Champagne is a French sparkling wine. It is named after the Champagne wine region in Grand Est. This is a region in France with many vineyards that grow grapes and make wine.  Note that this region is not identical to the French region of Champagne-Ardenne, nor the historical province Champagne. Champagne contains carbon dioxide. One of the features of Champagne wine is that this carbon dioxide originates from a second fermentation in the bottle, and is not added.

Many people call all sparkling wines champagne but according to trade laws, only sparkling wine from the Champagne region can be called champagne.

Kinds of champagnes
Champagnes must be made from certain kinds of grapes. They can be made from white Chardonnay grapes, or red Pinot Noir or Pinot Meunier grapes. Even if red grapes are used, most champagnes look white or sometimes pink (rosé).

Champagnes have different names depending on how much sugar is added. Here is a list of kinds of champagnes from least sweet (called "dry") to most sweet (called "wet"/"doux"):
 brut zéro or brut natural - no sugar is added
extra brut
 brut
 extra-dry
 sec
 demi-sec
 doux

Brut is the most common type of champagne.

Features

Champagne, like all sparkling wines, is carbonated. Because of all the bubbles, champagne is sometimes called bubbly (ex. "We're going to have bubbly at our wedding.")

Champagne can be opened in a way that the cork "pops" out and the champagne sprays out in a bubbly foam. Usually this is done only at celebrations. It can be achieved by shaking the bottle before opening it. Normally, care should be taken when opening champagne bottles so that it does not make a mess. When done correctly, the cork will come out quietly, more like a sigh than a pop.

Champagne is usually served in a champagne flute (a tall, narrow glass). The shape of the glass helps keep the bubbles for a longer time.

Champagne is always served cold (chilled). The best temperature is 7 to 9 °C (43 to 48 °F). Often the bottle is chilled in a bucket of ice before and after opening.

How to say it
In English it is pronounced like "shampain" (). In French is sounds more like "shampanye" ().

References
 Guy, Kolleen. When Champagne became French: Wine and the Making of a National Identity. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
 Robinson, Jancis (Ed.) The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, second edition, 1999.
 Prial, Frank J. Decantations. New Yrk: St. Maritin's and grifin Publishers, 2001, p. 24.

Other websites
 Champagne reviews and tasting notes

French wines
Marne

Champagne (wine)


Carrion is the carcass of a dead animal. There are several kinds of animal that feed on such meat, such as vultures, hyenas, condors, or Tasmanian Devils. Carrion is an important source of food for several kinds of carnivores and omnivores.

The Carrion beetles also feed on it. Some plants fake the smell of carrion (they smell like carrion), so that they will attract insects they eat. Predators do not normally feed on carrion- they hunt and kill the animals they eat.

Zoology
Death

Carrion


The North African Campaign was part of the Second World War. It took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943.  The campaign in North Africa included fighting in the Egyptian and Libyan Deserts (the Desert War), and in Morocco and Algeria (Operation Torch) and Tunisia (Tunisia Campaign).
There was a see-saw series of battles for the control of Libya and parts of Egypt. The Siege of Tobruk in 1941 was one of the turning points. In the Second Battle of El Alamein British Commonwealth forces under the command of Lieutenant general Bernard Montgomery decisively defeated the Afrika Korps and other Axis forces and pushed them back to Tunisia.

The late 1942 Allied landings in Operation Torch in North-West Africa was done to mop up the remaining enemy forces.  There were battles against Vichy France forces which then changed sides.  The Allies suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass. Later, they defeated the Axis forces in southern Tunisia (battle of Mareth), then encircled the remaining Italian & German troops in northern Tunisia and finally forced them to surrender.

After the fall of Tunis, the last troops to surrender were the Italians of general Messe on May 13, 1943 in the northern Tunisian peninsula of Cape Bon.

Related pages
Battle of the Kasserine Pass

Notes

North African battles of World War II
20th century in Libya
1940s in Egypt
20th century in Algeria
20th century in Morocco
20th century in Tunisia

North African Campaign


Azerbaijani cuisine is whit fowk cuik an eat in Azerbaijan. Fuids frae different culturs hae influenced Azerbaijani fuid. However, it remained different frae fuids in ither kintras. Mony fuids that started in Azerbaijan are now pairt o ither culturs. Fer the Azerbaijanis, fuid is an important pairt o the kintra's cultur an is very connected wi the historie, traditions an values o the naition.

Out o 11 climate types in the warld, Azerbaijan haes nine. Thes adds tae the fertility o the syle, so there are mony kins o vegetables used accordin tae saisons an the dishes. The climate helps tae create the richness o the fuid. Fresh yerbs, includin mint, coriander, dill, basil, persel, tarragon, leek, chive, thyme, marjoram, green ingan an watterkerse, are very popular an are aft put in the main dishes. The Caspian Sea haes mony edible species o fish, includin the sturgeon, Caspian salmon, kutum, sardines, gray mullet, an ithers. Black caviar frae the Caspian Sea is ane o Azerbaijan's best knoon delicacies wanted in mony pairts o the warld.

The main coorses o Azerbaijani cuisine are ower 30 kins o soups, includin those prepaured frae plain yogurt. Ane o the maist famous dishes is plov. Plov is a saffron-covered rice, served wi different yerbs. The Azerbaijani cuisine haes mair nor 40 different plov recipes. Ither second coorses include mony kins o kebabs an shashliks, includin lamb, beef, chicken, an fish (baliq) kebabs. Sturgeon, a common fish, is normally skewered (skewer is a thin metal or wid stick used tae hauld pieces o fuid thegither) an grilled as a shashlik, bein served wi a tert pomegranate sauce called narsharab.  Dried fruits an walnuts are used in mony dishes. The traditional condiments are saut, the spices black pepper, sumac, an especially saffron. Much o the saffron comes frae the Absheron Peninsula.

Black tea is the naitional drink, an is drunk efter fuid is eaten. It is also popular on its ain or wi dried fruits.

Anither popular drink is sherbet, a sweet cauld drink made o fruit juice mixed or biled wi succar, aft perfumed wi rose watter. Azerbaijani sherbet is nae sorbet, the cauld dessert.

Fremmit airtins

 Comparison o Cuisine atween North an Sooth Azerbaijan , Azerbaijan International, Hairst 2000, pp. 24–27.
 Proverbs abit Food in Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan International, Hairst 2000, pp. 36–37.
 Food! Glorious Food!, Special issue o Azerbaijan International, Hairst 2000.
 Azerbaijani dishes: Photographs an descriptions
 Azerbaijani cuisine: Descriptions o dishes bi category
 Cuisine o Azerbaijan based on the beuk Azerbaijani Cuikin  published in Baku
 Selected recipes frae Azerbaijani cuisine
 Farida's Azerbaijani Cuikbeuk
 Azerbaijani Food

Cuisine bi kintra

Azerbaijani cuisine


In music, a compilation is a record, usually an album, which contains songs from more than one source. For instance, it could contain songs from studio albums, live albums, EPs, and other places. The songs often have something in common, for instance a "Greatest Hits" compilation will contain the most popular songs by a band or musician.

Musical terminology

Compilation


Richard Milton Martin (1916, Cleveland, Ohio – 22 November 1985, Milton, Massachusetts) was an American logician and analytic philosopher. In his Ph.D. thesis written under Frederic Fitch, Martin discovered virtual sets a bit before Quine, and was possibly the first non-Pole other than Joseph Henry Woodger to employ a mereological system. Building on these and other devices, Martin forged a first-order theory capable of expressing its own syntax as well as some semantics and pragmatics (via an event logic), all while abstaining from set and model theory (consistent with his nominalist principles), and from intensional notions such as modality.

Career
Martin was educated as follows:
 B.A. Harvard, philosophy, 1938;
 M.A. Columbia, 1939;
 Ph.D. Yale, philosophy, 1941.
Martin studied under Alfred North Whitehead, then in his last year at Harvard, and may have studied under Ernest Nagel at Columbia. At Yale, logician Frederic Fitch supervised his dissertation.

During World War II, Martin taught mathematics at Princeton University, then at the University of Chicago. After the war, he taught philosophy at Bryn Mawr College 1946–48, the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) 1948–59, the University of Texas 1959–63, New York University 1963–73, Northwestern 1973–76 (full-time) and 1976–85 (one course per year). Martin also held visiting appointments at Bonn, Yale, Hamburg, the New School, and Temple.

In 1976, Martin largely retired from teaching, becoming a research associate with Boston University's Center for the History and Philosophy of Science. He made excellent use of the resulting leisure, so that his final decade of life was by far his most productive, publishing over 100 book chapters and journal articles.  In 1979, he published the definitive treatment of his logic / first-order theory, Part A of Semiotics, and edited a volume of Carolyn Eisele's writings on Charles Sanders Peirce. He helped edit the Festschrift books for Fitch and J. N. Findlay, respectively, published in 1975 and 1985.

At the time of his death, Martin served on the editorial board of eight journals and on the advisory board of the Peirce Edition Project. In 1981, he became president of the Charles S. Peirce Society. In 1984, he was elected president of the Metaphysical Society of America.

Despite having held tenure track appointments from 1948 until his death, the only Ph.D. thesis known to have been completed under Martin's supervision is that of James Scoggin. Otherwise, Martin's legacy is coextensive with his published writings.

Ideas
"...one of the most many-sided, prolific, and scholarly of analytic philosophers."
—Hans Burkhardt, Foreword to Metaphysical Foundations: Mereology and Metalogic.

Martin was part of the first wave of American analytic philosophers; arguably, only Quine (1908–2000), Fitch (1909–1987), and Henry Leonard (1905–67) preceded him. His chronological elders Nelson Goodman (1906–1998) and Wilfrid Sellars (1912–89) were arguably his contemporaries, as they all began their careers in earnest at about the same time, namely right after World War II. Martin's formal treatment of syntax followed Alfred Tarski; of semantics, Rudolf Carnap. Martin was generally well-disposed towards Carnap's work, contributed a long paper to the Schilpp volume on Carnap, and was seen as a disciple. Paradoxically, Martin was a positivist and radical nominalist who also sympathized with process theology and orthodox Christianity.

