Dorothea Margaret Tanning (25 August 1910 – 31 January 2012) was an American painter and sculptor. She also created ballet sets and costumes. She was also a book writer who performed poetry. She wrote Between Lives: An Artist and Her World. Her most notable paintings were done in the 1930s, the 1940s and 1950s.

Tanning was born in Galesburg, Illinois. She died at age 101 in Manhattan, New York.

Writers from Illinois
Artists from Illinois
1910 births
2012 deaths
American painters
American sculptors

Dorothea Tanning


Intemelio is a Ligurian dialect spoken historically from the Principality of Monaco to the Italian province of Imperia.

History

Since the Renaissance the Ligurian language was spoken in all the territories of the Republic of Genoa; in the western area of the Republic one of its groups (spoken mainly on the coast between Monaco and Sanremo) was called Intemelio and was centered on Ventimiglia.

In the actual Italian area of Ventimiglia there is the most renowned Intemelio: the "Ventimigliese", that stretches from the coast until Piedmont.

The Royasc dialect is connected to the "Ventimigliese", as a mountainous version of the Intemelio that has some Occitan influences.

In Sanremo the local intemelio dialect is heavily influenced by the Genoese dialect.

Current use

Intemelio is used by nearly 10,000 people in the area of Ventimiglia of the province of Imperia, but other 40,000 are able to understand it and speak a few sentences of this dialect in western Liguria.

A few thousand speak fluently the local variants of Intemelio in France and Monaco: Monegasque, and Brigasc.

Anecdote

The Ligurian area of Seborga speaks the "Ventimigliese" dialect Intemelio and the so-called Principality of Seborga considered the possibility of using this dialect as the official language.

See also
 Occitan language
 Italian irredentism in Nice

References

Bibliography

 Azaretti, Emilio. L'evoluzione dei dialetti liguri. Sanremo: Edizioni Casabianca, 1982. Pp. xxii + 416.
 Dalbera, Jean-Philippe. Les Ilots Liguriens de France, dans Les Langues de France sous la direction de B. Cerquiglini. (Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France). Presses Universitaires de France. Paris, 2003. pp. 125–136
 Devoto, Giovanni. I Dialetti delle Regioni d'Italia. Sansoni Editore. Florence, 1971
 Toso, Fiorenzo. Liguria linguistica. Dialettologia, storia della lingua e letteratura nel Ponente. Philobiblon. Ventimiglia, 2006
 Werner Forner. À propos du ligurien intémélien - La côte, l'arrière-pays. . Travaux du Cercle linguistique de Nice, 7–8, 1986, pp. 29–62.
 Werner Forner, Morphologie comparée du mentonnais et du ligurien alpin: Analyse synchronique et essai de reconstruction. DeGruyter, 2022.
 Magazine Intemelion. Edited in Sanremo by Brigati Glauco, from Review La voce intemelia.

External links
 Intemelion
 Magazine about Briga and ligurian dialects

Ligurian language (Romance)
Languages of France
Languages of Monaco

Intemelio dialect


Yevfimiy Vasilyevich Putyatin (; November 8, 1803 – October 16, 1883), also known as  was an admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy. His diplomatic mission to Japan resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855, for which he was made a count. His mission to China in 1858 resulted in the Russian Treaty of Tianjin.

Early life
Putyatin was descended from a noble family in Novgorod. He entered the Naval Cadet Corps, graduating in 1822, and soon afterwards was appointed to the crew of Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev which circumnavigated the globe in a three-year voyage from 1822 to 1825. He subsequently participated in the Battle of Navarino during the Greek War of Independence on October 20, 1827 and was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree. From 1828 to 1832, the participated in numerous missions in the Mediterranean and in the Baltic, and was awarded the Order of St George, 4th class. In 1832, Admiral Lazarev assigned him to make soundings in the Dardanelles and Bosphorus straits. During the Caucasian War (1838–1839), he participated in numerous combat operations and was wounded in combat. After promotion to captain 1st rank, in 1841, he temporarily left military service to travel to England for the purchase of ships for the Black Sea Fleet.

Foreign service
In 1842, Putyatin was asked by Emperor Nicholas I to lead an armed diplomatic mission to Persia. His main purpose was to strengthen trade via the Caspian Sea, which was plagued by Turkmen piracy. Putyatin established a base at Astrakhan, and subdued the pirates in a military campaign, following which he met with Muhammad Shah of Persia, whom he persuaded to lift trade restrictions, grant fishing rights and to permit steamship communications between Persia and the Volga River.

Expedition to Japan

Following the successful completion of this mission, Putyatin developed a plan for an expedition to survey Russia's eastern maritime frontiers with China and Japan, with the main objective of finding suitable ports and mapping unknown coastal areas in the region, as well as the possibility of opening Japan to trade relations. The expedition was initially approved by Tsar Nicholas I in 1843, but was postponed due to concerns it would disrupt the Kyakhta trade. In 1849, Putyatin became Adjutant-General in the entourage of the Emperor, and in the same year married a daughter of a British admiral. He was promoted to vice admiral in 1851.

In 1852, on learning of American plans to send Commodore Matthew Perry in an attempt to open Japan for foreign trade, the Russian government revived Putyatin's proposal, which received support from Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia. The expedition included several notable Sinologists and a number of scientists and engineers, as well as the noted author Ivan Goncharov. The frigate Pallada under the command of Ivan Unkovsky was selected as the flagship. Pallada departed Kronstadt on October 7, 1852; however it became clear during the long voyage that the vessel was unsuited for the expedition, and the newer 52-gun frigate Diana was subsequently dispatched.

Putyatin arrived at Nagasaki in Japan on August 12, 1853 – a month after the arrival of Perry at Uraga, and it was not until September 9 (after considerable discussion) that the Nagasaki bugyō agreed to accept the official letter Putyatin carried from Russian Foreign Minister Count Karl Nesselrode. During one of the shore visits, the Russian engineer Alexander Mozhaysky demonstrated a steam engine, which enabled Japanese inventor Tanaka Hisashige to reverse engineer the device to create the first Japanese steam locomotive. As negotiations were protracted by Japanese indecision and the distance from Nagasaki to the Shogun's court at Edo, Putyatin departed Nagasaki to survey the coasts of Korea and the Primorsky Krai region of the Russian Far East. The frigate Diana arrived on July 11, 1854 with word of the Crimean War, and Putyatin transferred his flag to the newer vessel.

Returning to Nagasaki, Putyatin found that no progress had been made, and that the Royal Navy had called on Nagasaki during his absence as part of a manhunt to destroy his vessel. He therefore decided to make good on his threat to sail for Edo itself. Putyatin arrived at the port of Shimoda on November 22, 1854, which had been opened to the Americans by the Convention of Kanagawa signed between the Japanese and the United States, and was permitted to start negotiations on December 22; however on December 23, the major Ansei Tokai earthquake shook Japan and surroundings. A 7-meter-high tsunami destroyed much of Shimoda including Putiatin's ships, with exception of Diana, which was badly damaged and sank soon afterwards at nearby Heda. The Russian delegation now found itself stranded in Japan.

Negotiations continued, resulting in the Treaty of Shimoda on February 7, 1855, which opened the ports of Hakodate, Nagasaki and Shimoda to Russian vessels, permitted limited trading and the residence of a Russian consul, and fixed the border of Japan and Russia on the Kurile Islands between Urup and Iturup.

In the meantime, the Russian sailors and technicians worked with Japanese carpenters to build a new vessel at Heda to enable the delegation to return to Russia. The schooner Heda was launched on April 14, and Putyatin returned to a hero's welcome in St Petersburg, where he was made a Count, and appointed military governor of Kronstadt from 1856 to 1857.

In 1857, Putyatin was dispatched to China in an attempt to establish a trade agreement; however, he had only limited success after failing twice to cross the border into China by land and by sea. He returned to Japan again in the same year to sign a follow-on accord to his previous agreement. In December, he was appointed commander of the Russian Pacific squadron, and flew his flag on the paddle-wheel steam corvette America, further exploring the coast of Amur Bay. On July 12, 1858, he signed a trade agreement with China at Tianjin and allowing for the access to the interior of China by Russian missionaries. On August 7, 1858 he signed the Russo-Japanese Treaty of Friendship and Commerce in Edo, which opened more ports in Japan to Russian trade.

Later years
After his return to Russia on August 26, 1858, Putyatin was promoted to admiral and was assigned as an attaché to London. He published a book on the subject of maritime training academies, and was appointed Minister of Education on July 2, 1861. While in this position, he conducted a number of reforms, including compulsory attendance at lectures. More controversially, he decided to turn primary education over to the scope of the Russian Orthodox Church by decreeing that teachers needed to have graduated from a two-year seminary. This led to rioting at a number of cities, and Putyatin was relieved of his post on January 6, 1862. However, he was also made an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a member of the State Council of Imperial Russia.

During his trip to London in 1845, Putyatin married Mary Knowles (1823-1879), whose father was a high-ranking naval official. They had three sons and three daughters. On the death of his wife on December 18, 1879, Putyatin left Russia for Paris. He was awarded the Order of St Andrew in May 1883, and died in Paris later that year in October.

Decorations
 Order of St George, 4th class (1830)
 Order of St Vladimir, 3rd class (1846)
 Order of St. Stanislav, 1st class (1850)
, Order of Saint Anna, 1st class (1853)
 Order of the White Eagle (1855)
 Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1858)
 Order of St Andrew (1883)

See also
Relations between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire

References

Bibliography

External links

Frigate Pallada in Japan and the Friendship Treaty between Japan and Russia
William McOmie, The Frigate Askold and the Opening of the Russian Foreign Settlement at Nagasaki

1803 births
1883 deaths
Explorers from the Russian Empire
Imperial Russian Navy admirals
Russian military personnel of the Crimean War
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Cabinet ministers of the Russian Empire
Primorsky Krai
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian)
Russian naval attachés
Russian military personnel of the Caucasian War
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to China
Naval Cadet Corps alumni

Yevfimiy Putyatin


Buku Sarébu Hiji Peuting ( Hezār Afsanéh atawa Hezār wa-Yek Shab,  Kitāb 'Alf Layla wa-Layla; atawa kasohor ogé minangka The Book of a Thousand Nights and a Night, One Thousand and One Nights, 1001 Arabian Nights, Arabian Nights, The Nightly Entertainments atawa basajanna The Nights) mangrupa épik sastra Wétan Tengah abad pertengahan nu nyaritakeun kisah Scheherazade (Shahrzad dina basa Pérsia), ratu Sassanid, nu kudu ngahubungkeun rangkéan sajarah ka salakina nu dengki, Raja Shahryar, pikeun nunda éksekusi. Kisah ieu dicaritakeun salila leuwih ti sarébu hiji peuting, sarta unggal peuting sang Ratu nungtungan carita ku kaayaan nu ngagantung, nu maksa Raja ngingkeun Ratu sina hirup nepi ka poé satuluyna. Kisah ieu dijieun leuwih ti mangabad-abad katukang, ku loba jelema tur loba gaya, sarta geus jadi kacida kasohorna. Conto nu kacatet kaasup di antarana Aladin, Ali Baba jeung Opat puluh Rampog, sarta Tujuh Palayaran Sinbad si Palaut.

