Henri Léon Marie-Thérèse Pousseur (; 23 June 1929 – 6 March 2009) was a Belgian classical composer, teacher, and music theorist.

Biography
Pousseur was born in Malmedy and studied at the Academies of Music in Liège and in Brussels from 1947 to 1952, where he joined the group called Variations associated with Pierre Froidebise. It was in this group that he first became familiar with the music of Anton Webern and other 20th-century composers. During his period of military service in 1952–53 at Malines, he maintained close contact with André Souris. He encountered Pierre Boulez in 1951 at Royaumont, and this contact inspired his Trois chants sacrés, composed that same year. In 1953, he met Karlheinz Stockhausen, and in 1956 Luciano Berio. A less-well-known influence from his early years was the powerful impression of listening to the music of Anton Bruckner, and he maintained a lifelong interest in medieval and Renaissance music, as well as in extra-European music and their practices.

In 1954, Pousseur married Théa Schoonbrood, with whom he had four children: Isabelle (1957), Denis (1958),  (1961), and Hélène (1965).

Beginning in 1960, he collaborated with Michel Butor on a number of projects, most notably the opera Votre Faust (1960–68).

Pousseur taught in Cologne, Basel, and in the United States at SUNY Buffalo, as well as in his native Belgium. From 1970 until his retirement in 1988, he taught at the University and Conservatory of Liège, where he also founded the Centre de recherches et de formation musicales de Wallonie, in 2010 renamed as . He died in Brussels, aged 79, on the morning of 6 March 2009, of bronchial pneumonia.

Compositional style and techniques
Generally regarded as a member of the Darmstadt School in the 1950s, Pousseur's music employs serialism, as well as mobile and aleatory forms, often mediating between or among seemingly irreconcilable styles, such as those of Schubert and Webern (Votre Faust). From the 1960's, Pousseur sought to develop his own serial style (to allow 'tonal' harmonies), and this can be heard in his orchestral composition Couleurs croisées (1967), which is based on the protest song We shall overcome.

His electronic composition Scambi (Exchanges), realized at the Studio di Fonologia in Milan in 1957, is unusual in the tape-music medium because it is explicitly meant to be assembled in different ways before listening. When first created, several different versions were realized, two by Luciano Berio, one by Marc Wilkinson, and two by the composer himself. Since 2004, the Scambi Project, directed by John Dack at the Lansdown Centre for Electronic Arts at Middlesex University, has focused on this work and its multiple possibilities for realization.

In addition to his compositional and teaching activities, Pousseur published many articles and ten books on music, amongst which are Fragments Théorique I: sur la musique expérimentale (Brussels: Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1970), Schumann le Poète: 25 moments d'une lecture de Dichterliebe (Paris: Klincksieck, 1993), and Musiques croisées (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997). In 2004, two volumes of his collected writings, selected and edited by Pascal Decroupet, were issued by the Belgian publisher Pierre Mardaga Pousseau. He also published the first French translation of the writings of Alban Berg.

Selected compositions
 Sept Versets des Psaumes de la Pénitence for four vocal soloists or mixed choir (1950)
 Trois Chants sacrés for soprano and string trio (1951)
 Prospection for three pianos tuned in sixths of a tone (1952–53)
 Séismogrammes electronic music (1954)
 Symphonies à 15 Solistes (1954–55)
 Quintette à la memoire d'Anton Webern for clarinet, bass clarinet, violin, cello, and piano (1955)
 Scambi electronic music (1957)
 Mobile for two pianos (1957–58)
 Rimes pour différentes sources sonores for orchestra and tape (1958)
 Madrigal I for clarinet (1958)
 Ode for string quartet (1960–61)
 Madrigal II for four early instruments (flute, violin, viola da gamba, harpsichord) (1961)
 Trois Visages de Liège electronic music (1961)
 Caractères for piano (1961)
 Madrigal III for clarinet, violin, cello, 2 percussionists, and piano (1962)
 Votre Faust (1960–68), opera for five actors, four singers, thirteen instruments, and electronic music, libretto by Michel Butor. Several "satellite" works are related to this opera:
 Miroir de Votre Faust (Caractères II) for solo piano and (optional) soprano (1964–65)
 Jeu de Miroirs de Votre Faust for piano, soprano and tape (1964–65)
 Echos de Votre Faust for mezzo-soprano, flute, cello, and piano (1961–69)
 Les Ruines de Jéruzona for mixed choir and "rhythm section" (1978)
 La Passion selon Guignol for amplified vocal quartet and orchestra (1981)
 Parade de Votre Faust for orchestra (1974)
 Aiguillages au carrefour des immortels for 16 or 17 instruments (2002)
 Il sogno di Leporello: Parade 2 (de Votre Faust) for orchestra (2005)
 Apostrophe et six Réflexions for piano (1964–66)
 Phonèmes pour Cathy for mezzo-soprano solo (1966)
 Couleurs croisées for large orchestra (1967)
 Mnémosyne monody solo voice or instrument, or unison choir (1968)
 Mnémosyne II for variable media (1969)
 Les Éphémérides d'Icare 2 for a soloist, three-part concertino, and four instrumental quartets (1970)
 Crosses of Crossed Colors for vocal soloist, two to five pianos, six tape-recorder operators, two turntablists, and two radio operators (1970)
 Paraboles-Mix electronic music (1972)
 Vue sur les Jardins interdits for saxophone quartet (1973)
 Die Erprobung des Petrus Hebraïcus chamber opera in three acts, libretto by Léo Wintgens after Michel Butor (1974). Several "satellite" works are related to this opera:
 Chroniques berlinoises for piano and string quartet with baritone ad lib. (1975)
 Chroniques illustrées for large orchestra with baritone ad lib. (1976)
 Ballade berlinoise for piano solo (1977)
 Humeurs du Futur quotidien for two reciters and chamber orchestra (1978)
 Pédigrée for female voice and seven instruments (1980)
 Chroniques canines, for two pianos with soprano voice ad lib. (1984)
 Canines for voice and piano (1980)
 Flexions IV for viola solo (1980)
 La Seconde Apothéose de Rameau for 21 instruments (1981)
 Chroniques canines for two pianos with soprano ad lib (1984)
 Tales and Songs from the Bible of Hell four singers with real-time electronic transformation and pre-recorded 4 track tape (1979)
 La Passion selon Guignol for amplified vocal quartet and orchestra (1981)
 La Paganania for solo violin (1982)
 La Paganania seconda for solo cello (1982)
 Traverser la Forêt (1987)
 Déclarations d'Orage for reciter, soprano, baritone, three improvising instruments (alto saxophone, tuba, synthesizer), large orchestra and tape (1988–89)
 At Moonlight, Dowland's Shadow passes along Ginkaku-Ji for shakuhachi, shamisen, and koto (1989)
 Leçons d'Enfer music theatre for 2 actors, 3 singers, 7 instruments, tape, and live electronics; texts by Arthur Rimbaud and Michel Butor (1990–91)
 Dichterliebesreigentraum for soprano, baritone, two solo pianos, choir and orchestra (1992–93)
 Aquarius-Mémorial (in memoriam Karel Goeyvaerts)
 Les Litanies d'Icare for piano (1994)
 Danseurs Gnidiens cherchant la Perle clémentine for chamber orchestra (1998)
 Les Fouilles de Jéruzona for orchestra (1995)
 Icare au Jardin du Verseau for piano and chamber orchestra (1999)
 La Guirlande de Pierre for soprano, baritone and piano (1997)
 Navigations for harp (2000)
 Seize Paysages planétaires ethno-electroacoustical music (2000)
 Les Icare africains for solo voices, ad lib. choir, and orchestra (2002)
 Stèle à la mémoire de Pierre Froidebise for solo clarinet (2009), unfinished at the composer's death, completed and premiered by Jean-Pierre Peuvion

References

Cited sources

External links
 Composer's website
 Scambi Project

 Henri Pousseur: A leap into the void
 Koninklijk Conservatorium Brussel now houses most works and manuscripts of Pousseur, after the bankruptcy of CeBeDeM in 2015.

1929 births
2009 deaths
People from Malmedy
Belgian classical composers
Belgian male classical composers
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Belgium
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Twelve-tone and serial composers
Walloon people
Academic staff of the Royal Conservatory of Liège
20th-century Belgian male musicians
21st-century male musicians
Harmonia Mundi artists
Sub Rosa Records artists
University at Buffalo faculty

Henri Pousseur


A dagger is a knife which is used to stab people.  It has a double-edged blade, so it cannot be used for normal cutting like a knife.

Daggers are small, so they can often be hidden under the attacker's clothing and then suddenly produced.

They were also used in the Middle Ages for the infantry armies to defend or attack their opponents.

Some people like Julius Caesar were assassinated with a dagger.

Blades

Dagger


The Nields is a folk-rock band that started in 1991. As a five-piece band, they toured much of the United States, performing with artists such as Dar Williams, Moxy Früvous, 10,000 Maniacs, Ani DiFranco and Catie Curtis and appeared at many folk festivals. Two members, Katryna and Nerissa Nields, continue to tour as a folk duo. Full band performances still occur from time to time.

History of the band

The first incarnation of what would later become the Nields came together in 1987 in McLean, Virginia, when Nerissa Nields met David Jones, and started a band with Nerissa's sister Katryna.

In 1991, Katryna had graduated from Trinity College in Connecticut, and Nerissa had graduated from Yale University. Nerissa married David, who was now known as David Nields, having taken her surname.
By now, the threesome was performing together as the Nields, with Katryna as the lead singer, Nerissa playing rhythm guitar and singing harmony, and David Nields on lead guitar. In 1992, the three of them moved to Connecticut, where David had accepted a job at the Loomis Chaffee School, and the band recorded its first album, the self-released 66 Hoxsey Street, named for a house in Williamstown where they had lived. The band began to tour New England in earnest, earning a reputation in the regional folk music scene. In 1993, they released a live album titled Live at the Iron Horse Music Hall, recorded at the popular folk club in Northampton, Massachusetts.

