The Battle of Angamos () was a naval encounter of the War of the Pacific fought between the navies of Chile and Perú at Punta Angamos, on 8 October 1879. The battle was the culminating point of a naval campaign that lasted about five months in which the Chilean Navy had the sole mission of eliminating its Peruvian counterpart. In the struggle, two armored frigates, led by Commodore Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas and Navy Captain Juan José Latorre battered and later captured the Peruvian monitor Huáscar, under Rear Admiral Miguel Grau Seminario.

After the loss of the frigate Independencia at Punta Gruesa, Grau sought to challenge the outnumbering Chilean fleet adopting a harassing strategy, focused in inflicting as much damage as possible while avoiding a full scale engagement. As Grau evolved along the Pacific coast, he was chased by Admiral John Williams Rebolledo, who had been ordered to catch Grau no matter what. His failure cost him his commission, and was replaced by Riveros.

With a different strategy, Riveros managed to encircle Grau at Punta Angamos, about 80 kilometers north of Antofagasta. Falling in a trap set by Riveros and Latorre, Grau was forced to present battle after ordering the corvette Unión to escape to Perú.

Latorre, aboard Almirante Cochrane, engaged first. Taking advantage of the powerful Armstrong-type batteries with armour-piercing projectiles, Latorre shelled Huáscar for almost two hours, the monitor Huascar only with ordinary elongated shot could cause small damages to the Chilean ironclads and Grau was killed in action. However, his flagship continued the fight while Riveros engaged her with the Blanco Encalada as well. After being battered for almost three hours, the Huáscar, unable to sustain combat, was boarded and captured and the battle ended.

The result was a complete success for the Chilean Navy, and secured its dominant position for the rest of the war. It allowed to prepare the invasion of the Tarapacá department, carried out on early November.

Chilean Navy dominance off the Pacific coast contributed significantly to success in the following land campaigns across the Atacama Desert that ended with Lima's fall in January 1881.

The Huáscar was repaired and served under the Chilean flag until its decommission, and now sits as a floating museum in the port of Talcahuano.

Background

After the naval battle of Iquique of 21 May, the Peruvian fleet lost the armored frigate Independencia to a wooden schooner, Covadonga. This obliged Rear Admiral Miguel Grau to renounce to attack and to adopt a harassing strategy, avoiding by all means a direct encounter with the bulk of the Chilean navy.

Aboard the monitor Huáscar, Grau made several incursions into Chilean waters, successfully challenging the enemy's domination along the coast. Under his command, Huáscar sank or captured 14 transports, one of them carrying an entire cavalry regiment.

This last setback was considered a humiliation by the Chilean public opinion, and sparked several protests against the government. Besides, the Commander of the Chilean fleet Juan Williams Rebolledo resigned on 5 August. His poor command left his ships incapable of sailing without important repairs. The Chileans lost almost a month restoring the vessels to combat condition again. Therefore, the newly appointed Commander of the Navy, Commodore Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas, couldn't sail until September.

By 30 September, Riveros was notified that the corvette Unión was sailing to Panamá to escort five small ships with torpedoes bought from the United States. The Chilean fleet sailed again on 1 October, now carrying War Minister Rafael Sotomayor. The preceding week, the government had ordered the fleet to hunt down the Huáscar at all cost. In a council held aboard Riveros' flagship, the armored frigate Blanco Encalada, it was decided to set course to Arica, hoping to find Huáscar there.

But, on 7 October, Riveros was informed that Grau had been sighted sailing north at Coquimbo, halfway between Arica and Valparaíso. Therefore, a new strategy was set up to capture the Peruvian monitor.

Divided in two divisions, Riveros with the slower ships would move close to shore, while Latorre would sail about 35 km from shore with the faster ships. So, the fleet was divided as it follows:

 1st Division—Commodore Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas.
Armored frigate Blanco Encalada: Commodore Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas
Wooden schooner Virgen de Covadonga: Lt. Captain Manuel Orella
Transport Matias Cousiño : Lt. Captain Augusto Castleton.
 2nd Division—Commander Juan Jose Latorre
Armored frigate  : Commander Juan Jose Latorre
Corvette O'Higgins : Lt. Captain Jorge Montt Alvarez
Gunned Transport Loa : Lt. Captain Javier Molinas Gacitua.

Chilean strategy

On 1 October, Riveros gathered his officers and communicated the order of hunting down the Peruvian vessel at Arica. The same day, Grau in his flagship Huáscar ordered to sail along the coast as far south as Coquimbo, accompanied by the corvette Unión. Since the Chilean fleet sailed close to the shore and the Peruvians were farther out in the open sea, both formations didn't spot each other.

At Mejillones, on 7 October, a plan was approved to deceive the Peruvian ships. Riveros' division would wait for Grau at Antofagasta while Latorre would set up an east–west barrier-like formation about  from shore. If Riveros could spot Huáscar, he would follow and keep her from retreating to south until Latorre could engage.

During the night the Peruvian warships were sailing off the Chilean coast to Arica, when they saw the lights of Antofagasta. Admiral Grau decided to engage any Chilean vessel at the port, intending to inflict some damage.

At 01:10 h. on 8 October, Huáscar searched the bay without encountering any targets. She came up with Unión at 03:00 hrs, and both resumed their northward heading. At the same hour, lookouts on Blanco Encalada saw two smoke columns on the horizon. Simultaneously, Grau was informed that there were three smoke columns to north.

Both enemies spotted each other and the Peruvian ships turned back south. Riveros ordered a speed reduction of his to make Grau think it was possible to turn back north and sail for Perú. At 05:40 h., both Peruvian ships began to slowly turn once again north. Then, Riveros increased the speed of Blanco Encalada to get closer to the Peruvians and to discourage Grau from turning back south.

At 07:15 hrs, steaming northward, the two Peruvian vessels spotted smoke columns ahead; it was the incoming Latorre's division. Since the Peruvian Unión could manage 13 knots, she was able to sail northeastward and escape, but the Huáscar had to maintain course and fight.

The Struggle

Around 8:30 h, the gap between Huáscar and Blanco Encalada reduced to 3,000 meters, and after Latorre modified his route, Cochrane was closing in too.

Off Punta Angamos at 09:25 h. Grau opened fire over Cochrane, beginning the engagement. Latorre didn't answer, focused on approaching to Huáscar from its stern. About 15 minutes later, Cochrane retaliated from about 2,200 meters. Her three starboard cannons caused serious damage to the monitor right from the start. The very first shot pierced Huáscar's turret, wounding the twelve crew members manning the 300-pound cannons. Another shot perforated the armor just above the waterline, cutting the left rudder chain and leaving Huáscar temporarily adrift. Meanwhile, Cochrane sustained little damage. Grau's flagship listed hard to starboard and was hampered also by a deformation in the hull acquired when she rammed Prat's Esmeralda at Iquique five months ago. However, barely ten minutes later an emergency rudder was set up by Huáscar's crew.

At 10:00 h, a shot from Cochrane struck the bridge cabin, killing Admiral Grau and his adjutant, Diego Ferre. Command fell to Captain Elías Aguirre. By this time Huáscar's stern was on fire since at least two more shells penetrated from the rear and shattered the rudder wheel (Cluny, pg. 230), and the forecastle was devastated too. Lt. Captain Gaona's gunners caused heavy casualties among the Peruvian crew: the Chileans were using Palliser type armor-piercing rounds, which exploded right after penetrating the hull.

At 10:10, the Huáscar's flag was brought down from its hoist by the intense gunfire. Latorre ordered a cease fire, thinking that the ship had surrendered. However, the monitor kept up its pace and within minutes an unidentified officer hoisted the flag again, resuming combat. Meanwhile, the crew of the Huascar had again repaired the rudder wheel.

At 10:22 hrs, Blanco Encalada arrived to the fray. A shot from 200 meters perforated the Huascar's turret, killing almost all of the sailors within and damaging the rightmost cannon. Another shot from Cochrane passed through the officers' quarters and wrecked the emergency rudder station, which had been disabled already twice before. The Huáscar now could sail only in a wide semicircle to starboard. Once rudder control was regained, Aguirre tried to ram the Cochrane. Latorre was also maneuvering to ram the Huáscar, but the Peruvian ironclad suddenly veered to port and both ships passed by each other. Another projectile pierced Huáscar's turret 12 minutes later, killing everyone inside, including Captain Aguirre. Command of the ship went to Lt. Pedro Garezon, who in conference with the remaining officers decided to scuttle the ship rather than allow it to be captured. At 10:54 hrs the order was given to evacuate the wounded from the engine room and open the main condensator to scuttle the ship and to prevent its capture.

At 10:55 hrs Huáscar's flag chain was caught (a second time) by the intense gunfire. The Chilean warships, noticing that the Huáscar was decreasing speed, mustered their boarding parties. At 11:08 hrs, 14 to 20 sailors boarded the Huáscar, without resistance. They closed the main condensator water leaks (with 1.2 meters of water in the engine room) and extinguished several fires while the prisoners were transported to the Chilean vessels. Acting commander Pedro Garezon pointed out to the Chilean officers that the flag was on deck together with the chain because they had all been cut off by the enemy shots, thus the flag was never brought down, nor had the ship been surrendered by the Peruvians. One of the Chilean officers observed that something similar happened to the Chilean ship Magallanes.

Consequences
With this combat, the Chilean navy eliminated the menace of the Peruvian fleet. With Huáscar's capture, plus the previous loss of Independencia at Punta Gruesa, the firepower of the Peruvian Navy was drastically reduced, and Chile incorporated the monitor in its fleet. The loss of both vessels, plus the death of Admiral Grau, Peruvians' best naval officer, gave the Chilean navy uncontested control of the Pacific coast of Peru bringing the naval campaign of the War of the Pacific to its end. The decisive victory at Angamos allowed the Chilean Army to freely pursue the plan to attack the Allies, and the land invasion of Peru began.

At the same time, it prevented the allies from carrying out concentrations and resupplying of their armies in southern Peru,. Nor would Peru or Bolivia have the possibility of initiating a land attack on the Chilean forces in Antofagasta because it could not supply them by sea.

Technical learnings:
 Effectiveness of the design of armored ships having rotating turrets with large caliber guns as the main weapon.
 The 250 pound Palliser Ammunition had devastating effects against the "Huáscar". It was the first combat use of such anti-armor projectiles.
 Reports on the combat appeared in various European and American magazines.