Sajarah
Inti sajarah diwangun ku buku basa Pérsia Sassanid Pahlavi nu disebut Hazār Afsānah ("Sarébu Mitos", dina ).
Salila kakawasaan khalifah Abbasiyah Harun al-Rashid dina abad ka-8, Baghdad geus jadi kota kosmopolitan penting. Sodagar-sodagar ti Pérsia, Cina, India, Afrika, jeung Éropa sakabéhna bisa pinanggih di Baghdad. Hal ieu nu ngajadikeun salila mangsa ieu, loba carita, nu sabenerna mah carita kuno, kapikir pikeun dikumpulkeun tina biwir ka biwir salila mangtaun-taun sarta satuluyna dikumpulkeun jadi hiji buku. Panyusun jeung panarjamah kana basa Arab pangahirna nyaéta tukang dongéng nu kasohor Abu abd-Allah Muhammed el-Gahshigar dina abad ka-9. Sajarah karangka Shahrzad katingali ditambahkeun dina abad ka-14. Susunan basa Arab modéren munggaran, dijieun ku panulis Mesir, diterbitkeun di Kairo taun 1835.

Sinopsis

Carita nyokot tempat nalika jaman Sassanid sarta dimimitian ku raja Pérsia Shahryar. Raja maréntah pulo nu euweuh ngaranan "antara India jeung Cina" (dina édisi modéren dumasar naskah basa Arab, raja maréntah India jeung Cina). Nalika Shahryar nganyahoankeun yén istrina jeung kabogohna boga niat maéhan manéhna, éta pasangan téh ahirna diéksekusi. Alatan raja boga kayakinan yén kabéh awéwé bakal kawas kitu hianatna, raja nugaskeun vizier-na pikeun méré sang raja pamajikan anyar unggal peuting (dina sababaraha vérsi, unggal tilu peuting). Sanggeus méakkeun sapeuting jeung panganténna, éta pamajikan anyar téh diéksekusi nalika subuh. Prakték ieu nerus keur sababaraha lilana, nepikeun ka anak awéwé vizier nu pinter Sheherazade ("Scheherazade" dina basa Ingggris, atawa "Shahrastini", ngaran basa Pérsia) ngarencanakeun sarta jadi sukarélawati pikeun jadi garwa raja satuluyna. Kalayan bantuan dulurna Dunyazad, unggal peuting sanggeus pernikahannana, ieu wanoja téh ngadongéng keur raja mangjam-jam lilana, tapi unggal nepi ka subuh, dongéng diahiran ku carita nu ngagantung, nu nyababkeun raja panasaran hayang ngadéngé kumaha sésa dongéng satuluyna. Ahirna, Sheherazade bisa nepikeun ka ngalahirkeun tilu budak lalaki. Raja yakin kana kasatiaannana sarta ahirna raja nyabut putusannana.

Dongéng ieu loba rupana; ngawengku dongéng sajarah, cinta, tragédi, komédi, sajak, burlesque jeung legenda rélijieus Muslim. Sababaraha carita nu kasohor dina tarjamah kulon nyaéta Lampu Aladin, Sindbad si Palaut urang Pérsia, jeung dongéng Ali Baba jeung Opat puluh Rampog; Aladin jeung Ali Baba paktana diasupkeun ngan dina abad ka-18 ku Antoine Galland, oriéntalis Perancis, nu ngaku kungsi ngadéngé dongéng ieu liwat lisan ti tukang dongéng Maronite ti Aleppo di Syria. Mangjumlah-jumlah carita ngagambarkeun jin, méjik, jeung tempat legendaris, nu mana sering nyampur jeung jalma beneran sarta géografina; kholifah Harun al-Rasyid mangrupa protagonis nu ilahar, saperti ogé tukang sajak pangadilanana Abu Nuwas sarta vizierna, Ja'far al-Barmaki. Kadang-kaadng karakter dina dongeng Scheherazade mimiti nyaritakeun karakter lianna minangka carita soranganana, sarta carita éta bisa jadi nu lian nyaritakeun oge, hasilna tekstur naratifna jadi manglapis-lapis lobana.

Dina peuting pamungkas (kasarebu hiji) Sheherazade ngahadiahan Sang Raja ku tilu urang anakna sarta menta ampunan. Raja ngabulkeun pamentana sarta maranéhannana hirup dina suka bungah jeung kagumbiraan.

Édisi

The work is made up of a collection of stories thought to be from traditional Persian, Arabic, and Indian stories. The core stories probably originated in an Iranic Empire and were brought together in a Persian work called Hazar Afsanah ("A Thousand Legends"). The Arabic compilation Alf Layla (A Thousand Nights), originating about 850 AD, was in turn probably an abridged translation of Hezar Afsanéh. Some of its elements appéar in the Odyssey. The present name Alf Layla wa-Layla (literally a "A Thousand Nights and a Night", i.e. "1001 Nights") seems to have appéared at an unknown time in the Middle Ages, and expresses the idéa of a transfinite number since 1000 represented conceptual infinity within Arabic mathematical circles.

The first European version (and first printed edition) was a translation into French (1704 - 1717) by Antoine Galland from an éarlier compilation that was written in Arabic. This 12 volume book, Les Mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français ("Thousand and one nights, Arab stories translated into French") probably included Arabic stories known to the translator but not included in the Arabic compilation. Aladdin's Lamp and Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves appéared first in Galland's translation and cannot be found in the original writings. He wrote that he héard them from a Syrian Christian storyteller from Aleppo, a Maronite scholar, Youhenna Diab, whom he called 'Hanna'.

John Payne, Alaeddin and the Enchanted Lamp and Other Stories, (London 1901) gives details of Galland's encounter with 'Hanna' in 1709 and of the discovery in the Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris of two Arabic manuscripts containing Aladdin and two more of the 'interpolated' tales. He instances Galland's own experience to demonstrate the lack of regard for such entertainments in the mainstréam of Islamic scholarship, with the result that
…complete copies of the genuine work were rarely to be met with, collections… and the fragmentary copies which existed were mostly in the hands of professional story-tellers, who were extremely unwilling to part with them, looking upon them as their stock in trade, and were in the habit of incorporating with the genuine text all kinds of stories and anecdotes from other sources, to fill the place of the missing portions of the original work. This process of addition and incorporation, which has been in progress ever since the first collection of the Nights into one distinct work and is doubtless still going on in Oriental countries, (especially such as are least in contact with European influence,) may account for the heterogeneous character of the various modern manuscripts of the Nights and for the immense difference which exists between the several texts, as well in actual contents as in the details and diction of such stories as are common to all.

Perhaps the best-known translation to English spéakers is that by Sir Richard Francis Burton, entitled The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (1885). Unlike previous editions, his ten volume translation was not bowdlerized. Though printed in the Victorian era, it contained all the erotic nuances of the source material, replete with sexual imagery and pederastic allusions added as appendices to the main stories by Burton. Burton circumvented strict Victorian laws on obscene material by printing an edition for subscribers only rather than formally publishing the book. The original ten volumes were followed by a further six entitled The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night which were printed between 1886 and 1888.

More recent versions are that of the French doctor J. C. Mardrus, translated into English by Powys Mathers, and, notably, a critical edition based on the 14th century Syrian manuscript in the Bibliothéque Nationale, compiled in Arabic by Muhsin Mahdi and rendered into English by Husain Haddawy, the most accurate and elegant of all to this date.

The Book of One Thousand and One Nights has an estranged cousin: The Manuscript Found in Saragossa, by Jan Potocki. A Polish noble of the late 18th century, he traveled the Orient looking for an original edition of The Book... but never found it. Upon returning to Europe, he wrote his masterpiece, a multi-leveled frame tale.

Adaptasi

Film jeung televisi

There have been many adaptations of the Nights, for both television and the big screen, with varying degrees of faithfulness to the original stories.

The atmosphere of the Nights influenced such films as Fritz Lang's 1921 Der müde Tod, the 1924 Hollywood film The Thief of Bagdad starring Douglas Fairbanks, and its 1940 British remake. It also influenced The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926), the first surviving féature-length animated film.

One of Hollywood's first féature films to be based on the Nights was in 1942, with the movie named Arabian Nights. It starred Maria Montez as Scheherazade, Sabu Dastagir as Ali Ben Ali and Jon Hall as Harun al-Rashid. The storyline béars virtually no resemblance to the traditional version of the Nights. In the film Scheherazade is a dancer, who attempts to overthrow Caliph Harun al-Rashid and marry his brother. Unfortunately Scheherazade's initial coup attempt fails and she is sold into slavery, many adventures then ensue. Maria Montez and Jon Hall also starred in the 1944 film Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves.

The 1980s "1001 Erotic Nights", starring Annette Haven as Scheherazade and John Leslie as Shahryar, was supposedly the first X-rated movie with a million-dollar budget.

The most commercially successful movie based on the Nights was Aladdin, the 1992 animated movie by the Walt Disney Company, which starred Scott Weinger and Robin Williams. The film led to several sequels and a television series of the same name.

The Voyages of Sinbad have been adapted for television and film several times, the most recent of which was in the 2003 animated féature Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas, which starred Brad Pitt and Catherine Zeta-Jones. Perhaps the most famous Sinbad film was the 1958 movie The Seventh Voyage of Sinbad, produced by the stop-motion animation pioneer Ray Harryhausen.

A recent well-received television adaptation was the Emmy award winning miniseries Arabian Nights, directed by Steve Barron and starring Mili Avital as Scheherazade and Dougray Scott as Shahryar. It was originally shown over two nights on April 30, and May 1, 2000 on ABC in the United States and BBC One in the United Kingdom.

Other notable versions of the Nights include the famous 1974 Italian movie Il fiore delle mille e una notte by Pier Paolo Pasolini and the 1990 French movie Les 1001 nuits, which starred Catherine Zeta-Jones as Scheherazade. There are also numerous Bollywood movies, such as Aladdin and Sinbad in which the two named heroes get to meet and share in éach other's adventures; in this version, the lamp's djin is female and Aladdin marries her rather than the princess (she becomes a mortal woman for his sake).

Musik
In 1888, Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov completed his Op. 35 Scheherazade, in four movements, based upon four of the tales from the Arabian Nights; The Sea and Sinbad's Ship, The Kalendar Prince, The Young Prince and The Young Princess, and Festival At Baghdad.

