The Treo 90 is a Palm OS PDA developed by Handspring. It was released on May 28, 2002. The Treo 90 was the only Treo model produced without an integrated cellular phone. When first released it was the smallest Palm OS device on the market.

Design
The Treo 90 features a 12-bit standard (160x160) resolution color super-twisted nematic display, LED backlighting, a miniature QWERTY keyboard that replaces the usual Graffiti on other PDAs, an infrared port and an SD card slot.

ROM update
The original Palm OS (4.1H) lacks SDIO support and reportedly has trouble formatting 128 megabyte SanDisk cards. The Treo 90 Updater addresses this problem and adds some other edits. The update is not a software patch but is burned into ROM.

The ROM 4.1H3 update allows the use of SD Cards up to 1GB (confirmed).

Additionally the new SDIO capability allows users to expand the device's features with two expansion cards: the Palm Bluetooth card, which allows the Treo 90 to access the Internet, email and messages wirelessly with a Bluetooth-enabled mobile phone and MARGI Systems Presenter-and-Go which connects the Treo 90 directly to digital LCD projectors or other VGA devices to show business presentations stored on the Treo in full color.

See also
List of Palm OS Devices
Palm Treo
Palm OS

References

External links
Official Palm site

Palm OS devices
68k-based mobile devices

Treo 90


A tavern, also known as a saloon or bar, is a place where alcoholic drinks (such as beer, wine, or spirits) are served. While the word "tavern" used to be common in England, in the 19th century the word began to be seen as old fashioned. The current term today in England is "pub" which comes from public house. However, taverns remain a popular part of fantasy stories and games. The term is still commonly used in the United States.

Related pages
Public house (pub)
Bar (business)

Places where alcohol is served

Tavern


A newspaper is a publication printed on paper and issued regularly, usually once a day or once a week. It gives information and opinions about current events and news.  Usually people like to read them to stay informed about their local city, state or country.  Newspapers can be delivered to one's home, by subscription.  One also can buy a newspaper at a store or at a newsstand.  Recycling of paper is common.  It may be converted to new paper, for example.

Newspapers usually have many topics.  They usually include political events, crime, business, sports, and weather news.  Newspapers use photographs to illustrate stories; and also often include comics and other entertainment, such as crosswords and horoscopes.  Many have opinion sections.  These sections print the opinions of people who work for the newspaper.  The opinions, which are usually on stories in the news, are called editorials.  Opinion sections usually also print short letters from people who read the newspaper.

Related pages
 Media studies

Other websites
 Newspapers from List of Newspapers - Online Newspapers Directory

Printing
Reference works

Newspaper


Spaghetti Westerns were a name given to low-budget Western movies, which were made by Italian movie companies in the late 1960s. They were different from the American western movies, usually filmed in Italian, had limited budgets, filmed on location in Spain and Italy with minimal sets, and many close-ups and artistic shots. Perhaps the most well-known of these movies is "The Man with No Name" trilogy: A Fistful of Dollars (1964), For a Few Dollars More (1965), and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966). All three of these movies were directed by Sergio Leone, featured music by Ennio Morricone, and starred American actor Clint Eastwood as the main character.

Other websites
Spaghetti Western Database

Western (genre) movies

Spaghetti Western


Konstantin Schmidt von Knobelsdorf (Frankfurt (Oder), 13 December 1860 – Glücksburg, 1 September 1936) was a Prussian military officer, and a general in the First World War.

He joined the German army at the age of 18. By 1912 he was Major general and Oberquartiermeister of the German General Staff. In 1914 he was promoted to Lieutenant general.

At the outbreak of World War I, he became Chief of Staff of the 5th German Army, which was formally led by Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany. But the Crown Prince was only thirty-two years old and had never commanded a unit larger than a regiment, and was therefore ordered by his father the Emperor to always follow the advice of his experienced Chief of Staff.

Schmidt von Knobelsdorf was one of the main architects of the plans to launch a major attack against the French at Verdun in February 1916. As de facto leader of the 5th Army, it was also Schmidt von Knobelsdorf who directed the attack and who pushed for victory at all costs. This led to several conflicts with the Crown Prince.
When the attacks didn't deliver the expected results, Schmidt von Knobelsdorf was awarded the Pour le Mérite with Oak Leaves on 21 August 1916, and moved to command the X Corps at the Eastern Front.
As Chief of Staff of the 5th Army, he was replaced by Walther von Lüttwitz.

Until the end of the war, he remained commander of the X Corps, which was moved to the Western Front by the end of 1916. He was promoted to General of the Infantry just before the Armistice.

Schmidt von Knobelsdorf retired from the Army on 30 September 1919.

References

External links
Lexikon Erster Weltkrieg

1860 births
1936 deaths
German Army generals of World War I
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
People from Frankfurt (Oder)
Generals of Infantry (Prussia)
Military personnel from Brandenburg

Konstantin Schmidt von Knobelsdorf


Black Circle (or motive 1915) is a 1924 oil on canvas painting by the Kiev-born Russian artist Kazimir Malevich, founder of the Russian Suprematism movement. From the mid-1910s, Malevich abandoned any trace of figurature or representation from his paintings in favour of pure abstraction.

The work depicts a monumental perfect black circle floating on a flat white background. It is, along with his Black Square of 1915, one of his most well known early works in this field, depicting pure geometrical figures in primary colours. The motif of a black circle was displayed in December 1915 at the '0.10' Exhibition in St. Petersburg along with 34 other of his abstract works. The exhibition coincided with the publication of his manifesto "From Cubism to Suprematism" and launched the radical Suprematism movement. Malevich described the painting, along with the similar Black Square and Black Cross (both 1915), in spiritual terms; "new icons" for the aesthetics of modern art, and believed that their clarity and simplicity reflected traditional Russian piety. In these notions, his art and ideas later chimed with those of the Bolsheviks. However, while the paintings found favour with intellectuals, they did not appeal to the general viewer and as a result Malevich lost official approval. He was later persecuted by Stalin, who had an implicit mistrust of all modern art.

In his manifesto, Malevich described the paintings as "desperate struggle to free art from the ballast of the objective world" by focusing only on pure form. He sought to paint works that could be understood by all, but at the same time would have an emotional impact comparable to religious works. In 1990, the art critic Michael Brenson noted of the works, "The one constant in Malevich's Suprematism is the white ground. It is utterly selfless and anonymous yet distinct. It is a dense emptiness, or full void. It is atmospheric yet it has little air, and it does not suggest sky. It does not envelop or squeeze the rectangles, rings and lines. It is ready and available but not transparent. It is not open or closed but both at the same time. Some white shapes nestle inside it. Most shapes stick to it. Nothing is trapped. Everything seems held yet free. Shape and whiteness are different but they never struggle." In 1924, the work, along with the Square and Cross, hung at the 14th Venice Biennale. Malevich's work of this period went on to have a significant influence on 20th-century art, most especially on photography of the 1920s and 30s and on the op art movement of the 1960s.

When Malevich died in 1934, he was buried in a coffin decorated by Nikolai Suetin with a black square at the head and a black circle at the foot.

Gallery

Notes

Sources
Gray, Camilla. The Great Experiment: Russian Art, 1863-1922. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1962
Farthing, Stephen. 1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die. Cassel Illustrated, 2011.
Néret, Gilles. Kazimir Malevich 1878-1935 and Suprematism. Taschen, 2003.

1924 paintings
Suprematism (art movement)
Paintings by Kazimir Malevich
Collections of the Russian Museum

Black Circle


A multi-sport event is an organized sporting event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports among organized teams of athletes from (mostly) nation-states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of international significance was the Olympic Games, first held in modern times in 1896 in Athens, Greece and inspired by the Ancient Olympic Games, one of a number of such events held in antiquity. Most modern multi-sports events have the same basic structure. Games are held over the
course of several days in and around a "host city", which changes for each competition. Countries send national teams to each competition, consisting of individual athletes and teams that compete in a wide variety of sports.  Athletes or teams are awarded gold, silver or bronze medals for first, second and third place respectively. Each games are generally held every four years, though some are annual competitions.

Multi-sport event


Gehenna is a valley around Jerusalem. In the Hebrew Bible it is known as the Valley of the Son of Hinnom. The Valley of Hinnom is the modern name for the valley surrounding the Old City of Jerusalem, including Mount Zion. It meets the Kidron Valley near the southeastern corner of the city. It ends near Mamilla neighbourhood in the west.

An ancient river, Gai Ben-Hinnom, passes through the valley.

Gallery

Other websites

 Short guide to today's Valley of Hinnom, with biblical story
 Biblical Proper Names on the Valley of Hinnom
 Gehenna from the 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia
 The Jewish view of Hell on chabad.org
 Olam Ha-Ba: The Afterlife Judaism 101
 What Is Gehenna?  Ariela Pelaia, About religion, about.com
 What is Gehenna Like?: Rabbinic Descriptions of Gehenna  Ariela Pelaia, About religion, about.com
 A Christian Universalist perspective from Tentmaker.org
 A Christian Conditionalist perspective on Gehenna from Afterlife.co.nz

Jerusalem
Valleys

Gehenna


Infrared spectroscopy (sometimes called Infrared spectrometry) is a physical analysis method that uses infrared light. Typically, infrared spectroscopy uses a wavelength between 800nm and 1mm. The method can be used for quantitative analyses of known substances, or of the structural properties of unknown substances. Raman spectroscopy is another method that produces similar results. The main method used in infrared spectroscopy today is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which uses Fourier transforms.

Infrared vibrational spectroscopy can be used to identify molecules by listing their chemical bonds.  An IR spectrometer is a machine that shines infrared light from a set range of frequencies on a sample. It measures which exact light frequencies are absorbed by the sample.

Chemical bonds in a molecule make molecular vibrations at frequencies that are characteristic of the bonds. A group of atoms in a molecule may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule, then it will absorb a photon which has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. The spectrometer records all the frequencies of absorption in a sample. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).

Analytical chemistry
Physical chemistry
Infrared

Infrared spectroscopy


Physiological agonism describes the action of a substance which ultimately produces the same effects in the body as another substance—as if they were both agonists at the same receptor—without actually binding to the same receptor. Physiological antagonism describes the behavior of a substance that produces effects counteracting those of another substance (a result similar to that produced by an antagonist blocking the action of an agonist at the same receptor) using a mechanism that does not involve binding to the same receptor.

Examples

Physiological agonists
Epinephrine induces platelet aggregation, and so does hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Thus, they are physiological agonists to each other.