Between 1943 and 1992, Martin published 16 books and about 240 papers (of which 179 were included in his books) on an extraordinary range of subjects, including aesthetics, logic, the foundation of mathematics, metaphysics, syntax/semantics/pragmatics, the philosophy of science, phenomenology, process philosophy, theology, Frege, and Charles Sanders Peirce. Martin preached and practiced that philosophy should be done formally, by employing first-order logic, the theory of virtual sets and relations, and a multiplicity of predicates, all culminating in an event logic. Starting with the papers reprinted in his 1969 Belief, Martin argued that the Frege's Art des Gegebensein was crucial to his thinking. Just what this Art entailed remains to be elucidated.

Martin was especially fond of applying his first-order theory to the analysis of ordinary language, a method he termed logico-linguistics. He often referenced the work of the linguists Zellig Harris (admiringly) and Henry Hiz (more critically); Martin, Harris, and Hiz all taught at Penn in the 1950s. Yet Martin was dismissive of the related theoretical work by Noam Chomsky and his MIT colleagues and students. Ironically, Martin appears to have been Chomsky's main teacher of logic; while a student at Penn, Chomsky took every course Martin taught.

Quine's Word and Object cites Martin with approval, but Martin's wider impact has not been commensurate with the breadth and depth of his writings; the secondary literature on Martin consists of little more than reviews of his books.

Quotations
"Over the portals of the entrance to contemporary philosophy is writ: Enter here fully equipped with the tools of the new logic." Intension, p. 153.

"God made first-order logic and all the rest is the handiwork of man." Semiotics, p. xv.

Bibliography
The first four titles below and Part A of Semiotics are monographs. The other titles are fairly loose collections of papers, most first published in journals.

 1958. Truth and Denotation: A Study in Semantical Theory. University of Chicago Press.
 1974 (1959). Toward a Systematic Pragmatics (Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics). Greenwood Press.
 1959. The Notion of Analytic Truth. University of Pennsylvania Press.
 1963. Intension and Decision. Prentice-Hall.
 1969. Belief, Existence, and Meaning. New York University (NYU) Press.
 1971. Logic, Language, and Metaphysics. NYU Press.
 1974. Whitehead's Categorial Scheme and Other Papers. Martinus Neijhoff.
 1978. Events, Reference, and Logical Form. Catholic University of America Press.
 1978. Semiotics and Linguistic Structure. State University of New York (SUNY) Press.
 1979. Pragmatics, Truth, and Language. Reidel.
 1979. Peirce's Logic of Relations and Other Studies. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. John Benjamins.
 1980. Primordiality, Science, and Value. SUNY Press.
 1981. Logico-Linguistic Papers. Foris (Netherlands).
 1983. Mind, Modality, Meaning, and Method. SUNY Press.
 1988. Metaphysical Foundations: Mereology and Metalogic. Philosophia Verlag.
 1992. Logical Semiotics and Mereology. John Benjamins.

See also
 American philosophy
 List of American philosophers

Notes

References
Meguire, Philip, 2005, "Richard Milton Martin: American Logician," Review of Modern Logic 10: 7–65. Contains a:
 Bibliography of Martin's articles published in journals, conference proceedings, and in books edited by others;
Combined topic index for the papers appearing in Martin's books.

American logicians
20th-century American philosophers
1916 births
1985 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Yale University alumni
Princeton University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
Bryn Mawr College faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
University of Texas at Austin faculty
New York University faculty
Northwestern University faculty
Boston University faculty
Temple University faculty
People from Milton, Massachusetts
Presidents of the Metaphysical Society of America

Richard Milton Martin


A rotten borough, was a type of parliamentary borough in the UK, before the Reform Act 1832.

It had a very small electorate and could be used by its "owner" or patron to get a seat in Parliament in the House of Commons without any opposition. The same terms were used for similar boroughs in the 18th-century Parliament of Ireland.

Old Sarum in Wiltshire (pictured) was the most notorious pocket borough. It was owned by the Pitt family from the mid-17th century until 1802. One of its Members of Parliament was Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder. In 1802 the Pitt family sold it for £60,000, much more than the land itself was worth.

An even more striking example was Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk, who controlled eleven boroughs. The Reform Act of 1832 put an end to this sort of thing.

Notes

Politics of the United Kingdom

Rotten borough


The First Meenister o Scotland (, ) is the heid o the Scots Govrenment. The post wis estaiblisht in 1999 alangside the Scots Pairlament an the praisent First Meenister is Humza Yousaf, he haes haudit the post syne 2023.

The First Meenister is chuised bi a vote o the Scots Pairlament an than appyntit bi the ringin Monarch o the Unitit Kinrik.

Historie
The first body tae haud the poseetion o First Meenister wis Donald Dewar, aften cried the Faither o the Naition, or forbie the faither o devolved govrenment. Whan he wis Secretar o State for Scotland, Dewar's acts an wirks wis instrumental in gettin the referrendum that led tae devolution in Scotland. He haudit the office he helpit tae create for a short time til it endit sudden-like whan he dee'd o a brain haemorrhage in 2000.

Henry McLeish teuk his place; he serred in the poseetion for a gey short time, haen tae demit efter a scaundal anent his finances while a Wastmeenster CP. McLeish denee'd ony wrangdaein, claimin it wis a "muddle, rather than a fiddle", but muckle pressure wis brocht tae bear on him an he felt he haed nae chyce ither nor demittin; he did in 2001.

McLeish's job wis taen ower bi Jack McConnell, wha haed stuiden unsuccessfu agin McLeish for heidship o the Scots Labour Pairty. This made McConnell First Meenister fae then till 2007. McConnell said his kin of chiefship wad be chairacterised bi the Scots Executive ettlin tae "do less, but do it better".

Alex Salmond wis First Meenister fae 2007 tae 2014 as the heid o a coalition government atween the Scots National Pairty (SNP) an the Scots Greens in a minorite govrenment. In 2012 he led the SNP tae become the first pairty tae win a majority o seats in the Scots Pairlament, this wis also the year whan the Scots Executive wis renemmed tae the Scots Govrenment. In 2014 Nicola Sturgeon teuk ower as heid o the SNP and First Meenister an wis reelectit in 2017. In 2023, Sturgeon demittit an wis replaced wi Humza Yousaf.

The First Meenister is Keeper o the Great Seal o Scotland, an thair place in the order o precedence in Scotland is determinit bi that office.

Offeecial bidin
Bute House in Embro's Charlotte Square is the offeecial hame o the First Meenister.

Leet o First Meenisters o Scotland
 Donald Dewar (1999-2000) Labour
 Henry McLeish (2000-2001) Labour
 Jack McConnell (2001-2007) Labour
 Alex Salmond (2007-2014) SNP
 Nicola Sturgeon (2014-2023) SNP
 Humza Yousaf (2023-) SNP

Leet o Depute First Meenisters o Scotland
 Jim Wallace (1999-2005) Leeberal Democrat
 Nicol Stephen (2005-2007) Leeberal Democrat
 Nicola Sturgeon (2007-2014) SNP
 John Swinney (2014-2023) SNP
 Shona Robison (2023-) SNP

References

Politics o Scotland

First Meenister o Scotland


Little Calf Island is a small rocky island in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, some 9 miles offshore from downtown Boston, Massachusetts. The island has no vegetation and no history of human occupation. It is used for nesting by gulls and cormorants which can be aggressive during their nesting season. Access by humans is by private boat only, and is discouraged.

References

Boston Harbor islands
Islands of Suffolk County, Massachusetts

Little Calf Island


Les Deux Plateaux, more commonly known as the Colonnes de Buren, is an art installation created by the French artist Daniel Buren in 1985–1986. It is located in the inner courtyard (Cour d'Honneur) of the Palais Royal in Paris, France.

As described by the architectural writer Andrew Ayers, "Buren's work takes the form of a conceptual grid imposed on the courtyard, whose intersections are marked by candy-striped black-and-white columns of different heights poking up from the courtyard's floor like sticks of seaside rock. ... In one sense the installation can be read as an exploration of the perception and intellectual projection of space."

The work replaced the courtyard's former parking lot and was designed to conceal ventilation shafts for an underground extension of the culture ministry's premises. Some of the columns extend below courtyard level and are surrounded by pools of water into which passersby toss coins.

The project was the brainchild of the culture minister Jack Lang and elicited considerable controversy at the time. It was attacked for its cost and unsuitability to a historic landmark. Lang paid no attention to the orders of the Commission des Monuments Historiques, which objected to the plan. In retrospect Ayers has remarked: "Given the harmlessness of the result (deliberate  Buren wanted a monument that would not dominate), the fuss seems excessive, although the columns have proved not only expensive to install, but also to maintain."

References
Notes

Sources
 Ayers, Andrew (2004). The Architecture of Paris. Stuttgart: Axel Menges. .

External links

 Daniel Buren - Les deux plateaux - Travail in situ permanent 1985 - Juillet 1986, Cour d'honneur du Palais-Royal, Paris, France

Outdoor sculptures in France
Installation art works
1986 sculptures

Les Deux Plateaux


A civil war is a type of war that takes place between two or more groups in one country. While civil wars can take place for many reasons, there are two common reasons.

The first is because the different groups disagree about who should be in charge, or how the country should be run. If two political parties disagree about the result of an election, this might lead to a war if the two sides cannot or would not come to an agreement.

The second is because one group of people does not want to be part of the country anymore. This is known as a war of secession. Lots of people living in a certain area might decide that they want independence to make their own country. Very few national leaders would be happy to give up land that is part of that country, and a war could result.

Sometimes the people who want to break away do not necessarily want to form a whole new country, but they might want more autonomy over their affairs. This happens sometimes when different ethnic groups belong to the same nation.

Civil wars can go on for many years and be just as destructive and damaging as international wars. Civil wars tend to become complicated very quickly. A civil war might start between two sides, but groups might break up and the new, different sides could start fighting each other. Groups who were not involved at the beginning can easily be sucked in, as they fight to defend themselves against both sides. Civil wars with many different sides all fighting each other have occurred. Sometimes foreign countries help one side, or different countries help different sides. This can become a proxy war.

