The Days of Rage were a series of protests during three days in October 1969 in Chicago, organized by the emerging Weatherman faction of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).

The group planned the October 8–11 event as a "National Action" built around John Jacobs' slogan "bring the war home", which grew out of a resolution drafted by Jacobs and introduced at the October 1968 SDS National Council meeting in Boulder, Colorado. The resolution read, "The Elections Don't Mean Shit—Vote Where the Power Is—Our Power Is In The Street". It was adopted by the council, prompted by the effects of the 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity in August and reflecting Jacobs's advocacy of direct action as political strategy.

Sociopolitical background
In 1969, tensions ran high among the factions of SDS. The Weathermen were still part of the organization but differences were coming to the surface. "Look at it: America 1969" put forth SDS's bottom line regarding the National Action. By the end of August, the differences between the Weathermen and Revolutionary Youth Movement II (RYM II) had emerged, leading to the resignation of RYM II leader and member of SDS Mike Klonsky from the Weatherman-controlled national office leadership. He accused the Weathermen of going back on the convention's mandate. Weathermen members Mark Rudd and Terry Robbins responded, saying that priority must be given to building an anti-imperialist youth movement.

In the months before the Days of Rage, despite the tensions within SDS, many members of Weather/SDS worked non-stop in promoting the demonstration. Lyndon Comstock was sent, along with three other members, to Lansing, Michigan to organize and promote the event. Leaflets were printed and distributed to high school and community college students during the day, while at night members would spray paint anti-war graffiti on local school campuses.

On October 6, 1969, the statue commemorating the policemen killed in the 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago was blown up; the blast broke nearly 100 windows and scattered pieces of the statue onto the Kennedy Expressway below; no one was ever arrested for the bombing. Weatherman found itself isolated from SDS, but maintained hopes that thousands would attend the mass demonstration in Chicago.

Events of the Days of Rage

October 8
Despite efforts to recruit youth and promote involvement, participation in the "Days of Rage" demonstrations was not as broadly based as advertised, or as participants had hoped. About 800 Weatherman members showed up prior to October 8 and faced 2,000 police officers. No more than 300 were left willing to face the enormous gathering of police a second time around<ref>Harold Jacobs. Weatherman (1970), p. 86.</ref> on the evening of Wednesday, October 8, 1969, in Chicago's Lincoln Park, and perhaps half of them were members of Weatherman collectives from around the country. The crowd milled about for several hours, cold and uncertain. Tom Hayden gave a short speech, telling the protesters not to believe press reports that the Chicago 7 disagreed with their action. Abbie Hoffman and John Froines, other members of the Chicago 7, also came but decided not to speak and quickly left. Late in the evening, Jacobs stood on the pedestal of the bombed Haymarket policemen's statue and declared: "We'll probably lose people today ... We don't really have to win here ... just the fact that we are willing to fight the police is a political victory." Jacobs' speech compared the coming protest to the fight against fascism in World War II. By this time there were around 350 protesters.

Finally, at 10:25 p.m., Jeff Jones gave the pre-arranged signal over a bullhorn, and the Weatherman action began. John Jacobs, Jeff Jones, David Gilbert and others led a charge south through the city toward the Drake Hotel and the exceptionally affluent Gold Coast neighborhood, smashing windows in automobiles and buildings as they went. The rioters attacked "ordinary cars, a barber shop ... and the windows of lower-middle-class homes" as well as police cars and luxury businesses. The mass of the crowd ran about four blocks before encountering police barricades. The rioters charged the police, breaking into small groups, and more than 1,000 police counter attacked. The Washington DC contingent reached the hotel's front drive. Before any attempt to gain entrance to the hotel could be made, an unmarked car pulled up to the curb and began firing revolvers into the group of about fifteen unarmed rioters. Although many rioters had motorcycle or football helmets on, the police were better trained and armed; nightsticks were aimed at necks, legs and groins. Large amounts of tear gas were used, and at least twice police ran squad cars full speed into crowds. After only a half-hour or so, the riot was over: 28 policemen were injured (none seriously), six Weathermen were shot (none fatally) an unknown number injured in other ways, and 68 rioters were arrested.Berger, Dan. Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground And the Politics of Solidarity, AK Press, 2005, Jones, A Radical Line: From the Labor Movement to the Weather Underground, One Family's Century of Conscience, 2004.  Jacobs was arrested almost immediately.

October 9
The next day a "Women's Militia" of around seventy women Weatherman members met at Grant Park, where Bernardine Dohrn addressed them.  The plan was to raid a draft board office, but they were overpowered by police when they tried to leave the park. Later that day, Illinois Governor Richard Ogilvie announced that he had called in over 2,500 National Guardsmen to "protect Chicago".  The Weathermen cancelled protests that had been planned for that evening.

October 10
The largest event of the Days of Rage occurred on October 10, when RYM II led an interracial march of 2,000 people through a Spanish-speaking part of Chicago.

October 11
On October 11, the Weathermen attempted to regroup and reignite the direct action.  About 300 protesters marched swiftly through The Loop, Chicago's main business district, watched over by a double-line of heavily armed police. Led by Jacobs and other Weathermen members, the protesters suddenly broke through the police lines and rampaged through the Loop, smashing windows of cars and stores. However, the police were ready, and quickly sealed off the rioters. Within 15 minutes, more than half the crowd had been arrested—one of the first, again, being Jacobs.Mestrovic, "For Eastern Europe: PR or Policy?", Commonweal, October 1969.

Richard Elrod, a city attorney, was paralyzed after Weatherman member Brian Flanagan stomped his construction boot repeatedly on Elrod's neck. Elrod accused Flanagan of attacking him, while Flanagan maintained that Elrod simply hit a concrete wall. Flanagan was charged with attempted murder and other crimes but was acquitted on all counts. The Weathermen later produced a song mocking Elrod, a parody of Bob Dylan's "Lay Lady Lay", including the lines "Lay, Elrod, lay / Lay in the street for a while / Stay, Elrod, stay / Stay in your bed for a while."

Aftermath
The Days of Rage cost Chicago and the state of Illinois about $183,000 ($100,000 for National Guard payroll, $35,000 in damages, and $20,000 for one injured citizen's medical expenses). Of Weather, 287 members were arrested during the Days of Rage and most of the Weathermen and SDS' leaders were jailed. The organization paid out more than $243,000 to cover bail.

Jones and other Weathermen failed to appear for their March 1970 court date to face charges of "crossing state lines to foment a riot and conspiring to do so". "Unlawful flight to avoid prosecution" charges were added when they failed to appear in court.

  See also

 Citations

 General and cited references
 Alexander, Robert J. Maoism in the Developed World. New York: Praeger Publishers, 2001. .
 Allyn, David. Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2000. .
 Avorn, J.L. Up Against the Ivy Wall. New York: Scribner, 1968. .
 Austin, Curtis J. Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party. Little Rock: University of Arkansas Press, 2006. .
 Avrich, Paul. The Haymarket Tragedy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984. .
 Ayers, William. Fugitive Days: A Memoir. Boston: Beacon Press, 2001. .
 Barber, David. "Leading the Vanguard: White New Leftists School the Panthers on Black Revolution". In In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement. New ed. Jama Lazerow and Yohuru Williams, eds. Raleigh, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006. .
 Berger, Dan. Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity. Paperback ed. Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2006. .
 Burns, Vincent and Peterson, Kate Dempsey. Terrorism: A Documentary and Reference Guide. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2005. .
 Cannato, Vincent. The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and His Struggle to Save New York. New York: Basic Books, 2001. .
 Dohrn, Bernardine; Ayers, Bill; and Jones, Jeff, eds. Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiqués of the Weather Underground, 1970-1974. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2006. .
 Elbaum, Max. Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che. New York: Verso, 2002. .
 Jacobs, Harold, ed. "Weatherman". Berkeley, California: Ramparts Press, 1970.
 Jacobs, Ron. The Way the Wind Blew: A History of the Weather Underground. Paperback ed. New York: Verso, 1997. .
 Joseph, Peniel E. Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006. .
 Kahn, Roger. The Battle for Morningside Heights: Why Students Rebel. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1970. .
 Kempton, Murray. The Briar Patch: The Trial of the Panther 21. Paperback reprint ed. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997. .

 Matusow, Allen J. The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s. New York: Harper & Row, 1984. .
 McCaughey, Robert. Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. .
 Mestrovic, Matthew M. "For Eastern Europe: PR or Policy?" Commonweal. October 1969.
 Rudd, Mark. "Columbia". Movement. March 1969.
 Rudd, Mark. "Organizing vs. Activism in 1968". Speech given at Drew University, November 4, 2006. Transcribed by Brian Kelly, January 9, 2008.
 Sale, Kirkpatrick. SDS. New York: Random House, 1973. .
 Sprinzak, Ehud. "The Student Movement: Marxism as Symbolic Action". In Varieties of Marxism. Shlomo Avineri, ed. New York: Springer, 1977. .
 Varon, Jeremy. Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies. Paperback ed. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2004. .
 Varon, Jeremy. "Between Revolution 9 and Thesis 11: Or, Will We Learn (Again) to Start Worrying and Change the World?" In The New Left Revisited: Critical Perspectives on the Past. John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 2002. .
 Wilkerson, Cathy. Flying Close to the Sun: My Life and Times As a Weatherman. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2007. .

