A president is a leader of an organization, company, community, club, trade union, university or other group. The relationship between a president and a chief executive officer varies, depending on the structure of the specific organization. In a similar vein to a chief operating officer, the title of corporate president as a separate position (as opposed to being combined with a "C-suite" designation, such as "president and chief executive officer" or "president and chief operating officer") is also loosely defined; the president is usually the legally recognized highest rank of corporate officer, ranking above the various vice presidents (including senior vice president and executive vice president), but on its own generally considered subordinate, in practice, to the CEO. The powers of a president vary widely across organizations and such powers come from specific authorization in the bylaws like Robert's Rules of Order (e.g. the president can make an "executive decision" only if the bylaws allow for it).

History
Originally, the term president was used in the same way that foreman or overseer is used now (the term is still used in that sense today). It has now also come to mean "chief officer" in terms of administrative or executive duties.

Powers and authority

The powers of the president vary widely across organizations. In some organizations the president has the authority to hire staff and make financial decisions, while in others the president only makes recommendations to a board of directors, and still others the president has no executive powers and is mainly a spokesperson for the organization. The amount of power given to the president depends on the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself.

In addition to administrative or executive duties in organizations, a president has the duties of presiding over meetings. Such duties at meetings include:
 calling the meeting to order
 determining if a quorum is present
 announcing the items on the order of business or agenda as they come up
 recognition of members to have the floor
 enforcing the rules of the group
 putting all questions (motions) to a vote
 adjourning the meeting

While presiding, a president remains impartial and does not interrupt speakers if a speaker has the floor and is following the rules of the group. In committees or small boards, the president votes along with the other members. However, in assemblies or larger boards, the president should vote only when it can affect the result. At a meeting, the president only has one vote (i.e. the president cannot vote twice and cannot override the decision of the group unless the organisation has specifically given the president such authority).

Disciplinary procedures
If the president exceeds the given authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform the duties, the president may face disciplinary procedures. Such procedures may include censure, suspension, or removal from office. The rules of the particular organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures and the extent that they can be done. Usually, whoever appointed or elected the president has the power to discipline this officer.

President-elect

Some organizations may have a position of  president-elect in addition to the position of president. Generally the membership of the organization elects a president-elect and when the term of the president-elect is complete, that person automatically becomes president.

Immediate past president
Some organizations may have a position of immediate past president in addition to the position of president. In those organizations, when the term of the president is complete, that person automatically fills the position of immediate past president. The organization can have such a position only if the bylaws provide it. The duties of such a position would also have to be provided in the bylaws.

References

Further reading

Business occupations
Management occupations
Corporate governance

President (corporate title)


A stage or age in geology is a period of time measured in millions of years. It is less than an epoch, and more than a chron or chronozone.

Technically, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of sedimentation or deposition.  An example of a stage in the Geologic time scale is the Kimmeridgian.

Geological periods

Stage (geology)


Microsoft WinHelp is a proprietary format for online help files that can be displayed by the Microsoft Help browser winhelp.exe or winhlp32.exe. The file format is based on Rich Text Format (RTF). It remained a popular Help platform from Windows 3.0 through Windows XP. WinHelp was removed in Windows Vista purportedly to discourage software developers from using the obsolete format and encourage use of newer help formats. Support for WinHelp files would eventually be removed entirely in Windows 10.

History
 1990 – WinHelp 1.0 shipped with Windows 3.0.
 1995 – WinHelp 4.0 shipped with Windows 95 / Windows NT.
 2006 – Microsoft announced its intentions to phase out WinHelp as a supported platform. WinHelp is not part of Windows Vista out of the box. WinHelp files come in 16 bit and 32 bit types. Vista treats these files types differently. When starting an application that uses the 32 bit .hlp format, Windows warns that the format is no longer supported. A downloadable viewer for 32 bit .hlp files is available from the Microsoft Download Center. The 16 bit WinHelp files continue to display in Windows Vista (32 bit only) without the viewer download.
 January 9, 2009 – Microsoft announced the availability of Windows Help program (WinHlp32.exe) for Windows Server 2008 at the Microsoft Download Center.
 October 14, 2009 – Microsoft announced the availability of Windows Help program (WinHlp32.exe) for Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 at the Microsoft Download Center.
 October 26, 2012 – Microsoft announced the availability of Windows Help program (WinHlp32.exe) for Windows 8 at the Microsoft Download Center.
 November 5, 2013 – Microsoft announced the availability of Windows Help program (WinHlp32.exe) for Windows 8.1 at the Microsoft Download Center.
 July 15, 2015 - Microsoft completely removed Windows Help from Windows 10. Attempting to open a .hlp file just brings users to a help page detailing that it was removed.

File format
A WinHelp file has a ".hlp" suffix. It can be accompanied by an optional table of contents (.cnt) file if the help developer created one. When Windows opens a WinHelp file, it creates a .gid file in the same directory or in "%LOCALAPPDATA%\Help", containing information about the .hlp file such as the window size and location. If the user clicks the "Find" tab and enables keyword indexing, Windows creates an index file with a .fts (full text search) extension. Annotations and bookmarks for each Windows help file have the extension ".ann" and ".bmk".

A number of software tools can decompile a WinHelp file into its source documents: HPJ, CNT, RTF, BMP, and SHG. An HPJ file is the project file that is created and edited in the Help Workshop (or a third party help authoring tool). The HPJ contains information about what RTF files to compile into the help, the MAP IDs and Aliases that provide links from a calling application to the help file, and help file appearance (window size, default buttons, color schemes, etc.). The CNT file provides the table of contents for the help file. An SHG file is a "SHED" graphics file that essentially creates an image map of help calls for a graphic file (e.g., a BMP).

A number of tools can read and explore these files. (See, for example, Help to RTF and winhelpcgi.)

Source files and compilation
Source files required to compile a .hlp file consist of one or more documents in Rich Text Format and a help project file with the extension .hpj, along with any image files (.bmp, .wmf, or .shg) that are used within the Help file. An optional table of contents file with the extension .cnt can also be created for use with the .hlp file.

Within the .rtf files, topics are separated by page breaks. Each topic has a series of footnotes that contain information for the help compiler:
 # footnotes contain the topic ID (used to create links to that topic).
 $ footnotes contain the topic name as it displays in the table of contents, index, and other locations.
 K footnotes contain keywords for the index.
 A footnotes contain See Also keywords.
 * footnotes contain build tags.
 + footnotes contain browse sequence information.
 ! footnotes contain topic entry macros.

Only the # footnote is required. All others are optional.

Text in each topic can contain limited formatting, including bold text, italics, and colors. Superscript and subscript are not allowed. Jumps between topics in the same Help file usually appear in the source document as double-underlined text (green by default, though this can be overridden) followed by a topic ID in hidden text. Popup links appear in the source document as text with a single underline (also green by default) followed by a topic ID in hidden text. (In the .hlp file, the jumps show up as green text with a single underline, and popups show up as green text with a dotted underline.)

Images can be added using codes such as {bmc image.bmp}. Supported image formats include .bmp, .wmf, and .shg (used for image maps, which can contain jumps or popups that are triggered by clicking on specific parts of the image).

After the source files have been created, the help file can be compiled using a WinHelp compiler such as HCW.exe or by using a commercial software program such as RoboHelp or HelpBreeze, most of which (included the two cited here) also use hcw.exe as the backend compiler.

WinHelp appearance and features
Depending on how it has launched and what settings the Help author chose, a WinHelp file opens either to its default topic, its table of contents, or its index.

A topic in a WinHelp file opens in a separate window, in a size and initial position that the Help author may choose. Users can resize or reposition the window. The Help author can control whether the Help file stores the user's settings between sessions, or always opens in the default size and position.

When a topic is open, a title bar at the top of the Help window displays the topic title. Below that is a row of menus (File, Edit, Bookmark, Options, and Help), which control various aspects of the file. A row of buttons usually appears below the menus. The Help author controls which buttons, if any, appear. Typical buttons include Contents, Index, Back, and Print, along with << and >> buttons to browse through the file. Help authors can also create custom buttons to jump to specific topics or perform other actions.

Below the buttons is the main text area of the window. Typically, the text begins with a heading, often bold or in a larger font than the rest of the text. This heading may sometimes be in a non-scrolling region—an area of the window that does not move up or down via the scrollbar at the side of the window. Non-scrolling regions can only be used at the beginning of a topic. The Help author can control size and background color of a non-scrolling region.

Help authors can also control the background color of the main text area, where the actual text of the topic appears. This text can be formatted and arranged in many ways. Within the text, jumps appear as green text with a single underline. Single-clicking on a jump opens a different topic. Some jumps may open secondary Help windows to display information. Popups appear in the text as green text with a dotted underline. Single-clicking on a popup opens a small window with no menus, buttons, or scrollbars, sized to fit the text. Often, popups provide short definitions of key terms or other supplemental information about the main text. The popup automatically disappears the next time the user clicks or presses a key.

Many, though not all Help topics have See Also jumps at the end of the text. Depending on the Help author's preference, this feature may be a simple list of jumps under the heading See Also, or it may be a small button that, when clicked, brings up a dialog box displaying all the relevant topics. Clicking on the name of a topic in that dialog box then clicking Display opens that topic.

Most Help files also contain a table of contents and an index to help users locate information. These appear in a separate, tabbed window. Clicking on the Contents tab opens the table of contents, in which users can click on headings to see the topics. Often, headings are marked with icons that look like small books and the topics have icons that look like pages. Double-clicking on a topic (or clicking on a topic then clicking Display) opens that topic. Clicking on the Index tab opens the index, which has a typing field and an alphabetical keyword list. Typing in the typing field automatically scrolls the list of keywords to the closest match. Double-clicking on a keyword (or clicking on a keyword then clicking Display) displays the topic associated with that keyword (if only one) or brings up a list of all topics associated with it. The index is important in helping users locate information. Sometimes Help files also have a Find tab, which lets the user search for any word used in the text of the file, not just for keywords.