Examples
Civil wars include:
 English Civil War (1642–1651)
 American Civil War (1861–1865)
 Chinese Civil War (1927–1949)
 Vietnam War (1955–1975)
 Mexican Revolution (1911–1920)
 Russian Civil War (1917–1921)
 Finnish Civil War (1918)
 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
 Pakistan Civil War (1971)
 Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
 Syrian Civil War (2011–present)

References

Civil war


Order theory is a field of mathematics. It concerns itself with being able to compare different elements of a set. Given a binary relation it is then possible to put all the elements of the set in a certain order. It is also possible to say that a certain element "comes before" another one, for that relation. Another way to say this is to say that one of the two is "smaller than" the other.

For a specific set to be ordered it must be:

reflexive: each element of the set is within a relation with itself.

anti-symmetric: if A and B are in relation, and B is also in a relation with A, then A must be equal to B.

transitive: if A and B in a relation, and B is in a relation with C, then A and C must be in a relation.

Fields of mathematics

Order theory


A tape drive or streamer is a component that is often attached to a computer. It is used to write data to magnetic tape or to read data from it. Usually people use it to do backups. Tape drives are different from hard drives in that the access to the data is sequential (in order). This means to read a certain part of data, all the data before it needs to be read as well. Also tape drives are slow, compared to hard drives. Current capacities range from tens of gigabytes to almost a terabyte, per cartridge.

Storage devices

Tape drive


Sunrise is a two-disc compilation of Elvis Presley's studio recordings at Sun Studio from 1953 to 1955, released in 1999, RCA 67675-2. This set features all of the surviving master recordings made by Presley and his accompanists, Scotty Moore and Bill Black, occasionally augmented by other musicians, prior to his arrival on RCA Records in 1956.

Contents
Tapes for at least three songs have been lost: Sun versions of "I Got A Woman", "Uncle Pen", and "Satisfied". The first would be recorded by Presley during his first RCA session. All of the studio commercial recordings were produced by Sam Phillips, the owner of Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Phillips released Presley's recording contract to RCA for the substantial sum, in 1955 dollars, of $35,000 (). This gave RCA the rights to all of Presley's masters recorded at Sun.

The first disc presents all eighteen Sun titles from professional recording sessions during the singer's stay at the label.  The opening ten tracks comprise the A and b sides of the five officially released Presley singles on the Sun label. Outtakes from sessions at Sun were used to fill in catalogue items for RCA, with five used for Presley's debut LP.

The second disc compiles seven alternate takes from the professional studio sessions, with a different alternate of "Blue Moon" from the Take 1 that appears on 1950s box set. The remaining selections derive from acetates or basic recording equipment, and are not of professional sound quality; these are marked with an asterisk in the track listings below. The first four tracks comprise the pre-professional test recordings made by Elvis alone in July 1953 and January 1954. "Fool Fool Fool" and "Shake, Rattle, and Roll" were recorded by the standard Presley trio at an unknown location in Lubbock, Texas, during January 1955; presumably the visit where Buddy Holly witnessed the trio and decided to begin performing rock and roll. "It Wouldn't Be The Same Without You," and the final six tracks from a live performance on the Louisiana Hayride, in Shreveport, Louisiana featuring an augmented band in 1955, are released here for the first time.

The set does not include the three additional alternate takes of "I Love You Because" and the five additional alternates of "I'm Left, You're Right, She's Gone" that appeared on the 1987 two-disc set The Complete Sun Sessions.

Impact
The set includes "That's All Right (Mama)", one of candidates for being "the first rock and roll record". Elvis' entire period at Sun is one of the seminal events in the birth of rock and roll, specifically also the beginning of the subgenre known as rockabilly. As stated by author Peter Guralnick, opening the liner notes to this set:

"If Elvis Presley had never made another record after his last Sun session in the fall of 1955, there seems little question that his music would have achieved much the same mythic status as Robert Johnson's blues. The body of his work at Sun is so transcendent, so fresh, and so original that even today you can scarcely listen to it in relation to anything but itself.  Like all great art its sources may be obvious, but its overall impact defies explanation."

In 2002, given their importance in the development of American popular music, The Sun Sessions were chosen, by the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress, to be kept as a bequeathal to posterity. In 2012 Rolling Stone magazine placed Sunrise at number 11 on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

The Rolling Stone listing is confusing because the album pictured is not Sunrise. It is the 1976 compilation The Sun Sessions. The album title is also incorrectly given as The Sun Sessions. The text, however, cites a 2-disc, 1999 RCA release that can only be Sunrise. When Rolling Stone updated its list in 2020, Sunrise was replaced by The Sun Sessions, which was ranked 78th.

For more detailed information on the recording sessions, see Elvis Presley's Sun recordings.

Track listing
Chart positions for LPs and EPs from Billboard Top Pop Albums chart; positions for singles from Billboard Pop Singles chart except where noted.

Disc one

Disc two

Personnel
 Elvis Presley – vocal, guitar
 Scotty Moore – guitar on disc one, disc two (tracks 5–19)
 Bill Black –  bass on disc one, disc two (tracks 5–19)
 Jimmie Lott – drums on disc one (track 8)
 Johnny Bernero – drums on disc one (tracks 9, 18, 19)
 Leon Post – piano on disc two (tracks 14–19)
 Sonny Trammel – steel guitar on disc two (tracks 14–19)

References

External links
 Sun Studio
 Sun Records

1999 compilation albums
Albums recorded at Sun Studio
Compilation albums published posthumously
Elvis Presley compilation albums
RCA Records compilation albums

Sunrise (Elvis Presley album)


Kauniainen () is a city in Uusimaa, Finland. It is part of the Greater Helsinki area. Kauniainen has an area 6.0 km² and is fully located within Espoo.

Kauniainen has the lowest local taxation rate in Finland (16,5 %). A lot of rich people live there.

Kauniainen was officially founded in 1920. It became a city in 1972. There are about 8,550 people living in Kauniainen. Most of them (57 %) speak Finnish as their first language. 39 % have Swedish as their mother tongue.

Kauniainen has very good bus and train connections. There is a railway station. Many buses drive through Kauniainen.

Other websites
 The official Kauniainen page, in Finnish, Swedish and English

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Uusimaa
1920 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Finland

Kauniainen


Carnage is a 2017 mockumentary directed by Simon Amstell.  Set in the year 2067, when veganism is the norm, the film looks back on meat-eating today. It premiered on BBC iPlayer.

Synopsis
Set in 2067, the narrator tells how the world is a happier place, as meat eating ("carnism") is banned and veganism prevails. Young people express their disbelief on how people could have ever killed and eaten animals. Yasmine Vondenburgen, a psychotherapist, holds support sessions for former carnists to lift the guilt of carnism. In one session, Davina breaks down after naming Edam as a cheese she once ate.

The film goes back to 1944, to the establishment of The Vegan Society, and rationing of meat due to war, which ends in 1954. Fanny Cradock promotes carnism in theatre and TV. In the 1970s and 1980s, US food companies disguise meat as toys children would like to eat, using figures like Ronald McDonald to attract them. Intensive farming leads to BSE crisis and foot-and-mouth disease. From 2004, many diseases grow due to consumption of processed meats.

The film then returns to 2067, with young people using new VR technology to experience eating meat. They stop after a while, unable to process it.

Going back to 2017, the film shows how celebrity chefs like Nigella Lawson, Gordon Ramsay, Jamie Oliver and Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall promote carnism instead of veganism. It shows the rise in veganism, helped by people like JME, who inspires Troye King Jones. King Jones then writes a book and makes feature films on veganism. Maude Polikoff, former erotic dancer, reveals she left the career as milk and dairy were used in a sexualised way, in spite of being unethically obtained. Vondenburgen explains how the hierarchy of the British monarchy led to humans believing they should be above animals. The UN urges people to cut down on meat, due to climate change. This is ignored, and the UK faces floods. Lindsay Graber, a victim of these, explains climate change due to meat on TV. Veganism is promoted by TV presenters, but it is ignored, and in 2021 the UK faces a Super Swine Flu, killing many. Intensive farming is banned to prevent a re-occurrence, but this hikes up costs of meat, and many people are confused over what to eat.

In 2023, this Era of Confusion is broken by a new celebrity chef Freddy Jayashankar, who re-introduces a plant based Eastern cuisine. It is revealed that King Jones and Jayashankar are in a relationship. Later, a film, Dorothy is Still Dorothy, is broadcast by the BBC featuring Dorothy, a woman with Alzheimer's who forgets that eating a chicken is normal, much to the annoyance of her son Jeff. In 2024, a musical featuring Amelie dressed as a cow is made, which exposes the horrors of the dairy industry. Albania wins the Eurovision Song Contest by a vegan song.

Meanwhile, Graham Watkins speaks out against veganism, harassing vegans on streets and in restaurants. A TV show, Mike's Meat House, mocking veganism is started, but cancelled after four episodes. Graber returns to TV to explain harsh environmental effects of beef, and suggesting a ban on it, which is not accepted by the British, leading to riots. King Jones appears for an interview on Newsnight. Shortly after that, he is murdered and cannibalised, allegedly by a member of the Great British Meat League. This sparks a revolution, with major food companies including McDonald's and KFC turning vegan, and 75% of UK at least vegetarian; yet there is a reluctance for criminalising carnism. Watkins, with other carnists, states illogical reasons defending carnism.

All such arguments are resolved by the invention of a Thought Translator, allowing animals to communicate freely with humans using the recorded voice of Joanna Lumley. The unethical practices of the egg industry are explained. In 2035, the Bill of Animal Rights is finally passed, criminalising carnism. The animals who were victims of the industry are sent to recovery centres. Coming back to 2067, the Clifton Abattoir is now a museum to explain the horrific dairy industry of the past. The young and old apologise to each other.

The film ends with the support group successfully naming the fish they had once eaten.

Cast

See also
 List of vegan media

References

External links

2010s mockumentary films
British comedy films
Films set in 1944
Films set in 2017
Films set in 2021
Films set in 2023
Films set in 2024
Films set in 2035
Films set in 2067
Veganism
2010s English-language films
2010s British films

Carnage (2017 film)


Sīstān () is a border region in eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) and southern Afghanistan (Nimroz, Kandahar and Zabul provinces).

Sistan was once the homeland of Sakas, a Scythian tribe of Iranic origin. The Saffarids, one of the early Iranian dynasties of the Islamic era, were first from Sistan.

