The Hamilton Library at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa is the largest research library in the state of Hawaii. The Library serves as a key resource for the flagship Manoa campus (a land, sea and space grant institution) as well as the other University of Hawaiʻi system campuses.

It was designed by George Hogan who designed numerous houses on the island including Plantation Estate which was used by Barack Obama as his Winter White House.

Description
Hamilton Library is located at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, at 2550 McCarthy Mall. It is composed of a circulating research library combined with a non-lending research library system.

As of June 2013, the Library has a full-time equivalent of 46 library faculty and 31 other professional staff, 58 support staff, and 46 student assistants. The collections contain 3,102,696 volumes, 2,353,143 microform units,  of manuscripts and archives, 112,000 audiovisual items, 200,000 maps and 100,000 aerial photographs, over 150,000 digital maps and aerials and approximately 70,751 current serial/journal titles received in paper, microform and/or electronic format. Total expenditures for monographic and serial materials in all formats and personnel were $14,426,748 in 2013. The Library operates by using the Ex Libris ALMA library services platform and PRIMO Discovery system.  Among the 115 North American university research library members of ARL, UH Manoa Library is ranked 79th in strength based on factors such as collection size, current serial subscriptions, staffing, and budget. UH Manoa Hamilton Library is ranked 77th in the nation's largest libraries by the American Library Association.

Collections are housed in two on-campus buildings: Hamilton Library and Sinclair Library (Student Success Center). Hamilton Library, with a total of  of space, houses the research collections in the humanities, social sciences, science, and technology, the area focus collections for Asia, Hawaii, and the Pacific; archives, manuscripts, and other special collections. The  Hamilton Library is home to the music collection, course reserve reading service, Wong Audiovisual Center, and older, bound journals. Hamilton contains a student computer lab and provide reference and other services.

During 2013-14, the library faculty and staff assisted in 21,054 reference transactions, 207,346 circulation transactions including reserves, and 25,424 interlibrary loan transactions. Through their instructional activities, the Library faculty support the Mānoa General Education and other campus requirements for student information literacy. During 2013/14, the Library faculty taught 528 undergraduate and graduate instructional sessions involving 7,382 students. In addition, Library faculty taught courses in the Library and Information Science Program of the Information and Computer Science Department.

Area Collections

Asia
The Asia Collection is the most significant collection of Asian materials in the State of Hawaii. It dates from 1920, when the University of Hawaiʻi Board of Regents established the Japanese Department.  The Oriental Institute was established in 1930 to support study of China, India and Japan. The East-West Center (EWC) acquired the vernacular language (CJK( materials of the Oriental Library in 1962.  The Research Libraries of the EWC expanded the scope of Asia regional studies to include Korea and all countries in South and Southeast Asia. In 1970, the Asia Collection was transferred from the EWC back to the University of Hawaiʻi Library. The collection has specialist librarian faculty for the following areas:
 China
Materials related to China are integrated into the East (Chinese language) and Asia Collection (English & other western languages) of Hamilton Library.

 Japan
Materials related to Japan are integrated into the East (Japanese language) and Asia Collection (English & other western languages) of Hamilton Library. The Japan Collection also holds a number of unique/rare collections housed in the Asia Special Collections room.

 Korea
Materials related to Korean studies are located in the East (한글(Hangul/Korean) and Asia Collection (English & other western languages) of Hamilton Library.

 Okinawa
Materials are currently part of the Japan area studies. The Hawaii State Legislature established the Center for Okinawan Studies effective fiscal year 2008. House Bill no. 1025 of the 2013 Hawaii State Legislature Relating to the Center for Okinawan Studies provided funding for a full-time Okinawan studies librarian position at the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa library.

 Philippines
The Philippine Collection at the University of Hawai'i is one of the largest Philippine collections in the United States.  It has research and rare materials in various formats, integrated into the Asia Collection.

 South Asia
The South Asia collection in Hamilton Library acquires materials published in South Asia through a cooperative Library of Congress acquisition program. Additional materials published outside of South Asia are also purchased. For this collection, the South Asia region includes Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

 Southeast Asia
Materials related to Southeast Asia are integrated into the Asia Collection of Hamilton Library.  The regions covered in the collection include: Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Timor Lestem Vietnam.

Hawaii
The Hawaiian Collection at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Library is a comprehensive collection of retrospective and current materials pertaining to Hawai'i. Material pertaining to all aspects of Hawaii and at all levels of writing are collected in print and non-print formats. It is housed on the fifth floor of Hamilton Library in the combined Hawaiian/Pacific Collection.

Pacific
The Pacific Collection is internationally recognized for the excellence of its holdings and has materials relating to the island regions of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. It is housed on the fifth floor of Hamilton Library in the combined Hawaiian/Pacific Collection. Audiovisual materials related to the Pacific are housed in the Wong Audiovisual Center at Sinclair Library.

Special Collections
Hamilton Library has several special collections, many are combined in the Archives & Manuscripts Department, located on the 5th floor of the Hamilton Library Addition. The Archives & Manuscript unit also includes the Hawaii War Records Depository (HWRD) and the Japanese American Veterans Collection (JAVC). The Jean Charlot Collection is a standalone unit located across the hall from the Hawaiian/Pacific Collection. Other rare materials are located in various parts of the Library and from 2009-early 2015 were accessed via a quasi-unit known as Special Research Collections.

Manuscripts
The Manuscript Collections document the people, history, culture, and politics of Hawaii. It includes:
 Ronald Stone Anderson Papers
 Marjorie Grant Whiting Papers
 Arthur Goodfriend Papers
 Robert Baker Aitken Papers
 Institute of Pacific Relations Records
 Pacific & Asian Affairs Council Records
 Pan Pacific Union Records
 World War II Manuscript Collections
 Hawaii Congressional Papers Collection
 Democratic Party Records

University Archives
This collection is a repository for official and unofficial records of the history of the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa, as well as selected state and local history materials pertaining to the university. It includes material on labor relations and ethnic relations in Hawaii.

Memberships
The UH Manoa Library maintains memberships in academic and professional consortia and organizations including:
 Greater Western Library Alliance (GWLA)
 Research Libraries Group (now merged with OCLC)
 Association of Research Libraries (ARL)
 OCLC
 Pacific Rim Research Libraries Alliance (PRRLA) - formerly called Pacific Rim Digital Library Alliance (PRDLA)

Institutional Repository and Digital Research Collections
The University of Hawai'i is a participant in the Open access (publishing) community. In December 2010 the faculty of the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa committed to disseminating its research and scholarship as widely as possible by adopting an Open Access Policy. (See: Open access mandate)
ScholarSpace
ScholarSpace is an institutional repository for the digital scholarly output for the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa (UHM) faculty, researchers and students. Contributors maintain copyright to their submissions and can control access to their collections.  The digital repository serves to capture, index, store, makes searchable, disseminate, and preserve digital materials which include scholarly communications, theses and dissertations, technical reports, teaching materials, images, multimedia clips, interactive teaching programs, data sets, and databases.

System & Organization
ScholarSpace uses the open-source software, DSpace, that provides a permanent and stable storage. DSpace was developed by MIT Libraries and Hewlett-Packard Company. The database is maintained and coordinated by Desktop Network Services of the UHM Library. The project focuses on developing a system to support the storage and use of digital materials for undergraduate, graduate, and faculty learning and other purposes.
ScholarSpace is organized primarily into Communities, Sub-communities, and Collections. Communities are groups that present content to the database and may include departments, labs, research centers, schools, or another unit within an institution.  Communities may be further separated into Sub-communities. Collections are housed within these Communities and/or Sub-communities and contain the actual content which includes individual audio, visual (photographs & illustrations), and textual files (articles, papers, notes, dissertations, theses, etc.), as well as web pages, videos, computer programs.

eVols
eVols is a digital repository for Hamilton Library research and rare materials which are digitally reformatted or scanned for digital access. It includes material which the library digitizes as part of grant projects and digital library program initiatives, and provides access via a permanent web location. The library has received funding for digital conversion from the Greater Western Library Alliance (GWLA), National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), the Library of Congress, the Oakland Museum of California, the Pacific Rim Digital Library Alliance (PRDLA) and University of the Ryukyu.  eVols stores digitized rare books, archived newspapers, full-text journals, photographs, video, and sound files.

Digital Image Collections
Hamilton Library offers almost 40 Digital & Digitized Collections showcasing important, previously hidden, visual and archival material from the Asia, Hawaii, Pacific and Rare collections.

Directors
Caroline (Carrie) P. Green 1907 to 1908 - Acting Librarian 1908 to 1912
Elizabeth Bryan 1913 to 1919
Clara Hemenway 1919 to 1928
Mary Pringle 1926 to 1928 - Acting Librarian
Mary Pringle 1928 to 1943
Carl G. Stroven  1943 to 1966
Ralph R. Shaw (Appointed as Dean of Library Activities) 1966 to 1969
Stanley West 1969 to 1977
Donald L. Bosseau 1977 to 1982
Robert Stevens April to August 1982 - Acting Librarian
Ira Harris August to December 1982 - Acting Librarian
John R. Haak 1983 to 2000
Jean H. Ehrhorn, Interim University Librarian July 2000 to December 2001
Diane Perushek  2001 to 2006,
Paula Mochida, Interim University Librarian, January 2006 to December 2011
Gregg Geary, Interim University Librarian, January 2012 to July 2013
Irene Herold, University Librarian, August 2013 to June 2017
Monica Ghosh, Interim University Librarian, June 2017 to December 2019
Clement "Clem" Guthro, University Librarian, January 2020 to Present

See also
Association of Public and Land-grant Universities

References

Further reading
University of Hawai'i Library Histories 25 full-text open access documents, retrieved February 6, 2015

Libraries in Hawaii
University of Hawaiʻi
Federal depository libraries
Libraries established in 1908
1908 establishments in Hawaii

Hamilton Library (Hawaii)


The governor of Milan ruled the Duchy of Milan as a representative of the Holy Roman Emperor (1535–1556), the King of Spain (1556–1706) and the Archduke of Austria (1706–1796) and (1799–1800). The first governor was appointed after the death of the last duke of the House of Sforza, Francesco II.

