William Hoey Kearney Redmond (13 April 1861 – 7 June 1917) was an Irish nationalist politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP), was a lawyer and soldier  who was killed in action in World War I.

Family background
He came from a Catholic gentry family of Norman descent long associated with County Wexford  for seven centuries. His father, William Redmond, was a Home Rule Party MP for Wexford Borough from 1872 to 1880 and was the nephew of the elder John Edward Redmond who is commemorated in Redmond Square near Wexford railway station. Willie Redmond's five-years elder brother was John Redmond who became leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party and he had two sisters. His mother was a daughter of General R.H. Hoey of the Wicklow Rifles and the 61st Regiment.

Early life
Redmond grew up at Ballytrent, County Wexford, the second son of William Archer Redmond and his wife Mary, née Hoey of Protestant stock from County Wicklow. William like his father was educated at Clongowes Wood College from 1873 to 1876, previously attending the preparatory school at Knockbeg College and St. Patrick's, Carlow College (1871–72). After school he first apprenticed himself on a merchant sailing ship, then took a commission in the Wexford militia the Royal Irish Regiment on 24 December 1879 (Stephen Gwynn commenting "he was an instinctive soldier") . At first contemplating a regular army career, he became a second lieutenant in October 1880, then resigned in 1881.

Land agitation
He immediately joined Charles Stewart Parnell in the Irish National Land League agitation. In February 1882 he was arrested in possession of seditious literature and sentenced under the Irish Coercion Act and imprisoned for three months in Kilmainham Gaol, Dublin, together with Parnell (with whom he shared a cell),  William O'Brien, John Dillon and others. He never wavered in his loyalty to Parnell even after the latter's fall.

He went to the United States in June 1882 with Michael Davitt to collect funds for the Land League. He and his brother John Redmond then travelled to Australia in February 1883 to raise funds, collecting £15,000 sterling for the nationalist cause. They developed close links with James Dalton of Orange, New South Wales, meeting two lady members of his wealthy and very influential family who later became their wives. They both then travelled to the United States where they collected a further £15,000 sterling, many others following their example in the next years (Davitt, O'Brien, John Dillon, Eduard Blake).

In his absence in 1883, he was elected as MP for his father's old constituency of Wexford Borough, taking his seat at Westminster.  When that constituency was abolished at the 1885 general election, he was returned for Fermanagh North. His time in this constituency as an Ulster MP was important. He became overly enthusiastic about reconciling Protestants to home rule, and his hopes for Protestant and catholic amity, which later emanated in his expectations of seeing Irish unity forged in the trenches on the western front,.

During this decade many were his narrow escapes from capture by police during the Land League campaign when he and William O'Brien and others like them made the country ring with their exploits. For resisting a tenant's eviction in 1888 he was imprisoned to three months hard labour. During the Parnell Commission he was cited as one of eight who had "established and joined the Land League organisation with the intent by its means to bring about the absolute independence of Ireland as a separate nation".

Political career

His father supported the Home Rule Movement and in his election address in 1874, he declared "Home Rule is absolutely essential to the good government of the country".  At the centre of Willie Redmond's political philosophy stood the belief he had inherited from his father on Irish home rule. Home Rule was necessary he declared, because the Union has "depopulated our country, has fostered sectarian strife, has destroyed our industries, and ruined our liberties".

He was an ardent, extrovert parliamentarian and like other Irish members "hated British rule in Ireland with fierce intensity".  The two characteristics which dominated his character – a boyish enthusiasm and a simple unselfish sincerity – were stimulated by political action. What endeared him to the people was his fearless spirit of comradeship and self-sacrifice. Where the fight was fiercest there he was always to be found; and he would never ask anyone to do what he was not prepared to do himself. He was during the eighties and nineties, the enfant terrible of Irish politics.  He was ejected several times from the House of Commons for his verbal excesses and involved in several violent confrontations with Unionist MPs, but nevertheless remained popular even with his political opponents. On Irish platforms he often spoke of insurrection though he remained a constitutionalist at heart.

When the Irish Party split after Parnell's fall and death in 1891, which shook Redmond deeply, he had supported Parnell entirely, whom he later saw as a saviour-like figure, and even though a devout Catholic voiced deep grievance at the antagonism of his Church to Parnell, which necessitated changing his constituency from Fermanagh to Clare after a priest declared that it would be a sin to vote for him. In the 1892 general election, he was then elected MP for the east Clare constituency, from which he was returned unopposed from the next 1900 general election until his death in 1917, in which time he did his best to preserve national unity.

On 24 February 1886 he married Eleanor Mary Dalton (died 31 January 1947), eldest daughter of James Dalton. They had one son who died early in 1891 at the age of five.

He was called to the Irish Law bar as a barrister in 1891,  but never practised. For most of his early career he lived on a stipend from the Irish Parliamentary Party. The first regular salary for an MP was set in 1911.

Singular stand

In condemning the South Africa Boer War in 1899 he joined with the younger nationalists such as Arthur Griffith, James Connolly and Maud Gonne. He was co-treasurer of the Irish Transvaal committee. The United Irish League (UIL) gave him opportunity to re-unite with the anti-Parnellites in the Irish Party under his brother's leadership in 1900, when he again travelled to the United States with Davitt to announce the re-unification.

William was very different from his brother John. He was volatile, spontaneous, open-hearted and more radical on many social issues, such as female suffrage, which he supported. A First World War colleague, Colonel Rowland Fielding, was to describe him as a "charming fellow with a gentle and very taking manner."

The year 1902 saw him imprisoned again in Kilmainham for an inflammatory speech in support of the UIL, causing "social discord". He was unhappy at the renewed Party split with O'Brien in 1903 after O'Brien achieved the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903.  Redmond, a strict teetotaller but committed smoker, devoted much time to encouraging tobacco growing in Ireland. In the following years he travelled widely visiting Irish communities around the world. Impressed by the dominion status enjoyed by Canada and Australia, it influenced his concept of self-government for Ireland, for which he made impassioned speeches, canvassing for it in 1911 and 1912 across Britain and Ireland.

With the passing of the third Home Rule Act 1914 in the House of Commons in May 1914, it "was of great sadness to him" that William O'Brien's independent All-for-Ireland League party withheld voting for the act (on the grounds that it was a 'partition deal').

When the Irish Volunteer Movement was recognised by the Irish Party in 1914 he threw himself into it heart and soul. He was by nature always a soldier, its spirit of comradeship and discipline appealed to him. In order to obtain arms for the Volunteers he undertook a dangerous and difficult mission to Brussels.

World War I

With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, his brother John Redmond called on Irish Volunteers to enlist in Irish regiments of the 10th and 16th (Irish) Divisions of Kitchener's New Service Army in the hope that this would strengthen the cause of later implementing the Home Rule Act, suspended for the duration of the war. This caused a split in the Volunteer movement and Willie Redmond was one of the first to volunteer for army service as a member of the National Volunteers. He addressed vast gatherings of Volunteers, Hibernians and the UIL, encouraging voluntary enlistment in support of the British and Allied war cause.

In November 1914 he made a famous last recruiting speech in Cork when standing at the open window of the Imperial Hotel he spoke to the crowd below:  "I speak as a man who bears the name of a relation who was hanged in Wexford in '98 – William Kearney. I speak as a man with all the poor ability at his command has fought the battle for self-government for Ireland since the time – now thirty two years ago – when I lay in Kilmainham Prison with Parnell. No man who is honest can doubt the single-minded desire of myself and men like me to do what is right for Ireland. And when it comes to the question -- as it may come – of asking young Irishmen to go abroad and fight this battle, when I personally am convinced that the battle of Ireland is to be fought where many Irishmen now are – in Flanders and in France – old as I am, and grey as are my hairs, I will say 'Don't go, but come with me" .

Redmond felt that he might serve Ireland best in the firing line – "if Germany wins we are all endangered". He was one of five Irish MPs who served with British army Irish brigades, J. L. Esmonde, Stephen Gwynn, William Redmond and D. D. Sheehan being the others, as well as former MP Tom Kettle.

War service

Redmond was commissioned as a captain in the 6th Royal Irish Regiment in February 1915 at the age of 53, with whom he previously had served 33 years before. After refresher training in the New Barracks, Fermoy, he went out to France on the Western Front with the 16th (Irish) Division, composed of Irish volunteer troops, under the command of Major-General William Hickie, in the winter of 1915–16. As a captain he commanded 'B' Company of his Battalion, and was soon in action, receiving a Mention in Dispatches from the British Expeditionary Force in France & Flanders Commander-in-Chief Douglas Haig. Whilst the Regiment was on the march he was in the habit of refusing to ride horse-back, instead marching on foot with the men under his command, and declined to let his Batman carry his pack when they were moving up to the trenches.

