Against the Giants is an adventure module written by Gary Gygax and published by TSR in 1981 for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.  It combines the G series of modules previously published in 1978: Steading of the Hill Giant Chief, Glacial Rift of the Frost Giant Jarl, and Hall of the Fire Giant King.  All three were produced for use with the 1st edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons rules. In 1999, to recognize the 25th anniversary of TSR, the company released an updated version, Against the Giants: The Liberation of Geoff. Later in 1999, Wizards of the Coast published a novelization of Against the Giants by Ru Emerson.

The plot of each of the three original modules focuses on a different type of evil giant. Each can be played as a standalone adventure, or as a series.  In Steading of the Hill Giant Chief, a tribe of hill giants have been raiding lands occupied by humans, and the humans hire the player characters to defeat them. Glacial Rift of the Frost Giant Jarl pits the player characters against the evil Jarl of the frost giants. Hall of the Fire Giant King concludes the series, this time against a group of fire giants. The first two modules disclose the existence of a secret force behind the giants, which in the third module is revealed to be evil drow elves. The plot involving the drow continues in four additional modules printed between 1978 and 1980.

The modules were well received by contemporary critics. In 1978, they earned a 9/10 overall rating from a White Dwarf magazine reviewer, who was impressed that Gygax found time to write them while also working on the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) rulebooks. White Dwarf also reviewed the re-released G module series in 1982, giving it a 10 out of 10. The Queen of the Spiders supermodule, which consisted of the three modules combined with the subsequent modules in the "D" series and Q1 Queen of the Demonweb Pits, was voted the single greatest adventure of all time by Dungeon magazine in 2004, on the 30th anniversary of the Dungeons & Dragons game.

Plot summary
Each of the original three modules is a dungeon crawl. The player characters focus on battling first hill giants, then frost giants, and finally fire giants, three of the original evil giant types used in Dungeons & Dragons.

G1 Steading of the Hill Giant Chief
The module begins with a prologue explaining that giants of different types have been raiding lands occupied by humans. Angered by this, the human rulers hire a group of adventurers (the player characters) to "punish the miscreant giants." The players' party is informed that they must defeat the giants, or have their heads placed on the chopping block. The human nobles equip the party with weapons and horses, along with a guide and a map that shows the location of the hill giants. The players are informed that the hill giants are led by Nosnra, a sly hill giant chieftain who loves to set up ambushes; there is an unknown force binding together different giant groups. The player characters are informed that they may keep any spoils they find, but must return at once if they determine what "sinister hand" is behind the alliance.

The bulk of the adventure takes place in two locations: the upper level fortress of the hill giants' lair, and the dungeon level beneath it. In the upper level there are halls, barracks and common rooms. These rooms house Chief Nosnra and other hill giants, ogres, and servants. The dungeon level consists of slave quarters, torture chambers, and caverns. These house troglodytes, bugbears, and carrion crawlers. The majority of the treasure can be found by searching the dungeons. The chief's treasure room contains a map of the glacial rift from Glacial Rift of the Frost Giant Jarl, and a magic chain that automatically transports the party there.

G2 Glacial Rift of the Frost Giant Jarl
This module starts in one of two ways. If the players have finished Steading of the Hill Giant Chief, they have been transported to the glacial rift via the magic chain. They will know that they are searching for some force behind the giant alliance. If the players are starting with Glacial Rift of the Frost Giant Jarl, then they have been hired by nobles to destroy the frost giants. Either way, a safe, hidden cave is easily found for a base of operations.

As in Steading of the Hill Giant Chief, the bulk of this adventure takes place in two locations: an upper area consisting of caves and the rift floor, and a lower area consisting of natural caverns. In the upper area there are ice caves, barracks, and a dome of ice. These are inhabited by yeti, frost giants, ogres, and winter wolves. The dome of ice houses a remorhaz.  In the lower area there are caverns that house the servants, serve as a prison, and contain the Jarl Grugnur and emissaries who have come to meet with him. The main inhabitants are frost giants and ogres. The prison contains an attractive storm giantess. There are also polar bears; pets of the jarl. After defeating the jarl, the adventurers have a chance to pull an iron lever which will transport them near to Snurre's hall from Hall of the Fire Giant King.

G3 Hall of the Fire Giant King
If this module is played as a continuation of the first two modules, the players know that they are searching for the force behind the giants' alliance; otherwise, they have been hired by nobles to destroy the fire giants. This module is twice as long as the previous two: sixteen pages instead of eight. Unlike the two previous modules where the giant's complex consists of two levels, the fire giant hall contains three levels.  The giants live in a hot, smoky barren area made of rock; as in the previous module, the party is able to find a safe location for forays against the giants.  The leader of the fire giants is King Snurre Iron Belly, and his hall is made of obsidian and natural caverns.

The first (top) level includes the queen's rooms, barracks, and kennels. Creatures encountered here include fire giants, gnolls, and in the kennels, hell hounds.  The second level is also made of obsidian rocks and natural caverns. It houses chambers of spiritual interest to the fire giants. There is a hall that houses the dead fire giant kings, and rooms for worship. There are also rooms that contain drow clerics. This is where the party learns that the drow are behind the giant alliance, led by Eclavdra, a high level drow fighter/cleric.  The third level consists of natural caverns and contains a great treasure guarded by a red dragon. There are also more fire giants and drow; to exterminate the fire giants, the adventurers must penetrate deep into the active volcano where they live. If the DM wishes, there is a tunnel that leads deep into the earth; to the home of the drow. This allows the adventure to be continued in Descent into the Depths of the Earth.

Publication history

Steading of the Hill Giant Chief, Glacial Rift of the Frost Giant Jarl, and Hall of the Fire Giant King were written by Gary Gygax.  In 1978, Steading of the Hill Giant Chief became the first adventure module published by TSR. Gygax wrote them to take a break between writing the original Monster Manual (1977) and Player's Handbook (1978).  The covers for Steading and Hall featured drawings by David C. Sutherland III.  David A. Trampier drew the Glacial Rift cover.  The cover of Against the Giants features a painting by Bill Willingham.  Interior art was provided by David A. Trampier, Jeff Dee, David S. LaForce and Erol Otus.

The "Giant" modules were set in the Greyhawk campaign setting, and formed the lead-in to an overall campaign that then continued on an odyssey into the Underdark. These adventures included the "Drow" series of modules, Descent into the Depths of the Earth, Shrine of the Kuo-Toa, and Vault of the Drow. The campaign finally culminated with module Queen of the Demonweb Pits.  Steading and Glacial Rift were eight pages long, while Hall was 16 pages in length, and each featured an outer folder. The omnibus collection combination module Against the Giants was 32 pages long, and featured two outer folders. Against the Giants was revised and reprinted in the 128-page supermodule Queen of the Spiders in 1986 in combination with the three "Drow" series modules, and Queen of the Demonweb Pits. Hall of the Fire Giant King marked the first time that Dungeons & Dragons players encountered the drow; game statistics for the drow first appear in the module, although drow are mentioned in the 1977 edition of the Monster Manual.<ref>Gygax, Gary (1977,1978). Advanced D&D Monster Manual. TSR. p.39. .</ref> At the time these modules were released, each Dungeons & Dragons module was marked with an alphanumeric code indicating the series to which it belonged. The earlier modules have module codes G1, G2, and G3 respectively, and the combined module's code is G1–3.  The "G" in the module code represents the first letter in the word "giant".  The Original TSR Product Codes for these 3 modules are 9016, 9017, and 9018 respectively. Released in 1999 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of TSR, Against the Giants: The Liberation of Geoff provided a set of adventuring materials that expanded on the original three modules. 1999 also featured a reprinting of the three modules made available in the Dungeons & Dragons Silver Anniversary Collector's Edition boxed set, with slight modifications to make it distinguishable from the original (for collecting purposes).

The concepts and characters from Against the Giants  have made appearances in other media. It was made into a novel of the same name by Ru Emerson for the Greyhawk Classics series.  In May 2006, Wizards of the Coast's website released new versions of the maps for the Hill Giant Stronghold.  In July 2006, they released new maps for the Fire Giant Hall.  In 2004, Wizards of the Coast released a miniature figure of the eponymous King Snurre from Hall of the Fire Giant King, and in 2007, they released a large Frost Giant Jarl miniature inspired by Glacial Rift of the Frost Giant Jarl. In 2009, Wizards released the super-adventure Revenge of the Giants, an homage to Against the Giants, for the game's fourth edition.  In 2012, Wizards re-released each module in Dungeon Magazine issues 197–200, updated for Fourth Edition by Chris Perkins, including a new fourth adventure, Warrens of the Stone Giant Thane. In 2017, Wizards re-released Against the Giants updated to 5th Edition rules as part of the Tales from the Yawning Portal collection.

Reception
When combined as a single adventure with the rest of GDQ series, this module was voted the single greatest adventure of all time by Dungeon magazine in 2004, on the 30th anniversary of the Dungeons & Dragons game. According to Dungeon's editors, the drow remain popular villains in part because of their "exciting introduction" in the module. Judge Andy Collins felt the "hack-and-slash" classic was "packed with action" and has run the module more than any other. Judge John Rateliff said that Against the Giants was the module that showed gamers how to create a themed adventure with a mystery and clues that are periodically provided.

Kurt Butterfield reviewed Hall of the Fire Giant King for The Space Gamer, commenting that "the scenario is well thought out and nicely detailed," and includes "some intriguing special instructions given for deviously playing several of the intelligent inhabitants of the dungeon". Butterfield felt that the dungeon was not an easy challenge, especially with the strong and numerous monsters (such as the roughly eighty trolls on one level). In conclusion, he stated, "I advise all DMs who are looking for an exciting, worthwhile adventure for their players to pick this one up. You won't be disappointed."

