The Roman roads in Britain were, with Roman aqueducts, and the Roman army, one of the most impressive features of the Roman Empire in Britain.

In Britannia, as in other provinces, the Romans constructed a network of paved trunk roads to (surfaced highways). In their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 – 410 AD) they built about 2,000 miles of Roman roads in Britain. They are shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain. This is the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is available to the general public.

The pre-Roman Britons used unpaved trackways, including ancient ones running along the ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath. In contrast, most of the Roman network was surveyed and built from scratch, with the aim of connecting key points by the most direct possible route. The roads were all paved, to permit heavy freight-wagons to be used in all seasons and weather.

Most of the known network was complete by 180 AD. Its main purpose was to allow the rapid movement of troops and military supplies. It was also vital for trade and the transport of goods.

Roman roads remained in use as trunk roads for centuries after the Romans withdrew from Britain in 410 AD. Systematic construction of paved highways did not resume in England until the 18th century.

Construction of Roman roads

The Romans became expert at constructing roads, which they called viae. It was permitted to walk or drive cattle, vehicles, or traffic of any description along the road. The viae differed from the many other smaller or rougher roads, bridle-paths, drifts, and tracks. By law, the minimum width of a via was fixed at 2.4 m where it was straight, and 4.9 m where it turned.

The best sources of information as regards the construction of a regulation via munita are:
 The many existing remains of víae publicae. These are often sufficiently well preserved to show that the rules were, as far as local material allowed, closely followed in practice.
 The directions for making pavements given by Vitruvius. The pavement and the via munita were identical in construction, except as regards the top layer.
 A passage in Statius describing the repairs a branch road of the Via Appia (Appian Way).

After the civil engineer looked over the site of the proposed road and determined roughly where it should go, the agrimensores went to work surveying the road bed. They used two main devices, the rod and a device called a groma, which helped them obtain right angles. The rod men put down a line of rods called the rigor. A surveyor looked along the rods and told the gromatici to move them as required. Using the gromae they then laid out a grid on the plan of the road.

The libratores then began their work using ploughs and, sometimes with the help of legionaries, with spades dug down to bed rock or at least to the firmest ground they could find. The excavation was called the fossa, "ditch". The depth varied according to terrain.

In top-quality roads, there were five layers, plus footpaths and kerbstones:
Native earth, levelled and, if necessary, rammed tight.
Statumen: stones of a size to fill the hand.
Audits: rubble or concrete of broken stones and lime.
Nucleus: kernel or bedding of fine cement made of pounded potshards and lime.
Dorsum or agger viae: the elliptical surface or crown of the road (media stratae eminentia) made of polygonal blocks of silex (basaltic lava) or rectangular blocks of saxum qitadratum (travertine, peperino, or other stone of the country). The upper surface was designed to cast off rain or water like the shell of a tortoise. The lower surfaces of the separate stones, here shown as flat, were sometimes cut to a point or edge in order to grasp the nucleus, or next layer, more firmly.
Crepido, or semita: raised footway, or sidewalk, on each side of the via.
Umbones or edge-stones.

The method varied according to place, materials available and terrain, but the plan was always the same. The roadbed was layered. The road was constructed by filling the ditch. This was done by layering rock over other stones.

Into the fossa was dumped large amounts of rubble, gravel and stone, whatever fill was available. Sometimes a layer of sand was put down, if it could be found. When it came to within 1 yd (1 m) or so of the surface it was covered with gravel and tamped down, a process called pavire, or pavimentare. The flat surface was then the pavimentum. It could be used as the road, or additional layers could be constructed. A statumen or "foundation" of flat stones set in cement might support the additional layers.

The final steps used concrete, which the Romans had rediscovered (it had been used in Ancient Egypt). They seem to have mixed the mortar and the stones in the fossa. First a small layer of coarse concrete, the rudus, then a little layer of fine concrete, the nucleus, went onto the pavement or statumen. Into or onto the nucleus went a course of polygonal or square paving stones, called the summa crusta. The crusta was crowned for drainage.

An example is found in an early basalt road by the Temple of Saturn on the Clivus Capitolinus. It had travertine paving, polygonal basalt blocks, concrete bedding (substituted for the gravel), and a rain-water gutter.

Main Roman roads
Watling Street
Ermine Street
Dere Street
Stane Street
Fosse Way
Portway
Akeman Street

References

Roman roads in Britain


The gigue or giga is a lively baroque dance.  "Gigue" (pronounce "jeeg") is the French word, and "giga" (pronounce "jee-ga") is the Italian word.  The English word is "jig" and in England this refers to a folk dance.

The gigue was one of the movements in a series of dance movements called suites written by Baroque composers. The Baroque suite normally had an Allemande, a Courante, a Sarabande and a Gigue to finish with.  Sometimes there were one or two other movements as well.

The gigue usually has a compound metre such as 6/8, 6/4, 9/8 or 12/16.   They often have a contrapuntal texture and each phrase is usually four bars long.  Like all the dances in the Baroque suite, the gigue is in binary form.  The second half will usually start with the main tune in inversion (upside down).

Dances
Musical forms

Gigue


Ian Fraser "Lemmy" Kilmister (24 December 1945 – 28 December 2015), commonly known by Lemmy, was a British musician, singer-songwriter and actor. He was best known as the bassist of the heavy metal band Motörhead.

Early years
Lemmy was born in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. He went to school at Ysgol Syr Thomas Jones in Amlwch, Wales. At age 16 he attended a concert by The Beatles in the Cavern Club. Lemmy liked the sarcastic attitude of the Beatles, especially John Lennon. Around that time he began playing guitar in small local bands like The Sundowners.

In mid-1960, he played guitar in bands like The Rainmakers, then The Motown Sect, playing clubs in the north. In 1965, he joined the band The Rockin 'Vickers, and signed a contract with CBS. The band released three single albums and toured Europe. In 1967, he moved to London and got a job as a roadie on The Jimi Hendrix Experience. In 1968, he recorded an album titled Escalator with the band Sam Gopal. After that, Lemmy met Simon King in a shopping center in Chelsea and then joined the band Opal Butterfly for a short period.

Lemmy joined the Ladbroke Grove rock band Hawkwind as a bassist and vocalist. He gained experience as a bassist, because until then he had only worked as a guitarist. Lemmy was also lead vocals on several songs for the band.

Motörhead
In 1975, Lemmy founded a new band called Bastard with guitarist Larry Wallis and Lucas Fox on drums. Later, Lemmy changed the name of the band to Motörhead. Wallis and Fox left the band and were replaced by the guitarist Eddie Clarke and drummer Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor. This new formation would begin Motörhead's success in live performances. In 1977, the band recorded their first album, Motörhead, released 24 September 1977. The second album, titled Overkill, contained two songs that would become Motörhead classics: "Louie Louie" and "Overkill". The peak of the band was 1980 and 1981 with a series of chart hits in the UK, including the classic single "Ace of Spades", one of the biggest hits of the band.

Motörhead's members changed throughout the band's career, but Lemmy remained on bass and vocals from their start 1975 until his death in December 2015.

Acting career
Lemmy's career as an actor began by playing small roles in low-budget UK films Eat the Rich (1988) and Hardware (1990). His credits include Terror Firmer (1998), Frezno Smooth (1999), and Citizen Toxie: The Toxic Avenger IV (2000).

Death
On 28 December 2015, Lemmy died of prostate cancer, cardiac arrhythmia and congestive heart failure at his home in Los Angeles, California at the age of 70.

References

Other websites

 Motörhead official website
 Lemmy: The Movie Official website

Interview with Lemmy Kilmister in REVOLUTIONART Magazine 22
 The Rockin' Vickers
 Myspace profile for Lemmy's new band The Head Cat
 Lemmy interview with BIZARRE magazine
 Gallery of Lemmy with Motorhead
Lemmy Interview  in SPIN
 Lemmy Interview  on the Jekyll and Hyde Show, 106FM Jerusalem

1945 births
2015 deaths
British bass guitarists
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Deaths from cardiac arrhythmia
Deaths from prostate cancer
English rock guitarists
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Stoke-on-Trent

Lemmy


In Roman mythology, Diana was the goddess of hunting, and in later times, the moon and chastity. Cypress trees were sacred to her. She was the daughter of Jupiter and the Titan Latona (or Leto). In Greek mythology, Diana was called Artemis. She is also associated with fertility and nature. Artemis is her Greek equivalent.

According to mythology Diana was born with her twin brother Apollo on the island of Delos. Apollo was her only real brother but she had many half brothers and sisters from her father. Her half-siblings were Vulcan, Minerva, Mercury, Bacchus, Mars, and Proserpine. Diana made a group of three with two other Roman deities: Egeria the water nymph, her servant and midwife helper; and Virbius, the god of the woods. Diana is a maiden goddess which means she can't marry.

Other websites

 Landscape with Diana and Callisto painting
 Diana and her Nymphs painting

Roman gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of the moon
Virgin goddesses

Diana (mythology)


Larry Alton Parrish (born November 10, 1953) is an American former professional baseball player, coach and manager. He played in Major League Baseball and the Nippon Professional Baseball league as a third baseman from 1974 to 1990, most prominently as a member of the Montreal Expos and the Texas Rangers.

A two-time All-Star player, Parrish averaged 22 home runs and 85 runs batted in per season and hit three home runs in a game four times during his 15-year major league career. After playing one season with the Boston Red Sox, he played his final two seasons of professional baseball in Japan with the Yakult Swallows and the Hanshin Tigers.