Physiological antagonists
There are several substances that have antihistaminergic action despite not being ligands for the histamine receptor. For instance, epinephrine raises arterial pressure through vasoconstriction mediated by A1-adrenergic receptor activation, in contrast to histamine, which lowers arterial pressure. Thus, despite not being true antihistamines because they do not bind to and block the histamine receptor, epinephrine and other such substances are physiological antagonists to histamine.

References

Medical terminology
Pharmacodynamics
Physiology
Receptor agonists

Physiological agonism and antagonism


Georg Tintner,  (22 May 19172 October 1999) was an Austrian conductor whose career was principally in New Zealand, Australia, and Canada.  Although best known as a conductor, he was also a composer (he considered himself a composer who conducted).

As a child he was a singer in the Vienna Boys' Choir, the first Jew ever to be accepted; at that time the choir was directed by Franz Schalk. At the Vienna State Academy he studied composition with Joseph Marx and conducting with Felix Weingartner. Soon he was assistant conductor of the Vienna Volksoper.

Due to the persecution of Jews, Tintner moved out of Vienna in 1938, arriving in Auckland, New Zealand in 1940. En route, he was falsely accused of being a German spy and arrested in Australia. He conducted a church choir until after the war, when he took over the Auckland Choral Society in 1947, and the Auckland String Players in 1948. He became a New Zealand citizen in 1946. In 1954, he went to Australia and became resident conductor of the National Opera of Australia (a private company) before joining the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust Opera in 1957. Tintner is credited with pioneering televised opera in Australia.

He spent a year with the Cape Town Municipal Orchestra (1966–67) and three years with Sadler's Wells Opera (1967–70) before returning to Australia as music director of the West Australian Opera. In 1974, he rejoined the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust Opera, by then known as the Australian Opera. He became music director of the Queensland Theatre Orchestra in 1976.

In 1987 he moved to Canada, where he became director of Symphony Nova Scotia. In 1998, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. On 2 October 1999, after a six-year struggle with cancer, he jumped to his death from the balcony of his 11th-storey Halifax apartment.

Tintner was described as "one of the greatest living Bruckner conductors." He recorded a much-praised complete cycle of Bruckner symphonies for the Naxos CD label shortly before the end of his life (recording sessions: 1995–98). In addition to the eleven symphonies this cycle includes the 1876 Adagio and the 1878 'Volksfest Finale'.

Naxos is also releasing a "Tintner Memorial Edition" comprising re-releases of some of his earlier recordings of composers other than Bruckner. A disc of Tintner's piano music has also been released by the same label, valuably revealing a side of the man long-forgotten since his student days. Some of his own early compositions have been recorded: Violin Sonata, Piano Sonata, Trauermusik, Chopin Variations, and Prelude.

His daughter was the dancer Hephzibah Tintner (1971–2001), whom he named after the pianist Hephzibah Menuhin. She was the partner of then Lord Mayor of Sydney and later NSW (Labor Party) state politician Frank Sartor.

References

External links
 Biography
 Biography
 [ Article]
 Georg Tintner - The Gift of Being Simple
 Georg Tintner - A Displaced Life (Article by Radio New Zealand)

Male conductors (music)
Austrian male composers
Austrian composers
Jewish classical musicians
Members of the Order of Canada
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss
Austrian emigrants to New Zealand
Musicians from Vienna
Suicides by jumping in Canada
1917 births
1999 suicides
Suicides in Nova Scotia
Pupils of Joseph Marx
20th-century Austrian conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian male musicians
20th-century Austrian composers
1999 deaths

Georg Tintner


The Foundation series is a series of seven science fiction stories written by Isaac Asimov. They follow on from each other.

The three original books
Foundation was originally a series of eight short stories published in Astounding Magazine between May 1942 and January 1950. According to Asimov, the premise was based on ideas set forth in Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

Asimov wrote the three books Foundation, Foundation and Empire and the Second Foundation in 19501952. They dealt with a remarkable two-part idea. The Foundation was a research project, run by advanced social forecasting and social planning. It is based on the ideas of the character called Hari Seldon. Seldon developed "psychohistory". This method predicts the future, but only on a large scale. Seldon foresees the fall of the Galactic Empire, which includes the entire Milky Way, and a dark age lasting 30,000 years before a second great empire arises.

Foundation and Empire tells how the Empire was destroyed, and what followed.
The Foundation takes over what remains of the Empire, and applies its social science methods. The now peaceful galaxy is disrupted by an unpredictable event. A mysterious person arises.  He is known only as the Mule. The Mule  is a mutant, and can sense and manipulate the emotions of others, often creating fear. He uses this ability to take over the independent systems bordering the Foundation, and conquers the Galaxy.

Second Foundation is about the Mule's search for the Second Foundation, which has been tucked away in a hard-to-find part of the galaxy. As the Mule comes closer to finding it, the mysterious Second Foundation comes out of hiding to face him. It is a collection of the most intelligent humans in the galaxy. Using its strongest minds, the Second Foundation wears down the Mule. His destructive attitude is adjusted to a benevolent one. He returns to rule over his kingdom peacefully for the rest of his life, without any further thought of conquering the Second Foundation.

The later books
Thirty years later, he wrote the sixth and seventh books that tell what happened later. Then he wrote the first and second books that tell what happened before.

The books in order of the plot are:

Prelude to Foundation
Forward the Foundation
Foundation
Foundation and Empire
Second Foundation
Foundation's Edge
Foundation and Earth

An account of the series is as follows:

10,000 years in the future, all humans in the Galaxy live in an empire, ruled by an Emperor on the planet Trantor. Dr. Hari Seldon, a mathematician , arrives on Trantor to give a talk. He has an idea that the history of the human race can be predicted by mathematics, but the problem is too much for him alone. Seldon can see that the fall of the empire is coming and wants to help preserve the science of humans.

With the assistance of Dors Venabili, Yugo Amaryl and many others, Seldon spends his whole life to create a 'Foundation'. This foundation is a colony of scientists on Terminus, which is an isolated planet far away from Trantor. Their job is to become the foundation for a new empire. He is also assisted by Eto Demerzel, a high government official, who is secretly a robot named Daneel Olivaw. Daneel is many thousands of years old. Seldon asks his grand-daughter Wanda, who has unusual mental powers, to help create a secret Second Foundation.

After Seldon's death, the people on Terminus create new and powerful technology. They take over nearby planets and start trading with other planets. The Foundation fights the armies of the empire that attack them, but as Seldon thought would happen, the empire armies are defeated.

A mysterious man, known only as the Mule, has begun taking over planets belonging to the Foundation with his armies. No-one has seen him and no one knows how he manages to conquer them. Ebling Mis, a scientist, thinks he has discovered the reason; the Mule has mental powers that help him to make his enemies loyal to him. Mis has also discovered where the Second Foundation is located, but dies before he can tell anyone.

The leader of the secretive Second Foundation, who also has strong mental powers, comes face-to-face with the Mule, and adjusts his mind so that he will not conquer anymore and will leave the Foundation alone.

Golan Trevize, a politician on Terminus, travels by spaceship with Janov Pelorat, to find the Second Foundation. They visit many planets but find no evidence of it. But Pelorat thinks that it may exist on the planet known as Earth.

Meanwhile, Stor Gendibal, a prominent member of the Second Foundation, discovers that people with mental powers – known as Mentalics – exist. They are a force as powerful as the Mule was, and more powerful than even the Second Foundation.

Trevize and Pelorat discover a planet called Gaia, which is inhabited solely by Mentalics. Trevize is made to decide what the future of the galaxy will be. Gaia plans to absorb the entire Galaxy into one shared intellect.  Gendibal is sent back home to the Second Foundation, which is actually secretly based on Trantor.

Trevize and Pelorat continue with the search for Earth with an inhabitant of Gaia known as Bliss. They search for a long time and eventually discover Earth. Earth no longer has any people living on it. They travel to the Earth's satellite, known as the Moon. There they meet a robot called Daneel Olivaw.

Olivaw explains that he has been guiding human history for thousands of years, and that he helped Seldon to set up the original Foundation. This is how the Seldon plan has remained on course. Olivaw tells them that his electronic brain cannot last much longer and that he is going to die. He explains that he must combine his mind with an organic (human) mind before this happens.

Isaac Asimov planned to continue the stories, but was unable to do so. Other authors have written stories to suggest what happened next.

Science fiction books
Isaac Asimov

Foundation series


Natural units are ways of measuring things that depend on some basic characteristics of nature that do not change. Which of these basic quantities to choose can depend on the physics problems being investigated, and sometimes choosing one thing as a natural unit means that the size of something else does not become used as a natural unit in that system.

The old system of English measurements such as the pound are based on convenient objects in the natural world. The "grain" is the smallest of these objects, and originally it meant the weight of a grain of wheat or barley. Each individual grain might be slightly larger or smaller than the next, but the more grains were added together to make a larger measure, the more these little differences would even out. Even so, these measures were not entirely precise and did not relate to other measures such as the inch or the foot.

In order to make calculations simpler and units more precise, the Metric system was based on facts of nature such as the size of the Earth, the length of a day, and the density of water. Difficulties later developed and other standards are used now for the old measures.

Eventually it turned out that the mass of an electron or the mass of a proton were more useful standards to use for mass. All electrons are believed to have the same mass, and all protons are believed to have their own standard mass. But there is no simple mathematical relationship between the two masses.

The speed of light, c, is a constant. So c is a very natural choice to use as a standard for measuring velocity.

One choice for a standard of length is the Bohr radius. The simplest atom, hydrogen, only has one electron, and its smallest possible orbit, that with the lowest energy, is at a distance from the nucleus called the Bohr radius.

With a standard for measuring distances and a standard for velocity, it would be possible to derive one standard unit of time. In practice, there are several ways of defining units of time. One of the most widely known ways to measure time by natural cycles is by using atomic clocks.

Physics

Natural units


Post codes in Malta are seven-character strings that form part of a postal address in Malta. Post codes were first introduced in 1991 by the mail operator MaltaPost. Like those in the United Kingdom and Canada, they are alphanumeric.

Format
Since 2007, Maltese post codes consist of three letters that differ by locality, and four numbers. For example, an address in the capital Valletta would have the following postcode:

Malta Chamber of Commerce
Exchange Buildings
Republic Street
Valletta VLT 1117

Exceptionally some postcodes begin with two letters - TP (Tigne Point).

Pre-2007 Format

In the previous format, the post codes consisted of three letters and two digits, written after the name of the locality.

