Pope John VIII (; died 16 December 882) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 14 December 872 to his death. He is often considered one of the ablest popes of the 9th century.

John devoted much of his papacy attempting to halt and reverse the Muslim gains in southern Italy and their march northwards. When his efforts to obtain assistance from either the Franks or the Byzantines failed, John strengthened the defences of Rome. He supported Methodius of Thessalonica in his mission to the Slavs, defended him against the Carolingian rulers and Bavarian clergy, and authorized the translation of the Bible into Slavonic. John also extended diplomatic recognition to the Duchy of Croatia and resolved the Photian schism. John's pontificate ended with his assassination, and the papacy became significantly weaker in the aftermath.

Slavonic liturgy

Pope Adrian II consecrated Methodius of Thessalonica as archbishop and supported his mission to the Slavs. Unbeknownst to Rome, Methodius was imprisoned in 870 by the Carolingian King Louis the German and Bavarian bishops, who objected to his use of the Slavonic language in the liturgy and his encroachment on their jurisdiction in Moravia. Adrian II died in 872, and John VIII, a Roman native, was selected to succeed him. When Bishop Anno of Freising visited Rome, John inquired about the whereabouts of the missing Methodius, but Anno lied to him. In the summer of 873, John finally learned the truth. Furious, he forbade the celebration of mass in Bavaria until Methodius was released. After his release, Methodius came to Rome and convinced John to allow him to translate the Bible to Slavonic as well as to perform liturgy in Slavonic. John wrote: "He who made three main languages – Hebrew, Greek, and Roman – also made all other languages to sing his praise and glory."

Saracen incursions
As a young man, John witnessed the Arab raid against Rome. Their expansion into Italy was severely affecting the economy of the Papal States. After the raids against Campania and the Sabine Hills, Pope John asked for military aid from Emperor Charles the Bald and later Count Boso of Provence. His efforts failed and he was forced to pay tribute to the Emirate of Sicily. The threatening Muslim military presence (which he believed was God's punishment against "bad Christians"), coupled with alliances they formed with the local Christians, prompted John to promote "a new and uncompromisingly hostile view of the Saracens." This included a ban on forming alliances with the Muslims. However, his efforts proved unsuccessful, partly because Christian leaders viewed his calls for unity as an excuse to assert papal authority in southern Italy.

In 876, John VIII traveled throughout Campania in an effort to form an alliance among the cities of Salerno, Capua, Naples, Gaeta and Amalfi against Muslim raids. By 877, all five cities sent delegates to Traietto to formalize an alliance. Pope John VIII urged Charles to come to his defence in Italy. Charles again crossed the Alps, but this expedition was received with little enthusiasm by the nobles, and even by his regent in Lombardy, Boso, and they refused to join his army. At the same time Carloman of Bavaria, son of Louis the German, entered northern Italy. Charles, ill and in great distress, started on his way back to Gaul, but died while crossing the pass of Mont Cenis on 6 October 877.

Obtaining relatively little support from outside sources, John fell back on what resources he could command. He reinforced the walls previously restored by Pope Leo IV. As the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls was located outside the Aurelian Walls, and had been damaged in a Saracen raid, the pope fortified the basilica, the monastery, and the nearby dwellings of the peasants. He also founded a papal fleet.

Constantinople problems
In 879, John recognised the reinstatement of Photios I as the legitimate patriarch of Constantinople. Photius had been condemned in 869 by Adrian II. This was undertaken mainly to appease the Byzantines, since in them he saw the only hope of removing the Arabs from Italy. It was commonly believed that some time afterward John VIII re-confirmed the excommunication of Photius, which eventually enabled Emperor Leo VI to move against Photius. However, modern scholarship particularly  influenced by Catholic scholar Francis Dvornik has demonstrated this to be a Latin myth, as Photius died in visible perfect communion within the Roman Church.

John was anxious that the Duchy of Croatia would follow in the steps of Bulgaria, which had recently accepted the spiritual authority of Constantinople rather than that of Rome. After the overthrow of the pro-Byzantine Zdeslav in 879, John thanked the new duke, Branimir, for returning Croatia to papal jurisdiction. In return, John recognized Croatian independence from the Carolingians.

Death
John VIII was assassinated in 882 by his own clerics; he was first poisoned, and then clubbed to death. The motives may have been his exhaustion of the papal treasury, his lack of support among the Carolingians, his gestures towards the Byzantines, and his failure to stop the Saracen raids. Without the protection of powerful magnates or the Carolingian emperor, the papacy after John VIII's reign became increasingly subject to the machinations and greedy ambition of the rival clans of the local nobility.

See also
Council of Constantinople (879)
List of murdered popes
Pope Joan

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Fred E. Engreen, "Pope John the Eighth and the Arabs," Speculum, 20 (1945), pp. 318–330

External links
 Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes

 Profile, Enciclopedia dei Papi; accessed 27 August 2016.

Popes
Italian popes
882 deaths
9th-century archbishops
Year of birth unknown
9th-century popes
9th-century writers in Latin
9th-century Italian writers
Burials at St. Peter's Basilica

Pope John VIII


Judah ibn Shabbethai (Hebrew: יהודה בן שבתי) was a Jewish-Spanish poet of the end of the 12th century. He has been identified with the physician Judah b. Isaac of Barcelona, who is praised as a poet by Al-Ḥarizi (ch. 46), but he may also have lived at Burgos.

Judah was a master of the "mosaic" style, and skillfully applied Biblical and Talmudic phrases; his humor was spontaneous. He was the author of Milḥemet ha-Ḥokmah weha-'Osher and Minḥat Yehudah Sone ha-Nashim. The former work (called also Melek Rab) is in the style of the "maḳamah," in rimed prose interspersed with short poems. It was written in 1214, and is addressed to the nasi Todros ha-Levi Abulafia, who is called upon, at the end of the work, to act as judge in a poetical dispute. It appeared at Constantinople in or around 1543, and was probably printed for the last time as an appendix to Abraham ben Ḥasdai's Ben ha-Melek weha-Nazir (Warsaw, 1894).

Minḥat Yehudah Sone ha-Nashim (called also Sefer Zeraḥ or Taḥkemoni) likewise is written in the style of the maḳamah. It is a humorous satire on women, and is a much better piece of work than the Milḥemet. It was written in 1218. It was dedicated to Abraham al-Fakhkhar (ben ha-Yoẓer). Like the Milḥemet, it appears to have been first printed at Constantinople, in 1543, the last reprint being in Eliezer Ashkenazi's Ṭa'am Zeḳenim (Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1854).

Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1369 et seq.

External links
Jewish Encyclopedia article for Judah ibn Shabbethai, written by Richard Gottheil and H. Brody

References

Medieval Jewish poets
Spanish poets
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
12th-century Sephardi Jews
Spanish male poets

Judah ibn Shabbethai


María Gertrudis Teodora Bocanegra Mendoza (11 April 1765 – 11 October 1817) was a woman who fought in the Mexican War of Independence. She was arrested, tortured and executed in 1817.

Life
Gertrudis Bocanegra was born in Pátzcuaro in what is now the Mexican state of Michoacán, to Pedro Javier Bocanegra and Feliciana Mendoza (d. 15 November 1783). She married Lieutenant Pedro Advíncula Lazo de la Vega, a soldier in the Spanish provincial forces of Michoacán; they had six children (two sons and four daughters). Unusually for a woman of her time, Bocanegra had read the principal authors of the Age of Enlightenment. When Mexico's War of Independence began, she was quick to take sides. Her husband and eldest son joined the forces of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla when the insurgents passed through Valladolid (now Morelia) in October 1810. Both died at the Battle of the Puente de Calderón. She then served as a messenger for the insurgents in the region of Pátzcuaro and Tacámbaro, helping to form a communications network between the principal locations of the rebellion.

During the guerrilla war, she was sent to Pátzcuaro to aid the rebels in the capture of the city. However, she was betrayed and taken prisoner by the royal army in 1817. She was subjected to torture to get her to reveal the names of other rebels, but she refused to give information to the Spaniards. Finally she was tried and found guilty of treason.

Sentenced to death, she and one of her fellow insurgents were executed on 11 October 1817 at the Plazuela de San Agustín in Pátzcuaro. Facing the firing squad, she harangued her executioners before she was shot. She was 52 years old.

Legacy
She is known in Mexico as "La Heroína de Pátzcuaro" (The Heroine of Pátzcuaro). A plaza was named in her honor in that city, and a bronze statue was erected of her.

In popular culture
Bocanegra was portrayed by Ofelia Medina in the Mexican biographical film Gertrudis (1992).

References

Sources
This article is a loose translation of the Spanish Wikipedia article
Salmonson, Jessica Amanda (1991). The Encyclopedia of Amazons. Paragon House. page 35.
 "Bocanegra de Lazo de la Vega, Gertrudis," Enciclopedia de México, v. 2. Mexico City, 1988.

1765 births
1817 deaths
Executed Mexican people
Executed Mexican women
Women in 19th-century warfare
People from Pátzcuaro
Mexican independence activists
Women in the Mexican War of Independence
People executed by Spain by firing squad
19th-century executions by Spain
18th-century Mexican women
18th-century Mexican people
19th-century Mexican women
19th-century Mexican people

Gertrudis Bocanegra


Michigan and Smiley are a Jamaican reggae/dancehall duo consisting of Papa Michigan (born Anthony Fairclough) and General Smiley (born Erroll Bennett). They rose to popularity during the first wave of dancehall music in the late 1970s.

Career
The duo of Michigan (Anthony Fairclough) and Smiley recorded at Clement "Coxsone" Dodd's Studio One in Jamaica, pressing their first number one hit single, "Rub a Dub Style", which featured their call and response style vocals, overdubbed on the Studio One riddim, "Vanity" (the instrumental alias given to Alton Ellis' Rocksteady classic, "I'm Just A Guy").  Their next single, perhaps a larger hit, "Nice Up the Dance" was a version of the quintessential Studio 1 rhythm, "Real Rock".  These singles, with four other tracks, also versions of Studio One rhythms, were released as their first album, Nice Up the Dance. The names of these two singles were quickly incorporated into the lexicon of dancehall phraseology. Their call and response style was likewise influential on the future developments of the music, blending together straightforward singing styles and toasting.  By 1982, they caught the attention of Henry "Junjo" Lawes, who recorded their biggest hit, "Diseases" over the "Mad Mad" riddim. This track was featured on their second LP, Downpression. They went on to cut an album for Channel One Records, Step by Step. The last of their hit records was "Sugar Daddy", pressed on RAS Records, which featured yet another reworking of "Mad Mad".

Michigan & Smiley recorded a version of Suzanne Vega's hit single "Tom's Diner" that is included on the compilation album Tom's Album.  The duo continue to record and make appearances at festivals and have both released solo recordings. Michigan is set to release the album DJ Legend, to be preceded in September 2014 by an EP of the same name.

