Catherine Howard, Countess of Nottingham ( Carey; c. 1547 – 25 February 1603), was a cousin, lady-in-waiting, and close confidante of Elizabeth I of England. She was in attendance on the queen for 44 years.

Life

Catherine Carey was the eldest daughter of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon and his wife Anne Morgan, daughter of Sir Thomas Morgan and Anne Whitney.  Hunsdon was Queen Elizabeth's cousin, being the son of Mary Boleyn, and court gossip hinted at a closer connection, since Mary had been the mistress of Henry VIII. Catherine may have joined Elizabeth's household at Hatfield House as a child during the reign of Elizabeth's elder sister Mary. On Elizabeth's accession, Catherine and her younger sister Philadelphia came to court as maids of honour under the auspices of their aunt, Catherine Carey, the queen's first cousin and a Lady of the Bedchamber.

In July 1563, Catherine married Charles Howard (1536–1624), later 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral of England, and first Earl of Nottingham (1597).

Catherine was appointed First Lady of the Bedchamber by 1572. Her daughter Elizabeth, the queen's goddaughter, was a maid of honour from 1576 until 1583, the year of her marriage. Her daughter Frances, dowager Countess of Kildare, and granddaughter Elizabeth Southwell joined her in the queen's inner circle in the 1590s. Her health began to decline in 1601, and she died at Arundel House on 25 February 1603, only weeks before the death of the queen she had served for 45 years. She was buried at Chelsea Old Church on 25 April 1603.

Children
The Earl and Countess of Nottingham had five children:

Frances Howard (buried 11 July 1628). She was married first to Henry FitzGerald, 12th Earl of Kildare. She was secondly married to Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham.
William Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Effingham (27 December 1577 – 28 November 1615). Summoned to the Lords as 3rd Baron Howard of Effingham. He was married on 7 February 1596/1597 to Anne St John.
Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Nottingham (17 September 1579 – 3 October 1642). He was married first on 19 May 1597 to Charity White (d. 18 December 1618), daughter to Robert White. Secondly on 22 April 1620 to Mary Cokayne, daughter of Sir William Cockayne who served as Lord Mayor of London in 1619 and Mary Morris.
Margaret Howard, married in 1587 Sir Richard Leveson (died 1605), one child, died in infancy. After a mental breakdown, her wardship was awarded to her brother, William, on the death of Leveson and to her father in 1615.
Elizabeth Howard (buried 31 March 1646). Maid of honour to Elizabeth I (1576 until 1583). She married Sir Robert Southwell (1563 – c. 1598/9) in 1583. One of their daughters, Elizabeth, also a maid of honour to Elizabeth from 1599, was a lover and eventually the third wife of her cousin Sir Robert Dudley, the illegitimate son of the Earl of Leicester and Douglass Sheffield. Another daughter, Frances, married Edward Rodney, and a daughter Catherine (d. 1657) married Sir Greville Verney, 7th Baron Willoughby de Broke (c. 1586 – 1642). Elizabeth Howard was secondly married to John Stewart, 1st Earl of Carrick, (d. 1644).

Notes

References

English countesses
Ladies of the Bedchamber
First Ladies of the Bedchamber
1540s births
1603 deaths
People of the Elizabethan era
Catherine
Catherine
Daughters of barons
16th-century English women
16th-century English nobility
17th-century English women
17th-century English nobility
Burials at Chelsea Old Church
Court of Elizabeth I
Wives of knights


An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process where a fluid becomes warmer or cooler without getting heat from, or giving it to, something else. Usually the temperature instead changes because of changes in pressure.

Adiabatic cooling is the usual cause of clouds. When warm, humid air rises due to convection or other cause, water condenses to make clouds, and in some cases precipitation.  Convection also causes  cold air to sink. This warms it adiabatically, often destroying a cloud and sometimes causing any precipitation to evaporate before hitting the ground.

Description

If we take some fluids in an insulated system and expand or compress the system very fast, the system won't be able to gain or loose any heat (from outside of the system). (In reality, you can't get a perfectly insulated system. But in some cases, the heat transfer is so low that we can call them adiabatic process.)

From the first law of thermodynamics, we know that,

Here,  is the change of internal energy;  is the change of heat and  is the change of work.

Since there occurs no heat transfer in adiabatic process, the  becomes 0. So, for adiabatic process, the equation is,

Again, we know that .(;; ; so, )

Here,  is volume;  is force;  is pressure;  is the area and  is the distance.

So, the equation stands as,

Which means, by doing work (changing volume), one can change the internal energy (and so the temperature) in a adiabatic process.

Adiabatic process for ideal gas (for reversible adiabatic process)

In the case of Adiabatic process (see the upper section),

Again, in constant volume, the heat capacity of one mole gas is,

Here,  is the change of temperature and  is the temperature।

But, in constant volume (as no work is done),

So,

From the first (1) equation,

Now, the Ideal gas law for one mole gas is,

Here,  is the gas constant.

By differentiating the last equation,

Or,

Now from equation (2), we get,

Since,  (Mayer's relation),

Here,  is the heat capacity of gas at constant pressure.

Simplifying the equation (3),

If,
 ,
Then,

By dividing both sides of the equation (4) with  we get,

Integrating (Integration leaves a constant) the equation (5),

If we assume that,
 ,

We get,

Simplifying the equation (6),

This is the relation between pressure and volume in adiabatic process.

References

Thermodynamics

Adiabatic process


Julius Eastman (October 27, 1940 – May 28, 1990) was an American composer, pianist, vocalist, and performance artist whose work is associated with musical minimalism. He was among the first composers to combine minimalist processes with elements of pop music, and involve experimental methods of extending and modifying music in creating what he called "organic music". He often gave his pieces titles with provocative political intent, such as Evil Nigger and Gay Guerrilla, and has been acclaimed following new performances and reissues of his music.

Biography
Julius Eastman grew up in Ithaca, New York, with his mother, Frances Eastman, and younger brother, Gerry. He began studying piano at age 14 and made rapid progress. He studied at Ithaca College before transferring to the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. There he studied piano with Mieczysław Horszowski and composition with Constant Vauclain, and switched majors from piano to composition, graduating in 1963. He made his debut as a pianist in 1966 at The Town Hall in New York City. Eastman had a rich, deep, and extremely flexible singing voice, for which he became noted for his 1973 Nonesuch recording of Eight Songs for a Mad King by the British composer Peter Maxwell Davies. Eastman's talents gained the attention of composer-conductor Lukas Foss, who conducted Davies' music in performance at the Brooklyn Philharmonic.

At the behest of Foss, Eastman joined the Creative Associates — a "prestigious program in avant-garde classical music" that "carried a stipend but no teaching obligations"—at SUNY Buffalo's Center for the Creative and Performing Arts. During this period, he met Petr Kotik, a Czech-born composer, conductor, and flutist. Eastman and Kotik performed together extensively in the early to mid-1970s. Along with Kotik, Eastman was a founding member of the S.E.M. Ensemble.

