Melvin Ernest Trotter (May 16, 1870–September 11, 1940) was the founder of the Grand Rapids, Michigan City Rescue Mission, which he led for more than forty years, becoming a leader in American fundamentalism during the first four decades of the twentieth century.

Early life
Mel Trotter was one of seven children born in Orangeville, Illinois to a bartender who drank "as much as he served." In 1887, the family moved to Freeport, Illinois where Trotter became a barber and was shortly thereafter gambling and drinking heavily.  Four years later in Pearl City, Iowa, Trotter married Lottie Fisher, who was horrified to discover that her husband was an alcoholic.  Trotter later said, "I loathed the life I was living.  I tried my level best, but it wasn't in me."

Trotter lost his job in Pearl City, and he and his wife moved to a more rural area in an attempt to help him stay sober.  He lost another job and they both moved to Davenport, Iowa, where Mel tried his hand at selling insurance, a job he lost the day after his son was born.

Trotter began leaving home for weeks at a time, and when he returned after one period of drunkenness, he discovered his two-year-old dead.  Believing that he bore the responsibility for the child's death, he considered suicide.  He stood beside the coffin and swore that he would never touch liquor again.  Two hours later he was staggering drunk.  Hopping a train, he landed in Chicago in January 1897 where he sold his shoes to buy another drink.

Drunk, broke, and shoeless in the snow, Trotter was nudged inside the Pacific Garden Mission, where he was converted after hearing the testimony of its director, Harry Monroe.  Trotter got a barbering job and spent every night at the mission.  He could play the guitar and sing, and he and Monroe represented the Mission at its supporting churches.

Ministry
In 1900, Grand Rapids businessmen decided to establish a rescue mission in the city's ramshackle red-light district, and Monroe suggested Trotter—who had never even led a mission meeting—as the director.  Conversions occurred at the mission almost immediately when it opened under Trotter's direction, and Trotter found he could preach and also manage the toughs who tried to disrupt the proceedings.  On one occasion he had the crowd sing "More About Jesus" while he tossed the hooligans into the street.

Trotter won Herb Sillaway, another drunken barber, to Christ, and Sillaway then got drunk six times in four weeks and tried to drown himself.  Trotter found him in jail in wet clothes and said nothing, just stood in front of him and wept.  Sillaway said, "My God, man, I believe you love me." Trotter replied, "Yes, Herb, I love you like I love my own soul."  Sillaway eventually became Trotter's assistant.

In 1905, Trotter was ordained by the Presbyterian Church, although even the ordination committee admitted that the ordination (and to some degree, Trotter's theology) was unorthodox.  Within a few years, Trotter had the largest rescue mission in the United States, and in 1906, the organization purchased the local burlesque house in order to provide more space for its varied ministries.

The Mission Sunday School soon had an attendance of three to five hundred children, who were often fed and clothed as well as evangelized.  By 1913, the mission held twenty-three meetings a week, and the building was in constant use twenty-four hours a day providing food, clothing, and lodging. Trotter had prison services, Bible classes and street meetings.  His wife began the Martha Mission to teach women how to sew.

Trotter proved remarkably tactful to those who visited the mission, but he was a strong leader with a keen business sense and was adept at raising the necessary funds to keep the Mission doors open.  Trotter also helped found dozens of rescue missions around the country, many which were headed by people whom he had trained and inspired. He was a founder of the Brotherhood of Rescue Mission Superintendents, which always held its annual meetings in January in Grand Rapids.

During World War I, Trotter and his musician friend, Homer Hammontree, entertained soldiers in American training camps for the YMCA with music proceeding Trotter's preaching. (The YMCA was required to amuse as well as minister to the soldiers, so Trotter eventually traveled with a quartet to fulfill the "entertainment" clause rather than be sandwiched between prize fights and movies.) Hammontree estimated that at the close of the war, sixteen thousand soldiers "had come out for the Lord."

During this second decade of the twentieth century, Trotter was stricken with cancer and his wife left him.  Trotter once again considered suicide.

By this time Trotter had become a popular Bible conference speaker, especially at Northfield Bible Conference and the Winona Lake Bible Conference, and by 1924, he was so well known that he finished out a Billy Sunday campaign in Memphis, Tennessee. Like Sunday, Trotter became an itinerant evangelist and had wooden tabernacles built for his campaigns.  Also like Sunday, he used colloquial speech in his sermons. ("Lots of people go bugs on religion, but nobody ever went crazy on Christianity.") In 1935, Bob Jones College conferred an honorary doctorate on him.  In 1937, he appeared with Harry A. Ironside in England.

In 1939, Trotter suffered a severe heart attack in Kannapolis, North Carolina, and died at his summer cottage near Holland, Michigan in 1940.  Ironside was the presiding minister at his funeral.  He was buried at the Graceland Mausoleum in Grand Rapids. His papers are at the Billy Graham Center, Wheaton College.

At his funeral in 1940, many of Trotter's friends described what made him a unique personality.  One recalled that he would pray with an alcoholic, "then stand him on his feet and say, 'Now go home and get the wife and kiddies and come down to the Mission tonight.' Then as they parted, he would slip a dollar bill or a silver dollar in the poor drunkard's hand.  I heard one of those men say, as he stood outside the Mission door, after such a parting, 'I will die before I spend this dollar for booze.'"

The mission he founded, Mel Trotter Ministries, is still operating today.

References

Bibliography

Leona Hertel, Man with a Mission:  Mel Trotter and His Legacy for the Rescue Mission Movement (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2000).
Melvin E. Trotter, These Forty Years (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1939).
Fred C. Zarfas, Mel Trotter: A Biography (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1950).
Short biography at MelTrotter.org

People from Stephenson County, Illinois
1870 births
1940 deaths
People from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Christian fundamentalists
American Presbyterian ministers
American evangelists
Wheaton College (Illinois)

Mel Trotter


Géologi (tina basa Yunani γη- (ge-, "bumi") and λογος (logos, "kecap", "alesan")) nyaéta élmu jeung pangajaran ngeunaan bumi, kaasup kajadiannana, strukturna, sifat fisikna, sajarah, jeung prosés pembentukannana, mangrupa salah sahiji bagéan elmu bumi. Ahli geologi netepkeun  umur bumi kira-kira 4.6 milyar (4.6x109) taun, sarta nangtukeun yén litosfer bumi, nu kaasup kerak, nyaéta bagéan tina tektonik lempeng nu pipindahan dina saluhureun rheic mantel bagian luhur (asthenosphere) ngaliwatan prosés nu nujul kana lempeng-lempeng tektonik. Ahli géologi mantuan néangan tur ngokolakeun sumber daya alam Bumi, saperti minyak bumi jeung batubara, ogé logam saperti beusi, tambaga, jeung uranium. ogé nu dipikaresep sacara ekonomi kaasup batu mulia tur mineral séjén saperti asbestos, perlite, mica, phosphates, zeolites, clay, pumice, quartz, sarta silica, ogé unsur séjén saperti sulfur, chlorine, jeung helium.

Geologi luar angkasa (kadangkala disebut Astrogéology) nujul kana dipakéna prinsip géologi keur sistim surya mandala séjénna. Watesan husus saperti selenology (nalungtik moon), areology (keur Mars), jst., ilahar ogé dipaké. Dina basa sapopoe, geologi ogé ilahar dipaké dirangketkeun jeung kecap séjén keur ngajelaskeun hal salian ti bumi (upamana. "geologi planet Mars").

Kecap "geologi" mimiti dipaké ku Jean-André Deluc dina taun 1778 sarta diwanohkeun tur maké watesan nu tetep ku Horace-Bénédict de Saussure dina taun 1779. Elmu ieu teu kaasup dina Encyclopedia Britannica edisi katilu nu lengkep dina 1797, tapi mimiti asup sacara jéntré dina edisi kaopat nu lengkep dina 1809. Harti nu leuwih ti heula mimiti dipaké ku Richard de Bury keur ngabédakeun antara ka-bumi-an jeung yurisprudensi theologi.

Sajarah

Karya Peri Lithon (Dina Batu, Ing: On Stones) ku Theophrastus (372-287 BC), salah saurang murid Aristoteles, bukti nyata keur abad kiwari. Interpréatsi fossils ieu teu pernah dibuka nepi anggeusna Revolusi Elmu tur ditarjamahkeun kana Basa Latin sarta sababaraha basa asing séjénna.

Sababaraha ahli kiwari, saperti Fielding H. Garrison, boga nyebutkeun yén elmu géologi modérn dimimitian dina zaman Muslim. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973-1048 AD) dianggap salaku ahli géologi Muslim modérn, karya munggaranna nyaéta geologi India. Ibnu Sina (Avicenna, 981 - 1037 C.E.), dina hal husus, méré kontribusi nyata kana elmu alam (nu disebut Attabieyat) bareng jeung filsuf séjénna saperti Ikhwan AI-Safa jeung nu séjénna. Enslikopedi karya anjeunna nyaéta "Kitab AI-Shifa" (the Book of Cure, Héaling or Remedy from ignorance), dina bagéan 2, seksi 5, nulis ngeunaan Mineral jeung Metéorologi, dina bab genep: Formasi gunung-gunung, The advantages of mountains in the formation of clouds; Sources of water; Origin of éarthquakes; Formation of minerals; The diversity of éarth's terrain. These principles were later known in the Renaissance of Europe as the law of superposition of strata, the concept of catastrophisim, and the doctrine of uniformitarianism. These concepts were also embodied in the Théory of the éarth by James Hutton in the Eighteenth century C.E. Academics such as Toulumin and Goodfield (1965), commented on Avicenna's contribution: "Around A.D. 1000, Avicenna was already suggesting a hypothesis about the origin of mountain ranges, which in the Christian world, would still have been considered quite radical eight hundred years later".

In China, the polymath Shen Kua (1031-1095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil shells in a géological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the océan, he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.

Georg Agricola (1494-1555), a physician, wrote the first systematic tréatise about mining and smelting works, De re metallica libri XII, with an appendix Buch von den Lebewesen unter Tage (Book of the Créatures Benéath the éarth). He covered subjects like wind energy, hydrodynamic power, melting cookers, transport of ores, extraction of soda, sulfur and alum, and administrative issues. The book was published in 1556.
Nicolas Steno (1638-1686) is credited with the law of superposition, the principle of original horizontality, and the principle of lateral continuity: three defining principles of stratigraphy. Previous attempts at such statements meet accusations of heresy from the Church.

By the 1700s Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations on geological maps; Guettard recorded the first observation of the volcanic origins of this part of France.

William Smith (1769-1839) drew some of the first géological maps and began the process of ordering rock strata (layers) by examining the fossils contained in them.