Charles V
Antonio de Leyva, Prince of Ascoli 1535–1536, died in office
Cardinal Marino Caracciolo 1536–1538, civil, died in office
Alfonso d'Avalos d'Aquino, Marquis of Vasto 1538–1546, military
Ferdinando Gonzaga, Prince of Molfetta, Duke of Ariano 1546–1555
Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba 1555–1556

Spanish rule
Cristoforo Madruzzo 1556–1557
Gonzalo II Fernández de Córdoba (1520-1578) 1558–1560, first term
Francesco Ferdinando II d'Ávalos 5th Marquis of Pescara 1560–1563
Gonzalo II Fernández de Córdoba (1520-1578) 1563–1564, second term
Gabriel de la Cueva, 5th Duke of Alburquerque 1564–1571, died in office
Álvaro de Sande 1571–1572
Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens 1572–1573
Antonio de Zúñiga y Sotomaior, 3rd Marquis of Ayamonte 1573–1580, died in office
Sancho de Guevara y Padilla 1580–1583
Carlo d'Aragona Tagliavia 1583–1592
Juan Fernández de Velasco, 5th Duke of Frías 1592–1595, first term
Don Pedro de Padilla 1595–1595
Juan Fernández de Velasco, 5th Duke of Frías 1595–1600, second term
Pedro Enríquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes 1600–1610, died in office
Juan Fernández de Velasco, 5th Duke of Frías 1610–1612, third term
Juan de Mendoza, Marquis de la Hinojosa 1612–1616
Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, 5th Marquis of Villafranca 1616–1618
Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, 3rd Duke of Feria 1618–1625, first term
Gonzalo Fernandez de Córdoba 1625–1629
Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases 1629–1630, died in office
Álvaro de Bazán, 2nd Marquis of Santa Cruz 1630–1631
Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, 3rd Duke of Feria 1631–1633, second term
Ferdinand, the Cardinal–Infant 1633–1634
Cardinal Gil de Albornoz 1634–1635
Diego Felipez de Guzmán, Marquis of Leganés 1635–1636, first term
Fernando Afán de Ribera, duke of Alcalá de los Gazules 1636, died in office
Diego Felipez de Guzmán, Marquis of Leganés 1636–1641, second term
Juan de Velasco, Count of Siruela 1641–1643
Antonio Sancho Davila, Marquis of Velada 1643–1646
Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 6th Duke of Frías 1646–1648
Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena 1648–1656
Cardinal Teodoro Trivulzio 1656–1656
Alfonso Pérez de Vivero, Count of Fuensaldaña 1656–1660
Francesco Caetani, 8th Duke of Sermoneta 1660–1662
Luis de Guzmán Ponce de Leon 1662–1668, died in office
Paolo Spinola, 3rd Marquis of the Balbases 1668–1668, first term
Francisco de Orozco, Marquis of Olias 1668–1668
Paolo Spinola, 3rd Marquis of the Balbases 1669–1670, second term
Gaspar Téllez-Girón, 5th Duke de Osuna 1670–1674
Claude Lamoral, Prince of Ligne 1674–1678
Juan Henríquez de Cabrera, Count of Melgar 1678–1686
Antonio López de Ayala Velasco y Cardeñas, Count of Fuensalida 1686–1691
Diego Dávila Mesía y Guzmán, 3rd Marquis of Leganés 1691–1698
Prince Charles Henry de Lorraine-Vaudemont 1698–1706

Milan fell to the Austrian army on September 26, 1706 during the War of the Spanish Succession. The Austrian rule was confirmed by the Treaty of Rastatt.

Austrian rule
Prince Eugene of Savoy 1706–1716
Maximilian Karl Albert, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort 1717–1718, died in office
Count Girolamo Colloredo 1719–1725
Count Wirich Philipp von Daun 1725–1734
Sardinian occupation 1734–1736
Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun 1736–1743
Johann Georg Christian, Prince of Lobkowicz 1743–1745
Spanish occupation 1745–1746
Gian Luca Pallavicini 1745–1747
Ferdinand Bonaventura II von Harrach 1747–1750
Gian Luca Pallavicini 1750–1754
Francis III, Duke of Modena 1754–1771, administrator of Austrian Lombardy
Archduke Peter Leopold of Austria 1754–1763, titular, became Grand Duke of Tuscany
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria 1763–1771, titular
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria 1771–1796
Transpadane Republic 1796–1797
Cisalpine Republic 1797–1799
Count Luigi Cocastelli 1799–1800

The Austrians abandoned Milan after the Battle of Marengo and the duchy was incorporated again in the Cisalpine Republic, which became the Italian Republic in 1802 and the Kingdom of Italy in 1805. In 1814 the Austrians retook Milan and, joined to the former Republic of Venice, it was formed into a new kingdom, the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, ruled by Austrian-appointed viceroys.

Notes

Sources
 GOBERNACIÓN DEL MILANESADO
 Storia de Milano (it)

Milan
History of Milan
Milan Governors
Governors
 List

List of governors of the Duchy of Milan


Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a concept in computer programming. It is a way of creating a program or application that is focused around distinct tasks or services. With an SOA model, each piece of the program or application performs a specific task (such as retrieving a piece of data, performing a mathematical operation, etc). The tasks are performed completely independent of each other.

Benefits

Easy to test
Since each component of the program works independently, each component can be tested by itself without needing the whole program to be completed first. The program can be built piece by piece with confidence that each piece works.

Easy to reuse legacy programs
Often, a company has already created a program or application to perform a specific task. If that is the case, this legacy program, (program that has already been written) or a piece of this legacy program can be reused without the need to re-code that specific task. Consequently, programs with SOA can be developed faster than traditional programs in some circumstances.

Easy to manage
The benefit is that unlike in a big combined program, each task is isolated, so it is easy to manage and troubleshoot the program after completion. If there is a problem, a developer can check each service component systematically until the problem is detected. After it is detected, only that  small service would need to be fixed as opposed to a much larger section of a combined application

Computer programming

Service oriented architecture


A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash is a 2006 documentary film about peak oil, produced and directed by Basil Gelpke and Ray McCormack.

Overview
A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash explores key historical events, data and predictions regarding the global peak in petroleum production through interviews with petroleum geologists, former OPEC officials, energy analysts, politicians, and political analysts. The film contains contemporary footage interspersed with news and commercial footage from the growth heyday of petroleum production. The documentary focuses on information and testimony that supports the projection of a near-term oil production peak.

The documentary examines our dependence on oil, showing how oil is essential for almost every aspect of our modern lifestyle, from driving to work to clothing to medicine and clean tap water.  A Crude Awakening asks the tough question, "What happens when we run out of cheap oil?" Through expert interviews and archival footage, the film spells out in startling detail the challenges we would face in dealing with the possibility of a world without cheap oil—a world in which it may ultimately take more energy to drill for oil than we can extract from the oil the wells produce.

Interviews
Interviews include energy investment banking CEO Matthew Simmons, petroleum geologist Dr. Colin Campbell, former OPEC Secretary-General Fadhil Chalabi, former U.S. Representative Roscoe Bartlett, among many others.

Findings
The interviewees provided the results of their analysis of current levels of proven reserves, the limited opportunities for significant oil discoveries, and the dire economic consequences of a global oil production peak. Their overall conclusions were that a global peak was imminent (if not already occurring), more wars would be fought to control access to oil resources, and economies most dependent on oil (or relying on trade with oil-dependent nations) would suffer dire consequences rivaling the Great Depression, without the benefit of cheap oil to enable a recovery.

References

External links

A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash Lava Productions AG, film distributor

Documentary films about peak oil
Swiss documentary films
2006 films
2006 in the environment
2006 documentary films
2000s English-language films

A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash


Antonio Bertali (March 1605–17 April 1669) was an Italian composer and violinist of the Baroque era.

He was born in Verona and received early music education there from Stefano Bernardi. Probably from 1624, he was employed as court musician in Vienna by Emperor Ferdinand II. In 1649, Bertali succeeded Giovanni Valentini as court Kapellmeister. He died in Vienna in 1669 and was succeeded in his post by Giovanni Felice Sances.

Bertali's compositions are in the manner of other northern Italian composers of the time and include operas, oratorios, a large number of liturgical works, and chamber music. Particularly his operas are notable for establishing the tradition of Italian opera seria in Vienna. Approximately half of his work is now lost; copies survive made by Bertali's contemporary, Pavel Josef Vejvanovský, some of the pieces are currently in possession of Vienna's Hofbibliothek, the library of the Kremsmünster Abbey and the Kroměříž archive. The most important source for Bertali's work is, however, the Viennese Distinta Specificatione catalogue, which lists several composers of the Habsburg court and provides titles and scoring for more than two thousand compositions.

The "Chaconne" or Ciaccona is perhaps his best-known work.

External links

A catalogue of Bertali's works according to Distinta Specificatione

NWO's VENI project on Bertali's sacred works

1605 births
1669 deaths
17th-century Italian composers
Italian Baroque composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian classical musicians
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Verona
17th-century male musicians

Antonio Bertali


Karl Mannheim (27 March 1893 - 9 January 1947), or Károly Mannheim in original writing of his name, was a Hungarian-German sociologist and social scientist.  He was influential in the first half of the 20th century.  He is one of the founding fathers of classicial sociology as well as a founder of the sociology of knowledge.

Life
Mannheim was born in Budapest. He studied there as well as in Berlin, Paris and Heidelberg. In Budapest, at the University of Budapest, he earned a doctorate in philosophy. In 1914 he attended lectures by Georg Simmel. During the brief period of the Hungarian Soviet in 1919 he taught in a teacher-training school thanks to the patronage and his friend and mentor György Lukács.

Legacy
Mannheim's book Ideologie und Utopie (1929) was the most widely debated book by a living sociologist in Germany during the Weimar Republic; the English version Ideology and Utopia (1936) has been a standard in American-style international academic sociology, carried by the interest it aroused in the U.S.A. The German and English versions of the book are quite different.  This has led to reappraisals of Mannheim started by new texual discoveries and republications. Mannheim's sociological theorizing has been the subject of many book-length studies, evidence of an international interest in his principal themes. Mannheim was not an author of any work he himself considered a finished book, but rather of some fifty major essays and treatises.  Most of these were later published in book form.

Related pages
List of sociologists from Europe

References

1893 births
1947 deaths
German sociologists
Writers from Budapest
German philosophers

Karl Mannheim


The Orange River Colony was the British colony created after Britain first occupied (1900) and then annexed (1902) the independent Orange Free State in the Second Boer War. The colony ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free State Province.