WinHelp also supports a feature known as context-sensitive help. Context-sensitive help is assistance that is appropriate to where the user is in the software application, and what they are trying to do.

A rather security critical feature is that one can also include a DLL file containing custom code and associating it with WinHelp topics. Effectively this makes .HLP files equivalent to executables.

End of support
At the 2006 WritersUA conference, Microsoft announced its intentions to phase out WinHelp as a supported platform. Ted Dworkin (Partner Director of WinHelp Experience) stated, "WinHelp does not meet the code standards established for Vista. These standards include security, reliability, and performance." He went on to say that WinHelp is designed in such a way that, "...we would have to rewrite it from the ground up to meet the Vista code standards. And that approach doesn't make sense given that we have two other Help systems in Vista."

The updated licensing agreement prohibits application developers from packaging the WinHelp libraries with their installers. This means that WinHelp manuals for legacy applications are not readable on a new Windows Vista (or higher version) installation. To read them, the end-user must obtain the 32-bit WinHelp viewer from Microsoft's website and manually install it.

In Windows 10 and later, Microsoft does not offer WinHelp viewer for the operating system. The last version of Windows on which it was possible to open and read WinHelp files, using an official downloadable component by Microsoft, is Windows 8.1. The open-source version of winhlp32 from Wine also works on Windows 10. It is included as part of WineVDM. Also on Windows 10 WinHelp works with winhlp32.exe from older version of Windows.

Other documentation file formats
Although documentation can be maintained entirely in a vendor-specific presentation format such as WinHelp, it is more often the case that documentation must be published in multiple presentation formats at once: Microsoft Compiled HTML Help (CHM), WinHelp, HTML pages, Java Help, PDF, etc. It would be very expensive and error-prone to maintain each format separately.

For this reason, authors often maintain documentation in an industry-standard, vendor-neutral authoring format—such as DocBook or FrameMaker—that can be used to generate several different presentation formats (including WinHelp). Various presentation files thus produced (with WinHelp or other tools) contain consistent content because they were generated from the same source.

See also
 Microsoft Compiled HTML Help (.chm file extension)
 Microsoft Help 2
 Microsoft Help Viewer
 OS/2's INF Help (also known as IPF or Information Presentation Facility)
 Microsoft Windows Help and Support Center, online and offline reference manual for troubleshooting, used until Windows 8.1

References

External links
Help-Info: Information around Online Help (Microsoft), Examples, etc.
HelpMaster: Largest selection of WinHelp, HTMLHelp and HTML related files and hints
MS' help systems, a list of MS help systems and associated tools from an unofficial specification

Windows administration
Online help
Discontinued Windows components
1990 software

WinHelp


The Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football team in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. They play in the AFC North Division of the National Football League (NFL). The team is named after the poem, The Raven by Edgar Allen Poe. The Ravens are rivals with the Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers, Cincinnati Bengals, and Tennessee Titans. The Ravens have the Super Bowl title twice, Super Bowl XXXV, in the 2000 NFL season against the New York Giants and Super Bowl XLVII in the 2012 NFL season against the San Francisco 49ers. As of 2023, the Ravens' quarterback is Lamar Jackson. They play at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore, MD.

Defense

Baltimore has long been known for their great defense. In 2000, the Ravens had one of the best defenses in NFL history. Some major Ravens defenders include middle linebacker Ray Lewis, outside linebacker/defensive end Terrell Suggs, defensive tackle Haloti Ngata, cornerback Chris McAlister, outside linebacker Peter Boulware, cornerback Lardarius Webb, defensive tackle Tony Siragusa, and defensive back Rod Woodson. Several Ravens defensive coodinators (Marvin Lewis, Mike Nolan, Rex Ryan, and Chuck Pagano) have gone to be NFL head coaches.

Offense/special teams

The offense has been considered mediocre. The Ravens have had many different quarterbacks, including Trent Dilfer, Vinny Testaverde, Kyle Boller, and Joe Flacco, with limited success. The Ravens have gotten good results from players like Todd Heap, Derrick Mason, Flacco, Jamal Lewis, and some others on offense.

The Ravens special teams has also been praised. Notable players include kicker Justin Tucker, punter Sam Koch, and returner Jermaine Lewis.

Logo
In 1996, the Ravens' logo had a seal with a "B" for Baltimore. That logo was featured on the Ravens' helmets. In 1999, the logo changed to the head a purple Raven with the Baltimore B. That has been on team helmets since.

Uniforms

The Baltimore Ravens uniform combinations are: purple jersey and white pants (standard, introduced in 1999), white jersey with white pants (introduced in 1996, often worn for away games), white jersey with black pants (introduced in 2008, often worn in away games and at the season-home opener), purple jersey and black pants (alternate, 'not often worn,' introduced in 1996), black jerseys and white pants (alternate, introduced in 2008), and black jersey and black pants (alternate, introduced in 2004). Purple jerseys are most often worn during day-time home games. The black jerseys are worn only at home games, usually games that are played at night. The white jersey combinations are worn at most away games. However, the black pants and white jersey combination is usually worn by the Ravens for their first home game of every season. That tradition was started under head coach John Harbaugh in 2008.

Stadiums

See main articles: Memorial Stadium (Baltimore) and M&T Bank Stadium.

The Ravens played their first two seasons in Memorial Stadium, where the Baltimore Orioles Major League Baseball team and the Baltimore Colts played. Before the 1998 season, the Ravens moved to what is now M&T Bank Stadium. The stadium was called "PSI Net Stadium" up until 2001 when the PSI Net company went bankrupt. The stadium was referred to as "Ravens Stadium" in 2002. Many fans signed a letter asking that the Ravens officials name the stadium "Johnny Unitas Stadium" after Baltimore Colts Hall of Fame quarterback Johnny Unitas. The request was unsuccessful. Before the 2003 season, the Ravens, Maryland Stadium Authority, and M&T Bank signed a long term contract for the stadium to be called "M&T Bank Stadium." The stadium's official holding is listed at 71,008 people, but can hold more.

The official headquarters of the Baltimore Ravens (commonly referred to as "The Castle," or "Baltimore Ravens Training Complex') is located in Owings Mills, Maryland, USA.

Ring of Honor

See also: http://www.baltimoreravens.com/News/History/Ring_of_Honor.aspx

The Ravens induct personnel that they feel meat up to set standards on and off the field into the team Ring of Honor (presented by Smyth Jewlers).

The current Baltimore Ravens Ring of Honor:

Baltimore Colts honored: QB #19 Johnny Unitas, RB #24 Lenny Moore, OT #70 Art Donovan, DE #89 Geno Marchitti, WR #84 Reymond Berry, TE #88 John Mackey, and DE #83 Ted Hendricks (Inducted 2002)

 Runningback and runningbacks coach Earnest Byner (Inducted 2001)
 Owner Art Modell (Inducted 2003)
 Defensive end Michael McCrary (Inducted 2004)
 Outside Linebacker Peter Boulware (Inducted 2006)
 Offensive tackle Jonathan Ogden (Inducted 2008)
 Kicker Matt Stover (Inducted 2011)
 Running back Jamal Lewis (inducted 2012)
 Linebacker Ray Lewis (inducted 2013)

History

The Baltimore Colts played in Baltimore from 1953 to 1984. In 1995, Cleveland Browns owner Art Modell announced that his struggling team could no longer compete financially or on the field. He then announced a highly criticized move to go to Baltimore. In 1996, the Ravens drafted future stars Jonathan Ogden, Ray Lewis, and Jermaine Lewis. Four years later, head coach Brian Billick led the Ravens to a 34-7 Super Bowl XXXV victory over the New York Giants. The next few years were filled with mediocrity. In 2004, Baltimore businessman Steve Bisciotti bought the team from Modell. The Ravens fired Billick in 2007 after a 5-11 season and replaced him with John Harbaugh, who got the Ravens to the playoffs through the next four years.

Head coaches
 Ted Marchibroda (1996-1998) Win-Loss record: 16-31-1
 Brian Billick (1999-2007) Win-Loss record: 80-64
 John Harbaugh (2008-Present) Win-Loss record: 158-104

References

Other websites
 Baltimore Ravens official web site
 Sports E-Cyclopedia.com

Ravens

Baltimore Ravens


In histology, adipose tissue or body fat or just fat is a tissue made up of cells called adipocytes. They store nutrients called fats in fat cells. Adipose tissue produce different compounds which are called adipokines. They include leptin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta and others.

References

Animal tissues
Lipids

Body fat


Luciano Pavarotti  (October 12, 1935 – September 6, 2007) was an Italian tenor and one of the most popular contemporary vocal performers in the world. He not only sang in opera but also in other kinds of music. Known for his televised concerts, media appearances, and as one of the "Three Tenors" (the other two were Plácido Domingo and José Carreras). Pavarotti became enormously popular after a performance of the aria Nessun Dorma from Puccini's opera  Turandot  for the opening ceremony of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy.

Pavarotti was also well known for his award-winning charity work for raising money on behalf of refugees and the Red Cross.

Early life
Luciano Pavarotti was born in Modena in north-central Italy. His father was a baker who also liked to sing, his mother worked in a cigar factory. The family did not have much money. During World War II they lived in the countryside on a farm.

Pavarotti started to listen to his father's recordings of famous tenors of the day such as Beniamino Gigli, Giovanni Martinelli, Tito Schipa and Enrico Caruso. At around the age of nine he began singing with his father in a small local church choir. He was a normal boy who liked playing football and even thought of being a professional soccer goalkeeper, but his mother said he should be a teacher. His father said he would continue to support him, but once he was 30 years old he would have to earn money to support himself.

Pavarotti began singing lessons seriously in 1954 at the age of 19. He met a singer called Adua Veroni. He married her in 1961. Pavarotti had to earn money, so he became a teacher, and then an insurance salesman. For several years he just gave a few recitals without being paid for them. Then he had problems with his throat and stopped singing for a short time, and, surprisingly, this helped his voice to become really good.

