The Braille system is a way of writing things. It is named after Louis Braille, the French man who invented it. The system is used by blind people to read and write. The Braille system uses a set of raised bumps or dots that can be felt with a finger.  Each set of dots is a character in an alphabet, and the numbers and some punctuation.

Before Braille
Louis Braille was not the first person to think about how to let the blind read and write. In the 17th century the Italian Jesuit Francesco Lana thought about different systems of writing for the blind. He invented a system of dashes that could be felt.

Valentin Haüy was one of the first French who was interested in the problems the blind had when they wanted to communicate. Haüy was born in Picardie in 1745, and studied languages at the university in Paris. First he studied deaf people who could not speak, then blind people. In his opinion the biggest problem of the blind was that they could not read. He then invented a system which allowed them to read and write sentences and to do mathematics. Later he started a school for blind children. His writing system used two columns which had between one and six positions each. Vowels had a dot in the left column, for example.

Charles Barbier used a similar system, because Napoleon wanted a code that soldiers could use to exchange messages silently and without light at night. Barbier called it night writing. Night writing uses two columns of six dots. It uses phonemes (separate sounds), not letters.  Barbier's system was too hard for soldiers to learn, and the military did not use it.  From the year 1821, he started to test his system in the school Haüy had founded. There it became very successful. Even though the system was difficult to learn, it did help the blind to read better than earlier systems. Barbier had understood that it was better to use a system that used dots over one that used lines.

Barbier met Braille when he visited the National Institute of the Blind. Braille saw the biggest problem of the code: The human finger cannot feel the whole symbol at one time. This makes it impossible to move rapidly from one symbol to the next. Braille's change was to use a 6 dot cell — the braille system — which completely changed how the blind would read and write.

The Braille alphabet
Braille can be seen as the world's first binary way of character encoding. The system as originally invented by Braille has two parts
 Defining the letters of the French language with tuples (groups) of six bits or "dots".
 Showing these six-bit characters as raised dots in Braille cell.

Braille is used with different languages today. In each language, the letters are encoded differently, depending on the alphabet. The list of codes is known as braille code, or code page. There are also different braille codes in use for special purposes, like writing shorthand, mathematics or music.

To make it possible to read faster, certain transcriptions of Braille use shortened words, or contractions. This is known as Grade 2 Braille.

The Braille cell

Braille uses cells of six raised dots, in two columns of three dots. The dot positions on the left are numbered one, to three, the ones on the right four to six, as shown in the picture.

Each symbol is coded with certain dots present, and others absent. The dots are approximately 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) high; inside the cell, the dots are about 0.1 inches (2.5 mm) apart. The space between the dots of two cells is about 0.15 inches (3.75 mm) horizontally and 0.2 inches (5 mm) vertically. A standard braille page is 11 inches by 11 inches and typically has between forty and forty-two braille cells per line and twenty-five lines.

Encoding
As first made by Louis Braille, the first group of characters, using just the top 4 dots of the braille cell, represents letters "a" through "j" (this group of ten characters is called a decade).  Dot 3 (bottom left) is added to each of the "a" through "j" symbols to give letters "k" through "t".  Both of the bottom dots (dots 3 and 6) are added to the first decade to give letters "u", "v", "x", "y", and "z".  The letter "w" is left out of this group because French did not use the letter "w" when Louis Braille made his alphabet.  The fifth decade is the same as the first decade, but shifted down by a row (dots 1 and 4 are blank).

English braille has codes for the letters and some punctuation, and some double letter signs and word signs directly, but capitalization and numbers need a prefix symbol. In practice, braille produced in the United Kingdom does not use capital letters.

There are braille codes for representing shorthand (produced on a machine which embosses a paper tape) and for representing mathematics (Nemeth Braille) and musical notation (braille music).

Writing braille
Braille can be made using a "slate" and a "stylus" in which each dot is created from the back of the page, writing in mirror image, by hand, or it may be produced on a special braille typewriter or "Perkins Brailler", or produced by a braille embosser attached to a computer.  It may also be made using a refreshable braille display.

Extensions
The six bit braille code is very limited, it only allows 64 different possible combinations. This means that many things need more than one braille character to be coded. One example for this is how numbers are coded in English braille: First there is a symbol that says the next symbol is a number, and then there is the symbol for the number.  The symbol for number is usually given only once; every symbol that follows is treated as a number, until there is a space.

Braille has been extended to an 8 dot code, particularly for use with braille embossers and refreshable braille displays.  In 8 dot braille the added dots are added at the bottom of the cell, giving a cell 4 dots high by 2 dots wide.  The additional dots are called 7 (for the lower-left dot) and 8 (for the lower-right dot).  8-dot braille has the advantages that capital and lower cases of the letters are directly coded in the cell, a capital letter does not need two cells. All the printable ASCII characters can be represented in a single cell, and all 256 possible combinations of 8 bits are encoded by the Unicode standard.  Braille with six dots is frequently stored as braille ASCII.

Braille transcription

Grade 1 braille

It is possible to transcribe braille by replacing each letter with the braille code for the letter. This is usually known as Grade 1 Braille. Grade 1 braille is mostly used by beginners.

The basic problem of Grade 1 braille is that braille letters are much larger than printed ones. The standard page is 11"x11" (28 cm by 28 cm) in size and only has room for twenty-five lines of forty characters.  This means a book would need to be very thick compared to a standard printed book.

Grade 2 braille
For this reason almost all English braille books use a transcription known as Grade 2 braille. Grade 2 braille uses contractions, which allows to save space and increase reading speed. Grade 2 braille was developed by linguists (people who study languages), who also looked at customs, styles and practices. Transcribing a text into Grade 2 braille is difficult, and the people doing the transcription need to have a special education.

In English, there are 23 words which are replaced with a single letter. That way, the word but is contracted (shortened) to the single letter b, can to c, do to d, and so on. Even this simple rule has exceptions and special cases, which must be thought of. As an example, only the verb to do is replaced by d, the noun do (which stands for a note in music) is a different word, and is written in full.

Sometimes, part of words are contracted, and a character can mean different things in different parts of a word. There are many rules for this process. For example, the character with dots 2-3-5 (the letter "f" lowered in the braille cell) stands for "ff" when used in the middle of a word.  At the beginning of a word, this same character stands for the word "to" although the character is written in braille with no space following it.  At the end of a word, the same character represents an exclamation point.

The contraction rules cannot be used when it would make a problem with a prefix or suffix on the word. Also, some rules are flexible and may depend on the situation. So when the rules permit the same word to be written in more than one way, preference is given to "the contraction that is closer to the correct pronunciation."

Grade 3 braille
Grade 3 Braille is a system that includes many additional contractions. It is almost like a shorthand. It is rarely used for books, but people use it to be able to write and read fast, for themselves.  It can be used for taking notes.

Grade 4 braille
Only very few people can use grade 4 braille. It uses many rules to shorten grade 3 even further. It allows a blind person to use shorthand to follow spoken conversation. Very often, systems of seven or eight dots are used.

Braille on banknotes
The current Canadian paper money has raised dots on the bills that shows its value. This helps blind people who might otherwise be cheated. This 'tactile feature' does not use standard braille but, instead, a system developed by working with blind and visually impaired Canadians after they found that not all people who needed it could read braille.

Writing systems other than Braille
Braille may not be the main way blind people read and write. In Britain (for example), of the two million visually impaired people, only about 15-20 thousand use Braille. In the U.S.A. according to the 2015 Annual Report from the American Printing House for the Blind, there were 61,739 legally blind students registered in the U.S. Of these, only 8.6% (5,333) were registered as braille readers, 31% (19,109) as visual readers, 9.4% (5,795) as auditory readers, 17% (10,470) as pre-readers, and 34% (21,032) as non-readers.

Currently, among the estimated 85,000 blind adults in the United States, 90% of those who are Braille-literate are employed. Among adults who do not know Braille, only 33% are employed.

Younger people are turning to electronic text on computers which can be read aloud by software  programs. This is a good communication method they can use with their friends. Inevitably, software will go on advancing, as it does in all its functions. Also, there are audio sources for literature: some are available for use without computer links. Much thought is going into all these issues.

A term which is useful to know is "accessible publishing": Accessible publishing means books and other texts are available in formats designed to aid or replace the reading process. Examples are: varieties of larger fonts, specialised fonts for certain kinds of reading disabilities, Braille, e-books, and automated Audiobooks and digital talking books. This means that Braille is only one way for sighting-impaired people to go; also that there are many more partially sighted people than registered blind people. The partially sighted obviously have more choices.

Braille for other scripts
There are many extensions of Braille for additional letters with diacritics, such as ç, ô, é.

