Japanese studies (or Japanology) is a term generally used to describe the historical and cultural study of Japan.  In North America, the academic field is usually referred to as Japanese studies.  The term "Japanology" is more often used in Europe.

Japanology is the study of many subjects, including
 Japanese language
 Japanese calligraphy
 Japanese culture
 Japanese divinities
 Japanese history
 Japanese literature
 Japanese art
 Music of Japan
 Manga
 Anime
 Science and technology in Japan

The roots of Japanology begin with the Dutch at Dejima, Nagasaki in the Edo period.

Japanology was encouraged by the Asiatic Society of Japan at Yokohama which was established in 1872.

Notable Japanologists
 Edwin O. Reischauer
 Edward Seidensticker
 Ruth Benedict
Lafcadio Hearn
 Donald Keene
 Helen Hardacre
 Francis Xavier
 Ernest Mason Satow
 Richard Ponsonby-Fane

Notable foreign centers of Japanese studies
 University of Virginia Japanese Text Initiative
 Harvard University - Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies
 University of California, Berkeley - Center for Japanese Studies
 Columbia University - The Center for Japanese Legal Studies
 Oxford University -  Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies
 School of Oriental and African Studies - The Japan Research Centre and Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures
 School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences – Centre de Recherches sur le Japon
 Leiden University - Japanese Languages and Cultures
 Universitas Indonesia - Japanese Area Studies Program

Associations for Japan Studies overseas
 European Association for Japanese Studies
 British Association for Japanese studies
 The Society for Japanese Studies (United States)

Notable Academic Journals
 Journal of Japanese Studies (The Society for Japanese Studies)
 Monumenta Nipponica (Sophia University)
 Social Science Japan Journal (Oxford University Press)

Related pages
 Bushido
 Oriental studies

References

Other websites
Electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies
European Association for Japanese Studies

Japan

Japan studies


Paraphilia is a word used in sociology and medicine.  Like many other medical terms it comes from Ancient Greek. It means that someone is sexually aroused by people (or by things) that are unable to return their affection. The word can also be used to refer to sexual practices which are bad for the mind or body and are mental disorders.

When doctors talk about paraphilia, they usually mean one of the following, among other things:

 Dendrophilia - Sexual attraction to trees
 Emetophilia - Sexual arousal from vomiting or watching others vomit
 Exhibitionism- Wanting to expose oneself to strangers
 Fetishism- Sexual arousal by non-sexual objects, like lamps or boxes.
 Frotteurism- Sexual arousal by rubbing against strangers
 Infantilism - Wanting to be treated like an infant or a toddler
 Incestophilia - Wanting to have sex with relatives
 Klismaphilia - Sexual arousal from enemas
 Masochism- Wanting to be hurt physically
 Necrophilia - Sexual attraction to corpses
 Chronophilia- Wanting to have sex with a specific age group
 Sadism- Wanting to hurt people
 Urolognia - Enjoying urinating on people, and/or having people urinate on them
 Voyeurism- Sexual arousal by looking at strangers doing sexual things
 Zoophilia - Feeling sexually attracted to animals

The respective behaviour is only classified as paraphilia if it is the only means for the person involved to get sexually aroused, for a considerable time.

When normal people talk about paraphilia, they usually mean non-mainstream sexual behaviour.

Homosexuality (LGBT) used to be considered a paraphilia, but this is no longer the case in a lot of countries. However, in a lot of other countries it is still considered abnormal. The opposite of paraphilia is normophilia. An example of a normophilia is teleiophilia.

References

Mental illnesses
Sociology

Paraphilia


Kalevala is the Finnish national epic. This means it is a book that is very important to Finnish people.

Kalevala has many stories and folklores in it. The stories of Kalevala are poems that are very old. Long ago, people sang these poems. The poems have a unique metre that is not known outside Finnic languages. There are many themes in these stories from different times in the past. The oldest themes are from the Stone Age. Many of the poems are collected from Karelia and areas nearby.

Heroes have adventures in these stories. The most important heroes are Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen and Kullervo. The enemies of heroes are Louhi and Joukahainen. Many stories in Kalevala are about two countries fighting each other. These countries are the land of Kalevala and land of Pohjola. The Land of Kalevala is the land of Heroes. Pohjola is the land of enemies. Pohjola is an evil and cold place somewhere far north.

Elias Lönnrot was a man who collected these poems and made a book of them. Kalevala has been translated into many languages. There is also an English Kalevala.

Finnish mythology

Kalevala


A coefficient of friction is a value that shows the relationship between two objects and the normal reaction between the objects that are involved. It is a value that is sometimes used in physics to find an object's normal force or frictional force when other methods are unavailable.

The coefficient of friction is shown by     . In that equation,  is the frictional force,  is the coefficient of friction, and  is the normal force.

The coefficient  can be two different things. It is either the coefficient of static friction , or the coefficient of Dynamic friction .The coefficient of static friction is the friction force between two objects when neither of the objects is moving. The coefficient of dynamic friction is the force between two objects when one object is moving, or if two objects are moving against one another.

The coefficient of friction is dimensionless and it does not have any unit. It is a scalar, meaning the direction of the force does not affect the physical quantity.

The coefficient of friction depends on the objects that are causing friction. The value is usually between 0 and 1 but can be greater than 1. A value of 0 means there is no friction at all between the objects; such is possible with Superfluidity. All objects, otherwise, will have some friction when they touch each other. A value of 1 means the frictional force is equal to the normal force. It is a misconception that the coefficient of friction is limited to values between zero and one. A coefficient of friction that is more than one just means that the frictional force is stronger than the normal force. An object such as silicone rubber, for example, can have a coefficient of friction much greater than one.

The friction force is the force exerted by a surface when an object moves across it - or makes an effort to move across it.

The frictional force or force of friction (static or kinetic) can be expressed as

        (1)

where

 is the frictional force (in Newtons),

 is the static () or kinetic () frictional coefficient (dimensionless) and

 is the normal force (in Newtons).

It could also be known as a friction. It is represented as (f).

Sources
To find the equivalent article in En wiki, click here

Physics

Coefficient of friction


Wapping is an area in East London. It is in the borough of Tower Hamlets, in London, United Kingdom. Wapping is by the River Thames (the longest river in England). Wapping was probably named by the Saxons when they lived here. Their leader was named Waeppa. England's first marine police force was created in 1798 in Wapping. There were 163 bombs dropped in Wapping (including St Katherine's docks) during World War II. This was from October 7, 1940 to June 6, 1941. There is a famous landmark in Wapping called the Prospect of Whitby which is a very famous pub.

In Wapping there are two primary schools. St. Peter's London Docks primary school and Hermitage primary school.

References

Areas of London

Wapping


Edwin Fuller Uhl (August 14, 1841 – May 17, 1901) was a prominent Michigan lawyer and politician. He served as Mayor of Grand Rapids, Michigan, Ambassador to Germany and United States Assistant Secretary of State.

Biography
Uhl was born in the township of Rush, New York, the son of David M. and Catherine (De Garmo) Uhl. The family moved to a farm near Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 1844. Uhl graduated from the University of Michigan in 1862 and received an M.A. degree from the same institution in 1863. He then studied law, gaining admission to the Michigan bar in January 1864, and began practice. He would practice law alone and in partnerships for the next thirty years.

On May 1, 1865, Uhl married Alice Follett, the daughter of Benjamin Follett, a prominent citizen and onetime mayor of Ypsilanti. They had four children: Lucy Follett, David Edwin, Alice Edwina and Marshall Mortimer.

In 1870 Uhl was elected Prosecuting Attorney of Washtenaw County and served in that office for two years. In 1876 the Uhl family moved to Grand Rapids. In 1881 he became president of the Grand Rapids National Bank; he remained in that position until 1893, then returned to it in 1897. At one time he served as President of the Bar Association of Grand Rapids. In 1890 he was elected Mayor of Grand Rapids, serving two years.

In 1893 Uhl was appointed Assistant Secretary of State and moved to Washington, D.C. From May 28 to June 9, 1895, he served as Acting Secretary of State by appointment of President Cleveland. In 1895 the federal government appointed him to inspect US consular offices throughout Europe and in 1896 he was appointed Ambassador to Germany, a post he held until 1897, when the Cleveland administration and its appointees were replaced. He returned to Grand Rapids and resumed his career there until his death four years later.

He is buried in Highland Cemetery in Ypsilanti, Michigan.

