Paris (nicknamed the "City of light") is the capital city of France, and the largest city in France. The area is , and around 2.15 million people live there. If suburbs are counted, the population of the Paris area rises to 10.7 million people. It is the most densely populated city in the European Union, with  20.653 people per square kilometer.

The Seine river runs through the oldest part of Paris, and divides it into two parts, known as the Left Bank and the Right Bank. It is surrounded by many forests.

Paris is also the center of French economy, politics, traffic and culture. Paris has many art museums and historical buildings. As a traffic center, Paris has a very good underground subway system (called the Metro). It also has two airports. The Metro was built in 1900, and its total length is more than .

The city has a multi-cultural style, because 19% of the people there are from outside France. There are many different restaurants with all kinds of food. Paris also has some types of pollution like air pollution and light pollution.

History
Julius Caesar conquered the Celtic "Parisii" tribe in 51 BC. The largest clan of French people in Paris is Parisii in 2023. The Romans called the place Lutetia of the Parisii, or "Lutetia Parisiorum". The place got a shorter name, "Paris", in 212 AD.

As the Roman Empire began to fall apart in the West, the Germanic tribe called the Franks moved in, taking it in 464. In 507, their king Clovis I made it his capital. Charlemagne moved his capital to Aachen in Germany, but Paris continued as an important town and was attacked by the Vikings twice. When Hugh Capet became king of France in 987, he again made Paris his capital. For a long time, the kings only controlled Paris and the surrounding area, as much of the rest of France was in the hands of barons or English. During the Hundred Years' War, the English controlled Paris from 1420 to 1437.

During the Protestant Reformation, a huge massacre of French Protestants started there in 1572, called the Saint Bartholomew Day Massacre. Paris saw many other troubles over the years of the "Ancien Régime" (Old Kingdom), then in 1789, the French Revolution began in Paris, leading to more massacres.

Paris was the Capital of the French Empire which, as well as France, covered Spain, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Italy, most of Germany and some of Austria, Croatia, Slovenia and Poland. The Empire ruled by Napoleon was from 1804 to 1814/1815. The Russian army seized Paris from Napoleon in 1814, and the Prussian army captured it in 1871. The next time it was captured was by the Nazi Germans in 1940. The Allies freed the city in 1944 and it has not since been captured.

Also, the city has been featured in many songs including the #1 hit song by Jay-Z and Kanye West called "Niggas in Paris".

Climate
Paris has an oceanic climate in the Köppen climate classification. It has warm summers and cold winters, and rainfall year-round.

Tourism
Paris has much to offer for sightseeing. Here are five very famous examples:

 The Eiffel Tower is the most famous sight in Paris, built by Gustave Eiffel in 1889 with  of iron — that means 18,000 pieces of iron and 2.5 million rivets. With a height of 300 meters, for a long time it was the highest tower in the world. Over 6 million people visit it every year. There are three levels that you can visit, and the highest one is 2nd above the ground. It was made for a fair, but the French government wanted to tear it down. With rising popularity, it stayed.
 The Louvre is a museum with very famous, old works of art, such as the Mona Lisa and the Venus de Milo. The building was built as a house for French kings. The Louvre is the third biggest museum in the world, with  of show room. It is the most visited art museum in the world with over 5 million people visit it each year.
 The Musée d'Orsay was a train station, but it is now an art museum. Most of the art at the Musée D'Orsay was made between 1848 and 1915. This is newer than the art at the Louvre.
 The Moulin Rouge is a cabaret with many shows, and it opened in 1889. It is in Montmartre — a part of Paris with an exciting nightlife. In the Moulin Rouge, women put on a famous dance called the French cancan.
  The Champs-Élysées is probably the most famous street in Paris, and one of the most famous in the world. It is full of places to shop and eat. On one end of the Champs-Élysées is the Arc de Triomphe.
 The Notre Dame de Paris is a major Gothic cathedral, which was destroyed on 15 April 2019. It is in "Île de la Cité".
 The Basilica of Sacré-Coeur is a major church devoted to the Sacred Heart.

Transportation
Because the city of Paris is roughly only 10 kilometres/6 miles across, visitors have a wide range of options when it comes to transportation. While much of the more well-known attractions are in the center of the city and are best experienced by walking, there are many destinations that require other means of transport. While taxis offer a fast and relatively inexpensive means of travel, Paris' public transportation system offers an enjoyable, stress-free way to explore the city.

The Paris Métro system was built in 1900 by engineer Fulgence Bienvenüe and architect Hector Guimard. The Métro covers over 198 kilometers/124 miles with 300 stations and 16 lines. Servicing over 6 million residents and tourists every day, the Métro was designed to be an efficient and reliable alternative to the congestion of traffic. Every building in Paris is less than 500 meters from a train station, so accessibility is never a problem. The 16 Métro lines are identified by their final destinations. A rider can simply select the appropriate line and take it in the direction s/he wants. The Métro stations are well marked, and there are ticket booths at most entrances.

There are five airports that serve Paris: Charles de Gaulle Airport, Orly Airport, Beauvais-Tillé Airport and Paris–Le Bourget Airport, and Châlons Vatry Airport.

Events
 1900 – The 2nd Summer Olympic Games took place in Paris.
 1924 – The 8th Summer Olympic Games took place in Paris.
 1998 – The FIFA World Cup
 2024 – The 33rd Summer Olympic Games will take place in Paris.

Related pages
 Cataphile
 Capital of France

References

Other websites

 Official website of the Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau (English version)
 This city at the Historical Association for Joan of Arc Studies
 Visiting Paris – tips and useful advice
 RATP
 Navigating the Paris Métro

Capital of France
Olympic cities

Paris


Deutsche Grammophon (; DGG) is a German classical music record label that was the precursor of the corporation PolyGram. Headquartered in Berlin Friedrichshain, it is now part of Universal Music Group (UMG) since its merger with the UMG family of labels in 1999. Deutsche Grammophon is the world's oldest surviving established record company. Presidents of the company are Frank Briegmann, Chairman and CEO Central Europe of Universal Music Group and Clemens Trautmann.

History

Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft was founded in 1898 by German-born United States citizen Emile Berliner as the German branch of his Berliner Gramophone Company. Berliner sent his nephew Joseph Sanders from America to set up operations. Based in the city of Hanover (the founder's birthplace), the company became a fully owned subsidiary of the Gramophone Company Ltd. in 1900 and an affiliate  of the US Victor  Talking Machine Company. After the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the company seceded from the Gramophone
Company. Though no longer affiliated with Gramophone Company and Victor, Deutsche Grammophon retained the "His Master's Voice" trademark featuring Nipper the dog for use in Germany until the late 1940s; for several years following its secession, the company even continued selling recordings made from pre-war matrices owned by the Gramophone Company and Victor.

In 1941, Deutsche Grammophon was purchased by Siemens & Halske.In 1949, Deutsche Grammophon sold the German rights of the His Master's Voice trademark to the Electrola unit of EMI.  The dog and gramophone were replaced by the crown of tulips, designed by Siemens advertising consultant Hans Domizlaff. The distinctive yellow cartouche banner, occupying almost a third of each recording's cover, first appeared in 1957 and was a staple of the majority of its full-price recordings until the early years of the 21st century, when it all but disappeared from new releases. It has since enjoyed something of a revival in newer recordings.

In 1962, Siemens formed a joint venture with Netherlands-based Philips to create the DGG/PPI Record Group, which became PolyGram Records in 1972. By this time, DGG had built a reputation for high-quality recording in the classical field as well as a notable roster of contracted singers, musicians, and conductors. Through its subsidiary label Archiv Produktion it also stimulated interest in Western medieval and renaissance music, 15th–16th century choral polyphony, Gregorian chant, and pioneering use of 'historical instruments'  and performance practices in recordings.

DGG/Polydor's entrance into the US market in 1969 (DGG had distribution deals in the US with Decca Records and MGM Records beforehand) came at a time when the big US classical music labels RCA Victor Red Seal and Columbia Masterworks were dropping most of their unlucrative classical artists and pressing inferior quality records. The fine quality both of recording and of pressings helped DGG succeed in America and attract artists such as Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra (who had recorded for RCA Victor since 1935) to DGG/Polydor. In 1987, Siemens sold off its interest in PolyGram, and Philips became the majority shareholder.  In 1998, the Seagram company of Canada purchased Deutsche Grammophon and PolyGram on behalf of its Universal Music Group subsidiary. Since then, UMG was sold and became a division of Vivendi until its IPO in September 2021.

Deutsche Grammophon pioneered the introduction of the compact disc to the mass market, debuting classical music performed by Herbert von Karajan and the Berlin Philharmonic for sale in the new medium in 1983, the first recording being Richard Strauss's Eine Alpensinfonie.

Deutsche Grammophon has a huge back catalogue of notable recordings. The company was reissuing a portion of it in its Originals series; compact disc releases are noted for their vinyl record stylized design. It is also releasing some of American Decca Records' albums from the 1940s and 1950s, such as those that Leonard Bernstein made for Decca in 1953, and the classic Christmas album that features Ronald Colman's starring in A Christmas Carol and Charles Laughton's narrating Mr. Pickwick's Christmas.  Along with the American Decca Records classical music catalogue, Deutsche Grammophon also manages the classical music catalogue of ABC Records, including Westminster Records which, along with American Decca, were part of MCA Records.

Although Deutsche Grammophon acquired the reputation of releasing mainstream classical recordings, from the 1960s onwards it released an increasing number of avant-garde recordings (initially under the Avant-Garde imprint), including Bruno Maderna, David Bedford, Cornelius Cardew, Luigi Nono and improvisations. It also released the majority of the compositions of Karlheinz Stockhausen until the composer bought the rights to the recordings and re-released them on his own label.  Other German composers associated with the label included Paul Hindemith and Hans Werner Henze.

Contemporary composers whose works were released by Deutsche Grammophon include Hildur Guðnadóttir,  Sofia Gubaidulina, Oliver Knussen, Mark-Anthony Turnage, Mohammed Fairouz, Péter Eötvös, Luigi Nono, Sven Helbig, Jonny Greenwood, Bryce Dessner, Witold Lutosławski, Philip Glass, Tori Amos and Max Richter.

The conductor most associated with the label is Herbert von Karajan. Other conductors under contract included Ferenc Fricsay, Carlos Kleiber, Karl Böhm, Karl Richter, Eugen Jochum, Rafael Kubelík, Leonard Bernstein, Pierre Boulez, Claudio Abbado, and Christian Thielemann. Recent signings include Long Yu, Yannick Nézet-Séguin, Gustavo Dudamel, Hera Hyesang Park, and Myung-whun Chung.

The label's  series features electronic adaptations of classical works.

References

External links

Deutsche Grammophon Records
German record labels
Labels distributed by Universal Music Group
Record labels established in 1898
1898 establishments in Germany
Companies based in Berlin

Deutsche Grammophon


Wyllis Oswald Cooper (January 26, 1899 – June 22, 1955) was an American writer and producer.