From 1971 he performed and toured with the group, and composed numerous works for it. During this period, fifteen of Eastman's earliest works were performed by the Creative Associates, including Stay On It (1973), an early augury of postminimalism and one of the first art music compositions inspired by progressions from popular music, presaging the later innovations of Arthur Russell and Rhys Chatham. Although Eastman began to teach theory and composition courses over the course of his tenure, he left Buffalo in 1975 following a controversially ribald performance of John Cage's aleatoric Songbooks by the S.E.M. Ensemble under the aegis of Morton Feldman. It included nudity and homoerotic allusions interpolated by Eastman. Cage was incensed and said during an ensuing lecture that Eastman's "[ego]... is closed in on homosexuality. And we know this because he has no other idea to express." Additionally, Eastman's friend Kyle Gann has speculated that his inability to acclimate to the more bureaucratic elements of academic life (including paperwork) may have hastened his departure from the university.

Shortly thereafter, Eastman settled in New York City, where he initially straddled the divide between the conventionally bifurcated "uptown" and downtown music scenes. Eastman often wrote his music following what he called an "organic" principle. Each new section of a work contained all the information from previous sections, though sometimes "the information is taken out at a gradual and logical rate." The principle is most evident in his three works for four pianos, Evil Nigger, Crazy Nigger, and Gay Guerrilla, all from around 1979. The last of these appropriates Martin Luther's hymn, "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God," as a gay manifesto.
In 1976, Eastman participated in a performance of Eight Songs for a Mad King conducted by Pierre Boulez at Lincoln Center. He served as the first male vocalist in Meredith Monk's ensemble, as documented on her influential album Dolmen Music (1981). He fostered a strong kinship and collaboration with Arthur Russell, conducting nearly all of his orchestral recordings (compiled as First Thought Best Thought [Audika Records, 2006]) and participating (as organist and vocalist) in the recording of 24-24 Music (1982; released under the imprimatur of Dinosaur L), a controversial disco-influenced composition that included the underground dance hits "Go Bang!" and "In the Cornbelt"; both featured Eastman's trademark bravado.

During this period, he also played in a jazz ensemble with his brother Gerry, who previously played guitar in the Count Basie Orchestra. He played in and conducted the Brooklyn Philharmonia's CETA Orchestra (funded by the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act under the administration of the Cultural Council Foundation). He also coordinated the Philharmonia's Community Concert Series in conjunction with Foss and other composers of color. By 1980, he was regularly touring across the United States and internationally; a recording of a performance from that year at Northwestern University was released on the posthumous compilation Unjust Malaise (2005).

A 1981 piece for Eastman's cello ensemble, The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc, was performed at The Kitchen in New York City. In 1986, the choreographer Molissa Fenley set her dance, Geologic Moments, to music of Philip Glass and two works by Eastman (an unknown work for two pianos and "One God" in which Eastman sang and played piano), which premiered at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.

Despondent about what he saw as a dearth of worthy professional opportunities, Eastman grew increasingly dependent on drugs after 1983. His life fell apart; many of his scores were impounded by the New York City Sheriff's Office following an eviction in the early 1980s, further impeding his professional development. While homeless, he briefly took refuge in Tompkins Square Park. His hope for a lectureship at Cornell University also failed to materialize during this period.

Despite a temporary attempt at a comeback, Eastman died alone at the age of 49 in Millard Fillmore Hospital in Buffalo, New York of cardiac arrest.  No public notice was given to his death until an obituary by Kyle Gann appeared in the Village Voice; it was dated January 22, 1991, eight months after Eastman died. As Eastman's notational methods were loose and open to interpretation, revival of his music has been a difficult task, dependent on people who worked with him.

Style
Eastman's works often involve repeating, slowly evolving and discordant aleatoric sections, and pop structures (particularly in Stay on It (1973) or The Holy Presence of Joan D'Arc (1981), which repeat but dramatically evolve catchy riffs). As well as this, his long-form piano pieces like Evil Nigger (1979) and Gay Guerrilla (c. 1980) show his intent to dramatically explore his Black and gay identity through motifs that, in tone and repetition, represent heightening conflict, particularly strong in emotion for minimalism. Eastman described his works as "organic music" involving "gradual accrual and accumulation, often followed by gradual disintegration", where he would gradually and sometimes abruptly alter repeated refrains and phrases to create the basis for sheet music and its performance.

Artistic legacy

The composer Mary Jane Leach found scores by Eastman, initially posting them to her website. They are now available through G. Schirmer.

In June 2006, the New York-based group Ne(x)tworks presented their score realization (by Cornelius Dufallo and Chris McIntyre) of Eastman's Stay On It at the ISSUE Project Room silo space on Carroll Street in Brooklyn.

In 2007, the California E A R Unit gave a performance of Crazy Nigger at REDCAT (The Roy and Edna Disney CalArts Theater in the Walt Disney Concert Hall Complex).

Eastman's piece Crazy Nigger was performed March 15, 2008, during the 7th Edition Dag in de Branding Festival, The Hague, the Netherlands.

On February 10, 2012, Luciano Chessa curated for Sarah Cahill's L@te Series of the Berkeley Art Museum/PFA the first Eastman
retrospective. The concert included the performance of Eastman's Evil Nigger and Gay Guerrilla for six pianos, Eastman's last known
composition, Our Father, and the first live performance of the Prelude to the Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc, transcribed by bass Richard Mix
under Chessa's invitation. The event also included Chessa's DJ live set of NY house music recordings featuring Eastman and his collaborators.
The preview piece for this event in the SF Chronicle, by Joshua Kosman, is the first full writeup on Eastman ever to appear in a major
US newspaper.

On March 26, 2013, New Amsterdam Records released an album by Jace Clayton entitled The Julius Eastman Memory Depot. The album includes performances of Evil Nigger and Gay Guerilla by David Friend and Emily Manzo that have been manipulated and re-arranged by Clayton. The album's final track is a tribute to the late composer entitled "Callback from the American Society of Eastman Supporters."

Performer/Composer Amy Knoles recently created a 4.0 solo live electronic version of Crazy Nigger. She toured the Pacific Northwest and Europe in the Fall of 2013, with a program called Julius Eastman FOUND. She performed on the MalletKat with an elaborate system of loops, developed in Ableton LIVE with the Keith McMillen 12Step foot controller.

Lutosławski Piano Duo (Emilia Sitarz and Bartek Wąsik) have been performing his compositions regularly since 2014. Their repertoire contains Evil Nigger and Gay Guerilla (with Joanna Duda and Mischa Kozłowski). The premiere of their version of Crazy Nigger took place in December 2017 during KWADROFONIK FESTIVAL in Warsaw.