Malta Chamber of Commerce
Exchange Buildings
Republic Street
Valletta VLT 05

Post Codes and Localities

These are the different post codes and the localities that use them:

ATD: Attard (including Ta' Qali)
BBG: Birżebbuġa (including Ħal Far, Kalafrana and Qajjenza)
BKR: Birkirkara (including Fleur-de-Lys, Mrieħel and Swatar)
BML: Bormla (Cospicua)
BRG: Birgu (Vittoriosa)
BZN: Balzan
DGL: Dingli
FGR: Fgura
FNT: Fontana
FRN: Floriana
GDJ: Gudja
GHR: Għargħur
GRB: Għarb
GSM: Għajnsielem
GSR: Għasri
GXQ: Għaxaq
GZR: Gżira (including Manoel Island)
HMR: Ħamrun
IKL: Iklin
ISL: Isla (Senglea)
KCM: Kerċem (including Santa Luċija)
KKP: Kirkop
KKR: Kalkara
KMN: Kemmuna (Comino)
LJA: Lija
LQA: Luqa (including Ħal Farruġ)
MDN: Mdina
MFN: Marsalforn
MGR: Mġarr (including part of Għajn Tuffieħa and Żebbiegħ)
MLH: Mellieħa (including Ċirkewwa, Għadira, part of Għajn Tuffieħa, Manikata and Marfa)
MQB: Mqabba
MRS: Marsa
MSD: Msida (including Swatar)
MSK: Marsaskala
MST: Mosta (including part of Bidnija)
MTF: Mtarfa
MTP: MaltaPost Marsa complex
MXK: Marsaxlokk
MXR: Munxar
NDR: Nadur
NXR: Naxxar (including Baħar iċ-Ċagħaq, Birguma, Magħtab, Salina and San Pawl tat-Tarġa)
PBK: Pembroke
PLA: Paola (Raħal Ġdid)
PTA: Pietà (including Gwardamanġa)
QLA: Qala
QRD: Qrendi
QRM: Qormi
RBT: Rabat (including Baħrija, Mtaħleb and Tal-Virtù)
SCM: SmartCity Malta
SFI: Safi
SGN: San Ġwann (including Kappara)
SGW: Siġġiewi
SLC: Santa Luċija
SLM: Sliema
TP: Tigne Point
SLZ: San Lawrenz
SNT: Sannat
SPB: Saint Paul's Bay (San Pawl il-Baħar) (including Buġibba, Burmarrad, part of Bidnija, Pwales, Qawra, San Martin, Wardija and Xemxija)
STJ: Saint Julians (San Ġiljan) (including Paceville)
SPK: Spinola Park
SVR: Santa Venera
SWQ: Swieqi (including Ibraġ and Madliena)
TXN: Tarxien
VCT: Victoria (Rabat)
VLT: Valletta
XBX: Ta' Xbiex
XJR: Xgħajra
XLN: Xlendi
XRA: Xagħra
XWK: Xewkija
ZBB: Żebbuġ, Gozo
ZBG: Żebbuġ, Malta
ZBR: Żabbar (including Saint Peters)
ZRQ: Żurrieq (including Bubaqra)
ZTN: Żejtun

References
 MaltaPost p.l.c. Post Code Enquiry

Malta
Postal system of Malta

Postal codes in Malta


Derek Parfit (11 December 1942 – 1 January 2017) was a British philosopher. He specialized in problems of personal identity, rationality, ethics, and the relations among them.

Early life
Parfit was born in Chengdu, China. His parents, Jessie and Norman Parfit, were British medical doctors who moved to Western China. After a year in China, Parfit moved to Oxford, England where he was raised. He studied at the University of Oxford.

Career
Parfit's 1984 book Reasons and Persons has been very well known to other philosophers. His last book, On What Matters (2011), was widely published and discussed for many years before its publication.

Parfit worked at Oxford University for all of his academic career. He was an Emeritus Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. He was also a visiting professor of philosophy at New York University, Harvard University, and Rutgers University. He was awarded the 2014 Rolf Schock Prize "for his groundbreaking contributions concerning personal identity, regard for future generations, and analysis of the structure of moral theories."

Personal life
Parfit was an experienced photographer and a poet. He was married to the philosopher Janet Radcliffe Richards.

Parfit died in London, England on 1 January 2017, aged 74.

References

Other websites
Profile, All Souls College, Oxford
Derek Parfit: a bibliography. A complete bibliography of writings.
Parfit's Climbing the Mountain reading group on PEA Soup
A Small Amount of Biographical Information

1942 births
2017 deaths
British philosophers
Academics of the University of Oxford

Derek Parfit


Steven Ng-Sheong Cheung ( born December 1, 1935) is a Hong Kong-born American economist who specializes in the fields of transaction costs and property rights, following the approach of new institutional economics. He achieved his public fame with an economic analysis on China open-door policy after the 1980s. In his studies of economics, he focuses on economic explanation that is based on real world observation (an observation first approach). He is also the first to introduce concepts from the Chicago School of Economics, especially price theory, into China.  In 2016, Cheung claimed to have written "1,500 articles and 20 books in Chinese" during his academic career.

He obtained his PhD in economics from UCLA, where his teachers were the American economists Armen Alchian and Jack Hirshleifer. He taught in the Department of Economics at the University of Washington from 1969 to 1982, and then at the University of Hong Kong from 1982 to 2000. During this period, Cheung reformed the syllabus of Hong Kong's A-level Economics examination, adding the concepts of the postulate of constrained maximization, methodology, transaction cost and property right, most of which originate from the theories of the Chicago school.

Academic career
A Hakka of Huiyang, Guangdong ancestry  born in Hong Kong in 1935, Cheung fled to mainland China in 1941 due to the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong. From 1959 to 1967, he studied economics at UCLA and prepared a PhD dissertation. From 1967 to 1969, he did postdoctoral research at the University of Chicago, analysing share tenancy and variable rural land resource allocation, and was hired as an assistant professor after impressing Milton Friedman in a debate. In 1969, he moved to the University of Washington where he taught until 1982. Under the advice of several friends, including Ronald Coase, he returned to Hong Kong as a professor in University of Hong Kong to support the economic reforms of China.

Unlike modern mainstream economists, Cheung's analysis does not rely on advanced mathematical techniques but solely on the two basic building blocks of price theory: one is the axiom of constrained maximisation and the other, the law of demand (one that already incorporates the law of diminishing marginal returns). One of the constraints which he emphasizes most is transaction cost (or better termed institutional cost).

His theory of share tenancy has enhanced the understanding of contractual arrangement, which was largely ignored by neo-classical economists. According to Cheung, sharecropping is not necessarily exploitative. It will achieve the same efficient allocation as labor markets under competition and zero transaction costs (Cheung, 1968). In the presence of transaction costs, sharecropping can be efficient by lowering the monitoring costs of wage contracts and increasing risk-sharing benefits relative to rent contracts (Cheung, 1969).

This implication is revolutionary; sharecropping was perceived as an inferior arrangement for years. After the publication of "The Fable of the Bees: An Economic Investigation" (Cheung 1973), our perception of externalities is no longer the same: as long as corresponding property rights are clearly delineated, OR transaction cost is zero, externalities can be internalized through private negotiation/contract arrangement without government intervention.

In 1983, Cheung published probably his most important journal article, "The Contractual Nature of the Firm".  While a firm cannot be defined easily, Cheung interprets it as a kind of contractual arrangement being used to replace the market (i.e. price mechanism) to reduce transaction costs (e.g. the cost of price searching). Cheung once stated that when he finished writing the article, he knew that it would become a work that will last generations, and still be read a hundred years later. Thus, "[he] beheld the sky and laughed."

Outside of the academic world, Steven Cheung is most well known for his numerous writings directed at a popular audience, especially the Chinese public. He is also known for his famous wit; in 1969 he wrote an article "Irving Fisher and the Red Guards", published in the renowned Journal of Political Economy, arguing ironically that the activities of the Red Guards in China stemmed from their use of a "refined concept of capital". Unbeknownst to the readers, the article was written under considerable emotional pain; his close friend, the table tennis champion Rong Guotuan, had just committed suicide after being tortured by the Red Guards.

Cheung maintained a lifelong friendship with former mentors Ronald Coase and Milton Friedman, the latter of whom officiated his wedding. He accompanied Friedman in his numerous tours of China, and was present when Friedman met with Chinese leader Zhao Ziyang to discuss economic reforms.

Cheung was also an avid photographer. He took the most iconic photo of Milton Friedman, which was featured on the cover of Friedman's treatise Capitalism and Freedom.

Criticism
Nobel Prize winners like Ronald Coase and Joseph E. Stiglitz have acknowledged intellectual provocation by Cheung in their respective Nobel lectures. While referring to Cheung's "brilliant, valiant attempt" to prove that sharecropping does not matter to the incentives of the workers, Stiglitz credited Cheung's "unreasonable assumptions, especially concerning information" for motivating him to develop the theories of the role of information in economics.

Practical research
Steven Cheung is highly respected for his deep devotion to his research. In order to understand real life phenomena, he personally engaged in numerous economic activities, such as fish farming, selling citrus fruit, inspecting the petroleum industry, and haggling over the price of antiques. He has criticized the isolation of most economists from real life problems.

Contribution to economics and China's economic development
Cheung's contribution to economics and China's economic development can be roughly grouped in the following areas,

 New Institutional Economics
 how different kinds of contractual arrangement affect transaction costs, which are often ignored by neoclassical economists
 realizing the importance of transaction costs (as Cheung often mentions in his writings, if there is no transaction costs (the original starting point assumption by Coase), there is no difference in using different institutional arrangements (e.g. market or government)).
 the nature of the firm (a government, to a certain extent, is a firm and can be more efficient than the market in some areas),
 Methodology
 emphasis on economic explanation (according to Cheung, economic explanation is the ONLY objective of the study of economics);
 the analysis of relevant and observable real world constraints: Adam Smith's tradition,
 downward sloping demand curve: Neoclassical tradition,
 theories must be potentially refutable but not yet refuted (Cheung considers many mainstream concepts not observable, leading to the non-refutable nature of many theories (such as utilities, welfare))
 focus on capturing the underlying and relevant constraints to explain economic phenomena that might seem odd and strange on the surface.
 China's economic development
 Considerable influence among the Chinese speaking population (most of his works after 1982 are written in Chinese);
 Prediction of China's institutional reform (which, in general, has been quite accurate)
 Analysis of the deficiencies in the Chinese state owned enterprises

Comments on China's modernization
He wrote many books (in Chinese) commenting on China's modernization programs from an economic point of view. In the 1980s, Cheung predicted and strongly supported an economic transformation of China as a market economy. However, in that decade, China went through serious inflation, leading to strong economic, political and social tensions.

