Agent USA is a 1984 adventure game designed to teach children spelling, US geography, time zones, and state capitals. It was developed by Tom Snyder Productions and published by Scholastic for the Apple II, Atari 8-bit family, Commodore 64 and IBM PC (as a self-booting disk).

Plot
A giant mutated television set known as the "Fuzzbomb" has begun infecting cities across America and turning people into walking balls of TV static. The player controls a secret agent assigned to defeat the Fuzzbomb and rescue fuzzed people.

Gameplay

Agent USA travels to different locations in the United States via normal or high-speed train (the latter only in large cities). Tickets are acquired at booths in each city. A list of available cities is presented and the player must type the name exactly as shown to get a train ticket. When the correct train shows up, it may be boarded for the next destination. Time zones change depending on what area of the country Agent USA is in. State capitals will also have an info booth which shows a map of the US along with fuzzed cities and the location of the Fuzzbomb (which moves around the country).

The location of the Fuzzbomb can only be learned from stations at State capitals, so learning the capital city of each State is useful.

The player begins the game with 10 crystals. If dropped on the ground and there's space adjacent to them, the crystals will begin to multiply into more, which can then be picked up. Civilians will try to grab them. They may be pushed out of the way, onto the next screen, or onto a train. Larger cities will have more sections at stations and more civilians.

Cities are de-fuzzed by dropping crystals in the path of fuzzed people, turning them back into civilians. Some civilians will also be carrying crystals (the info map shows how many crystals are present in a city). Civilians are turned into fuzzed people when touched by a fuzzed person.  If Agent USA is touched by a fuzzed person, it will drop the player's crystal inventory by half, rounded up. If touched while carrying none, Agent USA turns into an uncontrollable fuzzed person who will wander around aimlessly and board trains to different cities until he touches a crystal. Fuzzed people may also enter from a nearby contaminated city via train.

The ultimate object is to acquire 100 crystals, mainly by growing them from dropping them on the ground and having them multiply, and enter the city with the Fuzzbomb. Agent USA then has to avoid all fuzzed people in the town the Fuzzbomb occupies, and then touch the Fuzzbomb to win the game.

Reception
Electronic Games reviewed the game in the October 1984 issue and appreciated its educational merits: "From a gamer's viewpoint Agent USA is one of the most successful educational titles now on the market. Unlike many learning programs, it stands up well as a fun activity." Jill Basset (age 13) who reviewed the game for K-Power magazine agreed: "What surprises and impressed me most about this game is that it really is educational! I was so caught up in having fun that I wasn't even thinking about the fact that map reading, U.S. geography, math and other kinds of skills were being exercised."

References

External links
Agent USA at Atari Mania
Agent USA Game of the Week at GameSpy Classic Gaming
Agent USA at C64 Wiki

1984 video games
Apple II games
Atari 8-bit family games
Commodore 64 games
Children's educational video games
Video games set in the United States
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games

Agent USA


An extratropical cyclone (also called a mid-latitude cyclone) is a type of cyclone. It is a large low-pressure weather area with clouds, rain and heavy wind. They occur in areas that are between latitudes 30° – 60° from the equator. They are not the same as tropical cyclones or low-pressure weather areas from polar zones. They are actually many masses of cold and warm fronts producing rain, heavy wind, and sometimes tornadoes and even hail.

An extratropical cyclone turns anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. The shape is circular or oval.  The usual diameter is about 1000 km. These cyclones are usually connected with fronts. A front is a system of changes in weather. It is caused by a very cold air mass meeting a very hot air mass. In the cyclone, there is a system of warm front and cold front. The center of a cyclone is cloudier. There is also a very high chance of precipitation. The wind is strong and changes its direction, as the warm front passes. The weather is stable and fog is usual. As the cold front passes, there is a change of wind, the temperature decreases and rain is also common.

Some extratropical cyclones are made from tropical cyclones that become weak but do not die when they move over cold water. Sometimes, these weather areas can become even stronger than before as they turn into extratropical cyclones. When made from tropical cyclones, they can still have an eye (a place in the middle of a tropical cyclone that is not as windy, cloudy, or rainy). European windstorms are sometimes made when wind from the northwestern part of the Atlantic carry them more east and north towards Europe. Nor'easters often hit northeastern North America, and are made when it is cold, most often in late fall. Wind from the west part of the Atlantic moves them north. They become stronger, and drop snow on the areas it moves into. When a nor'easter drops in pressure and become stronger, by more than one millibar every hour, it is called a weather bomb. Hurricane Hazel was extratropical but still hurricane-level when it hit Toronto, for example.

Cyclonal defects usually occur in series called "the families of the cyclones". Usually, there is a belt of 3 or 4 cyclones in different stages. The cyclone has several stages of evolution. First, there is a stage of the origin of a cyclone. Second stage means that the cyclone is strengthening. At that moment, both the warm and cold front are very large. The system is moving very fast.  The cold front is generally faster, which means that it runs down the warm one. This causes an occluded front. The weather is similar to both types of fronts. The third stage ends with filling of the area with air. The pressure rises. Stage four means that the signs of cyclonal weather disappear.

Notable storms
A violent storm during the Crimean War on November 14, 1854, wrecked 30 vessels, and sparked initial investigations into meteorology and forecasting in Europe. In the United States, the Columbus Day Storm of 1962, one of many Pacific Northwest windstorms. Hurricane Sandy also became extratropical before it's landfall.

References

Tropical cyclones

Extratropical cyclone


Adams may refer to:
 For persons, see Adams (surname)

Places

United States
Adams, California
Adams, California, former name of Corte Madera, California
Adams, Decatur County, Indiana
Adams, Kentucky
Adams, Massachusetts, a New England town
Adams (CDP), Massachusetts, the central village in the town
Adams, Minnesota
Adams, North Dakota
Adams, Nebraska
Adams, New Jersey
Adams (town), New York
Adams (village), New York, within the town
Adams, Oklahoma
Adams, Oregon
Adams, Pennsylvania, a former community in Armstrong County
Adams, Tennessee
Adams, Wisconsin, city in Adams County
Adams, Adams County, Wisconsin, town
Adams, Green County, Wisconsin, town
Adams, Jackson County, Wisconsin, town
Adams, Walworth County, Wisconsin, unincorporated community
Adams Center, Wisconsin, a ghost town

Elsewhere
Adams (lunar crater)
Adams (Martian crater)
Adams Island, New Zealand, one of the Auckland Islands
Adams, Ilocos Norte

Transportation
Vehicles
Adams (1903 automobile), an early 20th-century British automobile
Adams (automobile), an early 20th-century (1905-14) British automobile
Adams-Farwell, an American automobile of the late 19th and early 20th-century (1889-1912)
Adams (constructor), a former racing car constructor

Vessels
Adams (brig), early 19th-century ship
USS Adams, several ships

Other uses
MSC Adams, a multibody dynamics simulation software
Adams (retailer), a children's clothes retailer
Adam's ale, meaning water
Adams Golf, a Texas-based golf club manufacturer
Adams' Grammar School, Newport, Shropshire, England
Adams House (disambiguation), a reference to any of several historic houses
Adams Park, a football stadium in Buckinghamshire, England
Adams, a brand of jockstrap
Adams Musical Instruments
Anomaly Detection at Multiple Scales a project of the American military, designed to identify patterns and anomalies in very large data sets
Beaumont–Adams revolver, a 19th-century firearm
Cadbury Adams, confectionery company acquired by Cadbury from Pfizer in 2003
 ADAMS, short for Anti-Doping Administration and Management System, a database operated by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
 All Dulles Area Muslim Society, a mosque with many locations in Northern Virginia, United States

See also

Adam (disambiguation)
Adams County (disambiguation)
Adams River (disambiguation)
Adams Township (disambiguation)
Mount Adams (disambiguation)
Justice Adams (disambiguation)
Adamsburg, Pennsylvania
Adamsdale (disambiguation)
Adamstown (disambiguation)
Adamsville (disambiguation)
Addams

Adams


Karin Giannone (born in 1974 in Johannesburg, Sooth Africae) is a Sooth African-born British telly newsreader wirkin in the Unitit Kinrick. She returned frae maternity leave on 6 Februar 2010 an is the Lunnon-based main presenter o the weekend daytime coverage on BBC World News.

Giannone's family muivit frae Johannesburg tae the Unitit Kinrick when she wis agit twa. She wis raised in Edinburgh, Sussex an Kent. She studiet modren leids at Cambridge University, whaur she graduatit wi a first class honours degree; she speaks French, German an Italian.

She wis the editor o Cambridge University's "Varsity" student newspaper in 1994-5, which led tae wirk experience at Anglia Television. She joined the regional ITV station on graduation in Norwich as a news trainee in 1997, producin, reportin an presentin for regional news bulletins. In 1999 her leid an broadcastin skills helpit her laund a role as a reporter an presenter for Channel 4's Football Italia series, whaur she covered the Italian Soccer scene for a saison, fleein atween the UK an Italy ivery week. She returned tae Anglia in 2000 as a presenter an reporter, this time for the programme for the east o the region coverin Norfolk, Suffolk an Essex. She follaeed troops frae the region for a series o reports frae Afghanistan in 2002.

She then muived tae Lunnon tae present a variety o shifts for Sky News, afore joinin BBC News in 2005. Her wirk assignments hae includit a stint presentin World News Today frae Washington at 10pm EST durin Julie/August 2008.

Giannone lives in Lunnon wi her husband Neil. The couple have three childer (son Louis, 23 October 2003; dochters Beatrice, Januar 2006 an Florence, October 2009)  Her interests include street dance, horse-ridin, goin tae the gym, scuba divin, travellin, eatin oot (especially Indie fuid) an watchin lots o TV, wi news an documentars her favourite programmes.

References

1974 births
Livin fowk
Fowk frae Johannesburg
Breetish televeesion presenters
Sooth African emigrants tae the Unitit Kinrick
Sooth African televeesion jurnalists
BBC newsreaders an jurnalists
BBC World News
Sooth African fowk o Italian strynd

Karin Giannone


SpaceShipOne  is a vehicle built to travel to the lower limits of outer space. It completed the first manned private spaceflight in 2004. That same year, it won the US$10 million Ansari X Prize and has not flown since winning. It was carried high into the air by a specially designed plane named "White Knight". Both vehicles were built and flown by Mojave Aerospace Ventures. This was a joint project between Paul Allen and Scaled Composites, Burt Rutan's flying machine company. Allen provided the money to build and fly SpaceShipOne, about US$25 million.