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Navy of Chile

External links (in Spanish)
Battle of Tarapaca: Brief synopsis (in Spanish, from Website of Peruvian military central command)
The Forgotten Heroes
The Chilean Navy
Battle of Pisagua (Wikipedia: Spanish)

History of South America
Naval battles involving Chile
Naval battles involving Peru
Naval battles of the War of the Pacific
Battles in 1879
1879 in Chile
October 1879 events

Battle of Angamos


A padded cell is a special room in a hospital for mentally ill people. It's made so that the patients can be put there when they go through a crisis (or they have a fit or seizure). They are put there so they can go through their crisis on their own, without putting others into danger. Padded cells are made in special ways so that those having the crisis cannot hurt themselves. Padded cells have been used for a long time in psychiatry. In the 1980s, their use declined in Europe. This is because there are drugs that can be given that make them nearly unnecessary.

They are still widely used, especially in Africa and Asia.

Seizures and crises are usually very tiring. For this reason, patients usually only spend a short time in these cells. They usually collapse because of fatigue rather quickly. When they do, they need medical attention quickly.

Hospitals
Psychiatry

Padded cell


Road bicycle racing is a sport where people race on  bicycle along paved roads. Usually riders start the race at the same time. The winner is the first to the finish line at the end of the route.

Road bicycle racing is popular in Belgium, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland. More recently, countries such as Kazakhstan, Australia, Venezuela, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Poland and the United States have also become very good at racing.

Road bicycle racing began as a sport in 1868. The first world championship was in 1893. Cycling has been part of the Olympic Games since 1896.

At the beginning the sport was popular in France, Spain, Belgium, and Italy. Some of the first races were Liège–Bastogne–Liège (started in 1892), Paris-Roubaix (1896), the Tour de France (1903), the Milan – San Remo and Giro di Lombardia (1905), the Giro d'Italia (1909) and the Tour of Flanders (1913). Nowadays there are many other races, but these historic races remain the most famous and many cyclists want to win them.

Road race types

Single-day races
Single day races are held on one day. The race can be any distance from a few kilometres to over 200km. The race route may go from one place to another, or be a number of laps of a circuit. Some routes take the riders from a starting place and then finish with several laps of a circuit. This helps create excitement for the crowd at the finish.

Time trial
An individual time trial is an event in which cyclists race alone against the clock. A team time trial is where teams of cyclists race against the clock. In both types of time trial, each cyclist or team starts the race at different times so that each start is fair and equal. The winner is the cyclist or team who finishes the race in the fastest time. Race distances vary from a few km to 60 and rarely more than 100 km.

Stage races
Stage races are made up of races held for several days in a row. These races are called stages. The competitor with the lowest total time to finish all the stages is the overall winner. He or she is called the general classification (GC) winner. Stage races often have other awards, such as prizes for each stage winners, the points classification winner, and the "King of the Mountains" winner. Some stage races include time trials or team time trials. The stage winner is the first person to cross the finish line that day or the time trial rider (or team) with the lowest time on the course.

Ultramarathons
These races are very long single stage events. They usually last several days. The winner is the first one to cross the finish line. The riders take breaks on their own schedules. One of the best-known ultramarathons is the Race Across America (RAAM). It is a coast-to-coast non-stop, single-stage race. Riders cover approximately 3,000 miles in about a week.

Cycling Teams
The winner of the race is the first rider to cross the finish line. However many riders are grouped together in teams. Teams usually have commercial sponsors and are named after the main sponsor. For example some famous teams have been called T-Mobile, Rabobank, ONCE, and Lampre. There can be up to twelve team members in professional races. Team riders decide which team member has the best chance of winning the race. The choice will depend on how hilly the route is, the chance that everyone will finish together in a sprint, and other things. The rest of the team will work to help him or her win the race.

In professional races, radios are used so that the team can talk to each other and the team director.  The team director often travels in a team car behind the race to monitor the whole race. The influence of radios on race tactics is controversial, and some people think radios have led to less exciting racing. In September 2009, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the governing body of pro cycling, voted to ban team radios in men's top level road racing.

Types of riders

Different cyclists have different strengths and weaknesses. Therefore a rider may prefer different events over particular courses, and perform different roles within a team.

The main types of rider in road bicycle racing are:
 Climber
 Puncheur
 Time trialist
 Sprinter
 Domestique
 All-rounder

Tactics

A number of tactics are used to win a race. Tactics can be different in single stage races and stage races.

Drafting
Tactics are based on drafting. This is where a rider can reduce the effort needed to pedal by following the rider in front very closely. Riding with others in the main field, called the peloton, can save as much as 40% of the energy needed to ride alone. Riders can help each other to ride at high speed, or one rider can sit on a competitor's wheel, forcing him to do more work and get tired earlier. Some teams have a leader, and the rest of the team let him or her draft them to save their energy for the important bit of the race. Drafting is not allowed in individual time trials.

Breaks
A small group of riders sometimes "breaks away" in front of the main group. When they work together a small group can sometimes go faster than the peloton, if the peloton does not organise to chase them. The riders in the breakaway try to win the race, and in the breakaway there are fewer rivals for the win.

Sprints
If a break does not succeed and the peloton catches up with them, a sprinter will usually win the race by sprinting faster than everyone else in the final few hundred metres. The team works together to make sure their sprinter is in a good position to win.

Climbs
Climbs are very good places for a single rider to try and leave the others behind. If the finish of the race is at the top of the climb, or not far past the top, a single rider can stay in front of the peloton and win the race.

Tactics in stage races

In a stage race each day's stage is like a race within the bigger race. Each stage has a winner, either the first rider across the line, or in a time trial the rider or team with the quickest time. After each stage the general classification ranking is also worked out. The rider with the lowest total time for all the stages is the leader. The leader wears a special jersey for the next day's stage.

In multi-stage races, the GC leader will watch break-aways carefully if there is a rider close to him in the general classification. However often the GC leader will not react to a break-away. This happens if the escaping riders are a long way behind in the GC, and do not have a chance of taking the GC lead. Riders who are far behind often escapes because they want to win the stage or collect points for sprinting or climbing mountains. Riders may also go in a break-away to get television time for their team sponsors because the break-away often gets shown on the television coverage.

Important bicycle races

Grand tours (GT)
The most famous cycling race is the Tour de France, a stage race lasting three weeks. It takes place mostly in France, usually ending in Paris. Similar races are held in Italy (the Giro d'Italia) and Spain (the Vuelta a España). These three races make up the "grand tours".

UCI World Tour
Professional racing is controlled by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). In 2005 it started the UCI World Tour. The World Tour includes the Grand Tours and other large stage races such as Tour Down Under, Tour de Suisse, Paris–Nice and the Critérium de Dauphiné Libéré.

Some one day races are also part of the World Tour: Milan – San Remo (Italy), Tour of Flanders (Belgium), Paris-Roubaix (France), Liège–Bastogne–Liège (Belgium) and Amstel Gold Race (Netherlands) in the spring, and Clásica de San Sebastián (Spain), HEW Cyclassics (Germany), Züri-Metzgete (Switzerland), Paris–Tours (France) and Giro di Lombardia (Italy) in the autumn season.

Olympic Games
Cycling has been at the Olympics since 1896. There are usually road race and individual time trial events for both men and women.

World championships
The other important one-day race is the World Championships. The World Championships is held on a different course each year and ridden by national rather than sponsored teams. The winner wears a white jersey with coloured bands (often called "rainbow bands") around the chest.

Season

In Europe and in the United States, cycle racing on the road is a summer sport. The season can start in early spring and end in autumn.

Bicycle championships
 Olympic Games
 Commonwealth Games
 World Cycling Championship

References

Cycle races

Road bicycle racing


Forgiveness is the choice that a person makes to forgive another person for an offense or something that is illegal or immoral. Forgiveness is intentional and voluntary. When someone forgives someone else, they let go of negative emotions, for example vengefulness. They wish their offender well.

Introduction
Forgiveness is a mental or spiritual process. It means no longer feeling angry at another person, or at yourself. This could be because of a crime, a sin, an offense, an insult, a difference, an error, a mistake, or a failure.

Forgiveness does not require punishment or restitution. It is given without any expectation of compensation. Forgiveness may involve offering an apology.

Forgiveness involves the feelings of the person who forgives and their relationship with the person being forgiven. Forgiveness can occur without the person being forgiven ever knowing about it. For example, a person can forgive another person who is dead or who is not seen for a long time.

Forgiveness means forgetting offenses. It is sincere and genuine. It does not impose humiliating conditions. It is not motivated by pride. True forgiveness is known by deeds and not by words.

Mahatma Gandhi said, "The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong."

Religious views of forgiveness

Most world religions include teachings about forgiveness. These teachings form the basis of modern traditions and practices of forgiveness.

Judaism
In Judaism, if a person causes harm, he or she must go to those he or she has harmed and ask for forgiveness. If he or she sincerely and honestly apologizes to the person who he or she has harmed and tries to rectify the wrong, the wronged person must forgive him or her.
"[J]ust as I forgive everyone, so may You grant me grace in the eyes of others, that they too forgive me absolutely." —Tefila Zaka
Each year, Jews observe Yom Kippur, or a Day of Atonement. Before Yom Kippur, Jews will ask forgiveness of those they have wronged during the past year (if they have not already done so). During Yom Kippur itself, Jews fast and pray for God's forgiveness for the sins they have made against God in the past year. God can only forgive one for the sins one has committed against God. This is why it is necessary for Jews also to seek forgiveness from those people who they have wronged.

Christianity

In Christianity, Jesus spoke of the importance of forgiving others, or showing mercy. In the New Testament, there are several examples.
"Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy." —Matthew 5:7 (NIV)
"But I tell you who hear me: Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who mistreat you. If someone strikes you on one cheek, turn to him the other also." —Luke 6:27-29 (NIV)
"Be merciful, just as your Father is merciful." —Luke 6:36 (NIV)
"Do not judge, and you will not be judged. Do not condemn, and you will not be condemned. Forgive, and you will be forgiven." —Luke 6:37 (NIV)
Jesus used the Parable of the Unforgiving Servant (Matthew 18:21-35) to say that we should forgive without limits. The Parable of the Prodigal Son is perhaps the best known parable about forgiveness and refers to God's forgiveness for his people.

Islam
Islam teaches that Allah is Al-Ghaffur ("The Oft-Forgiving") and that Allah is the original source of all forgiveness (ghufran غفران). Seeking forgiveness from Allah with repentance is a virtue.

There are numerous verses in the Qur'an and the Hadiths that recommend forgiveness.
"Allah forgives what is past." —Qur'an 5:95
Islam recommends forgiveness between believers, because Allah values forgiveness. However, Islam also allows revenge, to the extent of the harm that was done.
"The recompense for an injury is an injury equal thereto: but if a person forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is due from Allah: for Allah loveth not those who do wrong." —Qur'an 42:40
Forgiveness between believers is encouraged, with a promise of reward from Allah.

