A heliport is a small airport only for use by helicopters. Heliports normally contain one or more helipads and may have limited facilities such as fuel, lighting, a windsock, or even hangars. In larger towns and cities, customs facilities may be available at a heliport.

The early supporters of helicopters hoped that heliports would become popular, but they have not been popular in urban areas due to the unpleasant noise caused by helicopter traffic.

Purpose

In a large metropolis, a heliport can serve passengers needing to quickly move within the city or to outlying regions. Generally heliports can be situated closer to a town or city centre than an airport for fixed-wing aircraft. The advantage in flying by helicopter to a destination or even to the city's main airport is that travel can be much faster than driving. As an example, the Downtown Manhattan Heliport in New York City provides scheduled service to John F. Kennedy International Airport and is used to move wealthy persons and important goods quickly to destinations as far away as Maryland.

Some skyscrapers feature rooftop helipads or heliports to serve the transport needs of executives or clients. The U.S. Bank Tower in Los Angeles is an example. Police departments use heliports as a base for police helicopters, and larger department may have a dedicated one such as the LAPD Hooper Heliport.

Helipads are common features at hospitals where they serve to facilitate MEDEVACs or air ambulance transfers of patients to trauma units or to accept patients from remote areas without local hospitals or facilities capable of providing the level of emergency care required. In urban environments, these heliports are typically located on the roof of the hospital.

Numbering
Heliports have no orientation and are not numbered in a standard fashion like runways. In some US cities it is standard to paint the maximum allowable weight of a helicopter in thousands of pounds. Thus, a 12 in a circle designates that the maximum landing weight is 12,000 lbs.

Some Canadian hospital heliports have a cross and some have the letter "H" in the middle.

Lighting
Heliport lighting normally consists of a circle or square of inset lights around the surface called the TLOF (touchdown and lift-off area) and another around the overall landing area called the FATO (final approach and takeoff area). The later encompasses the TLOF as well and the lights may be elevated or inset. Both sets of lights are now recommended to be green by the International Civil Aviation Organization and Federal Aviation Administration. Yellow (amber) was the former standard and is still preferred in many locations. There is a great deal of variance in color depending on the owner and jurisdiction. These lights were traditionally incandescent but are now increasingly light-emitting diodes with brightness control. The TLOF and FATO lights may be supplemented with surface flood lights. A lighted wind cone is necessary. At ground-based locations, a row of lead-in lights in the preferred direction of approach is sometimes used. Visual slope guidance systems (such as HAPI, PAPI, etc.) are recommended in both ICAO and FAA documents but are rarely deployed due to the high cost relative to the rest of the lighting system. While airports commonly use 6.6A direct current power, heliport lighting is normally AC powered. Radio control of the lighting by the pilot via an automated ground-based controller is also common.

Related pages
 Helipad

References
de Voogt, A.J. 2007. Helidrome Architecture. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers.
ICAO 1995. Heliport manual. Montreal, Canada: ICAO Publications.
Frost, John B. 1996. British helipads. Chester, UK: Appledore Publications.

Airports

Heliport


Flat panel display is the name for a number of devices which are either used as computer screens, as televisions, or to display information; for example at an airport. Most of them use Liquid Crystal display technology; which is newer than cathode ray tubes.

The most common display technologies are:
Twisted Nematic (or TN) displays are cheap to produce, but usually they do not have good color rendition. Very often, the viewing angle is limited. Looking at the display from a greater angle changes the colors noticeably.
In-Plane Switching is a technology that has a very good color rendition, and that does not suffer from the limited field of view. IPS displays are more expensive to produce, and they also show a slower reaction time than TN.

Display technology

Flat panel display


Jean Michel (c. 1435–1501) was a French dramatic poet of the fifteenth century known for revising and enlarging the passion play "the Mystery of the Passion" (French title Le mystère de la passion) by Arnoul Gréban. There are three Michels mentioned in connection with this work. There is Bishop Jean Michel of Angers (died 1447), a "Maistre Jehan Michel" who was first physician of King Charles VIII (died 1495), and the physician to the dauphin, son of Charles VIII (died 1501). The bishop is considered the least likely candidate for being the poet, having died too early, while the physician to the dauphin is the most likely, due to the latter also being associated with Angers, and the work being produced for the first time in its new shape at Angers in 1486.

Besides his contributions to Gréban's Passion, Jean Michel composed another mystery, a Resurrection, which was played at Angers on the occasion of King René's visit to that city. Jean Michel has not the dryness of his predecessor; on the other hand he lacks his accuracy. He incorporates into his mysteries the most extravagant legends and the fantastic information found in the apocryphal writers. He delights in pictures of low city life in the fifteenth century, and his language is often realistic in the extreme.

References

1430s births
1501 deaths
French poets
French male poets
15th-century French dramatists and playwrights

Jean Michel (poet)


Beechworth is a town in north-east Victoria, Australia., It was first settled in the gold rush of the mid-1850s. At the 2006 census, 3227 people lived in Beechworth.

Beechworth has many old buildings which have been well looked after. The town has changed from a gold field to a popular place for people to visit. Wine making is also an important activity around Beechworth.

History
The area was first used as a cattle farm by David Reid and was called Mayday Hills. In 1853 it was renamed Beechworth.

Gold
From 1852-1857, Beechworth was an important gold area. Thousands of people moved to the area to dig for gold. One group of miners found 14 lb (about 7 kg) of gold in one gold pan (a small metal dish used separating gold from the soil). Another group found 50 lb (approx. 25 kg) of gold in a week. In the first election in 1855, one candidate, Daniel Cameron, rode a horse with solid gold horse shoes through the main street. This event is the reason the logo for Beechworth is a golden horse shoe, and the ride is remembered every year with the Golden Horseshoe Festival.

Beechworth was a long way from the centre of colonial government in Melbourne, both in distance and time taken to get there. The railway was built to Beechworth in September 1876. By this time the miners had found most of the gold, and the town was no longer important. The rail line was closed in 1977 and the tracks were taken away, after 101 years of service. The rail line is now used as a walking and bicycle path.

In the gold rush, Beechworth had a tannery, jewelers, boot makers, a brewery, blacksmiths, and farm animal sale yards. It had schools, a convent, hotels, a prison with high stone walls, a hospital, a mental hospital, courthouse, police station, stage coach companies and a gunpowder magazine (building for storing gunpowder).

In the gold rush men and women came from the USA, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and China. At one time more than 30,000 people lived in Beechworth. Gold mining camps started up up as thousands of miners rushed into areas such as Spring Creek, Reedy Creek, Silver Creek, the Nine Mile Creek and the Woolshed. The Chinese were not allowed live in Beechworth and so they lived on the edge of town. There were many rules and laws to try to control the Chinese miners. Beechworth Cemetery has a large number of early Chinese miners graves. There was a lot of unrest and complaints about having the Chinese goldminers around Beechworth.

Famous people

Robert O'Hara Burke
Robert O'Hara Burke, leader of the Burke and Wills expedition was a policeman in Beechworth. He was the Senior Inspector of Police from 1854 to 1857.

The Burke Museum is in Loch Street and holds a lot of items on Beechworth and the local area. They have newspapers, photographs, artifacts, clothings, pictures, books on local history and other papers about the area. They have displays about the gold rush, Chinese miners and the gold diggings of the 1850s.

Ned Kelly
The bushranger Ned Kelly had many links to Beechworth. He was a prisoner in the gaol. He fought a famous boxing match with Isaiah 'Wild" Wright in behind a local hotel. Aaron Sherritt and Joe Byrne of the Kelly Gang came from the Woolshed gold field, near Beechworth. Twenty-one men, thought to be friends or relatives of the Kelly Gang were prisoners in the gaol. They were held without trial or evidence for over 3 months, by the Chief Commissioner of Police, Captain Standish.

John Sadleir
Sadleir was a policeman who became famous in the hunt for Ned Kelly in the 1870s. He had been a policeman in Beechworth during the gold rush.

George B. Kerferd
George B. Kerferd (1836-1889) lived in Beechworth and became a Premier of Victoria. He helped Beechworth get a railway to Melbourne.

John Buckley Castieau
Castieau (1831-1885)was the Prison Governor at Beechworth from 1856 to 1869. The prison, famous for its huge granite walls, was known as Castieau's Castle. As the Governor of the Melbourne gaol in 1880 he was an official witness to the hanging of Ned Kelly.

Newspapers
In the gold rush Beechworth had 2 newspapers: The Ovens and Murray Advertiser and The Constitution and Mining Intelligencer. The Ovens and Murray Advertiser is still a local paper printed each week.

Tourism
Beechworth is a popular place for visitors. Items to see are Ned Kelly displays at the old court house, Burke Museum, waterfalls, Gun Powder Magazine, Newtown Bridge (Stone Bridge), Tail Race (Mining Race), Spring Creek Water Falls, Spring Creek Gorge, Beechworth Asylum ghost tours, lakes, old buildings, goldfields, walks, the Beechworth Bakery, brewery, the Beechworth lolly shop and night tours. The town is at the end of the Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail.