Rutan has said that ideas about the project began as early as 1994. The full-time work towards the 2004 accomplishments took about three years. The vehicle first flew faster than the speed of sound on December 17, 2003. This date was also the one-hundredth anniversary of the Wright Brothers' historic first powered flight. SpaceShipOne's first official spaceflight, was piloted by Mike Melvill. A few days before that flight, the Mojave Air and Space Port was the first commercial spaceport licensed in the United States. A few hours after that flight, Melvill became the first licensed U.S. commercial astronaut. The overall project name was "Tier One". It has evolved into Tier 1b with a goal of taking a new, but similar ship's first paying passengers into space within the next few years.

Individual aircraft
Spacecraft

SpaceShipOne


Samuel Matthews Robertson (January 1, 1852 – December 24, 1911) was a U.S. Representative from Louisiana, son of Edward White Robertson.

Born in Plaquemine, Iberville Parish, Louisiana, Robertson attended Magruder's Collegiate Institute, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and studied law at Louisiana State University, graduating  in 1874.  He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Robertson was elected a member of the State house of representatives in 1879.
He served as member of the LSU faculty in 1880.

Robertson was elected as a Democrat to the Fiftieth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his father, Edward White Robertson.
He was reelected to the Fifty-first and to the eight succeeding Congresses, serving from December 5, 1887, to March 3, 1907.

He served as chairman of the Committee on Levees and Improvements of the Mississippi River (Fifty-second Congress).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1906, and resumed the practice of law in Baton Rouge.
He was superintendent of the Louisiana School for the Deaf and Dumb from 1908–1911, and died in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, December 24, 1911.
He was interred in Magnolia Cemetery.

References

External links

1852 births
1911 deaths
Louisiana State University alumni
Democratic Party members of the Louisiana House of Representatives
Louisiana State University faculty
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
19th-century American politicians
Burials at Magnolia Cemetery (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)

Samuel M. Robertson


A personal pension scheme (PPS), sometimes called a personal pension plan (PPP), is a UK tax-privileged individual investment vehicle, with the primary purpose of building a capital sum to provide retirement benefits, although it will usually also provide death benefits.

These plans first became available on 1 July 1988 and replaced retirement annuity plans.  Both the individual can contribute as well as their employer.  Benefits can be taken at any time after age 55 if the plan rules allow, or earlier in the case of ill health.  In the past, legislation required benefits to be taken before age 75, and many plans still contain this restriction. Part of the fund (usually 25%) may be taken as a tax-free lump sum at retirement. New rules on drawing on the retirement fund, known as "Pension Freedom", came into effect on 5 April 2015.

There are two types of personal pension scheme: insured personal pensions, where each contract will have a set range of investment funds for planholders to choose from (this is not as restrictive as it sounds, as some modern schemes have over a thousand fund options) and self-invested personal pensions (SIPPs).

Insured personal pensions with charges capped at a low level, and which satisfy certain other conditions, are known as stakeholder pension.

Contributions
Contributions to a PPS can be made either from the individual or from an employer. An individual can, each year, put in an amount up to the lower of 100% of their earned income or the prevailing annual allowance. The annual allowance for the tax year 2008/09 was £235,000, but it was reduced to £50,000 for tax years from 2011/12 and was further reduced to £40,000 from the 2014-15 tax year. It is worth noting that an individual can in fact put in higher amounts if they wanted to, but would not be allowed to claim tax relief on the surplus. On the other end, low or non earners are allowed to contribute £3,600 per year.

An employer can contribute an amount of up to the annual allowance each year, provided that they can demonstrate to the local inspector of taxes that this contribution has been made wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the business. This definition is open to wide interpretation and HMRC have yet to provide any more concrete guidelines.

Tax treatment
Personal contributions receive basic rate tax relief at the source claimed by the provider.  That is: a basic-rate taxpayer's contribution of £80 will be grossed up to £100 on payment to the provider. Higher-rate taxpayers can claim additional relief through their tax return if they have one, or by otherwise contacting HMRC (neither being a higher rate taxpayer, or having paid too much tax, are triggers for HMRC to request that a tax return is completed). In this example, they would be able to claim back £20, so they would have effectively paid out only £60.

For 2010 in the UK, higher-rate taxpayers will be able to obtain up to 40% relief on pension contributions this year. If you earn over £43,875 you will pay tax at 40% this year on part of your income.

An employer's contribution is paid gross and is an allowable expense against income or corporation tax.

The PPS fund itself grows tax-advantageously in that it is not subject to UK capital gains tax. In addition, any income generated by assets within the pension fund (e.g. dividend income from shares) does not suffer any additional tax although the pension fund cannot reclaim any withholding tax already deducted from that income.

Taking retirement benefits
The PPS can be crystallised, or vested, that is used to provide benefits, from age 55 (up from 50 prior to 6 April 2010). A PPS must be crystallised by the age of 75, minimising problems from the mortality drag of deferring the purchase of income benefits.  On crystallisation, a pension commencement lump sum (PCLS), also known as tax-free cash, of up to 25% of the fund can be taken. The remainder can be used to provide a taxable income either directly from the fund (called unsecured pension (USP), and has previously been called income drawdown or pension fund withdrawal), or by exchanging the fund for a secured pension income through the purchase of an annuity.

One of the most attractive benefits of taking USP as opposed to annuity purchase is the ability to bequeath or pass on the value of one's pension fund in some form. There is also the possibility of further capital and income growth in this part of retirement, although there are corresponding risks, and the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) suggests that one should consult an independent financial adviser both prior to entering into a USP arrangement and regularly throughout.

A new option for post 75-year-olds, called alternatively secured pension (ASP), was introduced. This was still to allow the value of one's fund to pass onto the next generation on death, although only into one's dependents' pension funds rather than as cash and only subject to possible inheritance tax (IHT) charges.

Pension Freedom
On 6 April 2015, new pension rules for drawdown giving greater flexibility came into effect. They apply to people aged from 55 (57 from 2028) with private pensions, where they and/or their employers have saved up a pot of cash for retirement, technically known as a "defined contribution" or "money purchase" pension scheme. The new rules mean that 25% of the retirement fund can be taken as a tax-free lump sum, and the rest can be drawn as taxable cash, used to buy an annuity, used to buy a flexible income drawdown product or any combination of these. Before making a choice, everyone has a new right to free and impartial guidance at retirement to help them make an informed decision on what is right for them.

See also
 Collective investment schemes
 Income drawdown
 Pensions in the United Kingdom
 Pension tax simplification
 Retirement annuity plan
 Self-invested personal pension
 Stakeholder pension scheme
 Taxation in the United Kingdom

References

External links
BBC Pension Guide
State Pension Age Calculator

Personal finance
Investment
Pensions in the United Kingdom
1988 establishments in the United Kingdom
Tax-advantaged savings plans in the United Kingdom

Personal pension scheme


La Défense () is an area in the Paris Metropolitan Area of Île-de-France, located in the Hauts-de-Seine French department, just west of Paris. It is the largest business district in Europe and is home to 19 skyscrapers and more than 50 other buildings made of glass and steel. The area is 1.6 km2 (560 hectares) big. About 25,000 people live in La Défense, and another 180,000 people work there. Over 8 million tourists visit La Défense every year.

To get there, one can start at the Louvre or Arc de Triomphe and head west along the Axe historique (Historical Axis) along the Champs-Élysées and Avenue de la Grande Armée. La Défense is at the other end of the axis and has a monument called Grande Arche. It can also be reached by Paris Métro Line 1, RER Line A, tram T2 run by the RATP, and by SNCF trains, which all stop at an underground railway station called Gare de La Défense.

Further reading
 Paris La Défense

Paris
Hauts-de-Seine

La Défense


Ian Gilmour Scott  (July 13, 1934October 10, 2006) was a Canadian politician and lawyer. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1985 to 1992 who represented the downtown Toronto ridings of St. David and St. George—St. David. He was a cabinet minister in the government of David Peterson serving as Attorney General of Ontario and Solicitor General. Along with Robert Nixon and Sean Conway, he was considered to be "the intellectual heart and soul" of the Peterson cabinet.

Biography

Family
Ian Gilmour Scott was born on July 13, 1934, at Ottawa Civic Hospital. His family had extensive political connections. One of his paternal great-grandfathers, Richard William Scott, was a prominent Canadian politician in the nineteenth century, and served for a time as government leader in the Senate of Canada. His other paternal great-grandfather was W.W. Sullivan, Premier of Prince Edward Island from 1879 to 1889.

Moreover, one of his maternal great-grandfathers was Andrew G. Blair, who served as Premier of New Brunswick from 1883 to 1896, when he joined Richard Scott in the federal Liberal cabinet. His father and paternal grandfather were also active supporters of the Liberal Party. In 1948, while still a schoolboy, Ian Scott co-wrote a number of speeches for Brooke Claxton, Liberal Minister of National Defence. Scott's brother, David W. Scott Q.C. was a prominent lawyer in Ottawa.

Early life and career
Scott graduated from St. Michael's College at the University of Toronto in 1955. He was president of the student council in his last year and was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity. After graduating, he earned a law degree from Osgoode Hall Law School in 1959 and began to working under Andrew Brewin. The firm came to be called Cameron Brewin and Scott.

In addition to his courtroom work, Scott began teaching civil procedure at the University of Toronto Law School in 1968. One of his pupils was Bob Rae, whom he canvassed for in a 1978 by-election for the House of Commons of Canada. From 1974 to 1976, Scott worked for the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, studying the impact of pipeline development on aboriginal Canadians in the Northwest Territories.

Early political career
Scott first ran for public office in the provincial election of 1981. He once described his political views as "left of liberal" and had considered running for the Ontario New Democratic Party, but was unimpressed with the leadership abilities of Michael Cassidy. An opponent of the Progressive Conservative party that had governed Ontario since 1943, Scott instead chose to run for the Ontario Liberal Party under Stuart Smith, in the downtown Toronto riding of St. David. He lost to Progressive Conservative cabinet minister Margaret Scrivener by 1,022 votes.

Scott was, by his own admission, disillusioned with the direction of the Liberal Party in the early 1980s. He was not initially a supporter of David Peterson, who replaced Smith as Liberal leader in 1982 and whom Scott considered too far to the right. Scott had previously promised to run in the 1985 provincial election, but planned to back out of this promise in 1984. However, while driving to Peterson's cottage in Pand, he reconsidered and remained the Liberal candidate in St. David.