External links
Biography of Edwin F. Uhl, from The History of Kent County, Michigan, Chicago: Chas. C. Chapman & Co., 1881
Biography of Edwin F. Uhl, from History of Kent County, Volume III by Arthur White, 1925

1841 births
1901 deaths
19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American politicians
Acting United States Secretaries of State
Ambassadors of the United States to Germany
Mayors of Grand Rapids, Michigan
People from Rush, New York
Politicians from Ypsilanti, Michigan
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
University of Michigan alumni
Burials at Highland Cemetery

Edwin F. Uhl


In Aztec meethologie, Tlazolteotl (or Tlaçolteotl, ) is a goddess o purification, steam bath, midwives, filth, an a patroness o adulterers. In Nahuatl, the wird tlazolli can refer tae vice an diseases. Thus, Tlazolteotl wis a goddess o filth (sin), vice, an sexual misdeeds. Housomeivver, she wis a purification goddess as well, who forgave the sins an disease o those caused bi misdeeds, pairticularly sexual misdeeds. Her dual natur is seen in her epithets; Tlaelquani ('she who eats filth [sin]') an Tlazolmiquiztli ('the daith caused bi lust'), an Ixcuina or Ixcuinan ('she o twa faces'). Unner the designation o Ixcuinan she wis thocht tae be plural in nummer an fower sisters o different ages bi the names; Tiacapan (the first born), Teicu (the younger sister), Tlaco (the middle sister) an Xocotzin (the youngest sister).

Her son wis Centeotl an she wis kent as Toci an aw. She presides ower the 13t trecena o the sacred 260-day year.
Anither son is Yum Kaax, the Maya maize god.

Aztec releegion
Tlazolteotl mey hae oreeginally been a Huaxtec goddess frae the Guwf Coast. In the Aztec releegion thare wur twa main deities thocht tae preside ower confession; Tezcatlipoca, acause he wis thocht tae be invisible an omnipresent, seein iverything, an Tlazolteotl, the goddess o lechery an unlawful love. It is said that whan a man confessed afore Tlazolteotl iverything wis revealed. Confession tae Tlazolteotl wad be done throu a priest but, unlike the Christian practice, it happened anerlie ance durin a man's lifetime.

Accordin tae Aztec belief, it wis Tlazolteotl who inspired vicious desires, an who likewise forgave an cleaned awa the defilement o sin. She wis thocht tae cause disease an aw, especially sexually transmitit disease. It wis said that Tlazolteotl an her companions wad afflict fowk wi disease if they indulgit thairsels in forbidden love. The uncleanliness wis considered baith on a pheesical an moral level; an coud be cured bi steam-bath, a rite o purification, or cawin upon Tlazolteteo, the goddesses o love an desires.

Festival

Tlazolteotl wis ane o the primar Aztec deities celebratit in the festival o "Ochpaniztli" (meanin "sweepin") that wis held September 2–21 tae recognise the harvest saison. The ceremonies conductit durin this timeframe includit ritual cleanin, sweepin, an repairin; as well as the castin o corn seed, dances, an militar ceremonies.

Ither names
Ixcuiname
Toci

See an aw
Centeotl
Xochiquetzal
Xochipilli
Tezcatlipoca
An image o Tlazolteotl frae the Codex Borbonicus, in Wikimedia Commons.

Notes

Aztec goddesses
Daith goddesses
Growthiness goddesses
Luve an lust goddesses
Yird goddesses
Bairnheid goddesses

Tlazolteotl


The current Crown of the Netherlands is of relatively modern origin. In 1813 the new "Sovereign Ruler" of the Netherlands, Prince Willem of Orange, son and heir of the exiled stadtholder Willem V of Orange, was sworn in as Dutch monarch in Amsterdam. There was no crown present at the ceremony.

When, in 1815, Willem was proclaimed "King of the Netherlands" in Brussels, he was not crowned but there was a crown present during his inauguration, a huge and unusable construction of gilded copper, pearls made of pasted fishskin and coloured glass. The four holes in the ring, the peculiar size and the lack of a bill in the accounts that do contain the jeweler's bill for the gilded silver orb and sceptre, suggest that it was the old "funeral crown", used by the stadtholders in the 18th century and then tied to a cushion on top of the coffin when driven to the vault in Delft. This crown still exists. It may have been used for royal funerals in the 19th century.

The Dutch College of Arms (the "Hoge Raad van Adel") approved of a new royal coat of arms with crown on 24 August 1815. From then on, the heraldic crown and the actual crown would differ.

The heraldic crown was described as "a bejeweled golden ring with golden fleurons and pearls, eight rising arches studded with pearls and topped with an orb with a cross. The crown is not lined with velvet."

In 1840, King Willem I abdicated and a new crown was made. The renowned Amsterdam jewelry firm As Bonebakker & Son was commissioned to make the crown. The execution were left to master gold- and silversmith Theodorus Gerardus Bentvelt. This small crown contains no real diamonds or pearls. It was made of gilded silver, balls covered with fish skin and glass with coloured foil behind it. The lining was made of red silk. Willem II and his successors chose not to wear it, but to leave it on a special table during the ceremony when both the King and the States-General take the oath. The crown was used in royal funerals.

In 1898, 24 of the 74 pearls were removed as the crown was prepared for the inauguration of Queen Wilhelmina. The crown has not changed since then. It was the monarch's private property until 1963. It was given to a foundation controlled by the royal family and has never been on display, except for the investitures of 1898, 1948, 1980, 2013, a funeral in 1934 and an exhibition in 1990.

See also

Dutch Royal Regalia
Circlet
Coronet
Diadem
Helmet
Tiara
Papal tiara
Crown jewels
List of Royal Crowns

References

1840 works
Netherlands
Dutch monarchy
National symbols of the Netherlands
Silver-gilt objects

Crown of the Netherlands


Tainan City () is a city in Southern Taiwan. It is the fifth largest city after Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City and Taichung City. Tainan was the capital of Taiwan in 1661 when Koxinga took the island from Dutch colonial rule. In 1684, the Qing Dynasty conquered Taiwan and created "Taiwan Fu" (the first local government in Taiwan). This was later renamed to "Tainan Fu" in 1885. Because it was the capital of Taiwan, Tainan is also called Fu-cheng (Government City). Tainan was also the capital of the Republic of Formosa. Tainan is one of the oldest cities in Taiwan, with the Dutch port at An-ping (安平) in 1624. It is also one of Taiwan's cultural capitals, as it built the First Confucian School/Temple on the island. There are remains of the Northern and Southern gates of the old city, and other old monuments. Tainan is the city with the most Buddhist and/or Taoist temples on Taiwan. Tainan City is surrounded by Tainan County to the north and east and the South China Sea to the west and south.

History
Tainan is famous with its 300-year history and buildings with old designs. Before the year of 1700, there were only the earliest people living there. But everything changed after the Dutch got to Tainan and made Fort Zeelandia (also called Anping Fort) in Anping. Then in 1661, the Dutch were kicked out by Koxinga, who followed the ideas of the Ming Dynasty, and his army. He ended 38 years of Dutch rule in Taiwan.

Twenty-two years later, the chief town of Taiwan moved to Tainan and Taiwan became a part of China under the Qing Dynasty's rule. But the Qing Dynasty didn't care much about Tainan. Afterwards, Japan took over Taiwan and built "the Office of the Governor-General" in Taipei. From then on, Taipei became more important than Tainan. After World War II, Taiwan is no longer under Japanese people's rule. Even though Tainan is not the chief town of Taiwan anymore, Tainan is still called "Taiwan's cultural capital" because of its long history in Taiwan.

Districts
Tainan City once had six districts: Anping, Annan, East, West Central, South, and North districts. Annan district was originally the An-Shun township of Tainan County, and was added into Tainan City in 1946. On December 25, 2010, it got merged with Tainan county, and upgraded into a special municipality. Its name remains Tainan City. Now the great Tainan City has 31 districts, and the central government want those districts incorporated into 10 to 12 districts in the future. But people in every township are not very positive about this. Because people are afraid that their budget would be downsized while every administrative area become much larger. For the central and local city government, there is a long way to go.

Landmarks

Tainan has a lot of popular scenic spots, such as:
 Sicau Green Tunnel
 Anping Treehouse
 Chimei Museum
 Black-faced Spoonbill Reserve
 Cigu Salt Mountains
 Chihkan Tower
 Koxinga Shrine
 Tainan Confucius Temple

Twin towns and sister cities
Tainan has 28 twin towns and sister cities worldwide. Tainan signed the agreements with 9 cities in the US between 1965 and 1991. They are:
 Monterey, California (1965)
 San Jose, California (1977)
 Kansas City, Missouri (1987)
 Columbus, Ohio (1980)
 Orlando, Florida (1982)
 Fairbanks, Alaska (1983)
 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (1986)
 Huntsville, Alabama (1986)
 Carbondale, Illinois (1991)

Related pages
 List of counties of Republic of China

References

Other websites

 International students @ Tainan English city-guide

Cities in Taiwan

Tainan


Lower Normandy (called Basse-Normandie in French) is a former  administrative Regions of France.  It is now part of the region of Normandy. The capital city was Caen. In 2007 about 1.4 million people lived there.

Lower Normandy became a region in 1956. The old region of Normandy was split into Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy. The departments in the region were Calvados, Manche, and Orne.

The economy is centered on agriculture. Cider is made there and livestock is farmed. There is a bit of textile industry as well. It was the first region of France when it comes to producing butter, cheese and horses. The west part of the region is used mainly for farming, because of the prairies. Camembert, Pont-l'évêque and Livarot cheeses come from this region.

