Giorgio Vasari (, also , ; 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter, architect and writer. He is most famous for his book "The Lives of the Great Architects, Painters and Sculptors of Italy", which is usually known as "Vasari's Lives". Although some other writers had written about art, this book, which was published in 1550 makes Vasari the first art historian.

Vasari's life
Vasari was born in 1511 to a rich family in the city of Arezzo in Tuscany. When he was 13 he was sent to Florence to study at the workshops of the well-known artists Andrea del Sarto. Florence is so famous for the arts that students like Vasari have been going there to learn painting and sculpture, ever since Giotto in the 1200s. The two most famous artists in the world, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were both alive when Vasari was a boy and had both studied in Florence. Vasari had the good luck to meet Michelangelo, who was like a great hero to Vasari.

Vasari learnt well, and became one of the favourite artists of the Grand Duke Cosimo I of the Medici family who ruled Florence at that time. He did all sorts of important jobs for them. One of the most important buildings in the city was the Palazzo Vecchio (the "Old Palace") which was really a Medieval fortress, where the town council had always met. Vasari got the job of decorating the walls of the enormous meeting room with painted frescos.

Vasari was very good at directing important artistic jobs, but he was not really as good a painter as he was architect. One of his most important architectural jobs was to begin the building of the Uffizi (Offices) in Florence. These are two long buildings that face each other across a long narrow courtyard with one end opening on the town square, and the other end opening onto the Arno River. At the end where the river is, Vasari designed a beautiful "loggia" which is a sort of two-storey veranda that joins the two buildings. It makes the narrow courtyard and the view of the river look like a stage set where wonderful things might happen. The Uffizi is now one of the most famous art galleries in the world.

Vasari had another important job for the Medici family. Eleanor, the wife of Duke Cosimo I, had bought a house. It was by far the biggest house in the city, and was across the river from the Uffizi. The Medici family was not always popular. The previous duke, Alessandro, had been murdered. So to keep the family safe, they needed an escape route from the Palazzo Vecchio to the Pitti Palace on the other side of the river. Vasari was expected to design it. The escape route is named after its designer. It is called the "Vasari Corridor".

The corridor begins at the Palazzo Vecchio and runs along the top floor of the Uffizi and across the loggia near the river, then it runs on top of arches along the street by the riverbank, above a nice covered walkway at street-level where nowadays people can buy souvenirs. The Vasari Corridor then gets to a bridge, the Ponte Vecchio. It is the oldest, most famous bridge in the city, and on both sides it had rows of shops and houses. But the Medici did not mind that! They just had anything that was in the way pulled down. When the Corridor gets to the other side of the river, it makes some twists and turns. Some buildings were knocked down to make way, but the Mannelli family who lived in a large tower were not so obliging and so the corridor is made to go around its walls. Eventually it gets to the Pitti Palace, which is an enormous building of brown stone, with big carved lions' heads beneath all the windows. Vasari built other buildings that are more beautiful, but the Vasari Corridor is probably his most famous.

"Vasari's Lives"

Vasari's masterpiece is his book, "The Lives of the Great Architects, Painters and Sculptors of Italy", first published in 1550. It is a book of biography. It tells the stories of the lives of Italian artists from Giotto who lived around 1300 to Michelangelo who was still alive when Vasari was writing his book. For some of the artists, very little is known about them except the stories that Vasari heard and wrote in his book. Even though nowadays it is known that Vasari sometimes made mistakes, he gives a wonderful picture of the characters of the artists, and tells all sorts of amusing stories.

Vasari does not just tell the stories of the artists' lives. He also describes their artworks in great detail. It is because of Vasari that art historians know of many important artworks that have been lost. It is because of Vasari that we know that the Mona Lisa once had eyebrows. Vasari writes about the artworks as a history. He believed that the Gothic art of the Middle Ages was not as good as the art of Florence in the 15th century (1400s) and that Michelangelo, who painted in the early 16th century (1500s) was the greatest artist since the days of Ancient Greece. He believed that the change towards the great art of the Renaissance began with Giotto around 1300. Vasari puts all these ideas into his book and shows how one artist learnt from each other, and how the changes in art came about. "Vasari's Lives" is the first art history book that was ever written.

Bibliography
 Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists, (1568), 1965 edition, trans George Bull, Penguin,
 Frederick Hartt, A History of Italian Renaissance Art, (1970) Thames and Hudson,
 Helen Gardner, Art through the Ages, (1970) Harcourt, Brace and World,
 Ilan Rachum, The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia, (1979) Octopus,
 Luciano Berti, Florence: the city and its art, (1971) Scala.
 Luciano Berti, The Ufizzi, (1971) Scala, Florence.
 Zewande Bk. Bhengu, A true artist at heart, 1991-now, http://zewande.yolasite.com/

Related pages
 Renaissance
 Florence
 Painting
 Biography
 Antonio Billi

References

Other websites

 "Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists."  Website created by Adrienne DeAngelis. Currently incomplete, intended to be unabridged, in English.
 "Le Vite." 1550 Unabridged, original Italian.
 "Stories Of The Italian Artists From Vasari." Translated by E L Seeley, 1908. Abridged, in English.
 Le Vite - Edizioni Giuntina e Torrentiniana
 Gli artisti principali citati dal Vasari nelle "Vite" (elenco)

1511 births
1574 deaths
16th-century Italian painters
Italian writers
Biographers

Giorgio Vasari


Height above average terrain (HAAT), or (less popularly) effective height above average terrain (EHAAT), is the vertical position of an antenna site above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power (ERP) in determining the range of broadcasts (VHF and UHF in particular, as they are line of sight transmissions). For international coordination, it is officially measured in meters, even by the Federal Communications Commission in the United States, as Canada and Mexico  have extensive border zones where stations can be received on either side of the international boundaries. Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, based on the maximum distance their station class is allowed to cover (see List of North American broadcast station classes for more information on this).

The FCC procedure to calculate HAAT is: from the proposed or actual antenna site, either 12 or 16 radials were drawn, and points at 2, 4, 6, 8, and  radius along each radial were used. The entire radial graph could be rotated to achieve the best effect for the station. The altitude of the antenna site, minus the average altitude of all the specified points, is the HAAT. This can create some unusual cases, particularly in mountainous regions—it is possible to have a negative number for HAAT (the transmitter would not be located underground, but rather in a valley, with hills on both sides taller than the transmitter itself, for example).

The FCC has divided the Contiguous United States into three zones for the determination of spacing between FM and TV stations using the same frequencies. FM and TV stations are assigned maximum ERP and HAAT values, depending on their assigned zones, to prevent co-channel interference.

The FCC regulations for ERP and HAAT are listed under Title 47, Part 73 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).

FM

Zones I and I-A
Maximum HAAT:
Maximum ERP: 50 kilowatts (47dBW)
Minimum co-channel separation:

Zones II and III
Maximum HAAT:
Maximum ERP: 100 kilowatts (50dBW)
Minimum co-channel separation: .

TV
In all zones, maximum ERP for analog TV transmitters is as follows:

VHF 2-6: 100 kilowatts (50dBW) (analog); 45 kilowatts (46.5dBW) (digital)
VHF 7-13: 316 kilowatts (55dBW) (analog); 160 kilowatts (52dBW) (digital)
UHF: 5,000 kilowatts (67dBW) (analog); 1,000 kilowatts (60dBW) (digital)

Maximum HAAT
Zone I:
Zones II and III:

Minimum co-channel separation

Zone layouts
Zone I (the most densely populated zone) consists of the entire land masses of the following states: Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and West Virginia; in addition to the northern and eastern portions of Virginia; the areas of Michigan and southeastern Wisconsin south of 43° 30' north latitude; the coastal strip of Maine; the areas of New Hampshire and Vermont south of 45° north latitude; and the areas of western New York south of 43° 30' north latitude and eastern New York south of 45° north latitude. In addition, Zone I-A (FM only) consists of all of California south of 40° north latitude, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (If the dividing line between Zones I and II runs through a city, that city is considered to be in Zone I.).

Zones I and I-A have the most "grandfathered" overpowered stations, which are allowed the same extended coverage areas that they had before the zones were established. One of the most powerful of these stations is WBCT in Grand Rapids, Michigan, which operates at 320,000 watts and 238 meters (781 ft) HAAT.

Zone III (the zone with the flattest terrain) consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately  of the Gulf of Mexico.

Zone II is all the rest of the Continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii.

See also
Above mean sea level (AMSL)
Above ground level (AGL)
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)
List of broadcast station classes
Topographic prominence – a similar measurement for mountains

External links
 47 CFR Part 73 Index (2005)
FCC: Mass Media Calculated Contours
FCC: HAAT Calculator
"Superpower" Grandfathered FM stations

Antennas
Broadcasting
Height
Vertical extent

Height above average terrain


The Fairey N.9 (also known as the F.127) was a British experimental floatplane of the First World War; only one was built. It carried out the first shipborne catapult launches from Royal Navy ships, and was later sold to Norway.

Development and design
In 1917 Fairey Aviation produced two separate designs to meet Admiralty Specification N.2(a) for a two-seat carrier-based seaplane for the Royal Naval Air Service, one powered by a Rolls-Royce Falcon engine, and a larger aircraft powered by a more powerful Sunbeam Maori. The smaller aircraft, usually known by its serial number N.9, but also by its constructor's number F.127, flew first on 5 July 1917, with the larger aircraft (serial number N.10), the prototype Fairey III, flying in September.

N.9 was a compact biplane with single-bay wings of unequal span that folded back for shipboard stowage.  It was fitted with trailing edge flaps on both the upper and lower wings. Power was from a 200 hp (149 kW) Rolls-Royce Falcon engine with radiators on each side of the engine.

Its performance was below the requirements of the specification, and no production followed.

Operational history

Although not chosen for production, N.9 was chosen for trials of catapult launching.  After strengthening, it was sent to the Port Victoria Marine Experimental Aircraft Depot for tests with the catapult trials ship, HMS Slinger in June 1918, carrying out the first catapult launches of a seaplane from a Royal Navy ship.

N.9 was bought back from the Royal Navy and fitted with a Maori engine and equal span wings. It was sold to the Royal Norwegian Navy in May 1920, then sold for civil use in 1927, and wrecked in a crash on 12 June 1928.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

 Bruce, J. M. British Aircraft 1914-18. London: Putnam, 1957.
 Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam, 1994. .
 Taylor, H. A. Fairey Aircraft since 1915. London: Putnam, 1974. .