Discography

Albums
Rub a Dub Style (1980) Studio One
Downpression (1982) Greensleeves
Live at Reggae Sunsplash (1982) Trojan (with Eek-a-Mouse)
Sugar Daddy (1983) RAS
Back in the Biz (1991) VP
Reality Must Rule Again (1992) VP
Uptown/Downtown (1995) VP

References

External links
 http://www.papamichigan.com

 General Smiley & Papa Michigan - Nice Up The Dance (Ba Ba Boom Riddim)
 Michigan & Smiley- Stress- Pepperseed Riddim
Steffens, Roger "[ Michigan & Smiley Biography]", Allmusic, Macrovision Corporation

Dancehall groups
Reggae duos
VP Records artists

Michigan & Smiley


In Realtime Operating Systems (RTOS), interrupt latency is the time between the generation of an interrupt by a device (or a peripheral) and servicing the device which generated the interrupt. For many operating systems (OS), the OS code is programmed so that devices are serviced as soon as the device's interrupt handler is executed. Interrupt latency depends on the CPU, interrupt controllers, interrupt masking, and the operating system's (OS) "interrupt handling methods".

Computer science

Interrupt latency


The Salic law was a set of laws established by King Clovis I for the Salian Franks during the sixth century. It stayed important in parts of western Europe for a long time because Charlemagne based his laws on the Salic law. One part of Salic law that stayed very important was inheritance for kings. The Salic law said that land goes to sons and not daughters.

History of France
History of Germany

Salic law


Romanesque architecture is a term that describes the style of architecture which was used in Europe from the late 10th century until the 12th century when it changed to the Gothic style. The Romanesque style in England is called Norman architecture.

Buildings in the Romanesque style have very thick walls and round arches,  Castles and churches or cathedrals were built in this style.  Some of them are still standing.

Other websites
Círculo Románico - Visigothic, Mozarabic and Romanesque art

Architectural styles

Romanesque architecture


DeWitt Clinton (March 2, 1769 – February 11, 1828) was an early American politician and statesman. He graduated in law from Columbia University in 1790. From 1790 to 1795 he served as private secretary to his uncle, George Clinton.

Clinton was born in Little Britain, New York. He was married to Maria Franklin. They had ten children, but only three survived. Clinton then married Catharine Jones from 1819 until his death in 1828. His son, George William Clinton, served as mayor of Buffalo, New York.

He served in the New York State Legislature (1797–1798) and the New York Senate (1798–1802). He served the U.S. Senate (1802–1803). He served 10 terms as Mayor of New York City (1803–1815). During his 10 terms as mayor, he promoted public education, city planning, public sanitation, and relief for the poor.

Clinton also held office as state senator (1806–1811) and lieutenant governor (1811–1813). From 1810 to 1824, he served as New York Canal Commissioner. In 1812, he lost the race for President of the United States to James Madison. He was Governor of New York State (1817–1823, 1825–1828).  He supported a plan to build a canal through upstate New York to connect the east with the Midwest. He became such a strong supporter of the New York plan that his opponents called it "Clinton's Ditch". He is sometimes known as the Father of the Erie Canal.

Clinton died from heart failure in Albany, New York, aged 58.

References
 DeWitt Clinton
 New Netherland Institute: DeWitt Clinton

1769 births
1828 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Mayors of New York City
Governors of New York (state)
United States senators from New York (state)
19th-century American politicians

DeWitt Clinton


Hydrogen chloride is a colorless irritating gas. It can dissolve in water to make hydrochloric acid. It was first  prepared by Glauber. He called it 'spirit of salt'.It reacts with ammonia to make a white smoke of ammonium chloride. It is used in the making of plastics. It can form mists in air if it absorbs water. It can be made by reacting sodium chloride with sulfuric acid. It can be made by reacting hydrogen and chlorine, but the reaction is violent unless the reaction takes place in presence of diffused sunlight.It is commomly known as muriatic acid.It is heavier than air. It is a polar covalent compound and exists as molecule. It is non combustible and non supportor of cumbustion. It is highly soluble in water.

Related pages
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen
Chlorine

Chlorine compounds

Hydrogen chloride


Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Martin  (1764 – 28 July 1847) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the American War of Independence, and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. During his long naval career he took part in several significant battles, for which he was awarded a number of honours and promotions; he commanded ships at Cape St Vincent and Cape Finisterre.

George Martin was born into an important naval dynasty, related to the Rowley family, and the grandson of Admiral of the Fleet Sir William Rowley on his mother's side, and great-nephew of Admiral Sir William Martin on his father's side. He spent his early career serving on ships commanded by his uncle, Captain, later Vice-Admiral, Joshua Rowley. He saw action in the West Indies, and had risen to command his own ship by the end of the war with America. The years of peace temporarily left him unemployed, but the outbreak of war with revolutionary France in 1793 provided the opportunity to impress his superiors. Receiving command of several ships, he fought with Jervis at Cape St Vincent, and afterwards participated in an action that saw the capture of one Spanish frigate and the destruction of another. He then served in the Mediterranean, at first at the blockade of Malta, and then off Egypt, before going ashore during the temporary peace. The resumption of hostilities saw him returning to service, and in 1805 he saw action at the controversial Battle of Cape Finisterre under Robert Calder. Promoted to rear-admiral shortly afterwards, he provided his testimony for Calder's court-martial, and after a short spell ashore, returned to sea. He took part in the blockade of Cadiz and operations in support of the forces in Italy, before moving ashore towards the end of the wars. He received various promotions and honours, commanding at Portsmouth for several years, and being appointed to a number of chivalric orders. Martin became rear-admiral and then vice-admiral of the United Kingdom towards the end of his life, and died at the highest rank of his profession in 1847.

Family and early life
George Martin was born in 1764, the son of William Martin, a captain in the navy, and his wife Arabella, the daughter of Admiral of the Fleet Sir William Rowley. George's great-uncle was Admiral Sir William Martin, who had fought in the War of the Austrian Succession under Admirals Norris and Vernon. His name was entered on the books of the yacht  on 13 December 1771, but he did not actually enter the navy until 20 November 1776, when he became a captain's servant aboard his uncle, Joshua Rowley's ship, . He remained in Rowley's service for several years, rising to able seaman and then midshipman.

American War of Independence
Martin saw action at the Battle of Ushant on 27 July 1778, before transferring with now Rear-Admiral Rowley to the latter's new flagship, the 74-gun , on 8 December that year to serve under Captain Hugh Cloberry Christian. Suffolk went out to the West Indies and formed part of Admiral John Byron's fleet at the Battle of Grenada on 6 July 1779. Martin transferred to the 44-gun frigate , and then to the 14-gun sloop , before joining the sloop  under Captain John Thomas Duckworth. Duckworth appointed Martin midshipman and second master's mate during his time on Rover, with Martin seeing action as part of Admiral Sir George Rodney's fleet at the Battle of Martinique and the subsequent engagements off the island during April and May. After these engagements Martin was transferred to Hart, under James Vashon until 15 July 1780, before being appointed as lieutenant aboard the 74-gun  under Captain Thomas Hanwell the following day. Martin returned to serving with his old commander, John Thomas Duckworth, aboard the 98-gun , and followed him when he moved to take command of the 44-gun  on 26 June 1781.

He was then transferred to serve aboard the 90-gun , until moving ashore on 30 September 1781. Martin was then promoted to commander and appointed to his first command on 9 March 1782, taking over the sloop Tobago. A further promotion to post-captain followed soon after as he took command of the 50-gun  on 17 March 1783. With the draw-down of the navy following the end of the war, Martin sailed Preston back to Britain, and paid her off on 2 April 1784.

The peace, and the French Revolutionary Wars

West Indies
Martin spent five years without a ship, but returned to service with an appointment to command the 24-gun  on 9 July 1789. He was active off the coast of Ireland until paying her off on 21 August 1792. The outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars offered further opportunities for employment, and on 12 March 1793 he took command of the 32-gun HMS Magicienne and joined the squadron based at Jamaica. After his return to England Martin was transferred to take command of the 74-gun  on 8 February 1795, after her previous captain, Richard Grindall, had been injured at the Battle of Groix. In November Martin was assigned to escort an expedition to the Leeward Islands under Vice-Admiral Sir John Laforey, with a military force commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Ralph Abercromby. The expedition was forced back to port by violent storms, while a second attempt under Rear-Admiral Hugh Cloberry Christian in December suffered the same fate. The expedition sailed again in March the following year, and succeeded in reaching the West Indies in April, where Irresistible covered the landing of troops. Later that year Irresistible helped to chase the 36-gun French Perçante ashore off San Domingo.

Cape St Vincent

Returning to British waters Martin was assigned to Sir John Jervis's fleet, and saw action at the Battle of Cape St Vincent on 14 February 1797. During the battle Irresistible sustained casualties of five killed and 14 wounded. The 74-gun  had been present at the battle flying the flag of Commodore Horatio Nelson. Captain had been badly damaged in the battle, and Nelson transferred his pennant to Irresistible the day after the battle. He remained aboard her until Captain had been repaired, and returned to sea aboard Captain in late March.

Ninfa and Santa Elena

Martin and Irresistible remained off the Iberian coast, enforcing the blockade of Cadiz. On 26 April 1798 two Spanish frigates, the Ninfa and the Santa Elena were spotted approaching the port. Irresistible, in company with the 36-gun  chased them into Conil Bay and brought them to action at 2 pm. After an hour and a half of fighting the two Spanish ships surrendered, with the Santa Elena being driven onshore and wrecked. The Ninfa was later added to the Royal Navy as . Sir John Jervis was later to record that the skill and daring involved in chasing the Spanish ships past the dangerous reefs at the entrance to the bay made the action "one of the most notable that had ever come under his observation".

Mediterranean
Martin was assigned to serve with the Channel Fleet under Lord Bridport, after which he transferred to take command of the 74-gun  on 14 July 1798, serving as the flagship of Sir John Colpoys. He served in the Mediterranean with Rear-Admiral Sir John Duckworth's squadron from June 1799, and the following year was part of the blockade of Malta. He helped to capture the 74-gun Généreux on 18 February that year, after which the Généreux was commissioned into the navy as HMS Genereux and joined the blockading forces. In May Martin became commander of the blockade and on 24 August 1800 the Northumberland, Genereux and  captured the French frigate Diane off Malta. The French garrison at Valletta surrendered to him in September, after which Martin moved to support Admiral Lord Keith's operations off Egypt. He received the Turkish gold medal in 1802 for his services in this campaign, and came ashore on 21 September with the end of the war following the Peace of Amiens.

Napoleonic Wars

Finisterre and flag rank

Returning to service with the resumption of hostilities in 1803, Martin took command of the 74-gun  on 22 May and joined the Channel Fleet. He was nominated a Colonel of Marines on 23 April 1804, and the following day transferred to the 90-gun . He remained in her until taking command of the 90-gun  on 21 November, and was still in command when he joined Sir Robert Calder's fleet and took part in the Battle of Cape Finisterre on 22 July 1805. He afterwards resigned his command, on 16 September, and moved ashore, receiving a promotion to rear-admiral on 9 November. He gave evidence in the court-martial in Calder's conduct at Finisterre towards the end of December, and on 17 January 1806 took up the post of second in command at Portsmouth. He held the position until 9 November 1806, when he returned to sea, joining Collingwood's fleet blockading the remnants of the French and Spanish fleet at Cadiz, before moving to the Italian coast. He hoisted his flag aboard the 74-gun  in 1807, and continued in the Mediterranean. He was also aboard the 90-gun .

