover
Frieza spies on Vegeta during his mission on Earth and learns that there are Dragon Balls on Planet Namek. He wants to get them and wish for Immortality, so Frieza and his soldiers try and steal the Dragon Balls from the Namekians. After Cui, Dodoria and Zarbon; three of Frieza's soldiers, are beaten by Vegeta, he sends the Ginyu Force, his strongest men, to get the Dragon Balls and destroy the Saiyan enemy. They almost win, but Goku comes to Namek and quickly defeats them.

While trying to learn how to summon Porunga, the namekian dragon, Frieza is confronted by Nail, the strongest of the Namek warriors. Frieza defeats Nail effortlessly, leaving him to die after discovering that dende has run to the Z-fighters to tell Krillin and Gohan how to use the dragon balls. Enraged, the great tyrant follows in pursuit of the heroes only to be faced with a much more powerful Vegeta who is now capable of matching Frieza's current strength.

Spurred on by Vegeta, Frieza unveils his second form, allowing him to defeat Vegeta and critically injure Krillin, taunting Gohan with his friend's limp body. Before he can finish them off, Piccolo joins the battle - roughly even in abilities to Frieza, thanks to a splendid fusion with the dying Nail. The heroes are able to regroup, Dende healing them one after another. Frieza himself is seriously wounded for the first time: Krillin is able to chop off a portion of his tail using a Destructo Disk.

Having difficulty contending with Piccolo, Frieza again transformed, unlocking more of his power and enabling him to lay waste to his opponent. Finally he unveiled his true form, stressing that he intended to give his foes the pleasure of observing it before they died. As his first act, Frieza murders Dende, who had been healing the heroes, before brutally beating Vegeta. Just as Frieza was about to slay Vegeta, the healed Goku arrives on the battlefield, ready to fight Frieza. Vegeta, believing (incorrectly) that Goku had finally become a full-fledge Super Saiyan, taunts Frieza, even though, he, Vegeta, is too badly beaten to even stand. Frieza, proud of his past accomplishments, smirks before sending a Death Beam through the Saiyan Prince's heart. Teetering on the brink of death, Vegeta is able to tell the newly healed Goku of Frieza's genocide of the Saiyan race, imploring him to take revenge on behalf for all Saiyans. As Vegeta finishes his plea to Goku, he dies. Goku, saddened by Vegeta's death, buries him and vows to finish Frieza. Goku and Frieza then spar, with Frieza realizing that his opponent is the son of the Saiyan that gave him such trouble years before. Goku and Frieza are an even match for a while, until Frieza reveals that he had only been fighting at a mere fraction of his full power. Frieza then increases to 50%, and easily gains the upper hand against Goku, with Goku struggling to keep up.

Goku is eventually able to heavily wound Frieza using a Spirit Bomb, calling on the energies of the entire planet Namek.

Believing the warlord dead, the heroes take the time to relax, not noticing that Frieza had emerged from the blast's crater. Frieza retaliates by mortally wounding Piccolo and murdering Krillin. Already bordering on the edge of his rage, Frieza killing Krillin, pushes Goku over it, his rage exploding, causing Frieza to inadvertently create what he had always feared: A Super Saiyan.

In the ensuing battle, Frieza and Goku trade blows, but as the fight progresses, Frieza's power gradually diminishes with the repeated punishment. In frustration, Frieza sends a Death Ball into the core of the planet, starting a chain reaction that would destroy Namek in "five minutes". Frieza unleashes 100% of his power. Frieza is now able to launch a huge assault against the surprised Goku, who had not expected Frieza's power to be as high as it is. Goku and Frieza face off and eventually after a very long battle, Goku gets the battle under his control, and calls off the fight, claiming it would be pointless to continue; Frieza losing strength rapidly and Goku already having humbled the tyrant. Humiliated, Frieza refuses to relent, attacking Goku with two Tsuibi Kienzan. As Goku dodges the attacks, Frieza ironically becomes distracted long enough to be vivisected by his own attack.

