Roy De Forest (11 February 1930 – 18 May 2007) was an American painter, sculptor, and teacher. He was involved in both the Funk art and Nut art movements in the Bay Area of California. De Forest's art is known for its quirky and comical fantasy lands filled with bright colors and creatures, most commonly dogs.

Early life

Roy De Forest was born in North Platte, Nebraska, to migrant farm workers during the Great Depression. De Forest's family lost their farm in Nebraska due to the harsh economic conditions during the Great Depression and were forced to move to Yakima, Washington. In Yakima, the De Forests bought a new farm, where they harvested pears and plums. De Forest described the socioeconomic status of his family as "not well off." Farm life had an important impact on De Forest's art. In his early art, De Forest experimented with landscape, which was inspired by the open land of his farm. Later in his career, De Forest began painting animals and other fantasy creatures in his art, which was inspired by growing up around farm animals.

Education
De Forest attended Yakima Junior College, where his interest in art and art history developed. He initially was an engineering major, but soon realized that art came more naturally to him. In 1950 he moved to California to study at the California School of Fine Arts (now the San Francisco Art Institute) on scholarship, where he earned a bachelor's degree (1953). After serving in the US Army as a sign painter, De Forest went on to earn his master's degree (1958) at San Francisco State College (now San Francisco State University).

Teaching career

After graduating from San Francisco State University, De Forest got his first teaching job at Yakima Junior College and spent two years teaching there. After this, he moved around from job to job for a short period of time, teaching children's classes in Oakland, California. He also taught night classes at the Bay Area prison, San Quentin. Here, he worked in the Adjustment Center, which later became death row. De Forest described his time teaching in San Quentin as extremely interesting and greatly influential on his teaching.

De Forest started working for a young University of California, Davis (U.C. Davis) Art Department in 1965. He was originally hired as a lecturer but worked his way up to assistant professor and eventually full professor in 1974. At U.C. Davis, De Forest worked with fellow artists Robert Arneson, Manuel Neri, Wayne Thiebaud and William T. Wiley. Notable students of De Forest included painter Christopher Brown. De Forest taught at UC Davis for twenty-seven years before retiring in 1992.

On the occasion of the exhibit, You See: The Early Years of the UC Davis Art Faculty, Renny Pritikin of the Nelson Gallery said, "History was made in the Central Valley in the early '60s when five great artists came together on the same faculty for over a decade and changed the nature and perception of art in California forever."

Art career

De Forest's first exhibition was in 1955, and the work reflected the influence of Abstract Expressionism, along with a developing interest in assemblage. Beginning in 1960 and continuing throughout the decade De Forest had many one-person shows at San Francisco's Dilexi Gallery, operated by Jim Newman. He continued to submit paintings and other forms of art in exhibitions for over fifty years until his death in 2007.

Artists groups and movements

During the 1960s, U.C. Davis became a hub for the Funk art movement, with many of the artists associated with this movement either teaching at Davis, or having studied there. De Forest, along with Arneson, Wiley, and David Gilhooly often exhibited together under this heading, including semi-regular shows at the Candy Store Gallery in nearby Folsom, California. Another important figure in the Funk art movement was Clayton Bailey, who was De Forest's neighbor, friend, and collaborator.

De Forest, along with Bailey, was also a key figure in the development of Nut art, a new artistic genre that paralleled Funk art, and which flourished primarily in the late 1960s and early 1970s in northern California. De Forest  preferred the term 'Nut' over 'Funk' to describe his art. A, perhaps apocryphal, account of the origin of the movement's name exists in an unpublished manuscript titled Basic Art written by self-appointed "Nut chronicler," David Zack.

Style

De Forest claims that "the aspect of invention in painting is the major factor in what you would call my style of painting."
De Forest rejected traditional styles of painting claiming that "rather than, say, taking an image and then finding a way to express it in paint, sometimes I think about how to use a paint and then find an image that fits it." De Forest's style depicts journeys to fantasy lands filled with creatures, some familiar, some not. These lands were quirky, comical, and crowded, filled with texturized, hallucinogen colors. He describes himself as an "obscure visual constructor of mechanical delights."

De Forest believed in having a great amount of variety in paintings. He believed that everything in a painting should differ in size, shape, etc. De Forest rejected bilateral symmetry, instead preferring randomness. An example of this are the dots he adds in his work, which have become sort of a trademark these dots are a trademark of his art.

De Forest is most known for the use of animals and fantasy creatures in his art, in particular, dogs. He became inspired to use animals in his artwork because he grew up on a farm and was constantly surrounded by dogs, cows, horses and other animals. He enjoyed adding creatures into his art because they reminded him of his past. De Forest believed that these animals also made his paintings more fun to make.

De Forest's work grew more representational as his career continued, and began to include suggestions of maps and motifs evocative of persons and animals as his career continued. By the late 1960s this transformation was nearly complete, as De Forest's work now freely mixed patterns and non-objective elements along with recognizable forms such as people, landscapes, and most notably, animals.

Towards the end of his life, De Forest's work also began to reflect his surroundings and life in Port Costa, California, with elements such as old brick buildings, birds, and dogs becoming more commonplace in his compositions.

As the physical forms in De Forest's work grew more recognizable, the origins and relationships between such grew more personal, suggestive of dream worlds and developing personal mythologies.

Overall, Roy De Forest is best known for his comic-like patchwork regionalist (California) style, often depicting dogs and other figurative content in his art.  His painting, Untitled (Devils/Dogs) from 1989-1990 in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art is typical of this style, and like many of his paintings, De Forest made the frame as well.

Techniques

Early in De Forest's art career he used standard oil paint to make landscape paintings. Later, in a deliberate attempt to move away from abstract expressionism, De Forest began using different mixtures of water-based paint. This does not allow the color of his paintings to blend as it would with oil paint. He added polyvinyl acetate when mixing his own water-based paints to adjust the texture to his preference.  In a 2004 interview, about his use of polyvinyl acetate, he explained, "It's a wonderful adhesive, so you can stick all kinds of junk in there: gravel, fillers of various kinds, and create all kinds of textures." He sometimes used cheap oil paint as well to get his desired rough, scorched textures.

Though primarily known as a painter, De Forest worked in other mediums as well, including sculpture, printmaking, and fabric. Several of his assemblage pieces, in addition to a few paintings, are in the diRosa collection.

Notable works of art

 Brothers Under the Feathers, 1962
 Frère Jacques, 1963
 Dog Lamp, 1970
 Country Dog Gentlemen, 1972
 Canis Prospectus, 1986

Personal life
De Forest had two children, a son named Pascal and a daughter, Orianna. Pascal, following the tradition of his father, majored in art at San Francisco State University. He has three sisters; Beth, Beverly, and Lynn.

Later Years
De Forest lived his latter years in Port Costa, California, surrounded by open land filled with dogs, cattle, and birds. De Forest died May 18, 2007, in Vallejo, California, after a short illness.

Select public collections

 Oakland Museum of California
 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
 The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
 di Rosa, Napa
 The Crocker Art Museum of Sacramento
 Santa Cruz Museum of Art & History
 The Hirshhorn Museum of Washington, D.C.
 The Rhode Island School of Design
 The Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
 Minneapolis Institute of Art
 Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
 Cantor Arts Center (Stanford University)
 Palm Springs Art Museum
 The Fabric Workshop and Museum, Philadelphia, PA
 The Richard L. Nelson Gallery & Fine Arts Collection, Davis, CA
 Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
 San Jose State University Art Collection, San Jose, CA

Exhibitions

SOLO EXHIBITIONS:
 "Man of Our Times: Drawings by Roy De Forest," Brian Gross Fine Art, San Francisco, CA, 2017.
"Of Dogs and Other People: The Art of Roy De Forest," Oakland Museum of California, 2017.
"Roy De Forest: Let Sleeping Dogs Lie," Brian Gross Fine Art, San Francisco, CA, 2015.
"Roy De Forest: A Simple Life," George Adams Gallery, New York, NY, 2013.
 "Roy De Forest: A Figure of Our Times," Brian Gross Fine Art, San Francisco, CA, 2012.
 "Bark!" John Natsoulas Gallery, Davis, CA, 2012.
 "Roy De Forest: Painting the Big Painting," Brian Gross Fine Art, San Francisco, CA, 2009.
 "Roy De Forest: A Memorial Exhibition, Paintings, Drawings and Constructions 1965-2007,"
 George Adams Gallery, New York, NY, 2008.
 "Roy De Forest: Recent Paintings," Brian Gross Fine Art, San Francisco, CA, 2006.
 "Roy De Forest: New Paintings," George Adams Gallery, New York, NY, 2005-2006.
 "New Works on Paper," Mobilia Gallery, Cambridge, MA, 2003.
 "A Slow Time in Arcadia: Roy De Forest and William T. Wiley 1960-2002," George Adams Gallery, New York, NY, 2002.
 "Roy De Forest & Gaylen Hanson," Paris Gibson Square Museum, Great Falls, MT; Yellowstone Art Museum, Billings, MT; Museum of Northwest Art, La Conner, WA; Schneider Museum of Art, Ashland, OR; Plains Art Museum, Fargo, ND, 1998-2001.*
 "New Constructions," George Adams Gallery, New York, NY, 1997.
 "New Paintings and Drawings," Frumkin/Adams Gallery, New York, NY, 1993.
 John Berggruen Gallery, San Francisco, 1992.
 Frumkin/Adams Gallery, New York City, 1990, 1993.
 Fuller Gross Gallery, San Francisco, CA, 1990.
 Cantor Center for the Visual Arts at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1990.
 "Roy De Forest," Fuller Gross Gallery, San Francisco, CA, 1989.
 Marilyn Butler Gallery, Santa Fe, NM, 1989.
 Dorothy Goldeen Gallery, Santa Monica, CA, 1988, 1991.
 Natsoulas/Novelozo Gallery, Davis, CA, 1988, 1990.*
 Struve Gallery, Chicago, IL, 1988.
 "Animal Images," Pittsburgh Center for the Arts, Pittsburgh, PA, 1987.*
 "New Paintings, Drawings & Constructions," Allan Frumkin Gallery, New York, NY, 1985.*
 "The Early Constructions," Nelson Gallery, University of California, Davis; University of Riverside, California:  1983-1984.
 Frumkin & Struve Gallery, Chicago, IL, 1983.
 Art Gallery, California State University, Chico, CA, 1982.
 Fuller Goldeen Gallery, San Francisco, CA, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1986.
 Nelson Gallery, University of California, Davis, CA, 1980, 1983.
 Triton Museum of Art, Santa Clara, CA, 1980.
 Fountain Gallery, Portland, OR, 1980.
 Blackfish Gallery, Portland, OR, 1980.
 Susan Whitney Gallery, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, 1980.
 E.B. Crocker Art Museum, Sacramento, CA, 1980.*
 Marian Locks Gallery, Philadelphia, PA, 1980.
 605 East 3rd Street Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, 1979.
 Fresno City College, Fresno, CA, 1979.
 Michael Berger Gallery, Pittsburgh, PA, 1979.
 Contemporary Arts Forum, Santa Barbara, CA, 1978.
 Institute of Contemporary Art (with Robert Hudson), Boston, MA, 1977, 1978.
 Clark / Benton Gallery, Santa Fe, NM, 1977, 1978, 1981.
 Barbara Fendrick Gallery, Washington, D.C., 1976.
 Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, CA, 1975.
 Retrospective exhibition. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, CA; Fort Worth Art Center, TX; Utah Museum of Fine Arts, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY:  1974-1975*
 Shasta College, Redding, CA, 1974.
 Galerie Allen, Vancouver, Canada, 1974.
 Galerie Darthea Speyer, Paris, France, 1974, 1977, 1981, 1987.
 Glenbow-Alberta Gallery, Calgary, Canada, 1974.
 Allan Frumkin Gallery, Chicago, IL, 1973, 1977.
 Hansen Fuller Gallery, San Francisco, CA, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1978.
 Manolides Gallery, Seattle, WA, 1971, 1972, 1978, 1979.
 Gallery Marc, Washington, D.C., 1971.
 California Palace of the Legion of Honor, San Francisco, CA, 1971.
 Candy Store Gallery, Folsom, CA, 1971.
 San Francisco Art Institute, San Francisco, CA, 1969.
 Cowell College, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 1969.
 Art Gallery, City College of Sacramento, Sacramento, CA, 1967.
 Allan Frumkin Gallery, New York, NY, 1966, 1972, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1985.*
 Peninsula Gallery, Menlo Park, CA, 1966.
 San Francisco Art Association Gallery, San Francisco, CA, 1962.
 Dilexi Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, 1962.
 Dilexi Gallery, San Francisco, CA, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966
 Stone Court Gallery, Yakima, WA, 1959, 1960.
 East & West Gallery, San Francisco, CA, 1955, 1958, 1965.