He is best remembered for creating and writing the old time radio programs Lights Out (1934–1947) and Quiet, Please (1947–1949)

Biography
Born Willis Oswald Cooper in Pekin, Illinois, he attended Pekin High School, graduating in 1916. He soon joined the U.S. Cavalry where, achieving the rank of Sergeant, he spent time on the Mexican border. In 1917, he became a part of the Signal Corps and was sent to France during World War I. While in France he was gassed at the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. He remained on active duty until 1919 when he left to become an advertising writer, though he maintained his reserve status.

By the late 1920s he was writing advertising copy in Chicago and entered radio, writing scripts for the 1929–1931 NBC radio program Empire Builders. He later worked as continuity editor of CBS Chicago and, in 1933, left  to take the same position at NBC Chicago. In 1934, he created his best known dramatic series, a late night horror radio program called Lights Out, which he also directed. Airing at midnight, the program quickly earned a reputation for its gory deaths and sound effects.

The show would prove to be a long-term success, but in 1936, Cooper capitalized on the fame of Lights Out and resigned from NBC, moving to Hollywood, California, where he worked as a screenwriter for film studios. His screenplay for the 1939 film Son of Frankenstein introduced the much-parodied character of Ygor. He contributed to a few of the Mr. Moto films. At the same time, he continued to provide radio scripts for various series including Hollywood Hotel.

Arch Oboler, who took over the writing of Lights Out when Cooper left, would suggest that Cooper was the first person to create a unique form of radio drama, writing, "Radio drama (as distinguished from theatre plays boiled down to kilocycle size) began at midnight, in the middle thirties, on one of the upper NBC floors of Chicago's Merchandise Mart. The pappy was a rotund writer by the name of Willys (sic) Cooper."

By 1940, Cooper moved to New York City. Here he changed his name from "Willis" to "Wyllis" in order "to please his wife's numerological inclinations". He continued to make a living writing radio scripts for various network programs including The Campbell Playhouse, the sponsored successor of Orson Welles's Mercury Theatre.

During World War II, he was made a consultant to the Secretary of War and produced, directed and wrote a weekly news and variety propaganda series entitled 'The Army Hour.

In 1944, Cooper joined the radio department of New York's Compton Advertising, Inc. In 1947, he created what was arguably his finest radio effort, Quiet, Please. It began over the Mutual Broadcasting System network and later moved to ABC. He also wrote and directed a crime anthology for NBC entitled Whitehall 1212, which debuted on November 18, 1951. The series was hosted by Chief Superintendent John Davidson, fictional curator of the Black Museum at Scotland Yard. It featured an allegedly British cast and told stories inspired by artifacts held by the famous London crime museum. Cooper's show competed with a similar program hosted by Orson Welles which ran on Mutual in 1952.

As television became the dominant entertainment medium, Cooper experimented with various programs including Volume One, which he wrote and produced.

Cooper resided in Glen Gardner, New Jersey, and died in High Bridge, New Jersey, on June 22, 1955.

References

External links
Quiet Please site with discussion forum and MP3 downloads
Discusses Welles' and Cooper's similar productions inspired by the Black Museum
, by Harriet Cannon (from Writer's Digest, May 1949

1899 births
1955 deaths
American radio writers
American male screenwriters
People from Pekin, Illinois
People from Glen Gardner, New Jersey
Screenwriters from Illinois
Screenwriters from New Jersey
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters

Wyllis Cooper


Quintus Horatius Flaccus (December 8, 65 BC - November 27, 8 BC), known to English speakers as Horace, was a famous poet in the Roman Empire.

Life
Horace was born in the small Italian town of Venusia. His father used to be a slave, but was known as a freedman because his master had freed him. They moved to Rome a short time later. Horace's father had a job taking items from the seller to the buyer. He received money from these sales. His father became richer and was able to send Horace to the best schools in Rome. He was also able to send him to Athens (Greece) to study the Greek language and philosophy. Horace's native language was Latin. Horace was incredibly proud of his father, and said he felt no shame in being the son of a freedman.

In his early adult life, Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was killed. War was declared against the people who killed him. Horace joined the army. When the war was over, Horace returned to Italy to find that other people were living in his apartment. His father was also gone. Horace became very poor. Eventually, he found a job in the treasury. This involved sorting the country's money.

His friends, Lucius Varius Rufus and Virgil, who were also writers, introduced him to Maecenas. Maecenas was a close friend of Augustus, the emperor of Rome. Horace lived in Tivoli, an area of Rome. When he died, he gave the land he owned to Augustus, to increase the land the state owned. Today, other writers visit the land to remember him.

Quotes
Horace wrote many famous quotes in his poems. These lines are still spoken today, by speakers of every language, in the original Latin.
 Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori - It is sweet and fitting to die for one's country.
 Carpe diem - Pluck the day (Seize the day is the common translation, though it is incorrect in terms of translation and usage).

Poetry
Some of Horace's poems are difficult to translate because of their syntax, grammar and structure, which is sometimes very different to modern languages.

Horace is viewed by many people, including experts, to be one of the best Latin poets.

Other websites

 Espace Horace
 The works of Horace at The Latin Library
 Selected Poems of Horace
 The Perseus Project -- Latin and Greek authors (with English translations), including Horace
 Biography and chronology
 Litweb
 Horace's works: text, concordances and frequency list

65 BC births
8 BC deaths

Ancient Roman poets

Horace


A water bomber is an aircraft dedicated to firefighting, and in particular for forest fires. It can be a helicopter or a sea plane. Generally it is a conversion of a former military or cargo aircraft, but some were designed and built at the beginning like water bombers. It is the case of Canadian Canadair CL-215. Water bombers are used both by air forces, administrations, and private societies.

Aircraft
Firefighting

Water bomber


The Snake River is a river in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Idaho, Washington and Oregon. It is a tributary of the Columbia River. The river rises in western Wyoming, and flows through the Snake River Plain in Idaho. It turns north, forming the border with Oregon and Idaho, and the border with Washington and Idaho. At Lewiston it turns west and flows through Washington to the Columbia River.

The Shoshone and Nez Perce Indians lived on the Snake River. The Lewis and Clark Expedition was the first American expedition to sight the Snake River. The river later was part of the Oregon Trail. Many pioneers traveled down the river to settle in the fertile Willamette Valley in Oregon.

There are fifteen dams on the Snake River. Some are for hydropower, some for irrigation, and some for navigation.

Rivers of Washington (state)
Rivers of Oregon
Rivers of Wyoming
Rivers of Idaho

Snake River


The Psycho Realm is an American hip hop group started in 1989 by brothers Sick Jacken and Big Duke from the Downtown, Pico-Union area of Los Angeles.

History
The group started as a duo of Sick Jacken (Joaquín Gonzalez) and Big Duke (Gustavo Gonzalez) in 1989; the two were later joined by Ferruco (Jose Martinez) in 1993. The group recorded various demo songs, but one track ("Scandalous") appeared on the soundtrack to the 1994 film Mi Vida Loca. Ferruco departed from the group in 1994. The following year, B-Real (Louis Freese) of the rap group Cypress Hill saw Psycho Realm performing at Olvera Street for an End Barrio Warfare concert. Their performance inspired B-Real to the point that he wanted to join the group.

In 1997 Sony released the first Psycho Realm album, labelled as an addition to the Cypress Hill Family by the sticker placed on the CD case. Due to conflicts with the record label, the Gonzalez brothers were dropped from Sony. As Jacken explains, "the machine was just trying to censor me / Didn't do it for Sony so they ended up releasing me / Independent, no longer locked down for an infinity / So my vicinity stays true to my identity." The brothers then went on to form Sick Symphonies, their own record label, which lacked the big budget for promotion and distribution in chain stores along with group member B-Real, who was stuck on his contract with Sony for Cypress Hill.

Tragedy
At 12:35 a.m. on January 29, 1999, one month before the expected release of the second Psycho Realm album, Duke was shot in the neck in a confrontation while trying to split up a fight at Tommy's Burger Stand at Beverly and Rampart Boulevard in Los Angeles. This left him paralyzed from the neck down for life. The shooter, a 24-year-old named Robert Gorcsi, who was on parole at the time of the shooting, was given a bond set at $1.6 million. He was eventually jailed for attempted murder. Later in 2000, Jacken released A War Story Book I with B-Real only appearing on one song. In 2001, the Sick Symphonies label released The Steel Storm, the first album of a new group called Street Platoon. Jacken, with the help of Street Platoon, finished A War Story Book II, which was released in the latter half of 2003 and nearly complete before the shooting of Duke.

Style and lyrics
The group aims to inject pride and knowledge into those who live in gang-infested, poverty-ridden neighborhoods, while at the same time aiming to open the minds of the ones on the outside who look down upon them. Jacken attempts to explain to outsiders with his statement: "my people's exodus results in prejudice / you ask us why in poverty we become terrorists/ well let me tell you this we don't choose to tote gats / and selling on the corner is to avoid tax." Duke views the group not as rappers, but neighborhood reporters. They choose to document "a time when it's in fashion to be gun-flashing, blasting... strapped ready for rivals harassing." The Psycho Realm spoke about the corruption of Rampart police officers from their experiences living in the Rampart district, before the Rampart Scandal hit the media. The group also promotes the unification of gangs with remarks such as, "think about who dies when we let the lead out, we're killing family tragically." The Psycho Realm has grown a worldwide following of "soldiers," and have performed in Mexico, Latin America, Japan, and Europe. At the moment, Duke is in charge of all merchandising for Psycho Realm. Duke is known to personally reply to many of his fans' emails, and is actively involved in a large percentage of production in Psycho Realm's and other affiliates' works.

