The M1901 Mannlicher Self-Loading, Semi-Automatic Pistol was an early semi-automatic pistol design. The Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology in Koblenz has one of these specimen in its collection.

General features
This pistol is one of the most simple of blow-back semi-automatic pistols ever designed. The lockwork is essentially that of an elementary single action revolver. While technically listed as a 'hesitation' lock because of a delaying cam which has some theoretical tendency to slow down the opening of the breech, in actual practice it functions as an unlocked pistol.

According to the Steyr factory records this arm, patented in 1898, was originally introduced as the "Model 1900" and used a special 8 mm cartridge.

When introduced commercially in 1901 it was chambered for a special straight-case cartridge listed in Austria as "7.63 mm Mannlicher", designated in Germany as "7.65mm Mannlicher" (Note: There is also another 7.65 mm Mannlincher cartridge, M.1903, similar to 7.65 mm Borchardt), and described in the U.S. as "7.65 x 21 mm". The Mannlicher "straight sided" cartridge actually has a straight taper to help in extraction.

The cartridge for this pistol was manufactured in Europe until the beginning of WWII. The cartridge has a bullet weighing approx. 85 grains (5.5 g) which may be steel or cupro-nickel jacketed. The powder charge varies with the type of powder used, the European standard being about 3.5 grains (227 mg) of DWM standard powder, producing a muzzle velocity in the neighborhood of 1070 ft/s (326 m/s).

While this is a cartridge of considerable power to use in a blow-back action, the pistol design itself is so sturdy that it tends to be very reliable through the years.

The firing chamber in this design is part of the receiver proper. The fixed magazine is housed in the grip, and is loaded with a stripper clip through the top of the open action. Because of the extremely simple lock work employed, the pistol has a minimum bulk for an arm of its type.

Breechblock design
The moving breechblock of this pistol was designed as a slide with two rails extending forward beneath the stationary receiver/barrel where they are connected by a cross beam which is also part of the single breechblock forging. The barrel is screwed into the chamber section of the receiver and has a front sight top rib which is part of the barrel forging.

A spiral recoil spring is positioned horizontally, directly below the barrel between the parallel guides of the receiver and rails of the breechblock. An illustration of this spring is shown in the drawing from page 216, Mannlicher Rifles and Pistols, Smith, 1947. When the pistol is discharged, as the breechblock moves to the rear and the slide rails travel back in the receiver guides, the cross-beam at the forward end serves to compress the recoil spring against the frame.

The lockwork is incorporated on the left side of the frame where it is covered by a removable side cover housing of unusual design, being wrapped around at the forward end and serving also as a cover of the recoil spring. An illustration of this cover is shown in the below drawing from page 218 of the same work. This cover is installed on the frame from the front, and is retained by a spring catch forward of the trigger-guard.

The trigger is connected on the left side of the frame to a trigger bar, which, as the trigger is pulled, moves rearward, pushing against the sear tail, which is under the control of the V-spring that serves as both trigger spring and sear spring. The sear nose engages in a notch in the left fork of the hammer (which is external) to provide a smooth trigger pull that is very unusual in an automatic pistol.

Mounted on the frame under the right portion of the side cover housing is the mainspring, a heavy V-spring. Its greater arm (lower) engages a notch in the right fork of the hammer to drive it forward when released by the sear. Its lesser arm (upper) continuously presses a cam upward that engages a slot in the under-surface of the breechblock slide when the action is closed.

To load the pistol, the breechblock is grasped on the serrated gripping surfaces on the sides, and is pulled straight to the rear. The magazine follower rises to hold the action open, while the cross beam at the forward end of the slide compresses the recoil spring. A loaded stripper clip is inserted into the clip guide in the face of the breech block, and then the cartridges are stripped into the magazine, compressing the spring below the follower. An illustration of this process is shown in the drawing from page 214 of the above-mentioned work. The spring lip at the top of the magazine serves to hold the cartridges. The cam on the right side of the frame, being forced up by the lesser arm of the mainspring, pushes the cam into the slot in the under-surface of the breechblock slide,  holding the action open.

Because of this cam hold-open, the pistol does not close when the clip is removed. However, drawing back slightly on the breechblock will ride it over the cam, and releasing it will permit the recoil spring to close the action.

As the breechblock goes forward, the extractor mounted in the top of the block will snap over the extracting groove of the cartridge as it is chambered.

Discharging
Movement of the trigger, linked to the trigger bar, releases the sear from the hammer notch. The compressed arm of the mainspring pushes against the hammer notch, rotating the hammer on its axis to strike the firing pin, discharging the cartridge.

The breechblock starts back at the instant of discharge, carrying the empty cartridge case with the assistance of the extractor. The empty cartridge case is brought sharply against the ejector, which is a bar at the back of the magazine. The underside of the breechblock is slotted to travel over the ejector.

The recoiling slide riding over the hammer causes the hammer to rotate on its axis, locking the sear in the notch of the left hammer fork.

The magazine spring forces the next cartridge up into line. At the apex of the recoil stroke, the recoil spring acts to reverse the direction of the breechblock, chambering the fresh cartridge. Until trigger pressure is released, another discharge is not possible.

Magazine unload lever
A unique feature of this pistol is the unloading device. While the breechblock is held open, pulling down on the serrated lever on the right side at the top of the grip panel will withdraw the lip which is holding the cartridges in the magazine, enabling the magazine spring to move the platform up, forcing all the cartridges out of the magazine.

Developmental versions

After the disappointing reception of the Mannlicher M1894, the more conventional Mannlicher M1896 appeared, externally resembling the Mauser C96. The M1896 had a fixed magazine ahead of the trigger holding six or seven cartridges. However, most production of this design was an improved M1897/01 which used a detachable six-shot magazine in the same location. Both the M1896 and M1897/01 were chambered for the 7.65×25mm Mannlicher, and both could be fed from the top with a stripper clip. Fewer than 1,000 M1896s and M1897/01s were manufactured, in several variations including a detachable shoulder stock model, a carbine version, and a trial model tested by the Swiss military.

The Mannlicher M1898 was a complete redesign, moving the magazine back, into the location of the later M1901, for loading from an 8-round stripper clip. The M1899 had a large safety lever mounted on the left side of the frame. Embellished pistols were presented to German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm, and to Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II, but production of the M1898 and M1899 was less than 350, following which the design was improved to the M1901, with its slide-mounted, hammer-blocking safety, and convenient lever lock for easier disassembly.

Users
: As "Modelo 1905".
: Was purchased privately by many officers of the Austro-Hungarian army, though rejected officially after trials in 1904–1905.

See also
Steyr Mannlicher M1894
Roth-Steyr M1907
Steyr M1912
Mannlicher M1905

References

External links
 Mannlicher Pistol Model 1901

Firearms by Ferdinand Mannlicher
Semi-automatic pistols 1901–1909
Semi-automatic pistols of Austria
Steyr semi-automatic pistols
World War I Austro-Hungarian infantry weapons

Mannlicher M1901


Paul Marie Theodore Vincent d'Indy (27 March 1851–2 December 1931) was a French composer and music teacher. Born in Paris, he was encouraged to learn music by his uncle who had studied with César Franck. D'Indy later also studied with Franck at the Paris Conservatoire. He liked the music of Lizst, Beethoven and Wagner. He went to the first performance of Wagner's Ring at Bayreuth in 1876. He organized performances of works by Rameau and Monteverdi whose work had been mostly forgotten. He was a very conservative in his views on music, and after his proposed changes to the Conservatoire were ignored, he set up his own music school, the Schola Cantorum in 1894.

Works
He wrote a large number of musical compositions including operas, overtures, symphonies, choral works, piano works, string sextets, string quartets, folk song arrangements, and a cello sonata. One of his well known works is the "Symphonie sur un Chant Montagnard Français" (1886) ("Symphony on a French Mountain Song").

He also wrote books including a biography of César Franck, and a book on how to write music.

References

19th-century French composers
1851 births
1931 deaths
20th-century French composers

Vincent d'Indy


The Content Scrambling System (or Content Scramble System) is a system to encrypt and copy-protect DVDs. Such systems are generally called Digital Rights Management (or DRM) systems. CSS uses symmetric cryptography. It was introduced in 1996; today, it is considered ineffective.

In October 1999, Jon Lech Johansen and two other people (who remained anonymous) broke the system. CSS uses 40-bit cryptographic keys; because of different design problems, the effective key length is only about 16 bits. A 450 MHz processor, current at the time could brute force crack this in less than a minute. A modern processor such as the Core i7 or Athlon 64 can crack it in a few seconds.

CSS requires special information in the lead-in (a special area) of the disc. Since the lead-in cannot be changed on recordable DVDs these cannot have CSS protection (with a few exceptions, some professional drives allow writing CSS keys to recordable discs).

Open source implementations
Libdvdcss is an open-source implementation used by many DVD software players, including VLC Media Player. Libdvdcss is region-free; it can read foreign-region DVDs even when the keys can't be read from the drive, by using a brute-force attack.

Cryptography
DVD

Content Scramble System


Miep Gies, née Hermine Santrouschitz (born 15 February 1909; died 11 January 2010), was one of the Dutch citizens who hid Anne Frank and her family from the Nazis during World War II. She found and kept Anne's diary after Anne Frank was found and sent away by the Nazis. Although Gies did not read the diary (as she gave it to Otto Frank immediately after recovering it from the annex and thought it would be rude to read), it has become very successful worldwide.

