Anna van Egmont (Grave, March 1533 – Breda, 24 March 1558) was a member of an important and rich Dutch family. She was the first wife of William the Silent, Prince of Orange.

She was the only child of Maximiliaan van Egmond and Françoise de Lannoy. She was also Countess of Lingen and of Leerdam, and Lady of IJsselstein, of Borssele, of Grave, of Cranendonck, of Jaarsveld, of Kortgene, of Sint Maartensdijk, and of Odijk. Because she was the only child, she also got the title of Countess of Buren and Lady of Egmond.

In 1551 she married William the Silent in Buren. Because she was the Lady of Egmond and Countess of Buren, he became Lord of Egmond and Count of Buren. They had three children:

 Countess Maria von Nassau (22 November 1553 – after 23 July 1555), died when she was very young.
 Philip William, Prince of Orange (19 December 1554 – 20 February 1618), married Eleonora of Bourbon-Condé
 Countess Maria of Nassau (7 February 1556 – 10 October 1616), married Count Philip of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, one male child

Anna died when she was only 25 years old. She is buried in Breda.

1533 births
1558 deaths
Princesses of Orange
House of Orange-Nassau
House of Egmond
Earls and countesses

Anna van Egmont


Hereward the Wake was an Anglo-Saxon nobleman. He resisted William the Conqueror. His base was the Isle of Ely in East Anglia. According to legend he roamed the Fens, covering North Cambridgeshire, Southern Lincolnshire and West Norfolk, leading popular opposition to William the Conqueror.

Hereward was exiled from England by Edward the Confessor around 1060 - the exact date is unknown - when he was around 14 or 18 years old. Some sources point his own father as requesting the exile as he was a troublemaker.

Norman Assault on the Isle of Ely
It is unknown exactly when the next event happened but it is thought to have happened around 1069 and 1070. After being exiled Hereward returned to his family home where he discovered that the Normans had murdered his brother and set his head above the door. Hereward sought revenge and murdered a bunch of Normans and set their heads in place of his brother's. Hereward then fled to the Fens where he was sheltered by Abbot Thurstan.

Around spring time in 1070, Hereward the Wake and King Sweyn of Denmark took the Isle of Ely. Hereward made the Isle his base for his rebellion against the Normans.

June, 1070, Hereward raided Peterborough Abbey as an act of defiance against the Normans. He stated that he would take the Abbey's treasures into safekeeping away from the Normans. Some sources state that his uncle was the Abbot of the Abbey and Hereward persuaded his uncle to kill him.

Primary sources
Several primary sources exist for Hereward's life. Their accuracy is difficult to judge. They are the version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle written at Peterborough Abbey (the "E manuscript" or Peterborough Chronicle), the Domesday Book (DB), the Liber Eliensis (Book of Ely) and, much the most detailed, the Gesta Herewardi (Gesta).
English nobility
1040s births
11th century in England

Hereward the Wake


The Korean manual alphabet is used by the Deaf in South Korea who speak Korean Sign Language. It is a one-handed alphabet that mimics the shapes of the letters in Hangul, and is used when signing Korean as well as being integrated into KSL.

Consonants
The only letter with motion as a component is ssang siot (), which starts as two crossed fingers pointing down and then snaps open.

Vowels

Note that the difference in orientation between eo, yeo and the diphthongs based on them, e, ye is not significant.

See also

Korean language
Korean sign language

Korean language
Manual alphabet

Korean manual alphabet


Teobert Maler, later Teoberto (12 January 1842 – 22 November 1917) was an explorer who devoted his energies to documenting the ruins of the Maya civilization.

Biography
Teobert Maler was born in Rome to German parents. His father was a diplomat for the Duchy of Baden. Maler studied architecture and engineering in Karlsruhe, then at the age of 21 moved to Vienna where he took a job with architect Heinrich von Ferstel, and became an Austrian citizen.

He was eager to see more of the world and went to Mexico as a soldier with Emperor Maximilian. He rose from Cadet to Captain.  After surrendering to the Mexican Republican forces, Maler opted to stay in Mexico rather than being exiled back to Europe. Maler later obtained Mexican citizenship and changed his first name to "Teoberto", more easily pronounced in the Spanish language.

Maler developed interests in photography and in the antiquities of Mesoamerica. In 1876 he made detailed photos of the structures at Mitla.  In the summer of the following year he moved to San Cristóbal de las Casas, and in July set out to visit the ruins of Palenque. While several accounts of the site had been published by this time, it was still little visited, and Maler needed to employ a team of the local Indios to open a path to the ruin with machetes. He spent a week at Palenque, sketching, measuring, and photographing the site, and became aware that earlier published accounts were inadequate, and that most earlier visitors had limited their descriptions to only a portion of the buildings observed there. While Maler was there another visitor came to the ruins, Gustave Bernoulli, a Swiss botanist who shared his interest in Maya sites, and had recently made a visit to Tikal. Bernoulli confirmed Maler's suspicion that there was much work that needed to be done to document the area's ruins.

In the spring of 1878, Maler was obliged to return to Europe to settle his father's estate, which was tied up in considerable legal difficulties. While the lawyers he hired sorted it out, Maler lived in Paris, where he gave lectures on Mexican antiquities and studied and read everything about Mesoamerica he could find in the city. In 1884 the estate was settled, with Maler inheriting a small fortune, and he returned to Mexico to devote himself to study of the Maya.

He settled in Yucatán with small house in the town of Ticul, where he set up a photographic studio and learned the Maya language.  However he spent most of his time in the forests, accompanied by a few Maya to help clear the jungle from the ruins and carry Maler's photographic equipment.  He started off visiting major sites already well-known, such as Chichen Itza and Uxmal, but zealously followed all leads and became the first to document many new ruins. At Chichen, he lived in the ruins for 3 months, and documented the site much more fully than had earlier visitors.

Over the next years, Maler also made investigations of many remote sites in the el Petén region of Guatemala and along the course of the Usumacinta River.

Maler became disgusted by the then common practice of 19th century antiquarians and archeologists of removing interesting sculptures from the sites to send to cities in Europe or North America. Maler noted the damage to the sites this often caused. He became dedicated to the notion that the ruins should be preserved intact, and wrote extensively to the Mexican government advocating that approach. Maler's views are now considered ahead of their time.

Maler realized the importance of publishing his investigations, but had somewhat mixed success. The Peabody Institute of Harvard University arranged to publish his reports starting in 1898.  A series of important books resulted, but the relationship between Maler and the Peabody was strained. Maler tried to insist that the books contain more minute detail and illustrations than the Peabody editors wished to include, and communications were difficult as Maler often left to make new expeditions in the forests and could not be contacted for months at a time for proofreading. The Peabody ended their agreement with Maler in 1909, although it took them until 1912 to finish the publication of the material they had received from him.  The books are still an important reference in Maya studies.

Maler ended his physically demanding expeditions in the jungles in 1905 and retired to his home in Mérida, Yucatán.

In 1910 Maler made a trip to Europe in hopes of finding patrons for publishing more of his reports, but had no success other than to sell some of his photographs to the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris.

In his later years Teoberto Maler was known as something of a misanthrope. His money apparently gone due to some poor money investments and the economical crisis of 1907 in Yucatán, he made a modest living selling copies of his photographs to tourists and young archaeologists and giving lectures on Maya art and architecture at the Mérida school of fine arts. Maler died in Mérida, aged 75.

Many of his accounts were published posthumously, one batch in the 1930s, more in the 1970s and 1990s.

Notes

References

External links

 Teobert Maler on Mesoweb.com multi-page site with Maler photos and excerpts from his writings, and a biography
 Teoberto Maler photos on Throckmorton Fine Art Link is broken

19th-century explorers
20th-century explorers
Explorers of Central America
19th-century Mesoamericanists
20th-century Mesoamericanists
German Mesoamericanists
Mexican Mesoamericanists
Mesoamerican epigraphers
Mesoamerican archaeologists
Mayanists
Archaeologists from Vienna
German explorers
Austrian explorers
German expatriates in Italy
Writers from Karlsruhe
1842 births
1917 deaths
German emigrants to the Austrian Empire
Emigrants from the Austrian Empire to Mexico

Teoberto Maler


Helambu is a region of highland villages in Nepal, about 80 km from Kathmandu. It is the home of the Hyolmo people. The word Hyolmo derives from the word  Helambu. The Helambu region begins at the Lauribina La pass and descends to the Melamchi valley. Helambu is famous for its sweet apples. and artistic Buddhist monasteries and it is a Buddhist pilgrimage site.

Several trekking routes visit Helambu, one of them being known as Helambu Trek.

Helambu Trek

This is a good trek for people who don't have much time in Nepal. It is an 8-day long trek which starts in Kathmandu itself, but can be completed in as little as 5–6 days. The normal trailhead starts off at Sundarijal and goes past Chisopani, Hyolmo, Kutumsang, Magin Goth, Tharepati, Malemchigaun, Nakote and Hyolmo, Tarke Gyang. After which you have the option of two roads one is the footpath via Sermathang or the bus route via Kiul Takpa Kharka. Kashye Both ways ultimately meet at Melemchi where you can take a bus back to Kathmandu. Another variation is the reverse of this trek. The maximum height reached during the trek is about 3650 m.

The trek starts from Sundarijal (), a small dam and hydroelectric station in the north-east corner of Kathmandu Valley where the Himalayan Rescue Dog squad is headquartered. The trails begins west of Sundarijal at the end of the auto road where the large water pipe comes out of the hills. There is now bus service to Sundarijal from Boudhanath. A taxi can also be hired or you can walk. There is now daily jeep service from Sundarijal to Pati Bhanjyang. To walk begin at the bus park in Sundarijal and the large water pipe. Cross under the pipe and proceed along its west side much of the way is up stairs, continue. eventually turning left to cross over the dam of a water reservoir () in 40 minutes, Across the dam continue uphill crossing the water shed management road which winds around the hillside There is Lodge near here. Climb through wet sub tropical forest to an oak forest and on to Mulkharkha (), in an hour, This is a scattered Tamang village with lodges and view of  Kathmandu Valley behind you. Don't walk the next area alone, as there have been rare instances of attacks north of Mulkharkha. The trail continues up, first in open country and then in oak forest, often in small gully, and enters shivapuri watershed and wild life Research area, after passing an army station. The trails ascends to a pass Burlang Bhanjyang () with houses and lodges and below it on the north side in 2 hours. This pass marks the Shivapuri ridges of the Kathmandu Valley's rim. The trails descends through a pleasant oak forest, past some houses and lodge on the left, Chisapani (), meaning ''cold water'', to a flat portion where another trail joins from the right and a road crosses Ina clear weather there are good view of the Himalaya to the north and in the spring rhododendrons bloom. The trail continues to descend through open farmland to reach Pati Bhanjyan (), sitting in a saddle 13/4 hours from the Burlung Bhanjyang, There are lodges and a police check post here. From here there are two routes. One continues along the general ridge system heading north and eventually descend east to the Sherpa village of Melamchi Ghyanng. The other heads east, descends to the Melamchi Khola and proceeds up its east (left) bank towards Tarke Ghyang, situated opposite Melamchighyang on the east side of river. The ridge route goes much higher (almost to ) than the other route and other may be snow on its upper portions in the late winter or early spring. There are no permanent villages between Khutumsang and Melamchi Ghyang on this route, but leaving Khutumsang in the morning reach tharepati, where there are lodges. This is the part of the route that offers excellent views of the mountains. If it is cloudy which often happens late in the day, consider spending a night up high in a seasonal lodge or hopping for views in tharepati, then hope for good views the next morning. The circuit to the north along the ridge and the return via the east side of the Melamchi Khola Valley is described but if their weather is bad it is wise to head up the east side of the Melamchi Khola and when conditions have improved to return via the high route. In this case we follow the direction in reverse.