However, after 1992, China continued to reform economically. Cheung claimed that most of his predictions have come true.  One of his major ideas, the replacing of state-owned enterprises by private enterprises, turns out to be very consistent with the direction taken by Chinese political leaders and policy makers.

Later on, after the leaders of Shanghai began economic reforms, he predicted that it would immediately become one of the financial centers of the world, surpassing Hong Kong. The prediction was met with heavy skepticism, but turned out to be correct in some respect. As of 31 January 2015, Shanghai Stock Exchange overtook the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in terms of market capitalization. However, Shanghai has yet to catch up with Hong Kong in terms of financial infrastructure, and Shanghai's dream of overtaking Hong Kong has yet to be fully fulfilled.

Legal troubles
On January 28, 2003, Cheung was indicted on thirteen counts by a US federal grand jury. The charges consisted of six counts of filing a false income tax return, six counts of filing false foreign bank account reports, and one count of Conspiracy to Defraud the United States. Cheung was accused of failing to report incomes from Hong Kong parking lots and other business. As a U.S. citizen, Cheung is obliged to report incomes from anywhere in the world, even if he does not reside in the United States. The law is uncommon in other countries. Cheung insists that he relied on the advice of his tax consultant, and did not know he was supposed to report the income in question.

Experts have said that ignorance of the U.S. tax policy is common among U.S. expatriates; the U.S. government generally does not pursue investigations of failures to report overseas income for non-residents. When discovered, offenders are often simply requested to turn in the unpaid tax. It is unknown why the U.S. government chose to investigate Cheung, and further to pursue a federal grand jury indictment; journalists have suspected ulterior motives.

Originally a professor at University of Hong Kong, because of the extradition agreements between the US and Hong Kong, Cheung has since stayed in mainland China, a country that has no such agreements with America. He now writes books and works as a columnist for the China website ifeng.com. Occasionally, he pays visits to various universities in mainland China.

From 1998 to 2003, Cheung's company, Steven N. S. Cheung Inc. had a subsidiary in Seattle called Thesaurus Fine Arts, which specialized in Asian antique pieces. The store closed when a series of investigative reports in the Seattle Times alleged that many of the antiques were fake.  In 2004, the Washington State Attorney General filed consumer fraud charges against Thesaurus Fine Arts. In 2005, Thesaurus Fine Arts settled for up to $550,000 in fines, attorney fees, and restitution. Cheung was dropped from the case as a result. Cheung has denied ownership of Thesaurus. Thesaurus is a subsidiary of Steven N. S. Cheung Inc., but it is claimed that Cheung is "not an officer, director or shareholder" of Thesaurus.

Notable works

Doctoral thesis
 1969 The Theory of Share Tenancy, University of Chicago Press. Reprinted in June 2000 by Arcadia Press.

Selected books for general audiences
 1988 Orange Sellers Say, Sichuan People 's Publishing House
 2001 Economic Explanation, Arcadia Press, Reprinted in December 2002 by Arcadia Press
 Book I, The Science of Demand
 Book II, The Behavior of Supply
 Book III, The Choice of Institutional Arrangements
 2007 The Economic Structure of China, Arcadia Press
 2010 Currency Strategy Thesis, Arcadia Press
 2010 New Orange Sellers Say, Arcadia Press, Reprinted in May 2011 by Arcadia Press
 2011 Economic Explanation (2nd ed.), Arcadia Press
 Book I, The Science of Demand
 Book II, Income and Cost
 Book III, Price Taking and Price Searching
 Book IV, The Choice of Institutional Arrangements
 2014 Economic Explanation (3rd ed.), Arcadia Press
 2017 Economic Explanation (4th ed.), Arcadia Press
 Book I, The Science of Demand
 Book II, Income and Cost
 Book III, Price Taking and Price Searching
 Book IV, The General Theory of Contract
 Book V, The State Theory and the Theoretical Structure of Economic Explanation

Selected journal articles
 1968 "Private property rights and sharecropping", Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 76, Issue 6, pp. 1107–1122.
 1969 "Transaction Costs, Risk Aversion, and the Choice of Contractual Arrangements", Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 12, Issue 1, pp. 23–42.
 1970 "The Structure of a Contract and the Theory of a Non-Exclusive Resource", Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 49–70.
 1972 "Enforcement of Property Rights in Children, and the Marriage Contract", Economic Journal, Vol. 82, Issue 326, pp. 641–657.
 1973 "The Fable of the Bees: An Economic Investigation", Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 16, Issue 1, pp. 11–33.
 1974 "A Theory of Price Control", Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 17, Issue 1, pp. 53–71.
 1975 "Roofs or Stars: The Stated Intents and Actual Effects of a Rents Ordinance", Economic Inquiry, Volume 13, Issue 1, pp. 1–21.
 1977 "Why are better seats 'underpriced'", Economic Inquiry, Volume 15, Issue 4, pp. 513–522.
 1982 "Property Rights in Trade Secrets", Economic Inquiry, Volume 20, Issue 1, pp. 40–53.
 1983 "The Contractual Nature of The Firm", Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 26, Issue 1, pp. 1–26.
 1995 "Economic Interactions: China vis-a-vis Hong Kong", Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 1–9.
 1996 "A Simplistic General Equilibrium Theory of Corruption", Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 14, Issue 3, pp. 1–5.
 1998 "Deng Xiaoping's Great Transformation", Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 16, Issue 2, pp. 125–135.
 1998 "The Curse of Democracy as an Instrument of Reform in Collapsed Communist Economies", Contemporary Economic Policy, Volume 16, Issue 2, pp. 247–249.

References

External links
 Steven Cheung's official blog (in Simplified Chinese)
 Steven Cheung's video interviews (with Chinese subtitles)
 Department of Justice Statement on Warrants
 Seattle Times investigative reports on Thesaurus Fine Arts

1935 births
Living people
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
American people of Chinese descent
American people convicted of tax crimes
Hong Kong economists
Hong Kong emigrants to the United States
Hong Kong people of Hakka descent
People from Huizhou
Law and economics scholars
New institutional economists
People from Huiyang
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Hakka scientists
20th-century American economists
20th-century Chinese economists

Steven N. S. Cheung


The second USS General Greene was a frigate in the United States Navy during the Quasi-War with France.

Named after American Revolution General Nathaneal Greene, she was built under government contract by Benjamin Talman and James De Wolf at Warren, Rhode Island. Launched on 21 January 1799, the frigate was placed under command of Captain Christopher R. Perry. Perry's son, a young midshipman named Oliver Hazard Perry, was assigned to his father's ship.

General Greene sailed on 2 June 1799, joining the  in convoying five merchantmen to Havana. Damage suffered in a heavy gale caused her to put in at Havana for repairs, and her crew was struck with yellow fever. More than 20 died and the frigate returned to Newport, Rhode Island, on 27 July with 37 men in various stages of recovery. After a thorough cleaning, fumigation, and change of ballast, she departed Newport on 23 September 1799 to take station at Cap Francois, San Domingo.

General Greene remained off San Domingo for the following six months. In company with , on 1 December 1799 she assisted in the capture of the schooner Flying Fish and retook the American schooner Weymouth, which had been captured by French privateer Hope. Much of her time was spent watching over the rebellion against General Toussaint in Haiti. She blockaded the port of Jacmel to cut off supplies of the rebels, and gave direct gunfire support to General Toussaint's army in the capture of Jacmel on 27 February 1800. She remained at Jacmel as a possible haven for American citizens until 27 April, when she sailed with two representatives sent by General Toussaint for an audience with the President of the United States, John Adams. Stopping at New Orleans, she embarked General James Wilkinson and his family for transport home. General Greene then proceeded as escort for 12 merchantmen bound to Havana. She finally returned to Newport,  arriving on 21 July 1800.

General Greene's crew was discharged and the frigate remained idle at Newport, until Captain Perry was retired under the Peace Establishment Act of 3 April 1801, after which she was laid up in ordinary at the Washington Navy Yard. She served as a floating sick bay for frigate  in 1803, and was reduced to a sheer hulk in 1805.

The General Greene was destroyed by flames on 24 August 1814 when British troops captured Washington, D.C. during the War of 1812.

References

Sailing frigates of the United States Navy
Quasi-War ships of the United States
1799 ships

USS General Greene (1799)


A seam ripper is a cutting tool. It is used for removing stitches in sewing and cutting open buttonholes made on a sewing machine. Sometimes it is also called a thread ripper.

The tool usually has a handle, shaft, and head. The head has two points: one flattened to form a pointed blade and the other  forming a small point.

To use a seam ripper to remove sewn threads, the blade is placed underneath the thread to be cut. The thread slips down between the two points, and the tool is then lifted upwards allowing the blade to cut through the thread. Then the loose thread ends can be removed.

Cutting tools
Needlework

Seam ripper


Travelcard Zone 1 is the central zone of Transport for London's zonal system used for calculating co-ordinated inter-modal Travelcard fares within London. London is split into six (approximately concentric) zones for the purpose of determining the cost of London transport fares on the London Underground and Docklands Light Railway, but not journeys undertaken entirely by bus or tram, for which a city-wide flat fare applies.

Related pages
 Transport for London

London Underground

Travelcard Zone 1


Arnulf of Chocques (died 1118) was a leading member of the clergy during the First Crusade, being made Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1099 and again from 1112 to 1118. Sometimes referred to as Arnulf of Rœulx, presumably after the village of Rœulx some 70km from his home village of Chocques, he was given the nickname Malecorne, meaning badly tonsured.

Biography
Arnulf was the illegitimate son of a Flemish priest, and studied under Lanfranc at Caen. In the 1070s he was a tutor to Cecilia, daughter of William I of England. He also taught Ralph of Caen, one of the later chroniclers of the First Crusade. He was also close to Odo of Bayeux, who he accompanied on the Crusade. He was the chaplain of the Norman crusader army led by Robert of Normandy, Cecilia's brother and William's son. He was most likely appointed a papal legate, under the authority of the overall legate Adhemar of Le Puy, and after Adhemar's death in 1098 he shared control of the clergy with fellow legate Peter of Narbonne. Some of the non-Norman knights in the other crusader armies believed he was corrupt, and they apparently sang vulgar songs about him, but most crusaders respected him as an eloquent preacher.

