"Majorcan cartographic school" is the term coined by historians to refer to the collection of predominantly Jewish cartographers, cosmographers and navigational instrument-makers and some Christian associates that flourished in Majorca in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries until the expulsion of the Jews. The label is usually inclusive of those who worked in Catalonia. The Majorcan school is frequently contrasted with the contemporary Italian cartography school.

Origins
The island of Majorca, the largest of the Balearic islands in the western Mediterranean, had a long history of seafaring. Muslim and Jewish merchants participated in extensive trade across the Mediterranean Sea with Italy, Egypt and Tunisia. In the 14th century their commerce entered into the Atlantic, reaching as far as England and the Low Countries.  Ruled as an independent Muslim kingdom through much of the Early Middle Ages, Majorca came under Christian rule in 1231.

It retained its independence as the Kingdom of Majorca until 1344, when it was permanently annexed to the Crown of Aragon. This coincided with a period of Aragonese expansionism across the Mediterranean to Sardinia and Corsica, Sicily and Greece (Athens and Neopatria), in which Majorcan nautical, cartographic and mercantile expertise was often called upon.  Majorcan merchants and seafarers spearheaded the attempt by the Aragonese crown to seize the newly discovered Canary Islands in the Atlantic from the 1340s to the 1360s.

Majorcan cosmographers and cartographers experimented and developed their own cartographic techniques.  According to some scholars (e.g. Nordenskiold), the Majorcans were responsible for the invention (c. 1300) of the "normal portolan chart".  The portolan was a realistic, detailed nautical chart, gridded by a rhumbline network with compass lines that could be used to deduce exact sailing directions between any two points.

Portolan charts, which appeared rather suddenly after 1300, constitute a sharp departure from all earlier maps.  Unlike the circular mappa mundi of Christian academic tradition, the portolan was oriented towards the north, and focused on a realistic depiction of geographic distances with a degree of accuracy that is astounding, even by modern standards.  Historians speculate that the portolan was constructed from the first-hand information of mariners and merchants, possibly assisted by astronomers, and were geared for navigational use, in particular the plotting by compass of navigational routes.

Both Majorca and Genoa have laid claim for the invention of the portolan chart, and it is unlikely this will ever be resolved.  Few charts have survived to the modern day.  The Carta Pisana portolan chart, made at the end of the 13th century (1275–1300), is the oldest surviving nautical chart.  The earliest extant ones, from the first half of the 14th century, seem to have been constructed by Genoese cartographers, with Majorcan charts making their appearance only in the latter half of the century. As a result, many historians have argued that the Majorcan cartography derived from the Genoese, citing the mysterious figure of Angelino Dulcert, possibly a Genoese immigrant working in Majorca in the 1330s, as the key intermediary in the transmission.

On the other hand, some scholars have embraced the hypothesis first forwarded by A.E. Nordenskiöld, that the surviving charts are misleading, that the earliest Genoese maps were just faithful copies of a conjectured prototype, now lost, composed around 1300 by an unknown Majorcan cosmographer, possibly with the involvement of Ramon Llull. An intermediary position acknowledges Genoese priority, but insists the Majorcan school had an autonomous origin, at best "inspired", but not derived, from the Genoese.  Recent research tends to lean towards the first interpretation, but at the same time curbing some of the more extreme Italian claims and recognizing distinctively Majorcan development.

Majorcan style

Regardless of the exact origin, historians agree that the Majorcans developed their own distinctive style or "school" of portolan cartography, which can be distinguished from the "Italian school".  Both Italian and Majorcan portolan charts focus on the same geographic area, what is sometimes called the "Normal Portolan": the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Atlantic Ocean coast up to the environs of Flanders - the area frequently travelled by contemporary Mediterranean merchants and sailors.

As time and knowledge progressed, some cartographers stretched the geographic boundaries of the normal portolan to include a larger swathe of Atlantic ocean, including many Atlantic islands, real and mythical, a longer stretch of the west African coast to the south, the Baltic Sea in the north and the Caspian Sea in the east. The central focus on the Mediterranean remained throughout and the scale rarely changed.

The distinction between the Majorcan and Italian school is one of style rather than range.  Italian portolan charts were sparse and restrained, strictly focused on coastal detail, with the inland areas left largely or wholly empty, and the charts largely bereft of illustrations.

The Majorcan style, its beginnings already decipherable in the 1339 chart of Angelino Dulcert, and finding its epitome in the Catalan Atlas of 1375, attributed to Majorcan cartographer Abraham Cresques, contained a lot more inland detail and was replete with rich colorful illustrations, depicting cities, mountain ranges, rivers and some miniature people.  Among the quintessential features replicated in almost all Majorcan charts:
 scattered notes and labels in Catalan
 the Red Sea painted red
 the Atlas Mountains depicted as a palm tree
 the Alps as a chicken's foot
 the Tagus as a shepherd's crook, with the curve wrapping around Toledo.
 the Danube as a chain of links or hillocks.
 Bohemia as a horseshoe
 the Canary island of Lanzarote colored with a Genoese shield (red cross on white).
 the island of Rhodes also colored with a shield with a cross.
 the striped shield of the Crown of Aragon replicated as often as possible, including covering the island of Majorca itself.
 a compass rose somewhere on the map, with the Pole Star set on the north.

Among the miniature people routinely found in many Majorcan maps are depictions of the traders on the Silk Road and the trans-Saharan route, the Emperor of Mali seated on a gold mine and the ship of Jaume Ferrer.

Although the Italian school largely adhered to its sparse style, some later Italian cartographers, such as the Pizzigani brothers and Battista Beccario toyed with Majorcan themes, and introduced some of their features into their own maps.

Although some historians like to distinguish the Italian maps as "nautical" and the Majorcan maps as "nautico-geographic", it is important to note that the Majorcan portolans did not sacrifice the essential nautical function of their portolans.  Lift the entertaining illustrations, and the Majorcan maps are as nautically detailed and serviceable as the Italian.

Members

Major members of the Majorcan school of cartography include:

 Angelino Dulcert (fl. 1339) - possibly a Genoese immigrant.
 Abraham Cresques (fl. 1375)
 Jehuda Cresques ("Jaume Riba"/"Jacobus Ribes")
 Haym ibn Risch ("Joan de Vallsecha")
 Guillem Soler (fl. 1380s)
 Mecia de Viladestes (fl. 1410s)
 Jacomé of Majorca (1420s?) - moved to Portugal
 Gabriel de Vallseca (fl.1430s-40s)
 Pere Rosell (fl.1460s)
 Jaume Bertran (fl. 1480s).

Unlike in Italy, where the crafts of instrument-making and cartography were distinct, most of the Majorcan cartographers also worked as makers of nautical instruments - often appearing in civic records, as both master map-maker and bruixoler ("compass-maker").  Some were also amateur or professional cosmographers, with expertise in astrology and astronomy, frequently inserting astronomical calendars in their atlases.

Most members of the Majorcan school, with the exception of Soler, were Jews, whether practicing or conversos.  As a result, the school suffered heavily and eventually expired with the extension of force-conversion, expulsions and the Spanish Inquisition into the realms of the Crown of Aragon in the late 15th century.

The production of medieval Portolan charts can be divided in two major schools: the Italian and the Catalan. Italian medieval cartographers came mostly from Genoa and Venice. Catalan charts were made in Majorca and Barcelona. Beside these two major schools, some maps were made in Portugal, but no examples survive.

The inhabitants of Majorca were great navigators and cartographers. Their geographical knowledge was earned from their own experience and developed in a multicultural atmosphere. Muslim and Jewish merchants participated in extensive trade with Egypt and Tunisia, and in the 14th century they started doing business with England and Netherlands.  These groups were not limited by the rules imposed by the Christian framework, and their maps were way ahead of their time.  Professor Gerald Crone, who wrote books on medieval mapping, said of these cartographers, they "...threw off the bounds of tradition and anticipated the achievements of the Renaissance".  The maps they made were prized by the princes and rulers of the Spanish mainland and other countries.  The maps made in Majorca were easy to recognize by their brightly colored illustrations of significant geographical features and portraits of foreign rulers.

The first known Majorcan map was made by Angelino Dulcert in 1339.  Even in this early work, all the distinguishing features of the Majorcan Cartographic School were present.  Dulcert made precise, colorful drawings that showed all the topographical details including rivers, lakes, mountains, etc.  The notes written in Latin described the map.

The most famous cartographers from the Majorcan school were Jews.

Catalan Atlas and Abraham and Jehuda Cresques

Abraham Cresques also known as, Cresques the Jew, was appointed as a Master of Maps and Compasses by John I of Aragon.  The money he got for his appointment was used to build baths for Jews in Palma.
In 1374 and 1375 Abraham and his son Jehuda worked on a special order.
John I of Aragon advised the authorities that he needed to get a map, which would show the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic coast and the ocean itself.  The map they made was named the Catalan Atlas, and it is the most important Catalan map of the medieval period.

The first two leaves, forming the oriental portion of the Catalan Atlas, illustrate numerous religious references as well as a synthesis of medieval mappae mundi (Jerusalem located close to the center) and the travel literature of the time, notably Marco Polo's Book of Marvels and the Travels, and Voyage of Sir John Mandeville. Many Indian and Chinese cities can be identified.  The explanatory texts report customs described by Marco Polo.  Cresques, who knew Arabic, also used the travel narratives of Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta. Mecca has a blue dome and shows Muslim prayer. The text next to the image is:

While the areas under Muslim control were marked with domes, Jerusalem was surrounded by tales from Old and New Testaments like the Garden of Eden, the crucifixion, Noah's Ark and others.

The image of the caravan is accompanied by Marco Polo's travel account:

A Catalan Atlas was requested by Charles V of France, even though he expelled all the Jews from France in 1394.

The Catalan Atlas is located now in Bibliothèque nationale de France.  A few other Cresques maps were mentioned in inventories from Spain and France in late 1387.

Jehuda Cresques continued his father's traditions. He was forced to convert to Christianity in 1391. His new name was Jacobus Ribes. He was called "lo Jueu buscoler" (the map Jew), or "el jueu de les bruixoles" (the compass Jew).  Jehuda was ordered to move to Barcelona, where he continued his work, as a court cartographer.  Later, he was invited to Portugal by Henry the Navigator. His maps were still made in Catalan (Majorca) traditions, and that's why he was called "Mestre Jacome de Malhorca". He was the first director of famous Nautical observatory at Sagres at the age of discovery.