James Hutton is often viewed as the first modérn géologist. In 1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his paper, he explained his théory that the éarth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the séa, which in turn were raised up to become dry land. Hutton published a two-volume version of his idéas in 1795 (Vol. 1, Vol. 2).

Followers of Hutton were known as Plutonists because they believed that some rocks were formed by vulcanism which is the deposition of lava from volcanoes, as opposed to the Neptunists, who believed that all rocks had settled out of a large océan whose level gradually dropped over time.

In 1811 Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart published their explanation of the antiquity of the éarth, inspired by Cuvier's discovery of fossil elephant bones in Paris. To prove this, they formulated the principle of stratigraphic succession of the layers of the éarth. They were independently anticipated by William Smith's stratigraphic studies on England and Scotland.

By 1827 Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology reiterated Hutton's uniformitarianism, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin.

Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830 and continued to publish new revisions until he died in 1875. He successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This théory states that slow géological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring today. In contrast, catastrophism is the théory that éarth's féatures formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged theréafter. Though Hutton believed in uniformitarianism, the idéa was not widely accepted at the time.

19th century géology revolved around the question of the Earth's exact age. Estimates varied from a few 100,000 to billions of yéars. The most significant advance in 20th century géology has been the development of the théory of plate tectonics in the 1960s. Plate tectonic théory arose out of two separate géological observations: seafloor spreading and continental drift. The théory revolutionized the Earth sciences.

The théory of continental drift was proposed by Frank Bursley Taylor in 1908, expanded by Alfred Wegener in 1912 and by Arthur Holmes, but wasn't broadly accepted until the late 1960s when the théory of plate tectonics was developed.

Prinsip-prinsip penting dina géologi
There are a number of important principles in géology. Many of these involve the ability to provide the relative ages of strata or the manner in which they were formed.

The principle of intrusive relationships concerns crosscutting intrusions. In géology, when an igneous intrusion cuts across a formation of sedimentary rock, it can be determined that the ignéous intrusion is younger than the sedimentary rock. There are a number of different types of intrusions, including stocks, laccoliths, batholiths, sills and dikes.

The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault. Finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault.

The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer. A similar situation with ignéous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found. These foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows, and are incorporated, later to cool in the matrix. As a result, xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them.

The principle of uniformitarianism states that the géologic processes observed in operation that modify the éarth's crust at present have worked in much the same way over géologic time. A fundamental principle of géology advanced by the 18th century Scottish physician and géologist James Hutton, is that "the present is the key to the past." In Hutton's words: "the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now."

The principle of original horizontality states that the deposition of sediments occurs as essentially horizontal beds. Observation of modérn marine and non-marine sediments in a wide variety of environments supports this generalization (although cross-bedding is inclined, the overall orientation of cross-bedded units is horizontal).

The principle of superposition states that a sedimentary rock layer in a tectonically undisturbed sequence is younger than the one benéath it and older than the one above it. Logically a younger layer cannot slip benéath a layer previously deposited. This principle allows sedimentary layers to be viewed as a form of vertical time line, a partial or complete record of the time elapsed from deposition of the lowest layer to deposition of the highest bed.

The principle of faunal succession is based on the appéarance of fossils in sedimentary rocks. As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found. Based on principles laid out by William Smith almost a hundred yéars before the publication of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought. The principle becomes quite complex, however, given the uncertainties of fossilization, the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat (facies change in sedimentary strata), and that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time.

Géologi regional
Géologi Alpén
Géologi Appalachia
Géologi Himalaya

Dumasar nagara
Géologi Australia
Géologi Daerah Ibukota Australia
Géologi Victoria
Géologi Kraton Yilgarn
Géologi Tiongkok
Géologi Taiwan
Géologi Éropa
Géologi Belanda
  Géologi Britania Raya
Géologi Inggris
Geology of Dorset
Geology of Hampshire
Geology of Hertfordshire
Geology of Shropshire
Geology of Lizard, Cornwall
Géologi Skotlandia
Géologi Wales
 Geology of the Falkland Islands
Géologi India
Géologi Sikkim
Géologi Jepang
Géologi Nigéria
Géologi Amérika Sarékat
Géologi nagara bagéan AS:
Geology of California
Geology of Connecticut
Geology of Georgia
Geology of Idaho
Geology of Illinois
Geology of Minnesota
Geology of Pennsylvania
Geology of Tennessee
Geology of Texas
US Geology by region or feature:
Geology of the Appalachians
Geology of the Pacific Northwest
Geology of the Bryce Canyon area(Utah)
Geology of the Canyonlands area (Utah)
Geology of the Capitol Reef area (Utah)
Geology of the Death Valley area (California)
Geology of the Grand Canyon area (Arizona)
Geology of the Grand Teton area (Wyoming)
Geology of the Lassen area (California)
Geology of Mount Adams (Washington)
Geology of Mount Shasta (California)
Geology of the Yosemite area (California)
Geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area (Utah)
Glacial geology of the Genesee River (New York, Pennsylvania)

Geologi luar angkas

Géologi Mérkurius
Géologi Vénus
Géologi Bulan
Géologi Mars
 Géologi Jupiter
Géologi Saturnus
 Géologi Uranus
Géologi Néptunus

Rujukan

Tempo ogé

 Agrogeology
 Geochemistry
 Geologist
 Geologic modeling
 Geologic time scale
 International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)
 List of geology topics
 List of fossil sites (with link directory)
 List of minerals
 List of rock types
 Important publications in geology
 List of rock textures
 Mineral
 Timeline of geology
 Paleorrota

Tumbu luar
 James Hutton's Theory of the Earth
 James Hutton's Theory of the Earth & Abstract of the Theory of the Earth

Géologi


The Fantastic Four is a team of superheroes. The team originally first appeared  in a series of comic books created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. It was published by Marvel Comics starting in 1961. They also appeared in several cartoons and films as well.

The members of the group are scientist Reed Richards, his girlfriend/wife Sue Storm, her teenage brother Johnny Storm, and Ben Grimm, a friend of them. While test flying a rocket ship, they are affected by cosmic rays, and gain superpowers. Richards becomes "Mr. Fantastic" who can stretch his limbs and body for long distances and sizes. Sue became the "Invisible Girl/Woman" who could make herself invisible, create force fields, and other things. Johnny transformed into the "Human Torch" who can become a giant ball of fire. Ben turned into a rock-like creature with super-strength, called "The Thing".

They decide to use these powers for good and work from their laboratory in a New York City skyscraper.

Marvel Comics adapted into movies

The Fantastic Four


Michael R. Matz (born January 23, 1951 in Reading, Pennsylvania) is an American race horse trainer and former Olympic equestrian team member who was inducted into the show jumping Hall of Fame.  He lives in Coatesville, Pennsylvania.  As a trainer, he has scored two wins in the Classics, the 2012 Belmont Stakes with Union Rags and the 2006 Kentucky Derby with Barbaro.  Matz also was named "person of the week" by ABC News for his heroism in saving four children from the crash of United Airlines Flight 232 in 1989 on which he was a passenger.

Equestrian career

Matz had a successful equestrian career as a show jumping rider. He was a six-time U.S. national champion, and won at least one major show jumping event in 20 consecutive years. Matz won team gold at the 1986 World Championships in Aachen riding Chef, to go with his individual and team bronze medals he won at the 1978 World Equestrian Games while riding Jet Run on whom Matz also won the 1981 Show Jumping World Cup. Matz won a total of four gold medals and four bronze medals at the Pan American Games, and was a member of the U.S. Olympic equestrian teams in 1976, 1992, and 1996. In 1996, he won a team silver medal on Rhum IV, in the show jumping equestrian event, along with Peter Leone, Leslie Burr-Howard, and Anne Kursinski. Matz was also chosen to carry the United States flag into Centennial Olympic Stadium at the Closing Ceremonies of the 1996 Games. He retired from show jumping as the leading money-winning rider in the sport's American history, with over $1.7 million.  On April 1, 2006, Matz was inducted into the Show Jumping Hall of Fame.

He began to train Thoroughbreds in 1998, making race horse training his full-time profession after he failed to make the 2000 Olympic team.  He trains at the Fair Hill Training Center, in Maryland.  In addition to Barbaro, he trained the 2005 Arlington Million winner Kicken Kris, and shortly after Barbaro's injury, he returned to the scene of his greatest victory to score another major Churchill Downs win at  the 2006 Breeders' Cup Distaff with Round Pond.  In 2012 he trained Union Rags to become the winner of the 144th Belmont Stakes.

United Airlines Flight 232
Matz was chosen for the honor of carrying the flag at the 1996 Closing Ceremonies not only because of his career in the show ring, but also for an extraordinary act of heroism seven years before. On July 19, 1989, Matz and his then-fiancée D.D. Alexander were traveling home from judging a horse show in Hawaii. They missed their connection from Denver to Philadelphia, and had a choice of two flights 20 minutes apart. They chose United Airlines Flight 232.

After a catastrophic engine failure that destroyed all of the plane's hydraulic systems, the plane crashed at Sioux Gateway Airport in Sioux City, Iowa. Although 112 people were killed, Matz not only survived, but led four young children to safety. He first led to safety three siblings who were traveling alone, and then went into the burning wreckage to save an 11-month-old girl. He was named "Person of the Week" by ABC News for his heroism on Flight 232. Matz has remained in touch with the three siblings, who were at Churchill Downs on Derby Day 2006, and met with him during the run-up to the race.

References

External links
 Michael Matz Stats and News, NTRA

 Bio at stadiumjumping.com
 Chester County Sports Hall of Fame
 Bio at NYRAINC

1951 births
Living people
People from Collegeville, Pennsylvania
American show jumping riders
American racehorse trainers
Equestrians at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1996 Summer Olympics
American male equestrians
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in equestrian
Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in equestrian
Equestrians at the 1975 Pan American Games
Equestrians at the 1979 Pan American Games
Equestrians at the 1983 Pan American Games
Equestrians at the 1995 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games

Michael R. Matz


Pengherniaan cakera spina ialah satu keadaan patologi yang disebabkan oleh koyak pada gegelang berserat luar (anulus fibrosus) untuk cakera intervertebra. Koyak ini membenarkan bahagian tengah cakera yang lembut (nukleus pulposus) untuk mengalir ke luar.

Keadaan ini biasanya merupakan perkembangan lanjut untuk protusi cakera yang telah wujud. Walaupun lapisan-lapisan annulus fibrosus yang paling luar masih belum koyak dalam peringkat permulaan ini, cakera yang terlibat akan bonjol apabila mengalami tekanan.