In 1994 the band grew from a three-piece folk group to a five-piece rock band. The new members were Dave Chalfant (bass), whom Katryna had met in college, and Dave Hower (drums), a friend of Chalfant's. Chalfant also produced the band's album released that year, Bob on the Ceiling. This album featured a mix of the acoustic material that the Nields had previously specialized in and a more rock-oriented sound that would become their trademark. With their new sound, the Nields received critical acclaim, and quit their day jobs to become full-time musicians.

Their 1995 EP Abigail, named for Katryna and Nerissa's sister, was self-released, followed by Gotta Get Over Greta in 1996 on the independent Razor & Tie record label. The album was re-released in 1997 with three bonus tracks on Guardian, a division of Elektra Records.

Unfortunately, the group suffered a number of setbacks the next year. Guardian folded, leaving them without a record label, and their tour van was growing increasingly unreliable. The band self-released an album called Mousse (the nickname for Dave Chalfant's sister Andromache) and held a special fundraising concert entitled "Jam for the Van." As a result, the Nields were able to purchase a new van, and were also able to secure a new label, Zoë, a division of Rounder Records. Over the next three years, the Nields released two more records (Play and If You Lived Here You'd Be Home Now), and in 1999 Katryna Nields and Dave Chalfant got married.

Although the band enjoyed a moderate degree of success, they ceased touring as a five-piece in 2001. Their final recording with David Nields was a two-disc album titled Live From Northampton. Like their 1993 album, it was recorded at the Iron Horse Music Hall, and was self-released by the band. In 2002, David and Nerissa Nields were divorced.

Katryna and Nerissa Nields as a duo

In 1998, Katryna and Nerissa were invited to play Lilith Fair as a duo. The performances were successful, and the two sisters performed several more shows together in areas where the full band had not previously been able to tour. Dar Williams dubbed this the "probe effect," a reference to Star Trek's Enterprise sending a probe to unexplored areas.

By 2001, shows by the full band were increasingly rare, as Katryna and Nerissa toured mostly by themselves. In mid-2001, Katryna took some time off to have a baby, Amelia. Afterwards, she and Nerissa recorded their first album as a duo, titled Love and China, followed by an EP of children's songs, Songs for Amelia. In 2004, they released their second full album, This Town is Wrong. In 2005, Nerissa's young adult novel, Plastic Angel, was published by Scholastic Books. This Town Is Wrong was intended as a soundtrack to the novel, which came packaged with a CD containing the songs "This Town Is Wrong" and "Glow-In-The-Dark Plastic Angel" from the album.

Current status

Katryna and Nerissa live in the Pioneer Valley of Massachusetts and continue to make music and perform together. They have continued touring as a duo, although they have occasionally performed shows as a full band. In their 'full-band' shows, they are joined by Dave Hower on drums, Paul Kochanski on bass, and Dave Chalfant on guitar. In July 2007, they released Sister Holler, an ode to the folk canon. In August 2008 they released Rock All Day Rock All Night, a double family album. In 2010, they made a family DVD called Organic Farm. In 2012, their 16th CD The Full Catastrophe came out, reflecting their recent lives as artist/mothers and the challenges of living with the myth of "having it all." They released the album XVII in 2015 and a Christmas album,  Joy to the World in 2017. The single, "Tyrants Always Fall" was also released in 2017.

In addition to making music, Nerissa has been teaching guitar, leading writing workshops, and working on a second novel, titled The Big Idea. In May 2005, she married Tom Duffy, a writer. On May 3, 2006, Nerissa gave birth to her first child, Lila Mary Nields-Duffy. John Patrick Thomas Nields-Duffy followed on August 23, 2008.

In November 2004, Katryna gave birth to her second child, a son named William John Chalfant.

Katryna and Nerissa lead a popular children's singing class called Hootenanny, which draws new pre-school-aged fans to their already substantial grassroots following.

Dave Hower plays drums with a variety of bands, including Winterpills, Spanish for Hitchhiking, and The Fucking Sparklies.

Dave Chalfant has opened a recording studio and produced albums by a number of artists. He was also a teacher of Instrumental Music at the Academy at Charlemont in Charlemont, Massachusetts.

David Nields became the Theatre Director for the Imperial Centre of Arts and Sciences in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. Currently, he teaches Theater at the State College of Florida.

Discography
 66 Hoxsey Street (1992, out of print)
 Live at the Iron Horse Music Hall (1993, out of print)
 Bob on the Ceiling (1994)
 Abigail (1995, EP)
 Gotta Get Over Greta (1996, re-release 1997)
 'Mousse (1998)
 Play (1998)
 If You Lived Here, You'd Be Home Now (2000)
 Live From Northampton (2001)
 Love and China (2001, Katryna and Nerissa Nields)
 This Town is Wrong (2004, Katryna and Nerissa Nields)
 Songs for Amelia (2004, EP, Katryna and Nerissa Nields, children's album)
 All Together Singing In The Kitchen (2006, family album)
 Sister Holler (2007)
 Rock All Day/Rock All Night (2008, family album)
 Organic Farm (2010, live DVD)
 The Full Catastrophe (2012)
 XVII (2015)
 Joy to the World (2017)
 November (2020)
 Circle of Days (2023)

Bibliography
 Nields, Nerissa (2005). Plastic Angel. New York (Scholastic Books).
 Nields, Nerissa (2008). How To Be an Adult. (Mercy House).
 Nields, Nerissa and Nields, Katryna (2011). All Together Singing in the Kitchen: Creative Ways to Make and Listen to Music as a Family (Shambhala/Roost Books).

References

External links
 Official homepage of the Nields

Fast Folk artists
American folk rock groups
Madeira School alumni
Musical groups established in 1987
Zoë Records artists
1987 establishments in Virginia
Musical groups from Virginia

The Nields


Cuyahoga County Public Library (CCPL) has 27 branches that serve 47 communities in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. It was ranked the number one public library in the United States among libraries serving populations of more than 500,000 by the Hennen's American Public Library Ratings 2010. In 2009, more than 19 million items were borrowed by its 528,449 cardholders, and 7.6 million visits were made to branches.

In May 2006, the Library launched a new website, which Ektron gave its MVP award as the 2006 Best Overall Site in August. The site allows visitors to register online for a new library card, view their accounts and renew items, and apply for library jobs. They can also order tickets for an author series and make contributions to the library's foundation. In May 2006, Cuyahoga County Public Library became the first public library in the nation to provide cardholders with the option of having their library notices delivered via text messaging.

Through SearchOhio, Cuyahoga County Public Library is connected to OhioLINK, which provides local access to the State Library of Ohio and 117 university and college libraries across the state. Cardholders have direct access to more than 11 million additional items. SearchOhio, the public library consortium among the libraries of Westerville and the county libraries of Cuyahoga, Mahoning, Lucas, Trumbull, Stark, Summit, Portage, and Greene provides direct access to almost 10 million additional items.

Cuyahoga County Public Library has branches in the suburbs of Bay Village, Beachwood, Bedford, Berea, Brecksville, Brook Park, Brooklyn, Chagrin Falls, Fairview Park, Garfield Heights, Gates Mills, Independence, Maple Heights, Mayfield, Middleburg Heights, North Olmsted, North Royalton, Olmsted Falls, Orange, Parma (Parma-Powers and Parma-Snow branches), Parma Heights, Richmond Heights, Solon, South Euclid-Lyndhurst, Strongsville, and Warrensville Heights

Services

Eight of the library's branches contain homework centers for use by students in grades K-10. Each center is staffed by a coordinator and tutors enrolled in the America Reads program at Cleveland State University and Baldwin-Wallace College. In the 2008–2009 school year, over 12,500 homework sessions were logged. The tenth center opened January 20, 2009 at the North Olmsted branch. The centers are funded through a grant from the Cleveland Foundation.

The library also offers passport services at all of its branches.  The passport centers are open every day of the week until one hour before the branch closes.

Over 700 age appropriate toys and story kits are available through the Youth Literacy and Outreach Department.

The Fairview Park branch houses the genealogy collection.  Anyone can access the online resources with a valid library card.  These resources include Ancestry, Fold3, and Heritage Quest.

Renovations

In 2011, the Cuyahoga County Public Library undertook an extensive construction and renovation program. Several branches have either been renovated or replaced by newer facilities. In 2012, the Beachwood and Solon Branches were renovated. Warrensville Heights opened a new state of the art library. The Mayfield Heights branch was moved to a new location on SOM Center Road in Mayfield.  Garfield Heights, which had one of smallest branches at 11,165 sqft and built in 1964–65, broke ground on May 7, 2012, for a newer 30,000 sqft glass and steel structure which opened on September 7, 2013. Parma will have two branches. One Parma Library will be a consolidation of two branches and the new library was built near Parma City Hall. Parma-Snow was expanded and connected to the Library's administration center.  The North Royalton library, originally located in the city's Memorial Park, was moved to a new facility in 2013. Also in
2012, the Library board announced plans to move the South Euclid-Lyndhurst branch from the historic Telling Mansion, its site since 1952, to a new site on Green Road across from Notre Dame college - which opened in 2015.

Collaboration

In 2003, Cuyahoga County Public Library and the Cleveland Public Library collaborated to create the Greater Access Library Card. The card allows customers of either library and the libraries in the CLEVNET network to take out books from both systems without having to carry more than one library card.

See also
Cleveland Public Library

References

External links
Cuyahoga County Public Library
Cuyahoga County Public Library history

Libraries in Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Public libraries in Ohio

Cuyahoga County Public Library


Anthony Rocca (born 15 August 1977) is a former Australian rules footballer who has played with the Sydney Swans and Collingwood in the Australian Football League.
Rocca is currently serving as North Melbourne's development coach.