Bahá'í Faith
In the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'í literature explains how to be forgiving towards others.
"Love the creatures for the sake of God and not for themselves. You will never become angry or impatient if you love them for the sake of God. Humanity is not perfect. There are imperfections in every human being, and you will always become unhappy if you look toward the people themselves. But if you look toward God, you will love them and be kind to them, for the world of God is the world of perfection and complete mercy. Therefore, do not look at the shortcomings of anybody; see with the sight of forgiveness." —`Abdu'l-Bahá, The Promulgation of Universal Peace, p. 92
The writings of Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith, state that you should "forgive and forget" a person's actions against you, so that you will be forgiven.

Buddhism
In Buddhism, forgiveness prevents harmful thoughts from damaging a person's mental well-being. Buddhism recognizes that feelings of hatred have a lasting effect on karma. Buddhism encourages thoughts that have a positive effect.
"In contemplating the law of karma, we realize that it is not a matter of seeking revenge but of practicing mettā and forgiveness, for the victimizer is, truly, the most unfortunate of all."
When there is resentment, the Buddhist practice is to calmly release them. Buddhism focuses on release from suffering through meditation.

Buddhism questions the emotions that make forgiveness necessary.
"If we haven't forgiven, we keep creating an identity around our pain, and that is what is reborn. That is what suffers."
Buddhism emphasizes mettā (loving kindness), karuṇā (compassion), mudita (joy), and upekkhā (equanimity), as ways to avoid resentments in the first place. These ideas help to understand suffering in the world, both our own suffering and the suffering of others.

Hinduism
Forgiveness is one of the six cardinal virtues of Hinduism. A person who does not forgive carries baggage of bad memories, negative feelings, and unresolved emotions that affect the present as well as the future. In Hinduism, one must forgive others, and one must also seek forgiveness for wronging someone else.

Hindu epics and ancient literature also discuss forgiveness. For example:
"Forgiveness is virtue; forgiveness is sacrifice; forgiveness is the Vedas; forgiveness is the Shruti; ... forgiveness is holiness; and by forgiveness ... the universe is held together." —Mahabharata, Book 3, Vana Parva, Section XXIX
"Righteousness is the one highest good, forgiveness is the one supreme peace, knowledge is one supreme contentment, and benevolence, one sole happiness." —Mahabharata, Book 5, Udyoga Parva, Section XXXIII

In Hinduism, you seek forgiveness from those you have wronged, and from society at large through charity, purification, fasting, rituals, and meditation. Forgiveness in Hinduism does not require that a person make peace with their offender and it does not rule out reconciliation in some situations. Forgiveness in Hindu philosophy is being compassionate, tender, kind and letting go of the harm or hurt caused by someone or something else. Forgiveness is essential for one to free oneself from negative thoughts, and being able to focus on blissfully living a moral and ethical life (dharmic life). In the highest self-realized state, forgiveness becomes essence of one's personality, where the persecuted person remains unaffected, without agitation, without feeling like a victim, free from anger (akrodhi).

Jainism
In Jainism, forgiveness is one of the main virtues that needs to be acquired by the Jains. Forgiveness (or kṣamāpanā) forms part of one of the ten characteristics of dharma. Jain texts quote Māhavīra on forgiveness:
By practicing prāyaṣcitta (repentance), a soul gets rid of sins, and commits no transgressions; he who correctly practises prāyaṣcitta gains the road and the reward of the road, he wins the reward of good conduct. By begging forgiveness he obtains happiness of mind; thereby he acquires a kind disposition towards all kinds of living beings; by this kind disposition he obtains purity of character and freedom from fear.— Māhavīra in Uttarādhyayana Sūtra 29:17–18

In the Jain prayer pratikramana, Jains repeatedly seek forgiveness from various creatures — even from beings like plants and microorganisms that they may have harmed while eating and working.
I ask pardon of all creatures, may all creatures pardon me.
May I have friendship with all beings and enmity with none.

In their daily prayers, Jains seek forgiveness from all creatures:
I seek forgiveness from all those living beings which I may have tortured while walking, coming and going, treading on living organism, seeds, green grass, dew drops, ant hills, moss, live water, live earth, spider web and others. I seek forgiveness from all these living beings, be they — one sensed, two sensed, three sensed, four sensed or five sensed. Which I may have kicked, covered with dust, rubbed with ground, collided with other, turned upside down, tormented, frightened, shifted from one place to another or killed and deprived them of their lives. (By confessing) may I be absolved of all these sins.

Forgiveness is asked by uttering the phrase, Micchāmi dukkaḍaṃ. This phrase means, "May all the evil that has been done be fruitless." On samvatsari, Jains greet their friends and relatives saying micchāmi dukkaḍaṃ and seeking their forgiveness. Letters are sent and telephone calls are made to friends and relatives asking their forgiveness. There are no arguments or disputes after samvatsari.

Related pages

 Compassion
 Contrition
 Humility
 Pardon
 Regret
 Remorse
 Repentance

References

Other websites

Basic English 1500 Words
Virtues
Ethics
Religious ethics

Forgiveness


The Gospel Halls are a group of independent Christian assemblies throughout the world that fellowship with each other through a set of shared Biblical doctrines and practices. Theologically, they are evangelical and dispensational. They are a conservative strand of the Open Brethren movement and tend to only collaborate with other assemblies when there is doctrinal agreement.

Christians who meet in Gospel Halls generally hold that a scriptural Christian assembly should avoid the use of a "sectarian" name (the name "Gospel Hall Assemblies" is a Wikipedia designation, and they are often called "Plymouth Brethren", though members of this tradition are not in communion with other Plymouth Brethren who organized the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church). They typically describe themselves simply as "Christians" gathered to the name of the Lord Jesus rather than adopting a denominational title, which has been a long-standing practice.

History
According to Acts 2:42 of the Bible, the first assembly of Christians commenced in Jerusalem around AD32. Gospel Hall assemblies consider this to be their true roots in a spiritual sense. As Christianity spread throughout the Near Eastern world, other churches were planted in new locations (see Revelation chapters 2–3). Two popular books among Gospel Halls — The Pilgrim Church by E.H. Broadbent and Church History by Andrew Miller make the claim that throughout the centuries of church history, there has always been a remnant independent evangelical testimony, and that the modern Gospel Hall movement, which began in the 1800s, with hundreds of new independent assemblies appearing almost simultaneously in various places around the world (particularly in Ireland, Scotland, England, and continental Europe) was a recovery of numerous New Testament beliefs and practices which had been largely lost in Christendom over the centuries. One book discussing this phenomenon is an anonymous work called Assembly Life Experiences by "an old disciple", recording the story of a group of Christians who were converted in the 1859 revival in Scotland. Through reading only their Bibles they concluded that clericalism and denominationalism were unscriptural and subsequently met together to break bread and depend on God for gifting and leadership.

During the Revival of 1859 which affected much of Northern Ireland and Scotland, "exercised" (stirred in spirit) evangelists, such as Alexander Marshall, Donald Ross and Donald Munro, crossed the Atlantic to preach the gospel, leading to numerous assemblies being planted in United States and Canada. Norman Crawford has documented this story in a chapter of his book Assembly Truth published by Gospel Tract Publications (Glasgow, 1994). (See also J.J. Rouse for information on an early Canadian Gospel Hall pioneer). Currently, there are hundreds of Gospel Halls worldwide.

Doctrinal beliefs
Gospel Halls claim to follow the pattern of New Testament church doctrine and practice found in the Acts of the Apostles and expounded by the Apostle Paul in his epistles, notably 1 Corinthians and 1 Timothy. Assemblies meeting in Gospel Halls do not usually print an official statement of faith, but rather, prefer to reference the Bible alone as their authority. The following basic doctrines would be held very widely among them:

Bibliology
 The verbal, plenary inspiration of the Bible (all 66 books, but not the Apocrypha)
 Biblical inerrancy
 Sola scriptura

Theology
 There is one God existing as three co-equal and co-eternal divine persons – Father, Son and Holy Spirit.

Creation
 The creation of the world and human beings is a supernatural act of God

Christology
 Virgin birth of Christ
 Christ is both fully God and fully man (See also -- Hypostatic union)
 Christ is the eternal Son of the Father
 Christ was/is perfectly sinless and impeccable
 Christ is the Head of the universal Church

Soteriology
 All humanity is universally condemned as a result of the fall in Eden
 Faith in Christ and His substitutionary death and bodily resurrection are the basis of salvation
 The new birth is required for sinners to be made right with God
 Justification by grace alone, through faith alone, in Christ alone
 Baptism is by immersion in water as a public declaration after personal faith. Baptism contributes nothing to salvation.

Pneumatology
 The Holy Spirit indwells believers immediately upon conversion
 The ministry of the Holy Spirit in conversion, sanctification, and witnessing

Ecclesiology
 Two aspects of "the Church" – firstly the "body of Christ" composed of all believers from Pentecost to the return of Christ, and secondly local assemblies composed of baptized believers who have been received into fellowship.
 No ordained or salaried ministers/priests/pastors
 Each assembly is an autonomous locally functioning body of baptized believers
 Local assemblies are led by a plurality of pastors/elders and acknowledged
 There is no central ecclesiastical authority, formal creed, or prescribed liturgy. Although a formal liturgy is not adopted or acknowledged,  the generally assumed liturgy follows what is known as the "open meeting," consisting of prayer, bible reading, hymns, and partaking of the Lord's Supper (also referred to as "communion" amongst many denominations), which is common in Open Brethren assemblies.

Eschatology
 Dispensational
 Pretribulational rapture
 Premillennial return of Christ to the earth
 Eternal kingdom bliss for the believer and eternal damnation for the unbeliever

Assembly practices
 Visitors seeking assembly fellowship are required to either bring a "letter of commendation" or have an interview with the elders before being allowed to participate in certain assembly activities such as the Lord's Supper.
 Numerous hymn books are in wide circulation among Gospel Halls such as The Believer's Hymn Book, Hymns of Light and Love, The Gospel Hymn Book and others.
 North American assemblies generally refrain from using musical accompaniment in worship.

In most Gospel Halls the following weekly meetings are convened at varying times, and may be combined:
 The breaking of bread or Lord's Supper (once a week, always on Sunday)
 Sunday school
 Gospel preaching meeting (distinct from a revival meeting in that they are a regular weekly meeting)
 Prayer meeting
 Bible teaching/study meeting (often referred to as a "Ministry Meeting")
 Bible study (often referred to as the "Bible Reading")

Evangelism and teaching
Gospel Halls around the world are involved in spreading the gospel of Christ through various means including public preaching, literature work, Bible exhibitions, Sunday schools, radio programmes, prison and school visitation, hospital work and gospel tent meetings during the summer months. Distribution of gospel tracts, gospel calendars and other evangelistic material is commonplace as well as open-air preaching. With thousands of assemblies and with many hundreds of full-time itinerant evangelists, missionaries and Bible teachers, the enterprise of spreading the message of Jesus Christ and upholding the fundamental truths of the Bible continues as the vision of Christians gathering in Gospel Halls worldwide. During the last half of the 20th century and into the 21st century, while shrinkage was a feature in Europe, expansion was seen in numerous places, notably Canada, South and Central America and Mexico.