References

External links
Roy De Forest via Artcyclopedia
 http://www.sfmoma.org/images/artwork/large/73.32_01_d02.jpg
 http://countrydogs.sfmoma.org/ SFMOMA interactive feature
 http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=8183
 https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/23/obituaries/23deforest.html?_r=0
 https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/69.80
 https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/73.32
 http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Roy-De-Forest-Bay-Area-painter-well-known-2573936.php
 http://www.georgeadamsgallery.com/artists/roy-de-forest
 http://www.michaelbergergallery.com/Artist-Info.cfm?ArtistsID=528&Object=
 http://www.stmarys-ca.edu/node/9366
 https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/artist-roy-de-forest-dies
 http://www.askart.com/artist/Roy_Dean_De_Forest/30124/Roy_Dean_De_Forest.aspx
 http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-roy-de-forest-13232.
 http://www.labelcuratorial.com.

1930 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco Art Institute alumni
San Francisco State University alumni
Nut artists
People from North Platte, Nebraska
20th-century American male artists

Roy De Forest


A divertimento is a piece of music which is lighthearted and easy to listen to.  It is often performed on social occasions, e.g. as music to be played while people eat, or as after-dinner music.

The divertimento became popular in the 18th century. They were played by a small group of instruments.  Mozart wrote several pieces called "divertimento".  They are similar to a serenade.  A divertimento often has several movements, e.g. six, seven or more.

There are a few examples from the 20th century of pieces called "divertimento", e.g. works by including works by Ferruccio Busoni, Béla Bartók, and Igor Stravinsky (from his ballet Le Baiser de la Fée).

Musical forms

Divertimento


A Dream of the Past: Sir Isumbras at the Ford (1857) is a painting by John Everett Millais depicting a medieval knight helping two young peasant children over a swollen river. The children are carrying heavy burdens of wood for winter fuel. Though the title refers to the medieval poem Sir Isumbras, the painting does not illustrate a scene from the original text. However Millais's friend, the writer Tom Taylor, wrote verse in a pastiche of the original poem, describing the event depicted. This was included in the original exhibition catalogue.

The background of the painting is based closely on a ruined medieval bridge which stood in Bridge of Earn, Perthshire (since demolished).  Some of the village houses (in Back Street) can also be seen, though the tower house or castle to the left is imaginary.

When first exhibited the painting was extremely controversial, and was attacked by many critics. Millais's former supporter John Ruskin declared it to be a "catastrophe". The painting was also satirised in a print by Frederic Sandys, entitled "A Nightmare", in which Millais himself was represented as the knight. His fellow Pre-Raphaelites Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt were caricatured as the children, and the horse—transformed into a donkey—was branded with the initials of Ruskin.

Subject
The original poem describes an arrogant knight who is humbled by misfortune in his youth, a story derived from the Book of Job and the legend of Saint Eustace. The subject depicted by Millais portrays the elderly, now humble, Isumbras after the events narrated in the poem. It was described by Frederic George Stephens as follows,

'Sir Isumbras at the Ford' was the subject of the picture Millais made his leading work in the year 1857. It represented an ancient knight, all clad in golden armour, who had gone through the glories of this life – war honour, victory and reward, wealth and pride. Though he is aged and worn with war, his eye is still bright with the glory of human life, and yet he has stooped his magnificent pride so far as to help, true knight as he was, two little children, and carries them over a river ford upon the saddle of his grand war-horse, woodcutter's children as they were. The face of this warrior was one of those pictorial victories which can derive their success from nothing less than inspiration. The sun was setting beyond the forest that gathered about the river's margin, and, in its glorious decadence, symbolised the nearly spent life of the warrior.

The theme of the Christian Chivalry was a topical one at the time, discussed by Ruskin himself and other authors such as Charles Kingsley, who saw it as a means to overcome class division. It is comparable to the hymn Good King Wenceslas, written in the same decade, which also describes an aristocrat helping peasants who have been gathering fuel. Millais was also probably influenced by Albrecht Dürer's print, The Knight, Death and the Devil.

Controversy
 Critical commentary on the painting when it was first exhibited was largely hostile, with many critics finding the horse over-large and ugly and the expressions of the children exaggerated. Ruskin (whose wife Effie had left him for Millais a few years previously) was extremely savage, condemning the picture for making errors in "pictorial grammar" by portraying the foreground as lighter than the "more exposed" hills in the background. He insisted that Millais had suffered "not just a fall—but catastrophe".

In response, Millais attempted to repaint parts of the picture before he sent it to another exhibition in Liverpool. The repainted version won a prize at the Liverpool exhibition. Millais altered the picture again in the 1880s, adding decoration to the reins and bridle.

Influence
Despite its early bad reception, the painting became quite influential, inspiring a number of other images of chivalric knights. It was also taken up by political caricaturists, who took their cue from Sandys's caricature to replace the figures with politicians of the day, suggesting alliances between mismatched forces in attempts to "carry over" some piece of legislation. This tradition continued well into the 20th century.

See also
 List of paintings by John Everett Millais

Notes

External links
Lot Notes for A Dream of the Past: Sir Isumbras at the Ford, 1856, oil on panel

Paintings by John Everett Millais
1857 paintings
Collections of the Lady Lever Art Gallery
Horses in art
Paintings of children
Rivers in art


Northampton Street (part of the A1303) is a street in the north of central Cambridge, England. It runs between Madingley Road and Queen's Road to the west and Castle Street, by Castle Hill, Chesterton Lane (then Chesterton Road), and Magdalene Street to the east.

Northampton Street is part of the Cambridge inner ring road and thus has heavy traffic. The majority of properties on the south side of Northampton Street are owned by University of Cambridge colleges. On the north side there is Local Authority, private, and student housing, and also a public house.

To the south is St John's College, one of the largest University of Cambridge colleges, and the River Cam. Historic buildings include the School of Pythagoras and Kettle's Yard. To the north is Honey Hill. On the corner of Castle Street and Northampton Street is the Cambridge & County Folk Museum.

References

External links
 Northampton Street, Cambridge, Flickr

Streets in Cambridge
St John's College, Cambridge

Northampton Street, Cambridge


Lepidodendron is an extinct genus of primitive (tree-like) plant. They were the first large land plants, and a major part of the coal forest tropical flora.

They were huge, over , and the trunks were often over  in diameter.

Sometimes called 'giant club mosses', they are actually closer to the quillworts Isoetes than to clubmosses.

Ecology
They thrived during the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the Carboniferous 315–300 million years years ago.

The conditions were tropical swamps and rain forests of a huge river system much larger that the Amazon basin.

The river plain which was the heart of the wetland stretched across Pangaea 5000 km from eastern Canada to the Ukraine, and was 700 km wide.p6 This would make the Pennsylvanian basin larger than any wetlands on Earth today.

Change of climate
The rainforest system collapsed about halfway through the Pennsylvanian, and was replaced by a cooler, drier climate.

The wetland forests ended when the land level was raised by the pressure of the Gondwana continent against Laurussia, causing the zone of contact to be raised. The end of the Coal Measures marks the end of the Carboniferous period. China was too far away to be affected, and there the wetland forests continued for another 50 million years, into the early Permian.p30

Structure

Lepidodendron had tall, thick trunks that rarely branched and were topped with a crown of bifurcating branches bearing clusters of leaves. These leaves were long and narrow, similar to large blades of grass, and were spirally-arranged.

The closely packed diamond-shaped leaf scars left on the trunk and stems as the plant grew provide some of the most interesting and common fossils in Carboniferous shales and accompanying coal deposits. These fossils look much like tire tracks or alligator skin.

The scars, or leaf cushions, were composed of green photosynthetic tissue, evidenced by the cuticle covering and being dotted with stomata, microscopic pores through which carbon dioxide from the air diffuses into plants. Likewise, the trunks of Lepidodendron would have been green, unlike modern trees which have scaly, non-photosynthetic brown or gray bark.

Lepidodendron has been likened to a giant herb. The trunks produced very little, if any, wood. Most structural support came from a thick, bark-like region. This region remained around the trunk as a rigid layer that did not flake off like that of most modern trees. As the tree grew, the leaf cushions expanded to accommodate the increasing width of the trunk.

The branches of this plant ended in cone-like structures. Lepidodendron did not produce seeds like many modern plants. Instead, it reproduced by means of spores.

Stigmaria

Stigmaria are a type of branching tree root fossil found in Carboniferous rocks. They were the roots of coal forest lycopsid trees such as Sigillaria and Lepidodendron. Each trunk had four of those roots. Stigmaria is a "form taxon", as the genus and species of the plant bearing the root cannot be identified.