When braille is adapted to languages which do not use the Latin alphabet, the blocks are generally assigned to the new alphabet according to how it is transliterated into the Latin alphabet, not the alphabetic order of the national script. This is the case with Russian (Cyrillic alphabet), Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Chinese. In Greek, for example, gamma is written as Latin g, even though it is the third letter of that alphabet (like the Latin c). Hebrew beth, the second letter of the alphabet and cognate with the Latin letter b, is instead written v, as it is commonly pronounced. Esperanto letters with circumflexes, ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ and ŝ, are written as those letters without circumflexes with a filled sixth dot.

More differences are in Chinese braille. In Mandarin Braille, which is based on Zhuyin rather than the Latin Pinyin alphabet, the Latin braille values are used for the first consonants and the simple vowels. There are additional blocks for the tones, diphthongs, and any following vowel + consonant combinations. Cantonese Braille is also based on Latin braille for many of the initial consonants and simple vowels, but the blocks also have different values depending on whether they are in a leading syllable or following syllable position. For instance, the block for Latin k represents old-style Cantonese k (g in Yale and other modern Romanizations) when initial, but aak when final, while Latin j represents Cantonese initial j but final oei.

However, at least two adaptations of Braille have completely reassigned the Latin sound values of the blocks. These are:
 Japanese Braille
 Korean Braille

In Japanese Braille, alphabetic signs for a consonant and vowel are combined into a single syllable block; in Korean Braille, the consonants have different leading and following syllable forms. These changes made Braille much more compatible with Japanese kana and Korean hangul, but meant that the Latin sound values could not be kept.

Reading Braille
Trained readers of Braille can read about 100 words per minute; trained readers who do not have sight problems can get to around 250 to 300 words per minute.

References

Other websites

 The National Library for the Blind
 Unified (English) Braille Code (including information specific to British braille)
 English Braille: American Edition
 Online Braille Translation
 How Braille Began —a detailed history of braille's origins and the people who supported and opposed the system.
 A braille alphabet card

Braille


Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (4 February 1913 – 24 October 2005) ek African-American seamstress aur civil rights activist rahii. Uske "Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement " ke naam se bhi jaana jjawe hae.

Parks uu time famous bhais jab 1 December 1955 ke aapan bus ke aage waala seat khaali kare (jisse ki huan pe ek gora baithe sake) se inkar kar diis. Iske khatir uske gireftar kar ke charge karaa gais rahaa. Iske kaaran Montgomery bus boycott bhais. After that, black people could sit wherever they wanted to on the bus. Her refusal to let others treat her differently was

Duusra websites
 Academy of Achievement Profile
 Rosa Parks Library and Museum at Troy University
 The Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development
 Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies - National Public Radio
 Complete audio/video and newspaper archive of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
 Rose Parks Biography
 Rosa Parks Quotes
 Rosa Parks interview and photographs

United States ke log
American civil rights

Rosa Parks


In calculus, an integral is the space under a graph of an equation (sometimes said as "the area under a curve"). An integral is the reverse of a derivative, and integral calculus is the opposite of differential calculus. A derivative is the steepness (or "slope"), as the rate of change, of a curve. The word "integral" can also be used as an adjective meaning "related to integers".

The symbol for integration, in calculus, is:  as a tall letter "S".

Integrals and derivatives are part of a branch of mathematics called calculus. The link between these two is very important, and is called the fundamental theorem of calculus. The theorem says that an integral can be reversed by a derivative, similar to how an addition can be reversed by a subtraction.

Integration helps when trying to multiply units into a problem. For example, if a problem with rate, , needs an answer with just distance, one solution is to integrate with respect to time. This means multiplying in time to cancel the time in . This is done by adding small slices of the rate graph together. The slices are close to zero in width, but adding them together indefinitely makes them add up to a whole. This is called a Riemann sum.

Adding these slices together gives the equation that the first equation is the derivative of. Integrals are like a way to add many tiny things together by hand. It is like summation, which is adding . The difference with integration is that we also have to add all the decimals and fractions in between.

Another time integration is helpful is when finding the volume of a solid. It can add two-dimensional (without width) slices of the solid together indefinitely—until there is a width. This means the object now has three dimensions: the original two and a width. This gives the volume of the three-dimensional object described.

Methods of Integration

Antiderivative
By the fundamental theorem of calculus, the integral is the antiderivative.

If we take the function , for example, and anti-differentiate it, we can say that an integral of  is . We say an integral, not the integral, because the antiderivative of a function is not unique. For example,  also differentiates to .
Because of this, when taking the antiderivative a constant C must be added. This is called an indefinite integral. This is because when finding the derivative of a function, constants equal 0, as in the function
.
. Note the 0: we cannot find it if we only have the derivative, so the integral is
.

Simple Equations

A simple equation, such as , can be integrated with respect to x using the following technique. To integrate, you add 1 to the power x is raised to, and then divide x by the value of this new power. Therefore, integration of a normal equation follows this rule:

The  at the end is what shows that we are integrating with respect to x, that is, as x changes. This can be seen to be the inverse of differentiation. However, there is a constant, C, added when integrating. This is called the constant of integration. This is required because differentiating an integer results in zero, therefore integrating zero (which can be put onto the end of any integrand) produces an integer, C. The value of this integer would be found by using given conditions.

Equations with more than one terms are simply integrated by integrating each individual term:

Integration involving e and ln

There are certain rules for integrating using e and the natural logarithm. Most importantly,  is the integral of itself (with the addition of a constant of integration):

The natural logarithm, ln, is useful when integrating equations with . These cannot be integrated using the formula above (add one to the power, divide by the power), because adding one to the power produces 0, and a division by 0 is not possible. Instead, the integral of  is :

In a more general form:

The two vertical bars indicated a absolute value; the sign (positive or negative) of  is ignored. This is because there is no value for the natural logarithm of negative numbers.

Properties

Sum of functions
The integral of a sum of functions is the sum of each function's integral. that is,
.
The proof of this is straightforward: The definition of an integral is a limit of sums. Thus

Note that both integrals have the same limits.

Constants in integration
When a constant is in an integral with a function, the constant can be taken out. Further, when a constant c is not accompanied by a function, its value is c * x. That is,
 and
This can only be done with a constant.

Proof is again by the definition of an integral.

Other
If a, b and c are in order (i.e. after each other on the x-axis), the integral of f(x) from point a to point b plus the integral of f(x) from point b to c equals the integral from point a to c. That is,

if they are in order. (This also holds when a, b, c are not in order if we define
.)

This follows the fundamental theorem of calculus (FTC): .

Again, following the FTC: .

Related pages

 Contour integral
 Multiple integral
 Numerical integration
 Riemann sum
 Surface integral

References

Mathematical analysis
Calculus

Integral


Brian O'Shea (born 1944) is a politeecian in the Republic o Ireland, an a member o the Irish pairlament in Dublin, representin the Labour Pairty.  He represents the Waterford consteetuency in Dáil Éireann.

1944 births
Livin fowk
Labour Pairty (Ireland) politeecians
Teachtaí Dála
Members o the 18t Seanad
Members o the 26t Dáil
Members o the 27t Dáil
Members o the 28t Dáil
Members o the 29t Dáil
Members o the 30t Dáil
Politeecians frae Coonty Waterford
Erse schuilteachers
Alumni o St Patrick's College o Eddication, Drumcondra
Local cooncillors in Coonty Waterford
Meenisters o State o the 27t Dáil

Brian O'Shea


Prajna is a Buddhist word meaning wisdom.  It is one of three divisions of the Noble Eightfold Path. The understanding is a goal of contemplation. Buddhism traces its origins to Siddattha Gotama, who lived from about 563 to 483 BCE. He was known as the Buddha, which means "the enlightened one".

Buddhist terminology

Prajna


Josef Škvorecký (September 27, 1924 – January 3, 2012) was a Czech writer and publisher based in Canada. He left Czechoslovakia after the Soviet invasion in 1968. Skvorecky helped banned Czech writers have their books printed and then smuggled back in to the country.

He was born at Nachod. During World War II he worked in a factory making Messerschmitt airplanes. After the war he studied philosophy at Charles University in Prague. He worked for a government publisher. His job there was to translate books by authors such as Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, and Raymond Chandler. He began to write his own detective stories based on a character called Lieutenant Boruvka.

His first novel, The Cowards (1958), was banned because it did not agree with the government about the communist resistance to the Nazis in the war. The book did not talk about heroism and sacrifice. The characters are interested in girls and jazz. He was about to publish his second novel, The Tank Battalion (1968), when the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968. Skvorecky and his wife left the country and moved to Canada where he had been offered a job at the University of Toronto. With his wife they set up their own publishing company. They reprinted The Tank Battalion. Copies were sold to Czech people living in exile. Some copies were smuggled back into Czechoslovakia. His publishing company specialized in printing books by banned Czech writers.

He was awarded the Order of the White Lion, by Vaclav Havel in 1990, and in 1992 was appointed to the Order of Canada.