Other Jewish cartographers

Another famous Jewish cartographer was Haym ibn Risch. He was forced to convert to Christianity and took the name Juan de Vallsecha. He was probably the father of Gabriel de Vallseca, author of yet another famous mapamundi, one later used by Amerigo Vespucci.  Gabriel also produced a very accurate maps of Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea.  Another Jewish cartographer was Mecia de Vildestes. An outstanding map by Vildestes dated 1413 is proudly featured at the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris.

Anti-Jewish persecutions brought the end to the famous school of cartography at Majorca.

Chronology of Majorcan cartographers

(Timeline derived from :ca:Llista cronològica de cartògrafs portolans mallorquins)

See also

 Abraham Cresques
 Catalan Atlas
 Catalan chart
 Compass rose
 Rhumbline network

References

External links
 www.cresquesproject.net—Translation in English of the works of Riera i Sans and Gabriel Llompart on the Jewish Majorcan Map-makers of the Late Middle Ages
Portolan charts from S.XIII to S.XVI - Additions, Corrections, Updates

Sources

 Campbell, T. (1987) "Portolan Charts from the Late Thirteenth Century to 1500". The History of Cartography. Volume 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 371–463.
 Campbell, T. (2011) "A critical re-examination of early portolan charts with a reassessment of their replication and seaboard function" (online)
 Caraci, G. (1959) Italiani e Catalani nella primitiva cartografia medievale, Rome: 'Universita degli studi.
 Magnaghi, A. (1909) "Sulle origini del portolano normale nel Medio Evo e della Cartografia dell'Europa occidentale", in Memorie geografiche, vol. 4, no.8, p. 115-80.
 Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik (1896) "Résumé of an Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing Directions", Report of the Sixth International Geographical Congress: held in London, 1895. London: J. Murray p.685-94
 Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik (1897) Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing Directions, tr. Frances A. Bather, Stockholm: Norstedt.
 Pujades i Bataller, Ramon J. (2007) Les cartes portolanes: la representació medieval d'una mar solcada. Barcelona
 Heinrich Winter (1947)  "On the Real and the Pseudo-Pilestrina Maps and Other Early Portuguese Maps in Munich", Imago Mundi, vol. 4,p. 25-27.
 Winter, Heinrich (1958) "Catalan Portolan Maps and their place in the total view of cartographic development", Imago Mundi, Vol.11, p. 1-12

History of cartography
Medieval Majorcan Jews

Majorcan cartographic school


Rock music is a genre of popular music. It developed during and after the 1960s in the United States. It originally started in the 1940s and 1950s with the start of rock and roll. Rock and roll grew out of rhythm and blues and country music.  Rock music is related to a number of other genres such as blues and folk. It has influences from jazz, classical, and other music genres.

Musically, rock mostly uses the electric guitar as part of a rock band with bass guitar and drums. Rock music is song based. It has a 4/4 beat and it has verse-chorus form. However, rock has become very different and it is hard to say what its common musical instruments are. Like pop music, rock music lyrics are mostly about "romantic love". They can also have social or have political themes, however, rock focuses on musical skill, live performance, and it tries to be more real than pop music.

By the late 1960s, a number of different rock musicians genres had come out. These included hybrids like blues rock, folk rock, country rock, and jazz-rock fusion. From these forms, the counterculture developed psychedelic rock. New genres that came from this scene included progressive rock, glam rock and heavy metal. Progressive rock made the music more artistic. Glam rock focused on showmanship and what you can see. Heavy metal focused on loudness, power and speed.  Punk rock became more popular in the second half of the 1970s. It was inspired by other types of rock, as well as counterculture. Punk rock is a loud type of rock music with political and social critiques. Punk caused other below-genres to come about into the 1980s, including New Wave, post-punk and eventually the alternative rock movement. From the 1990s, alternative rock began to be the most popular type of rock music. It broke through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop, and indie rock. More merging of below-genres have since emerged. These include pop punk, rap rock, and rap metal, as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garage rock/post-punk and synthpop revivals at the beginning of the new millennium.

Rock music has also helped cultural and social movements. This led to large sub-cultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the "hippie" culture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s punk culture made the goth and emo subcultures. Rock music has the same folk tradition as the protest song. Rock music has been involved with political activism. It has also made changes to social attitudes towards race, sex and drug use. It is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity.

Other websites

Sources

Rock music


The Blue Pullman was a class of luxury train used from 1960 to 1973 by British Railways in the United Kingdom. As opposed to the previous Pullman Car Company locomotive-hauled carriage trains, and the Brighton Belle electric multiple units, the Blue Pullmans were the first diesel-electric multiple units designed for high-speed Pullman train services incorporating several novel features. Named after their custom blue livery, the trains were conceived under the railway 1955 Modernisation Plan, to create new luxury first-class diesel express trains, to compete with the motor car and the emerging domestic air travel market. Although not entirely successful in their own right, the Blue Pullmans demonstrated the possibility of high-speed fixed-formation multiple-unit Inter City train services and inspired the later development of the InterCity 125. After their withdrawal, none of the units survived into preservation.

251

British Rail Classes 251 and 261


The National Emblem of Bangladesh was adopted shortly after independence in 1971.

Located on the emblem is a White water lily, that is bordered on two sides by rice sheaves. Above the water lilly are four stars and a three-leaf clover of jute leaves. The water lily is the country's national flower, and is representative of the many rivers that run through Bangladesh. Rice represents its presence as the staple food of Bangladesh, and for the agriculture of that nation. The four stars represent the four founding principles that were originally enshrined in the first constitution of Bangladesh in 1972: Nationalism, Secularism, Socialism, and Democracy.

The details of the emblem is given as quoted below:
The national emblem of the Republic is the national flower Shapla (Nymphaea pubescens) resting on water, having on each side an ear of paddy and being surmounted by three connected leaves of jute with two stars on each side of the leaves. - Constitution of Bangladesh Article 4(3)

The Government of Bangladesh has adopted Education, Nationalism and Democracy as its "National Motto".

References

Bangladesh
Bangladesh

National emblem of Bangladesh


Goa (गोवा) is a state in the Republic of India. It is India's smallest state. It has the second smallest number of people. The total area is 1,430 mi² (3,702 km²), it is bigger than Samoa but smaller than the Georgian territory of South Ossetia. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the South Indian zone. It is on the west coast of India, in the region known as the Konkan. The state of Maharashtra is its neighbour to the north, and Karnataka to the east and south. The Arabian Sea makes up the state's west coast. Panjim is the state's capital, and Margao its largest town.

Portuguese merchants first landed in Goa in the 16th century but soon after, colonised it. It was a part of the Portuguese empire for about 450 years. In 1961 India took control of Goa by sending its army and defeating Portuguese army.

History
The 1961 Indian annexation of Goa, was an action by India's armed forces that ended Portuguese rule in its Indian enclaves in 1961. The armed action, code named Operation Vijay by the Indian government, involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours, and was a decisive victory for India, ending 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule in Goa. One of the problems vexing the Indian prime minister Jawarhalal Nehru in the 1950s was what to do about Goa. The situation began to come to a head in 1955 when a group of Goanese and Indian protesters staged a 'liberation march' in Goa and more than 20 of them were shot and killed.

He announced that Portuguese control of Goa could be tolerated no longer and instituted a blockade, which the Portuguese regime evaded by building an airport into which to fly supplies and by opening up trade with Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Portuguese dictator, Antonio Salazar tried to drum up international support from world leaders. President Kennedy wrote to Nehru advising him not to use force and the Portuguese ambassador in London reminded the British government that under the terms of the Anglo-Portuguese alliance of 1899 it was obliged to come to Portugal's assistance if any Portuguese colony was attacked.

There were more incidents and in November 1961 the Portuguese in Goa opened fire on Indian fishing boats. Nehru lost patience and mounted a military, naval and air attack on Goa using overwhelming force on December 17th. The Portuguese governor, who had at the most 3,000 men to oppose an Indian army of 30,000, blew up a few bridges to delay the invaders but his situation was plainly hopeless and he hoisted the white flag and surrendered. There had been almost no resistance and few casualties.

Tourism
Bounded on one side by the foothills of the Sahyadri range and on the other by the Arabian Sea Goa is a green natural paradise and best tourist spots in India. It is very truly said that living in Goa is a 365-day vacation. Goa is one of the best beach destinations in India due to the picturesque sunsets, beaches, historic forts, and laid-back life. Goa serves travelers of varied tastes, whether it's witnessing the majestic 600m high Dudhsagar Falls or trying your luck at Casino Royale. From the famous Fort Aguada to the blue waters. It is from the beaches of Dona Paula and Sinquerim, there is no shortage of points of interest in Goa.

Gallery

Provincial symbols of Goa

References

Goa


A lubricant is a substance used to reduce friction between moving surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity (slipperiness).

A good lubricant possesses the following characteristics:

 Does not get affected by temperature or pressure at all
 Does not burn easily, and may also prevent rusting
 High viscosity (feels like a very thick liquid)
 Does not mix with water

The most often used lubricant is motor oil, which is used in engines of cars and motorcycles.

Sometimes, chemicals are added to normal oil to give it special properties. A lubricant, like motor oil, can also help in reducing heat. Simply put, cooling depends on surface area in contact. So, if something normally has a small surface area, you can put that thing into a bigger pot, and put oil in the pot. This way, oil comes in contact with small surface area of the small object, and transfers that heat to the big surface area of the big vessel. As a rule, liquids can transfer heat better than gases.

In manufacturing, sometimes oil is used to cool the item being made. This also helps in removing metal that was just chipped off. This chipped-off metal normally flows with the oil until it is filtered. Then the oil is reused. The filtered metal chips are normally scrapped.

Sometimes, lubricants are used for hydraulic machines. A hydraulic machine uses the fact that the hydraulic oil cannot be compressed, and performs a simple conversion – it works like a lever.

Some common lubricants are:
 Solid: graphite (used in lead pencil),
 Semi-solid: grease
 Liquid: Oil of various grades and types

Oils can cause pollution, especially water pollution, if released into the open.