References

Fossil plants
Vascular plants
Carboniferous
Extinct plants

Lepidodendron


Callista chione, the smooth clam, is a rather large, temperate, marine, bivalve mollusc that inhabits sandy bottoms or with small pebbles in clean waters down to about 200 m from the British Isles to the Mediterranean. The shell can reach up to about 110 mm Ø, its outer side is smooth and ranges from light greenish creamy colour to medium brown, probably varies to match the background; the interior is white to soft pink. The concentric and radial growth lines are easily seen. Callista chione is edible, different dishes are prepared throughout the Mediterranean in Spain, Italy, France, the Balkan and the Maghreb countries.

It has been found that, as is the case with many bivalve molluscs, which are filter-feeders, (they feed by filtering food particles from the water), that Callista chione, common in fish markets in the Mediterranean, concentrates toxins from dinoflagellates blooms associated with pollution events such as red tides, sewage water, old sediment dredging, ship ballast water dumping, etc. These toxins cannot be eliminated by the traditional cleansing of shellfish in clean water or by cooking, and can be responsible for complex human health problems: respiratory ailments, skin rashes, even paralysis, etc., such as it is known now to have occurred in New Orleans, associated with the contact or ingestion of severely contaminated water, left by Hurricane Katrina. The commonest of these dangers is known as PSP or paralytic shellfish poisoning.

Vernacular names

 En: Smooth or brown Venus-clam
 Fr: Vernis, grande palourde
 It: Fasolaro (official name), Cappa liscia, cappa chione, issolone, venerechione
 De: Braune Venusmuschel
 Es: Almejón de sangre, mariposa, almejón brillante, gavesia, concha fina (Málaga España)
 Gl: Ameixón, ameixa macha
 Ca: Petxinot de sang, lluenta
 Gr: Gyalisteri (γυαλιστερή)
 Hr: Lakirka, Rumenka, Klapun

Notes

Veneridae
Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean
Marine molluscs of Africa
Marine molluscs of Europe
Molluscs described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Callista chione


The Gilgit River () is a tributary of the Indus River, and flows past the town of Gilgit. It is in the Northern Areas of disputed Kashmir, Pakistan.

Tributaries
 The Ghizar River is the source of this river is the south of Shandoor pass in the western frontiers of Gilgit. Different streams flowing to the north join each other and take the shape of river near Chhashi. It then turns to the southeast and joins the Ishkuman River near Gupis and proceeds farther to Gakooch. From this point the river is named Gilgit. Flowing near Sher Qilla it reaches Gilgit town, where the river Hunza from north joins it.
 The Ishkuman River begins at Ishkuman where many streams meet. The streams come from the north western boundaries of Gilgit in the Hindu Kush range of mountains. At Ishkuman these streams join to make the Ishkuman River which flows south, passing through Chitarkhand. It ends where it joins into the Ghizar River at Gakooch.
 The Yasin River begins in the glaciers near Darkot, and passes in to the north western frontiers of Gilgit and flows south to the join the Ghizar River near Gupis.
 The Hunza River () is the main river in Hunza, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is formed by the confluence of the Khunjerab River, Gujerab River, Misgar River, Chapursan River and Shimshal River. These rivers are fed by glaciers. After flowing to south up to Nagar it turns to west. From Chalit it again takes a turn to the south. Flowing through Nomal Valley, it reaches Gilgit city and empties out into Gilgit River. It joins the Gilgit River with the Naltar River. Later it flows into the Indus River.
 The Hispar River forms from the melt water of the Hispar Glacier - a 49 kilometer-long glacier in the Northern Areas of Pakistan's Karakoram Mountains. The Hispar Glacier and river both flow northwest, passing through Hispar, Hopar and Nagar (Nagir) villages until the confluence with the Hunza River in the Hunza Valley. Road conditions are spectacular at best, treacherous at worst.
 The Khunjerab River begins in the snow clad mountains and glaciers in the north and south of Khunjerab pass. The river flows to the west then turns southward. It ends when it flows into the Hunza River.
 The Chapursan River begins in the area of the Chilanji pass and the slopes of Kampiri Diwar peak. It flows to the east and joins Khunjerab River near Khuda Abad.
 The Gujerab River starts from small glaciers and snow-topped mountains of the Gujerab range, and flows to the west and later joins Khunjerab River.
 The Misgar River begins in the slopes of the mountains between Mintaka and the Kilik pass on the northern boundary of Gilgit. It flows to the south east and ends when it empties into the Khunjerab River.
 The Shimshal River begins in the Shimshal pass from Virjirab and other glaciers. This is in the north eastern region of the Gilgit Agency. It flows to the west and after reaching Passu it joins the Khunjerab River. Later the Khunjerab River joins the Hunza River.

Related pages
 List of rivers of Pakistan

Rivers of Pakistan
Tributaries of the Indus River

Gilgit River


Menelaus (, Menelaos - "wrath of the people") is one of the central figures in Homer's Iliad and a hero of the Trojan War. He was the son of King Atreus and Queen Aerope of Mycenae, and the brother of Agamemnon. He was the king of Sparta. His wife was Helen of Troy, said to be the most beautiful woman in the world. She was kidnapped by Prince Paris of Troy. That caused the Trojan War, as Menelaus sought to get Helen back. Prior to the war, Menelaus had one child with Helen, a daughter named Hermione.

People in Greek mythology
Kings of Sparta

Menelaus


Samuel Atkins (fl. 1787–1808), was a British marine painter.

Atkins contributed to the Royal Academy between 1787 and 1796. From 1796 to 1804 he was in the East Indies, when he returned to England, and continued to exhibit until 1808. He worked in oil and water-colour. The water-colour collections of South Kensington and the British Museum have each an example of his work. It is rather early in manner, low in tone, quiet, and truthful. A picture of 'Shakespeare's Cliff, Dover,' has been engraved after him by R. and D. Havell. Nagler attributes to this Samuel Atkins the originals of two engravings of sea-subjects after '— Atkins:' 'Ships in Sight of Harbour,' engraved in aquatint by H. Merke; and 'A Sea Piece,' by F. Janinet. A water-colour drawing also, 'Seascape with Ships,' he gives to this painter.

Gallery

References

External links

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
18th-century British painters
British male painters
19th-century British painters
British marine artists
Year of birth uncertain
19th-century British male artists

Samuel Atkins


Veropedia was a free, advertising-supported online encyclopedia launched in late October 2007. It was taken down in January 2009, pending creation of a new version.

Veropedia editors chose Wikipedia articles that met the site's reliability standards; information was then scraped, or chosen by an automatic process, and thereafter a stable version of the article was posted on Veropedia.

Any improvements required for articles to reach a standard suitable for Veropedia had to be done on Wikipedia itself. This model was intended to provide benefits to both projects: Wikipedia's open nature and large volume, and Veropedia's stability and perpetuity.

 the site, still in beta, had checked and imported more than 5,800 articles from the English Wikipedia into its public database. Although Veropedia intended to eventually support itself completely through advertising, the project was mainly financed by those involved in the project, and in January 2009 it disabled articles and advertisements and announced a coming "Beta2".

History
Veropedia was started by a group of experienced Wikipedia editors, including founder Daniel Wool, who had prior experience editing a variety of reference works including Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World and was an employee of the Wikimedia Foundation until spring 2007. By November 2007, roughly 100 Wikipedia editors were involved in the project. The help of academics who had worked on Wikipedia was also being sought.

An explanatory page on the site stated that similar projects in languages other than English might be launched; it distinguished Veropedia from "expert-driven" wikis such as Citizendium.

In January 2009, the encyclopedia contents were removed and replaced with a message stating that "The original version of Veropedia has been taken down for now while we work on a new Veropedia. This new Veropedia will have a superior method of handling articles and introduces an improved interface."

Management and legal status
Veropedia was operated by Veropedia, Inc., a for-profit corporation registered in Florida, and founded by Wool, a former co-ordinator at the Wikimedia Foundation, the parent organization of Wikipedia.

As required by its use of Wikipedia material, all Veropedia content was licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.

Contrast with Wikipedia

Articles were uploaded when they met Veropedia's criteria. Articles were not edited once uploaded.
Veropedia used only experienced article editors, and operated an automated system for uploading, which checked proposed articles for a wide range of issues, and refused to accept them if any were present.
Independent human expert review of articles was planned for the final version, but was not implemented.
In Veropedia's own words: "Each article will be given to recognized academics and experts to review. These experts can either provide their stamp of approval or make suggestions as to how the article can be improved further.  In that way, users will know that the article is reliable.  Our material is written by Wikipedia contributors.  The role of experts and academics will be to check it and, ideally, approve it.  Their comments will be given back to our contributors to incorporate back into the articles to make them even better."
While Wikipedia allows almost anyone to edit, contributing to Veropedia was by approval (following a request) or invitation only.
Veropedia's content covered a smaller range than Wikipedia: at its height it had some 5800 articles vs. 3 million for Wikipedia.  The focus was explicitly upon articles that are likely to be widely useful, and are improved to a high quality standard. , Veropedia's growth rate was around 300 articles per month.
Unlike the English Wikipedia, Veropedia had a number of tighter restrictions.  For example, exclusion of fair use images and other content.  The Veropedia FAQ stated: "We have decided to... go back to the core principles of the project by focusing on free content.  Only by insisting on free content can we revert the current trend of extending copyright and encourage people to release their content to the public."
While Wikipedia is funded by donations, Veropedia used paid advertising. Daniel Wool commented: "I was in charge of fundraising for Wikipedia, and I feel a lot more comfortable taking ads from Amazon than the donations of high school students."

Evaluation
Nicholas Carr, a critic of Web 2.0 in general and Wikipedia in particular, criticized Veropedia as trying to "scrape" the "cream" of Wikipedia. Carr has also stated that Veropedia had an unclear interface with clicks bouncing one back and forth between Wikipedia and Veropedia.

Tim Blackmore, an associate professor at the Faculty of Information and Media Studies of the University of Western Ontario, expressed scepticism toward the project, since there are already encyclopedias in existence where "content is checked and articles are reviewed". The main lure of the internet, according to him, is "free information" and Wikipedia has already emerged as a pioneer in open content information resources.

A different evaluation in The Australian said Veropedia "seems more likely to succeed" than Citizendium, another then-recently founded online encyclopedia, because "it is less directly competitive" with Wikipedia. The story opined that both Veropedia and Citizendium "should in theory help improve the fairness and accuracy of available online information about many contentious topics although the academic bent to each raises questions over what, exactly, they will construe as fair when it comes to coverage of corporations and their actions."

