Olave St Clair Baden-Powell, Baroness Baden-Powell  (née Soames; 22 February 1889 – 25 June 1977) was the first Chief Guide for Britain and the wife of Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting and co-founder of Girl Guides. She outlived her husband, who was 32 years her senior, by over 35 years.

Lady Baden-Powell became Chief Guide for Britain in 1918. Later the same year, at the Swanwick conference for Commissioners in October, she was presented with a gold Silver Fish, one of only two ever made. She was elected World Chief Guide in 1930. As well as making a major contribution to the development of the Guide/Girl Scout movements, she visited 111 countries during her life, attending Jamborees and national Guide and Scout associations. In 1932, she was created a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire by King George V.

Family and early life
Born in Chesterfield, England, Olave Soames was the third child and youngest daughter of brewery owner and artist Harold Soames (1855–1918), of Gray Rigg, Lilliput, Dorset (descended from the landed gentry Soames family of Sheffield Park) and his wife Katherine Mary, daughter of George Hill. She was educated by her parents and by a number of governesses at home. She lived in seventeen homes in the first 23 years of her life. Olave became keen on outdoor sports including tennis, swimming, football, skating and canoeing, and also played the violin.

Olave was the sister of Arthur Granville Soames and thus aunt to his children, including Christopher Soames, Conservative politician and diplomat, who in 1947 wed Mary Churchill, youngest child of Sir Winston Churchill.

Adult life

Marriage and children

In January 1912, Olave met Second Boer War hero and founder of the Scouts, Robert Baden-Powell, on an ocean liner (RMSP Arcadian) on the way via the Caribbean to New York to start a lecture tour. She was 23, he was 55, and they shared the same birthday. They became engaged in September of the same year, causing a media sensation. They married on 30 October 1912 in a very private ceremony, in St. Peter's Church, Parkstone, her parish church.  She was given away by her father. Apart from clergy, the only other people present were his brother and sister and Robert Kekewich, a close friend of his, her mother and brother, her brother-in-law and Miss Sie Bower, a close friend of hers.

The Scouts and Guides of England each donated a penny to buy the Baden-Powells a wedding gift of a car (not the Rolls-Royce called "Jam-Roll" that was presented to them in 1929). Olave's father helped financially with the purchase of Pax Hill near Bentley, Hampshire, as a family home where she lived with her husband from 29 January 1919 until 25 October 1938.

The Baden-Powells had three children – a son and two daughters (who took the courtesy titles of Honourable in 1929; the son later succeeding his father as the 2nd Lord Baden-Powell upon his father's death in 1941):
 Arthur Robert Peter Baden-Powell, later 2nd Baron Baden-Powell (1913–1962), who married Carine Boardman (1913–1993), and they had two sons and a daughter; at Peter's death, the elder son Robert succeeded him as 3rd Baron Baden-Powell; the younger son, Michael, and the daughter live in Australia;
 The Hon. Heather Grace Baden-Powell (1915–1986), who married John Hall King (1913–2004), and they had two sons; and
 The Hon. Betty St. Clair Baden-Powell, CBE (1917–2004) who, like her mother, met her future husband on board ship, an older man (by a decade) who shared her birthday. She married, on 24 September 1936, Gervas Charles Robert Clay (1907–2009). They had a daughter and three sons. Betty Clay was also prominent in the Guide Movement in Northern Rhodesia until they retired to England in 1964, when she became involved with the Girl Guides in England until her death.

In addition, when Olave's sister, Auriol Davidson, née Soames, died in 1919, Olave took her three nieces, Christian (1912–1975), Clare (1913–1980), and Yvonne, (1918–2000), into her family and brought them up as her own children.

War work
During 1915 and 1916, with World War I in progress, Olave assisted directly with the war effort in France. Robert had seen the usefulness of the YMCA's recreational huts for the soldiers and persuaded the Mercers' Company (of which he had been Master in 1912) to pay for such a hut at Val-de-Lievres, Calais. It was to be staffed by adults connected with Scouting. Olave was one of the team of five men and three women that staffed the hut at the start. She persuaded her mother to look after the children for the time she would be away.

Olave left for France on 7 October 1915, when her second child was five months old. Her regular work in the Mercers' hut included serving cocoa and cigarettes and chatting to those who came in. She also recalled in her autobiography playing her violin and singing at the Christmas Concert. Olave also adopted a number of stray animals during her time in Val-de-Lievres.

During this time, Robert had organised the Scouts to sponsor another recreational hut. Olave and two others started this hut at Étaples after Christmas 1915. At the end of January, Olave was ordered home due to sickness, ending her three months in France.

Growing involvement in Scouting

Olave and Robert moved into Ewhurst Place , outside Robertsbridge in Sussex in April 1913. In June of that year, the 1st Ewhurst Scout Troop was inaugurated. Olave was the warranted Scoutmaster of this troop, assisted by the family's housemaid and the gardener. Olave accompanied Robert on many of his Scouting tours and to events. She also typed letters for him. In 1915, the Baden-Powells bought a small car, and after Robert taught her to drive, Olave often drove him to engagements.

Although most famously connected with the Girl Guides, Olave's first offer to help them in 1914 was turned down. The Girl Guide movement had started after pressure from girls who wanted to become Scouts. It was set up by Robert Baden-Powell and his sister Agnes Baden-Powell.  After the reorganisation of the Girl Guides in 1915, Olave again offered to help, this time successfully, and she started organising Guiding in Sussex. She became the County Commissioner for Sussex in March 1916.  In October 1916, the first conference for County Commissioners was held and it was here that the Commissioners unanimously requested that Olave take the role of Chief Commissioner – she was just pregnant with her third child. Shortly before this she had organised a great number of women in other parts of Britain to take up roles in Guiding. In 1918, Olave was acclaimed Chief Guide, a title she much preferred to Chief Commissioner.

Recognition

Global awards
In 1932, she was awarded the Dame Grand Cross of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (GBE) by King George V, in recognition of her volunteer work. Finland awarded her the Order of the White Rose of Finland, and Peru the Order of the Sun. In 1957 she was awarded both the 14th Bronze Wolf, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, and the highest distinction of the Scout Association of Japan, the Golden Pheasant Award.

Standard
Olave Baden-Powell was presented with a personal standard by the UK Girl Guide's County Commissioners. It was designed by Mrs Zigomala. Miss Kay-Shuttleworth supervised the making of the standard.

The Standard of Lady Baden-Powell, Chief Guide of the World, is blue (azure) from the hoist to the fly. Nearest the hoist is the gold (or) trefoil; then come two small hemispheres, showing a coloured map of the world, indicating her post as Chief Guide. These are placed high to the left of the main fly, which is divided throughout its length by two silver (argent) waves, amongst which are shown three ships with black hulls and white sails, four dolphins and the Gold Fish of the Chief Guide. Then between two red (gules) motto bands on which are embroidered the Baden-Powell and Girl Guide mottoes in gold letters, there is a section alluding to the outdoor life, showing white tents on a green (vert) field. In the extreme fly the Baden-Powell crests are embroidered.

Death of Robert Baden-Powell
In October 1938, Olave moved to the Outspan Hotel, Nyeri, Kenya, near her third cousin, Jack Soames, and the notorious Happy Valley set, with her husband, where he died, on 8 January 1941. Lord Erroll was in the funeral procession, just prior to his murder on 24 January 1941.

After her husband's death, Olave received thousands of letters of condolence. She was helped to reply to them all by Bertha Hines, the wife of David Hines, who was away fighting the Italian army that had invaded Ethiopia and Somalia. Often, Olave would watch Bertha's baby daughter, Penny, while Bertha typed reply letters.

World War II
In 1942, she braved U-boat attacks to return to the UK and, as she had no home to return to, was allocated a grace and favour apartment in Hampton Court Palace, in which she lived from 1943 to 1976. Her own home, Pax Hill, had been commandeered and taken over by the Canadian military. Through World War II she toured the United Kingdom. She was on a visit when a V2 missile damaged her Hampton Court apartment in 1944. As soon as she could after D-Day, she went to France, toured throughout Europe as the war ended to help revive Guiding and Scouting.

After World War II

Olave led the Guide Movement worldwide for forty years, travelling all over the globe helping to establish and to encourage the Guide Movements in other countries, and bringing membership to over six and a half million worldwide.  Olave was present in Washington, DC in 1962 for the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the American Girl Scouts.

Having suffered a heart attack in Australia in 1961, she was finally banned from travelling by her doctor at the age of 80 in 1970 when she was diagnosed with diabetes from which she eventually died.

In 1968, the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) had given Olave a credit card to defray her travel costs. When she stopped travelling, the BSA asked her to use the card for 'keeping in touch'. This included paying for over 2000 Christmas cards she sent to those personally known to her.

Having spent her later years in a grace-and-favour apartment at Hampton Court Palace, Olave died on 25 June 1977 at Birtley House, Bramley in Surrey. Her ashes were taken to Kenya to be buried in the same grave as her husband's remains. She was survived by her two daughters, her son having predeceased her.

Legacy

The Olave Centre for Guides was built in north London in Olave's memory. This has the World Bureau and Pax Lodge in its grounds. Pax Lodge is one of WAGGGS' five World Centres.

Scouts and Guides mark 22 February as B.-P. Day or World Thinking Day, the joint birthdays of Robert and Olave Baden-Powell, to remember and celebrate the work of the Chief Scout and Chief Guide of the World. On that day in 2011, a Blue Plaque was unveiled near the site of the house in Chesterfield where she lived, by Derbyshire County Council following an Internet poll in which she received 18,026 votes out of 25,080 (72%), cf. 1,231 (5%) for George Stephenson (runner-up).

The Olave Baden-Powell Bursary Fund was set up in 1979 from voluntary contributions in memory of Olave B-P. Annually awarded bursaries aim to allow girls in Girlguiding UK to further their interests and hobbies and realise their dreams.