Constitutional history
During the Second Boer War, British forces invaded the Orange Free State, occupying the capital, Bloemfontein by 13 March 1900. Five months later, on 6 October 1900, the British government declared an official annexation of the full territory of the Orange Free State, this in-spite of the fact they had not yet occupied the full territory, nor defeated the Free State forces.

The Free State government moved to Kroonstad during the early months of the war and its armies remained active in the field until the war's end. From the perspective of the Orange Free State, independence wasn't  lost until they ratified the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902.

On the Boer side, the government was led by state president Martinus Theunis Steyn (1857–1916) until 30 May 1902, when he went on sick-leave and was replaced by general Christiaan de Wet as acting state president. On the British side, Sir Alfred Milner was appointed Administrator of the Orange River Colony on 4 January 1901, with Hamilton John Goold-Adams as lieutenant-governor.

Following the end of hostilities, Lord Milner visited Bloemfontein on 23 June 1902 and promulgated the new constitution, in the presence of military officials, heads of civil department and representatives of the late Boer government, including General De Wet. Milner was sworn in as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Orange River Colony on the same day.

From 1902 to 1910, the colony was governed by a single governor:
 Alfred Milner, Viscount Milner, in office 23 June 1902 – 1 April 1905;
 William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne, in office 2 April 1905 – 7 June 1907;
 Sir Hamilton John Goold-Adams, in office 7 June 1907 – 31 May 1910

Self-government

By 1904 sentiment was growing for some form of self-government. The Orangia Unie (Orange Union Party) was formally constituted in May 1906, after several months of preparation. A similar organisation, called Het Volk, had been formed by the Transvaal Boers in January 1905. Both unions had constitutions almost identical with that of the Afrikaner Bond, a former pan-Afrikaner political movement, and their aims were also similar – to secure the position of the Afrikaners in state and society. The chairman of the Orangia Unie was Abraham Fischer, leading politician of the pre-Boer War period and top diplomat of the Boer republics during the Second Boer War. Among the other prominent members were J. B. M. Hertzog, Christiaan de Wet and Martinus Theunis Steyn.

A second political party, the Constitutional Party was formed by a group of burghers content with British rule. Chairman of the party was Sir John G. Fraser, before the Second Boer War a prominent (pro-British) member of the Volksraad of the Orange Free State. The Constitutional Party had a strong following in Bloemfontein, but not outside the capital. The political programmes of the two parties were very similar, the real difference between them being the attitude towards British annexation and Afrikaner influence.

In 1905 Lord Selborne, formerly First Lord of the Admiralty, replaced Viscount Milner as high commissioner for South Africa and governor of the Transvaal and Orange River colonies. Selborne had come to South Africa with a brief to guide the former Boer republics from Crown colony government towards self-government. When Liberal Party came into office in Britain in December 1905 the process was speeded up, with the decision to give both the Transvaal and Orange River colonies self-government without delay. Selborne accepted the changed situation, and the experiment proved successful. He ceased to be governor of the Orange River Colony on its assumption of self-government in June 1907, but retained his other posts until May 1910, retiring on the eve of the establishment of the Union of South Africa.

On 7 January 1907 Selborne released a despatch, known as the Selborne Memorandum. It reviewed the situation in South Africa in all its economic and political aspects and was a masterly and comprehensive statement of the dangers inherent in the existing political system and of the advantages a political union offered. The document had a marked influence on the course of events and together with Selborne's conciliatory approach assisted in reconciling the Dutch and British communities of South Africa.

After the elections of 1907, the colony received self-government on 27 November 1907. Abraham Fischer became the first (and only) prime minister of the colony (in office 27 November 1907 – 31 May 1910). The first Legislative Assembly consisted of twenty-nine members of the Orangia Unie, five Constitutionalists and four independents. Fischer's cabinet consisted of:

 J.B.M. Hertzog, attorney-general and director of education;
 A. E. W. Ramsbottom, treasurer;
 Christiaan de Wet, minister of agriculture;
 Cornelius Hermanus Wessels, minister of public works

Fischer, besides the premiership, held the portfolio of colonial secretary. The first Legislative Council counted five members from the Orangia Unie, five Constitutionalists, and one independent member, in effect holding the balance.

Policies
In May 1908, the Orange River Colony took part in an inter-state conference which met at Pretoria and Cape Town, and determined to renew the existing customs convention and to make no alteration in railway rates. These decisions were the result of an agreement to bring before the parliaments of the various colonies a resolution advocating the closer union of the South African states and the appointment of delegates to a national convention to frame a draft constitution.

At the eventual National Convention, former State President M. T. Steyn took a leading and conciliatory part, and subsequently the Orange River legislature agreed to the terms drawn up by the convention for the unification of the four self-governing colonies in the Union of South Africa. Under the imperial act by which unification was established (31 May 1910) the colony entered the Union under the style of the Orange Free State Province. Fischer and Hertzog became members of the first Union government, while A. E. W. Ramsbottom became the first administrator of the Orange Free State as a province of the Union.

Demographics

Population at the 1904 census

Population figures for the 1904 census

Religion in 1904

The 'no religion' heading also accounts for traditional African faiths which were not counted separately and constitute the largest portion of people professing no religion.

Religion in 1904 by race

See also
 Orange River Sovereignty
 Free State Province
 Vicariate Apostolic of Orange River for the Catholic missionary history
 Postage stamps and postal history of the Orange Free State

References

 WorldStatesmen- SouthAfrica

20th century in South Africa
States and territories established in 1902
States and territories disestablished in 1910
Former colonies in Africa
1902 establishments in the British Empire
Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa
1910 disestablishments in the British Empire
1910 disestablishments in South Africa

Orange River Colony


Timothy Eaton (March 1834 – 31 January 1907) was a Northern Irish businessman who founded the Eaton's department store, one of the most important retail businesses in Canada's history.

Early life and family
He was born in Ballymena, County Antrim, Ireland (now Northern Ireland). His parents were Scottish Protestants, John Eaton and Margaret Craig. As a 20-year-old Irish apprentice shopkeeper, Timothy Eaton sailed from Ireland to settle with other family members in southern Ontario, Canada. On 28 May 1862, Eaton married Margaret Wilson Beattie. They had five sons and three daughters. Among the sons were John Craig Eaton and Edward Young Eaton. One of the daughters, Josephine Smyth Eaton, survived the sinking of RMS Lusitania off the Irish coast in 1915. His granddaughter, Iris Burnside, was lost in that sinking.

T. Eaton Co. Limited

In 1854, he worked for a short time in a haberdashery store in Glen Williams, Ontario. His sister married William Reid; they owned a farm in Georgetown, Ontario, a short distance from Glen Williams. In 1865, with the help of his brothers, Robert and James, Timothy Eaton set up a bakery business in the town of Kirkton, Ontario, which went under after only a few months. Undaunted, he opened a dry goods store in St. Marys, Ontario.

In 1869, Eaton purchased an existing dry-goods and haberdashery business at 178 Yonge Street in Toronto. In promoting his new business, Eaton embraced two retail practices that were ground-breaking at the time: first, all goods had one price (no haggling) with no credit given, and second, all purchases came with a money-back guarantee (a practice expressed in what would become the long-standing store slogan of "Goods Satisfactory or Money Refunded").

Starting in 1884, Eaton introduced Canada to the wonders of the mail-order catalogue, reaching thousands of small towns and rural communities with an array of products previously unattainable. In these tiny communities, the arrival of Eaton's catalogue was a major event. More than clothing, furniture, or the latest in kitchen gadgetry, the catalogue offered such practical items as milking machines, in addition to just about every other contraption or new invention desirable. And, when rendered obsolete by the new season's catalogue, it served another important use in the outdoor privy of most every rural home.

Eaton spawned a colossal retail empire that his offspring would expand coast to coast, reaching its high point during World War II, when the T. Eaton Co. Limited employed more than 70,000 people.  Although Eaton did not invent the department store, nor was he the first retailer in the world to implement a money-back guarantee, the chain he founded popularized both concepts and revolutionized retailing in Canada.

Death and legacy

Eaton died of pneumonia on 31 January 1907, and is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto. He was succeeded by his son, John Craig Eaton.

In 1919, two life-sized statues of Timothy Eaton were donated by the Eaton's employees to the Toronto and Winnipeg stores in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company. For years, it was tradition for customers in both Toronto and Winnipeg to rub the toe of the statue for good luck. The Toronto statue is now housed by the Royal Ontario Museum, and the Winnipeg statue sits in the city's arena, Canada Life Centre (formerly MTS Centre and Bell MTS Place), in almost exactly the same spot where it stood in the now demolished Eaton's store (albeit one storey higher). Museum-goers in Toronto and hockey fans in Winnipeg continue to rub Timothy Eaton's toe for luck.

His grandson was flying ace Henry John Burden. In 1985, his great-great-granddaughter, Nancy Eaton, was murdered by a childhood friend, who was found not guilty by reason of insanity.

Timothy Eaton Memorial Church, in Toronto, was erected in 1914.

The town of Eatonia, Saskatchewan was named after Timothy Eaton.

The ground of Ballymena RFC, originally the sports grounds of the Mid-Antrim Sports Association, is called Eaton Park.

A school in the Scarborough district of Toronto, Timothy Eaton Business and Technical Institute, was named after him. It opened in 1971 for classes and closed its doors permanently in 2009.

See also
 Robert Simpson (merchant)
 John Wanamaker

References

 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

External links

1834 births
1907 deaths
Timothy Eaton
Eaton's
People from Ballymena
Businesspeople from Toronto
Pre-Confederation Ontario people
Upper Canada College alumni
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Immigrants to the Province of Canada
Irish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Burials at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto
19th-century Irish businesspeople
19th-century Canadian merchants

Timothy Eaton


The Last of the Mohicans is an adventure story with an historical setting and several historical characters. It was written by James Fenimore Cooper. It was published in 1826. It is set during the French and Indian War in what is now upstate New York.

The book's style is difficult, but the book is one of the most popular stories in the English language. It is often studied in American literature courses. It has been loosely adapted to movies, a movie serial, a television series, and made-for-television movies.

Background
The Last of the Mohicans is one of five books in a series informally known as The Leatherstocking Tales. These five books follow the life and career of a fictional American frontiersman named Natty Bumpo. Mohicans is the third in the chronological order of the story.

Cooper's sources and influences include British and American books in the Romantic literary tradition such as the Waverly books by Sir Walter Scott, travel books, and American folklore about the frontier and frontiersmen.