Istilah

Some of the terms commonly used to describe the condition include herniated disc, prolapsed disc, ruptured disc, and the misleading expression "slipped disc." Other terms that are closely related include disc protrusion, bulging disc, pinched nerve, sciatica, disc disease, disc degeneration, degenerative disc disease, and black disc.

The popular term "slipped disc" is quite misleading, as an intervertebral disc, being tightly sandwiched between two vertebrae, cannot actually "slip," "slide," or even get "out of place." The disc is actually grown together with the adjacent vertebrae and can be squeezed, stretched, and twisted, all in small degrees. It can also be torn, ripped, herniated, and degenerated, but it cannot "slip."

The spelling "disc" is based on the Latin root discus. Most English language publications use the spelling "disc" more often than "disk." Nomina Anatomica designates the structures as "disci intervertebrales" and Terminologia Anatomica as "discus intervertebralis/Intervertebral disc."

Taburan bahagian

Kekerapan
Disc herniation can occur in any disc in the spine, but the two most common forms are the cervical disc herniation and the lumbar disc herniation. The latter is the most common, causing lower back pain (lumbago) and often leg pain as well, in which case it is commonly referred to as sciatica.

Lumbar disc herniation occurs 15 times more often than cervical (neck) disc herniation, and it is one of the most common causes of lower back pain. The cervical discs are affected 8% of the time and the upper-to-mid-back (thoracic) discs only 1 - 2% of the time.

The following locations have no discs and are therefore exempt from the risk of disc herniation: the upper two cervical intervertebral spaces, the sacrum, and the coccyx.

Most disc herniations occur when a person is in their thirties or forties when the nucleus pulposus is still a gelatin-like substance. With age the nucleus pulposus changes ("dries out") and the risk of herniation is greatly reduced. At the same time osteoarthritic degeneration makes its inroads.

Pengherniaan cakera servikal
Cervical disc herniations occur in the neck, most often between the sixth and seventh cervical vertebral bodies. Symptoms can affect the back of the skull, the neck, shoulder girdle, scapula, shoulder, arm, and hand. The nerves of the cervical plexus and brachial plexus can be affected.

Pengherniaan cakera toraks
Thoracic discs are very stable and herniations in this region are quite rare. Herniation of the uppermost thoracic discs can mimic cervical disc herniations, while herniation of the other discs can mimic lumbar herniations.

Pengherniaan cakera lumbar
Lumbar disc herniations occur in the lower back, most often between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral bodies or between the fifth and the sacrum. Symptoms can affect the lower back, buttocks, thigh, and may radiate into the foot and/or toe. The sciatic nerve is the most commonly affected nerve, causing symptoms of sciatica. The femoral nerve can also be affected.

Punca
Causes of a disc herniation can include general wear and tear on the disc over time, repetitive movements, stress on the disc that occurs while twisting and lifting, or other injuries.

Gejala
Symptoms of a herniated disc can vary depending on the location of the herniation and the types of soft tissue that become involved.  They can range from little or no pain if the disc is the only tissue injured to severe and unrelenting neck or back pain that will radiate into the regions served by an affected nerve root when it is irritated or impinged by the herniated material.  Other symptoms may include sensory changes such as numbness, tingling, muscular weakness or paralysis, and affection of reflexes. Unlike a pulsating pain or pain that comes and goes, which can be caused by muscle spasm, pain from a herniated disc is usually continuous.

It is possible to have a herniated disc without any pain or noticeable symptoms, depending on its location. If the extruded nucleus pulposus material doesn't press on soft tissues or nerves, it may not cause any symptoms.  It has been estimated that as many as 50% of the population have focal herniated discs in their cervical region that do not cause noticeable symptoms.

Typically, symptoms are experienced only on one side of the body. If the prolapse is very large and presses on the spinal cord or the cauda equina in the lumbar region, affection of both sides of the body may occur, often with serious consequences.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by a practitioner based on the history, symptoms, and physical examination.  At some point in the evaluation, tests may be performed to confirm or rule out other causes of symptoms such as spondylolisthesis, degeneration, tumors, metastases and space-occupying lesions as well as evaluate the efficacy of potential treatment options. These tests may include the following:

X-ray: Although traditional plain X-rays are limited in their ability to image soft tissues such as discs, muscles, and nerves, they are still used to confirm or exclude other possibilities such as tumors, infections, fractures, etc.. In spite of these limitations, X-ray can still play a relatively inexpensive role in confirming the suspicion of the presence of a herniated disc. If a suspicion is thus strengthened, other methods may be used to provide final confirmation.
Computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan): A diagnostic image created after a computer reads x-rays. It can show the shape and size of the spinal canal, its contents, and the structures around it, including soft tissues.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A diagnostic test that produces three-dimensional images of body structures using powerful magnets and computer technology. It can show the spinal cord, nerve roots, and surrounding areas, as well as enlargement, degeneration, and tumors. It shows soft tissues even better than CAT scans.
Myelogram: An x-ray of the spinal canal following injection of a contrast material into the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid spaces. By revealing displacement of the contrast material, it can show the presence of structures that can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, such as herniated discs, tumors, or bone spurs. Because it involves the injection of foreign substances, scans are now preferred when available, although myelograms still provide excellent outlines of space-occupying lesions.
Electromyogram and Nerve conduction studies (EMG/NCS): These tests measure the electrical impulse along nerve roots, peripheral nerves, and muscle tissue. This will indicate whether there is ongoing nerve damage, if the nerves are in a state of healing from a past injury, or whether there is another site of nerve compression.

Rawatan
The majority of herniated discs will heal themselves in about six weeks and do not require surgery. Your doctor may prescribe bed rest (usually for no more than two days), or advise you to maintain a low, painless activity level for a short period. If your doctor recommends physical therapy, this may include pelvic traction, gentle massage, ice and heat therapy, ultrasound, electrical muscle stimulation, and stretching exercises.  Pain medications are often prescribed to alleviate the acute pain and allow the patient to begin exercising and stretching.

The presence of cauda equina syndrome (in which there is incontinence, weakness and genital numbness) is considered a medical emergency requiring immediate attention and possibly surgical decompression.

There are a variety of non-surgical care alternatives to treat the pain, including:

 Physical therapy
 Osteopathic/chiropractic manipulations
 Massage therapy
 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
 Oral steroids (e.g. prednisone or methyprednisolone)
 Epidural (cortisone) injection
 Intravenous sedation, analgesia-assisted traction therapy (IVSAAT)

If pain is severe and continuous, or if there are neurological deficits, surgery may be recommended. Surgical options include:

 Microdiscectomy
 Lumbar fusion
 Disc arthroplasty
 Dynamic stabilization

Surgical goals include relief of nerve compression, allowing the nerve to recover, as well as the relief of associated back pain and restoration of normal function.

Lihat juga

 Back pain
 Degenerative disc disease
 Low back pain
 Sciatica
 Vertebral column

Pautan luar
 Herniated disc - Cedars-Sinai Health System
 Herniated Nucleus Pulposus - eMedicine.com
 What's a herniated disc, pinched nerve, bulging disc...? - Spine-health.com
 Lumbar herniated disc animation - Spine-health.com
 Herniated lumbar disc  - North American Spine Society
 Back pain and neck pain for patients - Spine-health.com
 Back Pain: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments  - spinehealthlife.com

Ortopedik
Neurologi
WPPER

Pengherniaan cakera spina


The Socialist Reich Party of Germany (German: Sozialistische Reichspartei Deutschlands) was a political party in West Germany. It was formed in 1949.

It was openly Neo-Nazi and admired Hitler. It split from the German Empire Party. Leaders included Otto Ernst Remer, a former Major General, and Fritz Dorls.

The SRP claimed West Germany's first Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer only did what the United States told, and that Karl Dönitz was the last legal of Germany.

The SRP also said that the Holocaust never happened, and that the ovens of the Dachau concentration camp were built by the United States after 1945. The SRP also wanted Europe to be led by a reunited German Reich, and that it would not be capitalist or communist.

The SRP never criticised the Soviet Union because the Russians funded the SRP because it was anti-American. The only other party modern in postwar Germany was the Communist Party of Germany. It did not get Soviet funds because the Russians thought it was useless. SRP leader Remer once said that if the USSR ever did invade Germany, he would "show the Russians the way to the Rhine".

The SRP had its own paramilitary organisation, the Reichsfront.

The SRP had about ten thousand members and it won 16 seats in the Lower Saxony Landtag election, and 8 seats Bremen.

It was banned in 1952 by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, the only court with the power to do so.

Notes

Other websites
 Germany's New Nazis 1951 pamphlet about the SRP and other neo--nazi groups

Former political parties in Germany
Neo-Nazism
West Germany
1949 establishments in Germany
1950s disestablishments in Germany

Socialist Reich Party


Isaac Watts (17 July 1674 – 25 November 1748) was an English pastor, preacher, poet, and hymn writer. He is often called the "Father of English Hymnody": he was the first popular English hymn writer. Because of his short height and large head, in all his portraits Isaac Watts wore a large gown. He wrote about 600 hymns including When I Survey the Wondrous Cross, Am I a Soldier of the Cross, and Joy to the World. He is buried today in Bunhill Fields Cemetary, London, England.

Isaac Watts was born in 1674 as a small and sickly child. At this time, his father was in prison for being a nonconformist preacher. At that time in England, a man who did not preach the way the leaders of the Church of England thought about God could go to prison. Christians who were dissenters met secretly in fields and barns to hide from people who would report them. Dissenters were fined for preaching anywhere if five or more people were there. Isaac Watts gave much encouragement for people to continue to believe in Christ.

Childhood

Isaac, even when he was young, was good at and liked rhyming. He was a good student and liked books. Once, when his mother said she would give a farthing (a coin) to one of her husband's students who could make the best rhyme, Isaac tried and made this couplet:

"I write not this for a farthing, but to try
How I your farthing writers can outvie'."

When he was six, he made some verses. When his mother saw them, she could hardly believe he had written them. So Isaac gave his mother a poem he had made with his name:

I am a vile polluted lump of earth
S-o I've continu'd ever since my birth
A-lthough Jehovah grace does daily give me
A-ssure this monster Satan will deceive me
C-ome, therefore, Lord, from Satan's claws relieve me.

W-ash me in thy blood, O Christ
A-nd grace divine impart
T-hen search and try the corners of my heart
T-hat I in all things may be fit to do
S-ervice to thee, and sing thy praises too.

Ministry

When he was in his early twenties, Isaac saw a need in the church. He told his father that the psalms sung in the church were rough and hard. Isaac's father challenged him to write better songs, and Isaac began writing hymns. Watts produced many hymns for which he is now famous.

