Dame Frances Margaret Anderson,  (10 February 18973 January 1992), known professionally as Judith Anderson, was an Australian actress who had a successful career in stage, film and television. A pre-eminent stage actress in her era, she won two Emmy Awards and a Tony Award and was also nominated for a Grammy Award and an Academy Award. She is considered one of the 20th century's greatest classical stage actors.

Early life
Frances Margaret Anderson was born in 1897 in Adelaide, South Australia, the youngest of four children born to Jessie Margaret (née Saltmarsh; 19 October 1862 – 24 November 1950), a former nurse, and Scottish-born James Anderson Anderson, a sharebroker and pioneering prospector.

She attended a private school, Norwood, where her education ended before graduation.

Career

Early acting
She made her professional debut (as Francee Anderson) in 1915, playing Stephanie at the Theatre Royal, Sydney, in A Royal Divorce. Leading the company was the Scottish actor Julius Knight whom she later credited with laying the foundations of her acting skills. She appeared alongside him in adaptations of The Scarlet Pimpernel, The Three Musketeers, Monsieur Beacauire and David Garrick. In 1917 she toured New Zealand.

Early years in America
Anderson was ambitious and wanted to leave Australia. Most local actors went to London but the war made this difficult so she decided on the US. She travelled to California but was unsuccessful for four months, then moved to New York, with an equal lack of success.

After a period of poverty and illness, she found work with the Emma Bunting Stock Company at the Fourteenth Street Theatre in 1918–19. She then toured with other stock companies.

Broadway and film
She made her Broadway debut in Up the Stairs (1922) followed by The Crooked Square (1923) and she went to Chicago with Patches (1923). She appeared in Peter Weston (1923), which only had a short run.

One year later, she had changed her acting forename (albeit not for legal purposes) to Judith and had her first triumph with the play Cobra (1924) co-starring Louis Calhern, which ran for 35 performances. Anderson then went on to The Dove (1925) which went for 101 performances and really established her on Broadway.

She toured Australia in 1927 with three plays: Tea for Three, The Green Hat and Cobra. Back on Broadway she was in Behold the Bridegroom (1927–28) by George Kelly and had the lead role in Anna (1928). She replaced Lynn Fontanne during the successful run of Strange Interlude (1929).

Anderson made her film debut in a short for Warner Bros, Madame of the Jury (1930). She made her feature film debut with a role in Blood Money (1933).

In 1931, she played the Unknown Woman in the American premiere of Pirandello's As You Desire Me, which ran for 142 performances. (It was filmed the following year with Greta Garbo in the same role.) She was in a short-lived revival of Mourning Becomes Electra (1932), then did Firebird (1932), Conquest, The Drums Begin (both 1933), and The Mask and the Face (1933, with Humphrey Bogart). Anderson then focused on Broadway with Come of Age (1934), and Divided By Three (1934).

Broadway star
She had a big hit with the lead in Zoe Akins' The Old Maid (1935) from the novel by Edith Wharton, in the role later played on film by Miriam Hopkins. It ran for 305 performances.

In 1936, Anderson played Gertrude to John Gielgud's Hamlet in a production which featured Lillian Gish as Ophelia. In 1937, she joined the Old Vic Company in London and played Lady Macbeth opposite Laurence Olivier in a production by Michel Saint-Denis, at the Old Vic and the New Theatre.

She returned to Broadway with Family Portrait (1939), which she adored but only had a short run. She later toured in the show.

Rebecca

Anderson then received a career boost when she was cast in Alfred Hitchcock's Rebecca (1940). As the housekeeper Mrs. Danvers, she was required to mentally torment the young bride, the "second Mrs. de Winter" (Joan Fontaine), even encouraging her to commit suicide; and to taunt her husband (Laurence Olivier) with the memory of his first wife, the never-seen "Rebecca" of the title. The film was a huge critical and commercial success, and Anderson was nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the 13th Academy Awards.

1940s
Anderson was second billed in an Eddie Cantor comedy, Forty Little Mothers (1940) at MGM. She stayed at that studio for Free and Easy (1941) then went over to RKO to play the title role in Lady Scarface (1941).

In 1941, she played Lady Macbeth again in New York opposite Maurice Evans in a production staged by Margaret Webster, a role she was to reprise with Evans on television, firstly in 1954 and then again in 1960 (the second version was released as a feature film in Europe). This ran for 131 performances.

Anderson made her appearance in Robinson Jeffers' The Tower Beyond Tragedy at the outdoor Forest Theater in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California on July 2-5, 1941. This was the first time it played in a professional manner. John Burr's Carmel Pine Cone review admired Anderson's performance and proclaimed the production was "an unqualified success." Director Charles O'Neal persuaded Anderson to appear in both The Tower Beyond Tragedy and the Family Portrait.

She returned to films to make four movies at Warner Bros: All Through the Night, and Kings Row (both 1942), Edge of Darkness, and Stage Door Canteen (both 1943).

In 1942–43, on stage she played Olga in Chekhov's Three Sisters, in a production which also featured Katharine Cornell, Ruth Gordon, Edmund Gwenn, Dennis King and Alexander Knox. (Kirk Douglas, playing an orderly, made his Broadway debut in the production.) It ran for 123 performances. The production was so illustrious, it was featured on the cover of Time.

Anderson returned to Hollywood to appear in Laura (1944). She briefly returned to Australia to tour American army camps. She was back in Hollywood to appear in And Then There Were None (1945), The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946), and The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946). Anderson had rare top billing in Specter of the Rose (1946), written and directed by Ben Hecht. She returned to support roles for Pursued (1947), The Red House (1947), and Tycoon (1947).

Medea
In 1947, she triumphed as Medea in a version of Euripides' eponymous tragedy, written by the poet Robinson Jeffers and produced by John Gielgud, who played Jason. She was a friend of Jeffers and a frequent visitor to his home Tor House in Carmel. She won the Tony Award for Best Actress for her performance. The show ran for 214 performances. Anderson then toured throughout the country with it.

1950s
On the big screen, Anderson played a golddigger in Anthony Mann's western The Furies (1950) and made her TV debut in a 1951 adaptation of The Silver Cord for Pulitzer Prize Playhouse. She guest starred on TV shows like The Billy Rose Show and Somerset Maugham TV Theatre.

She returned to Broadway with The Tower Beyond Tragedy by Jeffers (1950), and toured Medea in German in 1951. She was in a New York revival of Come of Age in 1952.

She was Herodias in Salome (1953) and played in Black Chiffon on The Motorola Television Hour.

In 1953, she was directed by Charles Laughton in his own adaptation of Stephen Vincent Benét's John Brown's Body with a cast also featuring Raymond Massey and Tyrone Power. Then she did In the Summer House (1953–54) on Broadway.

On television she was in Macbeth (1954) with Maurice Evans for which she won The Emmy Award for Best Actress in a Single Performance, and The Elgin Hour. She was in several episodes of The Star and the Story and an episode of Climax!  as well as playing Memnet in Cecil B. DeMille's epic The Ten Commandments (1956).

In 1955 she toured Australia with Medea.

In 1956 she was in a production of Caesar and Cleopatra for Producers' Showcase.

Anderson appeared in a 1958 adaptation of The Bridge of San Luis Rey for The DuPont Show of the Month and played the memorable role of Big Mama, alongside Burl Ives as Big Daddy, in the screen adaptation of Tennessee Williams's play, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958). She followed it with a return to Broadway, in the short-lived Comes a Day by Speed Lampkin (1958). "I don't profess to know much about films", she said around this time. "I seldom see one."

Anderson reprised her performance as Medea for TV in 1959; in the same year she appeared in a small-screen adaptation of The Moon and Sixpence with Laurence Olivier. She had a role in the Wagon Train episode "The Felizia Kingdom Story", and appeared in several episodes of Playhouse 90 and one of Our American Heritage. In later years she starred as Minx Lockridge in the daytime NBC soap opera Santa Barbara from 1984 until 1987.

1960s
In 1960, she played Madame Arkadina in Chekhov's The Seagull first at the Edinburgh Festival, and then at the Old Vic, with Tom Courtenay, Cyril Luckham and Tony Britton.

That year she also performed in Cradle Song and Macbeth (both 1960) for TV. She won The Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role, for once again playing Lady MacBeth. She had support roles in Cinderfella (1960) and Why Bother to Knock (1961).

In 1961 she toured an evening in which she performed Macbeth, Medea and Tower.

Anderson was in The Ghost of Sierra de Cobre (1964) for TV.

In 1966 she did a performance on stage in Elizabeth the Queen which received poor reviews.

She received acclaim for her lead performance in a TV version of Elizabeth the Queen (1968, with Charlton Heston). She followed it with The File on Devlin (1969) and A Man Called Horse (1970). The latter was her first feature since Why Bother to Knock.

In 1970, she realised a long-held ambition to play the title role of Hamlet on a national tour of the United States and at New York's Carnegie Hall.

Spoken word and radio
She also recorded many spoken word record albums for Caedmon Audio from the 1950s to the 1970s, including scenes from Macbeth with Maurice Anderson (Victor, in 1941), an adaption of Medea, Robert Louis Stevenson verses, and readings from the Bible. She received a Grammy nomination for her work on the Wuthering Heights recording.

Radio broadcasts

Return to Australia
Anderson returned briefly to Australia. She guest-starred in Matlock Police and was in the film Inn of the Damned (1974).

Her other credits that decade included The Borrowers (1973) and The Chinese Prime Minister (1974)

Later career
In 1982, she returned to Medea, this time playing the Nurse opposite Zoe Caldwell in the title role. Caldwell had appeared in a small role in the Australian tour of Medea in 1955–56. She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play.

In 1984, she appeared in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock as the Vulcan High Priestess T'Lar.

That same year, she commenced a three-year stint as matriarch Minx Lockridge on the NBC serial Santa Barbara. When asked why, she replied "Why not? It's practically the same as doing a play."

She had professed to be a fan of the daytime genre – she had watched General Hospital for twenty years – but after signing with Santa Barbara, she complained about her lack of screen time. The highlight of her stint was when Minx tearfully revealed the horrific truth that she had switched the late Channing Capwell with Brick Wallace as a baby, preventing her illegitimate grandson from being raised as a Capwell. This resulted in her receiving a Supporting Actress Emmy Nomination although her screen time afterwards diminished to infrequent appearances. After leaving the series, she was succeeded in the role by the quarter-century younger American actress Janis Paige.