Secondary sources
 Churchill, Ward and Vander Wall, Jim. The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States. 2d ed. Boston: South End Press, 2002. .
 Collier, Peter, and Horowitz, David. "Doing It: The Inside Story of the Rise and Fall of the Weather Underground". Rolling Stone. September 30, 1982.
 "FBI Drops 10-Year Hunt for 'Weather' Group Leaders". Los Angeles Times. October 20, 1979.
 Gillies, Kevin. "The Last Radical". Vancouver Magazine. November 1998.
 Good, Thomas. "Brian Flanagan Speaks". Next Left Notes. 2005.
 "Haymarket Statue Bombed". Chicago Tribune. October 7, 1969.
 Jones, Thai. A Radical Line: From the Labor Movement to the Weather Underground, One Family's Century of Conscience. New York: The Free Press, 2004. .
 Kifner, John. "12 S.D.S. Militants Indicted in Chicago". New York Times. April 3, 1970.
 Klonsky, Mike. "Toward A Revolutionary Youth Movement". New Left Notes. December 23, 1968.
 MacLennan, Catherine. "How Can You Do Nothing? The Weather Underground Bring the War Home". The Lamp. April 2004.
 Patterson, John. "They Emerged From 1960s Radical Chic to Become America's Most Wanted Fugitives". The Guardian. July 4, 2003.
 "Statue Honoring Police Is Blown Up in Chicago". New York Times. October 8, 1969.
 Shepard, Benjamin. "Antiwar Movements, Then and Now". Monthly Review. February 2002.
 Short, John G. "The Weathermen're Shot, They're Bleeding, They're Running, They're Wiping Stuff Out". Harvard Crimson. June 11, 1970.
 Smith, Bryan. "Sudden Impact". Chicago Magazine. December 2006.
 "You Don't Need A Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows". New Left Notes''. June 18, 1969.

1969 in Illinois
1969 riots
Far-left politics in the United States
History of Chicago
New Left
October 1969 events in the United States
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Political riots in the United States
Riots and civil disorder in Chicago
19th-century political riots
1860s political events

Days of Rage


ELISPOT stands for "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Spot Assay".  It is a laboratory technique for detecting cells that make (or "secrete") various substances.  These substances include specific types of cytokines or antibodies.  The ELISPOT method is typically used with blood cells, and is a helpful tool in studying the human immune system and various treatments for disease (e.g. vaccines).

In the ELISPOT technique, tiny wells are used to contain the cells, with a variety of other substances.  The substances cause colored spots to form near the cells that secrete the substances in question. These spots can then be counted manually (using a microscope, for example) or automatically using specialized equipment with computer vision capabilities.

The ELISPOT technique is very sensitive, and can detect even a single substance-producing cell. It is also very versatile, since it can be tailored to detect a wide variety of very specific secretions.

Other websites
A flash animation of the ELISpot procedure
An animated illustration of the ELISPOT process
 Examples of spot patterns formed by the ELISPOT technique

Biochemistry

ELISPOT


Leizu was a legendary Chinese queen. According to tradition, she discovered silk and invented the silk loom in the 28th century BC.

Leizu discovered silkworms while on a walk near the king's mulberry trees. However, there are different stories of exactly how she discovered that silkworms make silk.

One story says that she used her finger to touch a worm, causing a strand of silk to come out. As the silk continued to come out, she wrapped it around her finger. When the silk ran out, she saw a small cocoon, and realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk.

Another story says that she found silkworms eating the mulberry leaves and spinning cocoons. She collected some cocoons, and then sat down to have some tea. While she was sipping a cup of tea, she dropped a cocoon into the steaming water. A fine thread started to separate itself from the cocoon. Leizu found that she could unwind this soft and lovely thread around her finger.

She asked her husband to give her a grove of mulberry trees, where she could keep the worms that made these cocoons. She is credited with inventing the silk reel, which joins thin silk threads into a thicker thread strong enough for weaving. She is also credited with inventing the first silk loom. It is not known how much, if any, of this story is true, but historians do know that silk was first made in China. Leizu shared what she found out with others and the knowledge became common.

China
Chinese royalty

Leizu


Carbohydrates are chemical compounds that contain only oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. They are made up of joined-up sugars. Sugars have the general formula Cm(H2O)n, and are also known as saccharides.

Certain carbohydrates are an important storage and transport form of energy in most organisms, including plants and animals.

Biochemistry
There are four types of carbohydrates, named by the number of sugar molecules they contain.
 Simple saccharides with one or two sugar molecules
 Monosaccharides: single sugar e.g. glucose, fructose
 Disaccharides: two saccharides. e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose
 Longer chain saccharides:
 Oligosaccharides (shortish chains), often linked to amino acids or lipids. They play a special role in cell membranes.
 Polysaccharides (long chains) are complex carbohydrates, with linear chains of sugars or branched clusters. Their function is either energy storage (starch, glycogen) or building structures (cellulose, chitin).

Nutrition and foods
Carbohydrates are the most common source of energy for the human body. Protein builds tissue and cells in the body. Carbohydrates are very good for energy, but, if a person eats more than needed, the extra is changed into fat through a process called de novo lipogenesis.

If necessary, humans can live without eating carbohydrates because the human body can change fats and proteins into carbohydrates through a process called gluconeogenesis. Some already stored glucose in the liver can be released through another process called glycogenolysis. People of some cultures eat food with very little carbohydrates, but they still remain healthy, such as the Inuits.

Research in the United States and Canada have shown that people get about 40% to 60% of their energy from carbohydrates (mostly from refined carbohydrates). The amount of energy needs may depend on the amount of physical work done by people: the harder the work, the more energy they need. The other need for energy is body temperature. Living in a cold climate means a person needs more energy.

Some foods (especially grains) have high levels of carbohydrates including wheat products (bread, pasta, potatoes, cereals), rice, etc.

References

Carbohydrate


Biscuit rose de Reims (), is a pink biscuit found in French cuisine, made pink by the addition of carmine.

Background
Originating in Reims, Biscuit rose de Reims is a product of the Biscuits Fossier company. It is customary to dip the biscuit in champagne or red wine.  The biscuit was created around 1690 in Reims. A baker wanted to make the most of the heat in the bread oven between the two batches, so he had the idea of creating a special dough; cooking it twice, which is where the name "biscuit" or "bis-cuit" meaning "cooked twice" in French. The biscuit initially was white. In order to add flavor to it, a pod of vanilla was introduced into the recipe. This vanilla left brown traces on the biscuit. In order to hide them, the baker decided to add a natural color based on cochineal, a scarlet dye, to disguise his mistake. From this sequence of events, the Biscuit Rose de Reims was born. The biscuit is oblong in shape, and is lightly sprinkled with caster sugar. Enthusiasts for the biscuit included King Charles X, Leopold II of Belgium, the Russian czar, and the Marquise de Polignac. It is commonly dipped in the following liquids to bring out its flavor:

 Champagne
 Ratafia
 Coffee
 Lemonade
 Milk

It quickly became a great success in terms of confectionery throughout France. The original recipe of the famous "Biscuit Rose" is still kept secretly by Fossier's confectioners. Despite the basic ingredients that include eggs, sugar, flour, and vanilla, the traditional French recipe demands special mastery and daintiness.

References

Biscuit brands
French pastries
Reims

Biscuit rose de Reims


An accelerometer is a device used to measure proper acceleration, which is the acceleration it experiences in relation to freefall, and is the acceleration felt by people and objects. Accelerometers are commonly made up of piezoelectric, piezoresistive or capacitive components. Here are some examples of what accelerometers are used for:
 As a component of inertial navigation systems for aircraft and missiles.
 Detecting and monitoring vibration in rotating machinery.
 Making sure images on the screens of phones, tablets and digital cameras are always displayed upright.
 Making the flight of drones more stable.
 Coordinated accelerometers can be used to measure differences in proper acceleration, especially gravity, over their separation in space, such as the gradient of the gravitational field. This gravity gradiometry is useful because absolute gravity is a weak effect and depends on the local density of the Earth, which can constantly change.

Machines
Measuring tools

Accelerometer


The digestive system is the parts of the body that  digest food. It is also called the gastrointestinal system. It breaks down food into simple chemicals which can be  absorbed into the blood stream. From the blood stream, nutrients go to the liver, which is a kind of chemical factory for the body. The liver adjusts the nutrients so that the mix is what the body needs.

In the stomach, gastric acid is introduced. This is basically dilute hydrochloric acid. It is very reactive and has a pH level of 1.5 to 3.5. The stomach has a layer of mucus to protect itself from the acid.

The digestive system also get rid of waste material. The gastrointestinal system starts at the lips and ends at the anus. Animals like worms, insects, mammals, birds, fish, and people all have digestive systems.

The digestive system is not just the gut, but also other organs which help us digest food. For example, digestive enzymes are needed to break down carbohydrates and meat into substances which can be absorbed.

The parts of the human, and many other animals, digestive system are:
Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Large intestine
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anus

Other organs that are part of the gastrointestinal system but are not part of the gut are:
Liver and gall bladder
Pancreas
Salivary glands, lips, teeth, tongue, epiglottis, thyroid, and parathyroids
Food does not go through these organs. But they help the gut digest the food. They also have other work. For example, the pancreas, thyroid, liver, and parathyroids are also endocrine glands that make hormones like insulin.

There are many diseases that affect the gastrointestinal system. Doctors who study the gastrointestinal tract are called gastroenterologists.

References

Digestive system

Digestive system


Joshua son of Nun is a person in the Bible. Joshua is used as a general against Amalek after Amalek attacks the Israelites. When Moses goes up to Biblical Mount Sinai to get the Torah from God, Joshua stays at the bottom of the mountain waiting for Moses to come back. He doesn't realise that the people are worshiping a Golden Calf as an idol until after Moses tells him.

When two people named Eldad and Medad become prophets, Joshua is annoyed because he thinks only Moses should be a prophet though Moses tells Joshua that if it were up to him every Israelite would be a prophet.

Joshua, it turns out was once named Hosea but then Moses sends him as one of Twelve spies to Canaan after first renaming him Joshua. Ten of the spies try to convince the Israelites that it would be better to go back to being slaves in Egypt than enter the Promised Land because if they tried to conquer Canaan they'd get killed. Joshua and Caleb said that if they came to the Promised Land, God would make sure they would survive against their enemies just like He had saved them from Egypt.

When Moses dies, he, at the command of God, appoints Joshua leader of the Israelites. Joshua mourns Moses for many months after his death but then God commands Joshua to conquer Canaan. Joshua enters the Promised Land as a general kills 39 kings and manages to take over most of the country. He then divides the land among the Twelve Tribes of Israel and then dies. There is a book in the Bible named after him called the Book of Joshua.