Oils
Materials

Lubricant


Alphonse Floristan Picou (October 19, 1878 – February 4, 1961) was an important very early American jazz clarinetist, who also wrote and arranged music. He was born and died in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Early life and education
Alphonse Picou was born into a prosperous middle-class Creole of Color family in downtown New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. His parents were Alfred Picou and Clotilde (Serpas) Picou, who also had other children: Cecilia, Willie, Feriol, Joseph, and Philomene Picou.

Career

By the age of 16, he was working as a professional musician on both the guitar and clarinet, but then concentrated on the latter instrument. As his family frowned on music being a person's sole trade, Picou trained and worked as a tinsmith, including putting the copper sheeting on church steeples. Soon Picou was so much in demand as a clarinetist that he made most of his living from music.

He played classical music with the Creole section's Lyre Club Symphony Orchestra. He also played with various dance bands and brass bands, including those of Bouboul Fortunea Augustat, Bouboul Valentin, Oscar DuConge, Manuel Perez, Freddie Keppard, Bunk Johnson, the Excelsior Brass Band, the Olympia Brass Band and others. The light-skinned Picou, with majority European ancestry, sometimes worked with white bands as well in his youth, including at least on occasion with Papa Jack Laine. (This opportunity was not available to musicians with darker skin due to racial discrimination in the U.S. Southern States at the time.)

Picou was one of the early musicians playing in the new style that was developing in the city, not yet known as "jazz". He sometimes played in the band of Buddy Bolden, perhaps the most important force in the musical change.

Many younger clarinetists, including Johnny Dodds and Jimmie Noone, cited Picou as an important influence. Picou's style (those who knew him for many years said that his style when he recorded was little changed from how he had played early in the 20th century) is lilting with a gentle raggy feel. His subtle variations are usually more melodic embellishments than what would later be called improvisation. His style struck many who heard Picou late in his career as either "not quite jazz" or "just barely jazz".

Picou is perhaps best known for originating the clarinet part on the standard "High Society". Some have mistakenly stated that he wrote the number, which was a 1901 marching band composition by Porter Steele. Picou rearranged it giving it a gentle swing and paraphrased the piccolo part to create his famous clarinet solo. This became a local standard part, and no younger New Orleans clarinetist was considered proficient until he could play a duplication of Picou's part. Unusually in a music that values improvisation, it became a set piece. Commonly, later clarinetists would solo once through reproducing or sticking close to Picou's solo, and then do their own improvisations on a second solo.

He often played on an unusual Albert Penzel-Mueler alto clarinet with the horn bent upwards instead of straight ahead. It can be seen on several photos of Picou and is displayed at the Historic New Orleans Collection.

Alphonse Picou at least once followed fellow musicians up north to Chicago about 1917–1918 (and possibly briefly to New York City in the early 1920s), but said he did not like life up North. He spent most of his career in his home city.

"King" Joe Oliver commissioned Picou to write new tunes for his band. Picou's compositions include "Alligator Hop", and "Olympia Rag".

During the Great Depression, Picou returned to metal smithing. In the 1940s, he was able to return to playing professionally regularly, made his first recordings, and opened a bar in a building he owned on Claiborne Avenue. For years into the 1950s, he was a regular on Bourbon Street in the French Quarter with Papa Celestin's Band (with whom he also did radio broadcasts) and leading his own group.

Picou's funeral procession in 1961, was one of the largest the city had seen, with several brass bands and many additional musicians playing Picou a send off.

References

1878 births
1961 deaths
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
American jazz clarinetists
Louisiana Creole people
Dixieland clarinetists
Excelsior Brass Band members
Olympia Orchestra members
Tuxedo Brass Band members
Olympia Brass Band members

Alphonse Picou


Clifton Beach, on the Arabian Sea, is a beach in Clifton, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, one of the neighborhoods of Saddar Town, Karachi. The beach has attractions for families and tourists, including beachside horse and camel rides, amusement parks, restaurants, and swimming in the Arabian Sea.

The whole beach area of Clifton and Seaview is considered safe and peacful even in times of political turmoil.

A gated residential area called Seaview Apartments is close to a section of Clifton beach known as Seaview beach or simply Seaview. Farther ahead is Darakhshan Villas which has residential townhouses.

In this very area new CINEPLEX cinema houses were constructed for the entertainment starved people of Karachi, particularly for the people who live in DHA and Clifton. This has happened after around three decades of cinema decline in Pakistan. Hollywood films are released here along with or soon after the international releases of these films. These cinemas are more expensive and are family cinemas meaning that no males or group of males are allowed to watch movies here without being accompanied by families, females or children.

Defence Housing Authority is filling the beach area with sand to obtain more ground and this will push the beach farther, which will change the shape and features of this beach.

Other beaches close to the city include Sandspit, Hawke's Bay, and Paradise Point - a sandstone rock promontory with a natural arch, but Clifton Beach is the most popular picnic destination in Karachi.

Beaches of Pakistan
Geography of Karachi

Clifton Beach, Karachi


Thomas Henry Carter (June 13, 1831 – June 2, 1908) was an artillery officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. His battalion played an important role in the Battle of Gettysburg.

Early life
Carter was born in King William County, Virginia, the third of five children and the second son of Thomas Nelson Carter and Juliet Gaines Carter. His father was a first cousin to General Robert E. Lee. Carter was a member of the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) Class of 1849. He graduated with medical degrees from the University of Virginia (1851) and the University of Pennsylvania (1852). Carter did not engage in the practice of medicine. Instead, he returned to manage his father's plantation, Pampatike, after the overseer died.

Civil War
He entered what became the Army of Northern Virginia in June 1861 as captain of the King William Artillery. His younger brother, Julian Carter of the 4th Virginia Cavalry, was killed in late July 1862 at a minor skirmish near Malvern Hill. Tom Carter was wounded in the foot at Sharpsburg. In December he was promoted to major, a rank he held until he became a lieutenant colonel in April 1863. By the Gettysburg Campaign of 1863, Carter commanded a battalion of artillery in Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps. His guns unlimbered on Oak Hill northwest of Gettysburg and contributed to the eventual withdrawal of the Union First Corps of the Army of the Potomac. Carter's guns later supported Pickett's Charge on July 3. Promoted to colonel in March 1864, he remained with the Army of Northern Virginia during the Overland Campaign until September when he left to temporarily replace Brig. Gen. Armistead L. Long as chief of artillery for Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early during the second half of Early's Valley Campaigns of 1864. Carter fought in several important battles, including the Battle of Cedar Creek.

Post War career
Following the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House, Carter returned to his ancestral family plantation, Pampatike, which was located near the Pamunkey River in eastern Virginia, where he lived with his wife Susan (Roy) Carter and their three small children. Carter continued to farm the property, and his wife operated a school at the house. In the late 1870s Carter was appointed the first railroad commissioner in the state of Virginia. He held the position for a handful of years. In the late 1880s, he served for several years as a member of the board of arbitration of the Southern Railway and Steamship Association. Carter spent his final years as proctor and superintendent of grounds and buildings for the University of Virginia.

Death
Carter died in 1908. He is buried in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia.

References
 Files of the Virginia Historical Society (Richmond, Virginia)

External links
 Antietam on the Web - Thomas Henry Carter

Confederate States Army officers
People from King William County, Virginia
1831 births
1908 deaths
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
Burials at Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)
Thomas H.
Virginia Military Institute alumni
University of Virginia people
Physicians from Virginia
American planters

Thomas Henry Carter (soldier)


The New Zealand city of Dunedin has produced a large number of famous people. Many of these are natives of the city; others travelled to Dunedin to be educated at the University of Otago.

The arts

Visual arts
 Illustrator and engraver John Buckland Wright.
 Māori sculptor Carissa Proffit (born 1974), who works in Oamaru stone.
 Australian war artist H. Septimus Power was born in Dunedin in 1877.
 Cartoonist David Low
 Caricature artist Murray Webb
 Māori painter Ralph Hotere lives and works in Port Chalmers.
 Painters Grahame Sydney, Jeffrey Harris and Claire Beynon all live in Dunedin.
 Pete Wheeler, painter, lived in Dunedin foir several years
 Frances Hodgkins (1869 – 1947), New Zealand's most celebrated expatriate painter, was born in Dunedin, trained at the Dunedin School of Art and first matured here as an artist.
 Alfred Henry O'Keeffe (1858-1941), a prominent artist during the early 20th Century
 John Thomson, Sculptor (born in Dunedin, living and working in the UK)
 Colin McCahon, painter
 Children's book illustrators Robyn Belton and David Elliot currently live in Dunedin, David in Port Chalmers.
 Prominent architects Francis Petre and Robert Lawson both lived and worked in Dunedin.
 Aaron Lewis (unknown), Spider-Man,Batman,harry potter,thug life and artist.

Literature
 Thomas Bracken, late-nineteenth century poet who wrote the New Zealand National Anthem God Defend New Zealand and who was the first person to publish the phrase "God's Own Country".
 Nobel Prize short-listee Janet Frame, born there in 1924, died there in 2004: NZ Edge biography .
 Writer James K. Baxter was born in Dunedin in 1926 and wrote many of his plays there in the 1960s in association with Rosalie and Patric Carey's Globe Theatre.
 Playwright Roger Hall
 Short story writer O. E. Middleton
 Brian Turner poet and Former Hockey International
 Graham Bishop (geologist) poet and writer; authored The Real McKay - The remarkable life of Alexander McKay, geologist (2008);  Poles Apart, Climbing Mount Aspiring; co-authored From Sea to Silver Peaks, Vanishing Ice
 Catherine Chidgey, author, who now lives in Dunedin
 Writer and publisher A.H. Reed
 Philip Temple
 [Tina F Morris] aurhor

Drama
 Actor Sam Neill has close associations with Dunedin. He was raised to the west of Dunedin, in Queenstown, Central Otago, where he still resides.
 Alan Dale is a New Zealand actor who also has been on many Australian TV Shows.

Music
 Many of New Zealand's top bands of the 1980s and early 1990s started out in Dunedin, establishing the Dunedin Sound. These include The Chills, The Clean, Straitjacket Fits, Sneaky Feelings, The 3Ds and Toy Love, and musicians Martin Phillipps and David Kilgour.