Discography

Albums
1997: The Psycho Realm
1999: A War Story Book I
2003: A War Story Book II

Sick Jacken appearances
1999: Videodrone track "Pig In A Blanket" from the self-titled album.
2000: Delinquent Habits track "Midnite Spin" from the album Merry Go Round.
2003: Cartel De Santa track "Jake Mate" from the album Cartel de Santa.
2003: blink-182 track "The Fallen Interlude" from the album blink-182.
2004: RBX track "West Side Story" from the album The Shining.
2006: P.O.D. tracks "On the Grind" and "Mark My Words" from the album Testify.
2006: Swollen Members track "Sinister" from the album Black Magic.
2007: Evidence track "Born in LA" from the album The Weatherman LP.
2007: Cormega track "Live From The Caves" from the album Who Am I?.
2007: Delinquent Habits track "Sick Habits" from the album New and Improved
2008: Immortal Technique track "Hollywood Driveby" from the album The 3rd World.
2008: Snowgoons track "Sick Life" from the album Black Snow.
2008: DJ Babu track "Black and Brown Army" from the album Duck Season Vol. 3.
2008: OuterSpace track "Anointing of The Sick" from the album God's Fury.
2008: DJ Muggs vs. Planet Asia track "Death Frees Every Soul" from the album Pain Language.
2009: B-Real track "Psycho Realm Revolution" from the album Smoke N Mirrors.
2009: La Coka Nostra tracks "Brujeria", "Soldier's Story" and "Fuck Tony Montana" from the album A Brand You Can Trust.
2010: Vinnie Paz track "No Spiritual Surrender" from the album Season of the Assassin.
2010: Strong Arm Steady track "Pressure" from the album In Search of Stoney Jackson.
2010: DJ Muggs vs Ill Bill tracks "Trouble Shooters" and "Narco Corridos" from the album Kill Devil Hills.
2010: Q-Unique track "Between Heaven and Hell" from the album Between Heaven & Hell.
2010: Kemo The Blaxican track "The Gathering" from the album Upside of Struggle.
2010: HCP track "La verdad" from the album De las calles para las calles.
2010: MURS & 9th Wonder track "The Problem Is..." From the album Fornever
2011: OuterSpace track "Lost Angels" From the album My Brother's Keeper
2012: Adil Omar track "One by One" from the album The Mushroom Cloud Effect.
2012: P.O.D. track "Murdered Love" from the album Murdered Love.
2012: Bambu track "Th Eshit" from the album ...one rifle per family .
2016: La Coka Nostra tracks "I Need Help", and "High Times" from the album To Thine Own Self Be True.
2022: Madchild single "Work For It", featuring Obnoxious

Psycho Realm presents Sick Symphonies
2005: Psycho Realm and Street Platoon Present... Sick Symphonies: Sickside Stories
2007: Sick Symphonies Presents DJ FM Street Mixes Vol.1

Sick Jacken albums
2006: Sick Jacken & Cynic - Terror Tapes Vol. 1
2007: DJ Muggs vs. Sick Jacken - Legend of the Mask and the Assassin
2009: Sick Jacken - Stray Bullets
2012: Sick Jacken & Cynic - Terror Tapes Vol. 2
2016: Sick Jacken - Psychodelic

References

External links
Sick Jacken Official website
Official Website
Psycho Realm Bio
Big Duke Interview
Psycho Realm Interview
Rapstage | Sick Jacken Interview
DJ FM interview

American rappers of Mexican descent
Hip hop groups from California
Musical groups established in 1989
Chicano rap
Hardcore hip hop groups
Musical groups from Los Angeles

Psycho Realm


The London and South Western Railway (LSWR) was a railway company in England from 1838 to 1922.  It started as the London and Southampton Railway from Waterloo station to Southampton.
Later, the network extended to Plymouth via Salisbury and Exeter. There were branches to Ilfracombe and Padstow. Beyond  Southampton there were branches to Bournemouth and Weymouth. The LSWR also had many routes connecting towns in Hampshire and Berkshire, including Portsmouth and Reading.

In the grouping of railways in 1923 the LSWR joined with other railways to create the Southern Railway.

Pre-grouping British railway companies

London and South Western Railway


For 'speech', meaning a talk, see Public speaking

Speech is when spoken language is used to communicate. Only humans have language. Animals do not have speech, but some (birds are a good example) can communicate with each other by using sounds and gestures.

Speech is made by sounds vibrating the vocal folds. Sounds through the voice box is shaped by the jaw, tongue, teeth, palate, lips, and nose.

To make speech a person has to be able to:
choose speech sounds
put them into a sequence
produce sound in the voice box
use the lips, tongue, teeth, nose and palate to shape the sounds

Difficulties can happen at any stage of this four-stage process. A speech and language therapist can help work out the stage of the sequence that has difficulties and give therapy.

Effective speech includes the following elements – fluency, flexibility, accuracy, and comprehensibility.

 Fluency is the ability to communicate an intended message, or affect the listener in the way that is intended by the speaker.

Flexibility is the ability to adjust the message according to the responses of the listener. It also involves choosing words and expressions which will be understood by the listener(s). Compare with Cross-cultural communication.

 Accuracy is the use of proper grammar in spoken language.

 Comprehensibility is the ability to be understood by others. There are three components of sound which influence one's comprehensibility:
Pronunciation: saying the sounds of words correctly;
Intonation: applying proper stress and rhythm while speaking; and
Enunciation: speaking clearly at an appropriate pace and volume.

References

Language

Speech


UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan covers a long and cherished history of Pakistani involvement with the United Nations. Pakistan joined the United Nations on 30th September, 1947. Since 1960, Pakistan has been actively involved in most of the UN Peacekeeping missions and today stands at the top with 10,175 troops and observers serving in current missions. Some of the major contributions were in Somalia, Sierra Leone, Bosnia, Congo and Liberia.

Pakistan

United Nations peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan


Chaplin is a 1992 American biographical comedy-drama movie. It is about the life of British comedian Charlie Chaplin. It was directed by Richard Attenborough. It stars Robert Downey, Jr., Moira Kelly, Dan Aykroyd, Geraldine Chaplin, Penelope Ann Miller, Anthony Hopkins, James Woods, and Kevin Kline. It's soundtrack was composed by John Barry. It was released on December 25, 1992 to mixed reviews.

Other websites

1992 comedy-drama movies
1990s biographical movies
American biographical movies
American comedy-drama movies
Movies composed by John Barry
Movies directed by Richard Attenborough
Movies about actors
Movies about entertainers
Movies set in London
Movies set in the 1900s
Movies set in the 1910s
Movies set in the 1920s
Movies set in the 1930s
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies set in the 1970s
Swiss culture

Chaplin (movie)


Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace (23 Mairch 1749 – 5 Mairch 1827) wis a French mathematician an astronomer whose wark wis pivotal tae the development o mathematical astronomy an statistics. He summarised an extendit the work o his predecessors in his five volume Mécanique Céleste (Celestial Mechanics) (1799–1825). This wark translated the geometric study o classical mechanics tae ane based on calculus, openin up a broader range of problems. In statistics, the sae-cried Bayesian interpretation of probability wis mainly developed bi Laplace.

He formulated Laplace's equation, an pioneered the Laplace transform which appears in mony branches of mathematical physics, a field that he teuk a leadin role in forming. The Laplacian differential operator, widely uised in applied mathematics, is an aa named efter him.

He restated an developed the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system an wis ane o the first scientists tae postulate the existence of black holes an the notion of gravitational collapse.

He is remembered as ane o the greatest scientists of aa time, whiles referred tae as a French Newton or Newton of France, wi a phenomenal naitural mathematical faculty superior tae ony of his contemporaries.

He became a count o the First French Empire in 1806 an wis named a marquis in 1817, efter the Bourbon Restoration.

References

1749 births
1827 daiths
Fowk frae Calvados
18t-century astronomers
18t-century French mathematicians
19t-century French mathematicians
Coonts o the First French Empire
Determinists
Enlichtenment scientists
French agnostics
French astronomers
French Marquesses
French pheesicists
Grand Officiers o the Légion d'honneur
Mathematical analysts
Members o the Académie française
Members o the French Academy o Sciences
Members o the Ryal Swadish Academy o Sciences
Fellaes o the Ryal Society
Probability theorists
French interior meenisters
Theoretical pheesicists

Pierre-Simon Laplace


Ray Lucas (born August 6, 1972)  is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League. He played for three teams, the New England Patriots, New York Jets, Miami Dolphins during his seven-year career from 1996 to 2002. He is currently a studio analyst for the show Jets Nation on New York City-based sports network SportsNet New York.

Early life
Lucas was born while his father, Tom, was serving in Vietnam.

Professional career

Early career
Lucas spent most of his career in the NFL in a backup role. During the 1999 NFL season, after quarterback Vinny Testaverde was injured in the first game of the season, Rick Mirer took the helm, winning four of ten games. Lucas took over afterward and lost his first two starts but won his next four games to give the Jets an 8-8 record for the season.

Lucas was a favorite player of Bill Parcells during Parcells' time in New England and with the Jets, and was one of the players Parcells eventually brought over from the Patriots to the Jets. Parcells introduced Lucas in 1997 by putting him in at quarterback with second string QB Neil O'Donnell lined up at wide receiver. Lucas set up in a shotgun formation and ran the ball himself for 15 yards, befuddling the Vikings defense in a play that eventually led to a Jets victory. He attempted his first NFL pass in Week 17 of 1997 against the Detroit Lions. Lucas went 3 of 3 for 28 yards before throwing an interception. He was also called for a personal foul when making the tackle on the interception return. Lucas started in the Jets' 1999 preseason opener against the Green Bay Packers, and Parcells had him in the running for the starting and second-string quarterback role during that season. After starting QB Vinny Testaverde was injured in the first game of the season, Lucas started several games.

Later career
Following his success with the Jets, Lucas spent the 2001 and 2002 seasons with the Miami Dolphins.  As the team's backup quarterback, he didn't see much playing time during the 2001 season (only having three pass attempts), but during the 2002 season Lucas got an opportunity to start six games. Due to his large size, he was also the quarterback of choice during goal-line and some red zone situations. The Dolphins began the 2002 season 5-1, but after then starting quarterback Jay Fiedler broke his thumb during a Monday night game against Denver, Lucas was trusted to quarterback the Dolphins for the next six games.  During those games, Lucas amassed 4 touchdowns, 6 interceptions, and a 69.9 QB rating.

Lucas holds the unenviable distinction of worst single game quarterback performance by any Dolphin.  On October 20, 2002, in one game against the Buffalo Bills, Lucas was responsible for 6 turnovers: 4 interceptions and 2 fumbles. He completed only 13 passes to Dolphin receivers. The player that caught the most passes from Lucas was Buffalo Cornerback Nate Clements.

Post-career
On March 28, 2008, Lucas was named to the Hudson County Sports Hall of Fame.

In 2014, Lucas co-wrote the book Under Pressure: How Playing Football Almost Cost Me Everything and Why I'd Do It All Again.

In March 2018, Lucas was named Executive Director of the Harrison New Jersey Housing Authority serving in the same capacity that his father did for 27 years.

Broadcasting career
For several years, Lucas worked for SportsNet New York as an analyst to Jets programs such as pre-game and post-game shows and weekly updates, before leaving in 2020.

In 2009 Lucas joined the Rutgers Football Radio Network as a color analyst, a role he no longer has as of 2021 as he decided to coach his home high school football team.

See also
 Racial issues faced by black quarterbacks

References

1972 births
Living people
People from Harrison, New Jersey
African-American players of American football
American football quarterbacks
Baltimore Ravens players
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football players
New England Patriots players
New York Jets players
Miami Dolphins players
National Football League announcers
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football announcers
Players of American football from Hudson County, New Jersey
SportsNet New York people
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Ray Lucas


Mashed potatoes are a way to serve potatoes. Mashed potatoes are made by boiling potatoes, and then mixing them with milk and butter until they are smooth. Vegetable oil, cheese, sour cream, parsley, bacon bits and many other things can be added according to the maker's taste. Dehydrated instant mashed potato mixes are available in many different flavors.

Sometimes gravy is poured on top of mashed potatoes. Mashed potatoes and gravy are usually served with roasts or meat loaf.