Old Testament people

Joshua


The Watchmaker analogy is a teleological argument. In simple terms, it states that because there is a design, there must be a designer. The analogy is important in natural theology where it is used to show the existence of God as well as supporting the idea of intelligent design. William Paley (1743 – 1805) gave one of the best known explanations for this in his book Natural Theology, published in 1802: "Anyone finding a pocket watch in a field will recognise that it was designed intelligently; living beings are similarly complex, and must be the work of an intelligent designer". In 1859, Charles Darwin provided another explanation for this complexity; according to Darwin, this complexity is a result of continuing adaptation. Paley was not the first to use the analogy, though. Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle is generally credited for this, when he used it in his work Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds, published in 1686.

There are three main points of criticism against the Watchmaker analogy:
Complexity does not necessarily require a designer; it can also come from mindless natural processes. David Hume gives the examples of a snowflake, and of the generation of crystals. These are mentioned in his works Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Other people have mentioned the Infinite monkey theorem.
The watch is a bad analogy.
The watchmaker is more complex than the watch. If complexity proves intelligent design, then the question arises who designed such a complex watchmaker.

Intelligent design
Evolution
Metaphors referring to nature

Watchmaker analogy


Our Lady of Fatima is a Roman Catholic title for the Virgin Mary due to her apparitions to three shepherd children, Lucia Santos, and her two cousins, Jacinta and Francisco Marto. The apparition is believed to have appeared at the town of Fátima, Portugal on the thirteenth day of six consecutive months in 1917, starting on May 13. Her name in Portuguese is Nossa Senhora de Fátima. She is also called Our Lady of the Rosary or Our Lady of the Rosary of Fatima.

History
On May 13, 1917, Lucia and her two cousins, Jacinta and Francisco Marto, were herding sheep at a location known as Cova da Iria, near their hometown village, Fatima. Lúcia described seeing a woman "brighter than the sun, shedding rays of light clearer and stronger than a crystal ball filled with the most sparkling water and pierced by the burning rays of the sun." Amazed, Lucia and her cousins ran back to their village and told everyone what they saw. A further appearance of the Virgin Mary were  reported to be on the thirteenth day of the month in June and July. In these, the Virgin Mary asked the children to do acts of penance and Acts of Reparation as well as personal sacrifice to save sinners. The children subsequently wore tight cords around their waists to cause themselves pain, performed self-flagellation using stinging nettles, abstained from drinking water on hot days, and performed other works of penance. According to Lúcia's account, in the course of her appearances, the woman confided to the children three secrets, now known as the Three Secrets of Fátima.

The miracle of the sun
As early as July 1917, it was claimed that the Virgin Mary promised a miracle for the last of her apparitions on October 13, so that all could believe. What happened became known as "The Miracle of the Sun." A huge flock of crowds filled with approximately 70,000 came to witness this miracle. People who witnessed this miracle said that they saw the "Sun dance."  They also said that they could look at the sun without any problems. As the crowd was looking at the sun, Lucio, Jacinta, and Fransisco said they saw lovely images of the Holy Family, Our Lady of Sorrows with Jesus Christ, and then Our Lady of Mount Carmel. They said they saw Saint Joseph and Jesus bless the people.

The three secrets of Fatima

The first secret
The first vision of Fatima was a vision of hell which Lúcia describes in her Third Memoir, as follows:

"Our Lady showed us a great sea of fire which seemed to be under the earth. Plunged in this fire were demons and souls in human form, like transparent burning embers, all blackened or burnished bronze, floating about in the conflagration, now raised into the air by the flames that issued from within themselves together with great clouds of smoke, now falling back on every side like sparks in a huge fire, without weight or equilibrium, and amid shrieks and groans of pain and despair, which horrified us and made us tremble with fear. The demons could be distinguished by their terrifying and repulsive likeness to frightful and unknown animals, all black and transparent. This vision lasted but an instant. How can we ever be grateful enough to our kind heavenly Mother, who had already prepared us by promising, in the first Apparition, to take us to heaven. Otherwise, I think we would have died of fear and terror."

The second secret
The second secret included Mary's instructions on how to save souls from hell and convert the world to the Christian faith, also revealed by Lúcia in her Third Memoir:

"I have seen hell where the souls of poor sinners go. To save them, God wishes to establish in the world devotion to my Immaculate Heart. If what I say to you is done, many souls will be saved and there will be peace. The war is going to end: but if people do not cease offending God, a worse one will break out during the Pontificate of Pius XI. When you see a night illuminated by an unknown light, know that this is the great sign given you by God that he is about to punish the world for its crimes, by means of war, famine, and persecutions of the Church and of the Holy Father. To prevent this, I shall come to ask for the consecration of Russia to my Immaculate Heart, and the Communion of reparation on the First Saturdays. If my requests are heeded, Russia will be converted, and there will be peace; if not, she will spread her errors throughout the world, causing wars and persecutions of the Church. The good will be martyred; the Holy Father will have much to suffer; various nations will be annihilated. In the end, my Immaculate Heart will triumph. The Holy Father will consecrate Russia to me, and she shall be converted, and a period of peace will be granted to the world."

The third secret
The Third Secret was never revealed by the Holy See until June 26, 2000. The third secret, a vision of the death of the Pope and other religious figures, was transcribed by the Bishop of Leiria and reads:

"After the two parts which I have already explained, at the left of Our Lady and a little above, we saw an Angel with a flaming sword in his left hand; flashing, it gave out flames that looked as though they would set the world on fire; but they died out in contact with the splendour that Our Lady radiated towards him from her right hand: pointing to the earth with his right hand, the Angel cried out in a loud voice: 'Penance, Penance, Penance!'. And we saw in an immense light that is God: 'something similar to how people appear in a mirror when they pass in front of it' a Bishop dressed in White 'we had the impression that it was the Holy Father'. Other Bishops, Priests, men and women Religious going up a steep mountain, at the top of which there was a big Cross of rough-hewn trunks as of a cork-tree with the bark; before reaching there the Holy Father passed through a big city half in ruins and half trembling with halting step, afflicted with pain and sorrow, he prayed for the souls of the corpses he met on his way; having reached the top of the mountain, on his knees at the foot of the big Cross he was killed by a group of soldiers who fired bullets and arrows at him, and in the same way there died one after another the other Bishops, Priests, men and women Religious, and various lay people of different ranks and positions. Beneath the two arms of the Cross there were two Angels each with a crystal aspersorium in his hand, in which they gathered up the blood of the Martyrs and with it sprinkled the souls that were making their way to God."

Pontevedra apparitions
Eight years after the Fátima events, Sister Lúcia was living in a Dorothean convent in Pontevedra, Spain. She reported that on December 10, 1925 she experienced another apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary. On this occasion, in Sister Lucia's own words, the Virgin returned as She had promised at Fatima to relate the specific requirements for the Communion of Reparation on the First Saturdays.

Here is how Sister Lúcia describes the appearance: "The Most Holy Virgin appeared to me, and by her side, elevated on a luminous cloud, was the Child Jesus. The Most Holy Virgin rested her hand on my shoulder and as she did so, she showed me a heart encircled by thorns, which she was holding in her other hand."

During this alleged apparition, the Child Jesus asked Sister Lúcia to have compassion on His Mother, referring to her as the heavenly mother of Sister Lúcia. Later On February 15, 1926 Lucia reported to have seen the child Jesus when emptying a garbage can in the garden. The child (Jesus) told Lucia to not do any more promoting for the first First Saturday's devotion.

At this point, the Virgin Mary is said to have set the parameters of the Five First Saturdays devotion. If one fulfilled these conditions on the First Saturday of five consecutive months, the Virgin Mary promised special graces at the hour of death.

The devotion of the Communion of Reparation on the Five First Saturdays, mentioned by the Virgin at Fátima on July 13, 1917, and then confirmed at Pontevedra as described above, some believe is an essential part of the Message of Fátima.

Related pages
 Fátima, Portugal

Other websites
 Sanctuary of Fátima
 Pilgrims of Fátima
 Fátima travel guide

Marian apparitions
Titles of Mary

Our Lady of Fatima


Dirk DeWayne Minniefield (born January 17, 1961) is an American retired professional basketball player. While at Lafayette High School in Lexington, he was named the 1979 Kentucky "Mr. Basketball", an honor given to the top high school player in the state of Kentucky. In addition to "Mr. Basketball", he was also named a McDonald's and Parade High School All-American. Minniefield played his college ball at the University of Kentucky (UK), where he became a member of the 1,000 point club. In 1983, he was drafted in the second round (33rd overall) by the NBA's Dallas Mavericks. The , 180 lb (82 kg) guard played three seasons in NBA, making stops in Cleveland, Houston, Golden State, and Boston.

Early life

Minniefield began regularly using marijuana at age 14. Minniefield, who has been sober since the early 1990s, told a group of top high school prospects in 2007 that "My younger kids have never seen me take a drink. They don't know the daddy the older kids know. They know a totally different guy." (Minniefield was a father of three children by the time he graduated from high school, and has two children from his current marriage).

Drug Issues

His drug problem continued into college. He admitted to having carried a vial of cocaine with him regularly during his senior year at UK, and frequently took hits of the drug before games. Most notably, he admitted in 2007 that he and several teammates had gone to a park in Knoxville, Tennessee the night before Kentucky's showdown with Louisville in the 1983 NCAA Mideast Regional final and smoked marijuana. He also said that he smoked more marijuana after returning to his hotel room.

As fate would have it, he had the ball late in the game, with UK clinging to a narrow lead. He went into the lane and threw up a tentative shot that UofL center Charles Jones blocked. The Cardinals went on to force overtime and then dominated the extra period, winning 80–68. He would later say about the incident,

Minniefield's drug use eventually contributed to the early end of his NBA career. He returned to Lexington, but wound up serving a year in jail after writing bad checks and violating probation on those charges. His first wife divorced him and he left Lexington "penniless". He found his way to the John Lucas Drug Abuse Center in Houston; Minniefield would say of Lucas,  "I finally found that person who talked my language. He could see past the outside facade I learned to put up." For his part, Lucas said, "I call him one of my children. He's delightful. He's helped me as much as I helped him."

After treatment, Minniefield worked as transportation manager—according to him, "A better word is van driver"—for the San Antonio Spurs while Lucas was coach. He would go on to be a head coach/general manager in the United States Basketball League (USBL) for the Miami Tropics (a team that Lucas owned) and serve as the Spurs' strength and conditioning coach. When Lucas left for the Philadelphia 76ers, Minniefield took a job as a drug counselor with the NBA to enable him to stay in Houston.