1910s British military reconnaissance aircraft
N.9
Floatplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1917

Fairey N.9


Taunton State Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located on Hodges Avenue
in Taunton, Massachusetts. Established in 1854, it was originally known as the State Lunatic Hospital at Taunton. It was the second state asylum in Massachusetts. Most of the original part of the facility was built in a unique and rare neo-classical style designed by architects Boyden & Ball. It is also a Kirkbride Plan hospital and is located on a large  farm along the Mill River.

The complex was expanded at various times to include over forty buildings and structures. The main part of the hospital (known as "the Kirkbride Building") closed in 1975, and the buildings fell into disrepair.  In 1994, the property was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district. In 1999, the main dome of the administration building collapsed. In 2006, a large part of the historic complex was destroyed by fire. In 2009, the remaining parts were demolished. However, many of the newer buildings on the campus remain.

History
In 1851, the Massachusetts General Court appointed a commission to find a site for a new asylum to relieve the pressure of a rising patient population from its only facility in Worcester. The new facility at Taunton opened in April 1854. The large sprawling campus located on a hill offered fresh air and sunlight, following Kirkbride's concept for treating mental health patients. The complex was expanded in the early 1870s and again between 1887 and 1906. From the 1930s, juvenile facilities, crisis centers, sick wards, and group homes were added.

One of the building's most beautiful features was its breezeways, which were added in the 1890s to connect the end of the wards to the hospital's infirmary buildings. Its distinct cupolas, large dome, cast-iron capitals, and window bar gave this building its own very unusual personality.

In 1975, the main part of the hospital was closed and abandoned. In 1999, the large dome towering over the hospital's administration building collapsed. Then, on the night of March 19, 2006, a massive fire broke out in the center of the building, which included the administration and theater. Sections damaged by fire were then leveled, leaving only the decaying wings of the Kirkbride Building.

In May 2009, demolition of the remaining historic sections of the Kirkbride Building began. The facility had numerous architectural features that were salvaged and sold to individuals and companies throughout the United States, including architectural granite, bricks, timbers, iron gates, vintage plumbing and lighting fixtures, furniture, and slate roofing tiles. The project was completed in early 2010.

Notable patients
Anthony Santo, an Italian-American serial killer.
Jane Toppan, a sociopathic serial killer.

Recent history
In the early 1990s, a $19 million capital improvement plan was implemented by the state to improve the still-operating portions of the campus. In early 2012, the state announced the closure of the remaining parts of the facility containing 169 beds. A plan to keep a portion of the facility open was vetoed by Governor Deval Patrick in July 2012.

Taunton State Hospital remains open and houses 48 psychiatric beds, the Women's Recovery from Addiction Program, a residential program under the Department of Youth Services, and a substance abuse program administered by High Point Treatment Center.  There is also a greenhouse on the campus that is staffed by patients and sells a variety of plants and seasonal produce to the public.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Taunton, Massachusetts

References

Further reading
Taunton State Hospital, Massachusetts Liberman et al. Am J Psychiatry.2003; 160: 2098

External links

 . (Various documents).
Kirkbride Buildings - Taunton State Hospital
Historic American Buildings Survey - Taunton State Hospital
Photos of the Taunton State Hospital Kirkbride Building
High Definition video from Kirkbrides HD

Hospital buildings completed in 1854
Psychiatric hospitals in Massachusetts
Hospitals in Bristol County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Taunton, Massachusetts
Hospital buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Kirkbride Plan hospitals
Defunct hospitals in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Taunton, Massachusetts
1854 establishments in Massachusetts
Hospitals established in 1854
Hospitals disestablished in 1975
1975 disestablishments in Massachusetts

Taunton State Hospital


A funeral is a ceremony that is held because someone has died. A funeral is a gathering of friends and family of the dead person. They will mourn the dead person, meaning that they will feel and show sadness that the person has died, and also say thanks for the life the person had. A funeral is usually held with the dead body present but hidden in a coffin, but there are also open casket funerals. During the funeral, or soon after it, the dead body will be buried, cremated (burned) or made to disappear in some other way. A memorial service or celebration of life is a funeral in which the dead body is not present.

Purpose
Funerals are held in all human cultures. Religion is an important part of funeral customs in most countries. At many funerals, they say a prayer for the dead so that his or her soul may rest in peace and have a good time in the afterlife.

There are other reasons why funerals are held. Many of them are to do with helping the dead person's friends and family (the mourners):
It allows the mourners to accept that the person has died. 'Accepting' that the person has died means that they fully believe that the person has died. Once they have done this, they can get used to life without the dead person.
It is a chance for the mourners to say goodbye to the dead person. Many mourners will not have had this chance before the person died.
It is a chance for the mourners to support each other. They will notice that they are not alone in feeling sad.
It is a chance to think about life and death.
It is a chance to remember happy memories of the dead person's life.

Modern funerals have greatly changed over time. Present day funeral or memorial services may often be more like a thanksgiving for the life of the dead person, rather than just thinking about the sadness of death.

Funeral traditions

A funeral ceremony can be held at a church, a temple, a public building for holding funerals or in many other places.

In North America, it is common for there to be a visitation (also called a viewing or a wake) a few days before the funeral. This is where people are invited to see the dead body.

In Madagascar, people have a ritual called famadihana or "the turning of the bones" in English.  Once every five or seven years, family members exhume the remains of their ancestors.  They clean the bones and spray them with perfume or wine.  They take the skeleton back home to dance with it and introduce it to the younger generation.

According to Balinese Hindu tradition, the soul of the deceased restarts the rebirth cycle once it is free through cremation.  Balinese cremation, or Ngaben, uses an open pyre to incinerate the corpse. The whole memorial often has a festive atmosphere, focusing on celebrating the life of the departed loved one.

Several things often happen at a funeral in a Western country:
 A procession, where the coffin travels to or from the funeral. Nowadays, the coffin is usually carried in a special car called a hearse.
 A eulogy, which is the story of the dead person's life.
 Prayers.  These include prayers to give thanks for the dead person's life, prayers that the soul of the dead person may rest in peace and enter the afterlife, and prayers that the mourners will be able to get on with their lives.
 Singing hymms (religious songs).
 The committal of the dead body, in which it disappears. At Christian funerals, the preacher may say that a person goes from "earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust".
 At a burial, the coffin is taken to the grave and lowered into it. Once it is in the grave, mourners may throw dirt onto the coffin. This is a symbol of how the body is returning to the ground.
 On the other hand, mourners do not usually watch a cremation. Instead, the coffin might be hidden by curtains near the end of the funeral.
 The playing of music that the dead person loved.
At many present day funerals there is a video tribute played before, after, or during the funeral service. Memorial folders or prayer cards are handed out at many funeral services and this, too, is a way to make a funeral service personal. At funerals it is not uncommon to see a "life reflection" table. Family members sometimes bring favorite pictures or other reminders of the dead person. There are lots of different traditions that different religions use.

References

Related pages
State funeral

death customs

Funeral


The Five Families are the five major Italian-American Mafia crime families which have controlled organized crime in New York City since the 1930s. The Five Families, under the suggestion of Salvatore Maranzano and Charles "Lucky" Luciano, were responsible for the establishment of The Commission, a council that changed how things worked with Mafia activities in the United States.

The five families and their bosses are (currently):
Bonanno: Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano (Salvatore Montagna is the acting boss)
Gambino: Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo and Jackie "Nose" D'Amico
Colombo: Carmine "Junior" Persico (Thomas Gioeli is the acting boss)
Genovese: Daniel "Danny the Lion" Leo
Lucchese: Vittorio "Vic" Amuso (Steven "Wonderboy" Crea is the acting boss)
The Colombo family was once known as the Profaci Crime Family, until a coup caused a name change in the early 1960s. Former Godfather Joe Massino had wanted to change the name of the Bonanno Family to the Massino Family but since his arrest and defection it is unlikely to happen. The DeCavalcante crime family, based in nearby Elizabeth, NJ, also has ties to the five New York families.

In pop culture
In The Godfather, five crime families control the Mafia of New York, but the families have different names.  The Corleones, go to war with the other members of the Five Families, the Tattaglias, the Barzinis, the Cuneos, and the Straccis.
In The Sopranos, the DiMeo Crime Family of New Jersey have close business connections with the Lupertazzi Crime Family of Brooklyn, one of the five families in New York. Members of the DeCavalcante family believed themselves to be the ones used for the DiMeo family.

References

Five Families


Bread is a type of baked food. It is mainly made from dough, which is made mainly from flour and water. Usually, salt and yeast are added. Bread is often baked in an oven. It can be bought all over the world.

Bread can be toasted or used to make sandwiches.  Pizza is a food-based on bread. There are many different kinds of bread.

The two main types of bread are:
 Leavened bread is made by adding yeast or other leavening agents to the dough. The yeast produces gas that makes the dough lighter. Leavened bread can be made into larger loaves baked in an oven. This is the main type of bread eaten in Europe, America, and many parts of Asia.
 Unleavened flatbread is baked from a dough of water and flour, with no yeast. It is baked in flat rounds like tortilla or chapati. This type of bread cannot be made thick as it would be too dense to eat. Unleavened bread is eaten throughout Greece, Africa, parts of Asia, and as the Central America such as Pitta bread or tortilla. Baking can be done on a metal plate or hot stone, or in an oven.

The color and taste of the bread depending on the kind of flour used and the style of baking. Flour made from the whole grain gives darker bread. Flour made just from the polished wheat grain gives a very white bread. Rye and barley flour give darker types of bread. The type of flour also changes how long the bread can be kept before going bad. Some strains of wheat are resistant to fungus, but may not produce bread as tasty as a weaker strain.

Religious breads
Christianity and Judaism have rules about the use of bread in their religions. Unleavened bread (matzo) is eaten by Jews during the Passover. The Catholic celebration of the Eucharist uses unleavened wafers.

Orthodox churches forbid the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist (Old Testament) and permit leavened bread only as a symbol of the New. This was one of the three points of contention that brought about the schism between Eastern and Western churches in 1054.

Types of bread

Bagel
Baguette
Croissant
Injera
Khachapuri
Lavash
Markouk in Egypt and the Levant
Matzo in all Kosher communities
Naan
North American biscuit
Pita
Pizza dough
Pretzel
Rice bread
Roti
Rye bread (Includes Pumpernickel)
Scone
Sprouted bread
Tortilla
White Bread
Wholemeal bread

Bread is an important part of life in many countries because so many people eat it. In many cultures, bread is so important that it is part of religious rituals.