Former administrative regions of France

Lower Normandy


Roberta Joan Anderson (born November 7, 1943 in Fort Macleod, Alberta, Canada), better known as Joni Mitchell, is a Canadian songwriter, musician and artist. Her usual musical instrument is a guitar. Her songs include "Big Yellow Taxi", "Woodstock" (about the 1969 Woodstock Festival), "Free Man In Paris", "Help Me" and "Both Sides Now". Her name Mitchell comes from her first marriage (to Chuck Mitchell).

She first began singing folk music while she attended art school, to earn spending money. In time, her songs and style got her noticed, and she became a professional musician. She signed a recording contract, and her first album appeared in 1968. "Both Sides Now" also boosted the musical career of Judy Collins, another folksinger, whose cover version became a popular hit. She also performs in the contralto range.

Mitchell had romantic relationships with Stephen Stills and David Crosby, both of the band Crosby, Stills & Nash. She also did artwork for one of their album covers. She was scheduled to appear at the Woodstock Festival, as CSN was (joined by Neil Young), but she had to cancel. Her song "Woodstock" still became a hit for CSN, and summed up for many people the meaning of the festival.

During the 1970s, Mitchell changed from folk music to jazz, and she lost some of her fans. Many other people enjoyed her later music, though, including an album she made with Charles Mingus, a legendary jazz musician. The album was Mingus's last project before his death.

Not all of Mitchell's records have been hits, and she resisted compiling a "best-ofs" or "greatest hits" album for many years, feeling that if she did so, her career would be "over". She did finally release a pair of recordings, Hits (which contained her biggest hit records) and Misses (which included some of her favorite songs, that were not hits). She continues to perform, and to paint pictures. Her paintings are displayed in galleries around the world.

Before she became famous, Mitchell gave up a newborn daughter for adoption in Canada. During the 1990s, the two got back in contact, and now have a good relationship.

Though she first became famous during the 1960s, Mitchell does not  that era. She reminds listeners of the negative parts of it, and encourages them to make the present better.

In March 2015, Mitchell was found unconscious in her Los Angeles home. She regained consciousness in an ambulance on her way to hospital, but was taken to intensive care for tests.She had a brain aneurysm. She was diagnosed with a throat tumor later the next day.

Discography
Studio albums
 Song to a Seagull (1968)
 Clouds (1969)
 Ladies to the Canyon (1970)
 Blue (1971)
 For the Roses (1972)
 Court and Spark (1974)
 The Hissing of Summer Lawns (1975)
 Hejira (1976)
 Don Juan's Reckless Daughter (1977)
 Mingus (1979)
 Wild Things Run Fast (1982)
 Dog Eat Dog (1985)
 Chalk Mark in a Rain Storm (1988)
 Night Ride Home (1991)
 Turbulent Indigo (1994)
 Taming the Tiger (1998)
 Shine (2007)

References

1943 births
Living people
Canadian guitarists
Canadian singer-songwriters
Musicians from Alberta

Joni Mitchell


Hashish is a sticky, thick, dark-colored resin (plant juice) which is made from the flower of the female cannabis plant, Cannabis sativa. The cannabis plant's leaves and flowers contain chemicals known as cannabinoids. One cannabinoid is THC, which gives a person who smokes or eats parts of the cannabis plant a feeling of euphoria (makes the user feel good or happy). Another cannabinoid is CBD, which gives the user a relaxing feeling, and another is CBG which gives the user red or droopy eyes. The name hashish comes from an Arabic word meaning dry weed.

The two main drugs made from the cannabis plant are marijuana and hashish. Hashish has much more of the chemical THC (which makes users feel good or happy) than marijuana. Hashish is an illegal drug in the United States, UK and many other countries. Some people think it should be legal, some think it should be legal only for medical reasons, and some think it should not be legal at all.

Production and use
To make hashish, workers rub cannabis blossoms with their hands to get the resin to stick to their hands, and then the resin is collected. Another way to make hashish is to sift the ground-up, dried leaves through a screen and press the powder resin to make a "brick".

A more modern method of producing hashish is through alcohol extraction. In this method cannabis plants are ground up and covered in isopropyl alcohol or butane and left to sit. The mixture is then dried until the alcohol is gone, leaving the active terpenoid and terpene compounds which can be used immediately or cooked into bricks.

When a person wants to use hashish, they usually smoke it by putting a small piece of hashish in a joint with tobacco or marijuana. Then the person lights the paper roll with a flame and inhales the smoke that comes out, exhaling 1-3 seconds after holding in the smoke.

Another way that people use hashish is by putting a small piece of hashish in a pipe or bong (water pipe) then putting it on fire, and breathing the smoke. Some people also eat hashish, usually by mixing it into food or baked goods.

Legality
The legality of hashish use is different in different countries.

Australia
Cannabis and sometimes hashish is legal for strict medicinal use such as cancer patients, terminally ill, epileptics and insomniacs. In Canberra however, cannabis is now legal for adults 18+ since 2019. Before this, it was only decriminalised in Canberra.

America
In the US, there are state and federal laws that do not agree if cannabis is legal or not. Some states such as Colorado and California are completely legal for use of cannabis in all forms including flower, hashish, edibles, tinctures, hash oil and even flavoured or alcoholic drinks for adults 21 or over excluding some laws for the quantity you can possess, distribution and where you can smoke in these states. In other states, cannabis in all forms excluding perhaps Cannabis Ruderalis (hemp) is only legal for medicinal use but much less strict than Australia for example. In some other states cannabis is classed as a Schedule 1 drug meaning severe and unreasonable punishments for possession, use and distribution.

Netherlands
Hashish is not legal in the Netherlands, but there are no criminal laws against having a small amount of cannabis (marijuana or hashish). This is because the Netherlands decided that having cannabis should not be a crime. Some other countries are starting to "decriminalize" and even completely legalise cannabis as (make using it or having it no longer be a crime).

Effects

The effects of hashish are typically the same as cannabis although less is consumed to reach the same level of intoxication if it isn't "soapbar" hash.

Effects of hash and weed cause the following effects depending on how much is consumed. Although Sativa strains will normally cause a higher ratio of trippy and heart raising effects than Indica and Indica strains normally will have a higher ratio of sedating and narcotic effects than a Sativa strain, both cause relatively the same effects, just a higher ratio of "trip" effects from sativas than indicas and higher ratio of sedation and mood relief from indicas than sativas.

Hurting the lungs and throat
Smoking any drugs/plants such as marijuana, hashish, or tobacco is bad for the lungs. Smoke hurts the lungs and the throat because the smoke has tar in it and when any form of plant matter is combusted, some of the plant is processed into carcinogenic smoke which have cancer causing potential for the physical respiratory system excluding the heart, including lungs throat and mouth. There are much less carcinogens in cannabis/hash smoke than tobacco as cannabis contains no carcinogens itself until burnt. A person who only eats hashish will not hurt their lungs or throat. A relatively newer process of inhalation which is much safer than smoking is vaporizing the hashish. This method is based on increasing the temperature of the hashish to 170-200 degrees Celsius which is about the temperature THC vaporizes but is far below the point when "carbons" begin being burned. The result is the THC compound being breathed in combined with air rather than the THC compound being breathed in with smoke.

Repetitive lifestyle
Excluding smoking risks, smoking hashish and weed all the time can potentially help someone to be caught up in a repetitive loop of habits in life, some which may be unhealthy. Quitting, doing more productive things or tripping on a serotonin psychedelic can help reset these habits but that is another topic all together.

Cardiovascular risk
It is unknown whether hash or cannabis can be dangerous for people with a severely damaged or weak heart but the increase of heart rate and lower blood pressure caused by being stoned can certainly cause potential short-term problems especially if the person has a panic attack for whatever reason (thinking they're having a heart attack, wanting the effects to disappear or paranoid thoughts about specific things). This coupled with the already elevated heart rate seems like it can certainly cause problems for people with "bad" hearts, but it's still not proven as there's still been (of January 2020) absolutely no certain recorded deaths caused by only cannabis. There has been a couple reports of cardiac arrest, but most or all of these reports contain at least one other potential factor.

Potential overdosing
In general, THC smoked or orally consumed, upwards of 3 grams seems to be relatively safe even though 3 grams of pure THC is around 100 moderately strong edibles. However, smoking cannabis seems to be physically impossible to lethally overdose for someone relatively healthy. Many people smoke grams of hash oil at a time, wanting to achieve a state that "no man's gone before", with the absolutely worst thing happening is a pale face, vomiting, and inability to move as much as usual.

If a ridiculously high dose of cannabis is consumed such as in edibles in doses of a gram +/-, then the user can technically overdose, although it isn't lethal.
The "overdose" can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, hallucinations (unique compared to any other class of hallucinogens), disorientation, strong sedation, pale skin, sleeping (up to 12 hours), and in rare cases short comas (up to 2 days). The person experiencing the "overdose" generally ends up fine. In bad cases, they may end up in a hospital from thinking they're in danger, or for someone else mistaking their symptoms as dangerous.

