The atoms of a chemical element can exist in different types that have very similar behavior, but weigh different amounts. These are called isotopes of the element. Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons, but different isotopes have different numbers of neutrons. Different isotopes of the same element have different masses because they have a different number of neutrons. Mass is the word for how much substance (or matter) something has. Things with different masses also have different weights.

Some isotopes are not stable so they change to another isotope or element by radioactive decay. These are called radioactive isotopes. Others are not radioactive. These are called stable isotopes.

Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons, which is called the atomic number. Different isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons. As a result, they also have different mass numbers, which is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons. An isotope is usually named by giving the element and the mass number. For example, the symbol for carbon is C and all carbon atoms have 6 protons. The most common isotope of carbon also has 6 neutrons, giving a mass number of 12, and it is written carbon-12 or 12C. The isotope of carbon that has 8 neutrons is written carbon-14 or 14C.

The word "isotope", meaning "at the same place", comes from the fact that isotopes of the same element are at the same place on the periodic table.

Chemical properties

In any neutral atom, the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons. As a result, isotopes of the same element also have the same number of electrons and the same electronic structure. The way an atom acts is decided by its electronic structure, so isotopes of the same element have almost the same chemical behavior, such as the molecules it can form. It is very difficult to separate the isotopes of an element from a mixture of different isotopes because of how similar this behavior is.

Heavier isotopes react chemically more slowly than lighter isotopes of the same element. This "mass effect" is large for protium (1H) and deuterium (2H), because deuterium has twice the mass of protium. For heavier elements, the relative atomic weight ratio between isotopes is much less, so the mass effect is usually small.

Stability
Some isotopes are not stable so they change to a different isotope or element by radioactive decay. These are called unstable isotopes, or radioactive isotopes. The average time it takes an isotope to decay is called the half-life. Other isotopes do not decay so they are not radioactive. They are called stable isotopes.

Every atom has an atomic nucleus, which is made from protons and neutrons that are held together by the nuclear force. Because protons have positive electrical charge, they repel each other. Neutrons are neutral and they stabilize the nucleus. The neutrons hold the protons slightly apart. This reduces the electrostatic repulsion between the protons, so the nuclear force can hold the protons and neutrons together. One or more neutrons are necessary for two or more protons to bind into a nucleus. As the number of protons increases, so does the number of neutrons needed to have a stable nucleus.

Some elements only have a single isotope that is stable. For example, fluorine-19 (19F) is the only stable isotope of fluorine. The other isotopes of fluorine decay rapidly so they are not found in nature. Other elements have many stable isotopes. For example, xenon has seven stable isotopes. It also has two isotopes that decay very slowly that are found in nature. The largest number of stable isotopes for any element is ten, for the element tin. Some elements do not have any stable isotopes, such as curium. These only exist on Earth because they are created in nuclear reactors, nuclear explosions, or particle accelerators.

Some unstable isotopes exist naturally on Earth because they have a very long half-life. For example, uranium-238 has a half-life of 4468 million years. The half life of radium-226 is only 1600 years, and it is found in nature because it is constantly forming from the decay of uranium-238.

Hydrogen has three common isotopes. The most common isotope of hydrogen is called protium (1H), which has one proton and no neutrons. A hydrogen atom that has a proton and a neutron (atomic mass of 2) is called deuterium (2H). Hydrogen with one proton and two neutrons (atomic mass of 3) is called tritium (3H). Protium and deuterium are stable isotopes, while tritium is a radioactive isotope.

The heaviest elements in the periodic table are all radioactive. All of the isotopes of radon, thorium, and uranium are radioactive, since they are very heavy. This is because the nuclear forces inside the nucleus of the atom cannot hold together all the protons and neutrons.

Related pages
Isotope electrochemistry
Radionuclide

Isotopes
Nuclear physics

Isotope


The bharal or Himalayan blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) is a mammal of the Caprinae subfamily.

The bharal is found in the high Himalayas of Nepal, Tibet, China, Kashmir, Pakistan, Bhutan and the Republic of India.

The bharal has horns that grow upwards, curve out and then towards the back, somewhat like an upside down mustache.

Bharal are active throughout the day, feeding and resting on the grassy mountain slopes. With their excellent camouflage and the absence of cover in their environment, bharal stay motionless when approached. Once they have been noticed, however, they scamper up to the precipitous cliffs, where they once again freeze, using camouflage to blend into the rock face.

Where they overlap, they are the favourite prey of snow leopards and leopards. A few lambs fall prey to foxes or eagles.

References

Caprids
Mammals of Asia

Bharal


Los Tres Reyes are a group of three Mexican singers. They record mariachi and ranchera music. Their comeback album Retorno De Los Tres Reyes (2001) peaked within the top 20 of the Mexican Albums Chart. The album contained a cover version of Selena's "No Me Queda Mas" song. The group recorded the song as a duet with Selena and released a promotional music video. The group has sold over 1,600,000 copies in the United States.

Other websites
Allmusic

Mexican musical groups

Los Tres Reyes


A Leclanche battery or Leclanche cell is a primary cell (it cannot be recharged). It was invented by the French engineer George Leclanché around 1866. It used to be the "everyday battery", but it has been replaced by the alkaline battery. It has much lower power than the alkaline battery, but it is cheaper to make. It is lighter than the alkaline battery and can be easily found in general stores. It is normally marketed with the label "Extra Heavy Duty" or "Super Heavy Duty" on it, meaning that some of the electrolytes have been replaced to make it longer lasting. It works by the oxidation of zinc by manganese dioxide. It has a zinc chloride or ammonium chloride electrolyte.

Parts
 C = Carbon rod (positive terminal)
 MnO2 = Manganese dioxide (depolarizer)
 NH4Cl = Ammonium chloride (electrolyte)
 Zn = Zinc case (negative terminal)

Related pages
Battery
Table of batteries

Batteries

Leclanche battery


The banner o Germany is a tricolour consistin o three equal horizontal baunds displayin the naitional colours o Germany: black, reid, an gowd.

The black-red-gowd tricolour first appeared in the early 19t century an achieved prominence during the 1848 Revolutions. The short-lived Frankfurt Parliament o 1848–1850 proposed the tricolour as a banner for a unitit an democratic German state. Wi the formation o the Weimar Republic efter Warld War I, the tricolour wis adoptit as the naitional banner o Germany. Follaein Warld War II, the tricolour wis designatit as the banner o baith Wast an East Germany. The twa banners wur identical till 1959, whan the East German banner wis augmentit wi the coat o airms o East Germany. Synee reunification on 3 October 1990, the black-red-gowd tricolour haes remained the banner o Germany.

The banner o Germany haes no aaways uised black, red, an gowd as its colours. Efter the Austro-Proushyan War in 1866, the Proushyan-dominatit North German Confederation adoptit a tricolour o black-white-red as its banner. This banner later became the banner o the German Empire, formed follaein the unification o Germany in 1871, an wis uised till 1918. Black, white, an reid wur reintroduced as the German naitional colours wi the establishment o Nazi Germany in 1933.

The colour schemes o black-red-gowd an black-white-red hae played an important role in the history o Germany an hae haed various meanins. The colours o the modren banner are associatit wi the republican democracy formed efter Warld War II, an represent German unity an freedom: no anerlie the freedom o Germany, but an aa the personal freedom o the German fowk.

Oreegins
The oreegins o the colours black-red-gowd lie in the freedom wars o 1813 against Napoleon. The uniforms o the Lützow Free Corps reflectit thir colours. The Korps consistit o students, which wur risin against the occupation o Germany bi the French. Thay wur a voluntary unit in the airmy an came frae aw ower Germany. Thair commander wis Major Adolf von Luetzow. Syne thay war frae different pairts o Germany an war aw wearing different coloured claes, the anly possibility for them, in order tae hae a uniform appearance, wis tae colour thair claes black. Additionally thay war wearing golden coloured (brass) buttons as well as reid trimmings.

The German relation tae black an gowd surfaced in the radical 1840's, whan the black-red-gowd banner wis uised tae seembolise the movement against the Conservative European Order that wis established efter Napoleon's defeat.

The Frankfurt Parliament haed declared the black-red-gowd as the offeecial colours o the German Confederation, wi the reid in the tricolour maist likely referencin the Hanseatic League, an the gowd an black seembolisin Austrick as its empire considered tae be "German", haed an influence ower (what wad acome) soothren Germany. Thare are mony theories in circulation regardin the oreegins o the colour scheme utilized in the 1848 banner. It haes been proposed that the colours wur those o the Jena Student's League, ane o the radically mindit Burschenschaften banned bi Metternich in the Carlsbad Decrees. Anither claim goes back tae the uniforms (mainly black wi reid facins an gowd buttons) o the Lützow Free Corps, comprisin maistly varsity students an formed durin the struggle against the occupyin forces o Napoleon. It is durin the mid-nineteent century that reid became seenonymous wi revolution an Karl Marx's socialist vision. Whaiver the true explanation, thir colours suin came tae be regardit as the naitional colours o Germany durin this brief period, an especially efter thair reintroduction durin the Weimar period, thay hae acome seenonymous wi leeberalism in general.

References

Naitional seembols o Germany
Germany

Banner o Germany


Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a free software distributed operating system. It was made for research purposes as the successor to UNIX by the Computing Sciences Research Center at Bell Labs during the late 1980s. Plan 9 is currently used as a hobbyist's operating system, and in certain experimental fields, where the highly distributed nature of the operating system is valued. Plan 9 has novel features such as the 9P protocol for accessing local and remote resources as files, union mounts, an improved proc file system, and native unicode support throughout the system. In Plan 9, all system interfaces, including those required for networking and the user interface, are represented through the file system rather than specialized interfaces. It also has a graphical user interface built in, called rio, in anticipation of the graphical world.

The name Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a reference to the Ed Wood 1959 cult science fiction movie Plan 9 from Outer Space. Also, Glenda, the Plan 9 Bunny, is presumably a reference to Wood's film Glen or Glenda.

History
Plan 9 was originally developed for research purposes, as Bell Labs was looking for a replacement for the venerable UNIX. It underwent mass testing, as all the computers at Bell Labs had Plan 9 installed, in lieu of UNIX, which was commonplace previously. It explored several modifications to the pre-existing UNIX system, primarily the distributed nature of the system, and the graphical user-interface. In 1992, Bell Labs released a public version, for universities, and soon after, a version for the general public. The highly restrictive nature of the licence at the time, and the steep 500$ licencing fee resulted in it being ignored, in lieu of Linux.

When Lucent-Alcatel acquired Bell, in the 1990s, however, funding for the system was slashed, and in 2000, it was released into the world under a FOSSy licence. In February 2014, Alcatel-Lucent permitted the University of California, Berkeley to release Plan9 under the popular GNU General Public License.

Operating systems

Plan 9 from Bell Labs


Santiago de Tequila is a Mexican city. The town is in the Mexican state of Jalisco. At the 2005 census, Tequila had 38,534 people. The town is known for being the birthplace of the beverage known as tequila. The popularity and history of the drink made the town of Tequila a World Heritage Site.