Mediterranean command
Martin oversaw the capture of the Italian islands of Ischia and Procida in June 1809, and in October he and his flagship  were dispatched with a small squadron to chase several French ships that had escaped from Toulon under Rear-Admiral François Baudin. Martin and his force discovered the French and chased them to the harbour of Cette at the mouth of the Rhone, where two ships, the 80-gun Robuste and the 74-gun Lion ran aground. Martin made plans to attack them, but their crews abandoned and burnt them on 26 October before he could carry them out. After a promotion to vice-admiral on 31 July 1810 Martin took command of the naval forces at Palermo, which had been tasked with supporting Sir John Stuart's forces in Calabria. The King of Naples, Ferdinand I appointed Martin to the Order of Saint Januarius on 6 July 1811 for his good service during these duties.

Last years at sea
Martin returned to England and went ashore on striking his flag on 14 October 1810. He returned to sea in 1812, flying his flag aboard the 78-gun HMS Impetueux and took command of the forces off Lisbon. He remained in this role for the next two years, shifting his flag to  and then  in 1813. He struck his flag on 24 June 1814 and the following day was nominated a Knight Bachelor on the occasion of the Prince Regent's visiting the fleet at Spithead. On 2 January 1815 he received a further honour, when he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, and on 20 February 1821 he was further advanced to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.

Postwar
Martin continued to serve in the navy after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Advanced to full admiral on 19 July 1821, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth on 27 March 1824, with his flag aboard the 100-gun . He stepped down from the position on 30 April 1827, and on 23 January 1833 was appointed Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom. He became Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom in April 1834, a post he held until November 1846. He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George on 17 May 1837 in recognition for his services against the French at Malta, and was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 9 November 1846. He briefly became Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom again on 10 July 1847 until his death later that month. Martin also served for some time as the vice-president of the Naval Charitable Society.

Personal life, and death
Martin married twice, the first time on 3 April 1804 to Harriet Bentinck, the sister of Vice-Admiral William Bentinck. Harriet died on 15 October 1806, and Martin remarried, uniting with Ann Locke on 2 June 1815. Ann died on 1 March 1842, neither marriages having produced any children. Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Martin died on 28 July 1847 in Berkeley Square, Westminster at the age of 83. His sword is currently held in the collections of the National Maritime Museum.

Notes

References

See also

|-

1764 births
1847 deaths
Royal Navy admirals of the fleet
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
British naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George

George Martin (Royal Navy officer)


Leslie Allan Murray  (17 October 1938 – 29 April 2019) was an Australian poet, anthologist, and critic. His career spanned over 40 years and he published nearly 30 volumes of poetry as well as two verse novels and collections of his prose writings.

Translations of Murray's poetry have been published in 11 languages: French, German, Italian, Catalan, Spanish, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Hindi, Russian, and Dutch. Murray's poetry won many awards and he is regarded as "the leading Australian poet of his generation". He was rated in 1997 by the National Trust of Australia as one of the 100 Australian Living Treasures.

Life and career
Les Murray was born in Nabiac, New South Wales and grew up in nearby Bunyah. He attended primary and early high school in Nabiac and then Taree High School. At age 18, while watching mayflies along the river, Murray decided to become a poet.

In 1957 Murray entered the University of Sydney in the Faculty of Arts and joined the Royal Australian Navy Reserve to obtain a small income. Speaking about this time to Clive James he has said: "I was as soft-headed as you could imagine. I was actually hanging on to childhood because I hadn't had much teenage. My Mum died and my father collapsed. I had to look after him. So I was off the chain at last, I was in Sydney and I didn't quite know how to do adulthood or teenage. I was being coltish and foolish and childlike. I received the least distinguished degree Sydney ever issued. I don't think anyone's ever matched it." In 1961 The Bulletin published one of Murray's poems. He developed an interest in ancient and modern languages, and eventually qualified to become a professional translator at the Australian National University (where he was employed from 1963 to 1967). During his studies he met other poets and writers such as Geoffrey Lehmann, Bob Ellis, Clive James, and Lex Banning, as well as future political journalists Laurie Oakes and Mungo McCallum Jr. Between times, he hitch-hiked around Australia.  Murray lived for several months at a Sydney Push household at Milsons Point, where he read Virgil's Eclogues at the suggestion of his host, Brian Jenkins.

Murray returned to undergraduate studies in the 1960s.  He converted to Roman Catholicism when he married Budapest-born fellow-student Valerie Morelli in 1962. His poetry frequently refers to Catholic themes. The couple lived in Wales and Scotland and travelled in Europe for over a year in the late 1960s. They had five children together. Their son Alexander was diagnosed with autism, which prompted Murray to discover traits of the condition in himself. In an interview with Image, Murray described himself as "a high-performing Asperger".

In 1971, Murray resigned from his "respectable cover occupations" of translator and public servant in Canberra (1970) to write poetry full-time. The family returned to Sydney, but Murray, planning to return to his home at Bunyah, managed to buy back part of the lost family home in 1975 and to visit there intermittently until 1985 when he and his family returned to live there permanently.

Murray died on 29 April 2019 at a Taree, New South Wales nursing home at the age of 80.

Literary career
Murray had a long career in poetry and literary journalism in Australia. When he was 38 years old, his Selected Poems was published by Angus & Robertson, signifying his emergence as a leading poet.  The Murray biographer Peter Alexander has written that "all Murray's volumes are uneven, though as Bruce Clunies Ross would remark, 'There's "less good" and "good", but it's very hard to find really inferior Murray'."

When Murray was a student at the University of Sydney he was the editor of Hermes, with Geoffrey Lehmann (1962). Murray edited the magazine Poetry Australia (1973–79). During his tenure as poetry editor for Angus & Robertson (1976–90) he was responsible for publishing the first book of poetry by Philip Hodgins. In 1991 Murray became literary editor of Quadrant. He edited several anthologies, including the Anthology of Australian Religious Poetry. First published in 1986, a second edition was published in 1991. It interprets religion loosely and includes the work of many of poets, such A. D. Hope, Judith Wright, Rosemary Dobson, Kevin Hart, Bruce Dawe, and himself. The New Oxford Book of Australian Verse was most recently re-issued in 1996.

Murray described himself, perhaps half-jokingly, as the last of the "Jindyworobaks", an Australian literary movement whose white members sought to promote indigenous Australian ideas and customs, particularly in poetry. Though not a member, he was influenced by their work, something that is frequently discussed by Murray critics and scholars in relation to his themes and sensibilities.

In 2007, Dan Chiasson wrote in The New Yorker that Murray was "now routinely mentioned among the three or four leading English-language poets".<ref>Fire Down Below Chaissen, Dan (2007) "Fire Down Below: The Poetry of Les Murray", The New Yorker]', 11 June 2007]</ref> Murray was talked of as a possible winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Murray retired as literary editor of Quadrant in late 2018 for health reasons.

Poetry
Murray published around 30 volumes of poetry and is often called Australia's bush-bard. The academic David McCooey described Murray in 2002 as "a traditional poet whose work is radically original". His poetry is rich and diverse, while also exhibiting "an obvious unity and wholeness" based on "his consistent commitment to the ideals and values of what he sees as the real Australia".

While admiring Murray's linguistic skill and poetic achievement, poet John Tranter, in 1977, also expressed uneasiness about some aspects of his work. Tranter praises Murray's "good humour" and concludes that "For all my disagreements, and many of them are profound, I found the Vernacular Republic full of rich and complex poetry."

Bourke writes that:Murray's strength is the dramatization of general ideas and the description of animals, machines, or landscape. At times his immense self-confidence produces garrulity and sweeping, dismissive prescriptions. The most attractive poems show enormous powers of invention, lively play with language, and command of rhythm and idiom. In these poems Murray invariably explores social questions through a celebration of common objects from the natural world, as in "The Broad Bean Sermon", or machines, as in "Machine Portraits with Pendant Spaceman". Always concerned with a "common reader", Murray's later poetry (for example, Dog Fox Field, 1990, Translations from the Natural World, 1992) recovers "populist" conventions of newspaper verse, singsong rhyme, and doggerel.

American reviewer Albert Mobilio writes in his review of Learning Human: Selected Poems that Murray revived the traditional ballad form. He goes on to comment on Murray's conservatism and his humour: "Because his conservatism is imbued with an angular, self-mocking wit, which very nearly belies the down-home values being expressed, he catches readers up in the joke. We end up delighted by his dexterity, if a bit doubtful about the end to which it's been put."In 2003, Australian poet Peter Porter, reviewing Murray's New Collected Poems, makes a somewhat similar paradoxical assessment of Murray:"A skewer of polemic runs through his work. His brilliant manipulation of language, his ability to turn words into installations of reality, is often forced to hang on an embarrassing moral sharpness. The parts we love – the Donne-like baroque – live side by side with sentiments we don't: his increasingly automatic opposition to liberalism and intellectuality."

Themes and subjects
Twelve years after Murray's induced birth, his mother miscarried another child.  She died after the doctor failed to call an ambulance. Literary critic Lawrence Bourke writes that "Murray, linking his birth to her death, traces his poetic vocation from these traumatic events, seeing in them the relegation of the rural poor by urban élites. Dispossession, relegation, and independence become major preoccupations of his poetry". Beyond this, though, his poetry is generally seen to have a nationalistic bent. The Oxford Companion to Australian Literature writes that: The continuing themes of much of his poetry are those inherent in that traditional nationalistic identity – respect, even reverence, for the pioneers; the importance of the land and its shaping influence on the Australian character, down-to-earth, laconic ... and based on such Bush-bred qualities as egalitarianism, practicality, straight-forwardness and independence; special respect for that Australian character in action in wartime ... and a brook-no-argument preference for the rural life over the sterile and corrupting urban environment. Of his literary journalism, Bourke writes that "In a lively, frequently polemic prose style he promotes republicanism, patronage, Gaelic bardic poetry, warrior virtu, mysticism, and Aboriginal models, and attacks modernism and feminism."

Controversies
In 1972, Murray and some other Sydney activists launched the Australian Commonwealth Party, and authored its unusually idealistic campaign manifesto. During the 1970s he opposed the New Poetry or "literary modernism" which emerged in Australia at that time, and was a major contributor to what is known in Australian poetry circles as "the poetry wars". "One of his complaints against post-modernism was that it removed poetry from widespread, popular readership, leaving it the domain of a small intellectual clique". As American reviewer Albert Mobilio describes it, Murray "waged a campaign for accessibility".