Notes

External links
Stats at basketballreference.com
Kentucky career stats

1961 births
Living people
Albany Patroons players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Lexington, Kentucky
Boston Celtics players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Dallas Mavericks draft picks
Houston Rockets players
Golden State Warriors players
Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball players
Louisville Catbirds players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
National Basketball Association executives
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Point guards
Shooting guards
Basketball players from Houston

Dirk Minniefield


Courrier sud, translated as Southern Mail and Southern Carrier, is the first novel by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, published in 1929. Encouraged by the publication of his short story The Aviator, Saint-Exupéry followed up with this work based on his pioneering flights for the French airmail service.

A structured novel, it has three sections, the shorter outer sections being set in the heat and daylight of the Sahara Desert, the long central section in France at night and in pelting rain.  The story thread consists of an investigation into the disappearance of an aviator in the Sahara.

The novel was adapted into the 1937 French film Courrier sud directed by Pierre Billon.

References

1929 French novels
Works by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
Aviation novels
Éditions Gallimard books

Courrier sud (novel)


Lyman Frank Baum (May 15, 1856 –  May 6, 1919) was an American writer of children's books during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best known for his most famous and popular book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900), and other Oz books that followed it.

Early life
Baum was born in a small town in Chittenango, New York. He was a member of a large family. He started writing as a child. When his father bought his children a simple printing press, Baum and a younger brother wrote and printed a small local newspaper. As a young man, Baum wrote and staged plays. Sometimes he wrote songs for his plays and starred in them himself. He also tried many other careers. He was a travelling salesman and  a storekeeper for a time. He started a newspaper while he lived in a town in South Dakota. He married in 1882. He and his wife, Maud Gage Baum, raised four sons. Baum had a very good imagination. He liked creating stories for his young sons and their friends.

Writing career
When he became 40 years old and was living in Chicago, Baum started writing children's books. These books were often based on the stories he had told to children over many years. After several successes in the late 1890s, Baum published what he called an "American fairy tale," The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, in 1900. The book had pictures drawn by the American artist W. W. Denslow. Baum had to pay for the first Oz book himself. No Chicago publisher wanted to publish The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. One man even told Baum that if people had wanted to read this kind of book, it would already have been written.

But the first Oz book was a big success. Baum was able to give up other business ideas and make enough money to live on by writing children's books. The children who read his books often wrote to Baum, and asked him to write more about Oz. This caused Baum to begin a series of books set in the fantasy land of Oz. In time, Baum grew tired of the series. He tried to end it but his child readers kept demanding that he continue. Baum met their demands through the rest of his life. He wrote 14 Oz books in all. The last two were printed after his death in 1919.

Baum also wrote a large number of books other than the Oz series. He was proudest of his fantasies for children, but he also wrote many other kinds of popular works. He used many pen names for these works.

Baum's children's books were illustrated with pictures by different artists. After the first Oz book, all the rest in the series had pictures by John R. Neill.

Later life
Baum made a good income from his books. He spent time travelling around the world with his wife. They settled in Hollywood, California, and Baum made movie versions of some of his Oz books. He also produced stage versions of them. But his businesses were not always successful. In time, Baum had to declare bankruptcy. He was smart enough to put his house in his wife's name, so that they did not lose their home in the bankruptcy.

Baum's Oz books
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, 1900
The Marvelous Land of Oz, 1904
Ozma of Oz, 1907
Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz, 1908
The Road to Oz, 1909
The Emerald City of Oz, 1910
The Patchwork Girl of Oz, 1913
Tik-Tok of Oz, 1914
The Scarecrow of Oz, 1915
Rinkitink in Oz, 1916
The Lost Princess of Oz, 1917
The Tin Woodman of Oz, 1918
The Magic of Oz, 1919
Glinda of Oz, 1920

Some other Baum fantasies
The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus, 1902
The Enchanted Island of Yew, 1903
Queen Zixi of Ix, 1905
John Dough and the Cherub, 1906
The Sea Fairies, 1912
Sky Island, 1913

Writers from New York (state)
American children's writers
20th-century American novelists
1856 births
1919 deaths

L. Frank Baum


Red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) is a fish from the western Atlantic Ocean. They are game fish. They live in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coast of the Southeastern United States. They live as far north as Massachusetts and Rhode Island, though this is far less common.

Some species sold as red snapper may be other fish in the family. The red snapper can be served in various ways for food.

Edible fish
Perciformes

Red snapper


Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset (October 19, 1916 – June 6, 2009) was a French immunologist.

Dausset won the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 1978. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1980 for his "discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions". He shared the prize with Baruj Benacerraf and George Davis Snell.

Life
He was born on October 19, 1916 in Toulouse, France to Henri Dausset and Elisabeth Dausset (born Renard). Dausset was the youngest of four children. His father was a doctor from Pyrenees and his mother was a housewife from Lorraine. After World War I ended, the family moved to Biarritz where Jean would spend most of his childhood. His father worked at the Bayonne Hospital where he was a head doctor. Seeing this made a great impression on Jean. Jean was home schooled by his mother and a tutor who would come to the house. When Jean turned 11, his family moved to Paris and he began formal schooling at the Lycée Michel when he turned 15. After he was able to earn his baccalaureate in mathematics, he decided to study medicine at the University of Paris after being convinced by his father. Right after he became an extern at the Paris Hospitals when he turned 19, his parents both died. He was unable to pass his internship entrance exam at the Paris Hospitals on his first attempt. He was about to prepare for a second attempt but then World War II started. Dausset was sent off to Northern Italy for a year after he was enlisted in the French Army. After he spent a year there, he returned to Paris, studied and passed his medical internship exam. Soon after passing his exams, Dausset joined the Free French Forces in North Africa as an ambulance worker. He was first stationed in Morocco but was then moved to be stationed in the more active Tunisia. He got his first taste of hematology when he had to perform multiple blood transfusions on the wounded soldiers. When the war was winding down in 1944, Dausset decided to return to Paris and work in the Regional Blood Transfusion Center at the Saint-Antoine Hospital.

References

1916 births
2009 deaths
French Nobel Prize winners
French physicians
French immunologists
People from Toulouse
Wolf Prize winners

Jean Dausset


Raymond A. Agoult (1 July 1911 – 20 July 1992), was a conductor and composer.

There is very little written about him.  Hungarian born, Agoult lived in London on Fellows Road in the St. John's Wood district.  In 1954, the BBC considered him to conduct their Scottish Variety Orchestra. but in early 1955 the job instead went to Michael Collins.  Agoult was instead invited to form a new light orchestra for the Morning Music and Music While You Work radio programmes.  This became known as Raymond Agoult and His Players, sixteen members strong. This combination broadcast until 1966. In the late 1960s he sometimes conducted the BBC Radio Orchestra, and in the 1970s he formed the Raymond Agoult Master Band for Brass and Strings, Listen to the Band and Friday Night Is Music Night.

He conducted two albums, both for Decca Records.  These albums were coproductions with RCA Victor, utilizing Decca engineers and producers.  The recordings were first released by RCA Victor in the U.S. in the early stereo era, and reissued by Decca (London) later:

Overture! Overture (released in  November 1957 on RCA Victor LM 2134 and September 1959 on LSC 2134 and also on in March 1958 on RD 27044 and reissued in 1971 on London STS 15223 (then titled Favorite Overtures, and including some additional overtures recorded by Albert Wolff) was recorded by producer Erik Smith (stereo) and James Walker (mono) and engineer Cyril Windebank (stereo) and Kenneth Wilkinson (mono) at Kingsway Hall on 9 January – 5 February 1957.  This album was also released under the title Overtures – in Spades (RCA Victor LM 2134).  Six overtures by four composers were included.
Clair de Lune (released in October 1959 on RCA Victor LSC 2326 and reissued in 1970 on London STS 15160) was recorded by engineer Kenneth Wilkinson and producer Michael Williamson on 28–31 May 1958 at Walthamstow Assembly Hall.   This was also released by Decca in November 1970 on SPA 111 and by RCA Victor in May 1960 on SF 5054.  Nine light classical pieces are included.

Each of these albums became audiophile standards highly rated for their sound qualities.  They were re-released as vinyl records decades later by Classic Records under license from PolyGram Special Markets with their original RCA artwork and liner notes and "shaded dog" record labels intact.

The New Symphony Orchestra of London and the London Proms Symphony Orchestra (recording orchestras) are listed on these recordings.  These are apparently the same orchestra since for Clair de Lune, RCA listed the London Proms Symphony Orchestra and the later London reissue listed The New Symphony Orchestra of London.

Compositions and arrangements

Amongst Agoult's compositions for band are Bulgarian Bugle Boy (which was recorded by The Scottish C.W.S. Band on Pye GSGL 10430). Agoult also composed two additional compositions for band, Culloden and Caramba!.  His Caramba! is likely the work heard on the LP What We Want is Watney's Silver Band issued on MFP 1303.  Other compositions for light orchestra include Bessie Larkin, La Canniebiere, Honouring the Haggis, Madame Guillotine,Bulgarian Bugle BoyBack to Baroque and Betty Dear, the latter composition being dedicated to his wife.  Agoult also made an arrangement of When Johnny Comes Marching Home which can be heard on a recording with the Band of the Grenadier Guards on Entertainment Sales ESI-106.  Other arrangements for band by Agoult include the Coronation March from Le prophète by Giacomo Meyerbeer and the Grand March from Aida" by Giuseppe Verdi.

References
 England & Wales, Death Index: 1984-2005
 Rehrig, William H. The Heritage Encyclopedia of Band Music. Composers and their music. Supplement, 1996.
 Valin, Jonathan. The RCA Bible, 1993.
 Who's Who in Music and Musicians' International Directory, 1972.

External links
 Raymond Agoult and His Players, written by Brian Reynolds

1911 births
1992 deaths
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
20th-century British conductors (music)
20th-century English musicians
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century British musicians
Hungarian emigrants to the United Kingdom

Raymond Agoult


The Ivor Novello Awards, named after the entertainer Ivor Novello, are awards for songwriting and composing. They have been presented annually in London by the Ivors Academy, formerly called the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors, since 1956.