'I stand at the end of the long, long line of good Dutch people who did what I did or more – much more – during those dark and terrible times years ago, but always like yesterday in the hearts of those of us who bear witness. Never a day goes by that I do not think of what happened then.', Miep Gies stated on her own website.

Other websites
 Authorised website of Miep Gies

 Quicktime movie. Miep Gies, in her former office at 263 Prinsengracht, talks about the war years
 Quicktime movie. Miep Gies remembers how she met Anne Frank
 Profile of Miep Gies by the Anne Frank House
 1998 interview with Miep Gies
 Image of Miep's wartime identity card
 Photo of Miep and Jai Gies, Bip Voskuijl, Victor Kuiler taken in 1970s
 Holocaust Rescuers Bibliography with information and links to books about Miep Gies and other Dutch rescuers.
 Miep Gies at Yad Vashem website

1909 births
2010 deaths
Dutch centenarians
Writers from Vienna
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Righteous Among the Nations

Miep Gies


1204 (MCCIV) was .

Events
 February – Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor.
 April 12 – The Fourth Crusade take Constantinople by storm, and pillage the city for three days. End of the Fourth Crusade.
 May 16 – Baldwin, Count of Flanders is crowned emperor of the Latin Empire a week after his election by the members of the Fourth Crusade.
 Theodore I Lascaris flees to Nicaea after the capture of Constantinople, and establishes the Empire of Nicaea; Byzantine successor states are also established in Epirus and Trebizond.
 Boniface of Montferrat, a leader of the Fourth Crusade, founds the Kingdom of Thessalonica.
 The writings of French theologian Amalric of Bena are condemned by the University of Paris and Pope Innocent III.
 Valdemar II, King of Denmark, is recognized as king in Norway.
 Angers and Normandy are recaptured from England by Philip II of France.
 The Cistercian convent of Port-Royal is established.
 The district of Cham becomes subject to Bavaria.
 Philip of Swabia becomes a subject of Hermann I of Thuringia.
 Beaulieu Abbey founded.
 Jersey enjoys self-government thanks to the division of the Duchy of Normandy.

Births
 Haakon IV, King of Norway (died 1263)
 Heinrich Raspe, Landgraf of Thuringia (died 1247)
 Abû 'Uthmân Sa'îd Hakam al Qurashi, Ra'îs of Manûrqa (died 1282)

Deaths
 January 1 – King Haakon III of Norway
 February 8 – Alexius IV Angelus, Byzantine Emperor
 March 31 – Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of France and England
 August 11 – King Guttorm of Norway
 August 14 – Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (born 1182)
 October 21 – Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester
 December 13 – Maimonides, Spanish rabbi and philosopher (born 1135)
 Ban Kulin – ruler of Bosnia (born 1163)
 Amalric of Bena, French theologian
 William de Burgh, English politician
 Emeric of Hungary (born 1174)
 Isaac II Angelus, Byzantine Emperor
 Suleiman II of Rum
 David Soslani, Prince of Ossetia

1204


Václav Klaus (; born 19 June 1941) is a Czech economist and politician who served as the second president of the Czech Republic from 2003 to 2013. From July 1992 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in January 1993, he served as the second and last prime minister of the Czech Republic while it was a federal subject of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, and then as the first prime minister of the newly independent Czech Republic from 1993 to 1998.

During the Communist era, Klaus worked as a bank clerk and forecaster. After the fall of Communism in November 1989, he became the Minister of Finance in the "government of national unity". In 1991, Klaus was the principal co-founder of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS). He was Prime Minister from 1992 to 1997, and from January to February 1993 he held certain powers of the Presidency.

His government fell in the autumn of 1997; after the elections in the spring of 1998, he became the President of the Chamber of Deputies (1998–2002). After ODS lost the parliamentary elections of 2002, he withdrew from politics briefly, before being elected President of the Czech Republic in February 2003. He was re-elected in 2008 for a second five-year term. His presidency was marked by many controversies over his strong opinions on issues ranging from global warming denial to euroscepticism, and a wide-ranging amnesty declared in his last months of office, triggering his indictment by the Czech Senate on charges of high treason.

Klaus left active politics after his second presidential term ended in March 2013 but continues to comment on domestic and foreign policy issues. His political views have been referred to as Klausism.

Early life
Klaus was born in Prague during the Nazi occupation, and grew up in the large, then middle-class neighbourhood of Vinohrady. Klaus has claimed that he helped build barricades during the Prague uprising in May 1945, at the age of three.

Klaus studied Economics of Foreign Trade at the University of Economics, Prague, graduating in 1963. He also spent some time at universities in Italy (1966) and at Cornell University in the United States in 1969. He then pursued a postgraduate academic career at the State Institute of Economics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, which, according to his autobiography, he was forced to leave in 1970.

Soon after that he was employed by the Czechoslovak State Bank, where he held various staff positions from 1971 to 1986, as well as working abroad in various Soviet-aligned countries, usually considered a privilege at the time. In 1987, Klaus joined the Institute for Prognostics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.

Rise to premiership
Klaus entered Czechoslovak politics during the Velvet Revolution in 1989, during the second week of the political uprising, when he offered his services as an economic advisor to the Civic Forum, whose aim was to unify the anti-government movements in Czechoslovakia and overthrow the Communist regime. Klaus became Czechoslovakia's Minister of Finance in the "government of national unity" on 10 December 1989.

In October 1990, Klaus was elected chairman of the Civic Forum. Two months later, he led supporters of a free-market economy into the break-away Civic Democratic Party ( or ODS). Following a period of strong economic growth, Klaus led ODS to the largest vote share (29.73%) in Czech legislative elections on 5–6 June 1992. ODS emerged as by far the largest party, with 76 seats, and Klaus thus became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the Czech Republic.

ODS also performed strongly in the Czechoslovak federal election held the same day, becoming the largest party with 48 seats, double the number of the runners-up, the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS). However, ODS would still have needed support from HZDS to form a government. When he began coalition talks with HZDS leader Vladimir Meciar, Klaus told Meciar that unless HZDS was willing to agree to a tighter federation, the only alternative was for the Czechs and Slovaks to form independent nations. As Meciar was unwilling to agree to the former option, on 23 July the two leaders agreed to dissolve Czechoslovakia, to take effect on 1 January 1993.

Klaus led ODS to be the party with the largest vote share (29.62%) in the 1996 legislative elections, and remained Prime Minister in a minority government. However, towards the end of 1997 he was forced to step down as Prime Minister by opponents in his party in connection with accusations of funding irregularities in the ODS.

During his term as Prime Minister, President Václav Havel heavily criticized Klaus' policy of voucher privatization of previously state-owned enterprises. The policy was designed to bring about a speedy transition from command economy to free-market economy, but Havel cited the voucher privatization as a cause of the country's subsequent economic problems.

Leader of the opposition (1997–2002)
At a party congress in late 1997, Klaus was re-elected as chairman of ODS by 227 votes to 72 votes. The defeated faction subsequently left ODS, and in early 1998 established a new party, the Freedom Union (), with President Havel's support.

ODS finished second in early elections in 1998, behind the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD). Either party could have formed a majority with the support of other parties, but Freedom Union chairman Jan Ruml, despite his animosity to Klaus, refused to support ČSSD. Instead, Klaus negotiated the "Opposition Agreement" () with ČSSD chairman Miloš Zeman, his long-time political adversary. During the following legislative period, ODS allowed Zeman's ČSSD to rule with a minority government, in exchange for a number of parliamentary posts, including the post of the President of the Chamber of Deputies, occupied by Klaus himself. The Opposition Agreement led to public demonstrations, particularly against an attempt to regulate Czech Television. This led Zeman to announce that he would not stand again for the post of Prime Minister.

In the elections of June 2002, ODS was again defeated by ČSSD under their new leader Vladimír Špidla, who had previously opposed the Opposition Agreement, and instead formed a coalition with centrist parties. After a long period of deliberation, and even though ODS won Senate elections in October 2002, Klaus did not run for re-election as party chairman at the December ODS congress. However, he was made honorary chairman of the party. Against his declared preference, Klaus was succeeded as party leader by Mirek Topolánek.

Presidency (2003–2013)

Having lost two general elections in a row, Klaus announced his intention to step down from the leadership and run for president to succeed his political opponent Václav Havel. The governing coalition was unable to agree on a common candidate to oppose him.

Klaus was elected President of the Czech Republic on 28 February 2003, in the third round of the election, in which both chambers vote together at a joint session of the Parliament by secret ballot between the two top candidates. He won with a majority of 142 votes out of 281. It was widely reported that Klaus won due to the support of Communist Members of Parliament, support which his opponent, Jan Sokol, had publicly refused to accept. Klaus denied that he owed the Communists any debt for his election.

Use of vetoes
Although Klaus regularly criticized Václav Havel for using his Presidential Veto powers to block laws and promised restraint, he used his veto more frequently than Havel. He vetoed the Anti-Discrimination Law passed by parliament in 2008, describing it as a dangerous threat to personal freedoms. He also vetoed a bill implementing the European Union's Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals policy, saying it was a burden for private businesses.

Euroscepticism

Klaus' euroscepticism, alongside his scepticism of the role of humans in climate change, formed the cornerstones of his policy as president. He expressed the opinion that accession to the European Union would mean a significant reduction of Czech sovereignty, and did not endorse either side in the 2003 accession referendum, in which 77% voted yes.

