Red Eye Radio is a talk radio program currently hosted by Eric Harley and Gary McNamara. The program is syndicated nationwide by Westwood One, and originates from WBAP in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. The show traces its history through several predecessors, beginning with Bill Mack's overnight truck show in 1969.

History

Bill Mack
Bill Mack was the founder of WBAP's overnight program, the U.S. 1 Trucking Show. Mack started the show in 1969. The show, as the name implied, was geared toward the American truck driver and featured a lot of country music. The show briefly attempted an excursion into Mexico on border blaster XERF, but that arrangement ended after it was clear that Mack would not be able to host the show from his home in Fort Worth.

Eventually, the show's name changed to the Midnight Cowboy Trucking Show and the Midnight Cowboy Radio Network and was syndicated by ABC Radio, who carefully selected the affiliates to give maximum coverage of the country.

Mack left the show in September 2001 to join the Open Road channel on XM Satellite Radio.

Midnight Trucking (ABC)
After Mack's departure in 2001, ABC changed the name of the show to Midnight Trucking Radio Network. The network tapped WBAP producer Eric Harley, along with Joe Kelley, to host the show. In addition to Mack's old network, MTRN absorbed Dave Nemo's old The Road Gang network when Nemo left for XM as well.

Midnight Radio Network (Jones/Dial Global)
ABC turned over syndication of the program to Jones Radio Networks in 2005, and Kelley left the show. Jones turned to Gary McNamara, a conservative talk radio host, to fill Kelley's seat. With the change in focus from solely truckers to a more general purpose program, the show changed its name yet again, to the Midnight Radio Network. Under Jones, the number of affiliates grew from about a dozen stations, mostly 50,000-watt clear-channel "flamethrowers," to 38.  Seven clear-channel stations - WBAP, WJR in Detroit; KXL in Portland, Oregon; KXEL in Waterloo, Iowa; WLS in Chicago; KBOI in Boise; and KOKC in Oklahoma City, as well as regional station WMAL in Washington, D.C. - front the network, which claims to reach all 48 contiguous states plus Hawaii.

The show now also broadcasts on XM Satellite Radio (channel 171) after a long run on Sirius Satellite Radio (Road Dog Trucking) ended in 2007. With the change, the Midnight Radio Network joined former host Bill Mack along with Dale Sommers and Dave Nemo on the channel.

By 2007, many references to "Midnight Trucking" had returned to the show, and by early 2009, to celebrate the show's 40th anniversary, it reverted to the "Midnight Trucking" name.

In April 2008, parent syndicator Jones Radio Networks was sold to Triton Media Group, which integrated Jones into Triton's Dial Global network. Some changes were made in the months following. One of the first was the removal of the show from satellite radio, as Open Road merged with Road Dog Trucking.

Red Eye Radio (Cumulus/Westwood One)
The name Red Eye Radio came from Cumulus Media Networks' existing overnight talk show, which at the time of Cumulus's acquisition of Citadel Broadcasting was hosted by Doug McIntyre (who originated the name and had previously used it on a local Los Angeles-based show prior to changing time slots) on weeknights and Marc Germain on weekends. Upon Cumulus' acquisition of Citadel (and, by extension, WBAP and the rest of the former ABC Radio assets), Cumulus also reassumed syndication of Harley and McNamara, reassigned McIntyre to a local show in Los Angeles, and rebranded Harley's and McNamara's show under the Red Eye Radio name. As a result of the reorganization, the show also gained several major market affiliates, including New York City and Los Angeles, where Red Eye Radio had established itself, and refocused the program as a competitor to Premiere Networks's ubiquitous Coast to Coast AM, eventually moving towards a generic conservative talk direction, though trucking news and content remains a major part of the show.

On December 21, 2012, just before the first anniversary of the Harley-McNamara version of the show, the hosts announced on air that they had signed a new multi-year contract to host the show.

Format
The show runs five hours each night, from midnight to 5 am Central Time. Harley and McNamara primarily address political issues, most commonly promoting libertarian and conservative viewpoints. The show is available seven days a week, but usually a "best of" program airs on weekends.

References

External links

1969 radio programme debuts
American talk radio programs
American country music radio programs
Conservative talk radio
Libertarianism in the United States
Radio programs on XM Satellite Radio
Westwood One

Red Eye Radio


The word "information" is used in many different ways. Originally, it comes from a word that meant to give a form to something. Information  is something that people can learn, know about, or understand. For example, a newspaper contains information about the world. This article contains information about "Information".

Information in computer science
People who use computers often use the words information and data in the same way. There are special fields of study called "information science", "information technology" (IT), and data science.

In the 1970s and 1980s, some people gave a new, specific meaning to "information". At that time, the first computer databases were built. In computer science, data often means a kind of information that has not been checked. That means data has not been changed or fixed, and you may not be able to trust it. With the new meaning, information means data that has been checked and passed tests for what it must be. A person can trust that "information" is correct.

Information can only be correct and good enough to trust if there are very good and complete ways to check the data (data checking, validation or verification) and decide it is good enough (acceptance process).  A person must know rules were used to check the data or trust the person who checked the data.  If a person cannot tell that this was done, the information still seems to be data for that person, so that person must check the data again, in that general view about data.

The Information Age is a historic period.

Other websites

Theoretical computer science

Information


Progressive metal (whiles kent as prog metal or prog-metal) is a subgenre o hivy metal oreeginatin in the Unitit Kinrick an North Americae in the late 1980s. Progressive metal blendit elements o hivy metal an progressive rock, takin the loud "aggression", amplifeed electric guitar-driven soond o the umwhile, wi the mair experimental, complex an "pseudo-classical" compositions o the latter. Progressive metal aften kept the conceptual themes associatit wi progressive rock. Throughoot the years, progressive metal haes borraed influences frae several ither genres, includin classical an jazz fusion muisic.

Whilst the genre emerged towards the late-1980s, it wis no till the 1990s that progressive metal achievit some commercial success. Dream Theater, Queensrÿche an Fates Warning are examples o progressive metal baunds who achievit a degree o popularity an success; additionally, hivy metal baunds sic as Metallica incorporatit elements o progressive muisic in thair wirk.

History

The mixin o the progressive rock an hivy metal styles can be tracit back tae the late 1960s an early 1970s. Ane o Ingland's hiviest progressive rock baunds, High Tide, fused the elements o "metal progenitors such as Cream, Blue Cheer, an the Jeff Beck Group" intae thair soond. Ither baunds sic as King Crimson an Rush wur an aw incorporatin metal intae thair muisic, as well as Uriah Heep, whose "bi-the-beuks progressive hivy metal made the Breetish baund ane o the maist popular hard rock groups o the early '70s". Rush sangs sic as "Bastille Day", "Anthem", "By-Tor an Snow Dog", "2112", "The Fountain of Lamneth" an "Something for Nothing" hae been citit as some o the earliest examples o progressive metal. Anither early practitioner o progressive rock an hivy metal wur Lucifer's Friend. Night Sun wis an aw an early baund who mixed hivy metal wi progressive rock tones, tho anerlie releasin ane album. Housomeivver, progressive metal did no develop intae a genre o its awn till the mid-1980s. Baunds sic as Psychotic Waltz, Fates Warning, Queensrÿche, an Dream Theater teuk elements o progressive rock groups (primarily the instrumentation an compositional structur o sangs) an mergit them wi hivy metal styles associatit wi baunds lik Judas Priest an Black Sabbath (the umwhile o which haed some progressive influences on thair early albums). The result coud be describit as a progressive rock mentality wi hivy metal soonds.

Thir three early flagship baunds for progressive metal (Fates Warning, Queensrÿche, an Dream Theater) each haed somewha different soonds. Queensrÿche haed the maist melodic soond o the three an achievit, wi Operation Mindcrime and Empire the genre's maist immediate commercial successes, which peaked wi the crossover single "Silent Lucidity" reachin nummer nine on the Billboard Hot 100. Dream Theater drew mair heavily upon traditional progressive rock and an aa biggit much of thair earlier career on the baund members' virtuoso instrumental skills, despite an aa achieving an early - and unexpected - MTV hit wi the aicht-minute "Pull Me Under" frae 1992's Images and Words. Fates Warning wur the maist aggressive an hivy an arguably haed the maist in common wi the thrash an extreme metal scenes o the time, which led them tae be the least accessible o the three baunds.

Tho progressive metal wis, an haes remained, primarily an album-orientit genre, this mainstream exposur increased the genre's profile, an opened doors for ither baunds. Ower the 1990s, baunds sic as Pain of Salvation, Vanden Plas, Threshold, Symphony X, Tool, Andromeda, Porcupine Tree an Arjen Anthony Lucassen's Ayreon project aw succeedit in developin thair awn audiences an signatur soonds. In the decade which follaed, airtists who began thair careers ootside o the progressive milieu, sic as Swaden's Tiamat (oreeginally a daith/doom metal act), Green Carnation an Opeth (baith formit in the daith metal moud), developit a progressive soond an became identifeed wi the progressive metal genre.

Ayreon stayed wi the traditional prog metal themes, but mixed them wi mony ither influences, prominently rock opera an ambient. Symphony X marriet progressive elements tae pouer metal an classical muisic. Tool creatit a progressive soond uisin alternative metal elements an odd rhythms. Steve Vai's umwhile sangster an hivy metal baund Strapping Young Lad's sangster an guitarist Devin Townsend combined elements o post-metal an ambient wi traditional progressive metal on his first twa solo albums Ocean Machine: Biomech an Infinity. Mastodon an aw combined progressive metal wi sludge elements. Opeth, Skyfire, an Between the Buried and Me combined (in vera different ways) thair prog influence wi daith metal. Baunds sic as 30 Seconds to Mars creatit a mair traditional progressive soond that incorporatit elements o space rock.

Diversity
Progressive metal can be braken doun intae coontless sub-genres correspondin tae certaint ither styles o muisic that hae influencit progressive metal groups. For example, twa bands that are commonly identifeed as progressive metal, King's X an Opeth, are at opposite ends o the sonic spectrum tae ane anither. King's X are greatly influencit bi softer mainstream rock an, in fact, contributit tae the growthe o grunge, influencin baunds lik Pearl Jam, whose bassist Jeff Ament ance said, "King's X inventit grunge.". Opeth's groulin vocals an hivy guitars (leeberally intermixed wi gothic metal-evocative acoustic passages an clean melodic vocals) aften see them citit as progressive daith metal, yet thair vocalist [[Mikael Åkerfeldt
]] refers tae Yes an Camel as major influences in the style o thair muisic.