Redmond was convinced that the shared experience of the trenches was bringing Protestant and Catholic Irishmen together and overcoming the differences between Unionists and Nationalists. In December 1916, he told his friend Arthur Conan Doyle: "It would be a fine memorial to the men who have died so splendidly if we could, over their graves, build up a bridge between North and South. I have been thinking a lot about this lately in France – no one could help doing so when one finds that the two sections from Ireland are actually side by side holding the trenches!"

The Easter Rising of 1916 shattered him terribly and the beliefs he tenaciously held to, as he seemed to realise that the tide was turning away from constitutionalism. He knew that it would destroy all his high hopes and would ensure the ultimate division of Ireland and Irishmen.  He was promoted to Major on 15 July 1916, but a breakdown in health took him away from front-line action, much to his displeasure. By 16 August his regiment had suffered 464 casualties in action.

When on leave in March 1917 he made his last parliamentary speech, defending Ireland's involvement and sacrifice. He petitioned that the British Government immediately introduce the suspended Home Rule Act, and presented the war as a chance to bring the two peoples in the island of Ireland together. The speech concluded:  "In the name of God, we here who are about to die, perhaps, ask you to do that which largely induced us to leave our homes; to do that which our mothers and fathers taught us to long for; to do that which is all we desire; make our country happy and contented, and enable us, when we meet the Canadians and the Australians and the New Zealanders side by side in the common cause and the common field, to say to them: 'our country, just as yours, has self-government within the Empire".

Battle of Messines Ridge
Redmond was subsequently re-deployed to the front by Major-General Hickie, who told him "We need you here" (as Redmond related to an old friend). In a letter to John Horgan he wrote "My men are splendid and we are pulling famously with the Ulstermen. Would to God we could bring this spirit back to Ireland. I shall never regret I have been out here".   On 4 June 1917, three days before his death, at a dinner organised by officers of the 7th Leinsters, he made a speech in which he "prayed for the consumption of peace between North and South'.

During preparations in Belgium for the Battle of Messines Redmond, now 56 years old, succeeded in obtaining special permission to re-join his Battalion, returning to 'B' Company of the 6th Battalion Royal Irish Regiment, the night before the planned assault of 7 June 1917. During that night he went around the Regiment and visited all four companies of the 6th R.I.R. and, according to his commanding officer Major Charles Taylor, "spoke to every man". Before he returned to the front for the last time he had told a friend of a feeling he had that "I'm going back to get killed".  Redmond believed that by serving together in the trenches the different populations in Ireland could be reconciled, and hoped that Ireland's Protestants would thereby come to accept Home Rule.

Death
The Irish troops of the 16th and 36th Divisions made a shoulder-to-shoulder successful advance in the great attack on the Messines Ridge towards the small village of Wytschaete (now Wijtschate) next to Messines. On going over the top Redmond, leading his men, was one of the first out of the trenches. He was hit by German defensive fire almost immediately in the wrist, and then further on in the leg; falling to the ground, he urged his men on as they flowed forward about him towards the German lines. Stretcher bearers from the 36th (Ulster) Division, one of them Private John Meeke of the 11th Inniskillings, who was himself wounded, brought him back into the British lines from no man's land, and he was conveyed to a Casualty Clearing Station at the Catholic Hospice at Locre (now Loker) in Dranoutre. Redmond died there from his wounds later that afternoon.

Almost all the newspapers in Britain and Ireland, both national and local, reported his death. His wife and his brother John Redmond received more than 400 messages of sympathy from all parts of the British Empire and beyond. Among the people who paid tribute to his memory were the Unionist MP Sir Edward Carson and the poet Francis Ledwidge. Major-General Hickie paid tribute to him, saying that Redmond's "presence within the Division and his affection for it were a great asset to me". Lloyd George introduced the Irish Convention on 11 June quoting Redmond's sacrifice. The French Government posthumously awarded him the Legion of Honour.

His death in battle made more international impact than the death of any other British soldier in the Great War, except for that of Lord Kitchener.

Grave
Redmond's body was buried in a detached grave in the convent's garden outside the Locre Hospice Cemetery, on the 8 June 1917, near to where the bodies of men from his Brigade who also fell in action that day are buried. At his request, soldiers from both the 16th (Irish) Division and the 36th (Ulster) Division provided his Guard of Honour. The men of the 36th (Ulster) Division made a donation of £100 to a memorial fund for him.

In October 1919 his widow Eleanor visited the grave and was pleased with how it had been kept by the Sisters. When the War Graves Commission started to concentrate burials in the area they wrote to her asking for her permission to move him. Eleanor requested that his body be left where it lay in the care of the nuns of Locre.

Redmond was the 'Grand Old Man of the Irish Division' and is a key representative figure of the Irish constitutional nationalists who fought in the 1914-1918 War. His detached 'lonely grave' came to be emblematic in the subsequent political passage of events in Ireland in the 20th Century of the dislocation and ambiguity that the Irish nation felt for its sons who had chosen to fight in the conflict.

In a memorandum attached to his will, Redmond wrote -- "I should like all my friends in Ireland to know that in joining the Irish Brigade and going to France I sincerely believed, as all the Irish soldiers do, that I was doing my best for the welfare of Ireland"

Remembrance

Redmond is commemorated on Panel 8 of the Parliamentary War Memorial in Westminster Hall, one of 22 MPs that died during World War I to be named on that memorial. Redmond is one of 19 MPs who fell in the war who are commemorated by heraldic shields in the Commons Chamber. A further act of commemoration came with the unveiling in 1932 of a manuscript-style illuminated book of remembrance for the House of Commons, which includes a short biographical account of the life and death of Redmond.

The local people of Loker continue to attend to his symbolic grave with great respect, organising Commemorations, the last in 1967 (organised by the R.C. priest Father Debevere) and 1997 (organised by Erwin Ureel), refusing to allow the grave to be moved. Redmond's Bar, an 'Irish' pub in Loker is named after him.

Twenty-seven years after his last speech in the House of Commons in March 1917, Winston Churchill in April, 1944, speaking in a debate on the future of the Commonwealth, recalled what he called that gallant figure and reflected sadly that "maybe an opportunity was then lost". He added truly that if Ireland was "the lamentable exception" to Imperial unity it was one concerning which English politicians "must all search their hearts".

In the town of Wexford there is a bust of him by Oliver Sheppard in Redmond Park which was formally opened as a memorial to him in 1931 in the presence of a large crowd including many of his old friends and comrades and political representatives from all parts of Ireland. It was re-launched by the Wexford Borough Council in 2002.

An official wreath laying ceremony took place at his grave on 19 December 2013, when the Prime Ministers of both Ireland and the United Kingdom, Enda Kenny and David Cameron paid tribute to him, with Kenny reflecting . . . "The thought crossed my mind standing at the grave of Willie Redmond, that was why we have a European Union and why I'm attending a European Council." Both  also paid visits to the Island of Ireland Peace Park at Messines, Belgium, where all the Irish who died in the Great War are commemorated, as well as the Menin Gate Memorial in Ypres, Belgium. Kenny again visited his grave in 2017 on the 100th anniversary of Redmond's death.

Notes

Writings
 W. H. K. Redmond, A Shooting trip to the Australian bush (1898)
 W. H. K. Redmond, Through the New Commonwealth, Dublin, 1906
 William Hoey Kearney Redmond, Trench pictures from France, A. Melrose, 1917

References
 Terence Denman, A lonely Grave – The Life and Death of William Redmond, Dublin: Irish Academic Press(1995)
 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 46 p. 282/3, Oxford University Press (2004–05)
 Sebastian Barry, A Long Long Way, London: (Faber and Faber Ltd)
 Tom Burke MBE, A Guide to the Battlefield of Wijtschate – June 1917, The Royal Dublin Fusiliers Association, , (pub June 2007)

Great War Memorials
 Irish National War Memorial Gardens, Dublin.
 Island of Ireland Peace Park Messines, Belgium.
 Menin Gate Memorial Ypres, Belgium.

External links

Maj. W H K Redmond, The Western Front Association
Review of Trench Pictures from France
Locre Hospice Cemetery
Department of the Taoiseach: Irish Soldiers in the First World War

1861 births
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Alumni of Carlow College
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British military personnel killed in World War I
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Willie Redmond


The 2005 Formula One season was the 56th edition of the championship. The champion was Fernando Alonso in the close battle. Renault F1 won the constructor's championship.

Teams and drivers

Driver changes
The most noticeable change to the 2005 season was its driver lineup — only 7 drivers raced for the same team with which they began the 2004 season, another 7 drivers switched to new teams.