Klaus has alleged a gradual loss of sovereignty for member states in favour of the EU. He promoted the publication of a text by the Irish Eurosceptic Anthony Coughlan. In 2005 Klaus called for the EU to be "scrapped" and replaced by a free trade area to be called the "Organisation of European States". He also claimed that the EU as an institution undermines freedom, calling the EU "as big a threat to freedom as the Soviet Union was". In 2005 he remarked to a group of visiting politicians from the United States that the EU was a "failed and bankrupt entity".

In November 2008, during a stay in Ireland after a state visit, Klaus held a joint press conference with Declan Ganley, head of Libertas, which was at that time campaigning for a "no" vote in a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty. Members of the Irish government called this an "inappropriate intervention", and "unusual and disappointing".

European Parliament

On 5 December 2008, members of the Conference of Presidents of the European Parliament visited the Czech Republic prior to the start of the Czech presidency of the European Union. They were invited by Václav Klaus to meet him at Prague Castle. The chairman of Green Group, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, brought a European flag and presented it to Klaus. Cohn-Bendit also said that he "did not care about Klaus' opinions on the Lisbon Treaty, that Klaus would simply have to sign it". This was criticised by some Czech commentators as "undue interference in Czech affairs".

At the same meeting, Irish MEP Brian Crowley told Klaus that the Irish people wanted ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon and were "insulted" by Klaus' association with Declan Ganley and Libertas. Klaus responded that "the biggest insult to the Irish people is not to accept the results of the Irish referendum". Crowley replied, "You will not tell me what the Irish think. As an Irishman, I know it best". British Eurosceptic journalist Christopher Booker wrote that the meeting "confirms the inability of the Euro-elite to accept that anyone holds views different from their own".

On 19 February 2009, Klaus made a speech to the European Parliament where he criticized what he perceived as the European Union's lack of democracy, continuing integration and economic policies:

The present decision-making system of the European Union is different from a classic parliamentary democracy, tested and proven by history. In a normal parliamentary system, part of the MPs support the government and part support the opposition. In the European Parliament, this arrangement has been missing. Here, only one single alternative is being promoted, and those who dare think about a different option are labelled as enemies of European integration... There is also a great distance (not only in a geographical sense) between citizens and Union representatives, which is much greater than is the case inside the member countries. This distance is often described as the democratic deficit, the loss of democratic accountability, the decision-making of the unelected – but selected – ones, as bureaucratisation of decision-making etc. The proposals to change the current state of affairs – included in the rejected European Constitution or in the not much different Lisbon Treaty – would make this defect even worse. Since there is no European demos – and no European nation – this defect cannot be solved by strengthening the role of the European Parliament, either.

After this point was made, a number of MEPs walked out of the chamber. Klaus continued:

I fear that the attempts to speed up and deepen integration and to move decisions about the lives of the citizens of the member countries up to the European level can have effects that will endanger all the positive things achieved in Europe in the last half a century... Let us not allow a situation where the citizens of member countries would live their lives with a resigned feeling that the EU project is not their own; that it is developing differently than they would wish, that they are only forced to accept it. We would very easily and very soon slip back to the times that we hoped belonged to history.

Eurozone
Klaus was a frequent critic of centrally implemented economic policies in the European Union, and of the adoption of the Euro as the common currency of the eurozone countries. Around the 10th anniversary of the euro in 2008 he wrote in the Financial Times that "in practice, the existence of the euro has shown that forcing an economically disparate Europe into a homogeneous entity through a political decision is political engineering par excellence, far from beneficial for all countries concerned".

Signing the Lisbon treaty
Klaus long refused to sign the Treaty of Lisbon, and was the last head of state in the EU to provide a signature. Other European leaders ignored his reluctance, stating that they would not consent to being "held hostage" by the Czech President. The Czech Prime Minister Jan Fischer, however, said that Klaus would eventually sign the treaty, saying: "There is no reason for anxiety in Europe. The question is not Yes or No, it is only when".

In November 2008 Klaus said in an interview with the Czech Television that if he was the only person standing in the way of a treaty that all others agreed upon, he would not block it. Václav Klaus signed the Treaty of Lisbon on 3 November 2009. However he never signed the addition to the Lisbon Treaty, the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), which was eventually signed by his successor as president, Miloš Zeman.

Views on Russia

Klaus has sought cooperation with Russia on issues including energy policy.

In the 1990s, Klaus promoted renewed oil and gas agreements between the Czech Republic and Russia, and opposed Czech attempts to develop other energy sources, including the construction of a pipeline between the Czech Republic and Germany. According to former Czech secret service directors, he was warned by the secret service of Russian organized crime spreading into the Czech economy. In one scheme, oil was imported to the Czech Republic as heating oil and re-sold as diesel, creating huge profits for Russian businessman Semion Mogilevich, alleged to be a key figure in the Russian mafia.

In March 2006, Klaus was described by The Economist as one of Russian President Vladimir Putin's "warmest admirers abroad". Klaus was awarded the 2007 Pushkin Medal by Putin for the promotion of Russian culture. It was suggested that this was partly due to his use of the Russian language when speaking to Putin and Russian diplomats. Klaus said that in relations with Russia there have been "challenges and successes, tremendous successes".

On the other hand, in a May 2009 interview with Lidové noviny, Klaus said that Russia was not a threat, but was still a big, strong and ambitious country, of which the Czech authorities should beware more than countries like Estonia and Lithuania should.

Kosovo
Klaus criticised NATO bombing of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War, and was subsequently a frequent critic of the unilateral Kosovo declaration of independence. During a visit to Slovakia in March 2008, Klaus stated his disagreement with the argument that Kosovo was an exceptional case, and suggested that the precedent set by the recognition of Kosovo would open a "Pandora's box" in Europe, leading to disastrous consequences. He compared the situation of Serbia to the 1938 Munich Agreement. When Serbia recalled its ambassador in protest at the Czech government's recognition of Kosovo, Klaus invited the Serbian ambassador to Prague Castle for a friendly farewell. During a visit to Serbia in January 2011, Klaus stated that as long as he was president the Czech Republic would not appoint an ambassador to Kosovo.

Re-election

Unlike previous Czech presidential elections, the election of 2008 was conducted using on the record voting rather than a secret ballot. This change was demanded by several Czech political parties after the previous elections in 2003, but opposed by Klaus' ODS, which, having strengthened since 2003, had a comfortable majority in the Senate on its own, and only needed to secure a few votes in the House for the third round.

Klaus' opponent was the former émigré, naturalized United States citizen and University of Michigan economics professor Jan Švejnar. He was nominated by the Green Party as a pro-EU moderate candidate, and also gained the support of the leading opposition Social Democratic Party, a small number of deputies and senators of KDU-ČSL and some independent Senators. The first ballot on 8–9 February 2008 resulted in no winner. Švejnar won the Chamber of Deputies, but Klaus led in the assembly as a whole and only just failed to achieve the required majority.

The second ballot on 15 February 2008 included a new candidate MEP Jana Bobošíková, nominated by the Communist Party. However, without any further support, she withdrew her candidacy before the election, and the second round ended similarly to the previous one, with Klaus remaining on 141 votes. Therefore, in the third round, where only a simple majority of all legislators present from both houses was required, Klaus won by one vote, with Švejnar receiving 111 votes, and the 29 Communists voting for neither.

Klaus's first term as president concluded on 7 March 2008, and he took his oath for the second term on the same day so as to avoid an interim without a president and allow Parliament to come to a joint session earlier. He therefore lost the day of overlap, meaning his second term ended on 6 March 2013.

Resignation as honorary ODS chairman
Václav Klaus resigned as Honorary Chairman of ODS at the party congress on 6 December 2008. The following day his ally Pavel Bém, the Mayor of Prague, lost a vote for the post of ODS chairman against Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek, by 284 votes to 162.

Chile pen incident

In April 2011, Klaus was seen taking a pen during a state visit to Chile. The alleged theft, caught on television cameras, was widely reported around the world. According to Klaus, the incident was exaggerated, as official pens are normally free to be taken by official visitors, including in this case.

A spokeswoman for Chilean President Sebastián Piñera said the Chilean President's guests were free to take the pens from meetings.

Australian Parliament House incident
In July 2011, President Klaus visited Canberra, Australia. The visit was sponsored by the conservative Australian think tank, the Centre for Independent Studies, and so was not afforded the diplomatic protocol of an official visit. While in Canberra Klaus was invited to an interview with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in their Parliament House studios. On his arrival Klaus was requested to undergo the standard security clearance procedures required for normal members of the public; ABC staff tried to convince security staff to allow the President to bypass security but they refused, and so Klaus left the building.

Klaus stated that it was not an issue of his passing through the electronic security system, but rather his treatment by the officials, as nobody had been there to meet him when he and his entourage arrived. After waiting for ten minutes in front of the building, a worker of the ABC Television invited him in, where he was left "among perhaps as many as hundred school children". After another few minutes he found out that the whole group was waiting for a security clearance. Klaus refused to waste more time waiting in line behind the school children and offered ABC Television to conduct the interview in his hotel. This offer was declined by ABC as they were already set up for the interview in the Parliament House studio.

Klaus' approach was supported by the head of protocol in the Office of the Czech President, Jindřich Forejt, who described the incident as "incredible". Former spokesman for President Václav Havel, Ladislav Špaček, said that "it is absolutely out of place to check a head of state; it is disrespectful. I am not at all surprised that Klaus turned around and went off. He should not be there trying to argue with some operative that he is not a terrorist".