Mashed potatoes are part of the traditional American Thanksgiving dinner.

Mashed potato was a running joke in the popular BBC children's series Bodger & Badger which ran from 1989 to 1999.

References

Potatoes

Mashed potato


The Soudan Banks are a series of underwater high points and reefs off the coast of Africa, known for their good fishing yields as fishing banks. They are administered by Mauritius. The five banks (actually a single feature) lie on the Mascarene plateau. North Soudan contains large salmon stocks. South Soudan is the largest of the banks, with many reefs and passes. West Soudan is small, rocky, and shallow, and is the least fished of the banks. Central Soudan is the most fished area, with huge reefs and open waters containing a huge abundance of fish. East Soudan, until the 1970s, was considered to be a completely different formation altogether, since it is located more than 100 miles away from the other banks. The other banks are closely linked, separated by small shallows or channels.

Two million years ago, Soudan was a large island, as were Nazareth, Cargados Carajos and Saya de Malha. These islands were more than ten times the size of Mauritius and Reunion. However, they have submerged under the ocean, apart from some small islands in the Cargados Carajos.

See also
 Hawkins Bank
 Nazareth Bank
 Saya de Malha Bank

Landforms of Mauritius
Fishing areas of the Indian Ocean
Reefs of the Indian Ocean
Outer Islands of Mauritius
Undersea banks of the Indian Ocean

Soudan Banks


A gong is an East and Southeast Asian musical percussion instrument. It is a bowl-shaped, circular metal disc which a person hits with a mallet or thick padded stick.

Gongs produce two distinct types of sound. A gong with a flat surface gives a "crash" rather than a tuned note. In Indonesian gamelan ensembles, some gongs are made to give a beat note in the range from about 1 to 5 Hz. The use of the term "gong" for both these types of instrument is common.

Percussion instruments

Gong


Gordan Nikolitch (born 1968) is a Serbian violinist.  He is the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.

Gordan Nikolitch began playing the violin when he was seven.  He studied at the Musikhochschule (music conservatoire) in Basel, Switzerland.  He worked with many famous people including the composers Witold Lutosławski and György Kurtág.  He became particularly interested in Baroque music and contemporary music.

Gordan has been the leader of the Orchestre d'Auvergne and the Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne before becoming the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.  He has made many recordings, especially of violin music which is not well known.  He often plays chamber music.  The violin he plays was made in Cremona in 1776 by a violin maker called Lorenzo Storioni.

Other websites
Home website

Nikolitch, Gordan
Concertmasters
Nikolitch, Gordan

1968 births
Living people

Gordan Nikolitch


Maurice Girodias (12 April 1919 – 3 July 1990) was a French publisher who founded the Olympia Press, specialising in risqué books, censored in Britain and America, that were permitted in France in English-language versions only. It evolved from his father's Obelisk Press, famous for publishing Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer. Girodias published Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita, J. P. Donleavy's The Ginger Man (involving a 20-year lawsuit), and works by Samuel Beckett, William S. Burroughs, John Glassco and Christopher Logue.

Early life
Girodias was born Maurice Kahane in Paris, France, the son of Manchester-born Jack Kahane and a French heiress, Marcelle (née Girodias). His father was Jewish and his mother was Catholic. Girodias lived a relatively idyllic childhood until the Depression forced his father to take up a new profession in Paris, publishing risqué books in English for the consumption of foreign tourists, who because of censorship could not obtain such materials at home. French censorship laws had a loophole allowing English works to be published without domestic confiscation.

Kahane's venture (Girodias later took his mother's birth name to hide his partially Jewish background from the Nazis) was called Obelisk Press. It published notorious works by Frank Harris, Henry Miller and Anaïs Nin, as well as several pieces of light erotica written by Kahane himself.

Girodias's involvement with his father's business started early. In 1934, at the age of 15, Girodias drew the disturbing crab picture seen on the original cover of Tropic of Cancer.  After his father's early death in 1939, Girodias took over publishing duties, and at the age of 20 managed to survive Paris, World War II, Occupation and paper shortages.

After the war, with his brother Eric Kahane, Girodias expanded operations, publishing Zorba the Greek (in French) and Henry Miller's Sexus, among other texts.  The latter volume touched off a firestorm in France, with trials and arrests for obscenity.  The 'Affaire Miller' ended with Girodias out of jail, but bankrupt and no longer in control of his company.

The Olympia Press
Expatriate writer Austryn Wainhouse introduced Girodias to a number of writers living in Paris associated with Merlin, a literary review; in order "to publish books legally in Paris, [Merlin] needed to demonstrate to the French authorities it had a French business partner."  Girodias famously advised the group that the way out of poverty was for everyone to come and write dirty books for his new venture Olympia Press, which took its name from the similarity to his father's company, and Manet's famous portrait of a courtesan.

Among those who wrote for Girodias in the early days were American author Henry Miller, Samuel Beckett, John Glassco and Christopher Logue. Alexander Trocchi, John Stevenson (Marcus Van Heller), Glassco and Logue penned "db's" ("dirty books") for the Atlantic Library Series, a short-lived line of erotica.  Beckett published Watt and his Malone Trilogy through the more literary Collection Merlin. The South African poet Sinclair Beiles was an editor at Olympia.

After several police crackdowns, Girodias shifted his imprints, replacing the Atlantic Library with the Traveller's Companion Series, beginning with The Enormous Bed by John Coleman. Legal difficulties persuaded Girodias to include less openly erotic and more literary works in the series, and number six, Denny Bryant's Tender Was My Flesh, was followed by The Ginger Man, by J. P. Donleavy.

Other famous titles published in the Traveller's Companion Series were Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov, The Naked Lunch by William S. Burroughs, a translation of Story of O by Pauline Réage, and Candy by Mason Hoffenberg and Terry Southern.

The Olympia Press also published The S.C.U.M. Manifesto, which has since been published by other publishers and excerpted.

Other Olympia Press imprints included Ophir Books, Ophelia Press and Othello Books.

The Ginger Man
Girodias, very much against Donleavy's intention, published The Ginger Man as pornography. He seemed unable to grasp the literary merit of the work. When he did belatedly understand that he had a brilliant and original book, instead of acknowledging this, he tried to steal the rights from the author. Girodias and Donleavy sued each other back and forth for a period of 20 years following the publication of The Ginger Man. This litigation continued, even after Girodias' bankruptcy, when at auction Donleavy's wife bought the rights to the Olympia Press.

Analysis of the original manuscript for The Ginger Man shows, in Donleavy's words, "a few major blunders and distinctly misplaced paragraphs and an odd misprint here and there, but the work with these exceptions had meticulously followed the manuscript". Donleavy won almost every case, though it was an expensive ordeal for both parties.

Lolita
A complicated arrangement accorded the Olympia Press roughly one-third of the royalties for Lolita after the novel's breakthrough success in America.  However, Girodias lost this share when he failed to pay Nabokov on time for the French royalties.

Marcus van Heller
Girodias used to reprint the successful works of some authors under another imprint belonging to him (Ophelia Press) without the knowledge of the respective authors, in order to avoid giving them royalties for new editions. This was one of the main reasons that determined John Stevenson to end the collaboration with Girodias in 1961. In the years 1955–1961, under the pen name Marcus van Heller, Stevenson was the most prolific writer for the "Traveller's Companion" series, turning his pen name into a brand of sorts. Afterwards, Girodias used the fact that the real identity behind Marcus van Haller was largely unknown, commissioning other writers to publish new novels under this pen name.

Legal troubles

Criminal
Girodias consistently ran into difficulties with the authorities throughout his career.  The Paris police, often pressured by British customs, seized and destroyed many copies of his books.  The courts would fine him, and by 1963 he found he had to leave Paris, first for Copenhagen, then for America, where Customs agents destroyed the microfilm copies of numerous TC titles Girodias possessed. He also got into serious trouble with Simon & Schuster and author Irving Wallace over a work called The Original Seven Minutes by J.J. Jadway. Copies of Girodias' Olympia Press title had to be destroyed before reaching the bookstores.

His books were published in the United States under the Olympia Press, Traveller's Companion and Ophelia Press imprints. After acquiring the Venus Library name from Kable News, who had taken it from Barney Rosset's Grove Press in settlement of debts, Girodias published also under the Venus Freeway imprint, with distribution being handled by Kable News.

His erotic and hardcore pornographic books were published also in the United Kingdom, in West Germany, Denmark and in The Netherlands under the Olympia Press imprint. The first British edition of Story of O by Pauline Réage was published by Olympia Press.

"In 1964, Girodias was prosecuted for publishing obscene literature. He was sentenced on March 3 to a year in jail, banned from publishing for twenty years, and received a $20,000 fine. It was the most serious penalty ever imposed on a publisher for offenses listed outrage aux moeurs par la voie du livre. Girodias was probably ruined because of collusion amongst French, American, and British authorities ... As a result, Girodias lost everything and was ruined."

In  1974 Girodias published President Kissinger using the Venus Freeway imprint, a controversial work of science fiction by numerous authors offering a dream of socialism starring Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Girodias, it is said, was set up by the authorities in a phony drug deal and invited to leave the country.

Civil
Girodias tended not to pay his writers, if he could avoid it, not to document his work, or even live up to his contracts.  He was involved in litigation concerning Lolita, Candy, The Ginger Man, Stradella and O, among other works. In the cases of Candy and O, Girodias won, setting a great deal of copyright precedents. In the cases of Lolita and The Ginger Man, he lost.

Death
On 3 July 1990, Girodias died of a heart attack. He was 71.

Footnotes

References
De St. Jorre, John (1994), The Good Ship Venus: The Erotic Voyage of the Olympia Press. London: Pimlico
De St. Jorre, John (1996), Venus Bound: The Erotic Voyage of the Olympia Press. New York: Random House.
Southern, Niles (2004), The Candy Men: The Rollicking Life and Times of the Notorious Novel Candy. New York: Arcade Publishing.
Girodias, Maurice (1988), The Frog Prince. New York: Random House. (Volume 1 only, second volume, covering the 1950s, was published in French but never translated.)
Kearney, Patrick J. (1987), The Paris Olympia Press: An Annotated Bibliography, London: Black Spring Press
Kearney, Patrick J. (1988), A Bibliography of the Publications of the New York Olympia Press, Santa Rosa (CA): Scissors & Paste Bibliographies (privately printed by the author).
More here on his legal problems etc. re 'The Seven Minutes'

French book publishers (people)
French expatriates in the United States
French people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Businesspeople from Paris
1919 births
1990 deaths
French pornographers
American book publishers (people)
20th-century American businesspeople

Maurice Girodias


Treaty of Khotyn (Chocim/Hotin), signed on 9 October 1621 in the aftermath of the Battle of Khotyn, ended the Polish–Ottoman War. With this peace treaty Khotyn fortress was gived to Moldavia as a Ottoman vassal and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth agreed to stop its interference in Moldavia. Both sides claimed victory, as the Commonwealth saw the battle of Khotyn as successfully stopping the Ottoman Empire's invasion of its mainland.