Main characters
 Natty "Hawkeye" Bumpo, a colonial frontiersman
 Uncas, his Mohican friend
 Chingachgook, Uncas' father
 Colonel Munro, commander of the British forces and colonial militia at Fort William Henry, and father of Alice and Cora
 Cora Munro, Colonel Munro's daughter and Uncas' beloved
 Alice Munro, Colonel Munro's daughter and Heyward's betrothed
 Major Duncan Heyward, Alice's betrothed
 Magua, a treacherous Huron Indian
 David Gamut, a psalm singer and teacher
 General Marquis de Montcalm, commander of the French forces

Story
The story is set in New York State in 1757 during the French and Indian War. It tells of the adventures and dangers Natty Bumpo and his two Indian friends, Uncas and Chingachgook, face as they lead Cora and Alice Munro through the wilderness between Albany and Lake George to their father at Fort William Henry. The siege of the British fort by French and Indian forces, its fall, and the subsequent Massacre at Fort William Henry are historical events against which the action takes place.

Adaptations

Daniel Day-Lewis plays "Nathaniel Poe" (Natty Bumpo) in a 1992 movie loosely based on the book. Randolph Scott plays Bumpo and Bruce Cabot plays Magua in a 1936 movie. Harry Lorraine plays Bumpo and Wallace Beery plays Magua in a 1920 silent movie.

A twelve chapter movie serial directed by Ford Beebe was released to theaters in 1932. It stars Harry Carey as Hawkeye (Natty Bumpo), Mischa Auer as General Marquis de Montcalm, and Yakima Canutt in several small parts.

A television series loosely based on the characters of Bumpo and Chingachgook stars John Hart and Lon Chaney, Jr. It aired for a few seasons, beginning in 1957. A television mini-series and several made-for-television movies have also aired.

References

1820s books
American novels

The Last of the Mohicans


Bithynia (; ) was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor (present-day Turkey), adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea. It bordered Mysia to the southwest, Paphlagonia to the northeast along the Pontic coast, and Phrygia to the southeast towards the interior of Asia Minor.

Hellenistic Bithynia was an independent kingdom from the 4th century BC. Its capital Nicomedia was rebuilt on the site of ancient Astacus in 264 BC by Nicomedes I of Bithynia. Bithynia was bequeathed to the Roman Republic in 74 BC, and became united with the Pontus region as the province of Bithynia et Pontus. In the 7th century it was incorporated into the Byzantine Opsikion theme.
It became a border region to the Seljuk Empire in the 13th century, and was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turks between 1325 and 1333.

Description
Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as Sea of Marmara): Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius and Apamea. Bithynia also contained Nicaea, noted for being the birthplace of the Nicene Creed.

According to Strabo, Bithynia was bounded on the east by the river Sangarius (modern Sakarya river), but the more commonly received division extended it to the Parthenius, which separated it from Paphlagonia, thus comprising the district inhabited by the Mariandyni. On the west and southwest it was separated from Mysia by the river Rhyndacus and on the south it adjoined Phrygia and Galatia.

It is occupied by mountains and forests, but has valleys and coastal districts of great fertility. The most important mountain range is the (so-called) "Mysian" Olympus (), which towers above Bursa and is clearly visible as far away as Istanbul (). Its summits are covered with snow for a great part of the year.

East of this the range extends for more than , from the Sakarya to Paphlagonia. Both of these ranges are part of the border of mountains which bound the great tableland of Anatolia, Turkey. The broad tract which projects towards the west as far as the shores of the Bosporus, though hilly and covered with forests — the Turkish Ağaç Denizi, or "The sea of Trees" — is not traversed by any mountain chain. The west coast is indented by two deep inlets, the northernmost, the Gulf of İzmit (ancient Gulf of Astacus), penetrating between  into the interior as far as İzmit (ancient Nicomedia), separated by an isthmus of only about  from the Black Sea; and the Gulf of Mudanya or Gemlik (Gulf of Cius), about  long. At its extremity is situated the small town of Gemlik (ancient Cius) at the mouth of a valley, communicating with the lake of Iznik, on which was situated Nicaea.

The principal rivers are the Sangarios which traverses the province from down to north; the Rhyndacus, which separated it from Mysia; and the Billaeus (Filyos), which rises in the Aladağ, about  from the sea, and after flowing by modern Bolu (ancient Bithynion-Claudiopolis) falls into the Euxine, close to the ruins of the ancient Tium, about  northeast of Heraclea Pontica (the modern Karadeniz Ereğli), having a course of more than . The Parthenius (modern Bartın), the eastern boundary of the province, is a much less considerable stream.

The valleys towards the Black Sea abound in fruit trees of all kinds, such as oranges, while the valley of the Sangarius and the plains near Bursa and Iznik (Nicaea) are fertile and well cultivated. Extensive plantations of mulberry trees supply the silk for which Bursa has long been celebrated, and which is manufactured there on a large scale.

History

Iron Age
Bithynia is named for the Thracian tribe of the Bithyni, mentioned by Herodotus (VII.75) alongside the Thyni. The "Thraco-Phrygian" migration from the Balkans to Asia Minor would have taken place at some point following the Bronze Age collapse or during the early Iron Age. The Thyni and Bithyni appear to have settled simultaneously in the adjoining parts of Asia, where they expelled or subdued the Mysians, Caucones and other minor tribes, the Mariandyni maintaining themselves in the northeast. Herodotus mentions the Thyni and Bithyni as settling side by side.  No trace of their original language has been preserved, but Herodotus describes them as related to the tribes of Thracian extraction.

Later the Greeks established on the coast the colonies of Cius (modern Gemlik); Chalcedon (modern Kadıköy), at the entrance of the Bosporus, nearly opposite Byzantium (modern Istanbul) and Heraclea Pontica (modern Karadeniz Ereğli), on the Euxine, about  east of the Bosporus.

The Bithynians were incorporated by king Croesus within the Lydian monarchy, with which they fell under the dominion of Persia (546 BC), and were included in the satrapy of Phrygia, which comprised all the countries up to the Hellespont and Bosporus.

Kingdom of Bithynia

Even before the conquest by Alexander the Bithynians appear to have asserted their independence, and successfully maintained it under two native princes, Bas and Zipoites, the latter of whom assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BC.

His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign ( BC), as well as those of his successors, Prusias I, Prusias II and Nicomedes II (14991 BC), the kings of Bithynia had a considerable standing and influence among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. But the last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself in power against Mithridates VI of Pontus. After being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom through his will to the Roman Republic (74 BC).

The coinage of these kings show their regal portraits, which tend to be engraved in an extremely accomplished Hellenistic style.

Roman province

As a Roman province, the boundaries of Bithynia changed frequently. During this period, Bithynia was commonly united for administrative purposes with the province of Pontus within the Roman Empire. This was the situation at the time of Emperor Trajan, when Pliny the Younger was appointed governor of the combined provinces (109/110111/112), a circumstance which has provided historians with valuable information concerning the Roman provincial administration at that time.

Byzantine province

Under the Byzantine Empire, Bithynia was again divided into two provinces, separated by the Sangarius. Only the area to the west of the river retained the name of Bithynia.

Bithynia attracted much attention because of its roads and its strategic position between the frontiers of the Danube in the north and the Euphrates in the south-east. To secure communications with the eastern provinces, the monumental bridge across the river Sangarius was constructed around 562 AD. Troops frequently wintered at Nicomedia.

During this time, the most important cities in Bithynia were Nicomedia, founded by Nicomedes, and Nicaea. The two had a long rivalry with each other over which city held the rank of capital.

Notable people
Hipparchus of Nicaea (2nd century BC), Greek astronomer, discovered precession and discovered how to predict the timing of eclipses
Theodosius of Bithynia (2nd century BC), Greek astronomer and mathematician
Asclepiades of Bithynia  (c. 169 BC – c. 100 BC), Greek physician
Antinous (2nd century), Catamite of the Roman Emperor Hadrian
Cassius Dio (c. 155 - c. 235), Roman historian, senator, and consul
Arrian (Lucius Flavius Arrianus), Greek historian, c. 86-160
Helena, mother of Constantine the Great
Phrynichus Arabius (2nd century), grammarian
Auxentius of Bithynia (c. 400 - 473), hermit
Hypatius of Bithynia (died c. 450), hermit
Vendemianus of Bithynia (6th century), hermit

See also
Bithynian coinage
Asia Minor Slavs
Ancient regions of Anatolia

References

Further reading
Hellenistic

Roman

Byzantine

Historical regions of Anatolia
Praetorian prefecture of the East
Provinces of the Byzantine Empire
History of Bursa Province
History of Kocaeli Province
History of Sakarya Province
History of Bilecik Province
History of Düzce Province
History of Yalova Province
History of Bolu Province
History of Kastamonu Province
History of Bartın Province
History of Zonguldak Province
States and territories established in the 3rd century BC
297 BC
290s BC establishments
States and territories disestablished in the 1st century BC

Bithynia


Anguis fragilis (the slow-worm, or blindworm) is a lizard which is limbless (meaning it has no legs or arms). It has a wide distribution in Europe and Asia, and is one of the few reptiles native to Britain.

When a slow-worm is in danger it can shed (break off) its tail and escape. It can then grow back a new, shorter tail, which it cannot shed.

The female often has a stripe along the back and the male may have blue spots.

Instead of laying eggs, the females give birth to live young (viviparous birth). In the days leading up to birth the female can often be seen basking in the sun on a warm road.

Slow-worms are often called snakes, but they are not. Slow-worms can blink, but snakes cannot.  They shed their skin in patches like other lizards, rather than the whole skin as most snakes do.

Adult slow-worms grow to be about 50 centimetres long. They are known for their very long life. One was said to have been fifty four years old.

There are not as many slow-worms as there used to be. Many places where they used to live have been built on. In gardens they can be killed by cats.