Addiction
Most other illegal drugs, such as heroin, crack, and cocaine, are very addictive. This means that someone with an addictive personality, or someone that has no worries or knowledge of side effects of the addictive drug they're about to do, starts regularly taking an addictive drug (heroin, meth, or cocaine), the person will want to keep taking more of the drug, even if it is making them sick with or without it. Legal drugs such as tobacco, caffeine and alcohol are also found to be addictive, tobacco the most. Tobacco can be just as bad, if not, worse of an addiction than methamphetamine. The tobacco user will typically go buy some more cigarettes or pick up used butts to smoke if they run out. If the meth user runs out, they have no easy legal source to get it, and if they have no money they can't just pick up a dirty second hand "meth butt" (no such thing) off anywhere on the ground. The addiction is as strong as tobacco, that they "need" it, so many of them end up breaking into people's houses and cars to steal money and possessions to trade for more, which tobacco users do not tend to do. Tobacco users do tend to smoke much more often, however.

Hashish and cannabis are not physically addictive like heroin, cocaine and cigarettes; however, users may develop a psychological addiction.

Long-term side effects
 Reduced anadamide levels in the endocannabinoid system within the brain and body (temporary if cannabis use stops)
 Lung damage/throat damage (temporary or permanent)
 Weakened or strengthened immune system (usually temporary when cannabis use stops)
 More content with life, which may cause less motivation for things that are good for you that requires effort (usually temporary if cannabis use is seized, if experienced)
 Thick, shorter shooting male ejaculation (temporary until use stops)
 Drier vagina (usually when stoned)
 Sleep pattern issues (you may need to try to fix them or you may need help fixing your sleep cycle.)
 Less predictable menstrual cycle (temporary until use stops)

Slang terms
Hashish is often just called "hash". There are other variations of hashish such as temple balls, dry sift, kief, pressed hash, and bubble hash. If you hear any of these terms, the person is talking about a specific type of hash. Slang terms vary from country to country. There are many slang terms for hashish smoking, such as "getting faded", "getting stoned as fuck", "blown away", "baking up", "getting baked", "blazing" etc., all of them same terms are used interchangeably with smoking weed as they both get you to a very similar state of mind. Although most hash smokers if they have hash will more likely say something simple rather than slang like "let's smoke some hash" unless they're talking about how high they want to get.

Related pages
 Illegal drugs
 Cannabis
 Marijuana

References

Cannabis

Hashish


The Church of Ireland () is the Anglican church in Ireland. It is an independent member of the Anglican communion. During the kingdom of Ireland it was the state religion. It continued to be during the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, when it became part of the Church of England. It was disestablished and separated from the Church of England in 1871 by the British Parliament.

The seat of the Church of Ireland is at Saint Patrick's Cathedral in Armagh. Today the Church has roughly 390,000 members throughout Ireland, which makes it the second largest religious community in Ireland (after the Catholic Church) and the third largest in Northern Ireland (after the Catholic Church and the Presbyterian Church in Ireland).

References

Anglicanism
Organizations based in Ireland

Church of Ireland


Interlinear text is text on several lines where additional lines  give explanations of the main text.  That can be a transliteration or a translation of each word of the main line (literal translation) or a free translation of the entire main text line.

Interlinear text is usually used to translate or explain the main text. It is used frequently in foreign language learning material and linguistic literature. Latin text books and Greek or Hebrew Bibles with interlinears are common examples.

Related pages
Literal translation

Other websites
 Example of interlinear text (Matthew) (pdf)
 Interlinear Glossed Text Standards (E-MELD)
 Interlinear Glossed Text Levels (E-MELD)
 Toward a General Model of Interlinear Text (E-MELD)
 Interlinear Morphemic Glosses
 The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses
 Online Interlinear of Biblical Greek Scriptures (New Testament) text - Requires Adobe Acrobat

Language education

Interlinear text


Monergism is the view within Christian theology which holds that God works through the Holy Spirit to bring about the salvation of an individual through spiritual regeneration, regardless of the individual's cooperation. It is most often associated with Lutheranism, as well as with the Reformed tradition (such as Presbyterianism, low church Anglicanism, Puritans, Dutch Reformed Church, Reformed Baptist etc.) and its doctrine of irresistible grace, and particularly with historical doctrinal differences between Calvinism and Arminianism. This position supposedly contrasts with what is pejoratively called Arminian synergism, the belief that God and individuals cooperate to bring individuals salvation.

Statement of the doctrine

Monergism states that the regeneration of an individual is the work of God through the Holy Spirit alone, as opposed to synergism, which, in its simplest form, argues that the human will cooperates with God's grace in order to be regenerated. To most synergists, regeneration is a process that begins when a person responds to God's initiative, repents, and begins the labor of loving God and his neighbor. Monergists believe that regeneration takes place as a single act in which God regenerates a person from a fleshly state and, thus now enabled, a person can believe, and that he/she inevitably and invariably will do so.

While most synergists hold that God initiates all the work but that the work of salvation requires "free will," monergists maintain that God alone initiates and completes all the work of salvation. To a monergist, a person possesses human freedom before regeneration (if by freedom, is meant the ability to choose what one wants). Yet, a person; because of his unregenerate and fallen nature is in slavery to sin (i.e. a person chooses sin; because that is what he/she wants); because he/she is dead in sin before God's regeneration and in this state is unable to choose God (because he/she does not want God; the person may want the gifts from God, but not God). Synergists, on the other hand, have varying beliefs regarding freedom to respond to God. According to monergism, faith in Christ only springs from a heart first renewed by God. Among various arguments, proponents believe  to mean that no one can possibly confess Jesus as Lord apart from the Holy Spirit's prompting and being a true conviction of the heart.

According to monergists, all persons are conceived and born with an unregenerated human nature, and faith to believe is beyond the power of this unregenerated human nature. God circumcises the heart. The apostle John is understood by some monergists as having recorded Jesus saying that we love darkness, hate the light and will not come into the light (; monergists assume that "doing the truth" and "loving the light" in consequence are the results of God's irresistible grace which brings a love and faith enabled by grace. The natural person, apart from the quickening work of the Holy Spirit, will not come to Christ on his/her own; since the person is at enmity with God; and so, will not understand spiritual things (meaning the experience of loving God; i.e. seeing God's loveliness) (). Reading or hearing the word of God alone cannot elicit saving faith in the reader (). The monergist believes in heralding the gospel indiscriminately, and the Holy Spirit regenerates whom it will, according to its sovereign grace.

Monergists believe that once the "eyes have been made healthy" a person will inevitably follow God; because the Infinite is effective to what the Infinite wills to effect. "Therefore, my dear friends, as you have always obeyed—not only in my presence, but now much more in my absence—continue to work out your salvation with fear and trembling, 13 for it is God who works in you to will and to act in order to fulfill his good purpose." Philippians 2:12–13. God always does according to His good pleasure; and no thing can stop an infinite Being's good pleasure.

Monergistic salvation, synergistic damnation
Lutheranism and Reformed Protestantism, including those who ascribe to Covenant Theology, hold to the soteriological position of monergistic salvation and synergistic damnation, rejecting Calvin's monergistic damnation and Arminius's synergistic salvation.

Lutheranism teaches that God predestines some to salvation via His foreknowledge but does not predestine others to damnation, as God wills that all might be saved (1 Tim 2:3-6, Rom. 11:32, etc.). The Scriptural basis for man's justification by faith alone is summarized in the Epitome of the Formula of Concord under Free Will and The Righteousness of Faith Before God. The Righteousness of Faith, and fully discussed in the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord under Free Will and The Righteousness of Faith. Likewise the Defense of the Augsburg Confession discusses the Scriptural basis of man's Justification. Lutherans thus confess that salvation is monergistic, saving faith being the work of the Holy Spirit alone while man is still the uncooperative enemy of God (Rom. 5:8,10), but man's damnation is synergistic: Scripture states repeatedly that man participates in and bears the responsibility for resisting God's grace of the free—not enforced—gift of salvation (ex: Matt. 23:37, Heb. 12:25, Acts 7:51, John 16:9, Heb. 12:15, etc.). Thus, you will see Calvinists incorrectly accuse Lutherans of Arminianism and Arminians incorrectly accuse Lutherans of Calvinism. Lutherans view their stance not as having one foot in Calvinism and one foot in Arminianism, but having both feet firmly planted in scripture. This view is also shared by some Augustinian denominations such as the Church of the Redeemer.

Reformed Baptists confess The London Baptist Confession of Faith of 1689.

Opposition to monergism

Synergists have a variety of beliefs. Many would hold the same views listed above in describing how God opens the eyes and ears of a person to both see and hear the Salvation of God before he has faith. They would make the distinction, however, that a person can reject this revelation and maintain their desire to remain as they are. They would maintain that God, in his grace, calls all human beings to follow him, but he allows the "free will" of the individual to not respond to him. Most synergists believe man is unable to do good but God has extended grace to all people which gives them the ability to have faith in Christ (see prevenient grace). Synergists believe salvation is a matter of human and divine synergy, not divine choice alone without human cooperation.