References

 Britannica

Sistan and Baluchestan Province
History of Iran
History of Persia

Sistan


Ernst Franz Grünfeld (November 21, 1893 – April 3, 1962) was an Austrian chess player and writer, mainly on opening theory. He was among the inaugural recipients of the grandmaster title in 1950.

Life and career
Grünfeld was born in Josefstadt, Vienna. He lost a leg in his early childhood, which was beset by poverty. However, he discovered chess, studied intensely, and quickly earned a reputation as a skilled player at the local chess club, the Wiener Schach-Klub.

The First World War (1914–1918) seriously affected Grünfeld's chances of playing the best in the world as few tournaments were played during this troubled period. He was reduced to playing correspondence matches and spent much of his spare time studying opening variations. He started a library of chess material which he kept in his small Viennese flat until his death at the age of 68 in 1962.

He developed a reputation as an expert on openings during the 1920s and success over the board soon followed. He was 1st in Vienna (1920) with Savielly Tartakower; 1st in Margate (1923); 1st in Meran (1924); 1st in Budapest (1926) with Mario Monticelli; 1st in Vienna (1927) and he shared first spot in the Vienna tournaments of 1928 and 1933 (Trebitsch Memorial)—the former with Sándor Takács and the latter with Hans Müller; and finally he was 1st in the tournament at Ostrava of 1933. He also won in the 23rd DSB Congress at Frankfurt 1923.

During the Bad Pistyan (Piešťany) tournament of April 1922 Grünfeld introduced his most important contribution to opening theory—the Grünfeld Defence. He played the defence against Friedrich Sämisch in round 7, drawing in 22 moves, and later that year he used it successfully against Alexander Alekhine in the Vienna tournament. However, he did not play the opening frequently.

During the late 1920s and 1930s Grünfeld played top board for Austria in four Chess Olympiads (1927, 1931, 1933, 1935), and his best year was in 1927 when he scored 9½/12. According to the Chessmetrics website he would have been rated around 2715 at his peak (December 1924).

In May 1943, he took 2nd, behind Paul Keres, in Poznań, and won in December 1943 in Vienna. After the Second World War, he tied for 3rd-4th at Vienna 1951 (Schlechter Memorial, Moshe Czerniak won). Grünfeld was awarded the title International Grandmaster by FIDE in 1950. By the late 1950s he was playing very little chess and he mainly worked on his prodigious library which by now had completely filled the living room in his flat which he shared with his wife and daughter. His last tournament was Beverwijk (Hoogovens Tournament) in 1961, where in a field with five more strong grandmasters, he finished with a score of 3/9 (with only one win, against Jan Hein Donner).

He died in the Wilhelminenspital in Ottakring, Vienna on April 3, 1962.

Playing style

He reputedly modeled his style of play on Akiba Rubinstein's and only played 1.d4, claiming that he did not make mistakes in the opening. However, his style of avoiding complex variations together with an essentially drawish nature was simply not good enough to trouble the world's best. He is best remembered for his eponymous defence, the Grünfeld Defence (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5) and for his general expertise in the opening.

Writings
Ernst Grünfeld contributed many articles on openings to chess magazines around Europe. Indeed, before he had turned 20, he was already contributing articles on the Ruy Lopez to Wiener Schachzeitung, which was one of the most popular German-language chess publications of its day, and over the next 40 years or so he wrote many articles on opening theory for chess publications in Germany, Belgium, and the USSR. His favorite market was in Bulgaria, though, because they used to pay for his work in food rather than in money!

He published several books which were generally well received and he contributed to a seminal account of the Teplice tournament of 1922. Other publications include The Queen's Pawn Game and the Queen's Gambit Declined (1924) and Taschenbuch der Eroffnungen im Schach (1953).

References

External links
 Kmoch, Hans (2004). Grandmasters I Have Known: Ernst Grünfeld. Chesscafe.com.

 Grünfeld's profile on chessmetrics.com

Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Austrian chess players
Austrian male writers
Chess writers
Chess theoreticians
People from Josefstadt
1893 births
1962 deaths
20th-century chess players

Ernst Grünfeld


Mont Cornillon Abbey (L'Abbaye du Mont-Cornillon in French) was a Premonstratensian monastery which occupied a site in Wallonia close to Liège, Belgium. In 1288 the abbey having moved to a new location, it became known as Beaurepart Abbey. It was the home of Saint Juliana of Liège.

History

The abbey was founded by Albero I of Louvain, Bishop of Liège, in 1124, three years after Saint Norbert had formed the Premonstratensian Order. The abbey, intended for Canons Regular of Prémontré from Floreffe Abbey near Namur, stood on the right bank of the Meuse on an elevation called Mont Cornillon which overlooked the city of Liège.

In the early years of the order all Premonstratensian abbeys were double abbeys, that is to say, the canons lived on one side of the church and the nuns, who had charge of the hospital for women, on the other side. Where an abbey stood on an elevation, as was the case at Mont Cornillon, both the nunnery and the hospital were built at the foot of the hill. Saint Juliana of Liège (born 1193; died 1258), whose name is connected with the institution of the feast of Corpus Christi on account of her visions, was a nun of this convent.

The first abbot of Mont Cornillon was Blessed Lucas, one of Saint Norbert's disciples, a learned and holy religious, some of whose writings have been published in the "Bibliotheca Magna Patrum", and also by Migne.

The Bishop of Liège, wishing to build a fortress on the heights of Cornillon, gave the canons in exchange in 1288 another site in his episcopal city where the abbey, from that time on called Beaurepart Abbey ("Bellus Reditus"), stood until it was suppressed by the French Republic in 1796.

All the religious refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Republic; some were exiled and one was put to death. The abbey was declared to be of public utility and consequently was not sold. For a time it served as an arsenal and for other government purposes, but by decree of 11 June 1809, Napoleon gave the abbey to the Bishop of Liège as his residence and as the Diocesan Seminary of Liège.

On the abbey's original site on Mont Cornillon the Little Sisters of the Poor have built an old people's home, and the former nunnery at the foot of the hill is now occupied by Carmelite nuns.

References

Christian monasteries in Liège Province
Premonstratensian monasteries in Belgium
1124 establishments in Europe
Religious organizations established in the 1120s
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Buildings and structures in Liège

Mont Cornillon Abbey


Winnipeg General Hospital is a hospital that was founded in 1872 in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It was built on the estate of Andrew McDermot. The driving force behind the hospital was McDermott's son-in-law Andrew Bannatyne. The hospital is part of the Health Sciences Centre, one of the largest hospitals in Canada.

History
In 1882, a 20-bed hospital was built on land donated by Andrew McDermot. It was later exchanged for a larger site and the first building were constructed in 1884. The site grew and Henry Sandham Griffith designed a major addition to the hospital in 1903.

In 1937, contractor William Arthur Irish added another building costing $25,000.

The hospital merged Winnipeg Children's Hospital and Winnipeg Rehabilitation Hospitals in 1972 to become the Health Sciences Centre.

Dr. Edward Benson
One of the founders of Winnipeg General Hospital was Dr. Edward Benson (1843–1904).

Born in Peterborough, Ontario, son of Colonel J. R. Benson and Catherine Lee, he studied medicine at Louisville, Kentucky during the United States Civil War. Later he went to New York's Bellevue Hospital where he passed his final examinations before he was 21 years old. Returning to Canada he received a Canadian medical diploma at Toronto, and practised at Peterborough and Lindsay, Ontario.

Benson came to Winnipeg in 1874 following his brothers (Lieutenant James Benson) who was with the Wolseley Expedition.
James Lee Benson (1849–1926) He was also an early Dentist practitioner. Born at Peterborough, Ontario in March 1849, he returned to Winnipeg around 1881 and began a dental practice. He was the first elected President of the Manitoba Dental Association. He went to the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush and remained at Dawson City for seven years. He died at Winnipeg on 3 July 1926, survived by a son and three daughters. He was buried in Old Kildonan Cemetery.
Sources:

In addition to private practice Dr. Benson was city jail surgeon for 25 years, Coroner for Winnipeg, medical officer for the Deaf and Dumb Institute, and one of the founders of Winnipeg General Hospital. He was a member of the School Board for more than a decade. He was a Conservative, a Mason, an Odd Fellow, and a member of the board of trustees of Grace Church from its inception. In 1877, he was a member of the First Convocation of the University of Manitoba.

He married Annie Campbell in 1874, and had three sons: John Robinson Benson (1876-?), Edward Campbell Benson (1878-?), and Henry Lorne Benson (1879-?).

He died at Winnipeg on 26 August 1904. He is commemorated by Benson Avenue in Winnipeg.

Notes

Sources
The Story of Manitoba by F. H. Schofield, Winnipeg: The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1913
Pioneers and Early Citizens of Manitoba, Winnipeg: Manitoba Library Association, 1971

Hospitals in Winnipeg
Hospitals established in 1872
1872 establishments in Manitoba
Downtown Winnipeg

Winnipeg General Hospital


David Henry Bradley, Jr. (born 1950, in Bedford, Pennsylvania) is the author of South Street and The Chaneysville Incident, which won the PEN/Faulkner Award in 1982. Both novels have been recently released in electronic editions by Open Road Media.

Biography
Bradley's The Chaneysville Incident was inspired in part by the real-life discovery of the graves of a group of runaway slaves on a farm near Chaneysville in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, where Bradley was born. This book also earned Bradley a 1982 Academy Award from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. His short story, "You Remember the Pinmill" (winner of a 2014 O. Henry Award), was published in 2013 in Narrative Magazine.

Since 1985, Bradley has worked primarily in creative nonfiction, with pieces in Esquire, Redbook, The New York Times, Philadelphia Magazine, The Pennsylvania Gazette, The Nation and Dissent. His work has also appeared online in Obit, Narrative, and Brevity.

Bradley holds a bachelor of arts degree in creative writing from the University of Pennsylvania and a master of arts in United States Studies from the University of London. He was also a faculty member in the Creative Writing Program at the University of Oregon.