References

Anguids
Reptiles of Europe

Anguis fragilis


Miranda (late latin Miranda meaning to be admired at  or "watchtower", "vantage point"). Miranda is also a family name and a female given name. It may also refer to:

People
Miranda Hart (born 1972), British actress and comedienne
Miranda Krestovnikoff (born 1973), British television presenter
Miranda Richardson (born 1958), British actress

Literature
Miranda (Shakespeare),  the daughter of Duke Prospero in William Shakespeare's The Tempest
Miranda (novel), a novel by Antoni Lange written in 1924
Miranda Cornielle, a character in the webcomic User Friendly
Miranda Priestly, a character in the novel and movie The Devil Wears Prada

Geography
Australia
Miranda, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
Brazil
Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, a town in the Mato Grosso do Sul state of Brazil named for sitting on a river of the same name
Colombia
Miranda, Cauca, a town in Cauca province
Italy
Miranda, Italy, a city in the province of Isernia
New Zealand
 Miranda, New Zealand, historical fort and small village in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand, best known as the location of the Miranda Shorebird Centre
Portugal
Miranda do Corvo, town and municipality
Miranda do Douro, a municipality
Terra de Miranda, the historical name of a mesa in northeastern Portugal
Spain
Belmonte de Miranda, also called Miranda in Asturian language, a municipality in Asturias
Miranda de Arga, town and municipality in northern Spain
Miranda de Ebro, an industrial city in the Burgos province of Spain
Venezuela
Miranda (state), one of the twenty-three states of Venezuela
United States
Miranda, California, a census-designated place in Humboldt County, California

In biology
 The scientific name for the yellow garden spider is Miranda aurantia
 Miranda herba another name for the pitcher plant Nepenthes distillatoria

Other uses
Miranda (moon), a moon of Uranus
Miranda (programming language), a functional programming language
Miranda IM, an open source multiprotocol instant messaging application for Microsoft Windows
Miranda Camera Company, a former Japanese camera manufacturer which ceased operations in 1976
Miranda House, a residential college for women, forming part of Delhi University, India
 Miranda Do Douro language, see Mirandese language spoken in parts of Portugal
 Miranda railway station in Sydney, Australia
 A character from British science fiction television series Doctor Who
 Miranda (TV series), British television series

Miranda


Mwata Bowden (born October 11, 1947 in Memphis, Tennessee, United States) is an American jazz reeds player associated with the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians and an instructor in improvisational Jazz at the University of Chicago.  He is part of a group known as 8 bold souls but also frequently engages in collaborations with Tatsu Aoki, and helped establish the Miyumi Project which was a blend of music with different ethnic backgrounds, highlighting contributions from Japanese taiko drumming in the framework of jazz music.

As part of his regular repertoire, Mr. Bowden plays a range of saxophones and clarinets (including the E-flat clarinet, B-flat clarinet, bass clarinet, contra-alto clarinet, and contrabass clarinet), as well as flute, zamada, and didgeridoo.

He teaches young aspiring musicians in the Chicago area.  Mwata has a son who performs "Disco Poetry" under the name Khari B.

External links
Mwata Bowden page at AACM site
Mwata Bowden page at University of Chicago Music Department site

Didgeridoo players
1947 births
Living people
Bass clarinetists
Jazz musicians from Chicago
African-American jazz musicians
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
21st-century American saxophonists
21st-century clarinetists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people

Mwata Bowden


A bolt action gun has a breech (back part of the barrel) that is opened and closed by hand with a small handle. They can only be fired once before the breech must be opened for a new round to enter the chamber, where it can then be fired from. Many older sniper rifles, as well as many hunting rifles today, work in this way.

When the bolt is opened, the first cartridge in the gun is loaded.  After firing the gun, opening the bolt takes out the empty cartridge, and closing the bolt puts in a new one. Bolt action rifles are usually the most accurate type of small arms, leading them to be used widely as marksman rifles.  The rifle won't cycle a round without the shooter doing it manually, causing less movement of parts and gases while the round is being fired.  This improves accuracy, but also increases recoil compared to automatic rifles of the same caliber.

Despite being significantly slower to fire than lever-action rifles, which were invented around the same time, militaries across the world chose to replace their muzzleloader muskets with bolt action guns rather than lever action ones, because bolt action rifles are loaded over the barrel.  This allows easier loading by a shooter lying on the ground, without affecting aim.  With lever action guns, on the other hand, the ground is in the way of loading downwards, and to load the gun would mean to throw off the shooter's aim since the gun must be turned sideways.

Famous bolt action rifles include the Springfield M1903, the G98, the Lee-Enfield, and the Mosin-Nagant.

Firearms

Bolt action


Irving Park is one of 77 officially designated Chicago community areas located on the Northwest Side. It is bounded by the Chicago River on the east. It is named after the American author Washington Irving.

Old Irving Park, bounded by Montrose Avenue, Pulaski Road, Addison Street and Cicero Avenue, has a variety of housing stock, with Queen Anne, Victorian, and Italianate homes, a few farmhouses and numerous bungalows.

The CTA Blue Line runs through this neighborhood.

Community areas of Chicago

Irving Park, Chicago


The screen-door effect (SDE) is a visual artifact of displays, where the fine lines separating pixels (or subpixels) become visible in the displayed image. This can be seen in digital projector images and regular displays under magnification or at close range, but the increases in display resolutions have made this much less significant.  More recently, the screen door effect has been an issue with virtual reality headsets and other head-mounted displays, because these are viewed at a much closer distance, and stretch a single display across a much wider field of view.

SDE in projectors
In LCD and DLP projectors, SDE can be seen because projector optics typically have significantly lower pixel density than the size of the image they project, enlarging these fine lines, which are much smaller than the pixels themselves, to be seen. This results in an image that appears as if viewed through a fine screen or mesh such as those used on anti-insect screen doors.

The screen door effect was noticed on the first digital projector: an LCD projector made in 1984 by Gene Dolgoff. To eliminate this artifact, Dolgoff invented depixelization, which used various optical methods to eliminate the visibility of the spaces between the pixels. The dominant method made use of a microlens array, wherein each micro-lens caused a slightly magnified image of the pixel behind it, filling in the previously-visible spaces between pixels. In addition, when making a projector with a single, full-color LCD panel, an additional appearance of pixelation was visible due to the noticeability of green pixels (appearing bright) adjacent to red and blue pixels (appearing dark), forming a noticeable repeating light and dark pattern. Use of a micro-lens array at a slightly greater distance created new pixel images, with each "new" pixel being a summation of six neighboring sub-pixels (made up of two full color pixels, one above the other). Since there were as many micro-lenses as there were original pixels, no resolution was lost, which was confirmed with modulation transfer function (MTF) measurements.

The screen door effect on Digital Light Processing (DLP) projectors can be mitigated by deliberately setting the projected image slightly out of focus, which blurs the boundaries of each pixel to its neighbor.  This minimizes the effect by filling the black pixel perimeters with adjacent light.  Some older LCD projectors have a more noticeable screen door effect than first generation DLP projectors.  Newer DLP chip designs promise closer spacing of the mirror elements which would reduce this effect; however, some space is still required along one edge of the mirror to provide a control circuit pathway. Use of Dolgoff's depixelization method could also produce a DLP projector without noticeable pixelation.

See also
 Rainbow effect, an artifact associated with single-chip DLP projectors
 Silk screen effect
 Scan line
 Subpixel rendering

References

External links
Hi Fi Writer, "What is the 'screen door effect'?"

Display technology
Visual artifacts

Screen-door effect


The eye is an area of calm weather in the center of strong tropical cyclones. The cyclone's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye. It is usually circular and ranges between 30 and 65 km (20 to 40 mi) in diameter, though smaller and larger eyes can occur.

In case of a cyclone it is the place where all the winds coming inside in a spiral motion converge. In an anticyclone it is the part from where all winds move out from.

The region surrounding the eye is the eyewall, where the worst weather is seen in a cyclone. These have strong winds, lots of rain and lots of cloud. There are also outer bands, which surround the cyclone, which forms the greatest part of the storm. These have winds so strong they can even form other tornadoes.

Tropical cyclones

Eye (cyclone)


The BEST or the Brihanmumbai Electricity Supply and Transport is Mumbai's public transport service and electricity provider. The government owned organisation, which was set up in 1873, operates one of India's largest bus fleets. Originally setup as a tramway company, it branched out into supplying electricity to the city in 1905, and later into operating buses in 1926. The BEST is run by the city's municipality as an autonomous body.

The bus transport service covers almost the entire city and extends its operations outside city limits. In addition to buses, it also operates a ferry service. The electricity division of the organisation is also one of the few electricity departments in India to garner an annual net profit.    Until 1995, BEST stood for Bombay Electricity Supply and Transport. After the name of the city was formally changed from Bombay to Mumbai, this was also reflected with the adjustment to Brihanmumbai, which means "Greater Mumbai".

1873 establishments
Public transport in Asia
Companies of India
Mumbai
1870s establishments in India

Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport


The Delaware River is a large river estuary in the Northeast United States. It is about 280 miles (450 km) long. It begins in the Catskill Mountains in southeast New York State and ends at the Atlantic Ocean at Delaware Bay. It forms the border or part of the border between the states of Pennsylvania and New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey and also between Delaware and New Jersey. The cities of Trenton, New Jersey, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania are on the Delaware River.

Another name for this river is the South River. It is named for Thomas West, 3rd Lord De La Warr, a colonial Governor of Virginia.

Other websites
A historical map made in 1639 of the Delaware River

Rivers of New York (state)
Rivers of Delaware
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Rivers of New Jersey

Delaware River


In the field of mathematics called abstract algebra, a division algebra is, roughly speaking, an algebra over a field in which division, except by zero, is always possible.

Definitions
Formally, we start with a non-zero algebra D over a field. We call D a division algebra if for any element a in D and any non-zero element b in D there exists precisely one element x in D with a = bx and precisely one element y in D such that .

For associative algebras, the definition can be simplified as follows: a non-zero associative algebra over a field is a division algebra if and only if it has a multiplicative identity element 1 and every non-zero element a has a multiplicative inverse (i.e. an element x with ).

Associative division algebras

The best-known examples of associative division algebras are the finite-dimensional real ones (that is, algebras over the field R of real numbers, which are finite-dimensional as a vector space over the reals). The Frobenius theorem states that up to isomorphism there are three such algebras: the reals themselves (dimension 1), the field of complex numbers (dimension 2), and the quaternions (dimension 4).

Wedderburn's little theorem states that if D is a finite division algebra, then D is a finite field.

Over an algebraically closed field K (for example the complex numbers C), there are no finite-dimensional associative division algebras, except K itself.

Associative division algebras have no nonzero zero divisors. A finite-dimensional unital associative algebra (over any field) is a division algebra if and only if it has no nonzero zero divisors.

Whenever A is an associative unital algebra over the field F and S is a simple module over A, then the endomorphism ring of S is a division algebra over F; every associative division algebra over F arises in this fashion.