As a child, Olave learned the violin; her first violin she called Diana. It was a copy of a Stradivarius made by Messrs. Hill for the Paris Exhibition and many years later it was presented to the Guide Association. It is still available on loan to Guides who are seriously learning to play the violin prior to them acquiring their own instrument. See "The Derbyshire Childhood..."

A movement was started in Australia, the idea being, "When you buy an ice-cream, buy one also for the Chief Guide", and this "Ice-cream Fund" raises a significant sum every year,
sent to Olave B-P to give away to various Guiding causes; one such was to provide doors for new Guide buildings.

Works
 1973: Window on My Heart

References

External links

 Olave Baden Powell – The World Chief Guide including a timeline
 Robert Baden-Powell
 Photographs
 Olave's ancestry – one line
 Awards

1889 births
1977 deaths
International Scouting leaders
Recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award
Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from diabetes
People from Chesterfield, Derbyshire
Scouting pioneers
Chief Guides
Recipients of the Order of the Sun of Peru
Olave
Recipients of the Silver Fish Award
British baronesses
People from Robertsbridge
People from Bentley, Hampshire
Girlguiding officials
Wives of knights

Olave Baden-Powell


Cayuco is a Latin American Spanish term for a small canoe.

Overview
Cayuco racing is the activity of paddling a canoe for the purpose of recreation (also called a float trip), sport, or transportation. It usually refers exclusively to using a paddle to propel a canoe with only human muscle power. A cayuco is propelled using a paddle with one blade where the paddler sits with their legs in front of them, whereas canoes are propelled using single- or double-bladed paddles where the paddler is kneeling or sitting. Cayucos are usually half closed-decked boats with a spraydeck, while canoes are usually open boats.

 in Puerto Rico is an idiomatic expression for something that is difficult, a situation that is very tough to face or a problem too hard to untangle. It is the equivalent of the English phrase "This is a hot mess." In Puerto Rican: "."

There are also open cayucos and closed canoes. Technically, a cayuco can be seen as a special kind of canoe. When exactly a canoe can be called cayuco is difficult to determine though, and often arbitrary. Internationally, the term canoeing is used as a generic term for all forms, though the terms paddlesports or canoe/kayak/cayuco are also used.

In North America, however, canoeing usually refers only to canoes, as opposed to both canoes and cayucos. Paddling a cayuco is also referred to as cayuco.

Open canoes may be 'poled' (punted), sailed, 'lined and tracked' (using ropes) or even 'gunnel-bobbed'. In modern canoe sport, both canoes and cayucos may be closed-decked. Other than by the minimum competition specifications (typically length and width (beam) and seating arrangement it is difficult to differentiate most competition canoes from the equivalent competition cayucos.

The Panamanian cayuco
In the Republic of Panama, a cayuco is a vessel carved from the trunk of a tree, used mainly, but not exclusively by the indigenous people of the country. In 1954, these vessels were adopted by the Boy Scouts of America Explorers in the former Panama Canal Zone to make the first Ocean to Ocean Cayuco Race, which goes across the Panama Canal, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

Notes

References
 Cayuco article from CayucoPedia.
https://cayucorace.org/ - cayuco website

Canoeing

Cayuco


William Rainey Marshall (October 17, 1825January 8, 1896) was an American politician. He was the fifth Governor of Minnesota from January 8, 1866 to January 9, 1870 and was a member of the Republican party. He served as an officer in the 7th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War (1861–1865).

He was born in Columbia, Missouri. Marshall first settled in Illinois and Wisconsin, where he mined for lead and surveyed land. He was elected to serve in the Wisconsin State Assembly in the 1st Wisconsin Legislature in 1848 as a Democrat, but his seat was successfully contested by Joseph Bowron, because his home in St. Croix Falls was on the west (Minnesota Territory) side of the new state line. In 1849 he crossed the St. Croix River to settle in St. Paul, soon home of his fledgling hardware business. He served a term in the first Minnesota territorial legislature, and his reputation grew when he served as chairman of the convention that founded the state's Republican Party.

The one-time banker, dairy farmer, stock-raiser, and newspaper publisher volunteered to fight in both the Civil War and the Dakota War of 1862. He enlisted as a private in the 8th Minnesota and was quickly appointed lieutenant colonel of the 7th Minnesota on August 28, 1862. He fought in many of the battles of the Dakota War being promoted to colonel of his regiment on November 6, 1863. Marshall and his regiment were transferred to Andrew Jackson Smith's command in Missouri and took part in the pursuit of Sterling Price. Smith's command was attached to George H. Thomas' army outside Nashville. When Colonel Sylvester G. Hill was killed the first day of the battle of Nashville, Colonel Marshall took command of Hill's brigade and led it throughout the rest of the battle. He continued in brigade command when transferred to Mobile, Alabama to take part in the Battle of Fort Blakeley. Colonel Marshall was brevetted brigadier general of volunteers, dated March 13, 1865.

Marshall won the 1865 and 1867 gubernatorial elections. As governor, he repeatedly urged passage of a black suffrage amendment. After defeating it twice, the legislature finally adopted the amendment and inspired Marshall to declare that the "free young state of Minnesota" is "now altogether free." During William Marshall's administration, his adoptive state experienced a post-Civil-War surge of growth and development: its population doubled to 350,000, its railroad mileage quadrupled, and its commercial endeavors flourished.

After leaving office, Marshall remained active in both the private and public sectors as an attorney, banker, and as a railroad and land commissioner. He was a partner in a law firm with Jude Kerr and Robertson Howard while residing in St. Paul, but subsequent commercial ventures faltered, as did his health. He moved to California in 1894 and died there two years later, in Pasadena on January 8, 1896. He was buried at Oakland Cemetery in Saint Paul. He is listed as one of the few politicians to be an adherent of Swedenborgianism.

In Minnesota, Marshall County and the city of Marshall were both named after him.

Notes

References

External links
Biographical information and his  gubernatorial records are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society.
Minnesota Legislators Past & Present

1825 births
1896 deaths
Farmers from Minnesota
Members of the Minnesota Territorial Legislature
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Governors of Minnesota
Minnesota Republicans
American Swedenborgians
Politicians from Columbia, Missouri
People of Minnesota in the American Civil War
Republican Party governors of Minnesota
Union Army colonels
Wisconsin Democrats
19th-century American politicians
Businesspeople from Columbia, Missouri
People from St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin

William Rainey Marshall


Zizula hylax, 'the Tiny grass blue is a species of blue butterfly.

Description
Male upperside: dull violet blue, which changes to a brighter tint of violet in certain lights. Forewing: the costa very narrowly, the termen much more broadly dull brown; this edging to the termen in most specimens decreases in width from apex to tornus, and is outwardly followed by an anteciliary darker brown line. Cilia brownish anteriorly, posteriorly brownish at the base with the apical portions white. Hindwing: the ground colour brighter than on the forewing, the costal and terminal margins much more narrowly edged with brown, which edging is merged in the anteciliary dark brown line. Cilia: brown along their basal halves, white apically.

Underside: grey. Forewing: a dusky brown lunular line on the discocellulars; two subcostal spots above the cell, one on either side of the discocellular lunule; a very strongly curved discal series of five spots, of which the posterior three are somewhat lunular in shape and placed obliquely en echelon, the next above these hook shaped, the anterior spot round; both the subcostal spots and the spots of the discal series are black, each narrowly encircled with white; beyond these are inner and outer subterminal dusky lines, which anteriorly are continuous, posteriorly somewhat broken and macular, followed by a very conspicuous jet-black anteciliary slender line. Cilia greyish white, traversed by a medial transverse blackish-brown line. Hindwing: with the following small white-encircled black spots: a subbasal transverse series of three, followed by a highly curved series of eight spots, that curve across the disc of the wing to the costa and along the latter towards the base; discocellulars with a dusky short lunular line as on the forewing; terminal markings and cilia similar, but the outer and broader subterminal line more broken and macular than on the forewing. Antennae black, the shafts ringed with white; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, with a little violet pubescence on the head and thorax; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish white.

Female upperside: glossy brown, without any violet tint whatever; the anteciliary darker brown lines on both forewings and hindwings well marked. Underside: very similar to that of the male, the ground colour a shade darker, the markings slightly larger and more prominent. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male, but the latter three without a trace of violet or blue on the upperside.

Distribution
The tiny grass blue is found in several races throughout tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia, and Oceania, including India, Japan, the Philippines, Singapore, Eswatini, north and east coasts of Australia and also in southern Australia.

Life history
The wingspan of the adults is about . The eggs are pale green, round, and flattened, with a diameter of about . They are laid singly on buds and flowers of a food plant. The caterpillars are  long, green with a dark red line along the back, and light and dark lines partway along the sides. The sides are hairy, and the head is pale brown. The pupa is 0.7 cm long, hairy and green, and is attached to a stem or the underside of a leaf of a food plant.

Food plants
Food plants include various members of the family Acanthaceae. Species noted include Hygrophila auriculata and Phaulopsis dorsiflora.

References

Further reading
Cowan, C.F., 1965. Comment on the proposed designation of a type species for Pithecops Horsfield, 1828. Z.N (S.) 1675. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 22 (4):209-210.

 ICZN. Opinion 822, 1967. Pithecops Horsfield, [1828] designation of a type species under the plenary powers. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 24' (4):216-217.

External links

Polyommatini
Butterflies of Africa
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Oceania
Butterflies of Australia
Butterflies of Singapore
Butterflies described in 1775
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius

Zizula hylax


A movie serial is a movie broken into a several segments called "chapters" or "episodes". The segments are short. In the past, movie serials were originally shown in theaters with cartoons, newreels, and two movies. Each chapter was shown at the same theater for one week. A chapter ended with a cliffhanger, in which the hero or heroine was left in a dangerous situation. Viewers had to return each week to see the cliffhanger resolved and to follow the continuing story. Movie serials were popular with children. Heroes included Flash Gordon, Buck Rogers, Tarzan, Dick Tracy, and others.