References

Other websites
 Beechworth – Community Directory
 http://www.beechworth.name
 Beechworth, Victoria - Official Travel Website
 Australian Places - Beechworth

Ned Kelly
Towns in Victoria (Australia)

Beechworth


Umberto Pirilli (born 25 September 1940 in Gioia Tauro)
is an Italian politician; he was
Member of the European Parliament
for Southern
with the Alleanza Nazionale, part of the Union for a Europe of Nations and
sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy.

He was a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs and a member of the
Delegation to the EU-Bulgaria Joint Parliamentary Committee.

In 2009 he was not re-elected.

Career
 Secondary school-leaving certificate in classical subjects and degree in law
 Publicist
 lecturer in civil law
 Professor of banking law at the Faculty of Statistics
 Professor of comparative private law at the Faculty of Business Studies of the University of Messina
 Lawyer dealing with civil cases
 Chairman of the FUAN of Messina
 Deputy national Youth Secretary for the MSI
 Municipal Councillor of Messina
 Member of the Municipal Council of Gioia Tauro
 Chairman of the Provincial Council of Reggio Calabria
 AN regional coordinator for Calabria
 Member of the Regional Executive and Substitute Chairman of the State-Regions Conference
 Chairman of the Conference of Regions and Local Authorities

See also
 2004 European Parliament election in Italy

External links

1940 births
Living people
People from Gioia Tauro
National Alliance (Italy) MEPs
MEPs for Italy 2004–2009
21st-century Italian politicians
National Alliance (Italy) politicians
Academic staff of the University of Messina

Umberto Pirilli


A nuclear explosion is energy being released from a very fast nuclear reaction. It can be caused by nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, or both.

Atmospheric nuclear explosions are associated with mushroom clouds, although mushroom clouds can occur as a result of large chemical explosions. It is also possible to have an air-burst nuclear explosion without these clouds. Nuclear explosions produce radiation and radioactive debris.

The nuclear weapon was first detonated in combat on 6 August 1945, when the United States dropped a uranium gun-type device on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The second and last use of a nuclear weapon in combat occurred three days later when United States dropped a plutonium implosion-type device on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of around 120,000 people while more died over time due the nuclear radiation.

Power plant accidents such as those at Chernobyl and Fukushima were caused by steam and hydrogen explosions, not nuclear explosions. The fuel in a nuclear power plant is not enriched enough to create a nuclear explosion.

Other websites
Videos and other media on nuclear explosion
Images of nuclear explosion

Nuclear weapons
Nuclear energy

Nuclear explosion


Jerry Scoggins (September 30, 1911 – December 7, 2004) was an American country/western singer, guitarist, and band leader.  He performed on radio, in movies, and on television from the 1930s thru the 1980s. He was noted for his work with Gene Autry and Bing Crosby and especially for singing "The Ballad of Jed Clampett", the theme song to the 1960s sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies.

Biography
Scoggins was born in Mount Pleasant, Texas in 1911.  He sang and played guitar on Dallas radio stations in the early 1930s and in 1936 formed his own group, the Cass County Kids, with John Dodson and Fred Martin. Ten years later in 1946, country musician and cowboy Gene Autry changed their name to the Cass County Boys when he hired them to work on his Melody Ranch radio program. They appeared in 17 of his films and worked with him on radio and TV for 12 years while also appearing with Bing Crosby on early 1950s TV. In 1996 the Boys were inducted into Western Music Hall of Fame.  They also received a Golden Boot Award from the Motion Picture and Television Fund.

In 1962, Scoggins was working as a stockbroker and singing on weekends when he was asked to sing the theme song for a new sitcom, called The Beverly Hillbillies. Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs played guitar and banjo while he sang the lyrics. "The Ballad of Jed Clampett" was a smash hit on the charts, with Flatt singing on the single.

In 1993, a retired Scoggins learned that 20th Century Fox was making a film version of the series.  He called their offices only to be told that they'd had no idea he was still alive. The studio preferred Johnny Cash or Willie Nelson to sing the theme song, but the director, Penelope Spheeris, insisted on Scoggins getting the job, which he did. He figured he'd probably sung the ballad over 1,000 times since the original recording.

Scoggins appeared on-camera, singing the ballad, in the 1993 TV special, The Legend of The Beverly Hillbillies.

Scoggins died in 2004, from natural causes, in his Westlake Village, California home.

References

External links
Beverly Hillbillies opening theme
Beverly Hillbillies closing theme

American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Singers from Dallas
1911 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Texas
People from Westlake Village, California
Burials at Valley Oaks Memorial Park
Country musicians from Texas
20th-century American male singers
Singer-songwriters from California

Jerry Scoggins


The cittacotte are miniature copies of historical or monumental buildings of Palermo and other Italian cities made only in terracotta. The word cittacotte was invented by Vincenzo Vizzari, and it is composed by the two terms:  (city) and  (baked), meaning they are miniatures made of fired clay.
The monuments are reproduced in scale (1:180 and 1:350) and can vary in size from a minimum height of  up to . The typology of monuments and buildings reproduced is varied: monumental city doors, churches, historical buildings, but also common buildings of the centre of the city.

Making the Cittacotte
The preparatory phase of a single cast is long and laborious: it consists in creating some clay prototypes which will be necessary to make their plaster casts. Each cast is made by photographic and metric surveys that allow the artist to take care also of the shrinkage coming from the evaporation during the modelling and the cooking phases. The result is a perfect handcrafted masterpiece in scale 1:350 or 1:180, exact in each single particular.
The cast or the casts, for more complex models, are used to give a first shape to the clay parts that, once sketched, can be modelled and finished by hand. The making of a medium complexity model like the Palermo's Porta Nuova can require six hours of intense manual labour. The firing takes about two hours. After that the artist can start the finishing, fully manually, and the polishing using a little wax film to enhance the appearance of the terracotta.

Vincenzo Vizzari
Vincenzo Vizzari is an architect from Palermo. Since 1993, he has been working as a full-time artist and artisan in his little workshop in Corso Vittorio Emanuele in  Palermo. In his life he made a radical choice and that choice led him to specialize in the creation of cittacotte, finally joining his love for architecture together with his love for making in an artisan way.

Collecting
There is an emerging hobby devoted to collecting cittacotte due to some miniatures being made in limited editions. In addition, it is possible to realize large parts of Sicilian towns by putting together the reproductions of these buildings.

See also
 Clay
 Clay modeling
 Terracotta

References

External links
 Cittacotte - Official website of the artist
 Gokutabi Italia - Web - Japanese article about Vincenzo Vizzari's cittacotte
 YouTube's Cittacotte channel - Videos of the artist while creating

Handicrafts
Crafts
Terracotta

Cittacotte


Schefflera actinophylla (syn. Brassaia actinophylla) is a tree in the Araliaceae family. It is native to tropical rainforests and gallery forests in Australia (eastern Queensland and the Northern Territory), New Guinea and Java. Common names include Umbrella Tree, Octopus Tree and Amate.

The elegant schefflera is popular with people who want a big, tree-size plant. In time it will easily reach seven or eight feet; in its home environment in Australia, it gets to be fifty feet tall.

Much of its appeal as a houseplant comes from the unusual leaves. A leaf is composed of a number of leaflets, all set in a circle around a central stem and stretching out horizontally, like the ribs of an umbrella. Eash leaflet is a pointy oval, size to eight inches long, and rich shiny green.

As it gets older, schefflera loses leaves from the lower part of the stem, increasing its tree shape.

The broad leaves tend to collect dust, and this in turn seems to be attractive to red spider mites. To help keep them under control, and to keep your plant looking its best, keep the leave dusted.

This will accommodate itself to our environment reasonable well. It will accept normal household temperatures, and adapts to different humidity levels. With enough sunlight and clean conditions the schefflera will last a long time.

Gallery

Araliaceae
Trees

Schefflera actinophylla


James Fitzmaurice-Kelly FBA (1858 – 30 November 1923) was a British writer on Spanish literature.

Early life
Born in Glasgow, He was the son of Colonel Thomas Kelly of the 40th Regiment of Foot and was educated at St Charles's College, Kensington, where he learned Spanish from a fellow pupil and taught himself to read Don Quixote. Obtaining work in 1885 as a tutor in Jerez de la Frontera to Buenaventura Misa y Busheroy, the  son of the I Count of Bayona, later the Marquis of Misa.

Writing career

In Madrid he started the first version of his biography on Miguel de Cervantes. Around 1886, he met Ambassador Juan Valera, politician and war journalist Gaspar Núñez de Arce, and other important poets and intellectuals. He wrote on Hispanic Culture subjects for The Spectator, Athenæum and Pall Mall Gazette. Returning to England, he established his reputation on Spanish literature through his reviews and articles for London periodicals. His History of Spanish Literature was published in 1898 and confirmed his reputation.

In  1898 he published his Historia de la literatura española in the Collection of Literatures of the World under Edmund Gosse. He was a Taylor Lecturer at Oxford University from 1902 and was invited to the United States in 1907 to deliver speeches at the Hispanic Society of America and several American Universities such as Harvard University and Yale University. From 1909 to 1916 he was a professor at the University of Liverpool and taught a special course at Cambridge University in 1916. He was a  Cervantes Catedra Professor at London University till his retirement in 1920. Elected in 1906 a Fellow of the British Academy, he was miembro correspondiente of the Real Academia Española, the Real Academia de la Historia, and the Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona, as well as a Knight Commander of the Order of Alfonso XII. In 1916 Fitzmaurice-Kelly gave the inaugural Master-Mind Lecture, on Cervantes and Shakespeare.