In 1995, Murray became involved in the Demidenko/Darville affair.  Helen Darville, an Australian writer who had won several major literary awards for her novel The Hand That Signed the Paper, had claimed to be  the daughter of a Ukrainian immigrant, though her parents were in fact English migrants. Murray said of Darville that "She was a young girl, and her book mightn't have been the best in the world, but it was pretty damn good for a girl of her age [20 when she wrote it]. And her marketing strategy of pretending to be a Ukrainian might have been unwise, but it sure did expose the pretensions of the multicultural industry". Biographer Alexander writes that in his poem "A Deployment of Fashion", Murray linked "the attack on Darville with the wider phenomenon of attacks on those judged outcasts (from Lindy Chamberlain to Pauline Hanson) by society's fashion police, the journalists, academics and others who form opinion.

In 1996, Murray became involved in a controversy about whether Australian historian Manning Clark had received and regularly worn the medal of the Order of Lenin.

Adaptations
In 2005, The Widower, a short film based on five poems by Murray, was released. It was directed by Kevin Lucas and written by singer-festival director, Lyndon Terracini, with music by Elena Kats-Chernin. Its cast included Chris Haywood and Frances Rings. The five poems used for the film are "Evening Alone at Bunyah",  "Noonday Axeman", "The Widower in the Country", "Cowyard Gates" and "The Last Hellos". Sydney Morning Herald reviewer Paul Byrnes concludes his review with:
The film is stunningly beautiful at times, and wildly ambitious, an attempt to be both wordless and wordy, to get to the hypnotic state that poetry and music can induce while saying something meaningful about black and white attitudes to land and love. This last part, as I read Murray, is largely imposed and disruptive, trying to pin a romantic political agenda to the work that's hardly there. It makes the film too literal, too current, when it wants to lodge itself in the more mysterious part of the brain. The film still has a power – Haywood's performance is magnificent – but it never achieves a strong inner reality. It falls short of its own tall ambitions.

Awards and nominations
  1984 – Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry for The People's Other World  1989 – Creative Arts Fellowship
  1989 – Officer of the Order of Australia for services to Australian literature
  1990 – Grace Leven Prize for Poetry for Dog Fox Field  1993 – Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry for Translations from the Natural World  1995 – Petrarca-Preis (Petrarch Prize)
  1996 – T. S. Eliot Prize for Subhuman Redneck Poems  1997 – Rated by the National Trust of Australia as one of the 100 Australian Living Treasures.
  1998 – Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry
  2001 – shortlisted for the International Griffin Poetry Prize for Learning Human  2002 – shortlisted for the International Griffin Poetry Prize for Conscious & Verbal  2005 – Premio Mondello, Italy for Fredy NeptuneWorks

Poetry collections
 1965: The Ilex Tree (with Geoffrey Lehmann), Canberra, ANU Press
 1969: The Weatherboard Cathedral, Sydney, Angus & Robertson
 1972: Poems Against Economics, Angus & Robertson
 1974: Lunch and Counter Lunch, Angus & Robertson
 1976: Selected Poems: The Vernacular Republic, Angus & Robertson
 1977: Ethnic Radio, Angus & Robertson
 1982: Equanimities 1982: The Vernacular Republic: Poems 1961–1981, Angus & Robertson; Edinburgh, Canongate; New York, Persea Books, 1982 and (enlarged and revised edition) Angus & Robertson, 1988
 1983: Flowering Eucalypt in Autumn 1983: The People's Otherworld, Angus & Robertson
 1986: Selected Poems, Carcanet Press
 1987: The Daylight Moon, Angus & Robertson, 1987; Carcanet Press 1988 and Persea Books, 1988
 1994: Collected Poems, Port Melbourne, William Heinemann Australia
 1989: The Idyll Wheel 1990: Dog Fox Field Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1990; Carcanet Press, 1991 and New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1993
 1991: Collected Poems, Angus & Robertson, 1991; Carcanet Press, 1991; London, Minerva, 1992 and (released as The Rabbiter's Bounty, Collected Poems), Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1991
 1992: Translations from the Natural World, Paddington: Isabella Press, 1992; Carcanet Press, 1993 and Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1994
 1994: Collected Poems, Port Melbourne, William Heinemann Australia
 1996: Late Summer Fires 1996: Selected Poems, Carcanet Press
 1996: Subhuman Redneck Poems 1997: Killing the Black Dog, Black Inc Publishing
 1999: New Selected Poems, Duffy & Snellgrove
 1999: Conscious and Verbal, Duffy & Snellgrove
 2000: An Absolutely Ordinary Rainbow 2001: Learning Human: New Selected Poems (Poetry pleiade), Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Carcanet
 2002: Poems the Size of Photographs, Duffy & Snellgrove and Carcanet Press
 2002: New Collected Poems, Duffy & Snellgrove; Carcanet Press, 2003
 2006: The Biplane Houses, Carcanet Press. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008
 2010: Taller When Prone, Black Inc Publishing
 2011: Killing the Black Dog: A Memoir of Depression, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 86 pp (autobiographical)
 2012: The Best 100 Poems of Les Murray, Black Inc Publishing
 2014: New Selected Poems, Farrar, Straus and Giroux
 2015: Waiting for the Past, Carcanet
 2015: The Tin Wash Dish, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press
2015: On Bunyah, Black Inc Publishing
2018: Collected Poems, Black Inc Publishing
2022: Continuous Creation: Last Poems, Farrar, Straus and Giroux

Collections as editor
 1986: Anthology of Australian Religious Poetry (editor), Melbourne, Collins Dove, 1986 (new edition, 1991)
 1991: The New Oxford Book of Australian Verse, Melbourne,Oxford University Press, 1986 and Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991, 1999
 1994: Fivefathers, Five Australian Poets of the Pre-Academic Era, Carcanet Press
 2005: Hell and After, Four early English-language poets of Australia Carcanet
 2005: Best Australian Poems 2004, Melbourne, Black Inc.
 2012: The Quadrant Book of Poetry 2001–2010, Sydney, Quadrant Books

Verse novels
 1979: The Boys Who Stole the Funeral, Angus & Robertson, 1979, 1980 and Manchester, Carcanet, 1989
 1999: Fredy Neptune, Carcanet and Duffy & Snellgrove

Prose collections
 1978: The Peasant Mandarin, St. Lucia, UQP
 1984: Persistence in Folly: Selected Prose Writings, Angus & Robertson
 1984: The Australian Year: The Chronicle of our Seasons and Celebrations, Angus & Robertson
 1990: Blocks and Tackles, Angus & Robertson
 1992: The Paperbark Tree: Selected Prose, Carcanet; Minerva, 1993
 1999: The Quality of Sprawl: Thoughts about Australia, Duffy & Snellgrove
 2000: A Working Forest, essays, Duffy & Snellgrove
 2002: The Full Dress, An Encounter with the National Gallery of Australia'', National Gallery of Australia

See also

List of Australian poets

Notes

External links

Profile at the Poetry Archive, with poems written and audio.
Profile of Murray with poems and audio at Poets.org. Retrieved 2011-01-03
Profile and poems at the Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 2011-01-03
Griffin Poetry Prize biography, poem and audio files.  Murray poems written and audio. Retrieved 2011-01-03
New Les Murray poems (April 2013) in Qualm
"A life in writing: Les Murray" Guardian profile 20 November 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-03
Les Murray profile at Macmillan (US publishers). Retrieved 2011-01-03

Five videos of Murray reading poems  on SlowTV (Australia). Retrieved 2011-01-03

1938 births
2019 deaths
ALS Gold Medal winners
Anthologists
Australian male poets
Australian poets
Australian Roman Catholics
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Critics of multiculturalism
Critics of postmodernism
Formalist poets
Granta people
People from Taree
Officers of the Order of Australia
Quadrant (magazine) people
Roman Catholic writers
University of Sydney alumni
T. S. Eliot Prize winners

Les Murray (poet)


An ocean current is a continuous movement of ocean water from one place to another. Ocean currents are created by wind, water temperature, salt content, and the gravity of the moon. The current's direction and speed depend on the shoreline and the ocean floor. They can flow for thousands of miles and are found in all the major oceans of the world. One major example of an ocean current is the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean.
Ocean currents can be found on the water surface and deeper down.
Currents on the surface often depend on wind. They travel clockwise in the northern hemisphere. They travel counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. They are found up to  below the surface of the ocean.
Deeper currents depend on water pressure, temperature, and salt content.

Major ocean currents of the world

Arctic Ocean
East Greenland Current
Norwegian Current
Beaufort Gyre (water or ice flow)
Transpolar Drift (water or ice flow)

Atlantic Ocean
Agulhas Current
Angola Current
Antilles Current
Azores Current
Baffin Island Current
Benguela current
Brazil Current
Canary Current
Cape Horn Current
Caribbean Current
East Greenland Current
East Iceland Current
Falkland Current
Florida Current
Guiana Current
Guinea Current
Gulf Stream
Irminger Current
Labrador Current
Lomonosov current (a deep current)
Loop Current
North Atlantic Current
North Atlantic Drift
North Brazil Current
North Equatorial Current
North Equatorial Counter Current
Norwegian Current
Portugal Current
Slope/Shelf Edge Current
Slope Jet Current
South Atlantic Current
South Equatorial Current
Spitsbergen Current
Subtropical Counter Current
West Greenland Current
West Wind Drift

Pacific Ocean
Alaska Current
Aleutian Current
California Current
Cromwell current (a deep current)
East Australian Current
Equatorial Counter Current
Humboldt Current (or Peru Current)
Kamchatka Current
Kuroshio Current (or Japan Current, Kuro Siwo)
Mindanao Current
North Equatorial Current
North Pacific Current (or North Pacific Drift)
Oyashio Current (or Oya Siwo)
South Equatorial Current
West Wind Drift

Indian Ocean
Agulhas Current
East Madagascar Current
Equatorial Counter Current
Indonesian Through-flow
Leeuwin Current
Madagascar Current
Mozambique Current
Somali Current
South Australian Counter Current
South Equatorial Current
Southwest and Northeast Monsoon Drift (or Indian Monsoon Current)
West Australian Current
West Wind Drift

Southern Ocean
Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Weddell Gyre
Tasman Outflow

Notes

Ocean current


is a 1983 Japanese movie directed by Yoshimitsu Morita. The Family Game received several awards including the best movie of the year as selected by Japanese critics. Although the movie missed the Japan Academy Prize for the Best Picture (losing out to Palme d'Or Winner The Ballad of Narayama), Ichirōta Miyagawa was awarded Newcomer of the Year.

Plot summary
The Numata family consists of the father, Kōsuke (Juzo Itami); mother, Chikako (Saori Yuki); and two sons, Shinichi (Jun'ichi Tsujita) and Shigeyuki (Ichirōta Miyagawa). Shigeyuki is a junior high school student. He will soon be taking a high school entrance examination. Unlike his high school student brother, Shinichi, who lives up to the father's expectations, Shigeyuki's grades are poor, and he is only interested in roller coasters. His father finds a private tutor, Yoshimoto (Yūsaku Matsuda), for Shigeyuki and imposes all responsibilities for his exam on the tutor. Yoshimoto's behaviour is extremely strange, including kissing Shigeyuki and hitting him painfully hard. Even though Yoshimoto is a seventh year student of a third-rate university, Shigeyuki's marks become better and better. Eventually he passes the exam for the high school. At a family celebration, Yoshimoto begins to riot, hitting people, pouring wine on their heads, and throwing spaghetti around wildly.