Cities in Mexico
World Heritage Sites in Mexico
Jalisco

Tequila, Jalisco


The Berry Islands are a chain of islands and a District of the Bahamas.  The Berry Islands has about thirty islands and over one hundred small islands or cays.  It is often called "The Fish Bowl of the Bahamas." There are about 700 people. Most of the people are on Great Harbour Cay. The islands were settled in 1836 by Governor Colebrook and a group of freed slaves.

The main attraction is big game fishing. Some of the fish that can be found there are billfish, tuna, grouper, tiger fish, yellowtail snapper, wahoo, king mackerel, and many more.  There are also great spots for snorkeling and scuba diving.

Other websites

Islands of the Bahamas
Districts of the Bahamas

Berry Islands


Johann Ludwig Krapf (11 January 1810 – 26 November 1881) was a German missionary in East Africa, as well as an explorer, linguist, and traveler. Krapf played an important role in exploring East Africa with Johannes Rebmann. They were the first Europeans to see Mount Kenya with the help of Akamba who dwelled at its slopes and Kilimanjaro.
Ludwig Krapf visited Ukambani, the homeland of the Kamba people, in 1849 and again in 1850. He successfully translated the new testament to the Kamba language. Krapf also played a key role in exploring the East African coastline, especially in Mombasa.

Early life
Krapf was born into a Lutheran family of farmers in southwest Germany. From his school days onward he developed his gift for languages. He initially studied Latin, Greek, French and Italian. More languages were to follow throughout his life. After finishing school he joined the Basel Mission Seminary at age 17 but discontinued his studies as he had doubts about his missionary vocation. He read theology at University of Tübingen and graduated in 1834. While working as an assistant village pastor, he met a Basel missionary, Peter Fjellstedt, who encouraged him to resume his missionary vocation.

Ethiopia
In 1836 he was invited by the Anglican Church Missionary Society (CMS) to join their work in Ethiopia.  Basel Mission seconded him to the Anglicans and from 1837 to 1842 he worked in this ancient Christian land. He prepared himself by learning ancient Ge'ez and the Amharic language of the highlands. Landing at Tadjura, Krapf followed the trade route to Shewa, where he presented himself to its ruler, Meridazmach Sahle Selassie, and later accompanied the Meridazmach on a military campaign in southern Shewa. Krapf's pietist background did not help him much to understand and appreciate traditional Ethiopian Christianity, especially their emphasis on saints, liturgy and use of Ge'ez, a language no longer spoken. When he departed Shewa in 1842, he found his way to Gondar blocked by the aftermath of the Battle of Debre Tabor, retraced his steps to the court of Adara Bille, a chieftain of the Wollo Oromo who then robbed him. Krapf managed to effect his escape with his servants, and made his way to Massawa supported by the reluctant charity of the local inhabitants.

Thus he centered his interest on the Oromo people of southern Ethiopia, in his time known as the Galla, who then were largely believers in a traditional religion. He learned their language and started translating parts of the New Testament into it. While 1842 saw Krapf receive a doctorate from University of Tübingen for his research into the Ethiopian languages, it also witnessed the expulsion of all Western missionaries from Ethiopia, which ended his work there. In association with his colleague, Carl Wilhelm Isenberg, he published a memoir of his time in Ethiopia, Journals of Isenberg and Krapf in 1843. He revised Abu Rumi's Bible translations into Amharic for BFBS.

Kenya
Krapf spent some time in Alexandria, Egypt, where he married. From there he set off for East Africa hoping to reach the Oromo from what is now the Kenyan coast. Most of the East African coastline was then part of the Zanzibar sultanate. Sultan Sayyid Said gave him a permit to start a missionary station at the coastal city of Mombasa. Krapf started again by learning the languages of the local Mijikenda people and also Swahili which is an East African lingua franca language of communication.

Soon after arrival in Mombasa his wife and young daughter suffered and died from malaria. Krapf moved to the higher grounds of Rabai on the coastal hills and started his station New Rabai (Rabai Mpya). Here he wrote the first dictionary and grammar of the Swahili language. He also started studying other African languages, drafting dictionaries and translating sections of the Bible. Working with a Muslim judge named Ali bin Modehin, he translated Genesis. He went on to translate the New Testament, as well as the Book of Common Prayer. However, most of this was unpublished, though it was later used in revising a translation in a more southern version of Swahili.

In 1846 he was joined by Johannes Rebmann, another southwest German Lutheran who was in the service of the CMS. Krapf and Rebmann set off to explore the interior of East Africa and they were the first Europeans to see the snowcapped mountains of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya. They sent reports about them to Europe which were ridiculed by the experts.

Krapf's deteriorating health forced him to return to Germany in 1853. He brought with him several old Swahili manuscripts, including copies of the Book of the Battle of Tambuka, the earliest Swahili manuscript. In Korntal he continued his linguistic studies and advisory work for the Christian missions.

Krapf's legacy
 The Anglican Church of Kenya counts him as its founding father.
 Linguists have been drawing on his works as he studied languages as diverse as Ge'ez, Amharic, Oromo, Swahili, Kamba, Mijikenda and Maasai language.
 His house at New Rabai is now part of Rabai Museum, one of the National Museums of Kenya. The building of the German Embassy at Nairobi is called "Ludwig-Krapf-House".
 In his home town of Tübingen-Derendingen there is an elementary school that bears his name.

Bibliography (selection)
•	Vocabulary of the Galla Language, London 1842.

•	Vocabulary of six East African languages. Kiswahili, Kinika, Kikamba, Kipokomo, Kihiau, Kigalla, Tübingen 1850.

•	Outline of the elements of the Kisuaheli Language, with special reference to the Kinika Dialect, Tübingen 1850.

•	Reisen in Ostafrika, ausgeführt in den Jahren 1837 - 1855. Unveränderter Nachdruck der Ausgabe Stuttgart, Stroh 1858. Mit einer Einführung hrsg. von Werner Raupp, Münster, Berlin 1994 (= Afrikanische Reisen 2).

•	The Books of the Old Testament. Translation in Amharic Language.,3 Bände, London 1871–73.

•	Dictionary of the Suahili Language, London 1882.

References

Sources and further reading
 Eber, Jochen: Johann Ludwig Krapf: ein schwäbischer Pionier in Ostafrika. 2006
 Gütl, Clemens. Johann Ludwig Krapf - "Do' Missionar vo' Deradenga" zwischen pietistischem Ideal und afrikanischer Realität (Beiträge zur Missionswissenschaft und interkulturellen Theologie, Bd. 17). Hamburg 2001.
 Gütl, Clemens. Johann Ludwig Krapf's "Memoir on the East African Slave Trade" - Ein unveröffentlichtes Dokument aus dem Jahr 1853. With introduction edited by Clemens Gütl (Beiträge zur Afrikanistik, vol. 73), Wien 2002.
 Kretzmann, Paul E. (no date, author 1883–1955) John Ludwig Krapf: The Explorer-Missionary of Northeastern Africa. Columbus, Ohio: The Book Concern.
 Raupp, Werner: Gelebter Glaube. Metzingen/Württemberg 1993, pp. 278–287: "Johann Ludwig Krapf - Bahnbrecher der ostafrikanischen Mission".
 Raupp, Werner: Johann Ludwig Krapf. Missionar, Forschungsreisender und Sprachforscher (1810–1881). In: Lebensbilder aus Baden-Württemberg, vol. 22. Ed. by Gerhard Taddey and Rainer Brüning, Stuttgart 2007, pp. 182–226.
 Raupp, Werner: Johann Ludwig Krapf, "dr Missionar vo Deradinga". In: Hin und weg. Tübingen in aller Welt. Ed. by Karlheinz Wiegmann. Tübingen 2007 (Tübinger Kataloge, 77), S. (90) - 99.
 Raupp, Werner: Morgenroth des Reiches Gottes. In: Tübinger Blätter 96 (2010), pp. 70–73.

External links and sources

 Krapf's life and works
 Kretzmann, Paul E., John Ludwig Krapf: The Explorer-Missionary of Northeastern Africa at Internet Archive
 1882 bio of Krapf
 Kraft at the web site of the Evangelische Kirche Württemberg
  More pictures of J.L. Krapf

1810 births
1881 deaths
People from Tübingen
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
German Lutheran missionaries
Translators of the Bible into Swahili
Translators of the Bible into Amharic
Anglican missionaries in Ethiopia
Anglican missionaries in Kenya
19th-century translators
German Anglican missionaries
German expatriates in Ethiopia
German expatriates in Kenya
Lutheran missionaries in Ethiopia
Lutheran missionaries in Kenya
German explorers of Africa
19th-century Lutherans
Missionary linguists

Johann Ludwig Krapf


Dreamt for Light Years in the Belly of a Mountain is the fourth and final album by Sparklehorse before Mark Linkous' death in 2010. It was released on September 25, 2006 by Astralwerks Records.

Recording

After the release of 2001's It's a Wonderful Life, Linkous slowly began recording the tracks that would become Dreamt for Light Years in the Belly of a Mountain at his Static King Studio in North Carolina. He would later tell an interviewer that his depression had stalled the creation of the album, stretching the recording process out to about five years. In 2006, he told Pitchfork Media that many of the songs that made up Dreamt for Light Years''' track listing were actually songs that had been cut from It's a Wonderful Life: "Well, I'd quit working for a while and it started to get really difficult to live and pay the rent. So it was really getting down to the wire where I had to turn a record in. I had some stuff written that I didn't put on the last album, because they were just really pop songs. They felt like anachronisms on the last record. So I saved all these little pop songs."

After hearing 2004's The Grey Album, which mashed up Jay-Z's The Black Album and the Beatles' The White Album, Linkous invited the album's producer, Danger Mouse, to come to North Carolina and help him finish the tracks he had begun recording.

Although it was Sparklehorse's first studio album in five years, approximately 25 minutes of the 55-minute-long record were released in some form previously, dating from the sessions for the It's a Wonderful Life album. "Ghost in the Sky" was originally released on the Japanese pressing of It's a Wonderful Life. "Shade and Honey" appeared on a joint 7" split-single with the Shins and Mates of State. "Shade and Honey" was also sung by the actor Alessandro Nivola in the 2002 film Laurel Canyon, and Nivola's version is also found on the soundtrack. "Morning Hollow" was previously found as the hidden bonus track on It's a Wonderful Life.  The track "Dreamt for Lightyears in the Belly of a Mountain" was originally released in 2001 under the title "Maxine" on both the LP version of It's a Wonderful Life and on the Gold Day EP.

"Ghost in the Sky," "Don't Take My Sunshine Away," and "Knives of Summertime" were released as singles in the weeks leading up to the release of the album.

Album cover

The album cover was created by artist Robert Pokorny. The image that would eventually wind up as the record cover was originally made for a promotional poster for a Sparklehorse in-store concert at Fingerprints Records in Long Beach, California. Linkous later said that he "loved that image from the first time I saw it, and I just knew that was going to be the cover of the next album... {Pokorny} really has a great sense of realizing imagery from the music he listens to. I can't really describe anything about that image that represents anything specific in the music, but it just really seems to fit to me."