In October 2015, Bowerbird, a Philadelphia-based non-profit, presented Eastman's Crazy Nigger as the first event in a multi-year survey of the composer's work.

A biography of Eastman, Gay Guerrilla: Julius Eastman and His Music, edited by Renée Levine Packer and Mary Jane Leach, was released in December 2015 on Eastman Studies in Music.

A larger Eastman retrospective took place at the London Contemporary Music Festival in December 2016, and included the presentation of seven Eastman works, several pieces closely associated with Eastman and an exhibition, spread over three nights.

On January 24, 2017, an evening of Eastman's works were presented as "A portrait of Julius Eastman" at the long-running modern classical music series, Monday Evening Concerts, in Los Angeles. The program consisted of Prelude to the Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc for solo baritone singer, The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc for ten cellos, and Crazy Nigger for four pianos. The concert was very well received by a nearly sold-out audience in the Zipper Concert Hall at the Colburn School for the Performing Arts.

The 2017 MaerzMusik festival opened with three of Julius Eastman's works for four pianos on March 17. Furthermore, from 17th to 26 March, the space of SAVVY Contemporary became a documentation center dedicated to the oeuvre of Julius Eastman.

In May 2017, after more than three years of research, Bowerbird presented "That Which Is Fundamental" - a four-concert retrospective and month-long exhibition of Eastman's work.  Included in the festival were the modern premieres of several of Eastman's early works, including Macle and Thruway.  This project was the first retrospective produced in collaboration with the Eastman Estate.

In September 2017, contemporary music festival Sacrum Profanum in Krakow, presented four concerts with nine Julius Eastman's compositions in total. Extensive research of the curator Krzysztof Pietraszewski, assisted by Mary Jane Leach, Petr Kotik and Michał Mendyk resulted in wide and diverse composer's picture - Eastman was one of two main figures of 2017 edition of the festival (among Moondog). Petr Kotik with S.E.M. Ensemble prepared interpretations of Joy Boy, Our Father, Piano 2, and Macle, Anton Lukoszevieze and Apartment House performed Buddha, , Stay On It, and Hail Mary and Arditti Quartet performed a three-string quartet version (commissioned from Tomasz Jakub Opałka by Sacrum Profanum festival) of Evil Nigger. This new version of this famous piece was a world premiere, and Our Father and Joy Boy were presented in newly restored versions.

In February 2018, Luciano Chessa completed his edition of Eastman's Symphony No. II. The Faithful Friend, The Lover Friend's Love for the
Beloved, Eastman's only work for large orchestra. On November 20 Chessa conducted the orchestra of the Mannes School of Music in the premiere of Eastman II at Lincoln Center's Alice Tully Hall in NYC to a considerable acclaim. The preview piece in The New York Times featured clips from the rehearsal of the
piece, and a review followed

In March 2018, SAVVY Contemporary Berlin in collaboration with MaerzMusik Festival continued their interdisciplinary project on Julius Eastman with a series of German premieres of his pieces as well as world-premieres of newly commissioned pieces – in a series of concerts, an exhibition and a symposium with Mary Jane Leach, George E. Lewis, Christine Rusiniak, Kodwo Eshun, Rocco Di Pietro, and many others. In 2020, SAVVY Contemporary published a collection of essays, librettos, lyrics, memories, photos, personal anecdotes called We Have Delivered Ourselves from the Tonal — Of, Towards, On, For Julius Eastman with contributors like George E. Lewis, Kodwo Eshun, Mary Jane Leach, and many others.

In 2018, visual artist Tiona Nekkia McClodden curated an exhibition based on her research around Eastman at New York's The Kitchen. It included performances of his work and work of contemporary artists inspired by Eastman including Carolyn Lazard, Sondra Perry, and Chloe Bass and others.

In 2018, visual artist Michael Anthony Garcia and composer Russell Reed performed  with the Austin Chamber Music Festival.

In 2018, publisher G. Schirmer announced it would restore, reconstruct, publish and promote his music, in collaboration with his estate managed by Julius's brother Gerry Eastman.

In September 2019, festival Musica in Strasbourg (France) presented the composer's three pieces for four pianos performed by Melaine Dalibert, Stéphane Ginsburgh, Nicolas Horvath and Wilhem Latchoumia. The concert was recorded and published by Sub Rosa.

In October 2019, the Sacrum Profanum festival in Krakow presented The Holy Presence of Joan D'Arc with Prelude and premiered another commissioned version of Evil Nigger, this time arranged by Piotr Peszat for four accordions, performed by Rafał Łuc and Maciej Frąckiewicz.

In February 2020, the American piano sextet Grand Band, performed Gay Guerilla in the Peak Debut Series at Montclair State University, featuring six grand pianos played by Erika Dohi, David Friend, Paul Kerekes, Blair McMillen, Lisa Moore, and Isabelle O'Connell.

In October 2021, Eastman was the subject of BBC Radio 3's Composer of the Week.

Eastman's piece Crazy Nigger was featured in three performances in late 2021 and early 2022 presented by the Rudolfinum Gallery and the Czech Philharmonic in Prague, Czech Republic.

The Ojai Music Festival, running from June 9 to June 12, 2022, in Ojai California, will feature several works by Eastman.

British electronic musician Loraine James released an album inspired by Eastman's work on October 7, 2022.

On December 2, 2022, Helsinki-based record label Frozen Reeds announced the first ever vinyl run for a 1974 recording of Femenine by the S.E.M. Ensemble with Eastman on piano, due for release May 30, 2023. The recording was remastered from the original high-definition tape transfer by Jim O'Rourke at his Steamroom studio in Japan. The release features republished liner notes written by Eastman and Mary Jane Leach.

In April 2023, the Cleveland Orchestra, conducted by Franz Welser-Möst, performed Eastman's Symphony No. II.