Conferences are a significant feature of life among Gospel Halls. Many Gospel Halls will host an annual conference to which visitors will be invited to come and hear Bible teaching. Typically in the UK these will be one-day events, whereas in North America they will span a whole weekend. In Scotland, the New Year period is a popular time for conferences. The Easter weekend is also popular for conferences, with notable ones in Belfast, Toronto and Vancouver, as well as some Latin American countries such as Venezuela and Guatemala. Residential Bible study weeks are also carried out among Gospel Halls throughout the world.

Recordings of Bible teaching from conferences in Gospel Halls are available on numerous localised Gospel Hall websites and on some central audio collection sites.

Buildings
Holding that the biblical word ἐκκλησία (ekklēsia, Greek for "church") refers to people, not a building, they avoid calling their buildings "churches," preferring to use the title "Gospel Hall" to indicate that the gospel is preached and upheld within. They place little emphasis on their actual church buildings, not considering them to be sacred, and many of the buildings take other names, for example Bethesda Hall, Main Street Hall, Hebron Hall, Gospel Centre, or Believer's Meeting Room. In England and Wales, several buildings named "Gospel Hall" are registered for worship under some Brethren designation, however, the name "Gospel Hall" has also been used by Presbyterian and conservative Pentecostals.

Publications
Literature has always been emphasized among Gospel Halls. The Scottish publisher John Ritchie Ltd. publishes material from authors connected with Gospel Halls, as well as publishing The Believer's Magazine, a monthly periodical that has a wide circulation among these assemblies. Other well-known magazines read by Christians in these assemblies are Assembly Testimony,  Present Truth and Precious Seed. In the US and Canada, the magazine most widely circulated among Gospel Halls is Truth and Tidings. Missionary magazines such as Look on the Fields and Horizons are also much used.

References

Further reading

History
 Robert Baylis, My People. The History of Those Sometimes Called Plymouth Brethren, Harold Shaw Publishers, Wheaton IL., 1995. 426 pages.
 Henry Pickering, Chief Men Among the Brethren, Loizeaux Brothers, Neptune, NJ., 1918. 223 pages.
 J. G Hutchinson, Whose Praise is in the Gospel – A Record of One Hundred and Nine Irish Evangelists, Gospel Tract Publications, Glasgow, Scotland, 2002. 448 pages.
 S. Beck, Our Fathers Have Told Us, Cleaveland Inc., Bloomfield, CT., 1993. 213 pages.
 G Albert Ramsay, Sowing and Reaping in the Garden of the Gulf, Gospel Literature, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada. 1983. 144 pages. No ISBN
 Leonard Dr Buhr, Golden Lampstands of Northern Iowa, Ackley Publishing Co., Ackley, IA., 1985. 121 pages. No ISBN.
 William Williams, Rabbi, Where Dwellest Thou?, Gospel Tract Publications, Glasgow, Scotland. 1989. 80 pages.

Doctrine
 Norman Crawford, Gathering Unto His Name, Gospel Tract Publications, Glasgow, Scotland., 1985. 255 pages. No ISBN.
 Norman Crawford, Assembly Truth, Truth and Tidings, Jackson MI. 1994. 34 pages.
 Arthur G. Clarke, New Testament Church Principles, John Ritchie Ltd., Kilmarnock, Scotland. 1992. 123 pages.
 Henry Hitchman, Some Scriptural Principles of the Christian Assembly, Gospel Tract Publications, Glasgow, Scotland. 1988. 202 pages.
 Various Authors, The Glory of the Local Church, Assembly Testimony, Belfast, NI., 2008. 22 pages. No ISBN.
 Franklin Ferguson, The Church of God – Its Truth and Principles, Amainthakarai Gospel Hall, Chennai, India. 1999. 170 pages. No ISBN.
 Various Authors (Edited by John Heading and Cyril Hocking), Church Doctrine and Practice, Precious Seed Publications, Bristol, England. 1971. 336 pages. No ISBN

External links
 gospelhall.org Gospel Halls in North America
 gospelhall.org.uk Gospel Halls in the United Kingdom
 gospelhallaudio.org Audio and video sermons from Gospel Halls around the world
 graceinchrist.org A library of systematic Bible Teaching and Gospel preaching from the Bridgend Gospel Hall, New Cumnock, Scotland
 ballyclaregospelhall.org Gospel preaching from Ballyclare Gospel Hall in Northern Ireland

Religious organizations established in 1859
Plymouth Brethren
Christian denominations in the United Kingdom

Gospel Hall Assemblies


Fort Ouiatenon was the first fortified European settlement in what is now the U.S. state of Indiana. It is approximately three miles southwest of modern-day West Lafayette.

Fort Ouiatenon was originally constructed by the French government in 1717 as a military outpost to protect against Great Britain's western expansion. Its location among the unsettled woodlands of the Wabash River valley also made it a key center of trade for fur trappers. French merchants and trappers from Quebec would arrive at Fort Ouiatenon in search of beaver pelts and to take advantage of trade relations with the native Wea Native American tribes.

At its peak level of activity during the mid-18th century Fort Ouiatenon was home to over 2,000 residents. In 1761, during the French and Indian War, a contingent of British soldiers led by Lieutenant Edward Jenkins captured and occupied the fort. In 1763 an uprising led by Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa Native American tribe surprised Lieutenant Jenkins and his men and captured Fort Ouiatenon without firing a shot. Seven similar posts were also captured in what became known as Pontiac's Uprising.

The British made little use of Fort Ouiatenon after the French and Indian War; it was never garrisoned. During the 1780s, local Indian tribes used it as a base of operations to stage raids against American settlers pushing westward. Consequently, President George Washington ordered the fort to be destroyed in 1791.

In 1930 a replica of Fort Ouiatenon was built near its original site by a local physician named Richard Wetherill. In 1970 the site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Today Fort Ouiatenon is open to tourists and is the location of the annual Feast of the Hunters' Moon.

Buildings and structures in Indiana
1717 establishments
18th-century establishments in North America

Fort Ouiatenon


Bullfinches are a genus of passerine birds in the finch family (Fringillidae). They belong to the genus Pyrrhula.

The genus has a palearctic distribution. All species occur in Asia with two species exclusively in the Himalayas and one species, P. pyrrhula, also occurring in Europe. The Azores bullfinch (P. murina) is a critically endangered species (about 120 pairs remaining), occurring only in the east of the island of São Miguel in the Azores archipelago.

Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequence indicates that the holarctic pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) is the sister group to the ancestor of the bullfinches.

The evolution of the bullfinch species started soon after the pine grosbeak's ancestors diverged from them (at the end of the middle Miocene, about a dozen million years ago (mya). It is fairly certain is that the bullfinch radiation started in the general area of the Himalayas. The mountain finches also seem to be part of this clade.

Bullfinches have glossy black wings and tail feathers. They show a white rump. The legs and feet are fleshy brown. Their short, swollen bill is adapted to eat buds, and is black except in P. nipalensis, which has a yellowish bill. The males can be distinguished by their orange or red breast. Some species have a black cap.

Probably most populations are partially migratory. Most migrants move short or medium distances. North European birds move within a wider compass than central European birds. Numbers migrating show marked annual fluctuations; no link with any particular food source has been established. Autumn migration begins late, and is fairly brief, mostly October–November; spring migration February–April.

The Eurasian bullfinch population in Britain has been in serious decline since the mid-1970s; numbers have fallen by 62 per cent in 35 years. Data suggests that productivity has increased over the last decade, and nest failure rates at the chick stage (15 days) have fallen from 37% to 21%.

References

Finches

Bullfinch


A chest X-ray or  chest film an x-ray of the chest used to diagnose diseases of the chest. X-rays are among the most common medical images. Doctors use them to diagnose problems.

Like all radiography methods, chest x-rays use ionizing radiation. The chest x-ray process makes a chest x-ray photo. The photo shows the inside of the chest.

Problems identified

Chest x-rays are used to find many diseases inside the chest. A doctor can use an x-ray to examine bones, lungs, heart, and great vessels. Pneumonia and congestive heart failure are commonly diagnosed by chest radiograph. Chest x-rays are used to screen for job-related lung disease, for example in mining where workers breathe dust.

Gallery

References

Medical procedures
Torso

Chest x-ray


µCLinux  is an operating system for small computers inside integrated circuits (chips). The system is based on the Linux operating system in many ways. Apart from the rather big size of Linux, µCLinux is much smaller and not as packed with features as Linux. It finds uses in many places, mostly dealing with sensor and data-gathering of different sorts.

Thanks to its compact nature, it can easily be transferred over slow connections. Yet it is a stable and robust system distributed as an open source program.

µCLinux

ΜCLinux


In the United Kingdom, a Knight Bachelor is a man who is a knight, (has the title Sir) but who is neither a:
 senior member of one of the orders of chivalry, sometimes called orders of knighthood, nor
 a baronet.

In the 1920s, the Society of Knights Bachelor were allowed to wear a special badge on the days when other knights would wear their insignia.

The title is not hereditary, so it cannot be passed on to the knight's children, but a baronet's title can be inherited.

Men who get some jobs, such as senior judges, are made Knights Bachelor. Women cannot be knights bachelor, so if they get one of those jobs, they are made Dames of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)

Knights Bachelor have no post-nominal letters (letters after their name to show they are a knight), unlike knights of the orders of knighthood, who use letters like KBE, or GBE etc., or baronets who put Bt or Bart after their name.

The title "Sir" is always followed by the given name, so, Paul McCartney would be "Sir Paul McCartney" or "Sir Paul". They would never be Sir last name, so not "Sir McCartney". The same applies for women with the title "Dame" ("dame" is pronounced to rhyme with "same").

Knight Bachelor


Mario Party 7 is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube game console. It is the seventh game in the Mario Party series. It is the last Mario Party game for the Nintendo GameCube. It was released in North America on November 7, 2005, in Japan on November 10, 2005, and in Europe on February 10, 2006.

Gameplay

Mario Party 7 plays the same as previous games in the Mario Party series. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player who wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. A new feature in this game is "Bowser Time". Every turn, a meter shaped like Bowser's face fills up a little bit. After every fifth turn, the meter fills up completely, and Bowser will appear to do something bad. What he does depends on the board.