Works by Josef Skvorecky
 The Cowards (1958)
 The Tank Battalion (1968)
 The Engineer of Human Souls
 The Miracle Game (1972)

References

Other websites
 Josef Skvorecky's official website

1924 births
2012 deaths
Czechoslovak writers

Josef Skvorecky


A sling is a type of weapon which involves swinging a rock round to gain speed before throwing it. The sling is an ancient weapon which was used in the Roman Empire. A skillful slinger can hit a target 10x10 cm at 20 metres distance. A sling has operational range for some 200 metres.

The most famous user of sling was David, the future king of Israel, who killed Goliath by slinging a stone on his forehead.

In the Middle Ages, Spanish peasants used slings against Moorish cavalry. A hit on the horse's head could kill the horse.

Weapons

Sling (weapon)


A paddle is a tool used for pushing against liquids, either for propulsion in a boat or for mixing liquids.

Paddles commonly used in canoes consist of a wooden, fibreglass or metal rod (the shaft) with a handle on one end and a rigid sheet (the blade) on the other end. Paddles for use in kayaks are longer, with a blade on each end, and usually no handles.

Related pages
 Oar

Tools

Paddle


Key exchange is any method in cryptography by which cryptographic keys are exchanged between users, allowing use of a cryptographic system.

If two parties wish to exchange encrypted messages, each needs to know how to decrypt received messages and to encrypt sent messages. The information they require to do so depends on the encryption technique they might use. If they use a code, both will require a copy of the same codebook. If they use a cipher, they will need appropriate keys. If the cipher is a symmetric key cipher, both will need a copy of the same key. If an asymmetric key cipher with the public/private key property, both will need the other's public key.

The key exchange problem is how to exchange whatever keys or other information needed so, in such a way, that no one else can obtain a copy. Usually, this required trusted secure channel. With the arrival of (public key / private key) cipher algorithms, the encrypting key (aka, the public key) could be made public, since (at least for "high quality" ciphers) no one without the decrypting key (aka, the private key) could decrypt the message.

In principle, then, the only remaining problem was to be sure that a public key actually belonged to its claimed owner, this is not a problem easy to solve; specially when the two users involved have never met and know nothing about each other.

In 1976, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman published a cryptographic protocol, (Diffie-Hellman key exchange), which allows users to establish secure channels in order to exchange keys, even if an attacker is monitoring that communication channel. However, Diffie-Hellman key exchange did not address the "identity authentication" problem of being sure of the actual identity of the person or an entity.

Public key infrastructures have been proposed go around the problem of "identity authentication". In their most usual implementation, each user applies to a "certificate authority" for a digital certificate which serves for other users as a correct (termed: non-tamperable) authentication of identity.

In contrast, the web of trust system, which do not use central "certificate authority" at all. Each user is responsible for verifying any certificate from another user before using that certificate to communicate with the user who claims to be associated with the particular public key in a certificate, (see digital signatures).

The problem of key exchange has not yet been solved. In particular, it has not yet been solved for the modern situation of two previously unknown users attempting to communicate electronically, as, for instance, in electronic commerce. Some of the existing work-around designs work, more or less, but are not fully satisfactory.

Related pages
 Key (cryptography)
 Symmetric-key cryptography
 Public-key cryptography

Cryptography

Key exchange


The IndyCar Series, known as the NTT IndyCar Series is the premier level of American open wheel racing. The current series was founded by Indianapolis Motor Speedway owner Tony George. It began in 1996 as a competitor to CART known as the Indy Racing League (IRL). In 2008, the IndyCar Series merged with the Champ Car World Series (formerly CART). The series continues to be sanctioned by the Indy Racing League, which has taken the name IndyCar. In 2019, the series was purchased by Roger Penske.

Overview

Series name
The IRL was unable to utilize the name IndyCar until the beginning of the 2003 for legal reasons. For 1996-1997, the series was simply called the USAC Indy Racing League. For 1998-1999, the series received its first title sponsor, and was known as the Pep Boys Indy Racing League. In 2000, the series sponsor became the Internet search engine Northern Light. The series was named the Indy Racing Northern Light Series. This only lasted two of the planed five year contract.

The league went back to the Indy Racing League name for the 2002 season. The IndyCar Series name was adopted in 2003. For the 2008 season, DirecTV served as a presenting sponsor, and the series was briefly advertised as the IndyCar Series in DIRECTV HD.

IZOD was announced as the series title sponsor beginning on November 5, 2009. The contrace runs for at least 5 years. In 2014, Verizon replaced IZOD as the series sponsor.

Car History and current specifications
The IndyCar Series is not an open formula, where teams build their own cars. Chassis and engine manufacturers provided products only to the league in three-year cycles. Currently, Dallara provides the chassis to all teams and Honda is the sole engine supplier. The series basically a one-make or spec series.

Chassis
In the series' first season in 1996 used older CART chassis. Any chassis built by Lola and Reynard from 1992 to 1995 could be used. The current Indycar started in 1997. Tony George defined rules for less expensive cars and production-based engines. This outlawed the CART chassis and turbocharged engines. These had been the type of race car used at the Indianapolis 500 since the late 1960s.

Dallara began producing Indycars for the 1997 season. The G Force chassis was introduced in 1997. It won the 1997 and 2000 Indy 500 races. In 2002, Élan Motorsport Technologies bought G Force,. The chassis was re-named Panoz G Force, and then shortened to Panoz in 2005.

Riley & Scott produced IndyCar chassis from 1997-2000.

From the outside, IndyCars resemble those of other open-wheeled formula racing cars. They have front and rear wings and large air intakes.

Fuel

Methanol
At its inception, the IRL used methanol racing fuel. Methanol has been the standard choice in American open wheel racing since a fiery crash at the 1964 Indianapolis 500. Methanol provided a safer alternative to gasoline. It does not start burning as quickly as gasoline. A methanol fire can be put out with water. A methanol fire cannot be seen in daylight, which is a problem. Material was added to the fuel so it would burn with a color.

Ethanol
For the 2006 season, the fuel was a 90%/10% mixture of methanol and ethanol. Starting in 2007, the league advertised using 100% Fuel Grade Ethanol. The mixture was actually 98% ethanol and 2% gasoline. The additives satisfied the U.S. government's requirement that the alcohol be unfit for human consumption. It also adds a visible color in case of a fire.

Engines
For the 1996 season, the old CART specification engines were used. They were also used for the first two races of the 1996-97 season. They were V8 engines with 45 inches of turbocharger boost. The Menard-Buick V6 engine was used in 1996 with 55 inches of boost was also used.

Ford-Cosworth provided support to teams running their older-spec engines. The Ilmor Mercedes V8 engine, was allowed. It was only used once at the 1996 Indy 500.

Starting in 1997, IRL cars were powered by 4.0 L V8, methanol burning engines. They were  production-based and normally-aspirated engines. They were produced by Oldsmobile under the Aurora label, and Nissan under the Infiniti label. They produced around 700 horsepower. The engine rules changed in 2000. The displacement was dropped from 4.0L to 3.5L. The block no longer needed to be production-based. In 2004, the displacement was further reduced to 3.0L to curb top speeds.

When General Motors' ended the Oldsmobile name, the engine label was changed to Chevrolet starting with the 2002 season.  In August 2003, Chevrolet announced its "Gen IV" motor, a rebadged Cosworth motor for competition. At the time, Cosworth was owned by Ford. On November 4, 2004, Chevrolet stated that it would be ending its IRL engine program at the end of the 2005 season.

In 2003, Toyota came to the IRL. In November 2005, Toyota company officials announced the company's withdrawal from American open-wheel racing and the immediate discontinuation of its IRL program. This was the same time they entered into NASCAR's Craftsman Truck Series.

Honda also came to the IRL in 2003. By 2005 was clearly the dominant engine manufacturer. Starting in 2006, they became the only engine manufacturer in the IndyCar Series, and will continue in that capacity until 2010. The Honda engine is designed and produced by Ilmor Engineering, which is part owned by Roger Penske.

IndyCar Series engines are rev-limited to 10,300 Revolutions per minute (rpm) and produce approximately 650 hp. The valve train is a dual overhead camshaft configuration with four valves per cylinder. The crankshaft is made of alloy steel, with five main bearing caps. The pistons are forged aluminum alloy, while the connecting rods are machined alloy steel. The electronic engine management system is supplied by Motorola, firing a Capacitor discharge ignition (CDI) ignition system. The engine lubrication is a dry sump type, cooled by a single water pump.

Seasons
Following the merger of CART/Champ Car into the Indy Racing League in 2008, the IRL acquired all intellectual property and historic records.

1996: Scott Sharp and Buzz Calkins were tied in the final standings, and were declared co-champions. Calkins had one win, as opposed to Sharp being winless, but no tiebreakers were in place.
2006: Sam Hornish, Jr. and Dan Wheldon tied in the final standings for first place. Hornish clinched the championship based on a tiebreaker of most victories during the season.
2008: Although no report was officially released about it in 2008, IndyCar.com confirmed in 2009 that Danica Patrick being named Most Popular Driver was her "fifth consecutive" win of the award.