Opposition to 2011 Prague gay pride parade
Klaus' aide said that "The prepared Prague gay carnival is a pressure action and a political demonstration of a world with deformed values," describing homosexuals as "deviants." The comments attracted widespread criticism from Czech politicians across the political spectrum, as well as from thirteen ambassadors. Klaus defended his aide's comments. Criticizing "homosexualism", he said that homosexuality is something to be tolerated but not celebrated.

Airsoft gun assault
On 28 September 2012, Klaus was attacked during a bridge opening ceremony in Chrastava. While Klaus was walking through a thick crowd, shaking hands and chatting with bystanders, a 26-year-old man, Pavel Vondrouš, approached him and pressed an airsoft gun against the President's right arm, pulling the trigger seven times before disappearing into the crowd. Klaus was taken to the Military Hospital in Prague with what was described as "minor bruising" for treatment before being discharged. The attacker, a supporter of the Communist Party, was detained after several minutes, but later released. Before he was taken into custody, he told journalists that he had done it "because politicians were blind and deaf to the people's despair". Vondrouš received a suspended sentence in June 2013.

The lack of action from the President's bodyguards was heavily criticised, and the head of the President's security resigned after the incident.

2013 amnesty and accusations of treason
On 1 January 2013, using his constitutional powers, Klaus announced an amnesty to mark the 20th anniversary of the Czech Republic's independence. The amnesty took effect on 2 January and released all prisoners sentenced to one year or less whose sentences had not been served, and all prisoners over 75 years of age sentenced to ten years or less whose sentences had not been served, as well as cancelling all court proceedings which had been ongoing for longer than eight years. By 11 January 6,318 prisoners had been released due to the amnesty, with other cases pending the outcome of court appeals. In addition, dozens of high-profile long-running corruption trials ended due to the amnesty, causing the greatest public anger.

The extent of the amnesty was widely criticized in the Czech Republic, with the opposition demanding a vote of no confidence against Prime Minister Petr Nečas, who countersigned it. Meanwhile, a comparison was drawn with actions taken by Klaus's predecessor, Václav Havel, who ordered three amnesties while Czechoslovak and later Czech president (1989–2003). Havel's first amnesty of January 1990 was the largest post-war amnesty, freeing around 23,000 people, two-thirds of the total prison population of 31,000, on the grounds that they had been convicted by a communist court system.

The amnesty sparked a public petition to persuade the Senate of the Czech Republic to charge President Klaus with high treason before the Constitutional court, effectively impeaching him. Within 24 hours of its launch, it had accumulated 24,500 signatures, and by the beginning of February 2013, the petition had been signed by more than 64,000 people. On 4 March 2013, the Senate voted to charge Klaus with high treason, based on five cases in which he was alleged to have violated the constitution, including the amnesty, his refusal to sign the European stability mechanism and his alleged procrastination in nominating judges to the Constitutional Court. The following day, on 5 March, the Constitutional Court rejected a previous motion by a smaller group of senators to cancel the New Year amnesty, thereby removing the issue of the amnesty from the constitutional suit. Given that the sanction for treason committed by the Czech President is the loss of office, and Klaus' term was due to end the following day, the court's verdict was a mere formality, but a guilty verdict would make Klaus ineligible for a third term of office in 2018. Klaus described the move as an attempt by his political opponents to tarnish his presidency.

Post-presidency
After his presidency ended in 2013, Klaus was named a Distinguished Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute. His fellowship was terminated in September 2014, due to his views on the Revolution of Dignity, his hostility to homosexuality, and support for European far-right parties.

On 9 September 2014, in an interview with Czech radio station Radio Impuls, Klaus said that Ukraine is an artificially created state and that the Russian intervention in the country was part of a civil war. He continued by describing Maidan as an "artificial event created by the West and the United States", in which Russia was forced to intervene. He added that in his opinion, Ukraine lacks the strong ties to keep the country together.

In the 2018 presidential election, Klaus endorsed his former political opponent Miloš Zeman.

Tricolour
Klaus' son Václav Klaus Jr. was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in the 2017 election as a member of the Civic Democratic Party. Klaus Jr. was expelled from the party in 2019 following comments in which he compared EU directives to the Holocaust. He founded a new party, the Tricolour Citizens' Movement. Václav Klaus joined Tricolour and became the party's foreign relations adviser.

Breach of Covid-19 regulations
On 28 October 2020, at a celebration of the formation of an independent Czechoslovak state in 1918, Klaus refused to wear a face mask, in breach of COVID-19 restrictions introduced by Andrej Babiš' government. Klaus described people who wear face masks as supporters of illegal migration, a more powerful European Union and a rapid adoption of the Euro currency. In response, the Prague Public Health Office fined Klaus 10,000 CZK for not wearing a face mask in public. In February 2021 Klaus tested positive for COVID-19. He received treatment at home, and concluded quarantine on 6 March 2021.

Other activities

Economic activities
In 1995, while Prime Minister, Klaus was awarded the title of Professor of Finance by his alma mater, the University of Economics, Prague. Since then Klaus has occasionally given economics seminars at the university, focused on his free-market views.

His defining feature as an economist since 1990 has been his enthusiasm for free market economics, as exemplified by Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman. According to Klaus, legislation and institutions cannot be created before economic transformation, they have to go hand in hand.

Since 1990, Václav Klaus has received nearly 50 honorary degrees, including from Universidad Francisco Marroquín, and published more than 20 books on various social, political, and economic topics. Klaus is a member of the Mont Pelerin Society. He has published articles in the libertarian Cato Journal. On 28 May 2008, Klaus gave the keynote address at an annual dinner hosted by the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a free market advocacy group in Washington, D.C., and received its Julian L. Simon Memorial Award.

Klaus was elected to become a foreign member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2009.

Climate change denial

Klaus denies that global warming is anthropogenic. He has described the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as "a group of politicized scientists with one-sided opinions and one-sided assignments", and has claimed that some other top-level politicians do not publicly express their doubts about global warming being anthropogenic because "a whip of political correctness strangles their voices".

Addressing the Cato Institute in Washington in March 2007, Klaus expressed the view that "Environmentalism should belong in the social sciences, along with other "isms" such as communism, feminism, and liberalism", and compared environmentalism to a religion, or a "modern counterpart of communism that seeks to change peoples' habits and economic systems".

In a June 2007 article in the Financial Times, Klaus described environmentalism as "the biggest threat to freedom, democracy, a market economy and prosperity". He said that current political and scientific debates on environment issues were designed to suppress freedom and democracy, and asked readers to oppose the term "scientific consensus", adding that "it is always achieved only by a loud minority, never by a silent majority". In an online Q&A session following the article he wrote "Environmentalism, not preservation of nature (and of environment), is a leftist ideology... Environmentalism is indeed a vehicle for bringing us socialist government at the global level. Again, my life in communism has made me oversensitive in this respect". He reiterated these statements at a showing of Martin Durkin's The Great Global Warming Swindle organised by his think tank CEP in June 2007.

In November 2007, on BBC World's HARDtalk, Klaus called the interviewer "absolutely arrogant" for saying that a scientific consensus had been reached on climate change that included most of the world. He added that he was "absolutely certain" that in 30 years people would look back and be grateful to him for his stand on the issue.

At the September 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Klaus restated his rejection of global warming, calling for a second IPCC to be established to produce competing reports, and for countries to be left alone to set their priorities and prepare their own plans for the problem.

In 2007, Klaus published a book entitled Modrá, nikoli zelená planeta (literally: "Blue planet – not green"), which has been translated into various languages. It was published in English under the title Blue Planet in Green Shackles. The book claims that "the theory of global warming and the hypothesis on its causes, which has spread around massively nowadays, may be a bad theory, it may also be a valueless theory, but in any case it is a very dangerous theory".

At the September 2009 UN Climate Change Conference, Klaus again spoke against the conference, calling the gathering "propagandistic" and "undignified".

On 26 July 2011, at the National Press Club Address, Klaus described global warming as "a communist conspiracy". On 21 May 2012, Klaus addressed the climate sceptic Heartland Institute's Seventh International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC-7). In August 2012 he delivered the Magistral Lecture to the World Federation of Scientists in Erice, Sicily.

Personal life
Václav Klaus is married to Livia Klausová, a Slovak economist. They have two sons, Václav, also a politician, and Jan, an economist, and five grandchildren.

State awards

National
 Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion (28 October 2019)
 Former ex-officio Sovereign of the Order of the White Lion (7 March 20037 March 2013)
 Former ex-officio Sovereign of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (7 March 20037 March 2013)

Foreign
: Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria (15 May 2009)
:
: Recipient of the Order of Merit of the Free State of Saxony (17 May 2008)
: Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great (9 April 2009)
: Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (10 July 2007)
: Recipient of the Medal of Pushkin (27 December 2007)
: First Class of the Order of the White Double Cross (6 March 2013)
: Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (24 September 2004)

See also
 Politics of global warming

References

External links

 Personal website
 Official presidential website
 Honorary Doctoral Degrees, Universidad Francisco Marroquín
 Biography and selected speeches at the President's office

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1941 births
Leaders of the Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)
European liberal politicians
Classical liberal economists
Cornell University alumni
Czechoslovak economists
Czech libertarians
Living people
Macroeconomists
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Monetarists
Politicians from Prague
Presidents of the Czech Republic
Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic
Finance ministers of Czechoslovakia
Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Grand Crosses of the Order of Vytautas the Great
Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion
Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
Recipients of the Medal of Pushkin
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Free State of Saxony
Prague University of Economics and Business alumni
People of the Velvet Revolution
Cato Institute people
Candidates in the 2003 Czech presidential election
Candidates in the 2008 Czech presidential election
Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic) presidential candidates
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Civic Forum politicians
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Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic) prime ministers
Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic) Government ministers
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Czech Republic)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (1996–1998)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (1998–2002)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2002–2006)
Tricolour Citizens' Movement politicians
Recipients of the Order of the White Lion
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
20th-century Czech economists
Member of the Mont Pelerin Society
Impeached presidents
Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Acting presidents of the Czech Republic

Václav Klaus


Guizhou is a province of the People's Republic of China in the southwestern part of the country. Its capital city is Guiyang.