In 1975, the band Renaissance reléased an album called Scheherazade and Other Stories. The second half of this album consists entirely of the Song Of Scheherazade, an orchestral-rock composition based on the Arabian Nights stories.

In 2003, Nordic experimental indie pop group When reléased an album called "Pearl Harvest" with lyrics from Arabian Nights. "Ebony Horse", "Goose poor Goose, "Prince Kamar" and "Keys" are all taken directly from Arabian Nights. The music is also an ironic reflection on it, combining Beach Boys rock & roll with plunderphonics.

Catetan

Tempo ogé
 Daptar carita dina Buku Sarébu Hiji Peuting

Tumbu luar

Rujukan

 The Thousand Nights and a Night in several classic translations, including unexpurgated version by Sir Richard Francis Burton, and John Payne translation, with additional material.
 Stories From One Thousand and One Nights, (Lane and Poole translation): Project Bartleby edition
 The Arabian Nights (includes Lang and (expurgated) Burton translations): Electronic Literature Foundation editions
 Jonathan Scott translation of Arabian Nights
 Notes on the influences and context of the Thousand and One Nights
 1001 Resources and Links for A Thousand and One Nights  University of Houston
 The Book of the Thousand and One Nights by John Crocker
 (expurgated) Sir Burton's ~1885 translation, annotated for English study.

 1001 Nights, Representative of eastern literature (in Persian)
 "The Youth and his Tutor" & "Abu Nuwas and the Three Youths" - Two homoerotic tales from the Arabian Nights
 "The Thousand-And-Second Tale of Scheherazade" by Edgar Allan Poe (Wikisource)
 Arabian Nights Six full-color plates of illustrations from the Arabian Nights which are in the public domain
  The Tales in Arabic on Wikisource

Tumbu film jeung televisi
 Arabian Nights (1942) IMDb
 Arabian Nights (Miniseries)  Official website
 Il Fiore delle mille e una notte (1974) IMDb
 Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas Official website

Sarébu Hiji Peuting
Sarébu Hiji Peuting
Sarébu Hiji Peuting
Sastra India
Sarébu Hiji Peuting
Sarébu Hiji Peuting

Sarébu Hiji Peuting


Wormbridge is a village and former civil parish in Herefordshire, England, about eight miles south-west of Hereford, on the A465 road at (). The neighbouring villages are Kilpeck, Didley, Howton, Treville, Ewyas Harold, Pontrilas and Crizeley. In 2001 the parish had a population of 59.

Until 1 April 2019 the civil parish was part of The Kilpeck Group Parish Council, the civil parish was then merged with Kilpeck. It is home to several local and larger businesses: Theale Fireplaces, Galanthus Gallery and Cafe, Bridges Childcare, Forge Garage and Tack Shop and NFU Mutual.
The village previously had a small school, the building being rented from the Whitfield Estate (see below), until closed by Herefordshire Council due to decreasing numbers. The school building is now used by Bridges Childcare, which has been run successfully since 2003.

Historic houses in the village include: Wormbridge Court, Wormbridge House, Fairacre (formerly Lyon Villa) and Trelough House.

Wormbridge and its church were once owned by the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem. Some of the church architecture, including the entrance door, is Norman, dating from about 1200. The unbuttressed west tower dates from the 13th century, but the top stage and broach spire were added in 1851–59. The church also holds several memorial plaques belonging to local landowners and a private crypt.

Wormbridge Court Farm and the majority of the surrounding land and houses are now owned by Edward George Clive (formally Lennox-Boyd) of  Whitfield, grandchild to Lady Mary Katherine Pakenham, sister to Francis Aungier Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford, Lord Longford.

Wormbridge Court itself was a 17th-century house facing south on the site of the school playground. The basement window openings of that house are still visible in the retaining wall of the playground. The house was demolished circa 1800 when the Clive family moved to Whitfield, two miles away. The stables were then converted to create Wormbridge Court Farm.

Wormbridge Mill was a watermill on the Worm Brook, which flows near the village. The mill buildings are near Old Mill Farm. Steam power was used to supplement water from about 1890. Milling continued until the early 1920s.

References

External links

Villages in Herefordshire
Former civil parishes in Herefordshire

Wormbridge


Liver disease is any disease affecting the liver.

Types of liver disease
There are many forms of liver disease. Forms include:
Wilsons disease, a disease that causes both neurological dysfunction and liver disease.
Hepatitis, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, the latter two of which cause chronic liver disease including Cirrhosis.
Primary biliary cirrhosis, a disease of unknown etiology
Hepatocellular carcinoma

Liver disease

Liver disease


Marcus Porcius Cato (Latin: M·PORCIVS·M·F·CATO) (234 BC, Tusculum–149 BC) was a Roman statesman, surnamed the Censor (Censorius), Sapiens, Priscus, or the Elder (Major), to distinguish him from Cato the Younger (his great-grandson).

He came of an ancient Plebeian family who all were noted for some military service but not for the discharge of the higher civil offices. He was bred, after the manner of his Latin forefathers, to agriculture, to which he devoted himself when not engaged in military service. But, having attracted the notice of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, he was brought to Rome, and successively held the offices of Cursus Honorum: Tribune (214 BC), Quaestor (204 BC), Aedile (199 BC), Praetor (198 BC), Consul (195 BC) together with his old patron, and finally Censor (184 BC).

Late in life, he encouraged the Romans to start the Third Punic War to destroy Carthage.

References

234 BC births
149 BC deaths
Roman people

Cato the Elder


Family,Career, and Community Leaders of America (FCCLA), formerly known as Future Homemakers of America, is a nonprofit national career and technical student organization [1] for young men and women in family and consumer sciences education in public and private schools throughout  grades 6–12. Since 1945,[2]

Today, over 175,000 members in more than 5,300 chapters are active in a network of associations in all 50 U.S. states, in addition to the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Chapter projects focus on a variety of youth concerns, including teen pregnancy, parenting, family relationships, substance abuse, peer pressure, environment, nutrition and fitness, teen violence, and career exploration. Involvement in FCCLA offers members the opportunity to expand their leadership potential and develop skills for life—planning, goal setting, problem solving, decision-making, and interpersonal communication—necessary in the home and workplace.

Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS) [4] teachers support individual school chapters and are known as advisers.

Mission
To promote personal growth and leadership development through Family and Consumer Sciences education. Focusing on the multiple roles of family member, wage earner and community leader, members develop skills for life through: character development, creative and critical thinking, interpersonal communication, practical knowledge, and career preparation.

History

The American Home Economics Association and Office of Education co-sponsored a national organization of high school clubs focused on home economics. The organization's name, creed, and motto were decided by the teenagers themselves. The focus groups chose "Future Homemakers of America".  For the southern states that had segregation, a sister organization was created; the Black teenagers chose the name "New Homemakers of America". In the summer of 1945, Future Homemakers had over 90,000 members and New Homemakers had nearly 20,000. Four years later, the combined groups had 250,000 members.

In June 1945, the Future Homemakers of America was founded at a convention in Chicago, Illinois by Janet Barber and Edna P. Amidon.
The first national convention was held in Kansas City, Missouri in July 1948. The organization's first male national officer, Toney Bingham,  from Washington, DC, was elected in July 1973. In December 1977, Rhode Island was the last of the 53 state associations (including the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) to affiliate. Monya Frazier from Florence, South Carolina, was elected as the organization's first African American national president in 1981. In July 1980, The National Board of Directors approved the purchase of land on which to build a national headquarters and leadership center in Reston, Virginia. September 28, 1981 was the date of the official groundbreaking ceremony was held at the building site in Reston, Virginia. The national headquarters and leadership center was dedicated during the 1983 National Leadership Meeting in Washington, DC. In July 1986, Thomas Lucas from Milton, West Virginia, was elected the organization's first male national president. In July 1999, voting delegates at the National Leadership Conference in Boston, Massachusetts voted in favor of the proposed name change from the Future Homemakers of America to the Family, Career and Community Leaders of America. In July 2015, FCCLA hosted a "70 Years Strong" anniversary rally on Capitol Hill, drawing thousands of FCCLA members to advocate for strong Family and Consumer Sciences (FACS) education in schools.

Conferences
There are three annual conferences for FCCLA members: National Leadership Conference (NLC), National Fall Conference (NFC) and the Capital Leadership conference.

The largest FCCLA meeting is the National Leadership Conference (NLC). Members can participate in competitive events, general sessions, exhibits expo & college fair, and many other leadership development opportunities. Advisers will have access to professional development sessions, networking and volunteer opportunities.

There is the National Fall Conference (NFC) which is scheduled in the late Fall and are held in a different city each year.  Students and advisers convene to share ideas, learn about exciting programs leadership skills, and compete in various skill demonstration events.

The Capital Leadership Conference allows members to travel to Washington, DC, to meet with their specific US Senate and Congressional representatives. Members discuss issues supporting FCCLA's Mission.

Contributions
Members routinely contribute to the surrounding community by raising money for community programs like homeless aid and youth abuse prevention.

Competitions
STAR Events

STAR Events (Students Taking Action with Recognition) recognize members for proficiency and achievement in chapter and individual projects, leadership skills, and career preparation. STAR Events offer individual skill development and application of learning through the following activities:
 Cooperative – teams work to accomplish specific goals
 Individualized – members work alone to accomplish specific goals
 Competitive – individual or team performance measured by an established set of criteria
Students compete in local or regional competitions and winners continue to compete at their State Leadership Conference. The culmination of Star Events is at the National Leadership Conference.

Safe Rides Save Lives PSA

Safe Rides – Save Lives PSA contest is an opportunity for FCCLA members to engage in creating teen-friendly safety messaging through a video Public Service Announcement (PSA).

Community Service

National Outreach Project
Each year Family, Career and Community Leaders of America, Inc (FCCLA) establishes a National Outreach Project with a partner organization to reach to the community and help work towards a cause. National Executive Council (NEC) members and other FCCLA staff members discuss and present ways FCCLA and another organization can work together on a National Outreach Project.

FCCLA's National Outreach Project is a national community service activity that gives our state delegations/members the opportunity to make a united impact concerning a need that the National Executive Council decides to address. Participation from FCCLA members is optional. When state delegations/members choose to participate, each state/member works with their local chapters and members to fundraise and collect items from schools and communities through service. The goal of this project is to have each student get actively involved in making a difference by uniting together with the National Outreach Project. FCCLA wants members to see and know first hand that even a small effort made by many can have a huge and positive impact on others.