After his playing career, Parrish continued to work in professional baseball as a coach and manager at both the major league and minor league levels. He is the winningest manager in Toledo Mud Hens history, serving as the team's manager for a record eight seasons, highlighted by back-to-back Governors' Cup championships in 2005 and 2006. He was inducted into the International League Hall of Fame in 2013 for his career as the Mud Hens manager.

Playing career
Making his debut in 1974 at the age of 20, Parrish became a solid hitter as a third baseman in the 1970s and 1980s, hitting 20 or more home runs in a season 5 times during his Major League career. He was a two-time All-Star, and in 1979, he was named the Montreal Expos Player of the Year after batting .307 with 30 homers and 82 runs batted in, and finishing fourth in National League MVP voting. Parrish is the only Montreal Expos player to ever hit three home runs in one game on three separate occasions (May 29, 1977, July 30, 1978, and April 25, 1980). In the May 1977 game against the Cardinals, he went 5–for–5, batting in 5 runs in a 14–4 victory. In the April 1980 game, he drove in all 7 runs for Montreal in an 8–7 loss to Atlanta.

Parrish was traded along with Dave Hostetler from the Expos to the Texas Rangers for Al Oliver on March 31, 1982. He originally was supposed to have been the Rangers' starting right fielder. In 1982, during his first season with the Rangers, Parrish tied a major league record held by Jim Northrup when he hit three grand slams in the span of one week.

Parrish ranks 15th on the Texas Rangers' all-time home run list with 149 and 14th in RBIs at 522. He closed out his American Major League career by joining the Boston Red Sox during the stretch run of the 1988 season; while he was with the Red Sox, the team won the American League Eastern Division championship.

After his Major League Baseball career ended, Parrish played for two different Japanese major league teams. Parrish had a career .263 batting average in Major League Baseball with 256 home runs and 992 runs batted in. In 13 career playoff games, he batted .182 with no home runs and three RBIs.

Coaching career
After retiring from the majors and spending time playing for the Yakult Swallows and Hanshin Tigers of the Japanese Central League, Parrish became a full-time coach within the Detroit Tigers organization. In 1992, Parrish was named the manager for the Single-A Niagara Falls Rapids of the New York–Penn League which won the league championship in 1993. In 1995, he was named the roving hitting instructor for the Tigers minor league system.  In 1996, he returned to the dugout as the manager of the Double-A Jacksonville Suns, where he won another League Championship the same year. Parrish then served as bench coach under Tigers manager Buddy Bell for the 1997 season and part of the 1998 season before Bell was fired. Parrish was promoted as the replacement and managed the Tigers from 1998 to 1999, compiling an 82–104 record. However, he was replaced by Phil Garner for the 2000 season. Parrish managed the Tigers through their final season at Tiger Stadium. Parrish remained in the Tigers organization as a scout from 2000 to 2002, and in 2003, he returned to the dugout once again as the manager for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens of the International League.

In 2005, Parrish managed the Mud Hens to an impressive 89–55 record and the Governors' Cup as champions of the International League. The Mud Hens defeated the Indianapolis Indians. Following the season, Parrish was named the 2005 Minor League Manager of the Year by The Sporting News.

In 2006, Parrish led the Mud Hens to a 76–66 record and a repeat of the Governor's Cup, giving the Mud Hens their third title and making them back-to-back champions for the first time in team history.  This time, the Mud Hens defeated the Rochester Red Wings. The team moved on to play in the first Triple-A Baseball National Championship Game, in Oklahoma City, where they would take on the Tucson Sidewinders of the Pacific Coast League, but the Mud Hens fell to the Sidewinders by a score of 5–2.

On October 29, 2010, it was announced that Parrish would become the hitting coach for the Atlanta Braves, replacing Terry Pendleton, who was moved to first base coach. After the Braves offense went from first in the National League in On-base percentage in 2010 to 14th in 2011 with roughly the same lineup, Braves general manager Frank Wren announced on September 30, 2011, that Parrish would not return to his duties for the 2012 season.

Parrish was named manager of the West Michigan Whitecaps for the 2013 season.

Parrish was elected to the International League Hall of Fame as a manager in 2013.

On September 18, 2013, it was announced that Parrish would return to the Mud Hens for his third stint as manager. He replaced Phil Nevin, whose contract was not renewed. On August 2, 2015, Parrish announced his plan to retire at the end of the Mud Hens' season.

Highlights
 Two-time All-Star (1979, 1987).
 Hit three grand slams in one week (July 4, 7, and 10 in 1982), tying a long-standing MLB record set by Jim Northrup in the Detroit Tigers' World Series Championship season in 1968.
 Compiled four career three-home run games, including one instance in which the home runs came on consecutive at-bats (July 30, 1978) and is one of only eight players to accomplish the feat in both leagues. (The others are Babe Ruth, Johnny Mize, Dave Kingman, Cory Snyder, Darnell Coles, Claudell Washington, and Darryl Strawberry.)

 Four league championships as manager:
1993 (Niagara Falls of the New York–Penn League)
1996 (Jacksonville Suns of the Southern League)
2005 and 2006 (Toledo Mud Hens of the International League)

See also
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

References

External links

Larry Parrish at BaseballBiography.com
Larry Parrish - Toledo Mud Hens Official Bio

1953 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
American League All-Stars
Atlanta Braves coaches
Baseball coaches from Florida
Boston Red Sox players
Detroit Tigers coaches
Detroit Tigers managers
Detroit Tigers scouts
Hanshin Tigers players
Jamestown Expos players
Major League Baseball third basemen
Montreal Expos players
National League All-Stars
Nippon Professional Baseball first basemen
People from Haines City, Florida
Baseball players from Polk County, Florida
Québec Carnavals players
Seminole State College of Florida alumni
Seminole State Raiders baseball players
Texas Rangers players
Tigres de Aragua players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Toledo Mud Hens managers
West Palm Beach Expos players
Yakult Swallows players

Larry Parrish


जिन प्रक्रियाओं में किसी चीज के निर्माण के लिये रासायनिक या यांत्रिक चरणों (steps) की आवश्यकता होती हैं उन्हें औद्योगिक प्रक्रम (Industrial processes) कहते हैं। बड़े-बड़े उद्योगों में औद्योगिक प्रक्रम मुख्य भूमिका निभाते हैं।

Most processes make the production of an otherwise rare material vastly cheaper in price, thus changing it into a commodity; i.e. the process makes it economically feasible for society to use the material on a large scales, in machinery, or a substantial amount of raw materials, in comparison to batch or craft processes. Production of a specific material may involve more than one type of process. Most industrial processes result in both a desired product(s) and by-products, many of which are toxic, hazardous, or hard to deal with. Very, very few processes are self-contained.

सामान्य प्रक्रम
These may be applied on their own, or as part of a larger process.
 Liquefaction of gases - for ease of transportation
 Supercritical drying, Freeze drying - removal of excess liquid
 Scrubber - removing of pollution from exhaust gases

रासायनिक प्रक्रम
 Smelting - chemically enhancing metals
 Disinfection - chemical treatment to kill bacteria and viruses
 Pyroprocessing - using heat to chemically combine materials, such as in cement.

उष्मीय प्रक्रम
 Flash smelting - a refinement on smelting, for sulfur-containing ores (produces copper, nickel and lead)

विद्युत अपघटन

The availability of electricity and its effect on materials gave rise to several processes for plating or separating metals.
 Gilding, Electroplating, Anodization, Electrowinning - depositing a material on an electrode
 Electropolishing - the reverse of electroplating
 Electrofocusing - similar to electroplating, but separating molecules
 Electrolytic process - the generic process of using electrolysis
 Electrophoretic deposition - electrolytic deposition of colloidal particles in a liquid medium
 Electrotyping - using electroplating to produce printing plates
 Metallizing, Plating, Spin coating - the generic term for giving non-metals a metallic coating

भौतिक प्रक्रम (Physical processes)
There are several physical processes for reshaping a material by cutting, folding, joining or polishing, developed on a large scale from workshop techniques.

 Forging - the shaping of metal by use of heat and hammer
 Casting - shaping of a liquid material by pouring it into moulds and letting it solidify
 Machining - the mechanical cutting and shaping of metal
 Progressive stamping - the production of components from a strip or roll
 Hydroforming - a tube of metal is expanded into a mould under pressure
 Sandblasting - cleaning of a surface using sand or other particles
 Soldering, Brazing, Welding - a process for joining metals
 Tumble polishing - for polishing
 Precipitation hardening - heat treatment used to strengthen malleable materials
 Work hardening - adding strength to metals, alloys, etc.
 Case hardening, Differential hardening, Shot peening - creating a wear resistant surface
 Die cutting - A "forme" or "die" is pressed onto a flat material to cut, score, punch and otherwise shape the material.