Her last movies were The Booth and Impure Thoughts (both 1985).

Personal life
Anderson was married twice and declared that "neither experience was a jolly holiday":
 Benjamin Harrison Lehmann (1889–1977), an English professor at the University of California at Berkeley; they wed in 1937 and divorced in August 1939. By this marriage she had a stepson, Benjamin Harrison Lehmann Jr. (born 1918).
 Luther Greene (1909–1987), a theatrical producer; they were married in July 1946 and divorced in 1951.

Death
Anderson spent much of her life in Santa Barbara, California, where she died of pneumonia in 1992, aged 94.

Honours
Anderson was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1960 and thereafter was often billed as "Dame Judith Anderson".

On 10 June 1991, in the 1991 Australian Queen's Birthday Honours, she was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), "in recognition of service to the performing arts".

Complete filmography

 Madame of the Jury (1930, Short)
 Blood Money (1933) – Ruby Darling
 Rebecca (1940) – Mrs. Danvers
 Forty Little Mothers (1940) – Madame Madeleine Granville
 Free and Easy (1941) – Lady Joan Culver
 Lady Scarface (1941) – Slade
 All Through the Night (1942) – Madame
 Kings Row (1942) – Mrs. Harriet Gordon
 Edge of Darkness (1943) – Gerd Bjarnesen
 Stage Door Canteen (1943) – Judith Anderson
 Laura (1944) – Ann Treadwell
 And Then There Were None (1945) – Emily Brent
 The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946) – Madame Lanlaire
 The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946) – Mrs. Ivers
 Specter of the Rose (1946) – Madame La Sylph
 Pursued (1947) – Mrs. Callum
 The Red House (1947) – Ellen Morgan
 Tycoon (1947) – Miss Braithwaite
 The Furies (1950) – Flo Burnett
 Salome (1953) – Queen Herodias
 Macbeth (1954, TV Movie) – Lady Macbeth
 The Ten Commandments (1956) – Memnet
 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) – Big Momma Pollitt
 The Felizia Kingdom Story (1959  tv series - Wagon Train) - Felizia Kingdom
 The Moon and Sixpence (1959, TV Movie) – Tiare
 A Christmas Festival (1959, TV Movie) – Narrator of the final offering
 Cradle Song (1960, TV Movie) – The Prioress
 Macbeth (1960, TV Movie) – Lady Macbeth
 Cinderfella (1960) – Wicked Stepmother
 Don't Bother to Knock (1961) – Maggie Shoemaker
 The Ghost of Sierra de Cobre (1964, TV Movie) – Paulina
 Elizabeth the Queen (1968, TV Movie) – Queen Elizabeth I
 The File on Devlin (1969, TV Movie) – Elizabeth Devlin
 A Man Called Horse (1970) – Buffalo Cow Head
 The Borrowers (1973, TV Movie) – Aunt Sophy
 The Underground Man (1974, TV Movie) – Mrs. Snow
 The Chinese Prime Minister (1974, TV Movie) – She
 Inn of the Damned (1975) – Caroline Straulle
 Medea (1983, TV Movie) – Nurse
 Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984) – T'Lar
 The Booth (1985, TV Movie)
 Impure Thoughts (1985) – The Sister of Purgatory

Sources
 Dame Judith Anderson papers, at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library; accessed 19 August 2014.
 Dame Judith Anderson prompts , at the National Library of Australia website; accessed 19 August 2014.
 Dame Judith Anderson at the National Film and Sound Archive

References

Further reading

External links

1897 births
1992 deaths
20th-century British actresses
Actresses awarded damehoods
Actresses from Adelaide
Actresses from the Golden Age of Hollywood
Australian Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Australian people of Scottish descent
British Shakespearean actresses
British emigrants to the United States
British expatriate actresses in the United States
British film actresses
British soap opera actresses
British stage actresses
British television actresses
Companions of the Order of Australia
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Donaldson Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Tony Award winners

Judith Anderson


Noida () also known as New Okhla Industrial Development Authority is newly emerged and one of the most important city of Uttar Pradesh. The name has been essentially derived from New Okhla Industrial Area (Noida).  It is at the border of Uttar Pradesh and New Delhi. It comes under the Delhi-NCR region. With many IT Parks growing, it is one of the major contributor for Uttar Pradesh state revenue. The city is comparatively new, it started developing in early1980s. It now has all major facilities including hospitals, schools, shopping malls, markets, offices, active police force, well maintained roads and well built residential areas. Noida's connectivity to Delhi was improved by Delhi-Noida Direct Flyway or DND which was completed by 2001. By 2009, Noida was connected to New Delhi via metro lines which made the commute for locals much easier.

Mahesh Sharma is the present Lok Sabha MP of Gautam Buddha Nagar and Pankaj Singh is the present MLA of Noida.

References

Cities in Uttar Pradesh

Noida


Italian Rococo art refers to painting and the plastic arts in Italy during the Rococo period, which went from about the early/mid-18th to the late 18th century.

History and background
Italian Rococo was mainly inspired by the rocaille or French Rococo, since France was the founding nation of that particular style. The styles of the Italian Rococo were very similar to those of France. The style in Italy was usually lighter and more feminine than Italian Baroque art, and became the more popular art form of the settecento.

The leading artistic centres during the Rococo in Italy were Venice, Genoa and Rome. Most Italian Rococo artists came from Venice, such as Canaletto, Tiepolo, Guardi, Piazzetta and Bellotto, but also from Rome and Genoa, such as Piranesi and Pannini. Artists such as Castiglione and Alessandro Magnasco brought the vogue of Rococo art to Genoa, and Neapolitan Rococo was mainly based on landscapes and naturalistic themes. Canaletto and Tiepolo were among the most prominent painters of the age, and they painted many frescos and cityscapes (particularly Canaletto).

List of painters
A list of Italian Rococo painters:, Sirio Antonio Africa, Jacopo Amigoni, Marcello Bacciarelli, Antonio Balestra, Francesco Bambocci, Pompeo Batoni, Antonio Bellucci, Bernardo Bellotto, Giovanni Antonio Canal, (or il Canaletto), Carlo Innocenzo Carloni, Rosalba Carriera, Andrea Casali, Placido Costanzi, Giovanni Antonio Cucchi, Carlo Angelo dal Verme, Antonio De Giorgi, Stefano Fabbrini, Federico Ferrari, Francesco Fontebasso, Francesco Liani, Pier Leone Ghezzi, Corrado Giaquinto, Ignazio Hughford, Andrea Locatelli, Pietro Longhi, Giovanni Battista Lusieri, Alessandro Magnasco, Mauro Soderini, Giuseppe Moriani, Francesco de Mura, Domenico Pellegrini, Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, Antonio Pillori, Giovanni Battista Pittoni, Giovanni Paolo Panini, Ferdinando Porta, Michele Rocca, Pietro Antonio Rotari, Giovanni Scajario, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo, Stefano Torelli, Francesco Zuccarelli, Francesco Zugno.

Gallery

See also
Italian Rococo interior design

References

Rococo art
Italian art

Italian Rococo art


A mathematical proof is a deductive argument for a mathematical statement, showing that the stated assumptions logically guarantee the conclusion. The argument may use other previously established statements, such as theorems; but every proof can, in principle, be constructed using only certain basic or original assumptions known as axioms, along with the accepted rules of inference. Proofs are examples of exhaustive deductive reasoning which establish logical certainty, to be distinguished from empirical arguments or non-exhaustive inductive reasoning which establish "reasonable expectation". Presenting many cases in which the statement holds is not enough for a proof, which must demonstrate that the statement is true in all possible cases. A proposition that has not been proved but is believed to be true is known as a conjecture, or a hypothesis if frequently used as an assumption for further mathematical work.

Proofs employ logic expressed in mathematical symbols, along with natural language which usually admits some ambiguity. In most mathematical literature, proofs are written in terms of rigorous informal logic. Purely formal proofs, written fully in symbolic language without the involvement of natural language, are considered in proof theory. The distinction between formal and informal proofs has led to much examination of current and historical mathematical practice, quasi-empiricism in mathematics, and so-called folk mathematics, oral traditions in the mainstream mathematical community or in other cultures. The philosophy of mathematics is concerned with the role of language and logic in proofs, and mathematics as a language.

History and etymology

The word "proof" comes from the Latin probare (to test). Related modern words are English "probe", "probation", and "probability", Spanish probar (to smell or taste, or sometimes touch or test), Italian provare (to try), and German probieren (to try).  The legal term "probity" means authority or credibility, the power of testimony to prove facts when given by persons of reputation or status.

Plausibility arguments using heuristic devices such as pictures and analogies preceded strict mathematical proof. It is likely that the idea of demonstrating a conclusion first arose in connection with geometry, which originated in practical problems of land measurement. The development of mathematical proof is primarily the product of ancient Greek mathematics, and one of its greatest achievements. Thales (624–546 BCE) and Hippocrates of Chios (c. 470–410 BCE) gave some of the first known proofs of theorems in geometry. Eudoxus (408–355 BCE) and Theaetetus (417–369 BCE) formulated theorems but did not prove them. Aristotle (384–322 BCE) said definitions should describe the concept being defined in terms of other concepts already known.

Mathematical proof was revolutionized by Euclid (300 BCE), who introduced the axiomatic method still in use today. It starts with undefined terms and axioms, propositions concerning the undefined terms which are assumed to be self-evidently true (from Greek "axios", something worthy). From this basis, the method proves theorems using deductive logic. Euclid's book, the Elements, was read by anyone who was considered educated in the West until the middle of the 20th century. In addition to theorems of geometry, such as the Pythagorean theorem, the Elements also covers number theory, including a proof that the square root of two is irrational and a proof that there are infinitely many prime numbers.

Further advances also took place in medieval Islamic mathematics. In the 10th century CE, the Iraqi mathematician Al-Hashimi worked with numbers as such, called "lines" but not necessarily considered as measurements of geometric objects, to prove algebraic propositions concerning multiplication, division, etc., including the existence of irrational numbers. An inductive proof for arithmetic sequences was introduced in the Al-Fakhri (1000) by Al-Karaji, who used it to prove the binomial theorem and properties of Pascal's triangle.

Modern proof theory treats proofs as inductively defined data structures, not requiring an assumption that axioms are "true" in any sense. This allows parallel mathematical theories as formal models of a given intuitive concept, based on alternate sets of axioms, for example Axiomatic set theory and Non-Euclidean geometry.