Don Turnbull of White Dwarf magazine gave the three separate modules comprising the G-series 9/10 overall. Turnbull was impressed that Gygax was able to find time to write them while also creating AD&D's rules, saying "Things are really buzzing at TSR." He felt the presentation of the modules was done well, with easily read maps, although he preferred the black and white maps of the first module to the blue and white maps of the later two. Turnbull found the module's level of detail to be an improvement over previous Dungeons & Dragons scenarios which gave the Dungeon Master (DM) too little information. The review declared the modules "very tough", stating that "the notes suggest nine characters or so, each of ninth level or better and each with two or three relevant magic items."

Turnbull commented on several points that he felt went unnoticed by the module's proofreader. The maps did not contain a scale, which he assumed was  per square. It is unclear what triggers one of the traps in the first module. In the second module, an exit from map level one does not have an entrance marked on the second level map. Ultimately he found the errors minor, and easily fixed. Turnbull's most major criticism was that the adventure was aimed at parties of too high a level. Summing up, he said "No DM should be without them, for even if he never gets a chance to run them, they are a source of much excellent design quality."

Jim Bambra reviewed the re-released G module series very positively in issue 35 of White Dwarf magazine, awarding 10 out of 10. Bambra liked the reprinting of the modules, stating that "their printing under one cover has reduced the price at no detriment to the quality." He noted that the original tournament characters are included, although they were not included in the original three separate modules, and that not all of them conform to the rules in the Players Handbook. Two spells were also added, which had been absent from the original modules. Bambra says that he "would suggest not playing these unless you have been playing for a few years, success depends more on player skill than on high character levels and DMing adventures of this level can be a nightmare unless you have had plenty of experience."

Anders Swenson also reviewed dungeon module G-1-2-3, for Chaosium's Different Worlds magazine. Swenson notes that the lower level of the hill giant steading "is a conventional underground dungeon, populated with slaves, guards, and the odd monsters", but that the relatively small space occupied by the revolting slaves seems unrealistic. Swenson also calls the well-constructed dungeon complex of the fire giants "a tough nut for the adventurers" as the giants are in a place constructed for defense; Swenson did feel that the scale of the map was too small. Swenson comments that the reprinting shows the progress TSR has made since these adventures were first published, such as how single products had become longer. Swenson does note that the individual room descriptions were lacking a consistent format, and that important monsters can become lost in the middle of a room's description. Swenson felt that, although the lower levels can degenerate into a random monster mix, the strong points of these adventures outweigh their flaws. Swenson concludes by stating that "Against the Giants is a solid adventure," and that "this would be a worthwhile purchase".Dungeon Master for Dummies lists Steading of the Hill Giant Chief as one of the ten best classic adventures. Stephen Colbert, who played Dungeons & Dragons as a child, reminisced about these modules: "Those old "Giants" modules, those were tremendous. Those are some of my favorite memories: working my way through fire giant, frost giant, and storm giant castles." Ken Denmead of Wired said the first module is a "pretty easy crash-and-grab," the second contains "some really excellent treasure," but the third is "the end-all, be-all of hack-fests". According to Denmead, the hill giant adventure does not prepare players for the later adventures. Describing the difficulty of battling the fire giants he said, "remember Bambi Versus Godzilla? You're Bambi".

In a retrospective review of Against the Giants in Black Gate, Scott Taylor said "These modules are true pieces of history, the artwork involved stemming from a time when the gaming world was new and truly inventive. The art, expanded from the original 1978 modules into a combined 1981 edition of G-1-2-3 Against the Giants'', included the talents of David C. Sutherland III, David A. Trampier, Jeff Dee, David S LaForce, Erol Otis, and Willinghan, their images have capturing my imagination for thirty years."

References

Further reading

External links

 Giants Series at the Acaeum.com
 Against the Giants at the Pen & Paper RPG Database archive
 Against the Giants: The Liberation of Geoff at the Pen & Paper RPG Database archive

Greyhawk modules
Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1981

Against the Giants


The Wasp (often referred to as Nauvoo Wasp) was a weekly Latter Day Saint newspaper edited and published by William Smith in Nauvoo, Illinois, from April 1842 to April 1843. While it was not an official publication of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, The Wasp was consistently pro-Mormon and its primary target audience was the Latter Day Saint residents of Nauvoo. The Wasp ceased publication when it was replaced by John Taylor's similarly themed Nauvoo Neighbor.

The Wasp has been described as the "secular counterpart" of the Latter Day Saint Church's Times and Seasons. The newspaper dedicated much of its space to answering the criticism by Thomas C. Sharp's and the  anti-Mormon Warsaw Signal directed at the church and Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement.

See also

The Evening and the Morning Star
Messenger and Advocate
Elders' Journal
Millennial Star
List of Latter Day Saint periodicals

Notes

References
Jerry C. Jolley, "The Sting of the Wasp: Early Nauvoo Newspaper—April 1842 to April 1843", 22 BYU Studies (Fall 1982) 487–496.
Darwin L. Hays, "Nauvoo Neighbor" in Daniel H. Ludlow (ed.) (1992). Encyclopedia of Mormonism. (New York: Macmillan) p. 999.

External links
The Wasp PDF scan on Archive.org (16 April 1842–26 April 1843)
The Wasp : partial archive, HTML format

Defunct weekly newspapers
Newspapers established in 1842
Nauvoo, Illinois
Publications disestablished in 1843
Latter Day Saint movement in Illinois
Defunct newspapers published in Illinois
1842 in Christianity
Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) periodicals
1842 establishments in Illinois

The Wasp (newspaper)


In Judaism, God is known by many names. The most important of these names is the Tetragrammaton, or "Four-lettered word": YHVH, YHWH, or י ה ו ה. Jews are not allowed to say this name, and instead say Adonai. Even Adonai is only used by some Jews in prayer. Most Jews would refer to God as Hashem, or "The Name". Jews are not allowed to erase the Tetragrammaton, so they rarely write it down outside of their most holy books, such as the Torah.

Other names include Elohim, El, Shaddai, Tzeva-ot, 'Elyon, and Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh  which are respectively pronounced by observant Jews as  Elokim, Kayl, Shakkai, Tzeva-Kot.

Certain names, such as Shalom, are pronounced as written, but when written one letter, in this case the last letter, is omitted.  The last of the above "other" list is often said as Ek-yeh Asher Ek-yeh.

Other Jewish names of (or references) to God include
 Emet (Truth)
 Tzur Yisrael (The Rock of Israel)
 Elohei Avraham, Elohei Yitzchak, v'Elohei Yaacov (God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob)
 Ehiyeh sh'Ehiyeh (I Am That I Am)
 Avinu Malkeinu (Our Father, our King)
 Ro'eh Yisrael (Shepherd of Israel)
 Ha-Kadosh, Baruch Hu (The Holy One, Blessed be He)
 Melech ha-Melachim (The King of Kings)
 Makom (literally, "the place"; meaning "The Omnipresent")
 Magen Avraham (Shield of Abraham)
 Shalom: of Peace
 YHWH-Jireh: The Lord will provide (Genesis 22:13, 14).
 YHWH-Rapha: The Lord that healeth (Exodus 15:26).
 YHWH-Nissi: The Lord our Banner (Exodus 17:8-15).
 YHWH-Shalom: The Lord our Peace (Judges 6:24).
 YHWH-Ra-ah: The Lord my Shepherd (Psalms 23:1).
 YHWH-Tsidkenu: The Lord our Righteousness (Book of Jeremiah 23:6).
 YHWH-Shammah: The Lord is present (Book of Ezekiel 48:35).

Judaism

Names of God in Judaism


Pierre de Fermat (17 August 1601 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the Parlement of Toulouse, southern France, and a mathematician. Many people see him as the father of modern calculus.

His method of finding the biggest and smallest ordinates of curved lines also makes him a contributor to differential calculus, which was not known at that time. His studies in the theory of numbers give him the rank of the founder of the modern theory. He also made notable contributions to analytic geometry, probability and optics.

He is also famous for making a simple mathematical statement (known as Fermat's Last Theorem) that he said he could prove, but he never wrote down his proof. Mathematicians tried to prove it for hundreds of years before finally managing it. Fermat probably did not really have a proof for this theorem, and only thought he did.

He proposed his principle on light which states that light selects the path which takes least time to travel.This principle was famous as Fermat principle.

1601 births
1665 deaths
French number theorists

Pierre de Fermat


Metis is the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology. She is one of the Titans and is the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She was the mother of Athena.

There is also a moon named after Metis.

When she was inside Zeus, Metis made a helmet and a robe for her baby. The hammering noise caused Zeus to have a headache. To try and help Zeus with the pain, Prometheus, Hephaestus, Hermes, or Palaemon (depending on the myth) cut his head open with a Minoan axe.  Athena then came out of Zeus's head. She was fully grown and had her armour on.

Related pages
Athena
9 Metis
Titans

Metis


Household ammonia is a marketed substance that consists of a dilute solution of ammonia in water. About 7% of the solution by weight is ammonia. It is used for cleaning. It can also be known as ammonium hydroxide, but it really exists in the form NH3 + H2O rather than NH4+ + OH-.

Related pages
Ammonium
Ammonia
Housecleaning

Cleaning tools
Nitrogen compounds

Household ammonia


Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow (4 October 1678 – 18 March 1739) was a Prussian Generalfeldmarschall and statesman.

The cultured Grumbkow was born in Berlin as the son of Joachim Ernst von Grumbkow, General War Minister of Brandenburg-Prussia. Educated in France, he married a Mademoiselle de la Chevalerie. He took part in the War of the Spanish Succession, fighting in the Battle of Malplaquet and reaching the rank of Generalmajor.

King Frederick William I of Prussia trusted Grumbkow and named him a member of the Privy Council and the head of the Generalkriegskommissariat, or General War Commissariat. He was known as "Biberius" to his friends, on account of his proclivity to alcohol consumption. He owned the Petit Palais in Niederschönhausen and a house on Königstraße in Berlin.