Politics and business
 A large proportion of the country's leading companies in and beyond the twentieth century originated in Dunedin. A selection of relevant company or brand names includes Arthur Barnett, Cottonsofts, Donaghy, Fletchers, Fisher and Paykel, Fulton Hogan, Hallensteins, Methven, Mosgiel, NZI, Ravensdown, the Union Company of Sir James Mills, Wests, Whitcoulls, and Wrightson.
 Deputy Prime Minister (since 1999) Michael Cullen
 Pamela Tate SC, appointed Solicitor-General for Victoria, Australia in 2003, was born in Dunedin, and received one of her degrees from the University of Otago.
Ethel Benjamin, New Zealand's first female lawyer.
 Mai Chen - prominent constitutional lawyer

Science
 Tramway and mining engineer George Smith Duncan
 Two of the founders of modern plastic surgery, Harold Gillies and Archibald McIndoe were born in Dunedin in 1882 and 1900 respectively.
 Popular email program Pegasus Mail was written by David Harris while he was employed by the University of Otago.
 Michael Woodruff a pioneer in the science of organ transplantation
 Andrew Wilson created the first Bose-Einstein condensate in the southern hemisphere in 1998 at the University of Otago.
 John Carew Eccles became a professor and head of the Department of Physiology at the University of Otago from 1944 to 1951; before winning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963 for describing the electric transmission of impulses along nerves. .
 Political scientist Jim Flynn, discoverer of the Flynn effect in IQ, is based at the University of Otago.
 Forensic psychiatrist John Macdonald

Sport

Cricket
 Australian test cricket international Clarrie Grimmett.
 New Zealand test cricket international and Black Caps coach Warren Lees.
 New Zealand test cricket captain Ken Rutherford.
 New Zealand test cricket captain Bert Sutcliffe MBE.
 New Zealand test cricket international and Black Caps coach Glenn Turner.
 Jeff Wilson (see under Rugby, below)
 New Zealand test cricket wicket keeper Brendon McCullum, raised in South Dunedin.
 Pakistani test cricket international and TVNZ cricket commentator, Billy Ibadulla.

Netball and basketball
 Double international Silver Ferns netball captain and Tall Ferns basketball international Belinda Colling
 New Zealand netball international and Silver Fern coach Lois Muir.
 Silver Ferns netball captain Lesley Rumball - New Zealand's most capped netball player.
 Silver Ferns netball captain Anna Stanley.
 Double international Silver Ferns netball and Tall Ferns basketball international Donna Wilkins
 Current Silver Ferns netball captain Adine Wilson.
 Tall Blacks basketball captain Glen Denham

Rugby union
 All Black rugby union first-five Tony Brown.
 Double international All Blacks rugby union and Kiwis rugby league player Marc Ellis.
 Scotland rugby union international John Leslie.
 All Black rugby union full-back and coach Laurie Mains.
 All Black rugby union captain Anton Oliver.
 All Black rugby union captain Taine Randell.
Double international All Blacks rugby union and Black Caps cricket player Jeff Wilson.
Black Fern and New Zealand Olympic Rugby Sevens Utility Back Kelly Brazier

Other sports
 Olympic champion long jumper Yvette Corlett (née Williams).
 Olympic  Finn class yachting gold medalist and three times America Cup-winning captain Russell Coutts (DCNZM, CBE).
 Greg Henderson, former world champion and Olympian in track and road cycling.
 Internationally recognised swimming coach Duncan Laing.
 Double Olympic champion swimmer Danyon Loader.
 World record-breaking middle-distance athlete Jack Lovelock.
 New Zealand hockey international (and award winning poet) Brian Turner.
 New Zealand international golfer Greg Turner.
 New Zealand soccer international Steve Wooddin.

Military
 Sir Keith Park, World War I air ace, later Air Marshal in the defence of London during World War II.
 Duncan Boyes, English recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1864 in Japan, was buried in Dunedin in 1869.
 Robert Martineau, English recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1899 in South Africa, was buried in Dunedin in 1916.

References

Dunedin

List of people from Dunedin


The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the substance boils, or enters a state of rapid evaporation.  For pure water this is 100° Celsius or 212° Fahrenheit, at standard pressure.  Standard pressure is 1.0 Atmosphere (unit)

Boiling points can be changed in several ways. The addition of solutes or other substances usually changes the boiling point. Additionally, changing the pressure on a liquid changes its boiling point.

The boiling point of a liquid depends on the pressure of the surrounding air. An increase in air pressure increases the boiling point; a decrease decreases the boiling point. In the low pressure environment at the top of Mt Everest for example, water boils at only 69 °C. (156.2 °F).
It can also be defined in terms of vapour pressure as the temperature at which vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal to atmospheric pressure

Sugar, salt or other non-volatile solutes in water will usually make the boiling point higher. Alcohol, in contrast, is a volatile chemical that lowers the boiling point of water. Even a large amount dissolved in the water will usually make only small changes in the boiling point.

Thermodynamics
Basic physics ideas

Boiling point


A stopwatch is a tool used to measure the amount of time something takes. For example, to learn how soon a car can reach 60 miles per hour, or how much time it takes a runner to run 40 yards. These days, stopwatches are even installed in digital watches. You press a button to start the time and press it again to stop the time. A stopwatch can tell you the time in seconds, hundredths of a second, or thousandths of a second.

Clocks
Measuring tools

Stopwatch


Fujiwara no Nobunaga (藤原 信長; 1022 – October 14, 1094), third son of Norimichi, was a kugyo (Japanese noble) of the Heian period. His mother was a daughter of Fujiwara no Kintō. Although his father Norimichi was regent of Emperor Go-Sanjo and Emperor Shirakawa, Nobunaga could not become regent. After Norimichi's death, the position of regent was passed down the line of Yorimichi, the first son of Fujiwara no Michinaga. He became Daijō Daijin in 1080, but his order of precedence was next to Nobunaga's cousin regent Fujiwara no Morozane.

References
 Owada, T. et al. (2003). Nihonshi Shoka Keizu Jimmei Jiten. Kodansya. (Japanese)

1022 births
1094 deaths
Fujiwara clan

Fujiwara no Nobunaga


Mithril is a fictional metal from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe.

Properties
Mithril is the strongest metal known in Middle-earth. It looks similar to silver. It does not weigh much, and it is easy to make into things. Mithril is very rare and precious. It was only found in Khazad-dûm (Moria), where it was mined by the Dwarves, and (perhaps) in Númenor.

The name "mithril" comes from the Sindarin words mith, meaning "grey", and ril meaning "glitter". In Quenya, its name is mistarille. Mithril was also called "true-silver" or "Moria-silver".

The most well known object made of mithril is probably the mail shirt of Bilbo and Frodo Baggins.

Influence on other fiction
Mithril is now often used in other fictional works, usually as a strong and magical metal. It other fictional works, mithril it is also sometimes written differently, for example as mythril or mithral.

Middle-earth

Mithril


The subalpine zone is the zone of plants just below tree line around the world. Species that occur in the zone vary according to where they are on the Earth. For example, Snow Gum in Australia, or Subalpine Larch, Mountain Hemlock and Subalpine Fir in western North America.

Trees in the subalpine zone often become crooked, stunted and twisted in form. At treeline, tree seedlings may germinate on the lee (sheltered) side of rocks and grow only as high as the rock shelters them from wind. Further growth is more horizontal than vertical, and additional rooting may occur where branches touch the soil. Snow cover may protect trees during the winter, but branches higher than wind-shelters or snow cover are usually destroyed. Well-established trees may be several hundred to a thousand years old.

Montane grassland and shrubs may be found in the subalpine zone. Tuolumne Meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California is an example of a subalpine meadow.

References

Ecozones

en:Montane ecology#Subalpine zone

Subalpine zone


Oligochaetes are a subclass of worms in the phylum Annelida.

With around 10,000 species the Oligochaetes make up about a half of the phylum Annelida. These worms usually have few chaetae or "bristles" on the outer body surface, unlike polychaetes. The best known is the garden earthworm.

Oligochaetes are segmented worms and most have a spacious body cavity (coelom) which is used as a hydroskeleton. They range in length from less than 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in) up to 2 to 3 metres (6.6 to 9.8 ft) in the 'giant' species such as the Giant Gippsland Earthworm and the Mekong Worm Amynthas mekongianus.

Annelids

Oligochaete


Levi Strauss (February 26, 1829–September 26, 1902) was a German-born American maker of clothing.

Born as Löb Strauss into a Jewish family in Buttenheim in Franconia, Bavaria, now a part of Germany.  In 1847, Strauss, his mother and two sisters moved to New York City to join his brothers Jonas and Louis Löb in their dry goods business. By 1850 he had adopted the name "Levi Strauss".

In 1853, Strauss moved to bustling San Francisco, California, where the California Gold Rush was still in high gear. Levi expected that the mining camps would welcome his buttons, scissors, thread and bolts of fabric; additionally, he had yards of canvas sailcloth intended for tent-making and as covers for the Conestoga wagons that dotted the landscape next to every stream and river in the area.

It was on California Street that Levi and his brother-in-law David Stern opened a dry goods wholesale business called Levi Strauss & Co.  Levi was often found leading a pack-horse, heavily laden with merchandise, directly into the mining camps found throughout the region. The story goes that both prospectors and miners, often complaining about the easily torn cotton "britches" and pockets that "split right out" gave Levi the idea to make a rugged overall trouser for the miners to wear. These were fashioned from bolts of brown canvas sailcloth, with gold ore storage pockets that were nearly impossible to split. Levi exhausted his original supply of canvas as the demand grew for his hard-wearing overalls, and so he switched to a sturdy fabric called serge, made in Nimes, France. Originally called serge de Nimes, the name was soon shortened to denim.

In 1872, Levi received a letter from Jacob Davis, a Reno, Nevada tailor. Davis was one of Levi Strauss' regular customers, who purchased bolts of cloth from the company to use for his own business. In this letter, Davis told Levi about the interesting way in which he made pants for his customers: he placed metal rivets at the points of strain—pocket corners and on the base of the fly. As he did not have the money to patent his process he suggested that Levi pay for the paperwork and that they take out the patent together.

On May 20, 1873, Strauss and Jacob Davis received United States patent #139121 for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim work pants. Levi Strauss & Co. began manufacturing the first of the famous Levi's brand of jeans in San Francisco, using fabric from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire.

Levi Strauss died on September 26, 1902, at the age of 73. He left his thriving manufacturing and dry goods business to his four nephews—Jacob, Louis, Abraham and Sigmund Stern—who helped rebuild the company after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. The following year, Jacob Davis sold back his share of the company.