Some synergists believe that monergism is fatalistic; because they interpret it to believe that a man is not free to resist God's (outward) call. Many monergists, however, would counter that when the heart has been regenerated, man accepts God's (inward) call freely and so would defend that their Christianity, while not predicated on "free will," does, in fact, involve their freedom. Opponents of monergism would argue that this type of freedom is akin to being free to take the one-and-only choice available.

These arguments are both aspects of the general argument that monergism means that God chooses individuals without any condition provided by the individual (See unconditional election). Therefore, according to monergism, the only reason that one person is saved and another is not is because God sovereignly decided, without any conditions provided by the two individuals, to save one of them. It follows that the only reason people are not saved is because God sovereignly chooses not to save some individuals. Therefore, monergism is said to lead to the conclusion that God does not in fact love every human being nor want to save every person. By contrast, synergists maintain that God does not save certain individuals because they do not desire to be saved. According to both monergism and synergism, God will not force His will or His forgiveness on those who do not desire it.

Robin Phillips has argued that monergism and monoenergism, the latter of which was condemned as heretical during the patristic era, are closely related.

References

Sources
 "Regeneration" by J. I. Packer

External links
Monergism.com – Contains articles explaining and defending Calvinistic monergism.
A Divine and Supernatural Light, Immediately Imparted to the Soul by the Spirit of God by Jonathan Edwards
Two Views of Regeneration (chart) by John Hendryx
The Work of the Trinity in Monergism by John Hendryx
Jesus Teaches Monergistic Regeneration by John Hendryx
The New Genesis by R.C. Sproul
A Defense of Monergistic Regeneration by Gannon Murphy
Monergistic Regeneration 2-Part MP3 Lecture by Art Azurdia

Calvinist theology
Pneumatology
Salvation in Protestantism
Christian terminology

Monergism


Kenmore is a village in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 15,205 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area.

Kenmore is in the south part of the town of Tonawanda, and together with the town it is often referred to as "Ken-Ton". It is bordered to the south by the city of Buffalo. The village is in the northwest part of Erie County.

The village has received accolades: In 2009, the American Planning Association named Kenmore "One of the Top 10 Great Neighborhoods" in the United States. The village is also one of the country's 100 most densely-populated incorporated places. In 2011, Buffalo Business First named Kenmore the highest-rated community in Western New York.

History
The village of Kenmore was incorporated in 1899 from part of the town of Tonawanda. It is known as "Buffalo's First Suburb".

Louis Eberhardt, known as the "father of Kenmore", opposed naming the village "Eberhardt" after himself. He was responsible for buying farmland and subdividing the property into a suburban development. The building which is portrayed on the village logo is the Eberhardt Mansion, located at the corner of Delaware Avenue and Kenmore Avenue. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The Kenmore Village Hall was listed in 2013 as the Tonawanda Municipal Building.

Geography
Kenmore is located at  (42.964907, -78.871679).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all  land.

Adjacent cities and towns
 Town of Tonawanda - west, north, east
 Buffalo - south

Major highways

  New York State Route 265 (Military Rd.), north–south roadway that provides the west village line.
  New York State Route 384 (Delaware Ave.), north–south roadway through the village from Tonawanda south into Buffalo.
 Elmwood Avenue (Erie CR 119), important north–south roadway through the village
 Kenmore Avenue (Erie CR 307), east–west roadway that forms the south village line.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 16,426 people, 7,071 households, and 4,235 families residing in the village. The population density was , one of the densest populations in the United States. There were 7,459 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.85% White, 0.99% African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.35% from other races, and 0.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.30% of the population.

There were 7,071 households, out of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.3% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $42,252, and the median income for a family was $53,155. Males had a median income of $38,371 versus $26,875 for females. The per capita income for the village was $21,695. About 3.5% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over.

Government
The village government consists of a mayor and four trustees, each elected to a four-year term. The current mayor is Patrick Mang.

Notable people
Adrian Adonis, pro wrestler
Zach Anner, stand-up comedian
Wolf Blitzer, journalist and news anchor
Bob Cameron, racing driver
Jonah Heim, American professional baseball catcher for the Texas Rangers
Green Jellÿ, punk band
Rusty Jeffers, professional bodybuilder
Gerda Weissmann Klein, Holocaust historian and recipient of the Medal of Freedom
Beth Krom, former mayor of Irvine, California
Jill Krowinski, current Speaker of the House, Vermont House of Representatives
Chris Lee, former US congressman
John Massé, animator
Chuck McCoy, radio personality, comedian, YouTube creator
Dan McFall, retired NHL player
Bernard Joseph McLaughlin, Roman Catholic bishop
James McLernon, retired automobile company executive
Walter M. Noel Jr., of Fairfield Greenwich Group
Jerry Ross, painter
Vesta M. Roy, former acting governor of New Hampshire
Robin Schimminger, former New York state assemblyman

References

External links

Villages in New York (state)
Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area
Villages in Erie County, New York

Kenmore, New York


Output is what comes out of something. An example of output is when someone talks. The word is usually used when talking about computers. When someone tells a computer to do something, what it does is the output. Usually, output changes when someone changes the input.

Communication
Computer science

Output


Otto Arosemena Gómez (19 July 1925 – 20 April 1984) was President of Ecuador, November 16, 1966 to September 1, 1968.

His government, though short, greatly increased Ecuador's development and ensured the consolidation of democracy. In accordance with the law, he called presidential elections, and Velasco Ibarra won for his fifth and final time. Arosemena finished his term on August 31, 1968.

In 1965, when the country was facing one of its worst political, social, and economic crises—a result of dictatorial misrule—he founded a new political party in Quito called the Democratic Institutionalist Coalition (Coalición Institucionalista Demócrata, CID).

One year later, he was elected Deputy of the Constituent Assembly held by "President" Yerovi Indaburu. The Constituent Assembly elected Arosemena President of Ecuador on November 16, 1966.

Arosemena's political adversaries later attacked his policies, particularly with respect to oil policy. He responded by writing the book Infamy and Truth (Infamia y verdad), in which he addresses his administration's oil policy.

Arosemena was born on 19 July 1925 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He studied at University of Guayaquil. Arosemena died on 20 April 1984 in Salinas, Ecuador from complications of a fall, aged 58.

1925 births
1984 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Presidents of Ecuador
Politicians from Guayaquil

Otto Arosemena


A magnetic slime robot is a self-healing soft robot made up of polyvinyl alcohol, borax and neodymium magnet particles. It was co-created by professor Li Zhang of Chinese University of Hong Kong. It is a non-Newtonian fluid that behaves like a liquid or solid depending on force, having "visco-elastic properties". The robot is developed by and could be deployed inside the human body to perform tasks such as retrieving objects out of it. Contrary to its name, it currently does not have a robot in it, and is only controlled by magnets. It can reach speeds of 30 millimeters per second.

Properties
It is in the form of a blob of slime. It is said to be able to make C and O shapes with its body, and these robots could navigate passages as small as 1.5 millimeters. Its self-healing properties make it able to connect with other separate parts of itself to make a whole. It is made of neodymium magnet particles, which make the slime magnetic, and allow the slime to stretch when being attracted to metal.

Hypothetical uses

Health
It is believed that this kind of magnetic robot could extract unhealthy objects ingested by humans, and possibly traverse out of the body with the ingested object with it, and scientists state that the slime is capable of "transporting harmful things". The robot could be used to be deployed into the human body to retrieve objects that were possibly accidentally ingested. Zhang states that the slime can prevent toxic electrolytes from leaking out by performing encapsulation, and create a kind of coating around the object that is leaking. It can go inside of a child's body.

Despite the possible health benefits this "robot" can provide, it is currently toxic to ingest for humans, and will leak out toxic neodymium particles into the body. Researchers coated the slime robot in silicon dioxide to make a protective layer in the belief that it will prevent the slime from having neodymium leak into human insides. Zhang states that the safety of the slime being in the human body is dependent on the time it stays inside.

Electrical
The magnetic slime robot is shown and told to be able to conduct electricity, and to pull wires together. Scientists state that the robotic slime is capable of "circuit switching and repair,".

References

Robotics

Magnetic slime robot


Scream 2  is a 1997 American slasher film directed by Wes Craven and written by Kevin Williamson. It stars David Arquette, Neve Campbell, Matthew Lillard, Dax Shepard, Courteney Cox, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Laurie Metcalf, Jamie Kennedy, Jerry O'Connell, Jada Pinkett and Liev Schreiber.

The film was released on December 12, 1997 by Dimension Films as the second installment in the Scream film series. Scream 2 takes place one year after Scream and again follows the character of Sidney Prescott (Campbell) and her brother Jerry (Lillard), now students at the fictional Windsor College, who becomes the target of a copycat killer using the guise of Ghostface. Sidney and Jerry are accompanied by film-geek Randy Meeks (Kennedy), Jerry's friend Tom Scott (Shepard) retired deputy sheriff Dewey Riley (Arquette) and news reporter Gale Weathers (Cox). Like its predecessor, Scream 2 combines the violence of the slasher genre with elements of comedy and "whodunit" mystery while satirizing the cliché of film sequels. The film was followed by two sequels, Scream 3 (2000) and Scream 4 (2011).