Watts also saw that children needed to have hymns that suited their age, hymns that they could sing in their everyday life. Because of this, in 1720 he wrote Divine and Moral Songs, for the Use of Children. These songs were about problems of youth at that time and still today, with titles like Against Evil Company and Against Pride in Clothes.

Watts lived a long and full life preaching about Jesus, teaching, and writing books and hymns. When he died, his papers were given to Yale University.

Hymns

Some of Isaac Watts' most well known and loved songs are:
Joy to the world!
Come ye that love the Lord (often sung with the chorus [and titled] "We're marching to Zion")
Come Holy Spirit, heavenly Dove]
Jesus shall reign where'er the sun
O God, Our Help in Ages Past
When I survey the wondrous cross
Alas! and did my Saviour bleed
This is the day the Lord has made

References

1674 births
1748 deaths
British Christian hymnwriters
English poets

Isaac Watts


Impious is a Swedish thrash/death metal band.

History

Swedish thrash/death metal band Impious was formed by Valle Adzic and Martin Åkesson in April 1994. The band had some difficulties finding a permanent drummer, so a friend of theirs, Johan, filled in as a session drummer. Shortly after that, Robin Sörqvist joined the band on bass. Impious recorded their debut demo in the summer of 1995, called Infernal Predomination.

Shortly after the recording session, drummer Johan had to quit the band due to lack of time, since he had to do military service. Finding a permanent drummer turned out to be harder than they expected. No drummer was found, so another friend, Marko, filled in, also just as a session drummer. In May 1996 the band recorded their second demo, titled The Suffering, at Los Angered Recording with Andy La Rocque.

Shortly after the recording, a permanent drummer was finally found. Ulf Johansson accepted the job and this was the first time the band had a complete lineup. In the summer of 1997, Impious recorded their third demo called Promo '97. This demo never got to be released. At the same recording session, the band covered the Sepultura song, "Inner Self" for the tribute album Sepulchral Feast. Promo '97 resulted in a record deal with Swedish label Black Sun Records, and in December 1997, Impious recorded their debut album, Evilized, in Sunlight Studios with producer Tomas Skogsberg. The album was released in the summer of 1998. In October 1998, the band entered Los Angered Recording once again, but this time to cover the Metallica song, "One" for the tribute album Metal Militia III.

In January 2000, the band recorded their second album in Studio Mega with engineer Chris Silver. Unfortunately, it took almost a year for Black Sun to release the album. In the summer of 2000, Impious decided to make drastic line-up changes. Martin, who had always sang and played the guitar, quit playing the guitar to concentrate on vocals. Robin switched from bass to lead guitar. There was now no bass player, so Erik Peterson was asked to join the band, and he accepted.

In March 2001, Impious recorded a four-song promo in Studio Mega. The promo was sent to different labels with the intention to get a new deal. Impious then decided to sign a deal with Hammerheart Records.

In February 2002, drummer Ulf Johansson left the band, just five weeks before the recording of the new album. Impious hired in Mikael Norén, and in a few weeks he had learned all 10 songs for the new album. In March 2002, the band recorded their third album, The Killer, once again at Studio Mega with Chris Silver. Also an MCD was recorded later that year, including "The Deathsquad" from the album The Killer, plus a re-recorded version of "Extreme Pestilence" from Evilized, plus three covers from Metallica, Running Wild and Mötley Crüe, along with two songs from their "Promo 2001". This MCD was released in January 2003 when the band went on a European tour together with Necrophobic and Satariel.

In February 2004, Impious paid respect to death metal pioneers Possessed, by appearing on the tribute album Seven Gates of Horror together with bands as Cannibal Corpse, Sadistic Intent, Vader, Sinister, Angel Corpse and Amon Amarth. Also in February 2004, Impious signed a worldwide deal with Metal Blade Records.

During the time between May and July, Impious recorded their fourth album Hellucinate at Studio Mega, except all vocals and solos which were recorded at Valle Adzic's own Deadline Studio.

Line-up
Valle Adzic – guitar
Martin Åkesson – vocals
Robin Sörqvist – lead guitar
Mikael Norén – drums
Erik Peterson – bass

Discography
 Infernal Predomination (Demo) – 1995
 Let There Be Darkness (Demo) – 1995
 The Suffering – 1996
 Evilized – 1998
 Terror Succeeds – 2000
 The Killer – 2002
 The Deathsquad EP – 2002
 Hellucinate – 2004
 Born To Suffer (Compilation) – 2004
 Holy Murder Masquerade – 2007
 Death Domination – 2009

External links

Official MySpace page

Swedish death metal musical groups
Swedish thrash metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1994
1994 establishments in Sweden

Impious


China Netcom, full name China Netcom Group Corporation (Hong Kong) Limited (former stock codes: HKEX:0906, NYSE:CN), abbreviated CNC, was a telecommunication service provider in People's Republic of China. It was formed in August 1999 by the Chinese government to enable inward investments to build high speed Internet communications in the country.

Sectors
CNC was a provider of wire-line telecommunications services in mainland China, mainly to areas in the north of China. The firm was building a new broadband Internet backbone across the country. It was widely seen as the number two fixed-line operator in mainland China after China Telecommunications Corporation, and operated a semi-mobile PAS or xiaolingtong system.

Traditionally services were provided by the company to northern Chinese provinces and large cities such as Shanghai, Guangdong, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, and Liaoning; however, later they had a presence in most provinces.

As well as offering ADSL internet services (not always available outside of north China), the company offered internet collocation services and was a leading provider of connectivity to China's so-called 'IP telephone' shops, who offer discount rate, walk-in telephony services to the general public across China.

Moreover, ChinaNetcom was the Beijing 2008 Olympic's Official telecommunications operator and partner and provided fixed-line telecommunications services for the Beijing Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games. It offered good fixed-lined telecommunication service and ensured its network was stable during the Good Luck Beijing Test Sport Event, the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games and the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games.

History
The company started as a wholesaler for high-speed data networks in 1999, headquartered in Shanghai. It was backed by Jiang Mianheng, Jiang Zemin's son, and Liu Chuanzhi, chairman of Legend Computers (now Lenovo). However, the business flopped partly because at the time China Telecommunications Corporation (China Telecom Group) held a monopoly over the telecom market.

Netcom was on the verge of bankruptcy.  Fortunately for Netcom, with the backing of Jiang's son, the Chinese government broke up the China Telecom monopoly and granted Netcom a third of China Telecom's assets. Most of those assets are located in the northern provinces.

Merger with China Unicom
China Netcom was a subsidiary of China Network Communications Group Corporation.

On June 2, 2008, Netcom announced its intention to merge with China Unicom, after the latter sold its CDMA network to China Telecommunications Corporation. The combined company has all the assets of China Netcom, plus Unicom's nationwide GSM network with 125 million subscribers, as well as its smaller dial-up and ADSL ISP business.

The merger was completed on 6 October 2008. China Netcom became a wholly owned subsidiary of China Unicom and the listings of its shares on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and its American depositary receipt Shares on the New York Stock Exchange were withdrawn.

Complaints about spam
China Netcom and its domain cnc-noc.net have been noted in the West as a source of e-mail spam and host of spamvertised websites for products such as pills, porn and poker.

In 2008, Norwegian researchers identified cnc-noc.net as "by far the world's worst ISP", and noted that the ISP did not respond to incident reports.

Spamhaus lists the Unicom ISP as the 3rd worst ISP for spamming.

See also
 Communications in China
 Telecommunications industry in China

References

External links
 China Netcom (official website)

Mobile phone companies of China
Government-owned companies of China
Companies formerly listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Telecommunications companies of China
Telecommunications companies established in 1999
Chinese companies disestablished in 2008
Former companies in the Hang Seng Index
Internet service providers of China
Email spammers
Chinese companies established in 1999
China Unicom

China Netcom


A syllable is a unit of pronunciation uttered without interruption, loosely, a single sound. All words are made from at least one syllable.

Monosyllables are words that have only one vowel sound; polysyllables have more than one. If a syllable ends with a consonant, it is called a closed syllable. If a syllable ends with a vowel, it is called an open syllable. Patterns of syllables can be shown with C and V (C for 'consonant', V for 'vowel'). Closed syllables are often shown as CVC (such as got), and open syllables as CV (such as go). Some languages like English have many kinds of closed syllables. Other languages, like Japanese, have few kinds of closed syllables. Other languages still, like Hawaiian and Swahili, have no closed syllables.

Notice that the consonant (C) and vowel (V) notation does NOT match the letters of English spelling in a one-to-one relationship (e.g. 'th' is one sound), but rather individual sounds.

There are many words in English that have only one syllable.

IPA has been added in slashes.
 He /hi/ (CV) - open
 The /ði/ (CV) - open
 Like /lɑɪk/ (CVC) - closed
 Run /ɹʌn/ (CVC) - closed
 Cat /kæt/ (CVC) - closed
 House /hoʊs/ (CVC) - closed
 It (VC) /ɪt/ - closed
 On (VC) /ɑn/ - closed

However, in several languages, such as English, syllables can have consonant clusters (having multiple consonants next to each other), which easily allow for words to have much more complicated syllables, such as:
 Crow /cɹow/ (CCV) - open
 Through /θruw/ (CCV) - open
 Spray /spɹej/ (CCCV) - open
 Ports /pɔɹts/ (CVCCC) - closed
 Sports /spɔɹts/ (CCVCCC) - closed
 Trip /tɹɪp/ (CCVC) - closed
 Dent /dεnt/ (CVCC) - closed
 Plant /plænt/ (CCVCC) - closed
 Sprint /spɹɪnt/ (CCCVCC) - closed
 Splints /splɪnts/ (CCCVCCC) - closed
 Strengths /stɹeŋθs/ (CCCVCCC) - closed
 Angsts /eɪŋsts/ (VCCCC) - closed
There are many more words that have two or more syllables.
 Basket /bæs.kεt/ (2 Bas-ket; CVC-CVC)
 Doctor /dɔc.tɔr/ (2 Doc-tor; CVC-CVC)
 Happy /ha.pi/ (2 Ha-ppy; CV-CV)
 Friendly /frεnd.li/ (2 Friend-ly; CCVCC-CV)
 Greenland /grin.lænd/ (2 Green-land; CCVC-CVCC)
 Computer /cəm.pju.tər/ (3 Com-pu-ter; CVC-CCV-CVC) [-pu- is pronounced "pyuu' or CCV]
 Merciful /mər.ci.fəl/ (3 Mer-ci-ful; CVC-CV-CVC)
 Pronunciation /prə.nən.ci.eɪ.ʃən/ (5 Pro-nun-ci-a-tion; CCV-CVC-CV-V-CVC)

Some languages do not use an alphabet with letters. Instead, each sign may stand for a syllable. For example: Japanese can be written using Kana. A writing system based on syllables is called a syllabary. Since words in languages like English can have many different complex syllables (well over 10,000 can be produced in English), writing such languages using a syllabary would be completely impractical, thus alphabets are much better suited to write languages with complex syllable structures. However, since words in Japanese can be made with just a few simple syllables (around 90), writing such languages are well suited for the type of language.