Cast
 Yūsaku Matsuda as Katsu Yoshimoto
 Juzo Itami as Kōsuke Numata
 Saori Yuki as Chikako Numata
 Ichirōta Miyagawa as Shigeyuki Numata
 Junichi Tsujita as Shinichi Numata, the older brother
 Yoko Aki as Yoshimoto's girlfriend
 Jun Togawa as Neighbors wife

TV Series

The Family Game was adapted into a TV series in 2013 by Fuji TV, starring Sho Sakurai as the tutor Kōya Yoshimoto.

Themes
The film focuses on a dysfunctional middle-class nuclear family—each family member is connected not internally, but through the social roles they are expected to take on, and the pressure of these social expectations further accelerates the breakdown in their communication.

Japanese critics saw the film as showing the change to a new epoch and a post-modern sensibility. One said that if Japanese before and during the high growth economy defined their reality first though "ideals" and then through "dreams," and tried to change reality according to those visions, then in the post-high growth era, from the mid-1970s on, they no longer tried to change reality but to remain content with reality as "fiction." The Numatas' table is not unrealistic, but fixes the "un-naturalness"  of reality itself in an age when families watch television while eating. This epochal shift was marked, another critic said, by Morita's films and the works of novelist Haruki Murakami and musician Sakamoto Ryuichi, leading to a culture which celebrates meaninglessness.

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Arun Kumar. The Family Game (1983) Review – An Incredible Dark Comedy on the Middle-Class Nuclear Family Life. High On Films. May 8, 2021.

1983 films
Films directed by Yoshimitsu Morita
Japanese comedy-drama films
1980s Japanese-language films
Best Film Kinema Junpo Award winners

The Family Game


Bangladesh consists of a number of administrative areas called divisions (bibhag), each named after its respective capital.

Barishal (বরিশাল Borishal)
Chattogram (চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram)
 Dhaka (ঢাকা Đhaka)
 Khulna (খুলনা Khulna)
 Mymensingh (ময়মনসিংহ Moymonsingho)
 Rajshahi (রাজশাহী Rajshahi)
 Sylhet (সিলেট Sylhet)
Rangpur (রংপুর Rangpur)

Each division is further split into districts (zila) which are then further sub-divided into Upazilas.

History

Following the Independence of Bangladesh of Bangladesh in 1971, the country inherited the four divisions of former East Pakistan:

 Chittagong (চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram)
 Dacca (ঢাকা Đhaka)
 Khulna (খুলনা Khulna)
 Rajshahi (রাজশাহী Rajshahi)

In 1983, the English spelling of the Dacca division (along with the name of the capital city) was changed to Dhaka to more closely match the Bangla pronunciation.

In 1993, Barisal division was split off from Khulna. Barisal (Bengali: বরিশাল) is one of the eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Located in the south-central part of the country, it has an area of 13,644.85 km2 (5,268.31 sq mi), and a population of 8,325,666 at the 2011 Census. It is bounded by Dhaka Division on the north, the Bay of Bengal on the south, Chittagong Division on the east and Khulna Division on the west. The administrative capital, Barisal city, lies in the Ganges (Padma) River delta on an offshoot of the Arial Khan River (Kirtonkhola). Barisal division is criss-crossed by numerous rivers that earned it the nickname 'Dhan-Nodi-Khal, Ei tine Borishal' (rice, river and canal built Barisal).

Sylhet Division (Bengali: সিলেট) also known as Greater Sylhet or Sylhet region, is the northeastern division of Bangladesh, named after its main city, Sylhet. It is bordered by the Indian states of Meghalaya, Assam and Tripura to the north, east and south, respectively; and by the Bangladeshi divisions of Chittagong to the southwest, Dhaka and Mymensingh to the west.

Rangpur Division  (Bengali: রংপুর) became Bangladesh's seventh division on January 25, 2010. Before that, it was the northern 8 districts of the Rajshahi Division. The Rangpur division has eight districts: Rangpur, Dinajpur, Kurigram, Gaibandha, Nilphamari, Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, and Lalmonirhat. There are 58 subdistricts under these eight districts. Rangpur is the northernmost division of Bangladesh. There were 15,665,000 people at the 2011 Census. The major cities of this new division are Rangpur and Dinajpur.

On 12 January 2015 prime minister Sheikh Hasina declared the establishment of a new Mymensingh Division (Bengali: ময়মনসিংহ). The intention was that this would carve six districts (those comprising the original Mymensingh district of 1787) out of the Dhaka Division. However, while four of the districts were eager about the establishment of new division, people of Tangail and Kishorgonj Districts wanted to remain part of Dhaka Division. On 14 September 2015 Mymensingh was officially announced as a division consisting of four districts. It has an area of 10,485 km² and a population of 11,370,000 as of the 2011 census.

es:Organización territorial de Bangladesh

Divisions of Bangladesh


Cailean of Carrick or Cailean mac Donnchadh ("Colin, son of Duncan", died before 1250) was the son of Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick († 1250), and probably the father of Niall, Earl of Carrick († 1256). Although once heir to the earldom of Carrick, Cailean appears to have died before 1250 (the year of his father's death).

The traditional view, going back to the 19th century, is that Donnchadh's son and heir was Niall. This view has been criticised by genealogist Andrew MacEwen, who has argued that Niall was not the son of Donnchadh, but rather his grandson, a view embraced by leading Scottish medievalist Professor G. W. S. Barrow. According to this argument, Donnchadh's son and intended heir was Cailean (alias Nicholaus of Carrick), who as his son and heir, issued a charter in Donnchadh's lifetime, but seemingly predeceased him.

It was further suggested that Cailean's wife, Earl Niall's mother, was a daughter of the Tir Eoghain king Niall Ruadh Ó Neill, tying in with Donnchadh's Irish activities, accounting for the use of the name Niall, and explaining the strong alliance with the Ó Neill held by Niall's grandsons.

Cailean appears to have had a daughter, Afraig, who married Gilleasbaig of Menstrie, a Clackmannanshire baron who was the first attested man to bear the surname "Campbell". With this lady, Gilleasbaig fathered Cailean Mór, the ancestor of the later Earls of Argyll.

Notes

References

13th-century births
13th-century deaths
Medieval Gaels from Scotland
People from Dumfries and Galloway
People from South Ayrshire
13th-century Scottish people

Cailean of Carrick


Sif is a goddess in Norse mythology. She is the wife of Thor and mother of Thrud and Ull.

Sif has hair made of gold. It grows just like normal hair. Her original hair's color looked like wheat. Loki cut off Sif's hair as a prank. When Thor found out he made Loki have golden hair made for her by the Dwarves.

It is believed that Sif was a goddess of the home, of field and of the crop. It is also said that she had some control of destiny.

Thrud is the only daughter of Thor and Sif. Ull is her son with another man. Thor also has two sons with a giantess. In two different poems in Poetic Edda, Sif is said to have a mysterious lover, but no one knows who he is.

A volcano on the planet Venus is named after Sif. Sif is also a character in the comic book The Mighty Thor from Marvel Comics.

Other websites

Sif - A research and devotional site dedicated to Sif

Norse gods and goddesses

Sif


Artillery is a word for the big guns used in an army, for example cannons and howitzers. Such guns are used to shoot targets far away. Artillery is often used to stop enemy troops using an area, to bombard trenches and buildings with enemies in it and to support friendly units. There are many different weapons that are called artillery. They may shoot shells or missiles. Newer systems can even drop mines over a big area, making the area uncrossable. Anti-aircraft warfare includes the use of artillery to fight planes and other aircraft.

Those who fire the artillery piece are called "gunners". In most cases someone else, called a "spotter" must see the enemy, because artillery often shoots farther than the gunners can see. The artillery crews do not have to see the enemy to damage them.

Different types of artillery

Other websites

 Artillery - Citizendium

More reading

Artillery


An eyelid is a thin piece of skin that covers and protects the eye. It is one of the thinnest areas of skin on a persons body. A muscle pulls back the eyelid to "open" the eye. People do this willingly or without thinking.  The human eyelid has a row of eyelashes that help protect the eye from dust and other small objects. Eyelashes also keep sweat out of the eye. Eyelids regularly spread tears and other secretions on the surface of the eye to keep it moist. The cornea is one part of the eye that must be kept moist.  Eyelids keep the eyes from drying out when asleep.  Also, the blink reflex protects the eye from things touching it.

Image gallery

Eye

Eyelid


Motion pictures have been a part of the culture of Canada since the industry began.

History
Around 1910, the East Coast filmmakers began to take advantage of the mild California winter climates, and after Nestor Studios, run by Canadian Al Christie, built the first permanent movie studio in Hollywood, a number of the movie companies expanded or relocated to the new Hollywood. At the same time, because there was no sound in movies, several French filmmakers had their motion pictures distributed in the United States.

List of Canadian film pioneers in Hollywood
Among those Canadians who took part in the early years of Hollywood were:
 Allakariallak (1890s–1924?), Inuit actor and subject of "Nanook of the North"
 Charles Arling (1880–1922), actor
 Earl W. Bascom (1906-1995), actor, artist, worked with Roy Rogers, worked on Louis B. Mayer's ranch in Perris, California
 William Bertram (1880–1933), actor, director
 Ben Blue (1901–1975), actor, comedian
 Raymond Burr (1917–1993), actor; Perry Mason, Ironside
 Jack Carson (1910–1963), actor
 Peggy Cartwright (1912-2001), actress in Our Gang comedy series and with Harold Lloyd
 Al Christie (1881–1951), co-founder of Christie Film Company, director/producer/screenwriter
 Charles Christie (1880–1955), co-founder of Christie Film Company; builder of Hollywood's first luxury hotel
 Berton Churchill (1876–1940), actor
 Yvonne De Carlo (1922–2007), actor
 Joe De Grasse (1873–1940), director
 Sam De Grasse (1875–1953), actor
 Fifi D'Orsay (1904–1983), actress
 Marie Dressler (1869–1934), Academy Award for Best Actress
 Douglass Dumbrille (1889–1974), moving and television actor
 Deanna Durbin (1921–2013), actress, singer
 Allan Dwan (1885–1981), director, producer, screenwriter
 Edward Earle (1882–1972), actor
 Rockliffe Fellowes (1883–1950), actor
 Glenn Ford (1916–2006), actor
 John Harvey Gahan (1888–1958), as Oscar Gahan, actor, musician, composer; Canada's child prodigy violinist, aka Arvé
 Huntley Gordon (1887–1956), actor
 Lorne Greene (1915–1987), actor; played Ben Cartwight, Commander Adama
 June Havoc (1912-2010), actress
 Harry Hayden (1882–1955), actor
 Del Henderson (1883–1956), actor, director, writer
 Walter Huston (1884–1950), Academy Award winning actor
 May Irwin (1862–1938), actor, first screen kiss in 1896
 Victor Jory (1902–1982), actor
 Ruby Keeler (1909–1993), dancer, actress
 Barbara Kent (1907–2011), actress
 Florence La Badie (1888–1917), actress
 Florence Lawrence (1886–1938), "America's first movie star"
 Rosina Lawrence (1912-1997), actress
 Beatrice Lillie (1894–1989), actress
 Gene Lockhart (1891–1957), actor
 Del Lord (1894–1970), comedy director
 Wilfred Lucas (1871–1940), director, screenwriter, actor
 Henry MacRae (1876–1944), director, producer, screenwriter, actor
 David Manners (1900–1998), actor
 Raymond Massey (1896–1983), actor
 Louis B. Mayer (1885–1957), co–founder of Metro Goldwyn Mayer Motion Picture Studios
 Bob Nolan (1908–1980), singer/actor in western musicals as leader of "The Sons of the Pioneers"
 Sidney Olcott (1872–1949), director
 Jack Pickford (1896–1933), actor, Hollywood's first "Bad Boy"
 Lottie Pickford (1893–1936), actress
 Mary Pickford (1892–1979), "America's Sweetheart," Academy Award for Best Actress, co–founder of United Artists
 Walter Pidgeon (1897–1984), actor
 Marie Prevost (1896–1937), actress
 John Qualen (1899-1987), actor
 William Quinn (1884–1965), actor
 Mack Sennett (1880–1960), director, known as the "King of Comedy"
 Athole Shearer (1900–1985), actress, wife of director Howard Hawks
 Douglas Shearer (1899–1971), sound director/designer, winner of seven Academy Awards
 Norma Shearer (1902–1983), Academy Award for Best Actress
 Nell Shipman (1892–1970), actress, writer, producer
 Jay Silverheels (1912–1980), actor known for his portrayal of Tonto, sidekick to the Lone Ranger
 Alexis Smith (1921–1993), actor
 Ned Sparks (1883–1957), actor
 Richard Travers  (1885–1935), actor
 Jack L. Warner (1892–1978), co-founder of Warner Brothers
 Marjorie White (1904–1935), actress
 Joseph Wiseman (1918–2009), actor