Barely clinging to life but desperate to survive, Frieza begs and begs for mercy, which Goku hesitantly provides. Frieza's arrogance refuses to allow him to be beaten and saved by a Saiyan "monkey", and he expends what little energy he has left to attack Goku. Overcome with anger, Goku fires a Ki blast that consumes both Frieza and his attack, seemingly ending Frieza's reign over the universe.

Death of a great tyrant
Unbeknownst to Goku, Frieza survived the destruction of Namek. Able to do nothing more than breathe, Frieza floated in the planet's debris, kept company only by his thoughts of how the universe's conqueror had been thoroughly beaten by a Saiyan. His father, King Cold, had crews search the area, not believing his son to have been killed by something as insignificant as the explosion of a planet. What could be found of Frieza was salvaged, his missing limbs and face reconstructed with cybernetic enhancements. Scarred and bitter - though feeling stronger than he had before. Frieza's first thought upon rehabilitation is revenge on those who sullied him.

Frieza beats Goku to Earth. Despite his ill intentions towards Earth and all who lived there, Frieza notes "It's a good planet" on first viewing. Frieza orders his henchmen to find and slaughter its inhabitants, with Frieza keen on killing his enemy's friends himself. However, his army is torn apart by the blade-wielding fighter Future Trunks. Frieza dismisses his challenger as an insolent child, and pays him almost no heed until the boy reveals himself as another Super Saiyan.

Dumbstruck, Frieza makes several different efforts to kill Trunks, each of which is parried easily. He then plays his trump card in the form of a Death Ball ten times the size of the one that destroyed Planet Namek. Even this is nonchalantly brushed away, until a mortified Frieza causes it to detonate with another shot of ki. Thinking him to be destroyed by the assault, both the father and son are stunned when Trunks fires the Burning Attack out of nowhere. Fuming, Frieza becomes oblivious to his opponent's position, and is surprised and sliced in half by the Saiyan youth before being cut to pieces and blown to dust.

After his death
After his death, Frieza makes numerous cameo appearances throughout the remainder of the series from Hell, including observing Goku's fight with Buu alongside other defeated villains from the series.

In Dragon Ball GT, he teams up with Cell to act as a distraction for Goku while a horde of villains from the Z-Fighters' past escape Hell. Frieza traps Goku in the next world, but even allied with Cell, he is eventually defeated and remains in Hell.

Forms and transformations
Over time, Frieza's power became so great that his body could not comfortably contain it, and a series of physical transformations were developed that limit his actual strength While changing shape from his "first-form", each alteration builds on the previous. In all, Frieza demonstrated four transformed states, each with increasing power (some larger than others and each resulting in different physical attributes).

First form
In his first form, Frieza is a relatively short humanoid, albeit with a large chestnut-shaped skull with two horns. He also has a tail with a spiked end, as well as having three talon-like toes. He wears the same upper-body armor that many of his subordinates (including the Saiyans) are shown to wear, and while traveling, often gives the appearance of weakness by exclusively using his hoverchair for transportation, leaving his henchmen to do his "dirty work".

Second form
His second form is similar in appearance to the first, except much larger, both in height and muscle mass, Frieza claiming to have nearly doubled his power in this state. He also grows longer horns, which now instead of protruding sideways from his skull curve sharply upwards into near right angles. His armor cannot contain his form and shatters, leaving him with a new, white natural armor covering his chest and shoulders. In this form, he somewhat resembles his father King Cold.

Third form
Frieza's third form is again more brutish, with an extremely elongated skull. His facial features contort and change, with his nose melding into his mouth to form a crude beak. His original horns recede, and more now erupt in pairs along the length of his head. He walks and stands with a slight hunch, as if the strain of supporting his head was too much for even Frieza's own body to bear. This form vaguely resembles a Xenomorph from the Alien movies.

Final Form
Drastically differing from his previous transformations, in his final form Frieza instead regresses, becoming shorter and less bulky, his horns and spikes disappear and his physique becomes streamlined. His skin becomes pure, solid white with purple sections on his head, shoulders, forearms, chest and shins.

100% power
Frieza is also able to attain 100% power, greatly increasing his muscle mass. At 100% this is literally the peak of Frieza's strength and the maximum amount of power his body can output; his muscle mass becomes engorged compared to his previously sleek frame. However, due to the strain on his body he can not fight at full capacity for long, slowly weakening whether he is dealing or receiving damage.