Movie serial


Charles Henry King (March 12, 1853 – February 27, 1930) was an Omaha businessman and banker who was instrumental in founding several cities in the states of Nebraska and Wyoming. He saw opportunity with the expansion of the railroad west and built up related retail businesses, banks and freight operations. His fortune was estimated at $20 million. He was also the paternal grandfather of U.S. President Gerald Ford, who was born in his home in Omaha.

Personal life
King was born in Perry Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, the son of Lynch King and Rebecca Shepherd. King married Martha Alicia Porter, with whom he had five children who lived to adulthood: two sons and three daughters, two of them born in Chadron, Nebraska. King's son, Leslie, married Dorothy Ayer Gardner on September 7, 1912. They were married in Harvard, Illinois at her parents' home, but returned to Omaha to live, as that was where Leslie was working. After Dorothy became pregnant, Leslie moved into his parents' home to await the birth of his son, and he named him Leslie Jr. Because of problems with alcohol abuse and domestic violence, Dorothy and Leslie were separated sixteen days after their son's birth. Dorothy moved to her sister's home and then to her parents, who had moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan. Her divorce from Leslie was finalized in December 1913.

Wyoming and Nebraska pioneer
Starting in the 1880s, King began to set up stores, banks and freighting operations in locations which he expected to be destinations on the westward expansion of the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad.  This later became the Chicago and North Western Railroad.  His company was C.H. King and Company. By his strategic vision, he was ready to supply pioneers and settlers. In the process, King was instrumental in the development of Chadron, Nebraska.  While the King family lived in Chadron, two of their five children were born there, including Leslie.

King also helped found the Wyoming communities of Fetterman City, Douglas and Casper. In 1889 King expanded into banking and on June 10, 1889, added the word "bankers" to the name of his company.  In 1896 he sold the bank.  Previously known as the First National Bank of Casper, it is now part of the First Interstate BancSystem based in Wyoming and Montana.  King then concentrated on a freight business between the rail line terminus in Casper and the mineral-rich Wind River region.  He helped found the Wyoming communities of Shoshoni, Riverton, and Arapahoe.

In 1908, King moved his family to the growing regional city of Omaha, Nebraska.  To crown his success, he commissioned a three-story, 14-room Victorian mansion in central Omaha at 3202 Woolworth Avenue.  The mansion was noted for its ornate ballroom, in which Charles and Martha entertained many guests. King managed the Omaha Wool and Storage Company in the city. Leslie, and perhaps his other son, went into business with him as wool traders. King's wealth was estimated to have been up to $20 million. According to his granddaughter, King was known as the wealthiest man in Wyoming.

Later years and death
Perhaps because of scandal arising from Leslie's divorce and allegations of abuse against him, the Kings retired from business in 1913 and moved to California. When Leslie refused to pay child support, the Kings ensured that their grandson would not be deprived. They paid child support to Dorothy until 1929, shortly before their deaths. They were interred in Forest Lawn Cemetery, Glendale, California near Leslie.

Recognition of historic importance
 The site of C. H. King's mansion in Omaha has been recognized as the Gerald Ford Birthplace and Gardens historic site.
 The C.H. King Company and First Union Bank Building in Shoshoni, Wyoming has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  The current occupant is Yellowstone Drug.

References

1853 births
1930 deaths
People from Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Gerald Ford family
American city founders
Businesspeople from Omaha, Nebraska
People from Casper, Wyoming
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
People from Chadron, Nebraska
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Businesspeople from Wyoming
19th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesspeople

Charles Henry King


The term wedge may mean many things. Some of them are as noted below:

Wedge (mechanics) is a simple machine. People use this machine to separate two things. Sometimes, people use a wedge to split a thing into two or more parts, or  to fix things tightly
Wedge product is a term in mathematics
Wedge Antilles is a character in many Star Wars films
Wedge hairstyle, a hairstyle used by the skater named Dorothy Hamill

Wedge


Intel Atom (made as Intel Centrino (2003-2010) in 2003) (formerly called Centrino Atom (2008-2009)) is a low-power x86 Microprocessor.  It was created by Intel for netbooks, smartphones, tablet computers, and embedded systems. It was created to compete with the ARM CPU. Its performance per watt is still not as good as the ARM, although the overall performance is better. For a given clock speed, the performance is about the same as a Pentium 4, but the power consumption is much lower.

Intel processors

Intel Atom


Milton Keynes  is a city in Buckinghamshire, England.  In 1967, the government decided to start a large new town with the idea that it would become a city of 250,000 people by the end of the twentieth century. The place where it was built already included three towns and sixteen villages, with about 45,000 people living there.  More and more houses, shops and factories are built every year. By 2011, there were are about 275,000 residents. (In the United Kingdom, no matter how large a town is, it can not just call itself a city. Only the King or Queen can give it that name).

Aeroplanes flying over ordinary towns can see roads that look like a spider's web.  But when they fly over Milton Keynes, they see that its big roads look like a net or a grid.  The people who live there call the spaces between the busy roads grid squares and that is where they live. Nobody lives right next to the big roads, so there are no trucks going past the front door of people who live there. So really, Milton Keynes often seems more like a 100 little villages than a big city.

People do not have to cross a busy road to get from one grid square to the next one, because the roads go over bridges and people can cross safely under them. The paths that go under the roads and between the houses are called Redways because they are red in colour. Only people on bicycles and people walking are allowed to use them.  Cars, lorries and motorbikes are not allowed to go on them. So people could cycle all the way across the city and never have to go on a busy road.

What was it like before the builders came?

Before the builders came, there were many fields and a lot of villages.  People can still see the old villages because the houses look different.  There are many rivers and streams and lakes and a canal.  There are no houses on the fields beside the rivers.  Nobody can build on these fields because sometimes they get flooded when it rains a lot. But nearly all the time, they are just giant long parks called linear parks.

When the builders dug up the ground to build on, they found some strange things.  The oldest was the fossil of a dinosaur fish, called an Ichthyosaur.  They also found a Roman farm - people can still see bits of it because they decided to leave it alone.  They also found some buried treasure (the Milton Keynes Hoard) which is now in the British Museum (with copies in the Milton Keynes Museum).

What is there to do?
There is one big theatre and four small ones.  There are only two cinemas but each one has ten sections, so there are twenty movies on at a time.  There is a ski slope with real snow, even in summer.  That is because it is indoors, with a giant fridge to keep it cold.  There are four big swimming pools.  At the National Bowl, people can see their favourite bands and artists.  Not very far away, at Silverstone, they can see Formula 1 motor racing - including Milton Keynes's own F1 team, Red Bull Racing.  There is a football stadium, where they can see the local football club, Milton Keynes Dons F.C., play. They can see barges going past on the canal.  Near the station, there is a covered skateboard place. There is also Planet Ice where there is leisure skating available and the MK Lightning ice hockey team plays. This is also where they train figure skaters and ice dancers at national competition level. Professional skater, Vicky Ogden who has skated internationally and nationally for Great Britain for over 12 years is the head coach.

Road system  and roundabouts
The road system in Milton Keynes is based on the idea of major roads between districts and minor roads within them. The major roads (often dual carriageways) run almost all the way across the city but the minor roads are just for local use.  Most of the major roads have a national speed limit: 60 MPH / 95 KPH for single carriageway and 70 MPH / 110 KPH for dual carriageways. That means that traffic passing through Milton Keynes can cross from one side to the other in a relatively short time. The major roads run either north–south or east/west, though not in straight lines. This network is called a grid: the major roads are called 'grid roads'. Roundabouts are used at the junctions of the grid: not many junctions have traffic lights.

Public transport
The original design for Milton Keynes expected bus services to use the grid roads, with passengers walking to the nearest 'edge'. In reality, the bus services use the internal minor roads.

Concrete Cows

The Concrete Cows are an art installation by the American artist Elizabeth Leyh. The artist was working with local children to use found objects to create art. The concrete and armatures came as left-overs from local building sites. People from outside (notably a BBC Radio One disc jockey) jumped to the conclusion that they symbolised 'concrete cows for concrete fields', failing to recognise how green Milton Keynes is and that real cows and sheep graze the linear parks.

The cows in the field to the north of Monks Way near the junction with Erica Road are a copy. The original set is in the shopping centre in Central Milton Keynes. The copy cows are regularly the subject of vandalism - some more creative than others: in 2012 the cows were all painted to appear as skeletons by a local guerrilla artist in readiness for Halloween. This effort was more artistic than most and generally well received with many people voicing a wish (in the local newspaper) that the council not repaint them - but this has been done.

Where is it?
It is in England.  It is about halfway between Oxford and Cambridge.  It is about halfway between London and Birmingham.  They can get here on the train because we have five railway stations - the biggest one is Milton Keynes Central.  They can come on the M1 motorway - get off at Junction 14.  It takes less than an hour to get here in the train from London, maybe half an hour if they take an express train.

References

Other websites

 Milton Keynes City Council website
Destination Milton Keynes - official tourist information site

Milton Keynes

Milton Keynes


The Douglas A-1 Skyraider is an attack aircraft designed and built in the United States. Its first flight was in 1945, but it was too late to be flown in World War II. Originally designed for the US Navy, it was also used by the US Air Force, Fleet Air Arm and French Air Force. It was used by US pilots in the Korean War and Vietnam War, and by the French in the Algeria War. Some were modified for reconnaissance or electronic warfare. Before 1962, the US Navy's A-1 were called AD.

