Nefta  (an aw spelt Nefta; ) is a toun an oasis in Tunisie, close tae the Algerian border, an juist north o the Chott el Djerid.

Releegious significance
Nefta is considered bi maist Sufis tae be the spiritual hame o Sufism, a mystical branch o Islam; mony releegious biggins are locatit in the destrict El Bayadha. 10 mile past Nefta, towards Algerie, is a daily mercat that sells Tunisian "desert roses", crystalline formations o rock that resemble roses in shape.

Nefta is a pilgrimage center tae which pilgrims traivel throughoot the year. Thare is a Fowk Festival in Aprile an a Date Festival in November/December.

Nefta is the releegious centre o the Bled el Djerid, the "Land o Palms", wi maire than 24 mosques an 100 marabouts. The marabouts still attract pilgrims frae aw ower soothren Tunisie an even frae Algerie. This great veneration o the marabouts reflects the continuin vigor o Sufism, the movement which grew up in the 12t century aroond Sufi Abu Madian (d. 1197). The name o the Sufis came frae the semple ooen garment (suf) thay wore. Thay believed that the adherents o Islam, a releegion o the desert, shoud show parteecular modesty o behaviour an asceticism, an wur muckle gien tae mysticism, the veneration o holy men, spiritual contemplation an meditation. Sufism is an aa merked bi releegious forms taken ower frae the pre-Islamic, animistic releegions o the Berber population which orthodox Islam seeks tae repress - belief in spirits, witchcraft, fortune-tellin, the efficacy o amulets, etc. Regional variants o Sufism wur propagatit bi holy men, who frequently foondit thair awn britherhuids, wi centers for the teachin o disciples. Thay are creditit wi numerous miracles an revered for thair holiness, an thair tombs (marabouts) are places o pilgrimage, attractin varyin nummers o pilgrims accordin tae thair reputation. In the past thir holy men wur an aa appealed tae as judges in the conflicts which frequently occurred atween the nomadic tribes an the settled population o the oases. Nefta is the last stranghauld o this Sufism, an is whiles cried, wi some justification, the "Kairouan o the Sooth". The marabouts veneratit here are scattered aboot throughoot the auld toun o Nefta an the oasis.

The toun

Nefta is dividit intae twa pairts bi a smaw oued an a depression at its northren end. Tae the east o the oued is the new toun, wi the auld souk quarter at its soothwastren corner; tae the wast, on the slopes o a hill, is the auld toun. The main road frae Tozeur runs throu the new toun as Avenue Habib Bourguiba, which then crosses the oued an skirts the auld toun. At its wastren end a street branches aff on the richt, ascends the hill, goes roond the auld toun an the sand-bowl, an returns tae Avenue Habib Bourguiba. Nefta is a toun o cube-shaped, flat-roofed hooses huddled closely thegither, wi Tozeur-style decoration. In some o the streets the upper stories o the hooses, borne on roond- heidit airches, project ower the street, formin a kynd o tunnel which affers pertection frae the sun. It is planned tae restore the auld toun in the vera near future.

History

The history o Nefta reaches far back intae the past.  It is believed tae hae been settled oreeginally bi shepherds who came frae the kinrick o Napata.  The Romans an later the Byzantines biggit forts in the oasis (Nepte) tae provide pertection against raids bi desert nomads.  In Byzantine times Nefta an Tozeur wur Episcopal Sees. In the mid-7t century Nefta wis conquered bi the Arabs an, in spite o fierce resistance, convertit tae Islam. In subsequent centuries it prospered as an important stagin-pynt for caravans (for a time the maist important in Tunisie). Its decline began in the 15t century as a result o mair frequent raids bi nomadic tribes an the general fallin aff in the caravan tred. Wi the coming o the French in 1881, housomeivver, Nefta experienced a renewal.

Access

Nefta lies on GP 3 (Gafsa-Nefta), 25 km/16 mi soothwast o Tozeur (airport; regular services tae an frae Tunis, Monastir, an Djerba) an 113 km/70 mi soothwast o Gafsa. Frae the bus station (Gare Routière) in Avenue Habib Bourguiba, thare are regular bus services tae Tozeur an Gafsa an a ance-daily service tae Douz an Hazaoua, the frontier post for the crossin intae Algerie. The 4 km/2.5 mi frae thare tae the frontier must be done aither on fuit or in a louage (communal taxi). Frae the Algerian frontier post thare are buses tae El Oued.

References

Freemit airtins
 NEFTA: Oasis o mony tombs  at lexicorient.com

Oases o Tunisie
Populatit places in Tozeur Govrenorate
Communes o Tunisie

Nefta


The Daewoo Magnus is a mid-size sedan developed an manufactured bi Daewoo Motors till its purchase bi General Motors, an nou biggit for GM Daewoo Auto & Technology (GMDAT) bi Daewoo Incheon Motor Company at its Bupyeong facility in Sooth Korea. GM Daewoo an ither GM divisions, as well as GMDAT stake haulder Suzuki, hae marketit this caur unner different badges in various kintras. The caur is kent unner its internal Daewoo designation o V200 an aw. The Project Manager wis Dr. W.J Lee.

The V200 is a further development o the Daewoo Leganza (model V100), based on a stretched platform o that model. Launched in 2000, it wis sauld alangside the Leganza in Korea till the end o V100's production in 2002, whan it supersedit it in export markets an aw. The V200 itself wis gien an extensive facelift for 2006, which resultit in the model kent as V250, or Daewoo Tosca in Korea. The V250 completely supersedit aw versions o the V200 durin 2006.

The Evanda comes equipped wi the Daewoo-developed XK6 inline-6 ingine (DOHC 24V, 155 hp (116 kW) at 5800 rpm, 177 lb·ft (240 N·m) o torque at 4000 rpm - Canadian specification) or a Holden-biggit 2.0L E-TEC II Inline-4 (DOHC 16V) carried ower frae the Leganza. ItalDesign o Italy wis responsible for the stylin an design o baith the Leganza an Magnus. Housomeivver, the upcomin V250 wis styled in Korea bi GM Daewoo.

V200 in export markerts

The V200 wis marketit as Daewoo Evanda in Wastren Europe, an Chevrolet Evanda in mony Eastren European kintras whaur GM did no uise the Daewoo brand, as locally-manufactured versions o auld Daewoo models war still sauld unner that marque. The Evanda replaced the Leganza, an the Chevrolet Alero an aw. Later, in 2004, the entire Daewoo brand wis replaced bi Chevrolet in aw o Europe, wi models renamed accordinly.

The Evanda wis badge-ingineered as the Suzuki Verona in the Unitit States an Canadae an aw, an Chevrolet Epica in ither markets includin Cheenae an Arabie. Housomeivver, Suzuki annoonced it wad drop the Verona efter the 2006 model year due tae poor sales.

Finally, this caur is kent as the Formosa Magnus in some Asian markets an aw.

Chevrolet Epica (Canadae)

Syne 2004 (durin which it sau-ld alangside the Suzuki Verona), the Chevrolet Epica wis sauld in Canadae in twa trim levels, the LS an LT. It replaced the Oldsmobile Alero syne the marque's phaseoot in 2004, as maist Chevrolet dealerships sauld Oldsmobiles. For model year 2005, baith versions featurt the 2.5 liter inline-6, drivin the front wheels throu an electronically controlled fower speed automatic transmission. The caur wis poseetioned as an economical luxury entry, wi the LS model equipt wi 8 wey pouer seat, 15 inch alloy wheels, 4 wheel disc brakes, air conditionin, cruise control, an CD player. The LT version addit traction control, ABS, an sunroof, aw optional for the LS model as weel. Base price wis $24,710 (Canadian) for the LS an $27,400 (Canadian) for the LT. In price, it wis Chevrolet's tap-o-the-line sedan in Canadae, priced atween the Malibu an Impala, but slotted in size atween the Cobalt an Malibu. Sales o the Epica wur slow in Canadae, wi the Impala an Malibu ootsellin those twa models. The Chevrolet Epica is sauld as sic in Chile an aw.

The Chevrolet Epica is nae langer sauld in Canadae as o September 2006. For the last year, a single version wis sauld: the LTZ at $26650. This unique trim level bein fully loadit, ae options war the side airbags an the Pearl White colour. Some colours are unique tae 2006: siller an charcoal grey.

The Chevrolet Epica nameplate is nou bein utilized globally for the Daewoo Tosca, the successor tae the V200 Daewoo Magnus.

Chevrolet Epica (Unitit States Insular Auries)
For a brief time the Chevrolet Epica wis available in the Unitit States territories o Guam an Northren Mariana Islands an aw, an lik the Canadian version it carried the same features. Lik the Epica in Canadae, it too wis athdrawn frae the mercat.

References

External links
Official U.S. Website

Magnus
Vehicles introduced in 2000
Sedans

Daewoo Magnus


A Rastafarian (often called a Rasta) is a member of the Rastafari movement. Most Rastafarians live in the Caribbean, most notably Jamaica.

Rastafarians say that Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, is Jah (shortened from Jehovah). They say that Jesus has returned again in the form of Haile Selassie I, or Jah, as he promised in the Bible, and he will deliver them to Zion, their name for paradise or Ethiopia.

There are several things that define a Rastafarian: they do not drink alcohol, they do not cut their hair, they spiritually smoke marijuana, they have a strict all-natural (often vegetarian) diet, and they believe in Jah and Zion.

Their diet is called I-tal derived from the word vital, and is something like Jewish kosher, but sometimes with no meat at all.

Dreadlocks are a common hairstyle of Rastafarians. For them, dreadlocks are an expression of spirituality: the term "dread" refers to a "fear of the Lord".

Naturality is an important part of the Rastafari way of life. They want to return to Africa and live naturally. They believe that smoking marijuana helps them to get in touch with Jah, and their way of life is improved when they practice meditation.

Rastafari movement in culture
Many reggae musicians are part of the Rastafari movement, including the famous musician Bob Marley, who died in 1981. Rapper Snoop Dogg became a Rastafarian in 2012. He has made an album of reggae music.

References

Rastafari movement


A same sex relationship is a type of relationship between two people of the same sex. The term is associated with the LGBT community. In many countries it is against the law to be in a relationship and have sex with the same gender. Same-sex relationships have been recorded in history. The earliest is from Egyptian royal servants Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum in the 25th century BC. It is often known as the earliest homosexual relationship couple.