Reception

The album garnered mostly positive reviews (notably from Pitchfork Media, Los Angeles Times and Entertainment Weekly'')

Track listing
 "Don't Take My Sunshine Away" – 3:05
Mark Linkous – voice, guitar, bass, synthesizer, strings
Danger Mouse – sampler, drum programming
Sophie Michelitsianos – voice
Scott Minor – drums
Steven Drozd – drums
 "Getting It Wrong" – 2:16
Mark Linkous – voice, electric piano, bass, sampler, drums, pump organ, optigan
Danger Mouse – organ, sampler, drum programming
 "Shade and Honey" – 4:08
Mark Linkous – all instruments
 "See the Light" – 3:42
Mark Linkous – voice, guitar
Scott Minor – drums, electronics
Dave Fridmann – bass
Steven Drozd – echo guitar
Melissa Moore – violin
 "Return to Me" – 3:18
Mark Linkous – voice, classical guitar, sampler, chamberlin
Alan Weatherhead – pump organ, lap steel guitar
Johnny Hott – piano
 "Some Sweet Day" – 4:20
Mark Linkous – all instruments
 "Ghost in the Sky" – 3:28
Mark Linkous – all instruments
 "Mountains" – 3:42
Mark Linkous – voice, guitar, sampler, bass
Danger Mouse – organ, sampler
Johnny Hott – drums
 "Morning Hollow" – 7:23
Mark Linkous – voice, baritone guitar, e-Bow Guitar
Dave Fridmann – vibraphone, wurlitzer piano
James SK Wān – voice, clarinet
Sophie Michelitsianos – voice
Scott Minor – drums, harmonium
Tom Waits – piano
Joan Wasser – violin
Jane Scarpantoni – cello
 "It's Not So Hard" – 2:52
Mark Linkous – voice, guitar
Dave Fridmann – bass
Steven Drozd – drums
 "Knives of Summertime" – 4:19
Mark Linkous – voice, guitar, sampler, tape loops
Matthew Linkous – guitar
Melissa Moore – bass, violin
Scott Minor – drums, electronics
Tim Regan – piano
 "Dreamt for Light Years in the Belly of a Mountain" – 10:35
Mark Linkous – piano, guitar loop, chamberlin, orchestron
Dave Fridmann – mellotron, chamberlin
Scott Minor – casio, electronics
Rex White – pedal steel

References

2006 albums
Albums produced by Danger Mouse (musician)
Astralwerks albums
Albums produced by Dave Fridmann
Sparklehorse albums
Albums recorded at Tarbox Road Studios


Sioe gerdd gan W. S. Gilbert a Syr Arthur Sullivan oedd The Yeomen of the Guard, neu, The Merryman and His Maid.  Gwelwyd y sioe gerdd am y tro cyntaf yn y Theatr Savoy, Llundain, ar 3 Hydref 1888.

Caneuon
 Agorawd
Act I
1. "When maiden loves, she sits and sighs" (Phœbe)
1a. "When jealous torments rack my soul" (Wilfred)
2. "Tower warders, under orders" (Crowd and Yeomen, solo Second Yeoman)
3. "When our gallant Norman foes" (Dame Carruthers and Yeomen)
3a. "" (Meryll)
4. "Alas! I waver to and fro" (Phœbe, Leonard and Meryll)
5.  "Is life a boon?" (Fairfax)
6.  "Here's a man of jollity" (Chorus)
7. "I have a song to sing, O!" (or, "The Merryman and his Maid") (Point, Elsie, and chorus)
8. "How say you, maiden, will you wed?" (Lieutenant, Elsie, Point)
9. "I've jibe and joke" (Point)
10. "'Tis done! I am a bride!" (Elsie)
11. "Were I thy bride" (Phœbe)
12. Finale Act I (Ensemble)
"Oh, Sergeant Meryll, is it true?"
"To thy fraternal care, thy sister I commend"
"The pris'ner comes to meet his doom"
"M'lord, m'lord.... As escort for the prisoner"
"All frenzied, frenzied with despair they rave"

Act II
13. "Night has spread her pall once more" (People, Dame Carruthers, Yeomen)
14. "Oh! a private buffoon is a light-hearted loon" (Point)
15. "Hereupon we're both agreed" (Point and Wilfred)
16. "Free from his fetters grim" (Fairfax)
17. "Strange adventure" (Kate, Dame Carruthers, Fairfax, Meryll)
18. "Hark! What was that, sir?" ... "Like a ghost his vigil keeping" (Meryll, Fairfax, Lieutenant, Wilfred, Point, Ensemble)
19. "A man who would woo a fair maid" (Fairfax, Elsie, Phœbe)
20. "When a wooer goes a-wooing" (Elsie, Fairfax, Phœbe, Point)
21. "Rapture, rapture" (Dame Carruthers, Sergeant Meryll)
22. Finale Act II (Ensemble)
"Comes the pretty young bride"
"Oh, day of terror!"
"Leonard, my loved one, come to me"
"I have a song to sing, O!"

Sioeau cerdd 1888
Sioeau cerdd gan Gilbert a Sullivan

The Yeomen of the Guard


Silvio Varviso (26 February 1924 – 1 November 2006) was a Swiss conductor who spent most of his career devoted to conducting opera. He began his conducting career working in minor opera houses in Switzerland in the mid-1940s. He became the principal conductor of the opera house in Basel in 1956 where he served for six years. In the late 1950s he began appearing with major opera houses on the international stage as a guest conductor. During the 1960s, he became a fixture at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City and at the Royal Opera House in London. In 1965 he became the music director of the Royal Swedish Opera, and later in his career served as the music director of the Staatsoper Stuttgart and the Paris Opera. During the early 1990s he became a permanent guest conductor at the Vlaamse Opera where he remained active up until his death.

Early life and career
Although Silvio Varviso's father was a voice teacher, Varviso avoided this art.  While attending the Zurich Conservatory he studied the piano, violin, clarinet, trumpet and percussion instruments. He continued his study of conducting after graduating with the Austrian conductor Clemens Krauss in Vienna.

Varviso made his conducting debut at age 20 leading Mozart's The Magic Flute at the Stadttheater in St. Gallen, Switzerland. Over the next several years he worked as a guest conductor with minor houses throughout Switzerland. He became principal conductor of the Theater Basel (1956–1962) where he led several productions of operas by Mozart and works from the bel canto repertory. He also conducted the first German-language performance of Prokofiev's The Fiery Angel.

Early international success
During the late 1950s Varviso made a number or notable guest conducting debuts, including the Deutsche Oper Berlin (1958), Paris Opera (1958), and the San Francisco Opera (1959), the latter being his first conducting assignment in the United States. In 1958 he conducted the world premiere of Heinrich Sutermeister's  at the Brussels World Fair. On 10 October 1961 he returned to San Francisco to conduct the United States premiere of Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream. He conducted The Marriage of Figaro for his first performance at the Glyndebourne Festival in 1962 followed by a production of Der Rosenkavalier for his debut with Covent Garden later that year. He returned often to the Royal Opera throughout the rest of his career, conducting a wide repertoire which ranged from standard works by Mozart, Puccini, Strauss, and Wagner, to less frequently performed operas like Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande.

Working at the Met
On 26 November 1961, Varviso made his conducting debut at the Metropolitan Opera in a production of Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor. The evening also marked the occasion of Dame Joan Sutherland's debut at the house, portraying Lucia opposite Richard Tucker's Edgardo. Varviso became a regular conductor at the Met during the 1960s, conducting 142 performances at the house through 1969. The operas he conducted at the Met included Puccini's Madama Butterfly with Dorothy Kirsten as Cio-Cio-San, Johann Strauss II's Die Fledermaus with Theodor Uppman as Eisenstein and Jeanette Scovotti as Adele, Cilea's Adriana Lecouvreur with Renata Tebaldi in the title role and Franco Corelli as Maurizio, La sonnambula with Sutherland as Amina and Nicolai Gedda as Elvino, Tosca with Gabriella Tucci in the title role and Anselmo Colzani as Scarpia, The Magic Flute with Anna Moffo as Pamina and Gianna D'Angelo as the Queen of the Night, Ariadne auf Naxos with Gladys Kuchta in the title role and Roberta Peters as Zerbinetta, Aida with Birgit Nilsson in the title role, Don Pasquale with Fernando Corena in the title role, The Tales of Hoffmann with William Dooley playing the four villains, The Barber of Seville with Reri Grist in her house debut as Rosina opposite George Shirley's Count Almaviva, Don Giovanni with Cesare Siepi in the title role and Martina Arroyo as Donna Anna, and Faust with Pilar Lorengar as Marguerite.

Later life and career
In 1965, Varviso was appointed music director at the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm, a position held for six years. During that time he also frequently conducted at the Bavarian State Opera, the Hamburg State Opera, and the Vienna State Opera. Up until this point he had conducted no Wagner and in 1969 he embarked on an ambitious campaign to add several core Wagnerian works, beginning with The Flying Dutchman at the Bayreuth Festival. He returned to the Bayreuth Festival many times, conducting Wagner works during the 1970s and 1980s.  (His recorded live performance of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg from the Bayreuth Festival 1974, starring Jean Cox, Karl Ridderbusch, and Hans Sotin is one of the standard-setting recordings of this work, and has been available since the vinyl days.) In 1972, he became the artistic director of the Staatsoper Stuttgart where he served for eight years. In 1974, he took on the same role at the Paris Opera, as well. He worked with the Paris Opéra until 1985. In 1983 he returned to the Met for one last assignment after a 14-year absence at the house. He conducted his final and 147th performance at the house on 2 April 1983 with a production of Wagner's Die Walküre with Dame Gwyneth Jones as Brünnhilde and Manfred Jung as Siegmund.

In 1991 Varviso became a permanent guest conductor at the Vlaamse Opera in Antwerp, where he remained until the end of his career. While there he largely moved away from the German repertory that had been his focus since 1969 and back into the Italian repertory. He spent the last years of his career working especially on the seminal operas by Puccini. His last appearances on the podium was conducting Puccini's Tosca on 19 September 2006 in Antwerp.

Varviso lived in Basel and on the Côte d'Azur. He died in Antwerp on 1 November 2006 at the age of 82.

Among his studio recordings are, for Decca, L'italiana in Algeri (with Teresa Berganza and Luigi Alva, 1963), Il barbiere di Siviglia (with Berganza, 1964), Cavalleria rusticana (with Elena Souliotis, Mario del Monaco, and Tito Gobbi, 1966), Norma (with Souliotis and del Monaco, 1967), and Anna Bolena (with Souliotis, Marilyn Horne, and John Alexander, 1968–69).

Among live recordings he has conducted the live performance of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg at the Bayreuth Festival in 1974 (with Karl Ridderbusch, Jean Cox, Hannelore Bode, and Klaus Hirte), issued by Philips.