United States Navy aircraft
A-1
United States Air Force aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft

Douglas A-1 Skyraider


The Hunza-Nagar District is the seventh district of Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan. The district is made up of Hunza and Nagar. Sikandarabad is the administrative center of this district. Before the announcement of the new district, Hunza-Nagar was part of district Gilgit.

Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan

Hunza–Nagar District


Nasir Bholu (born 1960) is a retired Pakistani professional wrestler and the last surviving member of the "Bholu Brothers" wrestling team. He belongs to the Gama wrestling family. Nasir Bholu was a wrestler during the 1980s. He debuted in wrestling by defeating Yasir Ali of U.A.E. in November 1979. His complete professional record in not available yet, but he mostly wrestled in Pakistan and the Middle East during his short career as a wrestler. In 1982 he won the Asian championship by beating David Stalford in Bangladesh.

Due to his wrestling abilities, Antonio Inoki offered to train him in Japan but this idea was opposed by his elders and hence rejected. In 1990 Nasir completely left professional wrestling, bringing an end to the era of Bholu brothers. Nasir Bholu currently resides in Lahore. He is not directly involved in wrestling but runs gyms and does business with China.

In 1981 Goga Pehlwan was accidentally killed by Nasir Bholu's flying drop kick during a friendly fight.

In 1991 Nasir Bholu did his sole acting role in the Punjabi movie Chitan.

References
 Wrestling fighting for survival in Karachi - Daily Times

1960 births
People from Lahore
Living people

Nasir Bholu


A magazine's circulation is the number of copies it usually distributes for each issue. It is one of the main factors used to determine how much money they will charge businesses to advertise in the magazine. Circulation is not always the same as copies sold, which is usually called paid circulation, because many magazines are distributed to readers without making them pay anything. This is more true for magazines dealing with business and professional topics. When determining readership figures, which is how many people read an issue, the number is usually considered to be higher than the circulation figures because of the assumption that most copies of the magazine are read by more than one person. In many countries, circulation figures are checked by companies that do not work for the magazine, such as the Audit Bureau of Circulations, to make sure that the numbers a publisher gives to advertisers is accurate.

References

Magazines

Magazine circulation


Abba Kolon is a mythical Roman mentioned in a Talmudic legend concerning the foundation of Rome, which, according to the Haggadah, was a result of the impious conduct of the Jewish kings. According to the legend, the first settlers of Rome found that their huts collapsed as soon as built, whereupon Abba Ḳolon said to them, "Unless you mix water from the Euphrates with your mortar, nothing that you build will stand." Then he offered to supply such water, and for this purpose journeyed through the East as a cooper, and returned with water from the Euphrates in wine-casks. The builders mixed this water with the mortar and built new huts that did not collapse. Hence the proverb, "A city without Abba Ḳolon is not worthy of the name." The newly built city was therefore called "Babylonian Rome".

Probably this legend was intended to show the dependence of the Roman empire upon the natural resources of the East; but it contains a number of points that still remain unexplained. The above-mentioned Roman, or, more properly, Greco-Roman, proverb is just as obscure as the name "Abba Ḳolon," which, originating in some classic word, was distorted by the Jews into "a father of a colony," not without the mental reservation that "Ḳolon" is the Aramaic equivalent of "shame." An attempt has been made to identify the name with that of Deucalion, to which it bears no philological or historical relation. The most probable identification is that by Brüll, who refers to a legend in John Malalas' "Chronicles," p. 301, of a magician named Ablaccon, under the emperor Tiberius. This Ablaccon protected the city of Antioch, by the aid of a rampart of stone, against the overflow of the mountain streams.

References

Talmudic mythology
Fictional ancient Romans

Abba Kolon


A Media Access Control address (often shortened to MAC address) is a 48-bit code which allows a computer to be part of a computer network.  Usually, a computer has only one MAC address.  Each computer has a MAC address which identifies it uniquely on the network.  No other device on the Internet will have the same MAC address. A MAC address contains two pairs of 24-bit hexadecimals: the first pair is the international standard identifier of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the last pair is the serial number for the network interface card to uniquely identify the card.

Computer networking

Medium access control


Demas Akpore (August 4, 1928 – December 28, 1993) was the first elected Deputy Governor of Bendel State (1979–1983), the Principal of Government College, Ughelli, and the founder and principal of Orogun Grammar School.

Chief Demas Onoliobakpovba Akpore was born on 4 August 1928 at Warri, Nigeria into a Christian Family of Mr. Itedjere Akpore of Unukpo, Orogun in Ughelli North Local Government Area, Delta State of Nigeria, and Mrs. Etawhota Akpore (née Agbomiyeri) of Kokori in Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State. He was an only child of his mother and the first in a family of eight children.

Early life and education
At a young age, Demas lost his mother and he was brought up under the care of Mrs. Inaba Uyokpeyi.

He started his formal education at St. Andrew's Church Missionary Society School, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria from 1937 to 1944. He then proceeded to Government College, Ughelli where he was a pioneering student.

After completing his Secondary School Education in 1951, he proceeded to University College, Ibadan, Nigeria from 1951 to 1956. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Classics. Still in search of knowledge, he went to the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, from 1956 to 1958 where he got Master of Arts degree in Classics.

For his Postgraduate Diploma in Education (PGDE), he later attended the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria from 1974 to 1975.

Working career
While a student at the University College, Ibadan, he spent his long vacations teaching Latin at Urhobo College, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria.

On his return from Canada, he took up teaching appointment with United College of Commerce, Warri. From 1959 to 1962 he was the vice principal becoming the principal in 1962, a post he held until 1966.

The same year, he left and established Orogun Grammar School, Orogun, his home town. He became the proprietor and principal of the school until 1973.

On the take over of all privately owned schools in the then Bendel State, Chief Demas Akpore moved to Government College, Ughelli as the principal of his alma mater. He served in that capacity from 1973 to 1978.

He refused to take compensation from the government for his school affirming that he established it for his people and would therefore not make profit out of it.

In 1988 when government had lifted the ban on private ownership of schools, he again established Idise Institute, Warri.

Chief Demas Akpore was a council member of the College of Education, Abraka from 1973 to 1978.

Political career
He showed interest in politics in his university days at Ibadan. He was an active unionist and student leader. He later joined the NCNC where he rose to become the leader of the youth wing of the party.

He was an active member of the Zikist National Party Vanguard. And was also one of the Midwest Democratic Front in 1963.

He worked tirelessly with Elder Statesman, Chief Dennis Osadebay toward the creation of the then Midwest Region. Their yearnings were realised in 1963. He later devoted his energies to fighting for the creation of Delta State. He was in his hospital bed in the United States of America when Delta State was created.

When the ban on political activities was lifted in 1978, he joined the Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) becoming an executive member of the state branch of the party. He was the running mate of his party's gubernatorial candidate Ambrose Folorunsho Alli in 1979. They won the election and were elected the first Governor and Deputy Governor, respectively of the then Bendel State and were sworn on October 1, 1979. He, however resigned as Deputy Governor on 3 November 1982 over differences which he could not compromise. About a month later, he was attacked by assailants who left him for dead.

Family life
He married former Miss Grace Temisan Abobo in Ibadan in 1959. The marriage was blessed with six children; four boys and two girls and seven grand children.

His death occurred on 28 December 1993 in the United States of America.

He is survived by his wife, Grace Akpore; his children: Mrs. Stella Omu, Jomo Akpore, Kevwe Akpore, Enaite Akpore, and Newman Akpore, His grand children are Voke Omu, Jomo Akpore Jr., Ghenero Omu, Kiara Akpore, Sade Akpore, Oghale Omu, and Fejiro Omu.

Sources
Ahon, Festus Nigeria: "Immortalize Akpore, Activist Urges Delta Government" (Vanguard (Nigeria) 30 December 2008)
Akpore, Demas O. "The Question of the Falling Standard of Education: A Policy in Transition, The Nigerian Experience from An Educator's Viewpoint". (A lecture delivered on the occasion of the 1981 University of Ibadan Alumni Association Annual Lectures held at the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 20 March 1981.
Akpoyibo, Marvel- Lagos State Police Commissioner "I never had a girlfriend in school because I was married to my books" (The Punch-Nigeria-By FRIDAY OLOKOR, Published:  20 December 2009)
 Awhefeada, Sunny. "Remembering Demas Akpore" (National Daily, Nigeria- 27 December 2008)
Darra, G.G. "Urhobo and the Mowoe Legacy"(The Guardian, Nigeria-10 August 2005) Professor of English, Delta State University, Abraka/Special Adviser on Public Communications to the Governor of Delta State
Eromosele, Victor "Government College Ughelli at 60"(The Guardian, Nigeria 9 November 2005)
Olodu, Monn "Much Ado About Delta State Capital"
Omu, Stella "Demas Akpore" Administrator, Nigeria federal Ministry of Education.

References

1928 births
1993 deaths
Nigerian educators
National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons politicians
Midwest Democratic Front politicians
Unity Party of Nigeria politicians
Nigerian Christians

Demas Akpore


Hamdi al-Pachachi (Arabic: حمدي الباجه جي; 1886 – March 28, 1948), Iraqi politician born to a prominent family in Baghdad. He studied law at the Royal School in Istanbul, graduating in 1909. He taught at the Baghdad Law School from 1913 to 1916. While in Istanbul, he joined the Covenant Society and became active in the Arab nationalist movement. Upon his return to Baghdad, he joined with the nationalists, who were demanding the decentralization of the Ottoman Empire. As a result of his political activities in support of the Iraqi revolt against the British in 1920, al-Pachachi was arrested and exiled to Hanja, an island in the Persian Gulf. After his release, he continued to take part in anti-British activities. Hamdi ala Pachachi had three daughters.

In 1925, he began cooperating with Abd al-Muhsin as-Sa'dun. Al-Pachachi served as minister of waqf in one of as-Sa'dun's cabinets (1925–26). He then retired from politics for many years. A large landowner, he concentrated on business matters and agriculture.