Route

The trek takes place in the Sherpa Helambu region, around 72 kilometers Northeast of Kathmandu.
A roundabout circuit is used, most often starting at Sundarijal, although other starting positions include Nagarkot, Kakani or Sankhu.

Pati Bhanjyan, Chipling, Khutumsang and Tharepati are amongst the first villages to be passed, followed by Malemchigaon, Nakote and Tarke Gyang. Two possible routes are available from Tarke Gyang, one to complete the trek and another that leads to the Arniko Highway, the main thoroughfare out of Kathmandu leading to Tibet.

To complete the trek one would proceed to Taramarang following on to Pati Bhanjyan. From Pati Bhanjyan the trek returns to the starting point of Sundarijal, a route that takes around seven days.

References

Mountain passes of Nepal
Mountain passes of the Himalayas
Hiking trails in Nepal

Helambu


The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a core member of the Internet Protocol Suite, the set of network protocols used for the Internet. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, known as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without requiring other communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths. UDP is sometimes called the Universal Datagram Protocol. The protocol was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in RFC 768.

Ports

UDP applications use datagram sockets to establish host-to-host communications. Sockets bind the application to service ports that functions as the endpoints of data transmission. A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number, a 16 bit integer value, allowing for port numbers between 0 and 65,535. Port 0 is reserved, but is able to be used if the sending process does not expect messages in response.

Ports 1 through 1023 (hexadecimal 0x3FF) are named "well-known" ports and on Unix-like operating systems, binding to one of these ports requires superuser (root) access.

Ports 1024 through 49,151 (0xBFFF) are registered ports.

Ports 49,152 through 65,535 (0xFFFF)  are used as temporary ports usually by clients when communicating to servers.

Uses
There are many uses for UDP, for example BitTorrent optionally uses it for peer-to-peer file sharing. The Teredo tunneling protocol uses UDP.

Further reading
 RFC 768, "User Datagram Protocol", J. Postel, August 1980

Other websites
IANA Port Assignments
The Trouble with UDP Scanning (PDF)
Breakdown of UDP frame
UDP on MSDN Magazine Sockets and WCF

Internet protocols
Internet standards

User Datagram Protocol


Mischa Maisky (; born January 10, 1948 in Riga, Latvian SSR) is an Israeli and former Soviet cellist.

Maisky studied with Mstislav Rostropovich at the Moscow Conservatory in the Soviet Union. In 1966 he won 6th Prize at the Moscow International Tchaikovsky Competition. In 1970, he was imprisoned in a labor camp near Gorky for 18 months. When he was set free, he moved to Israel and became a citizen there. He also studied for a time with Gregor Piatigorsky in Los Angeles. He currently lives in Belgium.

In his performing and recording career, Maisky has worked with artists such as the pianists Martha Argerich, Radu Lupu, and Sergio Tiempo, the violinists Gidon Kremer and Janine Jansen, and the conductors Leonard Bernstein, Zubin Mehta, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Daniel Barenboim, and Giuseppe Sinopoli. He has played around the world and has made many recordings.

1948 births
Living people
Cellists
Jewish Israeli musicians
Latvian Jews
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from Riga
Soviet Jews
Soviet musicians
Latvian musicians

Mischa Maisky


Drunken Tiger (DT) is a South Korean hip hop group which issued their first album in 1999. The original members of the group were Tiger JK and DJ Shine; however, DJ Shine left in 2005 after recording five albums. When DT has performances, Tiger JK takes two other rappers: Bizzy and Paloalto. Tiger JK's wife, Yoon Mirae(T), who is also a singer and rapper, often performs with DT.

Originally the name of "Drunken Tiger" was the name of a hip hop clan. Tiger JK made his debut in 1992 at Los Angeles hiphop festival. After his debut, many hiphop fellows joined the DT clan and he made a debut in Korea in 1998. The first team members were Micki Eyez and Sucram. When Tiger JK and DJ Shine joined together, they used the team name of Drunken Tiger. DT's first album was Year of The Tiger, and the debut songs are "Do you know hip hop (Return of Tiger)" and "I want you (Sweet Talk)".

When DJ Shine left DT it caused a great concern in the Korean hip hop community. It is not known why DJ Shine quit DT. Tiger JK is the only member of DT, and he continues using the name of DT. His Tiger Clan members co-work with him, so Tiger JK made three more albums with his clan members.

Drunken Tiger has encouraged the hip hop culture in Korea by DT. Many hiphop teams are in Movement crew. Dynamic Duo, Epik High, LeeSsang and others, are the crew members of Movement. DT issued the most albums in Korea and got awards from Golden Disk, MAMA, MKMF, and Korean Public Music Awards.

Member
 Tiger JK (Seo, Jungkwon)

Albums
 Feb.1999. - Year of The Tiger
 Apr.2000. - The Great Rebirth
 Mar.2001. - The Legend Of...
 Feb.2003. - Foundation
 Aug.2004. - One is not a lonely word
 Aug.2005. - 1945 the Liberation
 Sep.2007. - Sky Is The Limit
 Jun.2009. - Feel gHood Muzik : The 8th Wonder

Famous songs
 "Do you know hiphop?"
 "I want you"
 "Good Life"
 "Monster"

References
 www.dt-love.co.kr

Hip hop bands
South Korean musical groups
1992 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in South Korea

Drunken Tiger


Bel canto is a way of singing in opera.  It comes from the Italian, meaning "beautiful singing".

Bel canto singing means singing beautifully, flexibly and smoothly, delivering high and low notes in a similar style so that all the notes of a singer's range sound even from top to bottom.  Bel canto singing started when opera began in the 1600s, but the term "bel canto" is normally used for operas written in the early 19th century.  The operas of Rossini, Bellini and Donizetti need bel canto singing. The term "bel canto" was not used at the time.  People only started talking about "bel canto" in the mid-to-late 19th century, when a lot of new operas by composers such as Richard Wagner appeared. These new operas had to have singers with big, dramatic voices if they were to sound good.

Bel canto-style operas came back into fashion in the 1950s, having been out of favour for the previous 50 or 60 years. Today, some of the most popular operas are bel canto ones. Famous bel canto singers of recent times include the sopranos Maria Callas, Joan Sutherland, Montserrat Caballé, Beverly Sills and the tenors Francisco Araiza, Juan Diego Florez, Alfredo Kraus, Luciano Pavarotti.

Mathilde Marchesi was a famous 19th-century bel canto teacher.

Opera terminology

Bel canto


Labasa's current Mayor, elected on 28 October 2005 following the municipal election to the Town Council one week earlier, is Dr Pradeep Singh (born:21 July 1957 at the Colonial War Memorial Hospital in Suva ) of the Fiji Labour Party (FLP).
Singh, a graduate from Khalsa College, Chandigarh, did his MBBS from Ranchi Medical College in Bihar and then settled in Labasa in 1986.

References

P
S
Labasa ke log
Fiji ke mayor

Pradeep Singh


The bard probably belonged to a social class in Celtic Europe. Bards were poets or singers and were most likely were in the service of Celtic nobility. They were probably employed to tell about how good their master (the nobleman) was or to sing about what he did. Today, it is not quite clear what the difference was from a druid. Early Roman scolars used the word vates to refer to all of them, which has been translated as "prophet" or "soothsayer". It is also a common school in the North East Pacific West.

Well known bards
 Taliesin, lived in the 7th century, wrote the Book of Taliesin
 Aneirin, a late 6th century Brythonic poet who wrote the Book of Aneirin.
 Dafydd ap Gwilym, a 14th-century Welsh poet, generally regarded as the greatest Welsh poet of all time.
 Iolo Morganwg, an 18th-century Welsh rogue and bard, famous for his forgeries and lies.
 Iolo Goch, a 14th-century Welsh poet and bard, famous for several surviving works, especially 'The Labourer'.

Related pages
 Griot, a similar type of person from West Africa

Ancient history

Bard


Arthur Murray (born Moses Teichman, April 4, 1895 –  March 3, 1991) was an American dance instructor and businessman, whose name is most often associated with the dance studio chain which bears his name.

Arthur Murray was born in Galicia, Austria-Hungary, in 1895 as Moses Teichman. In August 1897, he was brought to America by his mother Sarah on the S.S. Friesland, and landed at Ellis Island. They settled in Ludlow Street, in the Lower East Side of Manhattan with his father, Abraham Teichmann.

In 1912, at the age of 17, he taught dance at night while working as a draftsman by day. He studied under the popular dance team of Vernon and Irene Castle and went to work for them.

Murray won his first dance contest at the Grand Central Palace, a public dance hall. He later became a part-time dance teacher there, after graduation from high school. The first prize had been a silver cup, but Murray went home with nothing to show for his win. His partner of the evening took it; it was destined for a pawnshop. This loss made an impression on Murray, and in later years every winner in his dance contests took home a prize.

References

Other websites
 Arthur Murray Dance Studios

1895 births
1991 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American dancers
Businesspeople from New York City

Arthur Murray


Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) wis an Italian-American physicist an the creautor o the warld's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1. He haes been cried the "airchitect o the nuclear age" an the "airchitect o the atomic bomb". He wis ane o the verra few physicists in history tae excel baith theoretically an experimentally. Fermi held several patents relatit tae the uise o nuclear pouer, an wis awairdit the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his wirk on induced radioactivity bi neutron bombardment an the diskivery o transuranic elements. He made signeeficant contreibutions tae the development o quantum theory, nuclear an pairticle physics, an stateestical mechanics.