Awards
The awards are presented at two annual ceremonies known as The Ivors and The Ivors Composer Awards.

The Ivors take place each May and, as of 2020, are sponsored by Apple Music. They are recognized worldwide as the major platform for recognising and rewarding Britain and Ireland's songwriting and composing talents. The Ivors remain the only award ceremony in the musical calendar that is not influenced by publishers and record companies, but judged and presented by the writing community.

The Ivors Composer Awards take place each December and are sponsored by PRS for Music. They are broadcast by BBC Radio 3.

The award itself is a solid bronze sculpture of Euterpe, the muse of lyric poetry. It was designed in 1955 by Hazel Underwood.

Award categories

Nominated annual awards
 Best Song Musically and Lyrically
 Best Contemporary Song
 Album Award
 Best Original Film Score
 Best Television Soundtrack
 Best Original Video Game Score

Other annual awards
Songwriter of the Year
Most Performed Work

Other awards
Jazz Award
Classical Music Award
Inspiration Award
Outstanding Song Collection
Outstanding Contribution to British Music
Lifetime Achievement
Special International Award
BASCA Fellowship
Best Dance Single Award
International Hit of the Year
International Achievement in Musical Theater
Jimmy Kennedy Award
PRS for Music Special International Award
Best Selling UK Single
Best Original Music for a Television/Radio Broadcast
Special Award for Songwriting

Trivia
In 1964, John Lennon and Paul McCartney received four nominations for Ivors, including two nominations in the same category (as writers of both of the two songs competing for Highest British Sales of 1963), and were also given a Special Award for Outstanding Services to British Music.
Lynsey de Paul became the first woman to receive an Ivor Award for "Won't Somebody Dance With Me" (The Best Ballad or Romantic Song) in 1974 and she went on to win another Ivor a year later for her TV theme song "No Honestly"
In 1976, 10cc musicians Graham Gouldman and Eric Stewart achieved three awards for writing "I'm Not in Love" when it won them the Ivors for Most Performed British Work, for Best Pop Song, and for International Hit of the Year.
In 2008, Amy Winehouse received three nominations for Ivors, including two nominations in the same category (for Best Song Musically & Lyrically).
In 2010, an Ivor was awarded for the first time to a video game soundtrack, the PS3 title, Killzone 2, composed by Joris de Man.

See also
List of Ivor Novello Award winners and nominees (1950s–1960s)
List of Ivor Novello Award winners and nominees (1970s–1980s)
List of Ivor Novello Award winners and nominees (1990s–2000s)
List of Ivor Novello Award winners and nominees (2010s–2020s)

References

External links

Awards established in 1955
1955 establishments in the United Kingdom

Ivor Novello Awards


Eddie Woods is an American poet, prose writer, editor and publisher who lived and traveled in various parts of the world, both East and West, before eventually settling in Amsterdam, Netherlands, where in 1978 he started Ins & Outs magazine and two years later founded Ins & Outs Press. He was born on May 8, 1940 in New York City.

According to Stanford University Libraries, which house Woods' archive: "In his role as a cultural impresario and artistic entrepreneur, Eddie Woods... is an important presence, both in American expatriate circles and among European avant-gardists. Woods' promotional activities made him, in short, a crucial center to the movement, and his archive documents his close connections with its leading figures..."

Early to middle years
After not quite finishing high school, Woods worked for two years in Manhattan as a first-generation computer programmer, until in 1960 he joined the U.S. Air Force for a four-year stint, three years of which were spent in West Germany. Honorably discharged following a tour in Wyoming ("It was four years of guerrilla warfare, me against them, ending in a draw"), he returned to Germany, where he married twice, fathered two daughters, and successfully sold encyclopedias to US military personnel for five years, the entire time continuing to write poems, essays and short stories (a calling he first discovered at age 15).

In late 1968, Woods made his first journey to the East, remaining there until early 1973. During that time he was variously a restaurant manager in Hong Kong, a 'kept man' in Singapore (by a Chinese drag-queen prostitute), a features writer for the Bangkok Post (Tennessee Williams, with whom Woods hung out and traveled, through Malaysia to Singapore and back, was but one of many celebrated personalities he encountered at that time), a stringer for both The New York Times and ABC Radio News, a disc jockey (Radio Thailand English-language service), owner of a gay bar (in Pattaya, Thailand) and the managing director of Dateline Asia (a Bangkok-based features service he launched with three other journalists). In Bali, where he stayed for six months, he was known as "Durian Ed" and "Mushroom Ed" (having developed a unique method of liquefying psilocybin mushrooms and rendering them toxin-free). He was additionally in Laos, Okinawa, the Philippines, Macao, Java and Japan. Before returning to Europe, he explored much of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and spent several months as a lay devotee at the Theravada Buddhist Island Hermitage.

In June 1973, in London, he met Jane Harvey, with whom he would years later start Ins & Outs magazine. Shortly thereafter, in the midst of doing a variety of odd jobs for Gentle Ghost, an alternative work agency, Woods authored nearly 30 articles for Edward de Bono's Eureka! An Illustrated History of Inventions from the Wheel to the Computer. He and Harvey then traveled overland to Asia, cycled across large stretches of India, were journalists for the Tehran Journal (Woods as sports and night editor, Harvey as business and local news editor), and crisscrossed much of the sub-continent and beyond. In 1976, Woods visited the United States for the first time in 12 years, where he wrote articles for the Berkeley Barb, published stories and poems in The Bystander, Odalisque, etc., and then hitchhiked across the South and up to New York. A two-year stretch back in London was exceptionally prolific: numerous poems and short stories, publication in Libertine, Iron magazine and other literary periodicals, as well as a series of personality profiles and features pieces for the International Times, an underground newspaper whose Amsterdam editor he would become during the early 1980s.

Ins & Outs years
After editing three issues of Ins & Outs magazine in 1978 (contributors included Allen Ginsberg, with the first-ever publication of his Plutonian Ode, William Levy, Ira Cohen, Rachel Pollack, Simon Vinkenoog, Hans Plomp, Mel Clay, Heathcote Williams, Marc Morrel and Woods himself; while among the magazine's international readership, beginning with issue #1, was Henry Miller), Woods and Harvey left the Netherlands, passed through Paris and ended up in Barcelona.

Ties to the Dutch capital were already too strong, however. In 1979, the couple (who by then were married, but separated in late 1981, while remaining the closest of friends and professional colleagues) rented an attic flat in the heart of Amsterdam's red-light district and immediately got involved in publishing projects. Other World Poetry Newsletter, at once a historical evaluation of P78, the first One World Poetry festival (at which Woods performed, along with William S. Burroughs, Patti Smith, et al.) and a scathing critique of organized literary events, penned by Woods under the pseudonym Woodstock Jones and published and internationally distributed by Ins & Outs Press, caused a minor storm not only in Amsterdam but all the way to San Francisco. The Newsletter and its years-long aftermath are covered in Woods' Soyo Benn: A Profile and A Brief History of Ins & Outs Press.

Early in 1980, Woods, Harvey and the Dutch bookseller Henk van der Does formed the Ins & Outs Press Foundation (known as a stichting in the Netherlands) and also opened the Ins & Outs Bookstore (with the latter continuing for two years; after which Van der Does started his own bookshop and Woods turned the ground floor of the six-story Ins & Outs building into a gallery-cum-performance space).

Ins & Outs magazine #4/5 was published in the summer of that year. Within its pages were Paul Bowles, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Bert Schierbeek, Gerard Malanga, Bob Kaufman, Charles Henri Ford, Gregory Corso, Roberto Valenza, John Wilcock, Steve Abbott, the photographers Diana Blok and Marlo Broekmans, Neeli Cherkovski and many others. Further publications followed throughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s, including:

 Natural Jewboy by William Levy
 Sale or Return by Woods
 a postcard series that included Ira Cohen's Bandaged Poets
 audio cassettes of live readings at Ins & Outs Press by Jack Micheline and Harold Norse
 limited-edition silkscreen prints by Kirke Wilson of Burroughs, Ginsberg, Herbert Huncke, Snuffie the Gangster Woof of Amsterdam, Xaviera Hollander and the "night mayor of Rotterdam" Jules Deelder

After that the press went into "suspended animation" for more than a decade. Woods, who had secluded himself from 1987, reemerged in 1992 with a string of performances as "The Gangster Poet", including at the North Sea Jazz Festival, Zuiderstrand Festival, Crossing Border Festival, appearances with the Kali Quartet, et al.

From 1995 through most of 1998, Woods organized monthly poetry-reading evenings at a small, working-class Amsterdam café that quickly became the literary talk of the town, written up in national newspapers and even featured on Dutch television.

In the autumn of 1998, Woods relocated to Devonshire, England to live with Jenny Brookes, whom he had first met in India in 1975 but had not seen (prior to visiting her in May 1998) for 18 years. The relationship lasted for six years.

Upon its collapse, Woods returned to Amsterdam and Ins & Outs Press resumed its publishing activities. Woods' spoken-word CD Dangerous Precipice was released in 2004 and his book Tsunami of Love: A Poems Cycle (two long narrative poems and four shorter ones, chronicling "the rise and fall of an incredible love affair") in 2005. The CD Tsunami of Love (Woods reciting the entire collection, with a special introduction added) appeared in August 2007. In January 2012, Tsunami of Love was again published, this time in an Amazon Kindle edition, by Barncott Press (London).

Since 2005, Woods has made several on-stage appearances at the annual Whitsun weekend Fiery Tongues literary festival, held in the artists colony village of Ruigoord, near Amsterdam. In May 2015 he was presented with the Ruigoord Trophy, making him only the third non-Dutch person to be so honored.

In July 2009, Woods attended a major Burroughs symposium in Paris, NakedLunch@50, where he delivered his homage to Burroughs entitled "Thank God You're Not Eddie Woods!" and also participated in a special tribute to the old Beat Hotel at 9 rue Gît-le-Cœur, together with Jean-Jacques Lebel, the poet Nina Zivancevic, Scottish artist Elliot Rudie, and others.

In December 2011, Sloow Tapes (Stekene, Belgium) released the Eddie Woods spoken-word audio cassette The Faerie Princess & Other Poems.