Canadian scene in Hollywood
In his book Stardust and Shadows: Canadians in Early Hollywood, Charles Foster recounted his experiences meeting some of these Canadians while on leave from the Royal Air Force during World War II. Foster visited Hollywood where he was introduced to Canadian and silent movie director Sidney Olcott. Through Olcott he learned of Hollywood's Canadian community. Although total strangers, young Foster was welcomed with open arms. This social gathering of "Canucks" also included Walter Pidgeon, Deanna Durbin, Fifi D'Orsay, and others who worked in the movie business.

Several of these Canadian pioneers achieved enormous wealth and worldwide fame, such as Louis B. Mayer and Mary Pickford who were, in their day, two of the most powerful personalities in Hollywood. From the late 1920s to the mid-1930s, Canadian female actresses were amongst the greatest box office draws. The Academy Award for Best Actress was won by Canadian women three years in a row:
 1929 - Mary Pickford in Coquette
 1930 - Norma Shearer in The Divorcee
 1931 - Marie Dressler in Min and Bill

Foster recounts the feelings and deep loyalty of Louis B. Mayer. Although he had become a naturalized American citizen, Mayer was known to hire Canadian compatriots on the spot, as Saint John, New Brunswick native Walter Pidgeon later recalled:

Several Canadian expatriates also saw their careers decline and died before the age of 55. Florence Lawrence, the "first real movie star", the Biograph Girl in Hollywood history, who appeared in more than 270 movies, committed suicide at the age of 52. She is buried in unmarked grave in the Hollywood Cemetery. Marie Prevost, who was a leading lady during the mid-1920s, suffered from depression after the death of her mother in 1926. In 1937, she died of acute alcoholism and malnutrition at the age of 38. Florence La Badie died of injuries she sustained in a car accident in August 1917 at the age of 29. Jack Pickford, Mary Pickford's younger brother, died at age 36 from what was then known as multiple neuritis, while his sister Lottie died of a heart attack at age 43.

References

Further reading
 Charles Foster, Stardust and Shadows: Canadians in Early Hollywood, 2000,  Dundurn Press

History of Hollywood, Los Angeles
+
Cultural history of Canada
 Hollywood

Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood


A sound effect or audio effect is a sound used for movies, television, apps, music, or other types of media. There are lots of sound effects that we hear everyday. One of the techniques used to make a sound is banging or hitting a wall, a table, or desk.

References

sound

Sound effect


and  are 2004 remakes of the 1996  role-playing video games Pokémon Red and Blue. They were developed by Game Freak and published by The Pokémon Company and Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance. FireRed and LeafGreen were first released in Japan in January 2004 and in North America and Europe in September and October 2004. The games are part of the third generation of the Pokémon video game series and hold the distinction of being the first enhanced remakes of previous games within the franchise.

As in previous games, the player controls the player character from an overhead perspective and participates in turn-based battles. Throughout the games, the player captures and raises Pokémon for use in battle. New features include a contextual help menu and a new region the player may access after a certain point in the story. The games have compatibility with the Game Boy Advance Wireless Adapter, which originally came bundled with the games.

The games received mostly positive reviews, obtaining an aggregate score of 81 percent on Metacritic. Most critics praised the fact that the games introduced new features while still maintaining the traditional gameplay of the series. Reception of the graphics and audio was more mixed, with some reviewers complaining that they were too simplistic and lacked improvement compared to the previous games, Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire. FireRed and LeafGreen were commercial successes, selling a total of around 12 million copies worldwide. Nearly two years after their original release, Nintendo re-marketed them as Player's Choice titles.

Gameplay

As with all Pokémon role-playing games released for handheld consoles, FireRed and LeafGreen are in a third-person, overhead perspective. The main screen is an overworld, in which the player navigates the protagonist. Here, a menu interface may be accessed, in which the player may configure their Pokémon, items, and gameplay settings. When the player encounters a wild Pokémon or is challenged by a trainer, the screen switches to a turn-based battle screen that displays the player's Pokémon and the engaged Pokémon. During a battle, the player may select a move for their Pokémon to perform, use an item, switch their active Pokémon, or attempt to flee (in wild battles only). All Pokémon moves have power points (PP); when a Pokémon tries to perform a move while awake, the move's PP is reduced by 1. When the PP of a move hits zero the Pokémon is not able to use that move. All Pokémon have hit points (HP); when a Pokémon's HP is reduced to zero, it faints and can no longer battle until it is revived. Once an opponent's Pokémon faints, all of the player's Pokémon involved in the battle receive a certain number of experience points (EXP). After accumulating enough EXP, a Pokémon will level up.

Capturing Pokémon is another essential element of the gameplay. During a battle with a wild Pokémon, the player may throw a Poké Ball at it. If the Pokémon is successfully caught, it will come under the ownership of the player. Factors in the success rate of capture include the HP of the target Pokémon and the type of Poké Ball used: the lower the target's HP and the stronger the Poké Ball, the higher the success rate of capture.

While FireRed and LeafGreen are remakes of Red and Green (Pokémon Green was only released in Japan, whereas the international variant was Blue), they contain usability enhancements such as a contextual tutorial feature which allows players to look up data at any point in the game, by pressing the select button. Additionally, when continuing a saved game, players are shown the last four actions they performed, aiding in remembering what they were previously doing.

The games support the Game Boy Advance Game Link Cable, through which connected players may trade or battle. Players may also connect with Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, as well as with Pokémon Colosseum, allowing them to obtain over 350 Pokémon. FireRed and LeafGreen also have the ability to connect to the GameCube and interact with Pokémon Box: Ruby and Sapphire. In Pokémon Box, the player may organize and view their collected Pokémon, and in Colosseum, Pokémon may be used in battle. FireRed and LeafGreen are also the first games in the series to be compatible with the Game Boy Advance Wireless Adapter, which comes prepackaged with the games. The adapter can be plugged into the link port of the Game Boy Advance system and allows players within a radius of  to wirelessly interact with each other. In addition, as many as 30 players at a time may join a special location called the "Union Room", where they can trade, battle, or chat. Nintendo set up "JoySpots" at Japanese retail locations for this purpose.

Plot

Setting
Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen takes place mostly in the fictional region of Kanto. This is one distinct region of many in the Pokémon world, which includes varied geographical habitats for the Pokémon species, human-populated towns and cities, and routes between locations. Some areas are only accessible once players acquire a special item or one of their Pokémon learns a special ability. Near the end of the plot, the protagonist is able to venture to the Sevii Islands, a new area not present in the original Red and Blue games. The Sevii Islands are an archipelago of seven islands and contain Pokémon normally exclusive to the Johto region, as well as several post-game missions. After the aforementioned missions on the Sevii Islands are completed, the ability to trade with Ruby and Sapphire for Hoenn-exclusive Pokémon becomes available.

Story
The silent protagonist of FireRed and LeafGreen is a child who lives in a small town named Pallet Town. After players start a journey and venture alone into tall grass, a voice warns them to stop. Professor Oak, a famous Pokémon researcher, explains to the player that such grass is often the habitat of wild Pokémon, and encountering them alone can be very dangerous. He takes the player to his laboratory where they meet Oak's grandson, another aspiring Pokémon Trainer. The player and their rival are both instructed to select a starter Pokémon for their travels. The rival then challenges them to a Pokémon battle with their newly obtained Pokémon and continues to battle the player at certain points throughout the games.

After reaching the next city, the player is asked to deliver a parcel to Professor Oak. Upon returning to the laboratory, they are presented with a Pokédex, a high-tech encyclopedia that records the entries of any Pokémon that are captured. Oak then asks the player to fulfill his dream of compiling a comprehensive list of every Pokémon in the game.

While visiting the region's cities, the player encounters special establishments called Pokémon Gyms. Inside these buildings are Gym Leaders, each of whom the player must defeat in a Pokémon battle to obtain a Gym Badge. Once a total of eight badges are acquired, the player is given permission to enter the Pokémon League, which consists of the best Pokémon trainers in the region. There the player battles the Elite Four. Also throughout the game, the player has to fight against the forces of Team Rocket, a criminal organization that abuses Pokémon. They devise numerous plans to steal rare Pokémon, all of which the player must foil, meeting and defeating the organization boss Giovanni.

After the first time players defeat the Elite Four, one of the members, Lorelei, disappears. After gaining access to the Sevii Islands, an entirely new region, the player discovers Lorelei in her house and convinces her to come back with them. Once more, the protagonist must thwart Team Rocket's plans on several occasions, recover two artifacts, the Ruby and the Sapphire, and put them in the main computer at One Island. After that, the player can trade with Ruby, Sapphire, Emerald, Colosseum and XD.

Development

FireRed and LeafGreen were first announced in September 2003 as upcoming remakes of the original Pocket Monsters Red and Blue games that were released in Japan in 1996. Game director Junichi Masuda stated the new titles would be developed around the idea of simplicity, as the game engine was a slightly modified version of the one used in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire. As a result, FireRed and LeafGreen were made fully backward compatible with Ruby and Sapphire, allowing players to trade Pokémon between games.