Fermi's first major contreibution wis tae statistical mechanics. Efter Wolfgang Pauli annoonced his exclusion principle in 1925, Fermi follaed wi a paper in that he applee'd the principle tae an ideal gas, employin a stateestical formulation nou kent as Fermi–Dirac stateestics. The day, pairticles that obey the exclusion principle are cried "fermions". Later Pauli postulatit the exeestence o an unchairged inveesible pairticle emittit alang wi an electron in beta decay, tae satisfee the law o conservation o energy. Fermi teuk up this idea, developin a model that incorporatit the postulatit pairticle, that he named the "neutrino". His theory, later referred tae as Fermi's interaction an still later as waik interaction, descrived ane o the four fundamental forces o nature. Throu experiments inducin radioactivity wi recently diskivered neutrons, Fermi diskivered that slow neutrons war mair easily capturt nor fest anes, an developed the Fermi age equation tae descrive this. Efter bombardin thorium an uranium wi slaw neutrons, he concludit that he haed creatit new elements; awtho he wis awairdit the Nobel Prize for this diskivery, the new elements war subsequently revealed tae be fission products.

Fermi left Italy in 1938 tae escape new Italian Racial Laws that affectit his Jewish wife Laura Capon. He emigratit tae the Unitit States whaur he wirked on the Manhattan Project in Warld War II. Fermi led the team that designed an biggit Chicago Pile-1, that went creetical on 2 December 1942, demonstratin the first artifeecial sel-susteenin nuclear cheen reaction. He wis on haund whan the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, went creetical in 1943, an whan the B Reactor at the Hanford Site did sae the next year. At Los Alamos he heidit F Division, pairt o that wirked on Edward Teller's thermonuclear "Super" bomb. He wis present at the Trinity test on 16 Julie 1945, whaur he used his Fermi method tae estimate the bomb's yield.

Efter the war, Fermi served unner J. Robert Oppenheimer on the General Advisory Committee, that advised the Atomic Energy Commission on nuclear maiters an policy. Follaein the detonation o the first Soviet fission bomb in August 1949, he strangly opposed the development o a hydrogen bomb on baith moral an technical grunds. He wis amang the scientists that testifee'd on Oppenheimer's behauf at the 1954 hearin that resultit in the denial o the latter's siccarity clearance. Fermi did important wirk in pairticle physics, especially relatit tae pions an muons, an he speculatit that cosmic rays arose throu material bein acceleratit bi magnetic fields in interstellar space. Mony awairds, concepts, an institutions are named efter Fermi, includin the Enrico Fermi Awaird, the Enrico Fermi Institute, the Fermi Naitional Accelerator Laboratory, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generatin Station, an the synthetic element fermium, makkin him ane o 16 scientists that hae elements named efter them.

References

Soorces
 Laura Fermi, Atoms in the Family: My Life with Enrico Fermi (Chicago: Varsity o Chicago Press, 1954) ISBN 0-226-24367-2
 Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon an Schuster, 1986).
 C. P. Snow, "The Physicists" (Toronto: Little, Brown, 1981)
 Fermi's audio biography at the Varsity o Chicago wabsteid. (http://www-news.uchicago.edu/fermi/resources.html)

Fremmit airtins

 A photographic archive o Fermi an the Panisperna louns
 Aboot Enrico Fermi
 Life an warks o Enrico Fermi (in Italian)

1901 births
1954 daiths
American agnostics
American nuclear physicists
American physicists
Cancer daiths in Illinois
Columbia Varsity faculty
Correspondin Members o the USSR Academy o Sciences
Daiths frae painch cancer
Experimental physicists
Foreign Members o the Ryal Society
Italian agnostics
Italian emigrants tae the Unitit States
Italian inventors
Italian Nobel laureates
Italian nuclear physicists
Italian physicists
American fowk o Italian strynd
Manhattan Project fowk
Members o the Ryal Academy o Italy
Monte Carlo methodologists
Nobel laureates in Physics
Fowk frae Leonia, New Jersey
Fowk frae Roum
Quantum physicists
Sapienza Varsity o Roum faculty
Theoretical physicists
Thermodynamicists
Varsity o Chicago faculty
Varsity o Göttingen faculty
Varsity o Pisa alumni
Medal for Merit recipients
Winners o the Max Planck Medal

Enrico Fermi


In finance, discounting is a mechanism in which a debtor obtains the right to delay payments to a creditor, for a defined period of time, in exchange for a charge or fee.  Essentially, the party that owes money in the present purchases the right to delay the payment until some future date. This transaction is based on the fact that most people prefer current interest to delayed interest because of mortality effects, impatience effects, and salience effects. The discount, or charge, is the difference between the original amount owed in the present and the amount that has to be paid in the future to settle the debt.

The discount is usually associated with a discount rate, which is also called the discount yield. The discount yield is the proportional share of the initial amount owed (initial liability) that must be paid to delay payment for 1 year.

Since a person can earn a return on money invested over some period of time, most economic and financial models assume the discount yield is the same as the rate of return the person could receive by investing this money elsewhere (in assets of similar risk) over the given period of time covered by the delay in payment. The concept is associated with the opportunity cost of not having use of the money for the period of time covered by the delay in payment. The relationship between the discount yield and the rate of return on other financial assets is usually discussed in economic and financial theories involving the inter-relation between various market prices, and the achievement of Pareto optimality through the operations in the capitalistic price mechanism, as well as in the discussion of the efficient (financial) market hypothesis. The person delaying the payment of the current liability is essentially compensating the person to whom he/she owes money for the lost revenue that could be earned from an investment during the time period covered by the delay in payment. Accordingly, it is the relevant "discount yield" that determines the "discount", and not the other way around.

As indicated, the rate of return is usually calculated in accordance to an annual return on investment. Since an investor earns a return on the original principal amount of the investment as well as on any prior period investment income, investment earnings are "compounded" as time advances. Therefore, considering the fact that the "discount" must match the benefits obtained from a similar investment asset, the "discount yield" must be used within the same compounding mechanism to negotiate an increase in the size of the "discount" whenever the time period of the payment is delayed or extended. The "discount rate" is the rate at which the "discount" must grow as the delay in payment is extended. This fact is directly tied into the time value of money and its calculations.

The "time value of money" indicates there is a difference between the "future value" of a payment and the "present value" of the same payment. The rate of return on investment should be the dominant factor in evaluating the market's assessment of the difference between the future value and the present value of a payment; and it is the market's assessment that counts the most. Therefore, the "discount yield", which is predetermined by a related return on investment that is found in the financial markets, is what is used within the time-value-of-money calculations to determine the "discount" required to delay payment of a financial liability for a given period of time.

Basic calculation
If we consider the value of the original payment presently due to be P, and the debtor wants to delay the payment for t years, then a market rate of return denoted r on a similar investment asset means the future value of P is , and the discount can be calculated as

We wish to calculate the present value, also known as the "discounted value" of a payment. Note that a payment made in the future is worth less than the same payment made today which could immediately be deposited into a bank account and earn interest, or invest in other assets. Hence we must discount future payments. Consider a payment F that is to be made t years in the future, we calculate the present value as

Suppose that we wanted to find the present value, denoted PV of $100 that will be received in five years time. If the interest rate r is 12% per year then

Discount rate

The discount rate which is used in financial calculations is usually chosen to be equal to the cost of capital. The cost of capital, in a financial market equilibrium, will be the same as the market rate of return on the financial asset mixture the firm uses to finance capital investment. Some adjustment may be made to the discount rate to take account of risks associated with uncertain cash flows, with other developments.

The discount rates typically applied to different types of companies show significant differences:

 Start-ups seeking money: 50–100%
 Early start-ups: 40–60%
 Late start-ups: 30–50%
 Mature companies: 10–25%

The higher discount rate for start-ups reflects the various disadvantages they face, compared to established companies:

 Reduced marketability of ownerships because stocks are not traded publicly
 Small number of investors willing to invest
 High risks associated with start-ups
 Overly optimistic forecasts by enthusiastic founders

One method that looks into a correct discount rate is the capital asset pricing model. This model takes into account three variables that make up the discount rate:

1. Risk free rate: The percentage of return generated by investing in risk free securities such as government bonds.

2. Beta: The measurement of how a company's stock price reacts to a change in the market. A beta higher than 1 means that a change in share price is exaggerated compared to the rest of shares in the same market. A beta less than 1 means that the share is stable and not very responsive to changes in the market. Less than 0 means that a share is moving in the opposite direction from the rest of the shares in the same market.

3. Equity market risk premium: The return on investment that investors require above the risk free rate.

 Discount rate = (risk free rate) + beta * (equity market risk premium)

Discount factor

The discount factor, DF(T), is the factor by which a future cash flow must be multiplied in order to obtain the present value. For a zero-rate (also called spot rate) r, taken from a yield curve, and a time to cash flow T (in years), the discount factor is:

In the case where the only discount rate one has is not a zero-rate (neither taken from a zero-coupon bond nor converted from a swap rate to a zero-rate through bootstrapping) but an annually-compounded rate (for example if the benchmark is a US Treasury bond with annual coupons) and one only has its yield to maturity, one would use an annually-compounded discount factor:

However, when operating in a bank, where the amount the bank can lend (and therefore get interest) is linked to the value of its assets (including accrued interest), traders usually use daily compounding to discount cash flows. Indeed, even if the interest of the bonds it holds (for example) is paid semi-annually, the value of its book of bond will increase daily, thanks to accrued interest being accounted for, and therefore the bank will be able to re-invest these daily accrued interest (by lending additional money or buying more financial products). In that case, the discount factor is then (if the usual money market day count convention for the currency is ACT/360, in case of currencies such as United States dollar, euro, Japanese yen), with r the zero-rate and T the time to cash flow in years:

or, in case the market convention for the currency being discounted is ACT/365 (AUD, CAD, GBP):

Sometimes, for manual calculation, the continuously-compounded hypothesis is a close-enough approximation of the daily-compounding hypothesis, and makes calculation easier (even though its application is limited to instruments such as financial derivatives). In that case, the discount factor is:

Other discounts

For discounts in marketing, see discounts and allowances, sales promotion, and pricing. The article on discounted cash flow provides an example about discounting and risks in real estate investments.

See also
 Coupon
 Coupon (bond)
 High-low pricing
 Hyperbolic discounting

References
Notes

External links

Actuarial science
Loans

Discounting


The Sampo is an objeck frae Finnish meethologie.  It wes made bi Ilmarinen, the maister smith, bot naebodie kens fer certaint exacklie whit it wes meant tae be, tho aften fowk think o it as a mill o sum kynd.  Onieane wha haed a Sampo wadnae hae tae wark e'ev again, an sae in Kalevala it is cleirly sumthing that fowk desire tae he.