The Treaty was rather favorable to the Commonwealth, but the Ottoman Emperor also gained what it wanted. There were no territorial changes; the Commonwealth-Ottoman border was confirmed to be the Dniester river, and the Commonwealth recognized Ottoman control over Moldavia. In the Commonwealth, and among the Ukrainian Cossacks, stopping of the huge Ottoman army was seen as a great victory.

The treaty for the most part repeated the earlier agreement – Treaty of Busza (also known as Treaty of Jaruga) (1617), negotiated by Stanisław Żółkiewski and Iskender Pasha. That 1617 treaty stated that Poland would not meddle in the internal affairs of Ottoman vassals in Transylvania, Moldavia and Wallachia, the Commonwealth was to prevent Cossacks from raiding lands in the Ottoman Empire, while ceding Khotyn. In return, the Ottoman Empire promised to stop Tatar raids.

The Ottomans, on the other hand, even though they gained Commonwealth recognition of their control over Moldavia, were in much worse shape internally. Notably, Chodkiewicz wasn't the only one to die as a result of that battle: Sultan Osman himself paid the highest price for the failure of his plans. The Khotyn outcome, and the Ottoman failure to crush the outnumbered Commonwealth army, led Osman to put the blame on the janissaries. Osman wanted to modernize the army, which he blamed for the defeat; his plans for modernization were, however, opposed by the traditional-minded janissaries, culminating in the rebellion of janissaries in 1622, in which Osman II was assassinated.

The Commonwealth-Ottoman border would be fairly quiet until the Polish-Ottoman War (1633-1634).

References

Khotyn
Khotyn
1621 treaties
Khotyn
1621 in Europe
1621 in the Ottoman Empire
1621 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Bilateral treaties of the Ottoman Empire

Treaty of Khotyn


Kim Seong-Su (; Hanja 金性洙, October 11, 1881-February 18, 1955), the second vice-president of the Republic of Korea (대한민국; 大韓民國), was a politician, educationist, journalist, and founder of Kyung-Sung textile Co. (경성방직회사; 京城紡織會社) , the Dong-A Ilbo(동아일보; 東亞日報), and Korea University(고려대학교; 高麗大學校). After he died he was given the Order of Merit for National Foundation(건국훈장; 建國勳章). He is also known by his pen name Inchon (인촌; 仁村)

Life

Early life
Kim Seong-Su was born on October 11 1891, in Gochang(고창; 高昌), Jeollabuk-do(전라북도; 全羅北道), South Korea. He graduated from Waseda University in Japan in 1914, majoring in Political Science and Economics. After returning home, he took over Jung-Ang High School, which was in financial difficulties, and took office as the president in 1917. Also, he founded Kyung-Sung textile Co. in 1919 in order to realize Korea's economic independence from Japan and to foster its national capital. He launched the Dong-A Ilbo in 1920 and took charge of Boseong College (보성전문학교; 普成專門學校), the predecessor of the present Korea University.

Pro-Japanese
In 1938, he was a promoter of the Federation for National Mobilization of Korean(국민정신총동원조선연맹; 國民精神總動員朝鮮聯盟), which was one of the pro-Japanese groups. He also took part in several pro-Japanese activities, writing articles which admired student soldiers and the draft system for Japan. Due to these activities, he was included in the list of 3,090 pro-Japanese collaborators released by the Institute for Research in Collaborationist Activities(민족문제연구소; 民族問題硏究所) in 2008.

After Korean Liberation

After the Independence from the Japan Occupation on August 15 1945, in 1946 he became the governor of Korea Democratic Party(한국민주당; 韓國民主黨) and the ninth president of the Dong-A Ilbo. He was opposed to U.S. trusteeship of Sourh Korea and in 1949 he took office as the supreme council of Democratic National Party(민주국민당; 民主國民黨). He was inaugurated as the second vice president of South Korea in 1951, but resigned the following year because he was against the dictatorial powers of President Rhee Syng-man(이승만; 李承晩). The same year he became an adviser of Democratic National Party and then, continued to take part in the nongovernment party. He was posthumously awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Order of Merit for National Foundation in 1962.

Related pages
 Dong-A Ilbo
 Korea University
 Song Jin-woo
 Jungang high School
 Korean Democratic Party
 Rhee Syng-man
 Kim Gu
 Kim Kyusik
 Shin Ik-hye
 Chang Myon
 Yun Chi-Young
 Yun Chi-Ho
 Yun Posun

Other websites
 Kim Seong-Su on Doopedia
 Incheon Kim Seung-Su Memorial Conference

1881 births
1955 deaths
Anti-communists
Korean educators
South Korean journalists
Vice presidents of South Korea

Kim Seong-Su


Seattle Sounders FC is a team in Major League Soccer (MLS) that plays in Seattle, Washington. It was founded in 2007 and began playing in 2009. Their name, which comes from the name of two older teams in Seattle, was chosen by fans in 2008. The club's majority owner is Adrian Hanauer, and its minority owners are the estate of Paul Allen, Drew Carey, and a group of 11 Seattle-area families that includes Russell Wilson, his wife Ciara, and Macklemore. Many fans are in groups and also a 53-member band called Sound Wave plays at every home game. Their rivals, the Portland Timbers and Vancouver Whitecaps, play against the Seattle in the Cascadia Cup every year. Brian Schmetzer is the team's head coach.

The team was the 15th MLS team and first played in the 2009 season. At every Seattle game, all of the seats were sold and the fans set a new record for average (or middle) match attendance, while the team also sold more season tickets than anyone else in the MLS. The Seattle Sounders FC finished their first year in the MLS playoffs, but lost in the semi-finals. The team did win their first trophy, the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, and became the second team to do so in their first year. The Sounders went on to win the U.S. Open Cup in 2010 and 2011 as well, becoming the first team in over 40 years to win that competition three straight times. They won again in 2014, also winning the Supporters' Shield. In 2016, Seattle won their first MLS Cup; they returned to the final the following year and lost.

References

Notes

2000s establishments in Washington (state)
2007 establishments in the United States
American soccer teams
Sports in Seattle

Seattle Sounders FC


Emanuel von Geibel (17 October 18156 April 1884) was a German poet and playwright.

Life
Geibel was born at Lübeck, the son of a pastor. He was originally intended for his father's profession and studied at Bonn and Berlin, but his real interests lay not in theology but in classical and romance philology. In 1838 he accepted a tutorship at Athens, where he remained until 1840. In the same year he published, in conjunction with his friend Ernst Curtius, a volume of translations from Greek. His first poems were published in a volume entitled Zeitstimmen in 1841. In 1842 he entered the service of Frederick William IV, the king of Prussia, with an annual stipend of 300 thalers; under whom he produced König Roderich (1843), a tragedy, König Sigurds Brautfahrt (1846), an epic, and Juniuslieder (1848), lyrics in a more spirited and manlier style than his early poems.

In 1851, Geibel was invited to Munich by Maximilian II of Bavaria as an honorary professor at the university, and he relinquished his Prussian stipend. While in Munich he was at the center of the literary circle called Die Krokodile (Crocodile Society), which was concerned with traditional forms. In 1852 he married Amanda Trummer and the next year they had a daughter, Ada Marie Caroline. A volume of Neue Gedichte, published at Munich in 1857, and principally consisting of poems on classical subjects, denoted a further considerable advance in his objectivity. The series was worthily closed by the Spätherbstblätter, published in 1877. He had left Munich in 1869 and returned to Lübeck, where he remained until his death.

His works further include two tragedies, Brunhild (1858, 5th ed. 1890), and Sophonisbe (1869), and translations of French and Spanish popular poetry (Spanisches Liederbuch (1852), with Paul Heyse). Beginning as a member of the group of political poets who heralded the revolution of 1848, Geibel was also the chief poet to welcome the establishment of the Empire in 1871. His strength lay not, however, in his political songs but in his purely lyric poetry, such as the fine cycle Ada and his popular love-songs. He may be regarded as the leading representative of German lyric poetry between 1848 and 1870.

His poem Schön Ellen was set to music by Max Bruch. Johannes Brahms set one of Geibel's paraphrases after Spanish poetry in the second of his Two Songs for Voice, Viola and Piano.

See also

 Gustav Adolf Kröner

Bibliography

Gesammelte Werke published in 8 vols (1883, 4th ed. 1906)
The Gedichte have gone through about 130 editions.
A selection of his poems in one volume appeared in 1904.

For biography and criticism, see
Karl Goedeke, E Geibel (1869)
Wilhelm Scherer's address on Geibel (1884)
Karl Theodor Gaedertz, Geibel-Denkwurdigkeiten (1886)
Carl Conrad Theodor Litzmann, E Geibel, aus Erinnerungen, Briefen und Tagebüchern (1887)
Biographies by Karl Ludwig Leimbach (2nd ed., 1894), and K. T. Gaedertz (1897).

References

Attribution:

External links

1815 births
1884 deaths
German poets
Writers from Lübeck
University of Bonn alumni
People of the Revolutions of 1848
German male poets
19th-century poets
German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers

Emanuel Geibel


An executive order is a rule or order made by a President of the United States. The order tells agencies and officers of the Federal government of the United States things that they must do.

Executive orders can be stopped by the courts in a process called judicial review. They may be stopped if they are against laws or against the Constitution of the United States.

Executive orders have a big effect on the internal affairs of government. They decide how and to what degree legislation will be enforced. They also deal with emergencies and wars.

United States law

Executive order (United States)


Peter Pin-Shan Chen (; born 3 January 1947) is a Taiwanese American computer scientist. He is a (retired) distinguished career scientist and faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University and Distinguished Chair Professor Emeritus at LSU. He is known for the development of the entity–relationship model in 1976.

Biography
Born 1947 in Taichung, Taiwan, Peter Chen received a B.S. in electrical engineering in 1968 at the National Taiwan University, and a Ph.D. in computer science/applied mathematics at Harvard University in 1973. In 1970, he worked one summer at IBM.  After graduating from Harvard, he spent one year at Honeywell and a summer at Digital Equipment Corporation.

From 1974 to 1978 Chen was an assistant professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management. From 1978 to 1983 he was an associate professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA Management School). From 1983 to 2011 Chen held the position of M. J. Foster Distinguished Chair Professor of Computer Science at Louisiana State University and, for several years, adjunct professor in its Business School and Medical School (Shreveport). During this time period, he was a visiting professor once at Harvard in '89-'90 and three times at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (EECS Dept. in '86-'87, Sloan School in '90-'91, and Division of Engineering Systems in 06-'07).  From 2010 to 2020, Chen was a Distinguished Career Scientist and faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University, U.S.A.