Team changes
Red Bull Racing, which took over the Jaguar team, ran with Cosworth engines. Red Bull's lead driver is veteran Scotsman David Coulthard, paired with Christian Klien, the '04 Jaguar driver. Red Bull performed well, scoring 11 points after the first two events. Toyota-powered Jordan Grand Prix was purchased by Midland Group, although the team continued as Jordan until 2006. Sauber switched from Bridgestone to Michelin tyres over the winter, further severing their ties with the Ferrari team.

Shortly after the United States Grand Prix, Peter Sauber sold BMW a majority share in his Sauber team, which announced its intention to run as BMW's factory team in 2006.

Results and standings
The 2005 Formula One calendar featured a new event in Turkey, just miles from the Europe-Asia dividing line. The newly-built circuit in Istanbul joined the 2004 newcomers Bahrain and China. The 2005 season witnessed two of the hottest grands prix ever: the track temperature at the beginning of the Malaysian event was 51 °C (124 °F), while in Bahrain the mercury soared past 56 °C (133 °F).

Grands Prix

Drivers

Constructors

Standing by constructor

Note

Formula One seasons
2005 in sports

2005 Formula One World Championship


Coont Carl Peter Bastiat Hamilton (born 1 Januar 1946 in Gothenburg) is a Swadish economist an politeecian.

Hamilton haes been a Memmer o Parliament for the Leeberal Fowkpairty frae 1997 tae 1998 an again syne 2002. He sits in the parliament's Committee on the Labour Mercat an is vice-chair o the Committee on EU Affairs. He is a memmer o the pairty buird o the Leeberal Fowkpairty an aw.

Frae 1993 tae 1994 he servit as an Unnersecretary o State at the Swadish Meenistry o Finance.

Hamilton haulds a doctorate in economics frae Lunnon in 1974. Frae 1992 tae 1997 he servit as a professor in economics at the Stockholm Varsity. Durin the mid 90s he wirkit as chief economist at Handelsbanken. Syne 1999 he is a pairt-time professor in internaitional economics at the Stockholm Schuil o Economics.

Freemit airtins
Carl B. Hamilton at the Liberal People's Party
Carl B. Hamilton  at the Riksdag

1946 births
Livin fowk
Fowk frae Gothenburg
Swadish nobility

Carl B. Hamilton


Cartomancy is the study of reading cards for fortune-telling or divination. There are many different types of cards used for cartomancy, some of which include standard playing cards and the tarot.

Tarot cards are similar to a standard deck of playing cards. In fact, Tarot predates regular playing cards, and might have been the basis for them. The major difference between playing cards and tarot is that tarot decks contain 22 extra cards called the Major Arcana, which are primarily used to read fortunes.

Some Spanish-speaking countries like Mexico use cards similar to bingo for fortune-telling. They call this practice Lotería. Because the game was invented in Italy, Lotería gets its name from the Italian word for lottery.

Divination

Cartomancy


Dr. Johannes Schäfer, born 2nd October 1965 in Göttingen, Germany, was the bass player of the German rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse from the beginning (1987) until 1996. Today (2008) he is a doctor.

Schäfer's first band was 1982 the punk band Defekt in Hanover, Germany, where he was singer and bass player. From 1985 until 1987 he played in the jazz rock band CIT., together with Mousse T. and at the same time he worked as a studio musician at the Stakkato Studio in Hannover.

In 1987 Schäfer founded the rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse together with Kai and Christian Wingenfelder, Rainer Schumann and Christoph Stein-Schneider. He played the bass in this band until 1996, when he was followed by Christian Decker. Together with his band Schäfer was awarded golden recording sales certifications for the Fury albums Fury in the Slaughterhouse (1988), Mono (1992), and the Hearing and the Sense of Balance (1995). Fury in the Slaughterhouse sold about three million recordings of albums made in their time with Hannes Schäfer (1987-1996).

After leaving Fury in the Slaughterouse Schäfer studied medicine and today (2008) he works as a doctor in the hospital Vinzenzkrankenhaus in Hanover.

Other websites
Homepage of Fury in the Slaughterhouse
the hospital Schäfer works at today

1965 births
Living people
German musical entertainers

Hannes Schäfer


Twins are two babies that are born at the same time.

Human twins are two people that shared a single pregnancy, and one is normally born quickly after the first.

Types of twins
There are 2 types of twins. They are:

Fraternal twins
Fraternal twins are also known as "non-identical twins" or dizygotic twins. They happen when two ova are released from the ovary at the same time, and each is fertilized by a different sperm. This results in the birth of fraternal twins. They can be of different sexes. Genetically, they are no more similar than any two siblings.

Identical twins

Identical twins or monozygotic twins: A single ovum is fertilized to form one zygote. This zygote later splits, and each half of the zygote becomes a twin. The twins have the same genes.

Variations
There are five variations of twinning that occur commonly. The frequency varies in different populations. The three most common variations are all fraternal, meaning the two twins are not from the same egg:
(1) male-female twins are the most common result, at about 41% of all twins born;
(2) female fraternal twins (sometimes called sororal twins), about 20%;
(3) male fraternal twins, about 19%.
The last two variations are identical twins, which means they come from one single egg that split later:
(4) female identical twins (about 10%) and
(5) (least common) male identical twins (about 10%).

Other animals
Twinning is common in many other species, such as cats, sheep, and ferrets. Twinning occurs in cattle about 1-4% of the time, and research is being done to improve the chances of twins being born. If an animal has twins it can be more profitable for the breeder, especially if there is a smaller chance of miscarriage.

References

Biological reproduction

Twin


An Entomopter is an aircraft that flies using the wing-flapping aerodynamics of an insect. The word is derived from entomo (meaning insect: as in entomology) + pteron (meaning wing). Entomopters are type of ornithopter, which is the broader term for any device intended to fly by flapping wings.

Terrestrial entomopter
The terrestrial Entomopter is a multimode (flying/crawling) insect-like robot developed by Prof. Robert C. Michelson and his design team from the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI), University of Cambridge, ETS Labs and others.

The Earth-bound entomopter has a 15 to 18 cm wing span. A twin set of wings situated fore and aft of the RCM provide balanced resonant flapping to create not only lift and thrust, but full vehicle control. Wing flapping occurs a 35 Hz constant rate. This biologically inspired aerial robot is classified as a micro air vehicle (MAV) because of its size. Mission payloads are around 10 grams with a full gross takeoff weight (GTOW) of 50 grams. Intended use is for covert indoor reconnaissance or operation in confined human-inaccessible spaces.

Power source
The Entomopter is propelled by a pair of flapping wings driven by a Reciprocating Chemical Muscle (RCM) which is capable of generating autonomic wing beating from a chemical energy source without an ignition source, combustion, or atmospheric oxygen. Through direct conversion, the RCM also provides small amounts of electricity for onboard systems and further provides differential lift enhancement on the wings through circulation control (Coanda effect) to achieve pitch, roll, yaw, and heave to effect steered flight.

In addition, the RCM propulsion system is anaerobic, which would allow it to function without oxidizers, for example, in the carbon dioxide Mars atmosphere.

The Entomopter performs obstacle avoidance and altimetry through the use of a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) acoustic transmission created from the waste gas product from fuel decomposition within the RCM. This waste gas is also used for gas bearings (dry lubrication) of all moving parts as well as the circulation controlled "blowing" of the wings for stability control and navigation.

Mars entomopter

Flight in the atmosphere of Mars is difficult. Aerial Mars rovers using a conventional fixed wing would have to fly at over 250 mph just to stay aloft in the rarefied Mars atmosphere. This makes landing on the rocky surface almost impossible, thereby precluding sample inspection/gathering. Also, the high speed flight means that dwell time on any particular area will be difficult—a negative feature that is compounded by the fact that turns in the thin atmosphere will require enormous radii. An entomopter, on the other hand, can achieve abnormally high lift with rapidly flapping wings (in part due to the "leading edge vortex" phenomenon), and therefore allows the fuselage to move slowly in relation to the ground.

An entomopter team led by Anthony Colozza of the Ohio Aerospace Institute received  NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) funding to study an entomopter concept for a potential future robotic Mars missions.
They note that the Reynolds number for flight on Mars is equivalent to that found at over 100,000 feet (30 km) on Earth. Nothing currently flies with any regularity at this altitude. However, the Reynolds number regime for the tiny entomopter operating in Earth's atmosphere is equivalent to a larger version (one-meter wing span) operating in the rarefied Mars atmosphere. In addition, the surface gravity of Mars is only 37% that of Earth, so an entomopter-based Mars Flyer would benefit by proportionately reduced weight, even at its increased size on Mars.  An Entomopter-based Mars Flyer holds promise of not only flying slowly over the Martian landscape, but also of serving as a multimode vehicle which could land, take samples, recharge, or communicate, and then take off to continue the survey mission. It even has the potential of returning to its launch point for refueling, downloading of data, or transferring of samples.