Career
Pavarotti made his opera début in the role of Rodolfo in La bohème by Puccini on April 29, 1961 in the town of Reggio Emilia. Soon he was singing in: the Vienna State Opera. He sang in the United States with Joan Sutherland. In 1965 he sang at La Scala, probably the most famous of all opera houses. He was singing in the famous Franco Zeffirelli production of La Bohème, with Mirella Freni singing Mimi and Herbert von Karajan conducting. . His first appearance as Tonio in Donizetti's La fille du régiment took place at Covent Garden on June 2 of that year. It was his performances of this role that made people call him the "King of the High Cs" (The note C above Middle C is a very high note for a tenor to sing).

Pavarotti learned many more operatic roles and sang all over the world. In 1972, he sang in a production of La fille du régiment by Donizetti at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. The audience were amazed when he sang nine high Cs. They applauded so much that he had 17 curtain calls. He sang the role of Rodolfo in (La bohème) in the first Live From The Met telecast in March of 1977, which attracted one of the largest audiences ever for a televised opera. He won many Grammy awards and platinum and gold discs for his performances.

In 1976 Pavarotti sang at the Salzburg Festival appearing in a solo recital. He returned to the festival in 1978 with a recital and as the Italian singer in Der Rosenkavalier, in 1983 with Idomeneo, and both in 1985 and 1988 with solo recitals.

In 1977 there was a cover story in Time Magazine about him . That same year saw Pavarotti's return to the Vienna State Opera where he had not been for 14 years. With Herbert von Karajan conducting Pavarotti sang Manrico in Il trovatore. In 1978, he appeared in a solo recital on Live from Lincoln Center.

He made his international recital début at William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri in 1973 as part of the college's Fine Arts Program, now known as the Harriman-Jewell Series. Perspiring due to nerves and a cold, he kept a handkerchief in his hand all the way through the concert. The handkerchief was often associated with him after that during his solo performances.

1980s–1990s
At the beginning of the 1980s, he set up The Pavarotti International Voice Competition for young singers, performing with the winners in 1982 in excerpts of La bohème and L'elisir d'amore. The competition gave young people a chance to start their singing careers. It was repeated in 1982. They even travelled to China.

In 1992 Pavarotti sang in La Scala in a new Zeffirelli production of Don Carlo conducted by Riccardo Muti. Pavarotti's performance was heavily criticized by some observers and booed by some of the audience. The singer never returned to La Scala again after that.

Pavarotti became even more well-known throughout the world in 1990 when his sang Giacomo Puccini's aria, "Nessun Dorma" from Turandot which was used as the theme song for the BBC TV coverage of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. The aria made him a kind of pop star and it remained his trademark song. This was followed by the hugely successful Three Tenors concert held on the eve of the World Cup final at the ancient Baths of Caracalla in Rome with fellow tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and conductor Zubin Mehta, which became the biggest selling classical record of all time. The high point of the concert happened when Pavarotti sang a famous part of di Capua's "'O Sole Mio". Domingo and Carreras copied him and the audience enjoyed it very much. This was one of the most remembered moments in opera of our time. Throughout the 1990s, Pavarotti appeared in many big outdoor concerts, including his televised concert in London's Hyde Park which drew a record audience of 150,000. In June 1993, more than 500,000 listeners gathered for his performance on the Great Lawn of New York's Central Park, while millions more around the world watched on television. The following September, in the shadow of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, he sang for a crowd of about 300,000. Following on from the original 1990 concert, Three Tenors concerts were held during the Football World Cups; in Los Angeles in 1994, in Paris in 1998, and in Yokohama in 2002.

Pavarotti's rise to stardom was not without occasional difficulties, however. He got a reputation as "The King of Cancellations" because he often cancelled performances, and this made him unpopular with some opera houses.

In 1998, Pavarotti was given a very special award: the Grammy Legend Award.

2000s
In 2002, Pavarotti split with the Herbert Breslin, the man who had been his manager for 36 years. On 13 December 2003 he married his former personal assistant, Nicoletta Mantovani, with whom he already had a daughter. A second child did not survive, due to complications at the time of birth. He started his farewell tour in 2004, at the age of 69, performing one last time in old and new locations, after over 40 years on the stage.

Pavarotti gave his last performance in an opera at the New York Metropolitan Opera on March 13, 2004 for which he received a 12-minute standing ovation for his role as the painter Mario Cavaradossi in Giacomo Puccini's Tosca.

Death
In March 2005, Pavarotti had an operation to his neck. His health began to suffer. He was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in July 2006. He later died of the disease on 6 September 2007 at his home in Modena.

References

1935 births
2007 deaths
Cancer deaths in Italy
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Emilia-Romagna
20th-century Italian people
Italian opera singers
People from Modena
Italian tenors

Luciano Pavarotti


Nit is a general tairm faur the muckle, freuch, glittie seeds or fruit o wheen plaunts. While a braid kynd o dried seeds an fruits are cried nits, anely a certaint nummer o thaim are conseedert bi biologists tae be richt nits. Nits is an important springheid o nutrients faur baith fowk an wildlife.

Aw nits is seeds, bit no aw seeds is nits. Nits is baith the seed an the fruit, an cannae be separatit. Seeds came frae fruit, an can be tirred fae the fruit, liek awmonds, cashews, walnuts, an pistachios, whilk wis yince inby fruit.

Fruit morphologie
Edible nits an seeds
Snack fuids
Vegan cuisine
Vegetarian cuisine
Christenmas fuid
Staple fuids

Nit


Peter Gabel (January 28, 1947 – October 25, 2022) was an American law academic and associate editor of Tikkun, a bi-monthly Jewish critique of politics, culture, and society, He wrote a number of articles for the magazine on subjects ranging from the original intent of the framers of the Constitution ("Founding Father Knows Best") to the creationism/evolution controversy ("Creationism and the Spirit of Nature").

Gabel was a founder of both the Institute for Labor and Mental Health in Oakland, California, and the Critical Legal Studies movement. He published more than a dozen articles in law journals such as the Harvard Law Review and Texas Law Review, focusing on the role of law in shaping popular consciousness and on how law can best be used to bring about progressive social change.

Biography

Early life and education
Gabel was the only child of actress, radio and television talk show host, and television game show personality Arlene Francis and actor and director Martin Gabel. His father was Jewish while his mother had Armenian, English and German descent.

He graduated from Deerfield Academy, received his B.A. (1968) and J.D. (1972) from Harvard University, where he served as editor for The Harvard Lampoon, and received his Ph.D. from the Wright Institute in 1981.

As a teenager he worked as a guide for the 1964 New York World's Fair, a fact he revealed on the game show What's My Line?, where he appeared as a guest and stumped the panel, which included his mother. He appeared a second time in 1967 along with Jonathan Cerf as the editors of the Harvard Lampoon, once again stumping the panel which included both his mother and father, plus Cerf's father, Bennett Cerf, although Bennett disqualified himself at the beginning of the segment because he revealed later that he'd been tipped off the two would appear on the show. Gabel appeared again in a 1973 syndicated episode but was guessed by Soupy Sales.

Career
Gabel taught law at the University of California, Berkeley and at the University of Minnesota before becoming a law professor for 30 years at the New College of California School of Law. He also served as New College's president for 20 years. The college, founded in 1971, was an alternative school in the Mission District that offered undergraduate degrees as well as graduate degrees in psychology and law before its accreditation was revoked and the school was forced to close in June 2008.

Gabel was active in the Project for Integrating Spirituality, Law, and Politics, a group in the San Francisco Bay Area that: "will bring together law teachers, lawyers, and law students in the Bay Area who share our group's aspiration to connect the inner and the outer in a fundamental transformation of legal culture." He was also strongly focused on communalizing the neighborhood in Noe Valley, San Francisco. One of the group's successful actions was to save a small independent bookstore, Cover to Cover, which was hurt by a publishing slump. Gabel created a group email for neighbors who wanted to help and distributed fliers in the neighborhood, asking neighbors to sign a list pledging to buy a hardback book every month.

Social activism
From 1968 on, Gabel was an outspoken supporter of multiple social causes including women's rights, LGBTQ+ rights and the environmental movement.

In 2015, when receiving his honorary doctorate, he commented how "in 1968 there was a radiant spirit of idealism in the air that drew me into the great social movements of that time—the civil rights movement, the anti-Vietnam war movement, the women's movement, the environmental movement, the gay and lesbian movement, all movements that sought to transform the world in a more loving and just direction."

Personal life and death
Gabel had a son, Samuel, with his long-time partner, Unite Here union organizer Lisa Jaicks.

Gabel was the bassist in The Central Park Zoo, a dance band.

Gabel died of amyloidosis on October 25, 2022, at the age of 75.

Published works
The Desire for Mutual Recognition: Social Movements and the Dissolution of the False Self  (Routledge, 2018)
Another Way of Seeing: Essays on Transforming Law, Politics and Culture (Quid Pro Books, 2013)
The Redemptive Power of Law: Finding Spiritual Meaning in Legal Culture and Using it to Create a Better World (New York University Press, 2007)
The Bank Teller and Other Essays on the Politics of Meaning (Acada Books/New College of California Press, 2000)
 The Spiritual Truth of JFK (Tikkun magazine, March/April 1992)
The Phenomenology of Rights-Consciousness and the Pact of the Withdrawn Selves, 62 Tex. L. Rev. 1563 (1984).
Roll Over Beethoven, 36 Stan. L. Rev. 1 (1984) (with Duncan Kennedy).
Book Review of Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, 91 Harv. L. Rev. 302 (1977).

References

1947 births
2022 deaths
American legal scholars
UC Berkeley School of Law faculty
University of Minnesota faculty
New College of California
Legal educators
Philosophers of law
American LGBT rights activists
American environmentalists
Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from New York (state)
American people of Armenian descent
Jewish American academics
Jewish American activists
Deerfield Academy alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Wright Institute alumni
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

Peter Gabel


Barbara Stanwyck (born Ruby Catherine Stevens; Julie 16, 1907 – Januar 20, 1990) wis an American actress. She wis a film an telly starn, kent during her 60-year career as a consummate an versatile professional wi a strang, realistic screen presence, an a favorite o directors includin Cecil B. DeMille, Fritz Lang an Frank Capra. Efter a short but notable career as a stage actress in the late 1920s, she made 85 films in 38 years in Hollywood, afore turnin tae telly.