References

Swiss conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
1924 births
2006 deaths
Swiss opera directors
Musicians from Basel-Stadt
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century male musicians
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
Swiss expatriates in Austria

Silvio Varviso


Shin Seung-hun is a South Korean singer. He was at the top in the 1990s in the Republic of Korea. He is remembered as the "Emperor of Ballads". He made his debut in 1990 with his first album. As soon as he released his first album, he went to the top of the Korean broadcasting music chart. His album became a million seller. And his first album had won Korea's main award, the Golden Disk Award. In 1991, he released his second album, "Invisible Love". Through this album he got his nickname, "Emperor of Ballads". With this album, he was at the top of the MBC music chart for eleven weeks, and the SBS music chart for fourteen weeks. That is in the Guinness Book of World Records. This album also won a Golden Disk Award.

His first seven albums were all million sellers. And his all formula album, all 10 albums, had won the main award or the greatest award in the Golden Disk Award. He is the singer who had been at the top the most times in Korea's 1990s. And he is also a composer. He composed all his albums' title songs, and he is the composer who composed the song which had been at the top the most times. And his accumulated album sales is fifteen million. He is still actively performing and working today.

Living people
1966 births
K-pop singers
South Korean businesspeople
South Korean singer-songwriters

Shin Seung-hun


The article is about the order of chivalry known as "Star of India". For other items of the same name, please see disambiguation at Star of India.

The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India is an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria in 1861. The Order includes members of three classes:

 Knight Grand Commander (GCSI)
 Knight Commander (KCSI)
 Companion (CSI)

No appointments have been made since the Partition of India in 1947.  The last living knight, The Maharaja of Alwar, died in 2009 and the order became dormant.

The motto of the Order is Heaven's light our guide. The "Star of India", the emblem of the Order, also appeared on the flag of the Viceroy of India.

The Order is the senior order of chivalry of the Empire of India; the junior order is The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, and there was also, for women only the Imperial Order of the Crown of India.  It is the fifth-most-senior British order of chivalry, following The Most Noble Order of the Garter, The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick, and The Most Honourable Order of the Bath.

History
After the Indian Mutiny the British government created a new order of knighthood to honour Indian Princes and Chiefs, as well as British officers and administrators who served in India. On 25 June 1861, Queen Victoria issued a proclamation creating "The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India" to "reward conspicuous merit and loyalty"

The first appointees were:

 HRH The Prince Consort
 "Sardar-i-Bawakar" Sardar Mangal Singh of Amritsar
 HRH The Prince of Wales
 HH Nawab Mir Tahniyat Ali Khan Bahadur, Afzal-ud-Daula, Asaf Jah V, the 5th Nizam of Hyderabad
 HH Jayajirao Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior
 HH Maharaja Duleep Singh, former Maharaja of the Sikh Empire
 HH Ranbir Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir
 HH Tukojirao Holkar, Maharaja of Indore
 HH Narendra Singh, Maharaja of Patiala
 HH Khanderrao Gaekwad, Maharaja of Baroda
 HH Nawab Sikander Begum, Nawab Begum of Bhopal
 HH Yusef Ali Khan Bahadur, Nawab of Rampur
 The Lord Gough, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army
 The Lord Harris, Governor of Madras
 The Lord Clyde, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army
 Sir George Russell Clerk, Kt., Governor of Bombay
 Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence, Bt., GCB, Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab
 Sir James Outram, Bt., GCB, Member of the Viceroy's Council
 Sir Hugh Henry Rose, GCB, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army

The Order of the Indian Empire, founded in 1877, was intended to be a less exclusive version of the Order of the Star of India; consequently, many more appointments were made to the former than to the latter.

Appointments to the Orders relating to the British Empire in India ceased after 14 August 1947. The Orders have never been formally abolished and Elizabeth II succeeded her father George VI as Sovereign of the Orders when she ascended the throne in 1952. She remains Sovereign of the Order to this day. Today, there are no living members of the order:
 The last Grand Master of the Order, Admiral of the Fleet Louis Mountbatten, Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979), died on 27 August 1979.
 The last surviving GCSI, HH Maharaja Sri Sir Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, the Maharaja of Travancore (1912–1991), died on 19 July 1991 in Trivandrum.
 The last surviving KCSI, HH Maharaja Sri Sir Tej Singh Prabhakar Bahadur (1911–2009), the Maharaja of Alwar, died on 15 February 2009 in New Delhi.
 The last surviving CSI, Vice-Admiral Sir Ronald Brockman (1909–1999), died on 3 September 1999 in London.

Composition

The British Sovereign was, and still is, Sovereign of the Order. The next-most senior member was the Grand Master; the position was held, ex officio, by the Viceroy of India. When the Order was established in 1861, there was only one class of Knights Companions, who bore the postnominals KSI. In 1866, however, it was expanded to three classes. Members of the first class were known as "Knights Grand Commanders", rather than "Knights Grand Cross", so as not to offend the non-Christian Indians appointed to the Order. All those surviving members who had already been made Knights Companions of the Order were made Knights Grand Commanders.

Former Viceroys and other high officials, as well as those who served in the Department of the Secretary of State for India for at least thirty years were eligible for appointment. Rulers of Indian Princely States were also eligible for appointment to the Order. Some states were of such importance that their rulers were almost always appointed Knights Grand Commanders; such rulers included the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Maharaja of Mysore, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, the Maharaja of Baroda, the Maharajas of Gwalior, the Nawab of Bhopal, the Maharaja of Indore, the Maharana of Udaipur, the Maharaja of Travancore, the Maharana of Jodhpur and the Maharao of Cutch.

Kashi Naresh Prabhu Narayan Singh of Benares was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) in 1892, Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) in 1898, and Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) for his services in the First World War in the 1921 New Year Honours.

Rulers of other nations in Asia and the Middle East, including the Emir of Kuwait, the Maharajas of the Rana dynasty, the Khedive of Egypt, the King of Bhutan and the rulers of Zanzibar, Bahrain and Oman were also appointed to the Order. Like some rulers of princely states, some rulers of particular prestige, for example the Maharajas of the Rana dynasty or the Sultans of Oman, were usually appointed Knights Grand Commanders.

Women, who were not princely rulers, could not be members of the Order. They were, admitted as "Knights", rather than as "Dames" or "Ladies". The first woman to be admitted to the Order was HH Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal; she was created a Knight Companion at the Order's foundation in 1861. The Order's statutes were specially amended to permit the admission of Queen Mary as a Knight Grand Commander in 1911.

References

 founding the Order of the Star of India, on June 25, 1861

Order of the Star of India


Events
 Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama visits Quelimane and Moçambique in southeastern Africa.
 May 20 – Vasco da Gama arrives at Calicut (now Kozhikode), India, becoming the first European to get there by sailing around Africa.
 May 23 – Girolamo Savonarola, ruler of Florence, is executed for criticizing the Pope.
 July 31 – On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.
 Christopher Columbus lands on the South American continent.
 The Portuguese sail up to the coasts of modern Tanzania and Kenya.
 John Cabot leaves port on an expedition, never to be seen again.

Why was John Cabot famous?
John Cabot was famous as the famous explorer of the coastline of Canada and its subsequent colonization. Cabot was the second European to find North America (after Christopher Columbus). His son, Sebastian Cabot, accompanied his father on many voyages.

 	 	 	Short Biography of John Cabot
Date of Birth: Born in 1450 as Giovanni Caboto
Place of Birth : Genoa in Italy
Parents: Father - Guilo Caboto, a spice merchant
Sons: Ludovico, Sebastiano, and Sancto
Background Facts, Information & Ancestry : 'Caboto' means "a coastal seaman" which was a common name given to Italian sailors and navigators

 	 	1450	John Cabot was born as Giovanni Caboto in the Italian port of Genoa

 	 	1461	John Cabot moved to Venice with his family. John Cabot helped with the family spice trading business

Education: John Cabot was taught cartography, navigation, astronomy, mathematics and seamanship

 	 	1474	John Cabot married a girl called Mattea. John and Mattea Cabot had three sons called Ludovico, Sebastiano, and Sancto

 	 	1476	:Obtained Venetian citizenship and was naturalized on 28 March, 1476

 	 	1490's	Moved to the sea port of Bristol in England

 	 	1496	March 5: The English King Henry VII granted John Cabot the right to 'seek islands and countries of the heathen towards the west, east, and north' sailing under the English flag

 	 	1497	May 2: John Cabot boards his ship, the Matthew, to explore the lands across the Atlantic, hoping to find a north west passage to the Indies and China.

June 9: John Cabot reaches the New World - at either Cape Breton Island or Labrador

26 June: Begins his return voyage

August 6: John Cabot and his crew of the Matthew land in Bristol and achieved great fame and glory. He was given a gift of £10 for having "found the new isle" and King Henry VII also granted him a pension of £20 a year

 	 	1498	February 3: John Cabot granted another patent to undertake a second expedition - to "take at his pleasure VI englisshe shippes and theym convey and lede to the londe and iles of late founde by the seid John." John Cabot assembles a small fleet of 5 ships and 300 men

July 25: The fleet headed north then sailed along the east coast of America past Newfoundland. One of the ships had to go to an Irish port because of damage. The remaining four ships of the John Cabot fleet continue their journey across the Atlantic

Cabot reaches the east coast of Greenland which he named Labrador's Land

June 11: The journey was made difficult by icebergs and the cold. The crews mutinied and refused to proceed farther North so John Cabot had no alternative but to turn South along the coast of Greenland. He crossed the Davis Strait on to Baffin Land on to Newfoundland and followed the coast Nova Scotia and New England

At this point the John Cabot ships sailed for England

 	 	1499	The death of John Cabot

There is no accurate record of the date or reason for the death of John Cabot but his pension continued to be paid unti1 1499. It seems reasonable to assume that John Cabot reached England with his returning fleet
 from http://www.datesandevents.org/people-timelines/14-john-cabot-timeline.htm

1498


Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust  is the most famous play in all German literature.  It was published in two parts.  Part One is very dramatic, and tells the main story.  Part II is extremely long, and it is meant to be read rather than acted on stage.  It is about Goethe's philosophy as well as about history and politics.

What the story is about

Goethe's Faust is a re-telling of the Faust legend which was very famous in Germany.  The legend tells of a man called Faust who is tired of studying and wants to have the greatest possible happiness.  The devil (usually called Mephistopheles, as he is in Goethe's play) tells Faust he can help him to do this, but that in the end Faust will have to give him his soul and go with him to hell.   Faust makes a pact (an agreement) with Mephistopheles who promises him all his soul can wish for: fine living, gold, women and honour.  Faust signs the pact with his blood.  Faust uses magic in the hope that it will tell him everything about life.  However, in the end Mephistopheles wins his bet.

How Goethe worked on the play

The subject of Faust occupied Goethe all his life.  The name of Faust is mentioned in a comedy he wrote in 1769: "Die Mitschuldigen".   In 1773, when he was 24, he first read the poetry of Hans Sachs, the medieval German poet.  He immediately started to imitate the rhythm of Sachs's poetry.  This rhythm is known as "Knittelvers".  It had 4 accented syllables in each line and an AABB or ABAB rhyming pattern, e.g.

"Send me your Doctor Faust instead."
When it comes gushing from your head."