Besides lecturing around the world, he has also served as an (honorary) professor outside of the U.S. In 1984, under the sponsorship of the United Nations, he taught a one-month short course on databases at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, China, and was awarded as Honorary Professor there. Then, he went to Beijing as a member of the IEEE delegation of the First International Conference on Computers and Applications (the first major IEEE computer conference held in China). From 2008 to 2014, he was an Honorary Chair Professor in the Institute of Service Science at National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan. Starting in 2016, he is an Honorary Chair Professor in the Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Asia University (Taiwan).

Chen has served as an advisor for government agencies and corporations. He is a member of the advisory board of Computer and Information Science and Engineering Directorate of National Science Foundation (2004-2006) and the United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board (2005-2009).

Awards and honors
Chen's original paper is one of the most influential papers in the computer software field based on a survey of more than 1,000 computer science professors documented in a book on "Great Papers in Computer Science". Chen's work is also cited in a book Software Challenges published by Time-Life Books in 1993 in the series on "Understanding Computers."  Chen is recognized as one of the pioneers in a book on "Software Pioneers". He is listed in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World.

Chen has received many awards in the fields of Information Technology. He received the Data Resource Management Technology Award from the Data Administration Management Association (DAMA International) in New York City in 1990. He was elected as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), IEEE, and ER. He won the Achievement Award in Information Management in 2000 from DAMA International. He was an inductee into the Data Management Hall of Fame in 2000. He received the Stevens Award in Software Method Innovation in 2001. In 2003, Chen received the IEEE Harry H. Goode Memorial Award at the IEEE-CS board of governors meeting in San Diego. He was presented with the ACM - AAAI Allen Newell Award at the ACM Banquet in San Diego in June 2003 and International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) in Acapulco in August 2003.  Chen is also the recipient of the Pan Wen-Yuan Outstanding Research Award in 2004. In June 2011 in Jeju Island, Korea, Chen received the Transformative Achievement Medal from Software Engineering Society and the Society for Design and Process Science. In 2021, he received the Leadership Award from IEEE Technical Committee of Service Computing (TCSVC).

His innovative work initiated/accelerated a new field of research and practice called "Conceptual Modeling" based on conceptual model (computer science) or Entity–Relationship model. In 1979, he founded an annual international professional meeting, the  International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, which has been held in different countries.. He also founded the Data & Knowledge Engineering journal for publishing and disseminating scholarly research results.

Peter P. Chen Award

To recognize Chen's pioneering leadership role, the "Peter P. Chen Award" was established in 2008, to honor excellent researchers/educators for outstanding contributions to the field of conceptual modeling each year.  The recipients of the Peter P. Chen Award are:
 2008: Bernhard Thalheim, professor, University of Kiel, Germany
 2009: David W. Embley, professor, Brigham Young University (BYU), U.S.A.
 2010: John Mylopoulos, professor, University of Toronto, Canada, and University of Trento, Italy
 2011: Tok Wang Ling, professor, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
 2012: Stefano Spaccapietra, honorary professor, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Switzerland
 2013: Carlo Batini, professor, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
 2014: Antonio L. Furtado, professor, PUC-Rio, Brazil
 2015: Il-Yeol Song, professor, Drexel University, U.S.A.
 2016: Óscar Pastor, professor, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
 2017: Yair Wand, CANFOR Professor in MIS, University of British Columbia, CANADA
 2018: Veda C. Storey, Tull Professor of Computer Information Systems, Georgia State University, Atlanta, U.S.A.
 2019: Eric Yu, professor, University of Toronto, Canada.
 2020: Matthias Jarke, Professor, RWTH Aachen University, Germany and Chairman, Fraunhofer ICT Group.
2021: Sudha Ram, Anheuser-Busch Professor of MIS, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, University of Arizona, U.S.A.
2022: Maurizio Lenzerini Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.

Peter Chen Big Data Young Researcher Award
To recognize Chen's pioneering role and contributions in building the foundation for big data modeling and analysis, the "Peter Chen Big Data Young Researcher Award" was established in 2015 by the Service Society  and the steering committee of eight co-located IEEE Conferences (IEEE ICWS/SCC/CLOUD/MS/BigDataCongress/SERVICES), to honor a very promising young big data researcher each year in the IEEE Big Data Congress and co-located conferences, starting from IEEE BigData 2015 Congress.  The Peter Chen Big Data Young Researcher Award winners are:
 2015: Yi Chen, associate professor, New Jersey Institute of Technology, U.S.A.
 2016: Wei Tan, Research Staff Member, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY USA.
 2017: Ilkay Altintas, Chief Data Science Officer, San Diego Supercomputer Center, Univ. of California, San Diego, USA.

Work

Entity–relationship modeling and conceptual data modeling
The entity–relationship model serves as the foundation of many systems analysis and design methodologies, computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools, and repository systems. The ER model is the basis for IBM's Repository Manager/MVS and DEC's CDD/Plus.

Chen's original paper is commonly cited as the definitive reference for entity relationship modeling though the concept of object relationship had been developed a year earlier by Schmid and Swenson as reported in the 1975 ACM SIGMOD Proceedings . Chen is one of the pioneers of using entity–relationship concepts in software and information system modeling and design. Before Chen's paper, the basic entity–relationship ideas were used mostly informally by practitioners. Chen first published an abstract and presented his ER model in the First Very Large Database Conference in September 1975, the same year of a paper with similar concepts written by A. P. G. Brown. Chen's main contributions are formalizing the concepts, developing a theory with a set of data definition and manipulation operations, and specifying the translation rules from the ER model to several major types of databases (including the Relational Database).  He also popularized the model and introduced it to the academic literature.

The ER model was adopted as the meta-model ANSI Standard in Information Resource Directory System (IRDS), and the ER approach has been ranked at the top methodology for database design and one of the top methodologies in systems development by several surveys of Fortune 500 companies.

Computer-aided software engineering
Chen's work is a cornerstone of software engineering, in particular computer-aided software engineering (CASE). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, IBM's Application Development Cycle (AD/Cycle) framework and DB2 repository (RM/MVS) were based on the ER model. Other vendors' repository systems such as Digital's CDD+ were also based on the ER model. Chen has had a significant impact on the CASE industry through his research and his lecturing around the world on structured system development methodologies.  The ER model has influenced most of the major CASE tools, including Computer Associates' ERWIN, Oracle Corporation's Designer/2000, and Sybase's PowerDesigner (and even a general drawing tool like Microsoft Visio), as well as the IDEF1X standard. The ER model is also the basis for Microsoft's ADO.NET Entity Framework.

The hypertext concept, which makes the World Wide Web extremely popular, is very similar to the main concept in the ER model.  Chen investigated this linkage as an invited expert of several XML working groups of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

The ER model also serves as the foundation of some of the recent work on Object-oriented analysis and design methodologies and Semantic Web. The UML modeling language has its roots in the ER model.

Computer performance modeling
In his early career, he was active in R&D activities in computer system performance.  He was the program chair of an ACM SIGMETRICS conference.  He developed a computer performance model for a major computer vendor. His innovative research results were adopted in commercial computer performance tuning and capacity

Memory and storage hierarchy, storage technology, CD-ROM, firmware, and micro-programming
His Ph.D. thesis at Harvard was one of the first studies of cost-performance optimization models of multi-level memory/storage hierarchies.  He was also one of the early micro-programmers developing the firmware for a file control unit for an IBM mainframe computer. His article on "CD-ROM" in IEEE Proceedings journal in the 1980s was one of the first articles explaining how CD-ROM worked when CD-ROMs became popular.  He was a co-author of the storage technology article in early versions of a computer encyclopedia book published by McGraw-Hill.

Cyber security and terrorist detection
In recent years, he led a multidisciplinary research team in developing new efficient and effective techniques in identifying terrorists and malicious cyber transactions.  At CMU, he is active in the R&D activities of CERT Coordination Center and Software Engineering Institute (SEI).

Big data, web services, blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT)
He is active in research and lecturing on Big Data and emerging technologies.  He was a keynote speaker and a keynote panelist on Big Data at IEEE Conferences.  He was the 2014 program chair, the 2015–16 conference chair, and the 2017 honorary chair of the IEEE BigData Congresses. He was the chair of the 2018 IEEE ICWS Conference and the chair of the Blockchain Panel. He was the general chair of the 2019 IEEE Service Congress, Milan, Italy. He received the 2002 ACM - AAAI Allen Newell Award, one of the top awards jointly sponsored by a computer and an AI professional societies.

Publications
Peter P. Chen has published many books, papers, and articles.

Books (a selection)
 2007. Active Conceptual Modeling of Learning: Next Generation Learning-Base System Development. With Leah Y. Wong (Eds.). Springer.
 1999. Advances in Conceptual Modeling: ER'99 Workshops on Evolution and Change in Data Management, Reverse Engineering in Information Systems, and the World ... (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). With David W. Embley, Jacques Kouloumdjian, Stephen W. Liddle and John F. Roddick (Eds.) Springer Verlag.
 1999. Conceptual Modeling: Current Issues and Future Directions (Lecture Notes in Computer Science) With Jacky Akoka, Hannu Kangassalo, and Bernhard Thalheim.
 1985. Data & Knowledge Engineering, Volume 1, Number 1, 1985.
 1981. Entity–Relationship Approach to Information Modeling and Analysis.
 1980. Entity–Relationship Approach to Systems Analysis and Design. North-Holland.

Articles (a selection)
 1976 (March).  ISSN 0362-5915.
 2002. "Entity–Relationship Modeling: Historical Events, Future Trends, and Lessons Learned". In: Software Pioneers: Contributions to Software Engineering. Broy M. and Denert, E. (eds.), Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences, June 2002. pp. 100–114.

References

External links
 Home page of Dr. Peter Chen at Louisiana State University

Living people
American computer scientists
American people of Taiwanese descent
Data modeling
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Louisiana State University faculty
MIT Sloan School of Management faculty
National Taiwan University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Software engineering researchers
Database researchers
Scientists from Taichung
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
1947 births
20th-century Taiwanese educators
21st-century Taiwanese educators

Peter Chen


Xhani Rodari (23 tetor 1920 - 14 prill 1981) ka qenë një shkrimtar dhe gazetar  italian, i mirënjohur për librat e tij për fëmijë. Ai fitoi  Cmimin Hans Christian Andersen në vitin 1970 dhe konsiderohet si autori itailan me i njohur për femijë i shekullit te  njëzet. Librat e tij janë përkthyer në shume gjuhë, madje edhe ne gjuhën shqipe por vetem pak janë përkthyer në gjuhën angleze.

Biografia
Rodari ka lindur në Omegna, një qytet i vogël në Liqenin Orta në provincën e Novaras (Italia Veriore). I ati që punonte si bukëpjekës, vdiq kur Rodari ishte vetëm dhjetë vjeç. Rodari dhe dy vllezërit e tij, Cesare dhe Mario, u rriten nga nena ne fshatin e saj te lindjes, ne provincen e Vareses. After three years at the seminary in Seveso, Rodari received his teacher's diploma at the age of seventeen and began to teach elementary classes in rural schools of the Varese district. He had interest in music (three years of violin lessons) and literature (discovered the works of Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Lenin and Trotsky which sharpened his critical sense). In 1939, for a short time, Rodari attended the University of Milan.