More recently, a new NIAC project, "Marsbee," was awarded to continue study of the concept of insect-like flight on Mars.

Funding and international recognition
The Entomopter project received initial internal research and development (IRAD) funding from the Georgia Institute of Technology beginning in 1996, and follow-on funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA, the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts. For endeavors related to the Entomopter, Prof. Michelson is the recipient of the 2001 Pirelli Award for the diffusion of scientific culture given by an international Jury for the "best multimedia project coming from any educational institution in the world." He was also awarded the first Top Pirelli Prize (€25,000) for the work deemed best from an international field of over 1000 considered.

Patents
 U.S. Patent No. 6,082,671, July 4, 2000, "Entomopter and Method for Using Same"
 U.S. Patent No. 6,446,909, September 10, 2002, "Reciprocating Chemical Muscle (RCM) and Method for Using Same"

See also
 Insect flight
 Ornithopter
 Bionics

References

Selected reports and publications
 Michelson, R.C., Novel Approaches to Miniature Flight Platforms, Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 218 Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Special Issue Paper 2004, pp. 363–373
 Michelson, R.C., Naqvi, M.A., Beyond Biologically-Inspired Insect Flight, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics RTO/AVT Lecture Series on Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics on Aircraft Including Applications in Emerging UAV Technology, Brussels Belgium, 24–28 November 2003
 Colozza, A., Michelson, R.C., et al., Planetary Exploration Using Biomimetics – An Entomopter for Flight on Mars, Phase II Final Report, NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts Project NAS5-98051, October 2002
 Michelson, R.C., Scaling of Biologically Inspired Aerial Robots, 5th International Workshop on Similarity Methods, Institut für Statik und Dynamik der Luft und Raumfahrtkonstruktionen, Universität Stuttgart, 4–5 November 2002, pp. 71 – 78
 Michelson, R.C., Neurotechnology for Biomimetic Robots, , The MIT Press, September 2002, pp. 481 – 509, (chapter author).

External links
 Official Entomopter web site - The biologically inspired aerial robot conceived and developed by Prof. Michelson for terrestrial intelligence and planetary surveying applications. (Retrieved 26 August 2008)
 Animation of Entomopter flight on Mars - Movie script by Robert C. Michelson, animated and rendered by Dan Maas. (Retrieved 25 March 2022)
 Online biosketch for Robert C. Michelson - Has many external links to Michelson's related work the Entomopter and with aerial robotics in general. (Retrieved 26 August 2008)

Robots of the United States
Ornithopters
2000s robots
Georgia Tech Research Institute
Micro air vehicles

Entomopter


Old Rose and Silver is a novel by Myrtle Reed first published in 1909.

Summary
The novel follows the lives of Rose and her widowed Aunt, Madame Francesca Bernard, along with young visitor and cousin Isabel, whose lives are changed by the return of an old friend and neighbour Colonel Kent, and his grown son, Allison.  Other characters that help shape their lives in significant ways are the Crosby twins, unconventional and uninhibited youths that set society at naught, and an unconventional doctor who specializes in the impossible.  Through the limited "wide-scope" descriptions the reader is not sure of the historical setting or even in which decade it's set, but it helps to understand the focus of the story; after all it's about their own little world, and how their own hearts and lives fit together in the tight confines of their town, their garden, their friendships and lives.

External links

1909 American novels

Old Rose and Silver


Tin(II) sulfate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnSO4. It contains tin and sulfate ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a white crystalline solid. It is not a reducing agent like other compounds containing tin(II), like tin(II) chloride. It absorbs water from the atmosphere and dissolves in the water it absorbed.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving tin in sulfuric acid. It is also made by reacting tin with copper(II) sulfate.

Uses
It is used as a source of tin(II) ions without any tin(IV) ions contaminating them.

Related pages
Tin(II) sulfide
Tin(IV) sulfide

Sulfur compounds
Tin compounds

Tin(II) sulfate


Aubonne () is a municipality in the district of Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. In 2011 the former municipality of Pizy merged into Aubonne and on 1 January 2021 Montherod merged into it.

History

The municipality was settled very early. The oldest remains are from the Bronze Age. From Roman times, there remain foundations of villas, and from early medieval times, graves.

The first documentation of the municipality is from 1177 under the name of Albona. In the first half of the 13th century, a defensive wall was built around the town. In 1255, the town was sold to Count Peter II of Savoy. He gave the governing of the town over to the family of Thoire-Villars. Aubonne was the most important town on the north side of the lake between Lausanne and Geneva until the second half of the 15th century. Since the 13th century, it had weekly markets, and starting in 1487 semi-annual three-day markets.

The Count of Greyerz acquired Aubonne in 1393. Since he was allied with the Eidgenossen, the municipality was spared the ravages of the Burgundian Wars in 1476. When the canton of Vaud was conquered by Bern in 1536, Aubonne came under Bernese domination, but still belonged to the Count of Greyerz until 1553.

In 1670, the city was bought by the Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, and in 1685 by Henri Duquesne, who sold it to Bern again in 1701. From 1798 to 1803 it belonged to the canton of Léman in the Helvetic Republic, which, through the mediation of Napoleon became the canton of Vaud.  Aubonne was the capital of its district from 1803 until 2006.

On 5 December 2017, Michael I of Romania died in his home in Aubonne.

Montherod
Montherod was first mentioned in about 1344 as Monterot.

Geography

Aubonne lies at an elevation of .  west of Lausanne. It is spread in the valley of the river Aubonne, on the edge of the Jura foothill plateau, about  above the surface of Lake Geneva.

The highest point in the municipality is at an elevation of

The villages of Trévelin and Bougy-Saint-Martin belong to the municipality. The surrounding municipalities are Allaman, Féchy, Pizy, Montherod, Saint-Livres, Lavigny, and Etoy.

Aubonne has an area, (as of the 2004/09 survey), of . Of this area,  or 63.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while  or 14.1% is forested.   Of the rest of the land,  or 22.1% is settled (buildings or roads),  or 0.7% is either rivers or lakes and  or 0.4% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 2.0% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 9.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 6.4%.  Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.6% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2.2%.  Out of the forested land, 11.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.  Of the agricultural land, 33.2% is used for growing crops and 8.3% is pastures, while 21.8% is used for orchards or vine crops.  All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality was the capital of the Aubonne District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Aubonne became part of the new district of Morges.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per pale Gules and Or.

Demographics

Aubonne has a population () of .  , 24.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 5.9%.  It has changed at a rate of 2.3% due to migration and at a rate of 3.8% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population () speaks French (2,160 or 84.0%), with German being second most common (133 or 5.2%) and Portuguese being third (93 or 3.6%).  There are 86 people who speak Italian and 4 people who speak Romansh.

Of the population in the municipality 623 or about 24.2% were born in Aubonne and lived there in 2000.  There were 842 or 32.8% who were born in the same canton, while 456 or 17.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 563 or 21.9% were born outside of Switzerland.

In  there were 17 live births to Swiss citizens and 8 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 15 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death.  Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 7.  There were 6 Swiss men and 5 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland.  At the same time, there were 26 non-Swiss men and 36 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland.  The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 11 and the non-Swiss population increased by 41 people.  This represents a population growth rate of 1.9%.

The age distribution, , in Aubonne is; 301 children or 11.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 345 teenagers or 12.6% are between 10 and 19.  Of the adult population, 266 people or 9.7% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old.  374 people or 13.7% are between 30 and 39, 471 people or 17.2% are between 40 and 49, and 381 people or 13.9% are between 50 and 59.  The senior population distribution is 292 people or 10.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 164 people or 6.0% are between 70 and 79, there are 117 people or 4.3% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 22 people or 0.8% who are 90 and older.

, there were 1,048 people who were single and never married in the municipality.  There were 1,258 married individuals, 150 widows or widowers and 114 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 1,102 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 379 households that consist of only one person and 67 households with five or more people.  Out of a total of 1,128 households that answered this question, 33.6% were households made up of just one person and there were 9 adults who lived with their parents.  Of the rest of the households, there are 306 married couples without children, 342 married couples with children There were 54 single parents with a child or children.  There were 12 households that were made up of unrelated people and 26 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

 there were 271 single family homes (or 47.9% of the total) out of a total of 566 inhabited buildings.  There were 138 multi-family buildings (24.4%), along with 110 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (19.4%) and 47 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.3%).  Of the single family homes 80 were built before 1919, while 28 were built between 1990 and 2000.  The most multi-family homes (70) were built before 1919 and the next most (22) were built between 1981 and 1990.  There was 1 multi-family house built between 1996 and 2000.

 there were 1,252 apartments in the municipality.  The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 375.  There were 76 single room apartments and 336 apartments with five or more rooms.  Of these apartments, a total of 1,075 apartments (85.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 145 apartments (11.6%) were seasonally occupied and 32 apartments (2.6%) were empty.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.9 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.2%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance

The Former Federal Powder Mill, Aubonne Castle, the City Hall and grenette, the D'Aspre House with Orangery, the Manoir et manège are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.  The entire town of Aubonne and the Federal Powder Mill are listed as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Tourism
A wood museum was opened in 1967. The first arboretum in the canton of Vaud was established in 1963 in Aubonne. It has an area of about 200 hectares and features both native and imported trees.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 21.08% of the vote.  The next three most popular parties were the SVP (17.1%), the FDP (15.81%) and the Green Party (13.72%).  In the federal election, a total of 861 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.6%.