The center of an associative division algebra D over the field K is a field containing K. The dimension of such an algebra over its center, if finite, is a perfect square: it is equal to the square of the dimension of a maximal subfield of D over the center. Given a field F, the Brauer equivalence classes of simple (contains only trivial two-sided ideals) associative division algebras whose center is F and which are finite-dimensional over F can be turned into a group, the Brauer group of the field F.

One way to construct finite-dimensional associative division algebras over arbitrary fields is given by the quaternion algebras (see also quaternions).

For infinite-dimensional associative division algebras, the most important cases are those where the space has some reasonable topology. See for example normed division algebras and Banach algebras.

Not necessarily associative division algebras

If the division algebra is not assumed to be associative, usually some weaker condition (such as alternativity or power associativity) is imposed instead.  See algebra over a field for a list of such conditions.

Over the reals there are (up to isomorphism) only two unitary commutative finite-dimensional division algebras: the reals themselves, and the complex numbers.  These are of course both associative.  For a non-associative example, consider the complex numbers with multiplication defined by taking the complex conjugate of the usual multiplication:

This is a commutative, non-associative division algebra of dimension 2 over the reals, and has no unit element. There are infinitely many other non-isomorphic commutative, non-associative, finite-dimensional real divisional algebras, but they all have dimension 2.

In fact, every finite-dimensional real commutative division algebra is either 1- or 2-dimensional. This is known as Hopf's theorem, and was proved in 1940. The proof uses methods from topology. Although a later proof was found using algebraic geometry, no direct algebraic proof is known. The fundamental theorem of algebra is a corollary of Hopf's theorem.

Dropping the requirement of commutativity, Hopf generalized his result: Any finite-dimensional real division algebra must have dimension a power of 2.

Later work showed that in fact, any finite-dimensional real division algebra must be of dimension 1, 2, 4, or 8. This was independently proved by Michel Kervaire and John Milnor in 1958, again using techniques of algebraic topology, in particular K-theory. Adolf Hurwitz had shown in 1898 that the identity  held only for dimensions 1, 2, 4 and 8. (See Hurwitz's theorem.) The challenge of constructing a division algebra of three dimensions was tackled by several early mathematicians. Kenneth O. May surveyed these attempts in 1966.

Any real finite-dimensional division algebra
over the reals must be
 isomorphic to R or C if unitary and commutative (equivalently: associative and commutative)
 isomorphic to the quaternions if noncommutative but associative
 isomorphic to the octonions if non-associative but alternative.

The following is known about the dimension of a finite-dimensional division algebra A over a field K:
 dim A = 1 if K is algebraically closed,
 dim A = 1, 2, 4 or 8 if K is real closed, and
 If K is neither algebraically nor real closed, then there are infinitely many dimensions in which there exist division algebras over K.

See also
 Normed division algebra
 Division (mathematics)
 Division ring
 Semifield
 Cayley–Dickson construction

Notes

References

External links

Algebras
Ring theory

Division algebra


Whey is a watery liquid that comes out of milk when it has been curdled and strained. It is also called milk plasma. It is a by-product of cheese making. Sweet whey is made during the making of rennet types of hard cheese like Cheddar or Swiss. Acid whey (also known as "sour whey") is made during the making of acid types of cheese such as cottage cheese. Whey also forms as a liquid on the top of yoghurt.

Uses
Whey can be used to make whey cheeses like ricotta. It can be added to processed foods like bread, pastry or crackers. It can also be used to feed animals.

References

Dairy products

Whey


Developmental psychology, also called human development, is the emotional study of how a person changes psychologically (mind and behavior) as they get older. Developmental psychologists first studied infants and children, and later they also studied teenagers (or adolescents) and adults. Developmental psychology studies human change in a lot of areas, including motor skills (and other processes that are both physical and psychological), problem solving abilities, understanding of concepts, learning language, moral understanding, and identity.

Related pages
Jean Piaget

Developmental psychology

Developmental psychology


Lugo is a city of the autonomous community of Galicia (Spain). It is a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site. Lugo is the only city in the world to be surrounded by completely intact Roman walls.

The city is in the northwest of Spain. It is capital city of the Province of Lugo.

Capital cities in Spain
Municipalities in Galicia
Province of Lugo
World Heritage Sites in Spain

Lugo


Whitemail, coined as an opposite to blackmail, has several meanings.

Economics

In economics, whitemail is an anti-takeover arrangement in which the target company will sell significantly discounted stock to a friendly third party. In return, the target company helps thwart takeover attempts, by
 raising the acquisition price of the raider
 diluting the hostile bidder's number of shares
 increasing the aggregate stock holdings of the company

Social culture

Whitemail can also be considered as legally compensating someone for doing their job in a manner benefiting the payer. For example, if a person gives a maître d' a $20 bill in order to secure a table more quickly than other patrons who had arrived earlier, this could be considered whitemail. It is merely a compensatory incentive for someone to do their job quicker, better, or in a manner more advantageous to the payer. It can be considered a bribe, depending on the person being offered the incentive and the action the incentive is intended to influence.

Fiction

In Terry Pratchett's Discworld series, whitemail is described as an anti-crime, a positive act that is committed in such a way as to cause outrage and/or humiliation to its victim.  Whitemail is the threat of disclosing a person's good deeds for purposes of undermining their disreputable reputation (e.g. a gangster's charitable donation). Other anti-crimes include breaking-and-decorating and proffering-with-embarrassment.

Fundraising

In fundraising, whitemail is a donation received without a response form, coupon, statement, or other source identification, so it cannot be attributed to any particular fundraising campaign.  These donations often come in generic, white-colored envelopes.

E-mail

1) Automated inbound fax and letter handling: Whitemail can used to refer to the automated handling of inbound faxes and letters as customer requests to, and at, service and reception desks. For example, KANA Whitemail uses this terminology and is a provider of software to integrate Customer Relations Management (CRM) systems with email clients.

2) White listed email: Whitemail can be used as a term to denote email that is sent through a white listed email service (e.g. iContact, Constant Contact, Get Response, and others). This type of email usually requires mailing list approval or double opt-in by the email recipients. This has a higher deliverability than normal direct email lists and is usually used for the delivery of newsletters or other regular information distributed to clients or subscribers.

3) Anonymous email: Whitemail was an anonymous mailer hosted on biomatic.org. It would allow any visitor to send e-mail messages to any address at no cost and with no registration required, simply using the site's interface.  Whitemail even allowed its users to provide any e-mail address (their own, somebody else's or one that does not exist) that would then appear to the recipient as the message's origin. The Whitemail service was removed from the site at version 3 in 2004

References

External links

  See also:  in

Mergers and acquisitions
Social engineering (computer security)
Webmail

Whitemail


Port Isabel was a seaport established on Port Isabel Slough in 1865 during the American Civil War in Sonora, Mexico in the mouth of the Colorado River on the Gulf of California.  It was founded to support the increased river traffic caused by the gold rush that began in 1862 on the Colorado River and the Yuma Quartermaster Depot newly established in 1864 to support the Army posts in the Arizona Military District.  The slough was discovered in 1865 by the Captain W. H. Pierson of the schooner Isabel, that first used the slough to transfer its cargo to steamboats safe from the tidal bore of the Colorado River.  Shortly afterward Port Isabel was established 3 miles up the slough and replaced Robinson's Landing as the place where cargo was unloaded in the river from seagoing craft on to flat bottomed steamboats of the Colorado River and carried up to Fort Yuma and points further north on the river.

By 1867, Port Isabel, was situated on Port Isabel Slough whose mouth lay to the east of the main channel of the Colorado River on its channel east of Montague Island about 2 miles from its entrance, at the first good landing place, the shores below being of very soft mud.  Port Isabel, served as a location for repairing the river steamers and barges at a location about 2 miles above Port Isabel on what was called Shipyard Slough that became the site called Ship Yard, which had a few frame buildings, a dry dock and a ship way where steamboats could be constructed or repaired.

The arrival of the Southern Pacific Railroad in Yuma in 1877 signaled the end of Port Isabel. Trade by sea was replaced with cargo carried by rail.  In 1877, George Alonzo Johnson sold his Colorado Steam Navigation Company to the Southern Pacific Railroad.  Yuma then became the head of navigation for steamboats operating on the river.  Port Isabel was abandoned by 1879, its shipyard being moved to Yuma, Arizona.

References

External links
  Official Map Of The Territory Of Arizona, With All The Recent Explorations. Compiled by Richard Gird C.E. Commissioner. Approved By John N. Goodwin, Governor. In Accordance With An Act Of The Legislature, Approved Oct. 23d. 1864. We hereby certify that this is the Official Map of the Territory of Arizona, and approve the same. Prescott October 12th 1865. (with signed seal dated 1863). Published By A. Gensoul, Pacific Map Depot. No. 511 Montgomery St. San Francisco. Lith. Britton & Co. San Francisco.. Accessed from www.davidrumsey.com, December 1, 1865. Shows location of Port Isabel, Sonora and other landings along the Colorado River, 1865.
 Schooner discharging cargo into what appears to be Barge No. 1 and the "Mohave I" at Port Isabel. from hdl.huntington.org accessed July 28, 2015 - Mohave I ran from 1864 to 1875, barges were towed by the Johnson Company boats from 1865.

Former populated places in San Luis Río Colorado Municipality, Sonora
Communities in the Lower Colorado River Valley
Port cities and towns on the Mexican Pacific coast
River ports
Steamboat transport on the Colorado River
Colorado River
Gulf of California
History of Sonora
Transportation in Sonora
Populated places established in 1865
1865 establishments in Mexico

Port Isabel, Sonora


Sanghol is a historical village located in Fatehgarh Sahib District of Punjab, India predating to Harrapan civilisation. It is also known as Uchha Pind Sanghol. It is about 40 km from Chandigarh on the way to Ludhiana and approximately 10 km from Dholewal. This place holds a special position on the archaeological atlas of India. Excavations at the site have yielded coins and seals related to Toramana and Mihirakula belonging to central Asia. A Buddhist stupa was excavated in 1968, but in February 1985 a rich treasure of 117 beautiful carved stone slabs, which includes 69 pillars, 35 crossbars, figures and figurines, was excavated by the experts of the Directorate of Archaeology, Punjab. Scholars have explained them as Kushan sculptures of the Mathura school of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. These treasures have since been displayed for art lovers and historians in Sanghol Museum. Many of the art pieces from this museum often go on display as special exhibits at various museums around the world.

Situated on the top of a mound, Ucha Pind Sanghol is spread over an area of 200 km.