Related pages
 Same-sex marriage
 Cross-sex friendship
 Homosociality

Other websites

Arizona Central: Here's to 'bromance' (March 24, 2008)
Seattle Times: Bromances aren't uncommon as guys delay marriage (April 7, 2008)

LGBT

Same-sex relationship


Accounting software is a program that can run on a computer to track the total value of a company. Accounting software can be downloaded to a computer or can be used through a browser window by logging into a website.

Before computers all accounting information was stored in books called "ledgers". A general ledger was the book where the accountant wrote down all payments that came into a company and all payments that were made. A common term for keeping track of this information is called "keeping the books". A bookkeeper is another term for an accountant, but can sometimes means a person who does accounting but maybe doesn't have as much formal education as an accountant.

Accounting software can automate many of the more menial tasks of accounting. For example, many accounting software companies automatically pull in bank information. Instead of having to put in the payments made and cashed received, the program does it for you.

What accounting software does
 Manage purchases and sales
Manage Inventory
Keeps track of customers
 Keeps track of payments and income
 Records all financial transactions
 Can help you put all your expenses and income into the right category
 Invoice creation

Popular examples
 Quickbooks
 SAGE
 PeachTree

Accounting
Software

Accounting software


Harald Eiríksson  (fl. 1190s), also known as Harald the Young, was joint Earl of Orkney with Harald Maddadsson. He was the son of Orkney chief Eirik Stagbrell and Ingerid Ragnvaldsdotter, the daughter of Rögnvald Kali Kolsson, the former Earl of Orkney.

For a long time, sovereignty over Caithness was disputed between the King of Scotland and the Norwegian Earldom of Orkney.  As part of his struggle with Harald Maddadsson, King William I of Scotland (Uilleam I of Alba) granted lands in Caithness to Harald the Young. Harald was also confirmed as joint earl of Orkney with Harald Maddadsson by King William I. In about 1196, Harald Maddadsson agreed to pay a monetary tribute for Caithness to King William I. Harald the Young was subsequently killed by Harald Maddadsson.

Sources
Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney (tr. Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Penguin, London, 1978)
  Viking Orkney: A Survey (Morris, Christopher. The Prehistory of Orkney. Ed. Colin Renfrew. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 1985)

Earls of Orkney
12th-century Norwegian nobility
12th-century mormaers
Mormaers of Caithness

Harald Eiriksson


Escape magazine was a  British comic strip magazine founded and edited by Paul Gravett and Peter Stanbury. Nineteen issues were published between 1983 and 1989.  Eddie Campbell, Phil Elliott and Glenn Dakin were amongst the many cartoonists published within its pages. Escape Publishing also released a limited number of graphic novels in the period 1984–1989, some co-published with Titan Books.

Origins
Escape has its origins in the explosion of small press or minicomics that occurred in the UK in the early 1980s. Paul Gravett was running a stall at the Westminster Comic Mart in London called Fast Fiction where he would sell other people's self-published comics for a small cut. These would generally be short-run publications, usually photocopied and assembled by hand, by creators who couldn't find a professional outlet for their work with many coming from an art school background with unique approaches to comic art.

At the same time awareness was growing of international developments in the medium. Art Spiegelman and Françoise Mouly's RAW magazine had started pushing the boundaries in the USA while European anthologies such as Métal Hurlant, Charlie Mensuel and PLG showed not only radically different styles of comic art to the usual UK/US variety but a more mature and analytical approach to the medium.

Gravett brought his knowledge and enthusiasm while his partner Peter Stanbury, employed at the time at Harpers & Queen, brought experience in print design and production. Together they decided to publish, from their flat, a magazine featuring this home-grown talent, along with showcasing examples of new and interesting comics from around the world.

The importance of BD
Short for bande dessinée, BD became the ideological anchor for Escape. Gravett wanted to apply the values of and respect attributed to French comics to his new breed of British artists. Visually this was reflected in the work of Phil Elliott and Rian Hughes, but it also infused the whole attitude of the magazine, that some comics at least deserved to be taken seriously. By identifying with the relatively exotic and beautifully produced volumes from Europe, Escape distanced itself from the action-adventure style of 2000AD and the American superheroes of Marvel and DC and established itself not only as something new but also important.

Pssst!

In 1981, having passed the Fast Fiction stall and distribution to Phil Elliott and before starting Escape, Gravett was employed as promotions manager for Pssst!, an attempt to publish a British equivalent of the lavish French bande dessinée magazines. While disillusioned with the direction, or lack of, Pssst! was taking, his job brought him into contact with many more new and innovative cartoonists around the UK. To some of these, such as Glenn Dakin in Manchester, he introduced the concept of self-publishing small press comics and sending them out to like-minded souls, thus widening the net for Fast Fiction. Pssst! was forced to close after 10 issues, leaving Gravett with a good idea of how not to run a magazine and a pool of talent.

The A5 years
The first seven issues of Escape were published between 1983 and 1985 as A5, or digest-sized, booklets of between 56 and 84 pages in length with black and white interiors and colour covers. The covers were wrap-around and, for the first five issues, hand-separated by Stanbury until full-process colour became viable. The smaller size was chosen to physically differentiate it from other comics around at the time with a nod to the photocopied small press comics that usually came in this format. It was also easy to put in your pocket. The first issue had a print run of 2000 and had a disproportionate reaction from the music and style media bringing in subscribers and advertising, notably the NME and Time Out.

While the contents of each issue followed a pattern of running homegrown talent alongside features on comics from around the world (with an emphasis on European BD and American "art comics") the roster of artists changed regularly with new creators being brought in every issue. Despite, or more likely, because of the wildly different styles and approaches embraced by the magazine Escape had a solid identity and loyal, if disparate, readership. As the landscape of the comics industry changed through the 1980s Escape was there to report it and try to influence where people should be looking.

The Titan years

In 1986 Escape changed to the larger industry standard American magazine format (8.25"x11") enabling them to reprint work by the international creators they'd previously only written about. Jacques Tardi and Gary Panter appear in issue eight and George Herriman's Krazy Kat became a regular feature. The logo also changed to a bold new design with extra prongs for the E and A and the magazine took on a more professional feel. Of the twelve issues published in this format eight had covers by non-British illustrators as Escape moved away from its small press origins and fully embraced a more international, Art-based ideology.

A year later, and after protracted negotiations, Escape became the first periodical to be published by Titan Books, a graphic novel repackaging house responsible for collections of Judge Dredd and American titles such as Swamp Thing. Gravett and Stanbury retained complete editorial control over the contents and direction of the magazine (despite some pressure from Titan). Despite a 60% sell-through on predominantly London-based newsstands, Titan were reluctant to push for wider national distribution and after two years and ten issues, they parted company. A third, more ambitious, incarnation was planned but failed to find a backer, and Escape folded in 1989.

Partial return
In a late 2009 interview Gravett described his plans for 2010 which involve launching Escape Books followed, eventually, by a return of the magazine:

To this date, althoughEscape magazine has not yet returned to publication, Escape Books has released two hardcover graphic novels, 'The Great Unwashed' by Warren and Gary Pleece in 2012 and 'There's No Time Like The Present' by Paul B. Rainey in 2015.

Escape Publishing
Alongside the magazine itself, Escape Publishing served as an imprint for self-contained graphic novels. These included the following:

Alec by Eddie Campbell (1984)
Alec: Love and Beerglasses by Eddie Campbell (1985)
Alec: Doggie in the Window by Eddie Campbell (1986)
Doc Chaos 1 by Phil Elliott, Lawrence Gray and Dave Thorpe (1985)
London's Dark by James Robinson and Paul Johnson (1989, co-published with Titan Books)
The Night Of The Busted Nose by Phil Laskey (1986)
Violent Cases by Neil Gaiman and Dave McKean (1987, co-published with Titan Books)

Two exhibition booklets were also produced under the Escape banner:

Comic Iconoclasm for the "Swiped! Comics in Art" exhibition at the ICA in London. This was also printed in Escape issue eleven (1987).
The Black Island for the "Britain in Bande Dessinées" exhibition at the French Institute in London.

Legacy
The influence of Escape on subsequent publications and movements is not in doubt, but somewhat hard to pin down.

Publications such as Deadline and Heartbreak Hotel shared the combination of comic strips by relative newcomers and lifestyle articles designed to reach a non-comics audience.

There are notable influences too on Fleetway's experiments with comics for more mature audiences. Later issues of Crisis featured Paul Grist and reprinted European work while the short-lived Revolver employed Escape regulars Rian Hughes and Julie Hollings amongst others.

While, with the exception of Eddie Campbell, the core group of artists associated with Escape did not necessarily go on to great riches, the magazine did publish early work by notable creators including Neil Gaiman, Dave McKean, Paul Johnson, James Robinson and Rian Hughes.

For the British small press scene Escape, along with Fast Fiction, had been an important focal point both artistically and socially. This continued into the 1990s with the magazine holding a pivotal place in the history of the scene.

International distribution brought Escape artists American exposure, most notably to the cartoonists informally known as the Highwater Books scene. Highwater publisher Tom Devlin and cartoonist Tom Hart both cite Escape, and Glenn Dakin in particular, as influential in forming their attitudes towards comic art. Canadian cartoonist Seth wrote about the influence Chris Reynolds had on him.

It should, however, be remembered that Escape was part of a wider and at the time quite vibrant environment in British comics and that artists did move freely from publication to publication. While the magazine did carve out an important niche and break new ground, the work of Knockabout Books and Warrior and aspects of the Harrier Comics line should be taken into account.

The Comics Journal wrote of Escape that it, "...remains one of the most sorely missed comics of all time, not simply because of its tremendous track record of translating European comics but simply because it was always good in so many ways."

The Escape artists
The core group of artists featured in Escape came mainly from the British small press and underground comix scenes of the late 1970s and early '80s.