A story in Wired News discussed whether Veropedia (and Citizendium) could avoid some of the same problems that Wikipedia has supposedly encountered: "Though office politics and internecine bickering abound at the Wikimedia Foundation – one former insider described the atmosphere as "MySpace meets 'As the World Turns' for geeks" – both Wool and Sanger deny that internal squabbles were why they started their own encyclopedias. Whether their ventures fall prey to the same turf wars, bureaucratic quagmires and academic catfights as the site that spawned them remains to be seen."

In a review of various Wikipedia alternatives, TechNewsWorld argued that Veropedia's estimation of 5000 articles was not credible, as "many of these articles are small and insignificant almanac-type entries that serve mainly as filler". It thus argued that like Citizendium, Veropedia avoided "the tough challenge of handling controversial and time-sensitive subjects" that Wikipedia had taken on. The article also stated that most Veropedia articles were identical to their Wikipedia counterpart.

See also
 List of online encyclopedias

References

Further reading
  (Sourced from the Wayback Machine).

Internet properties established in 2007
Wikipedia-derived encyclopedias
MediaWiki websites
Internet properties disestablished in 2009

Veropedia


Saint-Fons is a French city next to Lyon. About 15.000 people live there. The name of the city does not come from a saint. It is because there are many fountains near the city. Originally the place name was Cent Fonts ( 100 sources), which was changed into the current city name. The city split from Vénissieux in the middle of the 19th century. The main reason for splitting was because of the chemical industry in the spot.

Communes in Rhône

Saint-Fons


A talisman is an amulet or other object considered to possess supernatural or magical powers. A talisman can have protective properties, turning away harmful or evil influences. It is a very sacred object said to give protection and good luck.

It is also said that when making an talisman the person intending to use it must craft it.

Superstitions
Magic (paranormal)

Talisman


AMOLED (Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode) is a display technology mainly used in mobile phones, televisions and other electronic devices with a screen. An AMOLED display uses an active matrix of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) that emits light when an electrical signal is present.

As of 2008, AMOLED technology was used in phones, media players, and digital cameras. They are starting to be used more in low-power, cheaper and large-sized applications as well.

Advantages

OLEDs work just like a regular LED except the diodes in OLEDs are thinner. Other type of displays, such as LCDs, require an external light source (backlighting) to illuminate the screen whereas OLED displays do not. Energy efficiency is also an advantage of AMOLED displays. It is more energy efficient than LED and other types of displays. This is because AMOLED displays generate less heat while emitting light, allowing for less energy being lost during heat transfer. It is energy efficient in its ability to consume less power as well. It can be utilized well for portable consumer electronic devices, where good battery-life is essential. Because of this efficiency, AMOLED displays can also be considered eco-friendly. Compared to other types of displays, AMOLED displays can produce high refresh rates although LCD leads in that specific area. AMOLED displays also allow to be folded, which manufacturers use to make bezel-less screens that fold behind the display.

Disadvantages
AMOLED displays are prone to screen burn-ins, which leaves a permanent imprint of overused colors from overused images. The imprint only happens if the screen is used at maximum brightness for a long time. Because of the organic compounds of its technology too, unlike light diodes or inorganic crystalline, AMOLED displays are highly susceptible to water damage. Putting the display in water would result in immediate colour and pixel damage. Thus, sealing techniques must be taken into consideration during the manufacturing process.

Because of AMOLED's reduced maximum brightness and lack of backlighting, AMOLED displays may be difficult to view in direct sunlight compared to LCDs.[13][citation needed]. However, there are solutions to this problem. Samsung, for example, fixes this problem by reducing the size of gaps between layers of the screen. 14][15]

Marketing
AMOLED Screens have been marketed in various ways by different companies. Apple refers their AMOLED displays as "Super Retina HD" while Samsung refers to theirs as "Super AMOLED". Motorola, HTC, Google and all the other device makers market in different ways even though most of their screens are created by Samsung, which controls 98% of the AMOLED display market.

Future Development
Manufacturers have tried to address the disadvantages of AMOLED display technology. Samsung has announced their launch of the world's first stretchable touchscreen display with a 9:1 inch dynamic stretchable AMOLED display. The new screen is based off of LTPS (Low Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon) technology, which helps with deforming necessary pixels for stretching.  AU Optronics, an electronics manufacturer in Taiwan, has also made moves to develop in-cell touch panels into AMOLED display's fabrication process.

References

Display technology
Mobile phones

AMOLED


Chatham County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 49,329 people lived there.    Now the population is more than 60,000.  Its county seat is Pittsboro.

History
The county was made in 1771 from Orange County.

In 1907 parts of Chatham County and Moore County were combined to form Lee County.

Government
Chatham County is part of the regional Triangle J Council of Governments.

Schools
Chatham County has its own public school system for grades kindergarten to 12.  Central Carolina Community College also has two campuses in the county.

Coal Mines
Chatham County has the only coal mines in North Carolina.  Coal mining used to be very important to the county, but in the 1920s a bad accident in one of the mines killed many workers.  By the 1940s all the mines had closed.  Some people have tried to open the mines back up, but the mines are too dangerous.  Right now none of the mines are open.

New Houses
Many builders are building new houses in Chatham County right now.  Some people in the county do not like this because they do not want Chatham County to have a lot of people.  A lot of people want to live in Chatham County because they do not have to pay as much tax as people in other North Carolina counties do.  But other people think it is good that a lot of people want to live in the county because then the county will make more money from taxes.

Connected Counties
Orange County, North Carolina - north
Durham County, North Carolina - northeast
Wake County, North Carolina - east
Harnett County, North Carolina - southeast
Lee County, North Carolina - south
Moore County, North Carolina - southwest
Randolph County, North Carolina - west
Alamance County, North Carolina - northwest

Cities and Towns
These cities and towns are in Chatham County:
Fearrington
Goldston
Pittsboro
Siler City

Roads
These are the most important roads in Chatham County:
 U.S. Highway 64
 U.S. Highway 421
  U.S. Highway 15-501

Other websites
Chatham County Government
Chatham County Travel Website
Chatham Journal Newspaper
Chatham Online Bulletin Board

1771 establishments
1770s establishments in North Carolina

Chatham County, North Carolina


Asim Butt (26 March 1978 – 15 January 2010) was a Pakistani painter and sculptor, with an interest in graffiti and printmaking. He was also a member of the Stuckism International art movement and founder of The Karachi Stuckists.

Life and work
Asim Butt was born in Karachi. He attended Li Po Chun United World College. He started painting at an early age, but at his parents' insistence, went to college, where he studied Social Sciences from the Lahore University of Management Sciences. He began a Ph.D. in History at University of California, Davis (UC Davis) in California, United States of America, but left the course after two years, when he participated in a group show mounted at the San Francisco Arts Commission Gallery in March 2002 with Rigo '02 and LYRIC. He then returned to enroll in a B.F.A. in Painting in Karachi.

He participated in group shows in Karachi and Lahore, and in 2003 painted two murals in the environs of the shrine to the 8th Century Sufi saint Abdullah Shah Ghazi. This is an area visited by many people each day and also home to many of Karachi's homeless, including beggars, transsexuals and drug addicts. One mural, about America's Shock and Awe campaign in Iraq, was called, 5 Ways to Kill a Man, inspired by Edwin Brock's poem. The other was about glue-sniffing children he encountered, while painting the first mural. Both murals were later whitewashed by city authorities.

In 2005, Butt founded the Karachi chapter of the Stuckist art movement. That year he did three interactive performative pieces, one of which sought to claim the Mohatta Palace Museum as a lived space, resulting in his being banned from it. In 2006, he graduated from the Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture, Karachi. In 2007, he participated in group shows, 13 Satellites (Lahore), Emerging Talent (Karachi) and Sohni Dharti, part of the Shanaakht festival at the Karachi Arts Council.

He spoke out against the imposition of emergency regulations in November 2007 by starting an "art protest" movement—spray-stencilling graffiti of an "eject" symbol of a red triangle over a red rectangle, an image which has now become widespread in Karachi. Butt said it was a representation to:

He was caught on two occasions and claimed it was school art project work. He says that people's dignity has been overtaken by the predominant social and economic power of the military.

While Butt increasingly came to view public political art as central to his art practice, he continued painting on canvas. Butt publicly and openly identified himself as gay even in the face of social pressure to avoid doing so. Nevertheless, he was ambivalent about being viewed as a "gay artist" preferring to describe himself as an "artist who happened to be gay." Much of Butt's art practice, including his public art, explored themes of gender, sexuality and masculinity and the male physique. He described Pakistani attitudes to homosexuality in these words:

"Pakistanis are generally tolerant of homosexuality but don't like to bring sexual politics into public. Men and women engage in homosexual acts without necessarily identifying themselves as 'gay'. However, western ideas  sexuality do shape the identity and cultural practices of a growing middle-class 'gay' community."

He lived in Karachi's affluent Defence Housing Authority neighbourhood with his parents.

Death

Asim Butt died on 15 January 2010, a news report stating that he had committed suicide by hanging himself in his residence.

References

External links
Comprehensive website on life and work of Asim Butt
Asim Butt's website
Asim Butt on Saatchi Gallery Your Gallery
Asim Butt's tribute page on Stuckism International website
BBC feature (includes video)
Asim Butt answers some questions (BBC)

1978 births
2010 deaths
Artists who died by suicide
Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture alumni
Lahore University of Management Sciences alumni
21st-century Pakistani painters
Pakistani graffiti artists
Stuckism
Suicides by hanging in Pakistan
Artists from Karachi
Artists from Sindh
Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent
2010 suicides
People educated at a United World College

Asim Butt (artist)


Bubblegum pop, is a style of pop music. It derives from synthpop. It is much like its predecessors, although it adds traditional nursery rhymes to a synth background. The Archies created this genre of music. "Sugar, Sugar" is the first song which The Archies made that is bubblegum pop. Bubblegum pop also can be called bubblegum music, or just simply bubblegum.

Pop music

Bubblegum pop


"The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale" is a story from the well known book The Canterbury Tales. It is about a knight who sets on a quest to find the object that women most desire. The story has been changed into many plays.

The story begins when a man rapes a young lady. He is sentenced to death by the King, but the Queen asks for mercy.  She gives the knight a year and a day to find out what women really want. The man hunts the entire year, and gets many different answers, from the different women he asks.

After a year passed he was on  his way to back the castle to tell the queen his answer when he saw many young women.  They disappeared and left one old lady. The old lady gives him the answer but in return wants to marry him. The man is forced to marry the old woman after she gives him the correct answer, which was mastery (sovereignty) from their husbands/men. On their honeymoon he hides from her and she gives him the choice of her old ugly self, who would never cheat on him or a pretty woman who might cheat on him. He gives her the power to make the decision on her own, and in return she turns herself into a pretty and faithful young woman he had truly wanted.