Attorney-General
The 1985 election was a watershed moment in Ontario politics. The Progressive Conservatives were reduced to a minority government, and the Liberals made considerable electoral inroads throughout the province. Scott was elected in St. David, defeating Tory candidate and personal friend Julian Porter by about 3,500 votes. After the election, Scott was one of the Liberal envoys who negotiated an accord with the NDP which allowed the two parties to defeat the Tories in a motion of non-confidence, and then allowed the Liberals to form a minority government with NDP support for two years. He was appointed Attorney General and Minister responsible for Native Affairs on June 26, 1985, and served in these positions throughout the Peterson administration. He was also the province's minister responsible for Women's Issues and Race Relations from 1985 to 1987, and was an acting Solicitor General on two occasions. In the 1987 provincial election, he was easily re-elected in the redistributed riding of St. George—St. David, defeating incumbent St. George Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) Susan Fish of the Progressive Conservatives.

Scott had been a renowned constitutional lawyer prior to entering politics, and as Attorney-General, he took the unusual step of appearing in court on several occasions to personally argue the government's case. He was considered an activist attorney-general, and instituted a number of reforms including the abolition of appointments as Queen's Counsel, the introduction of Ontario's first freedom of information legislation, and the introduction of an independent panel to recommend judicial appointments (previously, the process had been seen as largely driven by patronage). He also oversaw the introduction of pay equity in the public sector, and introduced an amendment to the Ontario Human Rights Code to extend protection against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.

Out of government
Scott was narrowly re-elected in the 1990 election against Carolann Wright. After a recount, it was determined that Scott won by 65 votes.

The election defeated the Peterson government. He was challenged by former Tory cabinet minister Keith Norton, who had come out of the closet by this point, and ran as an openly gay politician. Scott was widely known to be gay, but declined to reveal it, and there were concerns in Scott's campaign that Norton would attempt to make an issue of this matter.

He was unhappy in opposition, and lost interest in the legislature after Murray Elston, his choice to replace Peterson as party leader, was narrowly defeated at the Liberal Party's 1992 leadership convention. Scott resigned his seat in the legislature in 1992.

He accepted a teaching position at York University, and remained in the public eye as a political panelist on television until a devastating stroke in 1994 made speech difficult for him. He developed aphasia following the stroke, and was forced to end his legal career.

He was made an officer of the Order of Canada in 1995. In the same year, he supported Joseph Cordiano's unsuccessful bid for the leadership of the Ontario Liberal Party.

Sexual orientation
Scott's sexual orientation was an open secret during his time in politics, although the media respected his privacy and did not report the fact that he was gay or in a long term same-sex relationship. He came under increasing pressure to come out of the closet, particularly from many of his constituents in St. George—St. David, which includes the Church and Wellesley neighbourhood, home to Canada's largest gay and lesbian community. Although he was asked about his sexual orientation at all candidates meetings during the 1990 provincial election, particularly as Keith Norton, the Tory candidate, was openly gay, Scott declined to comment, saying that it was a private matter.

After his retirement from politics, Scott publicly acknowledged his long-term relationship for the first time in 1993, upon the death of his partner Kim Yakabuski (son of former Progressive Conservative MPP Paul Yakabuski and the brother of current Progressive Conservative MPP John Yakabuski). Scott's obituary for Yakabuski was the first time Scott spoke in public about their relationship.

Scott opposed same-sex marriage for most of his life, on the grounds that it reflected the values of a society which for years treated homosexuals as pariahs.  He later expressed regret that his government did not introduce spousal benefits for same-sex couples.

Final years
In 2001, he published his memoirs, To Make A Difference, co-written with Neil McCormick.

In the 2006 federal Liberal leadership campaign, Scott endorsed Gerard Kennedy. A Toronto Star article on Scott's endorsement also revealed that he remained influential in his last years, lunching regularly with Ontario finance minister Greg Sorbara, health minister George Smitherman and Attorney-General Michael Bryant. Scott still suffered from the effects of his 1994 stroke but "gradually regained the ability to speak" according to the article. Scott was also involved in charity work as chair of the Aphasia Institute, and was also honorary counsel for the Toronto law firm of Paliare Roland lunching with lawyers from the firm once a week. Scott died in his sleep on October 10, 2006, in Toronto.

Honours
The headquarters of the Attorney General of Ontario, the McMurtry-Scott Building, is named in honour of Scott and Roy McMurtry (former AG 1975–1985).

References

Sources

External links

1934 births
2006 deaths
Attorneys General of Ontario
Canadian LGBT people in provincial and territorial legislatures
Canadian people of Irish descent
Gay politicians
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the Executive Council of Ontario
Officers of the Order of Canada
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
Politicians from Ottawa
Politicians from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni
York University alumni
20th-century Canadian LGBT people
Canadian gay men

Ian Scott (Ontario politician)


Statistical errors and residuals occur because measurement is never exact.

It is not possible to do an exact measurement, but it is possible to say how accurate a measurement is. One can measure the same thing again and again, and collect all the data together. This allows us to do statistics on the data. What is meant by errors and residuals is the difference between the observed or measured value and the real value, which is unknown.

If there is only one random variable, the difference between statistical errors and residuals is the difference between the mean of the population against the mean of the (observed) sample. In that case the residual is the difference between what the probability distribution says, and what was actually measured.

Suppose there is an experiment to measure the height of 21-year-old men from a certain area. The mean of the distribution is 1.75 m. If one man chosen at random is 1.80 m tall, the "(statistical) error" is 0.05 m (5 cm); if he is 1.70 tall, the error is −5 cm.

A residual (or fitting error), on the other hand, is an observable estimate of the unobservable statistical error.  The simplest case involves a random sample of n men whose heights are measured.  The sample mean is used as an estimate of the population mean.  Then we have:

The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the unobservable population mean is a statistical error, and
The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the observable sample mean is a residual.

The sum of the residuals within a random sample must be zero. The residuals are therefore not independent. The sum of the statistical errors within a random sample need not be zero; the statistical errors are independent random variables if the individuals are chosen from the population independently.

In sum:
Residuals are observable; statistical errors are not.
Statistical errors are often independent of each other; residuals are not (at least in the simple situation described above, and in most others).

Related pages
 Standard error

Errors and residuals in statistics


An opera house is a building where operas and ballets are performed. It is similar to a theatre.

The first opera houses were built in the 1630s in Italy, about thirty years after the first operas were written. Traditionally they have a stage where the action takes place and a proscenium archway with a curtain that can be drawn back when the performance begins. In front of the stage is an orchestra pit which is a little lower than the stage so that the audience can still see the stage. The audience sit in the auditorium which is often horse-shoe shaped. The downstairs seats are called "stalls". Round the stalls there are two or three tiers (storeys) of boxes. Each box can seat a small number of people. At the top towards the back there is a balcony and often a gallery along the sides as well. Some seats in the gallery may have restricted view (it is not possible to see all of the stage).

Some of the most famous opera houses in the world are Teatro alla Scala (or "La Scala") in Milan, the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London, the Metropolitan Opera House in New York, the War Memorial Opera house in San Francisco, the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow and the Sydney Opera House in Sydney which is a very modern building.

Other websites

Opera house


Half Way Tree is a neighbourhood in the city of Kingston, Jamaica. It is the parish capital of St. Andrew.

Half Way Tree is served by the Kingston 10 post office.

In recent years, as a result of crime and violence in Downtown Kingston and Cross Roads, Half Way Tree has overtaken these areas as the central hub of the capital, Kingston and, perhaps, the busiest thoroughfare in the city. The area has become a popular location to do business in Kingston because of its central location and close proximity to Downtown Kingston, the New Kingston Business District as well as it being the transportation of hub of Kingston. The National Works Agency, for example, estimates that approximately 250,000 commute through the Half Way Tree area on a daily basis from Monday through Saturdays. In recent years, the area has become increasingly attractive as a residential neighbourhood to young professionals, again because of its proximity to where many of them work. The apartments and townhouses are located mainly on Surbiton Road, Winchester Road, Ruthven Road and Cecelio Avenue. As a result, Half Way Tree has become one of the most expensive areas in Kingston to purchase real estate: an acre of land can run as high as US$1.5 million.

A number of prominent schools, including St Andrew High School for Girls and Holy Childhood High School, are located in the heart of Half Way Tree.

A busy shopping district, Half Way Tree is also home to the most well-known plazas and malls—such as Twin Gates, Mall Plaza, Tropical Plaza, Kings Plaza, Lane Plaza, the Pavilion Mall—in Kingston and Jamaica as a whole. There are also a number of prominent churches in the area such as Holy Cross Church and Webster Memorial.

While the business and commercial areas are in the heart of Half Way Tree, the residential areas tend to be concentrated on the outer verges.

Within a mile of the clock tower marking the position of the old Half Way Tree is Devon House, a National Heritage Site.

Notable people
May Farquharson, social worker, birth control advocate, philanthropist, and reformer
Hugh Verity, Royal Air Force pilot who flew secret agents in and out of France during World War II, was born here

References

Neighbourhoods in Kingston, Jamaica
Populated places in Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica

Half Way Tree


Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria (28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) was the wife of Louis, the Grand Dauphin. She had three sons including the father of Louis XV of France and a King of Spain. In France she was known as Dauphine Marie Anne Victoire. She was a sister of the Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, the last Medici Grand Princess of Tuscany. At court she was known simply as Madame la Dauphine.

She was a daughter of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Henrietta Adelaide of Savoy.

Children

 Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712), Duke of Burgundy and later Dauphin of France; married second cousin Maria Adelaide of Savoy and had the future Louis XV of France;
  Philippe of France (19 December 1683 –  9 July 1746), "Duke of Anjou", (later King of Spain); became King of Spain in 1700; married second cousin Maria Luisa of Savoy and had issue; married again Elisabeth Farnese and had further children such as a future Dauphine of France;
 Charles of France, Duke of Berry (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714); married his first cousin Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans and had children but none survived over a year.

Through her first two sons she is an ancestor of the present King of Spain as well as the present Grand Duke of Luxembourg.

Titles and styles

28 November 1660 – 7 March 1680 Her Serene Highness Duchess Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria
7 March 1680 – 20 April 1690 Her Royal Highness the Dauphine of France (Son Altesse royale, "Madame la Dauphine".)

1660 births
1690 deaths
House of Bourbon
House of Wittelsbach
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis

Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria


Eraclea is a town in the province of Venice, Veneto, Italy. SP42 goes through it.
Eraclea Mare is the Lido of Eraclea .

It is located on the Adriatic Sea near the coast between the rivers Piave and Livenza and between two famous touristic towns: Caorle and Jesolo.

Eracleamare, one of the destinations of summer tourism on the Adriatic riviera, is together with Jesolo and Caorle one of the best known seaside resort on the Venetian coast. Within the last year, a steady growth of foreign tourists, especially from Germany, has been recorded. Also in 2010, Eracleamare has received the "Blu Flag" from the FEE  .