Sydney
Of Italian descent, Rocca is the younger brother of former Australian rules footballer and NFL punter Saverio Rocca. Known as a family man, Anthony was rated very highly as a youngster and was selected with the second overall pick in the 1994 AFL Draft by the Sydney Swans. A lifelong Collingwood Magpies supporter (hailing from the Reservoir area, an area in the Collingwood supporter base's heartland), Rocca has said in recent interviews that at the time he was at Sydney his heart was not completely in it and he was homesick.

Collingwood
After two seasons at the Swans, Rocca was traded to his preferred home, Collingwood. Rocca was traded for fellow 1994 draftee full forward Ben Wilson, Mark Orchard and Collingwood's first two draft selections.  The trade was controversially allowed to be submitted almost three hours after the trading deadline, as Wilson and Orchard were holidaying in Mauritius and were unable to be contacted in time. He made a name for himself as a strong forward, with a booming 70+ metre kick, just like his brother. However, unlike his brother, Anthony was also used in the ruck. His importance to the Magpies forward structure was crucial, and he led the team's goalkicking, albeit with 38 goals in the year his team made a Grand Final in 2002. In 2003, with the Magpies again facing Brisbane in the Grand Final, Rocca was suspended in the Preliminary Final against Port Adelaide, shattering his dream of playing in another Grand Final. Without Rocca, the Magpies forward line structure was completely changed from the one that had been so successful throughout 2003, and by coincidence or not, Collingwood lost the match by 50 points.

In 2004 he missed 7 matches with injuries, and fared even worse in 2005, snapping an achilles tendon during the Round 4 clash with the Kangaroos, ruling him out for the rest of the season.

During the 2006 season Rocca returned to the side and proved important to the Magpies' structure up forward. In the Round 2 match against Hawthorn he booted 8 goals against unheralded young defender Zac Dawson. The decision by Hawks coach Alastair Clarkson to play Dawson on the much stronger and athletic Rocca was heavily criticised in the media. Rocca spoke out on this and was quoted as saying "he has to learn". He kicked a career best season return of 55 goals and was the club's leading goalkicker for the third time. His first half of the season was fantastic, while he struggled in the second half. He made the news in the Round 16 clash against the West Coast Eagles where he had shown the ball to umpire Hayden Kennedy, while walking off his mark, after Rocca turned-over a free kick, after a mistake by Kennedy minutes before. In round 22, Anthony played against his brother, Saverio, for Sav's farewell game before heading to the United States to become a gridiron punter.

Rocca's 2008 season was highlighted by mixed form and inconsistency.

He spent much of the first half of 2009 in the reserves, having been dropped from the senior side due to poor form and injury.   With the continued rise of Travis Cloke and Jack Anthony, there was media speculation as to whether Rocca was needed in the senior side and some speculated that at his age he may never return.  However Rocca answered his critics with some impressive form in the reserves earning a return in round 4 against the Brisbane Lions, in which he had a solid match up forward.

Retirement
Anthony Rocca announced his retirement on 21 September 2009. Rocca finished his AFL career with 242 games and 415 goals.

In early January 2011, Rocca took up the job of assistant coach of the Magpies' VFL team alongside its new coach Tarkyn Lockyer.

At the end of 2010 Rocca was promoted to 's defensive development coach, working under Craig McRae.

Rocca became North Melbourne's development coach on 20 January 2021.

Personal life
Rocca is married to Enza Colosimo and has a daughter, Mia, and a son, Max.

References

External links

Anthony Rocca at the Collingwood Football Club website

1977 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
Sydney Swans players
Collingwood Football Club players
Australian people of Italian descent
Northern Knights players
Reservoir Lakeside Football Club players
People from Reservoir, Victoria

Anthony Rocca


Oric was the name used by UK-based Tangerine Computer Systems for a series of 6502-based home computers sold in the 1980s, primarily in Europe.

With the success of the ZX Spectrum from Sinclair Research, Tangerine's backers suggested a home computer and Tangerine formed Oric Products International Ltd to develop the Oric-1. The computer was introduced in 1982. During 1983, approximately 160,000 Oric-1 computers were sold in the UK, plus another 50,000 in France (where it was the year's top-selling machine). This resulted in Oric being acquired and given funding for a successor model, the 1984 Oric Atmos.

Oric was bought by Eureka, which produced the less successful Oric Telestrat (1986). Oric was dissolved the year the Telestrat was released. Eastern European legal clones of Oric machines were produced into the 1990s.

Models

Oric-1
Based on a 1 MHz MOS Technology 6502 CPU, the Oric-1 came in 16 KB or 48 KB RAM variants for £129 and £169 respectively, matching the models available for the popular ZX Spectrum and undercutting the price of the 48 KB version of the Spectrum by a few pounds. The circuit design requires 8 memory chips, one chip per data line of the CPU. Due to the sizing of readily available memory chips the 48 KB model has 8 * 8 KB (64 KBit) chips, making a total of 64 KB. As released only 48 KB is available to the user, with the top 16 KB of memory overlaid by the BASIC ROM;
The optional disc drive unit contains some additional hardware that allows it to enable or disable the ROM, effectively adding 16 KB of RAM to the machine. This additional memory is used by the system to store the Oric DOS software. Both Oric-1 versions have a 16 KB ROM containing the operating system and a modified BASIC interpreter.

The Oric-1 has a sound chip, the programmable General Instrument AY-3-8910.

Two graphics modes are handled by a semi-custom ASIC (HSC 10017 ULA) which also manages the interface between the processor and memory. The two modes are a "LORES" (low resolution) text mode (though the character set can be redefined to produce graphics) with 28 rows of 40 characters and a "HIRES" (high resolution) mode with 200 rows of 240 pixels above three lines of text. Like the Spectrum, the Oric-1 suffers from attribute clash–albeit to a much lesser degree in HIRES mode, since 2 different colours can be defined for each 6x1 block of 6 pixels,

The system has a built-in television RF modulator as well as RGB output. A standard audio tape recorder can be used for external storage. There is a Centronics compatible printer interface.

Technical details
 CPU: MOS 6502 @ 1 MHz
 Operating system: Tangerine/Microsoft Extended Basic v1.0
 ROM: 16 KB
 RAM: 16 KB / 48 KB
 Sound: AY-3-8912
 Graphics: 40×28 text characters/ 240×200 pixels, 8 colours
 Storage: tape recorder, 300 and 2400 baud
 Input: integrated keyboard
 Connectivity: Tape recorder I/O, Centronics compatible printer port, RGB video out, RF out, expansion port
 Voltage: 9 V
 Power consumption: Max 600 milliamps

Oric Atmos
In late 1983 the funding cost for continued development of Oric caused external funding to be sought, and eventually led to a sale to Edenspring Investments PLC. The Edenspring money enabled Oric International to release the Oric Atmos, which added an improved keyboard and an updated V1.1 ROM to the Oric-1. The faulty tape error checking routine was still there (See "Cassette Interface" under Technical specification, below).

Soon after the Atmos was released, the modem, printer and 3-inch floppy disk drive originally promised for the Oric-1 were announced and released by the end of 1984. A short time after the release of the Atmos machine, a modification for the Oric-1 was issued and advertised in magazines and bulletin boards. This modification enabled the Oric-1 user to add a second ROM (containing the Oric Atmos system) to a spare ROM-socket on the Oric-1 circuit board. Then, using a switch, the users could then switch between the new Oric Atmos ROM and the original Oric-1 ROM. This was desirable since the updated ROM of the Atmos contained breaking changes for some games which relied on certain behaviours or memory addresses within the ROM. This led to tape based software often containing a 1.1 ROM/Atmos version of the software on one side of the cassette, with a 1.0 ROM/Oric-1 version on the other. Earlier titles from publishers that no longer existed or had stopped producing software for the Oric were unlikely to be updated.

Oric Stratos and Oric Telestrat

Although the Oric Atmos had not turned around Oric International's fortunes, in February 1985, they announced several models including the Oric Stratos/IQ164. Despite their backers putting them into receivership the following day, Oric was bought by French company Eureka, which continued to produce the Stratos, followed by the Oric Telestrat in late 1986.

The Stratos and Telestrat increased the RAM to 64 KB and added more ports, but kept the same processor and graphics and sound hardware as the Oric-1 and Atmos.

The Telestrat is a telecommunications-oriented machine. It comes with a disk drive as standard, and only connects to an RGB monitor / TV. The machine is backward compatible with the Oric-1 and Oric Atmos by using a cartridge. Most of the software is in French, including Hyper-BASIC's error messages. Up to 6000 units were sold in France.

In December 1987, after announcing the Telestrat 2, Oric International went into receivership for the second and final time.

Technical specification

Keyboard
The keyboard has 57 moving keys with tactile feedback. It is capable of full upper and lower case with a correctly positioned space bar. It has a full typewriter pitch. The key layout is a standard QWERTY with ESC, CTRL, RETURN and additional cursor control keys. All keys have auto repeat.

Display
The display adapter will drive a PAL UHF colour or black and white television receiver on approximately Channel 36. RGB output is also provided on a 5 pin DIN 41524 socket.

Character mode
In character mode the Oric displays 28 lines of 40 characters, producing a display very similar to Teletext. The character set is standard ASCII which is enhanced by the addition of 80 user-definable characters. ASCII characters may also be re-defined as these are down loaded into RAM on power-up. Serial attributes are used to control display features, as in Teletext, and take up one character position. All remaining characters on that line are affected by the serial attribute until either the line ends or another serial attribute.

Display features are:

 Select background colour (paper) from one of eight.
 Select foreground colour (ink) from one of eight.
 Flash characters on and off approximately twice a second.
 Produce double height characters (even line top, odd line bottom).
 Switch over to user-definable character set. This feature is used to produce Teletext-style colour graphics without the need for additional RAM.

Available colours are black, blue, red, magenta, green, cyan, yellow, and white.