Cake is made in a similar way to bread but sugar, fat, and milk are added to the dough and often more ingredients.

References

Basic English 850 words

Bread


A zoospore is an asexual spore that uses a flagellum for moving around. It is also called a swarm spore. These spores are created by some algae and fungi to multiply themselves.

Flagella
There are two types of flagellated zoospores, whiplash and tinsel or "decorated".
 Whiplash flagella are straight, to power the zoospore through its medium. There is also the 'default' zoospore, which only has the propelling, 'whiplash' flagellum.
 Tinsellated flagella have lateral filaments perpendicular to the main axis, which allow for more surface area, and disturbance of the medium, giving it the property of a rudder, which it uses for steering.

Both tinsel and whiplash flagella beat in a sinusoidal wave pattern, but when both are present, the tinsel will beat in the opposite direction of the whiplash, to give 2 axes of control of motility.
 There can be many combinations for location of the flagella, such as posterior whiplash; posterior whiplash, anterior tinsel; and anterior whiplash.

Zoosporangium
A zoosporangium is the sexual structure in which the zoospores develop in a plant, fungi, or protists.

Related pages
 Flagellum
 Fern
 Angiosperm
 Chytridiomycota

References
 C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004)

Fungi

Zoospore


Fletcher Christian (September 25, 1764 - 1793) was an English seaman on HMS Bounty when it sailed to Tahiti to collect breadfruit trees in 1787. He led a mutiny (take over) to stop Lieutenant William Bligh returning to England. (See Mutiny on the Bounty). He left Bligh and 18 seaman in a small boat, and went back to Tahiti in the Bounty. Christian and some of the other sailors then sailed to Pitcairn Island to live. Christian was later killed in a fight between the Tahitian men and the seamen.

Early life
Christian was born in 1764 at the family home of Moorland Close, near Brigham, Cumbria. He was one of 10 children of Charles Christian and Ann Dixon. He could trace his ancestry back to William the Conqueror. The name Christian is an English way of saying the Manx name "McCrystyn". Fletcher's mother came from Cumberland and he was named after his grandmother, Mary Fletcher. After his father died, Christian went to sea. He was 18 years old. He was a sailor on the ship 'Cambridge'. William Bligh was also on the ship. Christian later sailed on two trips with Bligh to Jamaica on the ship 'Britannia'.

After the mutiny
After the mutiny, Christian wanted to settle on the island of Tubuai. The sailors were scared of the natives who lived on the island. The sailors went back to Tahiti. Christian married Maimiti, the daughter of one of the chiefs on June 16, 1789. He then left Tahiti with 8 of the mutineers, 13 Tahitian women and six men. They sailed to the remote Pitcairn Island. Sixteen sailors from the Bounty stayed at Tahiti. At Pitcairn they took everything they could from the Bounty. After that Matthew Quintal set it on fire. The sexual imbalance (more men than women) and the slavery of the Tahitian men by the mutineers led to fighting and the deaths of most of the men. Fletcher Christian was killed in the fighting. He had a son with Maimiti, Thursday October Christian and two additional children.

Related pages
 Mutiny on the Bounty
 Pitcairn Island

References

1764 births
1793 deaths
British military people
Mutiny on the Bounty

Fletcher Christian


Dr. Hasan Özbekhan (1921February 12, 2007) was a Turkish American systems scientist, cyberneticist, philosopher and planner who was Professor Emeritus of Management at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He applied the field-of-systems theory to global problems, helped inspire the group of planners, diplomats, scientists and academics who came together as the Club of Rome.

Biography
Hasan Özbekhan was born in what was then the Ottoman Empire in 1921, into a diplomatic family. He studied at the Lycée Chateaubriand in Rome, and then studied Law and Political and Administrative sciences at the Faculte de Droit and the École Libre des Sciences Politiques in Paris, and his graduate studies at the London School of Economics. He undertook his postgraduate work at the University of Cambridge after being elected to the Leverhume Fellowship.

In the 1960s, Ozbekhan worked as management consultant to large multinational corporations. The work he did for governments includes Science Policy design for Turkey and a large study for the French Government analyzing the nature of present events that, most probably, will shape the future of Paris. The recommendations derived from these analyses currently constitute the basis of the policies adopted by the French Government with respect to the city's long-term development. From 1963 to 1969, he was principal scientist and director of planning at the System Development Corporation, a military research group and software development company in Santa Monica, California.

In 1970, he started working at the University of Pennsylvania on the faculty of the Wharton School, where he became Professor of Operations Research and Statistics, and Chairman of the Graduate Group in the Social Systems Sciences Department. From 1986 until his retirement in 1992 he was Professor of Management at the Wharton School.

He has been a Fellow of the Royal Economic Society, and held membership in The Economic Club of New York, the American Economic Association, the National Academy of Economics and Political Science, The Society of Business Advisory Professions, the Comité National Belge de l'Organisation Scientifique, the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy, Mankind 2000, Futuribles.

He died on February 12, 2007, in Philadelphia.

Work
Özbekhan applied the field-of-systems theory to global problems, helped inspire the group of planners, diplomats, scientists and academics who came together as the Club of Rome. He wrote a paper, "The Predicament of Mankind," that became an influential core document of the group, addressing issues of energy, overpopulation, depletion of resources and environmental degradation.

In the 1970s Özbekhan was co founder and first director of The Club of Rome, with Aurelio Peccei an Italian Industrialist, and Alexander Christakis, a physicist and systems research designer. Özbekhan wrote the original prospectus for The Club of Rome, The Predicament of Mankind. This document served as vision for systems scientists who, under the leadership of Alexander Christakis and the 21st Century Agoras developed the science of structured dialogic design. Özbekhan is credited for the formulation of the Axiom of Engagement, which states that 'it is unethical to try to change any socio-technical system without the explicit permission and participation of those involved'. The related Requisite Law of Action states that 'any attempts to do so are bound to fail' (Law of Requisite Action; Yiannis Laouris).

Together with Robert Jungk, Johan Galtung and many others he was member of MANKIND 2000.

Publications

 1957, The Isle of Princes
 1968, Toward a General Theory of Planning.
 1970, The Predicament of Mankind. Report to the Club of Rome.

References

External links
 Club of Rome reports
 An Eulogy February 13
 Remembering Hasan Özbekhan in blogora.net
 Passages from Toward a General Theory of Planning
 Futures Creation and website for Hasan

1921 births
2007 deaths
Turkish scientists
American systems scientists
Turkish systems scientists
Cyberneticists
Turkish academics
Turkish emigrants to the United States
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania faculty
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
American academics of Turkish descent
20th-century Turkish philosophers
Turkish expatriates in Italy
Turkish expatriates in France
Turkish expatriates in the United Kingdom

Hasan Özbekhan


The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes is a children's book. It was published in London in 1765 by John Newbery.  The story is about a poor orphan girl who has only one shoe. A rich man gives her a pair of shoes. She is then known as Goody Two Shoes. She becomes a teacher and marries a rich widower. The name 'Goody Two Shoes' has come to mean anyone who is virtuous. It is not known who wrote the book. Some say Oliver Goldsmith, some say John Newbery himself.

Other websites

 Text of an 1881 reprint of the original version on Project Gutenberg
 Image of an 1787 Edition
 18th Century Children's Book Collections at the British Museum
 1888 chromolithographed pictorial edition at the Internet Archive

English children's books
1760s books
1765 works

The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes


The Casentino is the valley in which the first tract of the Arno River flows till Subbiano, in the Italian region Tuscany. It is one of the four valleys in which the Province of Arezzo is divided. The valley's biggest comuni are all in the Arno valley: among these the biggest are Bibbiena and Poppi, while Capolona, Castel Focognano, Castel San Niccolò, Pratovecchio, Stia, Subbiano are more or less smaller. The villages on the neighbouring hills and mountains are much smaller. These are Chitignano, Chiusi della Verna, Montemignaio, Ortignano-Raggiolo and Talla. The Casentino is mentioned in the song "Ich hab in Penna einen Liebsten wohnen", from the Italieniches Liederbuch by Hugo Wolf.

Other websites
official web site Valle del Casentino

Tuscany

Casentino


Variations on a Rococo Theme is a piece of music for cello and orchestra composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. It is one of the most popular pieces of music for cello and orchestra.

Tchaikovsky never composed a cello concerto, but he did write this work, which is a tune with a set of variations. It is called "Rococo" because the music is based on the style that was popular in the late 18th century, the period during the Classical period known as Rococo, the time of composers such as Mozart. The main theme is an original theme by Tchaikovsky, not a theme that had been composed by someone else in the 18th century.

Tchaikovsky wrote this piece for Wilhelm Fitzenhagen to play. He was a German cellist who lived in Russia. Like Tchaikovsky, he was a professor at the Moscow Conservatory. Fitzenhagen gave the first performance of the work in Moscow on 30 November 1877. Nikolai Rubinstein was the conductor.

Fitzhagen makes changes to the piece

What happened to the work after that first performance is an interesting story. Tchaikovsky himself had not been at the first performance because he was in Switzerland trying to calm himself down after a very short, disastrous marriage. He wanted to prepare the work so that it could be published. He sent Fitzhagen a short score (this is similar to an arrangement for the piano). He asked Fitzhagen to make any necessary changes to the cello part. Meanwhile, Tchaikovsky got on with the job of orchestrating the music (showing exactly what is played by each instrument).

However, Fitzhagen did not only make changes to the solo cello part. He made other changes as well. He left one of the variations out, and changed the order of some of the others. When the music was about to be published, Tchaikovsky saw what Fitzhagen had done. Tchaikovsky was very cross, but he decided to let the publishers print it like that anyway.

When it was published there was nothing in the score which said that Fitzhagen had made lots of changes. It was not until about 70 years later that people realized that Tchaikovsky's original version had been different. Some cellists, such as Steven Isserlis, now choose to play Tchaikovsky's original version. However, most cellists still prefer to play Fitzhagen's version. It is hard to tell which one Tchaikovsky would have preferred. Maybe he let it be printed because he realized that Fitzhagen had improved it. We cannot tell. Musicians still argue about which version ought to be played.

Orchestration
The piece is written for an orchestra which is smaller than Tchaikovsky's usual Romantic orchestral. It is like the ones from the time of Mozart. There are just two of each woodwind instrument, two horns, and strings.

Structure of the work
The piece, which is about 20 minutes long, consists of a theme and seven variations (eight in Tchaikovsky's original version).