He appeared on the June 12, 2011 episode of 60 Minutes in a segment regarding the censored version of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Selected works
Fiction
South Street (1975)
The Chaneysville Incident (1981)
"You Remember the Pin Mill" (2012) Narrative Magazine Winner of a 2014 O. Henry Award.
Essays and creative non-fiction
"The Faith". In Praise of What Persists. Ed. Stephen Berg. New York: Harper, 1983. 9–18.
"Christmas Eve". While Someone Else is Eating. Ed. Earl Shorris. New York: Doubleday, 1984. 175–98.
"On Re-Reading Native Son" (1986), New York Times Magazine
"Black and American". Essays for '80s. Ed. William Vesterman. New York: Random House, 1987. 397–402.
"Bringing Down the Fire". Spiritual Quests: The Art and Craft of Religious Writing. Ed. William Zinser. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988.
"Harvest Home". Family Portraits. Ed. Carolyn Anthony. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1989. 49–66.
"Jim and the Dead Man". The New Yorker. 26 June-3 July 1995: 126–33.
"Layers of Paradox" Dissent
"Psalms and Gospels". Communion. Ed. David Rosenberg. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
"Black Scholars, White Scholars: Awkward Moments" (1997), Chronicle of Higher Education.
"To Make Them Stand in Fear". When Race Becomes Real: Black and White Writers Confront Their Personal Histories. Ed. Bernestine Singley. Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 2002. 111–37.
"...By Any Other Name" Obit; Best Creative Nonfiction Vol. 2  (2008)
"That Ain't Jazz" (2009) Narrative Magazine
"Beyond Chagrin" (2009) Brevity: 29
"The Ever-Evolving Malcolm X" (2009) Obit
"Misreading Obama" (2010) Dissent
"Eulogy for Nigger" (2014) "TriQuarterly"

References

External links
Literary Encyclopedia page on David Bradley

1950 births
Living people
People from Bedford, Pennsylvania
Writers from Pennsylvania
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners

David Bradley (novelist)


In information theory, redundancy means that a message is encoded and transmitted using more bits that are necessary to encode the message. If a piece of information is redundant, it can be left out, without loss of information.  Redudant information such as checksums can be used to detect and correct errors in transmission or storage.

Operations like data compression reduce redundancy. This can be good, as the data can be sent more quickly and take less space.  It can also be bad, if an error can no longer be corrected automatically.

When using databases, redundancies must be avoided, as they can lead to inconsistencies. In this case, the process is called normalisation.

Computer science

Redundancy


The 88th Grey Cup (Canadian Football League championship) was held in 2000 in Calgary.  The BC Lions won the game 28–26 over the Montreal Alouettes. The Lions, who finished 8–10 with an overtime loss during the regular season, became the first team ever to finish with a regular season record below .500 and win the Grey Cup.

Game summary
BC Lions (28) – TD's, Damon Allen (2), Robert Drummond; FG's, Lui Passaglia (2); cons., Passaglia (2); singles, Passaglia (2).

Montreal Alouettes (26) – TD's, Jock Climie, Mike Pringle, Ben Cahoon; FG's, Terry Baker (2); cons., Baker (2).

First Quarter
BC—Single Passaglia missed 47-yard field goal attempt, one-point granted 4:10
BC—TD Allen 1-yard run (Passaglia convert) 6:39
MTL—FG Baker 19-yard field-goal 11:38
Second Quarter
BC—Single Passaglia missed 33-yard field goal attempt, one-point granted 0:17
BC—FG Passaglia 23-yard field-goal 11:10
Third Quarter
MTL—TD Climie pass from Calvillo on one-yard line (Baker convert) 6:49
Fourth Quarter
BC—TD Drummond 44-yard run (Passaglia convert) 0:55
MTL—FG Baker 51-yard field-goal 4:30
BC—TD Allen 1-yard run 8:38
MTL—TD Pringle 5-yard run (Baker convert) 11:18
BC—FG Passaglia 29-yard field-goal 13:35
MTL—TD Cahoon 59-yard pass from Calvillo 14:16

The game started off slowly. There was no score until Lui Passaglia's missed field goal produced a single for the Lions that got them off to a 1–0 lead. A little more than three minutes later, Damon Allen scored a touchdown on a one-yard run that made the score 8–0. Montreal finally got on the scoreboard at 11:38 when Terry Baker hit a nineteen-yard field goal to cut the score to 8–3. There was only one score in the second quarter, as Passaglia missed another field goal that produced another single for the Lions. The Lions led 12–3 going into the half.

In the third quarter, the Alouettes cut the score to 12–10 after slotback Jock Climie caught a one-yard pass from Anthony Calvillo.

Only 55 seconds into the fourth period, Robert Drummond broke through the Al's defense for a forty-four yard score to increase the Lions' lead to 19–10. Terry Baker had his second field goal of the day to bring the Al's nearer, 19–13. Lions' quarterback Damon Allen ran for his second touchdown of the day. The two-point conversion failed, but the lead was now twelve with 11:01 on the clock.

Alouettes running back Mike Pringle, who ran for 115 yards on the day, ran in a five-yard score to shrink the score once again to 25–20 with 3:42 left in the game. Lui Passaglia's 29-yard field goal with 1:25 left gave the Lions an eight-point lead. Anthony Calvillo and the Al's only had a small amount of time to work with to possibly tie up the game and send it into overtime. Calvillo hit receiver Ben Cahoon across the middle and Cahoon raced fifty-nine yards to pull the Alouettes to within two with 44 seconds left in the game. The Alouettes went for a two-point convert to tie the game and send it into overtime, but Calvillo's pass sailed over the head of a falling Thomas Haskins, who fell to the turf before the pass arrived.  The play was not without controversy, with the Alouettes seeking a pass interference call, but none was called.

Montreal attempted an onside kick, but Lions' receiver Alfred Jackson leapt over several Alouette players to recover the football, enabling the Lions to run out the clock.

Trivia
 Lions Sean Millington received the game's most valuable Canadian.
Lions running back Robert Drummond posted 122 rushing yards on 10 carries and was named the game's Most Valuable Player.
 This was the final game for Lions kicker Lui Passaglia who retired after the 2000 CFL season. He played in professional football for 25 years, the longest of any player in either the NFL or CFL.
 This was the first Grey Cup appearance for the reactivated Montreal Alouettes; their last Grey Cup appearance came in 1979, in a loss to the Edmonton Eskimos.
The Lions became the first team in history to win the Grey Cup after posting a losing record in the regular season.

2000 CFL Playoffs

West Division
Semi-final (November 12 @ Edmonton, Alberta) BC Lions 34-32 Edmonton Eskimos

Final (November 19 @ Calgary, Alberta) BC Lions 37-23 Calgary Stampeders

East Division
Semi-final (November 12 @ Hamilton, Ontario) Winnipeg Blue Bombers 22-20 Hamilton Tiger-Cats

Final (November 19 @ Montreal, Quebec) Montreal Alouettes 35-24 Winnipeg Blue Bombers

References

External links

Grey Cup
Grey Cup
Canadian football competitions in Calgary
2000 in Canadian football
2000 in Alberta
Montreal Alouettes
BC Lions
2000s in Calgary
2000 in Canadian television
November 2000 sports events in Canada

88th Grey Cup


Jacopo Peri (born Rome, 20 August 1561; died Florence, 12 August 1633) was an Italian composer and singer. He composed the first opera ever written.

Life
Peri was born in Rome, but studied in Florence. He had several church jobs, playing the organ and singing. He also worked at the court of the Medici family, playing instruments and composing incidental music for plays and madrigals.

In the 1590s, Peri worked for Jacopo Corsi, the most important patron of music in Florence. They felt that art at that time (music, drama, painting etc.) was not as good as the classical art that had been produced 2000 years ago in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. They wanted to write drama like the old Greek tragedies. In music they started to write "monody", which meant a solo song with a continuo bass accompaniment. They soon started to realize that just monody on its own could become boring, so they developed it into recitative (where the story could be told) and aria (where the singers could express their feelings in song). Peri and Corsi asked the poet Ottavio Rinuccini to write some words for them and together they produced the opera Dafne. It was probably nothing like what the Ancient Greeks would have done, but it was the first opera in modern times.

In 1600, Rinuccini and Peri wrote another opera together: Euridice.  We still have the music Euridice, although unfortunately the music to Dafne has been lost.

Peri wrote several other operas, although they are not great works. However, a very great composer was around at the time. His name was Claudio Monteverdi. In 1607, he started writing operas and his operas are often performed today.

1600 is the date usually thought of as the beginning of the Baroque music period. It is a convenient date because it is when opera started.

References
"Jacopo Peri", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.

1561 births
1633 deaths
Baroque composers
16th-century Italian composers
Musicians from Rome
17th-century Italian composers

Jacopo Peri


The Skirmish at Island Mound was a skirmish of the American Civil War, occurring on October 29, 1862, in Bates County, Missouri. The Union victory is notable as the first known event in which an African-American regiment engaged in combat against Confederate forces during the war.

Made up mostly of former slaves who had escaped from Missouri and Arkansas, the regiment was recently trained in Kansas. They were outnumbered in the skirmish, but stood their ground and fought with "desperate bravery," as headlined by The New York Times. This Kansas regiment was later made part of the Union Army as United States Colored Troops. The state acquired property here in 2011 and the area has been preserved since 2012 as the Battle of Island Mound State Historic Site.

Background
Captain (soon to be Colonel) James M. Williams had been forming an African-American regiment in Kansas, made up largely of escaped slaves from Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian Territory, and some free blacks. In August 1862, these men were mustered into Kansas militia service as the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteers. The United States was not yet ready to accept black troops in the Union Army. They weren't mustered into United States service until January 13, 1863, after the Emancipation Proclamation. Despite the uncertainty of the regiment's future as a federal military force, Kansas ensured the men were armed with a mix of good Austrian and Prussian muskets with bayonets.

Maj. B.S. Henning ordered Captain Richard G. Ward's 170-man battalion and Captain Henry C. Seaman's 70-man battalion to proceed across the Missouri River to Bates County, Missouri.  They were accompanied by members of the 5th Kansas Cavalry serving as scouts, among them some Cherokee and blacks.  The objective was to break up a guerrilla army based on Hog Island in the Osage River, near the Toothman homestead and about nine miles on the other side of the Kansas-Missouri border.  The area away from the river was largely open tall-grass prairie and farms, without many trees. John Toothman had been identified as a guerrilla and imprisoned at Fort Lincoln, a Civil War prison camp near Fulton, Kansas.