Guizhou is a relatively poor and economically undeveloped province, but rich in natural, cultural and environmental resources. Demographically it is one of China's most diverse provinces. Minority groups such as the Miao / Hmong and Yao make up more than 37% of the population. In 1957-58, an influenza virus spread to most of the world and killed between 1-4 million people.

References

Guizhou


KMOX (1120 AM) is a commercial radio station in St. Louis, Missouri. Owned by Audacy, Inc., it is a 50,000 watt Class A clear-channel station with a non-directional signal.  The KMOX studios and offices are on Olive Street at Tucker Boulevard in the Park Pacific Building in St. Louis.  KMOX refers to itself as "NewsRadio 1120 - The Voice of St. Louis."  It is considered the first U.S. station to program all talk shows around the clock.

KMOX's transmitter is located off Route 162 in Pontoon Beach, Illinois.  With a good radio, KMOX's nighttime signal can be heard across most of the United States and into Mexico and Canada. However, it is strongest in the Central United States. It's daytime signal provides at least secondary coverage to most of Eastern Missouri and much of Southern Illinois.  The station is also heard on KEZK's HD2 subchannel and translator 98.7 K254CR.  Along with WIL-FM, KMOX is responsible for the activation of the Greater St. Louis Emergency Alert System for hazardous weather, disaster declarations, etc., and is the EAS primary entry point for eastern Missouri and southern Illinois.

Programming
KMOX airs a talk radio format with blocks of news every morning and in weekday afternoon drive time.  Middays it carries the Dave Glover Show, which replaced The Rush Limbaugh Show. Local talk hosts Charlie Brennan and Amy Marxkors are heard in late mornings and Mark Reardon in early afternoons.  In the evening, the station airs sports.  At night, local host Ryan Wrecker is heard, followed by two syndicated shows, "Our American Stories with Lee Habeeb" and "America in the Morning." "The Other Side of Midnight" with Frank Morano is heard on Mondays in the early morning hours.

On weekend mornings, all-news blocks start the schedule, followed by programs on money, health, car repair, home improvement and old time radio dramas and comedies.  Some weekend shows are paid brokered programming.  KMOX is the flagship station of the St. Louis Cardinals Baseball team, and was the flagship station for the St. Louis Blues Hockey team through the 2018–2019 season.

KMOX has a large team of local newscasters and reporters, and airs CBS News Radio at the beginning of most hours.  KMOX also has an agreement to share news gathering and weather information with KMOV, the CBS  television Network affiliate for St. Louis.  At one time, KMOX and KMOV (formerly KMOX-TV) were sister stations, both owned by CBS.

History

Early years
KMOX was started in the early 1920s by a group of businessmen who formed a company known as "The Voice of St. Louis, Inc." The station's owners wanted KVSL, for "Voice of St. Louis."  The owners also applied for KMO, with MO the abbreviation for Missouri, but those call letters had been in use by another station since 1922, KMO (now KKMO) in Tacoma, Washington.  KMOX signed on the air on December 24, 1925. The "X" was added because the starting date was Christmas Eve, or Xmas Eve.  A local legend states the call letters mean Kirkwood, Missouri On Xmas.

In 1927 the station gave prominent coverage to the Charles Lindbergh flight across the Atlantic in his plane The Spirit of St. Louis. That same year, KMOX became one of the first 16 stations in the CBS Radio Network.

Following the establishment of the Federal Radio Commission (FRC), stations were initially issued a series of temporary authorizations starting on May 3, 1927. In addition, stations were informed that if they wanted to continue operating, they needed to file a formal license application by January 15, 1928, as the first step in determining whether they met the new "public interest, convenience, or necessity" standard. On May 25, 1928, the FRC issued General Order 32, which notified 164 stations, including KFQA, also in St. Louis, that "From an examination of your application for future license it does not find that public interest, convenience, or necessity would be served by granting it." KFQA proposed that instead of maintaining its own transmitting facility, it  would share the facilities of an existing station. The FRC initially disapproved of this proposal, and ordered KFQA deleted, but eventually relented, and assigned KMOX to be operated under the dual call sign of KMOX-KFQA.

On November 11, 1928, the FRC made a major reallocation of station transmitting frequencies, as part of a reorganization resulting from its implementation of General Order 40. KMOX was designated a clear-channel station on 1090 kHz. In mid-1930, the dual call sign operation as KMOX-KFQA ended, and the station's call sign reverted to just KMOX.

CBS bought KMOX, and began the process of getting approval to build a 50,000-watt transmitter tower.  When completed, it gave the now a signal that could be heard at night through much of the U.S.  In the early days of radio, KMOX broadcasts had been picked up in Scotland, New Zealand, the Arctic Circle and South Africa.

In 1933, KMOX covered the first post-Prohibition case of Budweiser beer leaving the Anheuser-Busch St. Louis brewery for the White House, a story carried nationally by CBS.  Through the "Golden Age of Radio," KMOX carried the CBS schedule of dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas, game shows and big band broadcasts.  The studios and offices were housed in the Merchandise Mart Building on Washington Street.

On March 29, 1941, KMOX moved from 1090 to 1120 kHz, its location ever since, as part of the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement.

TV and FM stations
CBS had planned to have a corporate-owned and operated television station in St. Louis, to pair with KMOX. In 1957, the network originally won an FCC construction permit to build a new station on Channel 11, the last remaining commercial VHF channel in St. Louis. After being approached with an offer, CBS decided in August of that year to instead buy the existing KWK-TV for $4 million. KWK-TV was owned by a group including the publisher of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat.

CBS took control of KWK-TV's operations that March, and changed its call letters to KMOX-TV, sharing the call sign with AM 1120. The original Viacom purchased KMOX-TV from CBS in 1986, and because of an FCC regulation in place then that prohibited TV and radio stations in the same market, but with different ownership from sharing the same callsign, it subsequently amended its call sign to KMOV.

KMOX added an FM station on February 12, 1962.  It broadcast at 103.3 MHz and mostly simulcast the AM station.  By the late 1960s, KMOX-FM was separately programmed, airing an easy listening format, then later shifted to Top 40 as KHTR in 1982, and is currently classic hits KLOU, owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.

In July 1968, CBS opened a new studio and office facility in downtown St. Louis to house KMOX-AM-FM-TV, which until that point had been operating from separate locations.  The radio stations had been headquartered near Forest Park. KMOX-TV moved from Cole Street into the new facility, known as One Memorial Drive, and remains there to the present day.

Talk radio pioneer
As network programming shifted from radio to television in the 1950s, KMOX scheduled a full service format of talk shows, news, and middle of the road (later adult contemporary) music.  In 1955, Robert Hyland Jr. became KMOX's general manager, a role he held for nearly forty years. It was Hyland who leveraged KMOX's relationship with the Cardinals, signing many lucrative advertising contracts with local businesses.

Hyland made the decision in 1960 to eliminate the station's afternoon music programming, the last of the non-talk shows.  That made KMOX the first full-time talk radio station in the country, helping keep KMOX dominance in the St. Louis radio market for many decades. On February 29, 1960, Jack Buck hosted the first "At Your Service" program, which included an interview with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. That program, like the sports and talk shows that soon followed, pioneered a format for radio featuring news maker interviews, guest appearances, and calls from listeners.

After Hyland died in 1992, Rod Zimmerman was named general manager. He departed in 1998 to manage CBS station WBBM Radio in Chicago.

KMOX picked up Costas Coast to Coast in 1994. Also, in July of that year Bob Costas began hosting a sports call-in show on the station.

Karen Carroll was general manager from 1998 until 2003, when Tom Langmyer was promoted to the top position. Langmyer left in 2005 to become vice president/general manager of WGN Radio in Chicago. Dave Ervin managed the station from 2005 to 2008. Becky Domyan, who also oversees sister stations KEZK and KYKY is the station's current Market Manager & Sr. Vice President for Entercom.

KMOX started broadcasting in HD Radio in May 2006.  For many years, KMOX broadcast using C-QUAM's AM Stereo technology, but stereo transmissions ended in the spring of 2000.

On January 30, 2012, Jon Grayson's "Overnight America," based at KMOX, and also airing on CBS stations WCCO Minneapolis and KDKA Pittsburgh, became a nationally syndicated program with several dozen stations airing it across the country.  The syndication was discontinued in 2017, but the show continues to air late nights on KMOX.

Entercom/Audacy ownership
On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th.  The Entercom acquisition ended KMOX's 88 years of CBS ownership.