He contributed on Spanish literature to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, to the Cambridge Modern History, to Homenaje a Menendez y Pelayo, etc.

Works
He edited and/or introduced:
 The History of Don Quixote of The Mancha: Translated from the Spanish of Miguel De Cervantes by Thomas Shelton: Annis 1612, 1620 (1896)
 The Complete Works of Cervantes (1901- )
 Don Quixote, with John Ormsby (1899–1900)
 The Course of Revolution in Spain and Portugal, 1845-71, in Cambridge Modern History, vol. XI The Growth of Nationalities (1909)
 Oxford Book of Spanish Verse (1913)
 Samaniego's Fabulas en verso (1917)
 Iriarte's Fabulas Literarias (1917)
 Garcilaso de la Vega's Eglogas (1918)
 Poesias varias (1918)
 Cambridge Readings in Spanish Literature (1920)
 The Rogue; or, The Life of Guzman de Alfarache. Written in Spanish by Matheo Aleman and done into English by James Mabbe, anno 1623 (1924)

He wrote:
 Life of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1892)
 A history of Spanish Literature (1898; In Spanish, 1901; in French, 1904; second edition in French, 1913)
 Lope de Vega and Spanish Drama - The Taylorian Lecture (1902)
 Cervantes in England (1905)
 Chapters on Spanish Literature (1908)
 The Nun Ensign, Translated from the Spanish with an Introduction and Notes by James Fritzmaurice-Kelly also La Monja Alférez - A Play in the Original Spanish by Juan Perez de Montalban (1908)
 Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: A Memoir (1913)
 Bibliographie de l'histoire de la littérature espagnole (1913)
 Cervantes and Shakespeare (1916)
 Gongora (1918)
 Fray Luis de Leon (1921)
 Spanish Literature Primer'' (1922)

Death
He died at his house in Sydenham, Kent, on 30 November 1923 and was cremated and interred at West Norwood Cemetery on 4 December.

References

External links

 "Kelly, James Fitzmaurice (1857–1923)", W. J. Entwistle rev. Donald Hawes, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004

1858 births
1923 deaths
19th-century English biographers
19th-century English historians
20th-century English memoirists
Writers from Glasgow
Academics of the University of Liverpool
English essayists
British Hispanists
Fellows of the British Academy
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
English male non-fiction writers
Male essayists
Cervantists
Historians of Spanish literature
English literary historians
Contributors to the Encyclopædia Britannica

James Fitzmaurice-Kelly


Upper Egypt is a narrow strip of land on both sides of the  Nile that extends from modern-day Aswan to the area south of modern-day Cairo. The northern part of Upper Egypt, between El-Aiyat and Asyut is sometimes called Middle Egypt.

Upper Egypt was known as Ta Shemau  which means "the land of reeds." It was divided into twenty-two districts called nomes. The first nome was roughly where modern Aswan is and the twenty-second was at modern Atfih (Aphroditopolis), just to the south of Cairo.

For most of pharaonic Egypt's history Thebes was the administrative centre of Upper Egypt.

Upper Egypt was represented by the tall White Crown Hedjet, and its symbol was the flowering lotus.

It is in this region that the Arab Bedouin were installed before settling between Tunisia and eastern Algeria (Constantinois)

Related pages
Nomes of Egypt
Egypt
Ancient Egypt

References
 Ermann, Johann Peter Adolf; Hermann Grapow, eds., Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache
 The Encyclopedia Americana Grolier Incorporated, 1988
 Katheryn A. Bard, Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999
 Michel Chauveau, Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society Under the Ptolemies, Cornell University Press 2000
 Ann Rosalie David, The Egyptian Kingdoms, Elsevier Phaidon 1975

Footnotes

Ancient Egypt

Upper Egypt


Hyperons are particles that are made of quarks. What makes them different from other baryons (particles made of three quarks) is that they must have at least one strange quark, but no charm quarks or bottom quarks. Strange quarks have a property known as strangeness. Strangeness causes the strange quark–and all other particles bonded with it–to not decay by strong force, but instead due to the much slower weak force. Since all quarks are fermions (which means that no two of them can be in the same point in space at the same point in time), each quark has a spin of 1/2, adding up to a total spin of 3/2 for a hyperon. This quickly decays into a 1/2 spin particle.

Hyperons themselves decay due to weak force. There are dozens of different hyperon combinations. For example, a Λ (lambda) hyperon has a charge of 0, and is often written as Λ0. When it decays, it usually creates one proton, and one antipion. Like many forms of weak force decay, there is more than one possible outcome. A Λ0 also has a significantly lower, but still possible, chance to decay into a neutron and an uncharged pion. Λ0 hyperons have an average lifespan of 2.6x10−10 seconds, which makes it one of the longest living hyperons.

Scientists still study hyperons in labs across the world, such as CERN, Fermilab, and SLAC. Hyperons provide answers questions for problems such as CP Violation, in which symmetries that were believed to be true may not be true.

Quantum mechanics
Subatomic particles

Hyperon


Konkan is a part of India. It on the west coast of India. The coastal areas of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka are all part of Konkan region.
The word Konkan means corner (kona) and piece/part of earth (kana).

People in Konkan speak 2 main languages. One is Konkani language. Other is a dialect of Marathi language which is also called Konkani.

Geography of India

Konkan


Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii) is a small passerine bird which breeds in Madeira and the Canary Islands. It is a common resident in both archipelagos.

Berthelot's pipit is found in open country. The nest is on the ground, with 3-5 eggs being laid.

This is a small pipit,  in length. It is an undistinguished looking species on the ground, mainly grey above and whitish below, with some breast streaking. It has a whitish supercilium and eyering, with dark eye and moustachial stripes. The sexes are similar, but juveniles are browner than adults.

This species appears shorter tailed and larger headed than meadow pipit. Its call is a "schrip" like yellow wagtail, and the song, given in flight, is a chattery "tsivrr tsivrr tsivrr tsivrr".

This species is named after the French naturalist Sabin Berthelot, one-time resident of the Canary Islands, by Carl Bolle.

References

External links

 Berthelot's pipit at Madeira Birdwatching

Anthus
Birds of the Canary Islands
Birds of Madeira
Birds described in 1862
Taxa named by Carl Bolle

Berthelot's pipit


The National Garden (, ) or Ministry of Foreign Affairs Gate is a historical and governmental compound in Tehran, Iran.

Formerly referred to as the Parade Square (, ) (, ), it used to be a military shooting range during the Qajar period. It was then turned into a public park for a short period, and eventually important governmental offices and museums were built around it.

Building number 9 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (formerly the "Police House"), the University of Art (formerly the "Cossack House"), Malek National Museum, Post and Communication Museum, and the National Museum are situated in the compound.

History
The field was first constructed as a shooting practice range, during the reign of the Qajar dynasty. It was used for the military garrison, and the Cossacks practiced military parade in it. The range was then developed during the reign of Nasser ed Din Shah, with a new building named Cossack House, which was somewhat transformed during the reign of Mozaffar ed Din Shah.

Under the rule of Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty, the range was turned into a modern public park for a short period, and the famous gate of the compound was built by Mirza Mehdi Khan Shaghaghi (Momtahen od Dowle) before the arrival of World War II. Eventually, important governmental buildings were built around the compound; such as the "Police House" (or the "Shahrbani House") which was built for Shahrbani, an organization responsible for maintaining security in the city.

Gallery

See also
National Museum of Iran
Sa'dabad Complex
Museum of the Qasr Prison
Ferdows Garden

References

Buildings and structures in Tehran
Architecture in Iran
Qajar Iran

National Garden, Tehran


The Azerbaijani Armed Forces () is the military  of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

The armed forces have three branches: the Azerbaijani Land Force, the Azerbaijani Air Force, and the Azerbaijani Navy. Related forces which are not part of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces, include the paramilitary Azerbaijani National Guard, the Internal Troops of Azerbaijan, and the State Border Service of Azerbaijan (who patrol Azerbaijan's borders with Georgia, Russia, Iran, Turkey and Armenia), which can be involved in state defense.

The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the President of Azerbaijan, currently Ilham Aliyev. The Ministry of Defense is in charge of political leadership. It is currently headed by Safar Abiyev. Military command is in the hands of the General Staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is Colonel-General Najmaddin Sadigov.

Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan has been trying to further develop its armed forces into a professional, well trained, and mobile military. Based on 2007 statistics the country has about 66,940 troops, and a paramilitary force of 15,000 troops. There are 300,000 former service personnel who have had military service in the last fifteen years.

Azerbaijan had actually established the Azerbaijani Armed Forces and a Ministry of Defense on June 26, 1918 with the first independence of Azerbaijan, as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, after the collpase of the Russian Empire in 1918 until it was invaded and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1920 which came after the Russian Empire. The Azerbaijani Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense were established again in 1991 with the second and final independence of Azerbaijan, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when the Azerbaijani Armed Forces were formed out of the former Soviet forces in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.