In 1887, long after Goethe's death, it was discovered that he had made a version of "Faust" which he never published but later decided to rewrite.  This version is known as the "Urfaust" ("Ur" means "original", i.e. the "Original Faust").  It was written between 1772 and 1775.  He changed a lot of it and it became "Faust Part I".  A fragment (small part of it) was published in 1790.  Then he finished it in 1806, published it in 1808 and changed it for a new edition in 1829.  Part 2 was finished in 1831, a few months before he died, and was not published until a few months after his death.

Part One

Faust Part One starts off in heaven.  Mephistopheles makes a bet with God: he says that he can go down to earth and meet Faust and make him do bad things.

We then see Faust in his study.  Faust is trying to get to know all possible things. He wants to know about science, humans and religion.  He tries to use magic in order to understand everything there is to know, but he thinks he is not managing to do it.  For a moment he thinks of  killing himself, but then hears people celebrating Easter and decides to go for a walk with Wagner, his assistant.  A poodle who has no home follows Faust back to his house.

In Faust's study, the poodle changes into the devil (Mephistopheles). Faust makes an arrangement with the devil: the devil will do everything that Faust wants while he is here on earth,  In exchange Faust will serve the devil in hell.  Faust's arrangement is that, while Mephistopheles is serving Faust, if Faust is so pleased with anything the devil gives him, that he wants to stay in that moment forever, he will die that very moment (in German he says: "Verweile doch, du bist so schön" – "Stay a while, you are so beautiful".  It is perhaps the most famous quotation in all German literature.)

Mephistopheles persuades Faust to sign the agreement with his own blood. Faust has a few adventures and then meets Margaret (also known as Gretchen). He loves her, and by offering her jewellery, and with help of a neighbour, Martha, Gretchen lets herself into Faust's arms. Faust and Gretchen want to sleep together, so Gretchen gives her mother a sleeping potion so that she does not see Faust.  Faust and Gretchen sleep together.  Gretchen's mother dies of the potion.  Gretchen discovers she is pregnant. Gretchen's brother says Faust is bad and challenges him, but Faust kills him (with the devil's help, of course). Gretchen has given birth to a baby, but she drowns it.  She is found guilty of murder and is sent to prison.  Faust tries to save her from death, but he cannot free her from prison.  Finding that they cannot free her, Faust and the devil run away from the prison cell, while voices from heaven say that Gretchen shall be saved.

Part Two

Faust Part Two is very different from Part One.  It keeps referring to classical literature.   The romantic story of the first Faust is forgotten, and Faust wakes in a field of fairies.  He has many adventures.  The piece is in  five acts which each tell of different things.  In the end Faust goes to heaven, because he loses only half the bet.  Angels, who arrive as messengers of God's mercy, say at the end of Act 5: "He who strives on and lives to strive/ Can earn redemption still" (i.e. anyone who tries hard in life can still be saved).

People's views about Goethe's "Faust"

Goethe's "Faust" had an enormous influence on all art in Western countries.  In Germany many writers were fascinated by the legend.  They often felt that Faust represented the spirit of the German people.  Dramas, epic poems and novels were written about Faust.  Composers wrote operas or orchestral music about him.  Thomas Mann wrote a novel "Dr Faustus" which compares Faust's pact with the devil to the way the German people supported Hitler.

Faust
German plays
18th-century plays
19th-century plays
1770s plays
1790s works
1800s works
1820s works

Goethe's Faust


Vyatskoye () (alternatively kent as Viatsk or Viatskoe) is a sma fishin veelage in Khabarovsk Krai, Roushie, locatit on the east side o the Amur River, 70 kilometers (43 mi) northeast o Khabarovsk.

History
The oreeginal inhabitants apparently wur various Tungusic fowks.

Umwhile pairt o Ooter Manchurie, Vyatskoye alang wi Khabarovsk an Vladivostok was cedit tae Imperial Roushie bi the Qing Dynasty o Cheenae as pairt o the 1860 Convention o Peking.

Durin Warld War II near Vyatskoye wis a camp for the Soviet 88t Brigade, which wis made up o Cheenese an Korean guerrillas.  Kim Il-sung, futur leader o the Democratic Fowkrepublic o Korea (North Korea), wis stationed there as a Caiptain in the Soviet Red Airmy commandin a battalion, an accordin tae some sources his family wis there as well. Accordin tae those same sources his son Kim Jong-il wis born there on February 16, 1941 (Although the DFRK govrenment claim Kim Jong-il wis born on Baekdu Muntain in Japanese occupee'd Korea a year later, on 16 Februar 1942). Residents o the toun claim that his brither Shura Kim (kent as the first Kim Pyong-il an aw) fell intae a well an dee'd, an wis buriet thare; housomeivver ither sources claim that Kim Jong-il's siblin drouned in a puil in Pyongyang in 1947.

Landwart localities in Khabarovsk Krai

Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai


Histadrut HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed (, lit. The Federation of Working and Studying Youth), sometimes abbreviated to No'al () is an Israeli youth movement.

History
The movement was founded in 1924 by youth working to defend their rights. The first name of the movement was "Hanoar HaOved" ("The Working Youth") and it was connected to the Histadrut (Israeli workers union). In 1959, it was connected with "HaTnua HaMeu'he'det" (, "The United Movement") and the name was changed to "HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed." It is a sister movement of Habonim Dror which is active abroad, outside of Israel.

Organization and activities

The movement is organized by junior and senior counselors who plan and hold programs for younger members. These are after-school activities and also during school holidays. Usually members join in elementary school in fourth grade. The chance to become a junior counselor starts in ninth grade, with a training program during the summer before starting tenth grade. Each branch is assigned a leader doing the national service year after high school, guiding the local junior and senior counselors. Much of the programs are about Israeli and Jewish history and culture. (See Values, below)

Values
HaNoar HaOved Ve HaLomed is a Zionist educational and social organization. It believes that the State of Israel is the homeland of the Jewish people. Its members are dedicated to living in Israel and taking part in defending it and building it. That means that most or all members do a year of national service in the community after high school, then are drafted into the Israeli army after high school, and afterwards plan to live in Israel as adults. They believe in the values of democracy and socialist principles like social welfare to take care of the weaker members of the population. They may want to join a kibbutz or other cooperative way of living. They often join the youth wings of Israeli political parties and take part in rallies and work in support of their beliefs.

Not all members follow the Jewish religion. Those from Jewish families usually come from a secular or traditional home, as do the majority of Israelis. They see Jewish tradition and Jewish history as a source of inspiration and influence. They respect all the cultures that make up Israel's pluralistic society and uphold freedom of speech and worship. There are branches in Israel for Arab and Druze youngsters. The movement website has pages in Hebrew, Arabic, Russian, and English.

Uniforms

A cotton long-sleeved collared shirt is typical of several Israeli youth movements. The shirt of the HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed is a blue shirt, the color symbolising the working class. The red lacing at the neck opening is the color which symbolises Socialism. The shirt is printed front and back with white lettering describing the movement with its symbols, and sometimes giving locations of the wearer's local ken or for a movement event.

Directions as adults
In the 1990s, following the decline of the kibbutz movement, HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed began to re-examine the ideal life path of its members, which had always begun with settling kibbutzim in gar'inim after finishing their mandatory period of army service. Instead, a model started to be put forward in which bogrim ("graduates") of the movement formed small urban communes working in society, particularly in education.  In the early 21st century there are about 1,000 members of HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed's Tnuat Bogrim ("Movement of Graduates"). They live in small communes in cities or on kibbutzim. Many have jobs in education and the youth movement. Together, the youth movement and the Tnuat Bogrim are called the "Dror-Israel" movement, which is named after the historical "Dror" movement in Europe.

Notable graduates
 Yitzhak Rabin
 Shimon Peres
 Moshe Ya'alon

References

Other websites

 Official website
 Dror-Israel official website

Nationalist organizations in Israel
Youth organizations
Socialist organisations
1924 establishments
1920s establishments in Israel

HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed


The nicotine in cigarettes and other tobacco products makes people dependent. When they quit, they will get withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is there to reduce the dependency symptoms. This is usually done by delivering nicotine (or a substance very similar to it) in other ways. Common methods include nicotine patches and chewing gums with nicotine in them.

Cigarettes are responsible for the deaths of about 5 million people each year. These people are not killed by the nicotine in the cigarette, but by other substances in tobacco smoke such as carbon monoxide and tars.

NRT delivers nicotine to the smoker's brain in a much slower way than cigarettes do. It helps to damp down the urges to smoke that most smokers have in the early days and weeks after quitting, rather than remove them totally. It gives the smoker the chance to break smoking cues in their daily lives, and might provide a more comfortable exit from the smoking habit. NRT however is best used with some form of support, ideally from someone who knows something about smoking cessation.

In 2005 the Committee on the Safety of Medicines recommended that NRT be given to pregnant smokers and also to adolescent smokers.

Findings from a recent Cochrane review of controlled trials testing NRT products (Stead et al. 2008) indicated that smokers using NRT were 1.5 to 2 times more likely to be abstinent from smoking at followup than those in the placebo or control treatment condition.

Criticism
Nicotine is the addictive drug in tobacco products, so there is a chance when using NRT products, to become addicted to those products in place of the tobacco habit. Generally it is argued that NRT products are safer then smoking tobacco. NRT products are generally expensive, sometimes even more so then cigarettes, so a minority of people may become addicted to the NRT product and turn back to tobacco products to save money.

Types
 Nicotine patch
 Nicotine gum
 Nicotine inhaler
 Nicotine lozenge
 Nicotine spray
 Nicotine sublingual tablet

Electronic cigarette
An electronic cigarette is an electronic item used instead of cigarettes. It gives a little nicotine, propylene glycol, and sometimes flavours, when you breathe through it. It was invented in China.

The electronic cigarette cannot be classed as an NRT as no recognized tests or studies have taken place. Furthermore WHO (World Health Organisation) has advised that any manufacturer or seller who is marketing the electronic cigarette as an NRT should halt unproven therapy claims. Currently most sellers who adhere to this guideline are marketing the device as a tobacco alternative.

References

Stead LF, Perera R, BullenC,Mant D, Lancaster T.Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD000146. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub3.
Silagy C, Lancaster T, Stead L, Mant D, Fowler G. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD000146.pub2. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub2. abstract|full text
 Real-world efficacy of prescription and over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy, by Shiffman S, et al., published May 2002 in Addiction, Issue 97(5) at Pages 505–516 Entrez PubMed

Other websites
University of Wisconsin Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention
Review of NRT from Cochrane
The Best Electronic Cigarettes  A complete guide on which electronic cigarette to buy
Does CBD Help With Addictions Like Cigarettes  Does CBD Help With Addictions Like Cigarettes? How it Reduces Cravings

Smoking
Medical procedures
Addiction

Nicotine replacement therapy


Skillet was an American Grammy-nominated christian rock band from Memphis, Tennessee. The band formed in 1996.