KMOX held the distinction of holding the record for consecutive number one Arbitron ratings books in the United States. The station was consistently the top rated radio station in St. Louis since the ratings service began in 1972 until 2010, when WARH took over the top spot in the Arbs.  KMOX remains the top rated AM station, consistently in the top ten in the Nielsen ratings for St. Louis.

KMOX carried the Rush Limbaugh show weekdays for several decades.  The program was sometimes pre-empted by St. Louis Cardinals' afternoon baseball games.  Limbaugh was one of the few non-local shows broadcast on the station.  It is syndicated by Premiere Networks, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.  KMOX also carries two non-local shows overnight, "Our American Stories with Lee Habeeb" and "America in the Morning."  Habeeb is a programmer with the Salem Radio Network.  America in the Morning is supplied by Westwood One, a subsidiary of Cumulus Media.

For the past 21 years, KMOX has hosted a holiday radio program, in which KMOX personalities perform an old-time radio show in front of a live audience.

On March 22, 2021, KMOX added an FM simulcast on 98.7 FM K254CR, a translator formerly used for KFTK (AM), then temporarily for KFTK-FM. This translator provides coverage to the inner ring suburbs of St. Louis.  KMOX also added The Dave Glover Show to their schedule, which previously aired on KFTK for the past two years, and following Limbaugh's death elected to launch a new, local show hosted by longtime news reporter Carol Daniel in its lunchtime timeslot.

Sports

KMOX has had a long history of broadcasting sports. In 1926, it aired the Cardinals-Yankees World Series, and starting the next season the station began airing St. Louis Cardinals' games.

During the 1930s and 1940s, KMOX was one of several St. Louis stations broadcasting both the Cardinals and St. Louis Browns baseball games. KMOX lost broadcasting rights in 1948 when a new Cardinals radio network was formed by the team, but by the 1950s, it became the flagship station of that network (in part due to its clear channel status).

KMOX's most famous sports broadcaster was Jack Buck, who was the station's year-round sports director during the years he was also calling baseball and football for the CBS radio and television networks.  Another famous announcer was Harry Caray, who did play-by-play for Cardinals' baseball from 1945 through 1969. Dan Kelly was hired in 1968 to broadcast the new Blues hockey team and became the voice of hockey in the city until his death in 1989: his son John is the team's TV commentator today. Bill Wilkerson, the station's football caller, was the first black man to be the lead announcer for an NFL team when he took over commentary duties for the football Cardinals in 1973: three years later, he would assume the same position for Mizzou football, where once again he would be one of the first black primary broadcasters in major college athletics, only leaving the post in 1993 when he was poached by KTRS. Bob Costas did play-by-play on KMOX for the Spirits of St. Louis of the American Basketball Association from 1974 until the ABA-NBA merger in June 1976.

At times, the station's emphasis had shifted away from broadcasting St. Louis professional sports teams. In 2000, the St. Louis Blues hockey team moved to KTRS after having been on KMOX for all but three of the team's 33 seasons (1967–2000), but the games returned starting in the 2006–07 season. The St. Louis Blues moved to WXOS starting in the 2019–2020 season. In 2006, the Cardinals' broadcasts moved to KTRS after 52 seasons on KMOX (1954–2005) after the team purchased controlling interest in KTRS.
On September 1, 2010, the Cardinals announced the return of broadcasts to KMOX, starting in the 2011 baseball season.
KMOX aired University of Missouri Tigers Football and basketball games for many years, and was the flagship of their radio network until the 1990s. Starting in  2011, the Tigers moved their basketball, football, and news & talk programs to 550 KTRS.

The station continues to host sports programming such as "Sports Open Line". Matt Pauley is the main host.

Live play-by-play sports on KMOX
 St. Louis Blues hockey (1967–1985, 1988–2000, 2006–2019, spillover games on co-owned KYKY)
 St. Louis Cardinals baseball (1928–1948, 1954–2005, 2011–present)
 St. Louis Cardinals football (1960–1987)
 St. Louis Hawks basketball (1955–1968)

FM translator

Personalities
Notable current and past KMOX broadcasters include:

 Buddy Blattner
 Jack Buck (1954–1958, 1961–2001)
 Joe Buck
 Harry Caray (1945–1969)
 Jack Carney (1971–1983)
 John Carney
 Kelly Chase
 Bob Costas (1974–1981)
 Rex Davis  (1948-1981)
 Dizzy Dean (1941–1948)
 Dan Dierdorf (1984–1986)
 Art Fleming (1980–1992)
 Joe Garagiola
 Bob Hardy (1960-1993)
 Charles Jaco
 Charlie Brennan (1988–2022)
 Ron Jacober
 Randy Karraker (1984-2001)
 Anne Keefe'
 Dan Kelly (1967–1988)
 Dan P. Kelly
 Gus Kyle
 France Laux, The Sporting News'' first recipient
 Doug McElvein 1993-2015
 Emmett McAuliffe
 Bernie Miklasz
 John Rooney (2006–present)
 Mike Shannon (1972–2021)
 Bob Starr (1972–1979)
 Jim White (1969–1999)
 Bill Wilkerson (1969–1996)

References

External links

 Timeline and stories about KMOX from a website maintained by a St. Louis radio historian
 A KMOX QSL card circa 1977
 FCC History Cards for KMOX (covering 1927-1980 as KMOX / KMOX-KFQA / KMOX)
 KMOX Collection Finding Aid at the St. Louis Public Library

Radio stations established in 1925
MOX
Sports in St. Louis
Spirits of St. Louis
News and talk radio stations in the United States
1925 establishments in Missouri
Audacy, Inc. radio stations
Clear-channel radio stations

KMOX


Leopoldo Alas y Ureña (25 April 1851 – 13 May 1901), also known as Clarín, was a Spanish realist writer born in Zamora. He died in Oviedo on 13 May 1901.

Clarin lived in León and Guadalajara in his childhood, then he moved to Oviedo in 1865. There he studied Bachillerato (high school) and he started his law career. He lived in Madrid from 1871 to 1878, where he started his career as a journalist and he graduated with the thesis El Derecho y la Moralidad (Law and Morality). He taught in Zaragoza from 1882 to 1883. In 1883 he returned to Oviedo to take up a position as teacher of Roman law.

He wrote books including La Regenta. It is a long work, similar to Flaubert's Madame Bovary, one of the books that helped to inspire it. Other influences included Naturalism and Kraussism, a philosophical trend which made cultural and moral change in Spain.  He also wrote Nuevo viaje al Parnaso and La Literatura en 1881 (1882), working with Armando Palacio Valdes.

La Regenta is special for its great number of characters and other stories around the main story of the novel. The main character is shown in a way that is not very clear. On the other hand, the downfall of the provincial lady has place amidst two very different men who want to marry her: the most handsome man in the city, who is the winner in the end, and the cathedral's priest. The way the priest is shown is a very important part of the book.

For the description of the provincial setting and the city's collective life, Clarín used styles such as the internal monologue or the free indirect style, which makes the story be told by the characters, not the narrator.

In 1890, he published a new novel, Su único hijo. Most critics do not think it is as good as La Regenta. Su único hijo was originally meant to be the first of a series of three books, but these were not written. The only parts of them that exist are an outline and a few fragments of two of the novels. Su único hijo was Clarín's last long book.

Clarín also wrote some stories and some journalistic articles.

Clarin remains a rather unknown figure in the Spanish literary world. He searched for God and was Humanist at the same time. This strange mix has led to there being different views on the meaning of his writings. La Regenta in particular has many different views on what it could mean.

Works
La Regenta (The Regent's Wife) (1884–85) [Novel]
Su único hijo (His Only Son) (1890) [Novel]
Doña Berta (1892)
¡Adiós, Cordera! (1892)
Cuentos morales (Moral Stories) (1896)
El gallo de Sócrates (Socrates' Rooster) (1900)

Essays
 Solos de Clarín (1881)
 La literatura en 1881 (1882)
 Sermón perdido (1885)
 Nueva campaña (1887)
 Ensayos y revistas (1892)
 Palique (1894)

1851 births
1901 deaths
Spanish writers

Leopoldo Alas


is a tactical role-playing game for the Game Boy Advance. It was developed by Banpresoft and published by Banpresto in Japan, Atlus in North America, and 505 Games in Europe.

The game was originally released in Japan on November 22, 2002, and stars various original characters created by Banpresto for their Super Robot Wars series. Like the much earlier Super Robot Wars Gaiden, the game features no licensed mecha or characters at all - instead, it uses only Banpresto's own creations, in an original story. The games sold well in Japan, and later adapted for a short animated OVA called Super Robot Wars Original Generation: The Animation, which takes place after the second game in the series. A television series, Super Robot Wars Original Generation: Divine Wars, retells the story of the first game. Original Generation was released in the United States on August 8, 2006. It is the first game in the Super Robot Wars series to ever be commercially released overseas, since, unlike the rest of the series, it contains no characters from other media, therefore, no legal entanglements were involved in a foreign release.

A sequel, Super Robot Taisen: Original Generation 2, was available on February 3, 2005, in Japan and was released in North America on November 21, 2006. On June 27, 2007, Super Robot Wars: Original Generations, an enhanced remake of both Original Generation games, was released in Japan for the PlayStation 2.