In 1935, he was elected deputy to the Chamber of Deputies. He was minister of social welfare in 1941. He served as the president of the Chamber of Deputies from November 1941 to December 1943.

Al-Pachachi served as Prime Minister of Iraq between 1944 and 1946. He was brought in to succeed Nuri as-Said after increasing tensions between himself and the regent. The difference in policy was not dramatic, as al-Pachachi included members of Nuri's inner circle and advisors close to the regent in his cabinet. Small changes to government policy included a relaxation of the censorship on the press and the introduction of the 1945 Miri Sirf Law. This law was intended to be the beginning of a land reform on a larger scale, and distributed state land to a number of landless peasants.

Contrary to Nuri as-Said, his primary foreign focus was on the strengthening of the Arab League and the integration of Iraq into that organization. Hamdi emphasized co-operation among the Arab countries in the spirit of Arab nationalism, unlike Nuri, who focused on increasing the political power of Iraq within the League. He succeeded in maintaining excellent ties with the Egyptian and Syrian politicians, despite significant protest against their dominance in the League and region. As Prime Minister, Hamdi al-Pachachi released many of the nationalists who had been detained after the 1941 Iraqi coup d'état, having been a supporter of it himself, but he had to face the growing Kurdish rebellion led by Mulla Mustafa. Al-Pachachi rejected their terms, and they revolted in mid-1945 but had to flee to Iran in October. Al-Pachachi's victory over the Kurds made him more popular with others, and in December he called for greater political freedom for political parties with free elections. On May 29, 1945, France bombed Damascus and tried to arrest its democratically elected leaders who were demanding their full independence from French occupation. When Hamdi al-Pachachi returned to Baghdad from the Arab League conference in Cairo on June 15, he stated "We will soon be rid of the nightmare of French imperialism in the Levant. The Arab states will enjoy their legitimate rights and international status thanks to united Arab effort."
On October 4, 1945, Al-Pachachi in his capacity as Prime Minister of Iraq addressed a letter to the United States government, stating in reaction to President Truman's calls to open Palestine for Jewish immigration "The Iraq government regards it as its duty to inform the American Government that it deems any support of Zionism as contrary to the interests of the Iraqi State and the Arab peoples generally. In view of the friendship that Iraq feels towards the Americans it is hoped that America will avoid causing injury to the Arabs in their homelands by such intervention. Zionism is an aggressive move towards the heart of the Arab nation. The Arabs intend to use all means at their disposal to defend existence and the safety and security of their home."

Ties between the British-backed regent 'Abd al-Ilah and al-Pachachi were gradually weakened as the Regent argued for more involvement in the political party system. Under intense pressure from 'Abd al-Ilah, al-Pachachi was forced to resign from his post as Prime Minister in February 1946. On May 2, 1946, he said the Arabs must "take decisive action, which is now the only available course" regarding the issue of Palestine.

In 1948, the year of the Arab-Israeli war, Pachachi was appointed Foreign Minister under Prime Minister Sayyid Muhammad as-Sadr. On February 18, 1948, he announced that the Arab-Israeli war was the fault of then US President Harry Truman stating "Mr. Truman set fire to Palestine." On March 9, 1948, Pachachi announced that "the Arabs will take action to prevent the continued bloodshed in Palestine" and that the Arab and Muslim world must reject the establishment of Israel "at any price." He died of a heart attack while in that office at the age of 65, on March 28, 1948.

References

 Ghareeb, Edmund A. Historical Dictionary of Iraq, p. 179. Scarecrow Press, 2004, .
Tripp, Charles. "A History of Iraq" pgs 112–114. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Eppel, Michael. "Iraqi Politics and Regional Policies, 1945-49" Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 108–119
Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
Stable URL:
 Glasgow Herald, October 4, 1945
https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19451004&id=rUBAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=c1kMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4067,1775036&hl=en

1886 births
1948 deaths
Prime Ministers of Iraq
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Iraq
Arab people from the Ottoman Empire
Politicians from Baghdad
Iraqi Arab nationalists
Iraqi Sunni Muslims
Ottoman Arab nationalists
Istanbul University Faculty of Law alumni
Al-Pachachi family
Foreign ministers of Iraq

Hamdi al-Pachachi


John Mason Good (25 May 1764 – 2 January 1827), English writer on medical, religious and classical subjects, was born at Epping, Essex.

John Good's parents were the Nonconformist minister Revd Peter Good and Sarah Good, the daughter of another Nonconformist minister, Revd Henry Peyto of Great Coggeshall. John Mason Good was named after the Puritan clergyman and hymn writer John Mason (1645-1694), of whom his mother Sarah was a descendant.

Good attended a school at Romsey kept by his father. At about the age of 15 John Good was apprenticed to a surgeon-apothecary at Gosport. In 1783 he went to London to practice his medical studies.  In the autumn of 1784, he began to practice as a surgeon at Sudbury in Suffolk. There he was an acquaintance of Nathan Drake, a fellow writer and student of Shakespeare.

In 1793 Good removed to London, where he entered into partnership with a surgeon and apothecary. But the partnership was soon dissolved, and to increase his income, he began to devote attention to literary pursuits. Besides contributing both in prose and verse to the Analytical and Critical Reviews and the British and Monthly Magazines, and other periodicals, he wrote a large number of works relating chiefly to medical and religious subjects.

In 1794 John Good became a member of the British Pharmaceutical Society, and in that connection, and especially by the publication of his work, A History of Medicine (1795), he did much to effect a greatly needed reform in the profession of the apothecary. In 1795 the London Medical Society awarded him their Fothergillian gold medal.  In 1820, he took the diploma of M.D. at Marischal College, University of Aberdeen. He died at Shepperton, Middlesex, on 2 January 1827.

Good was not only well versed in classical literature, but was acquainted with the principal European languages, and also with Persian, Arabic and Hebrew. His prose works display wide erudition, but their style is dull and tedious.  His poetry never rises above pleasant and well-versified commonplace.  His translation of Lucretius, The Nature of Things (1805-1807), contains elaborate philological and explanatory notes, together with parallel passages and quotations from European and Asiatic authors.

See also
John Mason Neale, namesake

References

 Olinthus Gregory, Charles Jerram, Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Character, Literary, Professional, and Religious of the late John Mason Good MD, Crocker and Brewster, Boston, Mass. (1829).

1764 births
1827 deaths
English writers
People from Epping
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Fellows of the Royal Society
English male writers

John Mason Good


Aeminium was the ancient name of the city of Coimbra, in Portugal.

The Romans founded the civitas of Aeminium in this place at the time of Augustus, which came under the protection of nearby Conimbriga situated some  to the south.

The Roman city was encircled by a wall, and followed an orthogonal plan, with the cardo maximus and decumanus maximus crossing at the Forum. An aqueduct existed, the remains of which were incorporated into a latter medieval renovation. Locations for the theater and amphitheater were also proposed, but still unconfirmed by archeology. A triumphal arch is documented, but was destroyed in 1778. Also a necropolis was located to the east of the city.

The Suebi razed the nearby township of Conímbriga in 468. Its inhabitants, who had meanwhile fled to Aeminium, kept the original name of their town.

In modern Coimbra there are few remains from ancient Aeminium. The most important is the cryptoporticus, an underground gallery of arched corridors built in the 1st or 2nd century AD to support the forum of the city. Gaius Sevius Lupus was probably the architect. During the Middle Ages the bishop's palace, now turned into the Machado de Castro Museum, was built over the forum; the cryptoporticus is located under it. The cryptoporticus can be visited through the museum.

See also
History of Portugal
Lusitania
Roman cities in Portugal

References

History of Coimbra
Roman towns and cities in Portugal

Aeminium


Thirunallar is a small town in Karaikal, India, in the Union Territory of Puducherry, and can be reached by road from the town of Karaikal, an enclave which lies within the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. Thirunallar contains the shrine of Lord Sani (Saturn), Tirunallar Saniswaran Temple within the temple dedicated to Lord Darbharanyeswaran, a form of Lord Shiva.

God sri Shaneeshwaran
This is the only temple that is dedicated to Lord Shani (Saneeswaran, in Tamil). Whenever (planet) Saturn transits from one zodiac sign to another (an occurrence roughly every 2.5 years), millions throng this shrine for worship. The legendary King Nala is said to have been relieved of his afflictions caused by the malefic influence of Saturn, after worship in this temple. Of the numerous theertams (sacred bathing places), the Nala theertam is the most important one. It is believed that by bathing here, one washes off all the kinds of misfortunes and afflictions caused by one's past of karmas (in terms of deities, Lord Shani or Saturn is said to be the dispenser of karmas (both good and bad), but also one whose Grace, particularly at this shrine, can dispel bad karmas or, at least, make them bearable)

Literature
The Story of the Pachchai Padigam (In the Tamil language, Pachchai = evergreen, Padigam = decadal verse)
Thirunallar possesses one of the greatest pieces of Tamil hymnal literature called "Pachchai Padigam". This hymn is written in praise of Lord Darbharanyeswaran.

Legend behind the temple
Legend had it that in the 7th century C.E. (Common Era), in Madurai, the capital of the Pandian Kingdom, the king Ninra-seer-nedumaran converted to Jainism. During that time, Jainism was spreading its influence
in South India. Soon, all but his queen Mangaiyarkarasi and his minister Kulacchirai Nayanar - both staunch Saivaites (worshippers of Lord Shiva) had embraced Jainism, forsaking the old religion. This caused immense agony to the queen and the minister who were anxious to reclaim both king and kingdom back into the fold of the traditional religion (Saivism).

To these two grief-stricken individuals, came the news of  camping of saint Thirugnana Sambandar at Vedaranyam.  Having heard of the miracles performed by this young Saivite saint in Thanjavur district, they sent an urgent invitation to him to visit Madurai and extricate the king and his subjects from the clutches of Jainism.