Related pages

 Indianapolis 500

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Official website of the Indianapolis 500
 IndyCar Series at Facebook

1996 establishments
IndyCar Series

IndyCar Series


Izanami is a goddess of both creation and death in Japanese mythology. She is said to have died giving birth to one of her children {who Izanagi killed due to the grief of losing his beloved} and was sent to Yomi, the land of the dead. Izanagi, her husband, came down to Yomi to bring her back to earth. While she Izanami was in Yomi, she felt hungry and ate the fruit. After eating the fruit, she turned into one of the undead, a rotting, maggot-infested pile of flesh. When Izanagi arrived, she would not step out from the shadows and told her husband to go back to earth. Izanagi tried to persuade her to come back with him and she agreed if she could take a rest in her bedchambers, forbidding Izanagi to enter. Izanagi, anxious to return to earth, snuck into her chambers and, taking his comb from his hair, lit it on fire, showing him her rotting body. Izanami woke up and seeing him, became enraged. Izanagi fled from the underworld and sealed the way with a giant rock. Izanami then became known as the Shinigami, the goddess of death. Izanami vowed to kill 1,000 people everyday, and Izanagi vowed to create 1500 every day.

Related pages
Persephone
Eurydice
Eve

Japanese mythology

Izanami


Guy Johnson ( 1740 – 5 March 1788) was an Irish military officer and diplomat. He served on the side of the British during the Revolutionary War, having migrated to the Province of New York as a young man and worked with his uncle, Sir William Johnson who served as the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs of the northern colonies.

Guy was appointed as William's successor in 1774.  The following year, Johnson relocated with Loyalist supporters to Canada as tensions rose in New York during the American Revolution. He directed joint militia and Mohawk military actions in the Mohawk Valley. Accused of falsifying reports, he went to London to defend himself after the war, and died there in 1788.

Early life and education
Guy was the son of either John or Warren Johnson of Smithstown, Dunshaughlin, Co. Meath, each younger brothers of Sir William Johnson. The Johnsons were descendants of the O'Neill dynasty of Ireland.

In 1756, he sailed from Ireland and joined his uncle William in the Mohawk Valley of the Province of New York. He assisted his uncle, who was British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern colonies.  He was agent to the Iroquois, with whom the British had a strong trading diplomatic relationship.

Marriage and family
On 1763, Guy Johnson married William's daughter Mary (Polly), one of his children by his first consort, Catherine Weisenberg. His uncle (now also father-in-law) gave them a square mile of land on the Mohawk River, located in what is now Amsterdam.  In 1773, their first home was destroyed by a lightning strike.

They replaced it in 1774 with a large limestone house in the Georgian style, which they called Guy Park. Soon after, they were forced to leave because of rising tensions in the area prior to the American Revolution. With other Loyalists, they went to Canada to settle near Fort Niagara. On the way, Polly Johnson died at Oswego.

Career
Guy Johnson became a deputy to Sir William in his uncle's position as British Superintendent of Indian Affairs.  He learned much about the Mohawk and Iroquois.  When William died in 1774 on the eve of the war, Guy succeeded him as superintendent. Guy Johnson also served as a county judge, a colonel in the Tryon County militia, and an elected member of the Province of New York Assembly.

American War of Independence
When the New York Committee of Safety committed the colony to armed resistance following the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775, Johnson remained loyal to the Crown and worked to control the Tryon County courts, assisted by fellow loyalists Sir John Johnson (Sir William's son) and Colonel Daniel Claus (also a son-in-law of Sir William). These three also commanded three regiments of the Tryon County militia. But, American Patriots in the Mohawk Valley soon drove the three Loyalists out of power.

Johnson received a letter from British commander General Gage, ordering him to take as many Iroquois warriors as he could recruit to Canada to join forces with General Carleton for a joint attack on New England. In May 1775, Johnson fled with about 120 other Loyalists, along with 90 Mohawk under chief John Deseronto, to British-controlled Canada. Along the way, he worked to secure the allegiance of the Iroquois League at a council at Oswego, New York in July. Johnson's wife Polly had died (and likely buried) at Oswego.  He and the remainder of his party reached Montreal on 17 July.

In September 1775, John Campbell was appointed in Montreal as the superintendent of the Canadian Indians. General Guy Carleton, Governor-in-Chief of Quebec, told Johnson that he had no authority over any Indians in Canada and that the Iroquois were not to fight outside the Province of Quebec. Johnson decided to travel to England in November 1775, accompanied by the Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, to appeal his case directly with the British lords.  The Lords appointed Johnson as the permanent superintendent for Indian affairs in the northern colonies, but with no authority in Canada.

Johnson and Brant returned to North America, landing in New York City in July 1776 after the city had been retaken by the British. He was ordered to stay in New York since he had no position in Canada.  Johnson finally persuaded his superiors to let him do his "duty," and he returned to Canada in 1779.

He led forces against the colonials in the Mohawk Valley frontier, and his subordinates carried out the actions in what the Americans called massacres at Wyoming and Cherry valleys. This was also known as the "Burning of the Valleys".  Back at Fort Niagara in 1779, Johnson helped to provide for the many Iroquois refugees made homeless by the Sullivan Expedition that year, which laid waste to their villages and food stores in western New York.  He also organized counter-raids.

In 1781, General MacLean reported that Johnson's wartime accounts were "Extravagant, wonderful & fictitious, and the quality of articles so extraordinary, new & uncommon". Johnson was suspended as superintendent and summoned to Montreal, where the governor-in-chief, Frederick Haldimand, criticized his conduct as "reprehensible".  Although never convicted, Johnson was in disgrace and in limbo. He went to London to defend his reports to the government and remained there.  He died in 1788.

Sir John Johnson took over Fort Niagara as superintendent of Indian affairs in his cousin's absence; he was officially appointed to the position in March 1782.

Legacy

The state of New York confiscated the property of Loyalists and sold the house after the war. While in private hands, the house was used as a stagecoach stop during the extensive nineteenth-century westward migration through New York State.  Since the early twentieth century, the house has been preserved as a state historic site. Recently used as the Walter Elwood Museum for local history, it was severely damaged in late August 2011 by the flooding caused by Hurricane Irene.

References
 Citations

 Books
 Kelsay, Isabel. Joseph Brant, 1743–1807: Man of Two Worlds. 1984.
 O'Toole, Fintan. White Savage: William Johnson and the Invention of America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005. .
 Taylor, Alan. The Divided Ground. 2006.

External links
 More about the Benjamin West portrait at the National Gallery of Art
 Biography at Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 References to letters and documents from Guy Johnson in the Haldimand Collection (Papers)

1740 births
1788 deaths
British Indian Department
Colonial American Indian agents
Loyalists in the American Revolution from New York (state)
People from County Meath
People of the Province of New York
Members of the New York Provincial Assembly
O'Neill dynasty
Irish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies

Guy Johnson


Manuel Rodríguez Torices (full birth name Manuel Juan Robustiano de los Dolores Rodríguez Torices y Quiroz) (May 24, 1788 – October 5, 1816) was a Neogranadine statesman, lawyer, journalist, and Precursor of the Independence of Colombia. He was part of the Triumvirate of the United Provinces of New Granada in 1815, and served as Vice President of the United Provinces after the triumvirate. He was executed during the Reign of Terror of Pablo Morillo in 1816.

Early life
Rodríguez was born on May 24, 1788, in Cartagena de Indias in the Province of Barlovento part of the Viceroyalty of the New Granada, in what is now the Bolívar Department in Colombia. His parents were Don Matías Rodríguez Torices, from Burgos, Spain, and doña María Trinidad Quirós y Navarro de Acevedo, from Santafé de Bogotá. He attended elementary school in Cartagena, and then attended the Our Lady of the Rosary University in Santafé de Bogotá, where he graduated in Law.

He participated in the tertulias of Bogotá, particularly in the Tertulia del Buen Gusto, that was held in the house of Manuela Sanz de Santamaría de Manrique and in which participated other important leaders as Camilo Torres Tenorio, Custodio García Rovira, and José Fernández Madrid, among others.

Thanks to the good relations he made in the Tertulia del Buen Gusto, Rodríguez developed an interest in journalism. In 1809 he co-edited the newspaper Seminario de la Nueva Granada with Francisco José de Caldas.

Independence of Cartagena
On May 10, 1810, the Ayuntamiento of Cartagena formed a Junta, breaking ties with the Spanish government, but recognizing the regency of the crown. This Junta was the first step for independence in New Granada. The Junta also made an important point in its agenda to spread the revolutionary ideas to establish its power and foment a nationalist spirit among the people. The Junta gave this task to Rodríguez and José Fernández Madrid. On September 10, 1810, Rodríguez and Madrid created the Argos Americano, a political, economical, and literary newspaper with the mission of creating public opinion in favor of the new revolutionary ideas.