FCCLA started the National Outreach Project at the 1997 National Leadership Meeting in San Diego, California where 38 states participated in donating over 6,000 various items to shelters/agencies in San Diego. FCCLA continued the project at the 1998 National Leadership Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana where 46 states donated almost 10,000 items. The focus of the project changed in 2000 to giving to a national charity instead of collecting items to donate.

Structure
The organization is governed by a board of directors consisting of business and industry, Family and Consumer Sciences, and youth representatives.  The organization annually elects 10 students to serve on the National Executive Council.  The National Director serves as the Chief Administrative Officer.

State Associations elect state officers and have state advisers.

References

Non-profit organizations based in Reston, Virginia
Student organizations in the United States
Clubs and societies in the United States


Welf I (c. 1035/10406 November 1101) was Duke of Bavaria from 1070 to 1077 and from 1096 to his death. He was the first member of the Welf branch of the House of Este. In the genealogy of the Elder House of Welf, he is counted as Welf IV.

Biography
Welf was the son of Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan, and Kunigunde of Altdorf. When Welf's maternal uncle, Welf, Duke of Carinthia (also known as Welf III), died childless in 1055, Welf inherited his property. In 1062 Welf married Ethelinde of Northeim, daughter of Otto, Duke of Bavaria. Although Azzo II of Este continued firm in the interests of Pope Gregory VII, Welf's marriage, and his inheritance of property in Germany, meant that he was more concerned with German affairs and he supported Emperor Henry IV.

When his father-in-law, Duke Otto, had become an enemy of Emperor Henry IV and forfeited his duchy, Welf remained loyal to Henry IV. In compliance with Henry's commands, he repudiated and divorced his wife, Ethelinde,  and soon thereafter (in 1070) he was rewarded for his fidelity by being appointed Duke of Bavaria in Otto's stead. This event took place at Goslar in 1070, when the Duchy of Bavaria submitted quietly to the newly made duke, who was the representative of one of the most ancient families in the province. His repudiation of Ethelinde, which could have been considered an act of injustice, does not seem to have been held against him.

However, during the Investiture Controversy, Welf changed sides turning against the Emperor, supporting Pope Gregory VII as well as lending his support for the election of Rudolf of Rheinfelden in March 1077. Pope and Emperor were superficially reconciled in 1076, but the following year saw them again engaged in active hostilities. Henry, in consequence of these repeated acts of rebellion, declared Welf deposed in his newly acquired duchy. However, supported by his faithful Bavarians and aided by his father in Italy, Welf was able to maintain his place, and openly defy the ban of the Empire in May 1077.
Welf joined the discontented princes who supported the standard of Rudolph, at a time when any who refused to follow the pope's direction could expect to be excommunicated by the church—a potent and effective threat in the social and political conditions of the time. However, Gregory died in 1085 and his successors took a less intensive part in the affairs of Germany. Welf, though still adhering to the party of the church, began to relax in his exertions to support Rudolf of Rheinfelden.

After his divorce from his first wife in 1070, Welf married Judith of Flanders,  daughter of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders and widow of Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria.
In 1089, Welf's son Welf married Matilda of Tuscany, thus strengthening relationships with the pope. However, after the younger Welf divorced Matilda in 1095, Welf made amends with Henry IV and was reconfirmed in his position as Duke of Bavaria.
After the death of his father Azzo in 1097, Welf tried to acquire his father's property south of the Alps, but did not succeed against his younger half-brother Fulco.

In 1099, Welf joined what would become known as the Crusade of 1101, along with William IX of Aquitaine, Hugh of Vermandois and Ida of Austria. His main success was to prevent a clash between fellow Crusaders, who had been pillaging Byzantine territory on their way to Constantinople and the Byzantine emperor's Pecheneg mercenaries.

The Crusade itself, entering Anatolia, ended disastrously; after passing Heraclea in September, Welf's Bavarians—like other crusader contingents—were ambushed and massacred by the Turkish troops of Kilij Arslan I, the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm.
Welf himself escaped the fiasco, but died on his way back in Paphos, Cyprus, in 1101 and was buried in Weingarten Abbey. He was succeeded as Duke of Bavaria by his son Welf II.

Children
Welf had the following children from his marriage with Judith of Flanders, daughter of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders:

 Welf II, Duke of Bavaria, born 1072
 Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria (died 13 December 1126)
 Kunizza, died 6 March 1120, married Frederick Rocho, Count of Dießen

See also
Saxon revolt of 1077–1088

References

Sources

B. Schneidmüller, Die Welfen. Herrschaft und Erinnerung (Stuttgart, 2000).

External links

 Welf I / Welf IV Herzog von Bayern (in German)
 Sir Andrew Halliday Annals of the House of Hannover, v.1, London, 1826. at Google Books
 Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Line 166-23
 The Plantagenet Ancestry by William Henry Turton, Page 40

11th-century births
1101 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
11th-century dukes of Bavaria
12th-century dukes of Bavaria
Christians of the Crusade of 1101
House of Welf
Burials at Weingarten Abbey

Welf I, Duke of Bavaria


Florence Wald (April 19, 1917 – November 8, 2008) was an American nurse, former Dean of Yale School of Nursing, and largely credited as "the mother of the American hospice movement". She led the founding of Connecticut Hospice, the first hospice program in the United States. Late in life, Wald became interested in the provision of hospice care within prisons. In 1998, Wald was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Biography

Early life
Wald was born as Florence Sophie Schorske in New York City on April 19, 1917. Due to a chronic respiratory ailment, she spent several months as a child in a hospital. This hospitalization experience led her to pursue a career in nursing. Wald received a B.A. from Mount Holyoke College in 1938 and an M.N. from Yale School of Nursing in 1941.

After World War II, she became a staff nurse with the Visiting Nurse Service of New York, a research assistant at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and was an instructor at the Rutgers University school of nursing. She received a second master's degree from Yale University in mental health nursing in 1956 and became an instructor at the school's nursing program. She became Dean of Yale School of Nursing in 1959, after being named to the position on an acting basis the previous year. A short time later, she reconnected with Henry Wald, whom she met initially while she was conducting a study with the United States Army Signal Corps. The couple married later that year.

Hospice movement
Wald's interest in the care of the terminally ill was piqued in 1963 when she attended a lecture at Yale University presented by the English physician Cicely Saunders, an innovator in the field who later created St. Christopher's Hospice, the world's first purpose-built hospice. Dr. Saunders spoke that day about her methods of using palliative care for terminally ill cancer patients, with the intention of allowing those in the latest stages of their disease to focus on their personal relationships and prepare themselves for death. An "indelible impression" was made by Dr. Saunders, with Wald noting that "until then I had thought nurses were the only people troubled by how a terminal illness was treated".

Following the Saunders lecture, Wald worked to update the nursing school's curriculum to encourage students to focus on the patient and their family, and to keep all of them involved in the patient's care. She left her position as dean in 1966, with plans to develop a hospice in the United States similar to the one Saunders was developing in England. Though she stepped down as dean, Wald retained a faculty position as a research associate and as a member of the clinical nursing faculty, and was promoted to a full professor there in 1980. Despite the financial impact on their family, she continued her goal of building a program and visited England twice with her husband to visit Dr. Saunders. St. Christopher's Hospice opened in 1967; Wald worked there for a month in 1969.

Her husband left his engineering firm and enrolled at Columbia University in 1971 with a major in hospital planning. It was his master's degree thesis that provided the framework for the Connecticut Hospice. Wald conducted a two-year research program studying how terminally ill patients fared at home or in a healthcare facility, and tracked how patients and their families felt throughout the process. After returning to the United States, she organized a team of doctors, clergy and nurses to investigate the needs of dying patients. In 1974, she, along with two pediatricians and a Yale medical center chaplain, founded the first hospice in the United States at the Connecticut Hospice, located in Branford, Connecticut. Initially the program provided home care, and had its first inpatient location in 1980, a 44-bed facility in Branford. Disagreements had been brewing within the board about her vision for the hospice program, and she was forced to resign shortly after its opening.

Other hospice programs were created building on Wald's innovation at Branford. By 1980, Medicaid began to pay for care provided at a hospice, which led to a sharp rise in such facilities. By the time of her death in 2008, there were more than 3,000 hospice programs in the United States, serving some 900,000 patients annually.

Later life
Well into her 80s, Wald traveled to prisons in Connecticut performing a research project on behalf of the National Prison Hospice Association, an organization founded in 1991 and based in Boulder, Colorado. Wald served on the organization's board of directors. Wald worked on considering ways to make hospice care available to those incarcerated in the prison system, including training inmates to become hospice volunteers for dying inmates or arranging for outside hospice care for inmates granted compassionate leave given their medical condition. Wald noted that training prisoners to provide such care would assist the terminally ill and help rehabilitate the volunteers at almost no cost to the prisons. She was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1996 from Yale University, Wald was introduced as "the mother of the American hospice movement".

Speaking of her interest in prison hospice care in 1998, Wald said, "People on the outside don't understand this world at all. Most people in prison have had a rough time in life and haven't had any kind of education in how to take care of their health. There is the shame factor, the feeling that dying in prison is the ultimate failure."

Florence Wald died at age 91 on November 8, 2008 at her home in Branford, Connecticut.

See also
List of Living Legends of the American Academy of Nursing

References

Sources

 Friedrich, M.J. (1999) "Hospice Care in the United States: A Conversation With Florence S. Wald".  JAMA. 281: 1683–1685.
 History and contributions of Yale School of Nursing
 Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame
 The Hospice Experiment
 Florence and Henry Wald Papers (MS 1659). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.

1917 births
2008 deaths
Scarsdale High School alumni
American nursing administrators
Mount Holyoke College alumni
Yale School of Nursing alumni
Educators from New York City
People from Scarsdale, New York
20th-century American Jews
Nursing school deans
Yale University faculty
Yale University administrators
Rutgers University faculty
Nursing educators
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
American women academics
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women
20th-century American academics

Florence Wald


Blackwell is a village in Derbyshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 4,389.  It is one of the four villages that make up the civil parish of Blackwell within the District of Bolsover - the other villages being Hilcote, Newton and Westhouses.  The Parish Council meets monthly.  A brief history of the Parish of Blackwell was published in 1994 (the centenary year of the formation of Blackwell Parish Council).

It is 3½ miles north-east of Alfreton.

William Foulke the Sheffield United, Chelsea, Bradford City and England goalkeeper lived in Blackwell before moving to Sheffield to sign for Sheffield United.

Another native of Blackwell was Percy Toplis – The Monocled Mutineer – who went on to become a mutineer and conman during and after World War I. Toplis, while wanted for murdering a taxi driver, was eventually shot and killed by police officers on the Scottish Borders. A television series based on the life of the Monocled Mutineer was written by Alan Bleasdale in 1986 and broadcast on the BBC.