The arrival of the Saivate saint irked the Jains, who are said to have then set fire to his holy dwelling. But by his yogic powers, Sambandar had the heat transferred to the king, who consequently suffered in agony. Upon the Queen's request, the young saint then sang the Padigam  'Mandiramavadu Neeru' and sprinkled a few grains of holy ash on the right side of the king's body to alleviate the pain. In contest, the Jains in turn chanted the Aruga Mantra (Jain Mantra) and stroked the left side of the king's person with peacock feathers, but it only aggravated the pain! In response to entreaties by the king and his ministers, Sambandar applied a few more grains of the sacred ash to the king's left side also. The poor Pandian monarch, who only a little while ago was the very picture of suffering, misery and distress, now smiled gaily and was free of his burns.

But the Jains challenged the Saivites further, asking that the Mantras of both religions be written on palm leaves and consigned to flames to see which one survived the ordeal of fire (thereby showing superiority over the other). The Jains first placed their palm leaf onto the fire but it was soon consumed by the flames. Saint Thirugnana Sambandar placed on the flames one leaf containing the forty-ninth Padigam of the Tevaram hymn which was sung at the shrine of Lord Darbharanyeswaran Shiva at Thirunallar. The leaf remained untouched by the flames and maintained its evergreen freshness, reestablishing Saivism as the true religion in Pandian capital. Hence the glory of the Thirunallar temple.

Etymology
The name ThiruNallar(u) is believed to represent the association of King Nala of the Nishadha country who was delivered from the bad effects of Shani (Saturn) by invoking the Lord's mercy here (Nala + Aru = Nallaru). The word "Aru"  here denotes "to heal" and the two words taken together means the place where Nala was redeemed from the (malefic) hold of Saturn through the Lord's Grace. Others are inclined to read the meaning 'between rivers' in the name Nal-Aru, as this place is situated amidst rivers Noolaru and Vanchiaru in the north, and Arasalaru in the south.

Transportation
ThiruNallar is located around 7 kilometer away from the district headquarter karaikal. It is well connected with karaikal and kumbakonam. There is no train service available to thirunallar but one can reach karaikal railway station which is located around 7 kilometer from temple.  Daily train services are available from karaikal railway station to Bangalore, Chennai, Ernakulam, Thanjavur, Trichy, and weekly train is available to Mumbai LT. A meter gauge (MG) train existed since French rule till late in the 20th century, there are plans to revive this old Karaikal- Peralam Junction line which runs via Kovilpatthu , Thirunallar, Selur, Pattucoudy, and Ambaragathur.

Devotees coming from Chennai, Andhra Pradesh can easily reach karaikal via chidambaram and Sirkali. Frequent bus service available from chidambram to karaikal bus stand.

Trichy is the nearest airport which is located around 154 kilometer from Thirunallar temple. One can reach temple from trichy via Thanjavur, kumbakonam by train, bus, car and other motor vehicle.

External links
 https://thirunallarutemple.org/e-seva/ (To order online puja at Thirunallar temple)
 https://thirunallarutemple.org
 http://www.chennaivision.com/?page_id=413  (live Webcasting of Sanipeyarchi Festival on 21 December 2011 )
 http://karaikal.gov.in/SDS/shistory.htm (Information about Thirunallar at the Website of the Collectorate of Karaikal)
 https://templeknowledge.com/about-thirunallar-temple/ (Shrine in Thirunallar)
 http://www.pondyonline.com/user/NavagrahaTemples/Saturn.aspx
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090928033851/http://www.thirunallarsaneeswaran.org/  (live Webcasting of Sanipeyarchi on 26th Sept 2009 )

References

Cities and towns in Karaikal district

Thirunallar


Hutterites are a group of Protestanŧ Christians. They are an anabaptist movement; they think believers should be baptized (a second time). Their movement was founded by Jacob Hutter who lived in the 16th century. The main difference to the Mennonites is that they think the Bible should be read literally. They also share everything they have; there is no private property. Within the Hutterites, there are a few different groups. Some of the groups are more liberal than others. Usually, the different groups also have different leaders.

Today, there are about 50.000 Hutterites; most of them live in the Canada and the United States. Like the Amish they still speak a dialect of German. In 2005, there were about 465 settlements, with 60 to 150 people each. The people who emigrated to the US or Canada had one of the following family names: Decker, Entz, Glanzer, Gross, Hofer, Kleinsasser, Knels, Mändel, Stahl, Tschetter, Waldner, Walther, Wipf, Wollmann, or Wurz.

Anabaptism
Protestantism
Christian movements and denominational families

Hutterites


I've Got a Secret was a weekly game show produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman for CBS television. It was a panel game show, which means that it had, in addition to a host and guests, a group of people who together acted as judges. The show was created by comedy writers Allan Sherman and Howard Merrill. It was related to Goodson-Todman's other panel show, What's My Line?. The first episode of the show aired on June 19, 1952 and ran until April 3, 1967. The first version of the show was in black and white. It switched to color in 1966.

The show was canceled in 1967 and then brought back for the 1972-1973 season and again from June 15 to July 6, 1976, for a summer run. Another production ran on the Oxygen cable channel in a daily version, airing from 2000 through 2003. GSN ran a revival from April 17 to June 9, 2006 with an all-gay panel. In October 2006, GSN decided not to renew the show for a second season, although reruns remained on its schedule for some time afterward.

Hosts and panelists
The show was first hosted by radio and television personality Garry Moore. After several months of an  panel that kept changing, the show settled down to include game show host Bill Cullen, comedian Henry Morgan, TV hostess Faye Emerson, and actress Jayne Meadows. In 1958, Emerson left the show to star in a play and was replaced by actress Betsy Palmer. The following year, Meadows moved to the West Coast to live with her husband Steve Allen and was replaced by former Miss America Bess Myerson. Sometimes, guest hosts substituted for Moore, including panelists Morgan and Palmer. Also, other comedians and celebrities guested for the panel when they were away.

Garry Moore left the show after the 1963-64 season, after his comedy program The Garry Moore Show was canceled, and he decided to retire from television to travel around the world with his wife. Moore was replaced by Steve Allen on September 21, 1964. Allen also hosted the show during the 1972-1973 revival. Former panelist Bill Cullen hosted the show for its short 1976 CBS summer run. The panelists on this revival were Richard Dawson, Henry Morgan, New York-based entertainment critic Pat Collins, and Elaine Joyce.

The Oxygen channel version of the show was hosted by Stephanie Miller until August 2001. Panelists in the Oxygen version included Jim J. Bullock, Jason Kravits, Amy Yasbeck, and Teri Garr. The GSN version was hosted by Bil Dwyer; the panelists were Billy Bean, Frank DeCaro, Jermaine Taylor, and Suzanne Westenhoefer.

Original series

Game play
Each episode usually had two contestants. After that, a celebrity guest played. Once in a while, if there was extra time, the celebrity was followed by a third regular guest.

Standard rounds
Each round was a guessing game. The panel tried to figure out the contestants' "secrets". The idea of a "secret" on the show was very broad. Secrets were always intended to be unusual, amazing, embarrassing or humorous. They often were about what happened to a person, owning something, or a job, hobby, success or skill.

One or more contestants would walk on. The host would tell the name the contestant or ask their name and where they were from. He would then ask them to "whisper your secret to me, and we'll show it to the folks at home." The contestant would then whisper their secret to the host, while the audience and television viewers were shown the secret by writing printed on the television screen. Then the host would give the panel a clue. For example, "the secret concerns something that happened to [Contestant's Name]." The host would then choose a panelist to begin asking questions.

When the show first started, each panelist had 15 seconds of questioning of a guest. Then this would repeat once.  Each 15 seconds that passed without the secret being correctly guessed won the contestant $10. However, a guest could not win more than $80. In mid-1954, they changed to only one question period for each panelist. They changed the money to $20 so that the top prize would stay at $80. Also, the time limit for questions was no longer exact. Instead, a buzzer went off to end the questioning, and production staff decided when to use the buzzer. This was partly because the program was shown live (not taped), and this sometimes required the show to be longer or shorter to keep the show running on time. In later times, the panelists were sometimes buzzed when they were too close to the secret, or at a point that would get a laugh.

Following the guest's secret being discovered, the host sometimes asked the contestant more about their secret, or, if it made sense, the contestant demonstrated their secret. These demonstrations sometimes included the host, and sometimes one or more of the panelists.

A number of famous people appeared with secrets, including Col. Harland Sanders who founded Kentucky Fried Chicken ("I started my restaurant with my first Social Security check"), Philo T. Farnsworth ("I invented electronic television"), Pete Best ("I used to be one of THE BEATLES"), and an elderly man, Samuel Seymour, who was the last surviving eyewitness to Abraham Lincoln's assassination (he was 5 years old at the time).

Guest rounds
On each usual episode, a celebrity guest came on the show with a secret. The celebrity usually started the episode by coming out from the behind the curtain and saying "my name is [Name] and I've Got a Secret!". Sometimes, though, the celebrity would say "and this is I've Got a Secret!". In the beginning, the celebrities would have a secret. The secrets would sometimes be personal secrets, similar to the other contestants. Other times the secret would be about something they were there to do. The guest part of the show often was really a was to show some new technology or product.

Later in the show, a common thing was for the celebrity to challenge the panel in some other game. This later became the main use of the celebrity part of the show, and they no longer pretended to have a secret. Instead, the celebrity would just come out with a challenge for the panel. Several of these challenges later were the main idea used for other game shows. For example, a game in which Woody Allen challenged the panel to guess words by what children had said they meant, which became the basis for Child's Play.  Or two challenges with Peter Falk and Soupy Sales in which the panel had to guess who a celebrity was after being show a photographs of them as a baby and others as the aged, which later was used for the show, Face the Music.