Each character position also has a parallel attribute, which may be operated on a character by character basis, to produce video inversion. The display has a fixed black border.

Screen graphics mode
The graphics mode consists of 200 pixels vertically by 240 pixels horizontally plus 3 lines of 40 characters (the same as character mode) at the bottom of the screen to display system information and to act as a window on the user program while still viewing the graphics display. It can also be used to input direct commands for graphics and see the effect instantly without having to switch modes. The graphics display operates with serial attributes in the same way as characters, except that the display is now considered as 200 lines by 40 graphics cells. Each graphic cell is therefore very flexible by having 8 foreground and 8 background colours and flashing patterns. The video invert parallel attribute is also usable in this mode. ASCII characters may be painted over the graphics area, thus enabling the free mixing of graphics and text.

Sound
The Oric has an internal loudspeaker and amplifier and can also be connected to external amplifiers via the 7 Pin DIN 45329 shared with the cassette interface. A General Instruments AY-3-8912 provides 3 channel sound.

For BASIC programs, four keywords generate pre-made sounds: PING, SHOOT, EXPLODE, and ZAP. The commands SOUND, MUSIC, and PLAY produce a broader range of sounds.

Cassette interface
The cassette recorder connects via a 7 Pin DIN 45329 socket shared with the external sound output. The interface includes support for tape motor control. Recording speeds offered as standard are 300 baud or 2400 baud. A tone leader allows tape recorders' automatic level control to stabilise before the filename, followed by the actual data with parity; finally, checksums are recorded to allow overall verification of the recording.

The circuit was designed using a Schmitt trigger to remove noise and make input more reliable. The system allows for verification of stored information against the tape copy, to ensure integrity before the information is flushed from memory. There was however a bug within the error-checking of recorded programs, often causing user-created programs to fail when loaded back in, this bug persist in the updated ROMs for the Oric Atmos.

Available basic commands are CLOAD, CSAVE (for programs and memory dumps), STORE, RECALL (for arrays of string, integer or real, added with Oric Atmos roms). Filenames up to 16 characters can be specified.  Options on the commands exist for slow speed, verification, autorunning of programs or specification of start and ending addresses for dumping memory.

Expansion port
The expansion port allows full access to the CPU's data address and control lines. This allows connection of add-ons specifically designed for the Oric, including user designed hardware. The range of lines exposed allows external ROM and RAM expansion, thus allowing for ROM cartridges or for expansion devices to internally include the required operating software on ROM.

Printer port
The printer port is compatible with the then standard Centronics parallel interface allows for connection of many different types of printers from low quality (e.g. low-resolution thermal printers) to high quality printers, such as fixed font daisy wheel printers or laser printers, though the latter were uncommon and expensive during the period of commercial availability of the Oric range. Most contemporary computer printers could produce text output without requiring specific drivers, and often followed de facto standards for simple graphics. More advanced use of the printer would have required a specific driver which, given the proliferation of different home computers and standards of the time, may or may not have been available.

Peripherals

Colour plotter
Tangerine's MCP-40 is a plotter with mechanics by Alps Electric. The same mechanism was also used as the basis for similar low-cost plotters produced by various home computer manufacturers around that time. These included the Atari 1020, the Commodore 1520, the Tandy/Radio Shack CGP-115, the Texas Instruments HX-1000, the Mattel Aquarius 4615, and probably also the Sharp MZ-1P16 (for MZ-800 series).

Prestel adaptor
The Prestel adaptor produced by Eureka (Informatika) was the first adaptor produced for the Oric-1 and Oric Atmos computers. However this adaptor was only furnished with very limited software.

Clones
The Atmos was licensed in Yugoslavia and sold as Nova 64. The clones were Atmos-based, the only difference being the logo indicating ORIC NOVA 64 instead of Oric Atmos 48K. This is to indicate the installed 64 KB of RAM – which was also true of the Atmos –, 16 KB of which is masked in both by the ROM at startup, leaving 48 KB to work with the BASIC language.

In Bulgaria, the Atmos clone was named Pravetz 8D and produced between 1985 and 1991. The Pravetz is entirely hardware and software compatible with the Oric Atmos. The biggest change on the hardware side is the larger white case that hosts a comfortable mechanical keyboard and an integrated power supply. The BASIC ROM has been patched to host both a Western European and Cyrillic alphabet the upper case character set produces Western European characters, while lower case gives Cyrillic letters. In order to ease the use of the two alphabets, the Pravetz 8D is fitted with a Caps Lock key. A Disk II compatible interface and a custom DOS, called DOS-8D, were created in 1987–88 by Borislav Zahariev.

See also
 :Category:Oric games

References

External links
 Oric FAQ
 Oric: The Story so Far
 Oric Atmos review March 1984 Your Computer
 Microtan 65 Oric-1 Oric Atmos at the Old Computers Museum
 Oric.org community portal (French)

Early microcomputers
6502-based home computers
Home computers
Tangerine Computer Systems
Computers designed in the United Kingdom

Oric


In English ecclesiastical law, the term incumbent refers to the holder of a Church of England parochial charge or benefice.  The term "benefice" originally denoted a grant of land for life in return for services.  In church law, the duties were spiritual ("spiritualities") and some form of assets to generate revenue (the "temporalities") were permanently linked to the duties to ensure the support of the office holder.  Historically, once in possession of the benefice, the holder had lifelong tenure unless he failed to provide the required minimum of spiritual services or committed a moral offence. With the passing of the "Pastoral Measure 1968" and subsequent legislation, this no longer applies, and many ancient benefices have been joined into a single new one.

At one time, an incumbent might choose to enjoy the income of the benefice and appoint an assistant curate to discharge all the spiritual duties of the office at a lesser salary.  This was a breach of the canons of 1604, but the abuse was only brought under control with the passing in 1838 of the Pluralities Act (1&2 Victoria, ch. 106), which required residence unless the diocesan bishop granted a licence for non-residence for reasons specified in the same act and provided severe penalties for non-compliance.

Official title
The incumbent's official title might be that of rector, vicar, "curate-in-charge" or "perpetual curate".  The difference between these titles is now largely historical.  Originally, an incumbent was either a rector who received all the tithes or a vicar who received only the small tithes (see Impropriation).  Curate-in-charge and perpetual curate were later legal terms to meet the case when new parishes were created or chapels of ease established which were not supported by tithes.

Nomination and admission into office

The future incumbent is either nominated by the ordinary (normally the diocesan bishop) or the patron who owns the advowson. Originally, the parish concerned had no legal voice in the matter, but modern legislation established the need for consultation to take place.

The form of admission to office has two parts: the future incumbent is first authorised by the bishop to exercise the spiritual responsibilities (institution or collation - see below), the second puts him in possession of the "temporalities" (induction) which he receives at the hands of the archdeacon or his deputy. The two actions are often combined into one ceremony and the canons require the bishop to use his best endeavour to perform the ceremony in the parish church. However, this is not legally essential.

Collation and institution

The difference between collation and institution resides in the fact that when a patron presents a cleric for institution the bishop may examine him and refuse on good grounds to proceed.  A negative decision may be contested in the courts and the Gorham Controversy was a case in point. If the bishop himself has chosen the cleric, this is unnecessary and the legal formalities are different.  The bishop admits the incumbent to the spiritualities of the benefice by reading a written instrument bearing his episcopal seal committing the care or "cure" of souls to the priest who kneels before him while this is done and holds the seal.

Induction

The bishop then instructs the archdeacon by Letters Mandatory for Induction to induct the priest into the temporalities of the benefice.  This must be performed in the church and is done by placing the hand of the priest on the key or ring of the door and reciting a formula of words.  The priest advertises his or her induction by tolling the church bell. Induction is a vestige of the medieval legal practice of livery of seisin.

Temporalities

Legally, the incumbent is a corporation sole i.e. "a legal entity vested in an individual and his successors by reason of his office" and any particular occupant had the right to receive the income and make use of its assets to support him in his ministry.  Traditionally, these were the tithes, the glebe, fees, the parsonage house plus the church where his responsibilities were shared with the churchwardens, and if he was a rector, he had to finance the maintenance of the chancel from his own resources.

During a vacancy, the temporalities were normally administered by the churchwardens, who could disburse monies to cover the costs of providing spiritual attention and other legally recognized expenses until the new incumbent entered, when they had to pay any balance in hand over to him.

References

Further reading

Anglican ecclesiastical offices
Church of England
Religious law legal terminology
Canon law of the Church of England
English legal terminology

Incumbent (ecclesiastical)


ControlNet is an open industrial network protocol for industrial automation applications, also known as a fieldbus.  ControlNet was earlier supported by ControlNet International, but in 2008 support and management of ControlNet was transferred to ODVA, which now manages all protocols in the Common Industrial Protocol family.

Features which set ControlNet apart from other fieldbuses include the built-in support for fully redundant cables and the fact that communication on ControlNet can be strictly scheduled and highly deterministic. Due to the unique physical layer, common network sniffers such as Wireshark cannot be used to sniff ControlNet packets. Rockwell Automation provides ControlNet Traffic Analyzer software to sniff and analyze ControlNet packets.

Version 1, 1.25 and 1.5
Versions 1 and 1.25 were released in quick succession when ControlNet first launched in 1997.  Version 1.5 was released in 1998 and hardware produced for each version variant was typically not compatible.  Most installations of ControlNet are version 1.5.

Architecture

Physical layer

ControlNet cables consist of RG-6 coaxial cable with BNC connectors, though optical fiber is sometimes used for long distances.
The network topology is a bus structure with short taps. ControlNet also supports a star topology if used with the appropriate hardware.
ControlNet can operate with a single RG-6 coaxial cable bus, or a dual RG-6 coaxial cable bus for cable redundancy. In all cases, the RG-6 should be of quad-shield variety.
Maximum cable length without repeaters is 1000m and maximum number of nodes on the bus is 99. However, there is a tradeoff between number of devices on the bus and total cable length.  Repeaters can be used to further extend the cable length. The network can support up to 5 repeaters (10 when used for redundant networks). The repeaters do not utilize network node numbers and are available in copper or fiber optic choices.