The Sampo in Kalevala

Bakgrund
On ane o his vaiges, Väinämöinen becam lost in Pohjola (Nor Land).  He speirs the Spaewife o the Nor, Louhi, gin she'll gie him a boat.  She tells him that she will, bot ainlie gin he maks her a Sampo - in retour fer whilk she will gie him her dauchter's haund in mairraige forbye.  He says he cannae mak ane, bot haes a frien, Ilmarinen, that can.  Ilmarinen daesna want tae dae it, bot Louhi hechts her dauchter tae him an aa, an sae he duis.  Her wurds tae him ar:

Ilmarinen, wothie brithir,
Ye, wha ar the ainlie skeily blacksmith,
Gang an see her unco bonnieness;
See her gowd an siller claes,
See her clad in braw claes,
See her sittin on the wattergaw,
Walkand on the purpie cluds.
Smidd fer her the weirdly Sampo,
Smidd the lid in monie colours,
Yer fairin sall be the maiden,
Ye sall win this bonnie guidwife
Gang an bring the bonnie maiden
Tae yer hame in Kalevala.

The Makkin o the Sampo
Ilamarinen gangs on tae darg fer a twa-thrie day at his michty smiddy until he finally maks the Sampo.  Ance it haes been duin, it is a braw piece o skeily warkmanskip, as is ainly fittin fer the maister smith.  The finished Sampo is telt o thus:

On ae side the flour is runchin,
On anithir saut is makkin,
On a third is money smiddin,
An the lid is monie-coloured,
Weil the Sampo runches whan finished,
Tae an frae the lid is rockin,
Runches ae meisure at the day-brak
Runches a meisure guid fer eatin
Runches a seicond fer the mercat
Runches a third ane fer the store-hous.

The Sampo is Tint
Efter aa this, Louhi (a wickit spaewife) chores the Sampo, chawin Ilmarinen an Väinämöinen tae gang intil her stranghauld  secretlike fer tae chore it bak.  Whan Louhi gets kennin o this, she chases thaim an fechts Väinämöinen.  In the strauchle, Louhi is defeatit, an the Sampo is brak an tint, sunk tae the bottom o the Sea.

Ithir Uises
Sampo is a boy's name in Finland.
There is a Christian ska baund cryed Sampo.
A nummer o Finnish projecks (e.g. scienteefic) hae been cryed "Sampo", as hae a wheen o producks.

See Forbye
Kalevala
Ilmarinen
Väinämöinen

Finnish meethologie
Meethological objects

Sampo


3753 Cruithne is an asteroid.

Discovery
3753 Cruithne was discovered on October 10, 1986, by Duncan Waldron on the UK Schmidt Telescope at Siding Spring Observatory, Coonabarabran, Australia. The 1983 appearance is given to Giovanni de Sanctis and Richard M. West of the European Southern Observatory in Chile. It was not until 1997 that its unusual orbit was found by Paul Wiegert and Kimmo Innanen, working at York University in Toronto, and Seppo Mikkola, working at the University of Turku in Finland. The asteroid is named after the Cruithne, a people of early medieval Ireland.

Measurements
3753 Cruithne is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) in diameter. From 1994 through 2015, 3753 Cruithne makes its annual closest approach to Earth every November. Although Cruithne's orbit is not thought to be stable over the long term, calculations showed that it has probably been synchronized with Earth's orbit for a long time. There is no danger of a collision with Earth for millions of years, if ever. Its orbital path and Earth's do not cross.

Orbit
Cruithne is in a normal elliptic orbit around the Sun. Its period of revolution around the Sun, about 364 days at present, is almost equal to that of the Earth. Because of this, Cruithne and Earth appear to follow each other in their paths around the Sun. This is why Cruithne is sometimes called "Earth's second moon". However, it does not orbit the Earth and is not a moon. In 2058, Cruithne will come within 13.6 million kilometres of Mars. Cruithne's distance from the Sun and orbital speed vary a lot more than the Earth's, so from the Earth's point of view Cruithne actually follows a kidney bean-shaped horseshoe orbit ahead of the Earth, taking slightly less than one year to complete a circuit of the "bean". Because it takes slightly less than a year, the Earth "falls behind" the bean a little more each year, and so from our point of view, the circuit is not quite closed, but rather like a spiral loop that moves slowly away from the Earth.
After many years, the Earth will have fallen so far behind that Cruithne will then actually be "catching up" on the Earth from "behind". When it eventually does catch up, Cruithne will make a series of annual close approaches to the Earth and gravitationally exchange orbital energy with Earth; this will alter Cruithne's orbit by a little over half a million kilometres so that its period of revolution around the Sun will then become slightly more than a year. The kidney bean will then start to migrate away from the Earth again in the opposite direction — instead of the Earth "falling behind" the bean, the Earth is "pulling away from" the bean. The next such series of close approaches will be centred on the year 2292 — in July of that year, Cruithne will approach Earth to about 12,500,000 kilometres.
After 380 to 390 years or so, the kidney-bean-shaped orbit approaches Earth again from the other side, and the Earth, once more, alters the orbit of Cruithne so that its period of revolution around the Sun is again slightly less than a year (this last happened with a series of close approaches centred on 1902, and will next happen with a series centered on 2676). The pattern then repeats itself.

More resonant near-Earth objects (NEOs) have since been discovered. These include 54509 YORP, (85770) 1998 UP1, 2002 AA29, and 2009BD which exist in resonant orbits similar to Cruithne's.
Other examples of natural bodies known to be in horseshoe orbits include Janus and Epimetheus, natural satellites of Saturn. The orbits these two moons follow around Saturn are much simpler than the one Cruithne follows, but operate along the same general principles.
Mars has four known co-orbital asteroids (5261 Eureka, 1999 UJ7, 1998 VF31, and 2007 NS2, all at the Lagrangian points), and Jupiter has many (more than 1000 known objects, the Trojan asteroids); there are also other small co-orbital moons in the Saturnian system: Telesto and Calypso with Tethys, and Helene and Polydeuces with Dione. However, none of these follow horseshoe orbits.

Cruithne

3753 Cruithne


The Bell-Beaker culture (or Beaker culture, Beaker people or Beaker folk) is the name of a cultural phenomenon which occurred in large parts of Western Europe, roughly between 2800 BC and 2200 BC (in Great Britain until about 1900 BC). Today, it is unclear whether this can be seen as a culture.

Paul Reinecke was the first to use the word Glockenbecher (bell-shaped cup) in German, around 1900. Other historians from Italy and Czechoslovakia had used similar terms before.

Gordon Childe thought that the people were missionaries, who also had the knowledge how to make copper. They spread from the Iberian peninsula on the edges of Europe with the oceans. The typical items linked to the movement were prestige items reserved to the upper class, according to Steven Shennan. Christian Strahm talk about a Glockenbecherphänomen (bell-shaped cup phenomenon), to avoid the word culture.

People of the movement were buried in a special way: Often stone chests were used. In the western part of the culture, burials in megalithic tombs and caves are common - the burial rites are often adapted to local customs. People where buried in an embryonic position:
 Women had their head facing south, their feet facing north, extremities to the right
 Men's heads faced north, feet south; extremities faced left.
This means that both looked east, when buried.

Today, little is known about the settlements used by the culture. The only places where settlements/remains of settlements that were done at approximately the same time were found is in Knowth in Ireland, and one in Switzerland.

Another culture that might have influenced the Beaker culture is the Corded Ware culture, mainly found in Northern Europe.

Notes

Ethnic groups in Europe
Pottery
Archaeology

Beaker culture


The collaborative human interpreter (CHI) is a proposed software interface for human-based computation (first proposed as a programming language on the blog Google Blogoscoped, but implementable via an API in virtually any programming language) specially designed for collecting
and making use of human intelligence in a computer program.
One typical usage is implementing impossible-to-automate functions.

For example, it is currently difficult for a computer to differentiate between images of men, women and non-humans. However, this is easy for people. A programmer using CHI could write a code fragment along these lines:

 enum GenderCode {
  MALE, FEMALE, NOT_A_HUMAN
 }
 Photo photo = loadPhoto(file)
 GenderCode result = checkGender(photo)

Code for the function checkGender(Photo p) can currently only approximate a result, but the task can easily be solved by a person. When the function checkGender() is called, the system will send a request to someone, and the person who received the request will process the task and input the result. If the person (task processor) inputs value MALE, you'll get the value in your variable result, in your program. This querying process can be highly automated.

Deployment

On November 6, 2005, Amazon.com launched
CHI as its business platform in the Amazon Mechanical Turk. It's the first business application using CHI.

Origins
CHI is originally mentioned in  Philipp Lenssen's  blog.

References

External links

 "Amazon looks to solve problems that stump computers", ZDnet, Nov 10, 2005

Domain-specific programming languages
Human-based computation

Collaborative human interpreter


Salkhad ()  a Sirian ceety that is locatit in the As-Suwayda Govrenorate.
It is the caipital o the Salkhad Destrict, ane o the govrenorate's three destricts. It haes a population o 15,000 inhabitants.

It is locatit at 1350 metres abuin sea level in the central Jabal el Druze heichlands.

History

Mentioned several times in the Bible as "Salcah", as a settlement in biblical Baushan. Durin the seicont century BC Salcah wis a flourishin Nabataean ceety, where the gods Dushara an Allat wur worshiped. Efterwards it wis incorporatit intae the Roman province o Arabie, it wis ane o the important ceeties in Hauran durin Roman an later Byzantine epochs, Salkhad is indicatit in the Madaba mosaic map o the saxt century AD.

Due tae the strategic position o the ceety owerleukin Hauran plains tae the wast, the Ayyubid dynasty built a fortress in Salkhad atween 1214 - 1247 tae coonter a possible attack o the Crusades intae inner Hauran. It haes an aa been said that Al-Afdal wis exiled here bi his uncle an brither.

The importance o the ceety decreased efter the Crusades, an it wis occasionally owerrun bi Bedouins seekin pasture in the simmer for their flocks.

A number o Greek orthodox Christians, o Ghassanid ancestry, successively remained in the region. Salkhad an the adjacent region wut re-inhabitit bi Druze families frae Munt Lebanon in the late 17t, 18t an 19t centuries.

Durin Ottoman times the ceety enjoyed a feudal-type autonomy like muckle o the Jabal el Druze aurie unner the chieftaincy o Al-Hamdan family an later Al-Atrash family, mony battles against Ottoman Turks teuk place in this region bi the locals tae maintain their autonomy.