He was one of the chief skeptics about Peter Bartholomew's claims to have discovered the Holy Lance in Antioch, and because of Arnulf's opposition Peter volunteered to undergo an ordeal by fire. Arnulf's opposition to Peter brought him into conflict with Raymond of St. Gilles, who believed Peter's story. To help ease the crisis among the crusaders over the issue, and also to lift spirits after Peter's death during the ordeal, Arnulf helped make a statue of Christ which was placed on one of the siege engines during the siege of Jerusalem. After the capture of Jerusalem he discovered the True Cross in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This discovery was not as controversial as the discovery of the Lance, although it was just as suspicious. Arnulf may have been trying to make up for the problems he caused disproving the authenticity of the Lance, and the True Cross became the most sacred relic of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

After Raymond left Jerusalem on 1 August 1099, Arnulf was elected Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. He was supported by Godfrey of Bouillon, the first ruler of Jerusalem, and in turn he supported Godfrey's decision to make Jerusalem a secular kingdom rather than one ruled by the clergy. He accompanied Godfrey in the Battle of Ascalon, with a relic of the True Cross. Arnulf enforced the Latin rite among the crusaders, banning all others thus further alienating the disaffected Greeks. However, his election was soon subject to doubts concerning its canonicity, as he was not yet a deacon. Before he could be ordained, he was replaced in December by Dagobert of Pisa, whom Pope Paschal II had appointed legate. Arnulf was instead appointed archdeacon of Jerusalem.

In 1112 he officially became Patriarch, though many of the other clerics distrusted him and found him unnecessarily harsh. He was especially unpopular with the Orthodox and Syriac Christians when he prohibited non-Latin masses at the Holy Sepulchre. He was accused of various crimes: sexual relations with a Muslim woman, simony, and most importantly condoning the bigamous marriage of King Baldwin I to Adelaide del Vasto while his first wife Arda of Armenia was still alive. He was briefly deposed by a papal legate in 1115, but appealed to Pope Paschal II and was reinstated in 1116, provided that he annul Baldwin and Adelaide's marriage.

He remained Patriarch until his death in 1118.

Arnulf married his niece Emma, also called Emelota, to Eustace Garnier, the Latin seigneur of Caesarea and Sidon. After his death, Emma married Hugh II of Le Puiset.

References

11th-century births
1118 deaths
Christians of the First Crusade
Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem
11th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Crusades chaplains
Flemish priests
12th-century French people
11th-century educators
12th-century educators

Arnulf of Chocques


Roman à clef (said like it rhymes with "a don a day") means "novel with a key" in French.  It is a phrase used for talking about literature and movies.  A roman à clef is a type of story that's true for the most part except for details like the name of the main character.  The "key" part of the meaning–what someone needs to unlock the real story–changes from book to book.  For some books it is knowing that the main character is really a famous person.  For others it is knowing that the main character is really the author.

Authors usually write these types of stories (instead of telling the whole truth) to talk about a controversy or what happened during a crime so that the people involved can't sue them.  A couple of movies that are written like this are Citizen Kane (a movie about a man a lot like William Randolph Hearst) and Dreamgirls (a movie about a Motown group a lot like The Supremes).

Because it comes from French, the plural of roman à clef is romans à clef.

Books by genre

Roman à clef


[[File:Arms of Henley, Earl of Northington.svg|thumb|Arms of Henley: Azure, a lion rampant argent ducally crowned or a bordure of the second charged with eight torteaux. Quartering Bertie. Crest:  A lion's head erased argent charged with hurts and ducally crowned or. Supporters: dexter: A lion argent semée of torteaux langued gules and ducally crowned or; sinister: A stag argent semée of torteaux attired and unguled or. motto: Sola et Unica Virtus'' ("Alone and unique is virtue")]]Baron Henley is a title that has been created twice: first in the Peerage of Great Britain and then in the Peerage of Ireland. The first creation came in 1760 in favour of Sir Robert Henley, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, when he was created Lord Henley, Baron of Grainge, in the County of Southampton. In 1764 he was further honoured when he was made Earl of Northington. On the death of his son, the second Earl, both titles became extinct. Lady Elizabeth Henley, youngest daughter of the first Earl and co-heiress of the second Earl, married the diplomat Morton Eden. In 1799, the Henley title was revived when Eden was created Baron Henley, of Chardstock in the County of Dorset, in the Peerage of Ireland. Their son, the second Baron, assumed the surname of Henley in lieu of Eden and notably published a biography of his maternal grandfather. His son, the third Baron, sat as Liberal Member of Parliament for Northampton. In 1885 the Northington title was also revived when he was created Baron Northington, of Watford in the County of Northampton, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. This title gave the Barons an automatic seat in the House of Lords. The fourth baron Frederick Henley was an educated man who served as JP in Northamptonshire and married Augusta, daughter of Herbert Langham 12th baronet.

His younger son, the sixth Baron, resumed the surname of Eden in 1925, the same year he succeeded his half-brother in the titles.  the peerages are held by his grandson, the eighth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1977. He is a Conservative politician and served in the Conservative administrations of Margaret Thatcher, John Major and David Cameron. Lord Henley is now one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999.

The Barons Henley are members of the prominent Eden family. The first Baron was the fifth son of Sir Robert Eden, 3rd Baronet, of West Auckland, and the younger brother of William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland. Their elder brother Sir Robert Eden, 1st Baronet, of Maryland (second son of the third Baronet of West Auckland), was the great-great-grandfather of Prime Minister Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, and the great-great-great-grandfather of the Conservative politician John Benedict Eden, Baron Eden of Winton.

The family seat is Scaleby Castle, near Carlisle, Cumbria.

Barons Henley, first creation (1760)
Robert Henley, 1st Baron Henley (1708–1772) (created Earl of Northington in 1764)

Earls of Northington (1764)
Robert Henley, 1st Earl of Northington (1708–1772)
Robert Henley, 2nd Earl of Northington (1747–1786)

Barons Henley, second creation (1799)
Morton Eden, 1st Baron Henley (1752–1830)
Robert Henley Henley, 2nd Baron Henley (1789–1841)
Anthony Henley Henley, 3rd Baron Henley (1825–1898) (created Baron Northington''' in 1885)
Frederick Henley Henley, 4th Baron Henley, 2nd Baron Northington (1849–1923)
Anthony Ernest Henley Henley, 5th Baron Henley, 3rd Baron Northington (1858–1925)
Francis Robert Eden, 6th Baron Henley, 4th Baron Northington (1877–1962)
Michael Francis Eden, 7th Baron Henley, 5th Baron Northington (1914–1977)
Oliver Michael Robert Eden, 8th Baron Henley, 6th Baron Northington (born 1953)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. John Michael Oliver Eden (born 1988).

Male-line family tree

See also
Earl of Avon
Baron Auckland
Eden baronets

Notes

References

www.edendiaries.co.uk

1760 establishments in Great Britain
1786 disestablishments in Great Britain
1799 establishments in Ireland
Baronies in the Peerage of Ireland
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of Great Britain
Noble titles created in 1760
Noble titles created in 1799
Peerages created for lord high chancellors of Great Britain

Baron Henley


Ivo H. Daalder (born March 2, 1960, in The Hague, Netherlands), is President of the Chicago Council on Global Affairs and has served since July, 2013. He was the U.S. Permanent Representative on the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) from May 2009 to July 2013. He is a specialist in European security. He was a member of the staff of United States National Security Council (NSC) during the administration of President Bill Clinton, and was one of the foreign policy advisers to President Barack Obama during his 2008 presidential campaign.

Education and academic career

Daalder was educated at the University of Kent, Oxford University, and Georgetown University, and received his Ph.D. in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

He was fellow at Harvard University's Center for Science and International Affairs and the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London. He received a Pew Faculty Fellowship in International Affairs and an International Affairs Fellowship of the Council on Foreign Relations. Daalder was an associate professor at the University of Maryland's School of Public Affairs, where he was also director of research at the Center for International and Security Studies. He was a Senior Fellow in foreign policy studies at the Brookings Institution from 1997 to 2009, where he was a specialist in European security, transatlantic relations, and national security affairs.

National Security Council and Hart-Rudman Commission

In 1995–1997, Daalder served as a director for European Affairs on the National Security Council staff under President Bill Clinton, where he was responsible for coordinating U.S. policy toward Bosnia. From 1998 to 2001, Daalder served as a member of the Study Group of the U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (the Hart-Rudman Commission), a multi-year examination of U.S. national security requirements and institutions.

Permanent Representative to NATO
On March 11, 2009, President Obama nominated Daalder to become the United States Permanent Representative to NATO, a post commonly referred to as "U.S. Ambassador to NATO".

One of the issues that Daalder has addressed is the lack of communication on security issues between NATO and the European Union. In October 2010 he wrote in the International Herald Tribune: "NATO and E.U. capabilities need to be in synch, and their operations need to be complementary. We should regularly engage in a robust and transparent exchange of views on a wide range of shared interests. Policy should support work in the field; those in harm's way shouldn't have to work around our failures in Brussels."

NATO intervention in Libya

Daalder was U.S. Permanent Representative to NATO in February 2011 when the Libyan Civil War began with uprisings against Muammar Gaddafi in several cities, followed by a military crackdown by the Gaddafi regime. On March 17, 2011, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution calling upon the international community to take "all necessary measures" to protect civilians in Libya. On March 19, following UN authorization, the United States led a coalition of allied countries, including Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom, launching air strikes against Gaddafi's forces, destroying his air defense system and imposing a no-fly zone and a naval blockade to prevent shipments of arms.

Daalder then led U.S. efforts to persuade NATO to take over command and control of the operation. On March 27, the North Atlantic Council voted unanimously to take charge of what became known as Operation Unified Protector. The Operation had three missions; to police the arms embargo, to patrol the no-fly zone, and to protect civilians. Fourteen NATO allies took part in the actual operations, along with contingents from Jordan, Morocco, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. In Libya, unlike other military intervention in Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan, the United States played a largely supporting role, providing intelligence, aerial surveillance and refueling, while other NATO allies, including France, the United Kingdom, Denmark and Belgium, flew most of the bombing missions.

The first two missions were quickly put into place, but, due to the presence of Gaddafi forces in or near civilian areas, NATO was unable to strike with full force. By August 2011, however, the opposition forces were strong enough to seize Tripoli and within two months had taken control of the entire country. On October 23, 2011–233 days after Operation Unified Protector had begun—the NATO North Atlantic Council declared its mission complete.