 Moderato assai quasi Andante - Thema: Moderato semplice
 After a short introduction we hear the main theme in A major played at first by the cello, and then by other instruments.
 Var. I: Tempo della Thema
 The first variation is very graceful. We hear the theme in triplets.
 Var. II: Tempo della Thema
 The second variation is a conversation between cello and orchestra. The soloist twice has a scale which rushes upwards.
 Var. III: Andante sostenuto
 The third variation is very slow and beautiful. It is in C major.
 Var. IV: Andante grazioso
 The fourth variation is back in A major. The tune is elegant and dance-like.
 Var. V: Allegro moderato
 Ihe fifth variation the flute has the theme first. The viola adds several ornamental ideas. Then the music leads to a cadenza.
 Var. VI: Andante
 The sixth variation is in D minor. This sounds dark in colour. The soloist has a conversation with the clarinet.
 Var. VII e Coda: Allegro vivo
 After a short pause the music is back in A major. It is a fast, lively variation which ends in a big climax.

The work is occasionally played by other solo instruments. Maxim Rysanov plays it on the viola. He played it at the Last Night of the Proms in 2010.

References

 Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Crisis Years, 1874-1878, W.W. Norton & Co., 1983. .

Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Concertos
Variations (music)

Variations on a Rococo Theme


Bangui, Central African Republic ke capital city hae. Ii des ke sab se barraa city bhi hae. Ii city ke abaadi 734,350 log hae (2012). Central African Republic ke jaada log des ke west me Bangui ke nangich rahe hae.

Itihaas
Ii city ke 1889 me uu time suruu karaa gais rahaa jab ki ii French colony Haut-Oubangui ('Upper Ubangi') rahaa. Ii colony ke naam baad me badal ke French Equatorial Africa kar dewa gais rahaa. Ii city Ubangi nadi ke kinare ek French military post ke lage suruu bhais rahaa. Bangui pahile ii French colony ke administration center rahaa aur abhi ii Central African Republic ke administrative center hae.

Geography and Climate
Bangui is located on the northern banks of the Ubangi River. It is just below a series of rapids. The Congolese town of Zongo is on the opposite side of the river from Bangui. The city centre lies near the river. It has a large triumphal arch, the Presidential Palace and the central market. North of the city lie rolling hills.

The Central African Republic is located just north of the Equator. Because of this, the daily high temperatures rarely fall below the high 80s Fahrenheit. The rainy season lasts from May until October. Bangui, being in the south of the country and closest to the Equator, is slightly hotter and wetter than the northern parts of the country.

Economy
Bangui is an administrative, trade, and commercial center. Bangui makes textiles, food products, beer, shoes, and soap.  The main exports are cotton, timber, coffee, and sisal.  Unemployment in the city was near 23% as of 2001.

Transportation
Bangui is a river port. It is served by Bangui M'Poko International Airport.  The port handles the most of the country's trade with other countries.  River ferries sail to Brazzaville and Zongo. Roads connect the city to Cameroon, Chad, and Sudan.

Culture
Several periodicals and three daily newspapers publish in Bangui.  Other things to see in Bangui include Boganda Museum and Bokassa Palace.

Education
Bangui is home to the University of Bangui. It was founded in 1970. The University of Bangui is the only non-agricultural college in the Central African Republic.

Notes and references

Capital cities
Central African Republic

Bangui


Grove Press is an American publishing imprint that was founded in 1947. Imprints include: Black Cat, Evergreen, Venus Library, and Zebra. Barney Rosset purchased the company in 1951 and turned it into an alternative book press in the United States. He partnered with Richard Seaver to bring French literature to the United States. The Atlantic Monthly Press, under the aegis of its publisher, Morgan Entrekin, merged with Grove Press in 1991. Grove later became an imprint of the publisher Grove/Atlantic, Inc.

Early years
Grove Press was founded in 1947 in Greenwich Village on Grove Street. The original owners only published three books in three years and so sold it to Barney Rosset in 1951 for three thousand dollars.

Literary avant-garde
Under Rosset's leadership, Grove introduced American readers to European avant-garde literature and theatre, including French authors Alain Robbe-Grillet, Jean Genet, and Eugène Ionesco.  In 1954 Grove published Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot after it had been refused by more mainstream publishers.  Since then Grove has been Beckett's U.S. publisher.  Grove is also the U.S. publisher of the works of Harold Pinter; in 2006 it published a collection called The Essential Pinter, which includes Pinter's Nobel Lecture, entitled "Art, Truth & Politics". In 2006 Grove published an anniversary bilingual edition of Waiting for Godot and a special four-volume edition of Beckett's works, with commissioned introductions by Edward Albee, J. M. Coetzee, Salman Rushdie, and Colm Tóibín, to commemorate his centenary (April 2006).  Grove was also the first American house to publish the unabridged complete works of the Marquis de Sade, translated by Seaver and Austryn Wainhouse.  Grove also had an interest in Japanese literature, publishing several anthologies as well as works by Kenzaburō Ōe and others.

Grove published most of the American Beats of the 1950s (Jack Kerouac, William Burroughs, and Allen Ginsberg) as well as poets like Frank O'Hara of the New York School and poets associated with Black Mountain and the San Francisco Renaissance such as Robert Duncan.  In 1963, Grove published My Life and Loves: Five Volumes in One/Complete and Unexpurgated, with annotations, collecting Frank Harris' work in one volume for the first time.

From 1957 to 1973 Grove published Evergreen Review, a literary magazine whose contributors included Edward Albee, Bertolt Brecht, William S. Burroughs, Albert Camus, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Nat Hentoff, LeRoi Jones, John Lahr, and Timothy Leary.

Grove has also from time to time published mainstream works. For example, in 1978 it published the script from the George Lucas film American Graffiti under its Black Cat paperback imprint.

In 1956, Rosset hired Fred Jordan as Grove's business manager. Jordan spent most of the next 30 years at Grove. Later an editor with the press, Jordan oversaw the company's First Amendment lawsuits.

Political works
The defining movements of the 1960s in America—the antiwar, civil rights, black power, counterculture, and student movements in the United States—along with revolutions across the globe, were debated, exposed, and discussed in Grove's publications as was the sexual revolution. Grove's books challenged prevailing attitudes about sex through dozens of erotic books, many by "anonymous" authors; introduced the layperson to new directions in psychology through Eric Berne's Games People Play; and gave voice to revolutionaries around the world, including Che Guevara and Malcolm X.  They published works by Frantz Fanon and Régis Debray, and numerous books opposing the Vietnam war and the draft, including information on G.I. rights.

Censorship and obscenity battles

Rejecting conventional notions of obscenity and morality, Grove gained a reputation as a controversial publisher committed to fighting censorship as it published some of the best-known banned books.

In 1959, Grove Press published an unexpurgated version of D.H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover. The U.S. Post Office Department confiscated copies sent through the mail. Rosset sued the New York city postmaster and his Lawyer Charles Rembar won in New York, and then on federal appeal.

Grove's success in publishing Lady Chatterley's Lover paved the way for Rosset to publish another contested work that was ultimately cleared by the courts, Henry Miller's 1934 novel, Tropic of Cancer.  The book contained explicit sexual passages and therefore could not be published in the United States. In 1961, Grove Press issued a copy of the work and lawsuits were brought against dozens of individual booksellers in many states for selling it. The issue was ultimately settled by the U. S. Supreme Court's 1973 decision in Miller v. California. (The Miller of the Miller case was unrelated to Henry Miller.)

The William S. Burroughs novel Naked Lunch was banned in some parts of the world for approximately ten years. The first American publisher was Grove Press. The book was banned by Boston courts in 1962 due to obscenity, but that decision was reversed in a landmark 1966 opinion by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. This was the last major literary censorship battle in the US.  Upon publication, Grove Press added to the book supplementary material regarding the censorship battle as well as an article written by Burroughs on the topic of drug addiction. Grove would publish several editions of the novel over the next four decades, including a "Restored Text" version in 2002. Grove also published the first American paperback editions of other Burroughs works including The Soft Machine, Nova Express and The Ticket That Exploded. Grove would also publish the final collection of the author's writings, the posthumously published Last Words: The Final Journals of William S. Burroughs, and in 2008 published the American first edition of And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks, the first release of a novel that Burroughs and Jack Kerouac had collaborated on in the mid-1940s.

Grove had to defend its Evergreen Review on several occasions due to what was deemed objectionable content.  Issues were occasionally seized by the authorities.

After winning several battles over the printed page, Grove built on these victories and successfully defended the screening of Vilgot Sjöman's Swedish film I Am Curious (Yellow).

Film
Grove Press acquired Cinema 16 in 1966. The division was closed in 1985.

Union conflicts

In 1962, Grove had sales of $2 million, but after legal bills, lost $400,000. But by 1964, they were profitable, and by 1967, Grove went public and built its own headquarters. In 1970, the staff of 150 began organizing a union. Rosset fired some of the organizers (and later re-hired them in arbitration). The organizers responded with a picket line and an occupation of the building. Rosset called the police, and the occupiers were arrested. His editor, Richard Seaver, talked to the pickets and convinced them to disperse. Grove distributed an anti-union information sheet, and the union vote failed, 86–34. After the vote, Grove fired half its workers.

1980s
In 1985 Rosset sold Grove Press to Ann Getty and Sir George Weidenfeld, a British publisher. Rosset was fired a year later.

Notable authors

 Kathy Acker
 Samuel Beckett
 Jorge Luis Borges
 William S. Burroughs
 Frantz Fanon
 Eugene Ionesco
 Ismail Kadare
 Henry Miller
 Jean Genet
 Marguerite Duras
 Octavio Paz
 Hubert Selby Jr.
 Kenzaburō Ōe

In film
Obscene, a documentary feature about Rosset and Grove Press by Neil Ortenberg and Daniel O'Connor, was released September 26, 2008. The film was a selection of the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival. Featured in the film are Amiri Baraka, Lenny Bruce, William S. Burroughs, Jim Carroll, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Allen Ginsberg, Al Goldstein, Erica Jong, Ray Manzarek, Michael McClure, Henry Miller, John Rechy, Ed Sanders, Floyd Salas, John Sayles, Gore Vidal, John Waters, and Malcolm X.