Nature and purpose

As practiced, a proof is expressed in natural language and is a rigorous argument intended to convince the audience of the truth of a statement. The standard of rigor is not absolute and has varied throughout history. A proof can be presented differently depending on the intended audience. To gain acceptance, a proof has to meet communal standards of rigor; an argument considered vague or incomplete may be rejected.

The concept of proof is formalized in the field of mathematical logic. A formal proof is written in a formal language instead of natural language. A formal proof is a sequence of formulas in a formal language, starting with an assumption, and with each subsequent formula a logical consequence of the preceding ones. This definition makes the concept of proof amenable to study. Indeed, the field of proof theory studies formal proofs and their properties, the most famous and surprising being that almost all axiomatic systems can generate certain undecidable statements not provable within the system.

The definition of a formal proof is intended to capture the concept of proofs as written in the practice of mathematics. The soundness of this definition amounts to the belief that a published proof can, in principle, be converted into a formal proof. However, outside the field of automated proof assistants, this is rarely done in practice. A classic question in philosophy asks whether mathematical proofs are analytic or synthetic. Kant, who introduced the analytic–synthetic distinction, believed mathematical proofs are synthetic, whereas Quine argued in his 1951 "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" that such a distinction is untenable.

Proofs may be admired for their mathematical beauty. The mathematician Paul Erdős was known for describing proofs which he found to be particularly elegant as coming from "The Book", a hypothetical tome containing the most beautiful method(s) of proving each theorem. The book Proofs from THE BOOK, published in 2003, is devoted to presenting 32 proofs its editors find particularly pleasing.

Methods of proof

Direct proof

In direct proof, the conclusion is established by logically combining the axioms, definitions, and earlier theorems. For example, direct proof can be used to prove that the sum of two even integers is always even:

Consider two even integers x and y. Since they are even, they can be written as x = 2a and y = 2b, respectively, for some integers a and b. Then the sum is x + y = 2a + 2b = 2(a+b). Therefore x+y has 2 as a factor and, by definition, is even. Hence, the sum of any two even integers is even.

This proof uses the definition of even integers, the integer properties of closure under addition and multiplication, and the distributive property.

Proof by mathematical induction

Despite its name, mathematical induction is a method of deduction, not a form of inductive reasoning. In proof by mathematical induction, a single "base case" is proved, and an "induction rule" is proved that establishes that any arbitrary case implies the next case. Since in principle the induction rule can be applied repeatedly (starting from the proved base case), it follows that all (usually infinitely many) cases are provable. This avoids having to prove each case individually. A variant of mathematical induction is proof by infinite descent, which can be used, for example, to prove the irrationality of the square root of two.

A common application of proof by mathematical induction is to prove that a property known to hold for one number holds for all natural numbers:
Let } be the set of natural numbers, and let  be a mathematical statement involving the natural number  belonging to  such that
 (i)  is true, i.e.,  is true for .
 (ii)  is true whenever  is true, i.e.,  is true implies that  is true.
 Then  is true for all natural numbers .

For example, we can prove by induction that all positive integers of the form  are odd.  Let  represent " is odd":
(i) For , , and  is odd, since it leaves a remainder of  when divided by . Thus  is true.
(ii) For any , if  is odd (), then  must also be odd, because adding  to an odd number results in an odd number.  But , so  is odd ().  So  implies .
Thus  is odd, for all positive integers .

The shorter phrase "proof by induction" is often used instead of "proof by mathematical induction".

Proof by contraposition

Proof by contraposition infers the statement "if p then q" by establishing the logically equivalent contrapositive statement: "if not q then not p".

For example, contraposition can be used to establish that, given an integer , if  is even, then  is even:

 Suppose  is not even. Then  is odd. The product of two odd numbers is odd, hence  is odd. Thus  is not even. Thus, if  is even, the supposition must be false, so  has to be even.

Proof by contradiction

In proof by contradiction, also known by the Latin phrase reductio ad absurdum (by reduction to the absurd), it is shown that if some statement is assumed true, a logical contradiction occurs, hence the statement must be false.  A famous example involves the proof that  is an irrational number:

Suppose that  were a rational number. Then it could be written in lowest terms as  where a and b are non-zero integers with no common factor. Thus, . Squaring both sides yields 2b2 = a2. Since the expression on the left is an integer multiple of 2, the right expression is by definition divisible by 2. That is, a2 is even, which implies that a must also be even, as seen in the proposition above (in #Proof by contraposition). So we can write a = 2c, where c is also an integer. Substitution into the original equation yields 2b2 = (2c)2 = 4c2. Dividing both sides by 2 yields b2 = 2c2. But then, by the same argument as before, 2 divides b2, so b must be even. However, if a and b are both even, they have 2 as a common factor. This contradicts our previous statement that a and b have no common factor, so we must conclude that  is an irrational number.

To paraphrase: if one could write  as a fraction, this fraction could never be written in lowest terms, since 2 could always be factored from numerator and denominator.

Proof by construction

Proof by construction, or proof by example, is the construction of a concrete example with a property to show that something having that property exists. Joseph Liouville, for instance, proved the existence of transcendental numbers by constructing an explicit example.  It can also be used to construct a counterexample to disprove a proposition that all elements have a certain property.

Proof by exhaustion

In proof by exhaustion, the conclusion is established by dividing it into a finite number of cases and proving each one separately. The number of cases sometimes can become very large. For example, the first proof of the four color theorem was a proof by exhaustion with 1,936 cases. This proof was controversial because the majority of the cases were checked by a computer program, not by hand. The shortest known proof of the four color theorem  still has over 600 cases.

Probabilistic proof

A probabilistic proof is one in which an example is shown to exist, with certainty, by using methods of probability theory. Probabilistic proof, like proof by construction, is one of many ways to prove existence theorems.

In the probabilistic method, one seeks an object having a given property, starting with a large set of candidates. One assigns a certain probability for each candidate to be chosen, and then proves that there is a non-zero probability that a chosen candidate will have the desired property. This does not specify which candidates have the property, but the probability could not be positive without at least one.

A probabilistic proof is not to be confused with an argument that a theorem is 'probably' true, a 'plausibility argument'. The work on the Collatz conjecture shows how far plausibility is from genuine proof. While most mathematicians do not think that probabilistic evidence for the properties of a given object counts as a genuine mathematical proof, a few mathematicians and philosophers have argued that at least some types of probabilistic evidence (such as Rabin's probabilistic algorithm for testing primality) are as good as genuine mathematical proofs.

Combinatorial proof

A combinatorial proof establishes the equivalence of different expressions by showing that they count the same object in different ways. Often a bijection between two sets is used to show that the expressions for their two sizes are equal. Alternatively, a double counting argument provides two different expressions for the size of a single set, again showing that the two expressions are equal.

Nonconstructive proof

A nonconstructive proof establishes that a mathematical object with a certain property exists—without explaining how such an object can be found. Often, this takes the form of a proof by contradiction in which the nonexistence of the object is proved to be impossible. In contrast, a constructive proof establishes that a particular object exists by providing a method of finding it. The following famous example of a nonconstructive proof shows that there exist two irrational numbers a and b such that  is a rational number. This proof uses that  is irrational (an easy proof is known since Euclid), but not that  is irrational (this is true, but the proof is not elementary).
Either  is a rational number and we are done (take ), or  is irrational so we can write  and . This then gives , which is thus a rational number of the form

Statistical proofs in pure mathematics

The expression "statistical proof" may be used technically or colloquially in areas of pure mathematics, such as involving cryptography, chaotic series, and probabilistic number theory or analytic number theory. It is less commonly used to refer to a mathematical proof in the branch of mathematics known as mathematical statistics.  See also the "Statistical proof using data" section below.

Computer-assisted proofs

Until the twentieth century it was assumed that any proof could, in principle, be checked by a competent mathematician to confirm its validity. However, computers are now used both to prove theorems and to carry out calculations that are too long for any human or team of humans to check; the first proof of the four color theorem is an example of a computer-assisted proof. Some mathematicians are concerned that the possibility of an error in a computer program or a run-time error in its calculations calls the validity of such computer-assisted proofs into question. In practice, the chances of an error invalidating a computer-assisted proof can be reduced by incorporating redundancy and self-checks into calculations, and by developing multiple independent approaches and programs. Errors can never be completely ruled out in case of verification of a proof by humans either, especially if the proof contains natural language and requires deep mathematical insight to uncover the potential hidden assumptions and fallacies involved.

Undecidable statements
A statement that is neither provable nor disprovable from a set of axioms is called undecidable (from those axioms). One example is the parallel postulate, which is neither provable nor refutable from the remaining axioms of Euclidean geometry.

Mathematicians have shown there are many statements that are neither provable nor disprovable in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice (ZFC), the standard system of set theory in mathematics (assuming that ZFC is consistent); see List of statements undecidable in ZFC.

Gödel's (first) incompleteness theorem shows that many axiom systems of mathematical interest will have undecidable statements.

Heuristic mathematics and experimental mathematics

While early mathematicians such as Eudoxus of Cnidus did not use proofs, from Euclid to the foundational mathematics developments of the late 19th and 20th centuries, proofs were an essential part of mathematics. With the increase in computing power in the 1960s, significant work began to be done investigating mathematical objects outside the proof-theorem framework, in experimental mathematics. Early pioneers of these methods intended the work ultimately to be embedded in a classical proof-theorem framework, e.g. the early development of fractal geometry, which was ultimately so embedded.

Related concepts

Visual proof
Although not a formal proof, a visual demonstration of a mathematical theorem is sometimes called a "proof without words". The left-hand picture below is an example of a historic visual proof of the Pythagorean theorem in the case of the (3,4,5) triangle.

Some illusory visual proofs, such as the missing square puzzle, can be constructed in a way which appear to prove a supposed mathematical fact but only do so under the presence of tiny errors (for example, supposedly straight lines which actually bend slightly) which are unnoticeable until the entire picture is closely examined, with lengths and angles precisely measured or calculated.

Elementary proof

An elementary proof is a proof which only uses basic techniques. More specifically, the term is used in number theory to refer to proofs that make no use of complex analysis. For some time it was thought that certain theorems, like the prime number theorem, could only be proved using "higher" mathematics. However, over time, many of these results have been reproved using only elementary techniques.