Related pages
Military history of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani Land Force
Azerbaijani Air Force
Azerbaijani Navy
Azerbaijani National Guard
Internal Troops of Azerbaijan
State Border Service of Azerbaijan
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

References

Other websites

Official site of Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan Republic
Azerbaijani Army being reformed according to NATO standards
U.S. Army War College Center for Strategic Leadership, Transformation of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces , October 2008
Official YouTube Channel of Azerbaijani Soldier program

Azerbaijani Armed Forces


Harlem is a big neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It was a village independent of New York City until 1873. Most of the people in Central Harlem are African-American. Most of the people in West and East Harlem are Hispanic.

It started as a Dutch village called Nieuw Haarlem. It was named for the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands.

In the 19th century it became an industrial suburb. In the 1920s the Harlem Renaissance happened in Harlem.

There is a lot of crime in Harlem, but there is becoming less. The most common cause of death for young black males there is getting murdered.

References

Manhattan
Neighborhoods of New York City

Harlem


Christmas in the American Civil War (1861–1865) was celebrated in the Confederate States of America (the South), but frowned upon and actually fined in Massachusetts. It was seen as an unnecessary expense. It was thought to be a day of fasting by the Puritans and Lutherans.
The day did not become an official holiday until five years after the war ended. The war continued to rage on Christmas and skirmishes occurred throughout the countryside. Celebrations for both troops and civilians saw significant alteration. Propagandists, such as Thomas Nast, used wartime Christmases to reflect their beliefs. In 1870, Christmas became an official Federal holiday when President Ulysses S. Grant made it so in an attempt to unite north and south.

War activities
On the first Christmas Day during the war, Lincoln hosted a Christmas party during the evening; earlier that day, he spent many hours trying to legitimize the capture of Confederate representatives to Great Britain and France, John Slidell and James Murray Mason (the Trent Affair).

In 1862, the Lincolns visited injured soldiers at the various hospitals. Many Union soldiers in 1863 received gifts "From Tad Lincoln", as Tad had been deeply moved by the plight of Union soldiers when he was taken by his father to see them. The gifts were mostly books and clothing. The most famous Christmas gift Lincoln ever received came on December 22, 1864, when William Tecumseh Sherman announced the capture of Savannah, Georgia.

Military exercises also took place on December 25. In 1861, a blockade runner was caught by the Union navy, and there were two skirmishes in Virginia and Maryland. In 1862, there were several skirmishes, and Confederate general John Hunt Morgan engaged in his famous Christmas Raid in Kentucky. On that day, Morgan's men destroyed everything they could of the improvements that the Louisville & Nashville Railroad had made along 35 miles of track from Bacon Creek to Lebanon Junction.  There was also a military execution for desertion that the soldiers were forced to witness. In 1863, Union forces destroyed Confederate salt works at Bear Inlet, North Carolina and, in South Carolina, there were skirmishes between the Union navy and Confederate artillery on the Stono River and near Charleston. In 1864, the Confederates fiercely repelled the Federal assault of sixty warships on Fort Fisher and several skirmishes were fought in the western theater of the war.

Celebrating

Soldiers not actively campaigning celebrated Christmas in several ways. Union soldiers would use salt pork and hardtack to decorate Christmas trees.  Others were treated to special meals; a captain from Massachusetts treated his soldiers to foods such as turkey, oysters, pies, and apples.  However, many soldiers received no special treats or privileges. In one incident on December 25, 1864, 90 Union soldiers from Michigan, led by their captain, dispensed "food and supplies" to poor Georgians, with the mules pulling the carts decorated to resemble reindeer by having tree branches tied to their heads. In some units, celebrating Christmas was not allowed. On December 25, 1862, soldiers of one unit were punished for celebratory gunfire for the holiday, when actually the gunfire was for a funeral salute.

Carols, hymns, and seasonal songs were sung during the period, with some, such as "Deck the Halls", "Oh Come All Ye Faithful", and Mendelssohn's "Hark, the Herald Angels Sing" (1840), still sung today. American musical contributions to the season include "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear" (1850), "Jingle Bells" (1857), "We Three Kings of Orient Are" (1857) and "Up on the Housetop" (1860). Although popular in Europe at the time, Christmas cards were scarce in the United States, and would not enjoy widespread use until the 1870s.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote his pacifist poem, "Christmas Bells" on Christmas Day 1864 at the news of his son Lieutenant Charles Appleton Longfellow having suffered severe wounds in November during the Mine Run Campaign. The poem was set to the tune "Waltham" by John Baptiste Calkin sometime after 1872 and has since been received into the established library of Christmas carols as "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day". The carol version does not include two stanzas from the original poem that focused on the war.

For children, Christmas was altered during the war. Presents were fewer, especially in the devastated South. In We Were Marching on Christmas Day, author Kevin Rawlings notes that some southern children worried about the Union blockade, and one little girl, Sallie Brock Putnam, plotted the course Santa Claus would have to take to avoid it. Sometimes fathers on both sides were allowed furlough, and children were said to react to their fathers as if seeing "near strangers".  Excuses for a lack of Santa included Yankees having shot him.

Nast cartoons and other propaganda

Thomas Nast, who used his editorial cartoons to issue Union propaganda, made several illustrations reflecting the war.

The one for Christmas Eve 1862, which ran in the January 1863 issue of Harper's Weekly shows a wife on one side praying though a window in one circle, and in another circle shows her husband on the battlefield, also in prayer.  The same issue's cover started how Santa Claus would be perceived by future Americans, as a white-bearded Santa hands such gifts as socks to Union soldiers, while also holding a Jefferson Davis dancing puppet with a rope tied around its neck to imply his execution. The Christmas 1863 issue showed the couple back together.

The Nast Christmas cartoon for 1864 was a more conciliatory piece, showing Lincoln inviting Confederate soldiers into a warm lodge hall full of merriment.  Lincoln called Nast's use of Santa Claus "the best recruiting sergeant the North ever had".

Nast was not the only one to use Christmas as a propaganda tool. On the Union side, The New York Herald also engaged in propaganda. One illustration published in the paper included Santa Claus fuming that he could not reach southern children, due to the northern blockade.  On the Confederate side, The Richmond Examiner described Santa to its young readers as "a Dutch toy monger" who was a New York/New England "scrub" and Hottentot that had nothing to do with traditional Virginian celebrations of Christmas.

Even through the war was over, Nast had a drawing in the Christmas 1865 issue of Harper's Weekly depicting the heads of several Confederate generals at Ulysses S. Grant's feet in an image that centered on Santa.  After the war Nast purposely made the North Pole the home of Saint Nick so that no one else could use him for nationalistic propaganda like Nast himself did.

See also

 I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day

Notes

References

Civil War
Cultural history of the American Civil War

Christmas in the American Civil War


The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers, located at 120 West 46th Street in the Times Square neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was established in the 1970s in Lower Manhattan as an all-girls annex to Murry Bergtraum High School.  Its original goal was to offer young women a business education, then not readily available to female students; however, it is now co-ed.  The school was renamed in honor of former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in 1995, a year after her death. It is a part of the New York City Department of Education (NYCDOE).

The building now occupied by the school was formerly the location of Performing Arts High School, the school on which the 1980 film Fame was based. In winter 1988, the vacant building caught fire during renovation. Its facade and several exterior walls survived; the interior needed complete reconstruction. Performing Arts High School moved to LaGuardia High School, and the 46th Street building reopened in 1995 as the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School.

The primary programs offered by the school include international business studies, virtual enterprise, hospitality and tourism, accounting, drama, and dance.

References

External links

Official website

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
New York City Department of Education
Public high schools in Manhattan
Times Square buildings
Women in New York City


In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue made up of small tubes which carry watery sap containing sugar and other organic nutrients to all parts of the plant where the nutrients are used for growth, or stored until needed. The sugar is made by photosynthesis. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, therefore the name, that comes from the Greek word φλοιος (phloios) for "bark".

Aphids (greenfly) and other insects feed on the phloem by inserting a fine tube into the plant, penetrating the tiny phloem cells deep within the plant. The high pressure in the phloem tubes forces the phloem sap into the insect.  Most of the sugar passes right through the insect, so that nearby surfaces get sticky and often become black due to the growth of fungus.

Water, which is absorbed by the plant's roots, travels up the stem to the leaf through the xylem. This means that the xylem helps during photosynthesis by bringing water up the plant. It does the same job that blood vessels do in animals.

Related pages
Xylem

Plant anatomy
Vascular tissue
Plant physiology

Phloem


JXTA (Juxtapose) was an open-source peer-to-peer protocol specification begun by Sun Microsystems in 2001. The JXTA protocols were defined as a set of XML messages which allow any device connected to a network to exchange messages and collaborate independently of the underlying network topology.

As JXTA was based upon a set of open XML protocols, it could be implemented in any modern computer language. Implementations were developed for Java SE, C/C++, C# and Java ME. The C# Version used the C++/C native bindings and was not a complete re-implementation in its own right.

JXTA peers create a virtual overlay network which allows a peer to interact with other peers even when some of the peers and resources are behind firewalls and NATs or use different network transports. In addition, each resource is identified by a unique ID, a 160 bit SHA-1 URN in the Java binding, so that a peer can change its localization address while keeping a constant identification number.

Status

"In November 2010, Oracle officially announced its withdrawal from the JXTA projects". As of August 2011, the JXTA project has not yet been continued or otherwise announced to retain operations, neither a decision was made on the assembly of its Board nor an answer by Oracle regarding a pending request to move the source-code to Apache license version 2.