In popular culture
Grove Press is referenced several times in the AMC series Mad Men, directly or indirectly.  In Season 1, Episode 3, Joan Holloway returns a borrowed copy of D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover; the book's first U.S. publisher was Grove Press, which fought numerous court battles over it.  Season 2, Episode 13 is titled "Meditations in an Emergency", after a book of poetry by Frank O'Hara published by Grove Press in 1957; later in the episode Don Draper is seen reading the book, after being challenged by a colleague ("You wouldn't like it.").  The episode reportedly boosted sales of the book by 218%.  Season 4, Episode 11 features Eric Berne's Games People Play, another best-seller published by Grove Press.  In Season 5, Episode 9, Don is seen at the theater holding an issue of Evergreen Showcard, Grove's short-lived off-Broadway theatrical magazine.  In Season 7, Episode 6, Don mentions to Peggy that he and Megan had seen the film I Am Curious (Yellow) the previous evening (Don: "[I'm] still scandalized." Peggy: "Of course Megan would want to see a dirty movie."); the film's U.S. distributor was Grove Press.  In addition to the references in the show, in 2010, the real Grove/Atlantic (the successor company to Grove Press) published the memoir of fictional Roger Sterling: Sterling's Gold: Wit and Wisdom of an Ad Man. In Younger (TV series), Zane is referenced as being the new publisher for Grove in Season 7.

Book series
 Evergreen Black Cat Books
 Evergreen Books
 Evergreen Profile Books
 Venus Library
 Zebra Books

Novels
Gold by the Inch (1998)

References

Further reading
 Glass, Loren. Counterculture Colophon: Grove Press, the Evergreen Review, and the Incorporation of the Avant-Garde. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.
 O'Brien, John, ed. Grove Press Number: Review of Contemporary Fiction, Volume X, No. 3. Funks Grove, Il: Dalkey Archive Press, Fall 1990.
 Rosset, Barney. Rosset: My Life in Publishing and How I Fought Censorship. New York: OR Books, 2017.

External links
 Grove/Atlantic, Inc.—Official website (Grove Press and Atlantic Monthly Press; with links also to Atlantic Books, Ltd., Canongate Books, Ltd., and Open City Magazine)
 Grove Press Records at Syracuse University Special Collections Research Center
 Venus Library (imprint of Grove Press)—Complete listing of titles with information
 Venus Library (imprint of Grove Press)—Front covers of titles (1969–1973)
 One Touch of Venus (Library): Odyssey of an Imprint, Part I
 One Touch of Venus (Library): Odyssey of an Imprint, Part 2

1951 establishments in New York City
Book publishing companies based in New York (state)
Obscenity controversies in literature
Political book publishing companies
Publishing companies established in 1951
1947 establishments in New York City

Grove Press


A domain name registrar is a company designed to provide domain registration service to other companies or individuals that would like to own a particular web address. The party seeking to register the site will usually pay the domain name registrar a flat or monthly fee to keep the name registered, so that no other person is able to acquire the web address. The systems setup by the domain name registrar translates IP addresses into easily identifiable domain names. this is called the domain name registrar.

References

Internet standards
Computing
Electronics

Domain name registrar


Dick Tracy's G-Men (1939) is a 15-Chapter Republic movie serial based on the Dick Tracy comic strip by Chester Gould.  It was directed by William Witney and John English.

This serial was the fifteenth of the sixty-six produced by Republic and the third Dick Tracy serial (there would be one more, Dick Tracy vs. Crime, Inc., in 1941).  As with all four Dick Tracy serials, Ralph Byrd plays the lead.  This time he faces Irving Pichel as the spy with a vendetta, Zarnoff.  Future Academy Award winner Jennifer Jones co-stars as Gwen Andrews, credited here under her birth name of Phyllis Isley.

"G-Man" is a contemporary slang term for an agent of the FBI.  In the comic strip, Dick Tracy is actually a detective in the police force of an unnamed Midwestern city resembling Chicago.  This was changed for the serial.

Plot
International spy, Zarnoff, in the employ of "The Three Powers" (presumably a fictionalized reference to the Axis) is captured by Dick Tracy at the start of the serial, tried and sentenced to death.  However, through the use of a rare drug embedded by his agents in the evening newspaper, he escapes from the gas chamber.  His men pick up his "corpse" by ambushing the hearse and administering another counter-drug.  He continues his espionage plans, while taking the opportunity of revenge on Tracy.

Cast
 Ralph Byrd as Dick Tracy
 Irving Pichel as Nicolas Zarnoff
 Ted Pearson as Steve Lockwood
 Phyllis Isley as Gwen Andrews.  Phyllis Isley went on to win an Academy Award for best actress four years later in 1943 for The Song of Bernadette, under the screen name Jennifer Jones.
 Walter Miller as Robal, one of Zarnoff's henchmen. This was Walter Miller's last serial, he died shortly afterwards.
 George Douglas as Sandoval, one of Zarnoff's henchmen

Production
Dick Tracy's G-Men was budgeted at $159,876 although the final negative cost was $163,530 (a $3,654, or 2.3%, overspend).  Although the previous serial, Daredevils of the Red Circle, came in under budget that was an exception to the rule.  Most Republic serials were slightly overbudget and this one was not significantly so in comparison.

It was filmed between 17 June and 27 July 1939 under the working title Dick Tracy and his G-Men.  The serial's production number was 896.

This serial, like all the sequels to the 1937 original Dick Tracy serial, was permitted by an interpretation of the original contract, which allowed a "series or serial".  Therefore, Chester Gould was not paid again for the right to produce this serial.

Release

Theatrical
Dick Tracy's G-Men'''s official release date is 2 September 1939, although this is actually the date the seventh chapter was made available to film exchanges.

The serial was re-released on 19 September 1955 following the release of Republic's final serial, King of the Carnival.  Dick Tracy's G-Men began a series of re-releases that accounted for all of Republic's remaining serial releases, finishing with a re-release of Zorro's Fighting Legion'' in March 1958.

VCI released the serial on 2 DVD discs in 2008. It was later released together with the other three Dick Tracy serials in a boxed DVD set by VCI in 2013.

Critical reception
Movie serial historian William C. Cline states that the Dick Tracy serials were "unexcelled in the action field," adding that "in any listing of serials released after 1930, the four Dick Tracy adventures from Republic must stand out as classics of the suspense detective thrillers, and the models for many others to follow."

Chapter titles
 The Master Spy (29min 55s)
 Captured (16min 42s)
 The False Signal (16min 38s)
 The Enemy Strikes (16min 44s)
 Crack-up! (16min 39s)
 Sunken Peril (16min 39s)
 Tracking the Enemy (16min 40s)
 Chamber of Doom (16min 41s)
 Flames of Jeopardy (16min 37s)
 Crackling Fury (16min 40s)
 Caverns of Peril (16min 39s)
 Fight in the Sky (16min 39s)
 The Fatal Ride (16min 40s) - a re-cap chapter
 Getaway (16min 38s)
 The Last Stand (16min 41s)
Source:

References

External links

 Dick Tracy's G-Men at Todd Gault's Movie Serial Experience

1939 films
American black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
Republic Pictures film serials
Dick Tracy films
Films directed by William Witney
Films directed by John English
American mystery films
1930s mystery films
1930s crime films
1930s police procedural films
1930s American films

Dick Tracy's G-Men


Split is the second largest city in Croatia. About 211.000 people lived there in 2012. The city is the biggest and most important one in Dalmatia. It is often called capital of Dalmatia. About 400.000 people live in the metropolitan region. Split is located at the Adriatic Sea. Its port ofters year-round connections to most islands of Dalmatia. There is an important shipyard in Split. Other sources of income are tourism, fishery, paper mills, cement works  and some chemical industry.

Split, Croatia


Bogislaw X of Pomerania, the Great, (3 June 1454 – 5 October 1523) was Duke of Pomerania from 1474 until his death in 1523.

Biography
Bogislaw was born in Rügenwalde (now Darłowo, Poland). His parents were Eric II, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast, and Sophia of Pomerania, both members of the House of Pomerania . Bogislaw was first married to Margaret of Brandenburg and later to Anna, daughter of the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon. With his second wife he had eight children, including Sophia, who became queen of Denmark. He inherited all of the previously partitioned Duchy of Pomerania and became its sole ruler in 1478. He was succeeded by his sons George I and Barnim XI.

Before Bogislaw's reign, the Duchy of Pomerania had for a long time been divided into several splinter duchies, ruled by relatives of the Griffin house. In 1464, Pomerania-Stettin's duke Otto III died without an heir, Bogislaw's father Eric II and his uncle, Wartislaw X, both ruling different portions of Pomerania-Wolgast, managed to succeed in a conflict about Pomerania-Stettin inheritance with the Margraviate of Brandenburg. In 1474, with his father's death, Bogislaw inherited his  splinter duchy, becoming Duke of Pomerania. In 1478 with his uncle's death, he also inherited his splinter duchy, Pomerania-Barth, becoming the first sole ruler in the Duchy of Pomerania since about 200 years.

His father, Eric II, had left Pomerania in tense conflicts with Brandenburg and Mecklenburg. Bogislaw managed to resolve these conflicts by both diplomatic and military means. He married his sister, Sophia, to Magnus II, Duke of Mecklenburg, and his other sister, Margarete, was married to Magnus's brother Balthasar. Bogislaw himself married Margarete, daughter of Brandenburg's Prince-elector Frederick II. Also, in 1478, Bogislaw regained areas lost to Brandenburg by his father, most notably the town of Gartz and other small towns and castles north of the Brandenburgian Uckermark. He confirmed the 1472 Peace of Prenzlau in 1479, leaving Strasburg with Brandenburg and Bogislaw had to take his possessions as a fief from Brandenburg. In the same year, his wife died before they had children.

When Bogislaw married Anna of Poland in 1491, all of Pomerania's neighbors were tied to the House of Pomerania by marriage. Bogislaw made use of these favourable conditions in 1493, and strengthened Pomerania's position towards Brandenburg in the Treaty of Pyritz, which declared Pomerania not a fief of Brandenburg, but a fief of the Holy Roman Emperor.

In 1496–98, Bogislaw travelled to Jerusalem as a pilgrim. He died in Stettin.