1907 births
1990 daiths
20t-century American actresses
Actresses frae New York Ceety
Academy Honorary Awaird recipients
American female models
American film actresses
American fowk o Scots strynd
American fowk o Inglis strynd
American radio actresses
American televeesion actresses
Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners
Californie Republicans
Daiths frae congestive heart failur
Daiths frae emphysema
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Awaird winners
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners
Fowk frae Brooklyn
Western film actresses
Ziegfeld girls
Paramount Pictures contract players
Cecil B. DeMille Awaird Gowden Globe winners
Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Awaird

Barbara Stanwyck


The spectrum of a ring is a thing studied in the branch of mathematics called algebraic geometry. This construction allows us to think of abstract mathematical objects as "functions" acting over some geometric space. In this case, the most natural geometric space is called the spectrum of the ring.

Algebraic geometry

Spectrum of a ring


Popular Mechanics is an American magazine devoted to science and technology. It was first published January 11, 1902 by H.H. Windsor, and has been owned since the 1950s by the Hearst Corporation There is also a Latin American edition that has been published for decades and a newly formed South African version available.

Popular Mechanics features regular sections on cars, trucks, science, technology, home how-to and outdoor adventures. A recurring column is "Jay Leno's Garage" featuring observations by the famed late-night talk show host and vehicle enthusiast.

Other websites
 Popularmechanics.com
 Popular Mechanics South African edition

Science and technology magazines

Popular Mechanics


The Black Dirt Region is located in southern Orange County, New York and northern Sussex County, New Jersey. It is mostly located in the western section of the Town of Warwick, centered on the hamlet of Pine Island. Some sections spill over into adjacent portions of the towns of Chester, Goshen and Wawayanda in New York and parts of Wantage and Vernon, New Jersey. Before the region was drained, around 1880 by the Polish and Volga German immigrants through drainage culverts and the construction of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, it was a densely-vegetated marsh known as the "Drowned Lands of the Wallkill".

The Black Dirt Region takes its name from the dark, extremely fertile sapric soil left over from an ancient glacial lake bottom augmented by decades of past flooding of the Wallkill River. The 26,000 acres (10,400 ha) of muck left over is the largest concentration of such soil in the United States outside the Florida Everglades.

Geography

The area mostly consists of flat flood plain. The few areas that rise above the valley floor are known as "islands", since they often were in times of heavy flooding. New Jersey's Pochuck Mountain looms just to the south of the region, and the ridge continues into the region as a small upland area called Pochuck Neck; there are two smaller hills within it known as Mounts Adam and Eve, rising to  respectively.
The area is also very noticeable on satellite imagery by the color differential from its surroundings.

History

Farmers generally avoided the area in the early years of settlement, because the soil, although rich, was frequently flooded and poorly drained. Instead, the land was used for pasturage, though sudden storms would often drown the stock.  Starting in 1804, talks began about the best way to drain the swampland.  First, an attempt was made to clear the natural obstacles, but that proved too expensive. Instead, a drainage canal was constructed by General George D. Wickham through his property in 1835.  (The former course is now a creek meandering parallel).  Immigrants from Eastern Europe, particularly Poles and Volga Germans, had worked in similar soils in their native countries and began farming the former swampland. In the mid-19th century they won a series of conflicts with downstream millers later dubbed "the Muskrat and Beaver Wars", giving them the right to prevent a dam from being built on the drainage channel

They eventually began growing the pungent, highly prized black-dirt onion on the land, taking advantage of the relative proximity of New York City as a market. By the late 20th century the region was producing an average of . Today, due to changing popular tastes in onions and different economic realities, that staple is not as profitable as it was, and farmers in the region have been diversifying their crops to include lettuce, radish, potatoes, tomatoes, carrots, and, increasingly, sod, hemp, and cannabis. Hemp can be seen growing robustly near the villages of Florida and Warwick, and large cannabis cultivation facilities are now operating at the site of the former Mid-Orange Correctional Facility. Development of the farmland is considered unlikely since the soil is very poor for building.

See also

Terra preta
Vincent Kosuga

References

Further reading
Pride and Produce. Cheetah Haysom 2015. Drowned Lands Press, New York, NY. 978-0-692-59127-7.

External links
Drowned Lands Historical society
Annual Black Dirt Feast Year 2 Video
Annual Black Dirt Feast Year 3 Video

Agriculture in the United States
Geography of Orange County, New York
Economy of Orange County, New York
History of Orange County, New York
Goshen, New York
Geography of Sussex County, New Jersey
Warwick, New York
Agriculture in New York (state)
Agriculture in New Jersey
Soil in the United States

Black Dirt Region


The Laramie, North Park and Western Railroad was a railroad in the U.S. states of Wyoming and Colorado between Laramie, Wyoming and Coalmont, Colorado.  It operated under several different names between 1901 and 1951 prior to absorption by the Union Pacific Railroad.

History

The railroad was established in 1901 as the Laramie, Hahns Peak and Pacific Railway Company by Issac Van Horn, who planned to construct the line to the mining camps near Gold Hill in the Snowy Range west of Laramie.  Van Horn and his partners also invested in the mining camp of Centennial  west of Laramie at the base of the mountains. Under the auspices of the Acme Consolidated Gold & Mining Company the partners constructed a sawmill, lumber yard, newspaper and other improvements.  Fighting financial issues, the railroad did not arrive in Centennial until 1907 after mining operations in the Snowy Range had mostly died out.

The company opted to go south to North Park in Colorado.  The company bought part of a coal deposit near Walden, Colorado and named it Coalmont.  The first train reached Walden in October, 1911 and Coalmont in December.  The line was very difficult and expensive to operate during winter.  In 1914 the company was unable to pay its mortgage and the Colorado, Wyoming and Eastern Railroad took control of the line.  In April 1924 the line was sold to new owners that renamed it the Northern Colorado and Eastern Railroad Company.  The citizens in Laramie requested the name of the town be in the line, so in June it was renamed again as Laramie, North Park and Western Railroad. David Webster Adamson retired as general superintendent of the Laramie, North Park and Western railroad on June 1, 1941.

The line continued to struggle through the 1930s, and the Interstate Commerce Commission urged Union Pacific to take over.  In 1935 the UP acquired control of the LNP&W, and Union Pacific ran the line under the LNP&W name until 1951 when the companies merged, the line becoming the Coalmont Branch of the Union Pacific, and the LNP&W depot in Laramie was closed. Shortline Wyoming Colorado Railroad bought the line in 1987, and subsequently abandoned it in Summer of 1999.

See also
List of defunct Colorado railroads
List of defunct Wyoming railroads

References

External links

Defunct Wyoming railroads
Historic American Engineering Record in Wyoming
Predecessors of the Union Pacific Railroad
Railway companies established in 1924
Railway companies disestablished in 1951
Defunct Colorado railroads
American companies disestablished in 1951
American companies established in 1924


A constituent is a voting member of a community or organization and has the power to appoint or elect. A constituency is all of the constituents of a representative. Constituents also have the power to remove their representative from the position to which they have appointed him or her. All of the constituents who are registered to vote are called the electorate.

In the United Kingdom, a parliamentary constituency is a district that elects a member of parliament. It is sometimes called a Parliamentary seat or a Division. Constituencies for local government elections are called either Wards or electoral divisions.

As of 2020, there are 650 House of Commons constituencies in the UK:
 List of Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom
 MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005 lists the constituencies after that election.

Northern Ireland has 18 constituencies, each of which elect six MLAs to  the Northern Ireland Assembly under the Single Transferable Vote system.

The Scottish Parliament has 73 single-member constituencies, with the remaining 56 seats being selected by the Additional Member System (AMS).  Until the passage of the Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004, the constituencies of the Scottish Parliament were identical to those of the House of Commons.

The National Assembly for Wales has 40 constituencies which are identical to the Welsh constituencies of the House of Commons.  Its remaining 20 seats are selected by AMS.

The London Assembly has 14 single-member constituencies.  Its remaining 11 seats are selected by AMS.

The United States House of Representatives has 435 constituencies called "Congressional districts" each electing one member.

The term "constituency" is usual in many countries, especially in members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Democracy

Constituency


The Gupta Empire was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 550 AD and covered most of North-central India. The time of the Gupta Empire is referred to as Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy. Historians place the Gupta dynasty alongside with the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Roman Empire as a model of a classical civilization.

The Guptas most probably came from Bengal. At the beginning of the 4th century the Guptas ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern-day Uttar Pradesh.

We get plenty of information about this dynasty through coins, inscriptions, monuments and Sanskrit writings. The Gupta rulers were great conquerors and good administrators. This brought on a series of invasions which weakened the empire, but many of their cultural and intellectual achievements were saved and transmitted to other cultures and live on today. Fa Hien visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II and stayed in this country for several years.

People lived a simple life. Commodities were affordable and all round prosperity ensured that their requirements were met easily. They preferred vegetarianism and shunned alcoholic beverages. Gold and silver coins were issued in great numbers which is a general indicative of the health of the economy. Trade and commerce flourished both within the country and outside. Silk, cotton, spices, medicine, priceless gemstones, pearl, precious metal and steel were exported by sea.

Gupta dynasty
The Gupta dynasty ruled by the Gupta Empire of India, from around 320 to 550.

Some of its main rulers were:
 Chandragupta
 Samudragupta
 Ramagupta
 Chandragupta II
 Kumaragupta I
 Skandagupta
 Narasimhagupta
 Buddhagupta
 Purugupta
 Vishnugupta
 Pushpak

Further reading
 Karls, Farah. World History The Human Experience.

Other websites

 Frontline Article on Gupta Period Art

+Golden Coins
The Guptas were the first to introduce a coinage across their empire.This showed both their wealth-as some coins were trying to unify the empire by using the same coins over the empire.