Williamson provided a five-page outline for a sequel to Scream when auctioning his original script, hoping to entice bidders with the potential of buying a franchise. Following a successful test screening of Scream and the film's financial and critical success, Dimension moved forward with the sequel while Scream was still in theaters, with the principal cast all returning to star, Craven to direct and Beltrami to provide music.

The film suffered controversy following its significant issues with plot information leaking onto the Internet, revealing the identity of the killers. Combined with the film's rushed schedule, the script was rewritten often; pages were sometimes completed on the day of filming. Despite these issues, Scream 2 earned $172 million, received several awards and nominations. The film also received positive reviews, with some critics arguing that the sequel surpassed the original in terms of quality.

Beltrami received positive critical reception for his score for evolving the musical themes of the characters created in Scream although some critics claimed that the most memorable pieces from the film were created by composers Danny Elfman and Hans Zimmer. Elfman's contribution had been specially written for the film, but Zimmer's score for Broken Arrow was controversially used in the film, replacing Beltrami's own work. The soundtrack received negative feedback from reviewers but achieved moderate sales success, reaching #50 on the Billboard 200.

Plot
While attending a preview of the film Stab, a film within a film based on the Woodsboro murders, Windsor College seniors Maureen Evans, Hugh Daniels and Phil Stevens (Jada Pinkett Smith, David Spade and Omar Epps) are murdered by Ghostface. Phil is stabbed through the ear in a bathroom stall while trying to eavesdrop on strange whimpering noises. The killer, wearing a Ghostface costume, then returns to the screening and sits beside Maureen before mortally stabbing her. At first the audience believes the act to be a publicity stunt until she falls dead in front of the cinema screen, Hugh tries to call the police, but the killer stabs him in the back, killing him.

The following day, the news media including local journalist Debbie Salt (Laurie Metcalf), descend on Windsor College where Sidney Prescott (Neve Campbell) and her brother Jerry Prescott (Matthew Lillard) and Jerry's friend Tom Scott (Dax Shepard) now study alongside their best friend Hallie (Elise Neal) and Sidney's new boyfriend Derek (Jerry O'Connell), fellow Woodsboro survivor Randy Meeks (Jamie Kennedy), and Derek's best friend Mickey (Timothy Olyphant). Sidney receives prank calls but is oblivious to the recent killings until someone instructs her to watch the news. Two other Woodsboro survivors arrive at the campus: officer Dwight "Dewey" Riley (David Arquette) to help Sidney, Jerry and Tom and reporter Gale Weathers (Courteney Cox) to cover the case. Gale tries to stage a confrontation between Sidney, Jerry, Tom and Cotton Weary (Liev Schreiber), who is attempting to gain fame from his exoneration for the murder of Sidney and Jerry's mother. After Gale forcibly confronts Sidney, Jerry and Tom with Cotton, Sidney angrily hits Gale and Jerry angrily scolds at Sidney for hitting Gale.

Later that evening, Sidney, Jerry and Tom go to a party with Hallie. At a sorority house, Ghostface murders fellow student Cici Cooper (Sarah Michelle Gellar). After all the partygoers leave, the killer then crashes the party and attack Sidney, Jerry and Tom, though Derek intervenes. The killer injures Derek but Dewey and the police arrive, prompting the killer to flee. The next morning, Gale discusses the case with the police. Upon realising that Cici's real name is Casey, she concludes that the killer is a copycat who targets students who share the same names as the Woodsboro murder victims, as Maureen Evans has the same name as Maureen Prescott, Phil Stevens as Steve Orth, Hugh Daniels as Dan Williams and Casey Cooper as Casey Becker.

That afternoon, while Gale is talking to Dewey, Tom and Randy on the campus lawn, she receives a call from Ghostface hinting that he is watching them. They search for him, but Randy, who tries to keep the killer on the phone, is dragged into Gale's broadcast van and is murdered by Ghostface. As night falls, Dewey and Gale review the tape of Ghostface killing Randy hoping to find some clues but the killer attacks them and seemingly kills Dewey. Gale hides and eventually escapes.

In the wake of the escalating murders, two officers drive Sidney, Jerry, Tom and Hallie to a local police station, but the killer murders them. In the ensuing struggle, Ghostface is knocked unconscious. After they climb out of the car, Sidney, Jerry and Tom insist on unmasking him, while Hallie insists they escape. When Sidney, Jerry and Tom walk back to the car, they see that Ghostface has escaped, who then stabs Hallie to death, forcing Sidney, Jerry and Tom flee.

Sidney, Jerry and Tom go back to the campus and find Derek in the auditorium tied to a crucifix, his mouth gagged with duct tape. Once Sidney, Jerry and Tom untie him, they is confronted by Ghostface, who reveals himself as Mickey and tells Sidney, Jerry and Tom that Derek is his partners. Derek desperately tries to persuade Sidney, Jerry and Tom that he is innocent and while Sidney, Jerry and Tom are deciding who is telling the truth, Mickey kills Derek. Mickey details his plan to become famous in the ensuing trial and media spectacle. He then announces his real partner, Debbie Salt, who arrives holding Gale at gunpoint. Sidney, Jerry and Tom recognise that Salt is actually Billy Loomis' mother, seeking revenge for her son's death. Mickey explains that they met online and agreed that Mrs. Loomis pays for Mickey's tuition fee while Mickey does the actual killing. Mrs. Loomis betrays Mickey and shoots him, as she plans to blame the murders on Mickey. Before he collapses, Mickey accidentally shoots Gale, causing her to fall off the stage, Sidney, Jerry and Mrs. Loomis fight, during their fight Mrs. Loomis shoots Tom in the stomach, killing him, until Cotton intervenes and eventually shoots Mrs. Loomis in the throat. As they debate whether or not she is still alive, they find Gale still alive. Mickey suddenly jumps to his feet, trying to attack them, only to be shot death by Sidney, Jerry and Gale. Sidney and Jerry then shoot Mrs. Loomis in the head to confirm her death, amd Jerry runs up to Tom and he gives Jerry some video tapes of he, Jerry, Dan, Sidney, Tatum, Billy, Stu, Randy, Cici, Martha, Jerry's old friends: (Justin Wilson, Douglas Harris, Karen James) and Sidney and Jerry's brother Steve, then Tom  slowly dies, and Jerry cries over Tom's body. When the police arrive the next morning, Gale finds Dewey badly injured but still alive and accompanies him and Tom to the hospital. Sidney and Jerry instruct the press to direct questions to Cotton, rewarding him with the fame he has been chasing while removing the attention from herself as she and Jerry leave the university campus. A week later at Tom's funeral, Sidney and Jerry stand near Tom's grave.

Cast
 Roger L Jackson as The voice of Ghostface
 Dane Farwell as Ghostface
 Neve Campbell as Sidney Prescott
 Matthew Lillard as Jerry Prescott (Sidney's brother)
 Dax Shepard as Tom Scott (Jerry's best friend)
 David Arquette as Dwight "Dewey" Riley (Sidney and Jerry's friend)
 Courteney Cox as Gale Weathers
 Jamie Kennedy as Randy Meeks
 Liev Schreiber as Cotton Weary
 Laurie Metcalf as Debbie Salt/Mrs. Loomis
 Jerry O'Connell as Derek Feldman
 Elise Neal as Hallie
 Timothy Olyphant as Mickey
 Sarah Michelle Gellar as Casey "Cici" Cooper
 Duane Martin as Joel
 Jada Pinkett Smith as Maureen Evans
 David Spade as Hugh Daniels
 Omar Epps as Phil Stevens
 David Warner as Gus Gold
 Rebecca Gayheart as Lois
 Portia de Rossi as Murphy
 Philip Pavel as Officer Richard Andrews
 Christopher Doyle as Officer Andrew Richards
 Freddie Prinze Jr. as Guy at Party
Luke Wilson and Heather Graham cameo as actors in the in-universe Stab film. Tori Spelling and Donovan Patton appears as themselves, and Joshua Jackson cameos as one of Randy's classmates.

References

Other websites

1997 crime movies
1997 horror movies
1990s sequel movies
1990s serial killer movies
American sequel movies
Scream movies
American independent movies

Scream 2


The imperial snipe (Gallinago imperialis) is a small stocky wader which breeds in the Andes. For a century it was known only from two specimens collected near Bogotá, Colombia, and was presumed extinct, but it was rediscovered in Peru in 1967 and Ecuador in 1988. It is not known if it is migratory.

Description
This  long snipe has a stocky body and relatively short legs for a wader. Its adult plumage is dark rufous brown except for the lower belly and undertail, which are white with heavy brown barring.  The grey bill is long, straight and fairly robust, and the legs and feet are grey. The sexes are similar. The juvenile plumage is unknown, but in most snipes species, young birds differ from adults only in showing pale fringes on the wing coverts.