The Canterbury Tales

The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale


North Ayrshire (Gaelic: Siorrachd Inbhir Àir a Tuath, ) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders onto the areas of Inverclyde to the north, Renfrewshire to the north east, and East Ayrshire, and South Ayrshire to the East and South respectively.

The area was created in 1996 as a successor to the district of Cunninghame which covered exactly the same boundaries. The mainland portion of the council area has historically been part of a greater County of Ayr, however it also contains the islands of Arran, Great Cumbrae and Little Cumbrae in the lower Firth of Clyde. All the islands were previously in the County of Bute.

Towns and villages

Mainland
 Ardrossan
 Barrmill
 Benslie
 Bourtreehill
 Beith
 Chapeltoun
 Cunninghamhead
 Dalry
 Dreghorn
 Fairlie
 Fergushill
 Gateside, North Ayrshire
 Girdle Toll
 Hessilhead
 Irvine
 Kilbirnie
 Kilwinning
 Largs
 Perceton
 Portencross
 Saltcoats
 Seamill
 Skelmorlie
 Springside
 Stevenston
 West Kilbride

Arran
 Brodick
 Blackwaterfoot
 Lamlash
 Lochranza

The Cumbraes
 Millport

Education

Secondary Schools In North Ayrshire
 Ardrossan Academy, Ardrossan
 St Andrew's Academy, Saltcoats (merged to form St Matthew's Academy)
 Kilwinning Academy, Kilwinning
 St Michael's Academy, Kilwinning (merged to form St Matthew's Academy)
 Greenwood Academy, Irvine
 Irvine Royal Academy, Irvine
 Auchenharvie Academy, Stevenston
 Largs Academy, Largs
 St Matthew's Academy, Saltcoats
 Garnock Academy

Places of Interest
 Clyde Muirshiel Regional Park
 Eglinton Country Park, Irvine
 Eglinton Tournament Bridge

Other websites
 Ardrossan Academy website

1996 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s establishments in Scotland

North Ayrshire


Iron(II) chloride, also known as ferrous chloride, is a chemical compound. It is made of iron and chloride ions. The iron is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
It is grayish-white when anhydrous and greenish when hydrated. It is oxidized by oxygen to a mixture of iron(III) chloride and iron(III) oxide, which are brown-yellow. It dissolves in water to make a yellowish-green solution. It is a reducing agent. It reacts with bases to make greenish iron(II) hydroxide.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving iron in hydrochloric acid. It can also be made by reacting iron with iron(III) chloride. Some other reducing agents react with iron(III) chloride to make iron(II) chloride.

Uses
It does not have common uses. Iron(II) sulfate and iron(III) chloride are used more often. It is used in treating wastewater. It can be used as a reducing agent in organic chemistry.

Related pages
Iron(II) oxide
Iron(III) oxide
Cobalt(II) chloride
Copper(II) chloride

Iron compounds
Chlorine compounds

Iron(II) chloride


Ages of Man is an Ancient Greek myth that divides the history of the world into five eras. In the first eras, humans lived close to gods and were happy. In the latest eras, the gods have left the world and humans live in pain and unhappiness. This myth was first written down by Greek poet Hesiod, about 2700 years ago.

 In the Golden Age, humans lived together with gods in peace. Plato said that there were also demons in this age, who were good and helped people. All of them were ruled by Kronos.
 In the Silver Age, humans lived for one hundred years as children and fought each other when they became adults. They refused to worship Kronos' son Zeus, so he killed them all.
 In the Bronze Age, humans fought each other all the time. They have all been killed in their own wars.
 In the Heroic Age, demigods and heroes lived among humans. Perseus, Heracles, and Argonauts lived in this age. It ended after the Trojan War.
 In the Iron Age, gods and other supernatural beings abandoned humans. As a result, humans have forgotten their virtues and lived in misery. It was the age when Hesiod himself lived.

Roman poet Ovid also wrote about the Ages of Man about two thousand years ago, although he did not mention the Heroic Age.

Related pages
 Five Suns
 Yuga

Greek mythology
Roman mythology

Ages of Man


Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg (Dorothea Sophie; 5 July 1670 – 15 September 1748) was a Countess Palatine of Neuburg by birth and later the wife of the two sons of Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma.

Married to the Hereditary Prince of Parma in 1690, she was the mother of two children including the future Queen Elisabeth of Spain. Her first husband died after just three years of marriage. Remaining in Parma she was engaged to her brother-in-law, the new Duke of Parma.

Retiring from the court at the death of her last husband, her grandson the future Charles III of Spain conquered Parma after the extinction of the Farnese and Dorothea Sophie acted as regent of the state till his official majority in January 1735. She died aged seventy-eight just weeks before her second grandson Infante Felipe of Spain became the next duke of Parma.

Issue
Alessandro Ignazio Farnese (6 December 1691 - 5 August 1693) died in infancy.
Elisabetta Farnese (25 October 1692 - 11 July 1766) married Philip V of Spain and had issue.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

5 July 1670 – 17 September 1690 Her Serene Highness Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
17 September 1690 – 6 September 1693 Her Highness the Hereditary Princess of Parma
6 September 1693 – 7 December 1696 Her Highness the Dowager Hereditary Princess of Parma
7 December 1696 – 26 May 1727 Her Highness the Duchess of Parma
26 May 1727 – 15 September 1748 Her Highness the Dowager Duchess of Parma

1670 births
1748 deaths
Dukes and Duchesses of Parma
House of Farnese

Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg


El Greco ("The Greek", 1 October 1541 – 7 April 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He usually signed his paintings in Greek letters with his full name, Doménicos Theotokópoulos ().

El Greco was born in Crete, which was the center of Post-Byzantine art at that time. He trained and became a master of that kind of art before travelling at 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done. In 1570, he moved to Rome and opened a workshop and made a series of works. While he was in Italy, El Greco added elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance to his style. In 1577, at the age of 36, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death in 1614. In Toledo, El Greco painted his best-known paintings.

El Greco's dramatic and expressionist style puzzled other painters at the time, but came to be appreciated in the 20th century. El Greco is considered to have influenced both the Expressionist and Cubist styles. His personality and works inspired poets and writers like Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. Many modern scholars think that El Greco belongs to no conventional school. He is best known for long figures and often fantastic or dramatic coloring, combining Byzantine traditions with Western painting traditions. His paintings generally have very bright parts contrasting with very dark parts.

References

1541 births
1614 deaths
Crete
Spanish painters
Greek people
People from Toledo, Spain
Spanish sculptors
Spanish architects

El Greco


Blackmail means threatening to say something bad about someone unless that person pays some money.

If someone has committed a crime, another person might blackmail them. The blackmailer might, for example, say that if the criminal does not give them a large amount of money, they will tell the police.

A blackmailer may threaten to say something embarrassing that someone unless they hand over a sum of money. For example, it maybe something about an intimacy that they are having that they do not want everyone to know about.

Sometimes, a business may blackmail another business. They might threaten to harm that business in some way unless money is paid.

Blackmail is against the law. People who are caught blackmailing may be sent to jail.

History
Blackmail started on the borders of England and Scotland. Blackmail was the money left out by landowners in England so that raiders from Scotland did not steal their animals or damage the property.

Related pages
Bribery
Financial crimes

Blackmail


Awake and Sing! is a drama written by American playwright Clifford Odets. The play was initially produced by The Group Theatre in 1935.

Summary and characters
The play is set in The Bronx borough of New York City, New York, in 1933. It concerns the impoverished Berger family, who all live under one roof, and their conflicts as the parents scheme to manipulate their children's relationships to their own ends, while their children strive for their own dreams.

The audience is introduced to a unique family. The matriarch of the family, Bessie, had high hopes and dreams for her family; however, despite her hopefulness, her largest fear is that her family will lose their home and all their possessions. This fear stems from a woman down the street who had this exact thing happen to her.

The household consists of extended family such as Bessie's father, Jacob, her husband Myron, and their son Ralph, 21, and spinster daughter Hennie, 26. To top it all off, in order to ease the financial burden on the family, the Bergers have taken in an immigrant boarder, named Sam.

Besides the desire for financial stability, there are other problems that the Bergers face, such as Hennie's unwanted pregnancy. To avoid this burden on the family, Bessie insists on the marriage between Hennie and the new immigrant boarder in order to save her family's reputation and her daughter's life.  Hennie has no love for Sam. The family has very different views on the arranged marriage between Hennie and Sam. For example, Ralph, a more philosophical character of the play, is not in agreement with his mother's decision. Ralph very much resembles his grandfather who is an idealist. The Berger house is therefore divided into idealists and realists, much like society as a whole.

In a turn of events, Jacob commits suicide after making Ralph the beneficiary of his life insurance policy, in hopes that this will give Ralph the freedom for which he yearns.

Themes

Odets brings to the table the issues of the importance of appearances in relation to respectability in society - how we appear to society is how we improve and gain status - as well as the contrasting worlds of idealism and realism. Odets also presents the contrasting of materialistic ideals and the importance of money in society. Through his writing, he zooms in on the economic burden that is placed on society and how it affects the lives of humans and the way they live their lives. He also shows how values can become blurred and perceptions can change with experience.

Characters

 Myron Berger the father of the family
 Bessie Berger his wife
 Hennie Berger their daughter, age 26
 Ralph Berger their son, age 21
 Uncle Morty Bessie's brother, a successful businessman
 Jacob father of Bessie and Morty; a Marxist; he lives with the Bergers
 Moe Axelrod a friend of the family who eventually boards with the Bergers
 Sam Feinschreiber an immigrant who courts Hennie
 Schlosser the janitor in the Bergers' apartment building

Productions

The play premiered on Broadway at the Belasco Theatre on February 19, 1935, running for 184 performances before closing on July 27, 1935; it returned two months later on September 9 for an additional 24 performances through September 28, 1935. Directed by Harold Clurman, the cast starred Luther Adler (Moe Axelrod), Stella Adler (Bessie Berger), Morris Carnovsky (Jacob), John Garfield (Ralph Berger) and Sanford Meisner (Sam Feinschreiber).

The play was the first production - in January 1941 - of Glasgow Unity Theatre.

It was revived in 1961 at the Teatro Oficina, São Paulo, Brazil.

It was revived off-Broadway in 1970, 1979, 1993 and 1995. It was revived on Broadway in 1938, 1939, 1984 and 2006.

A Lincoln Center Theater production on Broadway at the Belasco Theatre, opening on April 17, 2006, and closing on June 25, 2006 after 80 performances and 27 previews,  won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play. Directed by Bartlett Sher, the cast featured Ben Gazzara (Jacob), Zoë Wanamaker (Bessie), Mark Ruffalo (Moe), Pablo Schreiber (Ralph), and Lauren Ambrose (Hennie). Gazzara and Ruffalo repeated their roles (with Sher directing) in a 2010 L.A. Theatre Works recording of the play that also starred Jane Kaczmarek.