As the Kansans approached on Monday, October 27, the scouts identified a large party ahead as local Confederate guerrillas under Bill Truman and Dick Hancock, as well as Missouri State Guard recruits under Colonel Jeremiah "Vard" Cockrell (all mounted.)

Siege and Engagement

Finding the enemy in greater force than anticipated, the Kansans fortified the Toothman homestead and used fence rails to create breastworks.  The soldiers dubbed the works, "Fort Africa." Tuesday passed with occasional skirmishing.  The superior range of the Austrian muskets kept the guerrilla cavalry, with lesser arms, at bay.

By Wednesday, October 29, the Kansans' rations were running low. Runners had been sent back to Kansas requesting assistance.  A foraging party was dispatched while skirmishers pushed forward to create a diversion. When the foragers returned, the men ate.

While the Kansans ate, the guerrillas set a prairie fire south of the camp, driving in the skirmishers.  Seaman responded by back burning to prevent the fire from reaching the camp.  He sent out a scouting party, consisting of Cherokee John Six-Killer and his slaves, who had enlisted with him.  The party was to move beyond the edge of the fire, but remain in sight of the camp. Instead, they were drawn into skirmishing and advanced out of sight.  A party under Lieutenant Joseph Gardner (soon accompanied by several other officers) was dispatched to their aid and to recall them.  This group also soon became engaged out of sight.

Captain Ward was dispatched to their aid and could soon see the others engaged far from camp in the river bottoms.  He called for the rest of the command to be brought up. In response Seaman sent his force forward on the flanks in support.

The mounted guerrillas appeared in force, moving to a point between Gardner and Ward.  Gardner's men attempted to make it back to camp.  When they could not, they formed a line and fired a volley into the charging cavalry.  The Kansas men were badly outnumbered. A general melee ensued, in which most of the Kansans losses occurred. Southern cavalry who swept past Gardner found themselves hemmed in by volleys from the rest of the approaching Kansans.  Gardner's detachment moved toward the advancing line, and the guerrillas were finally forced to withdraw.

Casualties and significance
Union casualties were 8 killed (1 white officer, 6 black, 1 Cherokee) and 11 men wounded.  Among the dead were Captain A.G. Crew of Co. A.; Corp. Joseph Talbot, Privates Samuel Davis, Thomas Lane, Marlon Barber, Allen Rhodes, Henry Gash, all of Co F; and John Six-Killer of Seaman's Battalion. Guerrilla losses are unknown, although some Kansans at the time claimed up to 40 killed.

The action was reported in The New York Times by a correspondent who had accompanied the Kansas unit. The heroic action of the African Americans was headlined as "desperate bravery;" and Bill Truman told supporters in Butler that the blacks had fought "like tigers." The African Americans were fighting for their freedom, to ensure they never went back to slavery, and they knew the guerrillas would give them no quarter, having promised to kill blacks rather than take them prisoner.

The unit's bravery attracted national attention, as some observers had doubted whether former slaves would make good soldiers. In 1863 the United States Colored Troops were established. On December 13, 1864, the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteers were redesignated as the 79th United States Colored Troops.

Legacy and honors
The Battle of Island Mound State Historic Site was established in 2012 in Bates County to preserve this area. It memorializes the actions of all the soldiers, including the eight Kansas soldiers who died in action and were buried near the Toothman farm.

Representation in other media
 The Battle of Island Mound (2014), a 30-minute documentary, was commissioned by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources and produced by Brant Hadfield, a filmmaker based in St. Louis. He wrote, directed, shot and edited the film. It won two Emmy Awards in 2015 for Best Historical Documentary and cinematography. It has won other awards.

References

External links
 Battle of Island Mound State Historic Site, Missouri Department of Natural Resources
 Brant Hadfield, "The Battle of Island Mound", 2015, documentary film, Facebook
 "The Battle of Island Mound", IMDb
 Chris Tabor, "The Skirmish at Island Mound", 2000, Tripod
 "Battle of Island Mound", Animated battle map with sound.

1862 in the United States
Island Mound
Island Mound
Island Mound
African Americans in the American Civil War
Island Mound
Bates County, Missouri
1862 in the American Civil War
1862 in Missouri
October 1862 events

Skirmish at Island Mound


The University of Sarajevo (Bosnian: Univerzitet u Sarajevu / Универзитет у Сарајеву) is a public university in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the largest and oldest university in the country.

With 20 faculties, three academies and three faculties of theology and with 30,866 enrolled students as of 2014, it ranks among the largest universities in the Balkans in terms of enrollment. Since opening its doors in 1949, a total of 122,000 students received bachelor's degrees, 3,891 received master's degrees and 2,284 received doctorate degrees in 45 different fields. It is now widely regarded as the most prestigious university in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and employs more than one thousand faculty members.

Objective
The main objective of all the university's current activities is to raise the quality of studies, to create a contemporary university of European origins, which will be a respectable representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the international level and a promoter of the traditional, historical, cultural, scientific and artistic values of the country, and Southeastern Europe.

Organization

The University comprises 32 faculties, academies and colleges, further subdivided into 6 academic groups, and an additional number of other programs:
 School of Economics and Business Sarajevo
 Academy of Fine Arts in Sarajevo
 Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo
 Faculty of Architecture
 Faculty of Electrical Engineering
 Faculty of Criminal Science
 Faculty of Political Science in Sarajevo
 Faculty of Sport and Physical Education
 Faculty of Traffic Engineering and Communications
 Faculty of Pharmacy
 Faculty of Philosophy
 Faculty of Civil Engineering
 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
 Medical Faculty
 Sarajevo Music Academy
 College of Teacher Education
 Faculty of Agriculture
 Sarajevo Law School
 Faculty of Science and Technology
 Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
 Faculty of Dental Medicine
 Faculty of Forestry
 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
 Faculty of Health Studies

Join Members
 Faculty of Islamic Studies
 Faculty of Catholic Theology
 Faculty of Public Administration

Institutes
 Institute of History
 Institute for Research of Crimes Against Humanity and International Law
 Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
 Oriental Institute
 Students Center Sarajevo
 Institute for Social Research

Rectors

 Vaso Butozan 1949-1950, 1952-1956
 Drago Krndija 1950-1952
 Edhem Čamo 1956-1960
 Aleksandar Trumić 1960-1965
 Fazli Alikalfić 1965-1969
 Hamdija Čemerlić 1969-1972
 Zdravko Besarović 1972-1977
 Arif Tanović 1977-1981
 Božidar Matić 1981-1985
 Ljubomir Berberović 1985-1988
 Nenad Kecmanović 1988-1991
 Jusuf Mulić 1991-1993
 Faruk Selesković 1993-1995
 Nedžad Mulabegović 1995-2000
 Boris Tihi 2000-2004
 Hasan Muratović 2004-2006
 Faruk Čaklovica 2006-2012
 Muharem Avdispahić 2012-2016
 Rifat Škrijelj 2016-present

Notable alumni
 Abdulah Sidran, Bosnian writer and poet
 Ademir Kenović, Bosnian movie director, producer and cinematography professor
 Aleksandar Hemon, Bosnian writer
 Alija Behmen, former mayor of Sarajevo
 Alija Izetbegović, first President of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Amila Glamočak, Bosnian pop singer
 Bakir Izetbegovic, Member of the Bosnian Presidency
 Boris Nemšić, former Chief Executive Officer of the Russian telecom company VimpelCom, former Chief Executive Officer of Telekom Austria Group
 Branko Đurić, Bosnian actor
 Deen, Bosnian pop singer
 Dejan Milošević, Bosnian theoretical physicist
 Edvin Kanka Ćudić, Bosnian human rights activist
 Elvidin Krilić, Bosnian sevdalinka singer
 Goran Žugić, Montenegrin police chief and security operative
 Haris Cizmić, guitarist and songwriter
 Ivica Osim, ex-Head Coach for Yugoslavia national football team and Japan national football team
 Jasmila Žbanić, Bosnian movie director
 Jasmin Geljo, Bosnian actor
 Kornelije Kovač, Serbian composer
 Srđan Gino Jevđević, founder and frontman of Kultur Shock
 MayaSar, Bosnian singer
 Miljenko Jergović, Bosnian and Croatian writer
 Neda Ukraden, folk singer
 Nedžad Branković, former Prime Minister of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Nikola Špirić, Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Nino Pršeš, Bosnian pop singer
 Omer Halilhodžić, automotive designer
 Predrag Finci, philosopher and essayist
 Rasim Ljajić, Serbian Deputy Prime Minister
 Rifat Hadžiselimović, genetist, INGEB
 Safet Isović, prominent Bosnian sevdalinka singer
 Saša Skenderija, Bosnian poet
 Selmo Cikotić, Bosnian Minister of Defense
 Semiha Borovac, former mayor of Sarajevo
 Senad Bašić, Bosnian actor
 Sulejman Tihić, President of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Sven Alkalaj, foreign minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Vojislav Šešelj, Bosnian-Serb politician
 Vlado Pravdić, Bosnian organist
 Zdravko Čolić, Bosnian Serb pop singer
 Željko Komšić, president of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Živko Radišić, former President of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Zlatko Lagumdžija, former Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Zlatko Topčić, famous Bosnian writer and screenwriter
 Elvira Abdić-Jelenović, Bosnian politician
 Sulejman Ugljanin, Serbian politician
 Muharem Serbezovski, Bosnian Roma singer
 Adela Jusic, contemporary artist

Related pages
 Balkan Universities Network
 List of universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 List of colleges and universities

References

Other websites

1949 establishments in Europe
Colleges and universities in Europe
Sarajevo
1940s establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Organizations based in Bosnia and Herzegovina

University of Sarajevo


Coming Down the Mountain is a 2007 British television film which was shown on BBC One, written by Mark Haddon (author of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time) and directed by Julie Anne Robinson. The television film was based on a radio play also written by Haddon.