Ancient India
Royal dynasties
4th-century establishments
6th-century disestablishments
Establishments in Asia
Disestablishments in Asia
Former empires
Former countries in South Asia

Gupta Empire


The Great Barrier Reef: Biology, Environment and Management is a 2008 book by Pat Hutchings, Mike Kingsford and Ove Hoegh-Guldberg. This comprehensive guide describes the organisms and ecosystems of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, as well as the biological, chemical and physical processes that influence them. Contemporary challenges such as climate change, coral bleaching, coral disease and coral reef fishing are also discussed. The book also includes a field guide to help people identify the common animals and plants on the reef. The book has many illustrations and contributions from 33 international experts.

References

Biology books
Environment
2008 books


The Ethics of Ambiguity () is Simone de Beauvoir's second major non-fiction work.  It was prompted by a lecture she gave in 1945, after which she claimed that it was impossible to base an ethical system on her partner Jean-Paul Sartre's major philosophical work Being and Nothingness (). The following year, over a six-month period, she took on the challenge, publishing the resulting text first as installments in Les Temps modernes and then, in November 1947, as a book.

Contents

The Ethics of Ambiguity consists of three parts and a short conclusion.

Part I

"Ambiguity and Freedom," lays out the philosophical underpinnings of Beauvoir's stance on ethics.  She asserts that a person is fundamentally free to make choices, a freedom that comes from one's own "nothingness," which is an essential aspect of one's ability to be self-aware, to be conscious of oneself: "... the nothingness which is at the heart of man is also the consciousness that he has of himself." But each person is also a thing, a "facticity," an object for others. The ambiguity is that each of us is both subject and object, freedom and facticity. As free, we have the ability to take note of ourselves and choose what to do. As factic, we are constrained by physical limits, social barriers and the expectations and political power of others.

Beauvoir rejects any notion of an absolute goodness or moral imperative that exists on its own. "...there exists no absolute value before the passion of man, outside of it, in relation to which one might distinguish the useless from the useful." Values come only from our choices.

Human freedom can be only in concrete projects, particular circumstances, not in the abstract. Freedom "requires the realization of concrete ends, of particular projects."

The types of particular content that are suitable are discussed in Part III.

Part II

Part II, "Personal Freedom and Others," examines a number of different ways that people try to deny their freedom, as freedom can be uncomfortable and disquieting.  The freedom to choose entails the freedom to try to avoid one's freedom.  Before we can even do that, however, we start as children, who take the values of the adults around them as ready-made things.  She calls this the attitude of "seriousness," in which the child "escapes the anguish of freedom" by thinking of values as existing objectively, outside themselves, rather than as an expression of their freedom. Once past childhood, one can be a sub-man who avoids all questions of freedom and assumes themselves not free.  The next rung up the hierarchy is the serious man who "gets rid of his freedom by claiming to subordinate it to values which would be unconditioned," in effect reverting to a kind of childhood. Both the sub-man and the serious man refuse to recognize that they are free, in the sense of being able to choose their own values.

Several other types recognize their freedom, but misuse it.  The nihilist, having failed at life, decides not to try anything at all.  "Conscious of being unable to be anything, man then decides to be nothing. ... Nihilism is disappointed seriousness which has turned back upon itself." The adventurer is one who engages vigorously in various life projects, but without caring for the goal.  The adventurer "does not attach himself to the end at which he aims; only to his conquest. He likes action for its own sake." And they trample on others in the process: "[T]he adventurer shares the nihilist's contempt for men." Finally the passionate man cares enthusiastically about his goal, but shares a similar contempt for others: "Not intending his freedom for men, the passionate man does not recognize them as freedoms either. He will not hesitate to treat them as things."

And finally there is genuine freedom, which takes the excitement of the adventurer and the passion of the passionate man and includes with them a concern for other people, other freedoms, as well. "Passion is converted to genuine freedom only if one destines his existence to other existences."  "To will oneself free is also to will others free."

Part III

Part III, "The Positive Aspect of Ambiguity," examines the intricacies and nuances of genuinely free action in the world.  It includes five sections.

Part III, Section 1, "The Aesthetic Attitude," criticizes the attitude of detached contemplation as being unworkable.

Part III, Section 2, "Freedom and Liberation," explores the evils of oppression and offers a number of trenchant observations about the relationship between the oppressor and the oppressed.  The oppressor recognizes the interdependence of people, but treats those of the oppressed class as things, not as free human existents in their own right. To prevent them from rebelling, the oppressor tries to mystify them into thinking that the oppressive situation is just natural.  But it is not, and "the oppressed can fulfill his freedom as a man only in revolt ...."

Part III, Section 3, "The Antinomies of Action," examines the need for violence and its consequent moral quandaries. "In order for a liberating action to be a thoroughly moral action, it would have to be achieved through a conversion of the oppressors: there would then be a reconciliation of all freedoms. But no one any longer dares to abandon himself today to these utopian reveries." Under what circumstances, then, is violence justified?  Under what circumstances may the oppressed treat the oppressors as less than fully human in order to secure their own liberation? Beauvoir considers in some detail the nuances and difficulties of such considerations.

Part III, Section 4, "The Present and the Future," treats the relationship of action in the present to achieve an uncertain goal in the future. The determinism suggested by the dialectical materialism of Karl Marx is considered and criticized.

Part III, Section 5, "Ambiguity," returns to the originating theme of the work, that each individual is both radically free, able to transcend themself, and factical, constrained by that which just is what it is.  How does one remain true to one's freedom while allowing others their own freedom, even if they make mistakes?  Are we justified in telling the truth when another person finds the truth unbearable?  We have to act in particular situations, "inventing an original solution" each time, but remembering that "man is man only through situations whose particularity is precisely a universal fact."

The brief Conclusion sums up Beauvoir's view of human freedom: "... we are absolutely free today if we choose to will our existence in its finiteness, a finiteness which is open on the infinite." She ends with a call for us to realize and act on this fundamental truth of our existence.

References

Sources

 Bergoffen, Debra. "Simone de Beauvoir". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved on 1 November 2011.
 De Beauvoir, Simone. The Ethics of Ambiguity. Marxists Internet Archive. Another version, not as well proof-read, is here at Webster University. Retrieved on 2 November 2011.

 Meacham, Bill. "Simone de Beauvoir: A Philosophy of Liberation". bmeacham.com. Retrieved on 2 November 2011.
 Mussett, Shannon. "Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved on 2 November 2011.

1947 essays
Essays by Simone de Beauvoir
Ethics books
Works originally published in Les Temps modernes
Existentialist books
Ethics essays

The Ethics of Ambiguity


The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) is a group that represents the music industry in Australia. It is in charge of music licenses and royalties. ARIA has more than 100 members, and is run by a Board of Directors. ARIA holds annual award ceremonies called the "ARIA Music Awards" where prizes are given for Australian music. It also runs the "ARIA" which are music charts which list the most popular songs and albums in Australia each week.

2009 ARIA award winners
 Album of the year - Walking on a Dream - by Empire of the Sun
 Single of the year - "Walking on a Dream" - by Empire of the Sun
 Best Group - Empire of the Sun
 Best pop release - "Walking on a Dream" - by Empire of the Sun
 Breakthrough artist album - Ladyhawke - by Ladyhawke
 Breakthrough artist single - "My Delirium" - by Ladyhawke
 Best female artist - Sarah Blasko, for "As Day Follow Night"
 Best male artist - Daniel Merriweather, for "Love & War"
 Best rock album - Black Ice by AC/DC
 Best urban release - "State of the Art" by Hilltop Hoods
 Best dance release - "Talk Like That" by the Presets
 Best blues and roots album - Jungle Blues by C.W. Stoneking
 Best country album - I Love This Place by Troy Cassar-Daley
 Best independent release - Secrets and Lies by Bertie Blackman
 Best adult contemporary album - Chimney's Afire by Josh Pyke
 Best DVD - "TV Is My Parent" by Sia
 Best children's album - The Wiggles Go Bananas! by the Wiggles
 Best comedy release - Unessential Listening by Hamish and Andy
 Highest selling single - "Running Back" by Jessica Mauboy
 Highest selling album - Black Ice by AC/DC

2010 Aria Award winners
Album of the Year - Down the Way by Angus and Julia Stone
Single of the Year - "Big Jet Plane" by Angus and Julia Stone
Best group - The Temper Trap

References

Organisations based in Australia
Music industry organizations
Australian music


Union Station is a major railroad station that opened in 1925 in Chicago. It replaced an earlier station built in 1881.  It is now the only intercity rail terminal in Chicago, as well as being the city's primary terminal for commuter trains.

The station stands on the west side of the Chicago River between West Adams Street and West Jackson Boulevard, just outside the Chicago Loop. Including approach and storage tracks, it is about nine and a half city blocks in size. Its facilities are mostly underground, buried beneath streets and skyscrapers. It is located near the Willis Tower.

Other websites

Railway stations in the United States
Buildings and structures in Chicago
1925 establishments in Illinois

Chicago Union Station


The lateral line is a system of sense organs found in fish, and not in land vertebrates. It detects movement and vibration in the surrounding water. Modified epithelial cells, known as hair cells, respond to changes around the fish. These  turn the changes into electrical impulses which go to their central nervous system.

Lateral lines are used in schooling, predation, and orientation. For example, fish use their lateral line system to follow the vortices produced by fleeing prey. They are faint lines running lengthwise down each side, from the gill covers to the base of the tail.

In some species, the receptive organs of the lateral line have been modified to function as electroreceptors, which are organs used to detect electrical impulses. Most amphibian larvae and some fully aquatic adult amphibians have systems which work a bit like the lateral line.

References

Fish
Sensory system

Lateral line


John Bell Hood (1831 – August 30, 1879) was a Confederate army general during the American Civil War. He was born in 1831 in Kentucky. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1853. After the Battle of Fort Sumter, he joined the Confederate army as colonel of the 4th Texas Infantry. In February 1862, he became commander of the Texas Brigade as a brigadier general. He became commander of a division in July 1862. He was wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. He was wounded again at the Battle of Chickamauga in September 1863. In late July 1864, he became commander of the Army of Tennessee.