FireRed and LeafGreens connectivity with the Game Boy Advance Wireless Adapter was heralded by then-president of Nintendo Satoru Iwata as being able "to enhance head-to-head battles, exchange of information, and communication with others." An enhanced interface was created for the game to increase usability for new players, as well as a contextual in-game help system that could aid lost or confused players during their journey. President of The Pokémon Company Tsunekazu Ishihara noted, "We don't feel that this a remake at all. We feel that this is a new game, with wireless technology", referring to the bundled wireless adapter.

The exclusive Japanese production run for FireRed and LeafGreen was limited to half a million copies, despite the success of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire. IGN speculated that Nintendo was expecting less demand for the new games, or that it was limited by the production of the bundled wireless adapter. The North American versions of FireRed and LeafGreen were indirectly announced at DICE in 2004. Although the original games were released as Red and Blue in North America, the remakes retained the Japanese names of "Red" and "Green". Masuda noted this as a choice on his part, stating the leaf represented a peaceful icon, in contrast to the alternative of water which he saw as suggesting conflict with the icon of fire used by the other game.

Music
The music used in the games was derived from the classic game consoles, and arranged by Go Ichinose. Masuda and Ichinose decided not to change the reused music from the basic background sounds used in Red and Blue, and instead updated them by adding additional sounds. Some of the songs have additional key changes compared to the original soundtrack and some songs such as the Trainer Battle music are re-written in MIDI for the GBA and contain pitch bends between notes. A two-disc set of the music entitled GBA Pokémon FireRed & LeafGreen Super Complete was released, with the first disc featuring all the music used normally in-game, while the second disc featured bonus tracks based on and inspired by the music in the games. Among these are two vocal tracks.

Reception

Reviews of FireRed and LeafGreen were mostly positive, and the games currently hold an aggregate score of 81 percent on Metacritic. Jon Minife of the New Zealand Herald praised the game for resolving the connectivity issues that Ruby and Sapphire had at the time, which would convince older players to get back into Pokémon. Craig Harris of IGN gave the games an "Outstanding" 9.0/10 rating and praised the creators of the games for creating a game that "works extremely well for the handheld market. It doesn't have quite the same variety as Ruby and Sapphire, but it's still incredibly satisfying." Harris was less positive about the games' graphics, which he thought were "limited" and "basic". GameSpots Greg Kasavin, who gave the games 8.4 out of 10, commented that "though Pokémon could probably use a few new twists after all these years, FireRed and LeafGreen are great role-playing games on their own merits, filled with lots more content and more challenges than last year's Ruby and Sapphire, and offering up plenty of addictive gameplay that can be a lot of fun for players of all ages." Unlike Harris, Kasavin praised the games' graphics for their "colorful good looks and the endearing character designs that the series is known for." GameSpot later named LeafGreen the best Game Boy Advance game of September 2004. Game Informer rated the games a "Very Good" 8/10 for being "a lot of fun", yet they saw the graphics as "utterly unremarkable" when compared to other handheld games.

GameSpy reviewer Phil Theobald, who awarded the games four out of five stars, stated, "Before I knew it, I was hooked all over again. The engrossingly simple gameplay combined with the more-strategic-than-they-first-appear battles was just too much to resist. And yeah, the 'gotta catch 'em all' gimmick is still effective, not to mention necessary to build a well balanced party. There's just something about tracking down, capturing, and training all those Pokémon that really draw you into the game's world." He justified the games' graphics by comparing them to the "ugly" original Red and Blue versions. Additional praise was given to the new features such as the contextual tutorial, and flashbacks when loading a saved game, as well as the games' multiplayer capabilities via the Wireless Adapter.

Sales
During its first week of release in Japan, FireRed and LeafGreen sold a combined total of 885,039 copies, which was less than the number sold by Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire in that time period, but IGN reasoned that the smaller sales were due to the new titles being remakes. In the first half of August before FireRed and LeafGreen were released in the United States, the games received over 150,000 pre-orders, over twice the number Ruby and Sapphire received. Nintendo's Senior Vice President of Marketing and Corporate Communication George Harrison remarked, "This pre-sell indicates more than twice the player interest!" Over one million copies of FireRed and LeafGreen were sold in the US less than one month after their release in that region. As of March 31, 2008, the games had sold 11.82 million copies worldwide. The games later entered Nintendo's Player's Choice line in North America and were re-marketed with a significantly lower retail price. However, unlike the original release, the Player's Choice edition games did not include a bundled Wireless Adapter.

Awards

Notes

References

External links

2004 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Game Freak games
Games with GameCube-GBA connectivity
Japanese role-playing video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
FireRed and LeafGreen
Role-playing video games
Video game remakes
Video games developed in Japan
Video games directed by Junichi Masuda
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games scored by Go Ichinose
Video games scored by Junichi Masuda
Video games set on fictional islands
Video games with alternative versions

Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen


When payment is made with credit card, sellers pay small percentage of the transaction to their bank or merchant. Many credit card companies, especially those in the United Kingdom and United States, share the commission with the owner of card by giving him money bonus, points that can be exchanged for prizes and discounts once some level of purchases is reached. A monetary benefit is known as cashback, sometimes pronounced as two separate words in the United States - (cash back). Usual cashback amount is between 0.5% and 2% of buyers net spending (purchases minus refunds and tax) as a yearly bonus, which is either added to the credit card account or paid by cheque, cash or wire to the participant.

Recently, major card issuers have increased cashback amount to 5% for purchases especially in grocery stores and petrol stations.

In most cases bonuses like cashback are offered to customers that pay off their credit debt on time every month.

References

Money

Cashback reward program


Guadalquivir is a river in southern Spain. It crosses the autonomous community of Andalusia. The name derives from the Arab Wadi al-Kabir ("big river"), whereas the Romans called it Betis.

Guadalquivir starts in the Glen of the Sources in the mountains near Cazorla (Jaen province) and ends in Sanlucar de Barrameda (Cadiz province). It goes through the provinces of Jaen, Cordoba, Seville and Cadiz. The river is  long. The main tributaries are the rivers Genil (which flows through Granada), The Minor Guadiana, Guadalbullon, and Guadajoz on the left side, and Guadalmena, Jandula, and Guadiato on the right.

It is the only river in Spain with shipping traffic. At present, it only is navigable up to Seville. In the Roman epoch it was navigable up to Cordoba.

Rivers of Spain

Guadalquivir


Iain Crichton Smith,  (Gaelic: Iain Mac a' Ghobhainn; 1 January 1928 – 15 October 1998) was a Scottish poet and novelist, who wrote in both English and Gaelic. He was born in Glasgow, but moved to the Isle of Lewis at the age of two, where he and his two brothers were brought up by their widowed mother in the small crofting town of Bayble, which also produced Derick Thomson.  Educated at the University of Aberdeen, Crichton Smith took a degree in English, and after serving in the National Service Army Education Corps, went on to become a teacher. He taught in Clydebank, Dumbarton and Oban from 1952, retiring to become a full-time writer in 1977, although he already had many novels and poems published .

Overview of work
Crichton Smith was brought up in a Gaelic-speaking community, learning English as a second language once he attended school. Friend and poet Edwin Morgan notes that unlike his contemporaries (such as Sorley Maclean and Derick Thomson), Crichton Smith was more prolific in English than in Gaelic, perhaps viewing his writing in what, from Crichton Smith's view, was an imposed non-native language as a challenge to English and American poets.  However, Crichton Smith also produced much Gaelic poetry and prose, and also translated some of the work of Sorley Maclean from Gaelic to English, as well as some of his own poems originally composed in Gaelic. Much of his English language work is actually directly related to, or translated from, Gaelic equivalents.

Crichton Smith's work also reflects his dislike of dogma and authority, influenced by his upbringing in a close-knit, island Presbyterian community, as well as his political and emotional thoughts and views of Scotland and the Highlands. Despite his upbringing, Crichton Smith was an atheist.  A number of his poems explore the subject of the Highland Clearances, and his best-known novel Consider the Lilies (1968) is an account of the eviction of an elderly woman during such times.

Elderly women and alienated individuals are common themes in his work.

Poetry
Crichton Smith's poetry quite often had a character perhaps based on his mother. He also typically used natural images to convey emotion.

His poetry includes:
 Culloden and After (1961) - an attack on that period in British history, especially "Bonnie Charlie".
 Old Woman (1965)
 The Iolaire (date)
 The Man who Cried Wolf (1964)
 You Lived in Glasgow (date)
 You'll Take a Bath (date)
 John Brown (KHS)(1966)

Bibliography

The Long River (1955)
 Bùrn is Aran (1960)
 Thistles and Roses (1961)
 Deer on the High Hills (1962)
 An Dubh is an Gorm (1963)
 Bìobuill is Sanasan-Reice (1965)
 The Law and the Grace (1965)
 Modern Gaelic Verse (1966)
 The Golden Lyric: an Essay on the Poetry of Hugh MacDiarmid (1967)
 At Helensburgh (1968)
 Consider the Lilies (1968)
 Ben Dorain by Duncan Ban MacIntyre (1969)
 From Bourgeois Land (1969)
 The Last Summer (1969)
 Iain am Measg Nan Reultan (1970)
 Maighstirean is Ministearan (1970)
 Selected Poems (1970)
 Survival Without Error (1970)
 My Last Duchess (1971)
 Poems to Eimhir translated from Sorley MacLean (1971)
 Love Poems and Elegies (1972)
 An t-Adhar Ameireaganach (1973)
 The Black and the Red (1970)
 Rabhndan is Rudan (1973)
 Eadar Fealla-dha is Glaschu (1974)
 Goodbye Mr Dixon (1974)
 Hami Autumn (1974)
 The Notebooks of Robinson Crusoe (1975)
 The Permanent Island (1975)
 An t-Aonaran (1976)
 The Hermit and Other Stories (1977)
 An End to Autumn (1978)
 River, River (1978)
 On the Island (1979)
 Murdo (1981)
 A Field Full of Folk (1982)
 Selected Poems 1955-1982 (1982)
 The Search (1982)
 Mr Trill in Hades (1984)
 Na h-Eilthirich (1983)
 The Exiles (Carcanet Press, 1984)
 Selected Poems (Carcanet Press, 1985)
 The Tenement (1985)
 Towards the Human: Selected Essays (1986)
 Twelve More Modern Scottish Poets (1986) editor, with C. King:
 A Life (Carcanet Press, 1986)
 Burn is Aran (1987)
 An t-Eilean agus an Cànan (1987)
 In the Middle of the Wood (1987)
 Moments in Glasshouses (1987) editor
 A' Bheinn Oir (1989)
 Na Speuclairean Dubha (1989)
 The Dream (1989)
 Selected Poems (1990)
 Turas tro Shaoghal Falamh (1991)
 Na Guthan (1991)
 An Honourable Death (1992)
 Collected Poems (1992)
 An Dannsa mu Dheireadh (1992)
 Thoughts of Murdo (1993)
 An Rathad gu Somalia (1994)
Ends and Beginnings (Carcanet Press, 1994)
The Human Face (Carcanet Press, 1996)
The Leaf and the Marble (Carcanet Press, 1998)
Country For Old Men and My Canadian Uncle (Carcanet Press, 2000)
 Am Miseanaraidh (first published 2006)
Iain Crichton Smith, Guardate i gigli, a cura di Silvia Campanini, EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2009
 New Collected Poems (Carcanet Press, 2010)
 Deer on the High Hills: Selected Poems, ed. John Greening (2021)

Reviews
 Relich, Mario (1976), review of The Notebooks of Robinson Crusoe, in Burnett, Ray (ed.), Calgacus 3, Spring 1976, pp. 54 & 55,
 Craig, David (1980), review of On the Island, in Cencrastus No. 2, Spring 1980, pp. 39 - 41,
 Lothian, Andrew (1981), review of Murdo and Other Stories, in Cencrastus No. 6, Autumn 1981, p. 41
 Craig, Cairns (1983), Crichton Smith: Poetry and Prose, a review of Selected Poems 1955 - 1980 and A Field Full of Folk, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 11, New Year 1983, pp. 44 & 45,
 Grant, Jamie (1984), review of The Search, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 15, New Year 1984, p. 53,

Awards and honours
He was made an officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1980.