Plot
David and Ben Philips are teenage brothers who live in London. Ben has Down syndrome. David resents the protective attention his parents lavish on his younger brother and how much they rely on him to look after Ben. The family move from London to Derbyshire so that Ben can attend a special school, meaning David has to leave his friends and girlfriend, Gail, behind. Ben makes friends and finds a girl friend. David has difficulty fitting into his new school, suffering at the hands of bullies. David discovers that Gail has moved on from him only five weeks after their break up, which leads him to self-harm. David decides to kill his brother. He takes Ben hitchhiking without telling his parents, and they camp in Snowdonia. Climbing the mountain, David plans to murder Ben by pushing him off a high ridge. At the top, David changes his mind, but, following taunting by Ben, pushes him in a fit of rage. Ben survives the fall relatively uninjured, but goes to hospital. David kidnaps him from hospital, but Ben stands up to him.  He becomes the stronger character and, after an evening talking round the camp fire, David sees the real Ben for the first time and the brothers become reconciled. They both stand up to their parents' excessive molly coddling, so that both parents finally see Ben as a young adult, and family-life thus becomes far more relaxed and good-humoured. Ben explains that he has a girlfriend and wants to work on a farm. David writes to Alice - a girl he met while at Snowdonia - and the two bond.

Awards
Nominated for a BAFTA 2008
Winner of the RADAR People of the Year Human Rights Media AWARD 2008

Radio

In 2004, Haddon's original radio broadcast won Bronze for The Drama Award in the Sony Radio Academy Awards.

Cast
 Nicholas Hoult as David Philips
 Tommy Jessop as Ben Philips
 Emer Kenny as Gail
 Katie Griffiths as Alice
 Julia Ford as Shelia Philips
 Neil Dudgeon as John Philips
 Charlie Clapham as Greg
 Brendan Heaney as Gary Jeavons
 Josh Cohen as Rob
 Charlotte Grant as Abby
 Emon Hussain as Sunil
 Rajvinder Lali as Yasmin
 Joe Sproulle as Henry
 Jamie-Ray Hartshorne as Damon
 Lewis Snow as Kevin
 Samuel Gaukroger as Liam

References

External links
 BBC Official website and News article

Script extract from radio version
Mark Haddon's blog about it, from his own website
Why Haddon wanted to make the film, from The Guardian
 Nicholas Hoult on his role
Issues raised about Down's Syndrome
Interviews with Tommy Jessop in Times Online and with Mencap

Reviews

Telegraph
New Statesman

Guardian Unlimited
Digiguide Library
Broadcast
The Independent
icWales
Craegmore Healthcare
a2mediagroup
Times Online

2007 television films
2007 films
BBC television dramas
British television films
Down syndrome in television

Coming Down the Mountain


Carrefour is a poor district in the Ouest Department of Port-au-Prince, Haïti. Its population is 408,000. The neighborhood is very poor and ill-serviced however as of recently, small-scale construction has gone on in the area along with street renovations. A slum called Feuilles of Carrefour is notorious for the illegal execution of eleven young men that took place there in 1999.

Geography of Haiti

Carrefour, Haiti


Social information architecture, also known as social iA, is a sub-domain of information architecture which deals with the social aspects of conceptualizing, modeling and organizing information. It has become more relevant because of the rise of social media and Web 2.0 in recent times.

Approach
There are different approaches to the explanation of social information architecture.

Architecture model (internal space)

Architects designing a physical community space, have to consider how the architecture will shape social interactions. A long hallway of offices creates an utterly different dynamic than desks with arranged in an open space. One might foster individuality, privacy, propriety; the other: collaboration, distraction, communalism.

Still, physical spaces can be flexibly repurposed and worked around if the inhabitants desire a social dynamic not instantly afforded by the space. Office doors can be left open to invite easier interaction. Partitions can be raised between adjacent desks to limit distraction and increase privacy.

That's physical architecture. The information architectures of online communities are far more deterministic and far less flexible. They literally define the social architecture by pre-specifying in immutable computer code what information you have access to, who you can talk to, where you can go. In the online world, information architecture = social architecture.

Social dialogue and information model (external space)

All major brands use information architecture to market their products online, it is then commonly wrapped under the umbrella phrase 'digital strategy'. Information architecture used for strategic purposes encompasses brand SEO, strategic placement of virals, social media presence etc.

Charities, news outlets and social dialogue forums can make a much more specific use of the same tools for positive and  important social purposes. Social Information Architecture is perceived as the socially conscious wing of  commercial information architecture  and function to exchange information and ideas between people and groups.

Social iA can pick up on conflicting issues that are treated with misunderstanding between  cultures and leaves individuals and societies vulnerable to exploitation and manipulation. Since the net has such a far reach it is obvious to use it for meaningful and coordinated social dialogue.

Example of such issues are faith, environment,  politics, climate change, war, injustice and other social challenges. Information architecture can  help create frameworks in which sharing information brings people together, inspires and encourages them to participate in a forward thinking and unfragmented way. One of its core activities is to spread messages that bring people from opposite sites of social  and cultural spectrums together and to confront uncomfortable subject head on.

How does social information architecture work?
Social iA utilizes a variety of Web2.0 applications to filter relevant or valuable information and weave them in appropriate information repository or provide feedback to interesting channels. Social iA makes strategic use of Search Engines, Social Media, Google Algorithms, as well as websites, video & news channels. It 'reads' or 'listens' to social conversations and search engine queries and engages with the net actively to gather clues about the world's pulse on the internet. It assesses data, social & political trends, and respond with targeted campaigns to give people ideas, as well as help people with making sense of information.

Principals
Dan Brown in his paper 8 Principals of Social Information Architecture  enlists the following principals:
1. The principle of objects: Treat content as a living, breathing thing,
with a lifecycle, behaviors and attributes.
2. The principle of choices: Create pages that offer meaningful choices to users, keeping the range of choices available focused on a particular task.
3. The principle of disclosure: Show only enough information to help
people understand what kinds of information they'll find as they dig
deeper.
4. The principle of exemplars: Describe the contents of categories by
showing examples of the contents.
5. The principle of front doors: Assume at least half of the website's
visitors will come through some page other than the home page.
6. The principle of multiple classification: Offer users several different classification schemes to browse the site's content.
7. The principle of focused navigation: Don't mix apples and oranges
in your navigation scheme.
8. The principle of growth: Assume the content you have today is a
small fraction of the content you will have tomorrow.

What can social information architecture achieve?
Social information architecture has many potentials in terms of fostering social connections and how information is shared in social spaces on the web.

References

See also
Wodtke, Christina and Govella, Austin Information Architecture: Blueprints for the Web (2009) Second Edition, Published by New Riders

Information architecture
Data management
Information science
Information technology
Digital technology
New media
Semantic Web

Social information architecture


Dr. Leslie Thompkins is a fictional Batman character who took care of Bruce Wayne after his parents death. She was good friends with Thomas Wayne (Bruce's dad). She was like a mother figure to Bruce. She is one of the few people to know Batman's secret identity.

She was voiced by Diana Muldaur in Batman: The Animated Series.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters

Leslie Thompkins


PepsiCo, Inc. NYSE:PEP is a global fuid an drinks company. The Company maks, mercats an sells a nummer o carbonatit an nae-carbonatit drinks alang wi sautie, convenient   snacks, an ither fuids. Aside fae the Pepsi-Cola brands (includin Mountain Dew), the company maks Quaker Oats, Gatorade, Frito-Lay an Tropicana.

Drink companies o the Unitit States
Multinaitional fuid companies
Multinaitional companies heidquartert in the Unitit States
Conglomerate companies o the Unitit States
Companies based in Westchester Coonty, New York
American companies established in 1965
1965 establishments in North Carolina
Companies leetit on NASDAQ
Companies umwhile leetit on the Tokyo Stock Exchynge
Companies umwhile leetit on the New York Stock Exchynge
Fuid an drink companies based in New York (state)

PepsiCo


Sir Roger Casement (1 September 1864 – 3 August 1916) was an Irish nationalist and British diplomat. He served as British consul in Boma, the capital of the Congo Free State and reported human rights abuses there. He helped a campaign against King Léopold II of Belgium's rule in the Congo Free State which lead him to relinquish his African kingdom to the Belgian Parliament in 1908. He was an Irish revolutionary. After participating in the 1916 rising, he was executed for treason by hanging by the British.

His role in the rising was in the importation of guns, he was arrested in Tralee, County Kerry.

At his trial he was outed as gay, this was discovered through his diary.

1864 births
1916 deaths
British diplomats
British criminals
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Irish politicians
People executed by hanging
British LGBT politicians

Roger Casement


The Printing Act of 1895 was a law designed to centralize in the United States Government Printing Office the printing, binding, and distribution of U.S. Government documents. The Act revised public printing laws and established the roles of the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) and the Government Printing Office (GPO) in distributing government information. The act also assigned leadership of the program to the Superintendent of Public Documents, who would be under the control of the GPO,

The Printing Act is also significant because it contained the first statutory prohibition of copyright in Government publications.

The Richardson Affair and prohibition on copyright of government works
Section 52 of the Printing Act, which is still in force, provides for the sale by the Public Printer of "duplicate stereotype or electrotype plates from which any Government publication is printed", with the proviso "that no publication reprinted from such stereotype or electrotype plates and no other Government publication shall be copyrighted."

This prohibition was probably the result of the "Richardson Affair", which involved Representative James D. Richardson (1843–1914) who, at the time, was the Chairman of the Joint Committee on Printing.

At the time when the Printing Act was being considered, the Joint Committee on Printing was in the process of preparing for publication a compilation of the "Messages and Papers of the Presidents of the United States."

In the Printing bill as presented by the Joint Committee to the House, section 53 (which later became section 52 of the Law of 1895) provided for the sale of duplicate plates by the Public Printer, this provision apparently having been suggested by Mr. Richardson with a view to facilitating the private republication of the Presidential Messages. Section 53 was attacked on the floor of the House on the ground that private persons might assert copyright claims upon republishing Government documents from the plates." It was then proposed that a proviso be added to section 53 "that no publication reprinted from such stereotype or electrotype plates shall be copyrighted."  The opposition was not satisfied with that but accepted a further proposal that the proviso be extended by inserting the words "and no other Government publication." The bill was passed with the proviso in that form.

Perhaps the opposition had anticipated and sought to forestall what happened subsequently: After several volumes of the Presidential Messages were compiled by Mr. Richardson and Congress authorized them to be printed and distributed by the Government Printing Office, some of the volumes were printed with a copyright notice in the name of Mr. Richardson.