Protocols in JXTA
 Peer Resolver Protocol
 Peer Information Protocol
 Rendezvous Protocol
 Peer Membership Protocol
 Pipe Binding Protocol
 Endpoint Routing Protocol

Categories of peers
JXTA defines two main categories of peers: edge peers and super-peers. The super-peers can be further divided into rendezvous and relay peers. Each peer has a well defined role in the JXTA peer-to-peer model.
The edge peers are usually defined as peers which have transient, low bandwidth network connectivity. They usually reside on the border of the Internet, hidden behind corporate firewalls or accessing the network through non-dedicated connections.
A Rendezvous peer is a special purpose peer which is in charge of coordinating the peers in the JXTA network and provides the necessary scope to message propagation. If the peers are located in different subnets then the network should have at least one Rendezvous peer.
A Relay peer allows the peers which are behind firewalls or NAT systems to take part in the JXTA network. This is performed by using a protocol which can traverse the firewall, like HTTP, for example.

Any peer in a JXTA network can be a rendezvous or relay as soon as they have the necessary credentials or network/storage/memory/CPU requirements.

Advertisements
An Advertisement is an XML document which describes any resource in a P2P network (peers, groups, pipes, services, etc.). The communication in JXTA can be thought as the exchange of one or more advertisements through the network.

Pipes
Pipes are a virtual communication channel used by JXTA to exchange messages and data. Pipes are asynchronous, unreliable, and unidirectional. There are basically three types of pipes:
 Unicast
 Uni-cast Secure
 Propagate

Peer groups
A peer group provides a scope for message propagation and a logical clustering of peers. In JXTA, every peer is a member of a default group, NetPeerGroup, but a given peer can be member of many sub-groups at the same time.  A peer may play different roles in different groups; it may act as an edge peer in one group, but a rendezvous in another.

Each group should have at least one rendezvous peer and it is not possible to send messages between two groups.

Rendezvous network
The Rendezvous peers have an optimized routing mechanism which allows an efficient propagation of messages pushed by edge peers connected to them. This is achieved through the use of a loosely consistent network.

Each Rendezvous peer maintains a Rendezvous Peer View (RPV), a list of known rendezvous peers ordered by the Peer ID. There is not any mechanism to enforce the consistency of all RPVs across the JXTA network, so a given RPV can have a  temporary or permanent inconsistent view of the other rendezvous peers. As soon as there is a low churn rate, that is, a stable network where peers don't join or leave too frequently, the RPV  list of each peer will converge as each rendezvous peer exchange a random subset of its RPV with other rendezvous peers from time to time.

When an edge peer publishes an Advertisement, the index of this advertisement is pushed to the rendezvous through a system called Shared Resource Distributed Index (SRDI). After that, the rendezvous applies a Distributed Hash Table (DHT) function so that it can forward the index to another peer in the RPV list. For replication purposes, it will send this index to the neighbours of the chosen rendezvous peer in the RPV list.

The lookup process requires the use of the same DHT function to discover the rendezvous peer which is in charge of storing that index. Once the rendezvous peer is reached it will forward the query to the edge peer which published the advertisement and this peer will get in touch with the peer which issues the query.

If the DHT function cannot find a peer which is in charge of the advertisement then the query will be forwarded up and down the RPV list until a match is found, the query is aborted, or it reaches the limits of the RPV list. This process is called random walk.

See also

 Peer-to-peer
 Rendezvous protocol
 Chimera.

References

External links
 Official web site
 Java implementation of JXTA
 french site
 Overview of JXTA
 Sonatype Repo

Distributed data storage
Cross-platform free software
Free network-related software
Java platform
Network protocols
Sun Microsystems software

JXTA


A trail is a pedestrian path or road mainly used for walking, but often also for cycling, cross-country skiing or other activities.  Some trails are off-limits to everyone other than hikers, and few trails allow motorized vehicles.

Nomenclature
In the United States, the word footpath is also used to mean a trail; however in Australian English, New Zealand English, Indian English, and Irish English this word means "sidewalk" (American English) or "pavement" (British English).

In Australia, the word track can be used interchangeably with trail, and can refer to anything from a dirt road to a pedestrian walkway (generally also unpaved). The term "trail" gained popularity during World War II, when many servicemen from the United States were stationed in Australia, which probably influenced its being adopted by elements of the Australian media at the time (see Kokoda Track). In New Zealand, the word track is used almost exclusively except in reference to cross-country skiing, where trail is used.

Trail types and use

Walking trails

Trail use has become very popular for a wide variety of users. Some trails are meant as nature trails, and are used by people learning about the natural world. Many trails are day trails, what means that they are generally used by people out for a short hike, less than a day. Some trails are backpacking trails, or long-distance trails, and are used by both day hikers and by backpackers. Some of the trails are over a thousand miles (1,500 km) long and may be hiked in sections by backpackers, or completed in one trip by dedicated hikers. Some trails are specifically used by other outdoor enthusiasts to gain access to another feature, such as good climbing sites. Many runners also favor running on trails rather than pavement, as giving a more vigorous work-out and better developing agility skills, as well as providing a more pleasant exercise environment. See trail running.

Stairway Trails

Stairway is another way to ascend higher slopes. Stairway trails are usually for walking only. The stairs are constructed using cuts in dirt, rocks or concrete. Popular stairway trails include Stairway Trails in Bernal Heights East - San Francisco, Stairs at many hill top Hindu temple (Tirumala, Palani) used during Pilgrimage & Machu Picchu.

Bicycle trails

Recent decades have seen an explosion of interest in cycling, both street-type and off-road type. A common term for these facilities is simply "bike trail". These trails may be built to a different set of standards than foot trails, requiring more stable, harder surfaces, less strenuous grades, longer sight visibility, and less sharp changes in direction. On the other hand, the cross-slope of a bike trail may be significantly greater than a foot trail, and the actual treadway may be narrower in some cases.

Equestrian trails

Horseback riding has continued to be a popular activity for many trail users. Again, horse trails are built to different standards than other trails.  Sight distance is an important issue with horse trails, as is overhead and side clearance.  While trail surface types are a relatively unimportant issue with hikers, they may be an important issue with horses.

Cross-country skiing

In cross-country skiing, a trail (also called a 'track' or 'piste') refers to the parallel grooves cut into the snow, one for each ski.

Motorized trails

Motorized trail use also remains very popular with some people. Such terms as ORV, four-wheeling, all-terrain vehicle, and others actually have highly specific meanings.

Related pages
Inca trail to Machu Picchu one of the oldest

Other websites

Slackpacker.com - designed to provide convenient access to websites with hiking and backpacking trail maps, descriptions, journals, trip reports, and photographs.
Wiki dedicated to trail guides and community  Hiking, Biking, Riding and Driving trails
WikiWalki - Member submitted hiking trails with maps
 IMBA.com - Trailbuilding Resources Information on building and managing shared use and bike specific trails.

Trail


Medan (; pronoonced ) is the caipital o the North Sumatra province in Indonesie. Locatit on the northren coast, Medan is the fowert lairgest ceety in Indonesie (ahint Jakarta, Surabaya, an Bandung), an the lairgest Indonesian ceety ootside Java. The ceety is bordered bi the Deli Serdang Regency tae the east, sooth an wast, an the Strait o Malacca tae the north. It is close tae the volcano Sinabung, which eruptit in August 2010 efter a 400 year dormant state.

History
Medan stairtit as a veelage cried Kampung Medan (Medan Veelage). Kampung Medan wis foondit bi Guru Patimpus aroond the 1590s. Acause Kampung Medan sits on Tanah Deli (Land o Deli), Kampung Medan is an aa referred as Medan-Deli. The oreeginal location o Kampung Medan is an aurie whaur the Deli River meets the Babura River.

Based on the diary o the Portuguese merchant in early 16t century, it statit that the name o Medan wis actually derived frae Medina which is actually a holy ceety in the wastren pairt o Saudi Arabie. Housomeivver, ither soorces indicatit that the name o Medan actually came frae Indian Hindi leid wird "Maidan" meanin "grund" or "land" (lik in Pragati Maidan in Delhi). Ane o the Karo-Indonesia dictionary written bi Darwin Prinst SH published in 2002 wrote that Medan coud an aa be defined as "recover" or "be better".

The first indwallers o Medan came frae the Malay frae the Malay Peninsular. It wis no till the Sultan o Aceh, Sultan Iskandar Muda, sent his warlord, Gocah Pahlawan Laksamana Khoja Bintan, tae be the Sultanate o Aceh's representative in Tanah Deli, that the Sultanate o Deli stairtit tae grow. This growthe stimulatit growthe in baith the population an cultur o Medan. In the seicont year reign o Sultan Deli (atween 1669–1698), thare wis a cavalry battle in Medan.

Medan did no experience significant development till the 1860s, when the Dutch colonialists began clearin the land for tobacco plantations. Medan quickly became a centre o govrenment an commercial activity, dominatin development o Indonesie's wastren region.

The Dutch govrened Tanah Deli frae 1658, efter Sultan Ismail, ruler o the Kinrick o Siak Sri Indrapura, yieldit some o his ance-ruled land, Deli, Langkat, an Serdang. In 1915 Medan offeecially became the caipital o North Sumatra Province, an offeecially a ceety in 1918.