After the war, Hood became a businessman. He married in 1868 and had eleven children. He died in 1879 during a yellow fever epidemic in New Orleans.

Confederate Army generals
1831 births
1879 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in Louisiana
Military people from Kentucky

John Bell Hood


Customary land is land which is owned by indigenous communities and administered in accordance with their customs, as opposed to statutory tenure usually introduced during the colonial periods. Common ownership is one form of customary land ownership.

Since the late 20th century, statutory recognition and protection of indigenous and community land rights continues to be a major challenge. The gap between formally recognized and customarily held and managed land is a significant source of underdevelopment, conflict, and environmental degradation.

In the Malawi Land Act of 1965, "Customary Land" is defined as "all land which is held, occupied or used under customary law, but does not include any public land".

In most countries of the Pacific islands, customary land remains the dominant land tenure form. Distinct customary systems of tenure have evolved on different islands and areas within the Pacific region. In any country there may be many different types of customary tenure. The amount of customary land ownership out of the total land area of Pacific island nations is the following: 97% in Papua New Guinea, 98% in Vanuatu, 88% in Fiji, 87% in the Solomon Islands, and 81% in Samoa.

See also
 Aboriginal title
 Indigenous land rights
 Indigenous peoples

References

Property law
Real property law
Indigenous politics
Indigenous land rights
Common law
Land tenure

Indigenous politics in Oceania

Customary land


A dental prosthesis is an intraoral (inside the mouth) prosthesis used to restore (reconstruct) intraoral defects such as missing teeth, missing parts of teeth, and missing soft or hard structures of the jaw and palate. Prosthodontics is the dental specialty that focuses on dental prostheses. Such prostheses are used to rehabilitate mastication (chewing), improve aesthetics, and aid speech. A dental prosthesis may be held in place by connecting to teeth or dental implants, by suction, or by being held passively by surrounding muscles.  Like other types of prostheses, they can either be fixed permanently or removable; fixed prosthodontics and removable dentures are made in many variations. Permanently fixed dental prostheses use dental adhesive or screws, to attach to teeth or dental implants. Removal prostheses may use friction against parallel hard surfaces and undercuts of adjacent teeth or dental implants, suction using the mucous retention (with or without aid from denture adhesives), and by exploiting the surrounding muscles and anatomical contours of the jaw to passively hold in place.

Examples

Some examples of dental prostheses include:

 dentures
 partial denture
 palatal obturator
 orthodontic appliance
 dental implant
 crown
 bridge

See also

 Prosthodontics
 Dental restoration
 Dental braces

References

Dentistry
Prosthetics
Prosthodontology

Dental prosthesis


The Central Park Medical Unit (CPMU) is an all-volunteer ambulance service that provides completely free emergency medical service to patrons of Central Park and the surrounding streets, in Manhattan, New York City, United States.

Description
CPMU's 150 certified emergency medical technicians respond to 3,000 calls annually.  Many of these calls are true medical emergencies resulting in life saving care—which represents over two and a half million dollars in free care to the people of New York City. CPMU's ambulances have a response time consistently under three minutes, the lowest of any ambulance corps in the state of New York. CPMU has been recognized by numerous city and state officials, including citations from the New York City Police Department, Fire Department, Office of Emergency Management, and Department of Parks and Recreation.

Members of CPMU range from college students to retirees.  As one of the few opportunities to volunteer as an EMT in Manhattan, CPMU trains recent EMT graduates in the practical application of their skills.  CPMU is completely funded by private donations, relying on the support of corporations and individuals and receiving no financial support from the city, state, or federal governments.

In addition to its three ambulances, CPMU also operates a rapid-response bike patrol and a roller skating patrol. The patrol is active particularly during major events such as the New York City Marathon, the 1998 Goodwill Games, and concerts in Central Park (like the 2003 Dave Matthews Band Concert and the 2008 Bon Jovi Concert). CPMU has also helped the greater New York City community during the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, the American Airlines Flight 587 crash, the 2003 North America blackout as well as Hurricane Sandy.

History
CPMU was founded in 1975 after some local New Yorkers realized a need for rapid medical response in Central Park. Ambulance response times could take as long as 90 minutes in the park, which was not helped by the fact that ambulance crews did not have much navigational knowledge of the park's geography. CPMU was founded as the "Central Park Medical Rescue Squad."

The Central Park Medical Rescue Squad was primarily a first response unit that consisted of approximately twenty volunteers, a few personal bicycles and a retrofitted Ford van used to transport crews and equipment. Later a stretcher was added to the van to allow for transport of patients when city EMS was not available. In 1976, the Central Park Medical Rescue Squad purchased a used type II ambulance from Lenox Hill Hospital. This allowed them to become a full-fledged, transporting emergency medical unit. In 1979, the rescue squad incorporated as a not-for-profit corporation and was renamed the "Central Park Medical Unit."

References

External links
 Central Park Medical Unit website
 Central Park Medical Unit from VolunteerNYC.org

Charities based in New York City
Health charities in the United States
Central Park
Ambulance services in the United States
Medical and health organizations based in New York City
Emergency services in New York (state)

Central Park Medical Unit


Straight-Jacket is a 2004 comedy film written and directed by Richard Day, based on his play. Done as a pastiche of the Rock Hudson-Doris Day romantic comedy films, Straight-Jacket tells the story of Guy Stone, a closeted gay actor in the 1950s who is modeled on Hudson.

Plot
Guy Stone (Matt Letscher) is blissfully closeted, picking up tricks for one-night-stands, while capturing the country's heart as "America's most eligible bachelor" (starring in such films as The Love Barrel and I Married the Ghost). However, Guy's carefully managed façade collapses when he comes up for the lead in S.R.O. studio's version of Ben-Hur. Things turn sour for the film idol when a fellow actor, Freddie Stevens (Jack Plotnick) (famous in the film for portraying "Captain Astro" in a succession of Buck Rogers or Flash Gordon-type serial films), decides to steal the lead in Ben-Hur from Guy by taking a picture of Guy exiting a gay bar. Freddie plans to out Guy to the world and ruin his career. Jerry (Veronica Cartwright), Guy's repressed lesbian ball-bustingly ambitious agent, connives to cover up the impending outing and ensure Guy the role in Ben-Hur by marrying her client off with great fanfare to the studio head's secretary, Sally (Carrie Preston), who just happens to also be a slavishly devoted Guy Stone fan. However, Sally isn't aware the marriage is a sham.

To avoid his adoring new bride as much as possible, Guy has Jerry sign him onto the next available film, which turns out to be 'Blood Mine' — a disastrously arch pro-union film about the corrupt goings on at a coal mine (with lines like 'how can they call this a MINE when everything is THEIRS!?!'). The studio head, in fear of the red-baiting going on in Hollywood at the time, decides — true to Hollywood stereotype — rather than stop production on the film to instead water down the pro-union content wherever possible. The young, idealistic, and terribly handsome writer of the novel that the film is based on, Rick Foster, quickly gets roped into convoluting the plot of this already-bad adaptation of his heartfelt book largely because of a chance meeting between him and the film's star, Guy. The attraction the two men feel for one another is instantaneous and propels the rest of the plot forward.

Cast
 Matt Letscher as Guy Stone, a closeted homosexual Rock Hudson-like actor
 Carrie Preston as Sally Stone, a wild Guy Stone fanatic and the studio's head secretary
 Adam Greer as Rick Foster
 Veronica Cartwright as Jerry Albrecht, Guy's repressed lesbian agent
 Jack Plotnick as Freddie Stevens, a neurotic actor out to reveal Guy's secret
 Michael Emerson as Victor
 Sam Pancake as Tour Guide

Jackie Hoffman, who originated the role of Jerry in the stage play, was asked to reprise her role, but couldn't due to Hairspray: The Musical.

External links

2004 films
2004 romantic comedy films
Here TV original programming
American films based on plays
American LGBT-related films
2004 LGBT-related films
Films about actors
American romantic comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language romantic comedy films

Straight-Jacket


A person has Courage if they do something even though they are afraid. Courage can be doing things that other people think should be scary. A person has courage if they put themself in danger to save another person (this is called mental strength). If someone has courage, it is said that they are courageous, standing up for what you believe in (also called moral strength).

For example, someone may be said to have courage if they fight a lion, or save a baby from a burning building.

Courage is the opposite of fear and can also be called bravery.

Emotions
Virtues

Courage


Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley (February 6, 1945  May 11, 1981) was an important Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician in the 1970s and 1980s. He made the style of reggae music very popular all over the world. His music told stories of his home and the Rastafarian religion that he followed. Some songs were about religion and some songs were about politics like Get Up Stand Up.

Bob Marley was born on February 6, 1945 in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica to a black teenager, Cedella Booker, and a white man named Norvall Marley. When he was young, his friends gave him the nickname, "Tuff Gong".  He started his music career in the 1960s with his group the Wailing Wailers (or simply the Wailers), that he formed with two friends, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. In 1962, Bob Marley and the Wailing Wailers recorded their first two songs called "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee".

Bob married Rita Anderson in 1966 and she joined the group as a back-up singer. They had five children together. One is Ziggy Marley, who is also a well-known reggae performer.

In 1974, the Wailers broke up because three of the band members wanted to pursue solo careers. Marley continued calling his band Bob Marley and the Wailers and joined together with new members to continue playing music. In 1975, Bob Marley had his first international hit called "No Woman No Cry". In Jamaica, he is considered a folk hero. Some other hits of his include "Three Little Birds", "Africa Unite", "Buffalo Soldier", and "One Love". His most popular studio album was called Legend, which includes his greatest hits.