Directed by Robert Hopkins and Norman Lloyd, Awake and Sing premiered on PBS March 6, 1972.  This film production of the play featured Walter Matthau (Moe), Ruth Storey (Bessie), Felicia Farr (Hennie), Robert Lipton (Ralph), Leo Fuchs (Jacob), Milton Selzer (Myron), Martin Ritt (Uncle Morty), Ron Rifkin (Sam), and John Myhers (Schlosser).

It was produced at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon, in 1996.

In 2006, Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. produced the show with the director (and Arena's founding artistic director) Zelda Fichandler in a production featuring Robert Prosky as Jacob, and featuring the adoption of Yiddish in the script that conforms to Odets's earlier version of the play, titled "I Got the Blues."

Following its American success in revivals, the play was staged in London at the Off West End Almeida Theatre, from August 31, 2007, through October 20, 2007. Directed by Michael Attenborough, the cast featured Stockard Channing as Bessie.

The play opened in Toronto, Ontario, on June 6, 2009, for a two-month run at the Soulpepper Theatre Company.

The National Asian American Theatre Company in New York produced the play from August to September 2013 at the SoHo Walker Space. It won an Obie Award for Mia Katigbak as Bessie Berger. It is currently playing at the New York Public Theatre as part of National Asian American Theatre Company's 25th Anniversary.

In 2014, a production at the Olney Theatre Center for the Arts in Olney, Maryland was directed by Serge Seiden and featured Rick Foucheux as Jacob and Naomi Jacobsen as Bessie Berger. Also in 2014, a production at Boston's Huntington Theater Company, was directed by Melia Bensussen.

In 2015, the Public Theater with National Asian-American Theatre Company presented a production with a cast completely of Asian descent under the direction of Stephen Brown-Fried. It was led by Mia Katigbak and received a Drama League nomination for Outstanding Revival.

In 2019, Quintessence Theatre Group in Philadelphia, PA presented a production starring Lawrence Pressman as Jacob. The production was nominated for two Barrymore Awards, including one for Pressman for Outstanding Supporting Performance in a Play.

Awards and nominations

Tony Awards (2006)

Best Revival of a Play (win)
Best Costume Design of a Play (win)
Best Lighting Design of a Play (nomination)
Best Scenic Design of a Play (nomination)
Best Direction of a Play (nomination)
Featured Actress – Zoe Wanamaker (nomination)
Featured Actor – Mark Ruffalo (nomination) and Pablo Schreiber (nomination)

Drama Desk Awards (2006)

Outstanding Revival of a Play (win)
Outstanding Set Design of a Play (win)
Outstanding Ensemble Performance (win)
Outstanding Lighting Design (nomination)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

  (archive)
 Review of 1981 revival
 Photos of the Jewish Repertory Theatre's 2008 production of Awake and Sing
 Study guide for UK Almeida 2007 production

1935 plays
The Bronx in fiction
Broadway plays
Drama Desk Award-winning plays
Off-Broadway plays
Plays by Clifford Odets
Plays set in New York City
Tony Award-winning plays
West End plays
Plays adapted into television shows

Awake and Sing!


There are many people called Queen Elizabeth.

List of people
Among the women known to history as "Queen Elizabeth" are, in order of date of death:

(Note that the name "Isabel" or "Isabella" is sometimes translated into English as "Elizabeth" or "Elisabeth".)

 Elizabeth the Cuman, daughter of Kuthen, Prince of the Kumans. She married, in 1254, Stephen V of Hungary.
 Elizabeth of Portugal (1271–1336), queen consort, daughter of Peter III of Aragon, wife of Denis of Portugal.
 Elzbieta Ryksa (1288–1335), queen consort of Bohemia: daughter of Przemysl II of Poland; wife of Rudolf III of Austria.
 Elzbieta of Poland (1305–1380), queen consort of Poland and queen consort of Hungary: daughter of Ladislaus I of Poland; wife of Charles II of Hungary .
 Elizabeth Woodville (c. 1437–1492), queen consort of England: wife of Edward IV of England; mother of the Princes in the Tower and of Elizabeth of York.
 Elizabeth of York (1465–1503), queen consort of England: daughter of Edward IV of England; wife of Henry VII of England; mother of Henry VIII of England.
 Elizabeth of Castile (or Isabella of Castile) (1451–1504), queen regnant of Castile & Leon (Spain) and queen consort of Aragon: daughter of John II of Castile; wife of Ferdinand II of Aragon; mother of Joanna of Castile and of Catherine of Aragon; patron of Christopher Columbus.
 Elisabeth of Austria (1437–1505), queen consort of Poland: daughter of Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor; wife of Casimir IV of Poland; mother of Saint Casimir.
 Elizabeth of Castile (or Isabella of Burgundy) (1501–1526), queen consort of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden: daughter of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile; wife of Christian II of Denmark.
 Elizabeth of Valois (1545–1568), queen consort of Spain: daughter of Henry II of France; wife of Philip II of Spain.
 Elisabeth of Austria (1554-1592), queen consort of France: daughter of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor; wife of Charles IX of France.
 Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603), queen regnant of England: daughter of Henry VIII of England and his second wife Anne Boleyn.
 Elisabeth of France (1602–1644), queen consort of Spain: daughter of Henry IV of France; wife of Philip IV of Spain.
 Elizabeth Stuart (1596–1662), queen consort of Bohemia: daughter of James VI of Scotland; wife of Frederick V of Bohemia: nicknamed "The Winter Queen".
 Elizabeth Farnese (or Isabel Farnese) (1692–1766), queen consort of Spain: daughter of Edward Farnese of Parma (Italy); wife of  Philip V of Spain, mother of Charles III of Spain.
 Elisabeth of Bavaria (1838–1898) a.k.a. Sissi, married emperor Franz Josef I of Austria.
 Elisabeth of Wied (1843–1916), queen consort of Romania: born Pauline Elisabeth Ottile Luise; wife of Charles I of Romania.
 Elizabeth Hohenzollern (1894–1956), queen consort of Greece: daughter of Ferdinand of Romania; wife of George II of Greece.
 Elizabeth of Belgium (1876–1965), queen consort of Albert I of Belgium.
 Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1900–2002), queen consort of the United Kingdom: daughter of Claude George Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne; wife of George VI of the United Kingdom; mother of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.
 Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (1926–2022), queen regnant of the United Kingdom and numerous other Commonwealth Realms: daughter of George VI of the United Kingdom.

Others
 The "Queen Elizabeth" in James Collinson's 1850 painting The Renunciation of Queen Elizabeth of Hungary (Image ) is not a queen at all but a princess: St. Elizabeth of Hungary (1207–1231), the daughter of Andrew II of Hungary.
 The Queen Elizabeth class of five battleships of the Royal Navy, including HMS Queen Elizabeth.
 Queen Elizabeth and Queen Elizabeth 2, two ocean liners of the Cunard Steamship Company.

Queen Elizabeth


Glebe was an unincorporated community in Hampshire County, West Virginia, United States. It is situated at the lower mouth of the Trough, a gorge of the South Branch Potomac River, and is about 9.5 miles (15.3 km) southwest of Romney on South Branch River Road (West Virginia Secondary Route 8). The community received its name from the old stone glebehouse (parsonage) that was constructed there in the late 18th century. The stone house later became the Hampshire County Poor Farm and remains standing. The community of Sector lies directly across the river.

While Glebe no longer has a post office, and only a few residents remain there, it is still a popular spot for canoers and fishermen because of its proximity to the Trough's mouth. For vacationers, sportsmen, and locals alike, Glebe's Trough General Store supplies canoe rentals, fishing supplies, bait, drinks, snacks, and ice.

Historic sites
Fort Van Meter, approximately one mile from Glebe
Old Stone Glebehouse (County Poor Farm), South Branch River Road (CR 8)
Saint Luke's Presbyterian Chapel, South Branch River Road (CR 8)

References

External links

Unincorporated communities in Hampshire County, West Virginia
Populated places on the South Branch Potomac River
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Poor farms

Glebe, West Virginia


In physics, dissipation includes the concept of a dynamical system where important mechanical modes, such as waves or oscillations, lose energy over time, typically due to the action of friction or turbulence. The lost energy is converted into heat, raising the temperature of the system. Such systems are called dissipative systems.

For example, a wave that loses amplitude is said to dissipate. The dissipative nature depends on the nature of the wave: an atmospheric wave, for instance, may dissipate close to the surface due to friction with the land mass, and at higher levels due to radiative cooling.

In computational physics
In computational physics, a numerical dissipation is also known as "artificial dissipation" or "artificial diffusion" or "numerical diffusion". They all mean this: when the pure advection equation--which, by definition, is free of dissipation--is solved by a numerical approximation method that reduces the amplitude and changes the shape of the initial wave in a way analogous (similar) to a diffusional process, the method is said to contain 'dissipation'.

In river hydrology
In Hydrology, dissipation is the process of converting mechanical energy of downward flowing water into thermal and acoustical energy. Various devices are designed in stream-beds (river-banks) to reduce the kinetic energy of flowing waters to reduce their erosive potential on banks and river bottoms. Very often these devices look like small waterfalls or cascades, where water flows vertically or over riprap to lose some of its kinetic force.

Thermodynamics
Physics

Dissipation


A space observatory or a space telescope is any instrument (such as a telescope) in outer space which is used for observation of distant objects. Planets, stars, galaxies, and other outer space objects may be viewed and recorded.  This category does not include observatories in space which are pointed toward the earth for the purpose of reconnaissance, meteorology and other types of information gathering.

All observation of space from Earth is filtered through the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere filters and distorts what is seen and recorded.

Satellite-based telescopes opened up the Universe to human eyes. Turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere blurs images taken by ground-based telescopes, an effect known as seeing.  It is this effect that makes stars "twinkle" in the sky.  As a result, the pictures taken by satellite telescopes in visible light (for example, by the Hubble Space Telescope) are much clearer than Earth-based telescopes, even though Earth-based telescopes are very large.

Space-based astronomy is vital for frequency ranges outside the optical and radio windows. For example, X-ray astronomy is nearly impossible when done from the Earth. It has reached its present importance in astronomy due to orbiting X-ray telescopes. Infrared and ultraviolet are also largely blocked by the atmosphere. Most space observatories are in low Earth orbit.

History
In 1946, American theoretical astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer was the first to propose a telescope in outer space, a decade before the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik.

Spitzer said a large telescope in space, above the Earth's atmosphere, would see better.  His efforts resulted in the world's first space-based optical telescope, Hubble Space Telescope, which was launched on April 20, 1990 by the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-31).