In flight, the imperial snipe looks heavy, broad-winged and short-tailed, and the banded belly contrasts with the dark breast and underwing. It has a shatteringly loud raucous song in its display flight, starting with single notes and moving on to double or triple notes.

Compared with other snipes with an overlapping range, the imperial snipe is obviously larger than the Magellan snipe, which has clear pale stripes on its back and lacks barring on the lower belly. The race which occurs in the Andes, Gallinago paraguaiae andina also has yellow legs.

The Andean snipe, Gallinago jamesoni, is similar in build to the imperial snipe, but is paler on the throat and underwings, and has a less contrasted lower belly.

Behaviour
The imperial snipe occurs around the tree-line at  altitude in mosaic habitats consisting of a mixture of bogs, mossy areas, moist elfin forest, tree-ferns and tall grass. Little is known about its habits and it is mostly observed when displaying.

The dawn and dusk aerial display involves flying high in circles performing the extremely loud song. This is followed by a dive during which the bird makes a drumming sound caused by the vibrations of its modified outer tail feathers.

The imperial snipe's diet is unknown, but other snipe species forage for insects and worms by probing with their long bills.

Status
Having been considered extinct for over half a century, the imperial snipe has now been found at least six sites in Peru and twelve in Ecuador. Although it appears widespread on both east and west slopes in Ecuador and the east slope in Peru, it apparently occurs at very low densities (4-5 displaying within  of suitable ridge-top habitat) and known populations are small and localised.

This snipe's habitat has been adversely affected by burning, grazing and conversion of páramo to agriculture.

However, if the number of records and known sites continue to increase, the status of this species may be reclassified to Least Concern.

References

BirdLife International
Hayman, Marchant and Prater, Shorebirds

imperial snipe
Birds of the Ecuadorian Andes
Birds of the Peruvian Andes
imperial snipe
imperial snipe
imperial snipe

Imperial snipe


The  Premier of Queensland  is the head of the Government of Queensland, Australia. The Premier does the same job at a state level as the Prime Minister of Australia does at a national level. Formal power is held by the Queen who is represented in Queensland by the Governor of Queensland. The Governor acts on the advice given to him by the Premier. The current Premier of Queensland is Annastacia Palaszczuk.

Queensland is governed under the Westminster  system of parliamentary government. Unlike other Australian states, it is not a bicameral system, having only one elected house. This house is called the Legislative Assembly. After an election, the State Governor appoints as Premier, the leader of the party who can control a majority of the elected members in the lower house. The Premier must resign if they no longer have a majority in the  Legislative Assembly. This can happen if they lose seats at an election, or if their own political party does not support them.

Queensland was a British colony, and power was held by the Governor. In 1859 Britain allowed Queensland to have its own parliament, and the power was passed to the Premier.

Other websites

Premier of Queensland


Robert Henry Thurston (October 25, 1839 – October 25, 1903) was an American engineer, and the first Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology.

He was assistant professor at the US Naval Academy in Annapolis and a published specialist on iron and steel as well as steam engines, when he was invited in 1871 by Stevens' president Henry Morton to head mechanical engineering at Stevens. The same year Thurston was appointed the first professor of mechanical engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology.

Biography
Thurston was born 1839 in Providence, Rhode Island, the eldest son of Robert Lawton and Harriet Thurston of Providence. He was trained in the workshop of his father, and graduated from Brown University in 1859.

Thurston was engaged with the business firm of which his father was senior partner until 1861, when he entered the navy as an officer of engineers. He served during the civil war on various vessels, and was present at the Battle of Port Royal and at the Siege of Charleston. He was attached to the North and South Atlantic squadrons until the close of 1865.

In 1865, he was stationed as Assistant Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, where he also acted as lecturer on chemistry and physics. In 1870 he visited Europe, for the purpose of studying the British iron manufacturing districts, and in 1871 was appointed Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Stevens Institute of Technology. In that year he conducted, in behalf of a committee of the American Institute, a series of experiments on steam boilers, in which, for the first time, all losses of heat were noted, and by condensing all the steam generated, the quantity of water entrained by the steam was accurately noted.

In 1873, he was appointed a member of the United States Scientific Commission to the Vienna Exhibition; served upon the international jury, edited the Report of the Commissioners (in which he published his own report on machinery and manufactures), in five volumes, 1875–6. In 1874 and subsequently he conducted, at the Stevens Institute of Technology, a series of researches on the efficiency of prime movers and machines, and upon the strength and other essential properties of the materials of construction. In 1875, he was appointed a member of the United States Commission on the causes of boiler explosions, and of the Board to test the metals used in construction. He is a member of various scientific associations in the United States, Great Britain, France, and Germany, and has written numerous papers on technical subjects, which have appeared in scientific journals in Europe and America, and has prepared articles upon similar topics for this Cyclopedia.

He was made vice-president of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in 1875; he was made vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Nashville, in 1877, in the absence of Professor Pickering, elected at the preceding meeting, and was regularly elected to serve again in 1878, at the St. Louis meeting of the association. From 1880 to 1882 Thurston was the first president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. In 1885 he left the Stevens Institute of Technology to replace John Edison Sweet as director of Sibley College at Cornell University, reorganizing it as a college of mechanical engineering.

In 1885, he received an honorary Degree of Engineering from Stevens. In 1902, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. He died on October 25, 1903, his 64th birthday, in Ithaca, New York.

Work
Thurston's research interest was in the areas of materials, thermodynamics, steam engines and boilers, friction and energetics.

Mechanical engineering curriculum
At the Stevens Institute of Technology he established Stevens' mechanical engineering curriculum. He was committed to the French and German science-based models of technical education and soon would gain an international reputation for his view of engineering as applied science. His enthusiasm in involving students in funded research led to remarkable pioneering success of the early Stevens' graduates.

Historians credit Thurston with establishing the first US mechanical engineering laboratory for conducting funded research at an academic institution for higher learning.

Other papers
Thurston wrote a number of papers embodying accounts of original investigations of the strength and other properties of construction materials. Among his numerous inventions are the magnesium ribbon lamp, a magnesium-burning naval and army signal apparatus, an autographic recording testing machine, a new form of steam engine governor, and an apparatus for determining the value of lubricants. In 1875, he also developed the three-coordinate solid diagram for testing iron, steel, and other metals. He made a significant contribution to the field of tribology and Duncan Dowson named him one of the 23 "Men of Tribology".

Patents
Thurston held two patents: one for an autographic recording testing machine for material in torsion and the other for a machine for testing lubricants.

Publications
Books, a selection:
 1878. A history of the growth of the steam engine. D. Appleton and Company; 4th, revised ed. 1902 (online)
 1884. Stationary steam engines; especially as adapted to electric lighting purposes. New York, J. Wiley & sons, 1884.
 1884. Materials of Engineering. J. Wiley, 1884, Parts, 1, 2 & 3
 1889. The development of the philosophy of the steam-engine. An historical sketch. New York, J. Wiley & sons.
 1890. Heat as a form of energy. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1890.
 1891. A manual of the steam-engine. For engineers and technical schools; advanced courses. New York, J. Wiley & sons, 1891.
 1894. The animal as a machine and a prime motor, and the laws of energetics.  New York, J. Wiley & sons.

Some of his more important papers are the following:
 1865. On Losses of Propelling Power in the Paddle Wheel
 1865. Steam Engines of the French Navy
 1870. H. B. M. Iron Clad Monarch
 1870. Iron Manufactures in Great Britain
 1871. Experimental Steam Boiler Explosions
 1871. Report on Test Trials of Steam Boilers
 1872. Traction Engines and Road Locomotives
 1874. Efficiency of Furnaces Burning Wet Fuel
 1874. The Mechanical Engineer, his Preparation and his Work
 1877, On a New Method of Planning Researches and of Representing to the Eye the Results of Combination of three or more Elements in Varying Proportions

References

Further reading

 Calvert, Monte A.  Mechanical Engineer in America, 1830-1910: Professional Cultures in Conflict.  Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967.
 Clark, Geoffrey W. (2000); History of Stevens Institute of Technology: A Record of Broad-Based Curricula and Technogenesis. Jersey City, New Jersey: Jensen/Daniels.
 Sinclair, Bruce (1980);  A Centennial History of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1880-1980. (Toronto: Published for ASME by University of Toronto Press, 1980). .
 Durand, William F. (1929): "Robert Henry Thurston" The Riverside Press Cambridge, Massachusetts 1929 Copyright by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers A.S.M.E. First Edition.

External links

1839 births
1903 deaths
American mechanical engineers
Brown University School of Engineering alumni
Cornell University faculty
Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Stevens Institute of Technology faculty
Tribologists
United States Naval Academy faculty
19th-century American engineers

Robert Henry Thurston


Manetho was an ancient Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos. He lived during the Ptolemaic era, in about 300 BC.

Manetho wrote the Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt). His book is used by Egyptologists to work out the dates for events in ancient Egypt. The earliest reference to Manetho's Aegyptiaca is in Jewish historian Josephus's book, "Against Apion".