John Bagnall
Eddie Campbell
Glenn Dakin
Phil Elliott
Hunt Emerson
Paul Grist
Myra Hancock
Rian Hughes
Shaky Kane
Bob Lynch
Woodrow Phoenix (aka Trevs Phoenix)
Ed Pinsent
Warren and Gary Pleece
Chris Reynolds
Savage Pencil
Carol Swain

See also
Fast Fiction

References

Notes

Sources consulted
Campbell, Eddie (2001) Alec: How To Be An Artist. Eddie Campbell Comics. .
Gravett, Paul (2003) "The Great Escape" The Comics Journal Special Edition 3 46-61
Gravett, Paul and Stanbury, Peter (eds) Escape Magazine 1 - 19
The Comics Interpreter #1 Vol. 2 Print review of Glenn Dakin's "Abe: Wrong For All The Right Reasons"

External links

Long interview with Dylan Horrocks - reprinted from The Comics Journal issue 244. His time with the Escape "gang" is about a third of the way down.
Kingly Books - Publishers of recent works by Escape artists Ed Pinsent, John Bagnall and Chris Reynolds

Comics anthologies
British small press comics
1983 establishments in the United Kingdom
1989 disestablishments in the United Kingdom

Escape (magazine)


In August 1572, during the course of the Eighty Years' War, the city of Goes, in the Spanish Netherlands, was besieged by Dutch forces with the support of English troops sent by Queen Elizabeth I. This was a menace to the safety of the nearby city of Middelburg, also under siege. Given the impossibility of rescue of Goes by sea, 3,000 soldiers of the Spanish Tercios under the command of Cristóbal de Mondragón waded across the river Scheldt at its mouth, walking 15 miles overnight in water up to chest deep. The surprise arrival of the Tercios forced the withdrawal of the Anglo-Dutch troops from Goes, allowing the Spanish to maintain control of Middelburg, capital of Walcheren Island.

Background

By 1566, in the Netherlands, at that time belonging to the Spanish Monarchy, a series of revolts emerged against the Spanish authorities, mainly caused by religious and economic impositions on the Dutch population. In 1567 the hostilities increased, leading to the Eighty Years' War.

In April 1572, the Sea Beggars, Dutch rebels opposed to Spain, took Brielle, the first city conquered during the war. Other cities in the province of Zeeland soon joined the rebels, and by mid-1572 only Arnemuiden and Middelburg, on the island of Walcheren, and Goes (also called Tergoes), on the island of Zuid-Beveland, remained under Spanish control, all of them besieged and threatened by the Dutch forces under Stadtholder William of Orange with the support of English troops sent by Elizabeth I.

Jerome Tseraarts, governor of Flushing in command of the Dutch forces on the island of Walcheren, had tried to capture Goes shortly before, having been repelled by the garrison of the city, commanded by Isidro Pacheco. On 26 August 1572, in command of 7,000 soldiers among which were 1,500 English under Thomas Morgan and Humphrey Gilbert, and a fleet of 40 ships, Tseraarts returned to besiege the city. The Spanish garrison of Goes, much inferior in number, would not withstand the siege for long without reinforcements.

Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba and Governor of the Netherlands on behalf of Philip II of Spain, ordered Sancho Dávila, Governor of Antwerp Citadel stationed in North Brabant, to send reinforcements to Goes by sea. The presence in the area of the fleet of the Sea Beggars under Ewout Pietersz Worst prevented it.

Relief of Goes

The river Scheldt was divided into two branches flowing in different directions before it disembogued into the North Sea: the Oosterschelde flowed to the north, the Westerschelde to the west. Between these two arms there were the islands of Walcheren and Zuid-Beveland, in the northern part of which laid Goes. The area between Brabant and Zuid-Beveland was largely a flat floodplain exposed to the tides of the North Sea and the river currents of the Scheldt, channels of which intersected the mudflats. When the tide went down the river channels had between 1 and 1.5 meters of depth, and when it rose the depth in the main channel reached three meters.

Captain Plomaert, a Fleming loyal to Spain, accompanied by two locals who knew the terrain well, studied the possibility of the Spanish troops fording the Oosterschelde on foot taking advantage of hours of low tide. Plomaert's plan was presented to Sancho Dávila and Cristóbal de Mondragón, who accepted it as viable. For its execution Mondragón assembled a force of 3,000 Spanish, Walloon, and German pikemen of the Tercios at Woensdrecht (near Bergen op Zoom).

On the evening of 20 October, Mondragón and his men, preceded by Plomaert and his guides, went into the river, each one equipped with a bag of gunpowder and provisions that they were to hold over the head or at the tip of their pikes throughout the crossing. During the night they crossed the fifteen miles of river channels and mudflats that separated them from the high dike on the opposite bank of the Scheldt, with water sometimes up to the chest, sinking into the muddy bottom, buffeted by the waves and currents of the river, and pressed by the imminent rising tide.

Shortly before dawn they reached the riverbank of Zuid-Beveland near Yerseke, at 20 km of Goes, having lost only nine men to drowning during the crossing of the river (a minute number of casualties compared to the danger of the task). Then they moved toward Goes. The Anglo-Dutch troops besieging the city, surprised by the Tercios, which they had expected to arrive at some port of the island, abandoned the siege and began a hurried retreat to their ships, pursued by the soldiers of Mondragón, which overtook their rear, inflicting over 800 casualties.

Consequences
The withdrawal of the Anglo-Dutch forces from Goes's outskirts allowed the Spanish troops to temporarily relieve Middelburg, capital of Zeeland, which withstood the Dutch siege until its surrender in February 1574. At the end of 1572, Goes, Arnemuiden, Middelburg, and Rammekens remained under Spanish control. The island of Schouwen, including Zierikzee, was held by the Dutch forces until its recapture in 1576 by Luis de Requesens, the Governor of the Spanish Netherlands.

Notes

References

1572 in Europe
Conflicts in 1572
History of Zeeland
Sieges involving England
Goes
16th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
Goes

Relief of Goes


The Clan McDuck is a family of ducks in the Disney fictional universe, based on the style of Scottish families. The most famous member is Scrooge McDuck.

According to the timeline of Don Rosa, the clan has been known since 122 AD when a member yet unnamed clan sold the stone for the construction crew of Hadrian's Wall. The Clan 'Scrooge was originally called Clan MacDuich, but left the Gaelic spelling of the name in 1071 and became the Clan McDuck.

Donald, his sister Della Duck and his sons Huey, Dewey, and Louie are the descendants of the clan through their maternal lineage.

Disney characters
Fictional families

Clan McDuck


SAMPLE history is a mnemonic acronym to remember key questions for a person's medical assessment. The SAMPLE history is sometimes used in conjunction with vital signs and OPQRST. The questions are most commonly used in the field of emergency medicine by first responders during the secondary assessment. It is used for alert people, but often much of this information can also be obtained from the family or friend of an unresponsive person. In the case of severe trauma, this portion of the assessment is less important. A derivative of SAMPLE history is AMPLE history which places a greater emphasis on a person's medical history.

Meaning
The parts of the mnemonic are:

S – Signs/Symptoms (Symptoms are important but they are subjective.)
A – Allergies
M – Medications
P – Past Pertinent medical history
L – Last Oral Intake (Sometimes also Last Menstrual Cycle.)
E – Events Leading Up To Present Illness / Injury

See also
OPQRST
DCAP-BTLS
ABC (medicine)
Past Medical History

References

External links

Emergency medical services
First aid
Medical mnemonics
Mnemonic acronyms

SAMPLE history


Coonties o Ingland are auries uised for the purposes o admeenistrative, geographical an poleetical demarcation. Aw o Ingland is dividit intae 48 ceremonial coonties, which are forby kent as geographic coonties. Mony o thir coonties hae thair oreegins in antiquity, awtho some wur established as recently as 1974.

Ootside Greater Lunnon an the Isles o Scilly, Ingland is forby dividit intae 83 metropolitan an non-metropolitan coonties. Thir are auries uised for the purposes o local govrenment, an mey conseest o a single destrict or be dividit intae several destricts. 27 o thir coounties are dividit intae destricts an hae a coonty cooncil. Maist ceremonial coonties correspond tae a metropolitan or non-metropolitan coonty o the same name, but aften wi reduced bundaries.

The current arrangement is the result o incremental reform. Frae 1889 tae 1974 auries wi coonty cooncils wur kent as admeenistrative coonties, an ceremonial coonties wur defined separately. Frae 1974 tae 1996 the metropolitan an non-metropolitan coonties correspondit directly wi the ceremonial coonties. For the purpose o directin mail, Ingland wis dividit intae 48 postal coonties frae 1974 tae 1996; thir hae syne been abandoned bi the Ryal Mail. Coonties are uised as the geographical basis for a nummer o institutions sic as polis an fire services.

Politics o Ingland

Coonties o Ingland


Sally Margaret Field (born November 6, 1946) is an American film an televeesion actress an director. Throuoot her career that haes totaled mair nor five decades, she haes received three Academy Awaird nominations, eleiven Gowden Globe Awaird nominations an aicht Primetime Emmy Awaird nominations, amang numerous ither accolades.

1946 births
20t-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actors Studio members
American bairn actresses
American female sangsters
American film actresses
American film directors
American televeesion actresses
American vyce actresses
Best Actress Academy Awaird winners
Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners
Fellaes o the American Academy o Airts an Sciences
American weemen film directors
Film directors frae Californie
Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute alumni
Livin fowk
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Awaird winners
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners
Actresses frae Pasadena, Californie
LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit States
Survivors o aviation accidents or incidents
Naitional Buird o Review Awairds

Sally Field


The Shrine of the Book (, Heikhal HaSefer) is a wing of the Israel Museum in the Givat Ram neighborhood of Jerusalem that houses the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Aleppo Codex, among others.

History
The building was constructed in 1965, funded by the family of David Samuel Gottesman, a Hungarian-Jewish philanthropist. The building was designed by Armand Phillip Bartos, Frederick John Kiesler and Gezer Heller over a period of seven years.

The shrine is built as a white dome, covering a structure placed two-thirds below the ground, that is reflected in a pool of water that surrounds it. Across from the white dome is a black basalt wall. According to one interpretation, the colors and shapes of the building are based on the imagery of the Scroll of the War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness; the white dome symbolizes the Sons of Light and the black wall symbolizes the Sons of Darkness.

As the fragility of the scrolls makes it impossible to display all on a continuous basis, a system of rotation is used. After a scroll has been exhibited for 3–6 months, it is removed from its showcase and placed temporarily in a special storeroom, where it "rests" from exposure.

The shrine houses the Isaiah scroll, dating from the second century BCE, the most intact of the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the Aleppo Codex, dating from the 10th century CE, the oldest existing Hebrew Bible. A facsimile of the original Isaiah scroll is now on display in the Shrine of the Book.

In 2013, the Bank of Israel released an Israeli bullion coin dedicated to the Shrine of the Book.