Economy

Aubonne was long an agricultural town. Today, however, agriculture plays a secondary role. Agricultural products of the region include wine.

Because Aubonne does not lie on the Lausanne–Geneva railway built in the 19th century, industrialization began relatively late. The first factory, a gunpowder factory, was built in 1853. In the 20th century, a precision machine shop, laboratories, furniture manufacturers, and pharmaceutical companies have come to Aubonne.

Today, the majority of jobs are in the service sector.

, Aubonne had an unemployment rate of 3%.  , there were 110 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 22 businesses involved in this sector.  623 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 39 businesses in this sector.  1,591 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 191 businesses in this sector. There were 1,335 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.9% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,882.  The number of jobs in the primary sector was 70, all of which were in agriculture.  The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 579 of which 404 or (69.8%) were in manufacturing and 137 (23.7%) were in construction.  The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1,233.  In the tertiary sector; 610 or 49.5% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 42 or 3.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 39 or 3.2% were in a hotel or restaurant, 46 or 3.7% were in the information industry, 18 or 1.5% were the insurance or financial industry, 108 or 8.8% were technical professionals or scientists, 54 or 4.4% were in education and 185 or 15.0% were in health care.

, there were 1,533 workers who commuted into the municipality and 799 workers who commuted away.  The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.9 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving.  About 3.9% of the workforce coming into Aubonne are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 11.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 62.4% used a private car.

Religion
From the , 761 or 29.6% were Roman Catholic, while 1,085 or 42.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.  Of the rest of the population, there were 13 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.51% of the population) and there were 156 individuals (or about 6.07% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.  There were 3 individuals (or about 0.12% of the population) who were Jewish and 33 (or about 1.28% of the population) who were Islamic.  There were 4 individuals who were Buddhist, 1 person who was Hindu and 8 individuals who belonged to another church.  389 (or about 15.14% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 117 individuals (or about 4.55% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Aubonne about 843 or (32.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 522 or (20.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).  Of the 522 who completed tertiary schooling, 52.3% were Swiss men, 31.0% were Swiss women, 10.3% were non-Swiss men and 6.3% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 341 students in the Aubonne school district.  In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care.  The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years.  There were 179 students in the municipal primary school program.  The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 157 students in those schools.  There were also 5 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 412 students in Aubonne who came from another municipality, while 184 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

There is a private international school, La Côte International School.

Transportation
Aubonne lies at the crossroads of the highway between Rolle and Cossonay and the highway between Allaman and Gimel. The entrance to the A1 motorway was opened in 1964 and is only about  from the center.

The train station of the Lausanne-Geneva railway was opened on 14 April 1858 and lies just outside the municipality in Allaman. From 1896 to 1952, there was an electric tram from Allaman to Aubonne. Today, Aubonne is served by the bus line Allaman – Aubonne – Gimel. There are also postal buses to Rolle and Etoy.

Notable people

 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605–1689), a 17th-century French gem merchant and traveler, owner of the seigneurery of Aubonne 1670 to 1685
 Alexandre Yersin (1863 in Aubonne – 1943), a Swiss and naturalized French physician and bacteriologist who discovered the bacillus of the plague or pest, born and lived in Aubonne
 Charles Ferdinand Ramuz (1878–1947), a French-speaking Swiss writer, studied in Aubonne
 Georges de Mestral (1907–1990), a Swiss electrical engineer who invented the hook and loop fastener and Velcro lived in Aubonne
 Michael I of Romania (1921–2017 in Aubonne), the last King of Romania, had a residence in Aubonne
 Sibylle Blanc (born 1974 in Aubonne), a French-speaking Swiss actress and director

References

External links
 website
Aubonne website

Cities in Switzerland
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Vaud
Articles which contain graphical timelines

Aubonne


Strategic Content Alliance is an initiative which works to improve the development of sustainable digital content originating from the UK public and not-for-profit sectors. The initiative was established to help build good practice across sectors through empirical research, joint piloting and prototyping and policy development to help build a UK Digital Public Space. Founded in March 2006 by the Jisc it is supported by Arts Council England, the British Library, the BBC, the Heritage Lottery Fund and the Wellcome Library.

About
The Strategic Content Alliance, founded in March 2006 originated from the JISC Common Information Environment (CIE) work led by Dr Paul Miller.

The Strategic Content Alliance is a collaborative initiative that aims to develop  links between organisations that share a common vision:

"To build a common information environment where users of publicly funded content can gain best value from the investment that has been made by reducing the barriers that currently inhibit access, use and re-use of digital content."

The SCA aims to build links between organisations and help them create digital content.

Publications
One of the SCA's main goals is to create best practice documentation related to digital content. These are all licensed under Creative Commons licenses.

The publications encompass guides, briefing papers, navigation guides and toolkits. These publications consist of guidelines, principles, videos, reports and case studies cover the issues of:

Emergent internet business models and sustainability.
Intellectual Property Rights, Licensing and Rights Management.
Building online audiences
Web Optimisation

Projects

A number of joint projects have been undertaken to test and evaluate a range of content related issues, ranging from content creation and enhancement strategies to copyright. These include:

 Chronicle, which has given UK colleges and universities access to broadcasts from the archives of BBC Northern Ireland (1960s-70s)
 JISC World War One Centenary activities to explore what opportunities there may be in the  content held by organisations across the public-sector to enhance educational and research opportunities in UK universities and colleges and more broadly.

References

External links
 SCA website

Computer-related introductions in 2006
2011 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Jisc
Research projects
Science and technology in the United Kingdom

Strategic Content Alliance


Poisson's ratio (letter v) is a measure of the contraction that happens when an object is stretched. It is named after Siméon Denis Poisson. This contraction is perpendicular to the stretching force. It can also expand as the object is compressed in a perpendicular direction.

For example, if a block is being stretched as shown in the image to the right, the equation for the poisson's ratio will be:

Poisson's ratio ranges from 0.0-0.5 for common materials, though for materials with certain structures, can be as low as -1. A material with a Poisson's ratio close to 0 (like cork) can be stretched a lot in the axial direction without changing much at all in the transverse, where as pulling on a material with a high Poisson's ratio (like rubber) will cause it to become much more narrow. A material with a negative Poisson's ratio will expand in all directions as it is stretched.

Solid mechanics
Materials science

Poisson's ratio


Physiotherapy is also called "physical therapy". It attempts to treat what limits a person's abilities to move and do things in their daily life.

It is the treatment of disease, injury, deformity or disability to improve the quality of life. Physiotherapists use exercise, hands-on techniques (including manual therapy, dry needling and trigger point therapy), patient education and various other methods.

Physiotherapists are well known for their treatment of musculoskeletal injuries such as ankle sprains, muscle injuries and tendon pain. Musculoskeletal physiotherapists are often clinic-based, however are often also working with sporting teams and also work in hospitals.

However, physiotherapists are also crucial for many conditions that you may not have realised. neurophysiotherapy plays an important role in the recovery of neurological conditions such as stroke patients and traumatic brain injury patients. Physios also play an important role in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, such as after heart surgery and in respiratory conditions such as emphysema.

Physios also play a major role in treating children, including those with cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, Down syndrome, and other chromosome-related conditions.

Benefits of Physiotherapy

 Reducing or eliminating pain – therapeutic exercises and manual therapy techniques such as mobilization of joints and soft tissue or treatments such as ultrasound, taping, or electrical stimulation to relieve pain and restore muscle and joint function to reduce pain can help. This type of treatment can also prevent the pain from coming back.
 Sports injury recovery and prevention: Many sports can put you at greater risk for certain types of injuries, and physical therapists know this (such as stress fractures for distance runners). They will be able to help you create a rehabilitation or preventive workout plan that will help you return to your sport safely.
 Manage age related issues: Some age related issues like rheumatoid arthritis (RA), sciatica, osteoporosis, dementia, knee replacement, neck pain, back pain etc can be easily treated by physiotherapy.
 Avoiding surgery
 Recovery from stroke or Paralysis
 Improved balance

References

Therapy
Healthcare occupations

Physiotherapy


"Fall Again" is a song written and composed by Walter Afanasieff and Robin Thicke in 1999. They made it for Michael Jackson to perform. Jackson recorded a demo (draft) of the song in 1999 for his album Invincible. He never finished it, however, and the song was never added to the album. It has since been performed by many other artists.