Band members

Current members
 John Cooper - lead vocals, bass (1996-present)
 Korey Cooper - guitar, keyboard, vocals (2000-present)
 Jen Ledger – drums, percussion, backing vocals, co-lead vocals (2008–present)
 Seth Morrison – lead guitar (2011–present)
 Tate Olsen – cello (2008–present)

Former members
 Ken Steorts - guitar (1996 - 1999, founder of Visible School in Memphis, TN, a music and worship arts college)
 Trey McClurkin - drums (1996 - 2000)
 Kevin Haaland - guitar (1999 - 2001)
 Jonathan Salas – lead guitar (2011)
 Billy Dawson – rhythm and lead guitar (2000-2001)
 Chris Marvin – rhythm and lead guitar, backing vocals (2002–2003, 2005–2006)
 Faith Stern – keyboards, backing vocals (2002–2003)
 Andrea Winchell – keyboards (2005–2006)
 Scotty Rock – bass guitar (2009–2011)
 Jonathan Chu – violin (2008–2015)
 Drew Griffin – violin (2017)
 Lori Peters - drums (2000 - 2008)
 Ben Kasica - guitar (2002 - 2011)

Career

Debut titled-album and the Gasoline music video (1996-1997)
Skillet formed in 1996 with two members: John Cooper, former vocalist for Tennessee progressive rock band Seraph, and Ken Steorts, former guitarist for Urgent Cry. The two bands met through touring together, but those bands disbanded soon after, so John and Ken's pastor encouraged them to form their own band as a side-project. Coming from different styles of rock music, they decided to name the experiment Skillet. After, Trey McClurkin joined the band as a temporary drummer. Skillet was only together for a month when they received interest from major Christian record label ForeFront Records. In 1996 they released a self-titled debut Skillet. It was well-received, and the trio continued to write new material as they toured the United States. One topic that comes up often among fans and the band itself, is the name 'Skillet'. John Cooper, the lead vocalist, explains that it was a joke at first. Each starting band member was already in a separate band, and all decided to start a side project. Since each other band had a different sound and style to it, the side project was said to be like putting all of those styles in a big skillet to come up with something unique, hence the band name 'Skillet'. The band name is still somewhat of a joke between the band members, especially Cooper, who claims to still not like the title.

Tracklist
1. Gasoline
2. Saturn
3. Promise Blender
4. I Can
5. Splinter
6. Safe With You
7. Paint
8. Boundaries
9. Shovel
10. My Beautiful Robe
11. You Thought
12. Darn Great Day

Hey You, I Love Your Soul and the More Faithful music video (1998-1999)
Skillet recorded their follow-up album throughout 1997, titled Hey You, I Love Your Soul, which was released in April 1998. Their second effort was a change in style from the band's first release. With this release, Skillet would abandon their post-grunge approach for a lighter alternative rock and style. His wife Korey was enlisted soon after to play keyboards live in order to alleviate John's live performance duties.

Tracklist
1. Hey You, I Love Your Soul
2. Pour
3. Scarecrow
4. Whirlwind
5. Dive Over In
6. Locked in a Cage
7. More Faithful
8. Your Love (Keeps Me Alive)
9. Take
10. Deeper
11. Suspended in You
12. Coming Down
13. Last Day Of Summer

Invincible and Ardent Worship and the Best Kept Secret music video (2000-2001)
Shortly before the band began recording for their third album, Invincible, Steorts left the band to be with his family and launch Visible Music College, a modern music ministry college located in Memphis, Kevin Haaland joined the band as their new guitarist, and Korey Cooper joined the band permanently and played keyboards for the recording of Invincible.  Because of this change, the musical style on Invincible changed to a more electronic sound. Soon after the release of Invincible in 2000, Trey McClurkin parted ways with Skillet, and Lori Peters filled the drummer's position.

In late 2000 (several months after Invincible was released), The band released the worship album, and fourth album overall, Ardent Worship. The band kept much of their sound from Invincible on their next studio album Alien Youth. With little time between touring and recording.

Invincible Tracklist
1. Invincible
2. Best Kept Secret
3. Come On To The Future
4. You Take My Rights Away
5. Rest
6. The Fire Breathes
7. You're Powerful
8. Say It Loud
9. Always The Same
10. I Trust You
11. Each Other
12. The One

Ardent Worship Tracklist
1. You're In My Brain
2. Angels Fall Down
3. Shout to the Lord
4. Your Name Is Holy
5. Who Is Like Our God
6. Jesus Be Glorified
7. We're Thristy
8. Jesus, Jesus (Holy and Anoinated One)
9. Sing to the Lord
10. How Deep The Father's Love For Us
11. Safe With You (remix)
12. Be Thou My Vision

Alien Youth and the Alien Youth music video (2002-2003)
Skillet released Alien Youth on August 28, 2002, which was the first album that John Cooper took on production duties. Before the release of Alien Youth, Haaland left the band, and Ben Kasica took over on guitar. The first single, the title track, was a major hit in the Christian market and drove Skillet into their first headlining shows.

Tracklist
1. Alien Youth
2. Earth Invasion
3. Rippin' Me Off
4. Come My Way
5. Will You Be There
6. One Real Thing
7. The Thirst Is Taking Over
8. Eating Me Away
9. Vapor
10. Stronger
11. You Are My Hope
12. Kill Me, Heal Me
13. Heaven In My Veins
14. A Little More (originally was supposed to be on Alien Youth but didn't make the record, so he re-recorded the song and released it on Collide but there is a little clip of the original recording as a hidden track)

Collide and the Savior music video (2004-2005)
On May 25, 2004, Collide was released by Ardent Records and Lava Records. The album was nominated for "Best Rock Gospel Album" in 2005. Collide was yet another musical shift for the band.Citing P.O.D. as inspiration for the musical shift on Collide, Cooper said, "Well I'm one of these song writers, everything I hear goes through my John Cooper filter of what I like and what I don't like. [...] All these things [...] have been an influence on me."

Tracklist
1. Collide
2. Fingernails
3. Open Wounds
4. Imperfection
5. My Obsession
6. Energy
7. Under My Skin
8. A Little More (originally recorded for Alien Youth but didn't get released on the record, so he re-recorded it and released it on Collide)
9. Savior
10. Cycle Down
11. Forsaken
12. Stand
13. Smile Again (never released)

Comatose and the Rebirthing music video (2006-2008)
Skillet's album Comatose was released on October 3, 2006. It features the singles "Rebirthing," "Whispers in the Dark," "Comatose," "The Older I Get," "Those Nights," "The Last Night", and "Better Than Drugs". The album debuted at No. 55 on the Billboard 200 and No. 4 on the US Top Christian Albums chart.[7]
In January 2008, Skillet announced that their drummer, Lori Peters, was retiring from the band, feeling that "it's time for her to come off of the road and start a new chapter in her life."[8] Peters' last concert with Skillet was on December 31, 2007.[9] However, during the 2007 Christmas season, she took the time to train Skillet's next drummer, Jen Ledger.[9]
On October 21, 2008, Comatose Comes Alive was released; a CD/DVD combo featuring live recordings of the band's concert of May 9, 2008 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. It was shown on the Gospel Music Channel on December 5, 2008. Skillet's Comatose Comes Alive CD also had a B-side with "Live Free or Let Me Die" as a single, also with five acoustic tracks which purchasers could download by inserting the CD in their computer.[10]

Tracklist
1. Comatose
2. Rebirthing
3. The Older I Get
4. Better than Drugs
5. Whispers In The Dark
6. Falling Inside The Black
7. Yours to Hold
8. Say Goodbye
9. Those Nights
10. Live Free Or Let Me Die
11. Looking For Angels
12. The Last Night

Awake and the Monster video music (2009-2011)
Skillet's eighth album, Awake,[11] contains twelve songs and was released on August 25, 2009.[12] It charted at No. 2 on the Billboard top 200 selling around 68,000 units in its first week.[13] "Monster" was released as a single on July 14, 2009. Contrary to popular belief, John Cooper stated that "Hero" was not the album's lead single. It was, however, released as a single in March 2010.[14] They also released a deluxe version with the extra songs "Dead Inside" and "Would It Matter", along with the original, radio edit of "Monster" that does not have the distorted growl as in the single and in the CD. A remix on "Monster" was featured on one of their popular podcasts.The song "Hero" was used in the publicizing of the first football game of the 2009 NFL season between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Tennessee Titans, and the song "Monster" was used in the episode "Jason: The Pretty-Boy Bully" on MTV's Bully Beatdown. "Monster" was the theme song for the WWE event WWE Hell in a Cell while the song "Hero" was the theme song for WWE Tribute to the Troops and Royal Rumble 2010, as well as both songs being included on the official soundtrack for the WWE video game WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010. "Monster" would also become the theme song for the AHL team the Lake Erie Monsters in Cleveland, Ohio, being played in the player intros and after a Lake Erie goal, and serves as the opening theme of the Fresno Monsters of Fresno, California. "Monster" was aired at the beginning of several ACC football games on Raycom Sports during the 2009 season. In the first week of April 2010, "Monster" was released for the Rock band music store in Rock Band 2[15] It also tied the record for highest-charting Christian album on the Billboard 200 with Underoath's 2006 release Define the Great Line and Casting Crowns' 2007 release The Altar and the Door, as all three albums debuted at No. 2.[16]
Skillet was nominated for six Dove Awards for the 41st Annual GMA Dove Awards.[17][18] Awake was certified gold July 2, 2010.[19][20] Also in 2010, Ardent released The Early Years, a collection of their songs from 1996 to 2003. On November 12, Skillet released an iTunes sessions EP consisting of songs from Comatose and Awake.[21] "Monster" was certified gold a day later.[22]
On February 14, 2011, Skillet officially announced that longtime lead guitarist Ben Kasica would be leaving the band. Kasica was with the band for 9 years, contributing to the albums Alien Youth, Collide, Comatose, and Awake as well as the live album Comatose Comes Alive. He played what was planned to be his last concert with the band on March 20 [23] but returned and continued touring until a new guitarist was trained.[24] On April 16, Seth Morrison replaced Kasica as the lead guitarist, and now tours full-time with Skillet.[25][unreliable source?]
Skillet announced the release of Awake and Remixed EP in early March 2011. The remixes were mainly done by Korey Cooper and Ben Kasica. On March 2, 2011, Skillet unveiled the album artwork for the album. John Cooper says the idea was conceived when Korey Cooper and Ben Kasica remixed the song Monster for their popular podcast. The four-song EP was released on March 22.[26]
"Awake" was nominated for and won the "Top Christian Album" Award at the Billboard Music Awards 2011, and the song "Awake and Alive" was announced to be on the Transformers: Dark of the Moon Soundtrack in May 2011.[27]

Tracklist
1. Awake and Alive
2. Monster
3. Hero
4. Lucy
5. One Day Too Late
6. Would It Matter
7. Never Surrender
8. It's Not Me, It's You
9. Don't Wake Me
10. Should've When You Could've
11. Sometimes
12. Dead Inside