Gallery

See also
 Tourism in Israel
 List of museums in Israel
 Culture of Israel

References

Further reading
 Meir Ronen, "Keepers of the Scrolls," The Jerusalem Post (July 24, 1997).
 Lelke, Roland, "Der endlose Raum in Frederick Kieslers Schrein des Buches," ("The endless space in Frederick Kiesler's Shrine of the Book")  (book, 187 p.) Shaker Verlag, Aachen, (1999) (German)

External links

 The Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem
 The Shrine of the Book
 The Israel Museum, Jerusalem

+
Museums in Jerusalem
Dead Sea Scrolls
Domes
Archaeological museums in Israel
Expressionist architecture
Modernist architecture in Israel
Literary museums in Israel
Bible-themed museums, zoos, and botanical gardens

Shrine of the Book


The Telescope Array project  is an international collaboration involving research and educational institutions in Japan, The United States, Russia, South Korea, and Belgium.  The experiment is designed to observe air showers induced by ultra-high-energy cosmic ray using a combination of ground array and air-fluorescence techniques. It is located in the high desert in Millard County, Utah, United States, at about  above sea level.

Overview

The Telescope Array observatory is a hybrid detector system consisting of both an array of 507 scintillation surface detectors (SD) which measure the distribution of charged particles at the Earth's surface, and three fluorescence stations which observe the night sky above the SD array. Each fluorescence station is also accompanied by a LIDAR system for atmospheric monitoring. The SD array is much like that of the AGASA group, but covers an area that is nine times larger. The hybrid setup of the Telescope Array project allows for simultaneous observation of both the longitudinal development and the lateral distribution of the air showers. When a cosmic ray passes through the earth's atmosphere and triggers an air shower, the fluorescence telescopes measure the scintillation light generated as the shower passes through the gas of the atmosphere, while the array of scintillator surface detectors samples the footprint of the shower when it reaches the Earth's surface.

At the center of the ground array is the Central Laser Facility which is used for atmospheric monitoring and calibrations.

Surface detector

The surface detectors that make up the ground array are activated when ionizing particles from an extensive air shower pass through them.  When these particles pass through the plastic scintillator within the detector, it induces photo electrons which are then gathered by wavelength-shifting fibers and sent to a photomultiplier tube.  The electronic components within the detectors then filter the results, giving the detectors comparable accuracy to the AGASA experiment.

The surface detectors are evenly distributed across a 762 km2 grid array with 1.2 km between each unit.  Each surface detector has an assembled weight of 250 kg and consists of a power supply, two layers of scintillation detectors and electronics. Power is generated by a 120W solar panel and stored in a sealed lead-acid battery. The system has the capacity to operate for one week in complete darkness. Each scintillation detector layer is made of extruded plastic scintillator that is 1.2 cm thick and has an area of 3m2. The photo multiplier tube is connected to the scintillator via 96 wavelength-shifting fibers.

FD station, telescope, and camera

The Telescope Array has three fluorescence detector (FD) telescope stations. As in the previous Fly's Eye and High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) experiments, these detectors work by measuring the air fluorescence light emitted by an extensive air shower. Each FD telescope consists of a primary mirror (made up of 18 smaller hexagonal mirror segments) and a camera. The cameras are made up of 256 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) which are sensitive to the ultraviolet light generated by a cosmic ray air shower.

The stations are positioned on a triangle about 35 km apart from one another with the Central Laser Facility close to the triangle's center. Each of the three stations has 12–14 telescopes viewing the range from 3°–33° elevation. The three sites are named Black Rock Mesa (BRM), Long Ridge (LR), and Middle Drum (MD).
By combining the data from the three sites, it is possible to determine the primary energy, the arrival direction, and the maximum point of longitudinal development for an air shower.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Stations
|-
| Black Rock Mesa
|
|
|-
| Long Ridge
|
|
|-
| Middle Drum
|
|
|-
| Central Laser Facility
|
|

|}

Cosmic Ray Center
The Lon and Mary Watson Millard County Cosmic Ray Center was dedicated on March 20, 2006. The center is located at 648 West Main Street in Delta. The building serves as a headquarters and data processing center for the Telescope Array Project.

In October 2011, a new visitor center was opened at the Cosmic Ray Center.  It features displays about the history of cosmic ray research in Utah and about the Telescope Array, which is spread across the desert west of Delta. The center also includes a display about the nearby Topaz internment camp, where U.S. citizens of Japanese descent were imprisoned during World War II.

TALE
TALE is the Telescope Array Low Energy extension. It is designed to observe cosmic rays with energies between 3×1016eV and 1019eV. TALE adds 10 new telescopes to the Middle Drum observatory site (24 total telescopes) extending the vertical field of view so that it now extends from 3 to 59 degrees in elevation.  This allows the station to see the shower development including shower maximum for lower energy events.  This is critical when trying to determine the chemical composition of the incident cosmic ray particle.

The TALE project also has a graded infill array of scintillator stations spaced 400m and 600m apart. It then connects to the main Telescope Array scintillator array where the scintillator detectors are 1200m apart.  These stations measure charged particle densities (the shower footprint) at the Earth's surface for lower energy events approaching 3x1016eV

TARA
The Telescope Array RADAR (TARA) Project is an effort to overcome some of the problems inherent to current cosmic ray detection techniques.  Due to sun, moon and weather, fluorescence telescopes are usually limited to a ten percent duty cycle.  Ground arrays can run during the day, but require a large amount of land, making it necessary to build them in remote locations.  The goal of the TARA Project is to develop a bistatic radar detection system that is able to maintain a 24-hour duty cycle at a fraction of the cost of conventional detection systems.

In September 2012, the W. M. Keck Foundation awarded researchers at the University of Utah a $1 million grant to develop a bistatic radar detection system.  This system will be built alongside the existing Telescope Array and will use analog television transmitters and digital receivers to observe the range, direction and strength of cosmic rays in order to trace them back to their point of origin.  Once completed, this new facility will be known as the W.M. Keck Radar Observatory

References

High energy particle telescopes
Cosmic-ray experiments
Astroparticle physics
Stellar phenomena
Astronomical observatories in Utah
University of Utah
Buildings and structures in Millard County, Utah

Telescope Array Project


In the area of mathematical logic and computer science known as type theory, a unit type is a type that allows only one value (and thus can hold no information). The carrier (underlying set) associated with a unit type can be any singleton set. There is an isomorphism between any two such sets, so it is customary to talk about the unit type and ignore the details of its value. One may also regard the unit type as the type of 0-tuples, i.e. the product of no types.

The unit type is the terminal object in the category of types and typed functions. It should not be confused with the zero or bottom type, which allows no values and is the initial object in this category. Similarly, the Boolean is the type with two values.

The unit type is implemented in most functional programming languages. The void type that is used in some imperative programming languages serves some of its functions, but because its carrier set is empty, it has some limitations (as detailed below).

In programming languages
Several computer programming languages provide a unit type to specify the result type of a function with the sole purpose of causing a side effect, and the argument type of a function that does not require arguments.
In Haskell, Rust, and Elm, the unit type is called () and its only value is also (), reflecting the 0-tuple interpretation.
In ML descendants (including OCaml, Standard ML, and F#), the type is called unit but the value is written as ().
In Scala, the unit type is called Unit and its only value is written as ().
In Common Lisp the type named  is a unit type which has one value, namely the symbol . This should not be confused with the  type, which is the bottom type.
 In Python, there is a type called NoneType which allows the single value of None.
 In Swift, the unit type is called Void or () and its only value is also (), reflecting the 0-tuple interpretation.
 In Java, the unit type is called Void and its only value is null.
 In Go, the unit type is written struct{} and its value is struct{}{}.
 In PHP, the unit type is called null, which only value is NULL itself.
 In JavaScript, both Null (its only value is null) and Undefined (its only value is undefined) are built-in unit types.
 in Kotlin, Unit is a singleton with only one value: the Unit object.
 In Ruby, nil is the only instance of the NilClass class.
 In C++, the std::monostate unit type was added in C++17. Before that, it is possible to define a custom unit type using an empty struct such as struct empty{}.

Void type as unit type
In C, C++, C#, and D, void is used to designate a function that does not return anything useful, or a function that accepts no arguments. The unit type in C is conceptually similar to an empty struct, but a struct without members is not allowed in the C language specification (this is allowed in C++). Instead, 'void' is used in a manner that simulates some, but not all, of the properties of the unit type, as detailed below. Like most imperative languages, C allows functions that do not return a value; these are specified as having the void return type. Such functions are called procedures in other imperative languages like Pascal, where a syntactic distinction, instead of type-system distinction, is made between functions and procedures.

Difference in calling convention
The first notable difference between a true unit type and the void type is that the unit type may always be the type of the argument to a function, but the void type cannot be the type of an argument in C, despite the fact that it may appear as the sole argument in the list. This problem is best illustrated by the following program, which is a compile-time error in C:

void f(void) {}
void g(void) {}

int main(void)
{
  f(g()); // compile-time error here
  return 0;
}

This issue does not arise in most programming practice in C, because since the void type carries no information, it is useless to pass it anyway; but it may arise in generic programming, such as C++ templates, where void must be treated differently from other types. In C++ however, empty classes are allowed, so it is possible to implement a real unit type; the above example becomes compilable as:

class unit_type {};
const unit_type the_unit;

unit_type f(unit_type) { return the_unit; }
unit_type g(unit_type) { return the_unit; }

int main()
{
  f(g(the_unit));
  return 0;
}

(For brevity, we're not worried in the above example whether the_unit is really a singleton; see singleton pattern for details on that issue.)

Difference in storage
The second notable difference is that the void type is special and can never be stored in a record type, i.e. in a struct or a class in C/C++. In contrast, the unit type can be stored in records in functional programming languages, i.e. it can appear as the type of a field; the above implementation of the unit type in C++ can also be stored. While this may seem a useless feature, it does allow one for instance to elegantly implement a set as a map to the unit type; in the absence of a unit type, one can still implement a set this way by storing some dummy value of another type for each key.

In Generics
In Java Generics, type parameters must be reference types. The wrapper type Void is often used when a unit type parameter is needed. Although the Void type can never have any instances, it does have one value, null (like all other reference types), so it acts as a unit type. In practice, any other non-instantiable type, e.g. Math, can also be used for this purpose, since they also have exactly one value, null.

public static Void f(Void x) { return null; }
public static Void g(Void x) { return null; }

public static void main(String[] args)
{
    f(g(null));
}

Null type

Statically typed languages give a type to every possible expression. They need to associate a type to the null expression.
A type will be defined  for null and it will only have this value.

For example in D, it's possible to declare functions that may only return null:

typeof(null) returnThatSpecialThing(){
    return null;
}

null is the only value that typeof(null), a unit type, can have.