During World War II, Rodari had a deferrement from the army due to his ill health. Due to his precarious financial situation, he applied for work at the Casa del Fascio and was forced to join the Fascist Party. Traumatized by the loss of his two best friends and his favorite brother Cesare's incarceration in a German concentration camp, Rodari joined the Italian Communist Party in 1944 and participated in the Italian resistance movement.

In 1948, as a journalist for the Communist periodical L'Unità, he began writing books for children. In 1950, the Party installed him as editor of the new weekly children's magazine Il Pioniere in Rome. In 1951, Rodari published his first books, Il Libro delle Filastrocche and Il Romanzo di Cipollino.

In 1952, he traveled  for the first time to the USSR, which he frequented thereafter. In 1953, he married Maria Teresa Feretti, who 4 years later gave birth to his daughter, Paola. In 1957, Rodari passed the exam to become a professional journalist.

Rodari spent the years 1966-1969 working intensively on collaborative projects with children. In 1970, Rodari was awarded the Hans Christian Andersen Medal for children's literature, which gained him a wide international reputation as the best modern children's writer in Italian. His works have been translated into numerous languages.

In 1979, after another trip to the USSR, his health, never very robust, declined and his productivity diminished. He died in Rome, during a surgical operation, in 1980.

Veprat
He is perhaps best known for developing the story of Çipolino.  The story of Çipolino was popular enough to have a ballet staged in Russia in 1973, composed by Karen Haqaturjan and choreographed by Genrik Aleksandroviç Majorov. Çipolino, or Little Onion, fights the unjust treatment of his fellow vegetable townfolk by the fruit royalty (Prince Lemon and the overly proud Tomato) in the garden kingdom. The main theme is the "struggle of the underclass and the powerful, good versus evil" and the importance of friendship in the face of difficulties.

 Il libro delle filastrocche ("The Book of Children's Poems", 1951)
 Il romanzo di Cipollino ("The Adventures of the Little Onion", 1951)
 La freccia azzurra ("The Blue Arrow", 1953)
 Gelsomino nel paese dei bugiardi ("Gelsomino in the Country of Liars, 1958)
 Filastrocche in cielo e in terra ("Nursery Rhymes in the Sky and on Earth", 1960)
 Favole al telefono ("Fairy Tales Over the Phone", 1962)
 Gip nel televisore ("Gip in the Television", 1962)
 La torta in cielo ("The Cake in the Sky", 1966)
 La grammatica della fantasia ("The Grammar of Fantasy", 1974)
 C'era due volte il barone Lamberto ovvero I misteri dell'isola di San Giulio (Twice Upon a Time there was a Baron called Lamberto or The Mysteries of the Isle of San Giulio, 1978, ISBN 88-06-01578-8)
 Novelle fatte a macchina ("Stories written on a typewriter")
 Atalanta Referime

 Lexo edhe
Argilli, Marcello, del Cornò, Lucio, and de Luca, Carmine (eds.), Le provocazioni della fantasia. Gianni Rodari scrittore e educatore (1993).
Bini, G. (ed.), Leggere Rodari (1981).
Boero, Pino, Una storia, tante storie: guida all'opera di Gianni Rodari (1992).
Petrini, Enzo, Argilli, Marcello, and Bonardi, Carlo (eds.), Gianni Rodari (1981).
Rodari, Gianni, The Grammar of Fantasy, trans. with intro. Jack Zipes (1996).

 Lidhje te jashtme
 IMDb.com profile of Rodari
 A Rodari short story, Polenta Fritta, translated into English
 Rodari-Website (Italian)
 Rodari-Biography (Italian)
 a Russian Chippolino cartoon
answers.com
 The Cafe Irreal'': "Trolley Number 75" by Gianni Rodari (English translation)

Lindje 1920
Vdekje 1980
Shkrimtarë italianë
Gazetarë italianë

Gianni Rodari


Google Videos is a division of the search engine Google that searches video sharing websites (YouTube, Dailymotion, etc.) for search results.

It is the successor to Google Video, a Google website that allowed people to upload videos through its servers so that they can be shared online. Google Video discontinued its service in August 2012, because of the high popularity of YouTube, which is a subsidiary of Google.

Other websites
 Official website

Video

Google Videos


The geometric albedo of an astronomical body is the ratio of its actual brightness at zero phase angle (i.e. as seen from the light source) to that of an idealized flat, fully reflecting, diffusively scattering (Lambertian) disk with the same cross-section.

The visual geometric albedo refers to the geometric albedo quantity when accounting for only electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum.

Astrophysics

Geometric albedo


Holt McDougal is an American publishing company, a division of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, that specializes in textbooks for use in high schools.

The Holt name is derived from that of U.S. publisher Henry Holt (1840–1926), co-founder of the earliest ancestor business, but Holt McDougal is distinct from contemporary Henry Holt and Company, which claims the history from 1866. The companies publish different kinds of books.

History
Holt, Rinehart and Winston (HRW) was created in March 1960 by the merger of Henry Holt and Company of New York City (established 1866 as Leypoldt and Holt); Rinehart & Company of New York, descendant of Farrar & Rinehart (est. 1929); and the John C. Winston Company of Philadelphia (est. 1884). The Wall Street Journal reported on March 1, 1960, that Holt stockholders had approved the merger, last of the three approvals. "Henry Holt is the surviving concern, but will be known as Holt, Rinehart, Winston, Inc." In 1967, HRW was acquired by CBS.

In 1985 the retail publishing arm of HRW along with the Henry Holt name was acquired by the Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group based in Stuttgart, Germany. Holtzbrinck acquired the Macmillan name in 2001 and Henry Holt is now an imprint or division of the global Macmillan Group (under Holtzbrinck; not to be confused with Macmillan US).

Also in 1985, the educational publishing arm along with the Holt, Rinehart and Winston name and logo (see image) was acquired by Harcourt. As Harcourt divested further, from 2001 HRW was a division of Harcourt Education owned by Reed Elsevier. Reed sold off parts of Harcourt Education including Holt, Rinehart, and Winston to Houghton Mifflin in 2007, part of a reorganization that created Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH). HRW was then combined with Houghton Mifflin Company's McDougal Littell subsidiary to form Holt McDougal.

Details
Holt McDougal publishes textbooks on mathematics, language arts, social studies, science, health, and world language (French, Spanish, and German). It has published children's books for the Weekly Reader Book Club including Sweet Pickles, Fraggle Rock, and Snoopy. This American publishing company has offices in Austin, Texas and Evanston, Illinois and with its parent company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.

See also
 Books in the United States

References

External links
 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: classroom
 Holt, Rinehart and Winston at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database (ISFDB)
 John C. Winston Company at ISFDB
 Rinehart & Company at ISFDB

Book publishing companies of the United States
Companies based in Austin, Texas
Publishing companies established in 2007

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
American companies established in 2007

Holt McDougal


Zakynthos is the capital of Zakynthos island. Zakynthos is one of the Ionian Islands. Zakynthos city is located in the north-west of island. Its population according to 2001 census is 16.457 inhabitants. It is a coastal city and it has got a port which connect Zakynthos with Peloponnese. Zakynthos is a beautiful town. The most beautiful district of city is the district Bochali.

Cities in Greece

Zakynthos (city)


Hercules in the Underworld is the fourth made-for-TV movie in the series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys. When villagers begin disappearing it is discovered that they had fallen through a crack in the earth which goes straight to Hades. Hercules once again comes to the rescue and  faces one of his most difficult challenges, and must prove himself as a man as well as a god.

Plot synopsis
In the centre of a village the ground begins to open up and a strange green light emanates from within. Two drunken men see the light and walk over to take a closer look. As they approach a gaseous vapour begins pouring out of the fissure and in a flash of light the two men are charred with only their bones remaining.

The following day Hercules is working in the smithy with Nessus, the Centaur. He watches the children playing outside when a woman, Iole, comes looking for him. She says she's from the village of Gryphon and that they need Hercules' help. Hercules agrees to help, but Deianeira tells the girl to rest first.

Hercules and Iole continue onto Gryphon, when they arrive the people take him to the area where the hole has opened up in the ground. He walks through the village seeing fire and destructions and dead bodies strewn on the floor.

With the kiss her memories return and Hercules makes a deal with Hades that if he can capture Cerberus, then Deianeira can go back to Earth with him. Hercules goes after Cerberus, he finds Hades' men trying and failing to capture him. Hercules fights and defeats Cerberus and chains him up again. Once Cerberus is chained the hole in the ground closes up and Deianeira appears. Back on Earth the villagers thank Hercules for helping them and he and Deianeira go home.

Series Continuity and notes

Nessus, Hades, and the Cerberus all play into the labors of Hercules, although not in the fashion portrayed here.  The capture of Cerberus was supposedly the last labor of Hercules where he brings Cerberus to the surface world at the demand of King Eurystheus, not a request of Hades.  He returned Cerberus to Hades only after the twelfth labor was completed.
The scene where Deianara was abducted by the Centaur and where Hercules shot him with an arrow was supposedly the last days of Hercules as a mortal.  When he was caught by the fire, Hercules chose to be cremated alive to hasten his death but was transformed by Zeus into a full god.  Also Deianara is the second wife and her death was by suicide, Megara is the first wife.

Main cast

Kevin Sorbo as Hercules
Tawny Kitaen as Deianeira
Anthony Quinn as Zeus

Other websites
Hercules in the Underworld at Whoosh.org

1994 movies
1994 adventure movies
Television movies
Xenaverse
Hercules movies

Hercules in the Underworld


The Wereling Trilogy is
a series of young adult, horror novels written by author Stephen Cole. The books revolve around two teenagers, newly turned werewolf, Tom Anderson and his friend Kate Folan, a pureblood werewolf.

Novels

The Wereling: Wounded
"The moon was just a soft glow through the flimsy curtains in Kate's bedroom, but she feared even that intrusion. She pushed sweat-drenched hair from her eyes and turned on her bedside light. Looked around at the familiar things in the room. Told herself she was normal. Normal for now...

Kate is part of one very unusual family - but a family that makes her feel like an outcast.
The last place that Tom Anderson wants to be is on holiday with his family, especially when he could have been going away with his friends.
But these two teenagers are destined to meet, unhappily united in a cause that is both dangerous and horrifying..."

The Wereling: Prey
"A wereling is a resister whose humanity and compassion prevails in the 'wolf.' Which seemed to mean that when the change was on him, Tom could hold on to some struggling, screaming human part of his nature that loathed what he had become.

And Tom wants nothing more than to be a normal teenager again. He and Kate have made it to New York and escaped Kate's werewolf mother, for now. But it's not the safe haven they had hoped for. Something sinister is stalking the streets, preying on the vulnerable - people with no place to stay, no money, no one to ask for help - people like Tom and Kate. They are here to find the medicine man, Jicaque, who can free Tom from his wereling instincts, but before they can track Jicaque down it looks like they might be next on the menu..."