On November 11, 1811, the junta declared absolute independence from Spain, the crown, Rodríguez was one of the precursors of the independence, and a member of the Junta, and so was a signer of its Constitution. Rodríguez became Governor President of Cartagena de Indias on April 1, 1812, following the resignation of José María del Real, the Convention of the State of Cartagena granted dictatorial powers to Torices to better handle the situation the State was in.

Rodríguez' main objective while in office was to take control of the royalist province of Santa Marta. Rodríguez, although a fervent patriot, had no military experience, so he enlisted the Frenchman Pierre Labatut and the Spaniard Manuel Cortés Campomanes. Santa Marta fell to the hands of Labatut in early 1814, but the victory was short-lived, and Santa Marta went back to royalist hands.

Because of the strategic position of Cartagena as a port, the early presidents of Cartagena felt the need to develop a strong force to patrol the sea and protect the city, his efforts in doing so, and the continuation by this project by his successors gave birth to what would become the Colombian National Armada. On April 7, 1813, the town of Barlovento, what is now Barranquilla, was given official City status by the government of Rodríguez, and made capital of the Province of Tierraandentro. The decree also issued its Coat of arms, and flag, the flag, would later be used as the flag of the United Provinces.

Another one of Rodríguez' objectives during his presidency was to foment the immigration of foreigners to Cartagena. Rodríguez issued a proclamation inviting "all foreigners except those of Spain to come and settle in Cartagena" this text was printed in Spanish, English, and French. Rodríguez also sent representatives to Louisiana, to recruit new citizens. By also enlisting corsairs and pirates, Rodríguez was able to attack Spanish ships, by giving support to the pirates and welcoming them in the city. Most of the immigrants arrived from Venezuela, which was still under Spanish control. One of those Venezuelans was Simón Bolívar; Bolívar was welcomed by Rodríguez, who gave him command of the Army of Cartagena to support his fight in Venezuela.

Triumvirate
On October 15, 1814, the Congress of the United Provinces of the New Granada, replaced the presidency of the nation, with a Triumvirate. This triumvirate was to be composed of José Manuel Restrepo, Custodio García Rovira, and Rodríguez. Rodríguez, however, was in Cartagena at the time, so he, and his other colleagues were replaced by José Fernández Madrid, José María del Castillo y Rada, and Joaquín Camacho. Rodríguez, resigned the presidency of Cartagena, and sailed in August to Jamaica in a diplomatic mission.

Upon his return, Rodríguez was sworn in as president of the triumvirate on July 28, 1815, in which he presided together with José Miguel Pey de Andrade, and Antonio Villavicencio.

On October 14, authorities caught Cornelio Rodríguez, a royalist, who confessed the plans about a failed royalist coup, Cornelio Rodríguez also accused members of Congress to support the coup, and among those accused was Rodríguez. Rodríguez stepped down from his presidential post, to let Congress judge those accusations in order to clean his reputation, Congress dismissed the accusations against him and others the next day, finding it difficult that the precursor of the independence of Cartagena and known patriot would think of supporting the royalists.

On November 15, Congress changed the executive power once again, entrusting the executive power to a president and a vice president. Congress then named Camilo Torres Tenorio to become president, and entrusted the vice presidency to Rodríguez.

Capture and execution

By 1816, the Spaniards had invaded the New Granada by all sides. The Congress dissolved, and on March 14, 1816, Camilo Torres resigned the presidency, many prominent political and social figures of Bogotá were forced to leave trying to escape the imminent invasion. Camilo Torres Tenorio, Rodríguez, Francisco José de Caldas, and José Fernández Madrid, among others, headed to Buenaventura to sail from there, to Buenos Aires. Unfortunately for the party, the ship they were going to board never arrived, and were forced to turn back to Popayán to wait till the next day. The next day, they were captured by the Spaniards and taken to Bogotá.

On October 4, the prisoners were tried by the War Council established by Pablo Morillo. Rodríguez was sentenced to death in the Plaza Mayor, on October 5, 1816, and his property was confiscated. Together with María Dávila, Count Pedro Felipe de Casa Valencia, and Camilo Torres Tenorio, they were hanged on that day. After they died, their bodies were taken down, and the bodies of Torres and Rodríguez were shot in the head and in the chest respectively, then they were decapitated and dismembered. Rodríguez' head was put inside a metal cage and hung from a 30 feet spear and displayed on the outskirts of the city, where the De La Sabana station now stands, to send a message to the insurgents. Their heads, also victims of an attack by savage birds, were allowed to be taken down and given burial on October 14, in honor of the King's Birthday.

See also
Camilo Torres Tenorio
Joaquín Camacho
José Fernández Madrid

Notes

1788 births
1816 deaths
Presidents of Colombia
Vice presidents of Colombia
Colombian governors
19th-century Colombian lawyers
People from Cartagena, Colombia
Colombian journalists
Male journalists
Executed presidents
Colombian independence activists
Executed Colombian people
People executed by Colombia by hanging

Manuel Rodríguez Torices


The University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine was established in 1967 and renamed the Cumming School of Medicine in 2014. It is one of two medical schools in Alberta and one of 17 in Canada. The Faculty and medical school is linked to the hospitals in Alberta Health Services such as Foothills Medical Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital, Rockyview General Hospital and Chinook Regional Hospital. Trainees in faculty of medicine include 486 medical students (UME), 767 residents (PGME), 190 post doctoral fellows (PDF) and 491 graduate students. It is one of two 3 year medical schools, along with McMaster University Medical School, in Canada. In addition, the University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine offers an undergraduate Bachelor of Health Sciences degree and a Bachelor of Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies degree.

Program offerings
Doctor of Medicine (MD)
Leaders in Medicine (Joint MD/Graduate Degree Program)
Bachelor of Health Sciences (BHSc)
Bachelor of Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies (BCR)
Neurological Sciences and Mental Health
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences
Pathology
Immunology
Community Health Sciences
Gastrointestinal Sciences
Medical Sciences Graduate Division of Education
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Doctor of Medicine program

The Doctor of Medicine program was founded in 1970. It is one of two fully accredited medical schools in Canada that offers a three-year Doctor of Medicine program. The program is structured so that the pre-clerkship curriculum is taught year-round, without an extended summer break (as is common in 4-year MD programs). This structure allows the pre-clerkship portion of undergraduate medical education to be shortened in length, without limiting the breadth of medical knowledge required for students to be competent before entering the clerkship phase of the curriculum.

Menagerie
The medical school has a history of having the second-year medical students give an animal name to the first-year students, effectively welcoming them into the UofC Menagerie. An incomplete list of classes includes:
1973: Guinea Pigs
1975: Turkeys
1976: Beavers
1977: Toads
1978: Minks
1981: Lampreys
1984: Emus
1985: Wombats
1987: Slugs
1988: Poodles
1989: Flamingos
1990: Pandas
1992: Dikdiks
1996: Sifakas
2000: Dugongs
2001: Bonobos
2002: Pangolins
2003: Geoducks
2004: Taphozous
2005: Candirus
2009: Macaques
2010: Glabers
2011: Kākāpōs
2012: Blobfish
2013: Aye-ayes
2014: Hellbenders
2015: Cows
2016: Narwhals
2017: Humuhumunukunukuapua'a (briefly Roosters)
2018: Goats
2019: Dholes
2020: Boops boops
2021: Limpkins
2022: Tanukis
2023: Echidnas
2024: Bilbies
2025: Spiny Lumpsuckers
2026: Lunkarya

Institutes

Thematic institutes were formed between Faculty of Medicine and the Calgary Health Region that support and fulfill the vision and mission of these two entities. Philosophically, institutes encompass activities in all three areas of education, research and care delivery.

Currently there are seven Institutes identified as follows:

McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health
Hotchkiss Brain Institute
Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation
Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health (ACHRI)
Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta
Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute
O'Brien Institute for Public Health

Faculty of Medicine departments

Anaesthesia
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Cardiac Sciences
Cell Biology and Anatomy
Clinical Neurosciences
Community Health Sciences
Critical Care Medicine
Family Medicine
Medicine
Medical Genetics
Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Oncology
Paediatrics
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Physiology and Pharmacology
Psychiatry
Radiology
Surgery

Location
The faculty is located on the Foothills Campus of the University of Calgary in the Health Sciences Centre. This facility is annexed to Foothills Medical Centre.

References
Graduate Studies
Faculty of Medicine
Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta

Medicine
Calgary
Universities and colleges established in 1967
1967 establishments in Alberta

Cumming School of Medicine


Factor VIII (FVIII) is a blood clotting factor that is also called anti-hemophilic factor (AHF).  In humans, Factor VII is in the F8 gene.  If there is something wrong with this gene, you get hemophilia A, which is a recessive disorder.  The gene for Factor VIII is on the X chromosome.