Peter Haas and his family are the primary heirs to the Levi Strauss fortune.

Other websites
 Levi Strauss Company
 Levi's
 Levi's Europe
 Levi's Online Store

Businesspeople from San Francisco
1829 births
1902 deaths

Levi Strauss


The Libby Prison escape was a prison escape from Libby Prison, a Confederate prison at Richmond, Virginia in February 1864 that saw over 100 Union prisoners-of-war escape from captivity. It was one of the most successful prison breaks of the American Civil War.

Led by Colonel Thomas E. Rose of the 77th Pennsylvania Infantry, the prisoners started tunnelling in a rat-infested zone which the Confederate guards were reluctant to enter. The tunnel emerged in a vacant lot beside a warehouse, from where the escapees could walk out through the gate without arousing suspicion. Since the prison was believed to be escape-proof, there was less vigilance by the authorities than in other camps, and the alarm was not raised for nearly 12 hours. Over half the prisoners were able to reach Union lines, helped by their familiarity with the terrain after serving in McClellan's Peninsula Campaign of 1862.

Background

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Luther Libby was running a ship supply shop from the corner of a large warehouse in Richmond, Virginia.  In need of a new prison for captured Union officers, Confederate soldiers gave Libby 48 hours to evacuate his property.  The sign over the north-west corner reading "L. Libby & Son, Ship Chandlers" was never removed, and consequently the building and prison bore his name.  Since the Confederates believed the building inescapable, the staff considered their job relatively easy.

Location and layout
Libby Prison encompassed an entire city block in Richmond.  To the north lay Cary Street, connecting the prison area to the rest of the city.  On the south side ran the James River.  The prison itself stood three stories above ground with a basement exposed on the river side.  Confederate soldiers whitewashed the outer walls to make lurking prisoners instantly recognizable.

The first floor of Libby Prison housed the various offices of the Confederate guard unit; the second and third floors were partitioned as inmate holding areas.  The basement of the prison was divided into three sections.  The western end was a storage cellar, the middle section was a carpenter's shop used by civilians, and the eastern end was an abandoned kitchen.  This kitchen in the eastern section was once used by Union inmates, but an infestation of rats and constant flooding compelled the Confederates to close it off.  The abandoned area became known as "Rat Hell."

Rat Hell

Though most of the prisoners (and guards alike) did what they could to avoid Rat Hell, a handful of Union officers schemed to break in.  By removing a stove on the first floor and chipping their way into the adjoining chimney, the officers constructed a cramped but effective passage for access to the eastern basement.  Once access between the two floors was established, the officers set about plans to tunnel their way out.

The floor of Rat Hell was covered in two feet of straw.  This straw was a bane and a blessing for the officers.  On one hand, it provided a perfect hiding place for the dirt excavated from the tunnel. Captain I. N. Johnston, who spent more time in Rat Hell than any other Union officer, commented, "I have been asked a thousand times how we contrived to hide such a quantity of earth as the digging of a tunnel of that size would dislodge.  [On the floor] we made a wide and deep opening...in this the loose dirt was closely packed, and then nicely covered with straw."  By such means, the Union officers were able to conceal all signs of the tunnel that might tip off civilians and wandering sentries.  The straw in Rat Hell also provided a convenient hiding place for workers during the day.

One man was chosen to conceal all signs of the tunnel while the digging party scrambled up to the first floor.  He would then remain buried in the straw for the remainder of the day until the next relief arrived at dusk.  Johnston wrote, "...There was a large quantity [of straw] there, and but for which our undertaking must have been discovered nearly as soon as begun."  As helpful as the straw might have been, it was nevertheless the main reason for the nickname, Rat Hell.  Lt. Charles H. Moran, a recaptured officer from Libby, wrote, "No tongue can tell...how the poor fellow[s] passed among the squealing rats,—enduring the sickening air, the deathly chill, the horrible interminable darkness."

Major A. G. Hamilton, a leading founder of the escape party, pointed to the dilemma of the rats: "The only difficulties experienced [were lack of proper tools] and the unpleasant feature of having to hear hundreds of rats squeal all the time, while they ran over the diggers almost without a sign of fear."  Colonel Thomas E. Rose, the leader of the escape, addressed the double-edged lack of light in Rat Hell: "The profound darkness caused some...to become bewildered when they attempted to move about.  I sometimes had to feel all over the cellar to gather up the men that were lost."  Despite the difficulties, the dark repugnant atmosphere of Rat Hell offered the most effective cover.  "On rare occasions, guards entered the large basement rooms.  'This was, however, so uninviting a place, that the Confederates made this visit as brief as nominal compliance with their orders permitted.'"

Element of surprise
The tunnelers organized into three relief teams with five members each.  After 17 days of digging, they succeeded in breaking through to a 50-foot vacant lot on the eastern side of the prison, resurfacing beneath a tobacco shed inside the grounds of the nearby Kerr's Warehouse.  When Col. Rose finally broke through to the other side, he told his men that the "Underground Railroad to God's Country was open!"  The officers escaped the prison in groups of two and three on the night of February 9, 1864.  Once within the tobacco shed, the men collected inside the walled warehouse yard and simply strolled out the front gate.

Union officers meandering through the streets of Richmond late at night might appear to be a leg of the plan doomed to failure, however, the guards simply did not expect that escape from Libby prison was possible.  The fact that the Libby guards were not looking for signs of escape meant that they were in a position to be more easily deceived.  Union Army Lieutenant Moran described how the sentries were not interested in stopping people outside the bounds of their jurisdiction, "provided, of course, that the retreating form...were not recognized as Yankees."  The tunnel provided enough distance from the prison to stealthily subvert those jurisdictional lines and allow prisoners to slip into the dark streets unchallenged.

So effective was this buffer that 109 men escaped the prison without ever being stopped.  At one point, Colonel Rose walked straight into the path of an oncoming sentinel.  Unflinching, he "strode boldly past the guard unchallenged."  Even more amazing, once news of the escape way broke out among the prisoners a panicked rush resulted, creating a thunderous stampede for the tunnel.  Wholly unsuspecting of the reality of the situation, one Confederate guard yelled out to a fellow sentry, "Halloa, Bill—there's somebody's coffeepot upset, sure!"

Precious time
Another example of how unaware the Confederates were caught is evident in the reaction to the escape.  From the Richmond Examiner, February 11, 1864: "At first it was suspicioned [sic] that the night sentinels had been bribed.  They were placed under arrest, searched ... for evidences of their criminality, [and] confined in Castle Thunder (a civilian penitentiary near Libby Prison).  Upon the testimony afforded by the revelation of the tunnel, the imprisoned guards were at once released and restored to duty."

Despite the stampeding of prisoners, strong senior officers such as Colonel Harrison C. Hobart had the sense of mind to tie off the flow of escapees before dawn's light.  "The remaining prisoners replaced the bricks at the fireplace, and the guards began their morning routine, unaware that 109 escaped Union officers were making their way toward the Federal lines."  Keeping the escape secret from the Confederate guards until the last possible moment gave the evading inmates what they needed most: time.  After the morning roll call came up over a hundred short, the Confederates counted frantically several more times to ensure that the Yankees weren't pulling a trick.  Such "tricks" had occurred on many occasions when men slipped in and out of the counting lines; this "repeating" was a mild prank often used to frustrate the Confederates at roll call, much to the glee of the Union prisoners.

On the morning of February 10, the Confederates realized that this was no trick.  By this time, the first prisoners had been loose for nearly twelve hours.  Frenzy broke out among the Confederates: "Messengers and dispatches were soon flying in all directions, and all the horse, foot, and dragoons of Richmond were in pursuit of the fugitives before noon."  Despite the mobilization of Richmond, almost 17 hours passed before the Confederates could respond.  This no doubt added greatly to the window of opportunity that helped 59 men reach Union lines.  The Richmond Enquirer of  February 11, 1864 expressed such a sentiment: "It is feared that [the fugitives] have gotten rather too much the start of the pursuers to admit anything like the recapture of them all." Of the 109 escapees, 48 were recaptured, and 2 drowned in the nearby James River.

Prior reconnaissance
Though Union Commander George B. McClellan received little more than defeat in the Peninsular Campaign of 1862, his men received something more.  For those who would break out of Libby prison, the time spent studying maps and hoofing ground in Virginia familiarized them with the enemy terrain.  Such intelligence was of weighty benefit for the prisoners forging their way back to the Federal lines two years later.  The Richmond Enquirer reported, "It is supposed that the direction taken by them all – if, indeed all have left the city – was towards the Peninsula..."  Lieutenant Moran, who escaped late in the night, wrote, "I had served with McClellan in the Peninsula campaign of 1862, I knew the country well from my frequent inspection of war maps, and the friendly north star gave me my bearings."

Just as slaves had been following the North Star to envisioned freedom, it also guided escaped Union prisoners from Libby in 1864.  Most of the prisoners made reference to following the North Star, such as Captain Johnston who wrote, "I ... started due north, taking the north star for my guide, changing my course only when [I] came near any of the [Rebel] camps."

Leaders
Colonel Rose and Major Hamilton led the escape efforts.  Rose, wounded at the Battle of Chickamauga, arrived at the prison on October 1, 1863.  From the moment he stepped in the door, he was bent on escape.  While exploring the darker regions of Rat Hell, he happened upon Hamilton, who was also searching for a proper tunneling point.  Soon fast friends, the two worked toward the successful escape in February.  Contemporarily, Libby prisoners showered Rose with admiration and credit for the escape's success.

Rose and Hamilton worked tirelessly together to bring about the escape.  Rose thought of breaking into the basement from the chimney, while Hamilton engineered the passage.  Rose toiled feverishly in the tunnel and organized digging teams while Hamilton worked out the logistics and invented contraptions for removing dirt and supplying oxygen to the tunnel.  Various setbacks plagued the tunneling effort but as Lieutenant Moran recorded, "the undaunted Rose, aided by Hamilton, [always] persuaded the men to another effort, and soon the knives and toy saws were at work again with vigor."  Lieutenant Colonel Federico Fernández Cavada, a prisoner at Libby, wrote, "To Colonel Rose is chiefly due the credit [for the escape]... Animated by an unflinching earnestness of purpose, unwearying perseverance, and no ordinary engineering abilities, he organized ... working parties [which] he conducted every night [in] the cellars of the prison."  "[Rose] was the acknowledged leader of the tunnel party, the acknowledged projector of the tunnel," maintained Hamilton, "and it was through his good sense, energy, and management ... that the escape was a success."