Six boards are in the game. The last one has to be unlocked through Solo Made. Twelve characters are available for players to play as. Two of them, Birdo and Dry Bones, make their first playable appearances in this game.

2005 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Mario Party games

Mario Party 7


DSL (for Digital Subscriber Loop or Digital Subscriber Line) is a way to transmit digital data over a telephone line. Telephone lines only transmit a limited spectrum of signals (roughly 20 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz, for voice). This means that the other frequencies can be used to transmit data. The data is combined or multiplexed onto the telephone line. At both ends, a device called a Splitter (or DSL filter) separates the data part and the telephony part. DSL provides the physical layer, the lowest layer of the OSI model that is used for understanding how the different parts of a telecommunications network can connect with each other.  In this model, ATM or Ethernet are two communications protocols used as the data link layer (layer 2) and IP is used at the network layer (layer 3).

While most DSL signals are multiplexed for transmission onto telephone lines, DSL can also be used without a telephony line (or multiplexed onto something else, for example Cable TV).

At the consumer end, a DSL modem converts the signals to be able to travel on the phone line; at the other end, a DSLAM multiplexes or combines the signals onto the internet backbone of the provider.

Most DSL lines of consumers are asymmetric, meaning that connection speeds or bit rates are different in each direction. Asymmetric DSL is abbreviated as ADSL.

Typically, the download speed of consumer DSL services ranges from 256 kilobits per second (kbit/s) to 24,000 kbit/s, depending on DSL technology, line conditions and service level implemented. Typically, upload speed is lower than download speed for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) and equal to download speed for the rarer Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL).

Voice and data

DSL (or VDSL, Very High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line) typically works by dividing the frequencies used in a single phone line into two primary "bands". The ISP data is carried over the high-frequency band (25 kHz and above) while the voice is carried over the lower-frequency band (4 kHz and below). The user typically installs a DSL filter on each phone. This removes the high frequencies from the phone line, so that the phone only sends or receives the lower frequencies (the human voice). The DSL modem and the normal telephone equipment can be used on the line at the same time without interference from each other.

Equipment
The customer end of the connection consists of a DSL modem, also known as a Terminal Adaptor. The modem converts data from the digital signals used by computers into a voltage signal of a suitable frequency range which is then applied to the phone line for transmission back to the service provider.

In some DSL variations (for example, High-bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL)), the modem is directly connected to the computer via a serial interface, using communication protocols such as RS-232 or V.35. In other cases (particularly ADSL), it is common for the customer equipment to be integrated with other functions, such as routing, firewalling, or other application-specific hardware and software. In this case, the entire equipment is usually referred to as a DSL router or DSL gateway.

Digital subscriber line


Fur seals are any of nine species of pinnipeds in the Otariidae family.  One species, the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) inhabits the North Pacific, while eight species in the Arctocephalus genus are found primarily in the Southern hemisphere.

Therefore they are not a single taxonomic unit.

Pinnipeds

Fur seal


Civil liberties are personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot have too much control of a single person's life, either by law or by judicial interpretation.

Civil liberties include the freedom from torture, freedom from forced disappearance, freedom of conscience, freedom of press, freedom of religion, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, the right to security and liberty, freedom of speech, the right to privacy, the right to equal treatment under the law and due process, the right to a fair trial, and the right to life.

Related pages
 Human rights
 Civil rights

Human rights

Civil liberties


The industrialization of services business model is a business model used in strategic management and services marketing that treats service provision as an industrial process, subject to industrial optimization procedures. It originated in the early 1970s, at a time when various quality control techniques were being successfully implemented on production assembly lines.

Theodore Levitt (1972) argued that the reason the service sector suffered from inefficiency and wide variations in quality were that it was based on the craft model. Each service encounter was treated as an isolated event. He felt that service encounters could be systematized through planning, optimal processes, consistency, and capital intensive investments. This model was the foundation of the success of McDonald's and many other mass service providers in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.

Unfortunately, the application of assembly line techniques to service provision had several undesirable consequences. Employees found working under these conditions disempowering, resulting in low morale, high staff turnover, and reduced service quality. One of the most difficult aspects of this model for employees to deal with was the "smile incentives". Employees were instructed to put a smile on their face during the service encounter. This manufacturing and commercialization of apparent happiness has been criticised by many commentators, particularly Mundie (1987). Also many customers prefer the "personal touch".

By the early 1990s most service providers turned their attention back to the human element and personalized their services. Employees were empowered to customize the service encounter to the individual characteristics of customers.

Subsequently, scholars developed the service-profit-chain concept to understand how employees and customers interact to create value.

See also
 services marketing
 servitization of products business model
 list of marketing topics
 list of management topics

References

 Levitt, T. (1972) "Production line approach to service", Harvard Business Review, Sept-Oct, 1972, pp. 41–52.
 Mundie, P. (1987) "Internal marketing: cause for concern", Quarterly Review of Marketing, spring-summer, 1987, pp. 21–24.

Business models
Services marketing

Industrialization of services business model


Harem is a kind of story in Japanese anime and manga where a male character is surrounded and loved by many female characters. Suzuka, Love Hina, Ai Yori Aoshi, Rosario + Vampire, Highschool DxD and Sekirei are just a few examples. Most of the time the females are romantically interested in the main character. The term "harem" is generally not used by itself, but as an adjective to the genre—such as harem anime or harem manga. The term orginates from the Arabic word "hareem"  which literally means women and was also used to refer to one man many women like a sultan hareem.

Daryl Surat, a contributor to Otaku USA, suggests that many harem anime are built around one core fetish (e.g. meido (Hanaukyo Maid Team), meganekko (G-On Riders), lolicon (Rozen Maiden), nuns (Amaenaideyo), large breasts (Eiken)). There are also reverse harem anime in which a female protagonist is surrounded by gorgeous boys: Ouran Host Club and The Wallflower being the best known.

Some recent harem titles have experienced a backlash from some anime fans in the United States, particularly from women, due to recurring usage of female fan service in series with the genre designation, prompting calls of sexism from some viewers. However, this is in spite of portrayals of male sexuality in anime being a fast-growing trend in the U.S.[needs citation]

Anime and manga terms

Harem (genre)


The Metropolis Building or Edificio Metrópolis (Spanish) is an office building in Madrid, Spain, at the corner of the Calle de Alcalá and Gran Vía. Inaugurated in 1911, it was designed by Jules and Raymond Février for the insurance company La Unión y el Fénix. It is currently owned by Metrópolis Seguros.

History

Start of construction
After La Unión y el Fénix acquired the ground in 1905, they launched an international competition for the opportunity to design their building. Among French and Spanish architects, Jules and Raymond Février won, and construction started in 1907.

For its construction, five homes had to be demolished between two streets: Calle de Alcalá and Calle del Caballero de Gracia. At that time, the Gran Via was still in design phase.

In 1910 construction was finished, and on 21 January 1911 the building was inaugurated.

New owners
In 1972 Metrópolis Seguros acquired the building, and the previous owner decided to take the original statue away with them, by then very familiar in Madrid's skyline, to their new headquarters. This original statue that used to be on top of the building, depicted the mythological Phoenix and Ganymede sitting on its wing. It is currently on display in the gardens around the Mutua Madrileña building, Paseo de la Castellana nr 33.

Restoration
Metrópolis Seguros put a great deal of effort restoring the building. They understood that it was one of Madrid's landmarks and should be maintained. This went in a few steps but works started right after Metrópolis Seguros bought the building.

In 1988 the facade was fully cleaned, together with the roof, basements and central courtyard. In November 1995 the delicate task of restoring the windows of the main staircase were done by the original artists, Maurnejean Vidrieras Artisticas and Antonio Herraiz, SA, retaining their original appearance.

End of 1996 the most important work was carried out, which restored the entire facade, with focus on the sculptures which were heavily damaged by environmental pollution and pigeons.

Architecture

Jules and Raymond Février gave the building a French, Beaux-Arts style, which was quite unusual at the time.

The ground level is topped by ornate colonnaded upper floors. The columns support 4 statues representing Mining, Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, made by Saint Marceaux and L. Lambert. At the foot of the dome you'll find a statue sculpted by D. Mariano Benlliure.

The rounded cupola is covered with 30000 leaves of 24 carat gold.

Location
It is commonly assumed Gran Vía starts at the Edificio Metrópolis. However, its real address is Calle de Alcalá 39. The first building at the beginning of Gran Vía is the Edificio Grassy.

Gallery

References

External links
 Official Metrópolis Seguros website (Spanish)

 Image 1 of the Metropolis Building
 Image 2 of the Metropolis Building
 Metropolis Building at Night

Buildings and structures in Cortes neighborhood, Madrid
Beaux-Arts architecture
Calle de Alcalá
Gran Vía (Madrid)
Restored and conserved buildings
Office buildings completed in 1911

Edificio Metrópolis, Madrid


SlipKnot was one of the earliest World Wide Web browsers, available to Microsoft Windows users between November 1994 and January 1998.  It was created by Peter Brooks of MicroMind, Inc. to provide a fully graphical view of the web for users without a SLIP or other TCP/IP connection to the net, hence the name – SLIP...not. SlipKnot provided a graphical web experience through what would otherwise be a text-only Unix shell account. SlipKnot version 1.0 was released on November 22, 1994, approximately 3 weeks before Netscape's Netscape Navigator version 1.0 came out.  It was designed to serve a significant fraction of PC/Windows-based Internet users who could not use Mosaic or Netscape at that time. (Internet Explorer was released in the following year after SlipKnot, in August 1995.)

History
In 1994 and 1995, the majority of home PC users who were interested in accessing the World Wide Web had to do so using terminal-based software.  These users usually had dial-up shell accounts with their employers' Unix machines or with commercial UNIX ISPs (e.g. Netcom).  They would run a terminal emulator program on their PCs, temporarily turning the machines into black screen terminals, dial into the Unix server, and then run text-based internet software such as pine and elm for e-mail, gopher for file retrieval, and lynx or www for a text-based browsing experience of the new World Wide Web.  While this text-based browsing was fine while web pages were text-only, Mosaic changed the browser and web-page landscape in 1993 by displaying and therefore encouraging graphical, multimedia and multifont web pages.  It also pioneered the point-and-click navigation for web browsing that had been a standard for prior hypertext applications, like Windows Help.

Mosaic had been developed by university programmers who had access to full TCP/IP connections and high-speed transmissions.  This was evident in the design of the program – for instance, after clicking on a hypertext link, the user had to wait until all parts of the page had been retrieved by the browser before anything showed on the screen.  High-speed connections allowed TCP/IP's ability to do multiple retrievals at once, and for the delay between the user's request for a page and its appearance to be short.  Therefore, not only could Mosaic not be used by most home users because of their lack of TCP/IP connections, but even if they had TCP/IP, the low speed of home modems would bring out the problems in the Mosaic design for slower speed connections (typically 9600 and 14.4k baud).