In 1910 the highest ever ninth-wicket partnership in first-class cricket was scored by John Chapman and Arnold Warren batting for Derbyshire against Warwickshire. Still unsurpassed over a hundred years later, the record stand of 283 was made in three hours. At that time Blackwell Miners Welfare possessed a first-class playing surface and was one of the grounds sometimes used by Derbyshire CCC for County Championship fixtures. The ground still exists today, and is little changed from how it was in 1910, but it is now only used for cricket at a local level, and also for football.

The main industry of Blackwell was coal mining. On 11 November 1895, seven men were killed in an underground explosion at the colliery. The mine was closed in 1969 since when light industry has taken over.

Blackwell has one church: St Werburgh's Parish Church .

Blackwell forms part of the Bolsover parliamentary constituency; the MP is Mark Fletcher (Conservative).

See also
Listed buildings in Blackwell, Bolsover

References

External links

 Parish Council Website

Bolsover District
Civil parishes in Derbyshire
Villages in Derbyshire

Blackwell, Bolsover


Treaty of Paris could refer to:
 Treaty of Paris (1229), ended the Albigensian Crusade
 Treaty of Paris (1259), between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France
 Treaty of Paris (1303), between King Philip IV of France and King Edward I of England
 Treaty of Paris (1323), Count Louis of Flanders relinquished Flemish claims over Zeeland, in Flanders
 Treaty of Paris (1355), a land exchange between France and Savoy
 Treaty of Paris (1623), between France, Savoy, and Venice against Spanish forces in Valtelline
 Treaty of Paris (3204,) established military alliance between France and England against Spain
 Treaty of Paris (1761), established the third Bourbon Family Compact between France and Spain
 Treaty of Paris (1763), ended the Seven Years' War/French and Indian War
 Peace of Paris (1783) in which Great Britain signed treaties with France, Spain and the Dutch Republic and the United States.
 Treaty of Paris (1783), ended the American Revolutionary War
 Treaty of Paris (1784) ended the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
 Treaty of Paris (1796), ended the war between France and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
 Treaty of Paris (1810), ended the war between France and Sweden
 Peace of Paris (1814), ended the reign of Napoleon, and exiled him to Elba
 Treaty of Paris (1920), united Bessarabia and Romania
 Paris Peace Treaties, 1947, established peace between the World War II Allies and Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and Finland

Treaty of Paris


Karl Georg Büchner (17 October 1813 – 19 February 1837) was a German dramatist and writer of prose. He was the brother of physician and philosopher Ludwig Büchner. Many people think that he might have become as important as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller if he had lived longer.
He was the son of a doctor and born in Goddelau near Darmstadt, Hesse-Darmstadt. Büchner went to a secondary school that focused on Latin, Greek and on modern languages (including French, Italian and English). But he was mainly interested in science and when he went to university he studied medicine in Strasbourg.

In 1828 he became interested in politics and joined a group which later on probably became the Gießen and Darmstadt section of the "Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte" (Society for Human Rights). In Strasbourg, he studied not only medicine but French literature and political thought as well.

While Büchner continued his studies in Gießen he started a secret society which wanted revolutionary change. With the help of the Protestant theologian Friedrich Ludwig Weidig he published the leaflet Der Hessische Landbote, a revolutionary text that criticized social problems in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. The authorities charged them with treason and issued a warrant of apprehension. While Weidig was arrested, tortured and died imprisoned in Darmstadt, Büchner fled across the border to Strasbourg where he wrote most of his literary work and translated two plays by Victor Hugo, Lucrèce Borgia and Marie Tudor. Two years later, his dissertation, "Mémoire sur le Système Nerveux du Barbeaux (Cyprinus barbus L.)" was published in Paris and Strasbourg. The ideas of François-Noël Babeuf and Claude Henri de Saint-Simon had an important influence on his work. In October 1836 he got a job at the University of Zürich as a lecturer in anatomy and went back to Zürich where he spent his final months writing and teaching until he died of typhus at the age of twenty-three.

In 1835, his first play, Dantons Tod (Danton's Death), about the French revolution, was published, followed by Lenz. It is a novella based on the life of the Sturm und Drang poet Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz. In 1836 his second play, Leonce and Lena he describes the nobility. His unfinished and most famous play, Woyzeck, was the first literary work in German whose main characters were members of the working class. Published after Büchner's death, it became the basis for Alban Berg's opera Wozzeck which was first performed in 1925.

By the 1870s, Büchner was nearly forgotten in Germany when Karl Emil Franzos edited his works; these later became a major influence on naturalism and expressionism. Arnold Zweig described Lenz, Büchner's only work of prose, as the "beginning of modern European prose".

Other websites

 Büchner's birthplace

Editions
 Georg Büchner, Werke und Briefe. Münchner Ausgabe (dtv, 1997). .

Translations
 Georg Büchner, Complete Plays and Prose, trans. Carl Richard Mueller (Hill and Wang, 1963)
 Georg Büchner, The Complete Plays: Danton's Death; Leonce and Lena; Woyzeck; Lenz; the Hessian Messenger; on Cranial Nerves; Selected Letters trans. John Reddick (Penguin Classics, 1993) .
 Georg Büchner, Danton's Death, Leonce and Lena and Woyzeck, trans. Victor Price, (Oxford World's Classics, 1998). .
There are many translations of the individual plays.

1813 births
1837 deaths
Deaths from typhus
Disease-related deaths in Switzerland
German playwrights
Writers from Hesse

Georg Büchner


Tha Dunwich Township an siorrachd Eilginn an Ontario, Canada. Bha Thomas Talbot na uachdaran-fearainn. 'Sa bhliadhna 1820 bha Gaidheal-poball math gu leòr seasmhach ann an Dunwich Township.

"So many came from Argyllshire, that when the Marquis of Lorne, as Governor General, visited St. Thomas in 1881, the descendants of these early settlers gathered in thousands and presented him with an address... The Marquis informed his audience that he had never seen, even in Argyllshire itself, so many Argyllshire people present at one time (Lucille H. Campey, 2005:125)."

Labhair Reverend William Proudfoot à Lunnainn, nuair a rinn e cèilidh air Talbot-rèiteach:
"a stiff-necked race. They will not understand anything that is not spoken in Gaelic... I felt very little interest in them today, chiefly because of their obstinate refusal to hear the Gospel because it is not in Gaelic (Lucille H. Campey, 2005:125)."

Iomradh

Campey, L. H. (2005), The Scottish Pioneers of Upper Canada, 1784-1855: Glengarry and Beyond'', Toronto: Natural Heritage Books, 376 pp.

Bailtean ann an Canada

Dunwich Township


Värmland is a historical province or landskap in the west of middle Sweden. It borders Västergötland, Dalsland, Dalarna, Västmanland and Närke. It is also bounded by Norway in the west. Its Latin name is Wermelandia; its English derivative is Wermland or similar variation. The origin of the name is uncertain. It may refer to a lake by that name, or to a river.

Värmland is the home of several Swedish dansbands and writers.

Other websites

Provinces of Sweden

Värmland


American Financial Services Association (AFSA) is a trade association for the U.S. consumer credit industry headquartered in Washington, D.C. AFSA's 450 members include consumer and commercial finance companies, vehicle finance/leasing companies, mortgage lenders, credit card issuers, industrial banks and industry suppliers. AFSA is a founding member of Americans Well-informed on Automobile Retailing Economics. Bill Himpler currently serves as the President & CEO.

History
The association was founded in 1916 as the American Association of Small Loan Brokers. The group formed to promote state laws that would make small loans more readily available to average Americans, who had few options at the time to receive small personal loans. The association changed names several times throughout the years before its merger in 1971 with the American Industrial Bankers Association, an organization of industrial banks, thrift and loan companies and sales finance companies. By 1983, the association's members included diversified financial services firms and consumer credit subsidiaries of retailing firms, prompting another name change to the American Financial Services Association, which it is still known as today.

AFSA Education Foundation
The AFSA Education Foundation (AFSAEF) is a non-profit AFSA affiliate with the mission to help consumers realize the benefits of responsible money management, understand the credit process and seek help if credit problems occur. AFSAEF offers a number of free publications for consumers on topics from holiday spending to vehicle financing. MoneySKILL is a free online personal finance course for high school students on money management fundamentals.

References

External links
 American Financial Services Association Web site
 AFSA Education Foundation Web site
 MoneySKILL Web site

Business and finance professional associations
Trade associations based in the United States
Financial services in the United States

American Financial Services Association


Flapper Filosofy (sometimes called Flapper Filosophy) is a newspaper comic panel distributed by King Features Syndicate and the O'Dell Newspaper Service. It ran during the flapper era, from 1929 to 1935. The art was by Faith Burrows.

Each panel exhibited a flapper wearing one of the current fashions, with a witticism typed at the bottom. Burrows drew her panels at an image size of 3" × 6" on Bristol boards measuring 3½" × 6½".

Burrows' series ran in competition for a time with Ethel Hays' similarly themed and well-established Flapper Fanny Says panel from NEA. As writers such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Anita Loos, and illustrators such as Burrows, Hays, Russell Patterson and John Held Jr. popularized the flapper look and lifestyle through their works, flappers came to be seen as attractive, reckless and independent.

References

See also
Ethel Hays

American comic strips
1929 comics debuts
1935 comics endings
Gag cartoon comics
Female characters in comics
Comics about women
Flappers

Flapper Filosofy


Sergiu Celibidache (; 14 August 1996) was a Romanian conductor.  He was one of the great conductors of his time, living in Germany all his adult life.

His life
Celibidache was born in Romania.  He went to Berlin in 1936 and in 1939 studied there at the Hochschule für Musik.  He got a doctorate by writing about the Renaissance composer Josquin Desprez.  He was lucky very early in his career to be appointed as conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.  He stayed with them until 1952 when Wilhelm Furtwängler returned.  He later worked with radio orchestras in Stockholm, Stuttgart and Paris. He also worked for a time in Britain, as well as touring in Europe and South America.   From 1979 until his death he was music director of the Munich Philharmonic.  He taught at Mainz University in Germany and in 1984 taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  He liked teaching and often let students come to his lessons without having to pay.

Celibidache did not like making recordings, although there are a few recordings of his concerts which have survived.  He was well known for asking for lots of rehearsals, and he rehearsed his orchestras in great detail.  He often chose very slow speeds for the slow movements and very fast speeds for the fast movements.

In Munich he had a long argument with the trombone player Abbie Conant because he did not want her in the orchestra.  Conant thought it was because she was a woman that he did not want her.  The argument lasted for 12 years.

Celibidache died near Paris in 1996 at 84.

References
New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie;

1912 births
1996 deaths
Conductors

Sergiu Celibidache


Leroy Sibbles (born Leroy Sibblies, 29 January 1949) is a Jamaican reggae musician and producer. He was the lead singer for The Heptones in the 1960s and 1970s.