When this was questioned in Congress, Representative Richardson said that he was not claiming copyright as against the Government but only against third persons, and that his claim was limited to the original matter created by his editorial work.  Other members of Congress expressed the view that he had no right to claim copyright in the product of his editorial work since it was produced for a publication authorized by Congress. Subsequently the Senate Committee on Printing reviewed the matter and expressed its opinion that the proviso in section 52 precluded Mr. Richardson's claim of copyright.

References

1895 in American law
United States federal copyright legislation

Printing Act of 1895


Karine Polwart ( ) (born 23 December 1970) is a Scottish singer-songwriter. She writes and performs music with a strong folk and roots feel, her songs dealing with a variety of issues from alcoholism to genocide. She has been most recognised for her solo career, winning three awards at the BBC Folk Awards in 2005, and was previously a member of Malinky and Battlefield Band.

Polwart is currently a member of The Burns Unit, and collaborated with The Fruit Tree Foundation on its debut album, First Edition.

Biography

Early life and career
Polwart grew up in the small Stirlingshire town of Banknock and had an interest in music from an early age. She has described her whole family as being interested in music and one of her brothers, Steven, is also a professional musician who plays guitar in the Karine Polwart band, whilst her sister Kerry is developing her own musical career with the group The Poems.

Despite an active musical career from a young age, including forming her own band KP and the Minichips at age 10, Polwart was discouraged from studying music at school and ended up studying politics and philosophy at the University of Dundee. After graduating with a First Class Degree in Philosophy Polwart moved to Glasgow to study for a Masters in Philosophical Inquiry.

Her first job after her studies was as a philosophy tutor in a primary school, a job she describes as giving her a "massive buzz." After this she spent six years working for the Scottish Women's Aid movement on issues such as domestic and child abuse and young people's rights and these experiences have influenced her songwriting.

Music career: 2000 to 2005
Polwart initially gained prominence as lead singer of the group Malinky. With the release of their debut album Last Leaves in January 2000, Polwart left her job to concentrate on her musical career. After successful periods with Malinky, macAlias and Battlefield Band, and contributions to three volumes (Volumes 7, 8 and 9) of Linn Records' The Complete Songs of Robert Burns project, she decided to embark on a solo career. In 2003 she released her first solo album, Faultlines. Written and recorded with assistance from the Scottish Arts Council, Faultlines won the Best Album award at the 2005 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards. This award, along with 2 others at the same ceremony, increased Polwart's profile not just in the folk community but also in the wider musical arena.

The songs on Faultlines cover a variety of topics, and although she has claimed at live performances that they are all quite depressing, many have an uplifting aspect. This is particularly evident in "The Sun's Comin' Over The Hill" (which won Best Original Song at the BBC Folk Awards 2005) which tells the story of a woman who reacts to the death of her partner through a period of depression, drink and drugs, but has a more optimistic chorus, with the narrator foreseeing an end to this period. There are exceptions to this: "Waterlily" — the tale of a man whose lover is killed during the war in Yugoslavia, based on the book Cold Night Lullaby by Colin Mackay — offers no such comfort. "Only One Way", on the other hand, is an upbeat song with a strong political theme and some biting humour.

From 2006 to 2010
In April 2006, Polwart released her second solo album Scribbled in Chalk. This album was heralded with much critical acclaim receiving impressive reviews from amongst others, The Scotsman, The Sunday Times, and The Independent on Sunday. A UK wide tour followed as well as appearances on BBC 2's Culture Show, Simon Mayo's Album show on Radio 2, Mike Harding's folk show on Radio 2, BBC Radio Scotland on the Janice Forsyth show and the Janice Long Late show on Radio 2.

Like Faultlines, Scribbled in Chalk often looks at the darker side of life with tales of sex trafficking ("Maybe there's a Road"), the holocaust ("Baleerie Baloo", which is about the missionary Jane Haining) and the uncertainties of life ("Hole in the Heart"). But these stories of despair are balanced by others that describe the joy of a slower life ("Take Its Own Time"), of hope triumphing over cynicism ("Where the Smoke Blows") and the wonder of the universe ("Terminal Star").

According to her official website, she believes that songs should stand up by themselves. However, for the sake of those interested in the backstory behind the songs, the website provides information about each of them on the basis that even if a song does work by itself, sometimes the story behind it can make it more meaningful. She has also made guitar tablature available for several of her songs through her website, including notes on tuning and style.

As well as her solo work, Polwart spent much of 2006 collaborating with other artists on a variety of projects; Roddy Woomble, the lead singer of Idlewild, asked her to help co-write and provide backing vocals for his solo album, My Secret is My Silence, whilst Polwart provided several original songs for the BBC Radio 2 music/social documentary series The Radio Ballads. Two of these songs, "Can't Weld A Body" and "Firethief", would later appear on her albums Fairest Floo'er and This Earthly Spell respectively. Polwart also supported The Beautiful South on their tour and she guested with David Knopfler at The Globe Theatre for a charity benefit for Reprieve.

At the 2006, Hogmanay Live celebrations on BBC Scotland, Polwart played several of her songs and also dueted with Paolo Nutini. Toward the end of the year, she became one of the founder members of a genre-crossing musical collective called The Burns Unit, which has since performed at festivals.  The other members are Sushil K Dade, Emma Pollock, Chris Difford, Kenny Anderson, singer Kim Edgar, pianist Michael Johnston and rap artist MC Soom T. The collective issued its debut album, Side Show, in August 2010.

In 2007, Polwart playing once again at Celtic Connections both with her band and collaborating with other artists including Dick Gaughan and Roddy Woomble. She took time off from live performance during 2007 as she was pregnant with her first child. During this time she recorded two albums: Fairest Floo'er comprising mostly traditional songs, and This Earthly Spell, containing only original compositions. Polwart also sings with Corrina Hewat and Annie Grace in, what they describe as, a "girly trio."

In March 2009, Polwart took part in the Darwin Song Project, a multi-artist songwriting retreat organised by the Shrewsbury Folk Festival to create songs that had a 'resonance and relevance' to Darwin.  A CD was released in August 2009.

Polwart's website announced in February 2010 that she intends to take a year's "maternity leave" (Polwart's daughter, Rosa, was born on 1 April 2010) but will perform with the Burns Unit in the summer. She also recorded an EP with Lau which was released through her website in July 2010.

Since 2012
Polwart released her fifth studio album, Traces, in August 2012, to a strongly positive critical response. It became her first official UK Top 75 entry, entering the albums chart at number 57. The album included a new recording of "We're All Leaving" (previously recorded as part of the Darwin Song Project) and nine new songs, including tracks inspired by the Occupy London protests ("King of Birds") and Donald Trump's contested golf course development in Aberdeenshire ("Cover Your Eyes").

Polwart releases music through her own Hegri Music imprint, named from the Gaelic word for heron. Polwart describes the heron as her favourite animal and her song "Follow the Heron", which she has recorded both solo (on the Scribbled in Chalk album) and with Malinky (on the 3 Ravens album), has been much covered by artists including The McCalmans, Robert Lawrence and Cathie Ryan. The CD booklet for Polwart's Scribbled in Chalk includes a heron hidden in one of Sarah Roberts' illustrations.

Karine Polwart is a supporter of Scottish independence, and campaigned on behalf of the Scottish Green Party in the 2014 referendum. She also appeared, alongside other commentators, in the 2014 documentary film Scotland Yet, due to her involvement with the Bus Party 2014.

Band members
Karine Polwart - vocals, guitar
Steven Polwart - acoustic and electric guitars, backing vocals
Inge Thomson - accordion, backing vocals, percussion

Discography

Solo work

Albums
 Faultlines (2004)
 Scribbled in Chalk (2006)
 Fairest Floo'er (2007)
 This Earthly Spell (2008)
 Traces (2012)
 A Pocket of Wind Resistance (2017) (with Pippa Murphy)
 Laws of Motion (2018) (with Steven Polwart & Inge Thomson)
 Karine Polwart's Scottish Songbook (2019)
 Still as Your Sleeping (2021) (with Dave Milligan)

Compilations
 Threshold (2013 - released in Canada only; contains tracks from the first four studio albums above and "Medusa" from The Build-Your-Own-Cathedral EP)

Singles and EPs
 "The Pulling Through EP" - lead track "Holy Moses" (2005)
 "Daisy" (2006)
 "I'm Gonna Do It All" (2006)
 "The-Build-Your-Own-Cathedral-EP" - lead track "Medusa" (2009)
 "Evergreen EP" (Lau vs Karine Polwart, 2010)

DVDs
 Here's Where Tomorrow Starts (2011)

Collaborations and guest appearances
 Various artists - The Complete Songs of Robert Burns, Volume 7 (1999)
 MacAlias - Highwired (2000)
 Various artists - The Complete Songs of Robert Burns, Volume 8 (2000)
 Various artists - The Complete Songs of Robert Burns, Volume 9 (2001)
 Various artists - Scots Women (2002)
 Corrina Hewat - My Favourite Place (2003)
 Various artists - Fishing Music (2003)
 Dean Owens - My Town (2004)
 Various artists - Cold Blow these Winter Winds ("Fairytale of New York") (2004)
 Various artists - Scottish Women (2004)
 Corrina Hewat - The Ballad of Eppie Moray (2005)
 Various artists - The Wildlife Album 2 (2005)
 Future Pilot AKA - Eyes of Love / Lights of the City / Changes (2006)
 Roddy Woomble - My Secret is My Silence (2006)
 Various artists - Ballads of the Book (2007)
 Lau - Arc Light (2009)
 Various artists - Darwin Song Project (2009)
 Kris Drever - Mark the Hard Earth (2010)
 Robert Lawrence - The Journey Home (2010)
 The Fruit Tree Foundation - First Edition (2011)
 Various Artists - Joy of Living: A Tribute to Ewan MacColl (2015)
 Songs of Separation - Songs of Separation (2016)
 Yew Tree (Polwart and RM Hubbert) - Telling the Trees (2016)
 Lost Words - Spell Songs (2019)

Malinky
 Last Leaves (2000)
 3 Ravens (2002)

Battlefield Band
 Happy Daze (2001)

References

External links
Karine Polwart Official Website
Malinky Official Website

1970 births
Living people
21st-century Scottish women singers
Scottish folk musicians
Alumni of the University of Dundee
Scottish folk singers
Scottish women singer-songwriters
Scottish singer-songwriters
Battlefield Band members

Karine Polwart