मोल्डिंग (Moulding)
The physical shaping of materials by forming their liquid form using a mould.
 Casting, Sand casting - the shaping of molten metal or plastics using a mould
 Sintering, Powder metallurgy - the making of objects from metal or ceramic powder
 Blow moulding as in plastic containers or in the Glass Container Industry - making hollow objects by blowing them into a mould.
 Compression molding

विलगन (Separation)
Many materials exist in an impure form, purification, or separation provides a usable product.
 Comminution - reduces the size of physical particles (it exists between crushing and grinding)
 Froth flotation, flotation process - separating minerals through floatation
 Solvent extraction - dissolving one substance in another
 Frasch process - for extracting molten sulfur  from the ground

आसवन
 Fractional distillation, Steam distillation, Vacuum distillation - separating materials by their boiling point
 Batch distillation
 Continuous distillation
 Fractionating column
 Spinning cone

लोहा एवं इस्पात
Early production of iron was from meteorites, or as a by-product of copper refining. Heating iron ore and carbon in a crucible at 1000 K produces wrought iron. This process gained popularity during the Iron Age. Temperatures of 1300 K were produced around the 8th century by blowing air through the heated mixture in a bloomery or blast furnace (12th century); producing a strong but brittle cast iron. Furnaces were growing bigger, producing greater quantities; a factor contributing to the Industrial Revolution. In 1740 the temperature and carbon content could be controlled sufficiently to consistently produce steel; very strong and very workable. The 19th century saw the development of electric arc furnaces that produced steel in very large quantities, and are more easily controlled.

 Smelting - the generic process used in furnaces to produce steel, copper, etc.
 Catalan forge, Open hearth furnace, Bloomery, Siemens regenerative furnace - produced wrought iron
 Blast furnace - produced cast iron
 Direct Reduction - produced direct reduced iron
 Crucible steel
 Cementation process
 Bessemer process
 Basic oxygen steelmaking, Linz-Donawitz process
 Electric arc furnace

पेट्रोलियम एवं कार्बनिक उत्पाद
The nature of an organic molecule means it can be transformed at the molecular level to create a range of products.
 Cracking (chemistry) - the generic term for breaking up the larger molecules.
 Alkylation - refining of crude oil
 Burton process - cracking of hydrocarbons
 Cumene process - making phenol and acetone from benzene
 Friedel-Crafts reaction, Kolbe-Schmitt reaction
 Olefin metathesis, Thermal depolymerization
 Transesterification - organic chemicals
 Raschig process, Ketazine process, Peroxide process - part of the process to produce nylon
 Formox process - the oxidation of methanol to produce formaldehyde.

अन्य
 उत्पाद के अनुसार

 Aluminium - (Deville process, Bayer process, Hall-Héroult process, Wöhler process)
 Ammonia, used in fertilizer & explosives - (Haber process)
 Bromine - (Dow process)
 Chlorine, used in chemicals - (Chloralkali process, Weldon process)
 Fat - (Rendering)
 Fertilizer - (Nitrophosphate process)
 Gold - (Bacterial oxidation, Parkes process)
 Heavy Water, used to refine radioactive products - (Girdler sulfide process)
 Hydrogen - (Steam reforming, Water Gas Shift Reaction)
 Lead (and Bismuth) - (Betts electrolytic process, Betterton-Kroll process)
 Nickel - (Mond process)
 Nitric acid - (Ostwald process)
 Paper - (Pulping, Kraft process, Fourdrinier machine)
 Rubber - (Vulcanization)
 Salt - (Alberger process, Grainer evaporation process)
 Semiconductor crystals - (Bridgeman technique, Czochralski process)
 Silver - (Patio process, Parkes process)
 Sodium carbonate, used for soap - (Leblanc process, Solvay process, Leblanc-Deacon process)
 Sulfuric acid - (Lead chamber process, Contact process)
 Titanium - (Hunter process, Kroll process)
 Zirconium - (Hunter process, Kroll process, Crystal bar process, Iodide process)

 प्रक्रमों के अनुसार
 Alberger process, Grainer evaporation process - produces salt from brine
 Bacterial oxidation - used to produce gold
 Bayer process - the extraction of aluminium from ore
 Chloralkali process, Weldon process - for producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide
 Crystal bar process, Iodide process - produces zirconium
 Dow process - produces bromine from brine
 FFC Cambridge Process
 Girdler sulfide process - for making heavy water
 Hunter process, Kroll process - produces titanium and zirconium
 Industrial rendering - the separation of fat from bone and protein
 Lead chamber process, Contact process - production of sulfuric acid
 Mond process - nickel
 Nitrophosphate process - a number of similar process for producing fertilizer
 Ostwald process - produces nitric acid
 Pidgeon process - produces magnesium, reducing the oxide using silicon
 Steam reforming, Water Gas Shift Reaction - produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide from methane or hydrogen and carbon dioxide from water and carbon monoxide
 Vacuum metalising - a finishing process

इन्हें भी देखिये
 रासायनिक इंजीनियरी (Chemical engineering)
 विशालोत्पादन (Mass production)

उद्योग
औद्योगिक प्रक्रम

औद्योगिक प्रक्रमों की सूची


Glucose (C6H12O6) is a simple carbohydrate, or sugar. It is one of several kinds of sugars. It is important because cells in an organism use it as a source of energy. Turning glucose into energy is called cellular respiration, which is done inside the cells of a living organism. Excess glucose is converted to fats and are stored in adipose tissues.

Glucose is made by plants in a process called photosynthesis.  It can also be made by animals in their liver or kidneys.

Having the right amount of glucose available in a person's body is important. Glucose is essential in the proper functioning of the brain. It can be measured with a simple blood test. People that do not have enough glucose have low blood sugar levels. This is a health condition called hypoglycemia. People with too much glucose have hyperglycemia. They might have a health condition called diabetes.

Its chemical formula is C6H12O6. This means it has six carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms bonded together.

How sugars work, and how glucose can be formed, was studied by a German chemist named Emil Fischer in the 1890s. His work earned him the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Isomers

There are two forms of glucose, the α- and β- forms. The only difference between them is the position of the hydroxyl group, above and below the plane of the ring of the molecule.

For α-glucose, the hydroxyl (-OH) group is below the ring, while for β-glucose, the (-OH) group is above.

References

Monosaccharides

Glucose


Hugo Wolf (born Windischgraz (now Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia) 13 March, 1860; died Vienna,  22 February  1903) was an Austrian composer of Slovene origin.  He is famous for his Lieder (German art songs).  He found new ways of expressing poetry in music. He used the song forms that had been made by Schubert and Schumann, but his harmonies bring something very new and personal to German song. He was particularly fond of the music of Richard Wagner and his tonal writing is influenced by him.  He belongs to the late Romantic period.

Although he wrote other kinds of music besides Lieder, the only other piece of his which is played regularly is his Italian Serenade.

At times Wolf worked very hard and composed a lot of music.  At other times he felt unhappy and had depression.  Towards the end of his life he went mad and had to go to an asylum.  He died of syphilis.

His name is pronounced "Hoo-go Volf" (rhyming with "golf").

Life

Early life (1860 – 1887)
The town where Wolf was born  is now called Slovenj Gradec in Slovenia,  but at that time it was part of the Austrian Empire.   He was a child prodigy.  When he was four he learned the  piano and violin from his father.  When he went to school he learned  with Sebastian Weixler.  Music was the only thing he was interested in at school.  He changed schools but still did little work except for music.  He went to Vienna to study at the  Vienna Conservatory.  His father did not want him to become a musician.  He was made to leave the Conservatory because he did not obey their rules.  Wolf said later that he left because he did not like the old-fashioned teaching.

After eight months with his family, he returned to Vienna to teach music. He had a fiery temper which did not make him an ideal teacher.  However, he found some rich people who thought he was a good composer and paid him money so that he could have the time to compose.

One of his rich patrons had a daughter called Vally.  Wolf fell in love with her, and he was very depressed when she left him after three years.  He did not get on well with his family either.  His father thought he was not trying to make a living.  Wolf got a job as
second Kapellmeister at Salzburg.  However, he was not a good conductor and he soon left that job and went back to Vienna. to teach.

Wolf was fascinated by the music of Wagner.  He tried to get Wagner's attention once, running after his coach and begging Wagner to listen to his music. He was terribly sad when Wagner died.  He wrote a song "Zur Ruh, zur Ruh" ("To rest, to rest") which is one of his best early works.  He was very depressed because Wagner had gone and he felt that there was no one who could inspire him to compose.

The great composer Franz Liszt became interested in him, and told him he ought to try to compose some longer pieces.  He wrote a symphonic poem  Penthesilea. Wolf also became a music critic.  He wrote about new pieces of music.  He liked the music of Liszt, but hated the music of several other composers such as Anton Rubinstein and Johannes Brahms.   He made many enemies because of the harsh things he wrote about them.  People called him "Wild Wolf".  He composed several works, but could not get them performed.  He had been very critical of the famous Rosé Quartet, so they refused to play his music when they were asked.

He stopped writing musical criticism in 1887 and began composing once more.  He wrote songs which set poems by Goethe, Joseph von Eichendorff.   He wrote an orchestral work called  Italian Serenade which is one of his best works outside Lieder.  Then his father died and he did not compose for the rest of the year.

Maturity (1888 – 1896)
Wolf composed a lot during the years 1888 and 1889.  He stayed with some friends outside Vienna and wrote songs using poetry by Mörike.  He stayed with other friends and composed music to poems by Eichendorff.  Then he wrote  51 Goethe songs, followed by  Spanisches Liederbuch (Spanish Song Book).   Wolf soon became very famous.  His songs had very good reviews, although not everyone was enthusiastic.  Brahms wrote bad things about him because, of course, Wolf had written bad things about Brahms.