Classical an symphonic muisic hae an aw haed a significant impact on sections o the progressive metal genre, wi airtists lik Devin Townsend, Symphony X, Sleepy Hollow an Shadow Gallery fusin traditional progressive metal wi a complexity an grandeur uisually foond in classical compositions. Similarly, baunds sic as Dream Theater, Planet X an Liquid Tension Experiment hae a jazz influence, wi extendit solo sections that aften featur "tradin solos". Cynic, Atheist, Opeth, Pestilence, Between the Buried and Me an Meshuggah aw blendit jazz/fusion wi daith metal, but in dramatically different ways. Devin Townsend draws on mair Ambient influences in the atmosphere o his muisic. Progressive metal is an aw aften linkit wi pouer metal, hence the ProgPower muisic festival, wi baunds sic as Fates Warning an Conception oreeginatin as pouer metal baunds that incorporatit progressive elements which came tae owershadow thair pouer metal ruits.

Progressive metal haes an aw owerlappit thrash metal - aiblins maist famously wi Dark Angel's swansang album Time Does Not Heal, which wis famous for its sticker that said "9 sangs, 67 minutes, 246 riffs." The baund Watchtower, who released thair first album in 1985, blendit the modren thrash metal soond wi hivy progressive influences, an even Megadeth wur aften and still are aften associatit wi progressive metal, as Dave Mustaine even ance claimit that the baund wis billed as "jazz metal" in the early '80s. The baund Racer X wad an aw faw athin this genre o technical proficiency featurin Paul Gilbert, a guitar instructor at the Musicians Institute in LA, a tendency evidencit on sangs sic as "B.R.O." frae 1999's Technical Difficulties. The baund Voivod an aw combinit elements o thrash metal an progressive metal, specifically on the releases Dimension Hatross an Nothingface, in 1988 an 1989 respectively.

Recently, wi a new wave o popularity in shred guitar, the hitherto-unfashionable genre o "technical metal" haes acome increasingly prevalent an popular in the metal scene. This haes led tae a resurgence o popularity for mair traditional progressive metal baunds lik Dream Theater an Symphony X, an an aw haes led tae the inclusion athin the progressive metal scene o baunds that dae no necessarily play in its traditional style sic as thrash/pouer metallers Nevermore, an the technical daith metal act Necrophagist. Thir baunds are, richtly or wrangly, aften labeled progressive metal, as thay dae play relatively complex an technical metal muisic which daes no readily cleave tae ony ither metal subgenre.

Differences wi avant-garde metal
Awtho progressive metal an avant-garde metal baith favor experimentation an non-staundart ideas, thare are rather lairge differences atween the twa genres. The experimentation o progressive metal haes a strang emphasis on technicality an theoretical complexity (influencit bi jazz muisic). This is done bi playin complex rhythms an implementin unuisual time signaturs an sang structures - aw wi the uise o traditional instruments. For avant-garde metal, maist o the experimentation is in the uise o unusual soonds an instruments - bein mair unorthodox an questionin o muisical conventions.

See an aw
 Leet o progressive metal airtists
 Timeline o progressive rock an progressive metal
 Avant-garde metal

Notes

References
 <cite id=refBuckley2003>

Progressive metal
Hivy metal subgenres
Progressive rock

Progressive metal


Modigliani is a 2004 drama biographical film written and directed by Mick Davis and starring Andy García, Elsa Zylberstein, Omid Djalili, Hippolyte Girardot, Eva Herzigova and Udo Kier. It is based on the life of the Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani.

Plot
Set in Paris in 1919, this biopic presents the life of Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani, centering, artistically, on his relationship to and rivalry with Pablo Picasso when they both lived in Paris. Modigliani, an Italian Jew from Livorno, has fallen in love with Jeanne Hébuterne, a young and beautiful French Catholic girl. The couple have a child, and Jeanne's bigoted father sends the baby to a faraway convent to be raised by nuns. Modigliani is distraught but needs money to rescue and raise his child. Paris' annual art competition is in the offing. Prize money and a guaranteed career await the winner.

Neither Modigliani nor his rival Picasso have ever entered the competition, believing that it is beneath true artists like themselves. But push comes to shove with the welfare of his child on the line, and the impoverished Modigliani signs up for the competition in a drunken and drug-induced act at the center of a café frequented by artists, including Picasso, who is, by Modigliani signing the roster for the competition, himself induced to sign.

All of Paris is aflutter with excitement at who will win. Modigliani tackles the work of his entry with the hopes of creating a masterpiece, and knows that all the artists of Paris are doing the same. Once completed, he calls his agent and dearest friend, Léopold Zborowski, personally to take the painting to the competition and to make sure no one touches it. While his friend is taking the painting, Modigliani is at City Hall waiting to finally obtain a marriage license. City Hall closes before he is called, but he manages to persuade the woman clerk who is shooing him out to have mercy and give him the license anyway because he has a beautiful daughter and another on the way—and because he is an artist, as is she!  As the last person to leave, he decides to celebrate with one drink. Unfortunately his addiction, and his nervousness about the competition, make him drink many more.

The competition was going to start at eight o'clock, and when he realizes he is very late he finally rushes out, without paying.  While drinking, he had been asked whether he had the money to pay, and he had answered that he had 5,000 francs (the prize money) and could buy everyone in the café a drink.  Two guys that were in the bar follow him and assault and severely beat him, under the assumption that he has a lot of money.  Once they find that he has no money they leave him in the snow, bloody and more than half dead.

His painting of Jeanne in a blue dress he had stolen from a shop window wins the competition, beating even Picasso's cubist portrait entitled Modigliani. Unaware of this victory, he somehow manages to make it home, where Jeanne washes the blood from his face.  But then his artist friends come, realize that he needs to be in a hospital, and take him there over Jeanne's protests. He dies in hospital.  Jeanne commits suicide by falling from a window.  They are buried together, along with the unborn child.

Cast
 Andy García as Amedeo Modigliani
 Elsa Zylberstein as Jeanne Hébuterne, Modigliani's chief love interest
 Omid Djalili as Pablo Picasso, Modigliani's rival
 Hippolyte Girardot as Maurice Utrillo
 Eva Herzigova as Olga Khokhlova, Picasso's wife
 Udo Kier as Max Jacob
 Susie Amy as Beatrice Hastings
 Peter Capaldi as Jean Cocteau
 Louis Hilyer as Léopold Zborowski
 Stevan Rimkus as Chaïm Soutine
 Dan Astileanu as Diego Rivera
 George Ivascu as Moise Kisling
 Michelle Newell as Eudoxie Hébuterne
 Frederico Ambrosino as Little Dedo
 Miriam Margolyes as Gertrude Stein
 Irina Dinescu as Paulette
 Theodor Danetti as Pierre-Auguste Renoir
 Ion Siminie as Claude Monet
 Jim Carter as Achilles Hébuterne
 Lance Henriksen as Foster Kane
 Loredana Groza as Singer
 Oana Zavoranu as Eugenia Modigliani
 Maria Rotaru as Berthe Weill (as Marina Rotaru)

Production
Mick Davis wrote the film's script in the 1990s and sent it to Martin Scorsese. "Scorsese told me it's one of the best screenplays he's ever read and could turn into either a movie or a theatre performance", said Davis in an interview in 2014. Al Pacino and 20th Century Studios received the screenplay not long thereafter and were happy with it but suggested Davis combine the new version of the script with the early one. Pacino was considered to be the director at this point, with Johnny Depp playing the leading role of Modigliani. Davis, who was not satisfied with the idea of combining the two versions of the script, decided to make his version of the film.

Release
Appearing at a number of film festivals in 2004 and 2005, Modigliani saw its world premiere at the Gala Selection of the Toronto International Film Festival. Also of particular note, it opened the Miami International Film Festival in 2005, and also played at the Bergen International Film Festival, the Washington Jewish Film Festival, The Capri Hollywood Film Festival, the Bangkok International Film Festival, The Mexico City International Contemporary Film Festival, Spain's Mostra de Valencia Cinema del Mediterranean, Italy's Festival Due Mondi, California's San Jose Jewish Film Festival, and the Sonoma Film Festival.

Making its French theatrical debut on 18 May 2004, later it opened in Russia, Belgium and Ukraine, as well as launching on video in Israel. In 2005, it opened in Dutch, Italian, Romanian, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian theatres—and on DVD in Thailand, Hong Kong, Brazil, Canada and Finland. In 2006 it opened in theatres in Poland, Portugal and Spain; on Argentine TV; and on DVD in Australia, The Czech Republic and New Zealand. In January 2007 it opened on Hungarian and Puerto Rican TV. In 2008 it debuted on DVD in Germany and Austria. As from 10 March 2008, the film has become available in the UK as a DVD rental.

Modigliani had a worldwide theatrical gross of $1,466,013: bringing in $1,260,848 in eight markets and doing $208,507 in the U.S. during 14 weeks in 2005, during which it only screened in 2–9 theatres. The top market for Modigliani was Italy, where it brought in $1,009,517 (69% of the global total).

Reception

Critical response
The film was not well received by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 4% based on reviews from 24 critics. The website's critics consensus reads, "Nearly everyone is miscast in this disjointed and slow-moving portrait of Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani." On Metacritic the film has a score of 25% based on reviews from 10 critics.

New York Times critic Stephen Holden wrote, "The best and maybe the only use to be made of the catastrophic screen biography Modigliani is to serve as a textbook outline of how not to film the life of a legendary artist."

Awards
Modigliani was nominated for two International Press Academy Golden Satellite Awards: to Pam Downe for Costume Design and Luigi Marchione and Vlad Vieru for Art Direction and Production Design.

Historical errors
The film contains many inaccuracies or omissions, including:

 The scene with the foreclosure (due to bankruptcy) with the furniture piled on the mother's bed, happened during Amedeo's birth (he was the last-born child).
 Modigliani met Jeanne in 1917, not in 1919.
 The alleged rivalry between him and Picasso has never been firmly proven.
 The only real painting that appears in the final competition is Soutine's Piece de Boeuf, realized later, in 1923; all the other works are fictional.
 Modigliani was great friends not only with Utrillo but also with Soutine, Rivera, Kisling, Foujita, Brâncuși, Chagall, and Souza Cardoso.
 Modigliani was also a sculptor.
 Leopold Zborowski was not only an art dealer but also a poet and writer.
 Modigliani and Jeanne dance in the streets to the notes of La vie en rose by Edith Piaf but the song was written in 1945.
 Modigliani met Renoir around 1918, without the help of Picasso.
 At the time Picasso was not a well established painter.
 Picasso was left handed, while in the film he draws and writes with his right hand.
 Modigliani died of meningitis not of tuberculosis (which he also suffered from), nor was he beaten up in the streets.