The physical layer signaling uses Manchester code at 5 Mbit/s.

Link layer

ControlNet is a scheduled communication network designed for cyclic data exchange. The protocol operates in cycles, known as NUIs, where NUI stands for Network Update Interval.
Each NUI has three phases, the first phase is dedicated to scheduled traffic, where all nodes with scheduled data are guaranteed a transmission opportunity.
The second phase is dedicated to unscheduled traffic. There is no guarantee that every node will get an opportunity to transmit in every unscheduled phase.
The third phase is network maintenance or "guardband". It includes synchronization and a means of determining starting node on the next unscheduled data transfer.
Both the scheduled and unscheduled phase use an implicit token ring media access method.
The amount of time each NUI consists of is known as the NUT, where NUT stands for Network Update Time. It is configurable from 2 to 100 ms. The default NUT on an unscheduled network is 5 ms.

The maximum size of a scheduled or unscheduled ControlNet data frame is 510 Bytes.

Application layer

The ControlNet application layer protocol is based on the Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) layer which is also used in DeviceNet and EtherNet/IP.

References

External links
 ODVA website
 ControlNet Networks and Communications from Allen-Bradley

Serial buses
Network protocols
Industrial automation

ControlNet


Dom Miguel I (; English: Michael I; 26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866), nicknamed "the Absolutist" (), "the Traditionalist" () and "the Usurper" (), was the King of Portugal between 1828 and 1834, the seventh child and third son of King John VI and his queen, Carlota Joaquina of Spain.

Following his exile as a result of his actions in support of absolutism in the April Revolt (Abrilada), Miguel returned to Portugal as regent and fiancé of his niece Queen Maria II. As regent, he claimed the Portuguese throne in his own right, since according to the so-called Fundamental Laws of the Kingdom his older brother Peter IV and therefore the latter's daughter had lost their rights from the moment that Pedro had made war on Portugal and become the sovereign of a foreign state (Brazilian Empire). This led to a difficult political situation, during which many people were killed, imprisoned, persecuted or sent into exile, and which culminated in the Portuguese Liberal Wars between authoritarian absolutists and progressive constitutionalists. In the end Miguel was forced out from the throne and lived the last 32 years of his life in exile.

In order to counter the Republican opposition from the Portuguese Freemasons, the dynastic order known as Order of Saint Michael of the Wing was revived in 1848, with statutes issued by King Miguel I of Portugal.

Early life
Miguel Maria do Patrocinio de Bragança e Bourbon, the third (second surviving) son of King John VI and Carlota Joaquina, was born in the Queluz Royal Palace, Lisbon, and was created by his father Duke of Beja. Some sources have suggested that Miguel I could be the illegitimate son from an adulterous affair between his mother, Queen Carlota, and one of her alleged lovers, possibly D. Pedro José Joaquim Vito de Meneses Coutinho, Marquis of Marialva. Apparently sources close to King John VI confirmed as much by asserting that he had not had sexual relations with his wife for two and a half years prior to Miguel's birth (a period when his parents carried out a conjugal war, during which they were involved in permanent conspiracies, and only encountered each other in rare official circumstances).

But despite the gossip, Miguel was always considered to be a son of the king, by the king, by his mother, by the rest of the family, by the court, and by the church. The "illegitimate child" theories may have had their origins in the writings of pro-liberal propagandists or royalists who wanted to denigrate the queen and undermine the claims of Miguel and of his descendants to the Portuguese throne.

What is clear is that Miguel was the queen's favourite child. After the death of her firstborn, it was Miguel who received most of her attention, rather than Pedro, who was closer to his father.

In 1807, at the age of 5, Miguel accompanied the Portuguese Royal Family on their transfer to Brazil in order to escape from the first Napoleonic invasion of Portugal; he returned in 1821 with John VI and his mother, while his brother Peter remained behind as regent of Brazil.

Miguel was a mischievous child, sometimes seen in the miniature uniform of a general. At sixteen he was seen galloping around Mata-Cavalos, knocking off the hats of passers-by with his riding crop. He spent most of his time with a rowdy band of half-caste or Indian farm-hands. In general, Miguel was spoiled by the queen and her royal household, and clearly influenced by the base tendencies of others. The Duke of Palmela described him as:

"A good man when among good men, and when among the bad, worse than they."

Revolt

Miguel was an avowed conservative and admirer of Prince Metternich, who had referred to the liberal revolutions in the 1820s as unrealistic and without any historical roots:

"A people who can neither read nor write, whose last word is the dagger – fine material for constitutional principles!...The English constitution is the work of centuries....There is no universal recipe for constitutions."

Miguel was 20 years old when he first challenged the liberal institutions established after the 1820 revolution, which may have been part of a wider strategy by the queen. He was at the head of the counter-revolution of 1823, known as the Vilafrancada, which erupted on 27 May 1823 in Vila Franca de Xira. Early in the day, Miguel joined the 23rd Infantry Regiment, commanded by Brigadier Ferreira Sampaio (later Viscount of Santa Mónica) in Vila Franca, where he declared his support for an absolutist monarchy. He immediately called on General Pampluna (later Marquis of Subserra) to join him and his cause. The general, not a fan of the liberal constitution, obeyed his summons and within five days he controlled the insurrectionary forces. The prince, supported by the queen, went so far as to demand the abdication of the king, who, faithful to his earlier oath, wanted to maintain the 1822 Constitution, despite the growing support for absolutist forces in Vila Franca.

Miguel and the queen were interested in overthrowing the parliamentary system and, inspired by the return of the absolutist monarchy in Spain (where the Holy Alliance and French Army had intervened to destroy the liberal forces there) they exploited factionalism and plotted with outside reactionaries to overthrow the liberal Cortes. But General Pampluna was loyal to the king, and made it perfectly clear that he would do nothing to defy the monarch,  and advised the prince to obey his father's summons. The king himself marched on Vila Franca where he received the submission of the troops and his son. But he also took advantage of the situation to abolish the 1822 Constitution and dismiss the Cortes. Many liberals went into exile. Although Miguel returned to Lisbon in triumph, the king was able to maintain complete control of power and did not succumb to the ultra-reactionary forces that supported his abdication.

After the events of the Vilafrancada, Miguel was made Count of Samora Correia and appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army. But the queen could not tolerate the king's continuing benevolence towards liberals and moderates, nor that he continued to be influenced by and to support ministers such as Palmela and Pamplona, who were more moderate in their outlook.

The mysterious death of the Marquis de Loulé in Salvaterra on 28 February 1824, in which it was suspected that Miguel or his friends were involved, was a symptom of the instability of the period. Prince Miguel was always influenced by his mother; and two months later, on 30 April 1824, as Commander-in-Chief of the Army he gathered his troops and ordered them to arrest ministers and other important people under pretext that a masonic conspiracy to assassinate the king existed, and placed his father in protective custody and incommunicado at Bemposta, where Miguel could "defend and secure his life". The Abrilada, as this was to be known, worried many of the foreign powers. The foreign diplomatic corp (and in particular Marshal Beresford), realizing that the king was a prisoner of his son, traveled to Bemposta and was able to ferry the king away and on board a British warship, the  Windsor Castle. On board, the king summoned his son, whom he dismissed as Commander-in-Chief of the Army, and immediately exiling him to Vienna, where he remained for over three years.

Exile and return

While in Vienna, he was a guest and friend of the Prince Metternich.
Meanwhile, on 10 March 1826, his father, King John VI, died and his brother Peter, the heir-apparent to the throne, became king as Peter IV. Peter, however, was committed to continuing as Emperor of Brazil and therefore abdicated the crown of Portugal after two months (on 2 May) in favor of his daughter, Maria II. Since the young sovereign was not yet of age, he instituted a regency, under his sister, Isabel Maria. Peter had already attempted to coerce Miguel to Brazil (1822) away from their mother without any success. Following the death of their father, Peter once again attempted to mend fences within the family and ensure Maria II's right to the throne by offering Miguel the regency of Portugal (when he became 25) under a new liberal Constitutional Charter that would re-establish a constitutional monarchy. Under this arrangement, Queen Maria II and Miguel would be married when she came of age; until then Miguel would be her regent in Portugal. The new Constitutional Charter gave the crown moderating authority between the legislative, executive and judiciary, and introduced a 100-member Chamber of Peers (which included aristocrats and bishops and archbishops), a royal veto and indirect elections. Miguel accepted the proposal from his brother, swore to uphold the Constitutional Charter and, since the young Queen was only nine years old, waited until she would reach the age of marriage.

The regency under Isabel Maria was extremely unstable; discord reigned in the government, there were divisions within the municipal councils, rivalries between ministers and at one point, after the resignation of General Saldanha, a revolt in Lisbon. With Isabel Maria dangerously ill, Peter resolved to entrust his brother Miguel with the kingdom, which Miguel was only too eager to accept. A decree was promulgated on 3 July 1827 that granted Miguel his new role, and he departed from Vienna for Lisbon.

On the trip back to Lisbon he stopped in England, arriving on 30 December 1827. He was met by the Duke of Clarence, heir-presumptive to the British throne, and by other upper members of the English Court who had gathered at the dock to meet him. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, then leading an unpopular Tory government, hoped that they could mold Miguel into accepting the constitutional framework that Peter IV had devised, and used this visit to facilitate the transition. After lunching at the Hospital Governor's home, he traveled to London with his entourage in regal carriages and, escorted by cavalry officers, to the Palace of Westminster where he was met by a throng of people. While in London he stayed at the palace of Lord Dudley, on Arlington Street where he entertained his new friends; he was received by the ministers, ambassadors and municipal officials of King George IV, and was generally feted by English nobility, attending concerts and pheasant hunts, and visiting public works (such as the Thames Tunnel which was then under construction and, ironically, collapsed after his visit). On New Year's Eve he visited the King at Windsor Castle and was honored with a magnificent banquet. Later at Rutland House, Miguel received members of the Portuguese diaspora living in England, who presented him with a commemorative medallion. Throughout his visit he was generally well received.