By 1891 Wolf had become exhausted.  His health became poor and he suffered from syphilis as well as from depression.  He composed nothing for several years, although his fame continued to spread.  Even Brahms changed his mind a wrote good reviews of his music.

Composers were always expected to write large pieces such as symphonies and operas if they were to be taken seriously.  Wagner was given the words for an opera called Der Corregidor.  At first he did not want to use it because the libretto was not good, but then he decided to write the opera.  However, although it was performed it never became a success.

Final years (1897 – 1903)
Wolf last appeared at a concert in February 1897.  Soon afterwards he went mad and had to be put in an asylum.  A lady called Melanie whom he had loved visited him faithfully during his last years until his death on February 22, 1903.  However, she felt very bad because she had not been faithful to her husband, and she killed herself in 1906.

Wolf is buried in the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) in Vienna, together with many other great composers.

Music

Wolf's true greatness lies in his Lieder.  Although he tried at times to write larger musical works, his real genius lay in writing the smaller forms.  He had a great feel for poetry and it is expressed beautifully in many ways: in the late-Romantic harmony which is often very chromatic, in the very original way he writes the piano accompaniments, and in the clever way in which he organizes his songs into groups with connecting themes.  His most famous collections are Mörike-Lieder (1888), Eichendorff-Lieder (1889), Goethe-Lieder (1890), Spanisches Liederbuch (1891), Italienisches Liederbuch (1892, 1896) and Michelangelo Lieder (1897).

Wolf wrote hundreds of Lieder, three operas, incidental music, choral music, as well as some rarely-heard orchestral, chamber and piano music. His most famous instrumental piece is the Italian Serenade (1887), originally for string quartet and later arranged for orchestra.

1860 births
1903 deaths
Austrian composers
Austrian musicians
Romantic composers

Hugo Wolf


Noson Lawen is a Welsh language Welsh film made in 1949. It is based on a story by Sam Jones, directed by Marc Lloyd. It starred Meredydd Evans, Ieuan Rhys Williams, Nellie Hodgkins and Robert Roberts as the main roles respectively.

Plot
Ifan (Meredydd Evans), a farmer's son living in the Welsh hills, dreams of an academic career. His father (Ieuan Rhys Williams) his mother (Nellie Hodgkins) and his wife, Gwen, (Meriel Jones) use nearly all of their money to pay for him to go to a university and are terrified that he may fail his exam, and it will all have been for nothing. As Ifan's father counts the money left for the umpteenth time, the postmistress (Emily Davies) appears with startling news: Ifan has passed with flying colours.

After the ceremony, Ifan introduces his friends, Emlyn (Cledwyn Jones) and Hywel (Robin Williams) to his mother, father and lively grandfather (Robert Roberts). The boys eventually come to work on the farm.

A party follows, and Ifan, Emlyn and Hywel sing a composition by Meredydd Evans himself (Moo Moo, Me Me, Cwac Cwac) and call themselves Triawd y Buarth. Then the Grandfather gets up on the stage and begins dancing around like a lunatic singing with an incredible voice.

Cast
 Meredydd Evans as Ifan
 Ieuan Rhys Williams as Father
 Nellie Hodgkins as Mother
 Meriel Jones as Gwen
 Robert Roberts as Grandfather
 Cledwyn Jones as Emlyn
 Robin Williams as Hywel
 Emily Davies as Postmistress

1949 films
Welsh-language films
Welsh films
British black-and-white films

Noson Lawen (film)


Geo was a brand of economy cars sold by Chevrolet dealerships. Geo was founded in 1989 to compete with Japanese automotives. Geo's roots date back to the 1970s in which General Motors began selling and offering captive imports. The Buick Opel which was originally an Isuzu Gemini and was also offered to future GM marque Daewoo as the Maepsy (which was sold as a Saehan and later Daewoo model). Geo cars were a joint venture between GM and its Japanese partners which included Toyota, Suzuki and Isuzu. Chevrolet's revived Nova (the Corolla Sprinter) led to Chevrolet Sprint (Suzuki Cultus) and the Spectrum (Isuzu Gemini). All three cars were rebranded as Geo in 1989. Geo was cancelled in 1997 and merged into the Chevrolet brand. The Geo models were the Metro, Prizm, Storm, Tracker, and Spectrum. The Prizm was made at New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. which was jointly owned by Toyota and General Motors. While the Metro and Tracker were made at CAMI Automotive a joint venture between GM and Suzuki, and the Storm and Spectrum were made entirely in Japan by Isuzu, and because of dwindling Isuzu sales they were short-lived. Many Geo models continued as Chevrolet's and were later replaced by in-house cars (i.e. Chevrolet Cobalt (Geo Prizm), a another joint venture vehicle or inherited models from GM Daewoo/Korea.

Chevrolet automobiles

Chevrolet Geo


Ice dancing is a form of figure skating related to ballroom dancing. Its first competition was at the World Figure Skating Championships in 1952, but it did not become a Winter Olympic Games medal sport until 1976.  As in pair skating, dancers compete as a couple, a man and a woman.

Ice dancing is different from pair skating because it limits the figures to those which are imitative of dance. Skaters must stay close together, and may not perform jumps. There are set dances, in which the style must be appropriate for the type of dance, and there is a Free Dance section which allows lifts up to shoulder level.

Ice dancing is the only form of figure skating to allow vocal music in official competitions.

Other websites

 Ice-dance.com
Care to Ice Dance?
Ice Dancers Online
ISU Home - International Skating Union website

References
Figure skating
Dance types
Winter Olympic sports

Ice dancing


The Mobylette, sometimes shortened as Mob, is a model of moped by French manufacturer Motobécane during the second half of the 20th century. The Mobylette was launched in 1949 and was manufactured until 1997, with production numbers exceeding 14 million with peak production in the 1970s, averaging around 750,000 annually.  The word Mobylette has since become something of a genericized trademark in the French language, referring to mopeds in general.

All Motobécane mopeds are generally referred to (and usually carry the name) Mobylette, however there are several styles of submodel. Particularly during the moped boom of the 1970s, several variations were available, usually incorporating a number/letter combination such as 40T, 40TL, 40V, and 50V. These naming conventions determined which types of equipment were standard or even available with the moped. For example, the 40T was usually a slower version, capable of just 25mph maximum speed and having no rear suspension. The top-of-the-line 50V had front and rear suspension, a heavier body, and was capable of .

In 1978, Canadian Walter Muma rode a 50V 11,500 miles on a 3-month trip that began in Toronto, brought him to Alaska, and back to Toronto.

In India, the earlier version o was manufactured under license by Mopeds India Ltd from 1965 until the late 1980s under the name Suvega. They also had a factory-supported race team which was highly successful f in annual Sholavaram races in the  class.

See also
 VéloSoleX

Mopeds
Two-stroke motorcycles

Mobylette


Sarah Burke (September 3, 1982 – January 19, 2012) was a Canadian athlete who competed in freestyle skiing and was a pioneer of the superpipe event. During her career, she won four Winter X Games gold medals and world championship in the halfpipe in 2005. She lobbied to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to add the event added to the Olympic program for the 2014 Winter Olympics and was successful after trying to add it to the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Burke was considered a medal favourite in the event. In 2006, she was voted #91 on the FHM-U.S.'s 100 Sexiest Women list. She married freeskier Rory Bushfield in Pemberton, British Columbia on September 25, 2010.

On January 10, 2012, She was seriously injured while she was training on the Park City Mountain Resort Eagle superpipe in Park City, Utah. Witnesses reported that she completed a trick very well but fell on her head, and that the accident did not appear to be very severe. However, she later went into cardiac arrest while she was still on the ski slope which made her chance of survival extremely low. She was resuscitated and was airlifted to the University of Utah Hospital in Salt Lake City, where she was reported to have been placed in an induced coma. The next day, she underwent neurosurgery to repair a tear in a vertebral artery. She would later succumb to her injuries on January 19, 2012.

References

Other websites
Official website

1982 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Skiing deaths
Canadian skiers
Sportspeople from Ontario

Sarah Burke


Martin Steven Fridson (born September 4, 1952, in Highland Park, Michigan) is an American author known for his application of rigorous financial theory to the field of high yield bonds. He is also a philanthropist and an author in the subjects of financial reporting, financial history, and political economy. Fridson has been referred to as the "dean of high yield debt." He is currently chief investment officer of Lehmann, Livian, Fridson Advisors LLC, an investment firm based in New York, and publisher of Income Securities Investor newsletter. He lives on Manhattan's Upper West Side with his wife, Elaine Sisman.

Education
Fridson earned a B.A. cum laude in history from Harvard University in 1974, and as a result of gaining entrepreneurial work experience with Southwestern Advantage selling books door-to-door during college, was able to attend Harvard Business School the following semester, eventually graduating in 1976 with an MBA. He was also awarded the Chartered Financial Analyst designation in 1982.