Children

by Anna Jagiellon:
 Kasimir VIII (28 April 1494 –  29 October 1518)
 Sophie of Pomerania, Queen of Denmark (1498–1568), married Frederick I of Denmark in 1525
 George I, Duke of Pomerania (1493–1531)
 Anna of Pomerania, Duchess of Lubin (1492–1550), married George I of Brieg in 1521
 Barnim IX, Duke of Pomerania (1501–1573)
 Elisabeth (died before 1518), abbess of Krummin Nunnery
 Barnim (before 1501 – before 1501)
 Otto (before 1503 – before 1518)

illegitimate:
 Christoph, archdeacon of Usedom as of 1508

Ancestors

Sources

1454 births
1523 deaths
People from Darłowo
Dukes of Pomerania

Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania


Heicht is the measurement o vertical distance, but haes twa meanins in common uise.  It can aither indicate hou "taw" something is, or hou "heich up" it is.  For ensaumple "The hicht o the building is 50 m" or "The hicht o the airplane is 10,000 m".  When uised tae describe hou heich something lik an airplane or muntain peak is frae sea level, hicht is mair eften cried altitude.  Heicht is measurt alang the vertical (y) axis atween a specified pynt an anither pynt.

Lenth

Hicht


A contrail (condensation trail) is a cloud-like trail of water vapor or ice crystals left by an airplane. When jet fuel burns, it produces water vapor and carbon dioxide. The water vapor condenses (turns from gas to liquid) because of the low temperature at the high altitude that the plane is flying. The chemtrail conspiracy theory claims that these trails may contain harmful chemicals being sprayed by government organizations.

Aviation

Contrail


The Memorial Plaque was issued after the First World War to the next-of-kin of all British Empire service personnel who were killed as a result of the war.

The plaques (which could be described as large plaquettes) about 4.72 inches (120 mm) in diameter, were cast in bronze, and came to be known as the "Dead Man's Penny", because of the similarity in appearance to the much smaller penny coin which itself had a diameter of only 1.215 inches (30.9 mm).  1,355,000 plaques were issued, which used a total of 450 tons of bronze, and continued to be issued into the 1930s to commemorate people who died as a consequence of the war.

Description
It was decided that the design of the plaque was to be chosen from submissions made in a public competition.  Over 800 designs were submitted  and the competition was won by the sculptor and medallist Edward Carter Preston using the pseudonym Pyramus, receiving two first place prizes of £250 for his winning and also an alternative design. The name Pyramus comes from the story of Pyramus and Thisbē which is part of Ovid's Metamorphoses, a Roman tragedy narrative poem.

Carter Preston's winning design includes an image of Britannia holding a trident and standing with a lion. The designer's initials, E.CR.P., appear above the front paw. In her outstretched left hand Britannia holds an olive wreath above the ansate tablet bearing the deceased's name cast in raised letters. Below the name tablet, to the right of the lion, is an oak spray with acorns. The name does not include the rank since there was to be no distinction between sacrifices made by different individuals. Two dolphins swim around Britannia, symbolizing Britain's sea power, and at the bottom a second lion is tearing apart the German eagle.  The reverse is blank, making it a plaquette rather than a table medal.  Around the picture the legend reads (in capitals) "He died for freedom and honour", or for the approximately 600 plaques issued to commemorate women, "She died for freedom and honour".

They were initially made at the Memorial Plaque Factory, 54/56 Church Road,  Acton, W3, London from 1919. Early Acton-made plaques did not have a number stamped on them but later ones have a number stamped behind the lion's back leg.

In December 1920 manufacture was shifted to the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. Plaques manufactured here can be identified by a circle containing the initials "WA" on the back (the "A" being formed by a bar between the two upward strokes of the "W") and by a number stamped between the tail and leg (in place of the number stamped behind the lion's back leg).

The design was altered slightly during manufacture at Woolwich by Carter Preston since there was insufficient space in the original design between the lion's back paw and the H in "HE" to allow an "S" to be inserted to read "SHE" for the female plaques. The modification was to make the H slightly narrower to allow the S to be inserted. After around 1500 female plaques had been manufactured the moulds were modified to produce the male version by removing the S.

The plaques were issued in a pack with a commemorative scroll from King George V. Sometimes the letter and scroll were sent first.

Adaptations
Smaller or miniature unofficial bronze plaques were produced by other manufacturers, for example Wright and Sons of Edgware, Middlesex, who sold them for 13 shillings and sixpence each.

Modern replicas have also been made, and occasionally offered as genuine.

In 2019, an artwork was installed on the northern wall of the new Woolwich Station (built by the Crossrail project for the Elizabeth line) which is situated within the Royal Arsenal Woolwich where the plaques were produced by the thousands. The design of the wall decoration is based on the Memorial Plaque.

References

External links

 Next of Kin Memorial Plaque, Scroll and King's Message (Imperial War Museums)

The Next-of-Kin Memorial Plaque (Imperial War Museums)

 1914-1918 Memorial Scroll and Plaque (Australian War Memorial)

Death Penny for George William Oliver

British campaign medals
Military awards and decorations of the United Kingdom
Aftermath of World War I in the United Kingdom
Exonumia
Military awards and decorations of World War I
Posthumous recognitions

Memorial Plaque (medallion)


A driveshaft, drive shaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft, or Cardan shaft is a part of a machine that takes power from the engine or motor to a place where useful work can be done.

Most engines or motors create power as torque by making something rotate.  This can be from an internal combustion engine (as in a car), water driving a water wheel, or gas or water going through a turbine.  This rotating power is called torque.  The load that is turned creates torsion and shear stress.  Drive shafts need to be strong enough to take this stress.  A light drive shaft will more efficiently move the power to the load, so there needs to be a balance between strength and weight.

Automobiles
Most automobiles today use drive shafts to deliver power from the engine to the wheels.  Most cars made today are front wheel drive (the front wheels have the power to move the car). In this case, the drive shafts are between the transaxle and each front wheels.

In rear wheel drive cars, there are drive shafts between the differential and each rear wheel.  There is also a drive shaft running the length of the car, from the transmission up front to the differential in the back - in British English this is not called a drive shaft, but a propeller shaft, or prop-shaft, and the drive shafts may be called half shafts (since there are two that make one axle).

There are different types of drive shafts used in automobiles:
 1 piece drive shaft
 2 piece drive shaft
 Slip in Tube drive shaft

The Slip in Tube Drive shaft is the new type which helps absorb energy in a crash, protecting the people in the car or truck. It is also known as a collapsible drive shaft.

Motorcycle drive shafts

Drive shafts have been used on motorcycles almost as long as there have been motorcycles. Many motorcycles use a simpler chain or belt drive instead, but drive shafts need less care, and have a long life.  A problem with using drive shafts on a motorcycle is that gearing is needed to turn the power 90° from the shaft to the rear wheel, losing some power in the process.

Tractors

Farm tractors use a type of drive shaft called a Power Take-off shaft, or PTO shaft. This is a shaft that comes out the back of the tractor.  It can be connected to any farm equipment that needs power from the tractor engine, such as a hay baler or corn chopper.
 This lets the tractor be used for a lot of different uses, and the farm equipment doesn't need its own engine, saving money.

Drive shafts in Bicycles

The drive shaft can also be used in a bicycle instead of chain-drive.  They have been used for the past century, although never becoming very popular. When used on a bicycle, a drive shaft has several advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages
 Drive system is less likely to become jammed or broken, a common problem with chain-driven bicycles
 No grease on the rider, and no "Chain bite" to grab the clothing
 Less care is needed than on a chain system when the drive shaft is enclosed in a tube, the common convention
 More consistent performance. Dynamic Bicycles claims that a drive shaft bicycle consistently delivers 94% efficiency, whereas a chain-driven bike can deliver anywhere from 75-97% efficiency based on condition.
 More space above the ground (ground clearance) for going over bumps or things in the path
 For bicycle rental companies, a drive-shaft bicycle is less likely to be stolen, since it obviously looks different. This type of bicycle is in use in several major cities of Europe, where there have been large city-run bicycle rental or sharing projects.

Disadvantages
 A drive shaft system weighs more than a chain system, usually 1-2 pounds heavier
 In its best condition, a chain delivers greater efficiency
 Covering the chain and gears with a metal or plastic cover solves some problems with chains
 Use of lightweight gears with a high number of ratios is impossible, although hub gears can be used
 Taking off the wheel can be hard to do

References

Machines
Auto parts

Driveshaft


Sucralose is an artificial sweetener, most of which, if ingested, will not be broken down by the body and is thereby non-caloric (doesn't contribute to calorie intake). Sucralose is almost 600 times as sweet as sucrose, twice as sweet as saccharin and 3 times as sweet as aspartame. It is stable under heat and over a broad range of pH condition, meaning it can be used in baking or products which require longer shelf lives. It was first discovered and patented in 1976.

Sweeteners

Sucralose


Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, is the capital of East Java. The meaning of Surabaya is combination of sura meaning shark and baya meaning crocodile. There are about 3 million people living in Surabaya and they speak a dialect of Javanese called Suroboyoan. Surabaya is the second largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta. Surabaya is located on the edge of the northern coast of Java Island and dealing with the Madura Strait and Java Sea.

Historical Places
There are many museums and monuments that represents and shows the history of Surabaya.

House of Sampoerna
The House of Sampoerna is a museum that exhibits from the story of the founder of Sampoerna, Liem Seeng Tee to history of tobacco making. One part of the museum shows the history of how this place was found. It starts from Seeng Tee moving to Indonesia after the death of his wife until how he found the old building of Dutch-supported orphanage. There are displays of Seeng Tee's old objects such as his bicycle, motorcycle, and equipment and objects related to tobacco. There is a tobacco plant within the building where 3,500 women are rolling Dji Sam Soe cigarettes.

Gereja Perawan Maria Tak Berdosa
Gereja Perawan Maria Tak Berdosa is a Catholic church. It is one of the old buildings left from during the Dutch invasion in the 18th century. It is the oldest church in East Java. It has been preserved by the Dutch government in Indonesia. Despite the fact that it is old, the brick stones are undamaged. Without air-conditioning in the hot weather of Indonesia, the temperature inside the church is low and cool. Services were held since 1800s and it still continues today every Sunday in Chinese.

Tugu Pahlawan
Surabaya is not only the second largest city in Indonesia but it is known as the "city of heroes" because of the role it played in the Battle of Surabaya in November 10, 1945. This monument Tugu Pahlawan, Heroes Monument, is the symbol of Surabaya and is built to respect the heroes who fought for independence. This rocket-like monument points towards the moon 41.15 meters high. Along with the monument, there is a museum where diorama of Surabaya in 1945 is displayed. History of Surabaya at that time could be seen through pictures, clips, and stories. There are other buildings surrounding the monument to depict the struggles Indonesians had to go through.