Mecha Frieza
Physically ruined while caught in the Planet Namek's explosion after his defeat, what remained of the still-living Frieza was salvaged and rebuilt with cybernetic enhancements by scientists under the order of King Cold. The whole of the lower half of his body and right side of his face are replaced, with scarring and metal accouterments covering what little was left of his organic self. These enhancements allowed him to exceed the limits of power imposed by his fully organic form, though how much more powerful it made him is unknown.

Techniques and special abilities
Flight
Like almost all Dragon Ball Z characters, Frieza is able to fly through use of pushing ki off the ground.

Death Ball
An attack used by Frieza. A spark of ki lights on the index finger, and once enough energy is gathered this spark may grow to the size of a small moon. When ready, this "Death Ball" is thrown towards the target. Typically this attack is used to destroy planets or as a last-ditch effort to kill an opponent. Frieza can use a more powerful larger version called the Supernova.

Daichiretsuzan ("Great Earth Cutting Row")
A powerful, very long and invisible blade-like energy beam Frieza creates with two of his fingers; it can slice through anything, as stated by Frieza. While it is not named in the English dub of the anime, the name given in the Dragon Ball Z: Budokai game series is Death Wave.

Death Beam
Frieza's favored killing technique. He extends his right arm and fires a small, bullet-like beam of ki from his index finger, which barrels down and pierces an opponent. Able to be fired exceedingly quickly while maintaining precise aim. Frieza murders both Dende and Vegeta in this fashion, also heavily wounding Piccolo. Called Death Beam in the U.S. releases of recent Dragon Ball Z video games.

Hokaku Kon Dan ("Imprisonment Ball")
A special attack used on Goku, where he captures his opponent in a ball of energy they can not break out of. Frieza can manipulate this ball as much as he wants, but it explodes as soon as it touches any surface other than Frieza himself.

Laser Eyes
Precise laser-like beam shot from the eyes. Mild potency, but fast and able to nullify lesser attacks and small projectiles, as well as destroy weaker opponents and obstacles. Used by Frieza to enter the hut of the Namekian elder Guru while seeking the Dragon Balls and in battle with Goku.

Telekinesis
Frieza can lift or move large objects through the air with his mind. Used by Frieza in his fight with Goku.

Tsuibi Kienzan("Following Energy Circle Slicer")
Similar to the normal Kienzan (most commonly used by Krillin), Frieza's are faster, a different color (purple), and can be controlled remotely. Frieza creates two of these to hound Goku until he's sliced in half by his own attack. Called the Energy Disc or "Destructo Disc" in the English version. Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 2 names this attack the "Death Saucer."

Transformation (Henshin)
This is Frieza's ability to morph himself from a weaker state to a more powerful one. These transformations were originally a containment of his true power, with his actual form being what's commonly referred to as "final". In all Frieza demonstrated three transformations and four altered states, overlooking his bulk at 100% power and cyborg augmentation.

Yubisaki kara no Shogekiha ("Shockwave blast from the finger")
A fairly weak, but incredibly fast burst which explodes at a location Frieza points to. He uses this ability many times in rapid succession to quickly defeat Piccolo after transforming into this third form. It is called Crazy Finger Beam in the Dragon Ball Z: Budokai games.

Gogetsu Kiai
A powerful push attack used by Frieza at 70% power. Frieza will put both his arms out and the put his palms out in front of him, blasting his opponent away.

Voice actors
Toei Animation
 Ryusei Nakao

Ocean Group
 Pauline Newstone

FUNimation
 Linda Chambers-Young
 Chris Ayres

Australia
 Not Jeice

Brazil
 Carlos Campanile

Canada
 Canadians

France
 Philippe Ariotti

Portugal
 Joaquim Monchique

Zimbabwe
 Bill Cosby

Movies and specials
Frieza appears in the following Dragon Ball Z movies and television specials:

Dragon Ball Z: Bardock - The Father of Goku - DBZ TV Special #1; released October 17, 1990
During the TV Special, Frieza mulls over the Saiyans' increasing power until Zarbon advises his master to eliminate Bardock and his team. In the end, Frieza is challenged by Bardock himself, who survived the onslaught and wants revenge for the death of his crew. Bardock fires a ki attack at Frieza, who makes a huge energy ball and cancels out Bardock's attack. Frieza then sends the ball straight into the core of the Planet Vegeta, wiping out almost the entire Saiyan race and many of his own henchmen.