The Wereling: Resurrection
"It had been Adam Blood who'd informed them that the lupines were gathering in Chicago - that something big was going down. He'd already warned them to stay well away - he'd certainly intended to.

Tom and Kate know that Chicago is the last place they should head for and that's exactly why they decide to go. Takapa is planning to resurrect a terrible force from the past, one which will help him bring 'wolves out of the shadows forever. Lupines are gathering from all over the world, answering Takapa's call to witness a revolution - one which Tom and Kate will do everything in their power to prevent."

Characters

Tom Anderson
Tom is a 16-year-old male who was bitten by Wesley Folan in the forest and taken to the Folans' home to be Kate's mate. Tom is a silverblood which gives him incredible resistance to the wolf infection, after he was bitten it took Marcie Folan a whole month of feeding him specific herbs to break his resistance, therefore Tom is known as a wereling (which is a silverblood who has been turned, but retains part of his humanity when he transforms). Tom hates being part wolf and for most of the series he is trying to find a cure to being a werewolf. He is in love with Kate Folan, but he is unable to have a relationship with her because of what he has become. Kate has said that because Tom is not a killer neither is the wolf inside of him, which puts him at a disadvantage during most fights. His wolf form is well proportioned, has lustrous black fur and his normal almost black eyes.

Kate Folan
Kate is the 17-year-old daughter of Marcie and Hal Folan. She is a pureblood werewolf and therefore will not transform into her wolf form unless she sleeps with another wolf, which is something that she has sworn will never happen because she loathes the idea of becoming like her mother. She is in love with Tom, however a relationship between them is currently impossible because he is a werewolf and if they slept together she would turn into a proper werewolf. She is also described a being quite beautiful and very smart. Her online alias is Troll Lover.

Marcie Folan
She is Kate's mother, a pureblood and one of the main antagonists in the series. During most of the series her two main goals are to kill Tom to get revenge on him for killing her son Wesley during a fight and to find Kate and marry her off to Takapa, to create a solid alliance with him. She is somewhat crazy and can't resist her bloodlust. Her wolf form has greenish gold eyes and has a scrawny build.

Papa Takapa
He is a pureblood and one of the main antagonists in the series. He wants to bring werewolves out of hiding and take over the humans. He and Marcie Folan have an alliance where Kate is meant to be given to him as his mate. His wolf form is a huge albino wolf.

Jicaque
He is a medicine man who has the ability to cure newly turned werewolves as long as they truly want to be cured, he is also a silverblood. For most of the series Tom and Kate were looking for him so that they could cure Tom of being a werewolf. Eventually when they found him in New York he helped them stop an army newly turned wolves and cured most of them, however when Kate asked him to cure Tom, he refused, saying that Tom did not truly wish to be cured yet. The next time he appeared was at the very end of the series and he helped defeat Takapa and the original wolf Peter Stubbe for good.

References
1. Stephen Cole, "The Wereling: Wounded", 2003

2. Stephen Cole, "The Wereling: Prey", 2004

3. Stephen Cole, "The Wereling: Resurrection, 2004

4. http://www.thetruthaboutbooks.com/book_review/stephen_cole/the_wereling_wounded.html

5. http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/c/stephen-cole/

6. http://www.monsterlibrarian.com/werewolvesya.htm

7. http://www.thetruthaboutbooks.com/book_review/stephen_cole/the_wereling_prey.html

8. http://www.thetruthaboutbooks.com/book_review/stephen_cole/the_wereling_resurrection.html

British young adult novels

The Wereling Trilogy


Downtempo (sometimes known as chill out, chill or downbeat) is a music style with electronic music. It is similar to ambient music, but usually with a beat or groove.

The tempo, as well as the drum patterns of each track can vary. Sometimes the beat can be restrained and/or simple. Sometimes the beats are more complicated and more featured instead of being in the background, but even then they are usually less intense than other kinds of electronic music like trance and house. The tempo is often slower than that of traditional electronic dance music. Often the name chill-out music is used to refer to songs demonstrative of the genre, but those names also refer to other styles of music, and downtempo encompasses a wider variety of styles than those terms alone would indicate. Because of the relaxing and often sensual or romantic feel of most downtempo music, it is a popular form of background music in 'chill out rooms' of dance parties, and many alternative cafes.

References

Electronic music

Downtempo


In Norse mythology, the Æsir–Vanir War was a war that occurred between the Æsir and the Vanir, two groups of gods. The war ultimately resulted in the unification of the two tribes into a single tribe of gods. The war is an important event in Norse mythology. The two side eventually came to a truce by spitting into a bowl; the spit was mixed, and the god Kvasir was born. Kvasir was killed by dwarves for his blood.

Norse mythology

Æsir–Vanir War


Thongchai "Bird" McIntyre, who was born as Albert Thongchai McIntyre on December 8, 1958, is a Thai pop singer and actor. He released his debut album in 1986. He is the most successful singer in Thailand, as he sold more than 20 million albums. He is also sometimes called the following names:
 Bird Thongchai
Thongchai McIntyre ()
Pe Bird (elder brother Bird)

or simply, Bird The Superstar No.1 of Thailand.

Biography
Thongchai McIntyre, or "Bird Thongchai", is best known for his string (Thai pop) and luk thung music. He is also known for acting in numerous films, on the television, musicals, and in commercials.

Thongchai McIntyre was born in Bangkok in 1958. His parents were James and Udom McIntyre. He lived in a family of musicians, and so, he enjoyed an upbringing in a musical environment. His father died when Bird was still a child. He started working in a bank as an officer. During that time, he had a chance to meet the famous Thai TV producer, "Kai Varayuth", who saw entertainment talent in Bird. Bird played his first TV series with Kai while still working in the bank.  This task showed his talent. His most memorable roles were those of Captain Kobori from Koo Kam, which was a tragic love story between a Japanese soldier (played by Bird) and a local Thai girl during the World War II. In both, he starred in a television series, and he reprised his role in the 1996 film adaptation, Sunset at Chaophraya.

He reached the top of his musical career in the early nineties. Some of Bird's best-known songs are Duay Rak Lae Pook Pan, Koo Gud, Sabai Sabai and Kob Jai Jing Jing. His popular singles released recently include luk thung singles Mah Tummai (with Jintara Poonlarp), Fan Ja (with Jintara and Jarin B. (Joey Boy), Nat Myria Benedetti and Katreeya English), Lao Su Kan Fang, and Yak Tham Kor Tob and Mai Kang Ying Pae from his album "Volume One". Westerners became aware of him in the mid nineties  as he became the first Thai artist to receive an International MTV Award, be featured in the most high budget Thai film at the time, "Sunset at Chaopraya" (which reached international acclaim in Japan as well as the United States). He was featured on CNN and Variety magazine. An award winning documentary on his life entitled "Crossing Borders" directed by Phanjanit Garnploog can be seen at St. John's University in New York which includes rare interviews with the director.  In 2010, Bird made his first international tour in Los Angeles and the 50th Anniversary of Lincoln Center in New York.  It marks the first time in history a Thai pop artist has made an international tour.  His Grammy label mates have previously only performed at local venues.

In late 2007, he released another album entitled "Simply Bird", which features songs such as Chuay Rap Tee and Mee Tae Kid Tueng.

Discography
Albums and Singles

 Hard-Sai Sai-Lom Song-Rao (Beach, Wind, and two of us) (1986)
 Sabai-Sabai (Relax-Relax) (1987)
 Rub-Kwun-Wan-Mai (Blessing for a new day) (1987)
 Sor-Kor-Sor (Greeting Card) (1988)
 Thongchai 2501 (1988)
 Boomerang (1990)
 Boomerang Man (Live from Concert)
 Prik-Kee-Noo (Bird Chilli) (1991)
 Wan-Nee Tee Ror-Koy (TV drama Soundtrack)
 Tor-Thong (Flag) (1994)
 Tor-Thong Kab Tor-Ther Nan-Lae (Live form Concert)

 Dream & Reality (Live from Concert)
 Kon-nok-kab-Dok-Mai (Feather & Flowers) (1995)
 Dream (Single)
 Dream (1996)
 Sunset at Chaophraya (Movie Soundtrack) (1996)
 Bird Unreleased (1997)
 Singing Bird (Live from Concert) (1997)
 Niramitr (,TV drama Soundtrack) (1998)
 Thongchai Service (1998)
 Thongchai Service Special (1998)
 Tu-Pleng Saman Prajam Barn (1999)
 100 Pleng Rak Mai Roo Job (100 everlasting love songs) (2000)
 Bird Love Beat 1 & 2 (Apr 4, 2001)
 Smile Club (Oct 2001)
 Smile Club Remix (Mar 29, 2002)
 Rab Khak (Nov 2002)
 Fan Ja...Sanid Kun Leaw Ja (Mar 17, 2003)
 Bird Sek (Jun 2004) with Sek Loso (Special Album with 20 Years G"MM" Grammy)
 Volume 1 (Jul 2005)
 Village (Sep 2006)
 Bird Perd Floor [3 Disc Set/Individual available]  [Ballroom Cha-Cha, Luktung, Disco] (Dec 2006)
 Simply Bird (Nov 2007)
 Singing Bird (2010)

Compilations

 Bird Dance Collection (Sep 2009)
 Bird Love Collection (Sep 2009)

Awards

Best Singer from Siam-Kollakarn Contest (1983)
Best Singer from Mekala (1986)
Best Artist from The office of national young people or Sor Yor Chor (1987)
Popular song vote for Korb-Jai Jing Jing from Coke Music Award
Best Singer from See-Sun Award (1989)
Best Actor Koo-Kum (TV Lakorn) from Mekala (1990)
Best Actor Koo-Kum (TV Lakorn) from TV Golden (1990)
MTV Asian Viewer's Choice Award (1991)
Best Actor Wannee Tee Raw-Koy (TV Lakorn) from TV Golden (1993)
Best Actor Sunset At Chaopraya (Movie) from Prasurassavadee (1995)
Popular Actor Sunset At Chaopraya from Vote Award (1995)
Billboard Viewer's Choice Award first in Asia (1997)
Seesun Award : Best Song for Lao Su Kan Fang (2001)
Top Awards : The Best Singer (2001)
Channel V Music Video Awards : The Best Singer (2001)
Top Awards : The Best Singer (2002)
MTV Asia Awards : Favorite Artist Thailand  (2004)
MTV Asia Awards : The Inspiration Award   (2006)
Channel [V] Thailand Music Video Awards : Best Song (2006)
Virgin Hitz Awards 2006 : Achievement Awards (2006)

References

Other websites

BIRDTHONGCHAI.COM
CLUBBIRD.COM
TORTHONG.COM
GMMGRAMMY.COM (record label)
GMEMBER.COM  at Entertainment Online (Thai)

1958 births
Living people
Movie actors
Thongchai McIntyre
Thai singers
Television actors
Thongchai McIntyre

Thongchai McIntyre