Known works

Piano Pieces I - IV (1968) for solo piano
Thruway (1970) for flute, clarinet, trombone, violin, cello, soprano solo, off stage jazz trio, SATB choir, electronics
The Moon's Silent Modulation (1970) for dancers, vocalists and chamber ensemble
Touch Him When (1970) for piano 4 hands
Trumpet (1970) for 7 trumpets
Macle (1971) for voices and electronics
Comp 1 (1971) for solo flute
Mumbaphilia (1972) for solo performer and dancers
Wood in Time (1972) for 8 metronomes
Tripod (1972) instrumentation unknown, score fragment for one treble voice and one tape part exists
Colors (1973) for 14 women's voices and tape
Stay on It (1973) for no fixed instrumentation, although piano, percussion, and voice were always included
440 (1973) for voice, violin, viola and double bass
That Boy (1974) for small instrumental ensemble
Joy Boy (1974) for 4 treble instruments
 (1974) for chamber ensemble
Masculine (1974) for small instrumental ensemble
If You're So Smart, Why Aren't You Rich? (1977) for violin, 2 French horns, 4 trumpets, 2 trombones, tuba, piano, 2 chimes and 2 basses
Nigger Faggot (1978) for bell, percussion, and strings
Dirty Nigger (1978) for 2 flutes, 2 saxophones, bassoon, 3 violins, and 2 double basses
Evil Nigger (1979) for any number of similar instruments, most commonly 4 pianos
Gay Guerilla (ca. 1980) for any number of similar instruments, most commonly 4 pianos
Crazy Nigger (ca. 1980) for any number of similar instruments, most commonly 4 pianos
The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc (1981) for ten cellos
Untitled [Prelude to The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc] (1981) for solo voice
Symphony No. II - The Faithful Friend: The Lover Friend's Love for the Beloved (1983) for orchestra
His Most Qualityless Majesty (1983) for piano and voice
Hail Mary (1984) for voice and piano
Buddha (1983) for unspecified instrumentation
Piano 2 (1986) for solo piano
Our Father (1989) for 2 male voices

Recordings

2023 - Julius Eastman Vol. 3: If You're So Smart, Why Aren't You Rich? performed by Wild Up (New Amsterdam Records)
2022 - Julius Eastman Vol. 2: Joy Boy performed by Wild Up (New Amsterdam Records)
2021 - Julius Eastman - Three Extended Pieces for Four Pianos performed by Melaine Dalibert, Stéphane Ginsburgh, Nicolas Horvath and Wilhem Latchoumia (Sub Rosa)
2021 - Julius Eastman Vol. 1:  performed by Wild Up (New Amsterdam Records)
2021 - "Stay On It" performed by Sō Percussion (Eric Cha-Beach, Josh Quillen, Adam Sliwinski, Jason Treuting), MEDIAQUEER (Darian Thomas, Phong Than), Adam Tendler, Shelley Washington, Alex Sopp, Beth Meyers, Grey Mcmurray
2020 -  performed by ensemble 0 and Aum Grand Ensemble (Sub Rosa)
2020 - Touch Him When performed by HOCKET
2019 -  performed by Apartment House (Another Timbre)
2018 - Piano Interpretations performed by Kukuruz Quartet (Intakt Records)
2017 - Stay on It performed by Abdu Ali and Horse Lords
2016 -  performed by the SEM Ensemble (Frozen Reeds)
2014 - "Unchained" performed by Lutosławski Piano Duo and Friends - (pieces by Julius Eastman and Tomasz Sikorski) Bołt Records
2014 - Piano 2 performed by Joseph Kubera on Book of Horizons (New World 80745)
2005 - Unjust Malaise, by various artists (New World 80638) (Includes Stay On It; If You're So Smart, Why Aren't You Rich; Prelude to The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc; The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc; Gay Guerrilla; Evil Nigger; Crazy Nigger; and Spoken Introduction to Northwestern University Concert)
1987 - Davies, Peter Maxwell. Miss Donnithorne's Maggot; Eight Songs for a Mad King. London: Unicorn-Kanchana. (Includes Julius Eastman, baritone.)
1983 - Monk, Meredith. Turtle Dreams (Includes Julius Eastman, organ.)
1982 - Dinosaur L. 24→24 Music (Includes Julius Eastman, keyboards and voice.)
1981 - Monk, Meredith.  Dolmen Music.  (Includes Julius Eastman, percussion and voice.)
1972 - Kolb, Barbara, and Richard Moryl. New York: Desto. (Includes Julius Eastman, narrator, on Side A.)

Further reading

Hisama, Ellie M. (2015). "Diving into the earth": The musical worlds of Julius Eastman. In O. Bloechl, M. Lowe, & J. Kallberg (Eds.), Rethinking Difference in Music Scholarship (pp. 260–286). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Antonia Alampi, Bonaventure Soh Bejeng Ndikung, Federica Bueti. 2020. We Have Delivered Ourselves from the Tonal — Of, Towards, On, For Julius Eastman (SAVVY Books), Berlin/Milan: Archive Books, ISBN 978-3-948212-11-7.

References

External links
 The Julius Eastman Project
 Julius Eastman That Which Is Fundamental
 Interview and solo vocal performance by Julius Eastman from 1984
 Julius Eastman: "Touch Him When" (9:20) A piano four hands composition played by the composer and Steve Marrow published in 1984 on Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine
 An episode of the BBC's Composer of the Week programme about Julius Eastman's life and work, with baritone Davone Tines, a performer and champion of Eastman's music

1940 births
1990 deaths
20th-century African-American male singers
20th-century African-American musicians
20th-century American composers
20th-century American pianists
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century American LGBT people
African-American classical composers
American classical composers
African-American classical pianists
African-American male classical composers
American male classical composers
American male classical pianists
American classical pianists
Classical musicians from New York (state)
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
Intakt Records artists
Ithaca College alumni
African-American LGBT people
LGBT classical composers
American LGBT composers
American LGBT singers
LGBT people from New York (state)
Musicians from Ithaca, New York
Pupils of Lukas Foss
Singers from New York (state)
University at Buffalo alumni

Julius Eastman


Ngäbe-Buglé () is the largest and most populous of Panama's five comarcas indígenas. It was created in 1997 from lands formerly belonging to the provinces of Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí, and Veraguas. The capital is known as Buäbiti in Guaymí and Llano Tugrí in Spanish.

Administrative divisions
Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca is sub-divided into 3 sub-regions, 9 districts and 70 corregimientos:

History
Starting in 1972, the Panamanian government was required to establish comarcas, demarcated regions in which indigenous groups possess exclusive land rights and considerable administrative autonomy. Within comarcas, people elect a General assembly, governor, and any number of regional and local leaders, although the government still controls public expenditure and tax revenues within the territory. The comarca Ngäbe-Buglé, located in north western Panama, was formed in 1997 both as a latent result of government promise and of considerable political pressure from the Ngäbe-Buglé, united by threats of natural resource exploitation and environmental degradation on their ancestral lands. The territory is made up of land previously belonging to the provinces of Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí, and Veraguas, and divided into seven districts (listed above with capitals); the capital of the entire comarca is Büäbti, located in the Müna district. As the Ngäbe-Buglé population tends to identify more with their communities than with an ethnicity and is distributed rather unevenly, the political organization that prompted the formation of their comarca is fairly unusual, but nonetheless demonstrates a powerful capacity to influence government actions.