Regent

On 13 January 1828 Miguel departed London; after spending some time at Stratfield Saye, the country home of the Duke of Wellington, he travelled to Plymouth en route to Lisbon. Due to bad weather, he was only able to transfer to the Portuguese frigate Pérola on 9 February, which arrived in England accompanied by two British ships. On 22 January the Gazeta de Lisboa (English: Lisbon Gazette) published an open letter from the Ministério da Justiça (English: Ministry of Justice) which permitted any general demonstrations of jubilation (unless otherwise prohibited by law). The prince's ship arrived in Lisbon on 22 February and was met by cannon salvos from ships along the Tagus River and from the hilltops, beginning at two in the afternoon. The river was filled with ships when the Pérola arrived.

Although it was expected that the new regent would disembark at the Praça do Comércio, where a stage had been constructed, Miguel preferred to disembark in Belém. It is believed that Miguel's mother had sent a boatman to pick up the prince and with a message to see her upon arriving in Lisbon, in order to tell her where his loyalties lay. On shore the local population acclaimed their regent with cheers, while bells rang from some church towers and cheerful hymns were sung in the streets. There was a triumphal march to the Ajuda Palace, along streets adorned with silk banners, while the ladies of the city threw flowers. Everywhere there was a multitude of citizenry yelling "Viva o Senhor D. Miguel I nosso rei absoluto" (), while some interjecting cries of "death to D. Pedro" and "death to the liberal constitution".

But Miguel's role was clearly delineated by his first night in Lisbon: he would govern as regent in the name of the rightful sovereign of Portugal, Queen Maria II. On her reaching marriageable age, Miguel would be her consort. Furthermore, Miguel was obliged to govern in conformity with Peter's Constitutional Charter, something he accepted as a condition of the regency (even if he did not agree with its principles and favoured an absolute monarchy instead).

On 26 February, in the main hall of the Ajuda Palace in the presence of both Chambers of the Cortes, the Royal Court and the diplomatic corp, as well as some of the Prince's colleagues from Brazil (carefully orchestrated by the Queen Dowager), the investiture began. At one o'clock Miguel, along with his sister, Isabel Maria, entered the chamber to formally hand over the Regency. After the spectacle of both of them in the same chair, the princess delivered the transitional oath and then left gracefully. Miguel was presented with the written oath to defend the Constitutional Charter along with a Bible, which caused him "...confusion and [he] seemed unable or unwilling to read it." It is also unclear whether he actually swore the oath, since there was no distinct enunciation of the words; nor did any one actually see him kiss the missal (since the Duke of Cadaval obscured the prince during this part of the ceremony). Lord Carnarvon, in Lisbon at the time of the ceremony, wrote of the conclusion of the scene:
"During the whole proceeding...his countenance was overcast, and he had the constrained manner of a most unwilling actor in an embarrassing part. I read the approaching fate of the Constitution in his sullen expression, in the imperfect manner in which the oath was administered, and in the strange and general appearance of hurry and concealment."

On 1 March some citizens of Lisbon gathered at the palace to acclaim Miguel "Absolute King", infuriating many of the liberal politicians and residents. Invested in his new title of regent, he presented his Ministers of State in the evening: Nuno III Álvares Pereira de Melo (Duke of Cadaval), José António de Oliveira Leite de Barros (later Count of Basto), Furtado do Rio de Mendonça (7th Viscount of Barbacena & 2nd Count of Barbacena), José Luis de Sousa Botelho Mourão e Vasconcelos (Count of Vila Real) and the Count of Lousã. Within a week numerous moderate army officers had been dismissed and the military governors of the provinces replaced, as the Prince and Queen Dowager "cleaned house" of their old enemies and liberalist sympathizers.

King of Portugal

On 13 March 1828 Miguel dissolved the Cortes without calling new elections, as stipulated in the Constitutional Charter. Some municipal councils, many nobles and clergy, and several important citizens requested that the regent revoke the Constitutional Charter and reign as king. Blood was first spilled by the liberals, when delegates from the University of Coimbra (who ostensibly traveled to Lisbon to present their compliments to Miguel) were murdered on 18 March by hot-headed Coimbran students. On 25 April the senate (of the university), issued a proclamation in which they requested that Miguel assume the throne. This only fueled the divisions between liberals and absolutists. Because of the independence of Brazil, Miguel's supporters considered Miguel to be the legitimate heir to the crown of Portugal. If, to liberals, the name of Miguel was despised, to the legitimists (the absolutists) it was venerated. But Miguel's reign was immediately marked by cruel, almost tyrannical, governance which some attribute to him personally; however some blame the injustices on his subordinates, while others attribute them to the malevolence of Queen Charlotte.

On 3 May 1828, the very nobles who had been nominated by Peter to the new Chamber of Peers met in the Palace of the Duke of Lafões, and invited Miguel to convoke a new cortes consisting of the Three Estates with a view to deciding the legitimate succession to the throne. Such a cortes met in June at Ajuda, where the Bishop of Viseu proposed that Miguel should assume the crown since "...the hand of the Almighty led Your Majesty from the banks of the Danube to the shore of the Tagus to save his people...". On 7 July Miguel was acclaimed as absolute ruler, and on 15 July the Three Estate Cortes closed.

Shortly afterwards the military garrison in Oporto revolted, formed a provisional governmental junta, and marched on Coimbra to defend the liberal cause. But the general in command of these troops was indecisive, and Miguel was able to raise his own troops, create a battalion of volunteers and blockade Oporto. In Lagos a similar revolt was attempted, but immediately quashed when the liberal General Saraiva was shot by the Miguelist General Póvoas. On this occasion, João Carlos Saldanha (later Duke of Saldanha) and Pedro de Sousa Holstein (later 1st Duke of Palmela), who had arrived from England on board the British ship Belfast in order to lead constitutional forces, quickly re-embarked, judging the liberal cause lost. The liberal army escaped to deplorable conditions in Galicia where they awaited the next move. In the former regency's court there were few strong supporters of a constitutional monarchy; Princess Isabella Maria was supported by weak-willed ministers or incompetents and was personally too timid to stand up to Miguel. The liberals and their supporters escaped into exile. All of Portugal recognized the sovereignty of the monarch, except the islands of Madeira and Terceira; Madeira was easily subjugated, but Terceira remained faithful to the liberal cause.

The excess zeal of his supporters to prosecute the liberals would blacken the reputation of Miguel's regime. During the liberal insurrection on 6 March 1829 in Cais do Sodré, Brigadier Moreira, his officers and their supporters were all bayoneted. On 7 May the members of the rebel garrison of Oporto who had revolted were also executed. In some cases, the local population contributed to these horrors and reprisals, as in Vila Franca da Xira where they assassinated 70 people believed to have liberal sympathies. Although these actions were disapproved of by many of Miguel's ministers, the Count of Basto was not one of them.  Even the Viscount of Queluz, a medic and intimate friend of the Miguel, was exiled to Alfeite for joining the chorus of those who challenged the reprisal killings. But the Queen Mother continued to support the attacks on liberals, and motivated these actions in order to strengthen the monarchy. Even after she died on 7 January 1830, many atrocities continued to be committed in the name of Miguel, some against foreign nationals who intervened in the politics of Portugal.

While Spain, The Holy See, and the United States recognized Miguel as king, in England and France there was little public support for the regime. The imprudence that the Miguelist government showed in harassing English and French foreign nationals provoked them to protest. Eventually Admiral Albin Roussin, was ordered by Louis Philippe I (who, like England, could not obtain any diplomatic satisfaction), to take action; he sailed up the Tagus, captured eight Portuguese ships and forcibly imposed a treaty (14 July 1831). But, Miguelist reprisals on liberals continued; most sentences were carried out within 24 hours. The 4th Infantry, in Lisbon, registered 29 executions on 22 and 23 August 1831 alone.

Liberal Wars

Only the island of Terceira in the Azores remained loyal to Queen Maria II; the constitutional government continued to function there in exile. At first João Carlos Saldanha was unable to reach the island, owing to the hostility of an English cruiser, but the Count of Vila Flor (later Duke of Terceira) was more successful; he arrived on the island, rebuilt the defences and quickly beat back Miguel's forces (on 11 August 1829) as they were attempting to invade the island. By 1831 the liberals had taken over all the islands of the Azores.

Peter, after abdicating the imperial crown of Brazil, placed himself at the head of the Liberal Army (1831) and from the Azores launched an invasion of northern Portugal, Landing at Mindelo, near Oporto which he quickly occupied. But Miguel's army was formidable, composed of the best troops, with dedicated volunteers and enthusiastic militiamen (although not, perhaps, the best senior officers). They easily encircled the city and lay siege to it. As the defense of Oporto persisted, Miguel resolved to visit his troops in April 1833. But in the meantime Lisbon fell into the hands of the Duke of Terceira, who had left Oporto earlier in the Liberal fleet commanded by Charles John Napier, disembarked in the Algarve and marched across the Alentejo to defeat the Miguelist General Teles Jordão (seizing the city on 24 July). Napier, after defeating a Miguelist fleet off Cape St. Vincent, joined the Duke of Terceira in the north, taking control of the Tagus.

Miguel was assisted by the French General Bourmont, who, after the fall of Charles X of France came with many of his legitimist officers to the aid of the king of Portugal (that is, Miguel). He was later replaced by the Scottish General Ranald MacDonnell who withdrew the Miguelist army besieging Lisbond to the almost impregnable heights of Santarém, where Miguel established his base of operations. The battles continued in earnest. In Alcácer the Miguelist forces captured some ground but this was quickly lost to General Saldanha in Pernes and Almoster. The latter action (18 February 1834) was the most violent and bloody of the civil war. In the end, politics sealed Miguel's fate: his alliance with Carlos of Spain alienated the sympathies of Ferdinand VII of Spain, who recognized Maria's claim to the Portuguese throne, and concluded a quadruple alliance with the queen and Peter as well as with the governments of France and England.