Bob Marley died on 11 May 1981, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, Florida, of melanoma. He was one of the followers of Rastafarianism

Discography

Studio albums
 The Wailing Wailers (1965)
 Soul Rebels (1970)
 Soul Revolution (1971)
 The Best of The Wailers (1971)
 Catch a Fire (1973)
 Burnin' (1973)
 Natty Dread (1974)
 Rastaman Vibration (1976)
 Exodus (1977)
 Kaya (1978)
 Survival (1979)
 Uprising (1980)
 Confrontation (1983)

Live albums
 Live! (1975)
 Babylon by Bus (1978)

References

Cancer deaths in Florida
Deaths from melanoma
Jamaican singer-songwriters
Rastafari
Jamaican reggae musicians
1945 births
1981 deaths
Former Roman Catholics
Jamaican activists

Bob Marley


Sight-reading (or sight-singing for singers) is the ability to play music that one has never seen before.  It is important to be able to read music well in order to sight-read.

Many people who learn to play an instrument will take examinations from time to time.  One of the tests that is usually required for an examination is some sight-reading.

People who find it hard to read music will find it hard to sight-read.  The best way to improve is by regular practice. People who play in orchestras will need to be good sight-readers because they often have to play music that they have never seen or heard before.

People who learn the piano often find sight-reading hard because they have to read two staves at once (one for each hand).  Playing through lots of easy music is a good way to improve.  Playing piano duets with a friend is also great fun.

When someone is reading aloud their eyes are looking several words ahead of the word they are speaking.  In the same way a good sight-reader will try to look ahead of the notes he is playing.  The player is "anticipating" (thinking about what is going to happen next).  In this way he can try to make the music expressive, even if it means leaving out some of the notes.

A good sight-reader will be able to see the printed music and imagine what the notes should sound like.  In this way he will not need to keep looking at his fingers to check whether he is playing the correct notes.

Some pianists are very good at sight-reading.  The pianist John Ogdon was able to read extremely difficult modern music at first sight.

Related resources
SightReadingMastery
Fast Keys

Musical performance techniques

Sight-reading


A mud volcano or mud dome is a kind of volcano that is made by liquids and gases from the earth. There are many different ways that mud volcanoes can be made. Temperatures in a mud volcano are much cooler than that of a regular volcano. The biggest mud volcanoes are 10 kilometers in diameter and can be as tall as 700 meters. Most of the gases given off by mud volcanoes are methane. Other gases given off include carbon dioxide and methane. They usually spit out liquids with solids in the liquids. An example of this would be water with salt or acids in the water.

Details
A mud volcano is usually made by mud diapir that breaks out of the surface of the Earth or on the ocean bottom. Temperatures in mud volcanoes can be as low as the freezing point.

Mud volcanoes are often linked with places where petroleum gathers and around areas of tectonic subduction. They can also be linked with orogenic belts where hydrocarbon gases usually erupt. They are also often linked with lava volcanoes as well. However, instead of spitting out magma, mud volcanoes spit out gases like methane and carbon dioxide.

Around 1,100 mud volcanoes have been found on land and in shallow water. People think that more than 10,000 mud volcanoes may exist on continental slopes and abyssal plains.

Features and what they give off
There are many features of mud volcanoes. One of these features is the gryphon, which is a steep, short cone that gives off mud. Another feature is the mud cone, which is a tall cone that makes mud and small pieces of rock. The scoria cone is a cone that is made when deposits of mud are heated up and the salse, which are pools of water that leak gases out of them. Mud volcanoes have many other features, but most of these are notable.

Most of the things that mud volcanoes spit out happen during volcanic eruptions. Other eruptions have been known to happen during the time when a volcano is dormant or sleeping.

Places mud volcanoes are

Europe and Asia
There are very few mud volcanoes in Europe, but quite a few are on the Taman Peninsula of Russia and the Kerch Peninsula in the southeastern part of Ukraine. In Italy, many mud volcanoes are near the Apennines and in Sicily. Also in Europe are the Berca Mud Volcanoes, near Berca in Buzău County, Romania. Many mud volcanoes are by the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. Movement from tectonic plates have made areas of mod volcanoes that spit out hydrocarbons and methane. Some of the tallest mud volcanoes are in Azerbaijan. Mud volcanoes are also in Iran and Pakistan in the Makran mountain range.

China has a lot of mud volcanoes in the Xinjiang province. There are two active mud volcanoes in the southern part of Taiwan. The island of Baratang, which is part of the Great Andaman group of islands in the Andaman Islands, Indian Ocean also have a few active mud volcanoes.

Azerbaijan
People think that 300 of the mud volcanoes out of the 700 mud volcanoes on Earth are in the eastern part of Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea. In 2001, one mud volcano about 15 kilometers away from Baku was in the world news when it suddenly started spitting out flames 15 meters high.

Related pages
 Volcano
 Black smoker
 Hydrothermal vent

References

Other websites
 Cold water mud volcanoes created by artesian pressure in Minnesota's Nemadji River basin
 Bulletin Of Mud Volcanology  Azerbaijan Academy Of Sciences (in English)
 Gaia's Breath—Methane and the Future of Natural Gas  - USGS, June 2003
 Azeri mud volcano flares - October 29, 2001, BBC report
 Redondo Beach mud volcano with methane hydrate deposits
 Hydrocarbons Associated with Fluid Venting Process in Monterey Bay, California
 Hydrothermal Activity and Carbon-Dioxide Discharge at Shrub and Upper Klawasi Mud Volcanoes, Wrangell Mountains, Alaska - U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4207
 Mud Volcano Eruption at Baratang, Middle Andamans

Volcanoes

Mud volcano


Bogardus Place is located in the Inwood section of New York City borough of Manhattan. The one-block street was opened in 1912, and runs  between Hillside Avenue and Ellwood Street, and is named for the family who previously owned much of the land that forms both Fort Tryon Park, and the Fort Tryon section.

The Bogardus family in America started in 1633, when Everardus Bogardus arrived in New Amsterdam to become that community's second clergyman. Prominent members of that family included James Bogardus, who pioneered in the construction of cast-iron buildings during the 1840s.

References

External links

Streets in Manhattan

Bogardus Place


A package diagram in the Unified Modeling Language depicts the dependencies between the packages that make up a model.

Overview
In addition to the standard UML Dependency relationship, there are two special types of dependencies defined between packages:
 package import
 package merge

A package import is "a relationship between an importing namespace and a package, indicating that the importing namespace adds the names of the members of the package to its own namespace."
By default, an unlabeled dependency between two packages is interpreted as a package import relationship.
In this relationship, elements within the target package will be imported into the source package.

A package merge is "a directed relationship between two packages, that indicates that the contents of the two packages are to be combined. It is very similar to Generalisation in the sense that the source element conceptually adds the characteristics of the target element to its own characteristics resulting in an element that combines the characteristics of both"
In this relationship, if an element exists within both the source package and the target package, then the source element's definition will be expanded to include the target element's definition.

Elements
 Package: a general purpose mechanism for organising model elements & diagrams into groups. It provides an encapsulated namespace within which all the names must be unique. It is used to group semantically related elements. It is a namespace as well as an element that can be contained in other packages' namespaces.
 Class: a representation of an object that reflects its structure and behavior within the system. It is a template from which running instances are created. Classes usually describe the logical structure of the system.
 Interface: a specification of behavior. An implementation class must be written to support the behavior of an interface class.
 Object: an instance of a class. It is often used in analysis to represent an artifact or other item.
 Table: a stereotyped class.

Usage
Package diagrams can use packages containing use cases to illustrate the functionality of a software system.

Package diagrams can use packages that represent the different layers of a software system to illustrate the layered architecture of a software system. The dependencies between these packages can be adorned with labels / stereotypes to indicate the communication mechanism between the layers.

When to use
 It is used in large scale systems to picture dependencies between major elements in the system
 Package diagrams represent a compile time grouping mechanism.

References

External links

 Introduction to UML 2 Package Diagrams by Scott W. Ambler
 UML 2 Package Diagrams

Unified Modeling Language diagrams

Package diagram


is a contemporary Japanese writer, translator and poet.

Tawara is most famous as a contemporary poet. She is credited with revitalizing the tanka for modern Japanese audiences.  Her skill as a translator consist of translating classical Japanese into modern Japanese, for example books such as the Man'yōshū and the Taketori Monogatari.

Biography
She was born in 1962 in Osaka Prefecture, and moved to Fukui Prefecture when she was 14 years old. In 1981, she graduated from Waseda University with a degree in Japanese literature. Under the influence of the poet Sasaki Yukitsuna, she began to write tanka. After graduation, Tawara began teaching at Kanagawa Prefecture's Hashimoto High School, and she taught there until 1989.

She wrote a 50 poem sequence, August Morning (八月の朝), which received the 32nd Kadokawa Tanka Prize. She combined this collection with other small groups of tanka to release her first major collection of poems, Salad Anniversary (サラダ記念日) in 1987. It became a bestseller, selling well over 2.6 million copies. This collection went on to receive the 32nd Modern Japanese Poets Association Award.

Salad Anniversary started a phenomenon known as "salad phenomenon", comparable to "bananamania" (coined for the phenomenon caused by the first major book of Banana Yoshimoto). Tawara became a celebrity, and hosted television and radio shows where she extolled the virtues of tanka, and encouraged everyone to write them. She eventually released a collection of tanka sent to her by her fans, edited and selected by her.

Tawara's popularity is mainly intertwined with her skill with tanka. She deftly combines modern Japanese subjects with classical poetic forms and grammatical constructions, which both hearken back to the classical days but also makes the tanka more accessible to Japan's modern youth. Also, as opposed to the tanka of the classical era, Tawara's poems possess a lighter attitude and a crisp tone, as well as a universality that helps to make her poetry understood by all.

Major works
Salad Anniversary (サラダ記念日) [1987]
Salad Anniversary, trans. Jack Stamm. Tokyo: Kawade Shobo Shinsha, 1988
Salad Anniversary, trans. Juliet Winters Carpenter. Kodansha America, 1990. .
The Palm of the Wind's Hand (かぜのてのひら) [1991]
Chocolate Revolution (チョコレート革命) [1997]

References

External links
 Official site
 Official site

1962 births
Living people
20th-century Japanese poets
Japanese women poets
20th-century Japanese women writers

Machi Tawara


In computing, Wireless LAN (WLAN) or Wireless local area network is a term to refer to a Local Area Network that does not need cables to connect the different devices. Instead, radio waves and  IEEE 802.11 are used to communicate.