In February 2012, Daalder and Admiral James Stavridis, the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, wrote about the operation in Foreign Affairs: "NATO's operation in Libya has rightly been hailed as a model intervention. The alliance responded rapidly to a deteriorating situation that threatened hundreds of thousands of civilians rebelling against an oppressive regime. It succeeded in protecting those civilians and, ultimately, in providing the time and space for local forces to overthrow Muammar Gaddafi. And it did so by involving partners in the region and sharing the burden among the alliance's partners".

Bibliography

Books
 The Empty Throne: America's Abdication of Global Leadership (PublicAffairs (October, 2018))
 In the Shadow of the Oval Office: Portraits of the National Security Advisers and the Presidents they Serve—From JFK to George W. Bush, with I.M. Destler. (Simon & Schuster, 2009).
 Beyond Preemption: Force and Legitimacy in a Changing World (edited, 2007).
 The Crescent of Crisis: U.S.-European Strategy for the Greater Middle East, co-edited with Nicole Gnesotto and Phil Gordon (2006).
 America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy, with James M. Lindsay (2003). Winner of 2003 Lionel Gelber Prize. Revised and updated edition published by John Wiley & Sons in 2005. Translated into Chinese, Dutch, Korean, Italian and Polish.
 Protecting the American Homeland: One Year on, with Michael E. O'Hanlon (editor), I. M. Destler, David L. Gunter, Robert Litan, Peter Orszag, and James Steinberg (2003).
 Protecting the American Homeland: A Preliminary Analysis, with Michael E. O'Hanlon (editor), I. M. Destler, David L. Gunter, Robert Litan, Peter Orszag, and James Steinberg (2002).
 Winning Ugly: NATO's War to Save Kosovo, with Michael E. O'Hanlon (2000).
 Getting to Dayton: The Making of America's Bosnia Policy (2000).

Newspaper articles

 "America's new global challenge", with Anne-Marie Slaughter Boston Globe, July 24, 2008.
 "Talking to Iran Is Our Best Option", with Philip Gordon The Washington Post, June 29, 2008.
 "The United Nations Can Save Burma", with Paul Stares International Herald Tribune and Boston Globe, May 13, 2008.
 "NATO: A Mockery of Enlargement", with James Goldgeier, International Herald Tribune, April 8, 2008.
 "Presidential Politics Can Help Iraq Policy", with Philip Gordon, Boston Globe, March 29, 2008.
  "Iraq After the Surge" NRC Handelsblad, December 8, 2007.
 "A Nuclear-Free World", with John Holum, Boston Globe, October 5, 2007.
 "Nuclear Weapons in the Age of al-Qaeda", with Jeffrey Lewis, Financial Times, August 13, 2007.
 "The Next Intervention: Legitimacy Matters", with Robert Kagan, The Washington Post, August 6, 2007.
 "U.S. and Europe Must Learn About Alliances", with James Goldgeier, Financial Times, December 14, 2006.
 "Global Challenges for NATO", with James Goldgeier, El País, November 27, 2006.
 "NATO: For Global Security, Expand the Alliance", with James Goldgeier, International Herald Tribune, October 12, 2006.
 "Five Years After 9/11 – A Balance Sheet", NRC Handelsblad, September 6, 2006.
 "Is War With Iran Inevitable?", NRC Handelsblad, April 21, 2006.
 "Still Time for a Good Deal With India", with Michael Levi, Washington Post, March 10, 2006.
 "Face-to-Face: The Recent Spike of Violence in Iraq", Washington Examiner, March 2, 2006.
 "The Limits of Rice's Diplomacy", NRC Handelsblad, January 17, 2006.
 "We Should Strike Iran, But Not With Bombs", with Philip Gordon, Washington Post, January 22, 2006.

Other publications
 "NATO's Victory in Libya- the Right Way to Run an Intervention." Foreign Affairs, March–April 2012.
 "In the Shadow of the Oval Office: The Next National Security Adviser", with I. M. Destler, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2009, pp. 114–29.
 "The Logic of Zero", with Jan Lodal, Foreign Affairs, November/December 2008, pp. 80–95.
 "America and the Use of Force: Sources of Legitimacy", with Robert Kagan, in Chollet, Lindberg and Shorr (eds). Bridging the Foreign Policy Divide, 2008.
 "Restore Trust in America's Leadership", with James M. Lindsay, Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Fall 2007.
  "Coping with Failure in Iraq", Vrij Nederland, June 16, 2007.
 (With James M. Lindsay) "Democracies of the World, Unite: The Debate Continues", The American Interest, Vol. II, No. 4 (March/April 2007), pp. 137–139
 "Democracies of the World, Unite", with James M. Lindsay, The American Interest, January/February 2007.
 "Renewing the Nuclear Bargain", with Michael H. Fuchs and Morton H. Halperin, in Halperin, Laurenti, Rundlet and Boyer (eds) Power and Superpower: Global Leadership and Exceptionalism in the 21st Century, 2007.
 "Global NATO", with James Goldgeier, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2006, pp. 105–113.

References

External links

 Ivo H. Daalder Bio at The Chicago Council on Global Affairs
 Ambassador Daalder's biography on home page of U.S. Mission to NATO (through Wayback Machine; archived May 10, 2013)
 Dr. Daalder bio at The Brookings Institution.
 Ivo H. Daalder Bio at John Podesta's Center for American Progress
 Zinni discusses with Daalder his book, Before the First Shots are Fired: How America Can Win or Lose Off the Battlefield at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on September 25, 2014

1960 births
Alumni of the University of Kent
American civil servants
American political scientists
Clinton administration personnel
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Georgetown University alumni
Harvard Fellows
American international relations scholars
Dutch international relations scholars
Jewish American government officials
Jewish Dutch politicians
Jewish Dutch writers
Living people
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
Obama administration personnel
Diplomats from Chicago
Permanent Representatives of the United States to NATO
Political science educators
Political science writers
Brookings Institution people

Ivo Daalder


Jimmie Robinson (born 1963 in California) is an American comic book creator, known for writing and drawing the comic book series Bomb Queen, and for other works, including Amanda and Gunn, Avigon, Code Blue, Evil & Malice, Five Weapons, The Empty, and Power Lines, most of which have been published by Image Comics.

Biography

Early life and education
Robinson grew up in Oakland, California, and attended Mosswood Arts, Renaissance Middle School, and Concordia High School.

Career

After working as a commercial artist and starting a family, Robinson entered the comics industry in 1994, publishing eight issues of Cyberzone under his own Jet Black Graphiks imprint. A science fiction story, it featured a lesbian black bounty hunter named Amanda Shane, and her artificially-intelligent gun. In 1996, Image Comics published a four-issue spin-off titled Amanda & Gunn.

A 1997 follow-up called Code Blue – a medical drama in the style of ER in comics format – was canceled after a single issue. His next series was the color, all-ages Adventures of Evil & Malice about the secretly heroic daughters of a super-villain. Robinson then turned to illustrating writer Ché Gilson's Avigon, first published in 2000 as a 56-page story, then an expanded 184-page version in 2005 as Avigon: Gods And Demons.

In 2006 he began the action/humor series Bomb Queen, starring a "bad girl" super-villain who rules over a lawless city that is a haven for every kind of criminal and evil-doer. The first mini-series was successful, leading to seven additional mini-series as of 2020.

He scripted the one-shot What if? Wolverine: Enemy of the State for Marvel Comics in 2008. He collaborated with writer Derek McCulloch, illustrating T. Runt!, a children's book about an undersized Tyrannosaurus rex, published in 2009.

In 2013-2014, Robinson produced Five Weapons, a drama about a 13-year-old boy at a special school where the children of assassins learn the family trade. Originally intended as a five-issue mini-series, a five-issue sequel followed. In 2015 he began publishing The Empty, a science-fiction story in which two unlike women set out together to save a dying world.

He received an Inkpot Award at the San Diego Comic Convention International in 2015. He was chosen as one of six judges for the 2019 Eisner Awards.

References

External links

 2008 Herospy interview
 2011 Comics Bulletin interview

American comics writers
African-American comics creators
American comics creators
Living people
1963 births
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people
Inkpot Award winners

Jimmie Robinson


The Magnificat is the song that the Virgin Mary sang after Elizabeth told her that she is going to give birth to God's son.  This is the story told in the Bible in the book of Luke Chapter 1, verses 46-55. It is also known as the Song of Mary. "Magnificat" is a Latin word meaning "magnifies" (saying how great [God] is).

The words of the Magnificat have been set to music by many composers.  These musical settings were mostly written for church services.  In the Anglican Church it is always sung as part of the traditional evening service (Evensong).

Like all other New Testament texts the Magnificat was originally written in Koine Greek, but in the Western Church it is most often to be found in Latin or the language of the country.

Text
The Latin text from the Vulgate is as follows:
Magnificat anima mea Dominum,
et exsultavit spiritus meus in Deo salutari meo.
Quia respexit humilitatem ancillae suae.
Ecce enim ex hoc beatam me dicent omnes generationes.
Quia fecit mihi magna, qui potens est,
et sanctum nomen eius.
Et misericordia eius a progenie in progenies
timentibus eum.
Fecit potentiam in brachio suo,
dispersit superbos mente cordis sui.
Deposuit potentes de sede
et exaltavit humiles.
Esurientes implevit bonis
et divites dimisit inanes.
Suscepit Israel puerum suum,
recordatus misericordiae suae.
Sicut locutus est ad patres nostros,
Abraham et semini eius in saecula.
Gloria Patri et Filio
et Spiritui Sancto,
sicut erat in principio et nunc et semper
et in saecula saeculorum. Amen.

The English words of the Magnificat in the traditional translation found in the Book of Common Prayer:

 My soul doth magnify the Lord : and my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour.
 For he hath regarded : the lowliness of his handmaiden.
 For behold, from henceforth : all generations shall call me blessed.
 For he that is mighty hath magnified me : and holy is his Name.
 And his mercy is on them that fear him : throughout all generations.
 He hath shewed strength with his arm : he hath scattered the proud in the imagination of their hearts.
 He hath put down the mighty from their seat : and hath exalted the humble and meek.
 He hath filled the hungry with good things : and the rich he hath sent empty away.
 He remembering his mercy hath holpen his servant Israel : as he promised to our forefathers, Abraham and his seed for ever.

The Magnificat (The soul rejoices in the Lord) found in the Roman Breviary

 My soul proclaims the greatness of the Lord,
 my spirit rejoices in God my Savior,
 for he has looked with favor on his humble servant.