Storyline

It is two hundred years after the beginning of the "Space Era", a time period when civilization began expanding into space. However, by the start of the 21st century, two meteors struck and destroyed much of the Earth, sending humanity into chaos. By year 179 of the Space Era, secret technology, dubbed Extra-Over Technology, or EOT, was discovered by the Earth Federal Government within a third meteor that had hit Earth at the Marquesas Islands in the South Pacific. Dr. Bian Zoldark, while investigating the meteor, also found out that the creators of the Extra-Over Technology were heading to Earth to reclaim it. In order to defend Earth, the government starts to develop a group of humanoid mecha, known as Personal Troopers.

The alien race that created Extra-Over Technology, called the Aerogaters by the Earth Federal Government, initially attacks an Earth ship sent out to investigate their presence in the far reaches of the solar system. This initial skirmish ends in a defeat for the Aerogaters, prompting them to seek for negotiations with the Earth Federation Army. Talks are arranged to take place at a secret facility in Antarctica, but the talks are targeted by a rogue faction called the Divine Crusaders.

The Divine Crusaders destroys the Aerogater delegation, then turn on the Federation forces. Bian Zoldark, revealing himself to be the leader of the Divine Crusaders, announces the existence of the Aerogaters to the world and rebel against the Earth Government. As Earth spins into civil war, a new Aerogater force is on the move, seeking to reclaim their lost technology...

Gameplay

Original Generation offers the player a choice to play the game from the perspective of either two male protagonists, both of whom find themselves fighting the Divine Crusaders and the Aerogaters from different fronts. While both routes share similarities, each character has his own unique missions to follow, as well as meeting different people and piloting different mechs in their respective scenarios. Regardless of who the player chooses, both protagonists and their parties will eventually join up to form one large cast, with brief branching stages, based on the character chosen in the beginning of the game.

As a first in the Super Robot Wars franchise, Original Generation allows the player to equip or remove weapons on mechs. For example, the  Plasma Saber equipped on the Weiss Ritter can be removed and placed on the R-1 for its pilot to utilize during sorties. However, this unique system is only available on mechs that are of the real-type, while super robots are not capable of switching weapons. The game also allows the use of customizing playable pilots, through a set of pilot skills, bought by Pilot Points, received from defeating enemy units. These Pilot Points can also be used to upgrade their stats that determine how well he/she performs in battle as well as their terrain adaptivity.

Originating games
The characters, units and setting in Original Generation are all taken from the following games:
Shin Super Robot Wars
Super Robot Wars Gaiden: Masō Kishin – The Lord Of Elemental
2nd Super Robot Wars
Super Robot Wars F
Super Robot Wars F Final
Super Robot Wars Alpha
Super Robot Wars Alpha Gaiden
Super Robot Wars Compact 2
Super Robot Wars Impact
Super Hero Operations
Hero Senki: Project Olympus
Super Robot Wars Scramble Gather

Reception
On release, Famitsu magazine scored the game a 32 out of 40.

See also

Super Robot Taisen: Original Generation 2
Super Robot Wars
Super Robot Wars Original Generation: Divine Wars
Super Robot Wars: Original Generations

Notes

References

External links
 Official site
Super Robot Taisen: Original Generation at GameSpot
Super Robot Taisen: Original Generation at IGN

2002 video games
Atlus games
Banpresto games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Super Robot Wars
Tactical role-playing video games
Video games developed in Japan
505 Games games
Single-player video games

Super Robot Taisen: Original Generation


The Siddhivinayaka Mahaganapati Temple is a Hindu temple located in Titwala, a small town in the Kalyan taluka of Thane district – near Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu, elephant-headed god of wisdom Ganesha. Titwala is believed to be the putative site of the hermitage of sage Kanva, foster parent of Shakuntala who was born here. The place is steeped in ancient legend and the temple is frequented by a very large number of devotees on account of the belief that separated married couples could be united and marriages of desired people could be fixed easily if the Ganesha image installed in the temple is worshipped with devotion.This temple is frequented mostly on Tuesdays.

Legend

According to legend, this village was part of Dandakaranya forest where the Katkari tribe lived (the tribal hamlets are located even now close to the town across the Kalu river, approached only by boats). Sage Kanva had his hermitage here. Kanva was the author of several hymns of the scripture Rigveda and one of the Angirasas. He had adopted Shakuntala, who was abandoned immediately after her birth by her parents, sage Vishwamitra and the celestial damsel Menaka. Shakuntala's story has been narrated in the Hindu epic Mahabharata and dramatised by Kālidāsa, considered the greatest poet and dramatist in Sanskrit language, in his play called the Abhijñānaśākuntalam ("The Recognition of Shakuntala").

King Dushyanta of Gandhara Kingdom while on a battle campaign was passing through the forests when he and Shakuntala fell in love with each other and got married according to the Gandharva rite (exchanging garlands as a marriage vow) in the hermitage. Since Dushyanta had to leave Shakuntala after some time due to unrest in his capital city, he gave Shakuntala a royal signet (a ring) as a sign of their love, promising her that he would return for her.

Once, while Shakuntala was in the hermitage in a pensive dreaming mood thinking about her husband Dushyanta, she did not pay the desired reverential attention to sage Durvasa who was visiting the place. Durvasa, known for his short temper, felt offended by this slight, cursed Shakuntala saying that the person she was dreaming of would forget about her altogether. However, later, Durvasa toned down his curse to mean that the person who had forgotten Shakuntala would remember everything again if she showed him a personal token that had been given to her. As per the curse, Dushyanta refused to recognise her.

According to local legend, sage Kanva, realising the gravity of the issue faced by his adopted daughter Shakuntala, directed her to build a shrine in honour of god Ganesha as Siddhi Vinayaka. He assured her that by her sincere prayers Siddhi Vinayaka would bless her and she would once again join her husband Dushyanta. This eventually came true after considerable effort and lapse of time and by which time Shakuntala who had conceived after marrying Dushyanta, also gave birth to a son who came to be known as Bharata according to Mahabharata epic. Pandavas and Kauravas were descendants of Bharata.

History
The Siddhivinayaka Mahaganapati temple built by Shakuntala with the stated legendary background was submerged under a tank. During the rule of the Peshwa Madhavrao I, to resolve the drought situation in the town, the tank was de-silted to provide drinking water to the town. It was during the de-silting operations that the temple was found buried. The image of god Ganesha was found by Peshwa sardar Ramchandra Mehendale buried in the silt. Soon thereafter, the renovation of the temple was undertaken and a stone temple was built. Peshwa Madhavrao I consecrated the ancient Ganesha image in this new temple, after the conquest of Vasai fort. Initially, the temple was very small with a wooden sabha mandap (audience hall), which was in a run-down condition. Since the Peshwa temple had also degenerated over time, in 1965–66, renovation work was initiated again and a new temple was constructed at the same location at cost of .

Architecture and recent renovations
The current temple is built on  land donated by the Peshwas, which was further supplemented by  of additional land donated by Joshis, the hereditary priests of the temple. The existing audience hall, after renovation, measures x and has been provided with galleries that overlook the main hall. The raised platform on which temple has been built with stone is  in height. The temple hall has marble flooring. Recently, the eyes and the navel of the image have been decorated with ruby stones. On the right of the main entrance door is a shrine containing a Shiva-linga. In front of the temple, there is also an impressive lamp tower. The temple Shikhara (pinnacle) is decorated with sculptures of the Ashtavinayaka, central images from eight revered Ganesha temples near Pune, Maharashtra. In the main sanctum, on the right corner padukas (foot wear) of Shri Vengaonkar Joshi, a Ganesha devotee is also seen.

In May 2009, the temple trust and the Kalyan Dombivali Municipal Corporation (KDMC) have completed renovation of the temple – initiated 5 years ago. At a cost of , the renovation work provides regulated entry arrangements and basic facilities to cater to a very large number of devotees who visit the temple. The lake, Titwala Talav next to the temple, has also been de-silted recently and facilities created for boating.

Devotees and auspicious days
Based on the popular legend narrated, Hindus believe that by devotional worship of the Titwala Ganesha, marriage to one's wished person will take place and marital discord will be happily resolved. The temple is visited by lacs of devotees, particularly on Angarika Chaturthi (Angariki) – a Tuesday that follows on the fourth day of the lunar bright fortnight. Tuesday as well as the fourth day of the lunar fortnight are considered auspicious days to worship Ganesha, both of which attract a fair number of worshippers to the temple. Ganesh Chaturthi and Ganesh Jayanti is celebrated with great fervour, when more than  people congregate for worship in the temple. Ganesh Chaturthi or Ganeshotsav is the central festival of Ganesha that falls on the fourth day of the bright lunar fortnight in the Hindu month of Bhadrapada (August–September). Ganesha Jayanti or Maghi Ganeshotsav is the birthday of Ganesha, which falls on the fourth day of the bright lunar fortnight in the Hindu month of Magha (January–February). The temple is often frequented by devotees from Mumbai.

Topography
The Kalu river, is a small river that flows close to Titwala in its upstream reaches. The Kalu River also flows close to Ambivali, a little farther from Titwala. This river after flowing westwards, in its downstream, receives the small Bhatsa River, which in turn joins the Ulhas River near Kalyan, an industrial suburb of Mumbai. In its further course of , the river receives effluents from several industrial units.