Sister ceeties

 Ichikawa, Japan
 George Town, Malaysie
 Chengdu, Cheenae
 Gwangju, Republic o Korea

Populatit places in North Sumatra
Ceeties in Indonesie
Regency caipitals o Indonesie
Provincial caipitals in Indonesie

Medan


È titolare della cattedra dedicata al professore Harold F. Linder presso la Scuola di Scienze Sociali dell'Università di Princeton.

Biografia

Specialista di Storia della Francia, Joan Wallach Scott è conosciuta per i suoi contributi agli studi di genere. È l'autrice dell'articolo Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis, pubblicato nel 1986 nella American Historical Review, tradotto in italiano con il titolo Il genere: un'utile categoria di analisi storica, che è tra i più letti e citati della rivista Historical Rewiew ed ha segnato un cambiamento determinante per la storia di genere, la storia del pensiero e nella storiografia Anglo-Americana. Nel corso della sua carriera accademica, ha ricevuto numerosi premi e riconoscimenti, fra cui l'American Historical Association's Herbert Baxter Adams Prize. I suoi libri sono tradotti in molte lingue, compresi il giapponese ed il coreano. È una delle fondatrici della rivista The History of the Present.

Joan Wallach Scott è nipote dell'attore Eli Wallach.

Opere

Libri

 The Glassworkers of Carmaux: French Craftsmen and Political Action in a Nineteenth Century City. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974; French translation, Flammarion, 1982.
 Women, Work and Family (coauthored with Louise Tilly). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978; Routledge, 1987; Italian translation, 1981; French translation, 1987; Korean translation 2008.
 Gender and the Politics of History. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988; Revised edition, 1999. Japanese translation, Heibonsha 1992; Spanish translation, Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2008.
 Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man. Harvard University Press, 1996; French translation: Albin Michel, 1998; Portuguese translation: Editora Mulheres 2002; Korean translation, Sang Sanchi 2006.
 Parité: Sexual Equality and the Crisis of French Universalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. French translation: Albin Michel 2005. Korean translation: Ingansarang 2009.
 The Politics of the Veil. Princeton University Press, 2007. Bulgarian translation 2008; Arabic translation, Toubkal, 2009.
 Théorie Critique de l'Histoire: Identités, expériences, politiques. Fayard, 2009. Edited: Western Societies: A Documentary History (edited, with Brian Tierney), 2 vols. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1983; 2nd edition, 1999.
 Learning about Women: Gender, Power and Politics, (edited with Jill Conway and Susan Bourque). University of Michigan Press, 1987.
 Feminists Theorize the Political (edited with Judith Butler). New York, Routledge, 1992.
 Alper, Benedict S. Love and Politics in Wartime: Letters to my Wife, 1943-5. University of Illinois Press, 1992.
 The Mythmaking Frame of Mind: Social Imagination and American Culture (edited with James Gilbert, Amy Gilman, and Donald Scott). San Francisco, Wadsworth, 1992.
 Feminism and History (A volume in the Oxford series, Readings in Feminism). Oxford University Press, 1996.
 Transitions, Environments, Translations: Feminisms in International Politics (edited with Cora Kaplan and Debra Keates). Routledge, 1997.
 Schools of Thought: Twenty-five Years of Interpretive Social Science (edited with Debra Keates). Princeton University Press, 2001.
 Going Public: Feminism and the Shifting Boundaries of the Private Sphere (edited with Debra Keates). Champaign IL: University of Illinois Press, 2004.
 Women's Studies on the Edge. Durham, Duke University Press, 2009. II.
 The Fantasy of Feminist History. Durham, Duke University Press, 2011.

Articoli

 "The Glassworkers of Carmaux," Nineteenth Century Cities: Essays in the New Urban History, edited by S. Thernstrom and R. Sennett. (Yale University Press, 1969), pp. 3-48.
 "Les Verriers de Carmaux, 1865-1900," Le Mouvement Social 76 (1971), pp. 67-93.
 "Women's Work and the Family in 19th Century Europe," (coauthored with Louise Tilly) The Family in History, C. Rosenberg, ed. (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975), pp. 145-178.
 "Labor History in the United States since the 1960's," Le Mouvement Social, No. 100 (July 1977), pp. 121-131.
 Recent U.S. Scholarship on the History of Women (coauthored with B. Sicherman, W. Monter, K. Sklar). American Historical Association, 1980.
 "Social History and the History of Socialism: French Socialist Municipalities in the 1890's," Le Mouvement Social 111 (Spring 1980), pp. 145-153.
 "Political Shoemakers," (coauthored with Eric Hobsbawm) Past and Present 89 (November 1980), pp. 86-114.
 "Dix Ans de l'histoire des femmes aux états-unis," Le Débat 19 (1981), pp. 127-132 (translated into Spanish for publication in Débat, 1984).
 "Politics and the Profession: Women Historians in the 1980's," Women's Studies Quarterly 9:3 (Fall 1981).
 "Mayors versus Police Chiefs: Socialist Municipalities Confront the French State," in John Merriman, ed., French Cities in the Nineteenth Century. (London, Hutchinson 1982), pp. 230-45.
 "Popular Theater and Socialism in Late Nineteenth Century France," in Seymour Drescher, David Sabean, and Allen Sharlin, eds., Political Symbolism in Modern Europe: Essays in Honor of George L. Mosse. (New Brunswick, Transaction Books 1982), pp. 197-215.
 "The Mechanization of Women's Work," Scientific American 247:3 (September 1982), pp. 166-87.
 "Women's History: The Modern Period," Past and Present 101 (November 1983), pp. 141-57.
 "Men and Women in the Parisian Garment Trades: Discussions of Family and Work in the 1830's and 40's," R. Floud, G. Crossick and P. Thane, eds., The Power of the Past: Essays in Honor of Eric Hobsbawm. (Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 67-94.
 "Statistical Representations of Work: The Chamber of Commerce's Statistique de l'Industrie à Paris, 1847-48," in Stephen Kaplan, ed., Work in 18th and 19th Century France. (Cornell University Press, 1986), pp. 335-363.
 "Women's History as Women's Education: Representations of Sexuality and Women's Colleges in America," (Smith College, Northampton, Mass., 1986).
 "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis," American Historical Review 91, No. 5 (December 1986), pp. 1053-75. (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Bulgarian, Estonian, and Polish translations). edizione italiana in
 "On Language, Gender, and Working Class History," International Labor and Working Class History 31(Spring 1987), pp. 1-13 and "Reply to Critics of This Piece," 32 (Fall 1987), pp. 39-45. (Spanish and Swedish translations).
 "'L'Ouvrière! Mot Impie, Sordide...' Women Workers in the Discourse of French Political Economy (1840-1860)," in Patrick Joyce, ed., The Historical Meanings of Work. (Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 119-42. French translation in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 83 (June 1990), pp. 2-15.
 "Rewriting History," in Margaret Higonnet, et al., eds., Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars. (Yale University Press, 1987), pp. 19-30.
 "History and Difference," Daedalus (Fall 1987), pp. 93-118. "Deconstructing Equality-versus-Difference: Or, the Uses of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism," Feminist Studies (Spring 1988), pp. 33-50.
 "The Problem of Invisibility," in S. Jay Kleinberg, ed., Retrieving Women's History: Changing Perceptions of the Role of Women in Politics and Society. (London and Paris, Berg/Unesco 1988), pp. 5-29.
 "History in Crisis? The Others' Side of the Story," American Historical Review 94 (June 1989), pp. 680-692.
 "Interview with Joan Scott," Radical History Review 45 (1989), pp. 41-59.
 "French Feminists and the Rights of 'Man': Olympe de Gouges' Declarations," History Workshop No. 28 (Autumn 1989), pp. 1-21.
 "A Woman Who Has Only Paradoxes to Offer: Olympe de Gouges Claims Rights for Women," in Sara E. Melzer and Leslie W. Rabine, eds., Rebel Daughters: Women and the French Revolution. (New York, Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 102-20.
 "Women's History," in New Perspectives on Historical Writing, Peter Burke, ed. (London, Polity Press, 1991), pp. 42-66.
 "Rethinking the History of Women's Work," chapter for Vol. IV of Storia della Donne, edited by Michelle Perrot and Georges Duby (Rome, Laterza, 1990; Paris, Plon, 1991; Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1993), pp. 773-797.
 "The Evidence of Experience," Critical Inquiry (Summer 1991); reprinted in various collections of essays, and in Questions of Evidence: Proof, Practice, and Persuasion across the Disciplines, edited by James Chandler, Arnold I. Davidson, and Harry Harootunian (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 363-387. Spanish translation 2001.
 "Liberal Historians: A Unitary Vision," Chronicle of Higher Education, September 11, 1991, pp. B1-2.
 "The Campaign Against Political Correctness: What's Really at Stake?" Change (November/December 1991), pp. 30-43; reprinted in Radical History Review, 1992, pp. 59-79; also in various collections of essays.
 "Multiculturalism and the Politics of Identity," October 61 (Summer 1992), pp. 12-19; reprinted in The Identity in Question, John Rajchman, ed. (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 3-12.
 "The New University: Beyond Political Correctness," Boston Review, (March/April 1992), pp. 29-31.
 "The Rhetoric of Crisis in Higher Education," in Higher Education Under Fire: Politics, Economics, and the Crisis of the Humanities, edited by Michael Bérubé and Cary Nelson. (Routledge, 1995), pp. 293-334.
 "Academic Freedom as an Ethical Practice," in The Future of Academic Freedom, edited by Louis Menand. (University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp. 163-180.
 "Forum: Raymond Martin, Joan W. Scott, and Cushing Strout on 'Telling the Truth About History,'" History and Theory, Vol. 34 (1995), pp. 329-334.
 "Vive la différence!" Le Débat, November-December 1995, pp. 134-139. "After History?", Common Knowledge, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Winter, 1996), pp. 9-26.
 "'La Querelle des Femmes' in Late Twentieth Century France," New Left Review Nov./Dec. 1997, pp. 3-19 (French translation: Parité-infos, #19, Sept. 1997).
 "Border Patrol," contribution to "Forum" A Crisis in History? On Gérard Noiriel's Sur la Crise de l'Histoire," French Historical Studies 21:3 (Summer 1998) pp. 383-397.
 "Some Reflections on Gender and Politics," in Revisioning Gender, Myra Marx Ferree, Judith Lorber, and Beth B. Hess, ed. (Sage Publications, 1999), pp. 70-96.
 "Entretien avec Joan Scott," Mouvements: Sociétés, politique, culture no. 2 (Jan- Fev 1999), pp. 101-112.
 "La Traduction Infidèle," Vacarme, No. 19 (1999).
 "Feminist Family Politics," French Politics, Culture and Society 17:3-4 (Summer/Fall 1999) pp. 20-30.
 "The 'Class' We Have Lost," International Labor & Working-Class History, no. 57 (Spring 2000) pp. 69-75.
 "Fantasy Echo: History and the Construction of Identity," Critical Inquiry 27 (Winter 2001) pp. 284-304. (German translation: "Phantasie und Erfahrung," Feministische Studien Vol. 2, 2001).
 "Les 'guerres académiques' aux Etats-Unis," in L'Université en questions: marché des saviors, nouvelle agora, tour d'ivoire?, edito da Julie Allard, Guy Haarscher e Maria Puig dela Bellacasa (Brussels: Editions Labor, 2001).
 "Faculty Governance," Academe July-August 2002, pp. 41-48.
 "French Universalism in the 90's," differences 15.2 (2004) pp. 32-53.
 "Feminism's History," Journal of Women's History 16.1 (2005), pp. 10-29.
 "Symptomatic Politics: The Banning of Islamic Head Scarves in French Public Schools," French Politics, Culture and Society 23:3 (Fall 2005), pp. 106-27.
 "Against Eclecticism," differences 16.3 (Fall 2005), pp. 114-37. "History-writing as Critique", Keith Jenkins, et al., eds., Manifestos for History (London:Routledge, 2007), 19-38.
 "Back to the Future," History and Theory 47:2 (2008) pp. 279-84.
 "Unanswered Questions," contribution to AHR Forum, " "Revisiting 'Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis'," American Historical Review 113:5 (Dec. 2008), pp. 1422-30.
 "Finding Critical History," in James Banner and John Gillis, eds. Becoming Historians (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), pp. 26-53.
 "Knowledge, Power, and Academic Freedom," Social Research (Summer 2009).
 "Gender: Still a Useful Category of Analysis?" Diogenes Vol. 57, No. 225 (2010).
 "Storytelling," History and Theory (Spring 2011).