In the early 20t century the ceety wis pairt o the 1921-1936 Druze state unner the French Mandate o Sirie, the state wis gradually incorporatit intae Sirie efter the Great Sirian Revolt o 1925-1927 led bi Sultan Al-Atrash.

The ceety nou is the centre o Salkhad destrict o As Suwayda govrenorate, it is the soothmaist destrict in Sirie.

Airchaeology
The fortress o Salkhad is the maist important monument locatit in a hill inside the ceety , built atween 1214-1247 bi the Ayyubid dynasty as a pairt o their defences against the crusades. It is said that this fortress wur built in the site o aulder Roman fortifications. A hexagonal basalt minaret still staundin intact in the ceety's main square. Mony Roman auld time hooses, still partially inhabitit bi locals. Nabatean, Roman an Ayyubid Tombs are an aa there wi decorative motifs.

Freemit airtins
 Old image of the Fortress of Salkhad

Ebreu Bible places
Populatit places in As-Suwayda Govrenorate

Salkhad


Free culture is a concept and a movement that tries to help people share art very freely. It says copyright laws are too strict and tries to create a less limiting system. The word "free" In "free culture" means "freedom", not price.

The beginning of the movement is connected to Lawrence Lessig who has written a book named Free Culture and started Creative Commons, an organization that supports things like free culture and education. The movement is similar to free software movement but focuses on all art works, e.g. images or songs. Some free cultural works are for example the movie Big Buck Bunny or files at Wikimedia Commons. Wikipedia is also part of free culture because it uses a free license for its articles.

The rules

Works, for example movies, that respect free culture are called free cultural works or simply free works. These works have to allow anyone to:

 Use the work personally without limits, for example watch the movie.
 Use the work in any other way, for example examine it and see how it was made.
 Give the work to others, for example your friends, or even sell it to someone.
 Change the work in any way, for example add different music to the movie. You can also do everything above with the changed version.

The artist who creates something can make it free by adding a free license to it. Most famous free licenses are Creative Commons (CC) licenses. However, not all Creative Commons licenses are free (some for example prohibit commercial use or changing the work). The free CC licenses are CC0, CC-BY and CC-BY-SA.

References

Free content

Free culture


Sanchi Stupa is a memorial built in the state of Madhya Pradesh in the city of Sanchi in India. It is located   north-east of Bhopal, capital of Madhya Pradesh. The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the oldest stone structures in India. It is an important monument of Indian Architecture. The emperor Ashoka ordered it to be built,in the 3rd century BCE. Its center was a simple dome-like brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha. It was crowned by the chatra, a parasol-like structure symbolising high rank. This structure was intended  to honour and shelter the relics. The original construction work of this stupa was overseen by Ashoka, whose wife Devi was the daughter of a merchant of nearby Vidisha. Sanchi was Devi's birthplace as well as the place of her wedding with Ashoka. In the 1st century BCE, four elaborately carved toranas (ornamental gateways) and a balustrade encircling the entire structure were added. The Sanchi Stupa built during Mauryan period was made of bricks. The composite flourished until the 11th century.

Sanchi is the center of a region with a number of stupas including Satdhara (17 km from Sanchi, 40 stupas, the Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana, now enshrined in the new Vihara, were unearthed there), Morel Khurd (on a fortified hilltop with 60 stupas), Andher (17 km NE of Vidisha), Mawas, Sonari etc. all very close to Sanchi.

References

World Heritage Sites in India
3rd-century BC works

Sanchi


In 1958 Brush Traction Ltd and Beyer Peacock co-operated to produce five prototype diesel-electric shunting locomotives of 0-4-0 wheel arrangement. They were intended to demonstrate a new generation of diesel shunters for industrial and mainline use. Two were loaned to British Railways for trials, and one was subsequently purchased by BR. However no large scale orders resulted from these demonstrators.

D2/11
Brush Traction locomotives
B locomotives

British Rail Class D2/11


Latex, also known as rubber, is a natural polymer. It is taken from the milky sap of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), native to the tropical forests of Central and South America.

Today, much of the natural latex comes from Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia and Indonesia. Polymers made from artificial latex are called "synthetic rubber."

Properties
 Elasticity
 High mechanical resistance
 Non-adherent
 Electrical insulator
 Chemical resistance
 Insoluble in organic solvents

Vulcanization makes rubber useful in many products:
 Tires
 Shoe soles
 Flexible tubes
 Gloves
 Raincoats
 Bed mattresses

Natural materials
Polymers

Latex


The Gatling gun is a machine gun that has many barrels that fire bullets by turning the barrels around in a circle. It was the first machine gun ever made. It was first used by the Union Army during the American Civil War. Although it was very powerful, it was not much used because it cost a lot of money and was heavy.  It was used more often in other wars during the second half of the 19th century. It was used in the Anglo-Zulu War, the Boshin War, and the Spanish-American War. Early in the 20th century armies stopped using it because other machine guns were better.

The Minigun is based on the Gatling gun. The Gatling gun is a machine gun, but it is not called an automatic weapon because a user must continue to crank it instead of merely holding down the trigger. Still it was very useful in the wars.

Machine guns

Gatling gun


Mellon Park is a park in the Shadyside and Point Breeze neighborhoods of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, straddling both sides of Fifth Avenue, from approximately Shady Avenue to Penn Avenue, the western corner abutting Pittsburgh Center for the Arts building. The park is home to the Walled Garden and holds events throughout the year. It is also home to several recreational facilities. A number of public buses serve the area.

The park is on the list of landmarks recognized by the Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation (PHLF), and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
The park was established in 1943, on the grounds of the former estate of Richard B. Mellon. His was the largest mansion in Pittsburgh. The mansion was built by Italian immigrants from New Kensington, PA, under the direction of Monsignor Nicola Fusco. These industrious men then built the monumental Mount St. Peter Church in New Kensington, which still stands and functions to this day from the materials of the Mellon Mansion.  The gardens were originally designed in 1912 by Alden and Harlow.  Several other architects added their own touch to the landscape, including the Olmsted Brothers and some seventeen years after the garden began, Vitale and Geiffert.  After Mellon's sixty-room home was brought down during World War II, most of the garden still remained and was transformed into a city park known now as Mellon Park.  The park also contains the Phipps Garden Center and Pittsburgh Center for the Arts.

The Walled Garden
The Walled Garden is surrounded by walls of brick and limestone and is one of Gothic design.  The garden's fourth wall was part of the Mellon mansion before its demolition in the 1940s.  A fountain stands between the garden and the rest of the park. Vitale and Geiffert were behind the planning of this garden.  The Mellon Park Project wanted to create a memorial in memory of Ann Katherine Seamans, who frequented the Walled Garden repeatedly after being introduced to it in kindergarten. Janet Zweig, an artist chosen by the project team, turned the floor of the garden into an exact replica of the sky in Pittsburgh on the day Ann was born.  There are 150 stars, and each is a light in the ground and includes an inscription about it.  It is possible to sponsor a star and make a donation. The Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy and LaQuatra Bonci Associates was responsible for the planning and supervising of the garden's redemption. The park was reopened on June 12, 2010.

A Fair in the Park
Any form of an event can potentially take place in Mellon Park with permission from the City of Pittsburgh Department of Public Works.  One event that has taken place annually since 1969 is A Fair in the Park put on by the Craftsmen's Guild of Pittsburgh in the month of September.  This is a contemporary craft festival with a small concert.  There is an area just for children.  No admission fee is charged.

Mellon Park Tennis Center
The Mellon Park Tennis Center is a year-round facility that offers classes for younger children ages 4–7 and other age groups up to adults.  Along with the tennis courts Mellon Park includes a playground, basketball courts, and baseball fields.

References

External links

A Fair in the Park
Mellon Tennis Center
Pittsburgh Post Gazette

Parks in Pittsburgh
Urban public parks
1943 establishments in Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks
City of Pittsburgh historic designations
National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh

Mellon Park


Finance, or The Fascinating Game of Finance or Finance and Fortune, is a board game originally released in 1932. The game is based on The Landlord's Game in the movement of pieces around the board, the use of cards, properties that can be purchased, and houses that can be erected on them. The game also has railroads; however, these may not be purchased. The game is a predecessor to Monopoly.

History

Finance
Finance was created by Dan Layman who played, with Louis, Louis and Fred Thun's version of the auction-monopoly games that had been spawned from The Landlord's Game at Williams College in Reading, Pennsylvania. When the Thuns wanted to patent their game they found the Landlord's Game patent and only copyrighted their rule additions (additional railroads own double rent, Community Chest, paying $50 to get out of jail). With the Monopoly name and game then in the public domain, Layman decided to call the game Finance.  With L. S. Ayres & Co. then Electronics Laboratories, Layman published the game for a year before selling it to Knapp Electric for $200. Initially, the game was sold in small black boxes (some of which came with poker chips for money) with four different versions of the rules. Otherwise, it was almost identical to Monopoly including Chance and Community Chest cards.

It is said that Layman taught Ruth Hoskins, who moved to Atlantic City and played it there using local Atlantic City streets.  One theory on the street names chosen is that these were the streets players lived on with a couple of later changes of South Carolina to North Carolina and Arctic to Mediterranean. Pete Daggett Jr., a friend of Dan Layman, actually taught Ruth Hoskins.  Hoskins then moved to Atlantic City to teach school in 1932 and created the Atlantic City version in the late 1930s with her friends.  Eugene and Ruth Raiford, friends of Hoskins, showed the game to Charles E. Todd, a hotel manager in Germantown, Pennsylvania.  Todd introduced Charles and Esther Darrow to the game.  The Darrows were occasional hotel guests; Esther was Todd's former neighbor.

With Parker Brothers taking over for Darrow in publishing his Monopoly game in 1935, Parker Brothers purchased Finance from Knapp for $10,000. Parker Brothers changed Finance so it was less similar to Monopoly and published it under the Finance Game Company name in 1935.  Parker Brothers made additional changes in 1936 and published it with the Parker Brothers name.

Fortune
During 1935, Parker Brothers was developing its own version of Monopoly, Fortune, in case its deal with Darrow and the patent fell through. Almost an exact copy of Monopoly, Fortune had only 10,000 copies made due to the deal with Darrow working out and was only published to keep the trademark to the name.  Also in 1935, Finance outsold Monopoly.

Finance and Fortune
With Parker Brothers wishing to hold on to the trademark on Fortune, the second version of Finance by Parker Brothers was named Finance and Fortune.  With its 1958 edition, the game's name reverted to Finance as they developed a new marble game having the "Fortune" name.  The last known version was printed in 1962.