Rise with the Sick Of It music video (2011–2015)
On June 21, 2011 John posted to his Twitter account that the band rehearsed new music for the first time and that they are getting ready for a new album.[28] At a question and answer session before a concert, John Cooper said that they would be recording a new record in January/February 2012. However, the band was then scheduled to headline the WinterJam Tour. They planned to enter the studio at the conclusion of the Winter Jam eastern tour, approximately in May, for a release in late 2012.[29]
In an interview with CCM Magazine, John Cooper described the new album as "a roller coaster ride". He states: "We have aggressive tracks, artsy and musical tracks, which is new territory for Skillet. A couple songs are classic American heartland anthems, and a couple songs are signature symphonic-classical rock Skillet. Guitars are dirty and edgier, with absolute shredding solos by Seth." One of the songs mentioned in the interview was titled "Salvation".[30]
In an Interview on January 26, 2013 in Beaumont TX, John Cooper announced that the new album, Rise, would be coming out in May 2013,[31][32] but was later scheduled for a June 25, 2013 release.[33][34] In an interview with NoiseCreep, John Cooper stated the first single and music video is scheduled to be released by late April.[35] The first single from the album, "Sick of It", will be released to US Rock radio on April 23, 2013.[36] It was later confirmed that the first single, "Sick of It", would be released on April 9, 2013.[37] The album debuted at No.4 on the Billboard 200 and No.1 on the Top Rock Chart and Christian Album charts selling 60,000 copies in US alone during the first week of the release.[38] On July 12, 2016, Rise was certified Gold by the RIAA.[39]
The band performed the title track off Rise on the July 11, 2013 airing of Conan.[40]
Skillet was nominated and won a Dove Award for Rock Song of the Year for their song "Sick of It".[41]
Vital Signs, a compilation album released exclusively in Europe, was released October 13, 2014.[42][43]

Tracklist
1. Rise
2. Not Gonna Die
3. Sick Of It
4. Madness In Me
5. Circus For A Physco
6. Freakshow
7. Fire and Fury
8. Salvation
9. What I Believe
10. Hard to Find
11. My Religion
12. American Noise

Unleashed with the Feel Invincible music video (2015–present)
On February 16, 2015 Skillet announced they were writing material for a new album with recording to begin in June with a potential release in the late half of 2015 or early 2016.[44] On April 8, Skillet released a preview of a new song, later revealed to be called "Out of Hell", on their social media pages.[45] On May 20, 2016 the album's title, Unleashed, was announced and later was released on August 5, 2016 on Atlantic Records.[46] A lyric video, "Feel Invincible", was also made available.[47] On May 26, the lyric video and digital single "Stars" was released, along with a preview for another song titled "Back From the Dead".[48] On June 6, it was announced that "Feel Invincible" was the theme song for TBS' E-League, the live video game tournament.[49] WWE announced on July 7 that it had chosen "Feel Invincible" as an official theme for WWE Battleground.[50] On July 8, the full version of "Back From the Dead" was made available for purchase online.[51] On January 27, 2017 the band released a new recording of "Stars" with an acoustic style, which was included in the film, The Shack.[52] On November 17, 2017, they released a deluxe edition, Unleashed Beyond, containing new material such as "Breaking Free", featuring Lacey Sturm and remixes of "Feel Invincible" and "The Resistance".[53]

Tracklist
1. Feel Invincible
2. Back From The Dead
3. Stars
4. Lions
5. Undefeated
6. Breaking Free
7. Famous
8. Burn It Down
9. Out Of Hell
10. The Resistance
11. Saviors Of The World
12. Watching For Comets
13. I Want To Live

Discography

Studio albums
 1996: Skillet (Grunge)
 1998: Hey You, I Love Your Soul (Industrial)
 2000: Invincible (Industrial)
 2002: Alien Youth (Industrial)
 2004: Collide (Nu metal)
 2006: Comatose (Symphonic rock)
 2009: Awake (Symphonic rock)
 2013: Rise (Symphonic rock)
 2016: Unleashed (Symphonic rock)

Worship albums
 2000: Ardent Worship

Singles

Late 1990s
1997: I Can, Gasoline, My Beautiful Robe, Saturn (Skillet)
1998: Hey You, I Love Your Soul, More Faithful, Locked in a Cage, Suspended in You (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
1999: Take, Whirlwind (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)

Early 2000s
2000: Invincible, Best Kept Secret, You're Powerful, Rest, The One, Each Other, The Fire Breathes (Invincible)
2001: You're In My Brain, Angels Fall Down, Always The Same (Invincible)
2002: Alien Youth, Stronger, Rippin' Me Off, You Are My Hope (Alien Youth)
2003: Vapor, Kill Me, Heal Me, Eating Me Away, One Real Thing (Alien Youth)

Mid 2000s
2004: Forsaken, My Obsession, Savior, Open Wounds (Collide)
2005: Collide, Under My Skin, A Little More (Collide)
2006: Comatose, Rebirthing (Comatose)

Late 2000s
2007: Whispers In The Dark, The Older I Get (Comatose)
2008: Better Than Drugs, Yours To Hold, Falling Inside The Black, Those Nights (Comatose)
2009: The Last Night (Comatose), Hero, Monster (Awake)

Early 2010s
2010: Awake and Alive, Dead Inside (Awake)
2011: It's Not Me, It's You, Lucy, Forgiven, One Day Too Late (Awake)
2012: Should've When You Could've (Awake)
2013: Sick Of It, Rise, Not Gonna Die, Fire and Fury (Rise)

Mid 2010s
2014: What I Believe, Madness In Me, American Noise, Circus For A Physco (Rise)
2015: Salvation (Rise)
2016: Feel Invincible, Back From The Dead, Stars, The Resistance (Unleashed)

Late 2010s
2017: Breaking Free, Out Of Hell, Lions, Burn It Down (Unleashed)
2018: I Want To Live (Unleashed)

Tours

Skillet Tour (1996-97)

Setlist
 Gasoline
 Saturn
 My Beautiful Robe
 Safe With You
 I Can
The Skillet Tour was a Skillet tour promoting their album, Skillet, It went from 1996 to 1997.

Hey You, I Love Your Soul Tour (1998-99)

Setlist
 Gasoline (Skillet)
 Dive Over In (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 Hey You, I Love Your Soul (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 Locked in a Cage (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 My Beautiful Robe (Skillet)
 Saturn (Skillet)
 More Faithful (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 Safe With You (Skillet)
 Your Love (Keeps Me Alive) (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 Take (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 Scarecrow (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 I Can (Skillet)

The Hey You, I Love Your Soul Tour was a Skillet tour that promoted their album, Hey You, I Love Your Soul, It went from 1998 to 1999.

Invincible Tour (2000-01)

2000 Setlist
 You're Powerful (Invincible)
 Dive Over In (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 Hey You, I Love Your Soul (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 Saturn (Skillet)
 Invincible (Invincible)
 Angels Fall Down (Ardent Worship)
 Rest (Invincible)
 Locked in a Cage (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 Always The Same (Invincible)
 More Faithful (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 Your Love (Keeps Me Alive) (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 The Fire Breathes (Invincible)
 Safe With You (Skillet)
 Come On To The Future (Invincible)
 You Take My Rights Away (Invincible)
 Best Kept Secret (Invincible)
 I Can (Skillet)
 Gasoline (Skillet)

2001 Setlist
 You're Powerful (Invincible)
 Rest (Invincible)
 Always The Same (Invincible)
 Dive Over In (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 Invincible (Invincible)
 Saturn (Skillet)
 Locked in a Cage (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 More Faithful (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 You Take My Rights Away (Invincible)
 Angels Fall Down (Ardent Worship)
 Best Kept Secret (Invincible)
 I Can (Skillet)
 Gasoline (Skillet)

The Invincible Tour was a Skillet tour that promoted the album, Invincible, It went on from February 4, 2000 to July 6, 2000 and April 25, 2001 to June 30, 2001.

Alien Youth Tour (2002-03)

Setlist
 You're Powerful (Invincible)
 Vapor (Alien Youth)
 Gasoline (Skillet)
 Stronger (Alien Youth)
 Invincible (Invincible)
 Locked in a Cage (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 One Real Thing (Alien Youth)
 Angels Fall Down (Ardent Worship)
 The Thirst Is Taking Over (Alien Youth)
 Saturn (Skillet)
 Always The Same (Invincible)
 You Are My Hope (Alien Youth)
 Earth Invasion (Alien Youth)
 Kill Me, Heal Me (Alien Youth)
 Will You Be There (Alien Youth)
 Heaven In My Veins (Alien Youth)
 More Faithful (Hey You, I Love Your Soul)
 Best Kept Secret (Invincible)
 Alien Youth (Alien Youth)
 I Can (Skillet)

The Alien Youth Tour was a Skillet tour that promoted their album, Alien Youth, It went from June 15, 2002 to September 13, 2003.

Collide Tour (2004-05)

June 2004 to February 2005 Setlist
 My Obsession
 Energy
 Best Kept Secret
 Collide
 Forsaken
 Always The Same
 A Little More
 You're Powerful
 Alien Youth
 Fingernails
 Locked in a Cage
 Kill Me, Heal Me
 Heaven In My Veins
 Invincible
 Angels Fall Down
 Open Wounds
 Saturn
 More Faithful
 Imperfection
 Under My Skin
 Will You Be There
 Savior
 I Can

July to September 2005 Setlist
 Energy
 My Obsession
 Best Kept Secret
 Always The Same
 Kill Me, Heal Me
 Saturn
 Alien Youth
 Locked in a Cage
 More Faithful
 Collide
 Forsaken
 A Little More
 Heaven In My Veins
 Be Thou My Vision
 Angels Fall Down
 Savior
 I Can

The Collide Tour was a Skillet tour promoting their album, Collide, It went from June 6, 2004 to September 23, 2005.

Comatose Tour (2006-09)

Setlist
 Whispers In The Dark
 Forsaken
 The Older I Get
 Energy
 Collide
 Rebirthing
 Angels Fall Down
 Open Wounds
 My Obsession
 Better than Drugs
 Comatose
 Yours To Hold
 Those Nights
 The Last Night
 Savior
 Best Kept Secret

Awake and Alive Tour (2009-11)

Setlist
 Hero
 Whispers In The Dark
 Collide
 Forsaken
 Comatose
 Angels Fall Down
 Monster
 The Last Night
 The Older I Get
 Awake and Alive
 My Obsession
 Yours To Hold
 Dead Inside
 Rebirthing
 Angels Fall Down
 Savior
 Best Kept Secret

Rise Tour (2013-15)

Setlist
 Rise
 Hero
 Monster
 Not Gonna Die
 Sick Of It
 Whispers In The Dark
 Open Wounds
 Forsaken
 My Obsession
 Savior
 Rebirthing
 Collide
 Comatose
 Madness In Me
 Dead Inside
 American Noise
 The Last Night

Unleashed Tour (2017-18)

Setlist
 Feel Invincible
 Whispers In The Dark
 Not Gonna Die
 Hero
 Monster
 Stars
 Lions
 Comatose
 Awake and Alive
 Back From The Dead
 Rise
 Dead Inside
 Sick Of It
 The Last Night
 The Resistance

References

Other websites
 Official site

 Skillet at Facebook
 Atlantic Records
 Ardent Records
 SRE Recordings
 Skillet at MyPraize
 Skillet Channel
 Prof. of Coolness Robert Ross

1996 establishments in the United States
Christian rock bands
American hard rock bands
Musical groups from Tennessee
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee

Skillet


A chinrest is a part on a violin. It helps to hold the violin against the player's shoulder. A chinrest is usually made of wood. It is usually not glued on.  Instead, metal clasps are used. These clasps are put against the side of the violin. They are held on by the tension of the screws in them. Older violins do not often have chinrests.