Health Museum of Dr. Adhyatma
Health Museum of Dr. Adhyatma was built in 1990s in order to save and maintain nation's cultural heritage. This museum exhibits historical items related to health and items that are used today. In September 14, 2004, Minister of Health changed the name of the museum to "Health Museum of Dr. Adhyatma, MPH - MOH. There is a special library in the museum that displays materials such as books, magazines, tapes, and video recording that provides information about health studies. The museum also has different show rooms that displays different equipments used in the past and genealogy of royal families of Indonesia.

Other websites
Official Site for Surabaya
Tourist Information

Cities in Indonesia
East Java

Surabaya


Naval Training Center San Diego (NTC San Diego) (1923–1997) is a former United States Navy base located at the north end of San Diego Bay, commonly known as "boot camp". The Naval Training Center site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and many of the individual structures are designated as historic by the city of San Diego.

The base was closed by the Base Realignment and Closure (or BRAC) 1993 commission at the end of the Cold War. It is now the site of Liberty Station, a mixed-use community being redeveloped and repurposed by the City of San Diego.

Origins
In the mid-1920s, the City of San Diego hoped to strengthen its economic ties with the military, and offered the Navy more than  of land in Point Loma at the north end of San Diego Bay, in an effort to entice it to move the Recruit Training Station from San Francisco. Then-congressman William Kettner is credited with key leadership in the effort to establish the Naval Training Center and other Navy bases in San Diego. Congress authorized the center in 1919, construction began in 1921, and the base was commissioned in 1923. The first commandant was Capt. David F. Sellers.

Construction and expansion
Throughout its 70-year history as a military base, the mission of Naval Training Center (NTC) San Diego was to provide primary, advanced, and specialized training for members of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Naval Reserve. In support of that mission, NTC expanded to include 300 buildings with nearly three million square feet of space. In designing the first buildings at the training station, architect Frank Walter Stevenson adopted the Mission Revival style. The initial buildings (now the Historic Core) were oriented along two main axes running north–south. Within a few years, harbor improvements deepened the channel and anchorages in San Diego Bay and added  of filled land to the Naval Training Station, later renamed the Naval Training Center. Development of the base occurred in phases, often in direct response to national defense priorities. As a result, there was no comprehensive plan for NTC, and buildings are scattered throughout the base or exist in small clusters. The base eventually expanded to almost .

During World War II the base housed up to 33,000 men, of whom 25,000 were recruits. In the postwar period, the base population dropped to a low of 5,800 men; but the base reached a peak population of 40,000 during the Korean War. In 1952, funding was approved to convert six recruit barracks on board NTC into classrooms, and to expand recruit training facilities through construction of a permanent recruit camp on the undeveloped property lying to the south and east of the estuary. The six recruit classrooms went into service in 1953. Construction of the new camp, later named Camp Nimitz, was completed in 1955. This new home for recruits initially provided 16 barracks for 3,248 Sailors. There was also a galley with eight different mess hall wings big enough to accommodate 5,000 Sailors.

In late 1965, a new demand for trained Navy personnel to man additional ships and overseas billets, called into service by the Vietnam War, surged the onboard recruit population to an excess of 18,000. Concurrently, expansion plans and projects continued with the laying of a foundation for a new 8,000-man messing facility adjacent to Bainbridge Court. Additionally, an ambitious program outlaid over five years planned extensive upgrade and construction of new classrooms for 31 apprentice class "A" and advanced schools, administrative facilities, and barracks for NTC. These upgrades were completed by 1970.

By the early 1990s, San Diego had become home to more than one-sixth of the Navy's entire fleet. San Diego had more than a dozen major military installations, accounting for nearly 20 percent of the local economy with more than 133,000 uniformed personnel and another 30,000 civilians relying on the military for their livelihood.

Contribution to local economy
In annual payroll alone for both military and civilian personnel, NTC contributed almost $80 million to the San Diego economy, according to the Navy's proposed 1994 budget. Each year, more than 28,000 visitors came to graduations at NTC, and 80 percent of those visitors were from out of town, contributing almost $7 million annually to the local economy. Beyond these payroll and visitor expenditures, the Navy spent an additional $10 million for base operation support contracts.

Unique features

The base still houses a "non-ship", the USS Recruit, a landlocked two-thirds model of a warship – a concrete structure built right into the ground.  Built in 1949 and commissioned as a regular ship at that time, she was used to teach shipboard procedures to recruits. She was decommissioned in 1967 but continued to serve as a training facility. In 1982 she was reconfigured from a model destroyer escort to a model guided missile frigate. The Recruit, affectionately nicknamed the USS Neversail, is now unoccupied and is on the grounds of Liberty Station. She has been proposed as a maritime museum, but there is currently no definite plan for her future.

At the northern end of the base there is a 9-hole golf course, the Loma Club. Previously, it was known as the Sail Ho Golf Course. It was built in the 1920s as a recreational facility for the base. It is now privately operated and open to the public. Sam Snead managed the course as a recreation officer during his stint in the navy. An unusual feature of the golf course is an unobtrusive pair of graves between two fairways, where a former commander and his wife are buried.

Base closure

The end of the Cold War led to military downsizing and the need to close surplus bases. In 1993, the federal Base Realignment and Closure Commission slated NTC for closure. Since 1994, RTC Great Lakes in Illinois has been the Navy's only basic training facility.

The Navy closed NTC facilities incrementally. As the military functions on the base dwindled, so did the Navy's budget. Fearing the lack of activity on the base would lead to security problems, the City and Navy entered into a master lease agreement in 1995 allowing the City interim use of  of the base site. The agreement was later amended to include more than half of the NTC property, with approximately 75 buildings occupied by interim users. These buildings were subleased from the City to various parties including film companies, nonprofit organizations, City departments and small businesses. In addition, interim leasing allowed the City to maintain the buildings and landscape areas at a higher standard of maintenance than an otherwise decreasing Navy caretaker budget could provide. The Navy officially closed NTC on April 30, 1997, and all military operations ceased.

The southernmost portion of the base was not closed but was retained by the military under the control of Naval Base Point Loma. Facilities still in military use include a medical clinic, a small Navy Exchange store and a gas station. In addition, 500 units of military housing were constructed.

In popular culture
The base, both before and after closure, has been the setting for several movies including Battle Cry, Here Comes the Navy, Top Gun, and the Abbott and Costello film In the Navy (a song from which, We're in the Navy Now, became the official training tune of the Naval Training Center). The television show Pensacola: Wings of Gold, although supposedly set in Pensacola, Florida, was actually filmed in the San Diego area; with the former command building at the then-closed NTC used as the set for a Marine headquarters. The opening scroll for the television sitcom C.P.O. Sharkey was filmed at the Naval Training Center.

Gallery

References and notes

External links

 Liberty Station Homepage
 Interactive Map of Liberty Station
 Navy Boot Camp San Diego Yearbooks - The Anchor

Military in San Diego
Point Loma, San Diego
San Diego Bay
Military facilities in San Diego County, California
Installations of the United States Navy in California
Formerly Used Defense Sites in California
Buildings and structures in San Diego
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in San Diego
History of San Diego
Maritime history of California
Tourist attractions in San Diego
1922 in military history
1922 establishments in California
1997 disestablishments in California
Mission Revival architecture in California
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in California
Closed installations of the United States Navy

Naval Training Center San Diego


Avenue of the Arts is a city-designated arts cultural district on a segment of Broad Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States that includes many of the city's cultural institutions, most notably the theater district south of City Hall.  The designation can be found as far south as Washington Avenue and as far north as the Cecil B. Moore neighborhood.

History
The name Avenue of the Arts originated in a strategy by mayor Ed Rendell to redevelop South Broad Street in Center City. Avenue of the Arts originally ran along Broad Street from Locust Street south to Lombard Street. The Avenue's definition was expanded to North Broad Street by city planners under mayor John F. Street's administration to encourage further development in the area. The Avenue of the Arts is overseen by the non-profit organization Avenue of the Arts, Inc. led by Karen Lewis, the organization's executive director.

Features

Avenue of the Arts is the locale for many of the city's large theatres, including Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts (home of the Philadelphia Orchestra), the Academy of Music, Miller Theater, Wilma Theater, Liacouras Center, and Suzanne Roberts Theatre.  Buildings for the University of the Arts are located just south and east of the Kimmel Center; the Miller Theatre is often used for high-end productions involving the school.

The Wanamaker Organ, the world's largest playing pipe organ famed for its daily recitals, is located in the Grand Court of Macy's, just where Broad Street traffic circles Penn Square.

Philadelphia International Records' offices and gift shop is also located along this strip. Just south of the strip is the Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts, and on Broad Street in this vicinity, just north of City Hall, is the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, which, founded in 1805, is America's oldest art school and museum and boasts a distinguished collection of American art.

Several parking garages and public transportation services provided by SEPTA and DRPA at the Walnut–Locust, 12-13th Street, and 15-16th Street stations, served by the Broad Street Line and the Lindenwold Line.  The availability of public transportation makes Avenue of the Arts highly accessible to visitors.

See also

 Broad Street (Philadelphia)
 Broad Street Historic District (Philadelphia)
 Avenue of Technology (Philadelphia)

References
Notes

Bibliography
Bounds, Anna Maria. "Philadelphia's Avenue of the Arts: the Challenges of a Cultural District Initinative" in Tourism, Culture and Regeneration, Melanie K. Smith, editor. pp 132–142. CABI, 2006.
Brooks, Arthur C. and Roland J. Kishner. International Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 3, No. 2 (WINTER 2001), "Cultural Districts and Urban Development". pp. 4–15.
Campoa, Daniel and Brent D. Ryanb. Journal of Urban Design, Volume 13, Issue 3, 2008, "The Entertainment Zone: Unplanned Nightlife and the Revitalization of the American Downtown", pp. 291–315, DOI: 10.1080/13574800802319543.
Carrabc, James H. and Lisa J. Servond. Journal of the American Planning Association, Volume 75, Issue 1, 2008, "Vernacular Culture and Urban Economic Development: Thinking Outside the (Big) Box", pp. 28–40. DOI: 10.1080/01944360802539226.
McGovern, Stephen J. Policy & Politics, Volume 25, Number 2, April 1997, "Mayoral leadership and economic development policy: the case of Ed Rendell's Philadelphia", pp. 153–172(20).
Strom, Elizabeth. International Journal of Cultural Policy, Volume 9, Issue 3, 2003, "Cultural policy as development policy: evidence from the United States". pp. 247–263.