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
Scheda di Joan Scott dal sito ufficiale dell'Institure for Advanced Study

Joan Wallach Scott


The Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) is an application protocol used for transporting Usenet news articles (netnews) between news servers, and for reading/posting articles by the end user client applications. Brian Kantor of the University of California, San Diego, and Phil Lapsley of the University of California, Berkeley, wrote , the specification for the Network News Transfer Protocol, in March 1986. Other contributors included Stan O. Barber from the Baylor College of Medicine and Erik Fair of Apple Computer.

Usenet was originally designed based on the UUCP network, with most article transfers taking place over direct point-to-point telephone links between news servers, which were powerful time-sharing systems. Readers and posters logged into these computers reading the articles directly from the local disk.

As local area networks and Internet participation proliferated, it became desirable to allow newsreaders to be run on personal computers connected to local networks. The resulting protocol was NNTP, which resembled the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) but was tailored for exchanging newsgroup articles.

A newsreader, also known as a news client, is a software application that reads articles on Usenet, either directly from the news server's disks or via the NNTP.

The well-known TCP port 119 is reserved for NNTP. Well-known TCP port 433 (NNSP) may be used when doing a bulk transfer of articles from one server to another. When clients connect to a news server with Transport Layer Security (TLS), TCP port 563 is often used. This is sometimes referred to as NNTPS. Alternatively, a plain-text connection over port 119 may be changed to use TLS via the STARTTLS command.

In October 2006, the IETF released , which updates NNTP and codifies many of the additions made over the years since RFC 977. At the same time, the IETF also released , which specifies the use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) via NNTP over STARTTLS.

Network News Reader Protocol
During an abortive attempt to update the NNTP standard in the early 1990s, a specialized form of NNTP intended specifically for use by clients, NNRP, was proposed. This protocol was never completed or fully implemented, but the name persisted in InterNetNews's (INN) nnrpd program. As a result, the subset of standard NNTP commands useful to clients is sometimes still referred to as "NNRP".

NNTP server software

 Leafnode
 InterNetNews
 C News
 Apache James
 Synchronet
 yProxy
 DIABLO, a backbone news transit system, designed to replace INND on backbone machines.

See also
 List of Usenet newsreaders

External links
 Kantor, Brian and Phil Lapsley.  "Network News Transfer Protocol: A Proposed Standard for the Stream-Based Transmission of News." 1986.
 Horton, Mark, and R. Adams.  "Standard for Interchange of USENET Messages." 1987.
 Barber, Stan, et al.  "Common NNTP Extensions." 2000
 IETF nntpext Working Group
 Feather, Clive.  "Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)." 2006
 Murchison, K., J. Vinocur, and C. Newman.  "Using Transport Layer Security (TLS) with Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)" 2006

Application layer protocols
Internet Standards
Usenet

Network News Transfer Protocol


Ethan of Athos is a 1986 science fiction novel by American author Lois McMaster Bujold. The title character is Dr. Ethan Urquhart, Chief of Biology at the Sevarin District Reproduction Centre on the planet Athos, who is sent to find out what happened to a shipment of vital ovarian tissue cultures. Set in the fictional universe of Bujold's Vorkosigan Saga, the novel mentions but does not feature her usual protagonist Miles Vorkosigan. To date, Bujold has never revisited the settings of Athos or Kline Station in her many subsequent novels, but the events of Ethan of Athos are later referred to indirectly in the novels Borders of Infinity (1989) and Cetaganda (1995).

Bujold had written her first novel Shards of Honor and its sequel The Warrior's Apprentice — both unpublished — when she wrote Ethan of Athos, a standalone work that was purposely short "because the current cargo-cult rumor amongst the wanna-be-published back then was that editors would be more likely to read a short manuscript." All three novels were subsequently sold, and published in 1986.

Bujold named Athos, a planet founded and maintained as an exclusively male-populated colony with a planetary religion and ideology supporting this single-sex structure, after the Greek Mount Athos, which has prohibited the entry of women for religious reasons since even before the ban was officially proclaimed by the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomachos in 1046.

Ethan of Athos has been reprinted several times, and appeared in the 2001 Bujold omnibus Miles, Mystery and Mayhem alongside Cetaganda and the novella "Labyrinth". The novel was released on audio cassette in September 1999 narrated by Michael Hanson and Carol Cowan, and as a digital audiobook in March 2009 narrated by Grover Gardner.

Plot summary
Dr. Ethan Urquhart, Chief of Biology at the Sevarin District Reproduction Centre on Athos, is upset to find that his long-awaited shipment of ovarian tissue cultures from off-planet consists of an unusable mixture of dead and animal tissues. An exclusively male-populated planetary colony, continuing reproduction on Athos relies on uterine replicator technology, but the centuries-old cultures introduced by the original colonists have recently begun deteriorating into senescence. With their entire shipment purchased from the planet Jackson's Whole inexplicably consisting of genetic trash, the Population Council of Athos sends a reluctant Ethan offworld in search of a fresh batch of tissue cultures and (if possible) a refund from the original supplier, House Bharaputra. This is a very daring assignment as it means contact with women, who Athosians are taught are demonic and terrifying.

Ethan arrives at the interstellar hub of Kline Station and immediately encounters his first woman, Commander Elli Quinn, a rather unorthodox intelligence officer with the Dendarii Free Mercenary Fleet (and a subordinate of Admiral Naismith's). Though she is pleasant and even helpful, Ethan is wary of her. He is soon abducted and interrogated by military agents from Cetaganda who are seeking a fugitive named Terrence Cee as well as their own lost tissue cultures. They refuse to believe that Ethan is not an opposing intelligence operative. Elli rescues Ethan from certain execution. They become reluctant allies as Elli explains that she has actually been hired by House Bharaputra to track the Cetagandans, and for her own reasons determine what their interest is in the tissue cultures and how it relates to a secret Cetagandan research project.