The Spanish General Rodil entered into Portugal while pursuing D. Carlos and his small force and at the same time the Duke of Terceira won the Battle of Asseiceira (16 May 1834) making D. Miguel's position critical. Miguel escaped Santarém and moved south-east in the direction of Elvas. While Miguel made for Évora, his generals voted in a council of war to suspend hostilities and sue for peace. Miguel accepted the decision.

After a three-year civil war, Miguel I was forced to abdicate at the Concession of Evoramonte (26 May 1834). While Carlos was transported to England (he later secretly returned to Spain), Miguel embarked on 1 June 1834 on a British warship from Sines bound for Genoa; he lived in exile first in Italy, then in England, and finally in Germany. He never returned to Portugal.

Second exile and death

In December 1834 the Portuguese Cortes banished Miguel and all his descendants from Portugal upon pain of immediate death. The Constitution of 1838 (article 98) categorically excluded the collateral Miguelist line from the throne (although with the return to the Constitutional Charter in 1842, this ceased to have force). The 1834 banishment law remained in effect until repealed in May 1950. During his exile, he was known as Duke of Braganza, as well as Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Barcelos, Count of Neiva and Count of Ourém.

On 15 January 1837 the Spanish Cortes, then in midst of the First Carlist War (1833–39), excluded Miguel from the Spanish succession, on the grounds that he was in rebellion along with his maternal uncle Carlos, the first Carlist pretender of Spain. Miguel's eldest sister Teresa, Princess of Beira, and his nephews (three sons of late Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal, and Sebastian, son of Teresa, Princess of Beira) were also excluded.

Miguel lived the rest of his life in exile and, removed from Portuguese politics, his character altered radically; in his later years he was a portly heavily bearded patriarch and lacked the cowboy persona of his early life. He refused to accede to the terms of the Concession of Evoramonte and thereby forfeited his generous pension from the Portuguese government. He lived for a time as a destitute refugee in Rome, in apartments provided by Pope Gregory XVI, who also gave him a small monthly allowance. Following the death of Pope Gregory and the election of Pius IX as Pope, D. Miguel moved to London, arriving on 2 February 1847. In 1851, he moved to the Grand Duchy of Baden in southern Germany and married Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein. They settled in the former Cistercian monastery of Bronnbach, and raised seven children. His widow succeeded in securing advantageous marriages for all their daughters.

Miguel died while hunting at Bronnbach, Grand Duchy of Baden on 14 November 1866. He was buried in his wife's family's vault in the Franciscan monastery of Engelberg at Grossheubach, Bavaria. In 1967 his body and that of his wife (then resting in Ryde on the Isle of Wight in England) were transferred to the Braganza pantheon in the old Monastery of São Vicente de Fora in Lisbon.

Titles and honours

In addition to his hereditary titles, over the course of his career Miguel received many awards and honors, including the following.

Portuguese honours
 Grand Commander of the Three Military Orders of Christ, Aviz and St. James
 Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
 Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
 Grand Master of the Order of St. Michael of the Wing (revoked)
 Grand Prior of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem in Portugal

Foreign dynastic orders

Posthumously, or during his reign, Miguel was known by various epithets:
 O Tradicionalista ("The Traditionalist")
 O Usurpador ("The Usurper")
 O Absolutista ("The Absolutist")
 O Sacrificado ("The Sacrificed")
 O Rei Absoluto ("The Absolute King")

Marriage and descendants

In 1851, at the age of 48, he married Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein, by whom he had a son and six daughters.

Ancestry

Patrilineal descent

Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations.

Miguel's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son.

Robert II, Count of Worms, Rheingau and Hesbaye, 770–807
Robert III, Count of Worms and Rheingau, 808–834
Robert IV the Strong, Duke of Maine, 820–866
Robert I, King of the Franks, 866–923
Hugh the Great, Count of Paris, 898–956
Hugh Capet, King of the Franks, 941–996
Robert II, King of the Franks, 972–1031
Robert I, Duke of Burgundy, 1011–1076
Henri of Burgundy, 1035–
Henrique, Count of Portugal, 1066–1112
Afonso Henriques, King of Portugal, 1109–1185
Sancho I, King of Portugal, 1154–1211
Afonso II, King of Portugal, 1185–1223
Afonso III, King of Portugal and the Algarve, 1210–1279
Dinis, King of Portugal and the Algarve, 1261–1325
Afonso IV, King of Portugal and the Algarve, 1291–1357
Pedro I, King of Portugal and the Algarve, 1320–1367
João I, King of Portugal and the Algarve, 1357–1433
Afonso, Duke of Braganza, 1377–1461
Fernando I, Duke of Braganza, 1403–1478
Fernando II, Duke of Braganza, 1430–1483
Jaime, Duke of Braganza, 1479–1532
Teodósio I, Duke of Braganza, 1510–1563
João I, Duke of Braganza, 1543–1583
Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza, 1558–1630
João IV, King of Portugal and the Algarves, 1604–1656
Pedro II, King of Portugal and the Algarves, 1648–1706
João V, King of Portugal and the Algarves, 1689–1750
Pedro III, King of Portugal and the Algarves, 1717–1786
João VI, King of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, 1767–1826
Miguel, King of Portugal and the Algarves, 1802–1866

References
Notes

Sources

External links

 Law of his banishment (19 December 1834)
 Diccionario Histórico () – (Portuguese) website on the life of Miguel

1802 births
1866 deaths
House of Braganza
Dukes of Braganza
Portuguese infantes
19th-century Portuguese monarchs
People of the Liberal Wars
Nobility from Lisbon
Constables of Portugal
Burials at the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
3
3
3
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Louis
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Royal reburials
Sons of emperors
Exiled royalty

Miguel I of Portugal


Wilson's theorem is a theorem of number theory. Let n be any natural number. Wilson's theorem says that n is a prime number if and only if:

This means that if n is a prime number, the equation is correct. Also, if the equation is correct, then n is a prime number. The equation says that the factorial of (n - 1) is one less than a multiple of n.

Theorems in number theory

Wilson's theorem


Fallout 3 is an action role-playing game computer game. It was created by Bethesda Game Studios. The game is the third in the Fallout series of games. It is set in a world where nuclear bombs have ruined the surface and people are fighting to survive. Fallout 3 was released on October 28, 2008 in North America, October 30, 2008 in Australia, and October 31, 2008 in the United Kingdom.

Gameplay
The player controls a character on the screen with two different view points. One point of view is from the character's head and another is from behind the character. The player may make their character different by changing their name, gender, how they look, and using skill points to make their character better at doing certain things.

The character may use either close-up weapons, guns or grenades to fight enemies. These need to be repaired in order to stay good. The player can also create weapons using drawings found in the game. There are two modes of fighting. The player may either aim and shoot at enemies or use a special system, called the "Vault-tec Assisted Targeting System" (VATS), to attack an enemy's arms and legs.

The character has a limited number of Health Points. If these are lost due to damage, the character will die. However, the player can dress their character in armor so that the character takes less damage. The character may also get sick from radiation.

The character can also be good or bad, and earns "Karma points" for being good and doing nice things or loses Karma points for being mean or killing people who do not deserve it.

Characters
Because of the nuclear war the world was radiated very badly. The people who were not safe turned into Ghouls, living zombies. The player also has to fight against Raiders, Super Mutants, and animals like irradiated cockroachs, scorpions, and vicious dogs.

Many normal people are alive, though. For example, a city made of airplane parts, Megaton, has normal humans, Tenpenny Tower has rich people and Paradise Falls that has slaves and slavers. There is also a city made of Ghouls called Underworld which is an old museum.

Plot
In the Fallout games, the world after 2050 destroyed itself because all the nations bombed each other with nuclear bombs. A few people in the United States hid underground in shelters called "Vaults". The player comes from Vault 101 in Washington, D.C. They leave the vault because their father has gone missing.

The game does not have a required story as the player can play any missions, called "quests", whenever they want. The main story involves the player interacting with what used to be the Army, the Brotherhood of Steel, and the evil Enclave, which used to be the government. The player has to either stop the Enclave's mission to kill all mutant people or help them.

Creation
Black Isle Studios, a company belonging to Interplay, was making the game. Interplay lost all of its money and sold the game to Bethesda Softworks in July 2004. Bethesda Softworks created a new version of the game. It was supposed to look like Bethesda's game before Fallout, Oblivion, but they made it much bigger. The game now has a 16-square mile game setting. In Australia, the game could not be sold because it talked about real drugs. The programmers renamed the drugs so that it could be sold in Australia.

Reception
Fallout 3 has gotten very good reviews. It has a 93% mark at Metacritic and sold 110,000 more copies than another Bethesda Softworks game, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion.

References

2008 video games
Role-playing video games
Windows games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
Fallout series

Fallout 3


Vyankatesh Madgulkar (1927-2001) was one of the most popular and well-known Marathi writers of his time. He became well-known mainly for his realistic writings about village life in a part of southern Maharashtra called Maandesh. These writings about Maandesh are set in a period of 15 to 20 years before and after India's Independence.

Vyankatesh Madgulkar was a man of many interests. He also read a lot of books on different subjects. He was lovingly called Tatya ("old man", or "grand old man" in Marathi) by his admirers, friends and family members.

Childhood
Vyankatesh Madgulkar was born in Madgul, a village in Sangli district of Maharashtra. The Madgulkar family had probably come from the neighbouring state of Karnataka a few centuries back. They were one of the eight Brahmin families Madgul, which had a population of over a thousand.