Dragon Ball Z: Cooler's Revenge - DBZ Movie #5; released July 21, 1991
Frieza only appears in a flashback during the prologue of the movie, destroying Planet Vegeta. Cooler watches him from his spaceship and scolds his brother for not seeing the escaping spacepod containing baby Kakarrot/Goku.

Dragon Ball Z: Fusion Reborn - DBZ Movie #12; released March 4, 1995
When Janemba appears, the dead are revived and they all escape to Earth, under Frieza's command. Frieza confronts Gohan and Videl, and immediately recognizes Gohan as Goku's son. Deciding the boy should pay for his father's "sins", Frieza sends his army of villains (Zarbon, Jeice, Burter, Bojack, Cooler, Paragus, Recoome, Salza, etc.) to attack the couple, but Gohan flies through them all and silences him by punching Frieza in the stomach and blowing him away with an energy shot to the gut. His terrified minions quickly disperse.

In addition, Frieza's destruction of Planet Vegeta is shown from another point of view in Burn Up!! A Close, Intense, Super-Fierce Battle (DBZ Movie #8) and the mercenaries from Super Deciding Battle for the Entire Planet Earth (DBZ Movie #3) believe they would be strong enough to challenge Frieza after eating the fruit of the Tree of Might.

He also appears in footage from the Famicom game (and later Playdia remake) Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans. In it Frieza seems to be somehow resurrected, with he and past villains Cooler, Tullece, and Lord Slug attacking Goku and his friends. Once it's revealed these are merely ghost-warriors meant to distract the heroes, however, the false Frieza and his allies are easily dealt with.

Video games
All games are listed in chronological order of release.
 Dragon Ball Z II: Gekigami Frieza (NES) in First and Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Barcode Battler (NES) Playable in First and Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z Gaiden: Saiyajin Zetsumetsu Keikaku (NES) in Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Supa Saiyajin Densetsu (SNES) in First and Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Super Butoden (SNES) Playable in Mecha Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Buyuu Retsuden (Sega Mega Drive) Playable in Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Idainaru Goku Densetsu (TurboGrafx) in Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Goku Gekitouden (Game Boy) Playable in First and Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Ultimate Battle 22 (PlayStation) Playable in Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Hyper Dimension (SNES) Playable in Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Indainaru Dragon Ball Densetsu (Sega Saturn, PlayStation) Playable in Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z Gaiden: Saiyajin Zetsumetsu Keikaku Part 2 (Playdia) in Final Form
 Dragon Ball GT: Final Bout (PlayStation) Playable in Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku (Game Boy Advance) in all forms except Mecha Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Legendary Super Warriors (Game Boy Color) in Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Budokai (PlayStation 2 GameCube) Playable in First, Final, 100% and Mecha Form
 Dragon Ball Z: The Legacy of Goku II (Game Boy Advance) in Final Form and Mecha Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Budokai 2 (PlayStation 2 GameCube) Playable in Final, Mecha and Majin Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Taiketsu (Game Boy Advance) Playable in Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Super Sonic Warriors (Game Boy Advance) Playable in Final Form and Mecha Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Budokai 3 (PlayStation 2) Playable in all forms
 Dragon Ball Z: Sagas (PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube) in First, Second, and Final Form
 Jump Super Stars (Nintendo DS) Playable in Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi (PlayStation 2) Playable in all forms
 Dragon Ball Z: Super Sonic Warriors 2 (Nintendo DS) Playable in Final and Mecha Form
 Super Dragon Ball Z (PlayStation 2) Playable in Final Form and Mecha Form redesigned by Akira Toriyama
 Battle Stadium D.O.N Playable in Final Form
 Nappa Stadium (Nintendo 64) PLayable in Third Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 2 (PlayStation 2, Wii) Playable in all forms
 Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai (PSP) Playable in Final Form and 100% Final Form
 Jump Ultimate Stars (Nintendo DS) Playable in Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai - Another Road (PSP) Playable in Final and 100% Final Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Harukanaru Densetsu (Nintendo DS) in First Form
 Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 3 (Playstation 2,Wii) Playable in all forms
 Dragon Ball Z: Burst Limit (Playstation 3, Xbox 360) Playable in all forms
 Dragon Ball Z: Infinite World (Playstation 2) Playable in all forms
 Dragon Ball: Raging Blast (Playstation 3, Xbox 360) Playable in all forms
 Dragon Ball Z: Tenkaichi Tag Team (PSP) Playable in all forms but Mecha Form.
 Dragon Ball: Raging Blast 2 (Playstation 3, Xbox 360) Playable in all forms