References

Pronunciation

Syllable


The United States Air Force's 36th Wing is the host wing for Andersen Air Force Base, Guam. It is part of Pacific Air Forces' Eleventh Air Force. The 36th Wing provides day-to-day mission support to more than 9,000 military, civilian, dependent and retired personnel and 15 associate units on the base.

The 36th Wing has three major missions: operate Andersen Air Force Base via its subordinate 36th Mission Support and 36th Medical Groups; Provide power projection through an attached, rotational bomber force via its subordinate 36th Operations and 36th Maintenance Groups; and provide rapid air base opening and initial air base operation ability via its subordinate 36th Contingency Response Group. The 734th Air Mobility Squadron assists the 36th Wing in accomplishing this mission by operating Andersen's air cargo terminal on behalf of Air Mobility Command.

Units
 36th Operations Group
 36th Maintenance Group
 36th Expeditionary Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 36th Maintenance Squadron
 36th Munitions Squadron
 36th Contingency Response Group
 736th Security Forces Squadron
 554th RED HORSE Squadron
 36th Contingency Response Squadron
 36th Contingency Response Support Squadron
 644th Combat Communications Squadron
 36th Medical Group
 36th Medical Operations Squadron
 36th Medical Support Squadron
 36th Mission Support Group
 36th Communications Squadron
 36th Civil Engineering Squadron
 36th Contracting Squadron
 36th Logistics Readiness Squadron
 36th Security Forces Squadron
 36th Force Support Squadron
 Tenant Units
 254th Air Base Group – Guam Air National Guard
 337th Air Support Flight – Australia
 497th Combat Training Squadron
 624th Regional Support Group
 734th Air Mobility Squadron
 Det. 1, 69th Reconnaissance Group
 Det. 2, 21st Space Operations Squadron – U.S. Space Force (Satellite Control Network, Remote Tracking Station)
 Det. 602, AFOSI
 HSC-25 Island Knights
 United States Department of Agriculture

History
 For additional history and lineage, see 36th Operations Group
On 2 July 1948 the United States Air Force 36th Fighter Wing was activated at Howard Air Force Base, Panama Canal Zone. The former USAAF 36th Fighter Group became the operational component of the new Air Force wing. Active squadrons of the 36th were:
 22d Fighter Squadron (F-80A/B, Red color band)
 23d Fighter Squadron (F-80A/B, Blue color band)
 53d Fighter Squadron (F-80A/B, Green color band)

United States Air Forces in Europe

As a result of the Berlin Blockade and other Cold War tensions in Europe, the 36th Fighter Wing was reassigned to United States Air Forces Europe (USAFE). The squadron was assigned to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base West Germany on 13 August 1948, being the first USAFE unit to be jet-equipped with the Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star. At Fürstenfeldbruck tactical operations included air defense, tactical exercises, maneuvers, and photographic reconnaissance. In May 1949, the wing formed the  aerial demonstration team, which it controlled until August 1952, and again from October 1956 to January 1962 when it was disbanded.

On 20 January 1950, the wing was redesignated as the 36th Fighter-Bomber Wing when 89 Republic F-84E Thunderjets arrived. Existing USAFE bases in West Germany, however, were deemed very vulnerable to an attack by the Soviet Union, given their proximity to East Germany and other Warsaw Pact nations. Negotiations with other NATO nations were made to build new bases west of the Rhine River. The F-80s were sent back to CONUS to equip Air National Guard units. In addition to its primary installation at Fürstenfeldbruck, the wing controlled Oberpfaffenhofen AB, West Germany, December 1949 – February 1950.

The 36th FBW remained at Fürstenfeldbruck until 1952 when it was reassigned to the new Bitburg Air Base, in the Eifel mountains west of the Rhine River. Throughout the summer, elements of the 36th FBW moved into Bitburg, with the wing officially arriving in November 1952. Under various designations, the 36th would remain at Bitburg for the next 40 years.

In August 1953, the North American F-86F Sabre was introduced to the wing, replacing the F-84s. On 31 March 1954, The 1st Pilotless Bomber Squadron, equipped with the Martom B-61A Matador, was attached to the 36th Fighter Bomber Wing, making it the first operational U.S. missile unit. The 1st eventually was renamed a Tactical Missile Squadron, and in 1958 was replaced by the 71st Tactical Missile Squadron and the unit was assigned to the 701st Tactical Missile Wing, headquartered at Hahn Air Base, although the squadron remained at Bitburg.

In August 1954, the wing was redesignated as the 36th Fighter-Day Wing.  In 1956, the wing received the North American F-100 Super Sabre, marking the first time a wing in USAFE flew supersonic jets. On 15 May 1958, the 36th FDW was redesignated as the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing, with its squadrons redesignated as tactical fighter squadrons, because its missions had now grown to include delivery of tactical nuclear weapons.

In May 1961, the wing received the Republic F-105 Thunderchief. Formal USAFE acceptance of the Mach 2 fighter-bombers was held at the Paris Air Show on 3 June 1961. Deliveries of the F-105D model were completed in 1963, and the 36th carried on its Cold War mission of tactical nuclear weapons delivery. Twice in the early 1960s when Cold War tensions were elevated due to the 1961 Berlin Wall crisis and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis the 36th rose to a high level of alert.

By 1966 the Thud was being phased out of NATO, being replaced by the McDonnell F-4D Phantom II. The tactical nuclear deliver mission, still necessary, was being eclipsed by the ability of ICBMs and the primary mission of the 36th TFW changed to Tactical Air support of NATO ground units in West Germany. By December 1966, all the 36th TFW Thuds had been ferried stateside for combat crew training duties at McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas, or to Southeast Asia after stateside refurbishment.

In October 1965, the 36th accepted command of the 71st Tactical Missile Squadron from the inactivated 38th Tactical Missile Wing at Sembach Air Base. The 36th maintained and operated two hardened launch sites (at Rittersdorf, Site 7, and at Idenheim, site 8) with a total of 16 CGM-13B Mace tactical missiles until 30 April 1969.

In September 1969, the 36th TFW took responsibility for Spangdahlem Air Base West Germany until December 1971.

By 1976 a major modernization of USAFE was necessary. The Soviet Union's new generation of MiG and Sukhoi fighters made NATO military planners anxious. Indeed, intelligence reports about the MiG-25 left little room for comfort; the performance of this latest Russian combat aircraft was far superior to any NATO aircraft. The twin-engined MiG-25 reached speeds of over 3,000 km/h even at high altitude (over 70,000 feet) and it could be armed with radar-guided AA-6 Acrid air-to-air missiles. When the Soviets stationed large numbers in the Soviet Union and later in the GDR, NATO had to address this problem.

The solution was provided by the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle. Just like the MiG-25 it has two powerful engines and a double tail fin. The 23 aircraft for the first operational squadron (525th Tactical Fighter Squadron) with the 36th left Langley Air Force Base on 27 April 1977 for a mass Atlantic crossing. Over the following months the aircraft for two other squadrons (23d and 53d Tactical Fighter Squadrons) arrived. The 36th's full strength of 79 fully operational F-15As was reached in December 1977. In 1980 more advanced F-15Cs and F-15Ds would replace the original F-15As.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the 36th conducted routine training missions however the outbreak of the 1990–91 Gulf War put the F-15s of Bitburg into the heart of the conflict. The 36th's pilots and aircraft performed magnificently in Operation Desert Storm. Not a single F-15 aircraft was lost in combat during the war. On 13 March 1991, the deployed squadrons of the 36th returned in victory.

The celebration was brief, however, as the 36th deployed back to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey to support Operation Provide Comfort. Between 5 April and 25 May 1991, the 36th flew 285 sorties over Iraq. Just as before, not a single aircraft was lost in Iraq due to hostile fire.

On 1 October 1991 the wing was redesignated as the 36th Fighter Wing when the objective wing concept was implemented.  The 525th Fighter Squadron was inactivated 31 March 1992 as part of the initial post Cold-War drawdown.

Bitburg Air Base was part of the 1993 Base Realignment and Closure (or BRAC) process that saw the drawdown of many military facilities in a series of post-Cold War force reductions. In July 1993, HQ USAFE announced the closure of Bitburg Air Base and the pending inactivation of the 36th Fighter Wing.  The 53d Fighter Squadron was transferred without personnel or equipment to the 52d Operations Group at Spangdahlem Air Base. Some squadron aircraft transferred to 22d Fighter Squadron.  The 22d Fighter Squadron was also transferred without personnel or equipment to the 52d Operations Group at Spangdahlem Air Base.

The wing's combat readiness was tested in Southwest Asia as part of Operations Desert Shield, Desert Storm and Proven Force. While flying combat air patrols during the war, the F-15s of the 36th were a strong deterrent to the air forces of Iraq. During Operation Desert Storm, the 36th was credited with downing 17 enemy aircraft in air-combat engagements. On 1 October 1994 the 36th Fighter Wing was inactivated and the final 36th Wing Commander, Brigadier General Roger E. Carleton, presented Bitburg Air Base to the German government.

Pacific Air Forces
The wing was reactivated at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam the same day as the 36th Air Base Wing, a non-flying organization taking over as the host unit. The former host unit, the 633d Air Base Wing was inactivated in keeping with the Air Force Chief of Staff's policy of keeping the most highly decorated and longest serving Air Force units on active duty.

The 36th Air Base Wing was activated at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, on 30 September 1994. Under that designation, the wing lived up to its mission several times. In September 1996, the wing provided around-the-clock forward-deployment support to Air Combat Command Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses during their Operation Desert Strike missions over Iraq, and began hosting more than 6,600 Kurdish evacuees during the 8-month humanitarian assistance mission, Joint Task Force Pacific Haven.

On 12 April 2006, the 36th Air Base Wing was redesignated as the 36th Wing. Prior to the redesignation, the wing had been using a temporary designation of air expeditionary wing. The change in the wing's official designation was meant to better align Andersen with its mission statement: "To provide a U.S.-based lethal warfighting platform for the employment, deployment, reception, and throughput of air and space forces in the Asia-Pacific region."

In February 2007, the 36th Operations Group was reactivated as a permanent subordinate unit to the 36th Wing, replacing the temporary 36th Expeditionary Operations Group.