And in September 2013, Inkblot Publications (Providence, Rhode Island) published Tennessee Williams in Bangkok, Eddie Woods' memoir of his time (early 1970s) in Thailand and Singapore. A Kindle edition of the same book was published by Barncott Press (London) in August 2014. This was followed in December 2014 by a Dutch-language edition entitled Bangkok Confidential, published by SpeakEasy (Amsterdam, Netherlands).

In February 2014, Barncott Press (London) published Woods' collection of short fiction entitled Smugglers Train & Other Stories.

Also in February 2014, a Yarre Stooker film based on the Eddie Woods poem "Mary" and starring Win Harms in the title role was released online. The film is entitled Mary

In February 2017, Moloko+ (Schönebeck, Germany) published the Eddie Woods book Smugglers Train, a collection of 19 poems in the original English and six prose pieces as translated into German by Pociao (Sylvia de Hollanda).

Then in December 2021, while sticking to Woods' original title, Moloko+ (Moloko Print) published a German edition of Tennessee Williams in Bangkok (translation by Pociao and Roberto de Hollanda).

Archive
The Eddie Woods Archive was acquired by Stanford University in 2003, after he and the writer/radio disc jockey Bart Plantenga had worked for five years assembling it (with Woods regularly shuttling back and forth from England specifically for that purpose). Further material was added in late 2007 (the Jenny Brookes file), and again in early 2020 (several dozen assorted files).

Quotes on Woods
"Ed Woods? / I call him the Gingko / slender and strange..." Ira Cohen. From his poem Honorable Discharge.

"Slim behind the desk, only a rush of hair / eddie woods, he's got the goods..." Mel Clay, Ira Cohen, Ronald Sauer. From their Eddie Woods Memorial Poem.

"It would have been a much colder world without your poetry." Plamen Arnaudov, poet, former New Delta Review poetry editor and Exquisite Corpse editorial assistant.

"Because it will not be content with a conventional language of expression, a profound love will produce a profound poetry, and it is precisely such poetry which Eddie Woods has achieved." Richard Livermore, editor of Chanticleer Magazine (Edinburgh, Scotland), in his review of Tsunami of Love: A Poems Cycle.

See also

 List of American poets

 Norse, Harold (2002). Memoirs of a Bastard Angel: A Fifty-Year Literary and Erotic Odyssey. New York:  William Morrow.  .
 Codrescu, Andrei  (1989).  Raised by Puppets, Only to Be Killed by Research. Addison-Wesley.  .
  William Levy: Beyond Criticism (2006). Biographical documentary film, directed by Hart, Malcolm.
 "A Good Friend". The New Millennium.  Vol. 2, No. 2, Spring 2003. Kerala, India.
 "Buddhist Intimations". The New Millennium.  Vol. 1, No. 3, Summer 2002. Kerala, India.
 P78 Anthology. Poetry & The Punks: An Apocalyptic Confrontation. Mandala 1112. Uitgeverij In de Knipscheer. Haarlem, Netherlands. 1979. . .
 Harvey, Jane. Pedalling to Puri.  The New Millennium. Vol. 1, No.2., Spring 2002. Kerala, India.
 Exquisite Corpse. "So-So". Issue no. 51. 1995. Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
 Exquisite Corpse "Poems for Corry". Issue no. 36. 1987. Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
 Chanticleer Magazine. Issues 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19 (2006–2008). Edinburgh, Scotland. .
 "Lust Will Tear Us Apart". The Brooklyn Rail. November 2007. Review by Jim Feast of the Tsunami of Love: A Poems Cycle CD.
 "Tsunami of Love CD". Evergreen Review, no. 115. January 2008. Review by Jim Feast.
 de Boer, Sacha. Retour New York-Amsterdam. Interviews, with Eddie Woods and 15 other artists (bilingual, English-Dutch). Uitgeverij Atlas. Amsterdam, 2009. .
 Beat Scene Issue no. 61 (February 2010). Coventry, England. Features two Eddie Woods stories, "Remembering Harold Norse" and "Thank God You're Not Eddie Woods!"
 The End Is The Beginning: Elegy for the Carnivorous Saint. Harold Norse memorial collection (February 2010). Todd Swindell, editor. Sebastopol, California.
 Sjoman, N.E. art: the dark side. Black Lotus Books. Calgary, Canada. 2010. .
 Sensitive Skin #3. Online literary and arts magazine, featuring the story behind and film adaptation of the Eddie Woods poem Bananas.
 Beat Scene. Issue no. 63 (Winter 2010). Coventry, England. Features Eddie Woods' interview with Jack Micheline, "Either Poetry or a Machine Gun."
 Beat Scene. Issue no. 64 (Spring 2011). Coventry, England. Features Eddie Woods' review of the Francis Ford Coppola claymation film adaptation of the William S. Burroughs short story "The Junky's Christmas."
 Beat Scene. Issue no. 66 (Autumn 2011). Coventry, England. Features three Gregory Corso anecdotes by Eddie Woods.
 The Beat Hotel (2011).  Documentary film, directed by Alan Govenar about the Beat Hotel, in Paris at 9, rue Gît-le-Cœur that was home to many Beat Generation writers during the late 1950s to the early 1960s, and in which Eddie Woods (among many others) is prominently featured.
 Beat Scene Issue no. 67 (Spring 2012). Coventry, England. Features an Eddie Woods story about the late George Whitman, founder of Paris' Shakespeare & Co. bookstore.
 Beat Scene Issue no. 73 (Summer 2014). Coventry, England. Features Eddie Woods' first-person narrative "Bill Burroughs in Amsterdam."

Notes

Place of birth missing (living people)
1940 births
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
American magazine editors
American newspaper editors
American expatriates in the Netherlands
American expatriates in Thailand
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American publishers (people)
Living people
Poets from New York City
United States Air Force airmen
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers

Eddie Woods


A library is a place where many books are kept. Most libraries are public and let people take the books to use in their home. Most libraries let people borrow books for several weeks. Some belong to institutions, for example, companies, churches, schools, and universities.  The people who work in libraries are librarians. Librarians are people who take care of the library.

Other libraries keep famous or rare books. There are a few "Copyright libraries" which have a copy of every book which has been written in that country. Some libraries also have other things that people might like, such as magazines, music on CDs, or computers where people can use the Internet. In school they offer software to learn the alphabet and other details.With the spread of literacy, libraries have become essential tools for learning. Libraries are very important for the progress and development of a society. Libraries are collections of books and other informational materials, however a library can also be a collection of items or media. People come to libraries for reading, study or reference. Libraries contain a variety of materials. They contain printed materials, films, sound and video recordings, maps, photographs, computer software, online databases, and other media.

A library is not a bookstore (a store that sells books).

Importance of a Library
The prime purpose of a library is to provide access to knowledge and information. To fulfil this mission, libraries preserve a valuable record of culture. Then they pass down this to the coming generations. Therefore, they are an essential link between the past, present and future.

People use libraries to work. They also use library resources to learn about personal interests. Sometimes, they get recreational media such as films and music. Students use libraries to study.

Libraries help the students to develop good reading and study habits. Public officials use libraries for research and public issues. The libraries provide information and services that are essential for learning and progress.

Public libraries

Many places have a public library, where anybody can join if they live in the area. With a library card, people can borrow books and take them home for several weeks. It does not cost money to get a library card at most public libraries.

Books are kept on shelves in a special order so they are easy to find. Public libraries have lot of books on various topics including story books and many others. Many public libraries have books and CDs about learning English. Stories are kept in alphabetical order by the last name of the person who wrote them, the writer. Books about other things are often given a special number, that refers to what they are about. They are then put on the shelf in number order. One number system used by many libraries is the Dewey decimal system.

Mobile libraries

In rural areas books may be taken in a  bookmobile, or mobile library to remote places.

Academic libraries
Many colleges and universities have large academic libraries.  These libraries are for the use of college students, professors, and researchers.  Academic libraries are used mainly for doing research like studying the solar system or how earthquakes happen.  These libraries do not have the same types of books you would find in a public library.  They usually do not have fiction books or books for children (unless they are being studied).  Academic libraries can have many books, sometimes more than a million.

Special libraries
Special libraries are those libraries that are not public libraries or academic libraries.  They are usually small.  Many times a special library holds books on a particular subject or even a special kind of book.  Some special libraries keep just old books or books by Shakespeare.  A special library can be owned by a business for use only by that business.  For example, Disney World in Orlando has its own library that is not open to the public but for the use of the people who work for the company.

Librarians
A librarian is a person who works in a library. Librarians help people find books and information. They can teach people how to find books and use the library.  A professional librarian is a person who went to school to study library science.  They can earn a degree called a Masters in Library Science.

History
The earliest known library was discovered in Iraq and belonged to the ancient civilization in Sumer.  They didn't use paper books but instead wrote everything on clay tablets using a style of writing called cuneiform.  These tablets are over 5,000 years old.  The Library of Alexandria, in Egypt, was the largest and most important library of the ancient world.  It was destroyed when the Romans conquered Egypt in 30 BC.  Rome's first public library was established by Asinius Pollio who was a lieutenant of Julius Caesar.  Eventually Rome would build 28 public libraries within the city.  When the Roman Empire fell in 330 AD, many books went east to the city of Byzantium where a large library was built.  Other libraries were built in monasteries and public homes.

Libraries began to appear in many Islamic cities, where science and philosophy survived after the fall of the Roman Empire.  Christian monks and Islamic libraries exchanged books to copy.

Recent times
COVID-19 pandemic has further changed how libraries operate in year 2020 and many of them around the world were faced with really hard choices as to which services to offer and which services to shut down for a limited time.

Related pages
Archive
Bookcase

References

Library


Milagros  (also known as an ex-voto or dijes or promesas) are religious folk charms that are traditionally used for healing purposes and as votive offerings in Mexico, the southern United States, other areas of Latin America, and parts of the Iberian peninsula. They are frequently attached to altars, shrines, and sacred objects found in places of worship, and they are often purchased in churches and cathedrals, or from street vendors.