Despite his work in planning the escape, Rose was captured before reaching Federal lines.  Minutes from an advancing Union front at Williamsburg, he was ambushed by Confederate pickets and wrestled back to Libby Prison.  Though placed in solitary confinement, the Confederates felt Rose's presence at Libby now presented a danger.  Given the chance, they gladly traded the famed escapist for a Confederate colonel on April 30, 1864.  Rose returned to his unit, the 77th Pennsylvania Infantry, and fought through to the end of the war.

Effect
To judge the success of the Libby Prison escape solely by the number of men who crossed Federal lines would be a mistake.  Richmond was deeply affected by the break, and Libby Prison itself was thrown into chaos, much to the satisfaction and raised morale of the remaining prisoners.  Lieutenant Colonel Cavada recorded some of the more humorous effects of the escape inside the prison.  On one occasion, the entire camp was roused in the middle of the night for a roll call because a sentry thought he saw something down in a sewer.  It turned out to be his own shadow.  Even the Confederate warden, Major Thomas P. Turner, was visibly shaken.  Cavada commented, "Really, when our distracted little Commandant now comes into our rooms, he keeps his knees well together, it is necessary to be very cautious, some of us might slip out between his legs!"

In popular culture
A melodramatic Broadway play about the escape entitled A Fair Rebel, by Harry P. Mawson, premiered in New York City in August 1891. In 1914, a 3-reel silent film version was released starring Linda Arvidson, Charles Perley and Dorothy Gish and directed by Frank Powell.

Episode Number 25 of The Great Adventure (American TV series) presents a dramatisation of the Libby Prison escape.

References
 Cavada, F.F., Libby Life. Pennsylvania: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1865.
 Hamilton, A. G., Story of the Famous Tunnel Escape from Libby Prison. Chicago: S. S. Boggs, 1893.
 Johnston, I. N., Four Months in Libby. Cincinnati: Methodist Book Concern, 1893.
 Klee, Brue, "Libby Prison," Civil War Times, February 1999.
 Moran, Frank E., Famous Adventures and Prison Escapes of the Civil War. New York: The Century Co., 1898.
 Morgan, Michael, "Breakout from Rat Hell," Civil War Times, October 1999.
 Richmond Examiner, 11 February 1864.
 Rose, Thomas E., "Libby Tunnel", National Tribune, 14 May 1885.

Notes

External links
 John Bray's (First New Jersey Cavalry) account of his escape

American Civil War prison camps

Escapes in the United States
1864 in Virginia
Prison escapes
February 1864 events
Richmond, Virginia in the American Civil War

Libby Prison escape


Jim Quirk Sr. (born July 27, 1940) is an American football official in the National Football League (NFL) from the 1988 NFL season to the 2008 NFL season. Quirk, who wore uniform number 5, was notable for his hustle between plays on the football field, resulting in the length of games being shortened.  He is known for being involved in a game that later became known as the "Instant Replay Game".

Personal
Quirk attended high school at Long Branch High School in Long Branch, New Jersey, where he played football, and later graduated from in 1963.  Following high school, he served two years at Fort Monroe in Virginia as a First Lieutenant in the Continental Army Command Headquarters Honor Guard Company. He was a guard and linebacker at the University of Delaware and later earned a master's degree in personnel administration from George Washington University.

Quirk began a career in government securities on New York City's Wall Street in 1965.  For thirty-two years, he traveled all over the world, trading with foreign banks.  While working in New York City, his interest began in football officiating.

A resident of Rumson, New Jersey, Quirk is married to Carol Christopher, his high school sweetheart; they have three children.

Officiating career

Early years
Quirk began his football officiating career working high school games, and as an off-field official at Giants Stadium.  During New York Giants football games, he served on the chain crew and later was the stadium's game clock operator.  Progressing to the college level in 1977, he officiated in the Eastern College Athletic Conference as an umpire until 1988.

NFL career
Quirk was hired by the NFL in 1988 as a line judge and he later moved to the umpire position.  Since coming into the league, he was assigned to Super Bowl XXXII, and he was an alternate in Super Bowl XXXVIII.

The Instant Replay Game

In Quirk's second year in the NFL, he was involved in an instant replay decision during a 1989 NFL season game between the Chicago Bears and Green Bay Packers.  It would become known in NFL lore as "The Instant Replay Game". On fourth down, Green Bay quarterback Don Majkowski threw an apparent fourteen-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Sterling Sharpe with thirty-two seconds remaining in the fourth quarter to tie the score of the game at 13-13.  As a line judge, Quirk ruled that Majkowski's body had crossed the line of scrimmage, which under rules was an illegal forward pass, nullifying the touchdown and turning over the ball to Chicago.  The play was reviewed by the replay official, Bill Parkinson. Parkinson relied on the view supplied by a fixed camera on the roof of the stadium to review the play.  After a four minutes and 54 seconds, he ruled the ball was still behind the line, overruling Quirk's call, and giving the Packers the score. Green Bay kicked the extra point and won the game, 14–13.

The impact of this play resulted in the change of the illegal forward pass rule for the 1990 NFL season to include a passer's body being across the line, not only the ball, in determining an infraction and a limit of two minutes for instant replay reviews.  The following year, the Bears, still upset over the replay reversal, noted the game with an asterisk in the team's media guide as a "Replay ruling".  It has been said this call was one of the factors that led to the resignation of Art McNally, who at the time was the league's supervisor of officials.

Altercations with players
As an umpire, Quirk often is responsible for breaking up scuffles among players.  During a 1999 NFL season game between the Chicago Bears and St. Louis Rams, Quirk attempted to break up a skirmish between the Rams Jeff Robinson and the Bears Ty Hallock.  Quirk grabbed Robinson by the waist and tackled him to the ground.  Robinson was ejected by Quirk for throwing a punch at Hallock.  As the game was concluding, Robinson asked Quirk if he could have a photo taken together.  Robinson later had the photo enlarged and hung it on the wall of his den.  After the game, Todd Lyght commented on Quirk's tackle saying, "He did that with authority, and that was an older guy, too. That wasn't one of the young umps. He put it on him. I think that might open up (ESPN's) Prime Time."  Dick Vermeil, then-coach of the Rams, later joked with Robinson, asking him, "(Quirk is a) Hell of a tackler, isn't he?"

In another memorable game between the Chicago Bears and Green Bay Packers, this time during the 2007 NFL season, Quirk grabbed Packers linebacker Nick Barnett around the neck and pulled him to the ground during a scuffle between the two teams.  Following the game, Quirk was told by league officials privately that he went "over the line" in restraining Barnett, but he would not face disciplinary action.  Mike Pereira, the league's director of officiating, said, "[Quirk] should refrain from similar techniques when trying to break up a potential skirmish."  At the time of the incident, Barnett's agent withheld from filing a formal grievance with the league in exchange for a public apology by the league that Quirk's actions were wrong.  Joking about the incident, Barnett said, "I got in a choke hold, I couldn't really breathe a little bit.  [Quirk] got a good one on me. I don't know how he got under that face mask, but he got a good hold on me."  On December 28, 2007, the NFL announced that Quirk was fined an entire game check, US$8,150, for his actions against Barnett and for an earlier altercation on December 16, 2007, with Atlanta Falcons fullback Jason Snelling on a kickoff return.

References

Living people
1940 births
American football linebackers
College football officials
Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football players
Long Branch High School alumni
National Football League officials
George Washington University School of Business alumni
Sportspeople from Rumson, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Long Branch, New Jersey
Players of American football from New Jersey

Jim Quirk


Queensland's Environmental Protection Agency (abbreviated to EPA) was for some time a separate department of the Queensland Government, and, following  2009 state elections, became a part of the Government's larger Department of Environment and Science.

This part of the Department of Environment and Resource Management's role is to manage climate change and protect the environment on behalf of the Queensland Government.

To achieve this the section aims to provide Conservation and Environmental Services: including a Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service to manage the Queensland's protected area estate; plus  Environmental Services to assist manage development, business, and industry. It aims to promote Sustainable futures: including planning for climate change; encouraging environmental sustainability, supporting environmental innovation, and developing strategies and policies to achieve an environmentally sustainable future; and achieve organisational performance and capability: including building a "robust" scientific base to government policy and decision making, and valuing people and accumulating knowledge within the organisation.

See also

Protected areas of Queensland
Waste management in Australia

References

Government agencies of Queensland
Environment of Queensland
Environmental agencies of country subdivisions
Defunct environmental agencies

Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland)


First Canadian Place is a skyscraper in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. At 298 metres, or 978 feet (355 metres with antenna included), it is Canada's tallest skyscraper and the eleventh tallest building in North America. It is the third tallest free-standing structure in Canada, after CN Tower, also in Toronto, and the Inco Superstack in Sudbury, Ontario.

First Canadian Place is located in Toronto's financial district at the northwest corner of King and Bay streets, the centre of Canadian financial industry. It is home to the Toronto headquarters of the Bank of Montreal, the oldest Canadian bank (hence the 'first').

Skyscrapers in Canada
Buildings and structures in Toronto

First Canadian Place


Shufflepuck Café is an air hockey video game developed by Christopher Gross, Gene Portwood and Lauren Elliott for Broderbund (not a table shuffleboard video game, as the name would suggest—though that was the intention when the name was first coined by Christopher Gross). Originally developed for the Macintosh, it was later adapted by Broderbund for the Amiga, Atari ST, Amstrad CPC, Nintendo Entertainment System, X68000, PC-98, and MS-DOS.

Gameplay

There are two game modes. The player can compete in a tournament, playing against opponents who visit the Café, or can practice against each opponent to find out their weakness in a single-player match.

The game is controlled via the computer's mouse. The bat on the playing field bounces a hockey puck between the player and the opponent. When one of the players manages to knock the hockey puck past the opponent's bat, the player scores. The first player to score a set number of points (usually 15) wins the match.