Genetic disorders
Blood disorders

Factor VIII


Antoine Blondin (11 April 1922 –  7 June 1991) was a French writer.

He belonged to the literary group called the Hussards. He was also a sports columnist in L'Équipe. Blondin also wrote under the name Tenorio.

Biography
Blondin was the son of a poet, Germaine Blondin, whose name he took, and of a printer's proof-reader. He earned a degree in philosophy the Sorbonne after studying at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris and the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen.
He became very close to Roland Laudenbach during World War II.
He was sent to Germany in 1942 for compulsory war work during the German occupation of World War II. The experience inspired his first novel, L'Europe buissonnière, which appeared in 1949. It won the Prix des Deux Magots, named after a literary café in Paris, and brought him the friendship of authors such as Marcel Aymé and Roger Nimier and the philosopher, Jean-Paul Sartre. In 1953, the young critic Bernard Frank dubbed the novelists Roger Nimier, Jacques Laurent, and Blondin as "les Hussards," a title which stuck. The Hussars were characterized by their shared right-wing literary heritage, youthful irreverence towards leftist intellectuals, and a commitment to "art for art's sake." Blondin's right-wing leanings did not, however, prevent a friendship with the socialist François Mitterrand, for whom he later came to vote.

His next novels, Les Enfants du bon Dieu and L'Humeur vagabonde confirmed a distinctive style which critics placed between Stendhal and Jules Renard.  Turns of phrase such as "After the second world war, the trains started moving again. I profited from that by leaving my wife and children" and "I have stayed very thin, and so has my body of work," are exemplary of Blondin's affinity for wordplay and humor. The themes of friendship, bohemianism, and the historical shock of World War II also held a prominent place in his fiction. After publishing the well-received novel Un Singe en hiver, Blondin remained an active journalist, but the death of his best friend Roger Nimier prompted him to largely abandon writing fiction for over a decade. Nonetheless, he won the 1977 Prix Goncourt de la Nouvelle for the short story collection Quat'saisons.

Blondin wrote press columns supporting the right in politics. He was a monarchist and wrote for monarchist publications such as Aspects de la France, La Nation Française and Rivarol. Although he was associated with Action Française intellectuals and the Maurrassian right during the beginning of his career, he distanced himself from politics later in his life. He also wrote sports features for L'Équipe, for which he covered 27 editions of the Tour de France and seven Olympic Games. The Tour de France winner, Bernard Hinault, said:

He never interviews anybody but just records his impressions of what he's seen and what he feels. Sometimes René Fallet was with him. They both love the Tour and, in simple language, they turn it into a modern epic, a troubador's song, a crusade, as they describe its beauty. The most banal event becomes significant to Blondin; he has only to see it and write about it. He raised the status of the Tour by giving it his own cachet; it became a myth to be renewed every year. No matter how predictable the race, he could maintain the interest in it.

Blondin was a bon vivant known for heavy drinking in the Parisian district of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, playing at bull-fighting with passing cars and racking up numerous arrests for drunkenness. He chronicled this aspect of his life in the autofictional novel, Monsieur Jadis ou L'École du Soir. He was frequently pursued for unpaid taxes. Pierre Chany said:

He really did owe a lot and, frankly, his situation was becoming serious; we even wondered if he wasn't going to prison. Faced with that, his friends called Maître Bertrand to the rescue. Bertrand managed to organise a summit meeting with the general inspector of taxes - the highest man in his profession, the equivalent of a minister. Full of good will, this man said:

"Alors, M. Blondin, I understand that you want to come to terms..."

"Let's come to terms!" Antoine said coldly.

"How much would you be able to put into your account?"

"A tear, monsieur..." Naturally, the man threw him out. It was poor Françoise who had to make another interview to sort it out.

A literary prize, for the best sports article, is awarded in his name.

References

1922 births
1991 deaths
Writers from Paris
People affiliated with Action Française
Cycling journalists
Tour de France journalists
Cycling in France
Prix des Deux Magots winners
Prix Goncourt de la nouvelle recipients
Prix Interallié winners
Lycée Pierre-Corneille alumni
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
20th-century French novelists
20th-century French male writers
French male novelists
French male non-fiction writers
20th-century French journalists
French World War II forced labourers

Antoine Blondin


Optical character recognition (OCR) is a method of automatic data entry. OCR software is used to convert handwritten, type-written or printed text into data that can be edited on a computer.
In simple systems, the paper documents are scanned with an image scanner. The OCR software then looks at the image and compares the shapes of the letters to stored images of letters. In this way, it makes a text file that can be edited with a normal text editor.

More complex systems look at images, layout and so on. This can make editable electronic versions which look identical to the original documents.

OCR works best with clean, clearly printed materials.

OCR-Software
 Adobe Acrobat Professional (Windows, Mac OS)
 BIT-Alpha (Windows)
 ExactScan Pro (Mac OS)
 FineReader (Unix, Windows)
 OCRKit (Mac OS)
 Readiris (Unix, Windows, Mac OS)
 Nuance Omnipage (Windows)
 OCRvision (Windows)

Data input

Optical character recognition


Seismology is the study of what is under the surface of the Earth by measuring vibrations on the Earth's surface. A person who does this is called a seismologist.

It is part of the science of geophysics, which studies the physics of the processes that formed the Earth and other planets.

Seismology is done by seismologists and geophysicists using devices to pick up the vibrations called geophones, hydrophones or seismometers.

Seismology can either be passive, just listening to vibrations caused by earthquakes and volcanic activity, or active, using small explosive charges to send vibrations into the ground.

Seismic detectors come in two types, one which measures up and down vibrations, and one which measures side to side vibrations. Both types use and arrangement of a magnet and a coil of wire which will convert the vibrations into an electrical signal which can be stored in a computer for analysis. The earliest seismometer was developed by the Chinese.

Seismologists can find the location of earthquakes by plotting received vibrations on a map. They can also pick up underground nuclear tests, and this is what many of the seismic recording stations were set up for.

They can also examine the crust in a seismic survey to try and find information about layers of rock, locate oil or gas fields and to get information about the internal structure of volcanos.

Related pages
Earth science
Seismic analysis

Seismology


A preview is a small piece of something used to show what the whole is like before it is generally available. Typically, previews exist for movies and possibly video games. They usually are a small portion of video showing what the game or movie is like to advertise it.

In software, a preview can be a feature that allows a user to see what a document looks like before the user prints it out, or posts it on a website.

Computing
Movie industry
Television

Preview


Hemisphere means half (hemi) of the Earth (sphere).
The Northern Hemisphere means everything north of the Equator, which includes, North America, Central America, the northern part of South America, Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and the Middle East.
The Southern Hemisphere means everything south of the Equator, which includes most of South America, most of Africa, Australia, and Antarctica.
The Western Hemisphere includes North America and South America, and has the Pacific Ocean on its western border and the Atlantic Ocean on its eastern border.
The Eastern Hemisphere includes Europe, Asia, and Africa, and has the Atlantic Ocean on its western border and the Pacific Ocean on its eastern border.
It can also mean the land hemisphere or the water hemisphere.

Hemisphere


Galleria Ataköy, the first modern shopping mall in Turkey, is situated in the western suburb of Ataköy, Istanbul. It was built following the recommendation of then Prime Minister Turgut Özal, who was inspired by the shopping mall Houston Galleria in Houston, Texas, United States. Galleria Ataköy was opened in 1988 by Turgut Özal.

History

Galleria Ataköy reflected the changing face of Turkey in the late 1980s and became a symbol of modern life with the stores selling a wide range of goods, most of them imported, cafés and restaurants, which made going there a popular day out. At weekends in particular, people rushed to Galleria from all over the city. Due to its close distance to Ataköy Yacht Marina and Atatürk International Airport, Galleria was also very popular for tourists. For several years, Galleria was without any competitor, but it blazed a trail down as other shopping malls were opened in Istanbul.

Features

Galleria attracts with its 140 stores on two floors an average of 1.2 million visitors monthly. The complex housed Printemps, the renowned French department store, in the beginning. It hosts upscale Turkish stores, features fast food restaurants and cafeterias, entertainment centers, movie theaters, a bowling alley, and an ice skating rink. The shopping mall has a covered car park for 2,000 vehicles.

In 1990, Galleria was judged the world's most outstanding mall by the International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) for sophisticated blueprint design, rapid construction, and unique structural features.

Address:
Sahilyolu, Ataköy - Bakırköy
Istanbul

Gallery

See also
 List of shopping malls in Istanbul
 Galleria Ice Rink

References
 From the Grand Bazaar to the modern shopping centers in Turkey. Turkish Council of Shopping Centers & Retailers (AMPD)

External links
 Official website
 International Council of Shopping Centers

1987 establishments in Turkey
Bakırköy
Buildings and structures completed in 1987
Shopping malls in Istanbul

Galleria Ataköy


Denton Arthur Cooley (August 22, 1920 – November 18, 2016) was an American heart surgeon. He was known for doing the first implantation of a complete artificial heart. Cooley was also the founder and surgeon in-chief of The Texas Heart Institute, chief of Cardiovascular Surgery at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, consultant in Cardiovascular Surgery at Texas Children's Hospital, and a clinical professor of Surgery at the University of Texas Medical School at Houston.