References

External links
Iain Crichton Smith publications on the Carcanet website
BBC bio - Làrach nam Bàrd
Aberdeen University Celtic Department Experts on Iain Crichton Smith's writing, especially in Gaelic
The Contribution of Iain Crichton Smith - An essay on Crichton Smith's poetry, by Edwin Morgan
Iain Crichton Smith - An extensive exploration of his life, work, and legacy - Dissertation focusing on the Gaelic prose of Crichton Smith, by Alexander Shevellin
"Real People in a Real Place" and "Between Sea and Moor" Iain Crichton Smith's essays

1928 births
1998 deaths
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Scottish atheists
People from the Isle of Lewis
Scottish novelists
20th-century Scottish Gaelic poets
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Scottish Gaelic novelists
20th-century British novelists
20th-century Scottish poets
Scottish male poets
20th-century British male writers

Iain Crichton Smith


Leland Gaither Allen (January 12, 1915 – May 20, 1969) was an American sportswriter and historian on the subject of baseball. He was known for an accessible writing style that made history more interesting, typically focusing on the people in the stories as much as the events.

A native of Cincinnati, Ohio, Allen was the son of U.S. Representative Alfred Gaither Allen. After attending Kenyon College as a psychology major, spending a semester at the Columbia University School of Journalism, and working for the Cincinnati Reds as a publicity director and traveling secretary, he began his writing career with the Cincinnati Enquirer, and wrote the Cincinnati entry in the Putnam Publishing series on the Major League Baseball teams.

He authored other books, including histories of the National League and American League, the World Series, and a volume about the Giants-Dodgers rivalry. He was also a frequent contributor to The Sporting News, including articles to their annual publications as well as a weekly column called "Cooperstown Corner". In the early 1940s Allen assisted Waite Hoyt on Cincinnati Reds radio broadcasts.

From 1959 until his death, he was the historian at the Baseball Hall of Fame, succeeding Ernest Lanigan. In that capacity, and with his substantial collection of biographical information on ballplayers (continuing Lanigan's work), he had a great deal of input to the first edition of the famous MacMillan Baseball Encyclopedia which was published in the same year he died.

Although Allen had been inspired as a youth by his Hall of Fame predecessor's Baseball Cyclopedia, he was not the "figger filbert" that Lanigan was. However, they did share a common interest in the personal stories of the ballplayers. This quote from Allen's SABR profile highlights their differences and similarities. The first sentence is polar opposite to Lanigan's philosophy, the remainder is right in line with Lanigan's work: "I care very little for statistics as such. My concern is the players. Who are these men? What are they? What problems have they faced? Where are they now?"

In addition to biographies, Allen was also a pioneer in gathering information about baseball parks, and published one of the first comprehensive lists of major league ballparks and their locations, in the 1961 edition of one of The Sporting News publications.

He died of a heart attack in Syracuse, New York while on a road trip researching a subject for a book.

References

External links
SABR biography

1915 births
1969 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American sportswriters
Baseball writers
Cincinnati Reds announcers
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Kenyon College alumni
Writers from Cincinnati
The Cincinnati Enquirer people

Lee Allen (baseball)


The Olympia Brass Band is an American jazz brass band from New Orleans.

History

The first "Olympia Brass Band" was active from the late 19th century to around World War I. The most famous member was Freddie Keppard.

In 1958, saxophonist Harold Dejan, leader of the 2nd unit of the Eureka Brass Band, split off to form the current Olympia, reviving the historic name.

The band had a notable part in the 1973 James Bond movie Live and Let Die in which they play a band leading a funeral march and one of Bond's associates is assassinated during the march. Trumpeter Alvin Alcorn plays the knife-wielding "baby-faced killer".

In addition to playing for parades and parties, the band had a weekly gig at Preservation Hall on Sunday nights for many years.  The band also toured Europe on numerous occasions and also toured Africa for the U. S. State Department.  The band did a BBC radio broadcast for Queen Elizabeth's 25th wedding anniversary in 1972 while they were in London, and also played for Pope John Paul II on his visit to New Orleans.

The Olympia Brass Band was a training ground for a whole new generation of jazz musicians including clarinetist Joseph Torregano, saxophonist Byron "Flea" Bernard, drummers Tanio Hingle and Kerry Hunter, and trumpeters Kenneth Terry and "Kid" Mervin Campbell.

Notable members of the band over the years were:  Harold "Duke" Dejan, leader and alto saxophone; Emanuel "Pappy" Paul & Ernest Watson tenor saxophone; clarinetists Willie Humphrey, Joseph Torregano and David Grillier; trumpeters Milton Batiste (assistant leader), Edmond Foucher, George "Kid Sheik" Colar, Reginald Koeller, Kenneth Terry, and Mervin Campbell; trombonists Paul Crawford, Frank Naundorf, Wendell Eugene, Eddie King, Gerald Joseph, and Lester Caliste; sousaphonists Allan Jaffe, William "Coby" Brown, Anthony Lacen aka "Tuba Fats," Edgar Smith, and Jeffrey Hills; snare drummers Andrew Jefferson, Leroy "Boogie" Breaux, Kerry "Fatman" Hunter; bass drummers Henry "Booker T." Glass, Nowell "Papa" Glass, and Cayetano "Tanio" Hingle.  Grand marshals for the band were Matthew "Fats" Houston (1911–81), Anderson Minor, Anderson Stewart, and Richard "King" Matthews, whose death in 2010 is considered to have ended the band's history.

Although the band left numerous recordings, none is more prevalent than their recording of "The Westlawn Funeral Dirge" which featured Emanuel Paul on the tenor saxophone.

The Olympia Brass Band is profiled in the book, The Great Olympia Band by the late English writer Mick Burns, and Keeping the Beat on the Street: The New Orleans Brass Band Renaissance also by Mick Burns.

Discography
New Orleans Street Parade (1968)
Dejan's Olympia Brass Band of New Orleans, VPS-4, 1974, Preservation Hall, Publishers.

References

American jazz ensembles from New Orleans
Brass bands from New Orleans

Olympia Brass Band


In Greek mythology, King Erichthonius (; ) was a legendary early ruler of ancient Athens. According to some myths, he was autochthonous (born of the soil, or Earth) and adopted or raised by the goddess Athena. Early Greek texts do not distinguish between him and Erechtheus, his grandson, but by the fourth century BC, during Classical times, they are distinct figures.

Etymology
Erichthonius of uncertain etymology is possibly related to a pre-Greek form *Erekteu-. The connection of  with ἐρέχθω, "shake" is a late folk-etymology; other folk-etymologies include , erion, "wool" or , eris, "strife"+  chthôn or chthonos, "earth".

Mythology

Birth

According to the Bibliotheca, Athena visited the smith-god Hephaestus to request some weapons, but Hephaestus was so overcome by desire that he tried to seduce her in his workshop. Determined to maintain her virginity, Athena fled, pursued by Hephaestus. He caught Athena and tried to rape her, but she fought him off. During the struggle, his semen fell on her thigh, and Athena, in disgust, wiped it away with a scrap of wool (, erion) and flung it to the earth (, chthôn). As she fled, Erichthonius was born from the semen that fell to the earth. Athena, wishing to raise the child in secret, placed him in a small box and then made sure no one would ever find out by giving him away.

Athena gave the box to the three daughters (Herse, Aglaurus and Pandrosus) of Cecrops, the king of Athens, and warned them never to look inside. Pandrosus obeyed, but Herse and Aglaurus were overcome with curiosity and opened the box, containing the infant and future-king, Erichthonius ("troubles born from the earth," following another etymology). (Sources are unclear regarding how many sisters participated.) The sisters were terrified by what they saw in the box: Either a snake coiled around an infant, or an infant that was half-human and half-serpent. They went insane and threw themselves off the Acropolis. Other accounts state that the snake killed them.

An alternative version of the story is that Athena left the box with the daughters of Cecrops while she went to fetch a limestone mountain from the Pallene peninsula to use in the Acropolis. While she was away, Aglaurus and Herse opened the box. A crow saw them open the box, and flew away to tell Athena, who fell into a rage and dropped the mountain she was carrying (now Mt. Lykabettos). As in the first version, Herse and Aglaurus went insane and threw themselves to their deaths off a cliff.

Reign
When he grew up, Erichthonius drove out Amphictyon, who had usurped the throne from Cranaus twelve years earlier, and  became king of Athens.  He married Praxithea, a naiad, with whom he had a son, . During this time, Athena frequently protected him.  He founded the Panathenaic Festival in the honor of Athena, and set up a wooden statue of her on the Acropolis.  According to the Parian Chronicle, he taught his people to yoke horses and use them to pull chariots, to smelt silver, and to till the earth with a plough.

It was said that Erichthonius was lame of his feet and that he consequently invented the quadriga, or four-horse chariot, to get around more easily. He is said to have competed often as a chariot driver in games. Zeus was said to have been so impressed with his skill that he raised him to the heavens to become the constellation of the Charioteer (Auriga) after his death.

The snake is his symbol, and he is represented in the statue of Athena in the Parthenon as the snake hidden behind her shield. The most sacred building on the Acropolis of Athens, the Erechtheum, is dedicated to Erichthonius.

Erichthonius was succeeded by his son Pandion I.

Gallery

Footnotes

References

Sources
 Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921.  Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Beekes, S. P., Etymological Dictionary of Greek, 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
 Graves, Robert; The Greek Myths, Moyer Bell Ltd; Unabridged edition (December 1988), .
 Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). Erichthonius

See also

External links
 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Erichthonius)

Autochthons of classical mythology
Children of Gaia
Children of Hephaestus
Kings of Athens
Kings in Greek mythology
Attican characters in Greek mythology
Deeds of Athena

Erichthonius of Athens


A stroke is the full single action of an engine to intake, compress, combust, and finally to exhaust a fuel. This action is typical of a 4-stroke engine. The combined action of intake, compression, combustion, exhaust, causes the shaft of the engine to spin. This action is repeated at a rate referred to as rpm's, revolutions per minute. The way "rpm's" are measured varies by the type of motor, and what "stroke" that motor is.

Mechanics

Stroke (engine)