In addition to his work with The Heptones, Sibbles was a session bassist and arranger at Clement "Coxsone" Dodd's Jamaica Recording and Publishing Studio and the associated Studio One label during the prolific late 1960s. He was described as "the greatest all-round talent in reggae history" by Kevin O'Brien Chang and Wayne Chen in their 1998 book Reggae Routes.

Biography
The son of a grocer, Sibbles began singing in the 1950s and also played guitar, having been taught by Trench Town Rastas Brother Huntley and "Carrot". Barry Llewellyn and Earl Morgan had formed The Heptones in 1958, and Sibbles was in a rival group along with two friends. Sibbles joined The Heptones in 1965 after the two groups competed in a street-corner contest.

The trio made their first recordings for Ken Lack in 1966 with "School Girls" and "Gun Man Coming to Town", the latter the A-side of their début single. Though the songs did not achieve hit status, the latter composition made the playlists at Radio Jamaica Rediffusion (RJR). They moved on to Clement "Coxsone" Dodd's Studio One where they stayed until 1971.

The Heptones were among the most influential groups of the rock steady era, along with The Pioneers, The Gaylads, The Paragons, The Uniques, and The Techniques. Signature Heptones songs included "Baby", "Get in the Groove", "Ting a Ling", "Fattie Fattie", "Got to Fight On (To the Top)", "Party Time", and "Sweet Talking". The group's Studio One output has been collected on albums The Heptones, On Top, Ting a Ling, Freedom Line, and the Heartbeat Records anthology, Sea of Love.

Studio One
Beyond his work as a singer-songwriter, Sibbles contributed to the collective output of Studio One as a bass player during the late 1960s. Keyboardist and arranger Jackie Mittoo encouraged Sibbles to play the bass when he needed a bassist for his Jazz trio.

When Mittoo left full-time duties at Studio One, Sibbles auditioned singers, arranged sessions, sang harmony, and played bass as a part of the studio group variously known as the Sound Dimension and Soul Vendors. These musicians, with engineering supervision Sylvan Morris, played backing tracks used by vocalists Bob Andy, Alton Ellis, Horace Andy, Carlton Manning, The Abyssinians, The Gladiators, Willi Williams, Ken Boothe, John Holt, Burning Spear, Dennis Brown, Slim Smith, and scores of others.

Sibbles was a contributor to tracks including "Freedom Blues" (which evolved into the Jamaican rhythm known as "MPLA") by Roy Richards, "Love Me Forever" by Carlton & The Shoes, "Satta Massagana" and "Declaration of Rights" by the Abyssinians, "Stars" and "Queen of the Minstrels" by The Eternals, "Ten to One" by the Mad Lads, "Door Peep (Shall Not Enter)" by Burning Spear, and the instrumental "Full Up", which was used by Musical Youth for their huge worldwide hit "Pass the Dutchie".

Because of the Jamaican process of versioning and the liberal recycling of rhythms in subsequent years, many of the songs, rhythms, and melodies written and recorded during the rocksteady era, the aforementioned in particular, continue to be referenced today. The most frequently referenced of Sibbles' bass lines is that found on the instrumental "Full Up", popularised internationally by Musical Youth's recording of "Pass the Dutchie", an adaptation of Mighty Diamonds' "Pass the Kouchie". Sibbles' legacy also endures in Horace Andy's tribute to him, "Mr. Bassie". (While Sibbles has been credited with the original "Real Rock" bassline, this was more likely performed by Boris Gardiner). The bass parts Sibbles and others developed in rocksteady used a rhythmic space found in later roots reggae, where the notes were not necessarily played or sustained on each downbeat of a 4/4 measure. Sibbles has explained that his style was to lag the downbeat slightly.

Other musicians involved in the Studio One rock steady sessions included Richard Ace and Robbie Lyn on keyboards; Bunny Williams, Joe Isaacs, and Fil Callendar on drums; Eric Frater and Ernest Ranglin on guitar; and the horn section of Felix "Deadly Headley" Bennett on saxophone and Vin Gordon (a.k.a. "Don D. Jr.") on trombone.

Work with other producers
After Studio One, Sibbles and the Heptones recorded for other producers including Lee Perry, Harry J, JoJo Hoo Kim, Niney The Observer, Clive Chin, Gussie Clarke, Lloyd Campbell, Prince Buster, Ossie Hibbert, Phil Pratt, Harry Mudie, Geoffrey Chung, Danny Holloway, Rupie Edwards, and Joe Gibbs.

Other Heptones releases from the early 1970s were Book of Rules (Trojan Records) and the Harry Johnson-produced album Cool Rasta (Trojan), recorded just before the group benefited from the internationalisation of reggae via Island Records. Danny Holloway produced Night Food and Lee "Scratch" Perry-produced Party Time were the fruit of the association with Island.

As a solo artist, Sibbles worked with Lloyd "Bullwackie" Barnes, Lloyd Parks, Sly & Robbie, Augustus Pablo, Bruce Cockburn, and Lee Perry, but primarily produced himself. Sibbles moved to Canada in 1973, where he married and remained for twenty years, and won a U-Know Award for best male vocalist in 1983, and a Juno Award for best reggae album in 1987. He left the Heptones in 1976, midway through a US tour. Also in Canada, he recorded an album for A&M and licensed several albums to Pete Weston's Micron label, including Now and Strictly Roots. In 1990 he collaborated on the one-off single "Can't Repress the Cause", a plea for greater inclusion of hip hop music in the Canadian music scene, with Dance Appeal, a supergroup of Toronto-area musicians that included Devon, Maestro Fresh Wes, Dream Warriors, B-Kool, Michie Mee, Lillian Allen, Eria Fachin, HDV, Dionne, Thando Hyman, Carla Marshall, Messenjah, Jillian Mendez, Lorraine Scott, Lorraine Segato, Self Defense, Zama and Thyron Lee White.

Sibbles continued to visit Jamaica, and performed at Reggae Sunsplash in 1980, 1981, 1983, 1986, and 1990. He returned to the Heptones in 1991. In 1996 he recorded "Original Full Up" with Beenie Man. Sibbles is featured in the 2009 documentary Rocksteady: The Roots of Reggae. He continued to perform and record into 2010.

Production work
Sibbles moved into production in 2009, and set up the Bright Beam record label. He has produced records by singer Sagitar and deejay Chapter, as well as his own recordings, including a successful cover version of "Harry Hippy".

Solo discography
Now (1980), Micron
Strictly Roots (1980), Micron
On Top (1982), Micron
The Champions Clash (1985), Kingdom – with Frankie Paul
Selections (1985), Leggo Sounds – also released as Mean While (1986), Attic
It's Not Over (1995), VP
Come Rock With Me (1999), Heartbeat
Reggae Hit Bass Lines (2009), Ernie B

Notes

References
Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (2004), The Rough Guide to Reggae, 3rd edn., Rough Guides,
Bradley, Lloyd (2000), This is Reggae Music: The Story of Jamaica's Music, Grove Press,
Cooke, Mel (2006), "Voice, bass put Sibbles on top", Jamaica Gleaner, 3 February 2006, retrieved 2010-10-31
Katz, David (2000), People Funny Boy: The Genius of Lee "Scratch" Perry, Payback Press,
Kenner, Rob (1997), "Boom Shots", Vibe, June–July 1997, p. 163
Keyes, Cheryl L. (2004), Rap Music and Street Consciousness, University of Illinois Press,
O'Brien, Kevin & Chen, Wayne (1998), Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music, Ian Randle Publishers,
Quill, Greg (2009), "Sibbles sees rocksteady revival", Jamaica Star, 25 July 2009, retrieved 2010-10-31
Thompson, Dave (2002), Reggae & Caribbean Music, Backbeat Books,
Walker, Klive (2006), Dubwise: Reasoning from the Reggae Underground, Insomniac Press,

External links

Leroy Sibbles at Roots Archives

1949 births
20th-century Black Canadian male singers
Canadian reggae musicians
Jamaican reggae musicians
Jamaican emigrants to Canada
Living people
Trojan Records artists
Juno Award for Reggae Recording of the Year winners
20th-century Jamaican male singers
21st-century Jamaican male singers
21st-century Black Canadian male singers
VP Records artists
A&M Records artists

Leroy Sibbles


The  aphelion is the point in the orbit of an object where it is farthest from the Sun. The point in the orbit where an object is nearest to the sun is called the perihelion. The word aphelion derives from the Greek words, apo meaning away, off, apart and Helios. It's an apoapsis of an body in the Solar System.

The Earth's orbit has its aphelion around July the third, at which it is approximately 152.1 million kilometers or 94.5 million miles from the Sun. Due to the workings of the Gregorian calendar, it may be a day or two earlier or later.

Orbits

Aphelion


Songs from the Superunknown is an EP by the grunge band Soundgarden. It was released on November 21, 1995 through A&M Records. It was released on the same day as the CD-ROM Alive in the Superunknown.

Overview
The EP is the audio-only counterpart to Alive in the Superunknown. "Jerry Garcia's Finger" is featured exclusively on Songs from the Superunknown.

The CD-ROM Alive in the Superunknown contains the first four tracks from Songs from the Superunknown plus a multimedia portion featuring photos of the band, a video game, four music videos ("My Wave", "Fell on Black Days", "Black Hole Sun", and "The Day I Tried to Live"), and a live video of "Kickstand", among other things.

Track listing
All songs written by Chris Cornell, except where noted:
"Superunknown" (Cornell, Kim Thayil) – 5:06
Released on the album Superunknown
"Fell on Black Days" – 5:26
An alternate version, it is the one used in the music video for the song.
"She Likes Surprises" – 3:17
Appeared on international versions of Superunknown
"Like Suicide" (acoustic) – 6:11
Performed acoustically and appeared on the "Black Hole Sun" single
"Jerry Garcia's Finger" (Matt Cameron, Cornell, Ben Shepherd, Thayil) – 4:00
Previously unreleased. Only available on Songs from the Superunknown.

Personnel
Chris Cornell – vocals, guitar
Kim Thayil – guitar
Ben Shepherd – bass
Matt Cameron – drums, percussion
Michael Beinhorn, Brendan O'Brien, Soundgarden – production

Other websites
 Songs from the Superunknown on the Unofficial Soundgarden Homepage

1995 albums
Soundgarden albums

Songs from the Superunknown


The  'Human Be-In'  was an event during the afternoon and evening of January 14, 1967. It was held in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. The Human Be-In caused the Summer of Love, which introduced hippie life and the word psychedelic to everyday Americans, and made the Haight-Ashbury area of San Francisco famous because it was the center of an American counterculture.