Milagros come in a variety of shapes and dimensions and are fabricated from many different materials, depending on local customs. For example, they might be nearly flat or fully three-dimensional; and they can be constructed from gold, silver, tin, lead, wood, bone, or wax.  In Spanish, the word milagro literally means miracle or surprise.

History
The use of milagros is a folk custom in parts of North, Central, and South America traceable to ancient Iberians who inhabited the coastal regions of Spain. The use of milagros accompanied the Spanish as they arrived in Central and South America. Although the custom is not as prevalent as it once was, the use of milagros or ex-votos continues to be a part of folk culture throughout rural areas of Spain—particularly Andalusia, Catalonia, and Majorca.

As part of a religious ritual or an act of devotion, milagros can be offered to a symbol of a saint as a reminder of a petitioner's particular need, or in gratitude for a prayer answered. They are used to assist in focusing attention towards a specific ailment, based on the type of charm used.  Milagro symbolism is not universal. A milagro of a body part, such as a leg, might be used as part of a prayer or vow for the improvement of a leg, or it might refer to a concept such as travel. Similarly, a heart might represent ideas as diverse as a heart condition, a romance, or any number of other interpretations. Milagros are also carried for protection and good luck.

In addition to religious and ritual applications, milagros are often found as components in necklaces, earrings and other jewellery.

They correspond almost exactly to the tamata used in the Eastern Orthodox Churches.

See also
 Folk medicine
 Retablo (Latin America)
 Tama (votive)
 Votive paintings of Mexico

References

Mexican folklore
Portuguese folklore
Spanish folklore
Votive offering

Milagro (votive)


The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (German: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, shortened: SED) was the governing party of East Germany from 1949, when East Germany was created, until the elections of 1990. It was formed in 1946 a year after World War 2 ended in 1945 and after Nazi Germany was defeated and after the Nazi Party was banned .

The SED was created in april 1946 in the Berliner Admiralspalast when the Soviet Union forced the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) members and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) members who lived in the Soviet-occupied parts of Germany and Berlin. After 1990, the party reformed itself as the Party of Democratic Socialism (later in 2005, the Left Party.PDS).  It is still somewhat popular in parts the former East German territory, frequently winning seats at state and local elections. In the September 2005 Bundestag election the PDS was in coalition with WASG (Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice), which was formed by Oskar Lafontaine who left the SPD.  The PDS and WASG joined together in 2007.

A famous SED poster read: To learn from Stalin means to learn how to win. Later, the word Stalin was replaced with the USSR.  When  Gorbachev was president of the USSR the famous slogan was abandoned, as the SED did not believe there was anything to learn from his ideas about perestroika.

At first the SED had a branch in West Berlin, but in 1962 the West Berlin branch was separated from the SED proper and became a "separate" party called the Socialist Unity Party of West Berlin (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Westberlins – SEW) but with the same ideas as the parent party.

The final days

Between the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the election in March 1990, the old Social Democratic Party was re-established as a separate party, while the rest of the SED lost a lot of members and renamed itself the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) at a special party meeting in December 1989. By becoming the PDS the party survived the reuniting of East Germany and West Germany, and eventually started growing again, managing to get representatives elected to the Bundestag.

On December 1, 1989 the SED was forced to give up its 40 year monopoly of power when the State Council (Volksammer) revoked the clause in the constitution of the GDR that guaranteed the SED to be the sole legal party in East Germany. Its leader and all of the politburo resigned three days later and the party was finally dissolved on December 16, 1989.

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the SED
(known as "First Secretary" from 1953 – 1976)
Walter Ulbricht (July 1950 – May 3, 1971)
Erich Honecker (May 3, 1971 – October 18, 1989)
Egon Krenz (October 18, 1989 – December 3, 1989)

These three party leaders were also the equivalent of the Prime Minister or President in other countries; they really led the government as well as the main, legally powerful party, which was not often the case in other Communist countries.

1946 establishments in Germany
1990 disestablishments in Germany
Communist parties in Europe
East Germany
Former political parties in Germany

Socialist Unity Party of Germany


The Smoke Ring is a 1987 science fiction novel by Larry Niven. Like much of Niven's work, the story is heavily influenced by the setting: a gas torus, a ring of air around a neutron star. It is a sequel to The Integral Trees.

Setting
The story is set at the fictional neutron star Levoy's Star (abbreviated "Voy"). The gas giant Goldblatt's World (abbreviated "Gold") orbits the star just outside its Roche limit. While Gold's gravity is enough to keep it from being pulled apart by Voy's tidal forces, it is insufficient to hold its atmosphere, which has been pulled loose into an independent orbit around Voy. This orbiting air forms a ring known as a gas torus. The gas torus is huge—one million kilometers thick—but most of it is too thin to be habitable. The central part of the Gas Torus, where the air is thicker, is known as the Smoke Ring. The Smoke Ring supports a wide variety of life. Robert L. Forward helped Niven calculate the parameters of the ring.

There is no "ground" in the Smoke Ring; it is a world consisting entirely of sky. Thus, most animals can fly, even the fish. Furthermore, since the Smoke Ring is in orbit, it is in free fall. There is no "up" or "down", only "in" or "out" from Voy. Humans moving in the Smoke Ring use a poetic adage to aid their understanding of orbital mechanics - "East takes you Out, Out takes you West, West takes you In, In takes you East. Port and Starboard bring you back". (In the novel, the characters also say: "North and South bring you back").

Most animals have trilateral symmetry, allowing them to see in all directions. Most plants in the Smoke Ring are quite fragile, as they don't have to support their own weight. A notable exception to this rule are the Integral Trees. These are trees that are up to 100 kilometers long. Tidal locking causes them to be oriented radially, with one end pointing in toward Voy and one end pointing out. The ends of the tree experience a tidal force of up to 1/5 g. Each end consists of a leafy "tuft", which is where photosynthesis occurs.

Each tuft of a tree is 50 kilometers from the tree's center of mass. Thus, a tuft is either orbiting too slowly (the in tuft) or too quickly (the out tuft). Since the atmosphere at either end is moving at its local orbital speed, the ends of trees are subject to a constant hurricane-force wind. This wind bends the ends into the shape of an integral symbol: ∫.

The Smoke Ring was colonized 500 years prior to the beginning of the story by a crew of 20 astronauts. Their descendants have adapted to the free-fall environment by growing taller and developing prehensile toes.

According to N-Space, the wings and the method of self-propelled flying featured in the novel were suggested by Isaac Asimov.

Plot summary

This book takes place about fifteen years after the end of the original story, when survivors of the Dalton-Quinn tree, a few Carther States jungle dwellers, and two London Tree Citizens have settled on a new tree. This 'Citizen's Tree' has become a stable community which some believe may be too small to survive in the long run.

Kendy, the recorded personality of a citizen of "The State" who exists in the computer of the original space-ship that colonized the Smoke Ring, has become impatient. He decides to re-establish contact with Citizen's Tree. Kendy manipulates a group into making contact with "The Admiralty", a neighboring civilization at Gold's L4 Lagrange Point (which they refer to as "the Clump"). The group explores this more advanced civilization with a mixture of wonder and trepidation.

Although much of the story is a sort of "travelogue" exploring the Smoke Ring and the technology used in the unique environment, The Smoke Ring does spend more time on story and character development than The Integral Trees. One of the drivers for the story follows the latest operator of "the silver suit", the Citizen's Tree's working spacesuit. Few are capable of operating the suit due to its size; due to the lack of gravity, most humans in the Smoke Ring grow too tall to fit into it. The job goes to the occasionally born "dwarves" who tend to develop into humans of Earth-normal height and build. A major sub-plot develops around the latest silver suit operator's attempts to infiltrate The Admiralty to gain information, and The Admiralty's near obsession with capturing the Citizen's Tree's spacesuit.

This focuses  on the story of Kendy and the original mission. The chain of events that led to the colonization of the Smoke Ring through a "mutiny" on the ship is explored. After retrieving the crew's own records of the events, Kendy realizes that the crew had not mutinied at all, and that he had forced them off the ship, believing this to be in keeping with his orders from Earth. This was apparently blocked from his memory, and he suffers a form of breakdown when he learns (or re-learns) the truth.

Literary significance and reception
The Magill Book Reviews said in 1990 that "the societies and science in the book are very well-researched. It is, however, a "hard" science fiction novel, and it has the weakness endemic to that genre – the individual characters are never satisfyingly drawn, so that the reader is somewhat distanced from them."

The Library Journal said in 1987 that "the alien topography of this sequel to The Integral Trees serves as a fascinating contrast to the persistence of humanity's adventuring spirit".

J. Michael Caparula reviewed The Smoke Ring in Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer No. 81. Caparula commented that "The setting is, naturally, spectacular, but a lot of the freshness has worn off. Ringworld merited a sequel, The Integral Trees did not."

References

Sources

1987 American novels
1987 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Fiction about gas giants
Novels by Larry Niven
Del Rey books
Ballantine Books books
Fiction set around neutron stars
Books with cover art by Michael Whelan

The Smoke Ring (novel)


Alfred Lloyd Norris (born 6 February 1938) is a retired American Bishop of the United Methodist Church, elected in 1992.  He also distinguished himself as a Methodist/United Methodist Pastor, as a District Superintendent, as the President of a U.M. Seminary, and as a Mason.

Birth and family
Norris was born  in Bogalusa, Louisiana.  He is a child of the church, the first son of the Rev. L.H.P. and Adele (Washington) Norris.  Alfred married Mackie Lyvonne Harper in September 1961.  Mackie earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing from Dillard University and a Master of nursing degree from Emory University and taught Community Health Nursing on the faculties of Emory, Dillard, Louisiana State University, and Loyola University in New Orleans.  She earned the Ph.D. degree from Emory in May 1996.

Alfred and Mackie have one son, Alfred II and daughter-in-law Lisa; and one daughter, Angela Renee and son-in-law Tyrone; and four grandchildren; Alfred III (Trey), Justin Douglass Norris, Mark David Johnson and Faith Rachelle Johnson.

Education
Alfred received his high school diploma from the Southern University Laboratory School, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.  He earned a B.A. degree from Dillard University in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1960.  He earned an M.Div. degree from Gammon Theological Seminary, Atlanta, Georgia.