In 1994, some ISPs started to offer TCP/IP connections via dial-in modems, with protocols like SLIP and PPP.  But this was leading-edge technology, and so it was extraordinarily difficult to set up and maintain a home TCP/IP connection.  Therefore, a large fraction of home users were stuck with dial-up Unix shell connections, and could not use Mosaic, or Netscape, or any of the other TCP/IP-based browsers that business- and academia-based users enjoyed.

Having seen Mosaic late in 1993 and been captivated by its potential, Peter Brooks set out in April 1994 to create a fully graphic, multifont web browser for home PC users.

Browser
SlipKnot version 1.0 was completed and released as shareware in November 1994, thus making
it the first purchasable browser on the market.  Its name is a play on the term slip knot (a type of knot) against SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) – an early version of TCP/IP over modem lines – and not after the fact that, unlike Mosaic and Netscape browser offerings, a SLIP connection was not necessary to view graphical web content.

SlipKnot was given the Best Communications Shareware Program of 1995 Award by Ziff-Davis and was runner-up for the Best Overall Shareware Program of 1995.

By mid-1996 when further development ceased, the majority of home internet users were able to obtain TCP/IP connections that were easy to install, and all new internet software development was dependent upon that protocol.

Technical
SlipKnot's rendering engine was written in C, and its user interface in Visual Basic.  Because it had only a Unix commandline to communicate with, it "drove" the Unix host by sending characters to its commandline as if a person were typing them (as a "bot"). First, SlipKnot would request the retrieval of individual parts of a desired web page – the text, and then each picture – into files on the Unix host.  This was done by executing the text-based web browser "lynx" on the Unix host with command-line arguments indicating which URL to retrieve, and the filename to create on the Unix host when the data was finally retrieved.  This retrieval, from web page host to Unix host, was usually very fast, since these machines were connected by high speed communications lines.  After the URL contents were moved to the Unix host, they had to be moved down to the PC.  This was done by executing the communications program zmodem (sending the zmodem command to the Unix command-line) and then instantly placing the PC into receive mode.

Once the text (HTML) portion of a web page had been retrieved (it was always retrieved first), the page would be displayed by SlipKnot and could be read by the user, after which the pictures
were retrieved in the background and eventually the page fixed up to display them.

References

External links
SlipKnot's original Home Page
New York Times 1995 review of browsers, including SlipKnot

Gopher clients
Windows web browsers
1994 software
Discontinued web browsers

SlipKnot (web browser)


James William Good (September 24, 1866 – November 18, 1929) was an American politician and lawyer from the state of Iowa, who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Cabinet of President Herbert Hoover as Secretary of War.  He was a member of the Republican Party.

Biography
James William Good was born near Cedar Rapids, Iowa, to Henry and Margaret Combs Good.  He studied at Coe College, graduating in 1892.  He later studied at University of Michigan Law School, graduating in 1893.  He was admitted to the bar in 1893 and began practice in Indianapolis, Indiana, the same year.  He married Lucy Deacon on October 4, 1894. They had two sons, James William, Jr. and Robert Edmund Good.

In 1896, Good returned to Cedar Rapids, where he continued to practice law.  Good served as the Cedar Rapids City Attorney from 1906 to 1908.

Good was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1909 to 1921, where he represented Iowa's 5th congressional district (then made up of Linn, Grundy, Benton, Marshall, Tama, Jones, and Cedar counties).  He became chairman of the House Appropriations Committee in 1919, and continued to serve in that position until the end of his service. He was re-elected seven times, and never defeated.  But soon after his fellow Republican, Warren G. Harding, was elected president in November 1920, Good disclosed that he would likely resign his seat in Congress and join a Chicago, Illinois, law firm, once Good's plan to reorganize the budgetary process was adopted. Good resigned on June 10, 1921.  Republican Cyrenus Cole of Cedar Rapids won a special election to fill his vacancy, and was sworn in August 1, 1921.

In 1928 Good worked to elect Herbert Hoover, a fellow Iowa Republican, as President of the United States. When Hoover took office in March 1929, he appointed Good to be the United States Secretary of War and Good was soon confirmed by the United States Senate. He served in that position for eight months until his sudden death from peritonitis caused by a ruptured appendix.

He died in Washington, D.C., on November 18, 1929, shortly after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, at the beginning of the Great Depression.  He was succeeded by the Under Secretary of War Patrick J. Hurley.

References

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|-

1866 births
1929 deaths
Politicians from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
University of Michigan Law School alumni
United States Secretaries of War
Deaths from peritonitis
Coe College alumni
Hoover administration cabinet members
20th-century American politicians
Illinois Republicans
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
American people of Swiss-German descent

James W. Good


Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg (Polyxena Christina Johanna; 21 September 1706 – 13 January 1735) was the second wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, future King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.

Biography

Polyxena was born at Langenschwalbach in Hesse and was baptised with the names Polyxena Christina Johanna . King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia approached her family and proposed a union between Polyxena and Victor Amadeus II's son and heir Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. A previous match organised by "Agostino Steffani" with a daughter of Duke Rinaldo d'Este of Modena had come to nothing. His first wife, Anne Christine of Sulzbach died March 1723 having given birth to a son.

The engagement was announced on 2 July 1724. The marriage was celebrated in person at Thonon in Chablais on 20 August 1724. The happy marriage produced six children.

Praised as an attractive, cultured and kind woman, Polyxena founded a home for penniless mothers in Turin in 1732, redecorated the Villa della Regina, the hunting lodge of Stupingi, and the Church of Saint Giuseppe in Turin. She popularised chinoiserie. She was also a patron of Giovanni Battista Crosato, a baroque painter.

Having been ill since June 1734, she died at the Royal Palace of Turin. Originally buried at the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista, she was moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga in 1786 by her son Victor Amadeus III. Two years after her death, her husband married Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, sister of the future Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Issue

 Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (26 June 1726 – 16 October 1796) married Maria Antonia of Spain and had issue.
 Princess Eleonora of Savoy (28 February 1728 – 14 August 1781) unmarried.
 Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy (25 March 1729 – 22 June 1767) unmarried.
 Princess Maria Felicita of Savoy (19 March 1730 – 13 May 1801) unmarried.
 Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy (17 May 1731 – 23 April 1735) Duke of Aosta.
 Prince Carlo of Savoy (23 July 1733 – 28 December 1733) Duke of Chablais.

Titles and styles

21 September 1706 – 23 July 1724 Her Serene Highness Princess Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg.
23 July 1724 – 3 September 1730 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Piedmont.
3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735 Her Majesty the Queen.

Other websites

1706 births
1735 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont

Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg


James John Howard (July 24, 1927 – March 25, 1988) was an American educator and Democratic Party politician who represented  in the United States House of Representatives from 1965 until his death from a heart attack in Washington, D.C. in 1988.

Early life and career
He was born on July 24, 1927, in Irvington, New Jersey. Howard graduated from St. Rose School, Belmar, in 1941, Asbury Park High School in 1947, St. Bonaventure University, in 1952; and earned a Master of Education degree from Rutgers University-New Brunswick in 1958.

Prior to being elected to the House, Howard served in the United States Navy in the South Pacific from December 30, 1944, to July 19, 1946; teacher and acting principal in Wall Township school system from 1952 to 1964.

Tenure in Congress
Elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-ninth and to the eleven succeeding Congresses and served from January 3, 1965, until his death from a heart attack in Washington, D.C., on March 25, 1988.

On May 23, 1967, Howard created a public controversy over the M16, the basic combat rifle in Vietnam, beginning after he read a letter to the House of Representatives in which a Marine in Vietnam claims that almost all Americans killed in the Battle of Hill 881 died as a result of their new M16 rifles jamming. By the end of 1967, the problem had been resolved.

In 1974, he introduced the idea of a 55-mile-per-hour speed limit. And Congress soon imposed a nationwide 55 MPH (90 km/h) speed limit by threatening to withhold highway funds from states that did not adopt this limit. It was estimated a speed of  used 17% less fuel per mile than a speed of 75 MPH (120 km/h). It was also believed, based on a noticeable drop the first year the limit was imposed, that it cut down on highway deaths, but later studies were more mixed on this point. In addition, Howard authored an innovative coordinated surface transportation policy and program.

Howard's other notable, enduring contributions to the fight for enhanced highway safety include sponsorship of a myriad of bills such as: the Howard-Barnes anti-drunk driving legislation (1982); the Child Restraint Law (1984), which increased funding for state child passenger safety programs; legislation establishing a uniform minimum drinking age of 21 (1984); the National Driver's Register (1982); the National Infrastructure Act (1983); and the Motor Carrier Act (1980), which was the first regulatory reform of the trucking industry in half a century that, among other things, increased federal aid for truck safety programs.

Howard served as chairman of  the Committee on Public Works and Transportation (Ninety-seventh through One Hundredth Congresses).

At the time of his death, Howard was fighting an effort by transportation-related businesses move to persuade Congress to "complete" truck deregulation, a move they said would save billions in distribution costs. Upon his death the committee chairmanship passed to Rep. Glenn M. Anderson (D-CA).

Frank Pallone filled the seat vacated by Howard's death in 1988.

Howard was a resident of Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey, and was interred in St. Catharine's Cemetery in Sea Girt, New Jersey.

Honors
On September 21, 1985, the Northeast Fisheries Science Center was destroyed by a fire. On October 11, 1989, a groundbreaking ceremony was held at Sandy Hook, New Jersey for the construction of a  marine research laboratory to be occupied by scientists from the Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), as well as from state agencies  through the New Jersey Marine Sciences Consortium (NJMSC),  and academic institutions in New Jersey. The new laboratory, was completed in about three years and named the James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory to honor the late U.S. Representative who strongly supported marine research'. The primary mission of the Howard Laboratory is to conduct research in ecology, leading to a better understanding of both coastal and estuarine organisms and the effects of human activities on nearshore marine populations.
The Governors Highway Safety Association (GHSA) named their highest honor the James J. Howard Highway Safety Trailblazer Award. The award honors an individual for sustained outstanding leadership in endeavors that significantly improve highway safety. The recipient of this award must have undertaken a concerted, long-term effort to make our nation's highways safer and has made a significant contribution to the field of highway safety. The recipient must have established and implemented programs or have been responsible for notable advancements in technology or research throughout the years that have yielded a demonstrated safety impact.