External links

Official website

Arts districts
Arts organizations based in Pennsylvania
Broad Street (Philadelphia)
Center City, Philadelphia
Culture of Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Tourist attractions in Philadelphia

Avenue of the Arts (Philadelphia)


The National Hockey League (NHL) went through an expansion for the 1967–68 NHL season. It added six new teams, which already had six teams in it. This marked the first change in the composition of the league since 1942. It was the end of the Original Six era in the NHL, which had happened since 1942.

The expansion process began in March 1965, when NHL President Clarence Campbell announced that the league proposed to expand its operations through the formation of a second six-team division.

Before the expansion, there were six teams:
Boston Bruins
Chicago Black Hawks
Detroit Red Wings
Montreal Canadiens
New York Rangers
Toronto Maple Leafs

The six teams added in 1967 were:
California Seals
Los Angeles Kings
Minnesota North Stars
Philadelphia Flyers
Pittsburgh Penguins
St. Louis Blues

National Hockey League
NHL Expansion
St. Louis Blues
1967 in North America

1967 NHL expansion


The Cucurbitales is an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. This order mostly belongs to tropical areas, with limited presence in subtropic and temperate regions. The order includes various shrubs and trees, together with many herbs and climbing plants.

One of major characteristics of the Cucurbitales is the presence of unisexual flowers, with thick pointed petals (whenever present). The pollination is usually performed by insects, but wind pollination, where flowers use the wind to move pollen from one flower to the next, is also present (in Coriariaceae and Datiscaceae).

The order consists of roughly 2600 species in eight families. The largest families are Begoniaceae (begonia family) with 1400 species and Cucurbitaceae (gourd family) with 825 species.

The large families of Cucurbitales include several economically important plants. Specifically, the Cucurbitaceae are responsible for some food species, such as squash, pumpkin (both from Cucurbita), watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris), melon and cucumber (both Cucumis). The Begoniaceae are known for their horticultural species, of which there are over 130.

References

Cucurbitales


Pi lu Pruggettu Wiki nta lingua angrisi supra a risoluzzioni di li sciarri, pi piaciri viriti "Risoluzzioni di li sciarri" o "Dispute Resolution".

Sta pulitica di cumpurtamentu discrivi chie ca unu avissi a fari quannu na discussioni cu n'autru editori accumenza a cauriàrisi.
Viriti macari a linia guida Wikiquette

Fucalizzatavi supra lu cuntinutu
Fucalizzativi supra lu cuntinutu, e non supra l'autru edituri.
Wikipedia fu criatu e custruiutu supra lu principiu di arrapprisintari unicamenti Punti di Vista Niutrali possibbirmenti senza priggiudizzia (NPOV) ca nta lingua angrisi eni l'acronimu ppi "Neutral Point of View".
Quannu truvati nu passaggiu nta n'articulu ca parissi cu nu prigiudizziu o eni inaccuratu, migliuratilu, si putiti. Si chissu nun eni pussibbili, e nun siti cumpritamenti d'accordu cu lu puntu di vista ispressu nta l'articulu, ) pinzati dui voti prima di scancillarlu simpricimenti.
Inveci, circati di bilanciarlu cu a vostra parti di la storia.
Pi piaciri assicurativi ca va firati di truvari surgenti affidabbili.
Testu sinza rifirenza putissi essiri signalatu o cancillatu. <rb>
(Viri macari Virificabbilità).

Spiegati sempri li vostri canciamenti, spiciarmenti quannu vuliti ca autri pirsuni su d'accurdu cu viautri.
Si biautri siti capaci di dicirilu nta na riga fatilu (); pi spiegazzioni chiu longhi, utilizzati a paggina di discussioni e aggiungiti "viri discussioni" a lu testu su ccui stapieutu editannu.

Scriviti sicunnu li linii guida di l'articulu pirfettu "Wikipedia:L'articulu pirfettu" e sicuennu a pulitica di NPOV chissu vi po aiutari a scriviri nta manera "difinziva", limitannu li priggiudizzia nta a vostra scrittura.

Stay cool

Most situations are not urgent. Please give both you and the other party some time. Often it helps to just take a deep breath and sleep over it. Don't worry! You always can fix the problem later. (You can go back to the page history of an article at any time, to find the version of the article that you last worked on, and compare that to the current version to see whether there are still things that you'd like put in or taken out.)

Take a long term view. In due course you will probably be able to return and carry on editing it, when the previous problems no longer exist and the editor you were in dispute with might themselves move on. In the meantime the disputed article will evolve, other editors may become interested and they will have different perspectives if the issue comes up again.

This is particularly helpful when disputing with new users as it gives them a chance to familiarize themselves with Wikipedia's policy and culture. Focus your contributions on another article where you can make constructive progress.

Discussing with the other party

Discuss the issue on a talk page. Never carry on a dispute on the article page itself. Either contact the other party on that user's talk page, or use the talk page associated with the article in question. (You may even post the proposed content on the talk page.)

When discussing an issue, remember to stay cool. If you encounter rude or inappropriate behavior, resist the temptation to respond unkindly, and do not make personal attacks. Take the other person's perspective into account and try to reach a compromise. Assume that the other person is acting in good faith unless you have clear evidence to the contrary.

Both at this stage and throughout the dispute resolution process, talking to other parties is not simply a formality to be satisfied before moving on to the next forum. Failure to pursue discussion in good faith shows that you are trying to escalate the dispute instead of resolving it. This will make people less sympathetic to your position and may prevent you from effectively using later stages in dispute resolution. In contrast, sustained discussion and serious negotiation between the parties, even if not immediately successful, shows that you are interested in finding a solution that fits within Wikipedia policies.

Truce
Consider negotiating a truce – see Wikipedia:Truce. This is also important if you intend to solicit outside opinions because it allows others to consider the issue fairly without the confusion of ongoing edits.

Turn to others for help
If the previous steps fail to resolve the dispute, try one of the following methods. Which ones you choose and in what order depends on the nature of the dispute and the preferences of people involved.

Editor assistance
Editor assistance helps editors find someone experienced to provide you one-on-one advice and feedback. While not a required part of dispute resolution, it is designed to help you understand how to clearly and civilly express your views and work toward consensus. You may request an assistant's help at any time, whether you're involved in dispute resolution or not. Assistants can also help you find the best way to resolve your dispute or issue.

Ask for a third opinion
If you need neutral outside opinions in a dispute involving only two editors, turn to Wikipedia:Third opinion.

Ask about the subject
Ask at a subject-specific Wikipedia:WikiProject talk page. Usually, such projects are listed on top of the article talk page.

Ask about a policy
Ask at a policy talk page relevant to the issue.

Ask for help at a relevant noticeboard
If your dispute is related to one of the following topics, you may wish to post about it in one of these locations, to get the opinions of other editors familiar with similar disputes:
 Reliable Sources noticeboard – for discussion of whether or not a source is reliable
 No Original Research noticeboard – to ask about material that might be original research  or original synthesis.
 Conflict of Interest noticeboard – to raise alerts about possible COI
 Suspected sockpuppets noticeboard – to ask for help in tracking down sockpuppets
 Biographies of Living Persons noticeboard – to raise alerts about problems with a living person's biography
 Fringe theories noticeboard – to report theories that may be being given undue weight
 Fiction noticeboard – for issues related to topics about works of fiction
 Ethnic and cultural conflicts noticeboard – for issues related to national, religious, ethnic, or other cultural conflicts
 Neutrality noticeboard – for issues about whether an article is meeting WP:NPOV and WP:UNDUE.

For incivility
Turn to Wikipedia:Wikiquette alerts for problems with uncivil editors. First, however, consider ignoring it – you can often get much more accomplished by rising above uncivil comments, and staying focussed on the task at hand.

Request a comment
Turn to Wikipedia:Requests for comment, the main avenue for disputes about user conduct. Note that Request for Comment is normally a necessary step before Arbitration can be sought, and is normally for disputes about User Conduct, although you can also request comments on articles, templates or categories.

Informal mediation
If things are getting a bit tricky, it might be useful to ask some cool heads to look in and help out. Sometimes editors who provide third opinions or respond to requests for comments may be willing to help mediate a dispute, if it is requested. The Mediation Cabal also assists in settling disputes without turning to formal mediation.

Formal mediation
Request mediation of the dispute. Mediation is a voluntary process in which a neutral person works with the parties to a dispute. The mediator helps guide the parties into reaching an agreement that can be acceptable to everyone. When requesting formal mediation, be prepared to show that you tried to resolve the dispute using the steps listed above, and that all parties to the dispute are in agreement to mediate. Mediation cannot take place if all parties are not willing to take part. Again, note that Mediation is normally for disputes about Article Content.

Conduct a survey
If consensus is difficult to gauge from discussion alone, consider conducting a survey of opinion to clarify the issues in the discussion. Note that a survey cannot generate consensus, but is helpful for understanding it.  Similarly, if you believe that users are ignoring a consensus, a survey cannot force those users to accept your proposed consensus – although a survey might assist users in understanding the balance of opinions and reasons for those opinions on a given dispute, it can also easily degenerate into an argument over whether a particular survey is fairly constructed or representative.  See Wikipedia:Polling is not a substitute for discussion for reasons why discussion is necessary and superior to voting.

If the situation is urgent

To report urgent violations of Wikipedia's policies on Civility or Personal Attacks, please raise them at Wikipedia:Wikiquette alerts.
 To report improper usernames, see usernames for administrator attention.
 To report edit warring, see the administrators' 3RR noticeboard.
 To request permanent deletion of personal information, see requests for oversight.
 To report suspected sockpuppetry, see suspected sock puppets.
 If you are blocked, please place the code: {{unblock| your reason for unblock }} – on your talk page. You may also contact the blocking admin via email (navigate to their userpage or user talk page and click "E-mail this user").

If a user's conduct needs other urgent attention from an administrator, report it to the Administrators' Noticeboard. The Administrators' Noticeboard is not the place to raise disputes over content, or reports of abusive behaviour. Administrators are not referees, and have limited authority to deal with abusive editors.

Last resort: Arbitration

If you have taken all other reasonable steps to resolve the dispute, and the dispute is not over the content of an article, you can request Arbitration. Be prepared to show that you tried to resolve the dispute by other means. Arbitration differs from Mediation in that the Arbitration Committee will consider the case and issue a decision, instead of merely assisting the parties in reaching an agreement. If the issue is decided by Arbitration, you will be expected to abide by the result. If the case involves serious user misconduct, Arbitration may result in a number of serious consequences up to totally banning someone from editing, as laid out in the Arbitration policy. Note that Arbitration is normally for disputes about user conduct, while Mediation is normally for disputes about article content.

Viri macari

Risoluzzioni di li sciarri