Lineage
 Established as the 36th Fighter Wing on 17 June 1948
 Activated on 2 July 1948
 Redesignated 36th Fighter-Bomber Wing on 20 January 1950
 Redesignated 36th Fighter-Day Wing on 9 August 1954
 Redesignated 36th Tactical Fighter Wing on 8 July 1958
 Redesignated 36th Fighter Wing on 1 October 1991
 Inactivated on 1 October 1994
 Redesignated 36th Air Base Wing and activated on 1 October 1994
 Redesignated 36th Wing on 15 March 2006

Assignments

 Caribbean Air Command, 2 July 1948 (attached to 6th Fighter Wing until 28 July 1948)
 United States Air Forces in Europe, 13 August 1948 (attached to 2d Air Division 6–17 September 1949)
 2d Air Division, 10 October 1949
 Twelfth Air Force, 7 May 1951 (attached to Flight A, HQ Twelfth Air Force (Advanced Echelon), 7 May 1951, Twelfth Air Force [Advanced Echelon], 21 May 1951 – 26 April 1953)

 United States Air Forces in Europe, 1 January 1958 (attached to United States Air Forces in Europe (Advanced Echelon), 1 January 1958 – 14 November 1959)
 Seventeenth Air Force, 15 November 1959
 United States Air Forces in Europe, 1 September 1966
 Seventeenth Air Force, 30 June 1991
 United States Air Forces in Europe, 1 October 1991 – 1 October 1994
 Pacific Air Forces, 1 October 1994
 Eleventh Air Force 28 September 2012 – present

Components
 Wings
 121st Tactical Fighter Wing: attached 12–27 May 1977
 7149th Tactical Fighter Wing: attached 15 April – 15 September 1969

 Group
 36th Fighter Group (later 36th Fighter-Bomber Group, 36th Fighter Day Group, 36th Operations Group): 2 July 1948 – 8 December 1957 (not operational after 1 October 1956), 31 March 1992 – 1 October 1994; 15 March 2006 – present

 Squadrons
 1st Pilotless Bomber Squadron (later 1st Tactical Missile Squadron): attached 14 March 1955 – 15 April 1956.
 7th Tactical Fighter Squadron: attached 2 March – 4 April 1973, 3 April – 3 May 1974, 4 October – 6 November 1975
 9th Tactical Fighter Squadron: attached 12 September – 6 October 1970, 4 February – 15 March 1973, 6 September – 7 October 1975
 18th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron: attached 12–28 April 1977.
 22d Fighter-Day Squadron (later 22d Tactical Fighter Squadron, 22d Fighter Squadron), attached 1 October 1956 – 7 December 1957, assigned 8 December 1957 – 31 March 1992 (not operational 25 October 1976 – 30 June 1977)
 23d Fighter-Day Squadron (later 23d Tactical Fighter Squadron), attached 1 October 1956 – 7 December 1957, assigned 8 December 1957 – 31 December 1971
 32d Fighter-Day Squadron (later 32d Tactical Fighter Squadron, 32d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: attached 1 October 1956 – 7 December 1957, assigned 8 December 1957 – 8 April 1960
 39th Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron: attached 1 April 1969 – 31 December 1971
 45th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron: attached 13 August 1948 – 25 March 1949
 53d Fighter-Day Squadron (later 53d Tactical Fighter Squadron, 53d Fighter Squadron)], attached 1 October 1956 – 7 December 1957, assigned 8 December 1957 – 31 March 1992 (not operational, 1 February – July 1977)
 71st Tactical Missile Squadron: 1 October 1965 – 30 April 1969
 461st Tactical Fighter Squadron: attached 1 October 1956 – 7 December 1957, assigned 8 December 1957 – 1 August 1959
 525th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (later 525th Tactical Fighter Squadron): 1 November 1968 – 31 March 1992 (not operational, 9 March – 26 April 1977)

Stations
 Howard Air Force Base, Panama Canal Zone, 2–25 July 1948
 Furstenfeldbruck Air Base, Germany, 13 August 1948
 Bitburg Air Base, Germany, 17 November 1952 – 1 October 1994
 Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, 1 October 1994 – present

Shakey the Pig

Shakey the Pig is the wild boar mascot of 36th Munitions Squadron at Andersen AFB. The first boar given this name was captured in the late 1970s from the jungle near the munitions flight storage area, with the intention of slaughtering the animal and cooking it on a barbecue. The airmen relented and kept it as a mascot. When the incumbent mascot dies, another is caught from the jungle to take its place. It is rumoured that some Shakeys "were the guests of honor at more barbecues than people might imagine" and MSgt David Torelli has said at least one Shakey "was the main course at a local wedding dinner."

List of commanders

 Brig Gen Thomas B. Palenske, 30 June 2023 - present

References
 Notes

Bibliography

 USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to Present

External links
 36th Wing's Official Website

0036
Military units and formations in Guam

36th Wing


The Battle of Crécy happened on 26 August 1346 near Crécy in northern France, and was one of the most important battles of the Hundred Years' War. The smaller English army won against the much larger French army. New tactics and weapons make this an important battle in the history of warfare because the English used longbows to win against French knights. The longbow was a faster weapon to fire than the French and Genoan crossbow and could send arrows farther than the crossbow could and with more force. Before this battle during the Middle Ages, knights had been the most important part of an army. Because of this change some historians call this battle the beginning of the end of chivalry.

The Battle
In the battle, the French knights, protected by chain mail reinforced with metal plate, were nearly exhausted by charging several miles into the battle (against their king's wishes). Their horses had to walk through deep mud and charge up a hill into English and Welsh arrow storm. They were cut down. Many French nobles died.
The knights' horses were barely protected at all. The storm of arrows killed or disabled the knights' mounts, and left the knights floundering in the mud on foot beneath a hail of arrows.

The bolts (heavy arrows) of the Genoese crossbowmen at the forefront of the battle could not reach the English. They fell short because the  crossbow strings were wet. The archers had also misjudged the range and shot too early and too low. The English, controlling the high ground, were able to run a short distance down the hill and pick off the Genoese with volleys of arrows. As the Genoese attempted to retreat, they were cut down by the French knights, who thought the withdrawal was cowardly. This wasted the first charge of French cavalry, and left them disorganized for the charge on the English.

In a very strong defensive position, Edward III ordered that everyone fight on foot. He split the army in three divisions, one commanded by his sixteen-year-old son, Edward, the Black Prince. The archers were set in a 'V-formation' along the top of the hill. While they waited, the English built a system of ditches, pits and caltrops, to hurt and bring down the enemy cavalry.

Notes

 Battle of Auberoche was before this one

Crecy
1346
1340s in England
1340s in France
August events

Battle of Crécy


Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is a 2011 British romantic comedy-drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and starring Ewan McGregor, Emily Blunt, Kristin Scott Thomas and Amr Waked. Based on the 2007 novel of the same name by Paul Torday, and a screenplay by Simon Beaufoy, the film is about a fisheries expert who is recruited by a consultant to help realise a sheikh's vision of bringing the sport of fly fishing to the Yemen desert, initiating an upstream journey of faith to make the impossible possible. The film was shot on location in the United Kingdom in London and Newtonmore in Inverness-shire and in Morocco from August to October 2010. The film premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival. The film received generally positive reviews upon its release, and earned over $34 million in revenue worldwide.

Plot
Fisheries expert Alfred Jones receives an email from financial adviser Harriet Chetwode-Talbot, seeking advice on a project to bring salmon fishing to the Yemen—a project being bankrolled by a wealthy Yemeni sheikh and supported by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Alfred dismisses the project as "fundamentally unfeasible" because the Yemen cannot provide the necessary environment for salmon. Meanwhile, the British Prime Minister's press secretary, Patricia Maxwell, suggests the salmon fishing story to the Prime Minister's office as a positive story to help improve relations between Britain and the Islamic world.

Alfred meets Harriet to discuss the project, but despite Harriet correcting his misconceptions of the Yemen environment, Alfred is convinced that the project is foolhardy. Alfred's boss, under pressure from Patricia, forces Alfred to accept a position on the project. Alfred considers resigning rather than ruin his reputation in the scientific community, but is convinced by his wife that they need his income and pension.

Harriet arranges for Alfred to meet the Sheikh at his estate in the Scottish Highlands. The Sheikh is excited to meet Alfred as he is the inventor of the "Woolly Jones" fishing fly. While the Sheikh acknowledges that the project might sound crazy, he still believes that fishing is a noble pursuit that promotes harmony and requires immense faith.

After his wife accepts a position in Geneva, Alfred devotes himself to the salmon project. Although painfully shy, he enjoys working with Harriet and they begin to make progress. Their enthusiasm is interrupted, however, when Harriet learns that her new boyfriend, British special forces Captain Robert Meyers, is missing in action. Devastated, Harriet withdraws to her apartment. When Alfred visits her, she gets upset, thinking he just wants her to return to work, but then she realises he has come to comfort her, and the two embrace.

Meanwhile, the Sheikh continues his work, despite radicals who accuse him of introducing Western ways to their region. Patricia informs the Sheikh that because of opposition to removing salmon from British rivers they will need to use farmed salmon. The Sheikh does not believe that salmon bred in captivity will survive and rejects Patricia's offer, ending the British Government's involvement in the project. Alfred resigns his government job to continue with the project.

After a confrontation with his wife in which he realises that their marriage is over and that he is in love with Harriet, Alfred convinces the Sheikh to give the farmed salmon a try. As the two are fishing, a Yemeni radical attempts to assassinate the Sheikh, who is saved by Alfred casting his fishing line towards the assassin. Soon after, they return to the Yemen, where Harriet and Alfred continue to grow closer. After a moonlight swim, he asks her if there was a "theoretical possibility" of the two of them ending up together. She accepts with a kiss on his cheek, but says she will need some time.

At a press conference in the Yemen, with the Foreign Secretary, Patricia reunites Harriet with her boyfriend Robert who has survived the counter-terrorism operation. The PR stunt leaves Alfred heartbroken. That night, Harriet realises her feelings for Robert have changed, and when Alfred gets a text message from his wife asking him to return, he declines.

The following day the fish are released from their holding tanks. The fish swim upstream, and everyone celebrates the success of the project. While Robert and the Foreign Secretary fly-fish for the photographers, terrorists break into the dam upstream and open the flood gates. Although most people survive the resulting flash flood, the valley is left in ruins. The Sheikh blames himself for the tragedy, and vows to rebuild—this time with the support of the local community.