Shufflepuck Café includes nine opponents:
Skip Feeney: A short male human in his early 20s, wearing glasses. Has just started in shufflepuck and thus is very nervous and slow to react, making him easy to beat.
Visine Orb: A green-coloured alien with huge eyes, who is only about 1.5 metres tall and can barely see over his end of the table. He jitters his paddle all over his end of the table, so that his serves often bounce back and forth on their way to the player.
Vinnie the Dweeb: A veteran shufflepuck player who keeps his calm and is not easily surprised. While not particularly strong, his playing style is consistent and is a slight step up in difficulty from the two previous opponents.
Lexan Smythe-Worthington: A lizard-like alien, a filthy rich playboy who gets 30,000 credits per year to keep away from his home world. He begins playing fiercely and hard to beat, but as play progresses, he sips his champagne, making him inebriated and less focused on the game, thus easier to beat. When defeated, he hiccups and passes out.
The General (also known as Eneg Doowtrop - "Gene Portwood" spelled backwards): A pig-like alien who pretends to be a military general, although he really is just a militaristic gung-ho enthusiast. Recently divorced, he is addicted to shufflepuck, which he plays with fierceness and devotion.
Nerual Ttoille ("Lauren Elliott" spelled backwards): A non-corporeal alien. Mimics the player's own shot power and angle. He occasionally opens his robe to expose a one-eyed alien at chest level, who either smirks or snarls at the player depending on whether he has just won or lost a point.
Princess Bejin: A woman with supernatural powers. When it is her turn to serve the puck, she uses telekinesis to float it out to the center of the table and drift it to one side before sending it toward the player. One of two different sound effects accompanies each serve, indicating whether the puck will move in the same or opposite direction. When defeated, she reveals a little bit of her cleavage.
Biff Raunch: The reigning champion. A tough, street-hardened biker dude who plays a mean game. He has no weaknesses and only the best players will be able to beat him.
DC3: A robot waiter. DC3 serves as a training partner, who can be customised to be as easy or as difficult as the player wishes. He does not play in the main championship.

In some versions, during gameplay there is a cheat option, which gives the player the option of winning or losing the game, winning or losing the tournament or gaining or losing five points.

Subsequent releases include Shufflepuck Revolution (an OS X version, now discontinued) and Shufflepuck (from the same developer).

Plot
There is a general storyline behind the Amiga and NES versions of the game in which the player is an inter-galactic salesman whose spaceship has broken down. He needs to find a telephone to call the breakdown service and get the spaceship fixed. Shufflepuck Café is the nearest place for miles, so he goes in to use their telephone. The main eight Shufflepuck players are standing in his way and will not let him get to the phone until he has beaten them all. Once all are defeated, the player gets in his spaceship and flies off into the distance.

Reception
The game was reviewed in 1989 in Dragon #142 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 4 out of 5 stars. On release, Famitsu magazine scored the Famicom version of the game a 23 out of 40. A retrospective review for Retrogamer from 2008 said the game was a "forgotten gem" although unfortunately lacking a 2 player mode.

Reviews
Zero (Nov, 1989)
Amiga Power (Oct, 1991)
Computer and Video Games (Oct, 1989)
Commodore User (Oct, 1989)
Amiga Joker (Dec, 1989)
ACE (Advanced Computer Entertainment) (Oct, 1989)

References

External links
Shufflepuck Café at Lemon Amiga

1989 video games
Air hockey video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple IIGS games
Atari ST games
Broderbund games
Cancelled Commodore 64 games
Cancelled ZX Spectrum games
Classic Mac OS games
DOS games
Infogrames games
NEC PC-9801 games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Ubisoft games
Video games developed in the United States
X68000 games

Shufflepuck Café


Dustin Eli Whiteside (born October 22, 1979) is an American former professional baseball catcher who is currently a roving  catching instructor for the San Francisco Giants. He stands  tall, weighs . He batted and threw right-handed. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, San Francisco Giants, and Chicago Cubs.

Whiteside attended Delta State University before being drafted in the sixth round of the 2001 Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft by the Baltimore Orioles. He played in their organization through 2007, though he only played nine games in the major leagues with the Orioles, all coming in 2005. He signed with the Minnesota Twins in 2008 but was released after playing for their Triple-A team for a month. The San Francisco Giants then signed him, assigning him to the minor leagues. He was called up to be their backup catcher in May 2009, and he caught Jonathan Sánchez's no-hitter on July 10. In 2010, he remained the backup catcher and was on the Giants' roster when they won the World Series, despite not playing any playoff games.

After an injury to Buster Posey in May 2011, Whiteside split time catching with Chris Stewart for the rest of the year. He lost the role of backup to Héctor Sánchez in 2012 and appeared in just 12 games for the Giants during their second World Series-winning season in three years. Following 2012, Whiteside was claimed off waivers multiple times by different clubs before finally winding up with the Texas Rangers, who assigned him to their Triple-A team in 2013. In 2014, he competed for a spot on the Cubs' roster but was beaten out by John Baker and sent to the minors.

Early life
Whiteside was born on October 22, 1979, in New Albany, Mississippi. He was raised on an 80-acre farm that belonged to his grandfather. Whiteside attended W. P. Daniel High School, where he played both baseball and soccer before graduation in 1998.

He then spent three years at Delta State University, majoring in business. At Delta State, he was an All-American, an All-Gulf South Conference, and an All-Region player all three years with the baseball team, in which he batted .390/.440/.620. After his junior year in 2001, the Baltimore Orioles drafted Whiteside in the sixth round of the Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft.

Professional career

Baltimore Orioles (2005)
Whiteside began his minor league career in 2001 with the Single-A Delmarva Shorebirds of the South Atlantic League. In 61 games (212 at bats), he batted .250 with 53 hits, seven home runs, and 28 runs batted in (RBI). He finished second on the club in home runs and had a caught stealing percentage of 41%. Next season, he played for both the Single-A advanced Frederick Keys of the Carolina League and the Double-A Bowie Baysox of the Eastern League. He spent most of the season with Frederick, batting .259 with 89 hits, eight home runs, and 42 RBI in 80 games (313 at bats). In 27 games (99 at bats) with Bowie, he hit .263 with 26 hits, two home runs, and 11 RBI. His combined totals for the two leagues were 107 hits, 10 home runs, and 53 RBI in 107 games (412 at bats).

Outside of a rehab assignment, Whiteside spent all of 2003 with Bowie. In 81 games (265 at bats), he batted .204 with 54 hits, one home run, and 23 RBI. Defensively, he had a .989 fielding percentage and threw out 37% of baserunners. In 2004, Whiteside again played with Bowie. He had two-home-run games against the Akron Aeros on May 17 and the Erie SeaWolves on July 28, finishing fourth in the Orioles' organization on the season with 18 home runs. He batted .279 before the Eastern League All-Star break but hit just .206 afterwards. In 90 games (297 at bats), he hit .253 with 75 hits. Defensively, he posted a .986 fielding percentage. He batted .310 in away games as opposed to .187 in home games. Following the season, he played for the Peoria Javelinas of the Arizona Fall League, batting .329 with 20 RBI in 18 games.

Whiteside moved up to the Triple-A Ottawa Lynx of the International League in 2005, and the Orioles signed veteran catcher Sal Fasano to mentor him. On July 4, Whiteside was called up by the Orioles after Gerónimo Gil was placed on the disabled list. He made his major league debut the next day, entering as a defensive replacement for Fasano in a 12–3 loss to the New York Yankees. Four days later, making his first major league start, he got his first hit, an RBI single against Scott Cassidy in a 9–1 victory over the Boston Red Sox. He appeared in six games and committed two throwing errors, one of which was important. On July 19, he made a wild throw to second base on a stolen base attempt that put Joe Mauer in position to score the tying run from third on a wild pitch in a 4–3 loss to the Minnesota Twins. Whiteside was sent back to Ottawa on July 25 when Javy López came off the disabled list. In 95 games (317 at bats) with Ottawa, Whiteside hit .233 with 74 hits, four home runs, and 27 RBI while posting a caught stealing percentage of 40%. He was also called up in September, appearing in three more games. In nine games (12 at bats) with the Orioles, Whiteside had three hits and one RBI.

Whiteside was considered a "long shot" to make the Orioles' roster in 2006, but he remained in spring training with the Orioles until they made their final cuts on April 1 and sent him to Ottawa. On May 21, Whiteside had four RBI in a game against the Rochester Red Wings, and he had back-to-back three-hit games against the Norfolk Tides from July 23 through 24. In 92 games (315 at bats) with Ottawa in 2006, Whiteside batted .244 with 77 hits, 11 home runs, and 47 RBI. His batting average was .281 at home compared to .201 on the road. In 2007, Whiteside attended spring training but was reassigned to the minors on March 27, coinciding with the Orioles' acquisition of Alberto Castillo. Whiteside began the season with the Orioles' Triple-A affiliate, which was now the Norfolk Tides, but after he batted .180 in 18 games he was reassigned to Bowie on May 11. He spent time on the disabled list from June 18 through July 12 with a fractured right cheekbone. Upon returning, he had a seven-game hitting streak, but he was lost for the season on August 6 after suffering a concussion. In 42 games (141 at bats) with Bowie, Whiteside hit .291 with 41 hits, four home runs, and 30 RBI. After 2007, he filed for free agency, having played in only nine major league games during his seven years with the Orioles.

Minnesota Twins organization (2008)
On November 24, 2007, Whiteside signed a contract with the Minnesota Twins for the 2008 season. He played in eight games with the Rochester Red Wings of the International League, batting .167 before getting released on April 30 when Ryan Jorgensen returned from serving a suspension for performance-enhancing drugs.

San Francisco Giants (2009-2012)
Five days after getting released by the Twins, the San Francisco Giants signed Whiteside. He spent the rest of the year with the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League. In 49 games, the most by any catcher with Fresno in 2008, Whiteside batted .238 with 36 hits, two home runs, and 22 RBI. He had a .986 fielding percentage but only threw out seven percent of attempted base-stealers. In 57 games (175 at bats) between Rochester and Fresno, he hit .229 with 40 hits, three home runs, and 23 RBI.