Career
Fridson interviewed with Mitchell Hutchins and accepted a position as an electric utility bond trader in 1976. After Mitchell Hutchins was acquired by Paine Webber in 1977 he left with his trading group to Scandinavian Securities, where he worked ultimately as an assistant vice president. In 1980 he went to Paine Webber's Jackon Curtis arm as a vice president in credit research and fixed income investment strategy. In 1981 he joined Salomon Brothers as a vice president focusing primarily in credit research continuing to take a high interest in the high yield debt world. At this time, high yield debt came into the sights of institutional investors as a portfolio enhancing investment and there was a great demand for quality research in the field. According to Fridson, much of the high yield analysis at the time was indistinguishable from advocacy. Realizing the opportunity for this kind of research he left for Morgan Stanley in 1984, where he began to challenge market lore and accepted practices by using statistical and econometric techniques, leading to many active trading strategies. Here he became a principal before leaving for Merrill Lynch in 1989, where he was director of high yield strategy until 2002. His contributions to the field of high yield debt at Merrill came from applying econometric techniques to active portfolio management strategies. While at Merrill he also documented a definitive history of the high yield debt market, which as Fridson says, "was shrouded in myth." In 2002, he left Merrill to found his own firm, FridsonVision LLC. In May 2008, Fridson sold Leverage World and Distressed Debt Investor, the two primary research products of FridsonVision, and became the CEO of Fridson Investment Advisors, an investment management company focusing on corporate credit opportunities.   Following that firm's acquisition by BNP Paribas, he served as global credit strategist in the bank's asset management subsidiary.  In August 2012 he resumed operations under the FridsonVision LLC banner.

Fridson has also been a consultant to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors since the Clinton Administration.

He has been a guest lecturer at the graduate business schools of Babson College, Columbia University, Dartmouth College, Duke University, Fordham University, Georgetown University, Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, University of Notre Dame, Rutgers University and the Wharton School of Business, as well as the Amsterdam Institute of Finance. He has served as president of the Fixed Income Analysts Society, governor of the Association for Investment Management and Research (now the CFA Institute), and director of the New York Society of Security Analysts. Currently, Fridson serves on the editorial boards of Financial Analysts Journal, CFA Digest, and Journal of Investment Management.

Awards and recognition
In 2000, he became the youngest person ever inducted into the Fixed Income Analysts Society Hall of Fame.
In 2002, the Financial Management Association International named Fridson the Financial Executive of the Year.
 For nine consecutive years through 2002, participants in the Institutional Investor All-America research survey ranked Fridson number-one in his category. The magazine's editors dubbed him "the dean of the high yield bond market."

Critique
"Perhaps the most well-known figure in the high yield world," according to Investment Dealers' Digest.
"One of Wall Street's most thoughtful and perceptive analysts," according to The New York Times.
"No one brings more insight or a better reputation for integrity to the junk-bond market than Marty Fridson," according to Barron's.
 "A hybrid of Stephen Hawking and Studs Terkel" according to investment manager Michael McAdams.
Pensions & Investments called his satirical writing on financial markets "worthy of Jonathan Swift."

Works
High Yield Bonds, 1989
Financial Statement Analysis, 1991
Investment Illusions, 1996
It Was a Very Good Year, 2000
How to be a Billionaire, 2001
Unwarranted Intrusions, 2006
"Think like a Billionaire", 2003

References

External links and sources
Martin Fridson's personal website
Fridson on CNBC's Street Smarts
Fridson on Forbes TV Network

1952 births
Living people
American economics writers
American male non-fiction writers
American finance and investment writers
Harvard Business School alumni
People from Highland Park, Michigan
CFA charterholders

Martin Fridson


Shimsha is a river that flows in the state of Karnataka, India. It is one of the tributaries of the river Kaveri, which is one of the major rivers of South India. The river originates in the southern part of the Devarayanadurga hill in the Tumkur district of Karnataka and flows for about . before joining the river Kaveri.

Geography
Origin
Shimsha originates at an altitude of 914 m in the Devarayanadurga hill located in Tumakuru Taluk  which is also the location of two temples of the Hindu God, Narasimha.

Course
After originating in the  Tumkur district, The Markonahalli Dam has been built across it, the river takes a southerly course and enters the Mandya district. In Mandya district, the river flows in a south-eastern direction and has a waterfall at Shimshapura in Malavalli Taluk. Just after Shimshapura it reaches the border of Chamarajanagar district where it joins the river Kaveri.  The confluence of Shimsha and Kaveri is also near the Shivanasamudra falls. The total length of the river is . and the river has a catchment area of 8469 km2.

Sub-tributaries
In its course the river is joined by other smaller rivers and streams such as Veeravaishnavi, Kanihalla, Chikkahole, Hebbahalla, Mullahalla and Kanva.

Towns and cities
Maddur is a major town that lies on this river.

Dams
Markonahalli Dam

Markonahalli Dam is a dam built across the river Shimsha in the Kunigal Taluk of Tumkur district. It was built by Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, the king of Mysore under the guidance of his Diwan, Sir M Visweswaraiah. It was built to irrigate 6070 hectares of land and has a masonry structure of 139 m and a pair of earth dams extending to 1470 metres on either side. The reservoir has a catchment area of  and can hold a volume of  of water at a full reservoir level of 731.57 m above the mean sea level. 27 species of fish, including 13 species of commercial fishes have been recorded in the reservoir with Puntius being the dominant species of fish found here. Cirrhinus reba and Labeo calbasu and other transplanted carps are also found here. However, the maintenance of the dam has been poor. In 2000, a part of the dam had to be demolished to prevent floods and save 25 villages. Water started overflowing the dam and only 1 crest gate could be opened. Nearly 150 feet of the dam was demolished to allow excess water to flow out.

Power generation
Shimsha has a waterfall at Shimshapura in Malavalli Taluk. This is also the location of the Shimsha Hydro Electric Project which has an installed capacity of 17,200 kilowatts.
It was the first ever hydro electric project in Asia. Kolar Gold Fields was supplied with the electricity generated in 1902.
Three years later Bangalore was electrified. The foundation stone for this project was laid by Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, the king of Mysore.

Issues

Sand mining
The sand found on the river bed of the Shimsha river is mined and used for construction activities, sometimes illegally. Due to the environmental issues that can be caused by sand mining, this activity is currently banned.

Pollution
Discharge of waste from towns and cities on the way are major contributors to pollution in the Shimsha. However, the Government is trying to clean up the river and has released funds for the same.

See also
 Pharping Hydro Power Project

Accidents

In 1897, a railway bridge over this river collapsed during a heavy flood, killing about 150 passengers.

References

Rivers of Karnataka
Geography of Tumkur district
Tributaries of the Kaveri River

Shimsha


Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt (Hebrew: שמואל נח אייזנשטדט 10 September 1923, Warsaw – 2 September 2010, Jerusalem) was an Israeli sociologist and writer. In 1959 he was appointed to a teaching post in the sociology department of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. From 1990 until his death in September 2010 he was professor emeritus. He held countless guest professorships, at the University of Chicago, Harvard University, the University of Zurich, the University of Vienna, the University of Bern, Stanford and the University of Heidelberg, among others. Eisenstadt received a number of prizes, including the Balzan prize and the Max-Planck research prize. He was also the 2006 winner of the Holberg International Memorial Prize. He was a member of many academies, including the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Advisory Editors Council of the Social Evolution & History Journal. His daughter Irit Meir was a noted scholar of Israeli sign language.

In the field of sociology he became known as a "sociologist of youth" (after a term in From Generation to Generation, a work closely related to the ideas of Talcott Parsons). However:
Eisenstadt's research contributed considerably to the understanding that the modern trend of a eurocentric interpretation of the cultural program developed in the west is a natural development model seen in all societies ... the European model is only one: it was merely the earliest. It started the trend. But social reactions, whether in the USA, Canada, Japan or in Southeast Asia took place with completely different cultural reagents. (Frankfurter Rundschau, March 22, 2000)

Background and education
Eisenstadt was born in 1923 in Warsaw, Poland. In the early 1930s his widowed mother took him to Jerusalem and he was educated in Palestine from the age of 12. In 1940, Eisenstadt studied at the Hebrew University where he received his M.A. and Ph.D. in sociology. After the 1947–48 school year, he went back to Jerusalem to be an assistant lecturer in Martin Buber's department under whom he had written his master's thesis. Eisenstadt stayed at the Hebrew University and began teaching there, served as the Chairman of the Department of Sociology from 1950 to 1969, and also served as Dean of the Faculty of Humanities for a few years.

Eisenstadt contributed to the understanding of cultures and civilizations. As a social scientist, "Eisenstadt has focused on the interplay between cultural and structural processes of change and on inherent tensions and antinomies rather than on uniform process of development" Eisenstadt researched broad themes of social change, modernities and civilizations. One of his arguments is that "fundamentalism is not a traditional but a modern phenomenon".

Eisenstadt summed up his views by saying "I try to understand what was the historical experience of the great civilizations...to try to understand the major dynamics of these civilizations and how they became modern societies, how they modernize and how they develop different cultural programs of modernity".

In honor of Eisenstadt's contributions to sociology Erik Cohen, Moshe Lissak, and Uri Almagor compiled the book, Comparative Social Dynamics: Essays in Honor of S.N Eisenstadt. The contributions of this book were written by Eisenstadt's former students and colleagues at the Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The articles relate to Eisenstadt's major themes in the study of cultures, modernization, and social and political change. Eisenstadt's work touches many different fields of sociology, time periods and cultures and the editors felt the leading concept of Eisenstadt's work was social dynamics.