Two-column proof

A particular way of organising a proof using two parallel columns is often used as a mathematical exercise in elementary geometry classes in the United States. The proof is written as a series of lines in two columns. In each line, the left-hand column contains a proposition, while the right-hand column contains a brief explanation of how the corresponding proposition in the left-hand column is either an axiom, a hypothesis, or can be logically derived from previous propositions. The left-hand column is typically headed "Statements" and the right-hand column is typically headed "Reasons".

Colloquial use of "mathematical proof"
The expression "mathematical proof" is used by lay people to refer to using mathematical methods or arguing with mathematical objects, such as numbers, to demonstrate something about everyday life, or when data used in an argument is numerical. It is sometimes also used to mean a "statistical proof" (below), especially when used to argue from data.

Statistical proof using data

"Statistical proof" from data refers to the application of statistics, data analysis, or Bayesian analysis to infer propositions regarding the probability of data. While using mathematical proof to establish theorems in statistics, it is usually not a mathematical proof in that the assumptions from which probability statements are derived require empirical evidence from outside mathematics to verify. In physics, in addition to statistical methods, "statistical proof" can refer to the specialized mathematical methods of physics applied to analyze data in a particle physics experiment or observational study in physical cosmology. "Statistical proof" may also refer to raw data or a convincing diagram involving data, such as scatter plots, when the data or diagram is adequately convincing without further analysis.

Inductive logic proofs and Bayesian analysis

Proofs using inductive logic, while considered mathematical in nature, seek to establish propositions with a degree of certainty, which acts in a similar manner to probability, and may be less than full certainty. Inductive logic should not be confused with mathematical induction.

Bayesian analysis uses Bayes' theorem to update a person's assessment of likelihoods of hypotheses when new evidence or information is acquired.

Proofs as mental objects

Psychologism views mathematical proofs as psychological or mental objects.  Mathematician philosophers, such as Leibniz, Frege, and Carnap have variously criticized this view and attempted to develop a semantics for what they considered to be the language of thought, whereby standards of mathematical proof might be applied to empirical science.

Influence of mathematical proof methods outside mathematics
Philosopher-mathematicians such as Spinoza have attempted to formulate philosophical arguments in an axiomatic manner, whereby mathematical proof standards could be applied to argumentation in general philosophy. Other mathematician-philosophers have tried to use standards of mathematical proof and reason, without empiricism, to arrive at statements outside of mathematics, but having the certainty of propositions deduced in a mathematical proof, such as Descartes' cogito argument.

Ending a proof

Sometimes, the abbreviation "Q.E.D." is written to indicate the end of a proof. This abbreviation stands for "quod erat demonstrandum", which is Latin for "that which was to be demonstrated". A more common alternative is to use a square or a rectangle, such as □ or ∎, known as a "tombstone" or "halmos" after its eponym Paul Halmos. Often, "which was to be shown" is verbally stated when writing "QED", "□", or "∎" during an oral presentation. Unicode explicitly provides the "end of proof" character, U+220E (∎) (220E(hex) = 8718(dec)).

See also

References

Further reading
 .
 .
 .

 .
 .
 .

External links

 Proofs in Mathematics: Simple, Charming and Fallacious
 A lesson about proofs, in a course from Wikiversity

Proof
Proof

Proof theory
Sources of knowledge

Mathematical proof


Year 200 (CC) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

World
 Human population reaches about 257 million.

Roman Empire
 Emperor Septimius Severus visits Syria, Palestine and Arabia.
 Palestine, benefiting from the kind policies of Severus, sees a big economic return.
 The province of Numidia is taken from the African proconsul and made an Imperial province.

India
 Rudrasena I, Saka ruler of the Western Satrap dynasty, becomes king of Malwa in ancient India.

Asia
 Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats Yuan Shao in the Battle of Guandu.
 In Japan, Himiko, whose capital is in Yamatai, extends her authority over a number of clans.
 Empress Jingu sends a Japanese fleet to invade Korea. The Koreans surrender at the sight of the huge multi-oared ships and offer tribute.

America
 The Classic Age of Maya civilization begins (around this year).
 The Paracas culture in the Andes comes to an end (around this year).

By topic

Art
 Septimius Severus, Julia Domna and their children, Publius Septimius Geta and Caracalla, from Fayum, Egypt, is made. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.

Religion
 Jewish Eretz Yisraeli scholar Judah ha-Nasi puts together tracts of the Mishnah.  This begins the making of Talmudic law.
 Clement of Alexandria says to not use musical instruments to support human voices in Christian music.
 Brahmanism changes into Hinduism (approximate date).

Births
 Fei Yi, an official of Shu (approximate date) (d. 253)
 Ma Jun (d. 265)
 Wang Ling, general of Wei (d. 250)
 Sun Shao, general of Wu (d. 242)
 Zhou Fang, general of Wu (d. 240)
 Diophantus, Greek mathematician
 Marcus Claudius Tacitus, Roman Emperor (d. 276)
 Valerian I, Roman Emperor

Deaths
 Chunyu Qiong (executed by Yuan Shao)
 Dong Cheng (executed by Cao Cao)
 Gan Ji, Taoist priest
 Han Juzi, general under Yuan Shao
 Ji Ping (executed by Cao Cao)
 Ju Shou (officer of Yuan Shao)
 Lü Weihuang
 Mi Heng, renowned scholar and friend of Kong Rong (executed by Huang Zu) (b. 173)
 Sui Yuanjin
 Sun Ce, 25, elder brother of the founder of Wu Kingdom, Sun Quan (b. 175)
 Tian Feng (executed by Yuan Shao)
 Wen Chou, general under Yuan Shao
 Xu Gong
 Yan Liang, general under Yuan Shao
 Zheng Xuan (b. 127)

References

200


Objectivism is a philosophy that was started by Ayn Rand. It has four main ideas:

1. Everything that exists has an identity. This identity does not depend on how people think about it or talk about it. This is also true for things like feelings or ideas. It says that a thing is the thing which it is, or "A is A." What people learn about the things that exist comes both from the identity of the things themselves and from the way that people observe (see) and think about what they have observed.

2. Reason is how a person knows that what he thinks or believes is true. A person cannot make something true just by wanting it to be true or by mysticism. Only rational, logical thinking can produce the best outcome. This means recognizing that a thing is the thing it is, and to not confuse it with things which it is not.

3. It is good to be happy, and it is good for a person to try to be happy. People should always try to improve their lives and be happy in the long term, so that they are happy now and in the future. People should not hurt others to try to be happy, but they also should not hurt themselves to try to make other people happy. People should also not make themselves less happy to help something like God. Ayn Rand called this "rational self-interest".

4. If governments or criminals take things away from people, or try to make people do things they do not want to do, it does damage to everybody. Ayn Rand thought that governments should only be able to protect people from violence, theft, fraud, and other actions that go against people's rights. This includes laissez-faire capitalism and is sometimes called libertarianism.

She first told people these ideas in her novels The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. She talked about them more in The Objectivist Newsletter, The Objectivist, The Ayn Rand Letter, Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology and The Virtue of Selfishness.

Philosophical movements and positions

Objectivism (Ayn Rand)


Louis of France (Louis Ferdinand; 4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) was the only surviving son of King Louis XV of France and his wife, the popular Queen Marie Leszczyńska. He was the Dauphin of France all his life. He was the father of three kings of France, Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X.

Early life and education

Louis was born at the Palace of Versailles. As the heir apparent to the throne of France, he was given the traditional title of Dauphin of France.

Louis' governess was Madame de Ventadour. From an early age Louis took a great interest in the military arts. He was very close to his three oldest sisters.

Marriages

In 1744 Louis XV negotiated a marriage between his fifteen year old son and the nineteen year old Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. The marriage contract was signed 13 December 1744 and the marriage was celebrated by proxy at Madrid 18 December 1744 and in person at Versailles 23 February 1745. Louis and Maria Teresa Rafaela were well matched and had a real affection for each other. They had one daughter Princess Marie Thérèse who died before reaching adulthood and killed her mother.

On 10 January 1747 Louis was married by proxy at Dresden to Maria Josepha of Saxony, the fifteen year old younger daughter of Frederick Augustus II, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland and his wife, Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria. A second marriage ceremony took place in person at Versailles on 9 February 1747.

Louis died of consumption at Fontainebleau in 1765 at the age of thirty-six. Louis was buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne in Sens his heart being buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis.

Children
Marie Thérèse of France (19 July 1746 – 27 April 1748). Named after her mother, she died young.
Marie Zéphyrine of France (26 August 1750 - 1 September 1755) died in young.
Louis Joseph of France, Duke of Burgundy (13 September 1751 - 22 March 1761) died young.
Xavier of France, Duke of Aquitaine (8 September 1753 -22 February 1754_
Louis XVI of France (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) married Marie Antoinette and had children.
Louis XVIII of France (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824) married Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy, no children.
Charles X of France (9 October 1757 - 6 November 1836) married Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy and had children
Marie Clotilde de France (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802) married Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, no children.
Élisabeth of France (3 May 1764 – 10 May 1794) died unmarried.

1729 births
1765 deaths
People from Versailles
House of Bourbon
Deaths from tuberculosis
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Dauphins and Dauphines of France

Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XV)


The "Pomp and Circumstance Marches" are a group of five marches for orchestra composed by Sir Edward Elgar.  Their full title is: "Pomp and Circumstance Military Marches").  Elgar started to write a sixth march, but never finished it.

The first of the marches is especially famous and has a tune which is one of the best known tunes in Britain.  It is often sung to the words " Land of Hope and Glory".

The title

The title "Pomp and Circumstance"is taken from Act III, Scene iii of Shakespeare's Othello:

Farewell the neighing steed and the shrill trump,
The spirit-stirring drum, th'ear-piercing fife,
The royal banner, and all quality,
Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!"

The marches

The Pomp and Circumstance marches are
March No. 1 in D (1901)
March No. 2 in A minor (1901)
March No. 3 in C minor (1904)
March No. 4 in G (1907)
March No. 5 in C (1930)
March No. 6 in G minor (written as sketches, elaborated by Anthony Payne in 2005–06)

The first five were all published by Boosey & Co. as Elgar's Op. 39.  Elgar dedicated each march to one of his musical friends.

Each march takes about five minutes to play.