See also
 Singleton pattern (where a particular class has only one instance, but narrowly-typed non-nullable references to it are usually not held by other classes)

References

Data types
Type theory
Articles with example Java code

Unit type


Gary Oldman (21 Mairch 1958) is an actor from London. He is kent for his roles in Sid and Nancy, Air Force One, Léon: The Professional, Batman Begins, The Dark Knight, The Dark Knight Rises, and in Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy.

Oldman wis born on 21 Mairch 1958 in London.

1958 births
Livin fowk
20t-century Inglis male actors
21st-century Inglis male actors
Alumni o Rose Bruford College
Best Actor AACTA Internaitional Awaird winners
Best Actor Academy Awaird winners
Best Actor BAFTA Awaird winners
Best Actor Empire Awaird winners
Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners
Best Newcomer Empire Awaird winners
Empire Icon Awaird winners
Inglis expatriates in the Unitit States
Inglis film directors
Inglis leebertarians
Inglis male film actors
Inglis male screenwriters
Inglis male stage actors
Inglis male televeesion actors
Inglis male video gemme actors
Inglis male vyce actors
Male actors frae Lunnon
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Male Actor in a Leadin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners
Fowk frae New Cross
Royal Shakespeare Company members

Gary Oldman


Pere Bosch-Gimpera (1891 in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain – 1974 in Mexico) was a Spanish-born Mexican archaeologist and anthropologist.

He went into exile in Mexico, with many other intellectuals, after the Spanish Civil War. He became a Mexican citizen in 1971.

Career
Although he began studying Law, he changed to Philology, in which he obtained a doctorate in 1911. With the aim of becoming professor of Greek he also obtained a doctorate in History in 1913. From 1911 to 1914 he studied Greek Philology, Prehistory and Ancient History in Berlin, with the aid of a scholarship. Once there, the advice of Wilamowitz-Moellendorf made him change course and he moved from Greek language and literature to prehistoric archaeology.

From 1916 to 1939, he was chair of Ancient and Medieval History at the University of Barcelona. At the same time he served as director of the Archaeological Research Service of the "Institut d'Estudis Catalans". From the publication in 1919 of Prehistòria Catalana, he strongly advocated the use of Catalan in scientific publications. Between 1916 and 1931, he led the archaeological section of the museums of Barcelona; from 1931 to 1933, he was dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and Philology; between 1933 and 1939, he was president of the University of Barcelona.

Involved in Catalan politics, he was Minister of Justice of Catalonia in the Government of Lluís Companys. After the events of 6 October 1934, he was made prisoner along with other members of the Catalan Government on the ship Uruguay, which aroused international complaints. After the Spanish Civil War he went into exile in Mexico, together with many intellectuals. Subsequently, he suffered from a vilifying campaign at the University of Barcelona. He acquired Mexican nationality in 1971.

He also taught at the universities of Berlin (1921), Edinburgh (1936), Oxford (1939–1941), Paris (1961) and Heidelberg (1966), among other European universities. From 1941, he was professor at the Autonomous University and the School (Escuela General) of Archaeology at the University of Mexico City, positions he held until his death in 1974.
He was also a professor at the University of Guatemala (1945–1947), director of the Division of Philosophy and Humanities of UNESCO (1948–1953), and secretary general of the Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (1953–1966)

Honorary memberships
The most important:

 Honorary member of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
 Honorary  member of the Society of Antiquaries of London
 Honorary member of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans of Barcelona
 Honorary member of the Deutsches Archaeologisches Institut of Berlín
 Honorary member of the Hispanic Society of America of Washington
 Correspondent member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres of Paris
 Correspondent member of the Pontificia Academia Romana di Archeologia of Rome
 Correspondent member of the Archaeological Society of Jutland

Main works
Prehistòria Catalana: edats de la pedra i dels metalls, colonització grega, etnografia (1919)
La arqueología preromana hispánica (1920)
Etnología de la Península Ibérica (1932)
El poblamiento antiguo y la formación de los pueblos de España (1945)
El problema indoeuropeo (1960)
El Próximo Oriente en la Antigüedad (1964)
La Universitat i Catalunya (1969)
Historia de Oriente (1971)
La América precolombina (1971)
Las raíces de Europa (1974)
La América prehispánica (1974)

External links

 Biography  at the Universidad de Michoacán
Special Collection: Pere Bosch Gimpera (University of Barcelona Library)

1891 births
1974 deaths
People from Barcelona
Mexican people of Catalan descent
Scientists from Catalonia
Spanish scientists
Mexican anthropologists
Mexican archaeologists
Anthropologists from Catalonia
Archaeologists from Catalonia
Prehistorians
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Mexico
20th-century Spanish archaeologists

Pere Bosch-Gimpera


Andrew "Andy" Panda is a fictional panda. He was created by Walter Lantz for Universal Studios in the 1930s - 1940s from 1939 to 1949.
His girlfriend was Miranda Panda. He introduced Woody Woodpecker in 1940's Knock Knock. He was one of Walter Lantz's staples (the others being Woody Woodpecker, Oswald Rabbit, Chilly Willy). His last appearance was in 1949's "Scrappy Birthday". In comics he was often paired with Charlie Chicken.

Related pages
Woody Woodpecker
Winnie Woodpecker
Chilly Willy
Miranda Panda
Knothead and Splinter

Anthromophic characters

Andy Panda


Hades (, Háidēs) is the king of the underworld (not to be confused with the god of the dead, Thanatos) in ancient Greek religion and myth. He is the eldest son of the Titans Kronos and Rhea and brother to Zeus, Poseidon, Hestia, Hera, Demeter and Chiron.

As the lord of the dead, Hades was greatly feared by the Greeks, and he had few temples or shrines dedicated to him. He was married to the goddess Persephone, the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. Hades' symbols were the cornucopia, a sceptre, the cypress, narcissus, poplar and his Helm of Darkness; the screech owl was his sacred animal. His sacred fruit was the pomegranate, the fruit that Persephone ate one- third of when she was kidnapped and in the underworld.

Hades' Roman equivalent was Pluto, whose name is merely a Latinization of the Greek Plouton.

Other websites

Roman gods and goddesses
Afterlife
Gods and goddesses of the underworld

Hades


Guard or guards may refer to:

 Bodyguard, someone who protects another person from assault
 Lifeguard, someone who rescues people from drowning
 Prison guard, someone who supervises prisoners in a prison or jail
 Security guard, someone who protects property
 Police in medieval contexts
 Coast guard, responsible for defence of a coastline
 Point guard, a position in basketball
 Offensive guard, a position in American and Canadian football
 Guard dog, a dog that watches for unwanted or unexpected visitors

Guard


The Intolerable Acts, sometimes referred to as the Insufferable Acts or Coercive Acts, were a series of five punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. The laws aimed to punish Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in the Tea Party protest of the Tea Act, a tax measure enacted by Parliament in May 1773. In Great Britain, these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts. They were a key development leading to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in April 1775.

Four acts were enacted by Parliament in early 1774 in direct response to the Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773: Boston Port, Massachusetts Government, Impartial Administration of Justice, and Quartering Acts. The acts took away self-governance and rights that Massachusetts had enjoyed since its founding, triggering outrage and indignation in the Thirteen Colonies.

The British Parliament hoped these punitive measures would, by making an example of Massachusetts, reverse the trend of colonial resistance to parliamentary authority that had begun with the Sugar Act 1764. A fifth act, the Quebec Act, enlarged the boundaries of what was then the Province of Quebec notably southwestward into the Ohio Country and other future mid-western states, and instituted reforms generally favorable to the francophone Catholic inhabitants of the region. Although unrelated to the other four Acts, it was passed in the same legislative session and seen by the colonists as one of the Intolerable Acts. The Patriots viewed the acts as an arbitrary violation of the rights of Massachusetts, and in September 1774 they organized the First Continental Congress to coordinate a protest. As tensions escalated, the Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775, leading to the declaration of an independent United States of America in July 1776.

Background

Relations between the Thirteen Colonies and the British Parliament slowly but steadily worsened after the end of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) in 1763. The war had plunged the British government deep into debt, and so the British Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase tax revenue from the colonies. Parliament believed that these acts, such as the Stamp Act 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767, were legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs of maintaining the British Empire. Although protests led to the repeal of the Stamp and Townshend Acts, Parliament adhered to the position that it had the right to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" in the Declaratory Act of 1766.

Many colonists argued that under the unwritten British constitution, a British subject's property could not be taken from him (in the form of taxes) without his consent (in the form of representation in government). Therefore, because the colonies were not directly represented in Parliament, it followed that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them, a view expressed by the slogan "No taxation without representation". After the Townshend Acts, some colonial essayists took this line of thinking even further, and began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all. This question of the extent of Parliament's sovereignty in the colonies was the issue underlying what became the American Revolution.

Passage
On December 16, 1773, a group of Patriot colonists associated with the Sons of Liberty destroyed 342 chests of tea in Boston, Massachusetts, an act that came to be known as the Boston Tea Party. The colonists partook in this action because Parliament had passed the Tea Act, which granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies, thereby saving the company from bankruptcy. This made British tea less expensive. In addition, there was added a small tax. This angered the colonists. News of the Boston Tea Party reached England in January 1774. Parliament responded by passing four laws. Three of the laws were intended to directly punish Massachusetts. This was for the destruction of private property, to restore British authority in Massachusetts, and to otherwise reform colonial government in America.

On April 22, 1774, Prime Minister Lord North defended the programme in the House of Commons, saying:

The Americans have tarred and feathered your subjects, plundered your merchants, burnt your ships, denied all obedience to your laws and authority; yet so clement and so long forbearing has our conduct been that it is incumbent on us now to take a different course. Whatever may be the consequences, we must risk something; if we do not, all is over.

The Acts

The Boston Port Act was the first of the laws passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party. It closed the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the destroyed tea and the king was satisfied that order had been restored. Colonists objected that the Port Act punished all of Boston rather than just the individuals who had destroyed the tea, and that they were being punished without having been given an opportunity to testify in their own defense.

The Massachusetts Government Act provoked even more outrage than the Port Act because it unilaterally took away Massachusetts' charter and brought it under control of the British government. Under the terms of the Government Act, almost all positions in the colonial government were to be appointed by the governor, Parliament, or the king. The act also severely limited town meetings in Massachusetts to one per year, unless the governor called for one. Colonists outside Massachusetts feared that their governments could now also be changed by the legislative fiat of Parliament.