Grumbkow rose to the top of the Prussian military and taxation branches, allowing him to aid Frederick William in his efforts to modernize the administration of Prussia. His improvements to the taxation system were vital to the colonization of unsettled lands and to municipal governance. After the creation of the General Directory in 1723, Grumbkow became head of the first department. He was promoted to Generalfeldmarschall in 1737.

Influenced by the Imperial envoy in Berlin, Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff, Grumbkow advised Frederick William I against a marriage of Crown Prince Frederick with a princess from the House of Hanover. In serving the interests of Habsburg Austria over the House of Hohenzollern, Grumbkow deepened the divide between Frederick William and his son, Frederick.

Frederick William tolerated Grumbkow's being on the payroll of Austria. In a letter to Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, the king wrote of Grumbkow's corruption, "I know he is like that, but you need such people to do the business honourable people wouldn't want to soil their hands with. I get more out of him in an hour than I acquit with others in three."

Frederick eventually reached a reconciliation with both Frederick William and Grumbkow. He referred to Grumbkow as "the Cassubian", because of his Pomeranian ancestry. Grumbkow died in Berlin in 1739, barely over a year before Frederick William.

Notes

References

1678 births
1739 deaths
Field marshals of Prussia
German untitled nobility
Politicians from Berlin
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
German military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession
Prussian politicians
Military personnel from Berlin
Pomeranian nobility

Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow


Baile Hill is a man-made earth mound in the Bishophill area of York, England.  It is the only remaining feature of what was known as the Old Baile.

The origins of Baile Hill date back to 1068. Having seized York in that year, William the Conqueror built a castle on the south side of the city close to the River Ouse.  Then, as a response to a rebellion the following year, a second castle was built on the opposite side of the river.  There is no clear evidence which of these castles was built first, but it is generally thought to be the one which stood on the site of the later York Castle on the east side of the river, followed by the Old Baile on the west side.

Like its opposite counterpart, the Old Baile was of motte and bailey design.  The motte was approximately 40 feet (12 m) high and 180 feet (66 m) in diameter, and was surrounded by a large ditch.  A flight of steps led to a wooden structure at the top which was surrounded by a fence, also made of wood.  The bailey lay to the north-west of the motte and was rectangular.  Around its perimeter was an earth rampart and an outer ditch.

The castle, it is believed, was not in regular use for long.  By the 13th century it was in the hands of the Archbishop of York and in 1322 Archbishop Melton agreed to defend it in times of war.  By  part of the city wall had been built along the south-east and south-west sides of the Old Baile, incorporating the existing ramparts and ditch, however, these defences were rarely called into use.  The only notable occasion was the siege of York in 1644 during the Civil War, when Baile Hill was used as a royalist gun emplacement.  Apart from that, however, the Old Baile was used mainly for grazing and recreation activities, particularly archery during the medieval period.

Today, Baile Hill stands at the junction of Baile Hill Terrace and Cromwell Road.  The only other visible evidence of the former castle are two slight dips in the city wall rampart, one next to Baile Hill and the other close to Victoria Bar, which indicate the location of the former ditch.  Houses built during the 1880s cover the rest of the Old Baile.

References
An article reporting on the 1968 archaeological excavation of Baile hill from Current Archaeology magazine, No. 12, January 1969

Buildings and structures in York
Castles in North Yorkshire

Baile Hill


Sistan an Baluchestan () is ane o the 31 provinces o Iran. It is in the sootheast o the kintra, borderin Pakistan an Afghanistan an its caipital is Zahedan.

The province is the lairgest in Iran, wi an aurie o 181,785 km² an a population o 2.4 million. The coonties o the province are Chabahar, Dalgan, Hirmand, Iranshahr, Khash, Konarak, Nikshahr, Saravan, Sarbaz, Soran, Zabol, Zaboli, Zahedan an Zehak.

The population comprises Sunni Muslim Baluchis an Shi'a Persian Sistanis.

Geography an cultur
The province comprises twa sections, Sistan in the north an Baluchestan in the sooth. The combined Sistan & Baluchestan province the day accoonts for ane o the driest regions o Iran wi a slicht increase in rainfaw frae east tae wast, an an obvious rise in humidity in the coastal regions. The province is subject tae seasonal winds frae different directions, the maist important o which are the 120-day wind o Sistan kent as Levar, the Qousse wind, the seiventt (Gav-kosh) wind, the Nambi or sooth wind, the Hooshak wind, the humid an saisonal winds o the Indian Ocean, the North or (Gurich) wind an the wastren (Gard) wind.

In the sooth, east an wast o Sistān an Balūchestān, the fowk are maistly Balōch an speak the Balochi leid. The name Balūchestān means "Land o the Balōchi" in Persie leid. Similarly, the Persie leid name Sistān comes frae the Auld Persie Sakastāna, meanin "Land o the Sakas".

Mony scholars, orators, an literary personalities hae sprung up frae this pairt o Iran, amangst which are the reputit Farrokhi sistani, Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar an Rostam. Ayatollah Sistani is an aa frae Sistān; tho he currently resides in Najaf, Iraq.

History

In the epigraphs o Bistoon an Persepolis, Sistan is mentioned as ane o the eastren territories o Darius the Great. The name Sistan, as mentioned abuin, is derived frae Saka (an aa whiles Saga, or Sagastan), ane o the Aryan tribes that haed taken control ower this aurie in the year 128 BCE. Durin the Arsacid Dynasty (248 BC tae 224 CE), the province became the seat o Suren-Pahlav Clan. Frae the Sassanid period till the early Islamic period, Sistan flourished considerably.

Durin the reign o Ardashir I o Persie, Sistan came unner the jurisdiction o the Sassanids, an in 644CE, the Arab Muslims gained control as the Persian empire wis in its feenal moments o collapsin.

Durin the reign o the seciont caliph o Islam, this territory wis conquered bi the Arabs an an Arab commander wis assigned as govrenor. The famous Persian ruler Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari, whose descendants dominatit this aurie for mony centuries, later became govrenor o this province. In 916 CE, Baluchestan wis ruled bi the Daylamids an thereefter the Seljuqids, when it became a pairt o Kerman. Dynasties such as the Saffarids, Samanids, Qaznavids, an Seljuqids, an aa ruled ower this territory.

In 1508 CE, Shah Ismail I o the Safavid dynasty conquered Sistan, an durin the reign o Nader Shah thare wis further turmoil.

Baluchestan haes aaways gane bi twa auncient names, the Maga/Maka (which throu the passage o time it chyngit tae Mokran / Makran), an Godar (frae the Bactrian leid (Pashto) frae which the Greeks derived Gedrosia an which, throu the passage o time, chyngit tae Gwadar). Baith names still survive inside the Pakistan admeenistered pairt o Baluchestan the day.

Sistan an Baluchestan the day

The province the day is the maist unnerdeveloped, desolate, an poorest o Iran's provinces. The govrenment o Iran haes been tryin tae reverse this situation bi implementin new plans such as creatin the Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone.

Colleges an universities
 University o Sistan an Baluchestan
 Chabahar Maritime University
 Zabol University
 Islamic Azad University o Iranshahr
 Islamic Azad University o Zahedan
 Zahedan University o Medical Sciences
 Zabol University o Medical Sciences
 International University o Chabahar
 Iranshar University

Publications
A nummer o Iranian scholars hae published thair wirks on the cultural an social issues o Balochistan o Iran such as Dr. Iraj Afshar Sistani, Dr. Azim Shahbukhsh, Ghasem Siasar, an Abdolvodod Sepahi. On poleetical issues several major wirks hae been done bi Professor Selig Harrison an Dr. Taj Mohammad Berissiq. Housomeivver, on the politics o Balochistan efter the Islamic Revolution o 1979, twa substantial studies hae been carried oot bi Dr. Mohammad Hassan Hosseinbor an Dr. Ahmad Reza Taheri.

See an aa

 Bazman
 Baluch fowk
 Baluchi muisic
 Auncient Persie
 Sistan
 Balochistan (region)
 Balochistan (Afghanistan)

References

Freemit airtins

 Chabahar Free Trading Zone, Sistan and Baluchistan
 Chris Zambelis, "Insurrection in Iranian Balochistan," Jamestown Foundation, Vol. 6, Iss. 1, 11 Januar 2008.
 Chris Zambelis, "Violence and Rebellion in Iranian Balochistan," Jamestown Foundation, Vol. 4, Iss. 13, 29 Juin 2006.

Balochistan
Provinces o Iran
Pre-Islamic heritage o Iran
Gulf o Oman

Sistan an Baluchestan Province


Curtis Alan Borchardt (born September 13, 1980) is an American former professional basketball player. He is a 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) tall center.

Amateur career
Borchardt played high school basketball in Sammamish, Washington (then Redmond), for Eastlake High School. He then attended Stanford University, where he was an honorable mention All-American as a junior in 2002.

Pro career
Borchardt was selected 18th overall in the first round by the Orlando Magic in the 2002 NBA draft but was traded to the Utah Jazz.  Injury-prone in college, this continued as he sat out his rookie season.  He made his Jazz debut in the 2003–04 campaign. He was dealt to the Boston Celtics as part of the largest trade in NBA history – a 13-player, 5-team deal on August 2, 2005. He was not included on Boston's roster in 2005–06 but played with them in the preseason, scoring seven points in seven games.

Borchardt's final NBA game was on April 12, 2005, in a 85–94 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers where he recorded 2 points and 2 rebounds. Borchardt played a total of 83 NBA career games from 2003 - 2005 and averaged 3.1 points and 3.3 rebounds.

He moved to the Spanish League club Granada in December 2005. In 2009, he joined the French League club ASVEL.

In 2012, Borchardt signed with Blancos de Rueda Valladolid of Liga ACB.