References

External links

2004 films
2004 biographical drama films
Biographical films about painters
Biographical films about Jewish people
Films set in 1919
Films set in Paris
French biographical drama films
Italian biographical drama films
Romanian biographical drama films
English-language French films
English-language Italian films
English-language Romanian films
Cultural depictions of Pablo Picasso
Cultural depictions of Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Cultural depictions of Claude Monet
Cultural depictions of Gertrude Stein
Jean Cocteau
Amedeo Modigliani
2004 drama films
Cultural depictions of 20th-century painters
2000s English-language films
2000s French films

Modigliani (film)


Hypersexuality is known as nymphomania when in females and satyriasis when in males. It is a stronger than usual urge to have sexual intercourse. Masturbation causes euphoria (extreme pleasure). It is caused by some stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine. It is also caused by some mental disorders: bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder. Some cases are of unknown cause. Some psychologists think it can be caused by a hormone imbalance. Others believe it is caused by early exposure to pornography and sex.

Sexual disorders
Mental illnesses

Hypersexuality


Nuclear fusion is the process of making a single heavy nucleus (part of an atom) from two lighter nuclei. This process is called a nuclear reaction. It releases a large amount of energy.

The nucleus made by fusion is heavier than either of the starting nuclei. However, it is not as heavy as the combination of the original mass of the starting nuclei (atoms). This lost mass is changed into lots of energy. This is shown in Einstein's famous E=mc2 equation.

Fusion happens in the middle of stars, like the Sun. Hydrogen atoms are fused together to make helium. This releases lots of energy. This energy powers the heat and light of the star.
Not all elements can be joined. Heavier elements are less easily joined than lighter ones. Iron (a metal) cannot fuse with other atoms. This is what causes stars to die. Stars join all of their atoms together to make heavier atoms of different types, until they start to make iron. The iron nucleus cannot fuse with other nuclei. The reactions stop. The star eventually will cool down and die.

On Earth it is very difficult to start nuclear fusion reactions that release more energy than is needed to start the reaction.  The reason is that fusion reactions only happen at high temperature and pressure, like in the Sun, because both nuclei have a positive charge, and positive repels positive.  The only way to stop the repulsion is to make the nuclei hit each other at very high speeds.  They only do that at high pressure and temperature.  The only successful approach so far has been in nuclear weapons.  The hydrogen bomb uses an atomic (fission) bomb to start fusion reactions.  Scientists and engineers have been trying for decades to find a safe and working way of controlling and containing fusion reactions to generate electricity.  They still have many challenges to overcome before fusion power can be used as a clean source of energy.

Related pages
Stellar nucleosynthesis
Supernova

Notes

Astrophysics
Nuclear energy
Nuclear physics

Nuclear fusion


The separation o pouers, eften imprecisely uised interchyngeably wi the trias politica principle, is a model for the govrenance o a state (or wha controls the state). The model wis first developed in auncient Greece. Unner this model, the state is dividit intae branches, each wi separate an independent pouers an auries o responsibility so that the pouers o ane branch are nae in conflict wi the pouers associatit wi the ither branches. The teepical diveesion o branches is intae a legislatur, an executive, an a judiciary.  It can be contrastit wi the fusion o pouers in a pairlamentary seestem whaur the executive an legislatur (an sometimes pairts o the judiciary) are unified.

References

Constitutional law
Philosophy o law

Poleetical science terminology

Separation o pouers


John Terry (born January 25, 1950) is an American retired film, television, and stage actor. He is perhaps best known for his role as Christian Shephard in the TV series Lost and Larry McCoy in the TV series Las Vegas. He is also the father of football player Hanna Terry of KIF Örebro DFF in the Swedish women's football league Damallsvenskan.

Early life
Terry was born in Vero Beach, Florida, where he attended Vero Beach High School. He was also educated at the prestigious Loomis Chaffee prep school in Windsor, Connecticut, and began a career building original custom log homes in North Carolina. He played roles in local theater before moving to Alaska where he founded a river rafting company. But his interest in acting did not diminish. At age 30 he moved to New York City and became a full-time actor.

Career
Terry's debut role was as the title character in the 1980 fantasy film Hawk the Slayer, followed by roles in films such as There Goes the Bride (1980), Tuxedo Warrior (1982) and the action sequel Wild Geese II (1985), as Barbara Carrera's brother. His career then took a major upswing as he was assigned the roles of Lieutenant Lockhart in Stanley Kubrick's Full Metal Jacket (1987) and Felix Leiter in the James Bond film The Living Daylights (1987).  Nothing as prominent followed immediately, though he received good notices for his role as a traumatized Vietnam veteran in Norman Jewison's In Country (1989). Terry subsequently played the lead in a well-regarded but short-lived TV series Against the Grain. Terry played Slim in the 1992 film adaptation of Of Mice and Men and also appeared in The Resurrected (1992), an adaption of the H. P. Lovecraft novella The Case of Charles Dexter Ward.

He found new success on television. He appeared in the first episodes of ER playing Dr. Div Cvetic, the love interest of Dr. Lewis, who disappeared after a nervous breakdown.  He later played a recurring role in season two of Fox's real-time thriller 24, as Bob Warner, the father of both the love interest of hero Jack Bauer and of another daughter whose fiancé is suspected of being a terrorist.

After a brief stint on NBC's Las Vegas, he was cast as Christian Shephard, the father of Jack Shephard and Claire Littleton on ABC's Lost. Terry reprised his role as Shephard on several occasions in flashbacks before appearing frequently in real time on the island as an incarnation of "the man in black". He had a guest role in a 2006 episode of Law & Order, as well as the part of older Jacob Wheeler in Steven Spielberg's Into the West mini series, which was nominated for 16 Emmy Awards in 2006. He also appeared in David Fincher's Zodiac, Matthew McConaughey's Surfer, Dude, and the horror thriller Nine Dead.

Filmography
There Goes the Bride (1980) – Nicholas Babcock
Hotwire (1980) – Billy Ed Wallace
Hawk the Slayer (1980) – Hawk
Wilhelm Cuceritorul (1982) – King Harold II
Tuxedo Warrior (1982) – Wiley
The Scarlet and the Black (1983) – Lt. Harry Barnett
Wild Geese II (1985) – Michael
Full Metal Jacket (1987) – Lt. Lockhart
The Living Daylights (1987) – Felix Leiter
In Country (1989) – Tom
The Resurrected (1991) – John March
Of Mice and Men (1992) – Slim
A Dangerous Woman (1993) – Steve
Iron Will (1994) – Jack Stoneman
ER (season 1) (1994/1995) - Dr. David "Div" Cvetic, Psychiatrist
Reflections on a Crime (1994) – James
The Big Green (1995) – Edwin V. Douglas
Heartwood (1998) – Joe Orsini
Blue Valley Songbird (1999) – Hank
Lost (2004–2010) - Dr. Christian Shephard
Steal Me (2005) – Father
Crazylove (2005) – Mr. Mayer
Zodiac (2007) – Charles Thieriot
Surfer, Dude (2008) – Mercer Martin
The Way of War (2009) – Secretary of Defence
Nine Dead (2009) – Shooter
CSI: NY (2009) – McCanna Taylor
The Fortune Theory (2013) – Howard Fitzroy

References

External links

 John Terry profile, Felixleiter.com; accessed October 10, 2014.

1950 births
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American people of Irish descent
Living people
Male actors from Florida
Vero Beach High School alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Loomis Chaffee School alumni

John Terry (actor)


Hot Pants is one of the numerous groups involving the French singer-songwriter of Spanish descent Manu Chao and his cousin, drummer Santi.  As with all of Chao's music, the group had many influences, most notably The Clash, which contributed to their rockabilly sound.  The group sang in English and Spanish. The group released a demo tape in 1984 entitled "Mala Vida," and in 1985 they released a 45 with the single "So many nites" (and B-side "Lover Alone"). They released a full-length album entitled Loco Mosquito in 1986, which was re-released in 2000.

The members of the group were:
Manu Chao: guitar/vocals
Pascal Borgne: guitar
Jean-Marc: bass guitar
Santi: drums

Rockabilly music groups
French punk rock groups

Hot Pants (band)


Iyengar Yoga is a type of yoga named after and developed by B. K. S. Iyengar (1918-2014). It is a form of Hatha Yoga. It emphasizes detail, precision and alignment. It focuses performing postures (poses) and breath control. This type of yoga helps to develop strength, mobility and stability.

B. K. S. Iyengar has created over 200 yoga poses. Students start with simple poses and move on to more complex ones.

Iyengar Yoga often uses belts, blocks, and blankets to help people get into the postures. By using belts, blocks and blankets, people are less likely to hurt themselves.

Meditation
Yoga

Iyengar Yoga


In many domains of science, measurements are done. If these measurements are drawn in a graph, they will be shown as simple unconnected points. Such data are called data points, or discrete. Handling and analysis of the data is easier, if it can be described using a continuous function, or a line connecting the discrete data point together. In order to do this, the line between two measurements, or data points, need to be created. This process of connecting the data points together with a line called interpolation. There are different ways to invent the data,  each method has its benefits and drawbacks. The simplest method is  drawing a straight line between two data points, which is not very accurate. Very often,  polynomials are used  to create a more accurate representation. Even if some of the data is wrong, in many cases,  the results of this interpolation are usable, either as a replacement for missing data points, or as a tool to help understand more complicated data.

Interpolation tries to find the values between two known points of data. It is not to be confused with extrapolation, which is a similar process that tries to find data points at the edge or outside the currently defined points.

Uses
The primary use of interpolation is to help users, be they scientists, photographers, engineers or mathematicians, determine what data might exist outside of their collected data. Outside the domain of mathematics, interpolation is frequently used to scale images and to convert the sampling rate of digital signals.