Physical geography and climate

Ngäbe-Buglé comarca is characterized by mountainous terrain, steep slopes and generally nutrient poor soil with high rock content, all characteristics that make farming difficult. On the Caribbean slope there is no dry season and tropical forest dominates the landscape; on the Pacific slope there is a windy dry season (December to April) and a wet season.  As a result of greater seasonal variation, there are more localized geographies on the Pacific slope and vegetation consists of grasses mixed with tropical forest cover. Small perennial streams and larger rivers run on both sides of the continental divide and are used for bathing, laundry, and drinking.  In the region most travel is done on foot or horseback as there are few year-round access roads leading into the comarca (the first ever starting out as a mine access road that runs up to Buäbti and continues to Escopeta, the location of the Cerro Colorado mine) from San Felix, a city connected to the interamericana highway via Las Cruces.

Cultural groups
Although closely associated and collectively referred to as the Guaymí, the Ngäbe and Buglé are two separate linguistic/indigenous groups whose languages are mutually unintelligible. The larger group, the Ngäbe, speak Ngäbere, while the smaller group, the Buglé, speak Buglére; both are members of the Chibchan language family. Collectively, these two groups make up the largest indigenous population in Panama. Note the difference in spelling of Ngäbe and Ngöbe; the two variations depend on local dialects. The vowel low-back-rounded sound indicated by ä does not exist in Spanish and is confused with "o". (Since newspapers know the vowel should have a dieresis on it they often misspell it as "ö".) The sound represented by "ä" is virtually similar to the sound "aw" in the word "saw". The spelling Ngäbe, used here, is the more widely spread (/correct) spelling in Ngäbere.

Daily life
The Guaymí generally live in houses supported by sticks with a grass or zinc roof and dirt floor, wealthier families may have a cement floor. In each house a platform under the roof is used for food storage and there are a number of raised bed platforms.

Chácaras (called kra in Ngäbere), are sturdy bags made from plant fibers. They are used both as storage units and to transport materials. Occasionally you can even see infants being transported in a chácara. Some women also make these bags to sell so they may participate in the informal economy.

Families have a few large cooking pots called pailas and many keep chicha, a corn drink, in the house.

Guaymí men typically wear homemade multi-colored pants, straw hats and rubber boots, while women wear full bright colored dresses with shoulder and neckline adornments (nagua) and embroidered bands around the waist and bottom.  Women generally do not wear shoes.  These items are usually made at home with hand crank sewing machines and, like chácaras, sold for extra income.

The filing of teeth to a point using a machete sharpener is not uncommon among Guaymí men and women, although the practice is generally carried out in more traditional areas.

Families are usually rather large and often groups of women live close together so they can assist each other when caring for children.  Polygamy was once common among the Ngäbe-Buglé as the number of wives and children a man has signifies prestige. It is no longer common since supporting multiple wives and large families is increasingly difficult.

Social capital and reciprocity networks formed through a kinship system are important for reducing economic and social resource vulnerability while creating opportunity for families to cooperate and take advantage of more opportunities that will help them and other members of their kinship group get by.  Marriage and kinship relations also play a large part in determining land ownership and use rights.

Land use
As the Ngäbe-Buglé typically practice subsistence agriculture, definitions of land ownership and use are of pinnacle importance to every household, especially as population increases in proportion to arable land in the comarca and productive land is degraded by excessive use. The intricate system on which land resources are allocated is based on the kinship system. Ownership rights to unclaimed land are established through occupation and farming, although very little fertile land in the comarca remains unclaimed. Members of a kinship group collectively own land, but those who live in the village on the land control it. Undeniable rights to this collectively owned land belong to each member of the kinship group, while borrowed rights are often extended to the members of a spouses family, although these rights can be revoked. In this way, social organization shapes the pattern of economic life and livelihood for most Guaymí. The most common crops grown in the comarca Ngäbe-Buglé (Ngobeland) are corn, rice, beans, otoe, bananas, and coffee although people also grow tomatoes, peppers and other vegetables in smaller gardens at home. Fruits such as mangos, oranges, nance, grow seasonally along with cacao, all of which supplement the Guaymí diet. Meat is rarely eaten although many families keep cows, pigs, ducks, and chickens (mostly egg laying); sardines are a common staple and hojaldras (fried Panamanian bread) are sometimes eaten for breakfast. Most farming is done on land cleared using slash and burn techniques, and due to growing population pressures, this land is rarely left fallow for sufficient time, so crop yields tend to decrease over time.

Economy and resources
As subsistence agriculture becomes less and less reliable, the Guaymí people have started to participate in the cash economy, which provides some relatively accessible alternatives for generating capital and obtaining necessary amenities and resources. Labor is one abundant resource the Guaymí possess, although due to poor education and low human capital including health and nutrition, the labor force is rather unskilled. As a result, many men serve as migrant agricultural workers or leave the comarca to seek other types of informal jobs. 2008. Many men work during the coffee harvest in the Chiriqui Highlands including Boquete and Santa Clara.  This region of Panama is known for high quality shade-grown, and in some cases, organic coffee. The Guaymí also harvest seasonal vegetables grown at higher altitudes.  Women also participate in the informal economy by making chacaras, naguas and jewelry to sell, and some men sew pants or weave hats to do the same. Social capital is again salient to participation in the informal economy as relationships provide people with new opportunities to make money; social capital can even be a mechanism used to attract help from both governmental and non-governmental organizations.

Adversity and modernity
The Ngäbe-Buglé experience much adversity as a result of contemporary conditions.  As localized problems of land and crop shortage grow into a more generalized issue, and it becomes more difficult to generate capital in a shrinking labor market, malnutrition is prevalent, especially in children and expecting mothers. Attempts to generate capital by becoming a migrant worker also have negative social effects including added strains on family structure and increased pressure on women to provide for their children alone.  The dispersed nature of the population also makes existing medical care hard to access, and a general lack of potable water and sanitation services cause a myriad of health problems. Lack of sufficient infrastructure and under provision of social services by the government is often the root of many problems that plague the most rural areas.

Prevalence of poor Spanish skills is also an issue as Guaymí people are often unaware of legal rights and hence either fail to communicate complaints or to use the paths of legal recourse available to them when it would be beneficial to do so. This condition especially affects women because far fewer of them speak Spanish than men. Levels of secondary education are also low in the comarca Ngäbe-Buglé as children are financially limited and transportation to secondary schooling presents a great challenge for many families.  As a result, only ~18% of children ages 15–19 in the comarca Ngöbe-Buglé have schooling beyond the sixth grade.

Finally, many Guaymí communities are threatened by environmental degradation caused by both farming and government or corporate exploitation of their land. The Cerro Colorado copper deposit, one of the world's largest deposits of copper ore is located in the comarca Ngäbe-Buglé. Mining in the area, although it is legal because the property rights of subsurface resources belong to the state, poses a great environmental threat as waste materials from extraction and processing pollute local watersheds. Although they may provide temporary income, mining endeavors also have many adverse social and cultural effects in the comarca and most natives are opposed to mineral exploitation on their lands.