References

Space observatory


John McLean (March 11, 1785 – April 4, 1861) was an American jurist and politician who served in the United States Congress, as U.S. Postmaster General, and as a justice of the Ohio and U.S. Supreme Courts. He was often discussed for the Whig Party nominations for president, and is also one of the few people who served in all three branches of government.

Born in New Jersey, McLean lived in several frontier towns before settling in Ridgeville, Ohio. He founded The Western Star, a weekly newspaper, and established a law practice. He won election to the United States House of Representatives, serving from 1813 until his election to the Ohio Supreme Court in 1816. He resigned from that position to accept appointment to the administration of President James Monroe, becoming the United States Postmaster General in 1823. Under Monroe and President John Quincy Adams, McLean presided over a major expansion of the United States Postal Service. In 1829, President Andrew Jackson appointed McLean as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court.

On the court, McLean became known as an opponent of slavery, and he was frequently mentioned as a presidential candidate for various parties. McLean received the support of delegates at the 1848 Whig National Convention, the 1856 Republican National Convention, and the 1860 Republican National Convention. He was the sole dissenter in the fugitive slave case of Prigg v. Pennsylvania and one of two justices to dissent in the  landmark case of Dred Scott v. Sandford. McLean served on the court until his death in 1861.

Early years

McLean was born in Morris County, New Jersey, the son of Fergus McLean and Sophia Blackford. After living in a succession of frontier towns, namely Morgantown, Virginia, Nicholasville, Kentucky, and Maysville, Kentucky, his family settled in Ridgeville, Warren County, Ohio in 1797. There, McLean received his formal education and developed his interest in law, later graduating from Harvard in 1806.  It can be argued that his anti-slavery views also began to form at this time, given his upbringing as an evangelical Methodist with a focus on egalitarianism. However, while living in Ohio, Mclean was recorded in the 1820 United States census as owning at least one slave. His brother William was also a successful Ohio politician.

McLean studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1807. That same year, he founded The Western Star, a weekly newspaper at Lebanon, the Warren County seat. In 1810, Mclean transferred ownership of the Star to his brother Nathaniel and hung up his shingle, beginning to practice law as an individual lawyer for the first time. He was elected to the U.S. House for the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1813, until he resigned in 1816 to take a seat on the Ohio Supreme Court, to which he had been elected on February 17, 1816, replacing William W. Irvin.

The State of Ohio v. Thomas D. Carneal
State v. Carneal, which occurred during McLean's tenure on the Ohio Supreme Court, foreshadowed McLean's future dissent in an important fugitive slavery case, Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). In it, a black man named Richard Lunsford, a Kentucky slave, applied for a writ of habeas corpus to obtain freedom from his owner, Thomas D. Carneal. The Ohio Constitution of 1802 forbade slavery in the state, and at issue was whether slaves owned by a man traveling in Ohio became free once they traveled to Ohio and whether a slave who resided in Kentucky could be sent to work in Ohio without gaining his freedom. Lunsford, as a slave who was regularly sent to work in Ohio, sued on the grounds that, by having him travel to work in Cincinnati for periods of over a week, Thomas Carneal forfeited his property rights in Lunsford. The Court ruled, with McLean issuing its opinion, that since Carneal sold Lunsford to a Mr. James Riddle, the man who sent Lunsford to Cincinnati, he did in fact forfeit his right to be Lunsford's owner. The most notable portion of this case was McLean's opinion, which highlighted his personal distaste for the institution of slavery: "Were it proper to consider it, the Court, as well as from the principles recognized by our Constitution and Laws, could not hesitate in declaring that SLAVERY [emphasis in original], except for the punishment of crimes, is an infringement upon the sacred rights of man: Rights, which he derives from his Creator, and which are inalienable."

Executive branch service

He resigned his judgeship in 1822 to take President James Monroe's appointment to be Commissioner of the General Land Office, serving until 1823, when Monroe appointed him United States Postmaster General. McLean served in that post from December 9, 1823, to March 7, 1829, under Monroe and John Quincy Adams, presiding over a massive expansion of the Post Office into the new western states and territories and the elevation of the Postmaster Generalship to a cabinet office.

During Adams' administration McLean supported Vice President John C. Calhoun, who was estranged from the president, but Adams declined to remove McLean despite Secretary of State Henry Clay asking for his removal.

Supreme Court appointment and tenure
While Postmaster General, McLean supported Andrew Jackson, who offered him the posts of Secretary of War and Secretary of the Navy. McLean declined both and was instead appointed to the Supreme Court by Jackson on March 6, 1829, to a seat vacated by Robert Trimble. McLean was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 7, 1829, receiving his commission the same day. He was sworn into office on March 12.

Known as "The Politician on the Supreme Court," he associated himself with every party on the political spectrum, moving from a Jacksonian Democrat, to the Anti-Jackson Democrats, the Anti-Masonic Party, the Whigs, the Free Soilers, and finally the Republicans. For this reason he has been characterized as a "political opportunist" whose political affiliations varied. McLean was touted as a potential Whig presidential candidate throughout the 1830s-40s. President John Tyler offered him the post of Secretary of War, but he declined. Because of his anti-slavery-extension positions, he was considered by the new Republican party as a presidential candidate in 1856, but the nomination went to John C. Frémont. McLean sought the presidency again in 1860 despite turning 75 that March. He won twelve votes on the first ballot at the Republican convention; Abraham Lincoln ultimately was nominated.

Groves v. Slaughter
McLean's tendency toward economic nationalism can be seen in cases such as Groves v. Slaughter, 40 U.S. 449 (1841). In this case, McLean upheld the right of Mississippi to restrict the introduction of slaves from other states.  Though it was "not necessary" to the decision, McLean restated his nationalism by holding that the power to regulate commerce rested exclusively with Congress. "The necessity of a uniform commercial regulation, more than any other consideration, led to the adoption of the federal Constitution. And unless the power be not only paramount, but exclusive, the Constitution must fail to attain one of the principal objects of its formation," McLean wrote.

Groves v. Slaughter concerned a Mississippi man who had bought some slaves but believed that he could escape without paying the slave-trader due to a clause in the Mississippi constitution that seemed to forbid the importation of slaves for in-state sale after a certain date. For the Court, the issue became whether Congress possessed an exclusive right to regulate interstate commerce. If so, did it follow that states could not constitutionally regulate the slave trade? Moreover, should the Court answer in the affirmative, on what basis could a state abolish slavery? McLean, seeking to limit national regulation in regards to slavery, paradoxically abandoned his aforementioned position as an economic nationalist when he claimed, "The power over slavery belongs to the States respectively. It is local in its character and in its effects." This was of course done in accordance with the Free Soil fear that, if the states lost their power to regulate slavery, what was to stop its spread into the free North? McLean held that the States should be given the right to protect themselves from the "avarice and intrusion of the slave dealer." All of this he contended while holding the aforementioned view, which demonstrates his tortured reconciliation of two neo-Federalist political biases, which in this case contradict: one favoring an expansive national government, the other condemning slavery.

Prigg v. Pennsylvania
In Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842), McLean dissented. By his reasoning, it was necessary for Prigg to take Morgan to court to demonstrate that she was, in fact, a slave. As such Prigg did not have the legal pretext to remove Morgan from the state of Pennsylvania, without first gaining judicial approval. A court had to decide that Morgan was technically a slave for Prigg to have the authority to transport her across state lines. McLean suggests that this process was the only way to be fair to the slave, the owner, the free state, and the slaveholding state from which the slave came, stating that "[his] opinion, therefore, does not rest so much upon the particular law of Pennsylvania, as upon the inherent and sovereign power of a state, to protect its jurisdiction and the peace of its citizens, in any and every mode which its discretion shall dictate, which shall not conflict with a defined power of the federal government."

Passenger Cases
McLean's sense of nationalism could be seen again in his concurring opinion on the Passenger Cases (1849). The most senior member of the Court at the time, McLean began his opinion by weighing in on the debate concerning the nature of the Commerce Clause.  McLean asserted the Commerce Clause "is exclusively vested in Congress." Under this view, if the federal government does not regulate a particular area of foreign or interstate commerce, it means that federal policy maintains that such an area should remain unregulated, not that states should have the right to impose individual regulations.  To McLean, only one authority could exercise any given power, and the judicial task was to determine whether a particular subject fell within a power delegated to the federal government or within a power reserved to the States.  McLean denied that the States could exercise a power unless the federal government chose to exercise the same power, at which point state regulation would be trumped by federal action.  Although McLean recognized that both Congress and the States could impose a tax on the same object, he insisted these respective taxes result from the exercise of distinct powers, and did not represent any concurrent exercise of the same power.

Dred Scott v. Sandford
In Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), he was one of two dissenting Justices to the majority vote, the other being Justice Benjamin Robbins Curtis. Justice McLean cited Marie Louise v. Marot, an 1835 freedom suit appealed to the Louisiana Supreme Court in which Presiding Judge George Mathews, Jr. stated that "[b]eing free for one moment...it was not in the power of [the plaintiff's] former owner to reduce her again to slavery." In opposition to the majority ruling that African-Americans cannot and were not intended to be citizens under the US Constitution, McLean argued that they had already the right to vote in five states. His strong dissenting views are believed to have forced the hand of Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney into a harsher and more polarizing opinion than he originally planned. To the argument that "a colored citizen would not be an agreeable member of society," McLean responded, "This is more a matter of taste than of law."

Wheaton v. Peters
He also wrote the Court's opinion denying there was a common-law copyright in American law in Wheaton v. Peters.

Societies
During the 1820s, McLean was a member of the prestigious Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences, who counted among their members former presidents Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams and many prominent men of the day, including well-known representatives of the military, government service, medical and other professions.

Death and legacy

McLean became the last surviving member of the Monroe and Quincy Adams Cabinets. He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, and was buried in Spring Grove Cemetery there. Also interred there is Stanley Matthews, another associate justice. as well as chief justice Salmon P. Chase.

During the American Civil War, Camp John McLean, a Union Army training camp in Cincinnati, was named in his honor. His son (and Cincinnati native), Nathaniel C. McLean (1815–1905), was a Union general in the American Civil War. His daughter Evelyn McLean married Joseph Pannell Taylor, brother of U.S. President Zachary Taylor.

See also

Abraham Lincoln's patent
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
United States Supreme Court cases during the Marshall Court
United States Supreme Court cases during the Taney Court

Notes
Thomas E. Carney.  "The Political Judge:  Justice John McLean Pursuit of the Presidency.  Ohio History.  v. 111.  Summer/Autumn 2002.  121+
Francis Phelphs Weisenberger. The Life of John McLean, A Politician On the United States Supreme Court.  Columbus, Ohio:  The Ohio State University Press, 1937

References

Works cited

Further reading

Finkelman, Paul (2009).
 Flanders, Henry. The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1874 at Google Books.