" March No. 1 in D "  is the best known of the set.  It was completed, together with March No. 2, in 1901, soon after the first performance of his "Dream of Gerontius" which had been badly performed.  Elgar dedicated it to Alfred Rodewald who conducted its first performance with the Liverpool Orchestra Society on 19 October 1901. Both marches were played two days later at a Promenade Concert in the Queen's Hall London, conducted by Henry Wood.  Elgar knew that the audience would love the big tune in the middle of March No. 1, so that march was played second.  Henry Wood tells in his autobiography that "the people simply rose and yelled.  I had to play it again – with the same result; in fact, they refused to let me get on with the programme….merely to restore order, I played the march a third time."

The next year King Edward VII was due to be crowned in June.  The King liked the big tune, and wanted it performed with words at the coronation.  So Elgar used it at the end of his Coronation Ode with words by A.C. Benson.  The coronation did not take place because the king became ill just before the big day. "Land of Hope and Glory" was sung in June 1902 by Clara Butt, and the whole Ode was performed in Sheffield four months later.

In Britain "Land of Hope and Glory" is sung every year at the Last Night of the Proms in the Royal Albert Hall as part of the Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1.

The words are:
Land of Hope and Glory, Mother of the Free,
How shall we extol thee who are born of thee?
Wider still and wider shall thy bounds be set;
God, who made thee mighty, make thee mightier yet.

In the United States the tune is sometimes known as "Pomp and Circumstance" or as "The Graduation March", and is played as the processional tune at high school and college graduation ceremonies,.

" March No. 2 in A minor "  was dedicated to the composer Granville Bantock". It was first performed at the same concert as March No. 1.  It the shortest and simplest of the marches.

" March No. 3 in C minor "  was finished in November 1904 and published in 1905. It was dedicated to Ivor Atkins". It was first performed on 8 March 1905, in the Queen's Hall, London, conducted by the composer.  It sounds quite serious at first, then it becomes very energetic.

" March No. 4 in G "  is very grand, like No. 1.  Again there is a big tune in the middle.  It was dedicated to Dr. G. Robertson Sinclair, the organist of Hereford Cathedral.  It was first performed on 24 August 1907, in the Queen's Hall, London, conducted by Elgar himself.

" March No. 5 in C ", composed in 1930, was dedicated to Percy Hull, a friend from Hereford.  It has some brilliant orchestral effects.

" March No. 6 in G minor "  was started, but when Elgar died there were only sketches left.  The musician Anthony Payne recently discovered some more sketches for it in the library of the  Royal School of Church Music.  He finished composing in the way that Elgar might have done, and the work was first performed on 2 August 2006 with Andrew Davis conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra at The Proms at Royal Albert Hall.

References
Wood, Henry, My Life of Music (London, 1938)
Programme note by Wendy Thompson for Last Night of the Proms 1995

Notes

Compositions by Edward Elgar

Pomp and Circumstance Marches


A beehive is a structure in which some species of honey bees (genus Apis) live and raise their young.  Natural beehives (or "nests") are made by honey bee colonies, while domesticated honey bees are kept in man-made beehives in a location known as an apiary. The beehives made by people are usually the things referred to by the word "beehive."

Beehives have hexagonal cells in them, packed together. This is called a honeycomb.

Beekeeping

Beehive


Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891) was the wife of the US President James K. Polk. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1845 to 1849.

Early life and education
She was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She was the elder daughter of her parents, Captain Joel and Elizabeth Childress. As a child, she lived on a plantation near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.  She got a good education and studied at Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Marriage and family
On 1 January 1824, she married James K. Polk. At the time of her marriage, she was 20 years old. Polk was aged 28 years. At the time of this marriage, Polk had just begun his first year's service in the Tennessee legislature.

The Polk couple did not get any children of their own. They raised a nephew, Marshall Polk (1831-1884). After her husband's death, Sarah Polk raised a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847–1924).

First Lady tenure
She also helped privately her husband in preparing his speeches and in his correspondence. During her term as the First Lady, the functions at the White House were famous for their calmness and soberness. One of the reasons being her young age when she became the First Lady. She became the First Lady when she was only 41. The other reason that she was having a good health.

After being First Lady
Her husband died just after three months of her retirement as the President. At that time the couple was living at their new home named Polk Place in Nashville. After her husband's death she always dressed in black. She lived in that house for about 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady.

Living longer
Only three other First Ladies, namely, Anna Harrison, Edith Bolling Wilson, Lady Bird Johnson and Bess Truman had lived longer than Sarah Polk. Sarah Polk, as the First Lady of the United States, even outlived several of her successors. She lived longer than Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza McCardle Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes.

Death
She died in Nashville, Tennessee just three weeks before her 88th birthday.

Legacy
As the First Lady, and even after her retirement as the First Lady, she earned a lot of respect from all section of the society.

First Ladies of the United States
James K. Polk
1803 births
1891 deaths

Sarah Childress Polk


The Weblog Awards, nicknamed the Bloggies, was an annual non-profit blog awards that began in 2001. Until its end in 2015, it was  the longest running and one of the largest blog awards, with winners determined through internet voting by the public. The Weblog Awards were presented by Nikolai Nolan, and was covered by many major news organizations.

In 2015, Nolan announced an end to the competition, stating that "Visitor participation has declined to the point where there just aren't enough nominees to form a broad enough spectrum of competition."

Awards
Entries are alphabetical; winners are in bold:

2001
2001 was the first year that the Weblog Awards was held.

Culture
Article or essay about weblogs: Deconstructing "You've Got Blog"; Ten Tips For Building A Bionic Weblog; Weblogs: A History and Perspective; What the Hell Is a Weblog, and Why Won't They Leave Me Alone?; You've Got Blog
Meme: A Day With(out) Weblogs; Hiding blog names in source code; The "A-List"; The "Little Girl On a Bike" story
Web application for weblogs: Blogger; BlogVoices; GreyMatter; Manila; Pitas.com
Weblog directory or update monitor: Blog.Start; Blogger; EatonWeb Portal; SubHonker Filter; Weblogs.com
Weblog resource: Blogger; The Bling Dictionary; Weblog Madness; Weblog Resources FAQ; Weblog, Theory and Practice
Weblog webring: Aussie Blogs; BlogCanada; BlogPhiles; Linksluts; Webloggers

Origin
Asian weblog: Daily Bread; GMTPlus9; IritibilitaLog; Poppycock; Weblog Wannabe
Australian or New Zealand weblog: Design Is Kinky; Loobylu; Virulent Memes; Waferbaby
Canadian weblog: 2xy.org=f(ab); Have Browser, Will Travel; Pith and Vinegar; SuccaLand; Weblog Shmeblog
European weblog: Kitsch...; LukeLog; Not.So.Soft; PlasticBag.org; Prolific
Latin American weblog: Eduardo Arcos; PoseidonZone; Pura Vida; Rafael Nevarez: Ese Soy Yo; Zamorim

Accessory
Designed weblog: EvHead; Kottke..org; Loobylu; NoahGreyCom; Saturn.org
Non-weblog content of a weblog site: Fairvue Central; Harrumph; WaferBaby; Wetlog;Zeldman.com
Tagline of a weblog: Blogger; Harrumph; MemePool; MetaFilter: "More addictive than crack"; Virulent Memes
Webcam of a weblog site: EvHead; Fairvue Central; Kottke.org; MegNut

Theme
Computers or technology weblog: Ars Technica; GeekNews; Hack the Planet; Kuro5hin; Slashdot
Temporary or periodic weblog: Born, Eat, Shag, Die: The Mayfly Project; SurvivorBlog; SXSWb; The 5K; The Great Blog-Off
Topical weblog: Disturbing Search Requests; Guardian Unlimited: The Weblog; Librarian.net; New York, London, Paris, Munich; U2Log.com
Weblog about weblogs: Borrowed Blogs; Haiku the Blog; MetaCubed; The Dark Ages of Weblogging; Webloglog

Character
GLBT weblog: 2xy.org=f(ab); Leather Egg; Must See HTTP; PlasticBag.org; Web Queeries
Humorous weblogs: Disturbing Search Requests; Harrumph; RiotHero; Torrez.org; Wetlog
Group or community weblog: Disturbing Search Requests; MemePool; MetaFilter; Slashdot; Web Queeries

Process
Blogger-powered weblog: Harrumph; Prolific; Saturn.org; Swallowing Tacks; /USR/Bin/Girl
Manila-powered weblog: Disturbing Search Requests; Doc Searls Weblog; Hack the Planet; Q; Scripting News
PITAS-powered weblog: Catherine's Pita; Deletia; Openlog; Ribbit; Wisdom
Programming of a website: CamWorld; Fairvue Central; Kottke.org; MetaFilter; WaferBaby

Quality
Best-kept-secret weblog: A Curmudgeon Teaches Statistics; Consolation Champs; Digital Swirlee; Follow Me Here; Wockerjabby
Lifetime achievement: Cameron Barrett; Dave Winer; Jeffrey Zeldman; Jorn Barger; Jason Kottke
New weblog: Lines and Splines; Little Yellow Different; Re-run; ThinkDink; Weblog Wannabe
Weblog of the year: Harrumph; MetaFilter; Not.So.Soft; PlasticBag.org; Saturn.org; /Usr/Bin/Girl

Notes

References

External links
 The Weblog Awards

Blog awards
Awards established in 2001
Awards disestablished in 2015

The Weblog Awards (Bloggies)


Operation FALCON (Federal and Local Cops Organized Nationally) is the name of several week-long dragnets organized by the United States Marshals Service. FALCON I occurred between April 4 and 10, 2005 (also Crime Victims' Rights Week), FALCON II during the week of April 17–23, 2006, and FALCON III from October 22–28, 2006.

During FALCON I, a total of 10,340 federal fugitives were arrested in all 50 U.S. states as well as Puerto Rico and Guam by some 3,000 to 10,000 law enforcement officers from such agencies as the ATF, the FBI, the Secret Service, and the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.

FALCON netted the largest number of arrests ever recorded during a single operation. This included the arrests of 162 accused or convicted of murder, 638 wanted for armed robbery, 553 wanted for rape or sexual assault, 154 gang members, and 106 unregistered sex offenders. The greatest category of arrests (4,291) was for narcotics violations. Other large classes of wanted fugitives arrested included 1818 burglary suspects and 1727 assault suspects. In addition to the arrests, 243 weapons, 30 kg of cocaine, 19 kg of heroin, 204 kg of marijuana and $373,000 in cash was seized by Operation FALCON teams.

Although the Marshals Service provided coordination for the sweep, most of the manpower for the arrests came from local law enforcement: 206 state law enforcement agencies, 302 county sheriffs' departments, and 366 city police departments were involved, as well as 25 federal agencies and all 83 districts of the U.S. Marshals Service, which allocated about $900,000 to the operation.