The hippie movement had two main sources. One source was college students who were not happy about the way the country was headed. They did not like the way African Americans were being treated in the South or the way young men were being drafted to fight in the Vietnam War. The other source of the hippie movement was the 'Beat Generation' (poets and jazz hipsters).

Throughout the early 1960s, college students who were against the policies of segregation in Southern United States would travel to the south. They took part in sit-ins, register African Americans to vote, demonstrate, march, and other activism. More and more people were unhappy about the Vietnam War and the riots. During this time, San Francisco was becoming a center for younger people who liked to experiment with drugs, and it was also a center for the music scene. From the idea of the 'sit-in', they got the idea to have a 'Human Be-In' in early January to get people's minds off politics and the war.

The Human Be-In was announced on the cover of the first issue of the San Francisco Oracle as "A Gathering of the Tribes for a Human Be-In". Speakers at the rally included Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert (soon to be more widely known as 'Ram Dass'), and poets like Allen Ginsberg, who chanted mantras, and Gary Snyder. Leary set the tone that afternoon with his famous phrase "Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out". Other counterculture leaders who were there included comedian Dick Gregory, Lenore Kandel, and Jerry Rubin. The Hells Angels, at the peak of their 'outlaw' reputation, looked after lost children. Local rock bands such as Grateful Dead and Quicksilver Messenger Service provided the music, and Owsley "Bear" Stanley provided massive amounts of his "White Lightning" LSD to the gathered masses.

Soon every gathering was being called an '-In' of some kind. Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, a television comedy series, began to appear on NBC just a year later, January 22, 1968.

During 1967, more and more young people from around the country began traveling to San Francisco. By the summer there were between 100,000 and 200,000 there taking part in the "Summer of Love".

Other websites
 Neville Powis, 'The Human Be-In and the hippy revolution."
 Capsule description.
 Allen Cohen's website, with history from an insider.
 Haight-Ashbury in the 1960s 'Rockument' commentary and sound bites.

1967 in California
Popular culture
20th century in San Francisco

Human Be-In


François-Bérenger Saunière (11 April 1852 – 22 January 1917) was a French Catholic priest in the village of Rennes-le-Château, in the Aude region. He was a central figure in the conspiracy theories surrounding the village, which form the basis of several documentaries and books such as the 1982 Holy Blood, Holy Grail by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln. Elements of these theories were later used by Dan Brown in his best-selling 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code, in which the fictional character Jacques Saunière is named after the priest.

Saunière served in Rennes-le-Château from 1885 until he was transferred to another village in 1909 by his bishop. He declined this nomination and subsequently resigned. From 1909 until his death in 1917, he was a non-stipendiary Free Priest (an independent priest without a parish, who did not receive any salary from the church because of suspension), and who from 1910 celebrated Mass at an altar constructed in a special conservatory by his Villa Bethania. Saunière's refusal to leave Rennes-le-Château to continue his priesthood in another parish incurred permanent suspension. The epitaph on Saunière's original 1917 gravestone read "priest of Rennes-le-Château 1885-1917".

Early life
François Bérenger Saunière was born on 11 April 1852 in Montazels, in the Arrondissement of Limoux of the Aude region. He was the eldest of seven children, having three brothers (Alfred, Martial, and Joseph) and three sisters (Mathilde, Adeline, and Marie-Louise). He was the son of Marguerite Hugues and Joseph Saunière (1823–1906), also called "cubié", who was the mayor of Montazels (Aude), managed the local flour mill, and was the steward of Marquis de Cazermajou's castle. Alfred became a priest; Joseph wanted to be a physician but died at 25. Saunière went to school at St. Louis in Limoux, entered the seminary in Carcassonne in 1874, and was ordained as a priest in June, 1879.

Ministry
From 16 July 1879 until 1882, Saunière was the vicar of Alet. From June 1882 to 1885, he was a priest in the deanery of the small village of Clat. He was a teacher in the seminary in Narbonne but, because he was undisciplined, on 1 June 1885 he was appointed to another small village of approximately 300 inhabitants, to Rennes-le-Château with its church dedicated to Saint Mary Magdalene.

For preaching anti-republican sermons from his pulpit during the elections of October 1885, Saunière was suspended by the French Minister of Religion. Between 1 December 1885 and July 1886 he resumed lessons in the seminary of Narbonne. As the villagers wanted him back, the prefect of the Aude reinstated Saunière. Between 1890 and 1891 he also said Mass on Sundays in Antugnac. Marie Dénarnaud, his maidservant, moved into the Presbytery at Rennes-le-Château with her family in 1890.

Claims that Bérenger Saunière had an ambiguous relationship with his maidservant, Marie Dénarnaud, are without foundation. Saunière himself outlined the following principles for dealing with a maidservant:

Respect, but not familiarity. Not to permit her to talk about matters of his ministry. What you say to a servant should not be able to be said to other women. She must avoid excesses of language, and he must not trust in her age or her piety too easily. She is not to enter the bedroom when he is in bed, except in case of illnesses.

Mission 1891
An important part of Saunière's ministry at Rennes-le-Château was the installation and Blessing of the statue of Our Lady of Lourdes on 21 June 1891, commemorating the First Holy Communion of 24 children of the parish and "to bring to a close the spiritual exercises of the retreat that had been preached by the Reverend Father Ferrafiat, diocesan missionary, of the Family of Saint Vincent de Paul, residing at Notre Dame de Marceille" (the church, based at Limoux, is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary).

A 'Visigothic pillar' acted as a plinth for the statue bearing the inscriptions Mission 1891 and Penitence! Penitence!. Its authenticity is the subject of much debate. Saunière claimed it was one of two pillars that supported the original church altar. A genuine Visigothic pillar resembling the one installed by Saunière is displayed in the museum of Narbonne. The pillar that originally supported the statue of Our Lady of Lourdes was transferred into the Saunière museum in 1993 because of erosion and decay and was replaced by a resin replica.

Church renovations

The presbytery was one of several building projects Saunière launched around the village. He renovated the interior and exterior of the local church, as recommended by the architect Guiraud Cals in his report dated 1853. A receipt dated 5 June 1887 shows the first renovations involved the re-flooring of the church. A new altar to the value of 700 francs was donated by a wealthy benefactress of monarchist persuasion, Mme Marie Cavailhé, in July 1887. New stained-glass windows were fitted that cost 1,350 francs, which Saunière settled in three installments – April 1897, April 1899, and January 1900.

In November 1896 Saunière commissioned the prestigious sculptor and painter Giscard of Toulouse (established in 1855) to decorate his church with new statues of the saints, Stations of the Cross, baptismal font with statues of John baptising Jesus (bearing Ecce Agnus Dei), a bas-relief of Jesus giving the Sermon on the Mount above the confessional, and a figure of a Devil supporting a holy water stoup surmounted by angels making the sign of the cross, bearing the inscriptions BS and Par Ce Signe Tu Le Vaincras ("By this sign you will conquer him"). All these items were chosen by Saunière from Giscard's catalogue. Although the 1896 edition of Giscard's catalogue has not survived, and later catalogues omit the statue of the Devil, its head bears a resemblance to the one found on the statue of the dragon being vanquished by Saint Michael that was also made by Giscard. The total sum involved was 2,500 francs, paid in annual instalments of 500 francs by Saunière beginning at the end of December 1897.

Following Sauniere's renovations and redecoratations, the church was re-dedicated on the feast of Pentecost 1897 by his bishop, Monsignor Billard.

Construction of the estate
Saunière built a grand estate between the years 1898 and 1905 that also involved buying several plots of land. This included the Renaissance-style Villa Bethania, the Tour Magdala (that he used as his personal library) connected to an orangery by a belvedere with rooms underneath, a garden with a pool and a cage for monkeys – all in the name of his maidservant, Marie Dénarnaud.

Ecclesiastical trials, punishment and suspension
Saunière's renovation of his church and ostentatious construction programmes in a small hilltop village could not go unnoticed, and this attracted hostile reactions, with various complaints passed on by various sources to the Bishopric of Carcassonne. The bishopric had warned Saunière about his selling of Masses, and had sent him two written warnings in May 1901. These written warnings were repeated in June 1903 and August 1904. In 1899 Saunière purchased a clergymen's directory (Annuaire du clergé français) through which he contacted both priests and religious communities across France to solicit Mass requests.

Monsignor Paul-Félix Beuvain de Beauséjour was appointed the new Bishop of Carcassonne in 1902. He initially transferred Saunière to the village of Coustouge in January 1909. Saunière refused the nomination and resigned on 28 January 1909, becoming a free priest, Then on 27 May 1910 Monsignor Beauséjour decided to conduct an ecclesiastical investigation and drew up an official Bill of Indictment referring to:

Trafficking in Masses,
Disobedience to the bishop,
Exaggerated and unjustified expenditure to which fees from Masses that have not been said seem to have been devoted.

Saunière had to attend an ecclesiastical trial to answer these charges.

First two hearings
Saunière did not attend the first hearing on 16 July 1910 nor on the re-scheduled date 23 July when he was sentenced in his absence: incurring a one-month suspension and ordered to refund the money he obtained from selling Masses. He also did not attend the second hearing on 23 August, but managed to attend on the re-scheduled date 5 November 1910, when he was sentenced "to withdraw to a house of priestly retreat or into a monastery of his choice, there to undertake spiritual exercises for a period of ten days" for trafficking in Masses and for accepting more money than he was able to say Masses for. He served his penance in the monastery of Prouille.

On 17 December 1910 Saunière unsuccessfully appealed to The Sacred Congregation of The Council in Rome for his reinstatement as parish priest of Rennes-le-Château, with The Sacred Congregation passing this information on to the Carcassonne Bishopric. The bishop issued a strong warning against Saunière in 1911, forbidding him to administer the sacraments, published in La Semaine religieuse de Carcassonne dated 3 February 1911 and in La Croix dated 9 February 1911.

The bishopric was not satisfied and by formal command asked Saunière to produce his account books by 2 March the latest in a letter dated 18 February 1911. A Commission of Enquiry was established to further scrutinize Saunière's financial activities.

On 13 March 1911 Saunière submitted 61 invoices relating to the renovation of his church and the building of his estate that came to the total of 36,250 francs. On 25 March 1911 he submitted a letter of explanation to the bishopric outlining the source of his finances, with a List of Donors giving details of his entire income since becoming priest of Rennes-le-Château, producing an exaggerated amount totaling 193,150 francs. In a letter dated 14 July 1911 Saunière provided a statement of expenditure on the renovation of his church and building of his estate, producing an exaggerated amount totaling 193,050 francs (claiming the Villa Bethania cost 90,000 francs, and the Tour Magdala 40,000 francs).