 From this day all generations will call me blessed,
 the Almighty has done great things for me,
 and holy is his Name.

 He has mercy on those who fear Him
 in every generation.

 He has shown the strength of his arm,
 he has scattered the proud in their conceit.

 He has cast down the mighty from their thrones,
 and has lifted up the humble.

 He has filled the hungry with good things,
 and the rich he has sent away empty.

 He has come to the help of his servant Israel
 for he has remembered his promise of mercy,
 the promise he made to our fathers,
 to Abraham and his children for ever.

 Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit,
 as it was in the beginning, is now, and will be for ever.
 Amen. Alleluia

Related pages
Nunc dimittis
Service (music)

Christian hymns
Mary, mother of Jesus

Magnificat


Paul "Dingus" Magee (born 30 January 1948) is a former volunteer in the Belfast Brigade of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) who escaped during his 1981 trial for killing a member of the Special Air Service (SAS) in 1980. After serving a prison sentence in the Republic of Ireland, Magee fled to England where he was imprisoned after killing a policeman in 1992. He was repatriated to the Republic of Ireland as part of the Northern Ireland peace process before being released from prison in 1999, and subsequently avoided extradition back to Northern Ireland to serve his sentence for killing the member of the SAS.

Background and early IRA activity
Magee was born in the Ballymurphy area of Belfast on 30 January 1948. He joined the Belfast Brigade of the IRA, and received a five-year sentence in 1971 for possession of firearms. He was imprisoned in Long Kesh, where he held the position of camp adjutant. In the late 1970s and early 1980s he was part of a four-man active service unit, along with Joe Doherty and Angelo Fusco, nicknamed the "M60 gang" due to their use of an M60 general purpose machine gun. On 9 April 1980 the unit lured the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) into an ambush on Stewartstown Road, killing Constable Stephen Magill and wounding two others. On 2 May the unit were planning another attack and had taken over a house on Antrim Road, when an eight-man patrol from the British Army's Special Air Service arrived in plain clothes, after being alerted by the RUC. A car carrying three SAS members went to the rear of the house, and another car carrying five SAS members arrived at the front of the house. As the SAS members at the front of the house exited the car the IRA unit opened fire with the M60 machine gun from an upstairs window, hitting Captain Herbert Westmacott in the head and shoulder. Westmacott was killed instantly, and is the highest-ranking member of the SAS killed in Northern Ireland. The remaining SAS members at the front of the house, armed with Colt Commando automatic rifles, submachine guns and Browning pistols, returned fire but were forced to withdraw. Magee was apprehended by the SAS members at the rear of the house while attempting to prepare the IRA unit's escape in a transit van, while the other three IRA members remained inside the house. More members of the security forces were deployed to the scene, and after a brief siege the remaining members of the IRA unit surrendered.

1981 trial and escape
The trial of Magee and the other members of the M60 gang began in early May 1981, with them facing charges including three counts of murder. On 10 June Magee and seven other prisoners, including Joe Doherty, Angelo Fusco and the other member of the IRA unit, took a prison officer hostage at gunpoint in Crumlin Road Jail. After locking the officer in a cell, the eight took other officers and visiting solicitors hostage, also locking them in cells after taking their clothing. Two of the eight wore officer's uniforms while a third wore clothing taken from a solicitor, and the group moved towards the first of three gates separating them from the outside world. They took the officer on duty at the gate hostage at gunpoint, and forced him to open the inner gate. An officer at the second gate recognised one of the prisoners and ran into an office and pressed an alarm button, and the prisoners ran through the second gate towards the outer gate. An officer at the outer gate tried to prevent the escape but was attacked by the prisoners, who escaped onto Crumlin Road. As the prisoners were moving towards the car park where two cars were waiting, an unmarked RUC car pulled up across the street outside Crumlin Road Courthouse. The RUC officers opened fire, and the prisoners returned fire before escaping in the waiting cars. Two days after the escape, Magee was convicted in absentia and sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum recommended term of thirty years.

Imprisonment in the Republic of Ireland
Magee escaped across the border into the Republic of Ireland. Eleven days after the escape he appeared in public at the Wolfe Tone commemoration in Bodenstown, County Kildare, where troops from the Irish Army and the Garda's Special Branch attempted to arrest him, but failed after the crowd threw missiles and lay down in the road blocking access. He was arrested in January 1982 along with Angelo Fusco, and sentenced to ten years imprisonment for the escape under extra-jurisdictional legislation. Shortly before his release from prison in 1989 Magee was served with an extradition warrant, and he started a legal battle to avoid being returned to Northern Ireland. In October 1991 the Supreme Court in Dublin ordered his return to Northern Ireland to serve his sentence for the murder of Captain Westmacott, but Magee had jumped bail and a warrant was issued for his arrest.

IRA activity in England
Magee fled to England, where he was part of an IRA active service unit. On 7 June 1992 Magee and another IRA member, Michael O'Brien, were travelling in a car on the A64 road between York and Tadcaster, when they were stopped by the police. Magee and O'Brien were questioned by the unarmed police officers, who became suspicious and called for back-up. Magee shot Special Constable Glenn Goodman - who died later in hospital - and then shot the other officer, PC Kelly, four times. PC Kelly escaped death when a fifth bullet ricocheted off the radio he was holding to his ear, and the IRA members drove away. Another police car began to follow the pair, and came under fire near Burton Salmon. The lives of the officers in the car were in danger, but Magee and O'Brien fled the scene after a member of the public arrived. A manhunt was launched, and hundreds of police officers, many of them armed, searched woods and farmland. Magee and O'Brien evaded capture for four days by hiding in a culvert, before they were both arrested in separate police operations in the town of Pontefract.

Imprisonment in England
On 31 March 1993 Magee was found guilty of the murder of Special Constable Goodman and the attempted murder of three other police officers, and sentenced to life imprisonment. O'Brien was found guilty of attempted murder and received an eighteen-year sentence. On 9 September 1994 Magee and five other prisoners, including Danny McNamee, escaped from HM Prison Whitemoor. The prisoners, in possession of two guns that had been smuggled into the prison, scaled the prison walls using knotted sheets. A guard was shot and wounded during the escape, and the prisoners were captured after being chased across fields by guards and the police. In 1996 Magee staged a dirty protest in HM Prison Belmarsh, in protest at glass screens separating prisoners from their relatives during visits. Magee had refused to accept visits from his wife and five children for two years, prompting Sinn Féin to accuse the British government of maintaining "a worsening regime that is damaging physically and psychologically".

In January 1997 Magee and the other five escapees from Whitemoor were on trial on charges relating to the escape for a second time, four months earlier the first trial had been stopped because of prejudicial publicity. Lawyers for the defendants successfully argued that an article in the Evening Standard prejudiced the trial as it contained photographs of Magee and two other defendants and described them as "terrorists", as an order had been made at the start of the trial preventing any reference to the background and previous convictions of the defendants. Despite the judge saying the evidence against the defendants was "very strong", he dismissed the case stating: "What I have done is the only thing I can do in the circumstances. The law for these defendants is the same law for everyone else. They are entitled to that, whatever they have done".

Extradition battle
On 5 May 1998 Magee was repatriated to the Republic of Ireland to serve the remainder of his sentence in Portlaoise Prison, along with Liam Quinn and the members of the Balcombe Street Gang. He was released from prison in late 1999 under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement, and returned to live with his family in Tralee. On 8 March 2000 Magee was arrested on the outstanding Supreme Court extradition warrant from 1991, and remanded to Mountjoy Prison. The following day he was granted bail at the High Court in Dublin, after launching a legal challenge to his extradition. In November 2000 the Irish government informed the High Court that it was no longer seeking to return him to Northern Ireland. This followed a statement from Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Peter Mandelson saying that "it is clearly anomalous to pursue the extradition of people who appear to qualify for early release under the Good Friday Agreement scheme, and who would, on making a successful application to the Sentence Review Commissioners, have little if any of their original prison sentence to serve". In December 2000 Magee and three other IRA members, including two other members of the M60 gang, were granted a Royal Prerogative of Mercy which allowed them to return to Northern Ireland without fear of prosecution.

References

1948 births
Escapees from England and Wales detention
Irish people convicted of murdering police officers
Irish prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Living people
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
People convicted of murder by Northern Ireland
Paramilitaries from Belfast
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by England and Wales
Provisional Irish Republican Army members
Recipients of British royal pardons
Republicans imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict

Paul Magee


The Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum is the open-air museum and Folklore Museum of the Greater SaarLorLux Region. The museum is situated in Konz, Germany, on the Saar and Mosel rivers, 8 km west of Trier and 30 km east of Luxembourg. It is a museum for rural cultural history in northwest Rhineland-Palatinate and the German-Luxembourg-Lorraine border region. Unlike many other open-air museums, the Roscheider Hof is not a public or community institution. The sponsoring organisation for the museum since its foundation has been the registered, non-profit association founded in 1973, "Volkskunde- und Freilichtmuseum Roscheider Hof, Konz e.V."  with over 1000 members in 2007. The museum is financed by membership fees, entrance charges, subsidies and donations. The founder of the association was Prof. Rolf Robischon.

Attractions

 4000 m² of folklore exhibitions ranging from winegrowing to dentistry in the historical exhibition building and, since autumn of 2006, in the newly built museum of forestry and wood,
 a tin figure and toy museum,
 22 ha of open grounds with the Hunsrück village, a Moselle village that is currently being reconstructed, a rose garden, several country gardens,
 a restaurant with beer garden and a large nature-oriented children's playground,
 activity days, special exhibitions, the legendary Christmas market on 2 weekends in Advent
 guided tours, projects for museum visitors both young and old, children's birthday parties, etc.

History of the Roscheider Hof

The "Roscheider Hof" estate is used today as an open-air museum. It consists of several buildings, with the core of the site formed by buildings around a rectangular courtyard. The Roscheider Hof was first mentioned in a record dating from 1330. During the 1978 renovations a few parts of a building came to light that could be dated to the early 16th century. For instance, there is a small walled window with late Gothic splays. Until the French Revolution in 1794 (when revolutionary troops conquered the Trier region), it was an agricultural estate owned by the St. Matthias Benedictine monastery, which still exists today. As part of the secularisation of these years, the estate was auctioned off in 1805 to the credit of the French state and acquired by Nicholas Valdenaire, who had come to the nearby town of Saarburg as a French soldier in 1801 and married there. Valdenaire extended the estate and enlarged the Roscheider Hof buildings with extensive renovations. He and his son Victor played a prominent role in the 1848 revolution: they were deputies in the provincial parliament, in the state parliament, in the Prussian national assembly in Berlin and in the first German parliament in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt, and were even imprisoned several times for such activities.