Main sights
Eraclea Mare is famous cause of its pinewood and "Mort lagoon" (in Italian: Laguna del Mort  ).

The Mort Lagoon, an extremely evocative naturalistic site between Eraclea and Jesolo, was originated by the overflowing of the Piave river in 1936, whose bed was modified in its last stretch after a big flood. The Mort stretches between Eraclea Mare and the mouth of the Piave river and it is a sea-lagoon, being supplied with water only by the flood-tides. Still uncontaminated, the Mort is characterized by shallow and calm waters with a sandy and muddy seabed, rich in phytoplankton.

Photogallery

Other websites

Eraclea's Tourism Portal You can find helpful information about accommodation, Hotels, excursions, etc. in Eraclea.
Eracleamare in Flickr
Eracleamare's Portal Non-profit portal with some information and utilities about Eraclea Mare.
(Google Maps)
 Eracleamare's Touristic Blog Non-profit Touristic Blog with news & info about Eraclea Mare.

Eraclea
Settlements in the Metropolitan City of Venice

Eraclea


The goitered gazelle, black-tailed gazelle or Persian gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) is an antelope. It can run at high speed, without the leaping and bounding seen in other gazelles.

It is found in a large area of Central Asia, including part of Iran and southern west Pakistan in the western end of the range, as well as the Gobi Desert. The specific name means "full below the throat" and refers to the male having an enlargement of the neck and throat during the mating season.

Bovids
Mammals of Asia

Goitered gazelle


Dunmore is a largely rural suburb of Shellharbour City in New South Wales, Australia. Dunmore is bisected north to south by the South Coast railway line and the Princes Highway.

History
Much of the present-day City of Shellharbour was originally part of the 13,000-acre Peterborough Estate, granted to discharged convict and colonial politician D'Arcy Wentworth in 1821. In 1865, a  2,560-acre portion of the estate was advertised for sale. The land stretched along the Minnamurra River in the south of the estate, towards Jamberoo. Local shopkeeper George Lawrence Fuller bought the property and named it Dunmore after his birthplace in County Galway, Ireland. (Fuller's son George was to become Premier of New South Wales in 1921.) Fuller père was instrumental in the development of basalt quarrying in the district.

Dunmore came to prominence in 1887 as the location of the railway station serving the seaside village of Shellharbour, five kilometres to the north-east. Indeed, at various times, the station was known as "Shellharbour". The station moved from its original location at Dunmore Road, in the suburb's south, to be closer to the centre of Shellharbour, in 2014. The new station is known as Shellharbour Junction. Dunmore is also home to a Boral basalt quarry, opened c. 1900, and Shellharbour Anglican College, which opened in 2004.

Heritage listings
Dunmore has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 Illawarra railway: Dunmore railway station

References

Suburbs of Wollongong
City of Shellharbour

Dunmore, New South Wales


A disk image is a single computer file containing the complete contents of a device that contains data, such as a hard drive, tape drives, floppy disk, CD, DVD, BD, and key drive.

A disk image file (or simply a disk image) is an exact binary copy of an entire disk or drive. Disk image files contain all the data stored on the source drive including not only its files and folders but also its boot sectors, file allocation tables, volume attributes and any other system-specific data. A disk image is not a collection of files or folders but is an exact duplicate of the raw data of the original disk, sector by sector.

Computing

Disk image


Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions with light. There are many natural examples. One is photosynthesis, how plants make oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Another is making vitamin D in the body.

Many times reactions go with heat: as you heat molecules, they start to move around and so hit other molecules which can then react. What molecules need is just some activation energy, a little energy to start the reaction. In the case of photochemistry, this energy is given by the light. A molecule or an atom absorbs at a certain wavelength. If light is given at this wavelength then the molecule or atom becomes excited. It is then easier for it to react.

Another way in which light can help reactions go is by changing the symmetry of a molecule. This can be tested with the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. Some pericyclic reactions go with heat, some go only with light.

In atmospheric chemistry, light is very important. This is because there is much more UV light at the top of the atmosphere. This allows reactions that do not happen on the ground. For example, ozone can split in an oxygen molecule and one oxygen atom.

Branches of chemistry

Photochemistry


Psychonauts  is an action-adventure platformer video game created by Double Fine. It was made for the Xbox, Playstation 2, and PC, and was later brought to Xbox 360 through the Xbox Live Arcade service, and Apple Computers through Steam. The main character, Rasputin, is a Psychonaut, or psychic who travels through people's minds. Although Psychonauts initially did poorly regarding sales, the game is well known for being very creative and having a cult following. A sequel has recently been rumored to be developed by Double Fine and produced by Markus "Notch" Persson, millionaire, and creator of Minecraft and Mojang Studios. Tim Schafer, founder of Double Fine, predicts Psychonauts 2 to cost $13 million to make.

2005 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
Windows games
Platform games

Psychonauts


A Runestone or Rune stone is a large stone, with runes inscribed on it, dating from the early Middle Ages. Currently, about 6000 such stones are known to exist in Scandinavia. About half of them date from the tenth and eleventh century, and were found in Sweden. Most of them are like grave stones. They announce the life and death of a local person. About 10 percent of the known stones tell about the travels and deaths of persons abroad. Some of these texts are similar to what Scandinavians who travelled to Byzantium have written in Latin.

Norse mythology

Runestone


Johannes Friedrich Heinrich Schmidt (July 29, 1843 – July 4, 1901) was a German linguist. He developed the Wellentheorie ('wave theory') of language development.

Biography
Schmidt was born in Prenzlau, Province of Brandenburg. He was educated at Bonn and at Jena where he studied philology (historical linguistics) with August Schleicher and specialized in Indo-European, especially Slavic, languages. He earned a doctorate in 1865 and worked from 1866 as a teacher at a gymnasium in Berlin.

In 1868 Schmidt was invited by the University of Bonn to take a position as professor of German and Slavic languages. In Bonn he published the work Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen ('The Relationships of the Indo-Germanic Languages', 1872), which presented his Wellentheorie ('wave theory'). According to this theory, new features of a language spread from a central point in continuously weakening concentric circles, similar to the waves created when a stone is thrown into a body of water. This should lead to convergence among dissimilar languages. The theory was directed against the doctrine of sound laws introduced by the Neogrammarians in 1870.

From 1873 to 1876 Schmidt was a professor of philology at the University of Graz in Austria. In 1876 he returned to Berlin, where he worked as a professor at Humboldt University. He died in Berlin at the age of fifty-seven.

Bibliography
 Zur Geschichte des indogermanischen Vocalismus (Part I). Weimar, H. Böhlau (1871)
 Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar, H. Böhlau (1872)
 Zur Geschichte des indogermanischen Vocalismus (Part II). Weimar, H. Böhlau (1875)
 Die Pluralbildungen der indogermanischen Neutra. Weimar, H. Böhlau (1889)
 Die Urheimat der Indogermanen und das europäische Zahlsystem, (1890)
 Kritik der Sonantentheorie. Eine sprachwissenschaftliche Untersuchung. Weimar, H. Böhlau (1895)
He was joint editor with Ernst Kuhn of the Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (Journal for Comparative Language Research) from 1875 until 1901.

Notes

References

1843 births
1901 deaths
People from Prenzlau
Linguists from Germany
Historical linguists
Indo-Europeanists
Linguists of Germanic languages
Linguists of Indo-European languages
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
People from the Province of Brandenburg
University of Bonn alumni
University of Jena alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
Academic staff of the University of Graz
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin

Johannes Schmidt (linguist)


The Beatles is a 1968 album by the band of the same name, The Beatles. Its cover included no photographs, but was a simple white jacket, with the band's name die-stamped onto the paper. Early copies also included a serial number. The plain white cover led fans and listeners to call the record the "White Album". In time, even the band and their company, Apple Corps, began to use this name.

The Beatles was the band's twelfth album of new recordings, and was released in November 1968. While most albums of the time included ten to fourteen songs, The Beatles included thirty-four songs, and was sold as a two-disc set.

Origins
The Beatles began writing songs for the album while they were in India, taking a teaching course in Transcendental Meditation. taught by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in Rishikesh. They planned to become gurus, or spiritual teachers, and use their music to spread Transcendental Meditation to a wide audience. Their helpers back in England looked after their business matters, so the Beatles could have time to study, and to think about what they learned. They released a new single, "Lady Madonna", just before they left for India, so they would not be missed by their fans while they were away.

Between classes and meditation sessions, the Beatles had plenty of free time. They brought some instruments with them, including acoustic guitars, and began to write new songs. "We wrote tons of songs in India," John Lennon later told Playboy magazine. Their wives and girlfriends also came along to India. Lennon and his wife Cynthia did not spend much time together. He would leave alone in the morning, to pick up the mail. It turned out he was receiving letters and postcards from Yoko Ono, a Japanese artist friend, and did not want Cynthia to know. He said later that while he was in India, he began to think about Ono "as a woman, not just an intellectual woman", and that he might want a romantic relationship with her.

In the end, none of the Beatles finished the course, and returned home to England. Ringo Starr did not like the spicy food served at the ashram where the Maharishi lived and taught, and it made him ill. He also missed his children. Paul McCartney became tired of the long sessions, and wanted to return home. Lennon and George Harrison heard stories that the Maharishi had flirted with Mia Farrow (an American actress who also took the course), and other women at the ashram. They did not think this was right for a "holy man" to do. They confronted the Maharishi, and later left with their wives to go home, deciding the Maharishi was a fraud.

Apple Corps
The Beatles had formed their own company, Apple Corps, before they went to India. When they returned, they went to work full-time to make Apple Corps, and especially its record label, Apple Records, a success. To raise money, the Beatles had signed a new recording contract with EMI, the company who owned Parlophone Records, which made and sold their records. They also made an agreement with EMI for them to market Apple Records.

The Beatles needed to record seventy new songs within nine years, between 1967 and 1976, to complete their contract. They believed that once they delivered those seventy recordings, they would be free to go to another record company. Between all the songs they wrote in India, and their backlog of older songs, they knew they could finish the job. They recorded demos of many of the songs at George Harrison's house, using his four-track tape recorder, then began work on the album at Abbey Road Studios in London.

The Beatles's record producer, George Martin, thought they should take the best of the India songs, and make one especially good album. The Beatles instead decided to make a double album, with as many songs on it as possible, to help finish their contract quickly.