Michael Jackson songs
1999 songs

Fall Again


Ernesto Júlio de Nazareth (March 20, 1863 – February 1, 1934) was a Brazilian composer and pianist, especially noted for his creative Maxixe and Choro compositions. Influenced by a diverse set of rhythms like the polka, the habanera, and the lundu, he combined this elements with his classical formation to create compositions that he called "Brazilian tangos". These would be the precursors for what is known today as Choro. His piano repertoire is now part of the teaching programs of both classical and popular styles, as Nazareth once served at the boundary between these two worlds.

Biography
Ernesto Nazareth was born in Rio de Janeiro, one of five children. His mother, Carolina da Cunha gave him his first  piano lessons. At the age of ten, after his mother's death, he continued his piano studies with Eduardo Madeira and Charles Lucien Lambert.
Strongly influenced by Chopin, Nazareth published his first composition Você Bem Sabe (which means "You know it well") in 1877, at age 14. At that time, he had begun his professional career playing in cafes, balls, society parties and in the waiting rooms of movie theaters. In 1893, Casa Vieira Machado published his famous tango Brejeiro.

In 1879, he wrote his first tango, Cruz perigo. In 1880, at the age of 17, he made his first public appearance at the Mozart Club. The following year, he composed the tango Não caio n'outra, his first great success, with several reprints. In 1885, he performed in concerts in different clubs of the court. In 1893, Casa Vieira Machado launched a new catalogue of his compositions, including the tango Brejeiro, which achieved national and even international success, in that the Republican Guard band of Paris began to include it in their repertoire, coming even to record it.

His first concert as a pianist took place in 1898. The following year he prepared the first edition of the tango Turuna. In 1905, he had his first work, Brejeiro, recorded by singer Mario Pinheiro with the title O sertanejo enamorado with lyrics by . Meanwhile, the "Casa Édison" marching band recorded his tango Brushed, which became quite successful. In 1907 Ernesto Nazareth was appointed third book-keeper of the National Treasury, a position that he did not occupy for not mastering the English language. In 1908, he began working as a pianist at the Mozart Club.

The following year, he participated in a concert held at the National Institute of Music, playing the gavotte Corbeille de fleurs and the tango Batuque. He began to teach private piano lessons and was hired as a pianist for "Casa Gomes" in 1921 and the Odeon Cinema from 1920 until 1924. In São Paulo and Campinas he performed several shows in the Municipal Theater and at the Conservatory. He was given then a grand piano as a gift from his admirers. He was one of the first artists to play for the Society Radio of Rio de Janeiro. In 1932 he presented for the first time, a recital in which he performed only his compositions.

In 1933, after a period of mental instability, due to the deaths of his wife and daughter, diagnosed with syphilis and worsening hearing problems caused by a fall during childhood, Nazareth was hospitalized at the Juliano Moreira Asylum in Jacarepaguá. On February 1, 1934, Nazareth fled the asylum and was found alone three days later in the adjacent forest near a waterfall, dead by drowning.

Catalog of works

Nazareth was noted for creatively combining diverse influences into his music, not only of Brazilian music but also from the music of Europe, Africa and ragtime. Many of his compositions remain part of the repertory today. He composed 88 tangos, 41 waltzes, 28 polkas and numerous sambas, galops, quadrilles, Schottisches, fox-trots, romances and other types of scores, totaling 211 complete compositions.

1922
A bella Melusina
A flor de meus sonhos
A florista
A fonte do lambari
A fonte do suspiro
Adieu
Adorável
Ai rica prima
Albíngia
Alerta!
Ameno resedá
Andante expressivo
Apanhei-te cavaquinho
Arreliado
Arrojado
Arrufos
As gracinhas de Nhô-nhô
Até que enfim!
Atlântico
Atrevidinha
Atrevido
Bambino
Bambino – você não me dá! – words by
Batuque
Beija-Flor
Beijinho de moça
Bom-Bom
Brejeira
Brejeiro
Bicyclette-club
Caçadora
Cacique
Capricho
Cardosina
Carioca
Catrapuz
Cavaquinho, por que choras?
Celestial
Chave de ouro
Chile-Brazil
Comigo é na madeira
Confidências
Coração que sente
Corbeille de Fleurs
Correcta
Crê e espera
Crises em penca
Cruz, perigo!!
Cruzeiro
Cubanos
Cuéra
Cutuba
Cuyubinha
De tarde
Delightfulness
Dengoso
Desengonçado
Digo
Dirce
Divina
Dor secreta
Dora
Duvidoso
Elegantíssima
Elegia para piano (left hand)
Elétrica
Elite-club
Encantada
Encantador
Ensimesmado
Eponina
Escorregando
Escovado
Espalhafatoso
Espanholita
Está chumbado
Eulina
Expansiva
Êxtase (voice, piano and violin)
Êxtase (piano)
Exuberante
Faceira
Famoso
Fantástica
Favorito
Feitiço
Ferramenta
Fetiço não mata
Fidalga
Floraux
Fon-fon
Fora dos eixos
Furinga
Garoto
Gaúcho
Gemendo, rindo e pulando
Genial
Gente, o imposto pegou?
Gentil
Gotas de ouro
Gracietta
Guerreiro
Helena
Henriette
Hino a Alaor Prata
Hino a Carneiro Leão
Hino a Pereira Passos
Hino da Escola Ester Pedreira de Mello
Hino da Escola Floriano Peixoto
Hino da Escola Pedro II
Ideal
If I Am Not Mistaken
Improviso (Concert Study)
Insuperável
Ipanema
Iris
Jacaré
Jangadeiro
Janota
Julieta ('quadrilha', popular Brazilian dance)
Julieta (valse)
Julita
Labirinto
Laço Azul
Lamentos
Magnífico
Mágoas
Maly
Mandinga
Marcha Fúnebre
Marcha Heróica aos Dezoito do Forte
Mariazinha sentada na pedra
Marietta
Matuto
Meigo
Menino de ouro
Mercedes
Mesquitinha
Myosótis
Não caio n'outra!
Não me fujas assim
Nazareth
Nenê
Nenê – words by Catulo da Paixão Cearense
No jardim
Noêmia
Noturno
Nove de Julho
Nove de Maio
O Alvorecer
O Futurista
O nome dela (polca)
O Nome dela (valse)
O que há
Os teus olhos cativam
Odeon
Onze de Maio
Orminda
Ouro sobre azul
Pairando
Paraíso
Pássaros em festa
Paulicéa como és formosa!
Perigoso
Pierrot
Pingüim
Pipoca
Pirilampo
Plangente
Plus Ultra
Podia ser pior
Polca para a mão esquerda (left hand)
Polonaise
Por que sofre?
Primorosa
Proeminente
Quebra-Cabeças
Quebradinha
Ramirinho
Ranzinza
Rayon d'Or
Reboliço
Recordações do passado
Remando
Resignação
Respingando
Ressaca
Retumbante
Rosa Maria
Sagaz
Salve, Salve, Nações Unidas
Sarambeque
Saudade
Saudade dos Pagos
Saudades e Saudades!
Segredo
Segredos da infância
Sentimentos d'Alma
Soberano
Suculento
Sustenta a ...nota...
Sutil
Tango Habenera
Talismã
Tenebroso
Thierry
Topázio líquido
Travesso
Tudo Sobe...
Tupinambá
Turbilhão de beijos
Turuna
Vem cá, Branquinha
Vésper
Victória
Vitorioso
Você bem sabe
Xangô
Yolanda
Zênite (authored by Maestro Gaó)
Zica
Zizinha

Media

'Escovado' is a common slang which means 'smart'. Ary Vasconcelos tells us in his book Panorama da Musica Popular Brasileira that Nazareth was a "devoted family man who often gave the songs he composed titles in honor of his son, sometimes his wife, or another relative". Travesso was dedicated to his son Ernesto, Marieta and Eulina to his two daughters, Dora to his wife Theodora, Brejeiro to his nephew Gilbert, etc.

Escovado was first published by Casa Vieira Machado & Co. and dedicated to Fernando Nazareth, the composer's younger brother. It became one of Nazareth's greatest success, having the main theme been later tapped by the French composer Darius Milhaud in his Le bœuf sur le toit (1919). In September 1930, accepting an invitation made by Eduardo Souto, then artistic director of Odeon-Parlophone, Nazareth recorded this piece.

Brejeiro is one of the ambient songs in the game Civilization VI, when playing with Brazil. The version used in the game was composed and directed by Geoff Knorr.