String instrument construction

Chinrest


BBC Scotland Investigates is a current affairs programme broadcast in Scotland by BBC Scotland. It is broadcast regularly on BBC One Scotland on weekday nights, currently with varying timeslots.

Previously known as Frontline Scotland, the programme usually features current issues affecting the Scottish people. Most recent examples include gang warfare in Glasgow, problems with the NHS, the likely effects of increased gambling in Scottish cities and North Sea oil.

BBC Scotland Investigates' reporters include Samantha Poling and Ross McWilliam.

In most cases, the entire programme is devoted to one topic, and consists entirely of an in-depth documentary piece from a single reporter (similar to the BBC's Panorama programme).

The programme is also available on the Internet from the BBC Scotland website, with episodes dating back to 2004 available to watch online.

See also
 Television in Scotland

External links

BBC Scotland television shows
Society of Scotland
Politics of Scotland
Current affairs shows
1993 Scottish television series debuts
1990s Scottish television series
2000s Scottish television series
2010s Scottish television series
2020s Scottish television series

BBC Scotland Investigates


The Geographical Names Board of New South Wales is the official organization that records details of  places and geographical names in  New South Wales, Australia. It was set up in 1966. The Board has nine members.

Members of the Board
Four of the members (or someone who represents them) are: :
the Surveyor General of New South Wales who is also Chairman of the Board,
the Director General of the Department of Planning and Infrastructure,
the State Librarian, and
an officer of the Land and Property Information division, selected by the Director General of the  Department of Finance and Services
The other members are selected by:
the Local Government and Shires Association of New South Wales,
the Royal Australian Historical Society,
the Geographical Society of New South Wales,
the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council, and
the Chairperson of the Community Relations Commission.

Activities
The Geographical Names Act, 1966, gives the Board the right to name places, and to find out and decide on the form, spelling, meaning, pronunciation, origin and history of any geographical name. It also decides where and how the name can be used.

A place is any geographical or topographical feature or any district, division, locality, region, city, town, village, settlement or railway station or any other place within the territories and waters of the State of New South Wales.  It does not include roads, any local government areas, urban areas, counties or districts under the Local Government Act, electoral districts, subdivisions, or schools.

The Board has the power to keep and promote Aboriginal languages and acknowledge Aboriginal culture through place naming in NSW. The Board does this by using traditional Aboriginal place names or names with Aboriginal origin wherever it can. The Board can give traditional Aboriginal names to features that have been given introduced names through its dual naming policy.

The Board's policy is the same as the U.S. Board of Geographical Names, which removes possessive names from all place names in NSW. Roads called Smith's Road are changed to Smiths Road or Smith Road.

Other countries
 Geographical Names Board of Canada
 United States Board on Geographic Names

Related pages
 List of cities in Australia
 UNGEGN

References

Other websites
 The Board's website
 Search for a place name

Geography of New South Wales


Raoult's law states that the vapour pressure of a binary solution containing a non-volatile solute is directly related to the mole fraction of solvent (i.e. volatile) in the solution.

Also, it states that the vapour pressure of each component in a binary solution containing volatile components is directly related to its respective mole fraction in the solution.

Relative going-down of vapour pressure is equal to mole fraction of non volatile and non-electrolytic solute. This is known as Raoult's law.

P-P(INITIAL)/P(INITIAL)=n(SOLUTE)/n(SOLVENT)

Thermodynamics

Raoult's law


Negative film is the name for a photographic film that will give images which have their colors inverted, after development. This inversion means that the complementary color is used. A second process (usually called making a print) is used to obtain any number of photos, which can also be in different sizes. The other kind of film is called reversal film, where development results in exactly one positive image (which does not use complementary colors).

Negative films that use colors have multiple layers. Each layer is sensitive to a different wavelength of light.

Most amateur films in use today are negative films.

The benefits of this kind of film is that it is very tolerant to exposure differences, without noticeable loss in quality. Another benefit is that getting the film developed is very easy.

Photography

Film negative


Table tennis, also known as Ping Pong (a trademarked name), is one of the most popular sports in the world, with players in many countries. It is played by two or four people on a table. To play this game, people use bats and small celluloid balls. You need also a net and a table. Table tennis was invented in England in 1880.

The  International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), a worldwide organization, was founded in 1926, precisely 46 years after its invention. Table tennis has been an Olympic sport since 1988, 108 years after its invention.
Many of the best players in the world today come from China.
 乒乓球 (Ping Pang Qiu) is the official name for the sport in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
 卓球 (Takkyu) is the official name for the sport in Japan.

History
The sport comes from England during the Victorian era, where it was played by the upper class as a game to be played after meals. It has been suggested that simpler versions of the game should be developed by British military officers living in India during the 1860s or 1870s, who brought it back with them. A row of books stood up along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to continuously hit a golf ball.

The name "ping-pong" was in wide use before the British manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd coined the term in 1901. The name "ping-pong" then came to describe the game played using Jaques's rather expensive equipment, with other manufacturers calling it table tennis. A similar situation arose in the United States, where Jaques sold the rights to the "ping-pong" name to Parker Brothers. Parker Brothers then enforced its trademark for the term in the 1920s making the various associations change their names to "table tennis" instead of the more common, but trademarked name.

The next most important innovation was by James W. Gibb, a British addict of the sport, who discovered novelty celluloid balls on a trip to the US in 1901 and found them to be ideal for the game. This was followed by E.C. Goode who, in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of rubber to the wooden blade. Table tennis became more popular by 1901, to the extent that tournaments were organised, books were written on the subject, and an unofficial world championship was held in 1902.

In 1921, the Table Tennis Association was founded, and in 1926 renamed the English Table Tennis Association. The International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) followed in 1926. London hosted the first official World Championships in 1926. In 1933, the United States Table Tennis Association, now called USA Table Tennis, was formed.

In the 1930s, Edgar Snow commented in Red Star Over China that the Communist forces in the Chinese Civil War had a "passion for the English game of table tennis" which he found "bizarre". On the other hand, the popularity of the sport waned in the 1930s Soviet Union, partly because of the promotion of team and military sports, and partly because of a theory that the game had adverse health effects.

In the 1950s, paddles that used a rubber sheet combined with an underlying sponge layer changed the game dramatically, introducing greater spin and speed. These were introduced to Britain by sports goods manufacturer S.W. Hancock Ltd. The use of speed glue beginning in the mid-1980s increased the spin and speed even further, resulting in changes to the equipment to "slow the game down". Table tennis was introduced as an Olympic sport at the Olympics in 1988.

Related pages
 Tennis

Other websites

 International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF)
 OOAK Table Tennis Forum

Summer Olympic sports

Indoor sports

Table tennis


Para ed kankanta ya laro-an ken Merle Haggard, silip diad Carolyn (kanta).
See Carl (name) for more information about the name.

Carolyn so sakey arapan ya lubay na babay, say variant na surat ed Caroline. Kani onong suraten et Karolyn.
Sakey na Caroline nun imbes ya arapan ran babay a sigud ken Karlos.

Nang-ragay ed toon Carolyn ya lubay:

Carolyn Bennett (born 1950), Canadian politician
Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy (1966-1999), wife of John F. Kennedy, Jr.
Carolyn Brown (choreographer) (born 1927), American dancer, choreographer, and writer, founding member of the Merce Cunningham Dance Company
Carolyn Cassady (born 1923), American writer associated with the Beat Generation
Carolyn C. J. Cherryh, American science fiction and fantasy writer
Carolyn Forché (born 1950), American poet, editor, translator and human rights advocate
Carolyn Franklin (1944-1988), American singer and songwriter, sister of Aretha Franklin
Carolyn Hart, American mystery writer
Carolyn Hax (born 1966), American writer and advice columnist
Carolyn Dawn Johnson (born 1971), Canadian country music singer-songwriter
Carolyn Jones (1930-1983), American actress best known for playing Morticia Addams in the television series The Addams Family
Carolyn Jones (politician), Canadian politician
Carolyn Jones-Young (born 1969), American former basketball player
Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick (born 1945), American politician
Carolyn Kizer (born 1925), Pulitzer Prize-winning American poet
Carolyn Leigh (1926-1983), American lyricist best known for co-writing "Witchcraft" and "The Best Is Yet to Come"
Carolyn B. Maloney (born 1946), American politician
Carolyn Martin (born 1951), American academic, author and president of Amherst College
Carolyn McCarthy (born 1944), American politician
Carolyn McCormick (born 1959), American actress best known for her role as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet in the Law & Order franchise
Carolyn Morris (1925-1996), pitcher in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
Carolyn Omine, American television writer and producer
Carolyn Parrish (born 1946), Canadian former politician
Carolyn Porco (born 1953), American planetary scientist
Carolyn See (born 1934), American author and reviewer
Carolyn Seymour (born 1947), English actress
Carolyn S. Shoemaker (born 1929), American astronomer
Carolyn Watkinson (born 1949), English mezzo-soprano singer of baroque music
Carolyn D. Wright (born 1949), American poet

Ragay son Fictional ni Carolyns:
Carolyn Keene, pseudonym of the authors of the Nancy Drew and The Dana Girls mystery stories
Carolyn Barek, on the television series Law & Order: Criminal Intent
Carolyn Stoddard, from the soap opera Dark Shadows

Say Filipinas ed Carolyn:
Carolyn Fariñas, mayor, San Felife, Zambales, Philippines
Carolyn Grace Garcia, mayor, Puerto Galera, Philippines
Carolyn Rosales, model

See also

Saray lubay na salitan English

Carolyn


Lemony Snicket is the pen name of the author who wrote the books in the A Series of Unfortunate Events series. Lemony Snicket's real name is Daniel Handler.

Snicket as a character
About once per book, Snicket provides the reader with glimpses of his life. He says that he:
 plays the accordion very badly
 was chased by an angry mob
 had an unhappy love affair with a woman called Beatrice, who even wrote a book (200 pages) explaining why it was impossible for her to marry him
 attended a costume ball dressed as a bullfighter, to gain access to his beloved Beatrice, who was dressed as a dragonfly

He also dedicated his life to the Baudelaire orphans story.

A Series of Unfortunate Events
Pen names

Lemony Snicket


System requirements refer to a checklist of minimum necessary items for a computer to have. These items would be requirements in order for an operating system to work, such as Windows XP. If the system did not have these things, the computer or operating system might crash or cause problems. If it exceeds minimum expectations, you could check the recommended system requirements, and see if it also meets those. If it does not, it is not bad. But if it does meet the recommended requirements, that is very good to know.

Software
Computer science

System requirements