Ordained ministry
Rev. Norris was ordained a Deacon in the Louisiana Annual Conference of The Methodist Church in 1961.  He was ordained an Elder in the same in 1963.  He served as Pastor of the following churches in Louisiana:  Haven (1963–66), Peck (1966–68), First Street (1972–74) and Mount Zion (1980-85).

Rev. Norris was the director of recruitment for Gammon Theological Seminary from 1968 until 1972.  He was the superintendent of the New Orleans/Houma District of the Louisiana Conference from 1974 until 1980.  He served as president of Gammon Seminary of the Interdenominational Theological Center in Atlanta from 1985 until his election to the episcopacy.

Service to the Greater Church
Rev. Norris was elected a delegate from Louisiana to the quadrennial General Conference of the U.M.Church in 1976 and 1984–92, elected to lead the delegation in 1992. He was a Jurisdictional Conference delegate, 1976-92. He was a delegate to the World Methodist Conference each quinquennium, 1976-92.

Rev. Norris served as chairperson of the Louisiana Conference Board of Ordained Ministry (1980–88), as a member of the General Board of Publication of the U.M. Church (1980–92), and as a member of the Association of U.M. Theological Schools (1985–92). In 1985 Alfred served as the first president of the Louisiana Council for the Adoption of Minority Youth.

Episcopal ministry
The Rev. Alfred Lloyd Norris was elected a bishop by the 1992 South Central Jurisdictional Conference of the U.M. Church.  He was assigned to the Northwest Texas-New Mexico Episcopal Area, with headquarters in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Honors
Bishop Norris' biography appears in the 1991-92 Marquis Edition of Who's Who in the South and Southwest.  He is also a 33rd degree Prince Hall Mason.  Moreover, he holds honorary doctorates from several institutions of higher education, including the D.D. degree from Gammon Theological Seminary.

See also
 List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References
InfoServ, the official information service of The United Methodist Church.
The Council of Bishops of the United Methodist Church

External links
Photo of Bishop Norris

American United Methodist bishops
1938 births
Living people
Presidents of United Methodist seminaries
African-American Methodist clergy
American Methodist clergy
Dillard University alumni
Interdenominational Theological Center alumni

Alfred Lloyd Norris


Psoriasis is a skin condition where cells grow at a faster rate than they can be shed, causing excess skin to build up and form scaly patches on the body.

The condition:
It appears to be a buildup of dry skin on your body.  You can have it at any age, but normally as you get older.  It starts with the skin cracking as a paper cut on your fingertips. This skin would begin to die, flake, peal and itch. As your itch the area, it begins to get red and then it begins to blister, flake and peels to raw skin.  It appears most often on hands, toes, the inside arch of your feet and on your heels.  It is also shows up in callus, by cracking.  When washing hands it has a burning effect.

Living in moist humid climate appears to delay the condition for appearing.  Dry arid climates seem to aggravate the condition.  Washing your hands has a drying affect, which triggers the condition.  When washing, water removes oils from our body, and has a drying effect on our hands.  Washing with Psoriasis removes the dry skin, but then the skin underneath is raw.  Hard water appears to worsen the condition in dry climates, but not as much in humid areas.  Soft water appears better.

Skin problems

Psoriasis


The Armenian Revolutionary Army (ARA) was a terror organization. Its last attack occurred in 1985.

The Lisbon Five
5 Armenian gunmen  (known as "Lisbon Five") attacked the Turkish embassy in Lisbon in 27 July, 1983. The first Armenian was killed by security guards at the start of the attack. The wife and the son of Osman Ozturk, the Turkish chargé d'affaires, and a Portuguese policeman also died in the assault, 4 people were injured.  Portugal's Interior Minister Eduardo Perella said the government received intelligence information "that Armenian groups might attack Wednesday and beefed up security at diplomatic missions".
The Armenian Revolutionary Army claimed responsibility for attack.

In a message dropped in the mailbox of The Associated Press office in Lisbon, the group said: "We have decided to blow up this building and remain under the collapse. This is not suicide... but rather our sacrifice to the altar of freedom". The group said the attack had been carried out because "Turkey and its allies refused to acknowledge the genocide of Armenians".

References

 Armenians storm the embassy // "The Globe", 28/7/1983.
 Armenian Revolutionary Army at Tkb.org

Armenian Genocide
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Anti-Turkism

Armenian Revolutionary Army


Yuen Biao (born Ha Lingchun; 26 July 1957) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist and stuntman. He specialises in acrobatics and Chinese martial arts and has also worked on over 80 films as actor, stuntman and action choreographer. He was one of the Seven Little Fortunes from the China Drama Academy at the Peking Opera School along with his "brothers" Sammo Hung and Jackie Chan. Yuen Biao has appeared in over 130 films. He has played roles in eight television series for the Hong Kong channel TVB.

Early life
Born Ha Lingchun () in Nanjing in 1957, he was the fifth child in a family of eight children. He and his family moved to Hong Kong when he was five years old. At the age of six he was enrolled at the Peking Opera School The China Drama Academy.  He was given the stage name Yuen Biao (Little Tiger) and trained alongside schoolmates Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung, Corey Yuen, Yuen Wah and several others, under master Yu Jim-yuen, who would later become famous in Hong Kong cinema. He quickly showed a talent for acrobatics. According to Jackie Chan's autobiography, when Yuen was asked by his master to do a backflip on his first day of training, Yuen did a proper backflip on his very first try. He remained at the school until the age of 16. When he left, Yuen followed his classmate Sammo Hung into a career in the Hong Kong film industry.

Film career

Early 1970s
In the early 1970s, Yuen began work as a stuntman and extra. After working on Fist of Fury and Way of the Dragon, Yuen became a stunt double for Bruce Lee on Enter the Dragon in 1973. He was also one of the "fake" Bruce Lees in Game of Death (1978), performing the acrobatics and stunts that the Bruce Lee "body double" (taekwondo expert Kim Tai Chung) was unable to perform. Yuen continued working as a stuntman, doubling for actors in Hong Kong action films and taking on supporting actor roles.

During his early acting period, he adopted the anglicised name Bill Yuen for use on the Hong Kong films that were released internationally. However, recognising the growing success of Jackie Chan, Golden Harvest were keen to give him a similar name, and on some international film prints, he was credited as Jimmy Yuen. Both anglicised names were later dropped.

Late 1970s and 1980s
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, thanks to his good friends and former classmates, Sammo Hung and Jackie Chan, he began working more frequently as an actor. After his co-starring role in The Dragon, the Odds (1977) and his full lead role debut in Knockabout (1979), he starred in several films in the early 1980s, notably The Prodigal Son (1981) (directed by Sammo Hung) and Dreadnaught (1981) (directed by Yuen Woo-ping). He later co-starred alongside his Peking Opera "brothers", Chan and Hung, in Project A (1983), Wheels on Meals (1984) and Dragons Forever (1988), and also appeared in smaller roles in films such as Hung's original Lucky Stars trilogy. He co-starred with Sammo in films such as Eastern Condors (1987) and Millionaires Express (1988). He played the lead with Cynthia Rothrock in Righting Wrongs (1986) and alongside Maggie Cheung in The Iceman Cometh (1989).

1990s
Yuen's acting roles waned somewhat in the early 1990s, although he notably played a supporting role alongside Jet Li in Once Upon a Time in China (1991). Yuen did not appear in the sequel as he was replaced by Max Mok. In the late 1990s, films such as Hero (1997) co-starring Takeshi Kaneshiro and A Man Called Hero (1999) co-starring Ekin Cheng saw Yuen return to the big screen. During this time he began to concentrate more on television work and took lead roles in the series Righteous Guards and The Legend of a Chinese Hero in 1998.

2000s
In 2000, Yuen went to the United States to work with Jackie Chan as the action choreographer on Shanghai Noon. In 2001, he co-starred alongside Hung in The Avenging Fist. Yuen also starred in a more comedic role in the 2002 Japan HK film No Problem 2.

In 2005, Yuen starred in a TVB series called Real Kung Fu with Yuen Wah, Maggie Siu, Leung Kar Yan, Jack Wu and one of Sammo Hung's real life sons, Timmy Hung.

In 2006, Yuen played Inspector Steve Mok in Robin B Hood along with his long-time friend Jackie Chan.

In 2007 he finished filming the Wing Chun TV series (a remake of the 1994 series that had preceded the film Wing Chun) alongside Nicholas Tse, Sammo Hung and another of Hung's sons, Sammy Hung. Biao plays an elder version of the character Leung Jan, the role he played 25 years earlier in The Prodigal Son, and father to Tse's character.
The series has since been re-edited for release as a film, entitled Shuang Long Ji (aka Legend of Twins Dragon). However, the film's release has been delayed as it has been banned in Mainland China for containing too much violence.

Yuen appeared as a guest judge on the China Beijing TV Station reality television series The Disciple, which aired in Mainland China, and was produced by and featured Jackie Chan. The aim of the program was to find a new star, skilled in acting and martial arts, to become Chan's "successor", the champion being awarded the lead role in a film. It concluded on June 7, 2008, with the series winner being announced in Beijing.

Yuen also starred alongside Bryan Leung and Ji Chunhua in Legend of Shaolin Kung-fu II: Thirteen Cudgel Monks, a series directed by Yuen Bun.  It was edited down and released as Kung Fu Master in the United States.

Directing and producing
Though mainly known as an actor, Yuen also directed the film A Kid from Tibet (1991).

Yuen set up his own film production company, Yuen Biao Films Limited, which produced his films A Kid from Tibet and Kick Boxer, also known as Once Upon a Chinese Hero (1993).

Personal life
In 1984, Yuen married Didi Pang (Pang Sau Ha). They have two children; daughter Yi-Bui born in 1986 and son Ming-Tsak born in 1988. Yuen has a second home in Canada where he enjoys golf.

References

External links

Yuen Biao at the Hong Kong Movie DataBase

1957 births
Hong Kong male film actors
Hong Kong male television actors
20th-century Hong Kong male actors
21st-century Hong Kong male actors
Hong Kong male child actors
Living people
Hong Kong Buddhists
Hong Kong martial artists
Action choreographers
Hong Kong stunt performers
People from Nanjing

Yuen Biao