History and style
I've Got a Secret was more informal than its sister show What's My Line?. The panel and host used each other's first names. As noted, the time limit on questioning was removed early in the show', and time limits were set more for entertainment. The men on the panel always wore normal suits or even sport jackets, though both Morgan and Moore sometimes chose bow ties over straight ties. Until the later years of the series, both Moore, and members of the panel smoked cigarettes on the air. The panel was introduced at the start of each episode by the host, usually with a pun on their names.

Only yes-or-no questions were supposed to be asked by the panel, but this was often relaxed. Unlike on What's My Line?, the host offered hints and suggestions when the panel was quite lost, or when an answer might make them lost. Like on What's My Line?, the panelists were not allowed to try to figure out secrets together, but later in the series, no one bothered the panelists when they whispered ideas to each other.

The series began in black-and-white, and only in 1966 switched to color. When the show is seen in reruns, though even episodes which were in color are in black and white, as they did not record the color. Much of the series had a commercial sponsor. The opening of the show would have an advertisement for that company. Signs on the set also promoted the products, and on commercial breaks the product would be advertised. Some sponsors provided samples of their products, which were given to each contestant. Late in the series, sponsorship was stopped.

An Australian version of the show was produced and aired in Brisbane on QTQ Channel 9 from 1967 until 1973. It was hosted by Newsreader Don Secombe. Similar to the American version, it had regular celebrity panelists including Ron Cadee, Babette Stevens and Joy Chambers.

Changes in the revivals

1970s revivals
The format of the 1970s revivals were very similar to the original series. However celebrity secrets were back, as opposed to challenges.

Oxygen revival
On the Oxygen revival, the contestant earned $200, and if no one on the panel guessed, they earned a $1,000 prize. Stephanie Miller hosted this version. The show's set was made to look like a fancy city apartment.

GSN revival
On GSN's revival, each panelist had 40 seconds for questioning, with one conference allowed. Stumping the entire panel won the contestant $1,000 and "dinner for 2 in Beverly Hills." The fine print at the end of the show disclosed that contestants were also paid an appearance fee. Losing contestants also received some unspecified parting gifts. Several minor show business professionals demonstrated their performances on the show, including piano juggler Dan Menendez. Another element in the revival was that all the panelists were openly gay. This was played upon as host, Bill Dwyer, was introduced as "the straight man to the panel".

Episode status
As with What's My Line?, early episodes from the original series' first season in 1952 appear to have been lost. From late 1952 until the 1967 cancellation, most episodes appear to exist as a digital transfer of the original black-and-white kinescope movies.

GSN concluded its most recent airing of I've Got A Secret'''s run on July 13, 2008 at 3:30 AM (ET), paired with What's My Line? at 3:00. However, they began their run in mid-2007 with episodes from late 1961 or early 1962. A good portion of the series is unlikely to be aired, due to the show's longtime sponsorship by Winston cigarettes, which remains an existing brand. It is unclear whether this is mandated legally, or simply a choice by GSN. In addition, the network skipped several episodes through its run which are known to have been skipped in previous runs of the show; this may mean that other episodes are lost or in bad enough condition for GSN not to air them.

All subsequent revivals of Secret exist in their entirety. GSN has occasionally aired single episodes from the 1972-1973 season, the latest being an episode featuring Bob Barker as the celebrity guest, to commemorate his retirement from The Price Is Right in mid-2007. GSN also occasionally adds reruns of its 2006 revival to the regular schedule.

Theme music
The first theme music used on the show from 1952-1961 was "Plink, Plank, Plunk!" by Leroy Anderson (this theme can be heard on the album "Classic TV Game Show Themes". However, the theme on the CD was credited to Norman Paris).

The second theme, used from 1961-1962, was an upbeat arrangement of the Theme to "A Summer Place" by Max Steiner.

The third theme was used from 1962-1967. It was an upbeat, spritely march featuring piccolo and xylophone, composed by the show's musical director Norman Paris and played by a live studio combo. It quoted a familiar melody widely associated with schoolyard taunts, to which the words "I've got a secret!" might be sung by children in a teasing manner.

In addition to being used as a tag for his entrance on CBS episodes he hosted, Steve Allen's composition "This Could Be the Start of Something" was used as the opening theme in 1972. The closing theme to the 1972 version was written by Edd Kalehoff. The theme from the 1976 version with Bill Cullen was used one year later on the ABC game show Second Chance. A remix of that theme was also used in the Australian version of Family Feud''.

Tim Mosher and Stoker are credited with the 2000 theme, while Alan Ett and Scott Liggett contributed an up jazz theme for Bil Dwyer's 2006 version of the show for GSN.

References

Other websites

 I've Got a Secret  - profile of the show from the Museum of Radio and TV
 Goodson-Todman Big 4 Guide  - an episode guide to all of the major Goodson-Todman panel shows, including IGAS.
 Oxygen's I've Got a Secret  -  website for the 2001 version of IGAS, hosted by Stephanie Miller.
 Game Show Utopia I've Got a Secret 1952  - a page devoted to the 1952 version of the show.
 Game Show Utopia I've Got a Secret 1976  - a page devoted to the 1976 version of the show hosted by Bill Cullen.
 I've Got a Secret online!  - IGaS fansite, featuring transcripts, photos, and audio clips.
Eleven minute interview with Betsy Palmer (panelist on I've Got a Secret for 10 years (1957-1967)).

Television game shows
CBS network shows
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs

I've Got a Secret


The Conrad discontinuity corresponds to the sub-horizontal boundary in the continental crust at which the seismic wave velocity increases in a discontinuous way. This boundary is observed in various continental regions at a depth of 15 to 20 km, but it is not found in oceanic regions.

The Conrad discontinuity (named after the seismologist Victor Conrad) is considered to be the border between the upper continental crust and the lower one. It is not as pronounced as the Mohorovičić discontinuity, and absent in some continental regions. Up to the middle 20th Century the upper crust in continental regions was seen to consist of felsic rocks such as granite (sial, for silica-aluminium), and the lower one to consist of more magnesium-rich mafic rocks like basalt (sima, for silica-magnesium). Therefore, the seismologists of that time considered that the Conrad discontinuity should correspond to a sharply defined contact between the chemically distinct two layers, sial and sima.

However, from the 1960s onward this theory was strongly contested among geologists. The exact geological significance of the Conrad discontinuity is still not clarified. The possibility that it represents the transition from amphibolite facies to granulite facies metamorphism has been given some support from observations of the uplifted central part of the Vredefort impact structure and the surrounding Kaapvaal Craton.

References

Plate tectonics
Structure of the Earth
Earth's crust

Conrad discontinuity


Stetchworth is a small village and civil parish in East Cambridgeshire, England,  to the south of the horse-racing centre of Newmarket and around  east of Cambridge.

History
The parish of Stetchworth is long and thin in shape, around six miles long and one mile wide and covering an area of . It stretches southeast from Newmarket Heath to the border with Suffolk. Its relatively straight north-east border with Burwell and Woodditton follows the Devil's Dyke to its southern end just west of Ditton Green, from where the border follows field boundaries. Its long western border with Dullingham also follows field boundaries, most of which also follow the course of the Stour Valley Path, a long-distance footpath. It also has a short border with Kirtling at the southeastern end and another with Swaffham Prior at its northwest edge.

Devil's Dyke (or Ditch), an Anglo-Saxon earthwork built between the Cambridgeshire villages of Reach and Wood Ditton, runs through Stetchworth. It consists of a ditch and a mound of earth which continues for over seven miles, and is a popular place for local walks. The Devils Dyke Morris Men dance along its length to end up at the 800-year-old Reach Fair on May Day. The relatively rare pasque flower grows along the dyke in the chalky soil.

The Icknield Way Path passes through the village on its 110-mile journey from Ivinghoe Beacon in Buckinghamshire to Knettishall Heath in Suffolk. The Icknield Way Trail, a multi-user route for walkers, horse riders and off-road cyclists also passes through the village.

The village had 25 inhabitants at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 when the parish was owned by Hardwin of Scales, the Abbot of Ely, and Count Alan. The Domesday Book also mentions that Stetchworth was "once a town".

The railway reached the parish when the Cambridge to Newmarket line was opened in 1848, though there is no station in Stetchworth. Dullingham railway station is just over a mile to the west of the village.

The National Stud partially falls within the parish boundaries, and the July Racecourse at Newmarket Racecourse finishes in the parish, running parallel to the Devil's Dyke.

Listed as Steuicheswrthe in around 1050 and Stiuicesuuorde in the Domesday Book of 1086, the name "Stetchworth" either means "enclosure amongst the tree-stumps" or "enclosure of a man called Styfic".

Church
The parish church has been dedicated to St Peter since at least the 13th century, and is the oldest building in the village. There are records of a church in the village in the 12th century, but the earliest part of the present building is the chancel which dates from the 13th century. The nave dates from the 14th century and the west tower was extensively rebuilt in the 15th century.

There are bells in the tower dating from 1450 onwards, but they have not been used in recent years. The church boasts examples of early English graffiti (apparently carved into a pillar during a visit to Stetchworth by Queen Philippa) depicting a woman in an elaborate head-dress, and several animals.

The village also has a United Reformed Church that opened in 1963 on the site of the former Congregationalist Church.

Village life
Stetchworth has one public house, The Marquis of Granby, which opened in 1937. Former pubs include The White Horse which opened opposite Church Lane in the first half of the 19th century, and rebuilt for the Earl of Ellesmere in 1905. It closed in the 1930s. The Live and Let Live opened opposite the school in 1890, but closed at some point between 1961 and 1973.

A school was opened in the village in the 1860s and attendance grew to a peak of 168 in 1905–6, falling to 33 by 1938. Older children were transferred to Bottisham Village College in 1947, and the primary school closed in 1990. Primary age pupils from Stetchworth now typically attend Kettlefields School which is just in Dullingham although it is closer to the centre of Stetchworth.