External links
 Official website

Sources
 Bernd Blumenthal, Herrmann Kramp: Der Roscheider Hof - Benediktinerabtei, Bauernschule, Freilichtmuseum, Ein Beitrag zur 25-Jahr-Feier des Museums, 1998, ;
 Museumsführer des Freilichtmuseum Roscheider Hof, Konz (guidebook)

Gallery

Videos

Living museums
Gardens in Rhineland-Palatinate
Open-air museums in Germany
Museums in Rhineland-Palatinate
Toy museums in Germany
Forestry museums
Forestry in Germany
Hunsrück
Articles containing video clips

Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum


Weymouth is a resort town in Dorset on the south coast of England. 52,000 people live in the town. Thousands of tourists have holidays there, because it is by the sea. In summer it is sometimes sunny and warm and there is lots to do. The sailing in the 2012 Summer Olympics were held in Weymouth and on the Isle of Portland nearby.

Weymouth, Dorset

Weymouth, Dorset


Karel Havlíček Borovský (; 31 October 1821 – 29 July 1856) was a Czech writer, poet, critic, politician, journalist, and publisher.

Early life and education
He lived and studied at the gymnasium in Německý Brod (today Havlíčkův Brod, named after Borovský), and his house on the main square is today the Havlíček Museum. In 1838 he moved to Prague to study philosophy at Charles University and, influenced by the revolutionary atmosphere before the Revolutions of 1848, decided on the objective of becoming a patriotic writer. He devoted himself to studying Czech and literature. After graduating he began studying theology because he thought the best way to serve the nation would be as a priest. He was expelled after one year for "showing too little indication for spiritual ministry".

Career
After failing to find a teacher's job in Bohemia, he left for Moscow to work as a tutor in a Russian teacher's family: with a recommendation by Pavel Josef Šafařík. He became a Russophile and a Pan-Slav, but after recognizing the true reality of the Russian society he took the pessimistic view that "Pan-Slavism is a great, attractive but feckless idea". His memories of the Russian stay were published first in magazines and then as a book Obrazy z Rus (Pictures from Russia).

He returned to Bohemia in 1844, aged 24 and used his writing skills to criticize the fashion of embracing anything written in the recently reborn Czech language. He specifically aimed at a novel by Josef Kajetán Tyl. In 1846 Havlíček attained a position as editor of the Pražské noviny newspaper with the help of František Palacký.

In April 1848 he changed the name of the newspaper to Národní noviny (National News) and it became one of the first newspapers of the Revolutionary-era Czech liberals, and one of the most influential publications of 1848–1849. Národní noviny became popular especially for his sharp-tongued epigrams and its wit. Havlíček was concerned with the preparations of the Slavic Congress in Prague. In July 1848 he was elected as a member of the Austrian Empire Constituent Assembly in Vienna and later in Kroměříž. He eventually relinquished his seat to focus on journalism.

Havlíček was a "liberal nationalist" politically, but refused to allow a "party line" to inform his opinions. Often, he would criticize those that agreed with him as much as those that disagreed. He excoriated revolutionaries for their radicalism, but also advocated ideas like universal suffrage—a concept altogether too radical for most of his fellow liberals. He was a pragmatist, and had little patience for those that spent their time romanticizing the Czech nationality without helping it achieve political or cultural independence. He used much of the space in his newspapers to educate the people on important issues—stressing areas like economics, which were sorely neglected by other nationalist writers.

The Bohemian revolution was defeated in March 1849 with the dissolution of the Kroměříž assembly, but Havlíček continued to criticize the new regime. He was brought to court for his criticism (there was no freedom of the press in the Habsburg's territory) but was found not guilty by a sympathetic jury. Národní noviny had to cease publication in January 1850, but Havlíček did not end his activities. In May 1850 he began publishing the magazine Slovan in Kutná Hora. The magazine was a target of censorship from the start. It had to stop publication in August 1851, and Havlíček stood again at the court to answer on charges of dissent. Again, he was found not guilty by a sympathetic jury of Czech commoners.

Havlíček translated and introduced some satirical and critical authors into the Czech language culture including Nikolai Gogol (1842) and Voltaire (1851).

In the night of 16 December 1851, he was arrested by the police and forced into exile in Brixen, Austria (present-day Italy). He was depressed from the exile, but continued writing and wrote some of his best work: Tyrolské elegie (Tyrolean Elegies), Křest svatého Vladimíra (The Baptism of St. Vladimir) and Král Lávra (King Lavra, based on the legend of Labraid Loingsech).

When he returned from Brixen in 1855, he learned that his wife had died a few days earlier. Most of his former friends, afraid of the Bach system, stood aloof from him. Only a few publicly declared support for him.

In 1856, Havlíček died of tuberculosis, aged 35. Božena Němcová put a crown of thorns on his head in the coffin. His funeral was attended by about 5,000 Czechs.

Memorials

In 1911, a monument was raised to Havlíček in Chicago by Czech residents of the city in Douglass Park. The bronze statue by Joseph Strachovsky was cast by V. Mašek in Prague and shows Havlicek in a revolutionary pose, dressed in a full military uniform and a draped cape with his outstretched arm motioning the viewer to join him. The statue was moved to Solidarity Drive on today's Museum Campus in the vicinity of the Adler Planetarium in 1981.

In 1918, the new Rifle Regiment of the 3rd division of Czechoslovak legions in Russia was named the "Karel Havlíček Borovský regiment"

In 1925, a biographical film was released.

In 1945, the 20 Czechoslovak koruna banknote bore Havlíček's portrait.

See also
 Statue of Karel Havlíček Borovský, Prague

References

Further reading

 Reinfeld, Barbara. "Karel Havlíček (1821–1856): A National Liberation Leader of the Czech Renaissance." East European monographs no. 98, New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
 Masaryk T.G. Karel Havlíček, Praha 1896.
 Chalupný E. Havlíček – prostředí, osobnost, dílo, Praha 1929.
 Procházka V. Karel Havlíček Borovský, Praha 1961.
 Nejtek V. M. Karel Havlíček Borovský, Praha 1979.

External links

 Czech Who is who

1821 births
1856 deaths
People from Havlíčkův Brod District
Czech politicians
Members of the Imperial Diet (Austria)
Czech journalists
Czech satirists
19th-century Czech poets
Czech male poets
19th-century journalists
Male journalists
19th-century male writers
Participants of the Slavic Congress in Prague 1848
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Deaths in the Austrian Empire
Burials at Olšany Cemetery
Charles University alumni

Karel Havlíček Borovský


Ronald Leonard Stonham (9 July 1927 – 5 August 2014) was the Special Assistant to the Director of Personnel at the BBC until 1985, later caught up in the scandal over MI5 monitoring of potential staff. He was educated at Portsmouth Grammar School, from where he joined the Post Office Engineering Department in 1944.

Biography
In 1948 he was granted an Emergency Commission in the Royal Corps of Signals and posted to 2nd Divisional Signal Regiment in Germany. At the end of his National Service in 1949, he joined the Territorial Army with 3 (Line of Communication) Signal Regiment. Unfulfilled with civilian life after a taste of the military, he applied to return to the Royal Signals in 1951 and was granted a Regular Commission. He was posted to Cyprus then to the Canal Zone in early 1952, before moving to El Ballah to command 32nd Guards Brigade Signal Troop. It was here that he met his future wife, Joy, who was attached to the British Military Hospital. In 1954, the couple returned to Britain for their wedding and settled in Richmond, Yorkshire; the couple had three children. In 1957, Stonham was appointed Signal Officer, Joint Experimental Helicopter Unit at RAF Middle Wallop, where he was involved in day and night navigation and homing trials for military helicopters.

Postings to Malaya and Germany followed during the childhood of their three daughters. Stonham became increasingly involved in intelligence-based jobs as he was promoted through to Lieutenant Colonel, taking command of 4th Division Headquarters and Signal Regiment in Herford until 1971. The two years following command were with the Defence Intelligence Staff at the Ministry of Defence, spending time with the American forces in Vietnam during the "Vietnamisation" programme, also visiting Laos and Cambodia.

Promoted to Colonel in 1973, he was appointed Chief Instructor at the School of Signals in Blandford for two years. This was followed by six months on the Senior Officers' War Course at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, and then 18 months as Chief Signal Officer, Headquarters 3rd Division at Bulford. On promotion to Brigadier in 1978, he commanded 12 Signal Brigade (Volunteers), being appointed an Aide-de-Camp to the Queen in July 1980.

His last tour, before retiring in July 1982, was as Brigadier General Staff (Author) in the Ministry of Defence where he wrote the classified operational history of the Northern Ireland campaign.  As Special Assistant to the Director of Personnel,  he occupied Room 105 at Broadcasting House in London from 1982, following his departure from the Army, until October 1988.

The role he inherited at the BBC was to liaise with MI5 regarding whether candidates for roles at the broadcasting corporation had suspicious political connections, particularly with communism (see: "Christmas tree" files). However, Stonham's role from his appointment in 1982 was to 'wind down' the vetting and reduce the number of BBC staff appointments that were subject to vetting. Sir Hugh Greene, a former Director-General of the BBC, said about Security Service vetting of BBC job applicants:I was vetted in 1940. MI5 thought I was a Communist but it turned out to be a mistake. Michael Grade, at the time Controller of BBC 1, also commented on the existence of Room 105, where Stonham was based:I don't know about room 105, but it does sound like a good title for a drama series.

Death
Stonham died on 5 August 2014, aged 87.

References

1927 births
2014 deaths
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
BBC people
Military personnel from Portsmouth
Royal Corps of Signals officers
20th-century British Army personnel
Graduates of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich
Mass media people from Portsmouth

Ronnie Stonham


Jurong (裕廊) is a town in the western side of Singapore. It used to be a swamp until the 1960s, when Goh Keng Swee, a minister, together with the United Nations, cleared the swamps, making Jurong an industrial estate (a place where industries are built to make goods). Jurong is divided in Jurong East, where houses and shops are built and Jurong West, mainly an industrial estate. Jurong East is under the Jurong Group Representation Constituency or Jurong GRC, while Jurong West is under the West Coast Group Representation Constituency. Jurong is connected to Johor Bahru by the Second-Link at Tuas. Jurong has the Jurong Bird Park and Chinese Gardens.

Places in Singapore

Jurong