External links
 CNN Report
 US Marshals Operation FALCON website

Law enforcement operations in the United States
United States Marshals Service

Operation FALCON


Harvey Banks Martin (November 16, 1950 – December 24, 2001) was an American professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys from 1973 until 1983. He starred at South Oak Cliff High School and East Texas State University, before becoming an All-Pro with the Cowboys.

Early years
In Martin's junior year (1967) in high school, he transferred to South Oak Cliff High School, which had become the first integrated high school in Dallas. That year, he overheard his father tell his mother that he was ashamed that his son did not play like his friends' children, so Martin decided to suit up for a football team for the first time in his life. The team went 9–1, though Martin was a backup offensive tackle and only played whenever they had a sizable lead.

He would change that in his senior year, when in the spring game he got a chance to fill in on defense and eventually convinced the coaches to move him to defensive tackle. By the third game of his senior season, he was a starter and became the best lineman on a 12–1 team that won the Dallas City championship and went on to the State quarterfinals. Still he was so thin and so late-blooming, that the only college that offered him a scholarship was East Texas State in Commerce (now named Texas A&M University–Commerce).

Outside of Dwight White being his roommate, his first two college seasons playing as a defensive end were undistinguished. But he evolved into the best defensive end in school history. During his senior year (1972), en route to leading the school to a national title, he was named to the NAIA All-American, All-Texas, and All-LSC teams.

Martin is one of the most recognized names in the history of Texas A&M University–Commerce athletics and was inducted into its Hall of Fame in 1987. Texas A&M University–Commerce in 2008 also started hosting the Harvey Martin Classic, where the school's football team plays against another team from the Lone Star Conference.

In 2007, he was selected to the Lone Star Conference's 75th Anniversary football team and was named the LSC defensive player of the decade for the 1970s. In 2010, he was inducted into the Lone Star Conference Hall Of Fame.

Professional career
Martin was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round of the 1973 NFL Draft. During his first years with the team, the coaching staff looked to instill in Martin a sense of aggressiveness, confidence and mental toughness, that didn't come naturally to him. He eventually improved his physical strength and his technique by practicing against future hall of famer Rayfield Wright. He also developed into an emotional player and fierce competitor, so much so, that he was nicknamed "Too Mean". By his third year in 1975, he was a full-time starter.

The NFL didn't start recognizing quarterback sacks as an official stat until 1982; however, the Cowboys have their own records, dating back before the 1982 season. According to the Cowboys' stats, Martin is unofficially credited with a total of 114 sacks, leading the Cowboys in sacks seven times during a nine-year period, with a high total of 23 sacks in 1977.
Martin played only on passing downs as a rookie, but still led the team in quarterback sacks with 9, tying Willie Townes rookie team record.  Martin took down the QB 7.5 times in 1974 and 9.5 times in 1975.  Martin  broke out with  15 1/2 sacks in 1976 and made the Pro Bowl for the first time. He still holds the team record for most sacks for a rookie (9 - 1973) and in a season (23 - 1977). His unofficial career franchise sack record lasted 30 years, before being broken by DeMarcus Ware in 2013.

His 1977 season was one of the greatest ever by an NFL player. In a 14-game season he totaled 85 tackles and a league-leading 23 sacks (more than Michael Strahan's 22.5 record in 16 games), he was named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year, a consensus All-Pro selection, was a key player in the Cowboys winning Super Bowl XII, and a co-MVP of the game with Randy White.

Martin remained the team sack leader or co-leader every year, but his totals started to dwindle as his personal problems (financial problems and addictions) grew bigger. He followed up his 23-sack 1977 season with a 16-sack performance in 1978, 10 in 1979, 12 in 1980, 10 in 1981, 8 in 1982 and 2 in 1983.

As part of the famed Doomsday Defense, "The Beautiful" aka "Too Mean" went to the Pro Bowl four times. Former Cowboys GM Tex Schramm stated: "He'll be remembered as one of the great Cowboys of the golden years ... He was a great player, one of the first great pass rushers". Martin, along with Don Meredith, is among the few players to play his high school (Dallas South Oak Cliff High School), college (East Texas State University, now Texas A&M University–Commerce), and pro career (Dallas Cowboys) in and around the Dallas, Texas, area. He never played a home game, on any level, outside of North Texas.

Martin retired in 1983 after refusing to take a Cowboys ordered drug test and during a feud with the team in which he claimed he was being forced to play injured.  Martin later admitted in a 1986 autobiography that he did indeed have a cocaine addiction at the time.

In 2009, he was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame. He is also a member of the Texas Black Sports Hall of Fame.

The Professional Football Researchers Association named Martin to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2016

Personal life
Following his retirement in 1984, Martin briefly served as an NFL analyst for NBC, participated in the battle royal at WrestleMania 2 (1986) for World Wrestling Federation, and appeared several times in World Class Championship Wrestling and the Global Wrestling Federation as a ringside commentator.

With football gone, many inner demons came to light, including bankruptcies, domestic violence, and polysubstance abuse.  Although coach Tom Landry sent him to rehab in 1983, Martin continued to abuse drugs and alcohol. He hit rock-bottom in 1996 when "Too Mean" was jailed on domestic violence and cocaine charges, receiving probation and spending eight months in a court-ordered rehabilitation program.

During the last years of his life, Martin turned his life around. He secured a job as a salesman for Dallas company Arrow-Magnolia. He also spoke to children, drug addicts, and other groups about drug abuse and the challenges of his life. On December 24, 2001, Martin died of pancreatic cancer at Baylor Medical Center in Grapevine, Texas. He was survived by his mother, son, and daughter. Martin never married. Many former teammates were among the 1,000 people who attended his funeral service at Prestonwood Baptist Church in Plano. Martin's sister, Mary Martin, established the Harvey Martin Dream Foundation, Inc., an organization to foster educational mentoring and financial assistance to minority high school students, in her brother's memory. Of Harvey Martin's legacy, Tex Schramm commented, "He'll be remembered as one of the great Cowboys of the golden years."

Martin died of pancreatic cancer on December 24, 2001, at the age of 51. Before Bart Starr's death on May 26, 2019, Martin was the only Super Bowl Most Valuable Player to have died.  The surviving co-MVP, Randy White, would perform the ceremonial coin toss at Super Bowl XLVII, which, like Super Bowl XII, was played in New Orleans.  White was also present to represent Martin and himself at both Super Bowl XL and Super Bowl 50, during the recognition honors for all past Super Bowl MVP's.

References

External links
 A Shining Knight No More
 The Comeback of Harvey Martin - dallasobserver.info
 Lone Star Conference Hall of Fame bio
 Harvey Martin Dream Foundation

1950 births
2001 deaths
African-American male professional wrestlers
African-American players of American football
American football defensive ends
American male professional wrestlers
Burials in Texas
Dallas Cowboys players
Deaths from cancer in Texas
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award winners
Players of American football from Dallas
Professional wrestlers from Texas
Super Bowl MVPs
Texas A&M–Commerce Lions football players

Harvey Martin


Anubis is the protector of the gates to the Underworld, Osiris replaced him as the god of the dead. He looks like a man with the head of a Pharaoh Hound, called Tesem.

Anubis's Purpose

Anubis, as the god of death and the afterlife, was closely associated with mummification and burial rites. Egyptian jackals had an association with the dead, as well. They were often found digging up buried bodies and eating them, which may be why Anubis was depicted as part jackal. The priests who mummified the  pharaohs wore costumes to make them appear like Tesem (Pharaoh hound).

The Egyptian people believed that Anubis helped decide the fate of the dead in the afterlife. The heart of the dead was weighed against the feather of truth (representing the goddess Ma'at), to see if the deceased was worthy of entering the afterlife. If the person had lived an evil life, his or her heart would be heavy with evil, and he or she would be eaten by Ammit (the Devourer). If a person was kind and good, the heart would be light, he or she could continue on to the afterlife safe and sound to meet Osiris.

Anubis, in the Book of the Dead. Is shown giving equality through research of weighing the human heart to a feather. Any honesty will make the feather heavier than the heart on the scale.

In Greece and Rome
In later times, during the Ptolemaic period, as their functions were similar, Anubis came to be identified as the Greek god Hermes, becoming Hermanubis. The centre of this cult was in uten-ha/Sa-ka/ Cynopolis, a place whose Greek name simply means "city of dogs". In Book XI of  "The Golden Ass" by Apuleius, we find evidence that the worship of this god was maintained in Rome at least up to the 2nd century. Indeed, it was revealed that Hermanubis also appeared in the alchemical and hermetical literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

Although the Greeks and Romans typically scorned Egypt's animal-headed gods as bizarre and primitive (they mockingly called Anubis the "Barker"), Anubis was sometimes associated with Sirius in heaven, and Cerberus in the underworld.

References

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of the underworld
Dog breeds

Anubis


Sandals are an open type of footwear, with a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps or thongs passing over the instep and around the ankle. While the distinction between sandals and other types of footwear can sometimes be unclear (as in the case of huaraches—the woven leather footwear seen in Mexico), the common understanding is that a sandal reveals most or all of the foot (especially the toes) to view. People may choose to wear sandals for several reasons, among them economy (sandals tend to require less material than shoes), comfort in warm weather, and (especially for women) for reasons of fashion and attractiveness.

Usually, sandals are worn in warmer climates or during warmer parts of the year, because feet stay cool and dry. The chances of getting a fungal infection on the feet (athlete's foot) is lower than with wearing an enclosed shoe and wearing sandals may be part of treatment for a fungal foot infection.

Footwear

Sandal (footwear)


Upplandsmuseet is the county museum of Uppsala County, Sweden.

The institution is responsible for preservation and conducting research in the area of the cultural history and archaeology of the county, including the city of Uppsala (parts of the historical province of Uppland, from which the museum takes its name, belong to Stockholm County). The permanent exhibition covers subjects such as the history of the city, of Uppsala Cathedral, and of student life at Uppsala University. Public activities are conducted in the Akademikvarnen, the open air museum Disagården in Gamla Uppsala and at  Walmstedtska gården  in the Karin district of Uppsala.

The museum is headquartered  in the Akademikvarnen, a former water mill belonging to the university, located  on the Fyris River in central Uppsala. The former water mill  was completed in 1768. It remained in operation until 1946. Between 1957 and 1959 the mill's premises were rebuilt to house the Uppland Museum. The exterior of the building was used by Ingmar Bergman for the bishop's house in the film Fanny and Alexander (1982).