Awards and achievements:
 2008–09 ACB league leader in rebounding.
 2006–07 ACB league leader in rebounding and valuation (Player Efficiency).
 13-time Spanish ACB Player of the Week and 5-time Player of the Month designations 2005–12.
 All Rocky Mountain Review NBA Summer League 1st Team 2004.
 Selected 18th overall in the 1st round of the 2002 NBA draft by the Orlando Magic then traded to the Utah Jazz.
 2001–02 1st Team All-Pac-10 and AP Honorable Mention All American
 2001–02 Stanford's Hank Luisetti Team Most Valuable Player and Best Defensive Player
 Set Stanford Men's Basketball Single Season Record for Blocks (85) during the 2001–02 season and currently ranks 2nd in the school's Career Blocks list at (145).
 2-time Pac-10 Men's Basketball conference champion at Stanford during the 1999–2000 and 2000–01 seasons.

Personal life
His wife, Susan King Borchardt, also played college basketball at Stanford University and later played professionally for the Minnesota Lynx in the WNBA.

Notes

External links
NBA Profile
Basketpedya.com Profile
basketball-reference.com player stats
espn.com stats

1980 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball players
ASVEL Basket players
Basketball players from Buffalo, New York
CB Granada players
CB Valladolid players
Centers (basketball)
Liga ACB players
Orlando Magic draft picks
People from Sammamish, Washington
Power forwards (basketball)
Basketball players from King County, Washington
Stanford Cardinal men's basketball players
Utah Jazz players

Curtis Borchardt


Kenneth Geddes Wilson (June 8, 1936 – June 15, 2013) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize winner.

Education
As an undergraduate at Harvard, he was a Putnam Fellow.  He earned his PhD from Caltech in 1961, studying under Murray Gell-Mann.

Works
He became a junior faculty member in Cornell University Physics Department in 1963. He became a full professor in 1970.  In 1974, he became the James A. Weeks Professor of Physics at Cornell. He was a co-winner of the Wolf Prize in physics in 1980, together with Michael E. Fisher and Leo Kadanoff.  He got the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physics for combining quantum field theory and the statistical theory of critical phenomena of second-order phase transitions. In other words the prize was for his constructive theory of the renormalization group. In this theory he gave not only important, and even numerical, insights to the field of critical statics and dynamics in statistical physics, but indirectly also basic answers to the question: "What is quantum field theory?" and "What does renormalization mean?". He also gave a constructive answer to another important  "renormalization" problem from solid-state physics, the Kondo effect.

He advocated that the federal government should buy supercomputers for science research. In 1985, he was appointed as Cornell's Director of the Center for Theory and Simulation in Science and Engineering (known now as the Cornell Theory Center, one of five national supercomputer center created by the National Science Foundation.  Since 1988, Dr. Wilson has been a faculty member at The Ohio State University.  His current research interests include physics education research.

Some of his PhD students include Roman Jackiw, Steve Shenker, and Michael Peskin.

Wilson's father was the prominent chemist E. Bright Wilson, and his brother David is also a Professor at Cornell in the department of Molecular Biology and Genetics.

Wilson died on June 19, 2013 from lymphoma in Saco, Maine, aged 77.

Awards
Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, 1973
Boltzmann Medal, 1975
Wolf Prize, 1980
Harvard University, D.Sc (Hon.), 1981
Caltech, Distinguished Alumni Award,  1981
Franklin Medal, 1982
Nobel Prize for Physics, 1982
A.C. Eringen Medal, 1984
Aneesur Rahman Prize, 1993

Literature
Wilson, K. G.    "Broken Scale Invariance and Anomalous Dimensions", Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC,)Stanford University, Laboratory of Nuclear Studies, Cornell University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (May 1970).
Gupta, R.; Wilson, K. G.; & C. Umrigar.   "Improved Monte Carlo Renormalization Group Method", Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Cornell University, United States Department of Energy, (1985).
Wilson, K. G.:Problems in physics with many scales of length, Scientific American, August 1979
the same:The Renormalization group (RG) and critical phenomena 1, Physical Review B, volume 4, 1971, p. 3174
the same: The renormalization group: critical phenomena and the Kondo problem, Reviews of modern physics, 47, 1975, p. 773-839
the same, and M. Fisher: Critical exponents in 3.99 dimensions, Physical Review Letters, 28, 1972, p. 240
the same: Non-lagrangian models in current algebra Physical Review,  179, 1969, p. 1499-1512 (operator product expansion)
the same: Model of coupling constant renormalisation, Physical Review D,  2, 1970, p. 1438–1472
the same: Operator product expansions and anomalous dimensions in Thirring model, ibid., p. 1473–77
the same: Anomalous dimensions and breakdown of scale invariance in perturbation theory, ibid. p. 1478–93
the same: RG and strong interactions Physical Review D,  3, 1971, p. 1818–46
the same: Confinement of quarks, Physical Review D,  10, 1974, p. 2445–59

References

Other websites
 Photograph, Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
 Kenneth G. Wilson
 Kenneth G. Wilson's Homepage (on Archive, the original at Ohio State University no longer exists)
 Kenneth G. Wilson's brief CV, from Ohio State University (PDF file)
  Publications on ArXiv
 Nobel Lecture
 Interview with Ken Wilson in 2002

1936 births
2013 deaths
Cornell University faculty
American Nobel Prize winners
Harvard University alumni
Scientists from Massachusetts
American theoretical physicists
Wolf Prize winners
Ohio State University

Kenneth G. Wilson


Unilineal evolution, also called classical social evolution, was  a 19th-century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures.

There were different theories by various sociologists and anthropologists. However, they all believed that Western culture is the peak of social evolution. Social status is seen as a single line that goes from most primitive to most civilized. This theory is now generally considered obsolete in universities.

Anthropology
Sociology

Unilineal evolution


Dame Janet Baker, CH, DBE, FRSA (born 21 August 1933) is an English mezzo-soprano.  From the 1950s to the 1980s she was one of the best known classical music singers in opera, concert, and lieder.  She sang a lot of Baroque music including early Italian opera as well as works by modern composers, especially those of Benjamin Britten.

Her life

Janet Baker was born in Hatfield, South Yorkshire in the north of England. Her father was an engineer who sang in a male voice choir.  She went to York College for Girls and then Wintringham Girls' Grammar School in Grimsby. In her early years she worked in a bank.  She went to London in 1953 where she had singing lessons from Meriel St Clair and Helene Isepp, whose son Martin became her regular accompanist.  She was knocked down by a bus in 1956 and had concussion and a back injury which often gave her pain. That same year, she came second in the Kathleen Ferrier Memorial Competition at the Wigmore Hall, which started to make her famous.

Debut
In 1956, Baker sang in opera for the first time with the Oxford University Opera Club as Miss Róza in Smetana's The Secret. That year, she also sing at Glyndebourne. In 1959, she sang Eduige in the Handel Opera Society's Rodelinda; other Handel roles included Ariodante (1964), of which she later made an excellent recording with Raymond Leppard, and Orlando (1966), which she sang at the Barber Institute, Birmingham.

Opera
With the English Opera Group at Aldeburgh, Baker sang Purcell's Dido and Aeneas in 1962, Polly (Benjamin Britten's version of The Beggar's Opera) and Lucretia (in Britten's The Rape of Lucretia). At Glyndebourne she appeared again as Dido (1966) and as Diana/Jupiter in Francesco Cavalli's La Calisto, and Penelope in Monteverdi's Il ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria. For Scottish Opera she sang Dorabella in Mozart's Così fan tutte, Dido, Octavian in Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier, the Composer in Ariadne auf Naxos and the role of Orfeo in Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice. She sang that role everywhere and she is often associated with it.

In 1966, Baker made her first appearance as Hermia at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and went on to sing Berlioz's Dido, Kate in Britten's Owen Wingrave, Mozart's Vitellia and Idamantes, Cressida in William Walton's Troilus and Cressida and the title role in Gluck's Alceste (1981) there. For the English National Opera, she sang the title role in Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea (1971), Charlotte in Massenet's Werther, and the title roles in Donizetti's Maria Stuarda and Handel's Giulio Cesare.

Oratorio and song
As well as opera, Janet Baker often sang oratorio roles and gave solo recitals. Among her best recordings are her singing of the Angel in Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius, made with Sir John Barbirolli in December 1964 and Sir Simon Rattle over twenty years later; her 1965 performances of Elgar's Sea Pictures and Mahler's Rückert-Lieder, also recorded with Barbirolli; and, also from 1965, the first commercial recording of Ralph Vaughan Williams's Christmas oratorio Hodie under Sir David Willcocks.  In 1976, she gave the first performance of Britten's the solo cantata Phaedra which had been written for her.

Retirement
Dame Janet Baker's last operatic appearance was as Orfeo in Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice, on 17 July 1982, at Glyndebourne.  She published a memoir, Full Circle, in 1982. In 1991, Baker was elected Chancellor of the University of York, a position she kept until 2004.

Honours and awards
Baker received many awards, including a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1976 and a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in 1993.

She married in 1957.

References

Other websites

 IMDb

1933 births
Living people
English opera singers
Mezzo-sopranos
Grammy Award winners
Companions of Honour
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
English singers

Janet Baker


Sirdarya Province () is a viloyat (province) o Uzbekistan, locatit in the centre o the kintra on the left bank o Syr Darya River. It borders wi Kazakhstan, Tajikstan, Tashkent Province an Jizzakh Province.  It covers an aurie o 5,100 km², an is maistly desert, wi the Starving Steppe takkin up a significant pairt o the province's aurie. The population is estimatit tae be aroond 648,100.

Administration
Syrdaryo Province is dividit intae 9 admeenistrative destricts. The caipital is the ceety o Guliston (pop. est. 54,000 indwallers). Ither ceeties an touns include Baxt, Boyovut, Farhod, Qahramon, Sayhun, Sirdaryo, Shirin an Yangiyer.

Climate
The climate is a teepically arid continental climate wi extreme differences atween winter an simmer temperaturs.

Economy
The economy is based on cotton an cereal crops, wi strang reliance on irrigation an on cattle breedin. Minor crops include forage plants, vegetables, melons, gourds, potatoes, maize, a variety o fruit an grapes. Industry consists o construction materials, irrigation equipment an raw-cotton processin.