The Asbury Park main train station and bus terminal was torn down and rebuilt as the James J. Howard Transportation Center.
On April 6, 1988, President Ronald Reagan signs H.R. 4263 naming Interstate 195 (I-195) in New Jersey the James J. Howard Interstate Highway. Interstate 195 is an east–west freeway linking Trenton to the Jersey Shore.
Department of Veterans Affairs's Veterans Health Administration established the James J. Howard Veterans Outpatient Clinic in Brick Township, New Jersey, to provides primary care and specialty services to local veterans.
Fort Monmouth's Eatontown Gardens, 600 family housing units in fifty two buildings, constructed 1953–1954, was renamed for Congressman James J. Howard in recognition of his long-time support for Fort Monmouth and his contributions in Congress to the welfare of soldiers and the Army.

See also
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)

References

External links

James John Howard at The Political Graveyard

Governors Highway Safety Association
James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory

1927 births
1988 deaths
People from Irvington, New Jersey
People from Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey
Military personnel from New Jersey
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey
Asbury Park High School alumni
Rutgers University alumni
St. Bonaventure University alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War II
20th-century American politicians

James J. Howard


Phosphorus has the chemical symbol P, and its atomic number is 15. Its mass number is 30.97. It is not found in nature as an element, but as compounds, such as phosphates. There are many different forms. The most common form is a red or white waxy solid.

Properties

Physical properties
Phosphorus comes in several forms. White and red phosphorus are the most common forms. White phosphorus is a waxy white solid. When pure, it is colourless. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide, an organic solvent. It turns light yellow when in air. It glows in the dark because it "burns" very slowly in air.

When exposed to sunlight, or when heated in its own vapour to 250 °C, it is converted to the red variety. This form does not ignite spontaneously and it is less toxic and less flammable than white phosphorus. The red modification is fairly stable and sublimes with a vapor pressure of 1 atmosphere at 417 °C.

Chemical properties
White phosphorus is more reactive than red phosphorus. White phosphorus catches fire spontaneously in air, burning to make smoke of phosphorus(V) oxide. If it burns in a little air, it produces poisonous phosphorus(III) oxide. When white phosphorus is heated in an alkali, it disproportionates to produce hypophosphites and phosphine. Red phosphorus can burn but needs to be ignited. Phosphorus reacts with the halogens to make phosphorus halides. It reacts with some metals to make phosphides.

Chemical compounds
Phosphorus compounds are chemical compounds containing phosphorus. They are listed below with some of their properties. Phosphorus comes in several oxidation states, the number of electrons moved during a redox reaction. -3 is flammable, powerful reducing agent, and toxic; +1 is a strong reducing agent and is rare; +3 is a weaker reducing agent that is poisonous; +5 is not a reducing agent and is very common.

In -3 oxidation state

Phosphides
Phosphine, toxic gas that smells like fish and ignites by itself
Phosphide, the ion
Sodium phosphide

Other compounds
Phosphonium, another ion

In +1 oxidation state
Hypophosphorous acid, salts are called hypophosphites
Sodium hypophosphite

In +3 oxidation state

Phosphites
Phosphorous acid, poisonous, salts are called phosphites
Sodium phosphite

Other compounds
Phosphorus trichloride
Phosphorus(III) iodide
Phosphorus(III) oxide, phosphorus trioxide, poisonous, garlic-smelling

In +5 oxidation state

Phosphates
Phosphoric acid, most common, salts are called  phosphates
Calcium phosphate
Dicalcium phosphate
Mono-calcium phosphate
Sodium phosphate
Zinc phosphate

Other compounds
Phosphorus (V) oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, absorbs water
Phosphorus (V) chloride

Occurrence
It is an essential component of living systems and is found as phosphate in nervous tissue, bones and cell protoplasm. It is also found in the earth as phosphate rock. Phosphate rock is the main source of phosphorus and phosphorus compounds. Many body tissues have calcium phosphates in them.

Preparation
Phosphorus was first made by heating a mixture of phosphates and carbon in an iron pot. The phosphates were made by dissolving bones in strong acids and evaporating the solution.

Phosphorus is made now by heating calcium phosphate, carbon, and silicon dioxide in an electric arc furnace. The heat of the electric arc melts the mixture of materials, and phosphorus gas is given off. It is absorbed under water. This makes white phosphorus.

Uses

As an element
White phosphorus is used in incendiary weapons and smoke grenades. It is also used to make organic compounds that have phosphorus in them. Phosphorus is used to dope semiconductors. Phosphorus is used to remove oxygen from copper. It is also used in making alloys. Red phosphorus is used in matches and flares.

As chemical compounds
Phosphorus compounds are used for fertilizers, soft drinks, toothpaste, and detergents. Most of these are phosphates. Phosphides can be used to kill rodents.

Safety
White phosphorus is very dangerous. It is very toxic and ignites easily, burning with a very hot flame. Red phosphorus is much safer. Some phosphorus compounds are toxic, but the common phosphates are not toxic.

Related pages
 Periodic table
 List of common elements

Nonmetals

Phosphorus


A chihuahua is a very small kind of dog and is bred to be a pet.

Appearance
They can reach a height of 6-9 inches (12.7–20.3 cm) and a weight of 2–6 pounds (0.9–2.7 kg). Chihuahuas can have a long or short coat, and come in many different colors. They only need grooming once a week if short coat or it may be twice if you have a long coat.

Origins
The Chihuahua's start goes back to Mexico as the descendants of the Techichi, a short haired and silent dog. The Techichi was liked by the Toltec people, one of the indigenous (original) people of Mexico. Chihuahuas are believed to have been made by breeding the Techichi and Chinese Crested Dogs (a type of small hairless dog) to form today's Chihuahuas.

Another possible start for Chihuahuas was the breeding of Techichis with Phalène terriers, which were well liked at the time and were known for their small body and black and tan colors. Mating with another type of dog increased the loudness of the Techichi's bark while making it smaller.

Chihuahuas were named after the Chihuahua state in Mexico.  The word Chihuahua comes from the Na'huatl word "xicuagua", which means "sandy, dry place".

References

Dog breeds
FCI breeds

Chihuahua (dog)


The Adventures of Hamtaro (とっとこハム太郎, Tottoko Hamutarō, literally Trotting Hamtaro) is a Japanese children's anime preschool series created by Ritsuko Kawai. The main character is a hamster named Hamtaro.

Plot Summary
After moving into a new town, Hamtaro finds that he's in the company of lots of different hamsters, making up a group of hamster friends that go on crazy adventures through the city. Before they save Laura and other humans from nasty predicaments, however, they have to learn how to save themselves.

Manga
Anime
2002 television series debuts
2004 television series endings

Hamtaro


Jean-Jacques Amelot de Chaillou (, 30 April 1689 – 7 May 1749, Paris) was a French politician. He was marquis of Combrande, baron de Châtillon-sur-Indre, seigneur de Chaillou.

Biography
From a family of magistrates, he was in turn made avocat général aux requêtes de la maison du roi, maître des requêtes ordinaires (1712), intendant of the généralité of La Rochelle (1720–26), intendant des finances (1726), Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (1737–44) and surintendant des Postes (1737).

He was elected to the Académie française en 1727 et membre honoraire de l'Académie des sciences in 1741.

In 1716 he married the daughter of the businessman and theatre head Gio Paolo Bombarda - she died three years later. His child by his second marriage was Antoine-Jean Amelot de Chaillou.

External links

 Académie française

1689 births
1747 deaths
French Foreign Ministers
Members of the Académie Française
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Secretaries of State of Ancien Régime France

Jean-Jacques Amelot de Chaillou


This list of fictional ducks is subsidiary to the list of fictional birds. It is restricted to notable duck characters from the world of fiction.

Ducks in animation

Disney cartoon ducks
Disney animators have created an entire universe of ducks, most of which are modeled after the American Pekin duck.

Residents of the Donald Duck universe

 Andold Wild Duck, Brigitta MacBridge, Fenton Crackshell, Moby Duck, and Launchpad McQuack, supporting character ducks from Donald Duck's universe
 Angus McDuck, Dingus McDuck, Downy O'Drake, Fergus McDuck, Hortense McDuck, Hugh McDuck, Jake McDuck, Malcolm McDuck, Matilda McDuck, Molly Mallard, Pah-Peh-Rheo, Quagmire McDuck, Sir Eider McDuck, Sir Quackly McDuck, Sir Roast McDuck, Sir Stuft McDuck, and Sir Swamphole McDuck, duck members of Clan McDuck, Donald Duck and Scrooge McDuck's family and ancestry
 April, May and June, Daphne Duck, Della Duck, Eider Duck, Fethry Duck, Gladstone Gander, Grandma Duck, Humperdink Duck, Pintail Duck, and Quackmore Duck, duck members of Donald Duck's family and ancestry
 Bushroot, NegaDuck I and II, Quackerjack, Stegmutt, duck villains from the Darkwing Duck spinoff
 Daisy Duck, Donald Duck's female counterpart
 Darkwing Duck/Drake Mallard, main character and hero of the Darkwing Duck spinoff
 Donald Duck, cartoon duck created by Disney in 1934. Known as Paperinik in Disney's PKNA and as Maui Mallard in Maui Mallard in Cold Shadow
 Flintheart Glomgold, one of the main duck rivals of Scrooge McDuck
 Gosalyn Mallard and Morgana Macawber, secondary heroes and supporting character ducks from the Darkwing Duck spinoff
 Huey, Dewey, and Louie and their lost brother Phooey Duck, nephews of Donald Duck
 John D. Rockerduck, antagonist duck from Donald Duck's universe
 Ludwig Von Drake, Donald Duck's scientist uncle
 Magica De Spell, duck witch who is one of Scrooge McDuck's main antagonists and Donald Duck's archenemy
 Mrs. Beakley, Bubba the Caveduck, Doofus Drake, Mrs.Crackshell, and Webby Vanderquack, ducks from the animated show DuckTales
 Scrooge McDuck, cartoon duck created by Disney in 1947 as Donald Duck's miserly uncle

Other Disney duck characters
 Canard Thunderbeak, Check "Grin" Hardwing, Duke L'Orange, Mallory McMallard, Nosedive Flashblade, Tanya Vanderflock, Wildwing Flashblade, the Mighty Ducks, superhero ducks from Disney's The Mighty Ducks
 Everett Ducklair, main character duck from PKNA
 Flick Duck, from the TV show PB&J Otter
 Stephan Vladuck/Camera 9 and Urk, minor duck characters from PKNA

Warner Bros. ducks
 Daffy Duck / Duck Dodgers, one of the main Looney Tunes characters and his alias from the Duck Dodgers spin-off series
 Danford Drake and Margo Mallard, students of the Perfecto Preps, from Tiny Toon Adventures
 Danger Duck, Daffy's descendant from Loonatics Unleashed
 Melissa Duck, Daffy's girlfriend from the original cartoons and a main character in the Baby Looney Tunes series
 Plucky Duck, a character inspired by Daffy Duck, from Tiny Toon Adventures
 Shirley the Loon, a character inspired by Melissa Duck, also from Tiny Toon Adventures although she is characterized as a loon instead of a duck
 Mrs. Daffy Duck (Daphne Duck), Daffy's dominant wife, known as Daphne Duck in two cartoons
 Tina Russo, Daffy's girlfriend, from The Looney Tunes Show

Other cartoon ducks
See List of fictional ducks in animation.