In the domain of science, a scientist may need to use a computer to calculate a complicated function. However, if that function takes a very long time to compute, it may make her experiments difficult or impossible to run properly. So, she might use interpolation to create a slightly less complicated version of her function, which takes less computational time and energy to run. This interpolated function should achieve the same results as the more complex function, but will make some errors, or lose some detail as compared to the original function. However, the reduced time and cost of running the interpolated function may make this trade-off worthwhile.

When an image is made larger, the existing pixels cannot simply be stretched, as you might stretch a rubber band. Instead, new pixels must be created. In order to "guess" what these pixels should look like, the software that enlarges the image uses interpolation. The software first spreads out the existing pixels into the new image size, leaving many gaps and spaces. Then, it examines the existing data (the original pixels) and then creates a function that describes the missing data (the new pixels) to create a new data set (the enlarged image). Sometimes, the program does a poor job, and the resulting image is blurry or wrong in places. These are called interpolation errors - the software did not correctly guess what the data should be. But, overall, the image will look similar. This is an example of the risks and benefits of interpolation - the user can see new data, but that data may not be perfect.

Gallery

Further Reading

More about interpolation in graphics and photography: http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/image-interpolation.htm

Mathematical approximation
Graphics

Interpolation


A breeches role is a part in an opera in which a woman plays the role of a man. It is also called a trouser role (British) or pants role (U.S.) or travesti role (the Italian word). It is called a breeches role because breeches are tight-fitting, knee-length trousers. These used to be worn by men at the time that breeches roles became popular. Sometimes breeches roles are in plays, but they are usually in opera.

Breeches roles are usually female singers acting the role of a young man. They are normally sung by mezzo-sopranos or contraltos with light voices because they can often sound boyish. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was normal to have actors and actresses who cross-dressed. It was the time when castrato singers were popular. These castrati were men pretending to be women, but there were also women pretending to be men (especially when the actress was trying to deceive another character) and the audiences were used to this kind of thing. As they gradually stopped the horrible practice of castrating young boys in the late 18th century these male characters started to be sung by mezzo-sopranos instead.

Mozart wrote an opera called The Marriage of Figaro. In this opera the role of Cherubino, a young page boy, is sung by a mezzo-soprano. Other famous examples include the role of Siebel in Dvořák's opera Rusalka and the role of Prince Orlofsky in Johann Strauss's opera Die Fledermaus.

Composers from the 20th century do not usually have breeches roles in their operas. There is the role of Oktavian in Richard Strauss's opera Der Rosenkavalier (1911), but this opera was deliberately trying to produce the old-fashioned atmosphere of Mozart's time. Benjamin Britten wrote an opera called Midsummer Night's Dream, based on Shakespeare's play. There is no breeches role here. Instead, the part of Oberon is written for a countertenor: a man with a high, falsetto voice.

There is also a term called a skirt role. This is the opposite of a trouser role: it is a man acting the part of a woman. Benjamin Britten uses one in the role of the Madwoman in Curlew River. The witch in Humperdinck's Hansel and Gretel is also sung by a man. In both cases it makes the characters more dramatic, but the first is very serious while the second is supposed to be humorous.

Cross-dressing
Opera terminology

Breeches role


Algonquin Provincial Park is a provincial park in Canada. It is the oldest provincial park in the province of Ontario, opened in 1893. It is very large at 7,653 square kilometres (2,955 square miles), and is the third largest provincial park in Ontario after Polar Bear and Wabakimi. The park contains many streams, lakes, rivers, and other water sources. Its forests are a mix of deciduous and coniferous. The variety of environments in the park makes it home to many species of plants and animals, and it is an important park for wildlife research. It is a very popular park with campers because of its size and how close it is to large cities such as Toronto and Ottawa.

In 1992 Algonquin Park became a National Historic Site of Canada.

History
Algonquin Park started as a logging area, where people would come to cut down trees. A group of loggers wanted to make the area a park because of how beautiful it was and to protect the animals that lived there. In 1892 a request was made by five members of the government asking for a park to be opened on the land. The next year in 1893 the park was officially made. It was the first provincial park in Ontario, but when it was opened it was called a national park. It was changed to a provincial park in 1913.

In 1896 a railway was built on the park. In 1898 cottages, lodges and camps started being sold to tourists, and in 1908 the first hotel in the park was built. The hotel was very popular. After that hotel opened others started being built.

Activities
The park is a very popular place for outdoor activities all year. Many people camp in campgrounds on the park. Fishing, hiking, horse riding and canoeing are other popular things to do. In winter people skate on the lakes, and the park opens their own skating rink.

There is also a museum, called the Algonquin Logging Museum, on the park. This museum tells people about the history of the park as well as the logging that happens today. There is a book store, exhibits with information about the park and a remade version of a logging camp from the late 1800s.

References

Parks in Canada
Geography of Ontario
1893 establishments in North America
1890s establishments in Canada

Algonquin Provincial Park


The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) is the central bank of South Africa. It was established in 1921 after Parliament passed an act, the "Currency and Bank Act of 10 August 1920", as a direct result of the abnormal monetary and financial conditions which World War I had brought. The SARB was only the fourth central bank established outside the United Kingdom and Europe, the others being the Federal Reserve, Bank of Japan and Bank of Java. The earliest suggestions for the establishment of the Central Bank in South Africa date back to 1879. A select committee, of ten members of Parliament, was established on 31 March 1920 to examine the benefits to the national interest of the establishing of the central bank.

Following on the recommendations of the committee, the South African Reserve Bank opened for business on 30 June 1921, making it the oldest central bank in Africa. The first banknotes were issued to the public by the Bank on 19 April 1922. Set of ZAR notes 2012 to present R 104 000 000 000.00 and Set of ZAR notes 2018 to present 400 000 000 print.

Unlike the Bank of England, which provided the model for establishing the SARB, the SARB is privately owned.

Functions of the South African Reserve Bank

 Formulating and implementing monetary policy;
 Issuing banknotes and coin;
 Supervising the banking system;
 Ensuring the effective functioning of the national payment system (NPS);
 Managing official gold and foreign-exchange reserves;
 Acting as banker to the government – but not owned by South African Government.
 Administering the country's remaining exchange controls; and
 Acting as lender of last resort in exceptional circumstances.

Organisational structure

Board of directors

SARB has a board of directors consisting of a Governor Lesetja Kganyago three Deputy Governors, and eleven Directors. The Governor, and Deputy governors are appointed for five-year terms by the President of South Africa in consultation with the Minister of Finance. Four of the directors are also appointed by the President for terms of three years. The remaining seven directors are appointed by the Shareholders of the Bank, also for a three-year term.

Ownership
The Reserve Bank, with 2 million issued shares, is one of eight reserve banks worldwide that have shareholders other than the governments of their respective countries (the others being Belgium, Greece, Italy, Japan, Switzerland, Türkiye and the USA). The only limitation on shareholding is that no single shareholder may own more than 10,000 shares individually. Currently there are 696 shareholders, as of the shareholders index report of 31 August 2018, owning shares in the South African Reserve Bank.

Shareholders are entitled a dividend of not more than 10 South African cents per share per annum (the total maximum dividend is therefore 200,000 South African Rand or a maximum of 1,000 South African Rand for any individual shareholder), with the remaining profits being paid to the South African government.

The South African government has announced that it plans to nationalise the Reserve Bank.

List of governors of the South African Reserve Bank
William Henry Clegg – December 1920 – December 1931
Johannes Postmus – January 1932 – June 1945
Michiel Hendrik de Kock – July 1945 – June 1962
Gerhard Rissik – July 1962 – June 1967
Theunis Willem de Jongh – July 1967 – December 1980
Gerhard de Kock – January 1981 – August 1989
Chris Stals – August 1989 – August 1999
Tito Mboweni – August 1999 – November 2009
Gill Marcus – November 2009 – November 2014
Lesetja Kganyago – November 2014–

See also

 South African pound
 South African rand
 BankservAfrica
 List of central banks of Africa
 List of central banks

References

External links

Banks of South Africa
Central banks
1921 establishments in South Africa
Banks established in 1921
Financial regulatory authorities of South Africa
organisations based in Pretoria
companies based in the City of Tshwane

South African Reserve Bank


The Siberian Intervention (1918-1922) was part of a larger plan by the Western powers and Japan. They wanted to support the White Russians against the Bolshevik Red Army during the Russian Civil War. Other places included Northwest Russia, Crimea, Bessarabia, and the Caucasus.

Having occupied the Russian Maritime Provinces, the Allied Forces left by 1920. The Imperial Japanese Army stayed in Siberia until 1922.

Background

The Siberian Intervention came quickly after the Russian October Revolution of 1917. The new Bolshevik government signed a separate peace treaty with Germany. That was a serious problem for the Entente powers. The treaty ended fighting for the Germans facing Russia. Germany could then move soldiers from east to west; against Europe.  The peace agreement also allowed Germany to get many supplies from Murmansk, Arkhangelsk and Vladivostok. In addition, a 50,000 man Czech Legion had been fighting on the side of the Allies. They became trapped. The Czechs were trying to fight their way out to the east to Vladivostok along the Trans-Siberian Railway. However, the Bolsheviks controlled that railway.

Great Britain and France decided to use military power and join the Russian Civil War against the Bolshevik government because of all of those problems. They had three goals:
 stop Germany or the Bolsheviks from getting the Allied war supplies in Russia
 rescue the Czech Legion and return it to the European front
 restart the Eastern Front by helping create a White Russian government.
The British and French did not have enough soldiers, so the asked the United States to help. They asked the U.S. to send soldiers to both the North Russia Campaign and the Siberian Campaign. President Wilson agreed in July 1918 even though the War Department said not to help. The U.S. sent two groups of soldiers: 5,000 soldiers were the American North Russia Expeditionary Force (nicknamed the Polar Bear Expedition); and 10,000 were called the American Expeditionary Force Siberia. In the same month, the Russian White movement asked the Beiyang government of the Republic of China to send men. They sent 2,000 soldiers by August. The Chinese later occupied Outer Mongolia and Tuva. They sent a battalion to the North Russian Campaign to fight against the Bolsheviks.

Active countries

Britain
The British had few soldiers sending only 1,500 troops to Siberia. These soldiers came from 9th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment and the 25th Battalion Middlesex Regiment.