Srydarya contains ane o Uzbekistan's lairgest hydroelectric pouer plants, which generates ane third o the kintra's electricity.

Provinces o Uzbekistan

Sirdaryo Region


Matrix mechanics is the first way that physicists found to express quantum physics in mathematical form. Werner Heisenberg initially developed this form of expression of the laws of physics just as an equation that he could use to predict the intensities of the photons in the various bands of the hydrogen spectrum.

Heisenberg's teacher and colleague, Max Born, saw that his equation was essentially the plan for creating and multiplying matrices.
The matrix form of quantum physics is still used since it is useful and convenient for some purposes. Other mathematical ways, particularly Erwin Schrödinger's equation using a wave function, are mathematically equivalent but are easier to use for other purposes.

One of the early successes of this theory was announced shortly thereafter and is now called the Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.

Quantum mechanics

Matrix mechanics


The  Harry S Truman Reservoir, also known as Truman Lake, is located in the state of Missouri, United States. It is located between Clinton and Warsaw, on the Osage River and extends south to Osceola. The dam is located in Benton County, but the reservoir also extends into parts of Henry, St. Clair, and Hickory counties.

History
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built and manages the lake and dam.  It is used primarily for flood control. It is also used for power generation, recreation, and wildlife management.

Originally named Kaysinger Bluff Dam and Reservoir in 1954, when construction was authorized, construction began in August 1964. It was renamed the Harry S Truman Dam and Reservoir, in honor of the former president from Missouri, by Congress in 1970. Construction was completed in 1979.  The Kaysinger name refers to the bluff immediately north next to where the dam was eventually constructed.  The bluff or cliff, a popular landmark even before the dam, overlooked the confluence of the South Grand River, Tebo Creek and the Osage River.  The visitor center now sits on the bluff.

Completing the Truman Project took many years of planning, land acquisition, constructing new bridges and demolishing old ones. Several roads, towns, and cemeteries had to be relocated. The first construction project completed on the project was relocating Route 13 so it would be above maximum pool level.

The creation of the lake forced the closure of the Frisco Railroad's "Highline". Rising water levels severed the railroad tracks near Osceola and Deepwater and railroad officials declined to spend millions of dollars to reroute the lightly used tracks. The Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad, however, did relocate its main line between La Due and Clinton; the project included five miles of new track and a causeway/bridge combination over the lake.

Harry S Truman Regional Visitor Center
The Harry S Truman Regional Visitor Center contains exhibits about the cultural and natural history of Truman Lake, environmental activities, the construction of the dam, the operation of the powerhouse, and the US Army Corps of Engineers.  A 67-seat theater shows wildlife, history and water safety videos by request.  The observation deck offers views of Truman Lake and part of the Lake of the Ozarks, as well as the dam.

Harry S Truman State Park

Harry S Truman State Park is located in Benton County, Missouri on a peninsula that juts out into the reservoir.

Weaubleau-Osceola structure
The south-west portion of the lake makes up part of the circumference of the Weaubleau-Osceola structure, a 330-335 million year old impact crater.

Harry S Truman Dam

References

External links
Harry S. Truman Regional Visitor Center
 Harry S. Truman State Park
 Page at ShowMeLakes.com

Reservoirs in Missouri
Dams in Missouri
Lakes of the U.S. Interior Highlands
Bodies of water of the Ozarks
Museums in Benton County, Missouri
Natural history museums in Missouri
Industry museums in Missouri
Protected areas of Henry County, Missouri
Protected areas of Hickory County, Missouri
Protected areas of St. Clair County, Missouri
Buildings and structures in Henry County, Missouri
Buildings and structures in Hickory County, Missouri
Buildings and structures in St. Clair County, Missouri
Protected areas of Benton County, Missouri
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Dams completed in 1979
Bodies of water of Henry County, Missouri
Bodies of water of Hickory County, Missouri
Bodies of water of St. Clair County, Missouri
Bodies of water of Benton County, Missouri
1979 establishments in Missouri

Truman Reservoir


Hof or HOF may refer to:

Places
Hof, a Germanic word for "house, dwelling, hall; temple, sanctuary". It may refer to:

the German for "farming estate", see Hof (estate), and hence a German placename:
Hof, Upper Austria, see Sankt Marienkirchen am Hausruck
Hof bei Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria, a municipality
Hof am Leithaberge, Lower Austria, Austria, a town
Hof bei Straden, Styria, Austria, a municipality
Hof in Mähren, former Austrian and German name for Dvorce, Bruntál District, Czech Republic
Hof (district), Bavaria, Germany
Hof, Bavaria, a town in the district
Hof (electoral district), encompassing the district and another district
Hof, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a municipality
the Dutch word for "court", "yard", and "garden", and hence a Dutch place and court name:
Hof van Delft, a former municipality west of Delft, South Holland
Hof van Holland, High Court of the provinces of Holland and Zeeland 1428–1811
Hof van Savoye, Palace of Margaret of Austria in Mechelen, Antwerp
Hof van Twente, a municipality in Twente, Overijssel
the Old Norse and Icelandic word for "temple", see Heathen hof; hence a placename in West Norse:
Hof, Iceland, a small village
Hof, Hedmark, Norway, a former municipality
Hof, Vestfold, Norway, a municipality
 Hof Prison, in Vestfold, Norway
a Dutch and German toponymic surname, see Hof (surname)

Buildings
Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins, temple in Reykjavík, Iceland

Acronym
 HOf gauge, 1:87 rail modelling using 6.5 mm track.
 Hall of fame
 High on Fire, an American band
 Higher-order function
 Horton overland flow
 House of Fraser, a British department store
 Huisman-Olff-Fresco models
 Hypofluorous acid
 Hindi Olympiad Foundation

Hof


In 2009, Tourism Queensland promoted the Great Barrier Reef as a global tourism destination with a website encouraging people worldwide to apply for The Best Job In The World, to be a "Caretaker of the Islands" to "house-sit" the islands of the Great Barrier Reef for half a year, based on Hamilton Island.
The winner was Ben Southall,
who beat over 34 thousand candidates.

Benefits
Job benefits included a large salary, free lodging in a multi million-dollar villa, and transportation there and around the islands. The application process required a web video to be submitted, available publicly for consideration for the position. The job duties listed were primarily publicity-related with web videos, blogging, and photo diaries. The submission web site crashed two days following the launch of the campaign, from excessive visits and application video uploading.

Public interest
Interest continued for months. On 11 February 2009, Christopher Grima jumped off the South Causeway Bridge in Fort Pierce in Florida. The police report said that he "wanted to capture a video of himself jumping off the bridge, to gain attention of the recruiters" for this job. He quickly received a summons for breach of the peace / disorderly conduct. More marketing-savvy applicants created blogs and established Facebook groups to create buzz about themselves. Two hoaxes also fueled interest. Tourism Queensland invested US$1m in the campaign and generated US$70m of global publicity just one month after the campaign's launch.

Applicants
Over 35,000 applications were received from over 200 countries, and whittled down to 16 finalists (including one chosen by an on-line vote).  Finalists came from Australia (two), United States (two), United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany, New Zealand, Taiwan, India, China, Japan, France and South Korea.  Ten were male and their ages ranged from 20 to 39.  The candidates were interviewed on the island starting 3 May 2009. The United Kingdom finalist Ben Southall, 34, a charity fundraiser and ostrich-rider from Petersfield, Hampshire, UK, was appointed as the new caretaker of the island on 6 May 2009.

Publicity
By the campaign's end, it has generated more than $200 million in global publicity value for Tourism Queensland. Brisbane advertising agency CumminsNitro  was awarded three top awards at the Cannes International Advertising Festival. The campaign was acknowledged as very successful. BBC Television made a one-hour documentary about the final stages of the campaign which was directed by Agnieszka Piotrowska.  Narrated by Toby Stephens, the film was broadcast on 2 July 2009 on BBC1 at 9pm, achieving the highest viewing figures for the whole week.

Winner
The winner was Ben Southall, from the United Kingdom.  In the last week of his paradise job, he was stung by an Irukandji jellyfish. Although lethal cases are known, he made a full recovery.

Southall is now an Ambassador of Queensland Tourism and took residency in Queensland after the six-month period on the island had ended. Since then Ben has established himself as an adventure advocate in Australia taking on extreme adventures around the world including a 1600 km kayak along the Great Barrier Reef in 2011, running a number of marathons around the country. He set a world record to climb the tallest mountain in each Australian state (8) in the shortest ever time in April 2013 - the Aussie 8 expedition took 8 days. His website follows his adventures around the planet.

In 2008 Southall circumnavigated Africa in a Land Rover, known as Colonel Mustard, covering 65,000 km. He climbed the five highest mountains on the continent and ran five marathons in the year raising $50,000 (AUS) for charity.

He married Sophee McPhee in November 2012 back on Hamilton Island where he lived as the Caretaker of the Islands of the Great Barrier Reef.

Advertising awards
In 2010 the advertising campaign was awarded two prestigious D&AD Black Pencil Awards.

See also

Tourism in Australia

References

External links

Tourist attractions in Queensland
Tourism in Australia
Promotion and marketing communications
2009 introductions
Whitsunday Islands

The Best Job in the World (advertising)


Biophysical chemistry is the study of biological systems. It looks for explanations of the various phenomena in biological systems in terms of either the molecules that make up the system or the supra-molecular structure of these systems.

Biophysical chemists use various tools used in physical chemistry to probe the structure of biological systems. These tools include spectroscopic methods like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction. For example, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009 was based on x-ray diffraction studies of ribosomes.

Biophysical chemists study protein structure and the functional structure  of cell membranes. For example, enzyme action can be explained in terms of the shape of a pocket in the protein molecule that matches the shape of the substrate molecule or its modification due to binding of a metal ion. Similarly, biophysical chemists study the structure and function of the biomembranes using model supramolecular structures. These include liposomes or phospholipid vesicles of different compositions and sizes.