Personal changes
The lives of the individual Beatles changed greatly during 1968, and the making of the "White Album". Paul McCartney was engaged to actress Jane Asher, but she came home early one day and found him with another woman, Francine Schwartz, an American who worked for Apple Corps. She and McCartney fought, then made up, but decided to break up later. McCartney also began to use cocaine. The drug made him hard to get along with. Later in the year he met another woman, Linda Eastman, an American photographer who had a daughter, named Heather. McCartney loved children and wanted to start a family, while Jane Asher wanted to put her acting career first. Linda boasted that she would be proud to have McCartney's children. She and McCartney became very close, very quickly.

John Lennon invited Yoko Ono to his house, while Cynthia was away on a vacation with friends, one weekend in May. The two spent a night together in Lennon's attic studio, listening to his avant-garde recordings and finally making one of their own. Lennon discovered Ono was "as barmy (crazy) as I was", and that they connected personally in a way he and Cynthia never had. They finished the recording, and had intercourse as the sun rose that morning. They woke up late the next day, in love with each other, and decided to stay together from then on, even though they were both married to other people. Lennon's wife Cynthia and Ono's husband Anthony Cox both took the news very hard, with their children (Lennon's son Julian by Cynthia, and Ono's daughter Kyoko by Cox) caught in the middle.

George Harrison had grown as a musician and songwriter, and as a celebrity. He was the youngest member of the Beatles, and always felt "under the thumb" of Lennon and McCartney. They and George Martin limited how many of Harrison's songs the Beatles recorded, and turned down many of his songs that other bands would be happy to record. This frustrated Harrison. Almost nobody outside the Beatles knew about the situation. Friends like Ravi Shankar, who was Harrison's first real music teacher, and Eric Clapton, a phenomenal guitarist himself, treated him differently. Most of the public saw Harrison as an equal with Lennon and McCartney. Harrison began to think about making his own music, away from the Beatles.

Back at Abbey Road, Ringo Starr felt out of place during the recording sessions, and that he was not needed. Paul McCartney had not liked Starr's drumming on a song, and re-recorded the part himself when Starr was not there. This hurt Starr's feelings, and he decided to leave the band. He stayed home for a week, playing with his children and deciding what he should do next with his life. The other Beatles missed him, and invited him back. When Starr returned, McCartney and Harrison had covered his drums with flowers and welcome-back messages. Starr felt loved by his bandmates, and stayed.

The changes in the band's personal lives showed in their new recordings. Instead of sounding like a band working together, the songs sounded like solo artists working with a backing group. They also began to have problems getting along. Lennon brought Ono to the studio whenever he came, breaking a rule they had never to bring wives or girlfriends to sessions. Ono, who was also a musician, spoke her mind about how the music sounded, and it took everyone else by surprise. Harrison also began to speak up more for himself, when the band played together.

Outside the studio, people who worked for the Beatles, and the Beatles's fans in England, did not like Ono's influence on Lennon, and let the couple know often, and sometimes loudly. When they attended a play based on Lennon's writings, the audience harassed the pair, asking "Where's your wife, John?" Some members of the public made racist comments about Ono, or called her ugly.

Ono's new presence in Lennon's life even drove a wedge between him and McCartney. When the couple stayed at McCartney's house, McCartney left Lennon a note that insulted Ono greatly. He admitted later it had only been a joke, but Lennon felt like he no longer even knew McCartney, if he could make such an insult.

Neither Lennon nor Ono could believe the way they were treated by the public, by people who worked for the Beatles, and even by Lennon's friends. They felt hurt and hated. A friend suggested they try heroin, to relieve the pain they felt. Before long, the two were addicted to the drug. It caused problems with their health, and with how they acted in public.

"Hey Jude" and "Revolution"
Recording the "White Album" took much longer than the Beatles normally spent on an album. Their label, Apple Records, was expected to make a big debut over the summer, while the album would not be ready until at least that fall. In the meantime, they recorded songs for a single, as their part of the debut. Paul McCartney visited Cynthia and Julian, at their new home. He knew they were hurt by Lennon's leaving Cynthia for Yoko Ono, and he made up a song for Julian on the way, to cheer him up. Its words went "Hey Jules, it's not so bad. Take a sad song, and make it better." This turned into "Hey Jude", which became the Beatles's biggest hit single ever, and one of the first pop songs to last longer than three minutes.

The B-side of "Hey Jude" was "Revolution", a song by Lennon in reaction to the Soviet Union's action against student protests in Czechoslovakia, the ongoing war in Vietnam, and calls around the world for a revolution against the status quo. He hoped the band's first recording of the song would become their next single, but it was rejected as too slow and too long. He re-recorded the song, faster this time, lying on the studio floor to give the vocals more "punch". "Hey Jude" was seen as a bigger potential hit though, so "Revolution" became the B-side. The Beatles performed both songs live for an audience, and the performances appeared on The David Frost Show in England, and The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour in America.

Album songs
The songs appearing on the "White Album" included "Back In The USSR", McCartney's parody of songs by The Beach Boys and Chuck Berry. (Mike Love of the Beach Boys attended the Maharishi's course in India, at the same time as the Beatles.) McCartney normally played bass guitar, and Lennon rhythm guitar, on Beatles recordings, but this time McCartney played drums, with Lennon switching to bass guitar for the song.

"Dear Prudence" was about Mia Farrow's sister Prudence, who was also at the ashram in India. She spent long stretches of time meditating, and almost never came outside. Lennon wrote the song hoping to bring her out, to spend time with everyone. The guitar style he used on the song (and many songs afterwards) was the "clawhammer", a fingerpicking technique he learned from Donovan, another musician who went to India with them.

"Glass Onion" referenced recent songs and events in the Beatles's lives, and gave a false clue: "The Walrus was Paul". Lennon said later he'd given the line as a joke, and as a way to "say hi to Paul" McCartney. "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" was about another of the Maharishi's students, who left the ashram to hunt tigers, then returned to meditate. "Julia" was about Lennon's mother, who had died ten years earlier, with images of Yoko Ono, whose name means "Ocean Child" in English.

"Sexy Sadie" was about Lennon's disappointment with the Maharishi: "You made a fool of everyone." He changed "Maharishi" to "Sexy Sadie", in case the Maharishi really could use some kind of spiritual power (or start a lawsuit) against him, but later confessed to Rolling Stone magazine who the song was about.

"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" was a retro song by McCartney. His songs on the album varied from old-fashioned to hard rock, such as "Helter Skelter", which was about a fairground ride. He also used fingerpicking styles on acoustic guitar, and his songs "Blackbird" and "Mother Nature's Son" included nature themes.

"While My Guitar Gently Weeps" showed Harrison's growth as a songwriter, and featured a guitar solo by Eric Clapton. It was the first time a guitar solo was played by a non-Beatle on a Beatles record. "Long Long Long" was about Harrison's rediscovery of God and spirituality as he became older. "Savoy Truffle" was about a box of Good News chocolate candies, which Clapton loved, but were harming his teeth.

Ringo Starr had tinkered with writing songs, but most were just variations on songs written by other people. "Don't Pass Me By" was one of his first efforts, from years earlier, and one of his first to sound original. He went on to write many other songs, in the years after the Beatles. Most were written with a partner, Vini Poncia.

The strangest recording included on the album was "Revolution 9", an avant-garde "picture of a revolution as it happens", as Lennon described later. George Harrison helped with ideas and narration. McCartney and George Martin did not want the track included on the album, but Lennon insisted it be used.

Track listing

Release and reception
When the recordings were ready to be mastered, Lennon and McCartney spent forty-eight hours at Abbey Road Studios, working out the running order for the songs on the album. They took stimulant drugs to help them get through the marathon session. The band had done photo sessions during the year, but could not agree on any photos to use for the cover. They decided to go with a plain white cover, which had never been done before. They and their helpers made a collage of different photos, which was included as a poster with the album. Portrait photos of each member were also taken. Black-and-white prints appeared next to the song titles on the inner jacket, and colour prints were included with the poster. They did not appear together in the pictures, and this was taken later as a sign that the band was growing apart.

The album was completed, and scheduled to be released during November 1968. Coming out at nearly the same time were two "solo albums" by Lennon and Harrison, and this caused some problems. Harrison's was Wonderwall Music, a soundtrack album to the movie Wonderwall by director Joe Massot. Harrison had recorded parts of the album in India, and parts in England. The only other Beatle involved with the album was Ringo Starr, who played drums on a few songs, and attended the movie's premiere with Harrison.

Lennon's album with Ono was Two Virgins, edited down from the recording he made with Yoko Ono the first night they were together. The cover was a pair of nude photos of the couple, and it caused a lot of controversy. EMI was willing to master and press the album, but refused to print the cover or distribute any copies. Apple Records arranged for Track Records, a label owned by The Who, to issue Two Virgins. The album was sold in a "plain brown wrapper" like pornography, and was not a hit. Only a few copies were pressed in Britain, and more copies were impounded in America than were sold. Many people thought Lennon was trying to destroy his own public image, releasing such an album. In a way they were right. He felt that the album was an honest statement of who he "really was", appearing naked with the woman he loved.

Problems aside, The Beatles sold well, and was another hit for the band. The Beatles held a release party, and gave early copies of the album to people who attended. (Peter Shotton, an old friend of Lennon's who worked for Apple, was given the eighth copy pressed, as he remembered later in his memoir.) Older people liked McCartney's traditional-sounding songs. Younger listeners liked the rock and acoustic songs on the album. Many people noticed Harrison and Starr's growth as songwriters, and that Harrison's voice sounded freer, smoother, and more confident than on earlier records.

Charles Manson, an American would-be musician with a small group of followers, heard the album in California, and thought the songs "Blackbird" and "Helter Skelter" were calls for a racial war, between African-American (black) and Caucasian (white) people. His beliefs resulted in a series of murders in Los Angeles during 1969, as he ordered members of his "Manson Family" to try to spark such a war, by committing hate crimes. Later during his trial, his lawyers tried to get John Lennon (staying in California at the time) or George Harrison to testify, but this never happened. Manson and four Family members were convicted of multiple murder. They were sentenced to be executed, but when the US Supreme Court overturned the death penalty, their sentences were changed to life imprisonment. None have ever been paroled.

During 1969, Allen Klein began to work for the Beatles, and for Apple Corps. He re-read the Beatles's recording contract, and pointed out that even after the band turned in their seventy new recordings to EMI, they were still under contract with them until 1976, and could not go to any other record company until then. The fact that they were so close to meeting the requirement, though, made it possible for him to re-negotiate their contract, and get them higher royalty payments.

The personal problems that had begun to show while the Beatles were making the "White Album" continued over the next year, as did problems with Apple Corps. McCartney stopped using cocaine, while Lennon and Ono tried to stop using heroin, but this did not help mend feelings between the Beatles. They finished two more albums, Let It Be and Abbey Road, but the band broke apart soon afterwards, with Paul McCartney announcing in 1970 that he was starting a solo career.