Notes

References

 Aguilar, Renato, and Guillermo García-Huidobro. "Panama: Indigenous Peoples". Santiago-Gothenburg: January 2001. Retrieved on 2010-02-16.
 Gjording, Chris N. (1981). The Cerro Colorado Copper Project and the Guyamí Indians of Panama. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cultural Survival.
 Young, Philip D. (1971). Ngawbe: Tradition and Change Among the Western Guyamí of Panama. Chicago: The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.

Comarcas of Panama
States and territories established in 1997
1997 establishments in Panama

Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca


Brigadier Stephen William John Saunders (26 July 1947 – 8 June 2000) was a British Army officer who, while serving as the British military attaché in Athens, was assassinated by members of the Greek urban guerrilla Marxist
organization Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17N).

Early life and military career
Saunders was born in Farnborough, Hampshire, the son of a British Army officer. Educated at Peter Symonds School, Winchester, he joined the British Army in 1965 and was commissioned into the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment having completed his officer training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.

From October 1968 he spent three years reading for an in-service degree in Geography and Economics at the University of Bristol. On returning to his battalion, he served in Berlin, Cyprus, Northern Ireland and West Germany, before attending the Staff College, Camberley in 1981. His first staff appointment was at HQ Northern Ireland.

Saunders returned to his battalion, and served for a spell with the United Nations in Cyprus. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1986 and, after serving on the staff at HQ United Kingdom Land Forces, commanded his battalion in Northern Ireland, for which he was mentioned in despatches, and then Hong Kong. During his two years in Hong Kong, he took part in training exercises in Malaysia, South Korea, Hawaii and Australia.

He then joined the British military training scheme in Zimbabwe, lending assistance to the Zimbabwe National Army. On promotion to colonel in 1992, he was posted as Deputy Commander, Headquarters 8th Infantry Brigade in Derry, his service during this tour earning him the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service. From 1993 to 1996 he was military attaché on the British defence liaison team in Canberra and a defence adviser in Papua New Guinea.

In 1997, he was posted to Kuwait and spent a year as Military Assistant to the Force Commander United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission.

Assassination and investigation
Saunders was attacked and shot dead by two men on a motorcycle while driving through Athens traffic on his way to work at the British Embassy at 07:48 on 8 June 2000. 17 November (17N) claimed responsibility for the killing in a proclamation dated March 2000 and published in Eleftherotypia on 9 June 2000. The group charged, falsely, that Saunders was an RAF wing commander involved in the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. In fact he was a British Army brigadier with broad peacekeeping experience completely unconnected with the Kosovo War.

17N revealed in a second proclamation dated 11 December 2000, also published in Eleftherotypia, that it had erroneously believed Saunders's embassy-issued white Rover was armoured. Therefore, the killers used a Heckler & Koch G3 assault rifle they had stolen from a Greek police station in August 1988. That gun jammed after one shot, and the killer[s] fired four more shots with a .45 Colt M1911 pistol. Saunders died in the hospital 2 hours later.

Witnesses told police they saw a shorter man behind a taller man, both helmeted, on a white Enduro motorcycle. Police recovered a stolen green Modenas Kris 111cc scooter with stolen licence plates parked nearby.

The investigation that followed was driven by an unprecedented level of co-operation between Greek and UK Police services, with support from the U.S. FBI and CIA. Scotland Yard provided training and sent Greek-speaking police officers to compile and restudy the fragmentary evidence compiled since 17N began its operations in 1975. Heather Saunders made a highly effective televised appeal for help in finding the murderers. Family members of 17N victims formed an advocacy group Os Edo (Ως Εδώ – "Enough" [literally: "Up to Here"]) that lobbied for a tougher Greek anti-terrorism law, passed as Law 2928/2001.

The investigation identified suspects for membership in 17N but produced no evidence usable in court. On 29 June 2002, 17N member Savvas Xiros (hitherto unknown to police) was gravely injured when a time bomb he was planting exploded prematurely in Piraeus. He agreed to confess that he had driven the scooter, with fellow member Dimitris Koufodinas carrying the G3. Before the 2003 trial of 19 suspected members of 17N, Xiros retracted his confession. Both he and Koufodinas were sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder. An activist against the Greek military junta of 1967–1974 named Alexandros Giotopoulos, living underground under the pseudonym Mihalis Oikonomou since 1971, was convicted as 17N's leader and thus the moral instigator of the murder, while Savvas's brother Vasilis was convicted as the accomplice who helped preposition the vehicles.

Further claims
In his 2009 memoir "Reluctant Spy" (Bantam), former CIA officer John Kiriakou wrote of driving past Saunders's blood-stained car the morning of 8 June. He claimed that the reason for his abrupt departure from Greece in August 2000 was the discovery that Greek  urban guerrilla organization 17N had been stalking him instead of Saunders. He quoted the 17N proclamation taking responsibility for the Saunders murder: "We saw the big spy, but he was in an armored car and we knew that he was armed. So we elected to carry out the sentence on the war criminal Saunders". (p83) However, the sentence actually reads: "The moment of the operation, bottled up at the traffic light immediately in front, was an American armed mega-spy of the CIA, while about 100 meters back was [shipowner] Vardinogiannis with his armed escort." This proclamation was published in Eleftherotypia on 13 Dec 2000, four months after Kiriakou's departure from Greece. Kiriakou, who described himself as driving far behind Saunders that morning, could not have been the "mega-spy" 17N described. The original proclamation makes clear that 17N was intent on a British target.

Conspiracy theories regarding 17N abound, often spread by adherents of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) to discredit potential rivals to the KKE's role as revolutionary vanguard party. The evidence presented at the 2003 17N trial and 2007 appeal appears to confirm the insistence of 17N members that they were exactly what they claimed to be, revolutionary communists engaged in "armed propaganda".

One of many attempts to implicate the U.S. government as the sponsor of 17N appeared in December 2005, when Kleanthis Grivas published an article in To Proto Thema, a Greek Sunday newspaper. He claimed that "Sheepskin", the Greek version of Gladio, NATO's stay-behind paramilitary capability during the Cold War, carried out the assassination of CIA station chief Richard Welch in Athens in 1975 and also the assassination of Stephen Saunders more than a decade after the Cold War ended.  This charge was denied by the US State Department, who responded that "the Greek terrorist organization '17 November' was responsible for both assassinations", and noted that Grivas's central piece of evidence was a disinformation document of Soviet origin (the so-called "Westmoreland Field Manual") which the State department, as well as a Congressional inquiry had dismissed as a Soviet forgery. The documents make no specific mention of Greece, 17N, nor Welch. The State Department also highlighted the fact that, in the case of Richard Welch, "Grivas bizarrely accuses the CIA of playing a role in the assassination of one of its own senior officials" as well as the Greek government's statements to the effect that the "stay behind" network had been dismantled in 1988.