The Ellesmere Centre, on the Southern edge of the village, is a community centre, including a post office, and community store. It has a good range of sports facilities and a playground available.

Stetchworth House and Stetchworth Park Stud
Stetchworth House was built in 1786 by Richard Eaton, father of Richard Jefferson Eaton and a Newmarket banker. It replaced the original Stetchworth manor house; it is Grade II listed. Stetchworth Park has its own private entrance to St Peter's Church.

In 1883, the estate passed to Francis Egerton, 3rd Earl of Ellesmere, who founded Stetchworth Park Stud.  The stud was later run by Lt. Col. Douglas Gray, former Director of the National Stud in Newmarket. The GB Showjumping Team trained at Stetchworth Park before the 2012 Summer Olympics. In 2012, the estate was put up for sale, valued at over £11 million.

References

External links

Village website
Stetchworth Community Archive
St. Peter's Church Website

Villages in Cambridgeshire
Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
East Cambridgeshire District

Stetchworth


The CMYK color model is a subtractive color model, based on the CMY color model, used in color printing. CMYK refers to the four inks used in printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black).

The CMYK model is subtractive. It means that it subtracts or masks colors from white background of the paper. The ink reduces the reflected light. White light minus red leaves cyan, white light minus green leaves magenta, and white light minus blue leaves yellow.

White is the natural color of the paper, while black results from a full combination of colored inks. To save cost on ink, and to produce deeper black tones, unsaturated and dark colors are produced by using black ink instead of pure mix of cyan, magenta, and yellow.

Using black ink

The "black" produced by mixing usual cyan, magenta, and yellow inks is actually a dark grey color. So, modern four-color printing uses black ink in addition to the subtractive primary colors. Common reasons for using black ink include:
 Text is typically printed in black and includes fine detail, difficult to reproduce with a mix of three inks.
 A combination of 100% cyan, magenta, and yellow inks soaks the paper with ink, making it slower to dry.
 Although a combination of 100% cyan, magenta, and yellow inks should, in theory, produce a perfect black, practical inks cannot do it and the result is actually a dark muddy color that does not quite appear black.
 Using black ink is less expensive than using the corresponding amounts of colored inks.

Related pages
 CMY color model
 RGB color model
 Color model

References

Other websites

XCmyk – CMYK to RGB Calculator with source code
 Color Space Fundamentals– animated illustration of RGB vs. CMYK

Color model
Printing
Photography

CMYK color model


In formal number theory a Gödel numbering is a function which assigns to each symbol and formula of some formal language a unique natural number called a Gödel number (GN). The concept was first used by Kurt Gödel for the proof of his incompleteness theorem.

A Gödel numbering can be interpreted as an encoding where a number is assigned to each symbol of a mathematical notation, and a stream of natural numbers can then represent some form or function. A numbering of the set of computable functions can then be represented by a stream of Gödel numbers (also called effective numbers). Rogers' equivalence theorem states   criteria for which those numberings of the set of computable functions  are Gödel numberings.

Definition

Given a countable set S, a Gödel numbering is an injective function

with both f and  (the inverse of f) being computable functions.

Examples

Base notation and strings
One of the simplest Gödel numbering schemes is used every day: The correspondence between integers and their representations as strings of symbols. For example, the sequence 2 3 is understood, by a particular set of rules, to correspond to the number twenty-three. Similarly, strings of symbols from some alphabet of N symbols can be encoded by identifying each symbol with a number from 0 to N and reading the string as the base N+1 representation of an integer.

References

 Gödel, Kurt, "Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I", Monatsheft für Math. und Physik 38, 1931, pages 173–198.

Further reading
 Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, by Douglas Hofstadter.  This book defines and uses an alternative Gödel numbering.
Gödel's Proof by Ernest Nagel and James R. Newman.  This book provides a good introduction and summary of the proof, with a large section dedicated to Gödel's numbering.

Number theory

Gödel number


Lewis Warren Shurtliff (July 24, 1835 – May 2, 1922) was a Utah politician and a missionary and leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Shurtliff was born in Sullivan, Ohio. As an infant, his parents joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; the family followed Joseph Smith to Kirtland, Ohio; Far West, Missouri; and Nauvoo, Illinois. In 1851, the Shurtliff family travelled to Utah Territory as Mormon pioneers and settled in Weber County.

In 1855 to 1858, Shurliff was a Mormon missionary to the Native Americans in present-day Salmon River, Idaho.  In 1867, he went on a mission to England, Scotland, Wales, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, and Italy.

Shurliff returned to Utah Territory and became the LDS Church Bishop in Plain City. In 1883, he became the president of the church's Weber Stake, which was based on Ogden. Also in 1883, Shurliff was invited to join the church's Council of Fifty.

In 1886 and 1888, Shurliff was elected to the Utah Territorial Council. After Utah gained statehood in 1896, Shurliff was a State Senator from 1896 to 1899. He was initially elected as a Democrat but later became a Republican. Shurliff also served as a Weber County Commissioner and as a Weber County probate judge. In 1904 Shurtliff served as the 1st Vice president of the 12th National Irrigation Congress.

In 1896, the Utah settlement of Salt Creek was renamed Warren to honor Shurtliff.

Shurliff died in Ogden, Utah. One of Shurtliff's daughters, Louie Emily Shurtliff, married Joseph Fielding Smith, who after her death went on to become an apostle and later the President of the LDS Church.

Notes

References
Andrew Jenson. Latter-day Saints' Biographical Encyclopedia (Deseret News: Salt Lake City, 1901) 1:459–460.

External links
State of Utah Death Certificate.

1835 births
1922 deaths
19th-century Mormon missionaries
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
Members of the Utah Territorial Legislature
19th-century American politicians
Mormon missionaries in Wales
American Mormon missionaries in England
American Mormon missionaries in France
American Mormon missionaries in Italy
American Mormon missionaries in Denmark
American Mormon missionaries in Sweden
American Mormon missionaries in Norway
American Mormon missionaries in Germany
American Mormon missionaries in Scotland
American Mormon missionaries in the United Kingdom
County commissioners in Utah
Mormon pioneers
People from Plain City, Utah
Utah Democrats
Utah Republicans
Utah state senators
Utah state court judges
People from Ashland County, Ohio

Lewis W. Shurtliff


Curtis Edward "Curt" Gowdy (July 31, 1919 – February 20, 2006) was an American sportscaster.  He was well known as the longtime "voice" of the Boston Red Sox.

In 1949 Gowdy began his Major League Baseball broadcasting career working as an announcer with Mel Allen for New York Yankees games on radio and television. In 1951 he began working for the Red Sox.  He left the Red Sox after the 1965 season.

He covered the first five seasons of the American Football League with broadcast partner Paul Christman. Other sports he has called include:
Wyoming Cowboys football and basketball
Oklahoma Sooners football and basketball
National Hockey League on NBC
Olympic Games
New England Patriots play-by-play
National Basketball Association

Movies
Gowdy made cameo appearances in the movies The Naked Gun (1988) and Summer Catch (2001), and his voice can be heard in Heaven Can Wait (1978) and BASEketball (1998).

Awards
In 1970, Gowdy became the first sportscaster to get the Peabody Award. He was elected to the National Sportswriters and Sportscasters Hall of Fame in 1981. In 1985, he was inducted into the American Sportscasters Association Hall of Fame. He was given the Ford C. Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1984. He received the Pete Rozelle Award from the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993.  He got a lifetime achievement Emmy in 1992. He was selected to the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 1995. He is also in many local Hall of Fames.

On October 12, 2006, the United States Postal Service building in Green River, Wyoming, was named the "Curt Gowdy Post Office Building".

A state park in Wyoming was named for Gowdy on March 27, 1972. The Curt Gowdy State Park is halfway between his highschool hometown of Cheyenne and his college town of Laramie.

References

1919 births
2006 deaths
College basketball broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
People from Cheyenne, Wyoming
Peabody Award winners
Emmy Award winners
Sportspeople from Wyoming

Curt Gowdy


Black widows are spiders. Their scientific name is Latrodectus mactans. They share the genus name Latrodectus with several similar spiders (sometimes called "widow spiders").

The female spider is shiny black and has a round abdomen with a red hourglass pattern on its underside. They are closely related to another group called Steotoda (sometimes called "false widow spiders). That group contains species that are not dangerous to humans. All of the true widow spiders can give bites that are harmful to human beings and may kill children or people who are not in good health.

Female widow spiders are rather large. They have a body length of approximately 0.5 inch. The males of the widow spiders are much smaller than the females.

Both the widow spiders and the Steotoda spiders belong to a larger group that includes many kinds of spiders that make similar kinds of webs and have the same general body shape.

Habitat
Black widow spiders live in warm places all over the world. They like to build their webs in safe places under something like an overturned box sitting on the ground. Often they are found under the seats of outdoor toilets. They like to be left alone, so they rarely come inside places where people live. They only bite when they feel threatened.

Biting
Like other spiders, black widows bite for two reasons: to kill things to eat and to protect themselves. They catch flying insects in their webs and bite them so that they will stop fighting to get free. When people put their hands into this spider's web they might get bitten by mistake, but usually people get bitten when they squeeze a spider and the spider defends itself. Unfortunately, humans are very sensitive to the venom that the spider gives in its bite. The good thing is that widow spiders almost always run away if they can. If something big hits their web then they drop straight down to the ground and run away.

Diet
Black widows eat mostly flies and moths. The female black widow is infamous for eating males of its kind, hence the "widow" in black.

Sources

Stidworthy, John 2000. Creepy crawlies. Parragon Publishing,
Resnick, Jane 1996. Spiders. Kids Books.

Araneomorphae

Black widow