Honors
 The McIver Prize of the American Sociological Association in 1964;
 The Rothschild Prize in Social Sciences in 1970;
 The Israel Prize in social sciences in 1973;
 The International Balzan Prize in 1988;
 The Max Planck Award for Social Sciences in 1994;
 The Amalfi Prize for Sociology and Social Sciences in 2001;
 The Humboldt Research Award in 2002;
 The EMET Prize in Sociology in 2005;
 The Holberg International Memorial Prize in 2006 from the Norwegian Parliament. This prize awarded Eisenstadt for outstanding scholarly work in the fields of the arts and humanities, social sciences, law and theology;
 An honorary doctorate from Warsaw University in 2005;
 An Honorary Degree from Harvard University.
Eisenstadt was a member of: Israeli Academy of Sciences, Honorary Foreign Members of the American Philosophical Society, Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences in the U.S., Honorary Foreign Member at the Academy of Arts and Sciences, Honorary Foreign Research Fellow at the Institute of Sociology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Honorary Fellow of the London School of Economics and Political Sciences.

In 2010 a festschrift, Collective Identities, States and Globalization; Essays in honour of S.N. Eisenstadt was published in Eisenstadt's honor.

Selected works
The Political System of Empires (1963)
Modernization, Protest, and Change (1966)
Revolution and the Transformation of Societies (1978)
Tradition, Wandel und Modernität (1979)
Patrons, Clients and Friends: Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society, with Luis Roniger (1984)
European Civilization in a Comparative Perspective (1987)
Die Transformation der israelischen Gesellschaft (1987)
Kulturen der Achsenzeit (Hrsg.), five volumes (1987 and 1992)
Japanese Civilization – A Comparative View (1996)
Die Antinomien der Moderne
Die Vielfalt der Moderne
Theorie und Moderne (2006)

See also
 List of Israel Prize recipients

References

Further reading
 Erik Cohen, Moshe Lissak and Uri Almagor (eds.), 1985 Comparative Social Dynamics", Essays in honor of S.N. Eisenstadt; Westview Press, Boulder and London,.
 Klaus Plake und Wolfgang K. Schulz (eds.), 1993 Entillusionierung als Programm: Beitrage zur Soziologie von Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, Deutscher Studien Verlag, Weinheim.
 Eliezer Ben-Rafael and Yitzhak Sternberg (eds.) 2005. Comparing Modernities: Pluralism versus Homogenity; essays in homage to Shmuel N. Eisenstadt. Brill: Leiden.
 Benjamin Z. Kedar, Ilana Friedrich Silber and Adam Klin-Oron, eds., Dynamics of Continuity, Patterns of Change: Between World History and Comparative Historical Sociology. In Memory of Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt (Jerusalem, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and The Van Leer Institute, 2017), 290 pp.
 עורכים: חנה הרצוג, טל כוכבי, שמשון צלניקר ; 2007 דורות, מרחבים, זהויות: מבטים עכשוויים על חברה ותרבות בישראל: לשמואל נח אייזנשטדט בהגיעו לגבורות. מכון ון ליר בירושלים והוצאת הקיבוץ המאוחד.
 Weil, S. 2010 [Last Interview 'On Multiple Modernities, Civilizations and Ancient Judaism: an Interview with Prof. S.N. Eisenstadt'], European Societies 12 (4): 451-465.</ref>
 Gerhard Preyer, Michael Sussman (eds.), 2016 Varieties of Multiple Modernities New Research Design, Leiden. Brill.

1923 births
2010 deaths
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Harvard University staff
Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Holberg Prize laureates
Israel Prize in social sciences recipients
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
Israeli sociologists
Jewish Israeli writers
Jewish sociologists
Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Polish Jews
University of Chicago faculty
Burials at Har HaMenuchot

Shmuel Eisenstadt


Bornholm is a small, rocky island in the Baltic Sea. Bornholm is a Danish island.

The island is a popular holiday resort for Scandinavians, Germans and Poles. Many yachters come here in the summer.

At the end of World War II, the island was "liberated" by the Soviet red army, and held for several months after the German surrender. The island lies far east of the demarcation line between the allied forces in Europe. For some time the Soviet presence looked like an occupation. It was not until April 5th, 1946 that the island at last was free.
But then the Danish government took over and the island is today a Danish colony. But the struggle for a free island still goes on as it can be seen on this page Free Bornholm

Other websites

Islands of Denmark
Baltic Sea

Bornholm


Fillomino (フィルオミノ) is a type of logic puzzle published by many publishers.  Other published titles for the puzzle include Allied Occupation.

Rules

Fillomino is played on a rectangular grid with no standard size; the internal grid lines are often dotted.  (When published as Allied Occupation in the World Puzzle Championship, the cells of the grid are circular, but this is purely an aesthetic concern.)  Some cells of the grid start containing numbers, referred to as "givens".  The goal is to divide the grid into regions called polyominoes (by filling in their boundaries) such that each given number n in the grid satisfies the following constraints:
 Each clue n is part of a polyomino of size n;
 no two polyominoes of matching size (number of cells) are orthogonally adjacent (share a side).

It is possible for two givens with matching number to belong to the same polyomino in the solution, and for a polyomino to have no given at all.

Solution methods

It is common practice in solving a Fillomino puzzle to add numbers to the empty cells when it is determined what size polyomino each must belong to; these numbers are effectively treated identically to the givens.  As well as making it clear where many border segments must be drawn - such as between any two differing numbers, or surrounding a region of matching numbers whose quantity is that number - it also permits the second part of the puzzle's rule to be visualized as simply "the same number cannot appear on both sides of a border", which greatly accelerates solving.  A curious side effect of numbering every cell is that when the puzzle is completed, the numbers alone unambiguously define the solution, the actual borders being trivially deducible.  This makes communication of a solution without a grid quite feasible; indeed, solutions for Allied Occupation give only the numbers.  (Nikoli always publishes solutions to their Fillomino puzzles with both the polyomino borders drawn in and numbers given in every cell.)

The typical means of starting a Fillomino puzzle is to draw in the obvious borders between non-matching givens and surrounding all polyominoes completed by the givens alone ('1's, pairs of orthogonally adjacent '2's, and so on).  From there, the solver searches for three things, possibly in combination:

 Potential overloads.  Each polyomino in the solution, if it were completely numbered, would contain matching numbers whose quantity is that number.  If there is a place in the grid where adding a particular number would result in an orthogonally contiguous region of too many copies of that number, then borders to that cell from those numbers may be drawn in.  Often the givens alone provide these, most commonly a pair of diagonally adjacent '2's: placing a '2' in either of the cells that share a side with both givens would result in an overload, so four cell borders may be drawn in (in the shape of a plus sign) separating the '2's.
 Limited domains.  Every number in the grid - whether given or deduced - must ultimately be bordered into a region with that number of cells in it.  Often, a number will require other cells to be in its region due to not having any alternative location to expand into.  The most obvious case is a number (other than '1') bordered on three sides; the cell sharing the fourth side must belong to the same region, and consequently can bear the same number.  The same principle applies to numbers bordered on only two sides but cannot possibly expand into enough cells in only one direction, and so on.
 Defined cells.  In more challenging circumstances, sometimes working with the empty cells is easier than working with numbers.  The most obvious case is when a single cell without a number becomes completely surrounded; without any help from other numbers, that cell must be a monomino, and can be marked with '1'.  Similarly, two orthogonally adjacent empty cells surrounded together must be a domino, as two monominos cannot share a side.  Even cells in regions not completely surrounded may be defined; a common occurrence is for an empty cell as part of a small region mostly bordered by solved polyominoes to have only one legal size of polyomino available to it, with other sizes being too large or would result in matching-size polyominoes sharing a side.  This is perhaps best recognized by considering what number can legally be placed in such a cell and determining that only one exists.

Variants
Fillomino adapts to different geometries; hexagonal grids can be used, with the only change in the rules being replacing all instances of polyomino with polyhex.  Another variant was published by Nikoli under the name NIKOJI; letters are used as givens instead of numbers, where the letters and polyominoes have a one-to-one correspondence and only matching letters have matching polyominoes (in size, shape, orientation, and letter position).

A computer-based variant of the game in which the player enters numbers (the computer draws the boundaries for the player) is known "Filling" and is part of the "SGT-Puzzles" package.

An iOS mobile variant of Fillomino, named Fields, was launched in 2013.

References

Logic puzzles

Fillomino


A storm is a violent meteorological phenomenon in which there is heavy rain, and wind due to moisture in the air. Hail and Lightning are also common in storms. More rarely, Tornadoes can occur in storms.

Hurricanes, typhoons, and tornadoes are, often, called storms too but they have special names because they are very, very strong. Storms are studied by scientists called meteorologists. The idea of shipping forecasts started with a concern to save ships from unexpected storms in the North Atlantic. A storm is associated with severe weather and may be marked by strong wind,  thunder, lightning and heavy precipitation such as ice. Therefore, the knowledge of the weather condition is extremely important.

There are many varieties and names for storms: icestorm, blizzard, snowstorm, ocean-storm, firestorm, etc. The storms called thunderstorms develop in hot, humid tropical areas like  Mexico  very frequently. The rising temperatures produce strong upward rising winds. These winds carry water droplets upwards, where they freeze, and fall down again. The swift movement of the falling water droplets along with the rising air create lighting and sound.

Notes

Severe weather

Storm


John Hollinger (born May 17, 1971) is the former Vice President of Basketball Operations for the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and current Senior NBA columnist at The Athletic.

Prior to December 2012, he was an analyst and writer for ESPN, primarily covering the NBA. Hollinger grew up in Mahwah, New Jersey, and is a 1993 graduate of the University of Virginia.