Canada

The Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force was commanded by Major General James H. Elmsley. The Canadian government approved the mission in August 1918. The Canadian soldiers were sent to Vladivostok to support the allied armies already there. There were 4,192 soldiers in the group. They returned to Canada between April and June 1919. The Canadians did little fighting. Fewer than 100 troops left the base area to go to Omsk. Those 100 worked as administrative staff for 1,500 British troops who were helping the White Russian government of Admiral Alexander Kolchak. Most Canadians stayed in Vladivostok. They did routine practice and worked as police in the unstable port city.

Italy
The Italian soldiers were most active in three areas: Irkutsk, Harbin, and Vladivostok.

Japan
The Imperial Japanese Army sent 70,000 troops.

United States
The American Expeditionary Force Siberia was commanded by Major General William S. Graves. At its largest, it was 7,950 officers and enlisted men.

Allied intervention (1918-1919)
The Allies began to work together in Siberia in August 1918. The Japanese entered through Vladivostok and places along the Manchurian border. They sent more 70,000 soldiers. The Allies worried about Japanese plans because they sent such a large group. On September 5, the Japanese met the leading group of the Czech Legion. A few days later the British, Italian and French groups joined the Czechs to try to restart the war in the east. They tried to make a new battle line beyond the Ural Mountains. This meant that the European allies moved west. The Japanese had their own goals. They would not go west of Lake Baikal and stayed behind. The Americans were suspicious of Japanese plans.They also stayed behind to watch the Japanese. By November, the Japanese controlled all ports and major towns in the Russian Maritime Provinces and in Siberia east of the city of Chita.

In the summer of 1918 onwards, the Japanese army supported White Russian groups; the 5th infantry division and the Japanese-backed Special Manchurian Detachment of Grigory Semyonov took control over Transbaikalia. They started a White Transbaikalia government, but it did not last long.

References

Wars involving France
Wars involving Russia
Wars involving Japan
Wars involving the United States
Wars involving the United Kingdom
Russian Revolution
1910s conflicts
1920s conflicts

Siberian Intervention


Benjamin Schmolck (21 December 1672 – 12 February 1737) was a German Lutheran writer of hymns.

He was born a pastor's son in Brauchitschdorf (Chróstnik), Silesia. After attending the gymnasium in Liegnitz (Legnica), he studied theology at the University of Leipzig from 1693 to 1697. In 1702 he was ordained as a deacon at the Protestant Church of Peace and in 1714 as the pastor of the Church of the Holy Trinity in Schweidnitz (Świdnica), where he stayed for the rest of his life. Influenced by the pietism movement he became the most popular hymn writer of his day. His compositions include My Jesus as Thou Wilt and A faithful friend is wandering yonder. One of his pupils was the poet Johann Christian Günther.

Schmolck died in Schweidnitz.

References
Gross, Ernie. This Day in Religion. New York: Neal-Schuman, 1990. .

1672 births
1737 deaths
German Lutheran hymnwriters
German Lutherans
People from Świdnica
People from Lubin County
People from Austrian Silesia

17th-century Lutheran theologians
18th-century Lutheran theologians

Benjamin Schmolck


Sir William Fox  (20 January 1812 – 23 June 1893) was the second premier of New Zealand and held that office on four occasions in the 19th century, while New Zealand was still a colony. He was known for his confiscation of Māori land rights, his contributions to the education system (such as establishing the University of New Zealand), and his work to increase New Zealand's autonomy from Britain. He has been described as determined and intelligent, but also as bitter and "too fond" of personal attacks. Different aspects of his personality are emphasised by different accounts.

Early life
Fox was born on 20 January 1812 at 5 Westoe Village in South Shields, then part of County Durham, in north-east England, and baptised on 2 September of that year; he was the son of the Rev. George Townshend Fox, deputy lieutenant of co. Durham. He was educated initially at Durham School. He matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford in 1828, graduating B.A. 1832 and M.A. 1839. His activities for several years after graduating are a mystery.

In 1838 he studied law in London. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1842. Shortly after that he married Sarah Halcomb. The couple decided that they would emigrate to New Zealand.

Upon his arrival in Wellington Fox's legal qualifications were recognised, but there was little work, and so he supplemented his income by writing for local periodicals. Fox lost the right to practice as a lawyer when, in 1843, he refused to swear an oath that he considered "degrading". This event forced him to focus almost entirely on writing and journalism. That year, following the death of Arthur Wakefield, Fox was appointed local agent for the New Zealand Company at Nelson.

Early political activity
Initially, Fox was opposed to government negotiations with Māori over land, stating that Māori had a right only to land that they used. He also condemned the colonial government's "weak" response to the killing of Arthur Wakefield, a New Zealand Company official who had attempted to expand the settlement at Nelson into Māori-held lands. Fox's criticism of Governor Robert FitzRoy eventually played a part in FitzRoy's removal from office. In 1843 Fox was chosen by the New Zealand Company as Wakefield's replacement in Nelson.

In Nelson, Fox met with mixed success. There was little direct conflict with the Māori, and most of Fox's work was related to economic development. Poor planning and inaccurate land surveying had left colonists with considerably less than had been promised them, and Fox was responsible for resolving the matter. While many modern historians believe that he did a good job, Fox himself found that even his best efforts were not good enough for the angry colonists. Fox increasingly spent his time leading parties into the wilderness near Nelson, an activity which he seems to have enjoyed. Fox was physically active all through his life.

In 1848, William Wakefield died. As the New Zealand Company's senior officer in the colony, he was Fox's superior. Fox quickly travelled to Wellington, and managed to secure himself Wakefield's position. He accomplished this mainly because of the short distance between Nelson and Wellington, which enabled him to win the position before instructions could be received from other cities. He was not the first choice of the Company's board in London, which preferred Dillon Bell, but his quick action managed to gain him enough support to receive the appointment.

The Company was in decline after the deaths of both Edward and Arthur Wakefield. Fox gradually became less active in the Company, taking more of an interest in the colonial government. He was a strong opponent of Governor George Grey, had suspended the New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 to grant self-government to the settlers. He frequently denounced the administration and the judiciary as corrupt and incompetent.

In 1851, Fox travelled to London on behalf of a group of Wellington settlers. There he met Edward Gibbon Wakefield, elder brother of William and Arthur. He discussed his ideas about a constitution for New Zealand, strongly supporting self-rule, provincial autonomy, and two elected houses of parliament. He also attempted to meet Earl Grey, the Secretary of State for the Colonies but was refused. When the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 was passed by Britain's parliament the following year, it incorporated some of Fox's ideas but was not satisfactory to him.

Entry to Parliament

Before returning to New Zealand, Fox and his wife spent some time travelling in Canada, the United States, and Cuba. When they returned to New Zealand, the new constitution was in effect, and elections had already been held. In 1855 Fox was elected MP for Wanganui. He fought on a strong platform of provincial autonomy, and was particularly opposed to the government formed the following year by Henry Sewell, who took the newly created office of Premier of New Zealand. Fox managed to oust Sewell from the new post in only 13 days,  becoming New Zealand's second Premier. Fox, however, lasted only 13 days himself before being ousted by Edward Stafford. Fox spent the first years of Stafford's premiership in semi-retirement, but later returned to be Stafford's primary opponent in parliament.

Fox appears to have changed his views somewhat regarding Māori land rights, as he strongly opposed the government's policy on that issue. He blamed Stafford's administration, along with Governor Thomas Gore Browne, for the wars in Taranaki, which broke out when a Māori chief refused to sell his land. Fox was widely believed to have converted to support of the Māori, although many modern historians claim that his opposition to land seizure was due to a pragmatic wish to avoid war, not a change of philosophy. Lack of evidence makes it difficult to tell which was the case.

Premierships

In 1861, Fox successfully proposed a vote of no confidence in Stafford, and took the premiership again. Among the measures introduced were law changes designed to accommodate Māori political structures, a halt on attempts to acquire Māori land, and a less confrontational attitude in existing conflicts. Again, dispute exists as to whether this was motivated by pragmatism or support of Māori rights. His attempts to reduce conflict with Māori were undermined by Governor Grey, who had returned for another term, and was a strong believer in the need to confront Māori militarily. Grey's construction of military infrastructure and his deployment of troops reduced Māori trust of any initiatives by the government.

In 1862, Fox was a passenger on the SS White Swan together with several other senior members of the New Zealand government. The ship was holed by a rock while steaming from Napier to Wellington and began sinking. Captain Allen Harper deliberately ran the ship aground and thereby saved the lives of all those on board.

After becoming increasingly involved in a dispute with Grey over responsibility for policy towards Māori, Fox lost a vote of confidence in 1862. The following year he returned to government, but only as a minister – the premiership went to Frederick Whitaker. Fox appears to have had little to do with the policies of this government, which involved considerable confiscations of land from the Māori. After his term as a minister ended, Fox and his wife travelled in Australia for several years.

Upon returning to New Zealand, Fox was encouraged by the Opposition to return to politics, which was once again dominated by Fox's rival Edward Stafford. Fox was elected to parliament, and relaunched his attack on Stafford's policies on Māori relations and provincial affairs. Fox defeated Stafford in 1869, taking the premiership for the third time. Fox set about reducing military activities, and ceased any major attempts to engage the Māori with force. Increasingly Fox found himself overshadowed by his treasurer, Julius Vogel. Vogel's extensive plans for the development of New Zealand, involving borrowing money to finance public works, soon became the most prominent feature of Fox's government, but had little to do with Fox himself. Eventually, Fox began to abandon his leadership role within the government, and the resulting disunity allowed Stafford to defeat Fox in 1872.

After this, Fox decided that he would not seek further office. His role in politics, however, was not quite over – when George Waterhouse, Stafford's successor, suddenly resigned, Fox was called upon to assume the premiership as a caretaker until a new leader was found. When Vogel returned to New Zealand from an overseas trip Fox stepped down, and Vogel's premiership began.

He was the Member of Parliament for Wanganui and Rangitikei in the second parliament (1855–1860), Rangitikei in the third, fourth and fifth parliaments (1861–1865, when he resigned; 1868–1870; 1871–1875, when he resigned), Wanganui in the sixth parliament (1876–1879, when he was defeated), and Rangitikei again (1880–81, when he was defeated).

William Fox Jr.
In 1868 at Te Ngutu O Te Manu (Beak of the bird), a battle took place between the forces of the Hah Hau rebel Riwha Tītokowaru and the Colonial army commanded by Thomas McDonnell. The colonial forces were ambushed and retreated. During the retreat, two Māori scouts found two boys who were about six years old. One boy was killed, and the other, Ngatau Omahuru, was given by Māori scout, Pirimona, to Herewini of the Ngāti Te Ūpokoiri Iwi.

While in Whanganui the boy came to the attention of the magistrate Walter Buller, who purchased him a set of European clothes and boots. The boy's picture was taken in these clothes. The Buller family looked after the boy.

He was baptised William Fox in the presence of William Fox senior, then an MP. The young William was taken to Wellington by coach, probably on 25 January 1869. He was housed at a hostelry where visiting Māori lodged, lived there for three years, and was educated at a private school called Mowbray's near the hostelry. Three other Māori students, two of them the sons of Chief Wi Tako, attended the same school. The adopted son then moved in with the Fox family. According to Māori sources, William Junior and Mrs Sarah Fox, who was childless, became very close. He lived with the family until he was about 12.

In 1874 he was enrolled in the new Wellington College where he had a photo taken with the other students and staff on Inauguration Day 1874. In 1875 The Fox family took William Junior on a world tour to San Francisco by paddle steamer and then across the US and on to Great Britain to visit Fox relatives.

At 16, William junior joined a law firm as a clerk with Buller, Lewis and Gully, where he received about five years training. On a trip to the Taranaki area in 1878 he met members of his tribe and a young Māori woman, Hinemoa. He met the Māori leaders  Te Whiti and Tohu Kākahi at Parihaka, and decided to live in Taranaki. It appears he was heavily influenced by Te Whiti and Tohu and at some stage had an office in Tohu's meeting house at Parihaka. He set up a Māori school near Parihaka.

Later after the closure of Parihaka he worked as a translator and interpreter in Whanganui and then set up a business in Hawera teaching the Māori language. He never married. He corresponded with old soldiers about the Taranaki War and died in 1918.

Later life
In 1879, Fox was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG). He was appointed a commissioner to inquire into Native Land Titles.

Fox was involved in the temperance movement against alcohol. He was a founder of the New Zealand Alliance (for the Abolition of the Liquor Traffic), of which he was the first president, from 1887 to 1893.

He continued to undertake considerable physical exercise and, guided by Harry Peters, climbed Mount Taranaki in 1892, aged 80. He died in Auckland on 23 June 1893 aged 81. He was buried at Purewa Cemetery in the Auckland suburb of Meadowbank.

The town of Foxton, founded in 1885, was named after Sir William.

Westoe house
Fox bought  of the controversially acquired Rangitīkei block, near Greatford, about 1849. In 1868 an attempt to subdivide a township of Marsden failed because of a liquor ban. The current Westoe was designed by Charles Tringham and built for Fox in 1874 in Italianate style. It was sold in 1885 and was listed as a Category 1 Historic Place on 29 November 1985. The gardens include a cedar of Lebanon planted by Fox.

References

Bibliography

 (authors from New Zealand Alliance)

Further reading

External links

Paintings by William Fox
Biography

|-

1812 births
1893 deaths
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Attorneys-General of New Zealand
New Zealand Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
19th-century New Zealand lawyers
British emigrants to the Colony of New Zealand
New Zealand temperance activists
People educated at Durham School
People from South Shields
Politicians from Tyne and Wear
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1879 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1881 New Zealand general election
Colonial Secretaries of New Zealand
19th-century New Zealand politicians
Attorneys-General of the Colony of New Zealand
Burials at Purewa Cemetery
Sheriffs of New Zealand

William Fox (politician)


Interest is the cost for borrowing money or the payment for lending money. Usually, this is fixed as a percentage of the amount of money borrowed (which is called interest rate).

Simple and Compound interest
If the interest charged on $100 is 1 percent per year then every year the borrower must pay $1. If the $1 is not added to the amount owed then the borrower is paying simple interest. If simple interest of 1 percent is paid each year at the end of 100 years the borrower would have paid $100 in interest, $1 each year, and would still owe $100. If the $1 is added to the $100 the amount owed will increase to $101. 1 percent interest on $101 will be more than $1. This is called compound interest. Compound interest will cause the amount to grow each year. As the amount grows larger more is paid as interest each year and added to the total. If compound interest of 1 percent is paid on a loan of $100 each year the amount of interest paid will slightly increase and after 70 years the amount owed will have grown to $200 and the interest payment will have increased to $2.

Rule of 72
1 percent compound interest on $100 will cause the amount to double to $200 in about 72 years. That is called the rule of 72 which can be used to figure out how fast something grows. The rule can be used to figure out how fast anything that always  grows exponentially at the same rate will double in size. Suppose a kangaroo grows 12 percent a year; dividing 12 into 72 gives 6, so the kangaroo will double in size in 6 years. If the kangaroo grew 6 percent a year it would take 12 years for its size to double. If it only grew 2 percent it would take 36 years for its size to double.

Usury
At some times in the past, or in some places today, it has been illegal to make a person pay interest on a loan. It was, or is, against some religious rules. If the interest that a person must pay is too high, this is called usury. This is often illegal today, even when lower interest is legal.

Other meanings of interest
Interest can also be the care or concern that someone has for something or someone. If someone cares about something, they "have an interest" in that thing, or they "find it interesting". If something is beautiful, or funny, or new, that might make the thing interesting. However, a very important concern, for example love or hate, is more than an interest. An interest can also be a task that someone likes to do or watch, like a game or a hobby.

If someone has a legal right to something (usually money or property) they have an interest in that thing. This is also true for someone who shares a right with others, or a person who has a future right to something. For example, if some brothers and sisters will be given a house after their parents die, each of them "has a financial interest" in the house, even if the parents are still living.

Notes

Economics

Interest


Henri Constant Gabriel Pierné (16 August 1863–17 July 1937) was a French composer, conductor, and organist.

Personal Life
Gabriel Pierné was born in Metz in 1863. His family moved to Paris to get away from the Franco-Prussian War. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire. Pierné got first prizes for solfège, piano, organ, counterpoint, and fugue. He won the French Prix de Rome in 1882, with his work Edith. His teachers were Antoine François Marmontel, Albert Lavignac, Émile Durand, César Franck (for the organ) and Jules Massenet (for composition).

He succeeded Franck as organist at Saint Clotilde Basilica in Paris from 1890 to 1898. Pierné himself was succeeded by another Franck student. His name was Charles Tournemire. Associated for many years with Édouard Colonne's concert series, the Concerts Colonne, from 1903, Pierné became head conductor of this series in 1910.

His most famous early performance was the world start of Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Firebird, at the Ballets Russes, Paris, on 25 June 1910. He remained in the post until 1933.

He died in Ploujean, Finistère, in 1937.

1863 births
1937 deaths

20th-century French composers

Gabriel Pierné


Steven Levy (born 1951) is an American journalist who has written several books on computers, technology, cryptography, the Internet, cybersecurity, and privacy.

7 Commandments of the Personal Computer Revolution

In 1984 Levy established the 7 commandments of the Personal Computer revolution. It was the basis for the Personal Computer and Internet social ethos:

Access to Computers - and anything that might teach you something about the way the world works - should be unlimited and total.
Always yield to the Hands-on Imperative.
All information should be free.
Mistrust authority - promote decentralization.
Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race, or position.
You can create art and beauty on a computer.
Computers can change your life for the better.

Career

Levy is a senior writer for Wired. Previously, he was chief technology writer and a senior editor for Newsweek. Levy has had articles published in Harper's, Macworld, The New York Times Magazine, The New Yorker, Premiere, and Rolling Stone. He is regarded (along with Walter Mossberg) as a prominent and respected critic of Apple Inc.. In July 2004, Levy wrote a cover story (which also featured an interview with Apple CEO Steve Jobs) which unveiled the 4th generation of the iPod to the world before Apple had officially done so, an unusual event since Apple is well known for its tight-lipped press policy.

Levy has won several awards, including the "Computer Press Association Award" for a report he co-wrote in 1998 on the Year 2000 problem.

In 1978, Steven Levy rediscovered Albert Einstein's brain in the office of the pathologist who removed and preserved it.

In 1984, he wrote a book called Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution,  in which he described a "hacker ethic", which became a guideline to understanding   how computers have advanced into the machines that we know and use today. He identified this Hacker Ethic to consist of key points such as that all information is free, and that this information should be used to "change life for the better".

Levy received his bachelor's degree from Temple University and earned a Master's degree in literature from Pennsylvania State University. He lives in New York City with his wife, Pulitzer Prize winner Teresa Carpenter, and son.

Books by Levy

 In The Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (2011)
 The Perfect Thing: How the iPod Shuffles Commerce, Culture, and Coolness (2006)
 Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age (2001)
 Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything (1994)
 Artificial Life: The Quest for a New Creation (1992)
 The Unicorn's Secret: Murder in the Age of Aquarius (1988)
 Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (1984)

Other websites
 Steven Levy's website
 iPod: I love you, you're perfect, now change - Salon.com article on Levy's 2006 book The Perfect Thing

 Authors@Google: Steven Levy
 Lebowski Podcast Episode 27 - Steven Levy's Wish List  Interview with Steven Levy about The Big Lebowski and his interview with the Coen Brothers.
 Lebowski Podcast Episode 27a - Steven Levy on Technology  Chalupa and Steven Levy talk about blogging, twitter, internet security, etc.

References

1951 births
Living people
American Jews
American journalists
Writers from Philadelphia
American bloggers

Steven Levy


"Hurt" is a song written by Trent Reznor. It was first released on Nine Inch Nails' 1994 album The Downward Spiral. It received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Song in 1996 but lost to Alanis Morissette's "You Oughta Know".

Originally recorded by Nine Inch Nails, the song "Hurt" has been adapted and covered by several artists, including Johnny Cash and Leona Lewis. The song clearly includes references to self-harm and heroin addiction, although the overall meaning of the song is unknown.

In 2002, Johnny Cash covered the song for his album, American IV: The Man Comes Around. The line "crown of shit" was changed to "crown of thorns", not only removing profanity from the lyrics, but also more directly referencing Christ and Cash's devout Christianity. Its accompanying video, featuring images from Cash's life and directed by Mark Romanek, was named the best video of the year by the Grammy Awards and CMA Awards, and the best video of all time by NME in July 2011. The cover was released on a single with the B-side 'Personal Jesus', a cover of the Depeche Mode single.

References

1995 songs
1990s ballads
Alternative rock songs
Johnny Cash songs
Leona Lewis songs
Songs about drugs
Nine Inch Nails
Mumford & Sons songs

Hurt (Nine Inch Nails song)


The Yonaguni monument is a group of very big underwater rocks. It is off the southern coast of Japan. It was discovered by local divers in the 1980s. The monument has staircase-like terraces with flat sides and sharp corners. Most of academic society believe the rock formation is created by nature. Masaaki Kimura, a professor of earthquakes in the University of the Ryukyus, and some newspaper people believe it is a man-made structure engraved or built 2,000 to 3,000 years ago. The main feature (the "Monument" proper) is a rectangular formation measuring about 150 by 40 m (490 by 130 ft), and about 27 m (90 ft) tall. The top is about 5 m (16 ft) below sea level. Most of its top surface is a complex series of terraces and large wide steps, mostly rectangular, with walls that are almost vertical.

Some of its peculiar details include:
Two closely spaced pillars which rise to within eight feet of the surface
The "Loop Road", a 5 m (16 ft) wide ledge that surrounds the base of the formation on three sides
The "Totem", a stone column about 7 m (23 ft) tall
The "Dividing Wall", a straight wall 10 m (33 ft) long
The "Gosintai", an isolated boulder resting on a low platform
The "Turtle", a low star-shaped platform
The "Triangle Pool", a triangular depression with two large holes at its edge
The "Stage", an L-shaped rock

Other websites

Okinawa Prefecture
Monuments and memorials

Yonaguni monument


Broomhill which includes the areas of Sheffield of Broomhill, Crookesmoor, Endcliffe, and Tapton, is one of the 28 wards in City of Sheffield, in the country of England. It is in the western part of the city and covers an area of 2.7 km2. The population of this ward in 2001 was 16,800 people in 5,700 houses.

Districts of Broomhill ward

Broomhill
Broomhill is a suburb of western Sheffield, England.  Mostly created in the nineteenth century. The area is just west of the main building of the University of Sheffield, it is known for its large student population, and was identified in 2003 as the richest area apart from London for overall wealth.

Crookesmoor
Crookesmoor is north of the University of Sheffield's main building housing its law department and sports centre, east of Crookes and south of Walkley.  A residential area, it has a large but decreasing student population and is home to Crookes Valley Park.

Endcliffe
Endcliffe is southwest of Broomhill and is a rich residential area, housing Birkdale School (aprivate school) and three student buildings, which are part of the University of Sheffield.

Tapton
Tapton is west of Crookes.  It is home to Tapton School.

Sheffield

Broomhill


The Battle of Coronel was a First World War Imperial German Navy victory over the Royal Navy on 1 November 1914, off the coast of central Chile near the city of Coronel. The East Asia Squadron (Ostasiengeschwader or Kreuzergeschwader) of the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) led by Vice-Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee met and overpowered a British squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock.

The engagement probably took place as a result of misunderstandings. Neither admiral expected to meet the other in full force. Once the two met, Cradock understood his orders were to fight to the end, despite the odds being heavily against him. Although Spee had an easy victory, destroying two enemy armoured cruisers for just three men injured, the engagement also cost him almost half his supply of ammunition, which was irreplaceable.

Shock at the British losses led the Admiralty to send more ships, including two modern battlecruisers, which in turn destroyed Spee and the majority of his squadron on 8 December at the Battle of the Falkland Islands.

Background
At the outbreak of war the Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy, with assistance from New Zealand and Japanese naval and land forces in the Far East, had captured the German colonies of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, Yap, Nauru, and Samoa, instead of searching for the German East Asia Squadron commanded by Vice-Admiral Maximilian von Spee, which had abandoned its base at the German concession at Tsingtao in the expectation of war breaking out with Japan. The East Asia Squadron rendezvoused at Pagan Island in the Marianas in early August 1914. Eventually, recognising the German squadron's potential for disrupting trade in the Pacific, the British Admiralty decided to destroy it and searched the western Pacific Ocean after the East Asia Squadron had conducted the Bombardment of Papeete (22 September 1914), where a French steamer reported its presence.

On 4 October 1914, the British learned from an intercepted radio message that Spee planned to attack shipping on the trade routes along the west coast of South America. Having correctly guessed the intention of the German commander, Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock patrolled the area with a squadron consisting of the armoured cruisers  (flagship) and , the modern light cruiser , and the armed merchantman . The Admiralty had planned to reinforce the squadron by sending the newer and more powerful armoured cruiser  from the Mediterranean, but temporarily diverted this ship to patrol the western Atlantic. Defence reached Montevideo two days after the battle, and Cradock instead received the pre-dreadnought battleship .

The change of plan meant that the British squadron comprised obsolete or lightly armed vessels, crewed by inexperienced naval reservists. Monmouth and Good Hope had a large number of 6-inch guns but only Good Hope was armed with two 9.2-inch guns mounted in single turrets. Spee had a superior force of five modern vessels (the armoured cruisers  and  and the light cruisers ,  and ), led by officers hand-picked by Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau carried eight 8.2-inch guns each, which gave them an overwhelming advantage in range and firepower; the crews of both ships had earned accolades for their gunnery before the war. The Admiralty ordered Cradock to "be prepared to meet them in company", with no effort being made to clarify what action he was expected to take should he find Spee. On receiving his orders, Cradock asked the Admiralty for permission to split his fleet into two forces, each able to face Spee independently. The two groups would operate on the east and west coasts of South America to counter the possibility of Spee slipping past Cradock into the Atlantic Ocean. The Admiralty agreed and established the east coast squadron under Rear-Admiral Archibald Stoddart, consisting of three cruisers and two armed merchantmen.

The remaining vessels formed the west coast squadron, which was reinforced by Canopus on 18 October. At the outbreak of war and said to be in need of overhaul, Canopus had a top speed of . (After the fleet sailed, it was found that the ship could only make  and that the senior engineer was mentally ill.) The Admiralty agreed that with Canopus the fleet would be too slow to force an engagement with the German cruisers and that without Canopus the west coast squadron stood no chance. Cradock sailed from the Falklands on 20 October, still under the impression that Defence would soon arrive and with Admiralty orders to attack German merchant ships and to seek out the East Asiatic Squadron. As the British squadron rounded Cape Horn, wireless transmissions from Leipzig increased in power and it seemed that the British would catch the ship while isolated, but Spee had made rendezvous with Leipzig on 14 October and had enforced wireless silence on the other ships.

Lines of communication
On 30 October, before the battle but due to communications delays too late to have any effect, Admiral Jackie Fisher was re-appointed First Sea Lord, replacing Prince Louis of Battenberg, who, along with Churchill, had been
preoccupied with fighting to keep his position as First Sea Lord in the face of widespread concern over the senior British Admiral being of German descent. Battenberg was a proven and reliable admiral but was replaced to appease public opinion. The crisis drew the attention of the most senior members of the Admiralty away from the events in South America: Churchill later claimed that if he had not been distracted, he would have questioned the intentions of his admiral at sea more deeply.

A signal from Cradock was received by Churchill on 27 October, advising the Admiralty of his intention to leave Canopus behind because of her slow speed and, as previously instructed, to take his remaining ships in search of Spee. He re-stated that he was still expecting reinforcements in the form of Defence, which he had previously been told was coming and that he had given orders for her to follow him as soon as possible. Although Defence had once been sent to reinforce Cradock, it had then been recalled part way, returned to the Mediterranean and then been sent again to form part of a new squadron patrolling the eastern coast of South America. A misunderstanding had arisen between Cradock and the Admiralty over how ships were to be assigned and used. Cradock believed he was expected to advance against Spee with those forces he had, whereas the Admiralty expected him to exercise caution, using Canopus for defence and merely to scout for the enemy or take advantage of any situation where he might come across part of the enemy force. Churchill replied to the signal, telling Cradock that Defence was to remain on the east coast and that Cradock was considered to have sufficient forces for his task, making no comment about his plan to abandon Canopus. Churchill had passed on the message to the Admiralty staff, saying he did not properly understand what Cradock intended.

Cradock probably received Churchill's reply on 1 November with the messages collected by Glasgow at Coronel, giving him time to read it before the battle. Thus, Cradock would have taken the message as final confirmation that he was doing what was expected. Departing from Stanley he had left behind a letter to be forwarded to Admiral of the Fleet Sir Hedworth Meux in the event of his death. In this, he commented that he did not intend to suffer the fate of Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge, a friend of Cradock, who at the time was awaiting court-martial for failing to engage the enemy. The governor of the Falklands reported that Cradock had not expected to survive, as did the governor's aide. Luce reported that "Cradock was constitutionally incapable of refusing or even postponing action if there was the smallest chance of success".

On 3 November, Fisher in London received news from Valparaiso that Spee had been sighted. He urgently gave orders for Defence to join Cradock and stressed the need to keep Canopus together with the other ships. On 4 November, German reports of the battle started to reach London.

Prelude

British preparations

On 22 October, Cradock cabled the Admiralty that he was going to round Cape Horn and was leaving Canopus behind to escort his colliers. Admiral John Fisher replaced Battenberg as First Sea Lord on 27 October, and the following day Fisher ordered Cradock not to engage Spee without Canopus. He then ordered HMS Defence to reinforce Cradock. The previous week Cradock had sent Glasgow to Coronel to pick up any messages the Admiralty might have sent. Spee, having learned of the presence of Glasgow off Coronel, sailed south from Valparaíso with all five warships with the intention of destroying her. Glasgow intercepted radio traffic from one of the German cruisers and informed Cradock, who turned his fleet north to intercept the cruiser.

Given the German superiority in speed, firepower, efficiency and numbers, why Cradock chose to engage puzzles historians. At the time Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge, a friend of Cradock, was awaiting court-martial for failing to engage the enemy, and he had been told by the Admiralty that his force was "sufficient". The accepted view among Cradock's colleagues was that he was "constitutionally incapable of refusing action". On 31 October, he ordered his squadron to adopt an attacking formation. Both sides are thought to have expected to encounter a single ship until they sighted each other at 16:40 on 1 November.

Battle

On 31 October, Glasgow entered Coronel harbour to collect messages and news from the British consul. Also in harbour was a supply ship—Göttingen—working for Spee, which immediately radioed with the news of the British ship entering harbour. Glasgow was listening to radio traffic, which suggested that German warships were close. Matters were confused because the German ships had been instructed to all use the same call sign, that of Leipzig. Spee decided to move his ships to Coronel to trap Glasgow while Admiral Cradock hurried north to catch Leipzig. Neither side realised the other's main force was nearby.

At 09:15 on 1 November, Glasgow left port to meet Cradock at noon,  west of Coronel. Seas were rough so that it was impossible to send a boat between the ships to deliver the messages, which had to be transferred on a line floated in the sea. At 13:05, the ships formed into a line abreast formation  apart, with Glasgow at the eastern end,  and started to steam north at  searching for Leipzig. At 16:17 Leipzig, accompanied by the other German ships, spotted smoke from the line of British ships. Spee ordered full speed so that Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Leipzig were approaching the British at , with the slower light cruisers Dresden and Nürnberg some way behind.

At 16:20, Glasgow and Otranto saw smoke to the north and then three ships at a range of . The British reversed direction, so that both fleets were moving south, and a chase began which lasted 90 minutes. Cradock was faced with a choice; he could either take his three cruisers capable of , abandon Otranto and run from the Germans, or stay and fight with Otranto, which could only manage . The German ships slowed at a range of  to reorganise themselves for best positions, and to await best visibility, when the British to their west would be outlined against the setting sun.

At 17:10, Cradock decided he must fight, and drew his ships closer together. He changed course to south-east and attempted to close upon the German ships while the sun remained high. Spee declined to engage and turned his faster ships away, maintaining the distance between the forces which sailed roughly parallel at a distance of . At 18:18, Cradock again attempted to close, steering directly towards the enemy, which once again turned away to a greater range of . At 18:50, the sun set; Spee closed to  and commenced firing.

The German ships had sixteen  guns of comparable range to the two  guns on Good Hope. One of these was hit within five minutes of the engagement's starting. Of the remaining  guns on the British ships, most were in casemates along the sides of the ships, which continually flooded if the gun doors were opened to fire in heavy seas. The merchant cruiser Otranto—having only eight  guns and being a much larger target than the other ships—retired west at full speed.

Since the British  guns had insufficient range to match the German  guns, Cradock attempted to close on the German ships. By 19:30, he had reached  but as he closed, the German fire became correspondingly more accurate. Good Hope and Monmouth caught fire, presenting easy targets to the German gunners now that darkness had fallen, whereas the German ships had disappeared into the dark. Monmouth was first to be silenced. Good Hope continued firing, continuing to close on the German ships and receiving more and more fire. By 19:50, she had also ceased firing; subsequently her forward section exploded, then she broke apart and sank, with no one witness to the sinking.

Scharnhorst switched her fire to Monmouth, while Gneisenau joined Leipzig and Dresden which had been engaging Glasgow. The German light cruisers had only  guns, which had left Glasgow almost unscathed, but these were now joined by the  guns of Gneisenau. John Luce, captain of Glasgow, determined that nothing would be gained by staying and attempting to fight. It was noticed that each time he fired, the flash of his guns was used by the Germans to aim a new salvo, so he also ceased firing. One compartment of the ship was flooded but she could still manage . He returned first to Monmouth, which was now dark but still afloat. Nothing was to be done for the ship, which was sinking slowly but would attempt to beach on the Chilean coast. Glasgow turned south and departed.

There was some confusion amongst the German ships as to the fate of the two armoured cruisers, which had disappeared into the dark once they ceased firing, and a hunt began. Leipzig saw something burning, but on approaching found only wreckage. Nürnberg—slower than the other German ships—arrived late at the battle and sighted Monmouth, listing and badly damaged but still moving. After pointedly directing her searchlights at the ship's ensign, an invitation to surrender—which was declined—she opened fire, finally sinking the ship. Without firm information, Spee decided that Good Hope had escaped and called off the search at 22:15. Mindful of the reports that a British battleship was around somewhere, he turned north.

With no survivors from either Good Hope or Monmouth, 1,660 British officers and men were dead, including Admiral Cradock. Glasgow and Otranto both escaped (the former suffering five hits and five wounded men). Just two shells had struck Scharnhorst, neither of which exploded: one 6-inch shell hit above the armour belt and penetrated to a storeroom where, in Spee's words, "the creature just lay there as a kind of greeting." Another struck a funnel. In return, Scharnhorst had managed at least 35 hits on Good Hope, but at the expense of 422  shells, leaving her with 350. Four shells had struck Gneisenau, one of which nearly flooded the officers' wardroom. A shell from Glasgow struck her aft turret and temporarily knocked it out. Three of Gneisenaus men were wounded; she expended 244 of her shells and had 528 left.

Aftermath

This was Britain's first naval defeat since the Battle of Lake Champlain in the War of 1812 and the first of a British naval squadron since the Battle of Grand Port in 1810.  Once news of the defeat reached the Admiralty, a new naval force was assembled under Vice-Admiral Doveton Sturdee, including the battlecruisers  and her sister-ship .  This found and destroyed Spee's force at the Battle of the Falkland Islands.

Glasgow, having escaped the battle, steamed south for three days at , passing through the Straits of Magellan. Canopus—warned by Glasgows messages—turned about and headed back at the best speed she could manage, . On 6 November, the two ships met and proceeded slowly towards the Falklands. Twice during the voyage Canopus had to report that she was not under control. After coaling, both ships were ordered north but again Canopus broke down. She was finally ordered to be beached in the inner part of Stanley Harbour, where she could serve as a defensive battery.

Otranto steamed  out into the Pacific Ocean before turning south and rounding Cape Horn. On 4 November the Admiralty issued orders for the surviving ships to go to the Abrolhos Rocks, where a new force was being assembled. Rear-Admiral Archibald Stoddart, with the armoured cruisers  and , were to meet them there and await the arrival of Defence. Sturdee was ordered to travel with the battlecruisers  and —then attached to the Grand Fleet in the North Sea—to command a new squadron with clear superiority over Spee.

Despite his victory, Spee was pessimistic about his own chances of survival and dismissive with regard to the harm done to the British navy. The official explanation of the defeat as presented to the House of Commons by Winston Churchill was: "feeling he could not bring the enemy immediately to action as long as he kept with Canopus, he decided to attack them with his fast ships alone, in the belief that even if he himself were destroyed... he would inflict damage on them which ...would lead to their certain subsequent destruction."

On 3 November Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Nürnberg entered Valparaiso harbour to a welcome by the German population. Spee refused to join in the celebrations; when presented with a bouquet of flowers, he refused them, commenting that "these will do nicely for my grave". He was to die with most of the men on his ships on 8 December 1914, at the Battle of the Falkland Islands.

Commemoration

The Coronel Memorial Library at Royal Roads Military College, now Royal Roads University in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, was named in honour of the four Canadian midshipmen who perished in HMS Good Hope at the Battle of Coronel. In 1989 a memorial to those who perished in the battle was erected in the Plaza 21 de Mayo (21st May Square) at Coronel, Chile. Along with two plaques depicting HMS Good Hope and HMS Monmouth, it has a central dedication plaque (in Spanish) which reads

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

 The Battle of Coronel Memorial website
 Andreas Leipold: Coronel, Battle of, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
 Battle of Coronel
 Battles of Coronel and the Falklands – a Pictorial Look
 Nafziger, Order of Battle
 Lives of the First World War: Commemorating all those who were lost aboard HMS Good Hope, 1 November 1914
 Lives of the First World War: Four Canadian Midshipmen who lost their lives aboard HMS Good Hope, 1 November 1914
 Lives of the First World War: 26 West Indian Stokers who lost their lives aboard HMS Good Hope, 1 November 1914
 The Battle of Coronel, at Naval-History.Net

Naval battles of the Asian and Pacific Theatre (World War I)
Naval battles of World War I involving Germany
Naval battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in Chile
1914 in Chile
Conflicts in 1914
Battle of Coronel
November 1914 events

Battle of Coronel


Clint Crisher (born January 23, 1973) is an American pop singer and songwriter. He is believed to be the first American R&B or pop singer to be openly gay from the beginning of his career.

Biography
Crisher was born on January 23, 1973, in Enterprise, Alabama, to a Christian family. His mother, Brenda, was of French Canadian descent, and his father, Glen Peacock, is a first-generation Italian American. The Peacock family originated from London, England; his mother worked as a Las Vegas dancer. Crisher was raised in Jacksonville, Florida, by his sister.

Career
After graduating from high school in Fernandina Beach, Florida, Crisher studied at Florida State College at Jacksonville. He transferred colleges and received his BA from Jacksonville University. Living in Washington, DC, Crisher began performing his own original music regularly in local D.C. clubs and events including the Velvet Nation party at Nation, Tracks, Millennium at the 9:30 Club, Ozone, The Capitol Ballroom,and Cobalt and in NYC nightclubs Metronome, Avalon, Splash, Webster Hall, Starlight, and Home. Crisher performed along major DJ's and club promoters saw him and started hiring him for larger performances. His career as a dance performance artist and club personality began in Washington, DC, continued in Miami at Crobar and eventually landed him in Los Angeles. Crisher performed on the main stage with the United States Capitol building in the background for the 1999 and 2003 Capital Pride annual LGBT pride festival in Washington, D.C., with over 150,000 attendees and also in July 2002 Crisher performed as part of the Billboard Dance Music Summit.

Discography
Albums
 1999: Perfect World
 2007: Terrific Distraction (Crisher Entertainment)
 2008: Spotlight "The Remixes" (Crisher Entertainment) 2007 No. 5 Billboard Breakout Hot Dance Club Play November 2007
 2008: It Can Happen To You "The Remixes"(Crisher Entertainment) #38 week of December 8–14, 2008 on the zipDj TOP 40 Canada National Dance Charts included in industry publication Cashbox (magazine)
 2008: The Hot Boys World Volume 1 (Crisher Entertainment)
 2008: The Hot Boys World Volume 2 (Crisher Entertainment)
 2009: The Hot Boys World Volume 3 (Crisher Entertainment)
 2010: TraXXX 123 RemiXed (Crisher Entertainment)
 2010: The Hot Boys World Volume 4 (Crisher Entertainment)
 2011: The Hot Boys World Volume 5 (Crisher Entertainment)
 2011: Sticky Remixes (Crisher Entertainment)

See also
 Youth pride

References

External links

Living people
1973 births
People from Enterprise, Alabama
American dance musicians
American male pop singers
American male singer-songwriters
American tenors
American LGBT singers
American LGBT songwriters
American gay musicians
Jacksonville University alumni
Gay singers
Gay songwriters
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American LGBT people
Singer-songwriters from Alabama
American gay writers

Clint Crisher