In time, budget cutbacks resulted in the album's cover no longer being die-stamped (the title was printed instead) or numbered, but when it was re-issued on compact disc, early copies were again given serial numbers.

References

Bibliography

The Beatles albums
1968 albums
Pop albums
Experimental music albums
Rock albums

The Beatles (album)


Screwball comedies are an American genre of comedy movies. This genre became popular during the Great Depression. It first became popular with It Happened One Night in 1934.

The elements of the screwball comedy can be traced back to plays such as A Midsummer Night's Dream and Much Ado about Nothing.

Screwball comedy has farce or slapstick material.

Comedy movies

Screwball comedy


In the sport of ten-pin bowling, there are many different ways in which to deliver (known as a "throw" or "roll") the bowling ball in order to advance it toward the pins in an accurate and powerful manner. Generally, there are three basic forms of 10-pin bowling. The most basic form is known as stroking, which is the most classic form. The most powerful form is known as cranking, which imparts great leverage and maximum rotation on the ball, but sacrifices accuracy. In between the two is the domain of the tweener, who has characteristics of both, but does not truly fit into either category. A well-known variant of "tweening" is the power stroker.

Power stroking is often very similar to cranking and bowlers can often fit in either category, therefore bowlers that use one of these two styles are often simply known as power players. A fourth style, known as helicopter, spinning, or UFO, is a style that is used to great effect in Asia.  Finally, many modern bowlers have changed to a one- or two-handed no-thumb delivery. Most of the various forms use different wrist and hand positions and rely on different timings and body positions to accommodate the differences in each style of release.

Conventional bowling form

A conventional bowling form is the most commonly used method in 10-pin bowling. There are many styles that can be used in a conventional bowling form. However, all of the styles have one thing in common: the method in which to achieve a strike.

The following describes a strike for a right-handed bowler. A strike in conventional bowling is a specific method of knocking down all of the pins on the first ball. A conventional strike is when the ball utilizes the one-three pocket. A pocket is the area fronting the one and three pins.

There are countless ways a bowler can achieve a strike. However, the goal for a bowler on every first ball is to achieve a strike using the method that generates the highest strike percentage. A perfect strike is a strike where the ball hits only four pins: the one, three, five and nine pins. The ball enters the one-three pocket, and then falls into the pit area to the right of where the eight pin previously stood.

Stroking
A stroker is a type of player in ten-pin bowling who releases his or her bowling ball in a smooth manner. They typically have rev rates less than 300 rpm.  Strokers often keep their shoulders square to the foul line and their backswing generally does not go much above parallel to the ground. This type of release reduces the ball's rate of revolution, thus decreasing its hook potential and hitting power.  Strokers rely on finesse and accuracy, as opposed to crankers, who use speed and power.  However, today's modern reactive resin bowling balls now allow strokers to hit the "pocket" at a relatively high angle. Stroking is considered the most classic of all the bowling forms and is still the most popular style of bowling in the PBA.

Although crankers are often considered to be more impressive to watch, strokers are often considered to have more repeatable and accurate shots. Strokers rely on smooth ball placement more than kinetic energy to fell pins. The all-time leader in titles and bowling earnings in the United States, Walter Ray Williams, Jr., is a stroker (though some consider his style unique and not easily classifiable). Other famous strokers include PBA Hall of Famers Norm Duke, David Ozio, and Dick Weber.

Several high-profile left-handed bowlers, such as Hall of Famers Earl Anthony, Mike Aulby, Parker Bohn III and Mike Scroggins have used a stroker release, which has led to a stereotype in the bowling community that most left-handers are strokers who can only play the outside part of the lane. Part of this is due to the fact that the left side of the lane tends to have more oil due to less activity, forcing players to the outside of the lane to find friction.

Tweening
A tweener (a term derived from "in-between") is a bowler who delivers the ball in a manner that falls somewhere in between stroking and cranking. They have rev rates between 300 and 370 rpm. This modified delivery could use a higher backswing than is normally employed by a pure stroker or a less powerful wrist position than a pure cranker. Some use the term to refer to a bowler who is simply not a "picture perfect" example of either a stroker or a cranker.

Notable tweeners include Brian Voss (primarily a stroker, but not "picture perfect"), Mika Koivuniemi (primarily a stroker, but with a high backswing), and Doug Kent (considered by some to be a power stroker).

Power stroking
A variation on tweening is used by a very successful and well-known bowler, Pete Weber, who is considered a power stroker. This term refers to a bowler who relies on a high backswing and open shoulders to generate potential ball speed and a big hook, but uses the timing of a stroker. Weber's release imparts a high degree of axis rotation and very little axis tilt. A power stroker's release is both smooth and powerful, generating many revolutions via a wrist snap or flick of the fingers, without muscling the armswing like a cranker would. Some other famous power strokers include Bryan Goebel, Wes Malott, Dick Allen, Dominic Barrett, Doug Kent (often considered a tweener), and Chris Barnes (often considered a stroker).

Cranking/power player

A cranker or power player is a bowler who strives to generate revolutions using a cupped wrist or excessive wrist action. They have revolution rates over 370 rpm. Crankers who rely on wrist action may have a high backswing and open their shoulders to generate ball speed. These bowlers often cup the wrist, but open the wrist at the top of the swing. Crankers may also muscle the ball with a bent elbow because their wrist is not strong enough to be cupped at the release. Crankers often use "late" timing, where the foot gets to the foul line before the ball; a technique known as plant and pull, hardly using any slide on their final step and pulling the ball upwards for leverage. The timing between the feet and the ball being delivered is only a fraction of a second. Even though the plant and pull bowler is sometimes used as another name for a cranker, it is rather misleading because some crankers slide more, while bowlers with other styles can also use this technique. The term "cranking" is used to describe the style of release and heavy wrist action that typifies crankers. Because of the high rev rate and power crankers have, they can throw powerful strikes even on less-than-perfect hits, but are more prone to splits rarely left by strokers or otherwise. The myth that crankers are not good spare shooters is not always supported.  Roth, for example, was one of the best spare shooters on tour in his day, and was the first person to convert the nearly-impossible 7-10 split on national television. Robert Smith and Jason Couch also both posted very high spare-conversion percentages. Due to the intensive nature of their release, cranking is sometimes viewed as physically detrimental long-term such that some bowlers transition to a tweener/power stroker release.  Because many bowlers have a style that can be described as a cranker or a power stroker, the term power player is used for any bowler who can generate high revolutions or ball speed.

Crankers sometimes stand to the extreme opposite side of the approach (relative to their target), and roll the ball over the middle lane boards out toward the gutter, using high revolutions to hook the ball back toward the pocket; this line is called "deep inside", "coast to coast", or "hooking the whole lane". Depending on the bowling ball, lane condition and bowler, the ball may exhibit either a rounded hook pattern or a later, more severe hook pattern known as skid-snap or skid-flip.

Some crankers use a low backswing but have a cupped wrist in order to generate high revolutions; this was the "old-fashioned" way of cranking. Notable bowlers with such a style include Jim Godman, Bob Learn, Jr., Ryan Shafer, Kelly Coffman, and Bob Vespi. Mark Roth was among the first bowlers to crank the ball using a high backswing and excessive wrist action. Older commentary have also referred to such crankers as "twisters". Other bowlers who followed this style include Amleto Monacelli, Jason Couch and, more recently, E. J. Tackett. Bowlers like Robert Smith, Mike Fagan, and Tommy Jones are often considered crankers due to their high backswings and RPM rates, but each has a smooth release and slide, so they can also be classified as power strokers.

Ball speed
Bowling ball delivery speed is affected primarily by three factors: gravity, the bowler's forward speed, and downswing acceleration. A longer arm or higher backswing height increases the speed that gravity produces. Forward momentum is also imparted to the ball by the bowler's walking speed. Finally, deliberate forward acceleration of the arm during the downswing affects delivery speed.

Spinning

Spinners use a style of release known variously as spinning, helicopter, or UFO. Regardless of what it's known as, a spinner releases a ball such that it is rotating around the vertical axis in a counter clockwise motion (right-hander, and viewed from above) as it moves down the lane. A spinner generates around 90 degrees of axis tilt and virtually no axis (side) rotation. Spinning is a popular style in Asia, especially Taiwan, where lanes are usually oiled from the foul line to the pin rack, and present little to no opportunity for a ball thrown in one of the three more orthodox fashions to find friction on any part of the lane. A hook needs friction, in order to allow the ball to "grab" the lane. In spinning, very little of the ball's surface touches the lane, which is what the spinner intends. Spinning does not require friction of any kind, though due to the hand position at release, most spinners exhibit a slight backup hook relative to their bowling hand.

The objective in spinning is to depend more on pin deflection (pins hitting other pins) than "carry" (the ball knocking down the pins.) For a right-handed bowler, the ball proceeds down the lane, usually using a left-to-right line, and strikes the right side of the 1-pin. At this point, the ball will proceed to move down the front row of pins in the direction opposite its spin - the 1-3-6-10 pins. This type of a hit is referred to as "riding the rail" among spinners. A properly thrown spinner will hit the pocket in a way as if the ball was spinning away from the 1-pin. Conventional bowlers who watch this type of spin will actually think the bowler threw a backup ball, though any hook on the ball tends to be unintentional. As the ball moves down the row, it creates a domino effect. The 1-pin hits the 2-4-7, the 3-pin hits the 5-8 the 6-pin hits the 9, and the ball eventually hits the 10-pin alone. Even when the ball hits Brooklyn, the reversal of direction allows even more ball and pin deflection (known as "mixing"), allowing a higher chance of messenger strikes.

Because spinners do not want the ball to grab onto the lane with its surface, they often use "plastic" bowling balls - balls with the older polyester cover-stock popular in the 1970s and 1980s, and commonly used as house balls today - in comparison to the widely used polyurethane, "particle" (polyurethane with nigh-microscopic glass spheres or other hard material throughout the coverstock) and "reactive resin" balls ("reactive resin" is itself polyurethane manufactured using a process to leave microscopic pores throughout it, essentially, a hard sponge) used by bowlers who desire a ball that will grip the lane and roll strongly. Additionally, because the chances of injury are somewhat elevated with this style of bowling, as well as the advantage of ball deflection with this style, the spinner will have a tendency to use lightweight balls between ten and twelve pounds.

Some hook bowlers can also spin and roll the ball at the same time, keeping the ball in-between the X and Y axis. Such a release may impart more ball deflection and pin action, but may also lead the ball to react later with less hook, unless it is drilled in a configuration to compensate for the additional axis tilt. Tom Baker and Ryan Shafer of the PBA Tour, and Miki Nishimura of the JPBA exhibit higher axis tilt than most hook bowlers.