Known changes
Known changes between the original and the Parker Brother editions:
removed Community Chest
dropped colored property groups
Rent chart card replaced the Property Cards
colored standard pawns changed to colored different shaped pawns
properties renamed
property purchase prices increased

Overview of game
The game begins with each player on "Cash Here" with $1925. Properties clockwise around the board begin with low value to high value purchase prices, with costs for additional houses and rents also increasing. Players move again on doubles, with no limit on numbers of doubles that may be thrown, and if a player lands on another player, the original player moves back five spaces, with the same effect as if the player had landed on that space originally. Players may trade properties or sell them back to the bank, but may not mortgage property. If a player is unable to pay, all their property is returned to the bank, and the player is out.  The game continues until only one player is left. An alternate rule establishes a time limit and players total up their wealth.

Reviews
The Playboy Winner's Guide to Board Games

References

External links

Board games introduced in 1932
Economic simulation board games
Parker Brothers games

Finance (game)


A Tarantella is a very fast dance in 6/8 time. The name comes from the town of Taranto in Italy. People used to believe that if someone was bitten by a tarantula spider they needed to do this dance in order to drive out the poison. The dancer would get more and more excited until he (or she) seemed mad.

Some people think that maybe these people never really believed this, but that it was an excuse to dance at a time when the church said that dancing was not allowed. The spider is, in fact, only a little bit poisonous.

Some composers enjoyed writing fast pieces in 6/8 time which they called "Tarantella". Mendelssohn wrote one as the last movement of his Symphony no 4 (the Italian). Chopin and Liszt also wrote Tarantellas.

Related pages
Arachnophobia

Dances

Tarantella


Mabel "Madea" Simmons is a fictional African American character. "Madea" is played by Tyler Perry in drag clothing.

History of Madea

Madea's personality
Madea was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on April 26, 1935. "Big Mabel" Murfy was the name of her mother. Frederick Simmons was the name of her father. Madea grew up with a strict mother who was also nurturing to Madea's emotions. At age 9, Madea was charged for petty theft. When Madea was 16 years of age, her parents moved to Atlanta, Georgia. There, she attended Booker T. Washington High School. She had tried out for cheerleading and became a cheerleader. By the time Madea was 17, she began going out to night clubs and house parties. Her parents allowed Madea to party at this age. Around this time, Madea became a stripper and was given the name "Delicious". At 18, Madea was charged with illegal gambling, check fraud and identity theft. Around this time, Madea had at least two or three children. She supported herself and her children by pool dancing, stripping and professional wrestling. Madea graduated her high school in May 1959. That night, she had an affair with Thoedure Leroy Brown (also known as "Mr. Brown"). Madea became pregnant and had given birth to Cora Jean Simmons Brown. However, in the movie Madea's Big Happy Family, Mr. Brown had a DNA test which confirmed that he was not the father. Madea was diagnosed with type one diabetes and depression in her early 20s. She had became a bitter women around this time.

Madea's appearance is an elderly women who is not afraid to threaten anybody with her pistol. Madea usually helps her family through life situations, struggles and helping her family cope with one another. She teaches them wisdom; which helps them in their everyday life. Madea is also a forceful women who teaches young adults to act mature. Madea has been locked up in prison several times. She has outlived several of her husbands and lives off of their life security checks. Madea uses bad language and tone to speak to her family when they are disrespectful. She also has a bad temper and bad way of dealing with anger. Madea is known to be half African American and quarter-Cherokee Indian. She likes going to the casino on Sunday, rather than going to the church. Although Madea does not read the bible, she uses it to manipulate situations in order to justify what she had done.

Plays
I Can Do Bad All By Myself (1999)
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2001)
Madea's Family Reunion (2002)
Madea's Class Reunion (2003)
Madea Goes to Jail (2006)
Madea's Big Happy Family (2010)
A Madea Christmas (2011)

Movies
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)
Madea's Family Reunion (2006)
Meet The Browns (2008) (cameo)
Madea Goes to Jail (2009)
I Can Do Bad All By Myself (2009)
Madea's Big Happy Family (2011)
Madea's Witness Protection (2012)
A Madea Christmas (2013)
Madea's Tough Love (2015) (animated movie)
Fictional African-American people

Madea


Tabalia is the name of the Mother House of the Melanesian Brotherhood (MBH) on northeastern Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.

Tabalia (pronounced "TAHM ba lia") was given by Ini Kopuria to the Melanesian Brotherhood (known in the Mota language as Ira Reta Tasiu).  Tabalia was the customary inheritance of Ini Kopuria, founder of the Brotherhood, who donated the land in 1925 to the Tasiu.

As the Mother House, Tabalia is the headquarters for the Solomon Islands Region of the Melanesian Brotherhood.  The other Regional Headquarters are Tumsisiro on East Ambae, Vanuatu, and Popondetta, in Papua New Guinea.

From Tabalia, the Melanesian Brotherhood looks after 38 households (monasteries) in the Solomon Islands. It is also the location for quadrennial Great Conference, where representatives from all three regions meet.

The burial ground at Tabalia contains the graves of Dr. Charles Elliot Fox (Feast day October 29) and the Seven Martyred Brothers (Feast day April 24).

Christianity in the Solomon Islands
Anglicanism

Tabalia


Nadur () is an administrative unit of Malta, located in the eastern part of the island of Gozo. Nadur is built on a plateau and is one of the largest localities in Gozo. Known as the 'second city', it spreads along a high ridge to the east of Victoria. It had a population of 4,509 as of March 2014.

The word 'Nadur' is derived from the Arabic word 'nadara', which means 'lookout', pretty much having the same meaning as its motto 'Vigilant'. The motto appears in Nadur's coat of arms that shows the sun coming up from blue seas. The town is famous for its bakeries.

Near Nadur are San Blas and Dahlet Qorrot Bays, tiny rocky bays on the North Eastern coast. These are locations for swimming, snorkelling, picnics, and trekking.

History

There are no documents or archaeological evidence which could shed light on the colonisation of Nadur by its first inhabitants. Nevertheless, the plateau and its surroundings, with a few farmhouses scattered here and there, were in existence for many years well before the area became a parish. The only trace of archaeological evidence were a number of large flat stones found in a field between San Blas Bay and Daħlet Qorrot. According to the Gozitan historian Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis these roofed structures, which do not exist anymore, once used to serve as a sort of temple to gods. He also imagined that these slabs of stone couldn't have been placed there by normal people but by very strong people or giants. He also wrote that Nadur may have been founded during the time of the Greeks. One proof of this connection is a bronze statue of Apollo said to be found in Nadur in 1744.

Throughout history, Nadur played a very important role in the defence of the island from corsairs, hence the name. During the reign of the Knights of St. John, a watch tower was built by Grandmaster Nicolas Cotoner which has been referred to by Daħlet Qorrot Tower or San Blas Tower for the two bays lying on either side of it. The tower is locally known as Isopu Tower.

Another watchtower found in Nadur is Ta' Kenuna Tower built by the British towards the middle of the 19th century. It served as a telegraph link between Malta and Gozo. From the top of this semaphore tower, one can see most of the island, Comino and Mellieħa with a wonderful view in the winter of the green fields and the blue sea. The area near the tower was constructed into a garden.

Demographics

As of March 2014, Nadur had a population which neared 4,500 people, which makes it the third most populated Gozitan town after Xagħra and Victoria.

A small number of people earn their living from the sea as fishermen or sailors. Almost all other people work as businessmen, analysts, teachers, and other professions.

There are about 20 farmers in Nadur, the majority of whom work their fields on part-time basis. From the orchards of Nadur come most of the local fruits such as plums, peaches, apples, oranges and lemons. This produce maintained commercial contacts with Malta for over 3000 years. Today this commerce is still ongoing and a great amount of Maltese citrus fruits are produced in Nadur. The local council has promoted the planting of olive trees imported from Italy as these trees have consistently decreased in number over time.

Regions
Although Nadur is spread out, it can be split in various regions, namely the main square, Ta' Ħida, San Blas and Ta' Kenuna

The main square centres around the parish church, with a host of shops, eateries, snack bars, and mostly residential housing. Important places of interest in the centre are: Sacred Heart (Ta' Karkanja) church, Local Council, police station, parish office, primary school, Mnarja Band Club, Nadur Youngsters Football Club, Museum branches (male and female), Franciscan Sisters Convent & Chapel and playing field.

Ta' Ħida's main artery surrounds Ramla Bay's main road, which is particularly busy in the summertime. Ta' Ħida's new extension, along Ramla Bay road, comprises a housing estate built in the 1970s and a playing field. A new, albeit controversial, cemetery is being constructed on the way to Ramla.

San Blas has both residential areas, relatively old and new, very fertile land and picturesque valleys, full of mainly citrus trees. San Blas takes the name after the little secluded red-sandy bay, called after bishop Blaise, whose veneration still exists in the Catholic Church up to today. A nearby beach is Daħlet Qorrot (an 'inland beach'), with many locals owning caves and garages where many keep their fishing boats. Nearby is San Blas, a tiny, sandy bay on the north-eastern coast. It is a favourite spot for swimming for local residents. Close to San Blas, one finds also a bushy arid area called il-Qortin as well as the Mistra Rocks coastline. Gozo's AFM base is located here, together with Ta' Sopu Tower, which can be found in a restored state.

The Ta' Kenuna area was developed in the early 1980s. Previously, the area was barren, except for the Ta' Kenuna Tower, a telegraph structure built under the British era, Nadur cemetery and some vineyards. Although in the past the cemetery seemed to scare off people, and no one dared to live next to it. Today the cemetery has become a traffic island, surrounded by busy roads and residential areas.

Nadur Parish
The religious feast of Nadur – Mnarja – is celebrated on 29 June. The feast was popular with honeymooners and its name seems to suggest that there is a possible connection with the beginning of summer. It is derived from luminaria (illumination), and in fact, it is a festival rooted in Maltese seasonal rituals and customs.

The beloved titular statue, that of St. Peter and St. Paul, was made in Marseilles in 1882. It is one of the many masterpieces that grace the grand church. On Good Friday, a set of statues are taken out for the holy procession depicting the passion and Crucifixion of Jesus. In the morning of Easter, a statue of the Risen Lord is also joyfully paraded.

The parish church, dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, is a monument of both architecture and painting, rich in marble works and decorations, erected on the site of a former smaller church and which is also the highest point in town.

St. Peter & St. Paul Basilica
The construction of the present church was started on 28 September 1760 and the design is attributed to the Maltese architect Giuseppe Bonici.