Hollinger developed the website Alleyoop in 1996, initially as a hobby and sounding board for his musings on the game. Touting the site as "The Basketball Page for Thinking Fans," Hollinger followed in the footsteps of noted analysts Dean Oliver and Bob Bellotti in a quest for the ultimate basketball statistic.

During ''Alleyoops early years, Hollinger experimented with offensive and defensive ratings (points created and allowed per 100 possessions) in much the same way as Oliver, as a means of quantifying a player's overall contribution to his team. While the methods were hardly groundbreaking, Hollinger's writing style and incisive commentary caught the eye of such industry luminaries as Web Magazine, and The Wall Street Journal.

Hollinger spent the next three years as the sports editor at OregonLive.com, developing an intimate understanding of the inner workings of the NBA, both as a game and a business. It was during his OregonLive years that Hollinger developed his Player Efficiency Rating (PER), a figure that attempts to combine all of a player's contributions into one number.

After his stint in Portland, Hollinger was hired as the basketball editor at SI.com, Sports Illustrated'''s online sister site. In 2002, Hollinger released the first Pro Basketball Prospectus which was his first work published in print.

Hollinger has authored three more Prospectuses, now called Pro Basketball Forecasts. He left Sports Illustrated to write for ESPN.com in the summer of 2005, and his weekly columns were available through their "insider" subscription service. Additionally, Hollinger wrote for the New York Suns sports section.

Hollinger has appeared every year on the basketball analytics panel, at the annual MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference.

Hollinger game score
As an extension of the Player Efficiency Rating, Hollinger also developed a simpler formula that quantifies how impressive a player's individual performance is in a given game. The Hollinger Game Score formula is:

PTS + 0.4 * FG - 0.7 * FGA - 0.4*(FTA - FT) + 0.7 * ORB + 0.3 * DRB + STL + 0.7 * AST + 0.7 * BLK - 0.4 * PF - TOV.  Per

Game Score was created to give a rough measure of a player's productivity for a single game. The scale is similar to that of points scored, (40 is an outstanding performance, 10 is an average performance, etc.).

The entire modern box score of the player is needed for calculation, including offensive and defensive rebounding, steals, blocks and turnovers, so the Hollinger Game Score can only be applied to games played since the 1978 season.

References

External links
 Hollinger's ESPN Insider archive
 Hollinger's articles at SI
 Basketball-Reference.com, includes many of Hollinger's statistics
 KnickerBlogger.net, home of constantly updated PER's

Living people
The New York Sun people
1971 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Mahwah, New Jersey
Sportswriters from New York (state)
Memphis Grizzlies executives

John Hollinger


The Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (ViCAP) is a unit of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation  responsible for the analysis of serial violent and sexual crimes, based in the Critical Incident Response Group's (CIRG) National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC).

ViCAP was created in 1985 by the FBI and based in Quantico, Virginia. Pierce Brooks was appointed as the first director, primarily because as a homicide detective in Los Angeles he had been the first to propose the idea. Brooks was inspired by the Harvey Glatman case he had worked on, in which he realized serial homicides could be linked by their signature aspects. Brooks would later obtain a $35,000 government grant to realize his idea. In 1982 he met with Robert Ressler to discuss the idea and was convinced by Ressler that ViCAP should be located at Quantico, as opposed to Lakewood where Brooks originally planned to have it housed.

It is designed to track and correlate information on violent crime, especially murder. The FBI provides the software for the database, which is widely used by state and local law enforcement agencies to compile information on:

 sexual assault cases
 solved and unsolved homicides, especially those involving a kidnapping or if they are apparently motiveless, sexual or random, or suspected to be part of a series
 missing persons, where foul play is suspected
 unidentified persons, where foul play is suspected

Cases fitting these categories can be entered into the system by law enforcement officials and compared to other cases in an attempt to correlate and match possible connections. ViCAP has been a tool in solving many cases, including cases decades old and cases in widely separated states. ViCAP is particularly valuable in identifying and tracking serial killers, where separate victims might not otherwise be connected as part of the same pattern.

The aforementioned pattern that links serial homicides is what is commonly referred to as "signature". ViCAP operates under the knowledge that serial homicides are almost always sexually- and control-driven with a consistent evolving signature present in each murder.

In the summer of 2008, the ViCAP program made its database available to all law enforcement agencies through a secure internet link. This allows for real time access to the database and allows agencies to enter and update cases directly into the database.

References

External links
 www.fbi.gov
 Highway Serial Killing Initiative and ViCAP Podcast
 Behavioral Analysis Unit 2 and ViCAP Podcast

National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime
Government agencies established in 1985
1985 establishments in the United States

Violent Criminal Apprehension Program


Nokturnal Mortum is a Ukrainian black metal baund frae Kharkiv.

History
Nokturnal Mortum stairtit as a daith metal baund Suppuration in 1991, then turned tae black metal an chyngit thair name tae Crystalline Darkness but "had tae chynge the name back in 1993/94 tae Nocturnal Mortum acause there awready existit a baund wi that name in wastren unnergrund." Then the baund "chyngit the letter so that we wadna find a baund wi the same name again like it wis the case wi Crystaline Darkness." Nokturnal Mortum gained thair first Wastren recognition wi the release o thair album Goat Horns, thair seicont full lenth album, notable for haein twa keyboardists play on the album, aften on the same sang, an for mixin traditional Ukrainian muisic wi black metal. As traditional instrumentation gained in significance an the leerical concept muivit away frae black metal's patterns, the newer releases are clessifee'd as pagan metal.

The baund's first albums wur released throu The End Records an (as licence pressings) throu Nuclear Blast, but the label an baund separatit efter releasin the album NeChrist an a re-release o the "Lunar Poetry" demo acause o the baund's ideology: "We haed a contract wi The End Records but it wis broken. We hae different points o view. They didna like oor policy, we didna like the way they dae business. They awe us some money. That wis enough for a conflict."

Discography

LPs
 1996 - Lunar Poetry (re-released in 2001)
 1997 - Goat Horns
 1998 - To the Gates of Blasphemous Fire
 2000 - Nechrist
 2005 - Weltanschauung (aka Mirovozzrenie featurin Roushie an Ukrainian leerics)
 2009 - Live in Katowice
 2009 - The Voice of Steel
 2017 – Істина

EPs
 1997 - Return of the Vampire Lord (re-released wi Marble Moon on CD in 2003)
 1997 - Marble Moon (re-released wi Return of the Vampire Lord on CD in 2003)
 2003 - The Taste of Victory
 2007 - Eastern Hammer (fower-way split wi Graveland, North, an Temnozor featurin a new version of "Kolyada")

Demos
 1992 - Ecclesiastical Blasphemy (as Suppuration)
 1993 - Mi Agama Khaz Mifisto (as Crystaline Darkness)
 1995 - Twilightfall (re-released on CD in 2003)
 1995 - Black Clouds over Slavonic Lands (re-released as bonus tracks on 2005 CD re-release of Lunar Poetry)
 1996 - Lunar Poetry (re-released several times in different formats)

Splits
 1997 - Path of the Wolf / Return of the Vampire Lord (Metalagen Records). Split tape wi Lucifugum.

Compilations
 2004 - Eleven Years Among the Sheep (compilation of auld, unreleased, demo, an Suppuration & Crystalline Darkness sangs)

References

Freemit airtins
 Nokturnal Mortum biography @ MusicMight

Ukrainian black metal muisical groups
Symphonic black metal muisical groups
Muisical groups established in 1994
Naitional Socialist black metal muisical groups
1990s muisic groups
2000s muisic groups
2010s muisic groups
Muisical quintets

Nokturnal Mortum


Dame Gladys Constance Cooper DBE (December 18, 1888 – November 17, 1971) was a British actress. Her career spanned almost seventy years in movies, on stage and in television. She performed in stage plays including The Dollar Princess, The Importance of Being Earnest and Bluebell in Fairyland, the latter of which was a musical. However, it was not until 1922 that she found strong success. Her most notable movies included The Secret Garden in 1949, The Valley of Decision and My Fair Lady in 1964.

Cooper was born in London, England. She died from pneumonia at age eighty-two.

1888 births
1971 deaths
English movie actors
English stage actors
Actors from London
Deaths from pneumonia

Gladys Cooper


The R101 was an airship which crashed in 1930 in France, killing 48 people.

English socialist government of the time had planned to build airships for the imperial route London-Cairo-Bombay-Canada-Australia-New York-London.

It was an ambitious project that allowed save travel time by sea, also competed with Germany and the Graf Zeppelin airship supremacy.

R.100 series was planned in 1925 and projected 4 aerostats, the R.101 R.100 and would be built simultaneously to be the top seed of the project.

1930s in France
Airships
Aviation accidents and incidents
Disasters in the 1930s

R101


John C. Bonifaz (born 22, June 1966, in Wilmington, DE) is an Amherst-based attorney and political activist specializing in constitutional law and voting rights.  He is the president and co-founder of Free Speech for People. He is also the founder of the National Voting Rights Institute and a former candidate for Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth.  In 1999, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, popularly known as the "genius award."

Constitutional challenge and hearings on 2003 invasion of Iraq
In February and March 2003, Mr. Bonifaz served as lead counsel for a coalition of US soldiers, parents of US soldiers, and members of Congress in John Doe I v. President Bush, a constitutional challenge to President Bush's authority to wage war against Iraq absent a congressional declaration of war or equivalent action.  He argued that the President's planned first-strike invasion of Iraq violated the War Powers Clause of the US Constitution. The lawsuit was initially dismissed in February 2003 and in March 2003 the dismissal was upheld on appeal. Regarding the initial dismissal, Attorney Bonifaz said "They're not supposed to sideline ... Courts cannot shirk from responsibility when it looks like a political battle." Regarding the affirmation of the dismissal, the appeals court held "... the text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an 'authorization' of such a war."