The oldest well-known institute for biophysical chemistry is Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen. The Biophysics Department of King's College London is where the X-ray crystallography studies of DNA was done in the early 1950s.

Related pages
 Biophysical techniques
 Biophysics

References

Branches of biology
Branches of chemistry

Biophysical chemistry


Joseph Ebsworth (1788–1868) was an English dramatist and musician.

Early life
The elder son of Joseph and Isabella Ebsworth, he was born at Islington, London, on 10 October 1788, and was early apprenticed to a watch-jeweller named Cornwall; he was later selected to reconstruct the watch of the Prince Regent.

In theatre
Having a rich baritone voice, he joined the operatic company at Covent Garden Theatre immediately after fulfilling his indentures, and early turned to dramatic authorship. He also acted in melodrama, and became secretary to David Edward Morris, of the Haymarket Theatre.

In 1822 Ebsworth made a first visit to Scotland. Soon after 1826 he moved from London to Edinburgh, where he held an engagement at the Theatre Royal, as actor and prompter, with his lifelong friend William Henry Murray.

Later life
Ebsworth became established in Edinburgh as teacher of music and singing, and accepted the position of leader of the choir at St. Stephen's Church, which caused him to give up acting; but he continued to write and to translate dramas, which played in London and the provinces. In 1828 he opened an "English and foreign dramatic library and caricature repository" at 23 Elm Row, at the head of Leith Walk, Edinburgh, and for fifteen years maintained it successfully as the main bookseller's shop for periodical literature. Afterwards he resided at 4 Montgomery Street.

Ebsworth's vocal and instrumental concerts at the Hopetoun Rooms, Queen Street, were continued annually from 1830 until within a few weeks of his death. He had known Charles Dibdin, and his own entertainments were on the same model. He was for forty years teacher of music, to private pupils, and at the Merchant Maidens' Hospital, Watson's, and the Normal School. He was also a linguist, collector of astrological documents and amateur artist. He was librarian of the Harmonist Society of Edinburgh.

Death
Of Ebsworth's five children born in Scotland, all died young except two sons. News of the sudden death in Australia of his son Charles (born 24 October 1833) reached him close on midsummer 1868. He died of an apoplectic seizure, three weeks later, on the fifty-first anniversary of his marriage. He was buried at the Dean cemetery, Edinburgh, at the feet of David Scott F.S.A. On the following Sunday his own music was played and sung in churches of all denominations in Edinburgh.

Works
Many of Ebsworth's dramas were printed. They included:

 Crockery's Misfortunes, or Transmogrifications, a burletta, first acted 11 July 1821, at the Royal Coburg Theatre.
 The Two Prisoners of Lyons, or the Duplicate Keys, 1824, an early English adaptation of Robert Macaire.
 Adelaide, or the Fatal Seduction, three acts, translated from René Charles Guilbert de Pixérécourt, performed at the Coburg Theatre.
 The Rival Valets, at the Haymarket, 1825.
 Ourika, the Orphan of Senegal, a petite drama, one act, with songs, music by George Frederick Perry of the Haymarket, 1828.
 Rosalie, or the Bohemian Mother, two acts, as performed at the Haymarket, music by Perry, 1828.
 Rouge et Noir, or Whigs and Widows, two acts, first acted at the Adelphi, Edinburgh, 7 August 1841.
 Ups and Downs.
 Marriage Projects.
 The Calabrian Assassin.
 The Bachelor of Duddington.
 Commerce, a drama in three acts.
 The Tempter, or the Gifts of Immortality, 1830.
 The Twenty Thieves.
 Youth's Vagaries.
 Keeping up Appearances.
 Mr. Walker's Trunks.
 The Advocate's Daughter.
 Clemence.
 Saul Braintree.
 Tam o' Shanter, or Auld Alloway's Haunted Kirk (before 1824, an early dramatisation of the poem Tam o' Shanter by Robert Burns).
 The Mayor of Windgap, or the Strange Man of the Inch.
 The Wreck of the Dauntless.
 Ranting Roaring Willie.
 The Pilot's Son.
 Roslin Castle.
 Summer and Winter.
 A Widow to Let.
 The Legatees.
 The Glass Door.
 The Two Prima Donnas.
 Quite Correct.
 The Queen's Visit;' and
 The Crusaders, a five-act drama, lavishly produced at the Princess's Theatre by John Medex Maddox about 1851.

With A Short Introduction to Vocal Music, Ebsworth published church music, much of it composed for St. Stephen's Church, Edinburgh, and for his lifelong friend the Rev. Dr. William Muir. His legacy included a manuscript collection of his own songs.

Family
On 22 June 1817 Ebsworth married Mary Emma, eldest daughter of Robert Fairbrother, member of the Glovers' Company. He settled in Lambeth, 3 Gray's Walk, where five of his children were born.

References

1788 births
1868 deaths
Musicians from Islington (district)
Writers from Islington (district)
English dramatists and playwrights
19th-century British musicians
19th-century British dramatists and playwrights
English composers
Musicians from London
English male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century English musicians
19th-century English male writers

Joseph Ebsworth


Udolpho Township is a township in Mower County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 458 at the 2000 census.  There are no recognized cities or towns and the whole township is an unincorporated area.  Blooming Prairie is only about a quarter of a mile away in Steele County to the north.  The township's name is taken from a gothic novel titled The Mysteries of Udolpho by the English  author Ann Radcliffe.

History
Udolpho Township was organized in 1858, and named after the novel The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.0 square miles (93.3 km), all  land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 458 people, 163 households, and 139 families residing in the township.  The population density was 12.7 people per square mile (4.9/km).  There were 173 housing units at an average density of 4.8/sq mi (1.9/km).  The racial makeup of the township was 98.25% White, 0.87% African American, 0.87% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.31% of the population.

There were 163 households, out of which 37.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.1% were married couples living together, 3.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.7% were non-families. 12.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the township the population was spread out, with 27.9% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.0 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $40,179, and the median income for a family was $41,964. Males had a median income of $33,125 versus $20,781 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,140.  About 5.0% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.0% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

Corning
Corning is a small unincorporated area on the southern border with Lansing Township.  It is located along Minnesota State Highway 251.

Madison
Madison is a former village (now just a farm field) off U.S. Route 218 that once had a hotel, store, livery, post office and a sawmill.  The Milwaukee Road refused to stop at Madison because it was so close to Lansing, a stop less than three miles away.  The village was started on September 3, 1857, and it was declared dead in 1907.

Cemeteries
Red Oak Grove Cemetery is located in the southwest corner of the southwest quadrant of section 19 of the township.  It is one and a half miles north of Corning on Mower/Freeborn Road. Its oldest known burial dates to 1857.
Udolpho Cemetery is located in the northeast corner of the northwest quadrant of section 21 of the township.  Its oldest known burial dates to 1862.

References

Further reading

Townships in Mower County, Minnesota
Townships in Minnesota
1858 establishments in Minnesota Territory
Populated places established in 1858

Udolpho Township, Mower County, Minnesota


A prison  or jail is a building where people are forced to live if their freedom has been taken away. The main cause for imprisonment is breaking the law. Those who break the law and are convicted (found guilty) in court can receive a prison sentence, which is an order to spend an amount of time in prison. Prisons are usually run by the government. People in prisons are called prisoner or inmates.

There are other reasons why someone might be held in prison. Sometimes, people can be held in prison before their trial (known as pre-trial detention or remand). In times of war, captured soldiers may become prisoners of war and civilians (non-soldiers) may be placed in an internment camp. In some countries, prisons are also used for political prisoners (people who disagree with the country's leader or government).

Other words for a prison include a gaol (pronounced like "jail"), penitentiary or correctional facility. In the US, the words "prison" and "jail" mean separate things. A US "jail" is run by a local government and holds people who have not yet had their trial or who have been convicted for a minor crime. A US "prison" or "penitentiary" is run by the state or federal government and holds people who are serving a long sentence for a serious crime. Outside of North America, "prison" and "jail" mean the same thing. There are lots of slang words for prisons.

In the United States and many other developed countries, inmates have most or all their personal possessions confiscated until release and are forced to wear prison uniforms.

Prison buildings and facilities

Prisons are usually surrounded by walls and gates. There are usually many locked gates inside the prison to control the inmates.

The inmates sleep in small locked rooms called cells. Cells have a bunk bed, a toilet, and a sink. Inmates are allowed to leave their cell every day for exercise. Some inmates work in the prison during the day, either in a factory or doing cooking or cleaning. Law enforcement officers called prison guards watch the inmates. The manager of a prison is called the warden (US, Canada), superintendent (some parts of the US, India) or governor (UK, Australia).

Prisons usually also include other buildings and facilities, such as a chapel, a library, an exercise yard, a gymnasium, an infirmary (small hospital), visiting rooms (for visits from family and lawyers), kitchens, and accommodation for prison staff.

The level of security a prison has depends on the type of prison. A "maximum security prison" has even more protection than a regular prison. Some prisons in the United States and Japan have a section called "death row", where people who have been sentenced to death are kept in prison until their execution. On the other hand, an "open prison" is a prison where inmates can often travel out of the prison. These are used for prisoners who have been convicted of minor crimes, or who will soon be released.

The United Nations made the "Standard Minimum Rule" for human treatment for prisoners in 1955. Also the Article 10 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights also affirm the treatment with humanity for them in prison.  In some prisons, people imprisoned for child sexual abuse are separated from other prisoners for their own safety.

Purpose
There are four main ideas about what prisons should be used for:
 Rehabilitation: Prisons should be places that turn the prisoners into good people.
 Deterrence: People should be scared by the thought of going to prison, so they will not want to commit crimes.
 Incapacitation: for protection Locking criminals up stops them from committing more crimes.
 Retribution: By forcing them to spend time in prison, society is taking revenge against people who break the law.