The Administration of Justice Act allowed the royal governor to order trials of accused royal officials to take place in Great Britain or elsewhere within the Empire if he decided that the defendant could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts. Although the act stipulated for witnesses to be reimbursed after having traveled at their own expense across the Atlantic, it was not stipulated that this would include reimbursement for lost earnings during the period for which they would be unable to work, leaving few with the ability to testify. George Washington called this the "Murder Act" because he believed that it allowed British officials to harass Americans and then escape justice. Many colonists believed the act was unnecessary because British soldiers had been given a fair trial following the Boston Massacre in 1770.

The Quartering Act, which applied to all British colonies in North America, sought to create a more effective method of housing British troops. In a previous act, the colonies had been required to provide housing for soldiers, but colonial legislatures had been uncooperative in doing so. The new Quartering Act allowed a governor to house soldiers in other buildings if suitable quarters were not provided. While many sources claim that the Quartering Act allowed troops to be billeted in occupied private homes, historian David Ammerman's 1974 study claimed that this is a myth, and that the act only permitted troops to be quartered in unoccupied buildings.

Although unrelated to the aforementioned Acts, the Quebec Act, passed in the same parliamentary session, was considered by the colonists to be one of the Intolerable Acts. The Act expanded the territory of the Province of Quebec into much of what is now the American Midwest, which appeared to void the land claims of the Ohio Company on the region. The guarantee of free practice of Catholicism, the majority religion in Canada, was seen by colonists as an "establishment" of the faith in the colonies which were overwhelmingly Protestant. Furthermore, colonists resented the lenient provisions granted to their erstwhile enemies whom they had fought hard against during the French and Indian War.

Effects

Many colonists saw the Intolerable Acts as a violation of their constitutional rights, their natural rights, and their colonial charters. They, therefore, viewed the acts as a threat to the liberties of all of British America, not just Massachusetts. Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, for example, described the acts as "a most wicked System for destroying the liberty of America".

The citizens of Boston not only viewed this as an act of unnecessary and cruel punishment, but the Intolerable Acts drew hatred toward Britain even further. As a result of the Intolerable Acts, even more colonists turned against British rule.

Great Britain hoped that the Intolerable Acts would isolate radicals in Massachusetts and cause American colonists to concede the authority of Parliament over their elected assemblies. It was a calculated risk that backfired, due to the harshness of some of the acts having made it difficult for moderates in the colonies to speak in favor of Parliament. The acts only served to distance the colonies from the Crown, create sympathy for Massachusetts and encouraged colonists from the otherwise diverse colonies to form committees of correspondence which sent delegates to the First Continental Congress. The Continental Congress created the Continental Association, an agreement to boycott British goods. Additionally, it was decided that if the Intolerable Acts were not reversed after a year, goods were to stop being exported to Great Britain as well. The Congress also pledged to support Massachusetts in case of attack, which meant that all of the colonies would become involved when the American Revolutionary War began at Lexington and Concord.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

 Norton, Mary Beth. 1774: The Long Year of Revolution (2020) online review by Gordon S. Wood

External links
 Primary documents (British and American) relating to the Intolerable Acts, originally published in the American Archives and presented online by the Northern Illinois University Libraries, also Camden.
 Text of the Boston Port Act
 Text of the Massachusetts Government Act
 Text of the Administration of Justice Act
 Text of the Quartering Act

Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1774
1774 in the Thirteen Colonies
Laws leading to the American Revolution
History of the Thirteen Colonies

Intolerable Acts


The Regulatory Barriers Clearinghouse (RBC) collects, processes, assembles, and disseminates information on existing barriers that inhibit the production and conservation of affordable housing. RBC is part of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD's) Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R) overall effort to help create cohesive, economically viable, and healthy communities. It was created in response to the American Homeownership and Economic Opportunity Act of 2000 and in recognition that as much as a third of the cost of a new home is driven by state and local regulations.

RBC's Services
RBC maintains a searchable online database, which categorizes actual state and local regulatory reform strategies that support affordable housing. The database now contains over 4,000 barriers and proposed solutions. Database entries are divided into the following 10 categories: administrative processes, building and housing codes, fair housing and neighborhood deconcentration, fees and dedications, planning and growth restrictions, redevelopment/infill, rent controls, state/local environment and historic rules, tax policies, and zoning and land development.

RBC's webpage hosts a This Just In section that highlights a variety of useful and interesting database entries, and the Strategy of the Month Club, a bimonthly listserv that features new and innovative approaches to overcoming regulatory barriers.

RBC also staffs a toll-free phone line, Monday through Friday, from 8:30 a.m. to 5:15 p.m, Eastern Time, along with email support.

Publications
The Clearinghouse publishes a free bimonthly e-newsletter, Breakthroughs, which contains successful strategies for overcoming regulatory barriers to affordable housing. Breakthroughs articles are submitted by the public, or are the result of interesting developments throughout the housing industry.

See also
HUD USER
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Visitability – Social Integration Beyond Independent Living
 Prefabricated Home

References

External links
Official Website of the Regulatory Barriers Clearinghouse
RBC's Contact Information

Economics of regulation
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

Regulatory Barriers Clearinghouse


The Dome of Florence Cathedral
Florence Cathedral, (called il Duomo), built by Arnolfo di Cambio, had a huge hole at the centre. The competition to build a roof over it was won by Brunelleschi who built the largest dome since Roman times. He cleverly got the whole city excited by getting teams of workers from the eight parts of the city.

Church of San Lorenzo
This church in Florence was designed by Brunelleschi using all the things he had learnt by looking at the architecture of Ancient Rome. It has arches, columns and round-topped windows in the Roman style. It looks completely different to the pointy-arched churches of the Middle Ages. Only the inside was finished. The outside is still all rough bricks and no-on knows exacly how it was meant to look. On the inside, however, Brunelleschi taught everyone a new set of architectural rule that revolutionised The Renaissance.

Church of Sant' Andrea
When the Ancient Roman Emperors came back from winning a battle, they built a Triumphal Arch as a monument to themself. There are several of these monuments in Rome and they have the same design: a big arch at the centre, and a smaller lower arch or doorway on either side. The architect Alberti used this as the design for the front of the church of Sant' Andrea in Mantua. He used the same pattern of tall and arched, low and square, all down the inside of the church as well. This was copied by many other architects.

Medici-Riccardi Palace
When it came to building palaces, the rich people of the Renaissance had different needs to the Roman Emperors, so the architects had to use the rules to make a new sort of grand building. These Renaissance palaces are usually three stories high and quite plain on the outside. On the inside there is a courtyard, surrounded by beautiful columns and windows. Architects like Michelozzo who worked for Cosimo de' Medici, looked at the Roman Colisseum (sports arena) which is three stories high with rows of arches.
 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Florence_Medici_Riccardi_Palace.jpg
Saint Peter's Basilica
The most famous church in Rome was the ancient Church that had been built over the grave of St. Peter. By 1500 it was falling down. The Pope decided that instead of repairing it, it should be pulled down and a brand new church should be built. By the time it was finished, lots of important artists had worked on the design including Michelangelo, Raphael, Bramante, Maderna and Sangallo. It was the first building to use huge columns called a "giant order". It has one of the most magnificent domes in the world. It has been copied in many countries.

Villa Rotunda
This country house was built by Palladio in 1550. It is a square building which looks the same from every side. At the centre, there is a dome. On every side is a large porch, (portico), like a Greek temple. It is such an elegant design that other architects used the same style which can be seen on churches, houses and palaces, including the White House.

Architectural styles
Renaissance
Buildings and structures in Italy

Renaissance architecture


Helen Deutsch (21 March 1906 – 15 March 1992) was an American screenwriter, journalist, and songwriter.

Biography
Deutsch was born in New York City and graduated from Barnard College. She began her career by managing the Provincetown Players. She then wrote theater reviews for The New York Herald-Tribune and The New York Times, as well as working in the press department of the Theatre Guild.

Her first screenplay was for The Seventh Cross (1944), based on Anna Seghers's 1942 novel of the same name. She adapted Enid Bagnold's novel, National Velvet into a screenplay that became a famous film (1944) starring Elizabeth Taylor. After writing a few films (Golden Earrings (1947), The Loves of Carmen (1948) and Shockproof (1949) ) for Paramount and Columbia Pictures, she spent the greater part of her career working for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

There, she wrote the screenplays for such films as King Solomon's Mines (1950), Kim (1950), It's a Big Country (1951), Plymouth Adventure (1952), Lili (1953), Flame and the Flesh (1954), The Glass Slipper (1955), I'll Cry Tomorrow (1955), Forever, Darling (1956) and The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964).

Her last screenplay was for 20th Century Fox's Valley of the Dolls (1967).

Lili

Deutsch got the idea for Lili from a Paul Gallico short story, and cast Leslie Caron after seeing the rushes for An American in Paris.

As part of her work for Lili, Deutsch wrote the lyric of the song Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo, which has been a popular bittersweet ballad for cabaret singers ever since.  Branislau Kaper composed the music for it and the song was sung by Leslie Caron on the movie soundtrack.

In 1961, the Broadway version of the musical Carnival! was based on Lili and starred Anna Maria Alberghetti. Deutsch attempted to write the libretto, but was replaced by Michael Stewart. The show was nominated for two Tony awards.

Deutsch was nominated for the Academy Award for the screenplay of Lili, which also won her a Golden Globe Award.

Shortly after Deutsch's Barnard graduation, she was asked to write something to recite on a radio show to be aired just two days later in honor of the late actress Jane Cowl. Overnight, Deutsch wrote "The White Magnolia Tree." She then forgot about the poem. In 1957, she was commissioned by NBC-TV to provide a poem to be recited by Helen Hayes for the 50th anniversary celebration of General Motors. She got out her old poem, and Helen Hayes recited it with such tenderness that within a week thousands of people had requested a copy of the poem. General Motors provided it in booklet form. Helen Hayes herself made a 45 rpm of the poem and sent out hundreds of copies. It was released in Australia as His Master's Voice catalogue EA 52001.

In Australia, the Helen Hayes version was superseded when Gay Kayler (Gay Kahler) recorded her version of The White Magnolia Tree with a lush 32-piece orchestral backing.  This became Gay's signature tune and remained in EMI and Reader's Digest catalogues (appearing on the Family Favourites box set) for more than 33 years.

Helen Deutsch died in New York City of natural causes.

References

External links

1906 births
1992 deaths
Jewish American songwriters
American women screenwriters
Barnard College alumni
Screenwriters from New York City
Songwriters from New York (state)
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American Jews

Helen Deutsch


George Gordon Coulton  (15 October 1858 – 4 March 1947) was a British historian, known for numerous works on medieval history. He was known also as a keen controversialist.