He studied zoology in the University of Texas and graduated in 1941. He began his medical education at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. He completed his medical degree and his surgical training at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, where he also completed his internship. At Johns Hopkins, he worked with Dr. Alfred Blalock and helped with the first Blue Baby procedure to treat a child's congenital heart defect.

In 1946, Cooley served as chief of surgical services at the station hospital in Linz, Austria for the Army Medical Corps. He was discharged (released) in 1948 with the rank of captain. Then, he returned to Johns Hopkins to remain as an instructor in surgery. In 1950, he went to London to work with Lord Russell Brock.

Cooley died at his home in Houston on November 18, 2016, aged 96.

References

2016 deaths
Scientists from Houston
1920 births
American physicians

Denton Cooley


A whiskey thief is a tool that master distillers use to extract small portions of whiskey from an aging barrel for sampling or quality control. The old-fashioned ones are made typically of copper and resemble a drinking straw in design. It has a coned narrow hole at the bottom and a vent hole at the top in which a distiller can cover with the thumb once the device is inserted in the barrel to trap and lift the whiskey out. By removing the thumb from the upper vent hole, the whiskey is released to drain into drinking glasses for tasting.

This same tool can be used for sampling other distilled spirits or wine from large vessels, hence it can also be used as a wine thief. Newer models may be made of clear plastic or glass with the larger models having the capability of accepting a hydrometer for testing purposes.

See also
 Wine thief
 Aging barrel
 Winemaking

External links
 Capital Living - Resurrecting George Washington's booze, website article by Albert Eisele with a photo of a whiskey thief being used.

Tools
Whisky

Whiskey thief


Sandro Veronesi (born 1959) is an Italian novelist, essayist, and journalist. After earning a degree in architecture at the University of Florence, he opted for a writing career in his mid to late twenties. Veronesi published his first book at the age of 25, a collection of poetry (Il resto del cielo, 1984) that has remained his only venture into verse writing. He has since published five novels, three books of essays, one theatrical piece, numerous introductions to novels and collections of essays, interviews, screenplays, and television programs.

Veronesi has twice been awarded Italy's most prestigious literary prize, the Premio Strega: in 2006 for his novel  and in 2020 for his novel The Hummingbird (Il colibrì).

Works
Il resto del cielo consists of twenty-five short compositions, none longer than fourteen verses, that speak to the general problematics of communication, all of which is underscored by a constant coincidentia oppositorum. Seemingly simple verses, they speak eloquently to the narrating voice's quotidian landscape.

His first novel, Per dove parte questo treno allegro (1988), is the story of a typical relationship of the 1980s between father and son. A troubled rapport between them, the father is an adventurous businessman who, while deep in debt, has squirreled away a few hundred thousand dollars in Switzerland. The son, an insipid thirty-year-old, who acts half his age, is a do-nothing with strange habits. While the two spend a few strained weeks together, their lives eventually begin to find some similarities.

With his second novel, Gli sfiorati (1990), Veronesi approaches the family thematics in a much more dramatic fashion. A family recomposed of two previously split ones, here too the father and son experience a troubled relationship. Mete, however, finds comfort in a developing rapport with his beautiful stepsister. All this takes place in Rome, intertwined with other narratives of various social types that one might expect to find in such a chaotic metropolis that Veronesi depicts. Experimental, in some ways, this novels verges on the fantastic, while the author offers up a portrait of the early 1990s and its polymorphous, youthful generation, represented herein by the literal, and metaphorical, sign of "schiumevolezza."

Faithful to the theme of troubled relationships between two people of different generations, Venite venite B-52  (1995) changes the dynamics to that of father-daughter. As he did in his previous novels, especially in Gli sfiorati, here too Veronesi offers up a gallery of extraordinary characters, beginning with the father, Ennio Miraglia, a representation of the 1980s consumerist Italy, and his daughter Viola, whose desire to free herself of her father's Italy is underscored in the novel's title, her hopes that the American bombers come and destroy that which she abhors.

La forza del passato (2000; Premio Viareggio L. Repaci and the Premio Campiello) continues the father-son relationship. This time, however, the father is absent (dead), and – again different from before – we move from a positive memory of the dead father to one that questions his son's knowledge of who he truly was. Gianni Orzan is a writer of children's books whose life is suddenly shattered when he realizes that what he always believed about his father, and by extension of himself, may have all been a façade. Through Gianni's eventual stream-of-consciousness, both he and the novel's reader constantly shift between the present and, through the character's memory, the past.

Ring City (2001) is a "children's novel," for lack of a better term. As such, it figures as a wonderful companion piece to La forza del passato, as it is surely a book Gianni Orzan would have written. Topolino (Mickey Mouse) must confront the Fosterman clan, who has taken over the once tranquil city of Vocalia, transforming it into a giant boxing ring.

 (2005) won him Italy's most prestigious award, the Strega Prize. Having lost his wife to a natural death, Pietro Paladini is able to recover his existential bearings only after re-examining life from its metaphorical underbelly, in his subsequent dealings with the people in his life, especially when he unorthodoxly hangs around in front of his daughter's school.

An assiduous essayist, much of the material in his non-fiction collections appeared in various daily and weekly newspapers and magazines, and serials, which include: Il manifesto, Epoca, Il Gambero Rosso, La Gazzetta del Prato, l'Unità, Nuovi Argomenti, Panta, Corriere della Sera. These books to date include: Cronache italiane (1992) and Live. Ritratti, sopralluoghi e collaudi (Bompiani, 1996), each of which originate chiefly from his journalistic writings. Occhio per occhio. La pena di morte in quattro storie (1992), instead, is an integral study of the death penalty and how it is administered in four different localities around the world: Sudan, Taiwan, the Soviet Union, and California. In 2002, Bompiani brought out his previous two collections, together with his "Nuove cronache" (1996–2002), in Superalbo. Le storie complete.

In addition to the above, he has also written numerous introductions of various sorts for numerous books that range from novels to collections of essays on many topics, including soccer and rock music. Most recently, he ventured into the world of theatre with his No Man's Land (2003), a drama originating from and similar to Danis Tanovic's film of 2001, this time however with a good dose of Veronesi's caustic irony.

Veronesi collaborates with numerous newspapers and licterature magazines. He is also the founder of the publishing house Fandango Libri along with Domenico Procacci, and of the web radio Radiogas.

In 2010, italian newsmagazine La Repubblica reported that Fandango's artistic director, as part of the promotional campaign of new Veronesi's book, titled "XY", have announced to have inserted some fictional articles in italian language Wikipedia to attract new potential buyers. Shortly after he publicly apologized, claiming also to have included just one article in it.wiki.

Bibliography

Fiction
 Il resto e il cielo. Prato: Edizioni del Palazzo, 1984.
 Per dove parte questo treno allegro. Rome: Theoria, 1988
 Gli sfiorati. Milan: Mondadori, 1990.
 Venite venite B-52. Milan: Feltrinelli, 1995.
 La forza del passato. Milan: Bompiani, 2000.
 Ring City. Milan: Disney, 2001.
 No Man's Land. Milan: Bompiani: 2003.
 . Milan: Bompiani, 2005; English translation: Quiet Chaos, 2005.
 Brucia Troia. Milan: Bompiani, 2007.
 XY. Rome: Fandango Libri, 2010.
 Profezia (short story). RCS Quotidiani, 2011.
 Baci scagliati altrove (racconti). Rome: Fandango Libri, 2011.
 Terre rare. Milan: Bompiani, 2014.
 Non dirlo. Il Vangelo di Marco. Milan: Bompiani, 2015.
 Il colibrì. Milan: La Nave di Teseo, 2019

Non-fiction
 Cronache italiane. Milan: Mondadori, 1991.
 Occhio per occhio. La pena di morte in quattro storie. Milan: Mondadori, 1992.
 Live. Ritratti, sopralluoghi e collaudi. Milan: Bompiani, 1996.
 Superalbo. Le storie complete. Milan: Bompiani, 2002.
 Viaggi e Viaggetti. Finché il tuo cuore non è contento. Milan: Bompiani Overlook, 2013
 Un dio ti guarda. Milan: La Nave di Teseo, 2016
 Cani d'estate. Milan: La Nave di Teseo, 2018

Introductions,  essays, and interviews
 "Il trattino, uno e trino," interview with Francesca Serafini in Punteggiatura. Alessandro Baricco, Filippo Taricco, Giorgio Vasta, Dario Voltolini, eds. BUR: Scuola Holden, 2001, p 145-54.
 "John Fante: la giovinezza come destino" in John Fante. Un anno terribile. Rome: Fazi, 2001, p 7-16.
 "Cento piccoli Totti," Nuovi argomenti (January–March 2000) 5th series: 84–93.
 "Interview" with Cristiana Lardo, in L'ultima letteratura italiana: scrittori a Tor Vergata: interventi ed interviste. Cristiana Lardo and Fabio Pierangeli, eds. Rome: Vecchiarelli, 1999, p 135-41.
 "Tra gli Smith e san Paolo (epigrafi)" in Improvviso il novecento: Pasolini professore. Giordano Meacci, ed. Rome: Minimum Fax, 1999, p 189-226. (interview/essay)
 "Tirchieria del racconto e generosità del romanzo," in Seminario sul racconto. Luigi Rustichelli, ed. Boca Raton: Bordighera Press, 1998, p 48-59.
 "Interview", with Laura Lepri, in Panta: special issue, "Scrittura creativa. La scrittura creativa raccontata dagli scrittori che la insegnano," Laura Lepri, ed. Milano: Bompiani, 1997, p 45-55.
 "Ma smettetela di chiamarci giovani scrittori," L'Unità, 8 aprile 1995: 21.