In 1907, a refurbishment programme took place to construct the aisles, dome and façade based on the Italian Renaissance design of Prof. F.S. Sciortino. The ceiling, depicting episodes connected with St. Peter and St. Paul, was painted by Lazzaro Pisani (hailing from Ħaż-Żebbuġ), while the architectural decorations are the work of the Italian Pio Cellini. The principal force behind all these new projects was Archpriest Martin Camilleri (1910–1921).

The parish has its own community radio station: Radju Luminarja, established more than 10 years ago accumulating several members since then.

Band clubs
Mnarja Band Club (L-Għaqda Mużikali Mnarja)

Administration

The Local Council is currently made up of 5 councillors who are:

Edward Said (Mayor) - PN
Eucharist Camilleri - PN
Josef Frank Camilleri - PN
Jean-Paul Joseph Saviour Portelli - PL
Joseph Vella - PL

Zones in Nadur
Ta' Ħida
Ta' Kenunan
Ta' Ġebel
Ta' Żejtun
Ta' Sardina
Ta' Spilotti
Ta' Venuta
Ta' Wistin
Tad-Duru
Tal-Ħawli
Tal-Laċċa
Tal-Weraq
Tat-Tiġrija
Tax-Xewka
Tax-Xini
(Wied) San Blas
Ta' Xurdin

References

External links

Nadur Local Council
Nadur Carnival
Nadur Parish
 June29th.com
Awarded "EDEN - European Destinations of Excellence" non traditional tourist destination 2007

Towns in Malta
Local councils of Malta
Gozo
Populated places established in 1932

Nadur


In mathematics, a matrix (plural: matrices) is a rectangle of numbers, arranged in rows and columns. The rows are each left-to-right (horizontal) lines, and the columns go top-to-bottom (vertical). The top-left cell is at row 1, column 1 (see diagram at right).

Matrices are often represented by capital roman letters such as ,  and , and there are rules for adding, subtracting and "multiplying" matrices together, but the rules are different than for numbers. As an example, the product  does not always give the same result as , which is the case for the multiplication of ordinary numbers. A matrix can have more than 2 dimensions, such as a 3D matrix. Also, a matrix can be one-dimensional, as a single row or a single column.

Many natural sciences use matrices quite a lot. In many universities, courses about matrices (usually called linear algebra) are taught very early, sometimes even in the first year of studies. Matrices are also very common in computer science, engineering, physics, economics, and statistics.

Definitions and notations
The horizontal lines in a matrix are called rows. The vertical lines are called columns. A matrix with m rows and n columns is called an m-by-n matrix (or m×n matrix). m and n are called its dimensions.

The places in the matrix where the numbers are, are called entries. The entry of a matrix called "A" that is in the row number i and column number j is called the i,j entry of A. This is written as A[i,j] or ai,j.

 defines a m × n matrix called A. Each entry in this matrix is called ai,j  when "i" is between 1 and m, and when j is between 1 and n.

Example
The matrix

is a 4×3 matrix. This matrix has m=4 rows, and n=3 columns.

The element A[2,3] or a2,3 is 7.

Operations

Addition
The sum of two matrices is the matrix, which (i,j)-th entry is equal to the sum of the (i,j)-th entries of two matrices:

The two matrices have the same dimensions. Here,  is true (and is true in general for matrices of equal dimensions).

Multiplication of two matrices
The multiplication of two matrices is a bit more complicated:

This is an example with numbers:

Sometimes, two matrices can be multiplied with each other even if they have different dimensions. For this, the number of columns in the first matrix has to be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix.
The result of the multiplication is called the product. The product is another matrix. It has the same number of rows as the first matrix and the same number of columns as the second matrix.
The multiplication of matrices is not commutative, which means that in general, .
The multiplication of matrices is associative, which means that .

Special matrices
There are some matrices that are special.

Square matrix

A square matrix has the same number of rows as columns, so m=n.

An example of a square matrix is

This matrix has 3 rows and 3 columns: m=n=3.

Identity

Every square dimension set of a matrix has a special counterpart called the "identity matrix", represented by the symbol . The identity matrix has nothing but zeroes except on the main diagonal, where there are all ones. For example:

is an identity matrix. There is exactly one identity matrix for each square dimension set. An identity matrix is special because when multiplying any matrix by the identity matrix, the result is always the original matrix with no change.

Inverse matrix

An inverse matrix is a matrix that, when multiplied by another matrix, equals the identity matrix. For example:

 is the inverse of
.

The formula for the inverse of a 2x2 matrix,  is:

Where  is the determinant of the matrix. In a 2x2 matrix, the determinant is equal to:

One column matrix
A matrix, that has many rows, but only one column, is called a column vector.

Determinants

The determinant takes a square matrix and calculates a simple number, a scalar. To understand what this number means, take each column of the matrix and draw it as a vector. The parallelogram drawn by those vectors has an area, which is the determinant. For all 2x2 matrices, the formula is very simple:

For 3x3 matrices the formula is more complicated:

There are no simple formulas for the determinants of larger matrices, and many computer programmers study how to get computers to quickly find large determinants.

Properties of determinants
There are three rules that all determinants follow. These are:
 The determinant of an identity matrix is 1
 If two rows or two columns of the matrix are exchanged, then the determinant is multiplied by -1. Mathematicians call this alternating.
 If all the numbers in one row or column are multiplied by another number n, then the determinant is multiplied by n. Also, if a matrix M has a column v that is the sum of two column matrices  and , then the determinant of M is the sum of the determinants of M with  in place of v and M with  in place of v. These two conditions are called multi-linearity.

Related pages

 Determinant
 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Matrix analysis
Matrix function
Numerical linear algebra
 System of linear equations
 Transpose

References

Other websites

 History
MacTutor: Matrices and determinants
Matrices and Linear Algebra on the Earliest Uses Pages
Earliest Uses of Symbols for Matrices and Vectors

 Online books

Online Calculus Courses

Linear algebra

Matrix (mathematics)


Courtly love is a special idea of love that people had in Europe in the Middle Ages.  The word "court" means the courts where princes or dukes lived.  Courtly love is usually when a young man, who may be a peasant or even a simple King, falls in love with a rich lady and tries to make himself worthy of her by doing brave things or by singing beautiful love songs.

The idea of courtly love can be found in a lot of literature e.g. in works by Geoffrey Chaucer, Dante, Gottfried von Strassburg, Walther von der Vogelweide,  Wolfram von Eschenbach, Malory and William Shakespeare.

Related pages
Troubadour
Minstrel

Middle Ages
Poetry

Courtly love


Randolph Scott (January 23, 1898 – March 2, 1987) was an American actor.

Career

Randolph Scott made his film debut in the silent film Sharp Shooters (1928). And in 1929 has a small role in the western starring Gary Cooper The Virginian. Scott was one of the leading film actors in starring western, and one of the best interpreters of the genre. Its first western classics were The Last of the Mohicans (1936) and Western Union (1941) directed by Fritz Lang.

In 1943 he starred with Glenn Ford in the western The Desperadoes, directed by Charles Vidor.
Some of his classic 1940 was Belle of the Yukon (1944), as Gentleman Jack, and  Badman's Territory (1946), as Sheriff Mark Rowley.

Scott also co-starred with John Wayne in Pittsburgh (1942), and with Charles Laughton in Captain Kidd (1945), two films from the 1940s.

1950s

The 1950 was one of the best for Scott stars in dozens of western. Among his films are 7th Cavalry (1956), he plays the role of Capt. Tom Benson. a Capt accused of cowardice, The Tall T (1957), as Pat Brennan, a cowboy who is kidnapped with a woman, the villain is Frank Usher, played by Richard Boone, and Ride Lonesome (1959), with Pernell Roberts.

In Comanche Station (1960), Scott is Jefferson Cody, A cowboy saves a woman who had been kidnapped by Indians Comanches, then struggles to get both of them home alive. This western was directed by Budd Boetticher, and written by Burt Kennedy. And his last western was Ride the High Country (1962), with Joel McCrea. Scott played role of Gil Westrum, an old gunslinger who with McCrea help a young woman escape from the bandits who pursue.

References
Last Of The Cowboy Heroes: The Westerns Of Randolph Scott, Joel Mccrea, by Robert Nott
Silent Stars, by Jeanine Basinger

Other websites

1898 births
1987 deaths
American movie actors
Actors from Virginia
Actors from Charlotte, North Carolina

Randolph Scott


A shadow is a dark area on a bright surface. It is caused by something blocking a source of light. A shadow's outline, called a silhouette, will have the same shape as the object blocking the light.

Depending on the light source, or sources, a wide range of effects can be produced. A point source of light casts only a simple shadow, called an "umbra". A "penumbra" is the region in which only a portion of the light source may be blocked. If there is more than one light source, there will be several shadows, with the overlapping parts darker, and various combinations of brightness or even colours. The more diffuse the lighting is, the softer and more indistinct the shadow outlines become, until they disappear. The lighting of an overcast sky produces few visible shadows,

Astronomical shadows are usually sharp.  This is because in space the light usually does not go through an atmosphere.

Light

Shadow


North Star Computers was one of the earliest manufacturers of microcomputers. Before they started making their first computer, the North Star Horizon, they made floppy disk drives for S-100 bus computers. They included a disk operating system called North Star DOS (or N*DOS). The Horizon used the North Star disk controller and operating system. It was one of the first microcomputers that had multi-user features.

Their second computer, called the North Star Advantage, ran CP/M, and had the keyboard and monitor built-in. The graphics were very powerful for their time. When the IBM PC came out, North Star made an MS-DOS compatible processor card that could be added to the Advantage.

Their third computer, the North Star Dimension, was multi-user like the Horizon, but MS-DOS based.

Because their products in the early 1980s were only MS-DOS compatible, not fully PC compatible, they never sold very many, and the company went out of business.

American technology companies
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
1976 establishments in California
1985 disestablishments in the United States

North Star Computers


Bombardier beetles are ground beetles in the family Carabidae. There are more than 500 species which are notable for their defence mechanism. Most of them are found in rainforests.

When disturbed, the beetle squirts a poisonous chemical spray from special glands in its abdomen. The ejection makes a popping sound.

Mechanism
A bombardier beetle produces and stores (separately) two chemical compounds which react with each other: hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide.

When threatened, the beetle contracts muscles that force the two reactants through tubes into a mixing chamber containing water and enzymes. The reactants undergo a violent chemical reaction which gives off heat. This raises the temperature to near the boiling point of water.

The beetle swivels the tip of its abdomen around, and shoots a spray of boiling hot, poisonous chemicals at its attacker.