References

External links
Upplandsmuseet website

Museums in Uppsala
History museums in Sweden

Upplandsmuseet


Microsoft Tablet PC is a term coined by Microsoft for tablet computers conforming to a set of specifications announced in 2001 by Microsoft, for a pen-enabled personal computer, conforming to hardware specifications devised by Microsoft and running a licensed copy of Windows XP Tablet PC Edition operating system or a derivative thereof.

Hundreds of such tablet personal computers have come onto the market since then.

History
In 2003, original equipment manufacturers released the first tablet PCs designed to the Microsoft Tablet PC specification. This generation of Microsoft Tablet PCs were designed to run Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, the Tablet PC version of Windows XP. This version of Microsoft Windows superseded Microsoft's earlier pen computing operating environment, Windows for Pen Computing 2.0. After releasing Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, Microsoft designed the successive desktop computer versions of Windows, Windows Vista and Windows 7, to support pen computing intrinsically. The Tablet PC with Windows XP released in 2001 had 128 megabytes of RAM and a 600 megahertz processor, with a storage capacity of 10 GB.

Following Windows for Pen Computing, Microsoft has been developing for tablets running Windows under the Microsoft Tablet PC name. According to a 2001 Microsoft definition of the term, "Microsoft Tablet PCs" are pen-based, fully functional x86 PCs with handwriting and voice recognition functionality. Tablet PCs use the same hardware as normal laptops but add support for pen input. For specialized support for pen input, Microsoft released Windows XP Tablet PC Edition. Today there is no tablet specific version of Windows but instead support is built into both Home and Business versions of Windows Vista and Windows 7. Tablets running Windows get the added functionality of using the touchscreen for mouse input, hand writing recognition, and gesture support. Following Tablet PC, Microsoft announced the UMPC initiative in 2006 which brought Windows tablets to a smaller, touch-centric configuration. This was relaunched in 2010 as Slate PC, to promote tablets running Windows 7 Slate PCs are expected to benefit from mobile hardware advances derived from the success of the netbooks.

Many tablet manufacturers are moving to the ARM architecture with lighter operating systems, Microsoft followed suit in 2012 with Surface and Windows RT. Though Microsoft has Windows RT for ARM support it has kept its target market for the smartphone industry with Windows Phone 8. Some manufacturers, however, still have shown prototypes of Windows CE-based tablets running a custom shell.

Recent developments of tablet computers with Windows featured Microsoft's Surface line, which ran the windows RT operating system, and later Windows 8.1 and x86 and ARM versions of Windows 10.

Configurations

Booklet
Booklet PCs are dual screen tablet computers that fold like a book. Typical booklet PCs are equipped with multi-touch screens and pen writing recognition abilities. They are designed to be used as digital day planners, internet surfing devices, project planners, music players, and displays for video, live TV, and e-reading.

Slate
Slate computers, which resemble writing slates, are tablet computers without a dedicated keyboard. For text input, users rely on handwriting recognition via an active digitizer, touching an on-screen keyboard using fingertips or a stylus, or using an external keyboard that can usually be attached via a wireless or USB connection.

Tablet PCs typically incorporate small () LCD screens and have been popular in vertical markets such as health care, education, hospitality and field work. Applications for field work often need a tablet PC that has rugged specifications that ensure long life by resisting heat, humidity, and drop/vibration damage. This added focus on mobility and/or ruggedness often leads to eliminating moving parts that could raise vulnerability.

Convertible

Also known as Netvertible; Convertible notebooks have a base body with an attached keyboard. They more closely resemble modern laptops, and are usually heavier and larger than slates.

Typically, the base of a convertible attaches to the display at one joint called a swivel hinge or rotating hinge. The joint allows the screen to rotate through 180° and fold down on top of the keyboard to provide a flat writing surface. This design, although the most common, creates a physical point of weakness on the notebook.

Some manufacturers have attempted to overcome these weak points. The Panasonic Toughbook CF-19, for example, is advertised as a more durable convertible notebook. One model by Acer (the TravelMate C210) has a sliding design in which the screen slides up from the slate-like position and locks into place to provide the laptop mode.

Convertibles are by far the most popular configuration of tablet PCs, because they still offer the keyboard and pointing device (usually a touchpad) of older notebooks, for users who do not use the touchscreen display as the primary input method.

Hybrid
Hybrids, coined by users of the HP/Compaq TC1000 and TC1100 series, share the features of the slate and convertible by using a detachable keyboard that operates similarly to a convertible when attached. Hybrids are not the same as slate models with detachable keyboards. Detachable keyboards for pure slate models do not rotate to allow the tablet to rest on it like a convertible.
An examples of hybrids are Microsoft Surface (10.6 or 12) or Fujitsu Stylistic (11.6 with an Intel-i5-vPro processor).

System software
Windows 7 touch capability is similar to Microsoft PixelSense technologies (formerly known as Microsoft Surface).  This is a gesture and touch-centric UI enhancement that works with most current touch computers.  Windows has a history of tablet technology including Windows XP Tablet PC Edition. Tablet PC Edition is a superset of Windows XP Professional, the difference being tablet functionality, including alternate text input (Tablet PC Input Panel) and basic drivers for support of tablet PC specific hardware. Requirements to install Tablet PC Edition include a tablet digitizer or touchscreen device, and hardware control buttons including a Ctrl-Alt-Delete shortcut button, scrolling buttons, and at least one user-configurable application button.

Service Pack 2 for Windows XP includes Tablet PC Edition 2005 and is a free upgrade. This version brought improved handwriting recognition and improved the Input Panel, allowing it to be used in almost every application. The Input Panel was also revised to extend speech recognition services (input and correction) to other applications.

With the succession of Windows Vista, the Tablet PC functionality no longer needed a separate edition. Tablet PC support is built into all editions of Windows Vista with the exception of Home Basic and Starter editions. This extends the handwriting recognition, ink collection, and additional input methods to any computer running Vista even if the input device is an external digitizer, a touch screen, or even a regular mouse. Vista also supports multi-touch functions and gestures (originally developed for the Microsoft PixelSense version of Vista) and is now usable by the public with the release of multi-touch tablets. Windows Vista also significantly improved handwriting recognition functionality with the introduction of a handwriting recognition personalization tool as well as an automatic handwriting learning tool.

Tablet functionality is available in all editions of Windows 7 except the Starter edition. It introduces a new Math Input Panel that recognizes handwritten math expressions and formulas, and integrates with other programs. Windows 7 also significantly improved pen input and handwriting recognition by becoming faster, more accurate, and supportive of more languages, including East Asian writing systems. Personalized custom dictionaries help with the recognition of specialized vocabulary (like medical and technical terms), and text prediction speeds up the input process to make note-taking faster. Multi-touch technology is also available on some Tablet PCs, enabling more advanced interaction using touch gestures with your fingers the same way a mouse is used. Despite such advances, problems may arise with tablet functions of the OS, when, for instance, touch screen drivers are recognized as PS/2 mouse input rather than a touch input device. In such instances tablet functions may be unavailable or severely restricted in functionality.

Windows applications

Applications developed for the tablet PC cater to the configuration and functionality available on the platform. Many forms of applications incorporate a pen-friendly user interface and/or the ability to hand write directly in the document or interface.

A brief description of the applications included follows:

Experience Pack
 Ink Desktop: an Active Desktop control designed to run in the background and allow the user to write directly on the desktop.
 Snipping Tool: a screen capture application which allows the tablet pen to be used to select a portion of the screen and then annotate it and save as a file or send in an email.
 Ink Art: a painting application developed by Ambient Design originally as ArtRage, licensed to Microsoft for release to Tablet PC users.
 Ink Crossword: a crossword application developed to mirror the experience of a paper crossword puzzle on a tablet PC.
 Media Transfer: a synchronization utility designed to download music, pictures, and videos from computers in the same network.

Education Pack
 Ink Flash Cards: an application designed to assist memorization by using a flashcard approach, enabling the user to hand write their own flash cards and display them back in a slide show.
 Equation Writer: a recognition tool specializing in converting handwritten mathematical equations to a computer-generated image for pasting into other documents.
 GoBinder Lite: an organization and note-taking application developed by Agilix Labs.
 Hexic Deluxe: a game with a tablet PC specific gesture enabled for easier use with the tablet.

Touch Pack
The Touch Pack for Windows 7 is a free package of games and programs optimized for multitouch input.
 Microsoft Blackboard
 Microsoft Garden Pond
 Microsoft Rebound
 Microsoft Surface Globe
 Microsoft Surface Collage
 Microsoft Surface Lagoon

Application software
 Microsoft Windows Journal
 Microsoft Office OneNote
 Einstein Technologies Tablet Enhancements for Outlook
 FutureWave Smartsketch drawing program published by FutureWave Software
 GO Corporation
 Agilix GoBinder
 Mobilis – Protectis Range
 EverNote
 InkSeine: Prototype Tablet GUI/Interface – Microsoft Research
 Xournal – a Linux notetaking application
 OnSite Companion Construction Software for Tablet PC
 Stardraw Control – room automation, home cinema control system

Microsoft Tablet PCs vs. traditional notebooks
The advantages and disadvantages of tablet PCs are highly subjective measures. What appeals to one user may be exactly what disappoints another. The following are commonly cited opinions of the tablet PC platform:

Advantages
 Use in environments not conducive to a keyboard and mouse such as lying in bed, standing, or handling with one hand.
 Lighter weight, lower power models can function similarly to dedicated reading devices like the Amazon Kindle.
 Touch environment makes navigation easier than conventional use of keyboard and mouse or touchpad in certain contexts such as image manipulation, or mouse oriented games.
 Digital painting and image editing is enhanced and more realistic than painting or sketching with a mouse.
 The ability for easier or faster entering of diagrams, mathematical notations, and symbols.
 Allows, with the proper software, universal input, independent from different keyboard localizations.
 Some users find it more natural and fun to use a stylus to click on objects rather than a finger, mouse or touchpad, which are not directly connected to the pointer on screen.
 Use in entertainment for all media.