Museum

Sanghol is famed for the Sanghol Museum. It belongs to the civilisation of Harappan which is retained by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).It has various antiques that were discovered during the excavations at Sanghol. The various sculptures of stone are the eye catching attractions of the museum which are displayed in the Upper gallery. Maps, charts, photographs, graphs and drawings are arranged chronically. It displays art forms of Kushana period (extending between 2nd and 3rd century). A large of number of relics dating from the late Harappan civilization (1720  – 1300 BC) to 6th century AD is found here. More than 15000 artefacts were collected from this site and majority of them are displayed in this museum.

Sanghol also known as Uchha Pind is a famous village in the area. There are some mythical stories about the destruction of this village. The main village sits very high clearly visible from the surrounding towns. It is also linked to the Kissa "Roop Basant" stories as well. Some people from surrounding villages say that its ancient name was Sangla-deep.

There is a Buddhist Stupa and Monastery Complex dating back to 1st and 2nd century AD situated on the main road.

Gallery

References

Indus Valley civilisation sites
Fatehgarh Sahib
Villages in Fatehgarh Sahib district
Bara culture

Sanghol


The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several cameras-either movie or professional video cameras-are employed on the test simultaneously record or broadcast a scene. It is often contrasted with single-camera setup, which uses one camera.

Movies

Multiple-camera setup


Reta F. Beebe (born October 10, 1936 in Baca County Colorado) is an American astronomer, author, and popularizer of astronomy.  She is an expert on the planets Jupiter and Saturn, and the author of Jupiter: The Giant Planet. She is a professor emeritus in the Astronomy Department at New Mexico State University and 2010 winner of the NASA Exceptional Public Service medal.

Beebe spent many years helping to plan and manage NASA missions, including the Voyager program missions to the giant planets. Her specific research interest was the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. She designed experiments to the study and measure the clouds and winds of the giant planets. She worked interpreting the Galileo and Cassini data and used the Hubble Space Telescope to obtain additional atmospheric data on Jupiter and Saturn. She was a member of the Shoemaker/Levy team at the Space Telescope Science Institute in 1994 when the comet struck Jupiter. Formerly, she chaired the Committee for Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX), which is the principal space committee of the United States National Research Council. More recently she was involved with organizing the data about the giant planets in NASA's Planetary Data System.  She is in charge of the Atmospheres Discipline Node of that program. Her planetary data archiving skills have also been employed by the European Space Agency.  She serves on the steering committee of the International Planetary Data Alliance.

Awards
 1989 Westhafer Award for Excellence in Teaching, Research, or Creative Activity from New Mexico State University
 1998 Dennis W. Darnall Faculty Achievement Award from New Mexico State University
 2003 Harold Masursky Award from the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society
 2010 NASA Exceptional Public Service medal
 2020 Elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society

Notes

1936 births
Living people
20th-century American astronomers
20th-century American women scientists
American women astronomers
Planetary scientists
Women planetary scientists
Astrochemists
New Mexico State University faculty
American nature writers
Fellows of the American Astronomical Society
American women academics
21st-century American women

Reta Beebe


Conceived by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway's Dartford commuter route, the two 4DD electric multiple units were the only double-deck trains to run on the main line railway network in Britain. The upper-level seats were squeezed in between the lower-level seats to ensure that the overall height of the unit was within the clearances necessary to pass through tunnels and under bridges. The 4DD was somewhat unsuccessful because the upper level compartments were cramped and poorly ventilated (the upper level windows could not be opened due to tight clearance). The compartments were pressure-ventilated but the equipment proved to be troublesome. Also dwell times at stations were increased because of the increased number of passengers per door. To obtain the extra seating capacity that was being sought, it was instead decided to lengthen trains from eight cars to ten.

SR 4DD

SR Class 4DD


Ricardo Pinto (born 1961 in Lisbon, Portugal) is a computer game programmer and fantasy novelist.

Early life and gaming career
Pinto's family moved to London when he was six, and then to Dundee in Scotland. In 1979, he commenced a degree in Mathematics at the University of Dundee. In 1983, Pinto moved to London to work as a programmer writing computer games. He moved back to Edinburgh and then to Bristol working on game design. He became interested in creating the plot for games and wrote Kryomek and Hivestone as support material for tabletop wargames.

Writing
While still at university around 1982, Pinto had written a 600-page manuscript which he later said "contained a first, vague impression" of what would become his The Stone Dance of the Chameleon series. After 10 years working the computer gaming industry he spent two years unemployed and teaching himself to write, during which time he developed his Stone Dance concept further.

His first novel, The Chosen, was published in 1999. The sequel The Standing Dead was published in 2002 and a third novel, The Third God, appeared in 2009, its completion delayed by the effects of a fire at the author's home. The Stone Dance of the Chameleon trilogy concerns the harrowing experiences of the young and inexperienced heir to a ruling dynasty who is suddenly taken from his protected childhood and thrust into a cruel society where he must fight for his family honour, his position and his life.

After giving up designing computer games, Pinto said that he "carried that discipline's world-building paradigm" into his writing. Though interested in historical fiction, he chose to write in an invented universe so as not to be creatively constrained by the setting. He notes that the Masters of the Stone Dance series have aspects of the Roman emperors seen though a "fairy tale lens." An initial conceptual idea was that the story was set in late Cretaceous period Antarctica, and some elements remain from this scenario.

Pinto has said that the books include his most deeply held political beliefs. He also felt that, despite possible commercial difficulties, his novels should include gay characters as a reflection of his own life experiences. He acknowledged that his ideas on writing and creating fantasy worlds had been influenced by the works of J. R. R. Tolkien and the Dune novels of Frank Herbert.

The Stone Dance of the Chameleon
Pinto's The Stone Dance of the Chameleon trilogy follows young nobleman Carnelian as he is thrust into the dangerous political arena of the Three Lands. In this slave-owning civilisation of dazzling beauty and ancient ritual, the purity of noble bloodlines is paramount to the strict and ruthless caste system headed by the God Emperor and his Chosen. The faces of these self-indulgent Masters, held as deities, can never be seen unmasked by lesser people, under threat of immediate death. As the series begins, Carnelian follows his father Sardian, Lord Suth, from their outlying home to the capital of Osrakum as the current Emperor lies dying and a successor is to be named. Carnelian's own lineage puts him at the center of court intrigue, and in mortal danger.

In 2020, Pinto re-released and self-published the series in a re-edited form, consisting of seven "leaner and extensive reworkings" of the original trilogy.

First Edition
 The Chosen (1999)
 The Standing Dead (2002)
 The Third God (2009)

Second Edition
 The Masters (2020)
 The Chosen (2020)
 The Standing Dead (2020)
 The Darkness Under the Trees (2020)
 Dragon Fire (2020)
 The Mirror Breaks (2020)
 The Third God (2020)

Other works

  War in Heaven (2013, with Adrian Smith)
 Matryoshka (2018)

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
Writers from Lisbon
Scottish fantasy writers
Portuguese fantasy writers
Scottish people of Portuguese descent
Portuguese emigrants to the United Kingdom
Alumni of the University of Dundee
Scottish gay writers
Scottish LGBT novelists
Portuguese LGBT novelists
Gay novelists

Ricardo Pinto (novelist)


Vincent Archibald Patrick Cronin FRSL (24 May 1924 – 25 January 2011) was a British historical, cultural, and biographical writer, best known for his biographies of Louis XIV, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Catherine the Great, and Napoleon, as well as for his books on the Renaissance.

Cronin was born in Tredegar, Monmouthshire, to Scottish doctor and novelist, A. J. Cronin, and May Gibson, but moved to London at the age of two. He was educated at Ampleforth College, Harvard University, the Sorbonne, and Trinity College, Oxford, from which he graduated with honours in 1947, earning a degree in Literae Humaniores. During the Second World War, he served as a lieutenant in the British Army.

Family
In 1949, he married Chantal de Rolland, and they had five children. The Cronins were long-time residents of London, Marbella, and Dragey, in Avranches, Normandy, where they lived at the Manoir de Brion.
He died at his home in Marbella on 25 January 2011.

Awards
Cronin was a recipient of the Richard Hillary Award, the W.H. Heinemann Award (1955), and the Rockefeller Foundation Award (1958). He also contributed to the Revue des Deux Mondes, was the first General Editor of the Companion Guides series, and was on the Council of the Royal Society of Literature.

Works
The Golden Honeycomb: A Sicilian Quest (1954)
The Wise Man from the West: Matteo Ricci and his Mission to China (1955)
The Last Migration (1957) (on the Falqani tribe of South Persia)
"T. S. Eliot as a Translator." T. S. Eliot: A Symposium for His Seventieth Birthday. Ed. Neville Braybrooke, 129–137 (1958)
A Pearl to India: The Life of Roberto de Nobili (1959)
The Letter After Z (1960) (novel)
Translator, L'Amour Profane by Alfred Kern (1961) (novel)
A Calendar of Saints (1963)
The Companion Guide to Paris (1963 - first edition)
Louis XIV (1964)
Translator, The Christian Centuries: A New History of the Catholic Church, Volume One: The First Six Hundred Years by Jean Danielou and Henri Marrou (1964)
Four Women in Pursuit of an Ideal (1965) (about Caroline, duchess de Berry, Marie D'Agoult, Eve Hanska and Marie Bashkirtseff; also published as The Romantic Way, 1966)
Editor, The Sunday Times Travel and Holiday Guide (1966) (edited with Elizabeth Nicholas and Leonard Russell)
The Florentine Renaissance (1967)
Mary Portrayed (1968)
"The Classical Ideal in Florence." Essays by Divers Hands, Volume XXXV: 23–39 (1969)
Editor, The Companion Guide to the West Highlands of Scotland by W.H. Murray (1969)
The Flowering of the Renaissance (1969)
Editor, The Companion Guide to the North Island of New Zealand by Errol Brathwaite (1970)
Napoleon (1971),  (also published as Napoleon Bonaparte: An Intimate Biography, 1972, )
The Horizon Concise History of Italy (1972)  (also published as A Concise History of Italy, 1973, )
Louis and Antoinette (1974)
Translator, Towards a New Democracy by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1977)
Catherine, Empress of All the Russias (1978)
Editor, Essays by Divers Hands, Volume XL (1979)
Editor, The Companion Guide to Florence by Eve Borsook (1979)
The View from Planet Earth: Man Looks at the Cosmos (1981)
Paris on the Eve, 1900-1914 (1989)
The Renaissance (1992)
Paris: City of Light, 1919-1939 (1994)
Chile Rediscovered (2009)
Nero (2010)

References

External links
Author Tracker
Text of The Golden Honeycomb
Short stories at The FictionMags Index
Academy of Achievement
The Peerage

1924 births
2011 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
British architectural historians
British Army personnel of World War II
British art historians
British bibliographers
British biographers
British editors
British expatriates in France
British people of Irish descent
British people of Scottish descent
Welsh Roman Catholics
British travel writers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
French–English translators
Harvard University alumni
People educated at Ampleforth College
Writers from London
Roman Catholic writers
University of Paris alumni
People from Tredegar
Historians of the Napoleonic Wars
20th-century translators
Historians of the Renaissance
20th-century English male writers
British Army officers

Vincent Cronin


Asliyat  uu chij ke baare me jon ki asli hae.