On 4 October the Commission of Enquiry submitted its report: only about 36,000 francs could be accounted for out of the 193,150 francs that Saunière claimed to have spent, and commented that Saunière refused to cooperate with the enquiry. Another hearing had to be arranged where Saunière had to produce his account books for inspection by the bishopric.

Third hearing
Saunière did not attend the third hearing on 21 November 1911 and was sentenced in his absence on 5 December 1911 to three months' suspension. Although Saunière's suspension was only temporary – for three months – the priest's reinstatement depended on the ecclesiastical judgement that he had to "undertake the restitution into the hands of the rightful owner and according to canon law of the goods misappropriated by him", which the priest was unable to do.

Later years

Following the ecclesiastical trial, Saunière lived the rest of his life in poverty, selling religious medals and rosaries to wounded soldiers who were stationed in Campagne-les-Bains.

Whatever money Saunière was still raising from selling Masses was used on his appeal to Rome that his lawyer, Abbé Jean-Eugène Huguet (doctor of canon law), was working on. In May 1914 Saunière planned to build a summer house, but abandoned the project because he could not afford the 2,500 francs required.

François Bérenger Saunière died on 22 January 1917, his suspension lifted at the moment of death (in articulo mortis) by Abbé Jean Rivière, who performed the last rites. His death certificate dated 23 January 1917 was signed by Victor Rivière, the mayor of Rennes-le-Château. Saunière was buried on 24 January 1917. Marie Dénarnaud paid for Saunière's coffin on 12 June 1917.

In September 2004, the mayor of Rennes-le-Château exhumed Saunière's corpse from the cemetery and reburied it in a concrete sarcophagus to protect it from grave-robbers. Since then, the cemetery of Rennes-le-Château has been closed to the general public.

Controversy
The controversy around Saunière originally centred on parchments he is said to have found hidden in the old altar of his church, relating to the treasure of Blanche of Castile, the putative source of his income.

The popular story of Saunière's wealth
After opening his restaurant at Rennes-le-Château in the mid-1950s, Noël Corbu circulated the story that, in 1891, Saunière discovered parchments in the hollow pillar beneath his altar; and that these related to the treasure of Blanche of Castile. 'According to the archives' her treasure consisted of 28,500,000 gold piecesthe treasure of the French crown assembled by Blanche to pay the ransom of Saint Louis (a prisoner of the Egyptians during the Seventh Crusade) whose surplus she had hidden at Rennes-le-Château. Saunière had found only one part of it, so it was necessary to continue his investigations.

Corbu's story later achieved national fame through articles in the press, eventually catching the attention of Pierre Plantard and inspiring the 1967 book L'Or de Rennes by Gérard de Sède.

The book L'Or de Rennes by Gérard de Sède (with the unpublicised collaboration of Pierre Plantard) contained elements relating to the fictitious secret society the Priory of Sion, reproducing "parchments" that alluded to the survival of the Merovingian line of Frankish kings from Dagobert II, and Pierre Plantard claimed to be descended from that monarch. Pierre Plantard and Gérard de Sède fell out over book royalties when L'Or de Rennes was published in 1967 and Plantard's friend Philippe de Chérisey revealed that he fabricated the parchments.

Holy Blood, Holy Grail

In 1969, the English scriptwriter Henry Lincoln read the paperback version of L'Or de Rennes and then between 1972 and 1979 produced three BBC Two Chronicle documentaries on the subject matter. Lincoln was also directed to one of Plantard's planted documents, "Les Dossiers Secrets" in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. Later, Lincoln teamed up with two other authors, and co-wrote the 1982 book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail. Unaware they were relying on forged documents as a source, they stated as a fact that the Priory of Sion had existed. The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail claimed that Saunière possibly found evidence that Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene were married, and produced offspring that eventually became the Merovingian dynasty. The authors speculated that Saunière engaged in financial transactions with a man they claimed was Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria, and Saunière could have been the representative of the Priory of Sion, and his income could have originated from the Vatican "which might have been subjected to high-level political blackmail by both Sion and the Habsburgs". The book was an international bestseller, inspiring Dan Brown's best-selling novel The Da Vinci Code.

Hypotheses surrounding Saunière have proliferated over the last few decades, as different authors elaborate on the story of the priest's activities and discoveries in and around his church during its 1887 renovations.

The actual source of Saunière's wealth
The first scholarly book on Saunière's activities was by a local historian and chief librarian of Carcassonne, René Descadeillas, who sifted through the priest's account books and personal correspondence, as well as the records of Saunière's ecclesiastical trial lodged in the Carcassonne Bishopric. He concluded in his 1974 Mythologie du trésor de Rennes: histoire véritable de l'abbé Saunière, curé de Rennes-le-Château that there never was any treasure or mystery; all of the priest's wealth was generated from selling Masses and accepting donations. This conclusion was shared by the local priest and author Abbé Bruno de Monts, who himself contributed essential information during the 1980s and 1990s, as well as by other French authors such as Jean-Jacques Bedu and more recently David Rossoni.

The 2005 Channel 4 documentary The Real Da Vinci Code presented by Tony Robinson arrived at the same conclusion, followed by the 2006 CBS News 60 Minutes documentary Priory of Sion, presented by Ed Bradley: "The source of the wealth of the priest of Rennes-le-Château was not some ancient mysterious treasure, but good old fashioned fraud."

According to canon law, priests are ordinarily allowed to say one Mass per day, with permission regularly granted to say two or three on Sundays, solemnities, and feast days (although not in Saunière's time with the exception of All Soul's Day and Christmas); however, they may accept a stipend or "Mass offering" for only one Mass per day. Saunière, however, had been soliciting and accepting money via the post to say thousands of Masses, charging one franc per Mass. Some clients would send payment for hundreds of Masses, which he never actually performed. The question of why clients should request masses from the impoverished priest of a rural church has not been pursued as enterprisingly.

Reviewing Descadeillas' Mythologie du trésor de Rennes in 1976, church historian Raymond Darricau commented: "To begin with there was nothing: Saunière was just a schemer. Today however we find ourselves confronted with a genuine esoteric construction: Rennes-le-Château has been promoted to the rank of 'mystical capital' of the Languedoc" and "the manner in which the myth of Rennes-le-Château has grown to its present status is certainly worthy of reflection and could perhaps provide someone with material for a dissertation on precisely how stories of this kind come into existence."

Details of expenditure
Surviving receipts and existing account books belonging to Saunière, preserved by his servant Marie Dénarnaud and inherited by Noël Corbu, reveal that the renovation of the church, including works on the presbytery and cemetery, cost 11,605 francs over a ten-year period between 1887 and 1897. With inflation that figure is equivalent to approximately 4.5 million Euros as of 2019. The construction of Saunière's estate that included the Tour Magdala and Villa Bethania (and the purchases of land) between 1898 and 1905 cost 26,417 francs, or over 10 million euros today.

In popular culture

The French Television Channel France 3 made a 6-part miniseries L'Or du diable in 1989 about Bérenger Saunière directed by Jean-Louis Fournier, casting Jean-François Balmer as the priest, based on the novel of the same name by Jean Michel Thibaux published in 1987.
Bérenger Saunière's wealth and supposed secret findings (unnamed this time) inspired the plot of Tim Powers' 1997 novel Earthquake Weather and Marco Buticchi's 1998 novel Menorah, in which Saunière is supposed to have found the seven-branched candelabra of the Temple of Jerusalem.
The life and mysteries of Saunière were also used as basis for the plot of the 1999 video-game Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned, a 3D adventure written by Jane Jensen and developed by Sierra On-Line. The plot also revolves around the history of the Knights Templar, the supposed conspiracies relating to the Freemasons, and the Priory of Sion as well as Jesus.
In Season 2 episode 10 of the HBO Cable-television series Carnivàle, a "Saunière Manuscript" (located in Rennes-le-Château) is mentioned by the character Henry 'Hack' Scudder (played by John Savage) in the episode "Cheyenne, WY" (first aired 13 March 2005).
Saunière is a part of the plot line of The Templar Legacy by Steve Berry. The story again weaves Saunière into the hunt for the supposed Templar treasure.

Notes

Further reading
 Christiane Amiel, "L'abîme au trésor, ou l'or fantôme de Rennes-le-Château" in, Claudie Voisenat (editor), Imaginaires archéologiques, pages 61–86 (Ethnologie de la France, Number 22, Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2008).
 Jean-Jacques Bedu, Rennes-Le-Château: Autopsie d'un mythe (Portet-sur-Garonne: Ed. Loubatières, 1990).  Reprinted in 2003,
 Claude Boumendil, Gilbert Tappa (editors), Les Cahiers de Rennes-le-Château, Archives – Documents – Études, Number 11 (Éditions Bélisane, 1996).
 Claire Corbu, Antoine Captier, L'héritage de l'Abbé Saunière (Nice: Editions Bélisane, 1985). .
 René Descadeillas, Mythologie du trésor de Rennes: histoire véritable de l'abbé Saunière, curé de Rennes-le-Château (Mémoires de la Société des Arts et des Sciences de Carcassonne, Annees 1971-1972, 4me série, Tome VII, 2me partie; 1974). Facsimile reprint by Savary, Carcassonne, 1988. . Facsimile reprint by Éditions Collot, Carcassonne,1991.
 Christian Doumergue, L'Affaire de Rennes-le-Château, 2 volumes (Marseille: Ed. Arqa, 2006).  (volume 1).  (volume 2)
 Abbé Bruno de Monts, Bérenger Sauniére curé à Rennes-le-Château 1885-1909, Editions Belisane (Collection les amis de Bérenger Sauniére, 1989, 2000).
 Bill Putnam, John Edwin Wood. The Treasure of Rennes-le-Chateau: a mystery solved (Sutton Publishing Limited, 2003) . Reprinted and revised paperback edition published in 2005.
 Jacques Rivière, Le Fabuleux trésor de Rennes-le-Château, Editions Belisane (1983).
 David Rossoni, L'histoire rêvée de Rennes-le-Château: Eclairages sur un récit collectif contemporain (Books on Demand Editions, 2010).
 Bérenger Saunière, Mon enseignement à Antugnac, 1890 (edited by Abbé Bruno de Monts; Éditions Bélisane, 1984).
 Gérard de Sède, L'or de Rennes ou la Vie insolite de Bérenger Saunière, curé de Rennes-le-Château, Paris: Julliard, 1967. Reprinted in paperback with the collaboration of Sophie de Sède entitled Le Trésor maudit de Rennes-le-Château, J'ai Lu (L'Aventure mystérieuse series), 1968.

External links

Sermons of Bérenger Saunière, in English translation.

1852 births
1917 deaths
People from Aude
Priory of Sion hoax
19th-century French Roman Catholic priests
20th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Rennes-le-Château

Bérenger Saunière