Terrence approaches Ethan with a request for asylum, revealing himself to be the last survivor of a Cetagandan genetic project to create telepaths. Although his telepathy is reliable, it has a small range and can only be triggered for a short amount of time by ingesting large doses of the amino acid tyramine. Terrance's female counterpart, Janine, had been killed in their escape, but he managed to preserve her body and transport it to Jackson's Whole, where he paid House Bharaputra to splice her genes into the ovarian cultures that were intended for Athos. Terrence had planned to also emigrate to Athos with the cultures, but had been delayed on his way to Kline Station, and is now horrified to learn that the cultures were stolen and replaced by the useless material that ultimately arrived on Athos.

The Cetagandans had tracked Terrence to Jackson's Whole; arriving after his departure, they had killed the Bharaputra researchers who had worked with him and destroyed their records. They then traced the tissue shipment to Kline Station, knowing Terrence would eventually come for it, though they have no knowledge of what happened to the original cultures and are desperate to reclaim them. Elli and Ethan manage to have the Cetagandans seized by Kline Station security, just as they discover that a minor official at the station had, for petty personal reasons, "thrown out" the Bharaputran tissue cultures that contained Janine's genes and replaced them with the useless biological material. Elli attempts to recruit Terrence for the Dendarii; he refuses, but gives Elli a small genetic sample. Meanwhile, Ethan asks Elli for (and receives) one of her ovaries to create a new tissue culture. After her departure, the original Bharaputran shipment unexpectedly turns up intact and usable, not destroyed. Ethan buys a new set of ovarian cultures from Beta Colony anyway as a cover, uses their packaging to relabel the cultures with Janine's genes, and returns with them and Terrence to Athos.

Athos
In the novel, the planet Athos is an all-male colony with a self-sustaining economy that is virtually independent of interstellar trade. Called a "monastery" planet by Bujold, it had been settled some 200 years earlier as a sanctuary away from women, who have since become mythologized as "demonic" due to the "madness" they cause in men. With the planetary religion and ideology supporting this single-sex structure, all incoming information is screened so that all references to — and images of — women are removed. Athos is remote, and physical contact with the rest of human civilization is limited to an annual interstellar census courier that brings information, supplies and the rare immigrant.

The population is sustained using uterine replicator technology. Nine reproduction centers across the planet possess an assortment of ovarian tissue cultures, and by design only male children are conceived. Through military and community service, Athosians earn "Social Duty Credits" towards reproduction. Regulations also allow for a "Designated Alternate Parent" who can earn Social Duty Credits by coparenting a partner's sons. Homosexuality is generally the norm on Athos, and while partnerships are typically romantic and sexual, some are merely mutually beneficial arrangements based on finances and child-rearing.

As much as Athosians are innately misogynistic, homophobia still exists elsewhere in the universe and is sometimes casually directed at the population of Athos.
Athos is named after the Greek Mount Athos monastery where no females, including female animals, are allowed.

Critical reception
Saying that "it would be hard to imagine a more unlikely hero for an SF adventure novel than a homosexual obstetrician," Booklist called Ethan of Athos "Bujold's third remarkable novel in a year" with "a compellingly attractive protagonist", going on to declare the novel "highly recommended for all SF collections." Noting that Ethan of Athos is nothing like Bujold's previous two books, Jo Walton wrote of the novel:

Walton also writes that "I couldn't have imagined what a feminist notion a planet of men is, and how tied up with nurturing children Athos is, accounting for the costs in a way that doesn't dismiss it as 'women's work.'" Library Journal noted that "the plot-driven story moves swiftly and will engage SF fans of all subgenres". Nicki Gerlach of SF Site wrote, "Bujold's got an uncanny ability to create multidimensional, flawed, and loveable characters in a very short space. Even though Ethan is almost painfully naïve throughout the book, it's hard not to sympathize with him and cheer for him right from the beginning." She also praises Bujold's dialogue, which blends humor and "snarky wit" with "the action, the politics, and the emotional pathos that make up the rest of the story." Gerlach also praises Bujold's deftness at "introducing more serious topics in her fiction, without having the story become entirely about The Issues." She writes:

See also
 LGBT themes in speculative fiction
 Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction
 Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction

References

External links

1986 American novels
1986 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
LGBT speculative fiction novels
Novels by Lois McMaster Bujold
Novels with gay themes
Single-gender worlds
Space opera novels
Vorkosigan Saga
1980s LGBT novels
American LGBT novels
Baen Books books

Ethan of Athos


The Rossendale Valley (also called the Forest of Rossendale) is an area North West England, in Lancashire. The area is in Rossendale. It is made up of the steep valleys of the River Irwell and its tributaries. These flow from the Pennines. They then go south into Greater Manchester. They cut through the open moorland. The area has a lot of these, even though a long time ago they were called "forests".

There are two Marilyns in the hills. These are Hail Storm Hill and Freeholds Top.

The geology of the area is layers of gritstone, coal and sand and gravel left behind by glaciers. These rocks were cut by rivers, the Irwell and its tributaries, to make steep valleys. These are 600 feet high. Woodland on the steep slopes includes remnants of ancient woodland but other areas are more recently planted.

The Rossendale Valley is recognised by the steep valley of the River Irwell and its tributaries. Textile mills and chimneys and gritstone houses are what most buildings are. Roads are mostly found in the narrow valley.

The valley was part of the medieval Forest of Rossendale. People living there in the Middle Ages would have been in "booths" or farmsteads and movement into the forest would have turned them into small hamlets.

References

Other websites
 Higher Mill Textile Museum

Lancashire
Valleys

Rossendale Valley


Charge conjugation describes a type of symmetry of nature.  To preform a charge conjugation, one would exchange all particles with their corresponding antiparticles.  This action would create a physical system where everything would be the same except the electromagnetic charge would be reversed.  For example, one could make an antihydrogen atom with an antiproton and an antielectron.  This would result in an atom with a negatively charged nucleus orbited by a positively charged positron.  The masses of the nucleus and the lepton orbiting the nucleus would remain unchanged.  If the behavior of the system (such as the atom mentioned above) remains unchanged after charge conjugation, the system is said to be symmetric with respect to charge conjugation.  This symmetry is also known as "C symmetry."

Quantum mechanics
Symmetry

Charge conjugation


Julius Guttmann (Hebrew: יוליוס גוטמן), born Yitzchak Guttmann (15 April 1880 in Hildesheim – 19 May 1950 in Jerusalem), was a German-born rabbi, Jewish theologian, and philosopher of religion.

Biography
Julius was born to Jakob Guttmann (1845–1919) while Jakob served as Chief Rabbi at Hildesheim during the years 1874 to 1892, when Hildesheim still had a large Jewish population. Jakob himself published papers on a number of philosophical topics.  The family moved to Breslau in 1880.

Julius received his basic training at the Breslau Rabbinical Seminary and the University of Breslau.  He was lecturer at Breslau from 1910 to 1919, and Lecturer at the Hochschule for the Academic Study of Judaism (The Reform Seminary) in Berlin from 1919 to 1934.  At that time, he became Professor of Jewish Philosophy at Hebrew University, a position which he held until his death.

Works
Guttmann is best known for  Die Philosophie des Judentums (Reinhardt, 1933), translations of which are available in Hebrew, Spanish, English, Japanese, etc.  The English title is The Philosophy of Judaism: The History of Jewish Philosophy from Biblical Times to Franz Rosenzweig.

 sees in this publication "the last product in the direct line of the authentic Judaeo-German 'Science of Judaism',"  more commonly known as Wissenschaft des Judentums.  While that movement did not utterly expire with the publication of Guttman's work—its spirit living on in the work of G. Scholem and H.A. Wolfson among many others—it is certainly the case that the Wissenschaft movement in Germany had by the 1930s already ceased to thrive.

The original German edition of Philosophie des Judentums ends with Hermann Cohen, the primary influence on Guttman's own philosophy, while the later Hebrew edition includes Franz Rosenzweig.  It is also notable that Guttman's work excludes major thinkers of the Kabbalistic school, which reflects his own attitude toward Jewish philosophy (Werblowsky 1964).

Personalities Appearing in "Die Philosophie des Judentums"
 Chiwi al-Balkhi
 Saadia ben Joseph
 Isaac Israeli
 Solomon ibn Gabirol
 Bahya ibn Paquda
 Yehuda Halevy
 Abraham ibn Daud
 Moses Maimonides
 Levi ben Gerson
 Chasdai Crescas
 Moses Mendelssohn
 Spinoza
 Solomon Formstecher
 Samuel Hirsch
 Nachman Krochmal
 Salomon Ludwig Steinheim
 Moritz Lazarus
 Hermann Cohen
 Franz Rosenzweig

See also
 Isaac Husik, whose English language history of medieval Jewish philosophy bears similarities to Guttmann's Philosophies of Judaism.

References

External links

1880 births
1950 deaths
20th-century German rabbis
Israeli rabbis
German Jewish theologians
Jewish philosophers
Philosophers of Judaism
Zionists
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Mandatory Palestine
People from the Province of Hanover
People from Hildesheim
German male non-fiction writers
20th-century Israeli philosophers
20th-century German philosophers

Julius Guttmann