References

Bahaari jorr

 C.D. Broad on Reality
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy on Realism
 Video: Carl Sagan on the 4th Dimension Explanation
 Video: Animated version of the above with Dr Quantum - Flatland
 Phenomenology Online: Materials discussing and exemplifying phenomenological research
 Concept and Reality, a Meditatiion Perspective
 The Illusion of Reality by Jim AL-Khalili
 The Matrix as Metaphysics by David Chalmers
 The Universes of Max Tegmark

Words

Asliyat


The Cascade Range is a mountain range in western North America. It goes from Northern California, through Oregon and Washington, and ends in British Columbia, Canada. The range includes the Western Cascades in northern California and the North and Canadian Cascades in Washington State and Canada.

 in the Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire, the ring of volcanoes and associated mountains around the Pacific Ocean. Volcanos in the range include Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier, and Mount Shasta. The Cascades are part of the "American Cordillera", the almost continuous spine of mountains which runs right down the western side of the Americas.

The highest mountain in the cascades is Mount Rainier at 14,411 feet or 4,392 metres.

Geology

The Cascade range was formed by thousands of small, short-lived volcanoes that built a platform of lava and volcanic debris. Rising above this volcanic platform are a few strikingly large volcanoes, like Mount St. Helens, that dominate the landscape.

The fundamental reason for all these mountains on the western side of the Americas is the steady movement of the great landmasses away from Eurasia and Africa. The process of continental drift is fuelled by the production of sea-floor material at the mid-Atlantic trench. The landmasses of the Americas have buckled the edges of the Pacific plates, resulting in the continual volcanic build-up of mountains on the western side of the continents. The Cascade Volcanic Arc made its first appearance 36 million years ago. The major volcanic peaks today were born in the last 1.6 million years. More than 3,000 vents erupted during the most recent volcanic episode that began 5 million years ago. As long as subduction continues, new Cascade volcanoes will continue to rise.

As the oceanic slab sinks deep into the Earth's interior beneath the continental plate, high temperatures and pressures allow water molecules locked in the minerals of solid rock to escape. The water vapor rises into the pliable mantle above the subducting plate, causing some of the mantle to melt. This newly formed magma rises toward the Earth's surface to erupt, forming a chain of volcanoes.

References

Other websites

Mountains of Canada
Geography of Washington (state)
Geography of Oregon
Mountains of California
Mountain ranges of the United States
Volcanoes of North America

Cascade Range


Homo cepranensis is a proposed name for a human species, known from only one skull cap discovered in 1994. The fossil was discovered by archeologist Italo Biddittu and was nicknamed "Ceprano Man" after a nearby town in the province of Frosinone, 89 kilometers Southeast of Rome, Italy.

The age of the fossil is estimated to be between 350,000 to 500,000 years old.[3] An adjacent site, Fontana Ranuccio, was dated to 487,000 +/- 6000 years and Muttoni et al. suggest that Ceprano is most likely 450,000 years old. The cranial features on the bone seem to be intermediate between those found on Homo erectus and those of later species such as Homo heidelbergensis which dominated Europe long before Homo neanderthalensis. There is yet not enough material to make a complete analysis of the individual.

Hominins

Homo cepranensis


A combustion light-gas gun (CLGG) is a projectile weapon that utilizes the explosive force of low molecular-weight combustible gases, such as hydrogen mixed with oxygen, as propellant. When the gases are ignited, they burn, expand and propel the projectile out of the barrel with higher efficiency relative to solid propellant and have achieved higher muzzle velocities in experiments. Combustion light-gas gun technology is one of the areas being explored in an attempt to achieve higher velocities from artillery to gain greater range. Conventional guns use solid propellants, usually nitrocellulose-based compounds, to develop the chamber pressures needed to accelerate the projectiles. CLGGs' gaseous propellants are able to increase the propellant's specific impulse.  Therefore, hydrogen is typically the first choice; however, other propellants like methane can be used.

While this technology does appear to provide higher velocities, the main drawback with gaseous or liquid propellants for gun systems is the difficulty in getting uniform and predictable ignition and muzzle velocities. Variance with muzzle velocities affects precision in range, and the further a weapon shoots, the more significant these variances become. If an artillery system cannot maintain uniform and predictable muzzle velocities it will be of no use at longer ranges. Another issue is the survival of projectile payloads at higher accelerations. Fuzes, explosive fill, and guidance systems all must be "hardened" against the significant acceleration loads of conventional artillery to survive and function properly. Higher velocity weapons, like the CLGG, face these engineering challenges as they edge the boundaries of firing accelerations higher.

The research and development firm UTRON, Inc is experimenting with a combustion light-gas gun design for field use. The corporation claims to have a system ready for testing as a potential long-range naval fire support weapon for emerging ships, such as the Zumwalt-class destroyer.  The CLGG, like the railgun, is a possible candidate technology for greater ranges for naval systems, among others.  UTRON has built and tested 45mm and 155mm combustion light-gas guns.

See also
Light-gas gun
Scram cannon
Electrothermal-chemical technology
Potato cannon

References

https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a462130.pdf UTRON 2006 Test Report
Artillery by type
Ballistics
 Emerging technologies

Combustion light-gas gun


Almayer's Folly is Joseph Conrad's first novel. It was published in 1895. Set in the late 19th century, it centers on the life of the Dutch trader Kaspar Almayer in the Borneo jungle and his relationship to his half-caste daughter Nina.

Plot

Kaspar Almayer is a young Dutch trader cared for by rich Captain Lingard. Hoping to gain Lingard's wealth, Almayer agrees to a loveless marriage to Lingard's adopted Malay child and to running his trading post in Sambir in the Borneo jungle.  Lingard loses much of his fortune searching for a hidden treasure. Meanwhile, Almayer's ventures constantly fail, most notably an expensive trading house, the "Almayer's Folly,"  that no one trades in. He did seem to enjoy dancing.

A daughter named Nina was born to Almayer and his wife. The rest of the novel concerns Almayer's conflicting wishes: his love for Nina, his effort at keeping her from her mother's Malay influence, and his desire for money and self-redemption.

Dain, a Malay prince, arrives at Sambir. Almayer tries to enlist Dain's help to find the treasure long sought by Lingard. Instead, Dain marries Nina and leaves Sambir with her, against Almayer's wishes. The loss of Nina and any prospect of wealth stuns Almayer. He spends the rest of his days in the empty trading house as his sanity slips away.

Criticism
As Conrad's earliest novel, Almayer's Folly is often seen by critics as inferior to the author's later work because of its repetitive and at times awkward language. However, recent critics have paid more attention to Conrad's depiction of Nina as a self-determined female non-European character along with Aissa from Joseph Conrad's second novel, An Outcast of the Islands.

Movie

Filming started in November 2010 for a French-Belgian adaptation by Chantal Akerman.

Sources
Joseph Conrad, Almayer's Folly: A Story of an Eastern River, Random House, 1996.

References

Other websites

1895 books
Indonesia
Works by Joseph Conrad

Almayer's Folly


Sir Charles Villiers Stanford (born Dublin, 30 September 1852; died London,  29 March 1924) was an Irish composer who lived in England for most of his life.

Life
Stanford was born in Dublin.  His father was a very successful lawyer who was also interested in music.  He played the cello and sang.  Stanford's mother played the piano.  The young boy heard a lot of music at his home as there were often visitors who came to make music.  Charles studied the piano,  organ and composition and was composing and performing at concerts when he was still very young.

His parents had wanted their son to be a lawyer, but it was obvious that music was to be his profession.  He won a scholarship to Queens' College, Cambridge in 1870 where he was a choral scholar.  He learned very quickly and in 1873, while he was still a student, he was made organist of Trinity College and conductor of two choirs.  While he had these jobs he was given time to make visits to Germany where he studied with Carl Reinecke and Friedrich Kiel.  He met several famous composers including Brahms and Offenbach.  He went to the opening of the  Bayreuth Festival Theatre where the music of Richard Wagner was performed.

Stanford took his BA degree in 1874 and MA in 1878, and was given the honorary degree of D.Mus. at Oxford in 1883 and at Cambridge in 1888.  He had a lot of energy and was known for working very hard.  When the Royal College of Music opened in London in 1883 Stanford was made professor there.  He became conductor of the Bach Choir and then he was made professor of music at Cambridge.  He was still only 35 years old.  He kept these two professorships until his death.  Although he gave up his job as organist at Trinity he became conductor of the Leeds Triennial Festival and appeared with nearly every important British music festival.  In 1902 he was knighted.

Stanford married in 1878 and the couple had two children.

Stanford died in London and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Music
Stanford is best known today for the choral music he wrote for the Anglican church.  These includes some very fine anthems and motets as well as service settings.   His music was much better than most of the church music that had been composed during the 19th century, so he helped to make British music better.  He composed many pieces for music festivals: these include oratorios and cantatas as well as partsongs and solo songs.  He also wrote a lot of orchestral and instrumental works.  These often show the influence of Brahms and Schumann.

As a teacher of composition Stanford had a great deal of influence on many British composers.  He sometimes had a bad temper, but he was also very good at showing students how they could improve their music.  Composers such as Charles Wood, Constant Lambert,  Vaughan Williams, Holst, Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, Rutland Boughton, John Ireland, Frank Bridge, George Butterworth, Arthur Bliss, Herbert Howells, Arthur Benjamin and Ernest J. Moeran all learned a great deal from him, and continued to admire him.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980.

Irish composers
Romantic composers
1852 births
1924 deaths
Knights Bachelor

Charles Villiers Stanford