References

Carabidae

Bombardier beetle


A cockfight is a blood sport between two or more roosters that is held inside a cockpit. The combatants, called gamecocks, are specially bred birds. Cockfights are called blood sports by animal welfare and animal rights groups due to trauma inflicted between the roosters. The sport is illegal in the United States (and a felony in thirty States).

Sports involving animals
Crime
Violence in sports

Cockfight


Eric J. Hill, Ph.D., FAIA, is a Professor of Practice in Architecture at the University of Michigan. He earned his bachelor's degree in Architecture in 1970 from the University of Pennsylvania, a Masters in Architecture from Harvard in 1972, and a Ph.D in Architecture from the University of Pennsylvania in 1976. He was a Marshall Research Fellow at Denmark's Royal Academy of Fine Arts from 1972 to 1973. He is the co-author, along with John Gallagher, of AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. He has served as a Director of Urban Planning and Design at the Detroit firm of Albert Kahn Associates. He has participated in projects such as the promenade on the Detroit International Riverfront, the Detroit Opera House restoration, and the Cadillac Place redevelopment. He has received numerous awards from the American Institute of Architects.

Further reading

External links
University of Michigan - Eric J. Hill

American architects
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
University of Michigan faculty
University of Pennsylvania School of Design alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Eric J. Hill


David Paul Skinner (born February 25, 1973) is the editor of Humanities magazine, which is published by the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Before assuming the editorship of Humanities in 2007, Skinner was an assistant managing editor at The Weekly Standard, for which he frequently wrote. Prior to joining the Standard in November 1998, Skinner was managing editor of The Public Interest.

David Skinner has written for The Wall Street Journal, Slate, The Washington Times, The New Atlantis, Education Next, and other publications. He is on the usage panel for the American Heritage Dictionary. Until 2007, he edited Doublethink, a quarterly journal for young writers published by America's Future Foundation. He also was formerly associated with the Galley Slaves blog, along with fellow Weekly Standard staffers Jonathan V. Last and Victorino Matus.

Skinner's first book, The Story of Ain't: America, Its Language, and the Most Controversial Dictionary Ever Published (), was published in 2012.

Bibliography

Books

Critical studies and reviews
 Review of The story of ain't.

Notes

American male journalists
Living people
1973 births
American magazine editors
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American journalists

David Skinner (journalist)


A load following power plant is a power plant that can adjust the amount of electricity it generates to match the changing demand throughout the day. Load following power plants are usually in between base load power plant and peaking power plant in terms of construction cost, cost of the electricity it generates, efficiency, and capacity.

Hydroelectric power plant can be considered load following power plant.

Power plants

Load following power plant


I Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1997 American teen slasher movie. The movie is based on the novel of the same name by Lois Duncan. The movie was directed by Jim Gillespie. It stars Jennifer Love Hewitt, Freddie Prinze, Jr., Sarah Michelle Gellar, Matthew Lillard, Neve Campbell and Ryan Phillippe. The writer is Kevin Williamson (the writer of Scream). It was followed by two sequels: I Still Know What You Did Last Summer and I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer.

Plot
On the Fourth of July 1996 in Southport, North Carolina, high school graduates Julie James (Jennifer Love Hewitt), Ray and George Bronson (Freddie Prinze Jr. and Matthew Lillard) Charlotte Wilson (Neve Campbell), Helen Shivers (Sarah Michelle Gellar), and Barry Cox (Ryan Phillippe) drive to the beach after a night of partying. While driving along a coastal byway, they accidentally hit a pedestrian. Julie's friend Max (Johnny Galecki) passes by them on the road. Julie reassures Max that everything is all right, and he leaves. After some arguing, the group decides to dispose of the body, dumping it in the water. They agree to never again discuss what had happened.

A year later, Julie returns home from her college in Boston for the summer. Since the incident, the friends have gone their separate ways. Julie receives a letter with no return address, stating, "I know what you did last summer!" Disturbed, Julie tracks down Helen, who has returned to Southport to work at her family's department store after a failed attempt at an acting career in New York City. The girls take the note to Barry, who immediately suspects Max. They confront Max on the docks, and Barry threatens him with a hook. Julie meets Ray, who is now working as a fisherman; he unsuccessfully tries to reconcile with her. Julie meets up with George, who is now working as a host for a children's TV show, she showed the letter to George, then Julie and George meet up with Charlotte, who now works at a video store. She reconciles with George and Julie. Later, Max is killed by a figure in a rain slicker wielding a hook. Barry discovers a note in his gym locker saying, "I know." He is then ambushed by the same assailant driving Barry's car.

Meanwhile, Julie, Charlotte and George researches newspaper articles which lead them to believe the man they ran over was a local named David Egan. Helen, George, Charlotte and Julie go to visit with David's sister Missy (Anne Heche) at her home. Missy explains to them that their family was devastated by David's death; she also mentions that a friend of David's named Billy Blue also visited her to pay his last respects. Later that night, the killer sneaks into Helen's house, cuts off her hair while she sleeps, and writes "Soon" in lipstick on her vanity mirror.

The following morning, Julie, Charlotte and George find Max's corpse wearing Barry's stolen jacket in the trunk of their car. When Julie calls the others, the body is missing. Julie, Charlotte, George, Helen, and Barry confront Ray about the recent events. Ray claims to have received a threatening letter as well. Julie goes back to visit Missy, while Barry and Helen go to participate in the Fourth of July parade. Missy reveals David allegedly committed suicide out of guilt for the death of his girlfriend Susie in a car accident and shows David's suicide note to Julie and George. As the writing matches that of the note she received, Julie and George realise it was not a suicide note, but a death threat.

At the Croaker Beauty Pageant, Helen witnesses Barry and Charlotte being murdered on the balcony. She rushes upstairs with a police officer but finds no sign of the killer or Barry or Charlotte. A police officer escorts Helen home, but the killer lures him into an alley and murders him. Helen flees to her nearby family store, where her sister Elsa (Bridgette Wilson) is closing for the night. The killer enters the store and murders Elsa. Helen is chased to the third floor of the building and escapes through a window, falling to a long alleyway. She manages to run toward the street, but the killer stops her and slashes her to death, her screams being drowned out by the sound of the oncoming parade.

Julie and George find an article mentioning Susie's father, Ben Willis (Muse Watson), and realise that Ben was the man they ran over, moments after he had killed David to avenge his daughter. She and George then go to the docks to tell Ray, but he refuses to believe them. Julie and George notice Ray's boat is called Billy Blue and run away. Ben appears, knocking Ray unconscious, and invites both Julie and George to hide on his boat. On the boat, they find photos and articles about their friends and them, and pictures of Susie. Ben's boat leaves the docks, and he begins tormenting Julie and George, chasing them below deck; there, they uncover the bodies of Helen, Charlotte and Barry in the boat's ice box. Ray regains consciousness and steals a motorboat to rescue Julie and George. He ultimately uses the rigging to sever Ben's hand and send him overboard. When the police question them, they deny knowing why Ben attempted to kill them, but they are relieved not to have actually killed anybody the previous summer, and reconcile.

A year later, both Julie and George are in college in Boston. As Julie enters the shower, she notices the words "I still know" on the mirror. Moments later, a dark figure crashes through it as Julie screams in horror.

Cast
 Jennifer Love Hewitt as Julie James
 Sarah Michelle Gellar as Helen Shivers
 Ryan Phillippe as Barry William Cox
 Freddie Prinze, Jr. as Ray Bronson
 Matthew Lillard as George Charles Bronson (Ray's brother)
 Neve Campbell as Charlotte Wilson (George's girlfriend)
 Bridgette Wilson as Elsa Shivers
 Anne Heche as Missy Egan
 Muse Watson as Ben Willis
 Johnny Galecki as Max Neurick
 Stuart Greer as Officer David Caporizon

Awards
 1997 ASCAP Award in the category "Top Box Office Films".

References

Other websites

1997 horror movies
1997 thriller movies
1990s horror thriller movies
1990s mystery movies
1990s serial killer movies
1990s teen horror movies
American horror thriller movies
American mystery movies
American serial killer movies
American teen horror movies
Columbia Pictures movies
English-language movies
Movies about revenge
Movies based on books
Movies set in North Carolina
Slasher movies

I Know What You Did Last Summer


The Running of the Bulls (in Spanish el encierro, meaning "the enclosing") is an activity that involves running in front of bulls on a course of a sectioned-off area of a town's streets. It is done all around Spain, but the most famous running of the bulls is in Pamplona. In most bull runs the bulls are not killed, and they live for a whole season. This is a dangerous activity but very exciting. Safety varies in some places like Xabia the area is surrounded by cages that people can slip in and out of but the bulls can not.

Festivals in Spain
Pamplona

Running of the Bulls


The CLAAS Jaguar is a silage harvester made by CLAAS. It has a DaimlerChrysler engine.

History
The CLAAS Jaguar was first built in 1973, when the idea of silage was fairly new. Claas already made combines and balers. The first CLAAS Jaguar was a small green machine. The 10,000th Jaguar was sold in 1994, the 15,000th unveiled in 1998 and the 20,000th sold in 2004.

Success
The CLAAS Jaguar is one of the best selling silage harvesters ever made. They sell especially well in European countries. Of the forage harvesters CLAAS sold in Ireland from 2000 to 2003, 60% were Claas Jaguars.

Model Range
The model range has not changed much over the past eight years, except for 2003 and 2007. In Europe, the current models are the 830, 850, 870, 890 and the largest one: the 900. In North America, the models are 950, 960, 970 and 980.

Speedstar & Green Eye
Before 2003, most forage harvesters operated at very slow speeds. In 2003, new technology meant that a new silage harvester, with the same look as the old model, would be built. In Autumn of that year, the CLAAS Jaguar Speedstar was first sold.

The "Green Eye" is a new addition. After four years of scientific experiments, the Green Eye was made in May 2007. The 900 model now being sold in Europe is known as the CLAAS Jaguar 900 Green Eye. The Green Eye is also available in the other models as well.

Agricultural machinery
Land vehicles

CLAAS Jaguar


Coronary artery bypass surgery is a type of surgery that relieves chest pain, caused by lack of blood flow, and reduces the risk of death from heart disease. It is also known as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, pronounced "cabbage") surgery, and known by doctors as heart bypass or bypass surgery. In this surgery, blood vessels from elsewhere in the patient's body are added to the heart vessels to go around blood vessels blocked by fat and get more blood into the heart so it can keep running. This surgery usually happens with the heart stopped, which makes machines that act as lungs and heart needed. However, it is possible to have the surgery with the heart still pumping, called "off-pump" surgery.

Surgery

Coronary artery bypass surgery