Coulton was born in King's Lynn and educated at King's Lynn Grammar School, Felsted School, and St Catharine's College, Cambridge.

He taught for a short period, and was ordained in 1883. He did not however pursue a life in the Church of England, due to the absence of vocation, and took further teaching jobs, beginning as an independent scholar to study the history of the Middle Ages. A fierce anti-Catholic, he was often, especially during the 1930s, embroiled in embittered journalistic controversy with Hilaire Belloc, who detested him.

In 1911 Coulton found a lecturing position at the University of Cambridge. He became a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge in 1919, and a Fellow of the British Academy in 1929.

Works
 Father Rhine (1898) travel writing
  "The Monastic Legend: A Criticism of Abbot Gasquet's Henry VIII and the English Monasteries" (1905), article, Medieval Studies, issue 1.
 Friar's Lantern (1906)
 Pearl. A Fourteenth-Century Poem (1906) translator
 From Saint Francis to Dante. Translations from the Chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene (1221 - 1288) (1907)
 Chaucer and his England (1908) - Reprinted in 1993 by Bracken Books.
 A Medieval Garner (1910)
 Life in the Middle Ages (1910; revised 1928 in four volumes)
 French Monasticism in 1503 (1915)
 The Main Illusions of Pacificism: a Criticism of Mr. Norman Angell and of the Union of Democratic Control (1916)
 The Plain man's religion in the Middle Ages (1916) pamphlet
 The Case for Compulsory Military Service (1917)
 Social Life in Britain from the Conquest to the Reformation (1918)
 Christ, St Francis and To-Day (1919)
 The Roman Catholic Church and the Bible. Some Historical Notes (1921) booklet
 Monasticism: Its Cause and Effects. Sketch of the Social and Intellectual Part Played By World History By the Monastic Institution
 Infant Perdition in the Middle Ages (1922)
 Papal Infallibility (1922)
 A Victorian Schoolmaster: Henry Hart of Sedbergh (1923)
 The Death Penalty for Heresy from 1164 to 1921 AD (1924)
 Roman Catholic Truth: An Open Discussion between G. G. Coulton and L. J. Walker (1924)
 The Medieval Village (1925) Medieval Village, Manor & Monastery
 Art and the Reformation (1928) also as Medieval Faith And Symbolism and Fate of Medieval Art in the Renaissance & Reformation
 Miracle of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1928) editor
 The Inquisition (1929)
 Modern Faith (1929)
 The Black Death (1929)
 Crusades, Commerce and Adventure (1930)
 The Works of Liudprand of Cremona (1930) edited with Eileen Power
 Malta - And Beyond (1930) pamphlet
 Froissart and His Chronicles: The Chronicler of European Chivalry (1930)
 The Medieval Scene (1930)
 Ten Medieval Studies, with Four Appendices (1930)
 Romanism And Truth (1930, two volumes)
 In Defence of the Reformation (1931)
 Some Problems in Medieval Historiography (1932) Raleigh Lecture
 Two saints: St. Bernard & St. Francis (1932)
 Scottish Abbeys and Social Life
 The Meaning of Medieval Moneys (1934)
 Commentary on the Rule of St Augustine By Robertus Richardinus (1935) editor
 H. W. Fowler (1935)
 The Faith of St. Thomas More (1935)
 Sectarian History: A Fresh Development (1937) pamphlet
 The Scandal of Cardinal Gasquet (1937) pamphlet
 Inquisition and Liberty (1938)
 Medieval Panorama (1938, 2 volumes)
 Studies in Medieval Thought (1940)
 Europe's Apprenticeship - a Survey of Medieval Latin with Examples (1940)
 Fourscore Years: an Autobiography (1943), winner of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize
 Is The Catholic Church Anti-Social? (1946) with Arnold Lunn
 Stained Glass of the 12th and 13th Centuries from French Cathedrals (1951) with Marcel Aubert
 Five Centuries of Religion (1927-1950) in four volumes: I St. Bernard, his predecessors and successors, 1000-1200 AD, II The friars and the dead weight of tradition, 1200-1400 AD, III Getting & spending, IV The last days of medieval monachism

References

Sources
 Campion, Sarah (1948). Father: a Portrait of G.G. Coulton at Home. London: Michael Joseph. LCCN 49000255

External links

 Guide to the George Gordon Coulton Papers 1875-1941 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
 Papers/biography

1858 births
1947 deaths
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
British medievalists
Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
20th-century English historians
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of the British Academy
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
People educated at Felsted School
People from King's Lynn

G. G. Coulton


A blind or blinded experiment is a test or experiment in
where the experimenter does not know which treatment is given to a subject. The idea is to avoid bias which the experimenter might otherwise introduce. If both tester and subject are blinded, the trial is a double-blind trial.

Suppose consumers are asked to compare the tastes of different brands of a product.  Obviously, the identities of the product should be hidden – otherwise consumers tend to prefer the brand they are familiar with. Similarly, when testing a pharmaceutical drug, both patients and experimenter should not know the dosage being given in each case.

The opposite of a blind trial is an open trial. The terms blind (adjective) or to blind (transitive verb) when used in this sense are figurative extensions of the literal idea of blindfolding someone.

Examples
Blind experiments went on to be used outside of purely scientific settings.  In 1817, a committee of scientists and musicians compared a Stradivarius violin to one with a guitar-like design made by the naval engineer François Chanot.  A well-known violinist played each instrument while the committee listened in the next room to avoid prejudice.

One of the first essays advocating a blinded approach to experiments in general came from Claude Bernard in the latter half of the 19th century, who recommended splitting any scientific experiment between the theorist who conceives the experiment and a naive (and preferably uneducated) observer who registers the results without foreknowledge of the theory or hypothesis being tested. This suggestion contrasted starkly with the prevalent Enlightenment-era attitude that scientific observation can only be objectively valid when undertaken by a well-educated, informed scientist.

Double-blind methods came into especial prominence in the mid-20th century.

Double-blind trials
Double-blind describes an especially reliable way of conducting an experiment. It tries to eliminate subjective, unrecognized biases carried by an experiment's subjects <u/l>and</u/l> conductors.

In a double-blind experiment, neither the participants nor the researchers know which participants belong to the control group, and which to the test group.   Random assignment of test subjects to the experimental and control groups is the key to any double-blind research design. The information about who the subjects were, and which group they belonged to, is kept by a third party until the study is over.

Double-blind methods can be applied to any experimental situation in which there is a possibility that the results will be affected by conscious/unconscious bias on the part of researchers, participants, or both.

References

Experiments

Blind experiment


Jason and the Argonauts, (also known as Jason and the Golden Fleece) is a 2000 American two-part television miniseries directed by Nick Willing and produced by Hallmark Entertainment. It is based on the Greek myth of Jason and the Argonauts.

Plot
The film opens as soldiers invade the city of Iolcus. King Aeson's brother Pelias is leading the charge. Inside the temple he goes to embrace his brother but produces a dagger and kills him during the embrace. This is witnessed by his wife Polymele and his son Jason. He intends to do the same to Jason but one of the guards rescues him and takes him out of the palace through a secret tunnel.

It is then revealed that this is a memory, experienced as a nightmare by an older Jason, who  awakes. He is then ordered by his uncle to retrieve the golden fleece.

He recruits a crew from the simple folk of Iolcus, including shepherds and farmers. He is joined by Hercules, Orpheus, Atalanta and the brothers Castor and Pollux. Acastus stows away on the ship, the Argo. The Argonauts run aground on a strange island in the middle of the ocean that is actually the sea god Poseidon. In the ensuing storm, they lose the map. The crew make their way to the Isle of Lemnos, an island of warrior women, to recover from the experience and repair the ship. The men pleasure themselves with the women while their ship is repaired (except Orpheus and Atalanta) and Jason sleeps with the queen Hypsipyle. Atalanta discovers that the women have killed all the men on the island and are planning to sacrifice the crew. She warns Jason, and the Argonauts flee the island.

The crew become rebellious and Jason has Zetes, a young man with brilliant vision, see the stars and find their route to Tabletop Island, where they find Phineus. They are attacked by the Harpies - the winged monsters that torment Phineus - and kill them. In return, Phineus tells them the Golden Fleece is in Colchis. Meanwhile, on Colchis, the princess Medea has visions of the crew and her brother Aspyrtes goes out to find them. Jason finds the ship wrecked and rescues Aspyrtes. They approach the "Dark Rocks" and send a dove through before sailing through themselves.

The Argo docks at Colchis and Jason goes ashore with Aspyrtes, Castor and Pollux. Hera asks Eros to shoot Medea so she falls in love with Jason. King Aertes wants Jason killed but Medea convinces him to face the Bulls of Colchis (sometimes called the Menaian Bull). Medea gives Jason magic oil that protects Jason from the bull's fiery-breath. Jason yokes the bull and ploughs a field and sows it with dragon's teeth. Warriors sprout up from the earth, and Jason tricks them into attacking each other. Medea tells Jason she must go with the Fleece. Aspyrtes overhears this and sends soldiers out after them.

The other Argonauts debate whether to leave or not. Hercules, Orpheus and Argos sail the ship around the island to make it seem as if they have left while the others hide in the water and then join Jason and Medea. When the soldiers attack, Medea kills her brother and leads them to the Fleece which is guarded by a dragon. Some Argonauts are killed before Jason sets a noose around the dragon's neck and makes it fall off a precipice. They take the Fleece and sail away from Colchis.

Acastus has been wounded and Medea uses magic to heal him. Atalanta confesses she loves Jason but he says he will marry Medea. She has a vision of her father's death and the two kiss. Zeus attempts to seduce Medea but she says she loves Jason, even when he pulls out Eros's arrow. The ship arrives back in Iolcus and Jason learns his mother killed herself, believing him and Acastus to be dead. They rest in the bay and Acastus steals the Fleece and goes into town. Pelias kills him and takes the Fleece. Medea then goes and says he will marry her. Jason and the others sneak into the palace through the secret tunnel. Argos is killed by one of the guards. Pelias tries to kill Jason but is stabbed by his own knife.

To cremate the dead Argos, his corpse is burned with the Argo. Then Jason marries Medea and they live as King and Queen of Iolcus.