Bonifaz wrote the 2004 book Warrior-King: The Case for Impeaching George W. Bush, which chronicles that case and its meaning for the United States Constitution.  The book argues that the Iraq War was illegal.

In the aftermath of the release of the Downing Street Memo in 2005, Bonifaz co-founded After Downing Street and wrote a memo to Congressman John Conyers of Michigan, the Ranking Democrat on the House Judiciary Committee, urging him to introduce a Resolution of Inquiry directing the House Judiciary Committee to launch a formal investigation into whether sufficient grounds exist for the House to impeach President George W. Bush. Bonifaz participated in a discussion with former CIA Analyst Ray McGovern led by Rep. Conyers, advocating Bush's impeachment for misrepresenting the case for the Iraq war.

National Voting Rights Institute
Bonifaz is also the founder of the National Voting Rights Institute (NVRI), where he most recently served as general counsel.  In 2006, NVRI formed a partnership with Demos (US think tank), and as of January 1, 2007, Bonifaz signed on as Senior Legal Fellow with Demos.  Founded in 1994, NVRI serves as a prominent legal and public education center dedicated to protecting the right of all citizens to vote and to participate in the electoral process on an equal and meaningful basis.

For his work with NVRI, he is a 1999 recipient of a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, also known as a "genius" award.  In awarding the five-year fellowship, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation stated:

Bonifaz, a public interest lawyer, uses innovative litigation to reexamine campaign finance reform arguments typically debated on first amendment grounds. Through the National Voting Rights Institute, an organization he founded, Bonifaz recasts the legal arguments to focus on fourteenth amendment protections, challenging the relationship between money and politics.

Massachusetts Clean Elections Law
In 2002, the Massachusetts legislature declined to fund the clean elections law, a public financing measure passed by voters in 1998.  Bonifaz and the NVRI sued Massachusetts on behalf of Warren Tolman, a candidate for governor who had qualified for public financing and was not receiving the money.  The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that the legislature must fund a law passed by the voters that it has not repealed.  When the legislature persisted in not releasing the necessary funds to pay Tolman and other candidates, Bonifaz went to court again, and secured a ruling allowing his coalition to force the sale of state property. The legislature repealed the clean elections law after the 2002 elections.

Campaign for Secretary

In 2006, John Bonifaz ran for the Democratic nomination to be Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 2006 against incumbent William F. Galvin.  He declared his candidacy on December 1, 2005, before it was known whether Galvin would run for re-election or for governor.  Galvin won the primary election, which was held on September 19, 2006.

During the campaign, Bonifaz was linked to the Green Party by his opponent, because he voted for Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader in Massachusetts in 2000, and because he received a campaign contribution from Jill Stein, the Green-Rainbow Party candidate for secretary of state.  Jill Stein was one of the clients he represented in the Clean Elections lawsuit, and other clients from that case donated to his campaign, including Warren Tolman, a Democratic candidate for governor in 2002.  After unenrolling from the Democratic Party prior to the 2000 election, Bonifaz later re-registered as a Democrat and has never been registered as a Green.

Bonifaz's campaign focused on election reform, promoting clean elections, same day registration, voting rights for minorities, and opposition to privately owned voting machines with proprietary software.

Free Speech for People
Following the Citizens United decision, Bonifaz co-founded Free Speech for People with Jeff Clements. "Free Speech For People is a national non-partisan campaign working to restore democracy to the people and to return corporations to their place as economic rather than political entities," to quote the organization's . Bonifaz and Free Speech for People advocate for a new constitutional amendment to clarify that the Bill of Rights applies to people, not corporations.

Background
Bonifaz has also litigated international human rights and environmental law cases, and, with his father Cristobal Bonifaz, has litigated against Chevron Corporation regarding pollution in the Lago Agrio oil field in the Ecuadorian Amazon. (Cristobal Bonifaz is a native of Ecuador.)

Bonifaz's great-grandfather was Neptalí Bonifaz, who was briefly president of Ecuador in 1931.

A graduate of Brown University in 1987 and Harvard Law School cum laude in 1992, Bonifaz is married to Lissa Pierce Bonifaz. Lissa holds a doctorate in bilingual education.

References

External links
 Free Speech for People
 John Bonifaz for Secretary of State 2006 campaign web site
 John Bonifaz campaign videos (posted by the campaign)
 National Voting Rights Institute
 After Downing Street
 The Wealth Primary

1966 births
Living people
Brown University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
MacArthur Fellows
Massachusetts lawyers
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Amherst, Massachusetts

John Bonifaz


"Peace Sells" is a song by the American thrash metal band Megadeth. It is from the 1986 album Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?. It was written by Dave Mustaine. Along with "Wake Up Dead" from the same album, it has been a staple at Megadeth concerts. Lyrically, it deals with negative stereotypes about "metalheads", all of which Mustaine claims are untrue. VH1 has ranked "Peace Sells" at #11 on their list of the 40 greatest metal songs of all time.

Music video
A music video was produced for the song, which features a teenage boy, wearing a Slayer t-shirt, watching a montage of a live Megadeth performance and war footage on his living room television set. The boy's father, states "What is this garbage you're watching? I want to watch the news!," and changes the television channel to a news station using the remote control. His son, replying with "This is the news!," changes it back to the Megadeth performance using the TV set's channel knob. This part of the video was parodied by comedian Brian Posehn in his Metal by Numbers video. The beginning of the video also showed the explosion of the original low-cost skull used on the previous album Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!

Appearances and covers
Opening bassline was used as the theme for MTV News. Mustaine claims he never received any royalties for MTV's usage of the song.
It is featured in 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City.
It is featured in video game True Crime: Streets of LA.
It is featured in video game NHL 10.
It is playable track in 2008 music video game Rock Band 2.
It is downloadable content for 2009 music video game Guitar Hero 5.
Tigertailz covered the song and it can be found on their 1991 B-sides compilation album Banzai!.

1986 songs
Megadeth songs

Peace Sells


The Big Brass Ring is a 1999 drama film, starring William Hurt, Nigel Hawthorne, Irene Jacob, Jefferson Mays and Miranda Richardson (who was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her performance).  The film's script was heavily rewritten by George Hickenlooper and F. X. Feeney from a previous screenplay written by Orson Welles and Oja Kodar in the early 1980s; Hickenlooper also directed the film.

Plot
The story concerns the darker side of a political campaign trail in Missouri. A gubernatorial candidate, Blake Pellarin, is making a campaign stop in St. Louis when his old mentor, Kim Minnaker, resurfaces. Minnaker left the country after a scandal, but now is working on a memoir and evidently possesses compromising photos of Pellarin that could end his hopes of becoming governor, and beyond that, President of the United States.

Pellarin is already juggling the pressures of a political race with a frayed relationship with his wife Dinah, a wealthy woman with a drinking problem, and an affair with Cela, a worldly journalist. He endeavors to learn what kind of blackmail Minnaker has in store for him, as well as how it could affect his political future and his family.

Cast
William Hurt as William Blake Pellarin
Nigel Hawthorne as Kim Minnaker
Irene Jacob as Cela Brandini
Jefferson Mays as Garne Strickland
Miranda Richardson as Dinah

Production
Welles had hoped to direct the film himself in the early 1980s, and to play the role of Minnaker (not least as he has been a "New Deal" Democrat close to Franklin Roosevelt), but he was unable to attract enough funding. He had been given a list of six "bankable" stars who could play Pellarin, including Clint Eastwood, Jack Nicholson, Robert Redford and Burt Reynolds, and was told by investors that if he could sign up one of them, then the film could be made; but all six actors refused for various reasons - according to Welles's partner Oja Kodar, Redford was unavailable, Nicholson asked for too much money (he would not work for less than $2 million, which was the entire proposed budget of the film), while both Eastwood and Reynolds were uncomfortable with the film's homosexual subtext, fearing its potential effect on their screen image, and Eastwood in particular feeling that it was at odds with his conservative values.

However, Hickenlooper made substantial changes from the Welles script (published in 1987 by the Santa Teresa Press, Santa Barbara, California). Welles's script concerned Senator Pellarin, a Democratic Presidential candidate in 1984 (closely modeled on Senator Gary Hart), and his troubled relationship with his disgraced homosexual mentor Kim Minnaker, a one-time Roosevelt New Deal Democrat who was now living in exile as advisor to the corrupt government of an unnamed African dictatorship. Hickenlooper retained the basic concept, but instead recast Pellarin as a candidate for Governor of Missouri, and Minnaker as living in Cuba, while much of the dialogue was rewritten and reinterpreted. None of Welles's satire of Reagan-era politics was retained in the final film, while a number of key scenes, like a charged confrontation between Pellarin and Minnaker on a Ferris wheel, were also omitted.

References

External links

 The Big Brass Ring at Rotten Tomatoes

1990s political drama films
1999 films
American LGBT-related films
Nu Image films
Works by Orson Welles
American political drama films
American political thriller films
Films shot in St. Louis
Films set in St. Louis
1999 drama films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

The Big Brass Ring