References

External links
Ernesto Nazareth 150 Anos, website containing original sheet music and arrangements, complete discography with more than 2000 recordings, hundreds of photos, timeline, documents, texts and blog

Free scores by Ernesto Nazareth at Musica Brasilis website
Free complete scores in PDF format at the official catalog
Free recordings in MP3 format by various pianists at PianoSociety.com
Beatriz Kauffmann's Web Site – Músicas de Ernesto Nazareth em arquivos MIDI
Rare Music of Ernesto Nazareth (music, text, images)

1863 births
1934 deaths
Brazilian classical composers
Brazilian classical pianists
Deaths by drowning
Male classical composers
Male classical pianists
Musicians from Rio de Janeiro (city)

Ernesto Nazareth


This page deals with the Hindu concept of The Supreme Reality. For other uses of this word and similar words, see Brahman (disambiguation).

Brahman is the Ultimate Reality of Universe in Hinduism. It is a Sanskrit language word. Brahman is said to be infinite, with no beginning or end. Brahman is changeless and is the source of the universe in Hindu beliefs.

Related pages
Atman
Hinduism

Hinduism

Brahman


A lectern (from the Latin lectus, past participle of legere, "to read") is a reading desk with a slanted top. It is usually placed on a stand  some other form of support. Documents or books are often put on top of a lectern to make it easier for someone to read them to other people. For example, for Scripture reading, lectures, speechs or sermons. The height and slant of a lectern can usually be changed to so the person reading can stand properly and make good eye-contact with an audience.

Furniture

Lectern


The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde is a book that contains over a thousand pages of letters written by Oscar Wilde. Wilde's letters were first published as The Letters of Oscar Wilde in 1963, edited by Rupert Hart-Davis and published by his publishing firm.

Merlin Holland revised the book and included new discoveries in a new edition: The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde by Merlin Holland & Rupert Hart-Davis. It was published in 2000 by Henry Holt and Company LLC, New York () and Fourth Estate, London ().

Merlin Holland, Oscar Wilde's grandson, provides an introduction to the work which describes the purpose of publishing Oscar Wilde's letters. The book contains a timeline of Oscar Wilde's life, includes some of his drawings and his famous letter to his lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, known as De Profundis. Expurgated editions of De Profundis had been published by Wilde's literary executor Robbie Ross from 1905, but the 1962 edition published by Rupert Hart-Davis was the first full and correct version, made from the original manuscript in the British Museum.

Purpose of the book
The interest of the book is that Wilde's letters become the "autobiography that he never wrote" (Holland, xiii). In addition, Holland asserts (from the introduction (xiii)):

"Now, a hundred years after his death, to read his letters, particularly those written to intimate friends without thought of publication, is as close as we shall come to the magic of hearing him in person."

Here, Holland is referring to Wilde's legendary conversational skills, which have only been partially preserved in the published letters.

The letters give an insight to Oscar Wilde's character, his sense of humor and his great affection and love for many people.

References
 Holland, Merlin & Rupert Hart-Davis: The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde (2000), US edition: Henry Holt and Company LLC, New York. . UK edition: Fourth Estate, London. .

Further reading

Works by Oscar Wilde
Prison writings
Rupert Hart-Davis books
Wilde, Oscar

The Letters of Oscar Wilde


Project and language
I request sysop access.

The Wolof Wikipedia does not currently have any Wolof speaking contributors. Thus far I have been unable to contact the administrator who also does not understand Wolof. Although I am new to Wikipedia, I would like to be able to set up a sub-project on the Wolof site (Bible Encylopedia in Wolof) which I would like to moderate personnally, and also develop a Wolof user interface. Thus I would like to have temporary administrator access. I live in the bush with a poor internet connection. This would be sufficient to keep an eye on new contributions, but not for major new development. Thus, most of my work will be done on monthly visits to the capital. Therefore I would appreciate at least a period of 6 months, with a view to an eventual permanent administrator status.

Language Code: wo
Local Request Link: *Local User Page: Thank you.

Yorkat

Wikipédia:Yorkat/Woloflover


Solon Toothaker Kimball (August 12, 1909 – October 12, 1982) was a noted educator and anthropologist. Kimball was born and raised in Manhattan, Kansas. He graduated from Kansas State University in 1930, then received a master's degree and Ph.D. in social anthropology from Harvard in 1933 and 1936.

Kimball did groundbreaking anthropology work concerning family and community in rural Ireland (with Conrad Arensberg) and on the Navajo reservation in the American Southwest. Over the years, he was on the faculty of a number of universities, including the University of California, Columbia University, the University of Alabama, and the University of Florida. While in Alabama in the 1950s, Kimball studied social tension arising from racial segregation and found himself labelled an "academic radical."

Kimball was a founding member of the Society for Applied Anthropology, president of the American Ethnological Society, and he was instrumental in the establishment in 1978 of the Zora Neale Hurston Fellowship Award Fund, which honors outstanding African-American graduates in the field of anthropology. Kimball was rewarded for his work with a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1966.

The American Anthropological Association now administers a Solon T. Kimball Award every other year to an anthropologist that effects change in public policy. The Kimball Award was initiated by royalties from Applied Anthropology in America (1978), a volume dedicated to Kimball, "who taught that the study of human behavior should be of service to people."

External links
American Anthropological Association awards
Solon Toothaker Kimball Papers at the Newberry Library

1909 births
1982 deaths
People from Manhattan, Kansas
Kansas State University alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Columbia University faculty
University of Alabama faculty
University of Florida faculty
20th-century American anthropologists

Solon Toothaker Kimball


Clyde Samuel Kilby (26 September 1902, in Johnson City, Tennessee – 18 October 1986, in Columbus, Mississippi) was an American writer and English professor, best known for his scholarship on the Inklings, especially J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. A professor at Wheaton College (Illinois) for most of his life, Kilby founded the Marion E. Wade Center there, making it a center for the study of the Inklings, their friends (such as Dorothy Sayers), and their influences (such as George MacDonald).

Biography
Kilby's parents, James Lafayette and Sophronia Kilby, lived along the Nolichuckey River in the north portion of East Tennessee's hill country. The youngest of eight children, he was the first of his family to graduate from  college. While studying at the University of Arkansas, he worked part-time in the registrar's office at nearby John Brown University. Clyde graduated in 1929, and the next year married Martha Harris, a mathematics teacher at JBU. They moved to Minnesota, where Kilby earned a master's degree in 1931 from the University of Minnesota.

In 1935, Kilby moved to Wheaton, Illinois, where he became an assistant professor of English. In 1938, he earned his Ph.D. by correspondence from NYU. He became chair of the English department at Wheaton in 1951, a post he retained until 1966. Dr. Kilby retired from teaching at Wheaton in 1981, and retired to Columbus, Mississippi, his wife's hometown, where he died on October 18, 1986.

In his honour, the Clyde S. Kilby Award for Inkling Studies was issued (one notable winner is Colin Duriez), and also the Clyde S. Kilby Research Grant (Diana Pavlac Glyer is a recipient). There is a Clyde S. Kilby Chair at Wheaton College (currently Christina Bieber Lake).

Lewis and Inkling scholarship
Kilby became interested in the works of Lewis in 1943 after reading The Case for Christianity, the first part of the later-published Mere Christianity. He then read all of Lewis' works, designed a popular course around the mythopoetic works of Lewis and Tolkien, and began a long-term correspondence with Lewis that lasted until the author's death in 1963. The fourteen letters of his correspondence with Lewis became the core of a collection of papers on first Lewis, then the Inklings, and finally a set of seven connected British authors:
 Owen Barfield
 G. K. Chesterton
 C. S. Lewis
 George MacDonald
 Dorothy L. Sayers
 J. R. R. Tolkien
 Charles Williams

This collection developed into the Marion E. Wade Center at Wheaton College, today a major resource for twentieth-century British literature scholarship. Kilby's portrait hangs in the Kilby Reading Room at the Wade Center, along with a plaque which reads in part:

Dr. Clyde S. Kilby (1902–1986) was the founder and first curator of the Marion E. Wade Collection. Dr. Kilby's career in the world of literature was a distinguished one. . . . In all [that he accomplished], Dr. Kilby was supported by his wife, Martha Harris Kilby. Mrs. Kilby's lively interest, wise counsel, and dedicated work were the foundation for everything that Dr. Kilby did. Together, Clyde and Martha Kilby challenged generations of Wheaton students and others to seek the world of the imagination with all their heart and mind.