Translations
 Alastair McEwen: The Force of the Past. New York: Ecco, 2003.

Further reading
 Barbara Castaldo, "Sandro Veronesi" in Dictionary of Literary Biography: Contemporary Italian Fiction. Columbia: Bruccoli Clark Layman. Forthcoming.
 Filippo La Porta, "Sandro Veronesi" in La nuova narrativa italiana: travestimenti e stili di fine secolo. Turin:  Bollati Boringhieri, 1995. 58–62.
 Cristiana Lardo, "Sandro Veronesi: dichiarazione d'amore," in L'ultima letteratura italiana: scrittori a Tor Vergata: interventi ed interviste. Cristiana Lardo and Fabio Pierangeli, eds. Rome: Vecchiarelli, 1999. 133-34.
 Stefania Meli, "Esistenze abusive nei romanzi di Sandro Veronesi," in L'ultima letteratura italiana: scrittori a Tor Vergata: interventi ed interviste. Cristiana Lardo e Fabio Pierangeli, eds. Rome: Vecchiarelli, 1999. 142-46;
 Anthony Julian Tamburri, "Abitare in limine: Per dove parte questo treno [mica tanto] allegro," Esperienze letterarie. Vol. 40 (2005): forthcoming, 37 ms.

References

External links

1959 births
Living people
Italian male writers
University of Florence alumni
Strega Prize winners
Prix Femina Étranger winners
Viareggio Prize winners
Premio Campiello winners

Sandro Veronesi (writer)


Toby Robins (March 13, 1931 – March 21, 1986) was a Canadian actress of film, stage and television.

Robins starred in hundreds of radio and stage productions in Canada from the late 1940s through the 1960s, working with such performers as Jane Mallett, Barry Morse, John Drainie, Ruth Springford, and James Doohan among others. She appeared in a number of television and film roles beginning in the mid-1950s, and hosted the first-ever CBC Television series, The Big Revue in 1952. In Toronto she played in repertory with Lorne Greene, Mavor Moore, and Don Harron. At the Crest Theatre she played the leading parts in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Dream Girl and many others.

Robins became a popular television personality as an original member of the cast of the long-running CBC television series Front Page Challenge in 1957, remaining with the program until 1961. Originally hosted by Alex Barris and later Fred Davis, Front Page Challenge was a current events series disguised as a panel-style game show in a similar format to the American What's My Line?. Panelists had to guess the news story or person behind a news story by asking questions of the guest; after the game portion, the guest was then interviewed informally by the panel.

Although Robins was initially criticized for asking simple and sometimes unintelligent questions, she soon found her journalistic sea legs and before long was holding her own alongside the more experienced journalists, including her co-panellists Gordon Sinclair and Pierre Berton. She left the series in a salary dispute in 1961 and was replaced by future senator Betty Kennedy (who remained with the show until its demise in the 1990s). Robins returned to the show from time to time as a guest panelist.

In 1964, Robins relocated to London and she appeared in a number of film and television productions, including The Saint ("When Spring Is Sprung"), Space: 1999 (the two-parter "The Bringers of Wonder", which was later re-issued as the television film Destination Moonbase Alpha) and in 1981 she played Melina Havelock's ill-fated mother in the James Bond film For Your Eyes Only (1981). She appeared in an episode of Minder entitled "The Willesden Suite", broadcast in February 1984. On London's West End stage, she appeared in such dramas as The Relapse, The Latent Heterosexual, The Flip Side, and The Aspern Papers''.

Death
Toby Robins died from breast cancer in 1986, one week after her 55th birthday. In 1991, her family founded the Breakthrough Toby Robins Breast Cancer Centre in London, which was opened in 1999 by HRH The Prince of Wales, with the aim of producing a coordinated program of research to tackle breast cancer. It is the first dedicated breast cancer research centre in the United Kingdom, and directly linked to one of the most renowned cancer facilities in the world, the Royal Marsden Hospital.

Filmography

References

External links

1931 births
1986 deaths
Actresses from Toronto
Deaths from cancer in England
Canadian expatriates in England
Canadian film actresses
Canadian stage actresses
Canadian television actresses
Deaths from breast cancer
20th-century Canadian actresses

Toby Robins


The New Year is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the end of one year and the beginning of the next year. Cultures that measure yearly calendars all have New Year celebrations. On January 1, 1600 Scotland, was the first country to adopt January 1 as the first day of the New Year. Now, many countries celebrate the New Year on 1st of January.

Related pages

 New Year's Eve
 New Year's Day

New Year

New Year


Sister Anne Catherine Emmerich (September 8, 1774 - February 9, 1824) was a German Augustinian nun. She is remembered for her mystical visions of Jesus' and Mary's lives. What she saw was written in books, for example, The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord, Jesus Christ. The book later had an important part as a main source of information for Mel Gibson's movie The Passion of the Christ.

Stigmata
She was stuck in bed when marks of stigmata showed up she had doctors and physicians examine her markings, and it was found to be a genuine stigmatic case.

Other websites

Sister Emmerich and Gibson

1774 births
1824 deaths
German Roman Catholics
Nuns
Stigmata

Catherine Emmerich


Luis Antonio Jaime of Spain (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785), Infante of Spain, Cardinal Deacon of the titular church of Santa Maria della Scala in Rome, Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spain, 13th Count of Chinchón, Grandee of Spain First Class, known as the Cardinal Infante, was the last child of Philip V of Spain and his wife Elisabeth Farnese. He is famous for being the youngest Cardinal in history. He also had close ties with several famous Spanish painters of his day including Francisco de Goya.

Brief biography
Luis was born in the city of Seville in Spain. He was the youngest child of the king King and queen of Spain. He was given the name Luis in honour of his French great-grandfather Louis XIV. From a young age his father showered various religious titles upon his youngest son, even creating him a Primate of Spain. Giving him the rank of an Archbishop while barely eight years old. He was also an Infante of Spain by birth being the child of a reigning Spanish monarch giving him the use of Royal Highness from birth. Despite his parents decisions the young Luis abandoned his religious rank due to a lack of interest in his charges on 18 December 1754. He was given the title of Count of Chinchón by which he is known. The title was eventually inherited by his daughter Maria Teresa and was given to him by his older brother The Infante Felipe.

Following the death of his childless elder half-brother King Fernando VI in 1759 he claimed the throne and his brother Carlos (the future Charles III of Spain claimed the throne for himself exiling his younger brother from the royal court in Madrid.

Marriage
In his exile Luis contracted a marriage with María Teresa de Vallabriga herself an aristocrat but not royalty.

 Luis María de Borbón y Vallabriga, 14th Count of Chinchón (22 May 1777 – 19 March 1823) later a cardinal but died childless.
 María Teresa de Borbón, Countess of Chinchón  6 March 1779 – 23 November 1828) married Manuel Godoy, Prince of the Peace and had children.
 María Luisa de Borbón y Vallabriga, Farnesio y Rozas (21 March 1780 – 1 December 1846) married Joaquín José de Melgarejo y Saurín, de Rojas y Ruíz-Dávalos Duke of San Fernando de Quiroga but died childless.

As he now had children he could also claim the throne of the Two Sicilies but his brother Charles III barred his right and made sure he and his family were never allowed at court. He died aged 58 having never reconciled with his elder brother. His title was inherited by his eldest daughter whose children then inherited the title too.

Titles and styles
25 July 1727 - 18 December 1754: His Royal Highness The Infante Don Luis of Spain.
18 December 1754 - 7 August 1785: His Royal Highness The Count of Chinchón, Infante of Spain.

Other websites

1727 births
1785 deaths
Spanish cardinals
People from Seville
Spanish Roman Catholic archbishops
Spanish House of Bourbon
Spanish infantes and infantas

Infante Luis of Spain