Pre-trial detention
A person who has been charged with a crime, but has not yet been convicted for it in a court, may be sent to prison if:
 the court thinks that the person may not come to their trial,
 the court thinks that the person may be a danger to the community, or
 (mainly in the US) the court has asked for bail money but the person cannot pay the amount.
In some parts of the US, a person who is arrested may be held at a county jail until they decide whether to charge or release the person. In other places, a person who is arrested will be held at a police station, not a prison.

Special prisons
Male and female inmates are usually kept in separate locations, and often in separate prisons.

There are special prisons for people under the age of 18 who commit crimes. These inmates are called young offenders or juvenile offenders. These places will not always have the word "prison" in their name, instead having names like "Young Offenders' Institution".

While not called prisons most of the time, psychiatric hospitals often share characteristics with prisons, such as residents staying against their will and the various security measures implemented.

A penal colony is a correctional facility operated in one country by the government of another. These were common during the 18th and 19th centuries when France, Spain, and Britain had colonies. Soviet gulags were a form of penal colony.

A labour camp is a simplified prison in which inmates are forced into manual labor. Prisoners tend to be accommodated in bunkhouses or barracks.

Concentration camps (also called internment camps) are facilities for confining people without trial based on perceived threat, ethnicity, religion, etc.

Controversy
Prisons are a controversial topic that people have different views about.
 People who think that we should have prisons say that removing people who commit crimes from society prevents them from committing more crimes and punishes them for their behavior. They also say that putting people in prison may also prevent others who are likely to commit similar crimes from committing them.
 People who think that we should not put people in prisons say that being put in prison makes people more violent and angry. People who commit minor crimes that are sent to prison meet violent criminals. As well, when people are sent to prison, they cannot see their family or children, which can cause problems for their family. Sometimes people are put in prison who have done nothing wrong. American theories that are critical of prisons include something called the prison industrial complex and the school-to-prison pipeline. People who believe in the prison industrial complex think that private prison companies want lots of people to be put in prison in order to make money.

Number of people in prison

As of 2006, there are currently nine million people in prison in the world. The United States currently has the most people in prison; it has more than 2 million people in prison. In 2002, both Russia and China also had over 1 million people in prison. In 2003, the United Kingdom had 73,000 people in prison; France and Germany had a similar number of people in prison.

Famous prisons in history
 Alcatraz, San Francisco (historical)
 Attica Correctional Facility, Attica, New York, scene of the most infamous prison riot in United States history
 The Bastille, Paris, France (historical) In French
 Devil's Island French Guiana (historical)
 Leavenworth, Kansas, site of a federal prison and the military's primary prison, the United States Disciplinary Barracks.
 Rikers Island, New York City, US (since 1884)
 Sing Sing Correctional Facility, Ossining, New York, U.S. (since 1828)
 The Tower of London, London, England (historical)
 Devil's Island, A former penal colony in French Guiana

Cultural references to prisons and prison life
There are many books and poems about prisons or prison life, such as The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, père and The Ballad of Reading Gaol by Oscar Wilde.

There are also movies that depict prison life, including:
 A Clockwork Orange (1971) directed by Stanley Kubrick
 Papillon (1973) directed by Franklin J Schaffner
 Stir Crazy (1975) directed by Sidney Poitier
 Midnight Express (1978) directed by Alan Parker
 Escape from Alcatraz (1979) directed by Don Siegel
 The Shawshank Redemption (1994) directed by Frank Darabont
 Dead Man Walking (1995) directed by Tim Robbins
 The Green Mile (1999) directed by Frank Darabont
 Lockdown (2000) directed by John Luessenhop

There have also been television programs, such as Prisoner: Cell Block H (1979–1986), Prison Break (2005–2009), Lockup (2005 - present) and Lockdown: Americas Hardest Prisons (2006 - present), as well as Locked Up Abroad. A current TV show about a women's prison is Orange Is the New Black.

Related pages
 County jail is a term used for local administrative security prisons that are in each county of the United States and for those awaiting trial as well those serving short sentences. Some of these institutions can also hold sentenced maximum security immates and some who are awaiting transport to state prisons if they're convicted of crimes.
 State prison is a term used for prisons that are in each state of the United States and for criminals convicted of crimes that land them in these institutions.
 Federal prison is a term for special prisons that are in each state of the United States, run by the Federal Bureau Of Prisons and for criminals who committed federal crimes that land them in these institutuions.
 Military prison is a term for special prisons that are in each state of the United States, run by the miltary and for criminals who are convicted of war crimes that land them in these institutions.
 Brig is a small detention facility aboard a ship or aircraft.
 Labour camp is a more primitive prison at which inmates are forced to engage in hard labor.
 Political prisoner is a person imprisoned because of political activities, usually against government.
 Private prison is a prison run by a private company instead of the government.

References

 Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison, New York: Random House 1975.

Basic English 850 words

Prison


Hi! Seoul Festival is a seasonal festival sponsored by Seoul Metropolitan Government and others.
It has been held for each season – spring, summer, fall, and winter - every year in Seoul, South Korea since 2003.

Themes
Hi Seoul Festival has four different themes for every season. For example, the theme of spring is usually "palace" Seoul Festival of the Han River is held in summer season. Usually during fall, the theme of the festival is "art". Also, there is Seoul Festival of Lights for winter season.

Other websites
 Hi Seoul Festival

Seoul
Festivals in South Korea
2003 establishments in South Korea

Hi! Seoul Festival


A tire is a ring of material that covers the rim of a wheel. Most road vehicles and many other vehicles use rubber tires. Tires help vehicles to move smoothly. Some metro trains and trams also use rubber tires on their steel wheels to provide better traction than the steel tires of other trains.

Tires need to be changed after their treads wear away. Driving with worn tires is very dangerous. It can cause the tire to explode and the driver to lose control.

Tires were made of leather for thousands of years, and of iron or steel for hundreds. Pneumatic tires were invented in the 1840s and again in the 1880s. They became commonplace early in the 20th century.

Construction
Tires are made of different types of rubber. Softer rubber is used in summer or when the tires need better traction, for example, in auto racing. Tires made of harder rubber are made for long lasting performance, like long-distance truck carriers. There are many different types of tires. They come in different sizes and have different tread patterns.

There are many different sizes of tires. On car and truck tires, they are marked with 3 numbers and might look like: 225/60R16.  The first number is the width in millimeters of the tire at the widest point when it is mounted and inflated. The second number is the sidewall (side of the tire) height as a ratio or percentage of the width. The last number is the wheel diameter in inches.

Example
Tire size: 225/60R16
Tire width = 225mm
Sidewall height = 135mm (225 * .60 = 135)
Wheel diameter = 16 inches

Very large tires (for example, tires on big mining trucks) use different units. For example: 59/80R63. The first number is the width in inches of the tire. The second number is the sidewall height as a ratio of the width. The last number is the wheel diameter in inches.

Tire damage
Most tires today do not have a tube inside of them. There are grooves in the wheel that let the tire be popped into place and hold a lot of air pressure. If there is a crack in the tire, it will not be able to hold its air. Tire leaks are very common. The most common cause is a hole from a nail or screw. This can usually be fixed by patching the inside of the tire so that it can hold air again. If the hole is close to or in the side of the tire, it can not be fixed. This is because the sides of the tire flexes to support the weight of the vehicle. A patch will not be able to handle the stress.

Mud and snow tires
Mud and Snow, (or M+S, or M&S), is a designation used by manufacturers for all-season and winter tires. Most are designed to provide improved performance under low temperature conditions, compared to summer tires. The tread compound is usually softer than that used in tires for summer conditions. This provides better grip on ice and snow, but wears more quickly at higher temperatures. Tires may have well above average numbers of sipes in the tread pattern to grip the ice. M&S relates to the percentage of tread void area. On four-wheel drive vehicles, M&S tires are often standard equipment.

References

Auto parts
Polymers

Tire


Outcast of Redwall is a 1995 fantasy novel by Brian Jacques. It is the eighth book and chronologically fifth book in the Redwall series.

Plot summary
In the howling, snowy north, a young kestrel named Skarlath is lost in a snowstorm after leaving the nest, and is captured by the cruel ferret Swartt Sixclaw and his group of vermin. They also have captured a young badger who they torment mercilessly. The two young beasts help each other escape from the vermin camp. In the scuffle that ensues, the badger creates a massive hornbeam limb club. The ferret and the badger both vow to extort revenge, each declaring the other to be his mortal enemy.

As the young badger could not remember his name, Skarlath dubs him Sunflash after the distinctive golden stripe running down his snout. The two young beasts quickly become inseparable friends and travel throughout Mossflower Woods together, defending the weak and helpless and quickly growing older. Sunflash's reputation quickly spreads throughout the land. He eventually moulds his hornbeam limb into a fearsome, stone-spiked warclub, calling it his mace.

Meanwhile, Swartt also grows older, stronger, and wiser. He travels the northern lands with his vixen seer Nightshade and his horde and eventually ends up at the camp of Bowfleg, a fat ferret with a large horde who has settled down in a plentiful land. As an earlier leader of Swartt's, his captains are suspicious, and rightly so: with the help of Nightshade, Swartt executes a cunning trick that kills Bowfleg. Swartt takes over his large horde and marries his daughter, Bluefen, who gives birth to his son before dying.

At this point, Sunflash and Skarlath have spent several seasons in the Lingl-Dubbo cave, the home of the families of Tirry Lingl the hedgehog and Bruff Dubbo the mole, who Sunflash had rescued from a marauding family of foxes. Sunflash is eventually called to the mountain Salamandastron in his dreams, and so he travels there to become Badger Lord. He and Skarlath part ways, and Sunflash becomes Lord of the Mountain; this section quotes Sunflash's arrival at Salamandastron from the epilogue of Mossflower.

By this time, Swartt Sixclaw and his large horde have passed through the Redwall region of Mossflower, which is efficiently defended by the resident squirrels and otters. However, the nursemaid of Swartt's infant son was trampled, and the infant ferret is dropped in a ditch. He is retrieved by the good-hearted woodlanders and taken to Redwall Abbey despite their misgivings that he will grow into being evil.