The next day, as Harriet prepares to leave with Robert, the latter says while she was the one thing on his mind that kept him alive during his mission, she doesn't owe him anything. She approaches Alfred to say goodbye, where he tearfully wishes her luck as he ponders what to do next. Just then, they see a salmon jumping from the water, indicating that some fish survived. Alfred tells Harriet he will indeed stay and help them rebuild. Harriet asks if he will need a partner—and Alfred realises that she is talking about herself. They embrace, and then hold hands whilst looking out over the river.

Cast

Ewan McGregor as Alfred "Fred" Jones
Emily Blunt as Harriet Chetwode-Talbot
Kristin Scott Thomas as Patricia Maxwell
Amr Waked as Sheikh Muhammed bin Zaidi bani Tihama
Tom Mison as Robert Mayers
Conleth Hill as Bernard Sugden
Rachael Stirling as Mary Jones
Catherine Steadman as Ashley
Hugh Simon as Foreign Secretary
Clive Wood as Tom Price-Williams
Tom Beard as Peter Maxwell
Nayef Rashed as Rebel Leader
Otto Farrant as Joshua Maxwell

Production

Screenplay
The screenplay for Salmon Fishing in the Yemen was written by Simon Beaufoy, based on the novel by Paul Torday. The epistolary novel won the 2007 Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize, and the 2008 Waverton Good Read Award. Through a series of letters and documents, Torday creates a political satire that focused more on the "art of political spin" than on the force of the human spirit. Beaufoy enjoyed the challenge of transforming a fairly complex novel written in an unusual format—a series of emails, text messages, interviews, and testimony extracts—into a film. Beaufoy acknowledged, "I just love adapting material that allows room for creativity and allows room for me to be very present in the process, I suppose. Sometimes when you're adapting something classic and famous you have to adopt a different attitude, to something like Salmon Fishing where it had such an unusual narrative and such an unusual structure, that you got quite a  to do interesting things with it." Beaufoy integrated the emails, text messages, and chat texts into the film's narrative.

Beaufoy's screenplay is decidedly different from the novel in several respects. The most obvious difference is that his press secretary is a woman, played by Kristin Scott Thomas, whereas in the novel, the character is a man, Peter Maxwell. Where the novel focuses on political satire, the film is more about a man who decides to change direction in his life. In the novel, Jones is noticeably older than the film character, and the romantic subplot with Harriet is kept in the background because of the political satire. By making Jones younger, Beaufoy added a "quirky flair" to the character that gives the audience a "completely different experience in watching a man overcome himself to achieve happiness." Beaufoy noted, "That's the difference when reading the book. You can perceive specific conflicts, but when it's onscreen you have to create something different, something the audience can see and feel and root for."

Casting
For director Lasse Hallström, Ewan McGregor and Emily Blunt were his "first choices" to play the leading roles. "They brought the lightness and the humour to the material," Hallström later observed. He also felt fortunate to get Kristin Scott Thomas to play the role of the bossy press secretary, Patricia Maxwell, recalling, "I knew she could be funny, as most actors can, but she brought that seriousness combined with a bit of heart." For Hallström, it was that combination of humour and seriousness that allowed the actress to capture the balance between the film's sentiment and political satire. Egyptian actor Amr Waked was cast in the role of the sheikh. Waked has enjoyed major success and fame in his own country and throughout the Arabic-speaking world. English-speaking audiences may recognise him as the fundamentalist Muslim cleric in the 2005 film Syriana and the HBO series House Of Saddam.

Filming locations
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen was shot on location in London, Scotland, and Morocco. Scenes set in Yemen were filmed in Ouarzazate in the Moroccan Atlas Mountains. The restaurant scene in London was filmed at the Oxo Tower. The Sheikh's house in Scotland was filmed at Ardverikie House. Reshooting and water tank work was filmed at Black Hangar Studios in the UK. Principal photography started on 6 August 2010.

Music
Music for the film was composed and orchestrated by Dario Marianelli. The score features Leo Abrahams (guitar), Dirk Campbell (woodwind), Giles Lewin (oud), and the BBC Concert Orchestra, conducted by Benjamin Wallfisch. The original soundtrack album was released on 20 March 2012 by Lakeshore Records. The Scottish folksong "Mairi's Wedding" by The Clancy Brothers, which is played over one scene, and "Where You Go" by The Young Romans, the song played over the end credits, are not included on the album.

Reception

Critical response
The film received generally favourable reviews from critics. In his review in the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan called the film a "pleasant fantasy" and a "charming film whose few attempts at seriousness are best forgotten or ignored." Turan praised the performances of Emily Blunt and Ewan McGregor, concluding

In her review for The Washington Post, Ann Hornaday gave the film two and a half out of four stars, calling the film an "absurdist but gently winning romantic comedy" that "works a strange kind of wonder". Hornaday praised the director's "assured hand and feather-light touch", as well as the acting performances by Ewan McGregor and Emily Blunt, who finds "an easygoing rhythm with her leading man". Hornaday continued:

Hornaday found Salmon Fishing in the Yemen a "surprisingly lush, endearing little film, in which a swelling sense of romanticism thoroughly banishes even the most far-fetched improbabilities."
In his review for The Telegraph, Robbie Collins gave the film three out of five stars, calling it "cinema at its most easily digestible" with a cast that is as "unthreateningly attractive as its sense of humour is cosily inclusive." Collins concluded that Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is a "disarmingly nice hour and three-quarters of gentle romance and even gentler comedy."

The film received some negative reviews. Peter Bradshaw from The Guardian, who gave the film two out of five stars, wrote that it "feels as if you've seen it many times before". According to Bradshaw, the weakest scenes of the film involve the ferocious government PR chief (Kristin Scott Thomas), with "much lip-pursing and eye-rolling, but nothing funny or believable in the script for her to say."

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 67% positive rating among critics, based on 153 reviews. The critic consensus states: "Quirky and a little reserved, Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is nonetheless a charming little romantic drama sold by some strong central performances." The film holds a score of 58 on Metacritic, based on 35 reviews.

Box office
As of June 2012, the film has grossed $34.6 million.

The film opened in 18 cinemas so in the United States on 9 March 2012, taking in $225,000 for the three-day weekend. The film expanded to 483 cinemas by the end of March, when it had grossed over $3 million.

Awards and nominations
In 2012, the film was nominated for the European Film Awards People's Choice Award.

The film was also nominated for three Golden Globe Awards: Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for McGregor, and Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Blunt.

See also
 Water supply and sanitation in Yemen

References
Notes

Citations

External links

2011 films
2011 romantic comedy-drama films
Adultery in films
British romantic comedy-drama films
2010s English-language films
Films scored by Dario Marianelli
Films about autism
Films about fishing
Films based on British novels
Films directed by Lasse Hallström
Films set in deserts
Films set in Yemen
Films shot in Hampshire
Films shot in London
Films shot in Morocco
Films shot in Scotland
Alliance Films films
BBC Film films
CBS Films films
Lionsgate films
Films with screenplays by Simon Beaufoy
2011 comedy films
2011 drama films
2010s British films

Salmon Fishing in the Yemen


Arsenic trioxide, also known as white arsenic, arsenic(III) oxide, or arsenious oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is As2O3. It has arsenic and oxide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic trioxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make an acidic solution of arsenious acid. It dissolves easily in bases to make arsenites. It reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to make arsenic trichloride. It reacts with very strong oxidizing agents to make arsenic pentoxide. It reacts with reducing agents to make arsenic or arsine. It sublimes much easier than metal oxides, making it easy to separate by heating the mixture.

Occurrence and preparation
Arsenic trioxide is rarely found as a mineral. It is normally made from orpiment or realgar, arsenic sulfide minerals. About 50,000 tons of arsenic trioxide are made each year. Arsenic trioxide is made by burning arsenic in air, reacting arsenic with concentrated sulfuric acid, or the roasting of arsenic sulfide ores.

Uses
It is used to make elemental arsenic. It was used as a pigment (in Paris green) and as a wood preservative but was banned in many countries because it is so toxic. Arsenic trioxide is used to fight cancer.

Safety
Arsenic trioxide is highly toxic when eaten. It also can be toxic if on the skin for long amounts of time. It affects the digestive system when eaten. Workers exposed to arsenic trioxide fumes in their job can be poisoned as well.

Related pages
Arsenic tribromide
Arsenic pentafluoride
Bismuth trioxide
Antimony trioxide

Arsenic compounds
Oxides

Arsenic trioxide


Super Baseball 2020 is a futuristic baseball video game.  It was first released in Japan for the Neo Geo in 1991, and then it was later released in North America for the Sega Genesis (ported by NuFX and released by Electronic Arts) and Super Nintendo Entertainment System (released by Tradewest) in 1993. The North American Genesis and European Mega Drive versions feature a package illustration by Electronic Arts artist Marc Ericksen.

The game follows the basic rules of baseball and gameplay from its predecessor Baseball Stars Professional, but there are several upgrades since the game takes place in the then future of 2020. The most obvious difference from real baseball is that some of the characters in this game are robots. All the human characters are equipped with powerful armor, computer sensors, and jet-packs for improved offense and defensive skills.

Cyber Egg Stadium

Apart from the futuristic characters, the field has also been revamped and redesigned for the future.  There is only one stadium in this game, known as Cyber Egg Stadium.  A ball hit over the outfield fence is no longer a home run unless it is hit directly over the fence in center field.  The other areas of the outfield stands are covered with a protective glass that will cause the ball to bounce off of it and bounce back in play onto the field.  The ball hitting this zone always comes back into the field but gives the batter enough time to take a base or two.  However, slower runners can sometimes be thrown out at first base even if the ball is hit over the outfield fence.

The reason the home run zone was reduced is because the hitters are far more powerful and have the ability to blast the ball tremendously far.  Only the most powerful hitters can have the accuracy and strength to hit the ball far enough to get a home run.  The foul zone has also been reduced.  It is now shorter and only encompasses the area directly behind first base through third base.  Weaker batters can often get a hit by swinging early or late at the ball, causing it to just barely make the fair zone in what would otherwise be the foul zone in normal baseball.

Other features are also present on the field.  A stop zone is present just past the field behind first and third base.  If the ball touches this rectangular spot, it will stop dead.  However, the stop zone is small, and the ball can often bounce right over it without stopping.  It can present a problem for slower runners who were hoping the ball would bounce all the way to the fence.  Near the fence there are jump zones, in which a player gets an extra boost in jump height to catch a ball that is otherwise going to go over the fence.  In the Super NES version, the jump zone is only located in front of the home run zone to try to stop a ball that is going to be a home run.  In other versions, the jump zones are placed all throughout the stadium's fences. In addition, every few innings, "crackers" are put on the field. Crackers are landmines that when are stepped on, sends the player sky high and leaves him shaking on the field for a few seconds, delaying the player's time to make a play. Crackers do not appear in the Super NES version.