In tournaments within countries like Taiwan where they use house conditions, spinning can be an advantage over rolling. However, when tournaments use the more conventional oil patterns, where the oil is laid from the foul line to about 40 feet, and is dry up to the pin rack, spinning loses its advantage since friction exists. Carry is also a more reliable and consistent technique of knocking pins down on the first ball, as spinning is less predictable in terms of pin deflection, and at times can result in odd leaves - including the 5-pin and wash-outs when missing the 1-pin.

Other bowling forms

No-thumb delivery
A no-thumb delivery involves inserting only two fingers into the bowling ball, leaving the thumb on the outside of the ball, in an effort to create more revolutions and greater hook. Due to similar ball roll and revolutions to the cranker style, it is sometimes considered a variation of cranking. As the bowler does not use the opposite hand to support the ball (as in the two-handed approach), the wrist is often severely cupped and/or the ball is balanced on the forearm and delivered using a bent elbow throughout the shot.  Another variation of this delivery is to palm the ball forcing the thumb to the side of the ball while forcing the elbow to lock so as to keep the arm straight and generate a back-swing.  This variation leads to far greater consistency and straightens the ball out when needed. All styles of no-thumbing usually require bowlers to use bowling balls that are generally one to three pounds lighter than their thumb-in counterparts.

This technique is often used by casual or league-level bowlers who have not learned how to hook the ball using one of the more standard, thumb-in grips. It is also prevalent among left-handed bowlers using house balls. A left-handed bowler would have to reverse the ball in order to properly use the holes typically drilled for right-handed bowlers. Notable bowlers to use this technique at the professional level include Mike Miller and Tom Daugherty.

Half-thumb variation
The half-thumb variation is a technique employed by Tom Smallwood, the surprise winner of the 2009 PBA World Championship, and involves putting the thumb in the ball only up to the first knuckle.  Thus, the ball is thrown almost entirely with the fingers as a "no thumb" bowler would throw it, with the thumb only providing some control during the backswing.  Smallwood also keeps two hands on the bowling ball until roughly midway through his approach.

Two-handed approach

A two-handed approach is a bowling technique whereupon the throwing hand is in the bowling ball and the opposite hand is also placed on the ball during the shot. This is an evolution of the one-handed no-thumb technique, where a bowler would generate similar revolutions but could not be as effective because their opposite hand does not support the ball through the approach.

Traditionally, in two handed bowling, two fingers are inserted into the ball with the thumb left out. The dominant hand is then used to cradle the ball and creates extra spin on the release. Then, the opposite hand is used to guide the ball through the throwing motion, with the ball delivered shovel-style. Two handed bowlers are forced to flex forward farther and rotate their hips more than a single handed bowler. These bowlers are placing more torque through the spine in order to increase the ball speed and revolution rate. This form of bowling, if done correctly, increases force, revolutions and pin carry. A two handed bowler's revolution rate can reach up to 600 revolutions per minute, which is up to 17% more rotation than the nearest elite single handed bowler and twice what some top professional bowlers generate.

The two-handed approach should not be confused with the two-handed delivery.  Just prior to the release of the ball, a bowler using a two-handed approach removes their supporting hand, effectively delivering the ball with only one hand.  They are considered a one-handed bowler by governing bodies, and must follow appropriate rules regarding switching dominant hands during competition.  An actual two-handed delivery involves using both hands simultaneously to give force to the ball and is extremely rare in adult competition; it is mostly seen with young children first learning the game.'

Australian Jason Belmonte, the all-time leader in PBA major championships, was among the first bowlers to gain worldwide recognition for using the two-handed approach style. Others that followed include Finn Osku Palermaa, Swede Jesper Svensson, and Americans Kyle Troup and Anthony Simonsen. American Chaz Dennis, who as a 10-year-old became the second-youngest person ever to bowl a 300 game, also uses this technique. The bowling team of Bolivia is also noted for changing its bowlers to using the two-handed approach style.

While used by just a handful of veteran professional players, this style is becoming popular with young bowlers. A Bowlers Journal International article in 2018 states that 21% of the junior bowlers at the recently completed USBC Junior Gold Championships used the two-handed approach style. This includes 25% of bowlers in the U12 category (ages 12 and under), 24% of U15 bowlers, and 19% of U20 bowlers.

Full roller
Full roller is a style of bowling that traces its origins to the earliest days of bowling. Many top champions of the past were full rollers such as Ned Day and Billy Hardwick.
There are also some modern full rollers such as Dave Ewald and Tom Smallwood. A full roller rolls the ball in such a way that the ball tracks over its full circumference, thus the name full roller. In addition to a full circumference ball track, the ball track itself crosses between the fingers and thumb through the palm in a diagonal path. A full roller release can be very straight such as Billy Hardwick rolled, or have up to a 90 degree or greater axis of rotation such as Tom Smallwood rolls. Usually a suitcase style grip with the thumb in the 9 o'clock position and the fingers in the 3 o'clock position (for a right hander) at the moment of release will create a full roller track. As the hand comes forward the thumb exits first, and the fingers still at 3 o'clock, lift up through the ball, causing it to rotate off the fingers to the left, creating side rotation and a horizontal track through the palm center of the ball.

See also

 Glossary of bowling

Notes

External links
A summary of the techniques along with pictures
Ten-pin glossary

Ten-pin bowling

Bowling form


乔纳森·沙利文(英语:Jonathan Sullivan),汉名苏利文,英国政治学者、中国研究专家、《国家利益》《南华早报》等刊物的时事评论专栏作家,2010年获诺丁汉大学博士学位。现任诺丁汉大学中国研究学院院长、高级研究员、当代中国研究副教授。他是诺丁汉大学亚洲研究所《中国足球观察》(China Soccer Observatory)刊物的创办人以及《中国季刊》(The China Quarterly)执委会成员。他是不列颠科学协会(British Science Association)的媒体研究员,曾在英国广播公司(BBC)工作。利兹大学中国研究专业毕业后,他在东亚生活和工作了10年,期间在台湾工作了5年,会说流利的中文。其研究主要集中在中国大陆、台湾和其他东亚地区有关政治传播学的各个方面。

观点

苏利文认为:

鲁班工坊将使得中国和发展中国家的联系更加紧密,从而在地缘经济上占据优势。北京将这个区域视为与美国竞争的重要一环。"你不能责怪发展中国家接受提供的资源,如果中国是唯一的提供者,他们自然会接受中国的资源","你也不能责怪中国,如果发展中国家对这些项目的需求或胃口为零,那么没有人会报名参加,这些项目就会慢慢消亡",苏利文认为,最好的方法就是西方世界提供一个与鲁班工坊媲美的项目,进行良性竞争。
孔子学院对于西方大学学术自由的威胁被夸大了。

中国文创产品大热,国风潮流出圈的背后有中国人的爱国因素。"在外交关系上的逆风、对'国内经济流动'(domestic economic flow)和'双循环'(dual circulation)的谈论,再加上新疆棉花风波,消费中国制造的产品已经成为一种爱国义务,或者是一种展示爱国主义的方式。"

作品

书籍
Sullivan, J. and Lee, C. Eds. (2018) A New Era in Democratic Taiwan: Trajectories and Turning Points in Politics and Cross-Strait Relations. Abingdon: Routledge.
Sullivan, J. Ed. (2018) China's Football Dream. Nottingham: Asia Research Institute e-Book.

期刊论文(独著)
Sullivan, J. (2019) The co-evolution of media and politics in Taiwan: Implications for political communications. International Journal of Taiwan Studies.
Sullivan, J. (2017) China Scholars and Twitter. The China Quarterly 229.
Sullivan, J. (2014) China scholars and the media. The China Quarterly 220: 1111-1122.
Sullivan, J. (2014) Technology, creativity and the media in engineering China's future. New Media & Society 16(3): 527-33.
Sullivan, J. (2014) Democracy in the age of negativity, abundance and hybridity. Taiwan Journal of Democracy 10(2): 165-82.
Sullivan, J. (2014) China's Weibo: Is faster different? New Media & Society 16(1): 24-37.
Sullivan, J. (2014) Country Focus: China. Political Insight 5(1): 10-14.
Sullivan, J. (2013). Electronic resources in the study of elite political behaviour in Taiwan. The China Quarterly 203: 172-188
Sullivan, J. (2013) Taiwan's 2012 presidential election. Political Studies Review 11(1): 65-74.
Sullivan, J. (2012) External engagement in Taiwan Studies. Issues and Studies 48(2): 195-215.
Sullivan, J. (2012) Teaching Chinese politics: Microblogging and student engagement. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 17(4) 1-15.
Sullivan, J. (2012). A Tale of Two Microblogs in China. Media, Culture & Society 34(6): 773-83.
Sullivan, J. (2011). Is Taiwan Studies in decline? The China Quarterly 207: 706-18.
Sullivan, J. (2011). Trying to make a connection: Bloggers in the Legislative Yuan. American Journal of Chinese Studies, 18(2): 81-96.
Sullivan, J. (2010). Legislators' blogs in Taiwan. Parliamentary Affairs 63(3): 471-85.
Sullivan, J. (2009). Defending negativity? Evidence from campaigns in Taiwan. East Asia: An International Quarterly 26(4): 305-20.
Sullivan, J. (2009). Campaign advertising in Taiwanese presidential elections. Journal of Contemporary China 18 (61): 675-88.
Sullivan, J. (2008). Campaign advertising and democracy in Taiwan. The China Quarterly 196: 900-11.