The next season, Whiteside started the year at Fresno again, batting .241 with 28 hits, six home runs, and 24 RBI in 34 games (116 at bats). However, after an elbow injury prevented Pablo Sandoval from catching, the Giants called up Whiteside to be the backup catcher for Bengie Molina on May 24, 2009. The same day, he played his first major league game in four years (and his first for a National League team). He finished the game with a hit and an RBI in three at-bats. Matt Cain said of Whiteside, "He's been great. He's a guy who definitely takes advantage of his days in between, when he's not catching, and asking what guys threw in situations and what the pitches were, so he isn't thrown into the fire the days he's starting. Even if he doesn't see a team, he's still figuring out how guys got them out. He's definitely always learning."
On July 10, 2009, Molina was scheduled to catch, but was unable to because he went to see his wife, who was having a baby. Whiteside caught in his place, and Jonathan Sánchez, starting in place of the injured Randy Johnson, threw a no-hitter against the San Diego Padres. When asked if he thought it was more unlikely for Sánchez to throw a no-hitter or for him to catch it, he said, "Probably me catching one."
He hit a grand slam, his first Major League home run, against Brian Moehler of the Houston Astros in a 10–6 Giants' victory on August 5, 2009. He joined Bobby Bonds, Dave Kingman, Brandon Crawford and Brian Dallimore as the only Giants to hit a grand slam for their first home run. He finished the year with 29 hits in 49 games (126 at-bats), two home runs, and 13 RBI. Defensively, he posted a .993 fielding percentage while catching 39% of attempted base stealers.

In 2010, for the first time in his career, Whiteside made an MLB team out of spring training. He served as Sánchez's personal catcher for much of the season, catching 19 of his starts. Following Molina's trade to the Texas Rangers on June 30, Whiteside saw his playing time reduced as Buster Posey caught more and more games; Whiteside would only start six of the Giants' final 57 games. He finished the regular season with a .238 batting average, appearing in 73 games. Though Whiteside did not appear in any playoff games, he was on the team's roster throughout the playoffs, earning his first career championship title after the Giants won the series against the Rangers.

In 2011, Whiteside again began the year as the backup catcher. However, following Posey's season-ending leg injury on May 25, 2011, he moved into a more prominent role, splitting starting time with Chris Stewart. On June 22, he had two hits (including a triple) and a season-high three RBI in a 5–2 victory over the Twins. He had a season-high three hits on July 14 in a 12-inning, 6–2 victory over San Diego. From August 19 through August 25, he was on the seven-day disabled list with a concussion. In 82 games (213 at bats), Whiteside hit .197 with 42 hits, four home runs, and 17 RBI. Defensively, he threw out 25% of attempted base stealers. He was non-tendered after the season and briefly became a free agent before being re-signed to a one-year deal with the Giants.

In 2012 spring training, Whiteside competed with Stewart for the backup catcher job. However, the Giants ultimately decided to give the role to prospect Héctor Sánchez, a promising hitter who had been expected to start the season with Fresno to work on his defense. Stewart was traded to the Yankees and Whiteside was sent to Fresno. In 60 games (201 at bats) with Fresno, he hit .224 with 45 hits, one home run, and 20 RBI. On July 18, 2012, Whiteside was called up from Fresno when Héctor Sánchez was placed on the disabled list, appearing in six games before being optioned back to Fresno on August 1 when Sánchez returned from the disabled list. He was then recalled on August 26 to be the third-string catcher. Whiteside appeared in 12 games with the Giants in 2012, having one hit (an RBI double) in 11 at bats. He threw out three out of five attempted base stealers. This time, he was left off the playoff roster as the Giants went on to win the World Series in a four-game sweep against the Detroit Tigers.

2012-13 offseason
Due to the emergence of Héctor Sánchez, Whiteside did not expect to return to the Giants after 2012. "I didn't really think I'd be back with the Giants. Love that team and love that organization. They've got a good thing going there. Good group of guys and I've enjoyed the time I've spent there." On November 5, 2012, Whiteside was claimed off waivers by the New York Yankees, agreeing to terms with them on a one-year contract worth $625,000 in the Major Leagues and $200,000 in the Minors on November 26.  Just two days later, the Yankees designated Whiteside for assignment to make room for Andy Pettitte. On December 3, he was claimed off waivers by the Toronto Blue Jays.

Texas Rangers organization (2013)
Nine days later, Whiteside was claimed off waivers by the Texas Rangers. He was designated for assignment by the Rangers on January 3, 2013, and removed from the 40 man roster to make room for Jason Frasor.  Whiteside cleared waivers the next day and was assigned to the Rangers' Triple-A affiliate Round Rock Express of the Pacific Coast League.

Whiteside attended 2013 spring training as a non-roster invitee, appearing in five games. He played 2013 with the Round Rock Express, where he split time at catcher with Robinson Chirinos and José Félix. In 67 games (225 at bats) with the Express, he hit .187 with 5 home runs and 25 RBI. On October 1, he filed for free agency.

Chicago Cubs
On November 15, 2013, Whiteside signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs, with an invitation to spring training. He competed with John Baker and George Kottaras for the backup catcher role, and was assigned to the Triple-A Iowa Cubs of the Pacific Coast League on March 27 when Baker was given the role. His contract was selected from Iowa on June 3 when Welington Castillo was placed on the disabled list. Whiteside appeared in eight games, batting .120. He was designated for assignment on June 22 when Castillo returned from the disabled list, and sent outright to the Iowa Cubs on June 25. Whiteside elected free agency in October 2014.

Retirement
He signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves during the off-season in 2015, but decided to retire instead.
He returned to the San Francisco Giants as a bullpen catcher.

Personal life
Whiteside married his high school sweetheart, Amy, in 2004. They have two sons: Whit and Wake who play soccer at TFC New albany. Whiteside is easily recognized by his completely gray hair, which he said began to gray when he was in high school. Whiteside said, "I've come to terms with it. As long as it doesn't fall out, I'll be doing all right, I think." After Whiteside won the 2010 World Series, his hometown of New Albany declared an "Eli Whiteside Day" and presented Whiteside with a key to the city.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Aberdeen IronBirds players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball coaches from Mississippi
Baseball players from Mississippi
Bowie Baysox players
Chicago Cubs players
Delmarva Shorebirds players
Frederick Keys players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Gulf Coast Orioles players
Iowa Cubs players
Major League Baseball catchers
Mesa Solar Sox players
Norfolk Tides players
Ottawa Lynx players
People from New Albany, Mississippi
Peoria Javelinas players
Rochester Red Wings players
Round Rock Express players
San Francisco Giants coaches
San Francisco Giants players

Eli Whiteside


The Trabant is an automobile that wis produced bi umwhile East German auto maker VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau in Zwickau, Sachsen. It wis the maist common vehicle in East Germany, an wis exportit tae kintras baith inside an ootside the communist bloc an aw. The main selling pynts wis that it haed room for fower adults an luggage in a compact, licht an durable shell an that it wis fast (when introduced) an durable. Wi its mediocre performance, smoky two-stroke engine, an production shortages, the Trabant is aften cited as an ensaumple o the disadvantages o centralized plannin; on the ither haund, it is regarded wi derisive affection as a seembol o the failed umwhile East Germany an o the faw o communism (in umwhile Wast Germany, as mony East Germans streamed intae Wast Berlin an Wast Germany in thair Trabants efter the openin o the Berlin Wall in 1989). It wis in production withoot ony significant changes for nearly 30 years wi 3,096,099 Trabants produced in tot.

Overview

The name, meanin 'satellite' in German, wis inspired bi Soviet Sputnik. The caurs ar aften referred tae as the Trabbi or Trabi, pronoonced trubbee.

Syne it coud tak years (uisual waiting time 15 years) for a Trabant tae be delivered frae the time it wis ordered, fowk who finally got ane wur very careful wi it an uisually became skillful in maintainin an repairin it. The lifespan o an average Trabant wis 28 years. Uised Trabants wad aften fetch a higher price than new anes, as the umwhile wur available immediately, while the latter required the infamous lang wait.

Thare wur fower principal variants o the Trabant, the P50, kent as the Trabant 500 an aw, produced 1957-1962; the Trabant 600, produced 1962-1964; the Trabant 601, produced 1963-1991; an the Trabant 1.1 produced 1990-1991 wi a 1043cc VW engine (makin the "1.1" a slicht misnomer). The engine for the Trabant 500, 600 an oreeginal 601 wis a smaw two-stroke engine wi twa cylinders, giein the vehicle modest performance. At the end o production in 1989 it delivered 19 kW (26 horsepouer) frae a 600 cc displacement. The caur teuk 21 seconds frae 0 tae 100 km/h (62 mph) an the tap speed wis 112 km/h (70 mph). Thare wur twa main problems wi the engine: the smoky exhaust an the pollution it produced—nine times the amount o hydrocarbons an five times the carbon monoxide emissions o the average European caur o 2007. The fuel consumption wis . Syne the engine daes na hae an ile injection seestem, twa-stroke ile haes tae be added tae the 24 litre fuel tank every time the caur wis filled up, at a 50:1 or 33:1 ratio o fuel tae ile. Gas stations o the time in kintras whaur twa-stroke engines wur common served premixed gas-ile mixture frae the pump. The day, owners normally cairy a container o twa-stroke ile in the caur for this purpose. The earlier models hae no fuel gauge; a dipstick is inserted intae the tank tae determine how much fuel remains.

The Trabant wis a steel monocoque design wi ruif, bootlid/trunklid, bonnet/huid, bumpers/fenders an doors in Duroplast, a form o plastic containing resin strengthened bi oo or cotton. This helped the GDR tae avoid expensive steel imports, but in theory did na provide much crash pertection, awtho in crash tests it allegedly performed superior tae some contemporary Wastren hatchbacks. Because the caur lacked a fuel pump, the fuel tank wis placed heich up in the engine compartment sae that fuel coud be fed tae the carburettor bi gravity; a tred-off o this design is an increased fire risk in front-end accidents. The Trabant wis the seicont caur tae uise Duroplast, efter the "pre-Trabant" P70 (Zwickau) model (1954–1959). The duroplast wis made o recycled material, cotton waste frae Soviet Union an phenol resins frae the East German dye industry, makin the Trabant the first caur wi a body made o recycled material.

Caur manufacturers o Germany
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers o Germany
East Germany
German buists
IFA
Microcaurs
Zwickau

Trabant


Bramall Lane is a football stadium in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. It is the home of Sheffield United. As the largest stadium in Sheffield during the 19th century it hosted most of the city's most significant matches including the final of the world's first football tournament, first floodlit match and several matches between the Sheffield and London Football Associations that led to the unification of their respective rules. It was also used by Sheffield Wednesday and Sheffield F.C. for major matches. It has been the home of Sheffield United since the club's establishment in 1889. It is the oldest major stadium in the world still to be hosting professional association football matches.

References

Football stadiums in England

Bramall Lane