Ducks in comics

Ducks in Krazy Kat
 Gooseberry Sprig, duck duke, comic-strip character created by George Herriman; later appeared in Herriman's Krazy Kat
 Mock Duck, fowl of Chinese descent who resembles a coolie and operates a cleaning establishment
 Mrs. Katalpa Kwakk Wakk, duck in a pillbox hat; scold who frequently notices Ignatz in the course of his plotting and then informs Officer Pupp

Other comics
 Anduck Duckanan, occasional character in the Thai comic series Apaimanee Saga
 Arne Anka, protagonist of Swedish comic strip Arne Anka drawn by Charlie Christensen
 Arthur, from Sheldon
 Choo Choo Curtis, postal carrier in Pogo
 Canardo, protagonist of Inspector Canardo
 Count Duckula
 Daddles
 Deadeye Duck, from Bucky O'Hare
 Deputy Duck, duck policeman in Slylock Fox
 Dilly Duckling, created by Edgar Henry Banger
 Dirty Duck, created by underground comix artist Bobby London
 Doctor Quack from Sonic the Hedgehog, duck who works at the Tommy Turtle Memorial Hospital; has a wife and kids.
 Bean the Dynamite, is also a duck in the comics unlike his main series counterpart (who is a woodpecker).
 Doodles Duck and his nephew Lemuel (DC Comics)
 Dougie Duck from Teddy Tail (Friend of Teddy Tail, created by Herbert Sidney Foxwell.)
 Fifi the Duck, character in the Marvel Comics universe
 Guard Duck, from Stephan Pastis' Pearls Before Swine
 Howard the Duck, character in the Marvel Comics universe
 Karoo, in the anime and manga series One Piece, the pet duck of Princess Nefertari Vivi
 Kvak, family's pet duck from Hägar the Horrible
 Lobo the Duck, a Marvel/DC amalgam character based on Howard the Duck and Lobo
 Lucky Ducky from Tom the Dancing Bug
 Mallard Fillmore, protagonist of the eponymous conservative political comic strip
 Mousse, from the popular manga Ranma ½, transforms into a duck when doused with cold water
 Rubberduck, from Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew (DC Comics)
 Super Duck
 Teeny, from the 1929-1937 British comic strip Tim, Toots & Teeny.
 Truman, from Frank Cho's Liberty Meadows.
 Waddles, main character in Dok's Dippy Duck, started up by Dok Hager and continued by George Hager and later Ray Carlson and Carol Hager as Waddles.
 A little nameless duck is seated on the hat of De Generaal, the general in Peter de Smet's De Generaal.

Live or costume ducks on television and film
 Aflac Duck, duck mascot for Aflac; has appeared in Aflac commercials
 Brian, from Spaced Invaders, spends the film dressed as a duck for Halloween
 Duck Girls, in Big Barn Farm
 Charlie, the duck from Disney's The Million Dollar Duck
 The Chick and The Duck, from the American sitcom Friends
 Duck, a wooden model seated on top of the Ragdoll narrowboat in the 1990s British children's TV show, Rosie & Jim.
 Dooby Duck, the presenter of Dooby Duck's Disco Bus
 Edd the Duck, puppet mallard from CBBC's The Broom Cupboard
 Ferdinand, adventurous white male duck who appears in Babe and Babe: Pig in the City
 Harry the Duck, Bear's long-lost friend from Bear in the Big Blue House.
 Howard the Duck, from the 1986 film of the same name based on the comic book
 Orville the Duck, green duckling puppet operated by Keith Harris
 Pato Torquato and Pata Vina, duck antagonists in Cocoricó
 Plucka Duck, from the Australian television program Hey Hey It's Saturday
 Saturnin le canard, from the 1960s French children's TV show Les Aventures de Saturnin; renamed Dynamo Duck and voiced by Dan Castellaneta for American audiences in the show The Adventures of Dynamo Duck
 Squacky, an energetic blue and yellow duck in Jim Henson's Pajanimals

Ducks in literature and song
 Dab-Dab, female duck who is one of Dr. Dolittle's close companions in Hugh Lofting's series of books
 "Disco Duck", novelty song by Rick Dees
 The Duck, briefly seen in the fantasy novel Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll
 The Duck Flock, flock of gangster mallard ducks who want revenge on a human gang in the music video "Get Up (Rattle)"
 The duck on the head of the beggar The Duck Man in the Discworld novels by Terry Pratchett
 DuckBob Spinowitz, man transformed into an anthropomorphic duck by aliens in the novel No Small Bills by Aaron Rosenberg.
 Ducky Lucky and Drakey Lakey, from Henny Penny/Chicken Licken
 Freda the duck from Emily Rodda's Key to Rondo series
 Fup, one of the main characters of the eponymous book by Jim Dodge
 Jemima Puddle-Duck, appears in The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck and with the other two Puddle-Ducks, Rebeccah and Mr. Drake, in The Tale of Tom Kitten, as well as Jemima Puddle-Duck's Painting Book
 The Lonesome Duck from The Magic of Oz, thirteenth volume in the Oz canon written by L. Frank Baum
 Mrs. Leda Duck, and Duck siblings, who adopt the human boy Arnold in Arnold of the Ducks by Mordicai Gerstein
 Mr. and Mrs. Mallard, and children Jack, Kack, Lack, Mack, Nack, Ouack, Pack, and Quack, in the children's book Make Way for Ducklings by Robert McCloskey
 Mr. and Mrs. Quack from "The Adventures of Poor Mrs. Quack" by Thornton Burgess in the "Old Mother West Wind" series of books
 The Mechanickal Duck in Thomas Pynchon's Mason & Dixon, a fictionalized version of the Digesting Duck created by Jacques de Vaucanson
 Ping, domesticated duck who lives on the Yangtze River in China; his story is told by Marjorie Flack with illustrations by Kurt Wiese in The Story about Ping
 Rapanden Rasmus from Rinkenæs Sogn, main character of the eponymous song, "Rapanden Rasmus fra Rinkenæs Sogn". In the song Rasmus takes a ride in his one horse carriage and problems ensue. The song was written by Danish poet Halfdan Rasmussen.
 The Rubber Duckie, owned by Sesame Street Muppet Ernie, and the subject of several of his signature songs, including "Rubber Duckie", "Put Down the Duckie", and "Do De Rubber Duck"
Sonia the duck, a character in Peter and the Wolf by Sergei Prokofiev
Dilly the duck, a minor character in the Reverend Wilbert Awdry's The Railway Series and its TV series adaptation, Thomas & Friends.

Duck mascots
 The Aflac Duck, used in advertising for the insurance company Aflac
 Attila the Mighty Duck, mascot of the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey
 Dax the Duck, mascot of the internet search engine DuckDuckGo
 Duck Norris, mascot of Vanbrugh College, University of York
 Floyd D. Duck, mascot duck punk of Bubble Yum
 Lewis the Duck, mascot of Homewood Suites; has a wife Lois, daughter Lisa, and son Lance
 Irwin the Disco Duck, created by Peter Pan Records
 Maynard G. Mallard, mascot of the Madison Mallards collegiate baseball team
 Millard the Mallard, mascot of WRVA in Richmond, Virginia
 The Oregon Duck, mascot of University of Oregon's Oregon Ducks
 QuackerJack, mascot for the Long Island Ducks minor league baseball team
 Webster, the Orange RubberDuck of the Akron RubberDucks
 Wild Wing, mascot for the National Hockey League's Anaheim Ducks (originally the Mighty Ducks, named after the Mighty Ducks movies)

Ducks in video games

 Bin and Pin from the arcade and Master System game Dynamite Düx.
 Deadly Duck, eponymous character of the Atari 2600 video game Deadly Duck (1982).
 The Atari 2600 game Duck Attack! (2010) features a mallard named Bruce, plus other ducks named Mandy, Pat, Groucho, and Clarice.
 The Mad Duck, one of the enemies in EarthBound.
 Prince Drake from Crazy Drake, 2D platformer released in 1996 for IBM PC compatibles.
 John Mallard, announcer from Duck Game (2015). All other characters in the game are anthropomorphic ducks, but they are unnamed.
 Some of the villagers in the Animal Crossing series are ducks, including Bill, Deena, Derwin, Drake, Freckles, Fruity, Gloria, Joey, Ketchup, Maelle, Mallary, Miranda, Molly, Pate, Pompom, Quillson, Scoot, Shinabiru, and Weber. Three of them only appeared in Dōbutsu no Mori e+ (also known as Animal Forest e+): Fruity, Ketchup, and Shinabiru. However, most of the other duck characters have been featured in that game as well (except Drake, Gloria, Molly, and Quillson) and almost all of the duck characters that were in that game were also in the original Animal Crossing game (except Miranda).
 The NES video game Duck Hunt (1984) has unnamed ducks as an integral part of gameplay. By pointing the NES Zapper gun peripheral at the TV, the gamer shoots down ducks that fly across the screen. In Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, the lone dog and a single, individualized duck from Duck Hunt appears together as a playable character. In the European version they are referred to as Duck Hunt Duo, and in the North American/Japanese versions eponymously as "Duck Hunt". This particular duck has thus since been referred to as "Duck Hunt Duck".
 In The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past, a duck provides the significant purpose of carrying the protagonist, Link, to 1 of 8 locations spread throughout the game world. This duck is unnamed, but due to being the pet of the Flute Boy and referred to in game only as a bird, it is referred to by fans as the Flute Boy's Bird.
 Several Pokémon species seem to be inspired by ducks, such as Farfetch'd, Psyduck, Ducklett and Quaxly.

Ducks in other media
 Dolan, Dafty, Dasee, Hupu, Tupu, and Lupu, in The Uncle Dolan Show
 Duck from Don't Hug Me I'm Scared
Pekkle from Sanrio
 Sonic Duck, monster from the card game Yu-Gi-Oh!
 Witzy, Suzy Ducken, and Jack Quacker, from Suzy's Zoo
Oozora Subaru from Hololive's Second Generation

References

Ducks

List of fictional ducks