期刊论文(合著)
Sullivan, J., Ross, T and C. Wu. (2022) Representing the Nation: Exploring attitudes toward naturalized foreign football players in China. Soccer & Society.
Sullivan, J. and Wang, W. (2022) China's "wolf warrior diplomacy:" The interaction of formal diplomacy and cyber-nationalism. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs.
Sullivan, J., Jeu, S. and Wang, W (2021) Rising Cyber China. Turkish Policy Quarterly.
Sullivan, J., Chadwick, S., Zhao, Y and Gow, M. (2021) Chinese Fans' Engagement with Football: Transnationalism, Authenticity and Identity. Journal of Global Sport Management
Cockayne, D, Chadwick, S. and Sullivan, J. (2021) Chinese Football – From a State-Led Past to a Digital Future. Journal of Global Sport Management
Hesketh, C. and Sullivan, J. (2020) The Production of Leisure: Understanding the Social Function of Football Development in China. Globalizations.
Sullivan, J. and Zhao, Y. (2019) Rappers as Knights-Errant: Classic Allusions in the Mainstreaming of Chinese Rap. Popular Music & Society.
Sullivan, J., Chadwick, S. and Gow, M. (2019) China's Football Dream: Sport, Citizenship, Symbolic Power and Civic Spaces. Journal of Sport & Social Issues.
Sullivan, J. and Cheng, J. (2018) Contextualizing Chinese migrations to Africa. Journal of Asian and African Studies.
Sullivan, J. and Lee, D. S. (2018) Soft Power Runs Into Popular Geopolitics: Western Media Frames Democratic Taiwan. International Journal of Taiwan Studies, 1(2): 273–300.
Sullivan, J. and Kehoe, S. (2018). "Truth, good and beauty:" The politics of celebrity in China. The China Quarterly 236.
Rawnsley, M. Y., Smyth, J. and Sullivan, J. (2016) Taiwanese media reform. British Journal of Chinese Studies Vol. 6.
Sullivan, J. and Smyth, J. (2016) Taiwan's 2016 presidential and legislative elections. British Journal of Chinese Studies, Vol 6.
Rawnsley, M. T. and Sullivan, J. (2016) Il sistema dei media a Taiwan. Orizzonte Cina 7(1).
Sullivan, J. and Chen, J. (2015) Ethnicities in Sinophone Cyberspace. Asian Ethnicity 16(3).
Horesh, N., Kim, H., Mauch, P. and Sullivan, J. (2014) Is my rival's rival a friend? Popular third-party perceptions of territorial disputes in East Asia. Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 32(1): 1-25.
Horesh, N. and Sullivan, J. (2014) Examining The End of Revolution: A Foretaste of Wang Hui's Thought. China Report 50(2): 151-60.
Renz B. and Sullivan J. (2013) Russia's tweeting governors: Making a connection in the provinces? East European Politics 29(2): 135-51.
Sullivan, J. and Sapir, E. (2013) Strategic cross-Strait discourse: Comparing three presidential terms. China Information 27(1): 11-30.
Renz, B. and Sullivan, J. (2013) Electronic data in Russian politics research. Europe-Asia Studies 65(10): 1898-1911.
Sapir, E., Sullivan, J. and Veen T. (2013)  Scale matters: Addressing the limited robustness of findings on negative advertising. Japanese Journal of Political Science 14(4): 521-541 .
Fell, D., Sapir, E. and Sullivan, J. (2013) Taiwanese parties' candidate selection in the aftermath of the change of ruling parties. Taiwan Journal of Democracy 9(2): 55-77.
Sullivan, J. and Sapir, E. (2012) Ma Ying-jeou's presidential discourse. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 2012 (3): 1-34.
Sullivan, J. and Renz, B. (2012) Representing China in the South Pacific. East Asia 29: 377-390.
Sullivan, J. and Seiler-Holmer, G. (2012) Comparing newspaper coverage of China in the South Pacific. Asia-Pacific Viewpoint 53(2): 196-204.
Sullivan, J. and Sapir, E. (2012). Modeling negative campaign advertising: Evidence from Taiwan. Asian Journal of Communication 64(1): 289-303
Sullivan, J. and Sapir, E. (2012) Nasty or nice? Explaining positive and negative campaigning in Taiwan. The China Journal 67: 149-68.
Sullivan, J. and Seiler-Holmer, G. (2011). Mapping the Taiwan Studies field. Issues and Studies 47 (3): 1-27.
Sullivan, J. and Cheon, S. (2011). Reconnecting representatives in two East Asian democracies. East Asia: An International Quarterly 28(1): 21-36.
Sullivan, J., Li, Y. T., James, P. and Drury, A. C. (2011) An Exchange on "Diversionary Dragons, or 'Talking Tough in Taipei'". Journal of East Asian Studies 11(1): 137-52.
Sullivan, J. and Lowe, W. (2010). Chen Shui-bian: On independence. The China Quarterly 203: 619-38.
Sullivan, J. and Renz, B. (2010). Chinese migration: Still the major focus of Russian Far East/Chinese Northeast relations? The Pacific Review 23(2): 261-85.
Sullivan, J. and Xie, L. (2009). Environmental activism, social networks and the internet. The China Quarterly 198: 422-32.
Veen, T. and Sullivan, J. (2009). News sources and decision-making in the EU Council. Government and Opposition 44(4): 471-75.
Sullivan, J. and Veen, T. (2009). The Council of Ministers: Shedding light on an opaque institution. Government and Opposition 44(1): 113-23.
Sullivan, J. and Selck, T. (2007). Political preferences, revealed positions and strategic votes: Explaining decision-making in the EU Council. Journal of European Public Policy 14(7): 1150-61.

书籍章节(独著)
Sullivan, J. (2021) China and Afghanistan after US withdrawal. In Landman (ed) Afghanistan: Prospects and Challenges.
Sullivan, J. (2015) Taiwanese Democracy. In Oxford Bibliographies in Chinese Studies. Tim Wright ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sullivan, J. (2011). Election campaigning since the martial law era. In D. Blundell (Ed.)Taiwan Since Martial Law: Economics, Politics, Society. (Taipei: National Taiwan University Press), pp. 348-74.

书籍章节(合著)
Sullivan, J. and Drun, J. (2021) The United States and Taiwan: Foundations and challenges of the One China Policy. In Turner et al eds Routledge Handbook of US policy in the Indo Pacific.
Sullivan, J. and Lee, D. S. (2021) Situating Tsai Ing-wen's First Term: Three Decades of Presidential Discourse in Taiwan. In Schubert and Lee eds Taiwan During the First Administration of Tsai Ing-wen. Abingdon: Routledge.
Chadwick, S. and Sullivan, J. (2018). Football in China. In Chadwick et al (eds) Handbook of Football Business and Management. Abingdon: Routledge.
Sullivan, J. and Smyth, J. (2018). The KMT's China policy: Gains and failures. In: Assessing the Presidency of Ma Ying-jiu in Taiwan: Hopeful Beginning, Hopeless End? Edited by André Beckershoff and Gunter Schubert. Abingdon: Routledge. PP. 17-36.
Sullivan, J. et al. (2018). The Media in democratic Taiwan. In Sullivan, J. & Lee C. Y. Eds A New Democratic Era in Taiwan. Abingdon: Routledge.
Rich, T. and Sullivan, J. (2016) Elections and the Electoral System. In Handbook of Modern Taiwan Politics and Society. Gunter Schubert ed. London: Routledge.
Horesh, N. and Sullivan, J. (2014) Shanghai. In Oxford Bibliographies in Chinese Studies. Tim Wright ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

外部链接

Jonathan Sullivan's articles  at South China Morning Post
Jonathan Sullivan's articles  at The National Interest
Jonathan Sullivan's articles  at The News Lens

参考文献

英國政治學家
英國政治作家
诺丁汉大学教师
诺丁汉大学校友
里茲大學校友
肯特郡人

苏利文 (政治学者)


FTAM, ISO standard 8571, is the OSI application layer protocol for file transfer, access and management.

The goal of FTAM is to combine into a single protocol both file transfer, similar in concept to the Internet FTP, as well as remote access to open files, similar to NFS. However, like the other OSI protocols, FTAM has not been widely adopted, and the TCP/IP based Internet has become the dominant global network.

The FTAM protocol was used in the German banking sector to transfer clearing information. The Banking Communication Standard (BCS) over FTAM access (short BCS-FTAM) was standardized in the DFÜ-Abkommen (EDI-agreement) enacted in Germany on 15 March 1995. The BCS-FTAM transmission protocol was supposed to be replaced by the Electronic Banking Internet Communication Standard (EBICS) in 2010. The obligatory support for BCS over FTAM was ceased in December 2010.

RFC 1415 provides an FTP-FTAM gateway specification but attempts to define an Internet-scale file transfer protocol have instead focused on Server message block, NFS or Andrew File System as models.

ISO 8571 parts
ISO 8571, Information processing systems — Open Systems Interconnection — File Transfer, Access and Management, is split into five parts:

 ISO 8571-1:1988 Part 1: General introduction
 ISO 8571-2:1988 Part 2: Virtual Filestore Definition
 ISO 8571-3:1988 Part 3: File Service Definition
 ISO 8571-4:1988 Part 4: File Protocol Specification
 ISO/IEC 8571-5:1990 Part 5: Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement Proforma

References

Networking standards
Computer file systems
ITU-T recommendations
OSI protocols
Network file transfer protocols
File transfer protocols
Application layer protocols

FTAM


During the Danish property bubble of 2001 through 2006, Danish property prices rose faster than at any point in history, in some years increasing by more than 25%. Apartments and homes near the big cities rose especially fast.

Some of the rise can be attributed to falling interest rates, the introduction of new loan types (such as interest-only mortgages), improving economy and increasing urbanisation, higher wages along with other factors. Some observers have also noted increased interest in homes and a dramatic increase in the number of TV programs regarding home decoration, home sales, gardening etc. The increasing number of parents buying apartments for their children is also an important factor, dramatically increasing the demand on smaller apartments, typically 2 - 3 rooms, thus giving rising prices from the lower segment of apartments.

However, many banks and analysts acknowledge that prices have increased more than can be explained by their models even when taking the economic factors into account and that homes have indeed become less affordable. In particular, it is becoming increasingly difficult for first-time buyers to enter the market, and they now make up a historically low fraction of all buyers.

This has led some observers to speculate that the Danish real estate market may be in a bubble where price increases have been fueled by speculation beyond what can be justified by fundamental economics. Some have warned that the market may be in for a correction, i.e., major price decreases. Still, as of March 2007, this has not occurred. Apartments in Copenhagen have fallen 7% in the first quarter of 2007 and the supply is still rising.

However, there are signs that the market is softening and prices have fallen in some areas. In 2006, the number of homes for sale increased dramatically, tripling in some areas. It was estimated that 10% of all apartments in Copenhagen are for sale. The total inventory of homes for sale totaled more than one average year of home sales. In the statistics for the fourth quarter 2006, some areas experienced a quarter-to-quarter price fall around 4-5%, the first significant fall in over a decade.

Two of the major real estate agencies claim they are observing price falls, with the biggest agency (Home) claiming to have observed falls since July 2006  The softening comes at a time when there has been an explosion in the building of new apartments and homes all around in the country. In Copenhagen alone, as many as 2,000 new apartments are expected to be added to the inventory during 2007.
Denmark 2007 - -12%

References

External links
 Core Economics animated Real Estate Rollercoaster Ride

Economic history of Denmark
Economy of Denmark
Real estate bubbles of the 2000s

Danish property bubble of 2000s