Name
We do not know what Manetho's name means, some suggestions are "Gift of Thoth", "Beloved of Thoth", "Truth of Thoth", "Beloved of Neith", or "Lover of Neith", Myinyu-heter ("Horseherd" or "Groom") and Ma'ani-Djehuti ("I have seen Thoth").

Life and work
We do not know when he was born or died. His book may have been written during the rule of Ptolemy I Soter (323–283 BC) and Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 BC). The Hibeh Papyri, dated to 241/40 BC, suggests he may been writing during the rule of Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–222 BC). He wrote in the Greek language. Other works he wrote include Against Herodotus, The Sacred Book, On Antiquity and Religion, On Festivals, On the Preparation of Kyphi, and the Digest of Physics. The Book of Sothis on astrology, may also be written by him.

He was probably a priest of the sun god Ra at Heliopolis. He knew a lot about the cult of Sarapis based on Osiris and Apis. Sarapis was a Greco-Macedonian version of the Egyptian cult dating back to Alexander the Great. Tacitus and Plutarch wrote that Ptolemy (probably Ptolemy Soter) imported a statue of the god.

Aegyptiaca
The Aegyptiaca, the "History of Egypt", may have been Manetho's largest work. It was in date order and divided into three volumes. In Aegyptiaca, he invented the word dynasty to mean a group of kings with a common origin. It came from the Greek word dynasteia, meaning "governmental power". He was the first person to group the rulers into dynasties. He did not use the word to mean families. He began a new dynasty when there was a break or change in the power of government. For example, there was a break between the Fourth Dynasty in Memphis, and the Fifth Dynasty at Elephantine. He included details of many of the kings.

Aegyptiaca may have been written as an Egyptian history, to be more accurate than Herodotus' Histories. Hiis other book, Against Herodotus, may be just have been a short version of Aegyptiaca. There are no original copies of either book.

Copies of the book
Aegyptiaca has not survived as a complete book. It is very possible that what has been kept was rewritten by other writers to support their Egyptian, Jewish, or Greek histories. This makes it difficult for modern historians to know how reliable it is as a history.

The earliest mention of Manetho is in Josephus' Contra Apionem ("Against Apion"). This was written nearly 400 years after Aegyptiaca. It is clear that Josephus did not have the original of Manethos' book. At about the same time, a short version, the Epitome, of the book was being used. This kept Manetho's brief list of dynasties and a some parts that were seen as important. For example, it had that the first Dynasty, Menes, "was snatched and killed by a hippopotamus". It is not known if any of the short version is Manetho's original writing. Copies were written by Sextus Julius Africanus and Eusebius of Caesarea. Eusebius's copy was used by Jerome in his Latin translation, an Armenian translation, and by George Syncellus. Syncellus saw that the copies by Eusebius and Africanus were almost the same, so he placed them side by side in his work, Ecloga Chronographica.

These last four copies are the only copies of the epitome of Manetho. Other sections are in Malalas's Chronographia and Excerpta Latina Barbari ("Excerpts in Bad Latin").

Sources and methods
Manetho used lists of kings to provide a structure for his history. Josephus wrote that Manetho also used stories, myths and legends for his book. This was common among historians of that time. He must have known the Greek work of Herodotus. He tried to link Egyptian history with Greek history. For example, he links King Memnon with Amenophis, and Armesis with Danaos). It is possible that these links may have been the work of later writers. We do know he could write in the Greek language.

King lists
The king-list that Manetho used is unknown. The Turin King List is the one that is the most similar. The oldest source to compare with Manetho are the Old Kingdom Annals (c. 2500-2200 BC). There are also the Karnak king list, two at Abydos and the Saqqara list.

The Old Kingdom Annals only survive on the Palermo Stone. There are many differences between the stone and Manetho. The stone stops at the fifth dynasty. It includes the early kings of Lower Egypt and kings of Upper Egypt. Manetho lists several Greek and Egyptian gods beginning with Hephaistos and Helios. The Annals also give annual reports of the activities of the kings.

The New Kingdom lists left out some rulers. The list prepared for Seti I, has 76 kings from the First Dynasties to the Fourteenth, but leave out the Hyksos rulers and those linked to Akhenaten. The Saqqara list also does not include them in its list of 58 names. These names were left out for religious, rather than political reasons. If Manetho used these lists at all, he would have been unable to get all of his information from them.

The Turin King List was probably a government, rather than a religious document. It would not have needed to leave out kings for religious reasons. These sort of documents must have been available to Manetho. As a priest he would have had access to all written materials in the temple.

Manetho's list was probably from Lower Egypt. He included kings from the Third Intermediate Period, even such short-lived kings like Amenemnisu (5 years) and Osochor (6 years). But he left out the kings from Thebes, such as Osorkon III, Takelot III, Harsiese A and Pinedjem I and kings from Middle Egypt like Peftjaubast of Herakleopolis. Manetho's information must have come from a local city's temple library in the River Nile Delta. The Middle and Upper Egyptian Pharaohs did not control this part of the Delta; which is why they are left out of Manetho's king-list.

Names
By the Middle Kingdom, Egyptian kings each had five different names. These were the "Horus" name; the "Two Ladies" name; the "Gold Horus" name; the praenomen or "throne name"; and a nomen, the personal name given at birth (also called a "Son of Ra" name as it was preceded by Sa Re'). Some Pharaohs also had more than one of these names. For example, Ramesses II used six Horus names at various times.  We do not know if Manetho knew about the different names of rulers long past. Not all the different names for each king have been discovered, and it maybe that the kings were known by other names as well as the official names. Because Manetho translated the names into Greek, we do not know the original Egyptian name.

Content
Volume 1 begins from the earliest times. It lists gods and demigods as kings of Egypt. Stories of Isis, Osiris, Set, or Horus might have been found here. The book then lists kings from the First Dynasty I to the Eleventh Dynasty. This would have included the Old Kingdom, the First Intermediate Period, and the early Middle Kingdom.

Volume 2 covers Twelfth Dynasty to the Nineteenth. This includes the end of the Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period (XV–XVII—the Hyksos invasion), and the start of the New Kingdom. Josephus believed the Hyksos or "shepherd-kings" were the ancient Israelites who made their way out of Egypt (Apion 1.82–92).

Volume 3 starts with  the Twentieth Dynasty and ends with the Thirtieth.

Effect of Aegyptiaca
Egyptologists still use Manetho's way of grouping the pharaohs into dynasties. The French explorer and Egyptologist, Jean-François Champollion, had a copy of Manetho's lists to help him read the hieroglyphs. Modern histories now use both the modern translation of names and Manetho's version.

References

Further reading
Helck, Hans Wolfgang. 1975. "Manethon (1)". In Der kleine Pauly: Lexikon der Antike, auf der Grundlage von Pauly's Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, edited by Konrat Ziegler, Walter Sontheimer, and Hans Gärtner. Vol. 3. München: Alfred Druckenmüller Verlag. 952–953. .
Laqueur, Richard. 1928. "Manethon". In Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, edited by August Friedrich von Pauly, Georg Wissowa, and Wilhelm Kroll. Vol. 14 of 24 vols. Stuttgart: Alfred Druckenmüller Verlag. 1060–1106. .
M.A. Leahy. 1990. "Libya and Egypt c1300–750 BC." London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, and The Society for Libyan Studies.
Redford, Donald Bruce. 1986a. "The Name Manetho". In Egyptological Studies in Honor of Richard A. Parker Presented on the Occasion of His 78th Birthday, December 10, 1983, edited by Leonard H. Lesko. Hannover and London: University Press of New England. 118–121. .
———. 1986b. Pharaonic King–Lists, Annals and Day–Books: A Contribution to the Study of the Egyptian Sense of History. Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities Publications 4, ser. ed. Loretta M. James. Mississauga: Benben Publications. .
———. 2001. "Manetho". In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, edited by Donald Bruce Redford. Vol. 2 of 3 vols. Oxford, New York, and Cairo: Oxford University Press and The American University in Cairo Press. 336–337. .
Thissen, Heinz-Josef. 1980. "Manetho". In Lexikon der Ägyptologie, edited by Hans Wolfgang Helck, and Wolfhart Westendorf. Vol. 3 of 7 vols. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 1180–1181. .
Verbrugghe, Gerald P., and John Moore Wickersham. 1996. Berossos and Manetho, Introduced and Translated: Native Traditions in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. .
Waddell, William Gillian, ed. 1940. Manetho. The Loeb Classical Library 350, ser. ed. George P. Goold. London and Cambridge: William Heinemann ltd. and Harvard University Press. .

Other websites

Chronologie de Manéthon  showing the names given by Manetho and the names used now
Manetho: History of Egypt, Sacred Book, etc.
Who's Who in Ancient Egypt: Manetho
"The First Egyptian Narrative History: Manetho and Greek  Historiography", ZPE 127 (1999), pp.93-116 by J. Dillery

Historians
Egyptian writers
Priests
Ancient Egyptians
3rd-century BC births
1st millennium BC in Egypt
Ancient writers
Ancient Egyptian literature

Manetho