Benefits of Wireless LANs
 People can access the network from where they want; they are no longer limited by the length of the cable
 Some places and vehicles have a Wireless LAN hotspot. This lets people access the internet even outside their normal work environment, for example in a restaurant or train.
 Setting up a wireless LAN can be done with one box called wireless access point or wireless router. This box can handle many connections at the same time. Wired networks require cables to be laid. This can be difficult for certain places.
 Access points can serve a varying number of computers.

Disadvantages of Wireless LANs
 Wireless LANs use radio waves to communicate. Special care needs to be taken to encrypt information.
 The signal is noisier than on wires, and more bandwidth needs to be spent on error correction.
 A typical IEEE 802.11 access point has A range of meters from where devices can connect. To extend the range more access points are needed.
 There are many reliability problems, especially those connected to interference from other devices.
 Wireless LANs are much slower than wired ones; this may not matter for most users though, because the bottleneck in a home network is usually the speed of the ADSL line or other Internet connection.

Technologies used
Today, most  technologies used for WLANs use Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. This means that several frequencies are used at the same time. Signals that are close to each other, but that belong to different channels do not disturb each other, as they use different coding schemes. Depending on the material used, it is possible to cover between 30 metres and 100 metres indoors; outdoors, the range is about 100-300m, if there are no obstacles.

Computer networking

Wireless LAN


Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn, PC, KC  (3 February 1733 – 2 January 1805) was a Scottish lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1761 and 1780 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Loughborough. He served as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain from 1793 to 1801.

Life
Wedderburn  was the eldest son of Peter Wedderburn, Lord Chesterhall (a lord of session), and was born at Chesterhall near Dunbar in East Lothian.

He received his initial education at Dalkeith and then the Royal High School, Edinburgh, and matriculated at the University of Edinburgh aged 14. During his studies in Edinburgh he resided at his father's townhouse on Elphinstone Court, south of the Royal Mile, around 200m from the university. He qualified as an advocate serving in Scotland in 1752 aged only 19. He did not see eye to eye with others in the courts and on one occasion felt so insulted at comments on his age that he threw off his gown and never again appeared in the Scottish courts. He instead passed the English bar and went to practice in England, famously acting as counsel to the 1st Baron Clive.

His father was called to the Scottish bench in 1755, and for the next three years Wedderburn returned to Edinburgh, where he employed his oratorical powers in the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, and passed his evenings in social and argumentative clubs.

In 1755 the precursor of the later Edinburgh Review was started, and Wedderburn edited two of its issues. The dean of faculty at this time, Alexander Lockhart (later Lord Covington), a lawyer notorious for his harsh demeanour, in the autumn of 1757 assailed Wedderburn with more than ordinary insolence. Wedderburn retorted with extraordinary powers of invective, and, on being rebuked by the bench, declined to retract or apologise.  Instead, he left the court forever.

Legal career
Wedderburn was called to the English bar at the Inner Temple in 1757. To shake off his Scottish accent and to improve his oratory, he engaged the services of Thomas Sheridan and Charles Macklin. He studied the forms of English law in order to secure business and to conduct his cases with adequate knowledge.  He solicited William Strahan, a printer, to get him employed in city causes, and he entered into social intercourse with busy London solicitors. His local connections and the incidents of his previous career brought him to the notice of his countrymen Lord Bute and Lord Mansfield.

When Lord Bute was prime minister, Wedderburn used to go on errands for him, and it is to Wedderburn's credit that he first suggested to the premier the propriety of granting Samuel Johnson a pension.

Through the favour of Lord Bute, he was returned to parliament for the Ayr Burghs in 1761. In 1763 he became king's counsel and bencher of Lincoln's Inn, and for a short time went the northern circuits, but was more successful in obtaining business in the Court of Chancery. In 1767, he married Betty Anne Dawson, only child and heiress of John Dawson of Marly, Yorkshire who brought him considerable wealth in addition to his own. (Carlyle puts the amount at £10,000)

Political career

When George Grenville, whose principles leaned to Toryism, quarrelled with the court, Wedderburn affected to regard him as his leader in politics. At the dissolution in the spring of 1768 he was returned by Sir Lawrence Dundas for Richmond as a Tory, but in the questions that arose over John Wilkes he took the popular side of Wilkes and liberty, and resigned his seat in May 1769. In the opinion of the people he was now regarded as the embodiment of all legal virtue; his health was toasted at the dinners of the Whigs amid rounds of applause, and, in recompense for the loss of his seat in parliament, he was returned by Lord Clive for his pocket-borough of Bishop's Castle, in Shropshire, in January 1770.

During the next session he acted vigorously in opposition, but his conduct was always viewed with distrust by his new associates, and his attacks on the ministry of Lord North grew less and less animated in proportion to its apparent fixity of tenure. In January 1771 he was offered and accepted the post of solicitor-general. The high road to the woolsack was now open, but his defection from his former path has stamped his character with general infamy. Junius wrote of him, "As for Mr Wedderburn, there is something about him which even treachery cannot trust," and Colonel Barr attacked him in the House of Commons. The new law officer defended his conduct with the assertion that his alliance in politics had been with George Grenville, and that the connection had been severed on his death.

All through the American War of Independence he consistently declaimed against the colonies, and he was bitter (and, some historians say, downright slanderous) in his attack on Benjamin Franklin before the Privy Council. In June 1778 Wedderburn was promoted to the post of attorney-general, and in the same year he refused the dignity of chief baron of the exchequer because the offer was not accompanied by the promise of a peerage. At the dissolution in 1774 he had been returned for Okehampton in Devon, and for Castle Rising in Norfolk, and selected the former constituency; on his promotion as leading law officer of the crown he returned to Bishops Castle. The coveted peerage was not long delayed. In June 1780 he was created Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, with the title of Baron Loughborough.

During the existence of the coalition ministry of North and Fox, the great seal was in commission (April to December 1783), and Lord Loughborough held the leading place among the commissioners. For some time after that ministry's fall he was considered the leader of the Whig party in the House of Lords, and, had the illness of the King George III brought about the return of the Whigs to power, the great seal would have been placed in his hands. The king's restoration to health secured William Pitt The Younger's continuance in office, and disappointed the Whigs. In 1792, during the period of the French Revolution, Lord Loughborough seceded from Fox, and on 28 January 1793 he received the great seal in the Tory cabinet of Pitt. The resignation of Pitt on the question of Catholic emancipation (1801) put an end to Wedderburn's tenure of the Lord Chancellorship, for, much to his surprise, no place was found for him in Addington's cabinet. Pitt's friends believed he had been guilty of treachery over the Emancipation issue; and even the King, who used Loughborough as a spy in Cabinet, later commented that his death removed "the greatest knave in the Kingdom".

Marriages and later life
His first wife died childless in 1781, and the following year he married Charlotte, youngest daughter of William, Viscount Courtenay; her only son died in childhood. Lord Loughborough accordingly obtained in 1795 a re-grant of his barony with remainder to his nephew, Sir James St Clair Erskine. The end of his tenure as Lord Chancellor in 1801 was softened by the grant of an earldom (he was created Earl of Rosslyn on 21 April 1801, also with remainder to his nephew), and by a pension of £4000 per annum. After this date he rarely appeared in public, but he was a constant figure at all the royal festivities. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1787  and accepted an honorary vice presidency at London's charitable Foundling Hospital in 1799.

He attended a festive gathering, quite typical for this time in his life, at Frogmore, in December 1804. On the following day he was seized with an attack of gout in the stomach, and on 2 January 1805 he died of an apoplectic fit at his country seat of Baylis, near Salt Hill, Windsor. He was buried in St Paul's Cathedral on 11 January 1805.

Assessment
At the bar Wedderburn was the most elegant speaker of his time, and, although his knowledge of the principles and precedents of law was deficient, his skill in marshalling facts and his clearness of diction were marvellous; on the bench his judgments were remarkable for their perspicuity, particularly in the appeal cases to the House of Lords. For cool and sustained declamation he stood unrivalled in parliament, and his readiness in debate was universally acknowledged. In social life, in the company of the wits and writers of his day, his faculties seemed to desert him. He was not only dull, but the cause of dullness in others, and even Alexander Carlyle confesses that in conversation his illustrious countryman was stiff and pompous. In Wedderburn's character ambition banished all rectitude of principle, but the love of money for money's sake was not among his faults.

Quote
Regarding the Thellusson Will Case, the Lord Chancellor stated:

See also
Wedderburn baronets, distant relations

Notes

References

External links

|-

1733 births
1805 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Attorneys General for England and Wales
British MPs 1761–1768
British MPs 1768–1774
British MPs 1774–1780
Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
Chief Justices of the Common Pleas
Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Fellows of the Royal Society
Lord chancellors of Great Britain
Lord High Stewards
Members of the Inner Temple
Wedderburn, Alexander
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Nobility from East Lothian
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Solicitors General for England and Wales
Wedderburn, Alexander
Alexander
Peers of Great Britain created by George III


In some rules of football, a punt is a play in which a player drops the ball and kicks it before it touches the ground. A punt is in contrast to a drop kick, in which the ball touches the ground before being kicked.

In American and Canadian football, the ball is kicked downfield to the opposing team, usually on the final down, with the hope of giving the receiving team a field position that is more helpful to the kicking team when possession changes.

American football
Canadian football
Rugby
Sports words

Punt


Lorisoidea is a superfamily of Primates. It combines the familiies of the Lorisidae (lorises) and the Galagidae (galagos). They are part of the Lemuriformes.

Lorisoidea is afro-asian phylogeny is disputable since their paraphylegenit has been traced with the group of the Galagidae with the Asian or African lorisidae (Masters 2007). The lorisodea species includes nocturnal species such as the Malagasy Lemur roidea. This species can be found in Africa and regions in tropical areas of Asia. Lorisoidea is categorized in two families Lorisidae and Galagidae.

Lorisoidea