Gameplay

Players
Different from real baseball and other baseball video games, this game consists of both male and female characters, as well as robots.  All three types of players have the same basic abilities and vary only on their personal strengths.  In many cases, human players are better than their robot counterparts. One major difference between the human and robot characters is that the robot characters can blow up (or lose all their power) if they are worked too hard during a game. This can happen if the player constantly makes them dive for a ball, run extra bases, or even if they get hit by a pitch. Under no stress whatsoever, some robots, especially pitchers, will naturally run out of power as the game progresses.  When this happens, they will lose all their abilities and be useless, both offensively and defensively. When that occurs, the player can either power them up or replace them with another person on the roster. Human players do not blow up, but human pitchers can tire out. When they are tired, they will pant heavily and throw the ball very slowly. This can be remedied by either an upgrade or, as in real baseball, switching to a relief pitcher.

Powering up
One thing that makes 2020 Super Baseball different from other games is the ability to power-up any character.  During the game, players can earn money doing certain things, ranging from throwing a strike ($100) to hitting a grand slam ($10,000).  Players can earn money both on defense and offense, and the money earned gets saved for use at any time during the game.  Money does not get carried over to the next game, so it is wise to use it all before the game's end.  Money can be deducted during the game, in the event that the player's team gets out.  However, earning money is far easier than losing money.  $10 can be lost for every strike thrown against the player and up to $100 for being put out.

At any point in the game, as long as the player has enough money, it can be spent on upgrading players.  For human players, the player can upgrade three different abilities: hitting, fielding, and pitching.  Upgrading hitting power will allow the player's character to hit the ball farther; fielding power will allow them to run and throw the ball faster when on defense, and pitching upgrades (used only for pitchers) will allow a player to pitch the ball faster and more accurate.  Robots can only be upgraded to more powerful robots, and human players can also be upgraded to robots.  When upgrading to a robot, the character is actually replaced with a more powerful robot that glows with power.

For all four categories of upgrades, there are three different levels of upgrade that can be purchased, known as A, B, and C (C being the most powerful and expensive).  Every category has different prices for their upgrades, and the upgrades offer a higher percentage of power increase.  The most inexpensive upgrade is fielding A (12%) for $1,000, and the most expensive is robot C (80%) for $30,000.  Keep in mind when using the robot upgrade that it powers up all attributes of a character an equal amount corresponding to the upgrade level.  The power received from a non-robot upgrade for a human character adds to the character's already existing powers.  Therefore, if two players, one with a hitting power of two and the other nine, both receive a hitting C upgrade, the latter will still be considerably stronger.

After powering up a player, they retain that upgrade throughout the duration of the game.  However, if that player gets overworked during the game, they may "blow up" and lose their upgrade.  When human players blow up, they return to their normal state before the upgrade.  Conversely, when a robot upgrade blows up, it turns into a dead robot.  A dead robot turns gray and loses all its attributes, giving it a zero in all four categories (hitting, fielding, pitching, and chance).  It can still be used during the game, but it is essentially a worthless player.  After blowing up, an upgraded player can always be re-upgraded as long as there remains adequate money.  When a player is upgraded to A, the player can also spend the money to have them further upgraded to B or C, although this means the full price for the upgrade must be paid (discounts are not offered for those having previously upgraded).  A player cannot be upgraded with the same upgrade they already have until they lose their power.

 In the Super NES version, the amount received is the amount if the base stealing from was taken. Stealing second awards $300 (like a single), stealing third awards $500 (double), stealing home awards $800 (triple).

Limitations
There is no infield fly rule in this game, which can be used to the advantage of a defender if there are base runners.  Double plays and even triple plays are common because of this.
A base runner cannot begin to steal bases until the pitcher has released the ball.  In most baseball video games and in real life, a runner can begin to steal the next base at any time.  However, stealing a base beforehand can only be done if the steal button is continuously pressed right after the screen cuts-back after the batter hit a foul ball, and the pitcher will not even notice the player running.
The third baseman, second baseman, and first baseman will not leave the base to retrieve a ball.  They will instead stand on the base and wait for another fielder to get the ball, which can sometimes mean they will stand there while the ball rolls inches away from them.  The only exception would be if the shortstop covers third or second base for the fielder; then they remain in the stationary position.
Since the game has semi-automatic fielding, the player cannot change which defensive player they want to run after the ball, which means sometimes the pitcher will end up chasing a ball well into the outfield.
If a ball is hit far enough into the stands, it can sometimes become stuck, allowing the batter to garnish an inside-the-park home run.  Because of the reduced home run zone, faster players can often round the bases by hitting the ball up into the fair-zone stands.
The computer players will always attempt to hit the ball straight, as if trying to hit a home run, no matter what the strength of the batter.  This can sometimes give an unfair advantage to the player, since they do not try to pull the ball just barely fair in order to get a hit.  This has its downfall, in that some powerful players will hit home runs easily.
It is not possible to play against a team from the other league except in League mode, where if the player's team wins the pennant, they advance to a one-game championship against the winner of the other league's pennant. In the SNES version the final game is against the secret team The Cosmopolitan Monolis who wear gold and black uniforms and have Nazi related names like V-2, Himmler, Tojoe and Goebbels.
If more than 100 runs are scored, the player's score will turn back to zero, as there are only two spaces for your runs.  Consequently, if the player scores 101 runs, and their opponent scores two runs, the player will lose the game 01–02.
Players cannot change positions in the field or line up without replacing them.
If another player is in the player's line of path to throw the ball, they will catch the ball after it is thrown.  This means that if the shortstop retrieves a ground ball just behind third base, then the throw will get cut off by the third baseman and then the pitcher before the ball gets to first base.  The pitcher will almost always get in the way, and this can present a problem when trying to pull a double play between third and first or second and home.
If a base runner has touched a base they can not go back to their original base in order not to get forced out.

Reception

RePlay reported Super Baseball 2020 to be the third most-popular arcade game at the time. In Japan, Game Machine listed Super Baseball 2020 on their November 1, 1991 issue as being the ninth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.

On release, Famicom Tsūshin scored the Neo Geo version of the game a 24 out of 40.

In a retrospective review, Allgame editor Kyle Knight described the Neo Geo AES version of Super Baseball 2020 as "a lot of fun to play and a refreshing take on the game of baseball".

Notes

References

External links
 Super Baseball 2020 at GameFAQs
 Super Baseball 2020 at Giant Bomb
 Super Baseball 2020 at Killer List of Videogames
 Super Baseball 2020 at MobyGames

1991 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
Baseball video games
D4 Enterprise games
Electronic Arts games
Fantasy sports video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Neo Geo CD games
Nintendo Switch games
NuFX games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
Sega Genesis games
SNK games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Tradewest games
Video games scored by Brian L. Schmidt
Video games scored by Chris Granner
Video games set in 2020
Virtual Console games
Video games developed in Japan
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games

Super Baseball 2020


A drum stick or drumstick is a wooden stick that is used to hit percussion instruments to make sound.
There are many kinds of drumsticks. Some sticks are made for certain instruments. For instance, a drum kit stick may look very different from a snare drum stick. Weight, length, and tip size are all altering factors in a stick.

Some drums, such as bongo drums, use no drumstick.

Drums

Drum stick


Alkanes are chemical compounds, made of carbon and hydrogen. The simplest alkane is methane, which is made of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Larger alkanes have two or more carbon atoms connected or bonded together in a chain. The carbon atoms of alkanes are joined together by single bonds, which is what makes them different from alkenes. The alkane's general formula is CnH2n+2.

These are some alkanes:

 Methane (CH4)
 Ethane (C2H6)
 Propane (C3H8)
 Butane (C4H10)
 Pentane (C5H12)
 Hexane (C6H14)
 Heptane (C7H16)
 Octane (C8H18)
 Nonane (C9H20)
 Decane (C10H22)
 Undecane (C11H24)

 Dodecane (C12H26)
 Tridecane (C13H28)
 Tetradecane (C14H30)
 Pentadecane (C15H32)
 Hexadecane (C16H34)
 Heptadecane (C17H36)
 Octadecane (C18H38)
 Nonadecane (C19H40)
 Icosane (C20H42)
 Heneicosane (C21H44)
 Docosane (C22H46)

In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp3-hybridized with 4 sigma bonds (either C–C or C–H), and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms (in a C–H bond). The longest link of carbon atoms in a molecule is known as its carbon skeleton or carbon backbone. The number of carbon atoms may be thought of as the size of the alkane.

The alkanes have two main commercial sources: petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas.

An alkyl group is an alkane-based molecular fragment that has one open valence for bonding. They are generally abbreviated with the symbol for any organyl group, R. Although Alk is sometimes used to abbreviate an alkyl group.

Production

Alkanes come from crude oil. Crude oil is a natural resource, a thick black fluid found by drilling underground. Crude oil is a mixture of alkanes of different chain length - composed of different numbers of carbon atoms. It also has laboratory method of production.

Fractional distillation is the method used to separate the different hydrocarbons in crude oil, used to get a purer or more distilled, sample of a single alkane.

References

Alkane


Rate or rates may be:

 Rate (mathematics), a specific kind of ratio, in which two measurements are related to each other
 Rate of travel, or velocity
 Naval rating or rate, terms used to designate specialty or seniority of enlisted naval personnel.
 Rate of a ship, a term for a sail ship's firepower in the British Royal Navy
 Bit rate, number of bits that are processed per unit of time
 Rates, a Portuguese parish and town located in the municipality of Póvoa de Varzim
 Rates (tax) a type of property tax  in the United Kingdom

In science and finance
 Rate function, a function used to put a number to the probabilities of a rare event
 Rates (tax), a type of taxation system used to fund local government
 Reaction rate  in Chemistry
 Exchange rate, how much one currency is worth in terms of the other

In human growth
 Birth rate, the childbirths per 1,000 people per year
 Mortality rate, a measure of the number of deaths in some population

As an initialism
 Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth, a project of creation geophysics

Rate


When a piece of software is released it has usually gone through different steps in its development. Software that was released, can  be purchased, downloaded, or, generally used by customers. Usually these steps are:
First Software development, Pre-alpha: The software is  developed, and tested by the people who develop it.
Alpha version: Usually the first version that can be tested by people outside the development team; Most of the functionality of the software is there; features may not be in this version.  This version usually has many bugs.
Beta version: This version is released to a number of testers (the public). It is generally usable, as a prototype. It is not quite ready for public release, but is ready for testing. Beta testers find remaining bugs. They learn to use the new features, and can discuss problems and suggest improvements before full release.
Release candidate: This software is ready to be released; usually only very serious bugs stop the release of the product.

Release

Software release