White, G. Edward. The Marshall Court & Cultural Change, 1815–35. Published in an abridged edition, 1991.

External links

1785 births
1861 deaths
19th-century American judges
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
19th-century American politicians
Methodists from Ohio
American newspaper founders
Anti-Masonic Party politicians from Ohio
Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery
Ohio Free Soilers
Ohio Jacksonians
Ohio National Republicans
Ohio Republicans
Ohio Whigs
Justices of the Ohio Supreme Court
People from Morris County, New Jersey
Politicians from Cincinnati
People from Lebanon, Ohio
General Land Office Commissioners
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio
United States Postmasters General
Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
United States federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson
Candidates in the 1832 United States presidential election
United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
American slave owners

John McLean


Gotham City is a fictional city which is the home of Batman, a DC Comics character. The city is based on New York City and Chicago, and became Batman's home in 1941. Gotham was a village in England, near Nottingham, where the people were believed to be evil, greedy or insane.

Author Washington Irving was the first person to describe New York as Gotham in his 1807 book, Salamagundi.

In Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins, and The Dark Knight Gotham City is based in Chicago. The Dark Knight Rises Gotham City is based in Pittsburgh, New York City, and Los Angeles.

Christopher Nolan based Gotham City on Chicago, New York City, and London. When Bob Kane first thought of a city he wanted it to be like New York City, London, and Chicago. Bill Finger was about to name the city "Civic City".

Mayors of Gotham City

In comics
The first Mayor of Gotham seen in the comics was not named. He was drawn to look like Fiorello H. LaGuardia, who was mayor of New York City.

 Bruce Wayne was the Mayor of Gotham City for a week.
 Mayor Hayes was introduced in Batman #207 (Dec. 1968). His first name was not known.
 Mayor Theodore Cobblepot was the great-grandfather of Penguin. He had the longest time in office of all the mayors of Gotham City. He is mentioned in Gotham Underground #9 (August 2008).
 Mayor Thorndike appears in the flashbacks from the "Made of Wood" storyline (Detective Comics #784-786). He was killed by the original Made of Wood Killer on July 17, 1948. His first name was not given.
 Mayor Wilson Klass was mayor during Batman's early years. He first appeared in the "Prey" storyline from Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight.
 Mayor Hamilton Hill was a corrupt politician who became mayor through the dealings of Rupert Thorne. He became mayor in Detective Comics #511 (February 1982). During his early time in office, he helped in Thorne's attempts to identify and defeat Batman. He fired Police Commissioner James Gordon and replaced him with one of Thorne's lieutenants, Peter Pauling. Hill last appeared in Batman #381 (March 1985) in the Pre-Crisis DC universe. Lloyd Bochner provides the voice of Mayor Hamilton Hill in Batman: The Animated Series. In The Batman, he is voiced by Lex Lang. He also briefly appears in the Young Justice episode "Alpha Male", in which he is voiced by Corey Burton.
 Mayor Skowcroft appeared in Swamp Thing #53 (October 1986). He tried to prevent panic when the city was under attack by Swamp Thing. He is also mentioned in Batman #389 (November 1985) and appears in Detective Comics #553 (August 1985).
 Mayor Julius Lieberman plays a major role in Batman Versus Predator #1 (1991) and also appears in Batman: Run, Riddler, Run #1-3 and Justice Society of America (vol. 2) #1.
 Mayor Armand Krol first appeared in Detective Comics #647 (August 1992). Like Hamilton Hill, he did not like Commissioner Gordon. Krol also did not like Batman until the "Knightfall" series, during which Batman saved his life. Krol died of the "Clench" virus released by Ra's al Ghul in the "Legacy" story arc (Detective Comics #699, July 1996).
 Mayor Marion Grange was elected during the crisis caused by the Clench virus. She replaced Krol, who was not doing a good job. She re-appointed James Gordon as Police Commissioner (Robin #28, April 1996). She remained mayor until Gotham was hit by an earthquake in the "No Man's Land" story arc. She was killed by agents of Nick Scratch. Grange appeared as a male in The Batman, and was voiced by Adam West. The male version was also featured in the Beware the Batman episode "Broken".
 Mayor Charles Chesterfield was killed by a strange biological disease that removed fat cells from the human body.
 Mayor Daniel Danforth Dickerson III was mayor from the end of No Man's Land through the early 2000s. He was a corrupt mayor. He was killed by the Joker in Gotham Central #12.
 Mayor David Hull was mayor through the mid-2000s.
 Mayor Sebastian Hady was introduced in Batman as a very corrupt and mean politician. He was taken hostage by Azrael (Michael Lane) during the events of "Judgement on Gotham", but was rescued by Red Robin.

In other media
Some of the mayors listed above also appeared in television series and movies about Batman. There are some series and movies that have their own Mayors of Gotham City:

 The 1960s television series Batman featured Mayor Linseed (played by Byron Keith). His name was a reference to the name of the mayor of New York City at the time, John Lindsay. The governor of "Gotham State" was named Stonefellow (a reference to Nelson Rockefeller who was governor of New York State during the same period).
 The movie Batman (1989) featured Mayor William Borg, played by Lee Wallace.
 Batman Forever (1995) featured an unnamed mayor (played by George Wallace).
 Gotham Knight (2008) featured a Mayor Manning who was killed by Deadshot.
 The Dark Knight (2008) and The Dark Knight Rises (2012) featured Mayor Anthony Garcia, played by Nestor Carbonell. He was mayor during the Joker's reign of terror. He survived an assassination attempt by the Joker thanks to James Gordon, who took the bullet for him and faked his own death to catch the Joker. Because of his efforts in both situations, Garcia promotes Gordon to succeed Gillian B. Loeb as police commissioner after Loeb was killed. After the death of Harvey Dent, he signs the "Dent Act", giving Commissioner Gordon enough police power to arrest every criminal in Gotham. Garcia was killed during a Gotham Rogues football match at the start of the Gotham Revolution.
 The television series Gotham (2014-2019) featured Mayor Aubrey James, played by Richard Kind. Aubrey James is the long-term mayor of Gotham City. He is a corrupt political figure, formerly under the control of Carmine Falcone and The Court of Owls.
The television series Gotham (2014-2019) featured Mayor Burke in Season 4, episode 19.
The Batman  (2022) features Mayor Mitchell, played by Rupert Penry-Jones.

References

Fictional locations
Batman

Gotham City


Eureka! is a Canadian educational television series which was produced and broadcast by TVOntario in 1980 and 1981. The series was narrated by Billy Van, and featured a series of animated vignettes which taught physics lessons to children. It is currently available online.

Synopsis

Eureka! is a series of animated shorts that illustrate concepts in physics. Each program takes a simple and direct approach to the subject matter; while the basic concepts are explained in a voice-over, cartoon characters and a variety of animated objects demonstrate the principles on the screen. Constant review and reinforcement make the message clear; as a result, the study of physics becomes easy and accessible - even to viewers without a solid background in the subject. Basic formulae and concepts are introduced with a recap of what was learnt in the previous episode to build knowledge on a topic and create connections.

Production

Animation - Grafilm Productions Inc.

Design - Joe Meluck

Educational Consultants - John Kuropatwa, Paul Henshall, Bryan Kaufman, Ernie McFarland, Michael Broschart

Unit Manager - Vickie Gilchrist

Production Assistant - George Pyron

Episodes

30 episodes were produced. All of the episodes are five minutes in length.

Unit 1: Force and Energy

"Inertia"
"Mass"
"Speed"
"Acceleration I"
"Acceleration II"
"Gravity"
"Weight vs Mass"
"Work"
"Kinetic Energy"
"Potential Energy and Speed"

Unit 2: Simple Machines

"The Inclined Plane"
"The Lever"
"Mechanical Advantage and Friction"
"The Screw and the Wheel"
"The Pulley"

Unit 3: Heat and Temperature

"Molecules in Solids"
"Molecules in Liquids"
"Evaporation and Condensation"
"Expansion and Contraction"
"Measuring Temperature"
"Temperature vs Heat"

Unit 4: The Conduction of Heat

"Atoms"
"Electrons"
"Conduction"

Unit 5: The Convection of Heat

"Volume and Density"
"Buoyancy"
"Convection"

Unit 6: The Radiation of Heat

"Heat as Energy"
"Radiation Waves"
"The Radiation Spectrum"

External links

Eureka! on Rick's TV

Canadian children's animated education television series
Science education television series
Physics education
TVO original programming
Year of Canadian television series ending missing
Science and technology in Canada
1980s Canadian animated television series
1980 Canadian television series debuts
1981 Canadian television series endings

Eureka! (Canadian TV series)


Bludenz is a city in Vorarlberg. Bludenz was first named in a document from 830. About 14,000 people live there. Archeological findings suggest that there was a settlement from the Bronze age, probably relating to the La Tène culture.

Today, Bludenz is an important railway hub, at the point where the Klostertal, Brandnertal and Montafon join. It is the start of the railway line that links Vorarlberg to Tyrol, over a mountain pass called Arlberg. In the year  1274, Bludenz was awarded city rights.

Settlements in Vorarlberg

Bludenz


Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare is a first person shooter video game. It was developed by Sledgehammer Games. It is published by Activision and Square Enix for Japan. Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare was released on November 3, 2014, for people who pre-ordered the game and wish to have "Day Zero Access". It was released on November 4, 2014, for others. The game was released on the Xbox One, PS4, PC, Xbox 360 and PS3. This is the first Call of Duty game that wasn't released on Nintendo systems since Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2.

Gameplay
Call of Duty Advanced Warfare will have changes in gameplay. One change is the Exo-Skeleton suit. It gives powers such as Boost Sliding, Dodging, Jumping, and so on. Weapons in multiplayer can be earned through supply drops or by ranking up. The gameplay is very similar to Black Ops 2.

The campaign will have an upgradable Exo-Skeleton suit. It can be upgraded with upgrade points. Whenever you complete an exo challenge (getting 500 kills, headshots, etc.), you earn one upgrade point.

Story
In 2054, a terrorist group named the KVA makes a worldwide attack. It destroys nuclear reactors of countries, like the United States. Many countries' military and governments including electricity and technology were broken. That keeps the countries from being able to fight the attack made by the KVA. Private militaries have become the new attackers on the enemy. Jack Mitchell (Troy Baker) is a former U.S. Marine. He lost his left arm during a battle in South Korea. He joins Atlas, the world's most powerful private military with the biggest technologies on the planet.

Making
Shortly after Sledgehammer Games stopped helping Infinity Ward to finish Modern Warfare 3, Sledgehammer Games started working on Advanced Warfare.

Call of Duty series

Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare