A skirmisher is a soldier usually sent ahead of a main body of troops to harass the enemy. Groups of skirmishers may also be placed on the flanks to prevent a surprise attack or flanking maneuver. A skirmish is a term that was first used in the 14th century. It meant a small-scale fight between two opposing forces or a preliminary battle involving troops in front of the main force. Skirmishers were those involved in the fight or battle. The word from the Old French eskirmir "to defend". Skirmishers were usually infantry or cavalry soldiers who formed a skirmish line ahead or next to friendly troops.

History

Colonial America
Two conflicts that involved the American colonies and the development of skirmishers were the Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War in the American colonies) and the American Revolutionary War. The main development of skirmisher tactics came from the Native American allied primarily to the English and French. Indian warriors did not usually fight in the European style of closely-packed formations of soldiers but more often fought as individuals. They used cover, ambush and lines of fighters, which would later come to be called skirmishing.

Napoleonic Wars
The tactics of the Napoleonic Wars called for heavy cavalry to be kept in reserve. Light cavalry were often used as skirmishers  and were usually positioned on the sides of an army and served two purposes. In "skirmish order", they could be placed some distance from the main force. That way, they could warn the commander if any enemy approached from that way. The other purpose was to use their quick speed to engage the enemy and to hold them until more forces arrived. By their very presence, they discouraged the enemy from mounting a flanking attack.

American Civil War
During the American Civil War, infantry manuals paid a good deal of attention to skirmishing. The tactics were based on Napoleon's heavy dependence on skirmishing during the Napoleonic Wars. Paintings and images of Civil War battles show two lines of soldiers, standing shoulder to shoulder and firing at the enemy lines at short distances. However, massed formations were not frequently used during the Civil War. Skirmishes and skirmish lines were a more common tactic.

The terrain in many cases did not allow mass formations of armies but allowed skirmishers to fight in open order. The increased accuracy of rifles and rifled muskets at longer ranges made battles fought at close range unnecessary. Battles fought before at  could now be fought at . Pre-war training had also changed skirmisher tactics. Instead of one company out of ten, entire regiments were now taught how to fight as skirmishers. They fought in small formations, called "comrades in battle". That called for four men to move and fight supporting one another.

The Confederate Army actually made more effective use of skirmishers. In each brigade there was an elite battalion of sharpshooters, who were used as skirmishers.

Plains Indian Wars
During the Plains Indian Wars, especially after the Civil War, the US Army used companies of skirmishers ahead of the main force. The recommended distance between them was , but most commanders simply kept skirmishers within sight of one another. The skirmishers were used mainly ahead of the main force but could be used to defend the flanks or as a rearguard.

If the Indians attacked, the skirmisher company formed a defensive circle. Once the danger had passed, they returned to their original positions. Often, the entire company was not deployed as skirmishers. Some were kept in reserve to fill gaps, to get ammunition or to carry messages.

References

Other websites
 Civil War Reenactment 2011: Skirmish Of Gamble's Hotel March 5, 1865; YouTube
 Diablo 4 Man Room Clearing at Military Base Skirmish; YouTube

Military terminology

Skirmisher


Roberto Alagna  (born near Paris, 7 June 1963) is a French operatic tenor.

Alagna's family came from Sicily.  He was born in Clichy-sous-Bois, Seine-Saint-Denis, near Paris,  France in 1963.  When he was a teenager he started singing pop music in Paris cabarets.  Later he started to sing in operas.  He won the Luciano Pavarotti Voice Competition.  He started to sing professionally in 1988 singing the part of Alfredo Germont in Giuseppe Verdi's La Traviata with the Glyndebourne touring opera
Soon he was being asked to sing all over the world in opera houses such as La Scala, Covent Garden and the Metropolitan Opera. His performances of Romeo in Romeo and Juliet by Charles Gounod at Covent Garden in 1994 made him a great international star.  When he sang that role on 15 December 2007 at the Metropolitan Opera with Anna Netrebko as Juliet the performance was broadcast by the Met into 447 theaters worldwide in high definition and seen by about 97,000 people.

Personal life
Alagna's first wife, Florence Lancien, died of a brain tumor in 1994; they had one daughter, Ornella, who was born in 1992.  In 1996 he married the Romanian soprano Angela Gheorghiu.  They often performed together in operas.  However, they separated in 2009.

References

Other websites

1963 births
Living people
French tenors
French opera singers

Roberto Alagna


This article is talking about the notebook made of paper. If you are looking for the hand-carry computer, see Laptop.

A notebook is a collection of sheets of paper, bound as a book or leaflet. It can be used to make notes and to draw things. Some notebooks also have a printed calendar.

Writing media

Notebook


The Swabian children (German: Schwabenkinder) were peasant children from poor families in the Alps of Austria and Switzerland who went to find work on farms in Upper Swabia and the Swabian Jura. Usually they were sent by their parents to become seasonal workers. They were taken in spring and brought to the child markets in Germany, mainly in Upper Swabia, where they would be purchased or "rented" by farmers for the season. This use of children as workers was most widespread in the 19th century.

The march over the Alps to Germany proved often difficult and exhausting. Usually their guide was a priest, who was also responsible for ensuring the children had a warm stable to sleep in.

The marches were large, organised groups of several thousand children, taken over the snow-covered mountains often still dressed in rags. It was not uncommon for five and six-year-old children to be taken.

The American press began a campaign in 1908 exposing the Swabian children, describing the child market in Friedrichshafen as a "barely concealed slave market".

The child markets were abolished in 1915, yet the trade of children did not end completely until compulsory schooling for foreign children was introduced in Württemberg in 1921.

Many immigration certificates from Swabia show surnames typical of Tyrol and other regions the children were taken from (e.g. Braxmeier from Braxmarer).

Film

 , TV film (first aired 2003), director: Jo Baier, actors: Tobias Moretti, Vadim Glowna

The movie is based on the novel "Die Schwabenkinder – Die Geschichte des Kaspanaze" ("The Swabian Children – The Story of Kaspanaze") by  ().

Film synopsis: After his mother is killed in an avalanche, the farmer boy Kaspar is sent by his struggling father to work in Swabia. Together with other children from the village, their guide (Tobias Moretti) brings the group to the child market at Ravensburg. There the miraculous story begins: The brutal treatment of the boy by the farmer, his escape, emigration to the United States, and final home coming to his village many years later to visit his dying father.

Migrant workers
Child labour
History of Swabia
Upper Swabia

Swabian children


An Ogoh-ogoh, a papier-mâché and wood puppet built on Bali for the New Year Holiday Nyepi. They are primarily constructed by young Balinese men and frequently depict caricatures of the many tourists. On the evening before Nyepi they are paraded about and then burnt. Nyepi is known as the day of silence.

Bali
Hinduism
Mythology

Ogoh-ogoh


Steve Jablonsky (born on October 9, 1970) is an American music composer for movies, television and video games.

Jablonsky has composed the soundtracks to the movies The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003), Steamboy (2004), The Island (2005), Transformers (2007) and D-War (2007). He also helped compose some of the music to the video game Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, and composed the theme music for the BBC's Seven Wonders of the Industrial World in 2003. He continues to write music for the television series Desperate Housewives (2004-current) since the fourth episode.

Jablonsky works in Hans Zimmer's studio Remote Control Productions (formerly known as Media Ventures).

1970 births
Living people
American composers

Steve Jablonsky


In geology, a trough refers to a linear depression that extends in one direction over a distance. It is less steep than a trench. A trough can be a narrow basin or a geologic rift. There are various oceanic troughs, troughs found under oceans; examples include the rifts along the mid-ocean ridges.

Landforms

Trough (geology)


Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü (Besiktas JK) is a Turkish football club from Istanbul.  Besiktas JK was founded in 1903 by 26 young men in "Osman Pasa Konagi".

It was the beginning of the 20th century and it was forbidden then to attend sports activities on a club basis. People were gathering together all around Istanbul. Twenty-six young men (Huseyin Bereket, Mehmet Samil, Ahmet Fetgeri, Mehmet Ali Fetgeri, Fuat Balkan, Muhittin Pasa, Mazhar Kazanci, Nazim Nazif Ander, Haydar Bey, Cami Baykurt, Behcet Bey, Sevket Cenani, Mahmut Naci Bey, Refik Bey, Sukru Pasa, Haci Ahmet Pasa, Kilic Ali, Ziya Karamursel, Kenan Bey, Yuzbasi Fethi Bey, Seraffettin Bey, Seref Bey, Celal Davut, Hami Bey, Fuat Pasa, and Kamil Beyler) gathered together on November in 1902 and decided to found a club. Next year in 1903 the vision came to life and Besiktas JK was founded.

Besiktas is one of the 3 big clubs in Turkey. Others are Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe.

Turkish football clubs

Beşiktaş J.K.


This hurricane killed between 6,000 and 12,000 people.
The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 hit the city of Galveston, Texas on September 8, 1900. This hurricane was very large, and it is the deadliest hurricane in the history of the United States. It killed between 8,000 and 12,000 people. It was a "Category 4 hurricane" on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.

Prelude to the great storm

The U.S. National Weather Service was very simple in 1900. They did not have good information on what the storm was doing. As a result, they could not give people advance warnings. Galveston was located on a sandbar island off the coast of Texas. It was only about nine feet above sea level. The population was about 38,000. On the morning of September 8, 1900, nobody knew that 8,000 of that number would be gone by the next day.

The hurricane

The Galveston hurricane began developing about August 30, 1900 in the middle Atlantic Ocean. It was still a tropical storm when it moved to Cuba on September 4. It hit Key West on September 6. At that point it became a full hurricane. It was a Category 4 hurricane when it got near the Texas coast. In the early afternoon of September 8 it hit with little warning. By the next morning it was gone and so was much of Galveston. After that, it moved back east as a tropical storm over the U.S. The damage was over $30,000,000. Galveston began rebuilding almost right away. A new seawall was built and many buildings were raised several feet. But it could not recover completely. The storm convinced most in the shipping industry to move to Houston with its safer harbor. Galveston would never again be the busiest shipping port in Texas.

References

Other websites
 Galveston Hurricane of 1900; Texas State Historical Association
 The Galveston Storm of 1900; NOAA History

1900 in the United States
19th century in Texas
Galveston, Texas
Hurricanes in the United States

1900 Galveston Hurricane


The San Juan Expedition took place between March and November 1780 during the American War of Independence when a British force under the command of John Polson and Captain Horatio Nelson landed on the coast of the present-day Nicaragua, with the aim of sailing up the San Juan River to capture the strategically crucial towns of Granada and León, located on the northwestern shore of Lake Nicaragua.

Despite an initial success in the capture of the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception, Polson's force never reached Lake Nicaragua and, decimated by yellow fever, was forced to return to Jamaica. The campaign ended in total failure and cost the lives of more than 2,500 men, making it the costliest British disaster of the entire war.

Background
After Spain entered the American Revolutionary War in 1779, Major-General John Dalling, the governor of Jamaica, proposed a military expedition against the Spanish province of Nicaragua, belonging then to the Captaincy General of Guatemala, a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The main objective of the expedition was to capture the town of Granada, effectively cutting Spanish America in half and giving Great Britain access to the Pacific Ocean. "The colours of England, were, in their imagination, already in the walls of Lima."

Expedition
The expedition, consisting of the transport Penelope, two brigs, three sloops, and a tender, the Royal George, sailed from Jamaica on 3 February 1780, escorted by the 21-year-old Captain Horatio Nelson in the 28-gun . Nelson was the highest-ranking officer present, but his authority was limited to naval operations. The overall commander was Captain (local rank of major) John Polson, who had at his disposal about 3,000 men, including 100 regulars of the 60th Royal American Regiment under himself, 140 of the 79th Liverpool Blues under Captain Richard Bulkeley, 240 Royal Jamaica Volunteers under Major James Macdonald, 250 members of the Jamaica Legion, and 125 of the Royal Batteaux Corps, plus an unspecified number of black volunteers.

On 24 March, after many delays awaiting the arrival of several Miskito Indian bowmen under Major James Lawrie, which failed to appear, the expedition anchored off San Juan del Norte. Three days later all Polson's troops were assembled aboard boats and advanced upriver divided in two contingents. On 9 April, Nelson, in the first hand-to-hand combat of his career, led an assault which captured a small Spanish battery on Bartola Island.

Five miles (8 km) upstream was Fort San Juan, with about 160 armed defenders of whom only 60 were soldiers, which was besieged beginning on 13 April. Because of poor planning and lost supplies, the British soon began to run low on ammunition for the cannons as well as rations for the men. After the tropical rains started on 20 April, men began to sicken and die, probably of malaria and dysentery, and maybe of typhoid fever, Nelson was one of the first to become ill, and he was shipped downriver on 28 April, the day before the Spanish under Juan de Ayssa, devoid of ammunition, food and water, surrendered the fort.

The British troops, unable to advance despite the arrival of 450 British reinforcements on 15 May, remained in occupation of the fort for six months, during which time they perished by the hundreds, while Viceroy Matías de Gálvez was able to fortify the mouth of Lake Nicaragua.  The Spanish gained in strength, thanks to assistance from San Miguel, Choluteca and other adjoining provinces, while sickness continued to take a heavy toll among the British troops, forcing the order for withdrawal to be given on 30 November.

Aftermath
The Spanish reoccupied the remains of the fort, which the British had blown up on departure. Despite having surrendered it, Don Juan de Ayssa was promoted to lieutenant colonel, as was recorded in the Royal Order of 12 June 1781: he had alerted the other garrisons in the area, bravely defended the fort, suffered hardships as a prisoner of war, and contributed greatly to creating difficulties for the British operations. Taken prisoner to Jamaica, he was freed at the end of the war and rose to become governor of Nicaragua in 1783.

Notes

References

Conflicts in 1780
Battles involving Great Britain
Invasions by Great Britain
Battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1779–1783)
Battles involving Spain
History of Nicaragua
Horatio Nelson

San Juan Expedition (1780)


The middle ear is the portion of the ear medial to the eardrum, and distal to the oval window of the cochlea (of the inner ear).

The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes), which transfer the vibrations of the eardrum into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear.  The hollow space of the middle ear is also known as the tympanic cavity and is surrounded by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. The auditory tube (also known as the Eustachian tube or the pharyngotympanic tube) joins the tympanic cavity with the nasal cavity (nasopharynx), allowing pressure to equalize between the middle ear and throat.

The primary function of the middle ear is to efficiently transfer acoustic energy from compression waves in air to fluid–membrane waves within the cochlea.

Structure

Ossicles
The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes.  The ossicles were given their Latin names for their distinctive shapes; they are also referred to as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, respectively. The ossicles directly couple sound energy from the eardrum to the oval window of the cochlea.  While the stapes is present in all tetrapods, the malleus and incus evolved from lower and upper jaw bones present in reptiles.

The ossicles are classically supposed to mechanically convert the vibrations of the eardrum into amplified pressure waves in the fluid of the cochlea (or inner ear), with a lever arm factor of 1.3. Since the effective vibratory area of the eardrum is about 14 fold larger than that of the oval window, the sound pressure is concentrated, leading to a pressure gain of at least 18.1. The eardrum is merged to the malleus, which connects to the incus, which in turn connects to the stapes. Vibrations of the stapes footplate introduce pressure waves in the inner ear. There is a steadily increasing body of evidence that shows that the lever arm ratio is actually variable, depending on frequency. Between 0.1 and 1 kHz it is approximately 2, it then rises to around 5 at 2 kHz and then falls off steadily above this frequency. The measurement of this lever arm ratio is also somewhat complicated by the fact that the ratio is generally given in relation to the tip of the malleus (also known as the umbo) and the level of the middle of the stapes. The eardrum is actually attached to the malleus handle over about a 0.5 cm distance. In addition, the eardrum itself moves in a very chaotic fashion at frequencies >3 kHz. The linear attachment of the eardrum to the malleus actually smooths out this chaotic motion and allows the ear to respond linearly over a wider frequency range than a point attachment. The auditory ossicles can also reduce sound pressure (the inner ear is very sensitive to overstimulation), by uncoupling each other through particular muscles.

The middle ear efficiency peaks at a frequency of around 1 kHz. The combined transfer function of the outer ear and middle ear gives humans a peak sensitivity to frequencies between 1 kHz and 3 kHz.

Muscles

The movement of the ossicles may be stiffened by two muscles. The stapedius muscle, the smallest skeletal muscle in the body, connects to the stapes and is controlled by the facial nerve; the tensor tympani muscle is attached to the upper end of the medial surface of the handle of malleus and is under the control of the medial pterygoid nerve which is a branch of the mandibular nerve of the trigeminal nerve. These muscles contract in response to loud sounds, thereby reducing the transmission of sound to the inner ear. This is called the acoustic reflex.

Nerves
Of surgical importance are two branches of the facial nerve that also pass through the middle ear space.  These are the horizontal portion of the facial nerve and the chorda tympani.  Damage to the horizontal branch during ear surgery can lead to  paralysis of the face (same side of the face as the ear).  The chorda tympani is the branch of the facial nerve that carries taste from the ipsilateral half (same side) of the tongue.

Function

Sound transfer

Ordinarily, when sound waves in air strike liquid, most of the energy is reflected off the surface of the liquid.  The middle ear allows the impedance matching of sound traveling in air to acoustic waves traveling in a system of fluids and membranes in the inner ear.  This system should not be confused, however, with the propagation of sound as compression waves in  liquid.

The middle ear couples sound from air to the fluid via the oval window, using the principle of "mechanical advantage" in the form of the "hydraulic principle" and the "lever principle".  The vibratory portion of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) is many times the surface area of the footplate of the stapes (the third ossicular bone which attaches to the oval window); furthermore, the shape of the articulated ossicular chain is a complex lever, the long arm being the long process of the malleus, the fulcrum being the body of the incus, and the short arm being the lenticular process of the incus.  The collected pressure of sound vibration that strikes the tympanic membrane is therefore concentrated down to this much smaller area of the footplate, increasing the force but reducing the velocity and displacement, and thereby coupling the acoustic energy.

The middle ear is able to dampen sound conduction substantially when faced with very loud sound, by noise-induced reflex contraction of the middle-ear muscles.

Clinical significance
The middle ear is hollow in the tympanic cavity and Eustachian tube. In a high-altitude environment or on diving into water, there will be a pressure difference between the middle ear and the outside environment.  This pressure will pose a risk of bursting or otherwise damaging the tympanum (eardrum) if it is not relieved. If middle ear pressure remains low, the eardrum (tympanic membrane) may become retracted into the middle ear.  One of the functions of the Eustachian tubes that connect the middle ear to the nasopharynx is to help keep middle ear pressure the same as air pressure. The Eustachian tubes are normally pinched off at the nose end, to prevent being clogged with mucus, but they may be opened by lowering and protruding the jaw; this is why yawning or chewing helps relieve the pressure felt in the ears when on board an aircraft. Otitis media is an inflammation of the middle ear.

Injuries

The middle ear is well protected from most minor external injuries by its internal location, but is vulnerable to pressure injury (barotrauma).

Infections
Recent findings indicate that the middle ear mucosa could be subjected to human papillomavirus infection. Indeed, DNAs belonging to oncogenic HPVs, i.e., HPV16 and HPV18, have been detected in normal middle ear specimens, thereby indicating that the normal middle ear mucosa could potentially be a target tissue for HPV infection.

Other animals

The middle ear of tetrapods is analogous with the spiracle of fishes, an opening from the pharynx to the side of the head in front of the main gill slits. In fish embryos, the spiracle forms as a pouch in the pharynx, which grows outward and breaches the skin to form an opening; in most tetrapods, this breach is never quite completed, and the final vestige of tissue separating it from the outside world becomes the eardrum. The inner part of the spiracle, still connected to the pharynx, forms the eustachian tube.

In reptiles, birds, and early fossil tetrapods, there is a single auditory ossicle, the columella which is homologous with the stapes, or "stirrup" of mammals. This is connected indirectly with the eardrum via a mostly cartilaginous extracolumella and medially to the inner-ear spaces via a widened footplate in the fenestra ovalis. The columella is an evolutionary derivative of the bone known as the hyomandibula in fish ancestors, a bone that supported the skull and braincase.

The structure of the middle ear in living amphibians varies considerably and is often degenerate. In most frogs and toads, it is similar to that of reptiles, but in other amphibians, the middle ear cavity is often absent. In these cases, the stapes either is also missing or, in the absence of an eardrum, connects to the quadrate bone in the skull, although, it is presumed, it still has some ability to transmit vibrations to the inner ear. In many amphibians, there is also a second auditory ossicle, the operculum (not to be confused with the structure of the same name in fishes). This is a flat, plate-like bone, overlying the fenestra ovalis, and connecting it either to the stapes or, via a special muscle, to the scapula. It is not found in any other vertebrates.

Mammals are unique in having evolved a three-ossicle middle-ear independently of the various single-ossicle middle ears of other land vertebrates, all during the Triassic period of geological history. Functionally, the mammalian middle ear is very similar to the single-ossicle ear of non-mammals, except that it responds to sounds of higher frequency, because these are better taken up by the inner ear (which also responds to higher frequencies than those of non-mammals). The malleus, or "hammer", evolved from the articular bone of the lower jaw, and the incus, or "anvil", from the quadrate. In other vertebrates, these bones form the primary jaw joint, but the expansion of the dentary bone in mammals led to the evolution of an entirely new jaw joint, freeing up the old joint to become part of the ear. For a period of time, both jaw joints existed together, one medially and one laterally. The evolutionary process leading to a three-ossicle middle ear was thus an "accidental" byproduct of the simultaneous evolution of the new, secondary jaw joint. In many mammals, the middle ear also becomes protected within a cavity, the auditory bulla, not found in other vertebrates. A bulla evolved late in time and independently numerous times in different mammalian clades, and it can be surrounded by membranes, cartilage or bone. The bulla in humans is part of the temporal bone.

Additional images

See also

External ear
Inner ear

References

External links

Promenade Around the Cochlea - Middle ear at iurc.montp.inserm.fr

Auditory system
Ear
Otology
Audiology

Middle ear


The Game Boy Color (often said as GBC) is a video game console manufactured by Nintendo. It was first introduced in Japan in October 1998 and released in North America, Europe and Australia in November 1998. It is the successor to the original Game Boy, but it precedes the Game Boy Advance (which is backwards compatible with GB and GBC games). The biggest innovation of the Game Boy Color was its colorful graphics. The Game Boy Color is almost as powerful as the Nintendo Entertainment System. Except for the Pokémon Mini, it was the last 8-bit console made by a mainstream company. The last game released for Game Boy Color was Harry Potter And The Chamber of Secrets in 2002.

The GBC has a color screen rather than a monochrome, but it is not backlit. It is clearly thicker and bigger and has a slightly smaller screen than the Game Boy Pocket, its last model in the Game Boy line. As with the original Game Boy, it has an 8-bit processor made by Sharp Corporation that is a hybrid between the Intel 8080 and the Zilog Z80. The spelling of the system's name, Game Boy Color, remains used throughout the world, with its American English spelling of "color".

The Game Boy Color is part of the fifth generation of video game consoles. The GBC's competitors in Japan were the grayscale 16-bit handhelds, Neo Geo Pocket and the WonderSwan, though the Game Boy Color outsold them by a wide margin. SNK and Bandai countered with the Neo Geo Pocket Color and the Wonderswan Color, this did little to change Nintendo's sales. With Sega discontinuing the Game Gear in 1997, the Game Boy Color's only competitor in the United States was its last one, the Game Boy, until the short-lived Neo Geo Pocket Color was made in August 1999. The Game Boy and the Game Boy Color together have sold 118.69 million units worldwide, making it the third-best-selling system of all time.

It was discontinued on March 23, 2003, shortly after the Game Boy Advance SP was made. Its best-selling game was Pokémon Gold and Silver, which sold 23 million units worldwide.

References

Game Boy
Nintendo video game consoles

Game Boy Color


Arie Kaplan is an American writer and comedian. He is the author of the book Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed!, and a writer for Mad magazine.  He lives in New York City.

Career
Although he is also a comedian and a cartoonist, Arie Kaplan is best known as a writer. Kaplan has written for Teen Beat, Tiger Beat, Entertainment Weekly, Time Out New York, the Utne Reader, and other publications. He has also won acclaim for exploring the role Jews have played in the history of both comedy writing and the comic book industry. Several years ago, Kaplan wrote a three-part series called "Kings of Comics" about Jews in comics for Reform Judaism Magazine. In that series, he interviewed such comics luminaries as Al Jaffee, Stan Lee, Will Eisner, Art Spiegelman, Jerry Robinson, Paul Kupperberg, Trina Robbins, Drew Friedman, Judd Winick, Chris Claremont, Jon Bogdanove, and Joe Kubert. In his role as an entertainment journalist, Kaplan has also interviewed recording artists, comedians, filmmakers, and cartoonists, including R. Kelly, 'N Sync, Carl Reiner, Susie Essman, Larry Gelbart, Sam Gross, Tom Leopold, Nora Ephron, and Lewis Black.

Apart from being a journalist, he is also an in-demand public speaker, lecturing all over the world about various pop culture-related subjects. These include, but are not limited to, the history of comic books, comedy history, film history, the history of television, and the history of science fiction. He has lectured and performed stand-up comedy at resorts, synagogues, comedy clubs, and academic institutions worldwide, including the Nevele Grand Resort in the Catskills, Stand-Up New York in Manhattan, the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles, the Koffler Centre of the Arts in Toronto, the Kislak Vacation Center in the Poconos, the Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków, Poland, and the Jewish Cultural Festival in Trondheim, Norway.

In 2008 Kaplan wrote a Speed Racer comic book mini-series called Speed Racer: Chronicles of the Racer for IDW Publishing. He has also written two Ben 10 comic book scripts for the DC Comics title Cartoon Network Action Pack. He is the writer/creator of the children's comic strip "Dave Danger, Action Kid" which ran in Reform Judaism Magazine from 2005-2007. In 2010, he wrote "Disney Club Penguin: Shadow Guy & Gamma Gal: Heroes Unite" for Grosset & Dunlap. He is currently working on a new graphic novel "The New Kid From Planet Glorf" for Capstone.

Kaplan can also be credited with writing for a various number of comic book series. These include the DC comics title "DC Universe Holiday Special", the DC series "Cartoon Network Action Pack", Bongo Comics anthology "Bart Simpson", Archie Comics title "Archie & Friends" and Papercutz horror series "Tales From the Crypt".

A writer for Mad magazine since 2000, Kaplan has described it as a dream to work for pioneering satire publication. Some of his best-known MAD pieces are the "Gulf Wars Episode 2: Clone of the Attacks" poster, "What if Chris Rock Performed At A Bar Mitzvah?"  and "MAD's New 'Sesame  Street' Characters That Better Reflect Today's World."

In Masters, Kaplan profiles the lives and careers of a diverse range of icons of the comic book genre, including Stan Lee (Spider-Man); Neil Gaiman (The Sandman); Marjane Satrapi (Persepolis, Art Spiegelman (Maus); Dwayne McDuffie (Static Shock); and Will Eisner (The Spirit).  At an event at MoCCA celebrating the release of the book Kaplan was asked what the comic artists he interviewed—such as Eisner, Spiegelman, and Gaiman—have in common.  He said that they were "elevating the art" and showing comics to be "art with a capital A."  On the panel to discuss Kaplan's work was Jerry Robinson, legendary creator of The Joker, Robert Sikoryak, who does comic adaptations of literature, and Danny Fingeroth, former Spider-Man editor at Marvel Comics and author of "Superman on the Couch: What Superheroes Really Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society."

Kaplan's book, From Krakow to Krypton: The history of Jews in Comics, came out in Sept 2008 from JPS, with a foreword by American Splendor creator Harvey Pekar and quickly became a National Jewish Book Award finalist that same year. In 2009 it won the Booklist Editors' Choice: Books for Youth, the Sophie Brody Honor Book and was a finalist in the National "Best Books 2009" Award competition. His newest release, "American Pop: Hit Makers, Superstars, and Dance Revolutionaries" was published by Lerner Publishing Group's Twenty-First Century Books imprint in November 2012.

In addition to the above work, Kaplan has also had his hands in the creation of various video games such as Episode 2: Home to Roost of "Law & Order: Legacies" by Telltale Games. This episode is now available for PC and Mac, including the iPad, iPhone and iPod touch. He wrote the storyline and dialogue for all five episodes of "House M.D." for Legacy Interactive, which can now be purchased for PC and Nintendo DSiWare platforms. Together with Legacy Interactive, Kaplan is currently working on the storyline and dialogue for the upcoming game "Disaster Hero", an educational children's game.

Quotes
"Jews built the comic book industry from the ground up, and the influence of Jewish writers, artists, and editors continues to be felt to this day."

Personal life
On May 30, 2004, Kaplan married playwright Nadine Graham.  "I'm very goal-oriented. I pursue something until I've worn it down to a nub. That's what I did with Nadine."

References

Further reading
 Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed!

External links

Arie Kaplan's Website
Debra Rubin, "Did you hear the one about the Jewish comedy writer?" The Jewish State, 2/28/03
Gary Shapiro, "In Comics, Villains Needed" The New York Sun, 8/31/06

American graphic novelists
New York University alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male comedians
21st-century American comedians

Arie Kaplan


High School Musical is a 2006 Disney television movie, starring Zac Efron, Vanessa Anne Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, Corbin Bleu, Monique Coleman and Lucas Grabeel. Its sequel is High School Musical 2.

The story is set in New Mexico. It is about two high school students, Troy Bolton, who is captain of his school's basketball team, and Gabriella Montez, a shy new student who is good in mathematics and science. Together, they try out for the lead parts in their high school musical. Despite other students' attempts to foil their dreams, Troy and Gabriella persist and inspire others along the way. They also make new friends.

Other websites
 Official website

 High School Musical news

2006 comedy-drama movies
2000s musical movies
2000s television movies
2000s teen comedy movies
2000s teen drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American musical movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
American television movies
English-language movies

Movies directed by Kenny Ortega
Movies set in New Mexico

High School Musical


In sociology, Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures.

There are various ways to divide classes. The working class do hard work for others. Where money is used, they are paid for it, but they seldom have much money. Where money is used little, as in feudalism, or not at all, as in the Inca Empire there are still classes.

Historians usually see two other groups - people who are rich or have a lot of influence, called the upper class, and all the remaining people who are in between, called the middle class.

Not all societies have social classes. Scientists have found no proof for hierarchical power structures during the Stone Age.

Determinants of class
In societies where classes exist, one's class is determined largely by:
 occupation
 education and qualifications
 income, personal, household and per capita
 wealth, including the ownership of land, property, means of production,  et cetera
 family background.

In the United Kingdom there are upper class, middle class, working class and underclass people.

Related pages
Bohemianism
Caste
Constitution
Constitutional economics
Class struggle
Clergy
Household income in the United States
Social status
Social structure
Working class
Upper class

References

Further reading
 Marx, Karl & Engels, Frederick; The Communist Manifesto, (1848). (The key statement of class conflict as the driver of historical change).
 Savage, Mike; Class Analysis and Social Transformation (London: Open University Press, 2000).
 Sennett, Richard & Cobb, Jonathan;  The Hidden Injuries of Class, (Vintage, 1972) (classic study of the subjective experience of class).
 Wlkowitz, Daniel J.; Working with Class: Social Workers and the Politics of Middle-Class Identity (University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
 "Class, Status and Party", Max Weber, in e.g. Gerth, Hans and C. Wright Mills, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, (Oxford University Press, 1958). (Weber's key statement of the multiple nature of stratification).
 Wright, Erik Olin; Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis (Cambridge University Press, 1997)

Other websites
Class Action:
 http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/IL06Ag01.html  Dargin, Justin, The Birth of Russia's New Energy Class. The Asia Times (Dec. 6, 2007)
Dictionary of the history of ideas:  Class
Charles Dunoyer And The Theory Of Industrialism and Comte And Dunoyer After The 1830 Revolution: The Impact Of Their Ideas  in The Radical Liberalism Of Charles Comte And Charles Dunoyer  by David M. Hart.
Marxist and Austrian Class Analysis (PDF) by Hans-Hermann Hoppe
Classical Liberal Roots of the Marxist Doctrine of Classes (PDF document), Classical Liberal Roots of Marxist Class Analysis  (MP3 audio file), lecture by Ralph Raico.
Rethinking Cultural and Economic Capital  - Jan Rupp

Social class


The Battle Hymn of the Republic (euskaraz Errepublikaren Gudu Ereserkia) 1861. urtean Julia Ward Howe idazle eta ekintzaileak idatzitako ereserki abolizionista bat da.

Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Gerra Zibilan ospetsu eta asko abestua bilakatu zen, noski, betiere Iparraldeko edo Batasunaren aldek gudarosteen artean, hots, esklabotzaren aurkakoen artean. Aldiz, Hegoaldeko Estatu Batuak edo Ameriketako Estatu Konfederatuetan Dixie ereserkia jaun eta jabe zen.

Hitzak
Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord:
He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored;
He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword:
His truth is marching on.

(Bis)
Glory, glory, hallelujah!
Glory, glory, hallelujah!
Glory, glory, hallelujah!
His truth is marching on.

I have seen Him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling camps,
They have builded Him an altar in the evening dews and damps;
I can read His righteous sentence by the dim and flaring lamps:
His day is marching on.

(Bis)

I have read a fiery gospel writ in burnished rows of steel:
"As ye deal with my contemners, so with you my grace shall deal;
Let the Hero, born of woman, crush the serpent with his heel,
Since God is marching on."

(Bis)

He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat;
He is sifting out the hearts of men before His judgment-seat:
Oh, be swift, my soul, to answer Him! be jubilant, my feet!
Our God is marching on.

(Bis)

In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea,
With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me:
As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free,
While God is marching on.

(Bis)

He is coming like the glory of the morning on the wave,
He is Wisdom to the mighty, He is Succour to the brave,
So the world shall be His footstool, and the soul of Time His slave,
Our God is marching on.

(Bis)

Kanpo estekak

 The Battle Hymn of the Republic ereserkia entzungai

Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako abesti abertzaleak
Martxa militarrak
Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Gerra Zibileko abestiak

The Battle Hymn of the Republic


Louis Frausto Pérez, Jr. (born January 29, 1953) is an American songwriter, percussionist and guitarist for Los Lobos and Latin Playboys.

Pérez started with Los Lobos playing primarily jarana (a small Mexican guitar) and singing. He is one of the founding members of Los Lobos, established in 1973. As Los Lobos ventured into Norteño music and rock, Pérez became the drummer, first with just a snare drum. In 1990, Victor Bisetti was hired to be a combination drum tech, drum coach and percussionist. As time went on, Bisetti took a more active role as drummer, allowing Pérez to move back to the front of the stage and start playing guitar. Bisetti was replaced in 2003 by Ruben (Cougar) Estrada. Estrada was replaced by Enrique "Bugs" Gonzalez in 2013.

Pérez continues to be Los Lobos' primary lyricist. He also paints in his free time and has been the art director and artistic supervisor on many of Los Lobos' albums.

References

American Sephardic Jews
1953 births
Living people
American percussionists
Songwriters from California
Musicians from Los Angeles
Los Lobos members
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American guitarists
Latin Playboys members
American male guitarists
Guitarists from California
20th-century American male musicians
American male songwriters
20th-century American Sephardic Jews
21st-century American Sephardic Jews

Louie Pérez


Acanthothoraci (spine chests) is an extinct group of chimaera-like placoderms closely related to the rhenanid placoderms.  Superficially, the acanthoracids resembled scaly chimaeras and (relatively) heavily armored ptyctodonts.  They were distinguished from chimaeras by their large scales and plates, a pair of large spines that emanate from their chests (thus, the order's name), tooth-like beak plates, and the typical bone-enhanced placoderm eyeball.  They were distinguished from other placoderms by differences in skull anatomy and by patterns on the skull plates and thoracic plates that are unique to this order.

Fossil record
Fossils of the Acanthothoracids are found in various deposits from the Lower Devonian throughout the world.  Fossils of the Palaeacanthaspids are found in Eurasia and Canada, while the Weejasperaspids have only been found in the Taemas Wee Jasper reef, in Southeastern Australia.

Ecology
From what can be inferred from the mouthplates of fossil specimens, the acanthothoracids were ecologically similar to modern-day chimaeras, being a clique of shellfish hunters.  Competition with their relatives, the ptyctodont placoderms, may have been one of the main reasons for the acanthothoracids' extinction prior to the Mid Devonian extinction event.

Families
Three families have been recognized:

 Palaeacanthaspidae is the most widespread of the three families.  Fossils of Palaeacanthaspids are found in Lower Devonian strata of Europe, Canada, Saudi Arabia, and East Asia.  Palaeacanthaspids have short rostrums and large nostrils situated dorsally on the forehead, almost directly between the eyes.  They also had stout spines emanating from the back of the median dorsal plates of their shoulder-girdles and a spine emanating on plates directly in front of the pectoral fins.  Dermal plates were decorated with either tubercules or scales with stellate patterns.
 Weejasperaspididae is restricted to the Emsian Taemas-Wee Jasper "reef" in what is now New South Wales, Australia.  Compared to the corresponding spines of Palaeacanthaspids, the spines of Weejasperaspids are long and markedly stout.  The armor of Weejasperaspids were decorated with small tubercules.
 Hagiangellidae is a monogeneric family, currently represented by Hagiangella goujeti, which is restricted to Lochkovian strata of the Khao Loc formation in Tung Vai, Ha Giang Province of Northern Vietnam.  From what can be discerned from the various scrappy fossils, H. goujeti had a relatively high-domed head, especially when compared to the bun-shaped heads of other acanthothoracids, and had serrations on the spines in front of its pectoral fins.

Relation to other placoderms
Most placoderm experts have reached a consensus that Acanthothoracida is the sister group of the rest of Placodermi, save for, perhaps, Stensioella and Pseudopetalichthyida.  This is the result of a careful reexamination of the various members of the Acanthothoracid family Palaeacanthaspidae in that particular species within that family share various anatomical similarities with other placoderm orders, particularly the anatomies of their braincase, dermal plate arrangement and bone histology.  In 2011 the genus Hagianella, of the monotypic family Hagianellidae, was reappraised as possibly being the sister-group of Ptyctodontida in light of similarities of skull anatomies.  Accordingly, Palaeacanthaspidae and Hagianellidae are now considered paraphyletic in view of similarities of their members to primitive members of other placoderm orders.

The family Weejasperaspididae, on the other hand, is considered monophyletic.  Because of the Weejasperaspids' generalized anatomy and strong similarities with the Palaeacanthaspids, but no overt similarities with any other order save Brindabellaspida, they are regarded as either basal placoderms or very close to the basal placoderm.

Timeline of genera

References

Further reading
 Janvier, Philippe.  Early Vertebrates  Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
 Long, John A. The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

External links
 Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

Prehistoric fish orders
Articles which contain graphical timelines

Acanthothoraci


"Evil on Your Mind" is the name of a popular country music song, originally made famous by Grand Ole Opry star, Jan Howard in 1966.

In the mid-60s, Jan Howard was not acquiring any significant hits. Only one of her songs hit the Top 20, which was in 1960 with, "The One You Slip Around With", which hit No. 13. In 1966, Howard wrote and released her first single of the year, "Evil on Your Mind". The song was written by Howard, and talked of her troubled marriage to legendary singer-songwriter, Harlan Howard. The song hit the Top 5 on the Billboard Country music charts, peaking at No. 5 there. Soon an album of the same name was released that year, featuring Howard's big hit. A follow-up single was released that titled, "Bad Seed" which hit the Top 10 that year, proving a successful follow-up for Howard. The song set the stage for a number of Top 20 and Top 10 hits Howard would have as a solo and duet artist between 1966 and 1971.

The song talks about a husband trying to convince his wife to visit her sister out west, but the narrator (the wife) notices that something is going on, which her husband is trying to hide. She believes he's thiking of having an affair, which she calls, "evil on your mind".

The song has been mentioned the in the book, Heartaches By the Number: The 500 Greatest Country Singles.

A rock music group titled, The Stumbleweeds recorded Howard's "Evil on Your Mind".

1966 songs
Country songs

Evil on Your Mind


Die Feen (The Fairies) is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner. The German libretto was written by the composer.  He was adapting a story by Carlo Gozzi called La donna serpente.

Die Feen was the first opera that Wagner finished.  However, it was never performed during his lifetime.  It has never become popular, although the overture is sometimes played.  The music shows the influence of Carl Maria von Weber and other composers of the time.  It also shows some musical ideas that Wagner was to develop later in his life in his famous operas.  The fairy tale atmosphere in the story is also an idea that he uses in his later operas which deal with fantasy stories.  The idea of being saved (redemption) is also an important idea that he used in later operas.

Operas by Richard Wagner
1880s operas

Die Feen


The Stuart Highway is one of Australia's major roads. It links Port Augusta, South Australia, with Darwin in the Northern Territory a distance of 2,834 km. It is named after the explorer John McDouall Stuart, and much of the road follows the route he took on his epic journey in 1862. The highway is promoted as a tourist attraction, called the "Explorer's Way". For many years in Australia it was simply known as "The Track". Towns on the highway include Marla, Coober Pedy, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek and Katherine.

References

Other websites
 The Explorer's Way

Highways in Australia

Stuart Highway


A typewriter is a machine that is for typing on a piece of paper instead of writing by hand.  It has keys for typing letters, numbers, and symbols one at a time.  Typewriters were created in 1829.  Typewriters were originally invented to make writing faster and printing.  The earliest typing was done on stone, clay, or metal sheets by inscribing them.

A typewriter does not have computer memory.  As with writing with a pen, it is difficult to correct mistakes.  One advantage is that many of them are not electrical, so you do not need to plug them in.  Hackers cannot see what you have typed.  On many typewriters, a separate type element (called a typebar) corresponds to each key.  The first commercial typewriters were introduced in 1874. They did not become common in offices until after the mid-1880s.

Typewriters quickly became a necessary tool for almost all writing other than personal handwritten letters.  They were used a lot by professional writers, in offices, and for business correspondence in private homes.  Typewriters were common in most offices up to the 1980s.  After that, computers often replaced them. Nevertheless, typewriters are still common in some parts of the world. They are needed for a few specific applications, and they are popular in certain subcultures.  Early typewriters, and later cheap ones, were "manual" typewriters. This means they were powered completely by the user.  After the mid-20th century, electric typewriters with a motor became most common.

Related pages
 Teletypewriter

Writing tools

Typewriter


Theriodonts  are a major group of therapsids. They are a clade which include not only the traditional theriodonts, but also their descendants the mammals as well (in the same way that theropod dinosaurs include the birds as a sub-clade).

They can be defined in traditional terms as a suborder of Synapsida that lived from the Middle Permian to the Middle Cretaceous. Theriodonts appeared about 265 million years ago, in the Middle Permian. Even these early theriodonts were more mammal-like than their relatives.

Theriodonts fall into three main groups: Gorgonopsia, Therocephalia and Cynodontia. Early theriodonts may have been warm-blooded. Early forms were carnivorous, but several later groups became herbivorous during the Triassic.

Theriodont jaws were more mammal-like than was the case of other therapsids, because their dentary (lower jaw) was larger, which gave them more efficient chewing. Several other bones that were previously on the lower jaw, moved into the ears, allowing the theriodonts to hear better and their mouths to open wider. This made the theriodonts the most successful group of synapsids.

Eutheriodonts refer to all theriodonts except the gorgonopsians (the most primitive group). They included the therocephalians, cynodonts and their descendants – the mammals. The name means "true beast tooth". The eutheriodonts have larger skulls, accommodating larger brains and improved jaw muscles.

The theriodonts (eutheriodonts) are one of the two synapsid survivors of the great Permian–Triassic extinction event, the other being the dicynodonts. Therocephalians included both carnivorous and herbivorous forms; both died out after the Lower Triassic.

The remaining theriodonts, the cynodonts, also included carrnivores such as Cynognathus, as well as newly evolved herbivorous Traversodonts.  While Traversodonts for the most part remained medium-sized to reasonably large (length of largest species up to 2 meters), the carnivorous forms became progressively smaller as the Triassic progressed.

By the Upper Triassic the small cynodonts included the rodent-like tritylodonts (possibly related to or descended from travsersodonts), and the tiny, shrew-like, trithelodonts, which evolved into the first mammals. The trithelodonts died out during the Jurassic, and the tritylodonts survived in the Cretaceous, but the mammals continued to evolve. Many mammal groups managed to survive the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs, allowing the mammals to diversify and dominate the Earth.

Notes

Theriodont


A provisional government is a government set up in an emergency when a political void has been created by the collapse of a government. They are usually unelected and tend to arise after civil or foreign wars. Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord used the term in the early 19th century. The first known establishment of a provisional government was in 1869 by the Métis leader Louis Riel at the Red River Colony.

Forms of government

Provisional government


Basic Instinct is a 1992 American erotic thriller. The movie was directed by Paul Verhoeven and stars Michael Douglas and Sharon Stone. Douglas plays a San Francisco police detective who investigates the murder of a rich rock star. During this investigation he gets personally involved with the prime suspect, Catherine Tramell (played by Stone), having an affair with her. The movie generated a lot of controversy due to its strong and graphic violence and violent sex scenes. It was strongly opposed by gay rights activists for its portrayal of a bisexual woman as a narcissistic psychopath. The movie was given mixed reviews, but it took in millions at the box office. It was originally under a rating of NC-17. It was later edited down for an R rating before release.

It was followed by a sequel, Basic Instinct 2.

Other websites

1992 crime thriller movies
1990s erotic movies
1990s LGBT movies
1990s mystery movies
1990s serial killer movies
American crime thriller movies
American erotic movies
American LGBT movies
American mystery movies
American serial killer movies
British crime thriller movies
British LGBT movies
French thriller movies
French LGBT movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
1990s English-language movies
Film noir
LGBT crime movies
LGBT erotic movies
LGBT thriller movies
Movies about writers
Movies set in San Francisco
Narcissism in fiction
NC-17 rated movies
Movies directed by Paul Verhoeven
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Obscenity controversies

Basic Instinct


The Glass family is a fictional family appearing in several of J. D. Salinger's short fictions. All but one of the Glass family stories were first published in The New Yorker. They appear in the short story collections Nine Stories, Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction and Franny and Zooey.

Members
The Glass family, from eldest to youngest:
Les and Bessie Glass (née Gallagher): Retired vaudeville performers. Les is Australian (mentioned in "Hapworth 16, 1924") and Jewish, and is in the entertainment business.  He is not mentioned often in the stories, but is criticized by Seymour in "Hapworth 16, 1924."  Bessie, the matriarch, is Irish, and is characterized as consistently worried about the fact that her children are talented and yet largely unable to assimilate into society.  They are the parents of the seven children:
 Seymour Glass (February 1917 – March 18, 1948): The eldest, Seymour is featured in Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction and Franny and Zooey. He is the author of the letter that comprises "Hapworth 16, 1924" and is the main character in "A Perfect Day for Bananafish." Seymour was a spiritual savant and brilliant intellectual, and became a professor at Columbia at 20. Along with his siblings he was a regular star on the radio program It's a Wise Child. He fought in the European Theatre of World War II, and was deeply scarred by the experience. In 1941 he attempts suicide by slitting his wrists, but fails, as described in Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: an Introduction. He elopes with Muriel Fedder on June 4, 1942. In "A Perfect Day for Bananafish," he commits suicide while the couple are on a second honeymoon in Florida. Muriel is asleep on the bed beside him at the time. However, in Seymour: An Introduction his younger brother Buddy (who claims authorship of the story) suggests the depiction of Seymour in "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" more closely resembles Buddy than Seymour.
 Webb Gallagher "Buddy" Glass (born 1919): The narrator of Zooey and protagonist in Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction. It is revealed in the latter that he wrote at least three stories collected in Nine Stories: "A Perfect Day for Bananafish," "Down at the Dinghy" and "Teddy." He also claims credit for "Franny," and it is suggested in Seymour that he wrote The Catcher in the Rye. Buddy is often considered to be Salinger's alter ego. He lives in upstate New York and teaches English at a rural women's college. He also volunteers his time to instruct some of the faculty of his college in Mahayana Buddhism. Buddy and Seymour were born only two years apart, spent most of their youths living together, and were very close before Seymour's suicide in 1948.
 Beatrice "Boo Boo" Glass Tannenbaum (born 1920): Married, mother of three children, appears centrally in "Down at the Dinghy," is mentioned in "Hapworth 16, 1924," and is often referenced in Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters as the "seafaring" sibling currently occupying the New York apartment where much of the story's action takes place. She "modestly prefers to be referred to as a Tuckahoe homemaker."
 Walter F. "Walt" Glass (1921 – 1945): The twin brother of Waker Glass. He was an American soldier who died in Occupied Japan in late fall of 1945, at the age of 24, when a stove he was packaging exploded, an event that Buddy Glass refuses to address. Walt is described by his girlfriend in "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut." He was also described in "Franny and Zooey" as being the only truly "lighthearted" son in the family.
 Waker Glass (born 1921): The twin brother, born twelve minutes after Walter. A Roman Catholic monk of the Carthusian order. Little is known about Waker, because, though he is mentioned in many of the stories, none have been written specifically about him. It is known that Waker took part in a "conscientious objectors' camp in Maryland"
 Zachary Martin "Zooey" Glass (born 1929): Title character of Zooey, in which he is 25 years old. He is an actor, and (according to himself) the most attractive of all the children. Zooey also says that he and Buddy were "too clever" for their own good. Boo Boo describes Zooey as "the blue-eyed Jewish-Irish Mohican scout who died in your arms at the roulette table at Monte Carlo." He is portrayed as being rather arrogant and particularly insensitive to his mother, Bessie, frequently swearing at her and calling her "fatty." He is misanthropic, which he attributes to Seymour and Buddy's imposition of their college-age infatuation with Eastern mysticism on him and Franny as children.
 Frances "Franny" Glass (born 1934): The title character of Franny, in which she is a 20-year-old college student and actress. In Franny and Zooey, she is depicted reading The Way of a Pilgrim, an anonymous Orthodox Christian classic, which contributes to her spiritual and emotional breakdown.

All the children are precocious, and appeared on fictional radio quiz show It's a Wise Child, which, according to the stories, sent all seven Glass children through college. At least one of the children appeared on the show from 1927 to 1943, beginning with Seymour and Buddy. "Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters" says that each child appeared on the show under a pseudonym as the Black children. Seymour was known as Billy Black, and Walt was Georgie Black.

The Glass family lives in New York City; the children spent most of their childhood in an apartment on the Upper East Side.

Appearances
"A Perfect Day for Bananafish" (The New Yorker, January 22, 1948; reprinted in Nine Stories)
"Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut" (The New Yorker, March 20, 1948; reprinted in Nine Stories)
"Down at the Dinghy" (Harper's, April 1949; reprinted in Nine Stories)
"Franny" (The New Yorker, January 29, 1955; reprinted in Franny and Zooey)
"Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters" (The New Yorker, November 19, 1955; reprinted in Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction)
"Zooey" (The New Yorker, May 1, 1957; reprinted in Franny and Zooey)
"Seymour: An Introduction" (The New Yorker, June 6, 1959; reprinted in Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction)
"Hapworth 16, 1924" (The New Yorker, June 19, 1965)

References

Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Fictional characters from the 20th century
Fictional characters from New York City
Fictional American Jews
Fictional child prodigies
Fictional families
Literary characters introduced in 1948
J. D. Salinger

Glass family


is a Japanese screenwriter. She is known for her screenplays in both the live-action and anime mediums. Her 1995 screenplay for Gakkō no kaidan was nominated for the Japan Academy Prize. She is best known for her collaborations with anime director Mamoru Hosoda.

Career
A graduate of the Literature Department of Tokai University in Tokyo, Okudera did not originally consider a career in screenwriting. Instead, she worked for an oil company until 1991, after which she quit her job and became a full-time writer. After over a decade of work in live-action film and television, Okudera was offered her first animation project: adapting Yasutaka Tsutsui's novel Toki o Kakeru Shōjo for director Mamoru Hosoda. The resulting film, The Girl Who Leapt Through Time, received worldwide acclaim and gave her international recognition upon its release in 2006. Okudera again collaborated with Hosoda on the 2009 film Summer Wars. At the 2009 Anime Festival Asia in Singapore, Hosoda revealed Okudera would be writing the script for his next project, Wolf Children.

Awards
Japan Academy Prize Best Screenplay - Gakkō no Kaidan (1995) winner
Mainichi Film Concours Screenwriting Award - Ohikkoshi (1993)  winner
Tokyo Anime Awards Best Screenplay - The Girl Who Leapt Through Time (2006)  winner, Summer Wars (2009)  winner
Yokohama Film Festival Best Screenplay - Shaberedomo shaberedomo (2007) winner, Kaidan (2007)  winner

Works
Ohikkoshi (1993)
Yoi ko to asobô (1994)
Gakkō no Kaidan (1995)
Gakkō no Kaidan 2 (1996)
Gakkō no Kaidan 4 (1999)
Konsento (2001)
Makai Tenshō (2003)
Hana (2003)
OLDK. (2004)
Tenshi (2006)
The Girl Who Leapt Through Time (2006)
Kaidan (2007)
Miyori no Mori (2007)
Shaberedomo shaberedomo (2007)
Summer Wars (2009)
Permanent Nobara (2010)
Youkame no semi (2011)
Keibetsu (2011)
The Princess and the Pilot (2011)
Wolf Children (2012)
Kiki's Delivery Service (2014)
Watashi, Teiji de Kaerimasu (2019)

References

External links

 Satoko Okudera anime at Media Arts Database

1966 births
Living people
Tokai University alumni
Japanese screenwriters
Anime screenwriters

Satoko Okudera


"The Scapegoat" is a science fiction novella  by American writer C. J. Cherryh, set in her Alliance-Union universe. It deals with a war in which the two opposing species can not communicate with one another and do not know how to stop the conflict. The work was originally published in the 1985 anthology of military science fiction Alien Stars and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novella.

Plot summary

An unarmed human starship and its crew of fifteen hundred are destroyed by a technologically less advanced alien race, later called elves by the humans because of their resemblance to the mythical creatures. Other unprovoked attacks follow. All negotiation attempts fail; the elves fire without communication. Eventually, the overmatched enemy is driven back to his home world, but the conflict does not cease. The Alliance, one of the three human power blocs, ends up mired in a twenty-year-long war.

In all that time, humans get no closer to understanding why the elves fight or how to make peace. A few districts remain puzzlingly neutral, but when humans try to establish relations with one of them, it instantly joins the enemy side. In addition, not a single elf is captured alive; except for the very young, as they have the ability to stop their hearts at will.

Then one day, Second Lieutenant John DeFranco takes a prisoner, who deliberately allows himself to be captured. The creature speaks English, learned from a human prisoner, and calls himself the saitas. He tells DeFranco he has come to try to end the war. The elf is passed along to Alliance scientists, but would not communicate with them. He asks to speak to DeFranco.

As they talk, DeFranco learns that the elves do not comprehend the concept of a treaty, written down on a piece of paper, and do not trust it; their way of thinking is too alien. The saitas explains that he has come to be killed, so that his death will carry away the mistakes of the war. He is willing to sign a human treaty, but the elves require a human saitas. The elf hopes that DeFranco will be that one. Meanwhile, all along the front, the elves attack with the little they have left. One of DeFranco's friends becomes a casualty.

When DeFranco realizes what the prisoner wants, he tries to leave, but the meeting place has been locked from the outside by his commanders and a grenade pointedly left inside. In the end, DeFranco finds it within himself to join the saitas in completing his mission. When the recording of their deaths is broadcast, the fighting ends. An elvish delegation arrives and takes away DeFranco's body for burial. The humans in turn take the elf's body to be interred on Downbelow, the Alliance world.

See also

The Forever War, an award-winning novel with a similar theme of profound misunderstanding between species.

References

Further reading
C. J. Cherryh. The Collected Short Fiction of C. J. Cherryh. DAW Books 2004. .
Mitchell, Elizabeth ed.  Alien Stars. Baen Books 1985.  .

1985 American novels
1985 science fiction novels
American speculative fiction novellas
Science fiction novels by C. J. Cherryh
Military science fiction novels
Alliance–Union universe
Baen Books books

The Scapegoat (Cherryh novel)


Simon Frederick Peter Halliday  (22 February 1946 – 26 April 2010) was an Irish writer and academic specialising in International Relations and the Middle East, with particular reference to the Cold War, Iran, and the Arabian peninsula.

Biography
Born in Dublin, Ireland in 1946 to an English father, businessman Arthur Halliday, and an Irish mother, Rita (née Finigan), Halliday attended (in 1950–1953) the Marist School, Dundalk (at that time the primary school for St Mary's College, Dundalk), and Ampleforth College (1953–1963) before going up to Queen's College, Oxford, in 1964 to read Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE), graduating in 1967, and then on to the School of Oriental and African Studies (1969–1969) where he studied his MSc in Middle East politics. His doctorate at the London School of Economics (LSE), on the foreign relations of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, titled Aspects of South Yemen's foreign policy, 1967-1982, was awarded in 1985, 17 years after beginning it (Sale 2002). From 1973 to 1985, he was a fellow of the Transnational Institute Amsterdam and Washington. From 1969 to 1983, he served as a member of editorial board of the New Left Review, and worked partially in publishing, in what now is Verso Books. In this capacity, he was one of the editors of Against Method, a major text in philosophy of science by Paul Feyerabend.

In 1983, he took up a teaching position at the LSE, and from 1985 to 2008 was Professor of International Relations there. After recovering from illness in 2002–2003, he was made Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at the LSE in 2005, but in 2008 he retired and became an ICREA research professor at IBEI, the Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals, in Barcelona where he collaborated intensely with the LSE Alumni Association Spain.

Halliday was also a columnist for openDemocracy and La Vanguardia. In 2002, he was elected Fellow of the British Academy. A memoir assessing his life, work and intellectual achievements appeared in the Proceedings of the British Academy in 2011.

Halliday was a proficient linguist and advocate of the centrality of language to understanding contemporary globalization. Other than English, he was competent in a further eleven languages: Latin, Greek, Catalan, Persian, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Russian, Portuguese and Arabic. From 1965, he travelled widely in the Middle East, visiting every country from Afghanistan to Morocco, and giving lectures in most. He met and interviewed several key Islamic fighters, rebels, and religious leaders and politicians over the years.

Fred Halliday was highly skeptical of the cooperative projects planned between LSE and the Gaddafi Foundation, the charitable foundation led by Saif al-Gaddafi, the son of the Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi. Halliday's views were expressed in a "Note of Dissent" addressed to the LSE Council on 4 October 2009.

Personal
Halliday was formerly married to Maxine Molyneux and they have one son, Alex. His brother is the historian Jon Halliday.

On his concept of 'home': "when he was asked which of his many homes and journeys was his favourite, his reply was unfailingly 'the next one'."

Halliday died in Barcelona on 26 April 2010, aged 64, after a year-long battle with cancer.

Commemoration
The Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals in Barcelona has named its seminar room after Halliday.

Books
 Edited and introduced Russia, China and the West 1953–1966, by Isaac Deutscher, OUP 1969, Penguin 1970. Serbo-Croat, German translations.
 Translated and introduced Marxism and Philosophy by Karl Korsch, NLB (New Left Books), 1970.
 Arabia without Sultans, Penguin 1974, reprinted 1975, 1979; Italian, Japanese, Persian, Arabic, Turkish translations.
 Iran: Dictatorship and Development, Penguin 1978, reprinted 1979 twice; Japanese, Norwegian, Swedish, German, Spanish, Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Chinese translations.
 Mercenaries in the Persian Gulf, Russell Press, 1979.  Persian translation.
 Soviet Policy in the Arc of Crisis, Institute for Policy Studies, Washington, 1981: issued as Threat from the East? Penguin 1982; Japanese, French, Arabic translations.
 The Ethiopian Revolution, with Maxine Molyneux, Verso, London 1982.
 The Making of the Second Cold War, Verso, London 1983, reprinted 1984, 1986, 1988. German, Persian, Spanish, Japanese translations.
 State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan, edited by Fred Halliday and Hamza Alavi, Macmillan, 1988.
 Cold War, Third World, Radius/Hutchinson, 1989.  Published in USA as From Kabul to Managua, Pantheon, 1989. Arabic and Japanese translation.
 Revolution and Foreign Policy: the Case of South Yemen, 1967 1987, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
 Arabs in Exile, The Yemeni Community in Britain, I.B. Tauris, 1992. (new version 2010)
 Rethinking International Relations, Macmillan, 1994. Japanese, Spanish and Portuguese translations.
 From Potsdam to Perestroika, Conversations with Cold Warriors, (BBC News and Current Affairs Publications, 1995.
 Islam and the Myth of Confrontation, I.B. Tauris, 1996.  Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Indonesian, Polish, Spanish translations.
 Revolution and World Politics: The Rise and Fall of the Sixth Great Power, Macmillan, 1999. Turkish translation.
 Nation and Religion in the Middle East, London: Saqi Books, 2000. Arabic translation
 The World at 2000: Perils and Promises, Palgrave, 2001.  Greek and Turkish translations.
 Two Hours That Shook the World. 11 September 2001, Causes and Consequences, London: Saqi, 2001.  Arabic, Swedish translations.
 The Middle East in International Relations. Power, Politics and Ideology.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.  Italian, Polish translation.
 100 Myths About the Middle East. London: Saqi Books, 2005.  Arabic, Italian, Turkish, Portuguese and Spanish translations.
 Britain's First Muslims, I.B.Tauris, 2010. (revised, new introduction, of 1992 book)
 Shocked and Awed: How the War on Terror and Jihad have Changed the English Language., London: I.B.Tauris, 2011. (final edits and additions made after his death)
 Caamano in London: The Exile of a Latin American Revolutionary. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas, University of London. 2011.
Political Journeys: The Open Democracy Essays London: Saqi Books. 2011. (Collection of columns written for openDemocracy between 2004 and 2009)

References

Sources

Interviews
 Hans Gutbrod & Rita Solanke, Interview: Fred Halliday on his outlook and academic career, The Beaver (newspaper), November 15, 1993, LSE library archive issue
 NPR, 13 October 1994: " ...the possible threat of another military showdown in Iraq."
 Peter Snow, Interview: "About attempts to construct an alternative, broad based government to replace the Taliban", BBC, 28 October 2001.
 John Humphrys, Interview: "Will the talks in Germany on the future of Afghanistan lead to a genuinely broad based government?," BBC, 25 November 2001.
 Nadeem Azam, Interview: "Are Islam and the West at Loggerheads?" 1Lit.com, 13 December 2002.
 Jennifer Byrne, Interview, ABC (Australia), 9 April 2002.
 ESRC Society Today, 24 May 2005
 Jonathan Sale, "Passed/failed: Fred Halliday, Academic and Writer. 'My PhD thesis on South Yemen took me 17 years'", The Independent, 15 May 2002.

Articles and commentary
 Nadeem Azam, "Are Islam and the West at Loggerheads?" 1Lit.com, 13 December 2002.
 Edward Russell-Walling, "The web of bilateral relations spun anew", Gulf News, 8 November 2001.
 Helena Cobban, "Fred Halliday Misinformed?" Just World News, 2 February 2003.
 Mohammed Almezel, "Full democracy not possible in Gulf region in foreseeable future, says British author", Gulf News, 3 January 2004.
 Fred Halliday, "LSE: and the Qaddafi Foundation: A Dissenting Note", 4 October 2009.
 Danny Postel, "Who Is Responsible? An Interview with Fred Halliday" 23 November 2005.
 John Rose, Purging the demons, Socialist Review 261 (2002).

1946 births
2010 deaths
Academics of the London School of Economics
Fellows of the British Academy
Irish political scientists
Irish expatriates in Spain
Irish expatriates in England
Cold War historians
Historians of the Middle East
International relations scholars
Writers from Dublin (city)
Deaths from cancer in Spain
People educated at Ampleforth College
Irish political writers
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Alumni of the London School of Economics
People educated at St Mary's College, Dundalk

Fred Halliday


The Tragedy of Gorboduc is the earliest English tragedy in blank verse. It was written by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton. The writers took the story of the play from Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain (1138). The play premiered before Queen Elizabeth I on 18 January 1561. It was first printed in 1565. It was printed again in 1570 as The Tragedy of Ferrex and Porrex.

The play is about a good king named Gorboduc. He gives his kingdom away during his lifetime to his sons. The sons quarrel over the throne. Porrex, the younger son, kills his brother, Ferrex. Their mother, Queen Videna, avenges the death of her older son by murdering Porrex. Gorboduc and Videna are then killed by their horrified former subjects.

Norton wrote the first three acts; Sackville wrote the last two. The playwrights took the tragedies of the Latin writer Seneca as their model,  but ignored the classical unities of time and place.  They used Classical elements such as the Chorus and the Messenger, but added non-Classical elements such as dumb shows (pantomimes) before each act.

References

Other websites
Complete text: Gorboduc
1560s works

English plays
Plays based on English history
16th-century books

Gorboduc


Luc Tuymans (born 14 June 1958) is an artist who lives and works in Antwerp, Belgium. Tuymans is said to be one of the most influential painters working today.

Life
Tuymans was born in Mortsel, Belgium. He began his studies at the Sint-Lukasinstituut in Brussels in 1976. He then studied at the École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Visuels de la Cambre in Brussels, Belgium (1979–1980) and at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp, Belgium (1980–1982). He stopped painting in 1982 and began studying art history at the Vrije Universiteit, Brussels (1982–6). The Belgian government gave him the title of Commander, Order of Leopold in 2007. He is married to Venezuelan artist Carla Arocha.

Exhibitions
Tuymans represented Belgium at the Venice Biennale in 2001. He has been the focus of several retrospectives at various international institutions, including the Műcsarnok Kunsthalle in Budapest, Hungary; Haus der Kunst in Munich, Germany; the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw, Poland; the Tate Modern, London, England (2004); Museu Serralves, Porto, Portugal; Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain (MAMCO), Geneva, Switzerland (both 2006); and, most recently (2011) the BOZAR Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels, Belgium. The artist's first  U.S. retrospective opened in September 2009 at the Wexner Center for the Arts in Columbus, Ohio, and travelled to the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Dallas Museum of Art and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago.

Collections
Work by the artist is in the public collections of various museums, including the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York; Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; The Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California; Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst, Antwerp, Belgium; Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst, Ghent, Belgium; Bonnefanten Museum, Maastricht; Centre Pompidou, Paris; Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Wolfsburg; Museum fuer Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt; Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich; and the Tate Gallery, London.

Art market
In 2005, Sculpture (2000), part of Tuymans' Mwana Kitoko: Beautiful White Man series, was sold at Christie's New York, for $1,472,000.

References

1958 births
Living people
Belgian painters
People from Antwerp

Luc Tuymans


The Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual leader of the Church of England and in the Anglican Communion the leader of its mother church. He is the head of the Church, and lives in the English city of Canterbury. The Archbishop is chosen by the English monarch (the church's "supreme governor"), under guidance from senior bishops, acting in cooperation with the prime minister of the UK.

The office of Archbishop of Canterbury was founded in the year 597. In that year, Saint Augustine came to England, to the area called Kent. He had been sent by the Pope to convince the local people to become Christians. The people accepted him and Christianity when their King (Ethelbert of Kent) became a Christian. Augustine became the first bishop in the kingdom of Kent and was later recognised as archbishop when a second diocese was created. Since then, there has been an Archbishop at Canterbury in Kent.

The Archbishop of Canterbury used to be head of the Roman Catholic Church in England, but in the early 16th century the English church broke away from the Roman church. The new church called itself the Church of England, and now the Archbishop is the leader of that church. The current Archbishop is Justin Welby (from 2013).

The archbishop oversees the Province of Canterbury that is all the Church of England dioceses in the south and midlands of England. The dioceses of Wales were also within the Province of Canterbury until 1920 when the Church in Wales became independent. In the north of England another archbishop has the Diocese of York and other northern dioceses (including the diocese of Sodor and Man) to oversee. Both archbishops are members of the House of Lords and rank very high in the official English order of precedence. When a new monarch is crowned the placing of the crown on his head is done by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The principal home of the archbishops is at Lambeth Palace in the south of London rather than at Canterbury itself. Within the Diocese of Canterbury (which consists of eastern Kent and a small enclave in Surrey) the archbishop has at least two assistant bishops.

Justin Welby (formerly the Bishop of Durham) became Archbishop on 21 March 2013.

References

Other websites
Official web site

Archbishop of Canterbury


John Samuel Stamm (1878–1956) was an American bishop of the Evangelical Church, elected in 1926.

Biography
Stamm was born on a Sunday morning (to his parents, an indication God had a special work for him), 23 March 1878, a son of Hanz and Mary Stamm. The Stamms were devout Christians and members of the Evangelical Association Church in Alida, Geary County, Kansas, which they had helped organize seven years before.

Conversion and call

At the age of ten, John became so disturbed by a sermon he heard one Sunday morning that he went to a hillside after church to pray.
"I prayed because I had a very keen sense of the need of the saving grace of God in Christ. Suddenly, as I was praying there came to me a sense of peace, release and trust...a new joy filled my life...I came into an assurance that I was a Christian...because I had come into personal saving relationship with God."  A few Sundays later, his Pastor remarked that he was growing old and would soon need to lay down his work. He asked, "Who will take my place?"  And young John Stamm remembers thinking "I will!"

At the age of eighteen he experienced another turning point in his young life. Sitting with several other teenage boys one night when the preacher gave the invitation to come to the altar, John turned to his friends and said, "If I go, will you go?"   They assured him they would. So they filed down the center aisle to the altar. "That night I found Jesus Christ as my personal Savior," Bishop Stamm later wrote. "It was an experience of great joy and meaning and still is today," he wrote in 1955. "I made a complete turnabout in life. Instead of doubting God, I now loved Him...things of the spirit had new interest and challenge for me...the call of the Christian ministry came to me with clear and convincing urgency."

Education

Stamm had completed less than five grades of public school when he turned twenty. Nevertheless, that fall he sold his horse and other possessions to obtain enough money for a train ticket to Naperville, Illinois, the home of The Evangelical Association's North Central College and Evangelical Theological Seminary (E.T.S.). He took sub-academy courses at the College, along with others who had also not finished high school. Twelve years later Stamm had completed his college degree and graduated from the seminary. In 1927, E.T.S. honored him with a Doctor of Divinity degree. He received a Doctor of Laws degree from Albright College in 1936, a Doctor of Humane Letters from North Central College in 1949, and a Doctor of Sacred Theology from Dickinson College in 1951.

Ordained ministry

In 1901 Stamm was appointed Pastor of the Glasgow, Missouri Evangelical Mission. "When I met the Class Leader at the railroad station, he greeted me rather formally, then said, 'I had better tell you right away, we do not want you.'  He said they had requested the conference not to send an unmarried man to this mission."  While serving there Stamm became acquainted with Priscilla Marie Wahl. She taught in the Primary Department of the Sunday School and was elected Superintendent when only nineteen. On 19 March 1912 they were married during the time that Rev. Stamm was the Pastor of the Manhattan Evangelical Church. Shortly thereafter he was appointed to the Oak Park Village Church.

Two nights before Christmas, 1918, Bishop Spreng informed Rev. Stamm by telephone that he had been elected to teach Systematic Theology at E.T.S. He remained at the seminary until elected Bishop.   His theological scholarship was recognized in his service as a Consulting Editor for the publication of both the Revised Standard Version of the Bible and of The Interpreters Bible.

Episcopal ministry

His first assignment as Bishop of the Evangelical Church was Kansas City. During those first eight years, Stamm also served as the General Secretary of Evangelism for his denomination. After Kansas City, in 1934 he was assigned to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. There he also served until 1941 as President of The Evangelical School of Theology at Reading, Pennsylvania.

Bishop Stamm gave statesman-like leadership to the Pennsylvania Council of Churches (1945–49) and to the Federal Council of Churches (1948–50), serving as President of each of those organizations. He was a member of the 1948 organizing Assembly of the World Council of Churches, serving on its Central Committee until 1954.

Retirement

When Bishop Stamm requested retirement at the 1950 General Conference of the Evangelical United Brethren Church, he said
"Through the goodness of God, I have been able to serve in the Cheristian ministry for more than fifty-one and a half years...From the hour when I yielded to God in response to the call to the Christian ministry to this very day, I have been under a commanding sense of stewardship which impelled me to make this ministry central in my thought and life:  to give Christ the preeminence in all things, and to give myself wholly to this work...I can honestly say, I was not disobedient to the heavenly vision."

Bishop Stamm closed his farewell address by saying
"I am not tired of the Christian ministry...The years that lie ahead are in the hands of God...Officially I will stand on the sidelines, but I shall cheer for our leaders. I shall do more. I shall pray",

Death
Bishop Stamm died March 5, 1956.

Selected writings
Evangelism and Christian Experience, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania:  Evangelical Press, 1930.
From Farm Boy to Bishop, Builders, Vol. 62, 26 February, 5 March 1955.

Biography
Findley, C.R., Life Sketch of Bishop Stamm, read at the Bishop's funeral.

See also
 List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References
 Milhouse, Paul W., Nineteen Bishops of the Evangelical United Brethren Church, Nashville, The Parthenon Press, 1974.

Notes

External links
 Photo of Bishop Stamm (from 200 Years of United Methodism, An Illustrated History)

American United Methodist bishops
Bishops of the Evangelical Association
North Central College alumni
1878 births
1956 deaths
Presidents of United Methodist seminaries
American biblical scholars
Editors of Christian publications
American autobiographers
Ministers of the Evangelical United Brethren Church
Systematic theologians
People from Geary County, Kansas
People from Glasgow, Missouri

John S. Stamm


Peshawar is a city in Pakistan, and it is the capital of  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. With a population of 1,970,042 according to the 2017 census, Peshawar is the largest city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the sixth-largest in Pakistan.

Etymology
Peshawar is derived from Purushapura which means city of men (In Sanskrit Purusha means Man and Pura means settlement). It is also locally pronounced as Pekhawar.

History
Peshawar is in a valley near the historic Khyber Pass, close to the border with Afghanistan, Peshawar's recorded history dates back to at least 539 BCE, making it the oldest city in Pakistan and one of the oldest in South Asia. Peshawar was the capital of the ancient Kushan Empire and also served as the capital for the Durrani Empire.

Geography
The city has always been very important as it served as a trading center during the Mughal Empire. It is connected to important places in the country by road, rail and air.

Demographics
The main language spoken in Peshawar is Pashto while some speak Hindko. Urdu is understood throughout the city.

Religions
Peshawar is mostly Muslim which make 98.5% of the city's population in the 1998 census. Christians make up the second largest religious group with around 20,000 adherents, while over 7,000 members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community live in Peshawar. Hindus and Sikhs are also found in the city − though most of them migrated to India following the Partition of India in 1947.

Afghan refugees
In 2005, Peshawar district was home to 611,501 Afghan refugees — who made-up 19.7% of the district's total population and 20% of all Afghan refugees in Pakistan.

Crime
Peshawar has been attacked by Islamist terrorists many times. They include a car bombing at a market in 2009, a suicide bombing at a church in 2013 and a school massacre in 2014. Over 100 people were killed in each of those attacks.

Peshawar


Aether was the God of light in Greek mythology. He was the son of Erebus and Nyx. Aether is one of the primordial deities, the first-born elementals.

Damascius says that Aether, Erebus and Chaos were siblings, and the offspring of Chronos (Father Time). According to Epiphanius, the world began as a cosmic egg, encircled by Time and Inevitability (most likely Chronos and Ananke) in serpent fashion. Together they constricted the egg, squeezing its matter with great force, until the world divided into two hemispheres. After that, the atoms sorted themselves out. The lighter and finer ones floated above and became the Bright Air (Aether and/or Ouranos) and the rarefied Wind (Chaos), while the heavier and dirtier atoms sank and became the Earth (Gaia) and the Ocean (Pontos and/or Oceanus). See also Plato's Myth of Er.

References

Greek gods and goddesses

Aether


Line or lines could mean:
 Line, a type of geometric figure that is made up of an endless number of points.
 a length of rope, cable or chain when put to use (such as a clothesline, anchor line)
 a line or queue of people waiting in a queue area
 a line of text in writing
Lines (punishment), punishment by forced writing of text
 relationships in genetics and genealogy, such as Lineage (evolution) and kinship and descent
 lines of cocaine
 Lines (video game)
A one-, two- or three-line whip, a notice issued by a Chief Whip in the UK parliament

People:
Dick Lines (born 1938), former Canadian baseball player
Richard D. Lines, American amateur astronomer

In science and technology:
 Line (electrical engineering), a circuit or loop
 a power line for electric power transmission
 Telephone line
 Line (video), a measure of video display resolution or image resolution
 line, former name of the unit of magnetic flux, the Maxwell (unit)
 Line (length), an obsolete unit of length equal to one-twelfth or one-tenth of an inch

In transport:
 a railway line
 Shipping line, a company engaged in sea transport
Airline
 A bus line, see List of bus operating companies

In business:
 Line function, a business activity
 Product lining, in marketing

In the military:
 Line (formation), a standard tactical formation of forces
Line infantry, a line formation of infantrymen who were part of the "Line Regiments"
 Line of battle, in naval warfare, a line of warships, hence "ship of the line"

In sport:
 The point spread in spread betting
 in cricket, the direction of a delivery, see line and length
 Offensive line or defensive line in American football
 Line (racing), in auto racing, a path taken through a corner

In the arts:
Line (play), a long-running play written by Israel Horovitz
Lines (Emily Brontë poem), written in December 1837
"Lines", abbreviation for "Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour. July 13, 1798," a poem by William Wordsworth

The abbreviation LINE could mean:
 Marine Corps LINE combat system, a martial arts system
 LINEs, a type of retrotransposon in the human genome

Related pages
Division of Lyne, Australian electorial district
Lyne (surname)
Lyne, Denmark (town)
Liner (disambiguation)

Line (disambiguation)


Toorak Park is a cricket and Australian rules football arena in the Melbourne suburb of Armadale, Victoria, Australia. It is the home ground of the Prahran Football Club and Old Xaverians Football Club of the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA) and Prahran Cricket Club, which plays in the Victorian Premier Cricket competition. The current capacity of the venue is 7,000.

Toorak Park opened in 1893 when it was used by Hawksburn Cricket Club (later Prahran). The Prahran Football Club in the Victorian Football Association began home matches at the venue in 1899, and used it as its home base until it left the Association after 1994. Old Xaverians moved there for the 1995 VAFA season and now share the oval with Prahran, which now also plays in the VAFA.

Toorak Park hosted four VFA Grand Finals between 1935 and 1938, and served as the finals venue (including Grand Finals) for the VFA Division 2 from 1961 until 1984, except in 1967. The ground record attendance for a football match is approximately 17,000, for the 1938 VFA Grand Final between Brunswick and Brighton.

During World War II, several venues used by the Victorian Football League teams were commandeered for military use. The VFA was in recess during World War II, so the St Kilda Football Club, whose Junction Oval was one of the commandeered venues, temporarily moved to Toorak Park, using it as a home base in 1942 and 1943.  also played one home match there in 1942. Altogether, Toorak Park hosted thirteen VFL matches. The highest attendance recorded for a VFL match was 11,000 at the St Kilda vs Richmond match, round 3 of 1943.

In 1959, the Prahran Council leased the ground to the Victorian Rugby Union on alternate Saturdays (when the Prahran Football Club firsts team was playing away) for the considerable sum at the time of £660,  the Prahran Football Club paid only £60 to rent the ground for the whole winter. The VFA rules required that all clubs have access to the same ground throughout the winter, so that the seconds could play home when the firsts played away; as a result, Prahran was expelled from the VFA for that season. The football club secured a winter-long lease in 1960 and returned to the association.

References

Defunct Australian Football League grounds
Sports venues in Melbourne
Sport in the City of Stonnington
Buildings and structures in the City of Stonnington

Toorak Park