At the abbey, the young ferret's fate is determined. Abbess Meriam and Bella of Brocktree decide to entrust the baby to the care of Bryony, a young mousemaid, and Togget, her sensible mole friend. The ferret is named Veil, and as the seasons turn he grows into a young adult in the abbey. As a youngster he is naughty and mischievous, but as a young adult his true vermin nature begins to show through, as the ferret would steal, lie, and be generally unpleasant to all, especially his adopted mother, Bryony. He is eventually banished, by Bella, from the Abbey when he attempts (and fails) to poison Friar Bunfold (with a mole drinking the water used instead, though she survives the poisoning).

Bryony, feeling his banishment was unjust, leaves the abbey to track the ferret down. Her molefriend Togget accompanies her, and together they follow Veil as he wanders through Mossflower. The young ferret, remaining unapologetic and as mean as ever, makes life difficult for the mousemaid and her friend.

Leagues away, Swartt comes upon Salamandastron and launches an attack. Now allied to a smooth-talking ferret corsair named Zigu, an attack is mounted and war begins. Zigu is eventually killed by a skilled hare of the Long Patrol named Sabretache, and Swartt's horde grows once more with Zigu's crew swelling their ranks. With the help of neighbouring woodlanders, the vermin attack is deflected. Sunflash and Skarlath go hunting after them, and Nightshade lays an ambush with poison arrows. In the ensuing attack, Nightshade kills Skarlath with a poison arrow, only to be slain by Sunflash seconds later. Swartt and his depleted horde flee to the mountains east of Salamandastron.

Veil, Bryony and Togget reach the same mountains from the east, and Veil meets his father for the first time. Neither is impressed by the other. Sunflash is stunned and captured by Swartt, and Bryony encounters the evil Swartt Sixclaw. The ferret warlord tries to kill her by throwing a javelin; Veil, in a moment that portrays his true emotions toward the mousemaid, saves her life by taking the javelin, dying in the process. Sunflash then kills Swartt by throwing him from the mountain.

Sunflash, Bryony and Togget return to Redwall. Bryony, unsure if Veil really meant to save her, accepted that the young ferret she always defended had always been evil. She is later made Abbess and Togget is made Foremole. Sunflash meets Bella, his mother, for the first time since he was a child. He stays with her until her death many seasons later, and he then returns to the western coast to rule at Salamandastron.

Characters in Outcast of Redwall

Sunflash the Mace
Swartt Sixclaw
Skarlath the Kestrel
Bowfleg
Nightshade
Bluefen Sixclaw
Tirry Lingl
Bruff Dubbo
Abbess Meriam
Bella of Brocktree
Bryony
Togget
Barlom
Veil Sixclaw
Friar Bunfold
Zigu
Long Patrol
Sabretache
Colonel Sandpaw
Bradberry
Fordpetal
Starbuck
Breeze

Book divisions (English)
Book 1: A Friendship Made
Book 2: A Broken Trust
Book 3: The Warrior's Reckoning

Translations
(Finnish) Pahan jälkeläinen
(French) Rougemuraille : Solaris
Tome 1 : Le Sauveur à tête d'or
Tome 2 : L'Orphelin maudit
Tome 3 : Le Jugement du guerrier
(German) Der Kampf der Gefährten
(Italian) Il Reietto di Redwall
(Swedish) Solblixt Stavbäraren
(Russian) Изгнанник

References

External links
 Plot summary

Fictional ferrets
Children's fantasy novels
British children's novels
British fantasy novels
Redwall books
1995 British novels
Hutchinson (publisher) books
1995 children's books
1995 fantasy novels

Outcast of Redwall


Christopher Flavin is the President of the Worldwatch Institute, an independent research organization focused on natural resource and environmental issues, based in Washington, DC. He is also a founding member of the Board of Directors of the Business Council for Sustainable Energy] and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences Board on Energy and Environmental Systems, the Climate Institute, and the Environmental and Energy Study Institute.  His research and writing focus is international energy and climate policy.

Flavin has participated in several notable international conferences, including the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and the Climate Change Conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997. He has testified before national and state legislatures and meets frequently with government and international leaders.

Flavin is a native of Monterey, California and a cum laude graduate of Williams College, where he studied economics, biology, and environmental studies.

Selected Publications
 Power Surge: Guide to the Coming Energy Revolution, W.W. Norton, 1994.
 Rising Sun, Gathering Winds: Policies to Stabilize the Climate and Strengthen Economies, Worldwatch Paper 138, November 1997.
 Regular contributions to State of the World, Vital Signs and World Watch.
 Low-Carbon Energy: A Roadmap , 2008.

Related pages
 State of the World
 Lester Brown
 Amory Lovins

References

Living people
1955 births
American environmentalists
Climate activists

Christopher Flavin


Jean-Pierre Jeunet (born 3 September 1953 in Roanne, Loire, France) is a French movie director.

Career
Jean-Pierre Jeunet bought his first camera at the age of 17 and made short movies while studying animation at Cinémation Studios. He made friends with Marc Caro. Caro was a designer and comic book artist. Caro worked on many of Jeunet's movies with him.

Together, Jeunet and Caro directed award-winning animations. Their first live-action movie was The Bunker of the Last Gunshots (1981). It was a short movie about soldiers in a futuristic world. Jeunet also directed numerous television advertisements and music videos.

Jeunet and Caro's first full-length movie was Delicatessen (1991). It was a black comedy set in a famine-plagued future. Next came The City of Lost Children (1995). It was a dark fantasy movie with a story about a doctor who kidnaps children in order to steal their dreams.

Because The City of Lost Children was well liked, Jeunet was asked to direct the fourth movie in the Alien series - Alien: Resurrection (1997). Though not well received by critics, Alien: Resurrection turned a profit at the box office.

Jeunet returned to France after making Alien: Resurrection. The fact that he had made a Hollywood movie gave him freedom on his next movie, Amélie. Amélie is lighter and more romantic than his earlier movies. This story was a huge success worldwide. It was nominated for several Academy Awards. For this movie he also got an European Film Award for Best Director.

In 2004, Jeunet released A Very Long Engagement. It is based on the novel by Sebastien Japrisot. The movie is set after World War I. It is about a woman (played by Audrey Tautou) looking for her missing lover.

Filmography
 L'Évasion (1978)
 Le Manege (1980)
 Le Bunker de la derniere rafale (1981)
 Pas de repos pour Billy Brakko (1984)
 Foutaises (1989)
 Delicatessen (1991)
 The City of Lost Children (1995)
 Alien: Resurrection (1997)
 Amélie (2001)
 A Very Long Engagement (2004)

References

Other websites
 Jean-Pierre Jeunet Official Site

1953 births
Living people
French movie directors

Jean-Pierre Jeunet


Vaporization is a phase change from liquid to vapor. There are two types of vaporization: evaporation and boiling.

Evaporation is a phase change from liquid to vapour. Evaporation happens below the boiling point of a substance at a given pressure. Evaporation happens on a surface.

Boiling is also a phase change from liquid to gas. Boiling takes place when the vapor pressure of the substance is greater than or equal to the pressure of its environment. The temperature at which  a substance boils is called the boiling point.

States of matter

Vaporization


Moresnet or Neutral Moresnet () was a very small territory that existed from 1816 to 1919. It had a size of 3.5 km². It existed because its neighbours could not agree on who should own it, so they decided to make it a neutral territory where both neighbours would both have power. It was 7 km Southwest of Aix-la-Chapelle (Germany), and south of the points were the borders of Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands come together on the Vaalserberg. The Inhabitants was Germans, Flemish, Walloons and Dutchs.

Rise
At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 many borders and countries changed. One of the borders was the one between the new United Kingdom of the Netherlands and Prussia. For the most part Prussia and the Netherlands agreed on the border, because it was mostly the same as the old border. Around Moresnet there was a problem. Between the villages of Moresnet and Neu-Moresnet was the zinc mine of Vieille Montagne (in French) / Altenberg (in German). Both countries wanted to have this mine. In 1816 it was decided that the village of Moresnet itself would become part of the Netherlands, Neu-Moresnet would become part of Prussia and the mine and the village of Kelmis around it would become neutral territory where both countries shared the power.

Neutral Moresnet was shaped more or less like a triangle. The southern border was the road between Aix-la-Chapelle and Liège. The mine was just to the north of this road. The most northerly point of the country was the Vaalserberg. When Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830, the land on the Dutch side became Belgian. So from 1830 Belgium and Prussia were in power in Moresnet. At first Moresnet was governed by two royal commissioners, one from each neighbour. Later Moresnet got its own rulers: a mayor and a council of ten members were installed. The mayor was the Head of State, he was appointed by the council.

Most people in Moresnet worked in the zinc mine. Many people from the neighbouring countries also worked in the zinc mine. Because Moresnet was neutral, there were very low taxes and there were no import-tariffs (like in Andorra now). The people from Moresnet were allowed to choose in which army they wanted to serve, but they were not allowed to have their own army.

Fall
The mine was exhausted by 1885, so people from Moresnet had to find a new way to find money. Some wanted to start a casino, or issue their own stamps. Dr. Wilhelm Molly, wanted to change Moresnet into a country where everyone would speak Esperanto. He wanted to name the country Amikejo ("place of friendship"). None of these plans succeeded. Belgium and Prussia (which became a part of Germany in 1871) both wanted to take over the territory. In 1914, in the First World War, Germany invaded Belgium and occupied Moresnet. In 1915 they officially annexed it, so Neutral Moresnet did not exist any more.

In 1919, after the war, in the Treaty of Versailles it was decided that Moresnet would become part of Belgium. From 1940 to 1944, during World War II, Moresnet was occupied by Germany again, but since 1944 it has been part of Belgium again.

References

1816 establishments in Europe
1920 disestablishments in Europe
19th century in Germany
Former countries in Europe
German Empire
History of Belgium
Liège (province)
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
States and territories established in the 19th century
Wallonia
Weimar Republic

Moresnet