Students

 Rolland Hein
 John Piper
Robert Siegel

Bibliography
 1959: Minority of One: the Biography of Jonathan Blanchard.
 1964: The Christian World of C.S. Lewis.
 1968: Niekas 19:39-41
 "Many Meetings with Tolkien: An Edited Transcript of Remarks at the December 1966 TSA Meeting"
 1973 C S Lewis : Image Of His World
 1976: Tolkien & The Silmarillion
 1982: Brothers and Friends: The Diaries of Major Warren Hamilton Lewis (with Marjorie Lamp Mead)
 1984: Mythlore #10
 "The Outer Dimension of Myth"
 1995: Myth, Allegory and Gospel
 "Mythic and Christian Elements in Tolkien"

Awards
 1971 - Mythopoeic Award, Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inklings Studies

Reference list

External links
 Clyde S. Kilby at the Marion E. Wade Center

1902 births
1986 deaths
University of Minnesota alumni
American academics of English literature
Writers from Wheaton, Illinois
Wheaton College (Illinois) faculty
People from Johnson City, Tennessee
University of Arkansas alumni

Clyde S. Kilby


Panzer General: Allied Assault is the name of both a digital and board/card game developed by Petroglyph Games. The Xbox Live Arcade version was released on October 21, 2009 and the board game on January 5, 2010.

Gameplay
Allied Assault is set in the closing months of World War II and has players play as Nazi Germany or the United States.  Allied Assault is a turn-based game, where each turn is divided into three phases: Drawing cards, Operations, and Combat. At the beginning of his turn, the player draws 4 cards from his unit deck and/or the operations deck (in the XBLA version, this is done automatically). The player can then spend prestige to deploy new units onto tiles controlled by them, move active units, play special operation cards, or engage enemy units on the board.

In combat, the attacking unit attacks first unless the defender is dug in. Players first compare their unit's combat stats and may then play operation cards to sway the battle in their favor or cancel combat completely. Finally, a player may choose to sacrifice any card in their hand for its combat value to boost their chances further. If the defending unit survives combat, it may counter-attack, which follows the same steps. Units may be forced to retreat if they receive more damage than the opposing unit at the end of a combat round. The victorious unit receives a morale boost and its owner may either receive half of the defeated unit's prestige or drain prestige from his opponent.

At the end of a turn, the player adds the prestige value of all tiles under his control and adds it to his reserve. To win the game, either player must meet the conditions laid out in the scenario's rules.

The XBLA version features a single-player campaign following the United States, whereas the board game features stand-alone solo scenarios.

Development
The soundtrack for the XBLA version of the game was composed by Frank Klepacki. On November 30, 2009, Petroglyph released it as a free download on their website.

Sequel
Panzer General: Russian Assault was announced in the first half of 2010 and released in August 2010.

References

2009 video games
Computer wargames
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Petroglyph Games games
Ubisoft games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Frank Klepacki
Xbox 360 games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Xbox 360-only games

Panzer General: Allied Assault


Units of measurement give standards so that the numbers from our measurements refer to the same thing. Measurement is a process that uses numbers to describe a physical quantity. We can measure how big things are, how warm they are, how heavy they are, and many other features.

For example, the metre is a standard unit to measure length. Before 1982, one meter was defined as the distance between two markers on a special metal rod. During that time, saying that something had a length of two meters meant that it was exactly twice as long as the rod used to define the meter. Now scientists define the meter by using the speed of light.

In the past, different units were used in different countries. Today, most units of measure fall into one of three systems:

The older two, the British imperial system and the closely related US customary system use the foot as a measure of length, the pound as a measure for weight, and the second as a measure for time. They use other units as well. The number of smaller units that make the bigger units in these two systems varies: For example, there are 12 inches in a foot and 16 ounces in a pound.

The newest and most used of the three systems is the metric system or SI system which use 10, 100 or 1000 of a smaller unit to make a bigger one. For instance, there are 100 centimetres in one metre or 1000 grams in one kilogram. This system uses the metre for length and kilogram for mass.

The common, non-metric measurement of time does not follow this pattern. The second is the basis for time measurement, and it is based on the sexagesimal system: 60 seconds make one minute, and 60 minutes make one hour.

Number and unit of measurement
The property of the thing being measured is given as a number of units of measure. The number only has sense when the unit of measurement is also given. By that number it represents a measurement of something.

For example, The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France is  tall.  That is, the distance from the top to the bottom of the Eiffel Tower is 300 metres.  The property of the Eiffel Tower being measured is a distance.  The number measured is 300.  300 of what?  The unit of measurement is the metre.

Measurement standards
Standards are usually special objects used to make measurements.  A metre stick is an example of a standard.  When you measure something with a metre stick, you can compare that measurement to anything else that is also measured with a metre stick. This makes measurement easier and comparisons between measurements easier.

Science, medicine and engineering use smaller units of measurement to measure small things with less error. It is easy to measure large things using larger units of measurement.  Astronomical measurements like the width of a galaxy use light years and parsecs.

Small measurements like the mass of an atom use special units of measurement.

Systems of units of measurement

There are many different standards and units used all over the world. Some became less used during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Metric System

The metric system is a system of measurement used in most of the world. It is also called the International System of Units, or SI.

Units of measure in the metric system include:

The units of length or linear size are based on the metre. They include the kilometre (km) which is 1,000 metres, the centimetre (cm), and the millimetre (mm) which is 1/1,000th of a metre.

The unit of volume is the litre. It is used for measuring an amount of liquid.  A millilitre (abbreviated as mL) is the amount of liquid that would fill up a cube that measures 1 centimetre on each side. One litre of liquid would fill up a cube that is 10 cm on each side.

The unit of mass is the kilogram.  A kilogram (kg) is the mass of 1 litre of water (at  temperature and  pressure). 1 gram (g) is the mass of 1 millilitre of water at .  The metric tonne is 1,000 kilograms or a million grams.

Imperial units

Imperial units were defined in the United Kingdom in 1824. These units were based on similar units that were in use before 1824. Imperial units were used in countries that were part of the British Empire. While many of these countries, including the United Kingdom, have officially adopted SI, the older system of units are still used.

US customary units

US customary units are the official units used in the US. These are similar to the British imperial units and also based on the units used in the United Kingdom from before American Independence. Some of the units are different to the British ones. For example, there are 20 imperial fluid ounces in an imperial pint, but 16 US fluid ounces in a US pint. Additionally, the US fluid ounce is slightly bigger than the imperial fluid ounce. The result is that US pints and gallons are smaller than imperial pints and gallons. In the United States, the metric system has been legal for trade since 1866 but other measurements such as the gallon, inch, and the pound are still widely used.

Imperial and US units of measurement include:
Length - inch (in), foot (ft), yard (yd), and mile.
1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet (plural of foot) = 36 inches
1 mile = 1760 yards = 5280 feet

Imperial volume - imperial fluid ounce (fl oz), imperial pint (pt), and imperial gallon (gal).
1 imperial pint = 20 imperial fluid ounces
1 imperial gallon = 8 imperial pints

US volume - US fluid ounce (fl oz), US cup (cp), US pint (pt), US quart (qt), and US gallon (gal).
1 US cup = 8 US fluid ounces
1 US pint = 2 US cups = 16 US fluid ounces
1 US quart = 2 US pints = 4 US cups = 32 US fluid ounces
1 US gallon = 4 US quarts = 8 US pints = 16 US cups

Weight and mass - ounce (oz), pound (lb), and stone (st).
1 pound = 16 ounces
1 stone = 14 pounds

The ounces for weight and volume are different. Even when measuring water, the number of ounces of weight is not the same as the number of fluid ounces.

Converting between systems
Metric to US
1 metre = 1.09 yards = 39.37 inches.
1 litre = 33.3 fluid ounces = 1.76 pints = .26 US gallons.
1 kilogram = 35.32 ounces = 2.2 pounds

US to metric
Length
1 inch = 2.54 centimetres
1 foot = 30.48 centimetres
1 yard = 0.9144 metres
1 mile = 1.609344 kilometres
Volume
1 fluid ounce = 29.6 millilitres
1 pint = 473.1 millilitres
1 gallon = 3.79 litres
1 cup = 236.55 millilitres
Mass
1 ounce = 28.35 grams
1 pound = 0.45359237 kilograms

Other units of measurement
The unit of time is the second. The minute (60 seconds) and hour (60 minutes or 3600 seconds) are larger units. A day is defined as 24 hours, but the Earth's rotation has slowed.  The difference is corrected at the end of some years with what is called a leap second. A week (7 days) and month are also standard units.

A unit of measurement that applies to money is called a unit of account.  This is normally a currency issued by a country. For instance, the United States use dollars. Each dollar is 100 cents. The United Kingdom uses pounds. Each pound is 100 pennies or pence. The European Union uses the Euro. There are 100 cents in the Euro.

The units for electricity, magnetism and radiation were mostly invented in the 19th century when scientists learned how to measure them. Most were originally given imperial systems, but it is usual to use metric systems for them today.

References

Unit of measurement