Disadvantages
 Higher cost – convertible tablet PCs can cost significantly more than their non-tablet counterparts, laptops, although this premium has been predicted to fall.
 Input speed – handwriting can be significantly slower than typing speeds, the latter of which can be as high as 50–150 words per minute; however, Slideit, Swype and other technologies are able to provide alternate, faster methods of input.
 Screen and hinge damage risk – Tablet PCs are handled more than conventional laptops, yet are built on similar frames; in addition, since their screens also serve as input devices, they run a higher risk of screen damage via impacts and misuse. A convertible tablet PC's screen hinge often must rotate around two axes, unlike a normal laptop screen, subsequently increasing the number of possible mechanical and electrical (digitizer and video cables, embedded Wi-Fi antennas, etc.) failure points.
 Ergonomics – a tablet PC does not provide room for a wrist rest while the screen is folded into slate mode. In addition, the user will need to move their arm constantly while writing.
 Weaker video abilities – Most tablet PCs are equipped with embedded graphics processors instead of discrete graphics cards. In July 2010, the only tablet PCs with discrete graphics cards were the HP TouchSmart tm2t, and the Gateway M285-E which has the ATI Mobility Radeon HD5450 and X1400 series

Features
In addition to the host of features found on regular laptops, tablet PCs may also possess:

Capacitive contact technology, which can sense fingers on the screen without needing significant pressure for system to recognize an input.
Palm recognition, which prevent inadvertent palms or other contacts from disrupting the pen's input.
Multi-touch abilities, which can recognize multiple simultaneous finger touches, allowing for enhanced manipulation of on-screen objects.

See also

Similar devices
 E-book reader
 Comparison of e-book readers
 Tablet computer
 History of tablet computers
 Comparison of tablet computers
 Microsoft Surface

Related components
 Bluetooth
 High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
 Solid-state drive (SSD)

References

External links

Comparison table of convertible tablets
Microsoft Center for Research on Pen-Centric Computing
 Notes on the History of Pen-based Computing (YouTube)
 Annotated bibliography of references on Pen and Tablet Computers

Personal computers
Tablet computers

Microsoft Tablet PC


Fancy was a 46-gun frigate commanded by pirate Henry Every between May 1694 to late 1695.

History

Fancy was initially a 46-gun privateer named Charles II  – after Charles II of Spain – in Spanish service, commanded by a Captain Gibson, and was anchored at A Coruña, Spain. On 7 May 1694, Henry Every and a few other conspirators organised and carried out a successful mutiny and, setting Captain Gibson ashore, left A Coruña for the Cape of Good Hope. At this time, Charles II was renamed Fancy.

Upon arriving at the Cape, Every sailed to the island of Johanna (Anjouan) in the Comoros Islands, where he had Fancy careened, removing barnacles and weed from the section of the hull that was permanently below water, increasing her speed. He also had Fancy razeed, intentionally removing parts of the ship's superstructure in order to increase her speed. Following this work, Fancy became one of the fastest ships active in the Indian Ocean, and Every used this speed to attack and take a French pirate ship, looting the vessel and recruiting approximately 40 of the crew to his own ship, leaving him with a total complement of around 150.

Every continued to be active in the Indian Ocean, where he worked alongside other famous pirates of his time, including Thomas Tew. Most notable in his captures was Ganj-i-Sawai, a Mughal ship under the command of Ibrahim Khan during Emperor Aurangzeb's era. Since Ganj-I-Sawai mounted 62 cannons and had four to five hundred musket-armed guards, cannon fire from Fancy was instrumental in Every's victory – the first salvo caused a cannon aboard Ganj-I-Siwai to explode, killing a number of gunners. Every's career ended when the crew returned to Nassau in April 1696, in the Bahamas. He returned to Britain aboard the sloop Sea Flower, arriving in Ireland in June 1696 and promptly disappearing.

Although the fate of Fancy is unknown, it was rumored that Every gave her to the governor of Nassau as a bribe. There is supporting documentary evidence that Fancy ran aground on New Providence and Governor Trott had the guns and everything of value stripped.

References

Sources
 FOX, E.T., King of the Pirates: The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every, The History press, Stroud, Glos. 2008,

Further reading

 BAER, Joel H. Pirates of the British Isles, Tempus Publishing, London 2005
 HANNA, Mark G., Pirate Nests and the Rise of the British Empire, 1570–1740, University of North Carolina Press 2015
 PRESTON, Diana & Michael, A Pirate of Exquisite Mind –The Life of William Dampier, Corgi Books 2005
 PRINGLE, Patrick, Jolly Rodger, The Story of the Great Age of Piracy, Dover Publications Inc., New York 2001

Age of Sail ships of England
Pirate ships
Privateer ships
1690s ships
Charles II of Spain

Fancy (ship)


Nichiren (16 February 1222 - 13 October 1282) was a Buddhism priest who lived in Japan. He is often called Nichiren, "Nichi" means "sun" and "ren" means "lotus". The type of Buddhism he founded is known as Nichiren Buddhism. Nichiren's actions and writings are the basis of the modern Buddhist organization Soka Gakkai International (SGI). According to SGI's interpretation of Buddhism, it is through faith, practice and study that people can tap into their Buddha nature, become truly happy, and build a peaceful society. Faith refers to the belief in the concept known as "the mystic law of the universe." Practice means to chant every day the phrase "Nam-myo-ho-renge-kyo" and sections from the Lotus Sutra while sitting in front of the Gohonzon, a sacred scroll that hangs in the butsudan (an altar). Practice also entails telling other people about Nichiren Buddhism. Study means reading the writings of Nichren and discussing the readings with other people.

1222 births
1282 deaths
Buddhist clergy

Nichiren


Surgery is an operation that involves cutting, taking out, changing or fixing parts of the human body. Doctors who do surgeries are called surgeons. Many surgeons are experts in certain areas; for example, a surgeon that operates on bones is called an orthopaedic surgeon.

Surgery (operations) can be very simple, like taking a tooth out. Surgery can also be very complicated, like repairing a damaged heart.

Operating rooms have to be very clean places. The doctors and nurses go to great lengths to keep the room clean where the surgery is done. Regular cleaning of the room and its tools keeps everything clean and germ-free.

Everyone in the operating room must wear special clothes, hats, shoes, gowns, gloves and masks that are clean and germ free. The only people allowed there are the doctors and nurses as well as the patient.

When people have operations they are normally put to sleep with general anaesthesia. When the patients are asleep, they cannot feel anything. In some kinds of surgery local anesthesia (stopping the pain in the place where the cutting is done) is enough.

In recent years, many patients that cannot get the required surgery in their own country, or find the costs too high, travel to another country for medical care. This is called medical tourism.

Related pages
 Plastic surgery

Surgery


An intrusion is magma (melted rock) which cools and becomes solid under the Earth's surface.  It occurs when there are lines of weakness such as faults, joints, or bedding planes in the crust. Then magma enters these lines of weakness.  By contrast, an extrusion is magma which cools into rock above the surface of the crust. Both intrusive and extrusive rocks are classed as igneous rocks.

The process of forming intrusive rocks may take millions of years. As the rock slowly cools into a solid, the different parts of the magma crystallize into minerals. The crystals are usually larger than in extrusive rocks. Many mountain ranges, such as the Sierra Nevada in California, are formed mostly by intrusive rock. Often they are huge granite (or related rock) formations.

Intrusions vary widely, from mountain range sized batholiths to thin vein-like fracture fillings. When exposed by erosion, these cores called batholiths may occupy huge areas of Earth's surface. Large bodies of magma that solidify underground before they reach the surface of the crust are called plutons.

Intrusive structures may go between bedding planes of earlier 'country' rock. A sill is an intrusion which makes a table along bedding planes. A dyke is an intrusion which moves up, crossing older strata.

Related pages
Volcanic plug

Geology
Igneous rocks

Intrusion


Political corruption is using powers of government officials or their network contacts for inappropriate private gain.

The forms of corruption are very different between one another. Examples of political corruption are lobbying, bribery, extortion (which refers when to someone commits blackmail or bribery against or threatens other people through putting a feeling of fear by telling certain people something will happen if the victim does not comply), nepotism (the unfair use of power for receiving job employments or benefits by family or friends), patronage (improperly using state money/goods to reward families, certain groups or races in exchange for voting for certain political party members) and embezzlement. Corruption is often linked to human trafficking, money laundering and drug trafficking. But political corruptions are not limited to these illegal acts. Misuse of government power for certain other purposes, an example of which is police brutality is also classified as political corruption.

Political corruption hurts democracy by going against the formal process. Corruption in elections and in legislature reduces responsibility and falsely represents the related creations of policies.

Economies having a high level of political corruption tend to not be as financially successful as one that has low level corruption. Political corruption not only threatens justice and ethical values. Recalls of loans by international banks, along with massive selling of emerging market stocks from international mutual funds, is associated with (and can actually cause) crises in economics and currency problems in certain countries. Examples of these problems are in Asia, Africa and Central America.

References

Politics
Economic systems
Controversies

Political corruption


Emily Jean "Emma" Stone (born November 6, 1988) is an American actress. Ane o the warld's heichest-paid actresses in 2015, Stone haes received an Academy Awaird, BATFA Awaird, a Gowden Globe Awaird, an three Screen Actors Guild Awairds. She appeared in Forbes Celebrity 100 in 2013, an is eften descrived bi the media as a talentit actress o her generation.

1988 births
21st-century American actresses
Actresses frae New York Ceety
Actresses frae Scottsdale, Arizona
American bairn actresses
American film actresses
American fowk o Swadish strynd
American Lutherans
American televeesion actresses
American vyce actresses
Livin fowk
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners
Pairteecipants in American reality televeesion series
Fowk frae Greenwich Village
Fowk frae Arizona
Best Muisical or Comedy Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Female Actor in a Leadin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners
Best Actress Academy Awaird winners

Emma Stone


In Norse mythology Herja (Old Norse) is a valkyrie attested in the longer of the two Nafnaþulur lists found in the Prose Edda.

Rudolf Simek says the name is etymologically related to the Old Norse herja and Old High German herjón (meaning "devastate"), and derives from Proto-Germanic word *Herjaza. Simek notes that the Continental Germanic goddess name Hariasa (attested from a now lost 2nd century stone found in Cologne, Germany) also derives from *Herjaza, but says that "it is almost impossible to say whether Herja was an original name of a goddess including among the North Germanic peoples," and that "an independent development is equally likely in the case of a 'goddess of war'."

Notes

References

 Finnur Jónsson (1973). Den Norsk-Islandske Skjaldedigtning. København: Rosenkilde og Bagger.

Germanic mythology
Valkyries
Germanic given names

Herja