Notes and references

Other websites
 Guide to Lord Frieza's Transformations at http://www.daizex.com/

Dragon Ball characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1989
Fictional extraterrestrial characters
Galactic emperors

pl:Lista postaci występujących w Dragon Ball#Freezer

Frieza


The siege of Leningrad was a siege in Leningrad during World War II. The siege started on 8 September 1941, when the last road to the city was severed.

Although the Soviet Union forces managed to open a narrow path to the city on 18 January 1943, the siege was only stopped on 27 January 1944, 872 days after it began. It is thought of as one of the most destructive sieges ever to happen. It was possibly the heaviest in terms of casualties, killing over 1 million innocent people.
Also, because of the siege, no food was allowed to enter Leningrad, leaving the residents to eat things such as:
 Cats
 Sawdust
 Horses
 Wallpaper paste
 Human flesh (e.g babies)
 Anything that could be salvaged and was edible

Because of the German operations, no people or supply trucks were allowed to enter or leave the city, leaving the occupants without food often for weeks or months.

Related pages
Symphony No. 7 "Leningrad" (Shostakovich)

References

World War II
Saint Petersburg
Leningrad

Siege of Leningrad


The "ash heap of history", also called "dustbin of history" or "garbage heap of history" or "landfill of history", is a figurative speech about people, events, artifacts, and ideologies. It is used about people that are forgotten or things that will be forgotten in history.

Ronald Reagan used this speech as an example and the Soviet Union, Leninism, and Marxism will eventually fall and be forgotten.

Leon Trotsky once famously used the phrase "dustbin of history" referring to when the Mensheviks walked out of a meeting during the Russian Revolution in 1917.

Speeches by Ronald Reagan

Ash heap of history


Hyperion is one of the major poems of the English Romantic poet John Keats. The poem is based on the tale from Greek mythology that tells how the Titan Hyperion, the first Greek sun god, was replaced by Apollo.

Keats worked on the poem mainly in August and September 1818. He finished the first two sections or "Books," each between 350 and 400 lines long, and he also wrote 135 lines of Book III. But he was not satisfied with what he had written; he re-wrote it bit by bit until April 1819, when he gave up for a while. Some critics and scholars think that Keats set out to write the kind of long poem he had already done in his Endymion in 1817 – but his outlook on poetry had changed, to a point where he was no longer happy writing the kind of mythological epic that many other poets of his time tried to write.

Keats tried to re-do the poem in a new form that he called The Fall of Hyperion. He worked on this second version during the last six months of 1819, and though he wrote more than 500 lines, he gave up this second attempt too. He was never able to complete either version of the poem in a way that satisfied him.

Keats wrote the poem in blank verse, without rhyme. Though neither version was ever finished, some critics think that they contain some of Keats's best verse, as in the gloomy and powerful opening lines of the first Hyperion:

Deep in the shady sadness of a vale
Far sunken from the healthy breath of morn,
Far from the fiery noon, and eve's one star,
Sat gray-hair'd Saturn, quiet as a stone,
Still as the silence round about his lair;
Forest on forest hung about his head
Like cloud on cloud.

["vale" = valley; "morn" = morning; "eve" = evening]

1810s British poems

Hyperion (poem)