Other shrines
At this pilgrim centre, apart from the Ganesha Temple, the other famous temple is dedicated to Vithoba, a local form of Krishna and his consort Rukmini. Sri Shani Temple is near Sri swamy Samarth Math, Sadguru Nivas, Titwala (E). Sri Sai Baba Temple at Titwala (E), Sri Hanuman Temple is near Titwala Station. Another renowned temple is at Ambarnath, close by, which is dated to the 11th century, constructed in the Hemadpanthi style of architecture, which is named after its introducer and founder, prime minister Hemadpant in the court of Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri. Vaishno Devi temple is nestled in Titwala 22 minutes walking distance from Titwala station east towards south direction. It is a temple of Mata Bhavtarini – Vaishno Devi. Manju Mataji takes care of this temple and organised Chowki's either on Tuesdays or Fridays every week. Big Chowki comes twice a year in Navratri on Ashtami. Manju mata (Ludhiana) and second is in Titwala (Thane). People do come in huge numbers around  for darshan of mata rani. Durga Puja during October is also known as Akal Bodhon or untimely invocation, Vasant Navratri, also known as Chaitra Navratras or Spring Navratri or Basant Navratri. As this Navratra coincides with Ram Navami, it also referred as Ram Navratri. Vasant Navratri (Chaitra). Lord Ram who changed the period of Durga Puja. Lord Ram wanted to get the blessings of Goddess Durga before beginning the war with Ravana. Therefore, he invoked Goddess Durga during Ashwin (October – November).Devotees are not allowed to wear any leather articles like wallet, belt and handy bag. Transport facilities are available from station.

References

Ganesha temples
Hindu temples in Maharashtra
Tourist attractions in Thane district

Siddhivinayak Mahaganapati Temple


Paratyphoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a waterborne disease. It is caused by the bacterium Salmonella paratyphi. It is related to typhoid fever, but like typhoid, it is unrelated to typhus. Symptoms include:

Fever,
Abdominal pain
Swelling of the liver or spleen
Slow heart rate.

The disease is rarely fatal and people usually recover in a few days, but some people can carry the bacteria for months.

Diseases caused by bacteria

Paratyphoid fever


Tuenti is a mobile operator brand owned by the Spanish company Tuenti Technologies, S.L.U. Telefónica bought 100% of the company back in 2011.

Before, Tuenti was also the most popular social network in Spain between 2009 and 2012 with up 15 million registered users.

Tuenti works in Spain as a full virtual mobile operator (MVNO) using Telefónica's mobile network. Tuenti was launched by Telefónica in Latin-America in 2014 as a whole new brand.

References

Social networking

Tuenti


The Sons of Eilaboun is a documentary movie by the Palestinian artist and movie maker Hisham Zreiq (Zrake). It was released in 2007. It tells the story of one of the massacres committed by the newly formed Israeli army during Operation Hiram. The massacres were committed in Eilaboun, a village in the northern Galilee between Nazareth and the Sea of Galilee. In the Eilabun massacre, fourteen men were killed, and twelve of them were executed. The village people were expelled to Lebanon and became refugees for a few months. The villagers eventually managed to return secretly.

Synopsis

The movie starts with Melia Zreiq (an old woman from Eilaboun) saying

"I hope God will bring peace to this land, and let the peoples live together - a good life. I hope there will be peace."

Ilan pappe takes about Plan Dalet, a plan that David Ben-Gurion and the Haganah leaders in Palestine worked out during autumn 1947 to spring 1948, and explains the details of the plan, and how was it performed. In October 30th, 1948, the Israeli army entered Eilaboun at approximately 5 AM. They then forced the people of Eilaboun together in the main square of the village. They chose seventeen young men. Five of them were taken as human shield, and the rest of the twelve were killed, each in a different location. This all happened after the expulsion of the rest of the village to Lebanon, where they became refugees after a five days forced march to Lebanon. After a UN peace keeper observed and reported Israel was forced to allow the people back.

That same night, the Israeli army entered Eilaboun, a then Christian village in the northern Galilee between Nazareth and the sea of Galilee. Most of the villagers were hiding in the two village churches.

The soldiers ordered the people to gather in the village square, while going out of the Catholic Church the soldiers shot at the people killing an old man, making him the first victim. The soldiers chose seventeen men, and ordered the village to walk to Maghar, a village five kilometers to the north of Eilaboun. Shortly after the people left the village, the soldiers executed twelve of the young men, and five were taking to drive an army vehicle as human shields and later sent to a prisoners of war camp. The Israeli army had looted Eilaboun but left the houses.

When the villagers reached Maghar, the soldiers ordered them to continue to Kafr 'Inan, where the near Kafr Inan another man was killed, making the number of victims fourten. Kafr 'Inan and Eilaboun were both expelled to Farradiyya, a nearby village. The Israeli soldiers gathered the people of Eilaboun, Kafr 'Inan and Farradiyya (al-Farradiyya), looted the people and took all worthy. They spent the night in Farradiyya. In the morning the Israeli soldiers separated the women, children and the old from the men. The young men from the three villages were sent to prisoner of war camps. The women, children and the old of the three villages were marched to Mirun where they spent three nights without any food or water. At Mirun, the Israelis put everyone in two cattle trucks, and took them to Rmeish (in Lebanon). Kafr 'Inan and Farradiyya were later razed to the ground by the Israeli army.

About 52 villagers were left in the village, mainly old people and children. The priests complained about the expulsion of the villagers and demanded their return. Following a UN investigation and pressure activated by the Vatican, the villagers eventually managed to return clandestinely. After 6 months from the massacre most of the villagers managed to come back from Lebanon, and all the men were released from the prisoners of war camps.

Awards and festivals
The movie won the Al-Awda award in 2008, and was screened in many festivals and events as:
 Sixth Annual International Al-Awda Convention 2008, USA
 Boston Palestine Film Festival 2008, USA
 Remembering the Nakba: 60 Years of Dispossession
 Regards Palestiniens, Montreal, Canada
 International İzmir Short Film Festival 2008, Izmir, Turkey
 Amal The International Euro-Arab film Festival 2008, Spain
 Carthage Film Festival 2008 (Palestine: To remember section), Carthage, Tunisia
 Chicago Palestine Film Festival, 2009

References
 Official website

 When it all began (The long version of The sons of Eilaboun)

Documentaries
2000s historical movies
2007 movies
Arab–Israeli conflict
English-language movies
Multilingual movies

The Sons of Eilaboun


ScotRail rins aw hamelt railwey onwaitins in Scotland, an the ower-Mairch Caledonian Sleeper onwaitin tae Lunnon an aw.

On 17t October, 2004, First teuk ower the onwaitin fae National Express, the first tid the franchise haen tae be renegotiatit syne the quatein o British Rail.

Netwirk
The hail o the netwirk is 2,729 km (1,696 miles), an it haunled 66.1 million vaiges in 2003-4.

The densest pairt o the netwirk is the suburban ane roond aboot Glesca wi 183 stances - the seicont muckle maist suburban rail netwirk in the Unitit Kinrick efter Lunnon. Maist o it os 25kV AC electrick. Glesca's main stances are Central and Queen Street. Awtho ScotRail operate trains in this airt, they dae sae ablo the cry o Strathclyde Passenger Transport, wha mak the tid-brods.

Edinburgh's netwirk is weer than Glesca's but is yit extensive - main stance is Waverley Station.

Express services gang atween Edinburgh, Glesca, Innerness an Aiberdeen.

Landwart lines include the West Highland, Kyle an Faur North Lines.

Maist o Scotland's 340 stances are operatit fae First ScotRail wi Network Rail haein aucht - the exception bein Prestwick International Airport (Prestwick International Airport), Dunbar (GNER), Edinburgh Waverley an Glesca Central (baith Network Rail).

Fleet

The present diesel fleet is comprised o a munge o Breetish Rail Cless 156 Sprinter an Breetish Rail Cless 158 Express Sprinter units, that wis gat throu the Breetish Rail era, an Breetish Rail Cless 170 Turbostar sets gat efter privatisation.

The praisent electrick fleet includes Breetish Rail Cless 314, Breetish Rail Cless 318, Breetish Rail Cless 320, Breetish Rail Cless 322 an Breetish Rail Cless 334 units.

The Scotland-Euston owernicht services are comprised o ex-InterCity, Breetish Rail Merk 2 an Breetish Rail Merk 3|Merk coaches, that are hauled by EWS locomotives.

Throu 2005, the Edinburgh-North Berwick line wis operated by EWS-Breetish Rail Cless 90 electrick locomotives wi umwhile Virgin Trains Merk 3 coaches. In ahint 2005, Breetish Rail Cless 322 units wis reintroduced ontae the line. A refurbishment programme is takkin place for thae units. It is confeered bad uise o resources tae uiss diesel trains oan a fu'y electric line.

Performance ahint the haund 2004

The performance feegurs for National Express's hint raith as franchise hauders, Julie tae September 2004, are:
 82.8% o trains winnin til inouth 5 meenits o the scheduled tid. Doon 4.2% on the same raith the fernyear.
 84.2% o trains winnin til inouth 5 meenits o the scheduled tid. Doon 1.0% on the fernyear as a hail

The performance feegurs for First Group's foremaist raith as franchise hauders, October to Dizember 2004, are:
 79.8% o trains winnin til inouth 5 meenits o the scheduled tid. Doon 1.9% on the same raith the fernyear
 83.7% o trains winnin til inouth 5 meenits o the scheduled tid. Doon 0.5% on the fernyear as a hail.

Railwey companies o Scotland
Companies based in Aiberdeen
Companies o Scotland
Transport in Scotland
Rail transport in Scotland
First Group railwey companies
Train operatin companies
Scots buists

ScotRail