The family owned some land. Vyankatesh Madgulkar's grandfather and the earlier generations had lived off the land. However, in Vyankatesh Madgulkar's father's time, the land could not feed the family. The family was large. Apart from Vyankatesh Madgulkar, there were seven children, one of whom died early.

Vyankatesh Madgulkar's father took a job in the government of the Aundh princely state, which ruled over Madgul and the region around it known as Maandesh  . The job took him to various villages and small towns of Maandesh. For some time, the family moved with him. In this way, Vyankatesh Madgulkar got to see life in many parts of Maandesh.

Although his mother was an old-fashioned woman who believed Brahmins should not mix with people of 'lower' castes, Vyankatesh Madgulkar freely mixed with children of other castes and communities. From them he learnt how to climb trees, how to identify birds, how to trap fish, how to hunt.

Madgul had no electricity, bus service or shop. But it had a primary school. Vyankatesh Madgulkar studied there and later in a secondary school in a small town nearby. But he was not a good student. Some of his teachers told him he had no future.

When he was a teenager, he left home and joined a group of people fighting for India's freedom. For two years he was considered a criminal by the British government.

Working life
After India got Independence, Vyankatesh Madgulkar returned home. His elder brother ("Anna"), Gajanan, had already left home and become a writer for Marathi films.`GaDiMa' (Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar), as he was called, went on to become a famous poet, song and screenplay writer, and a well-known name in Maharashtra.

GaDiMa's success might have helped Vyankatesh Madgulkar to also think of becoming an artist. However, he had his own personality, different from that of his brother.

As he said often, he had always had the feeling he was "different". He first wanted to be a poet. He also loved sketching and painting. And though he did not complete school education, he developed an enormous love for reading. He learnt and read English books the hard way, with the help of a dictionary. He read books by the American novelist John Steinbeck, the famous British writer George Orwell and the Irish writer Liam O' Flaherty, and several other Western writers.

Vyankatesh Madgulkar first tried to become a painter. He went to the city of Kolhapur in western Maharashtra to learn painting. However, he lost interest in becoming a painter and turned to writing. He wrote his first short story when he was 19 years old. It won a literary prize. This encouraged him to become a writer.

In 1948, when he was 21, he took up a job as a journalist. Two years later he moved to the capital of Maharashtra, Mumbai, to write scripts for Marathi films.

In 1955 he took up a job in Pune, in the rural programming department of the government's All India Radio (AIR) station . He worked here till he retired in 1985. All this time, he continued to write.

He visited Australia and the island of Tasmania while he was in the service of All India Radio and wrote stories based upon his experiences there.

Vyankatesh Madgulkar died in August 2001 at the age of 73. He died of complications from diabetes.

Writing
Vyankatesh Madgulkar wrote in many different ways. He wrote nearly 40 screenplays for films. He wrote several folk plays. He attempted a Marathi version of Fiddler on the Roof.He translated books, especially wild life books, from English to Marathi. He wrote essays on his travels, nature and interesting people he had read about, like Richard Burton, the British traveler.

However, he is most fondly remembered for his short stories and novellas (long stories). He wrote 8 novellas and over 200 short stories.

His first book, Maandeshi Manse (People of Maandesh), was published when he was only 22 years old. Maandeshi Manse is about different kinds of people Vyankatesh Madgulkar had met during his childhood in Maandesh. The descriptions of these people are realistic. However, Vyankatesh Madgulkar explained later that the descriptions were are not fully true. The people in Maandeshi Manse are creations of the author, based on real people he knew.

Vyankatesh Madgulkar mixed the real world with his own imagination in the same way in all his Maandeshi stories. He also did not change his style of writing.

That style is generally of a person telling a story to people sitting in front of him.

Many of the stories told in this way are about poor people. Some stories are about things that had happened during Vyankatesh Madgulkar's childhood. Some stories are about family members. Only a few stories have a plot. Most stories have one central character. But a few stories are about happenings rather than on people. We see all this in his book 'Karunashtak' which mainly revolves around his mother.

Bangarwadi
The most famous of Vyankatesh Madgulkar's writing is his novella called Bangarwadi (1954). It is about the experiences of a young schoolteacher in a village of shepherds in Maandesh. The story begins with the schoolteacher walking alone towards the village called Bangarwadi, in the night, across a landscape with few trees. When the teacher reaches Bangarwadi, he finds that the school is not working. Over the next months, the schoolteacher successfully runs the school. However, at the end of the story, lack of rainfall forces all the people of Bangarwadi to leave the village. The school again has no students.

Within this story, Vyankatesh Madgulkar gives us an unforgettable and detailed picture of a way of living. One reviewer, Taya Zinkin reviewing the English translation of the book in The Economic Weekly in 1958 said, "(it) is perhaps the most important book written by an Indian about India to appear in English since [Jawaharlal] Nehru's Discovery of India."

Bangarwardi was translated in several languages. The great German scholar on India Gunther Sontheimer translated it in German. Bookstores in Pune and other Maharashtra cities still sell the original book in Marathi. It has been reprinted over 15 times.

Bangarwardi was also make into a film by Amol Palekar.

Other writing
Vyankatesh Madgulkar wrote stories about Maandesh for around 20 years, from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. Later, he wrote about his family and then about nature. His last novella, Sattantar (1981), about a community of monkeys, won him the central government's Sahitya Parishad award for best Marathi book published in that year.

About translations
Vyankatesh Madgulkar has been translated in several languages. Brief details of translation in English with year of publication are as below:
 Bangarwadi was translated as The village had no walls by Ram Deshmukh. The book was published by Asia Publishing House, Mumbai, in 1958 and again by Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, in 1994.
 Vavtal (Whirlwind) was translated as Winds of fire by Pramod Kale. The book was published by Hind Pocket Books, New Delhi, in 1974. The book is out of print.
 An excerpt from The village had no walls was published in Treasury of Modern Asian Stories (Mentor Books, New York, 1961).
 An excerpt from The village had no walls was published in Stories from South Asia (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988).
 A story translated as School Inspection was published in The Rough and the Smooth (Asia Publishing House, Mumbai, 1966).
 A translation of Mulanyacha Bakas (The Mulanas' Bakas ) was published in Modern Indian Literature: An Anthology- Volume Two (Fiction) (Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1993)

The following are brief details of translation of his work in languages other than English with year of publication:
  Bangarwadi was translated in German by the noted Indologist Gunther Sontheimer (1986)
 Service Motar (Bus service) was translated in German (1969)
 An excerpt from Bangarwadi was translated in Danish (1964)
 Bangarwadi was translated in Hindi (1962?)
 Around 20 stories including Bus Service and Shala (School) were translated in Hindi between 1958 and 1981
 Sattantar was translated in Kannada (1990)
 Vavtal (Whirlwind) was translated in Russian (publication details not available)

 References
 Yeshwant Shripad Raste, Vyankatesh Madgulkar Samagra Vadmay Soochi, Utkarsh Prakashan, Pune, 1996
 M. D. Hatkangalekar (ed.), Vyankatesh Madgulkar: Maandeshi Manus aani Kalavant, Shabdh Prakashan, Satara, 2000
 Vyankatesh Madgulkar, Karunashtak'', Majestic Prakashan, Mumbai, 2003

Other websites
Marathi Songs Of Ga Di Madgulkar - The Official Madgulkar Website
Gadima On Facebook - The Official Madgulkar Facebook Page

1927 births
2001 deaths
Indian writers

Vyankatesh Madgulkar


The Full stop law, Ley de Punto Final, was passed by the National Congress of Argentina in 1986, three years after the end of the military dictatorship of the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional (1976 to 1983) and restoration of democracy. Formally, this law is referred to by number (Law No. 23492), like all others in Argentine legislation, but Ley de Punto Final is the designation in common use, even in official speeches.

History
It was passed after the government in 1985 had prosecuted men at the top of the military hierarchies in the Trial of the Juntas for crimes committed during the Dirty War against political dissidents. Several officers were convicted and sentenced; the government's security and military forces had "disappeared" and killed an estimated 15,000-30,000 people.

The law mandated the end of investigation and prosecution of people accused of political violence during the dictatorship and up to the restoration of democratic rule on 10 December 1983. It was passed on 24 December 1986, after only a 3-week debate. Its text is very short; it has seven articles.  Article No. 5 excepts from the application of the law the cases of identity forgery and forced disappearance of minors.

The Ley de Punto Final was extremely controversial in its time and afterward. Under pressure from the military, the law was proposed by the Radical administration of President Raúl Alfonsín as a means to stop prosecution of additional suspects among military and security officers after General Jorge Videla, Admiral Emilio Massera, General Roberto Viola,  Admiral Armando Lambruschini, and General Orlando Agosti had been prosecuted. Alfonsín was initially opposed to this law, but under threat of a coup d'état, he accepted the legislation. In the Chamber of Deputies, 114 deputies voted for the law, 17 against, and two abstained; in the Senate, 25 senators voted for, and 10 against.

This law had a complement in the Law of Due Obedience, passed in 1987, which exempted subordinates from prosecution when they were carrying out orders. Both laws were repealed by the National Congress in 2003. The Supreme Court of Justice ruled both laws were unconstitutional on 14 June 2005.

The government re-opened prosecution of cases for crimes against humanity. The first of such cases, against the former Buenos Aires Provincial Police second-in-command Miguel Etchecolatz, ended in September 2006 with his conviction on several counts of kidnapping, torture and murder. In sentencing him to life imprisonment, the tribunal said that the dictatorship's state terrorism against political dissidents was a form of genocide. It was the first time in the Argentine trials that genocide had been applied to the assaults against the class of political dissidents.

See also
Amnesty law
Trial of the Juntas
Law of Due Obedience
Carapintadas
Impunity laws (Argentina)

References

Presidency of Raúl Alfonsín
Repealed Argentine legislation
Dirty War
1986 in Argentina
1986 in law

Full stop law