Cast

Jason London as Jason
Frank Langella as King Aeëtes
Natasha Henstridge as Hypsipyle
Derek Jacobi as Phineus
Olivia Williams as Hera
Angus Macfadyen as Zeus
Dennis Hopper as Pelias
Jolene Blalock as Medea
James Callis as Aspyrtes
Brian Thompson as Hercules
Adrian Lester as Orpheus
Ciarán Hinds as King Aeson
Diana Kent as Polymele
David Calder as Argos
Mark Lewis Jones as Mopsus
Hugh Quarshie as Chiron (the Centaur)
Olga Sosnovska as Atalanta
Kieran O'Brien as Actor
Tom Harper as Acastus
Omid Djalili as Castor
John Sharian as Pollux
Rhys Miles Thomas as Zetes, son of Idas
Mark Folan Deasy as Iphicles
Elliot Levey as Canthus
Xavier Anderson as Phanos
Charles Cartmell as Laertes, father of Odysseus
Dodger Phillips as Tiphys, helmsman
Peter Gevisser as Butes
Norman Roberts as Echion
Greg Hicks as Priest
Adam Cooper as Eros
Mickey Churchill (as Micky Churchill) as Boy Jason
John Bennett as Idas, the mapmaker
Andrew Tansey as Aeëtes' 1st General
Richard Bonehill as Aeëtes' 2nd General
Freda Dowie as Hera as Old Peasant Woman
Zeta Graff as Hypsipyle's 1st General
Zoë Eeles (as Zoe Eeles) as Actor's Lemnite Girl
Alit Kreiz as High Priestess
Andrew Scarborough as Aeson's Soldier
Alan Stocks as Pelias' Bodyguard
Suzanne Harbison as Mopsus' Lemnite Girl
Freya Archard (uncredited) as Zetes' Lemnite Girl
Joseph Gatt (uncredited) as Atlas
Mike Savva (uncredited) as Pelias' Bodyguard

Soundtrack
In 2010, Perseverance Records released the soundtrack album with music by Simon Boswell.

See also
 List of historical drama films
 List of films featuring Hercules
 Greek mythology in popular culture
 Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)

References

External links

2000 films
2000 fantasy films
2000 television films
2000s American films
American fantasy adventure films
American television films
Films about the Argonauts
Films directed by Nick Willing
Films scored by Simon Boswell
Iolcus in fiction
Sonar Entertainment miniseries
Works about Medea
Atalanta

Jason and the Argonauts (miniseries)


The Ndwandwe are a Bantu Nguni-speaking people who populate sections of southern Africa. They are also known as the Nxumalo's

The Ndwandwe, with the Mthethwa, were a significant power in present-day Zululand at the turn of the nineteenth century. Under the leadership of King Zwide, the Ndwandwe nation destroyed the Mthethwa under their king Dingiswayo, and the power vacuum was filled by Shaka Zulu and the Zulu tribe. In a common front against the Ndwandwe, Shaka collected the remains of the Mthethwa and other regional tribes, and survived the first encounter of the Zulu Civil War with Zwide at the Battle of Gqokli Hill in 1818.

In 1819, Zwide made another expedition against the Zulus, but Shaka again changed his tactics, letting the Ndwandwe army penetrate his territory and responding with guerrilla warfare. Shortage of supplies caused the Ndandwe to return home, but when they were crossing the river Mhlatuze in early 1820, their forces were split and defeated at the Battle of Mhlatuze River.

This led to the disintegration of the Ndwandwe nation as Zwide's generals and sons led sections of the Ndwandwe northwards. One such group, under Soshangane, formed the Gaza Empire in present-day central Mozambique while another, under Zwangendaba, established rule as the waNgoni in present-day Malawi. Others established themselves as chiefs of note in Swaziland and Zambia to create a Ndwandwe legacy of enduring power that is scattered across Southern Africa.

They speak Nguni dialects and their nations' official languages are English in Zambia and Zimbabwe, and Portuguese in Mozambique.

See also
Ndwandwe–Zulu War
Battle of Gqokli Hill
History of South Africa
Military history of South Africa
Battle of Mhlatuze River

Nguni
History of KwaZulu-Natal
Monarchies of South Africa

Ndwandwe


Brachetto is a red Italian wine grape variety grown predominantly in the Piedmont region of northwest Italy. At one time the grape was thought to be related to the French wine grape Braquet, but recent thought among ampelographers is that the two are distinct varieties. In Italy's region of Piedmont the grape is somewhat more widespread: production mostly falling within an area of the provinces of Asti and Alessandria between the rivers Bormida and Belbo plus various parts of the province of Cuneo.  At Canelli, on the border between the hills of Asti and the Langhe proper, the grape is known as Borgogna. The most notable wine here is the red Brachetto d'Acqui Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG) which is made in both still and spumante (fully sparkling) versions. The Piemonte Brachetto Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC), also a red wine, is made with a minimum of 85% Brachetto; it is usually still, but may be frizzante (lightly sparkling). The grape is also used for up to 10% of the blend for the Ruché-based Ruché di Castagnole Monferrato DOCG.

Wines
Brachetto tend to produce
light-bodied, highly aromatic wines with distinctive notes of strawberries. In the DOCG region of Brachetto d'Acqui, the grape is used to produce a slightly sweet sparkling wine that is similar to Lambrusco and is sometimes called the light red equivalent of Moscato d'Asti.

References

Red wine grape varieties
Wine grapes of Italy
Wine grapes of Piedmont

Brachetto


The Vickers F.B.25 was a British two-seat night fighter prototype of World War I designed to attack enemy airships. Completed in 1917, it failed in its official flight tests that year and no order for production resulted.

Design

In 1916, Vickers Limited designed a two-seat pusher configuration biplane fighter, the F.B.23, to replace its obsolete Vickers F.B.5 and F.B.9 "Gunbuses". A number of versions of the FB.23 were planned depending on the engine used, with possible powerplants including a 150 hp (119 kW) Salmson water-cooled radial engine, a 150 hp Hart air-cooled radial engine and a 200 hp (149 kW) Hispano-Suiza 8 V-8 engine. The pusher configuration was obsolete however, compared to prospective tractor aircraft such as the Bristol F.2 Fighter, which was both faster than the estimated performance of the F.B.23 and carried a heavier armament, so Vickers abandoned the F.B.23 without an example being built.

Vickers reworked the F.B.23 to form the basis of a two-seat night-fighter, the F.B.25, to compete with the Royal Aircraft Factory N.E.1 to meet a British requirement for a night fighter capable of attacking German airships.  The F.B.25 used an identical tail and tail boom assembly to the F.B.23, but had modified wings and a completely new fuselage nacelle.

The F.B.25 was a two-bay biplane with unstaggered wings of equal span. Its nacelle was mounted between the wings, was unusually wide for an aircraft of its type in its day, and accommodated the two-man crew,  a pilot and a gunner, in staggered side-by-side seats, with the gunners seat ahead and to starboard of the pilots. The gunner was armed with a single 1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II, popularly known as the "Vickers-Crayford rocket gun," which despite its popular name was a lightweight 40 mm single-shot gun that fired shells and had no rocket-launching capability. Its tailbooms converged in elevation to meet at the rear spar of the tailplane. It had a single propeller, mounted in a pusher configuration.  The aircraft had an oleo-pneumatic undercarriage, an unusual feature for the time.

Plans called for the F.B.25 to mount a small searchlight in the nacelles nose, have a nosewheel to reduce the chance of the aircraft turning over during night landings, and use the same 200-horsepower (149-kilowatt) Hispano-Suiza 8 planned for the F.B.23. As design and construction progressed, Vickers made changes; the searchlight and nosewheel were deleted, and as the 200-horsepower engine was unavailable, Vickers substituted a 150-horsepower (112-kilowatt) Hispano-Suiza.

Operational history

Vickers completed the F.B.25 prototype in the early spring of 1917. Company flight testing revealed poor characteristics. The prototype was sent to Martlesham Heath in June–July 1917 for official testing, and official reports declared that the F.B.25 had poor control characteristics, being "very dangerous" with the engine off, and "almost unmanageable in a wind over 20 miles per hour" (32 km/h). The aircraft was condemned as being completely unsuited for use as a night fighter. No further aircraft were built, and the lone F.B.25 later crashed at Martlesham Heath.

Variants
F.B.23
Proposed two-seat fighter. Three versions planned with different powerplants. All unbuilt.
F.B.23
150 hp (119 kW) Salmson water-cooled radial engine
F.B.23A
150 hp Hart air-cooled radial engine.
F.B.23B
200 hp (149 kW) Hispano-Suiza 8 engine.
F.B.25
Two-seat night-fighter based on F.B.23 but with side-by-side seating. One built, powered by 150 hp Hispano-Suiza engine.

Operators

 Royal Flying Corps

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

 Bruce, J. M. War Planes of the First World War:Volume Three Fighters. London:Macdonald, 1969. .
Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland, USA:Naval Institute Press, 1992. .
Williams, Anthony G. and Gustin, Emmanuel. Flying Guns: World War I and its Aftermath 1914-32. Ramsbury, UK:Airlife, 2003. .

1910s British fighter aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917

Vickers F.B.25


A convertible is a car with a roof that can be removed or folded down, but is often seen without a roof. A convertible usually has two doors, but convertibles with four doors can also be found. Some examples are Mazda MX-5, BMW Z4, Ferrari 458 Spyder, Mercedes-Benz SLK Class, etc. A convertible is a type of automobile of various automobile body styles that can convert from open-air (top-down or topless) mode to a provisionally enclosed (roofed or top-up) mode. Convertibles evolved from the earlier Phaeton, a similar vehicle without glass side windows that may or may not have had removable panels of fabric or other material instead to protect passengers from rain and cold, etc. A semi-convertible or cabrio coach is similar to a convertible and also has a retractable or removable top, but has fully framed windows on its side doors as opposed to a convertible's roll-down frameless windows that provide an even more open car driving experience.

Roof designs have varied widely and have evolved from the earliest models, where roofs were demountable and/or detachable. Contemporary roofs are often hinged to fold away, either into a recess behind the rear seats or into the boot or trunk of the vehicle. The roof may operate either manually or automatically via hydraulic or electrical actuators, and the roof itself may be constructed of soft or rigid material. Soft-tops are made of vinyl, canvas or other textile material, while hard-tops are made of steel, aluminum, plastic, or other rigid materials.

The majority of convertible cars are two door models, with markedly fewer four-door models.

Convertibles may also be referred to as cabriolet, roadster, tourer or drophead coupé and the colloquial terms drop top and rag top are also used. Hard-top convertibles may be called coupé cabriolet, coupé convertible, retractable hardtop or, when equipped with two seats, coupé roadster/roadster coupé.

Other websites

Automobile body styles

Convertible