Legacy
Saunders was buried with a Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstone in the churchyard of the parish church of Melbury Osmond, Dorset, close to where he had previously lived. His life is commemorated by a memorial stone set in the floor of St. Paul's Church in Athens and a plaque on the memorial wall at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

Since 2001 St. Catherine's British School in Athens has been awarding the Stephen Saunders Award for Good Citizenship to a pupil with outstanding contribution to school life, society and the support of others.

See also
Greece – United Kingdom relations

References

1947 births
2000 deaths
Burials in Dorset
British diplomats
Assassinated British diplomats
Assassinations in Greece
Victims of the Revolutionary Organization 17 November
Deaths by firearm in Greece
Assassinated military personnel
Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment officers
Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment officers
English terrorism victims
Terrorism deaths in Greece
British people murdered abroad
People murdered in Greece
Greece–United Kingdom relations
20th-century British diplomats
British expatriates in Greece
People from Farnborough, Hampshire
People educated at Christ's Hospital
2000 murders in Greece
Recipients of the Commendation for Valuable Service
Military personnel from Hampshire
British Army brigadiers
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
British military attachés
20th-century assassinated people

Stephen Saunders (British Army officer)


is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.

, the city has a population of 409,478, and a population density of . The total area is . Yokosuka is the 11th most populous city in the Greater Tokyo Area, and the 12th in the Kantō region.
The city is host to United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka.

Geography
Yokosuka occupies most of Miura Peninsula, and is bordered by the mouth of Tokyo Bay to the east and Sagami Bay on the Pacific Ocean on the west.

Surrounding municipalities
 Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama
 Miura
 Hayama
 Zushi

History

Pre-modern period
The area around present-day Yokosuka City has been inhabited for thousands of years. Archaeologists have found stone tools and shell middens from the Japanese Paleolithic period and ceramic shards from the Jōmon and Kofun periods at numerous locations in the area. During the Heian period, local warlord Muraoka Tamemichi established Kinugasa Castle in 1063. He became the ancestor of the Miura clan, which subsequently dominated eastern Sagami Province for the next several hundred years. The Miura clan supported Minamoto no Yoritomo in the foundation of the Kamakura shogunate, but were later annihilated by Hōjō Tokiyori in 1247. However, the family name was reassigned to a supporter of the Hōjō clan, and the Miura continued to rule Miura Peninsula through the Muromachi period until their defeat at Arai Castle in a 1518 attack by Hōjō Sōun. Following the defeat of the Later Hōjō clan at the Battle of Odawara, Toyotomi Hideyoshi transferred Tokugawa Ieyasu to take control over the Kantō region, including Yokosuka in 1590.

The adventurer William Adams (inspiration for a character in the novel Shōgun), the first Briton to set foot in Japan, arrived at Uraga aboard the Dutch trading vessel Liefde in 1600. In 1612, he was granted the title of samurai and a fief in Hemi within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka, due to his services to the Tokugawa shogunate. A monument to William Adams (called Miura Anjin in Japanese) is a local landmark in Yokosuka.

During the Edo period, Yokosuka tenryō territory was controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate, but administered through various . Due to its strategic location at the entrance to Tokyo Bay, the Shogunate established the post of Uraga Bugyō in 1720, and all shipping into the bay was required to stop for inspection. As concerns over the increasing number of incursions by foreign vessels and attempts to end Japan's self-imposed national seclusion policy, the Shogunate established a number of coastal artillery batteries around Yokosuka, including an outpost at Ōtsu in 1842. However, despite these efforts, in 1853, United States naval Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Tokyo Bay with his fleet of Black Ships and came ashore at Kurihama, in southern Yokosuka, leading to the opening of diplomatic and trade relations between Japan and the United States. The Kanrin Maru sailed from Yokosuka in 1860 with the first Japanese diplomatic embassy to the United States in 1860.

During the turbulent Bakumatsu period, the Shogunate selected Yokosuka as the site for a modern naval base, and hired the French engineer Léonce Verny in 1865 to oversee the development of shipbuilding facilities, beginning with Yokosuka Iron Foundry. Yokosuka Naval Arsenal became the first modern arsenal to be created in Japan. The construction of the arsenal was the central point of a global modern infrastructure, that was to prove an important first step for the modernization of Japan's industry. Modern buildings, the Hashirimizu waterway, foundries, brick factories, and technical schools to train Japanese technicians were established.

Meiji period to present
After the Meiji Restoration, the arsenal was taken over by the Imperial Japanese Navy, and the area of modern Yokosuka was reorganized into Uraga Town and numerous villages within Miura District, Kanagawa Prefecture. Yokosuka Village was elevated to town status in 1878 and was made the capital of Miura District. In 1889, the Yokosuka Line railway was opened, connecting Yokosuka to Yokohama and Tokyo. Yokosuka was elevated to city status on February 15, 1907. From 1916, Oppama in Yokosuka was developed as the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal, and many of the combat aircraft subsequently operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service were developed or tested at Yokosuka. Yokosuka Naval Arsenal also continued to expand in the early 20th century, and its production included battleships such as Yamashiro, and aircraft carriers such as Hiryū and Shōkaku. Smaller warships were constructed at the privately owned Uraga Dock Company. Yokosuka Naval District was the home port of the IJN 1st Fleet.

The Great Kantō earthquake of 1923 caused severe damage to Yokosuka, including the naval base which lost two years' operations of oil supplies. The city continued to expand in 1933 with the annexation of neighboring Kinugasa Village and Taura Town in 1933 and Kurihama Village in 1937. In 1943, the city also annexed the neighboring towns and villages of Uraga, Kitashitaura, Okusu, Nagai and Takeyama, as well as Zushi.

During World War II, Yokosuka was bombed on April 18, 1942 by American B-25 bombers in the Doolittle Raid with little damage as a retaliation to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Aside from minor sporadic tactical air raids by United States Navy aircraft, it was not bombed again during the war; however, from 1938 to 1945 more than 260 caves in more than 20 separate tunnel/cave networks were built throughout the area, with at least 27 kilometers of known tunnels within the grounds of Yokosuka Naval Base. Many more tunnels are scattered throughout the surrounding areas. During the war, these tunnels and caves provided areas in which work could be done in secrecy, safe from air attacks. A 500-bed hospital, a large electrical power generating facility, and a midget submarine factory and warehouse were among the many facilities built. American occupation forces landed at Yokosuka on August 30, 1945, after the surrender of Japan, and the naval base has been used by the US Navy since that time.  The caves were used for storage and as an emergency shelter during the Korean War.

From the 1950s, United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka has been home port for the United States Seventh Fleet, and played a critical support role in the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Yokosuka was the site of many anti-war protests during the late 1960s and 1970s. The nuclear-powered USS George Washington, formerly based at Yokosuka, was the first U.S. nuclear-powered ship that had been permanently based in Japan. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force also operates a military port next to the American base, as well as numerous training facilities at scattered locations around the city. For those reasons, there are a few hundred Americans and a thousand Filipinos in Yokosuka.

In 2001, Yokosuka was designated as a core city, with increased autonomy from the central government.

Economy
Aside from the economic impact of its various military facilities, Yokosuka is also an industrial city, with factories operated by Nissan Motors and its affiliated subsidiaries employing thousands of local residents. The Nissan Leaf, Nissan Cube, and Nissan Juke models are assembled in the   in Yokosuka. The factory began operations in 1961 where the Nissan Bluebird was originally built. Every May, there is a festival celebrating Japanese curry, which draws 50,000 attendees each year. The plant is adjacent to Nissan's Research and Development Center, the Oppama Proving Ground and the Oppama Wharf, from which Nissan ships vehicles made at Oppama and Nissan's other two Japanese vehicle assembly plants to other regions of Japan and overseas.

The Yokosuka Research Park, established in 1997, is a major center for the Japanese telecommunications industry, and is where many of the wireless, mobile communications related companies have set up their research and development centers and joint testing facilities.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, Yokosuka's population peaked around the year 1990 and has declined since then. Foreign citizens in Yokosuka are mainly Filipinos, Koreans, Chinese, and Americans.

Transportation

Rail
 JR East – Yokosuka Line
  –  –  –
 Keikyu Main Line
 Oppama – Keikyū Taura – Anjinzuka – Hemi – Shioiri – Yokosuka-Chūō – Kenritsu Daigaku – Horinouchi – Keikyū Ōtsu – Mabori-Kaigan – Uraga
 Keikyu Kurihama Line
 Horinouchi – Shin-Ōtsu – Kita-Kurihama – Keikyū Kurihama – YRP Nobi – Keikyū Nagasawa – Tsukuihama

Road
 National Route 16
 National Route 134
 National Route 357

Education
Yokosuka's public elementary and junior high schools are operated by the Yokosuka Education System, a department of the Yokosuka City Department of Education. Many of Yokosuka's public high schools, including Yokosuka High School, are operated by the Kanagawa Prefectural Board of Education.

The city operates one municipal high school, Yokosuka Sogo High School.

Energy disasters
On 26 October 2011 Yokosuka held its annual nuclear accident evacuation drill. This drill was first held in 2008 when the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS George Washington was employed at the US naval base near this city. About 70 people, residents and firefighters took part in the drill. Firefighters ordered the residents of the city to stay indoors, assuming abnormally high levels of radiation around the US base. Radioactive contamination was controlled in the emergency response center by city officials. The US Navy refused to take part in all this, because of the impossibility of radiation leaking outside the base.  However, in December 2011 another drill was scheduled with Yokosuka and other cities to prepare for the possibility that people on board the ship might be exposed to radiation.

One unintended consequence of anti-nuclear sentiment is the construction of coal fired power plants, which causes air pollution and worsens global warming. As of 2020, two coal-fired power plants are proposed to be built in Yokosuka, even despite the climate emergency. These coal-fired power plants are being built without a full environmental review, and local residents are suing the government of Japan over its construction. Environment minister Shinjirō Koizumi has been "a target of the activists' wrath" because of his support for this project.

Sister city relations
Yokosuka has twin-town relationships with four other cities. They are (in chronological order):
  Corpus Christi, Texas, United States (since 18 October 1962)
  Brest, France (since 26 November 1970)
  Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia (since 25 April 1979)
  Medway, Kent, UK (since 26 August 1998)
  Mazyr, Belarus (since 2008)
 Bharatpur, Nepal , (since 15 march 2023)

Yokosuka has a friendship-city relationship with one city:
  Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan (since 17 April 2005)

Local attractions
Sarushima is an uninhabited island in the Tokyo Bay, accessible by ferry from Yokosuka.

The Mikasa, flagship of Admiral Togo at the Battle of Tsushima, built in Britain by Vickers, is preserved on dry land at Yokosuka. It is a museum, complete with actors dressed like members of the original crew, and can be visited for an entrance fee of 600 yen.

The Club Alliance enlisted club, which lies just inside the main gate of Yokosuka Naval Base, opened in 1983. It replaced the old Club Alliance which was demolished to make way for the Prince Hotel. The old Club Alliance is where Ryudo Uzaki got his start playing rock and roll. "The Honch", a mecca for shopping and nightlife and located just outside the Yokosuka Naval Base's main gates, is a popular attraction for tourists and sailors stationed nearby, as well as local Japanese residents.

The Yokosuka Arts Theatre, part of the Bay Square complex by Kenzō Tange, is a venue for opera, orchestral concerts, chamber music, and films.

Dobuita Street is situated in Yokosuka, close to the U.S. naval base. Therefore, this High Street has a very American influence, with many shops accepting U.S dollars. In the evening the street turns into the local bar and club district for the area.

A museum in memory of rock musician Hide, a native of Yokosuka, opened on July 20, 2000. It has been reported that Japan's former prime minister, Junichiro Koizumi, was influential in getting it built as he was a big fan of Hide's band X Japan. The museum stayed open, past its original three-year plan, for five years, before closing on 25 September 2005.

Yokosuka is considered a place of origin of sukajan jackets. These embroidered satin bombers are a popular souvenir from the city, especially the more expensive, handmade ones.

In popular culture
Yokosuka, including Dobuita Street, is the setting for the 1999 video game Shenmue. Yokosuka is also depicted in the game's anime adaptation. City officials cooperated with animators. The 2000 PlayStation game Front Mission 3, and Shohei Imamura's 1961 New Wave film Pigs and Battleships take place in Yokosuka. Additionally, Yokosuka is the location of the climactic battle in the Godzilla film Terror of Mechagodzilla.

Yokosuka is a major location in the Arpeggio of Blue Steel franchise, where it serves as one of Japan's few remaining naval facilities, the only one equipped with a functional shipyard and maritime academy. Due to rising sea levels, the port is built above the ruins of the submerged original city's remains. All the main cast lived and attended school there before forming the privateer fleet Blue Steel that uses it as their home port.

Notable people from Yokosuka

Politicians
 Junichiro Koizumi, former Prime Minister of Japan
 Yoriko Madoka, politician
 Yūto Yoshida, politician

Culture and the arts
 Hitoshi Ashinano, manga artist
 Kazumasa Hirai, author
 Miyako Ishiuchi, photographer
 Kazuo Kamimura, manga artist
 Kōji Kumeta, manga artist
 Kazutaka Miyatake, anime designer
 Minoru Nojima, pianist
 David Jay Reed, artist, actor, photographer, graphic designer, lecturer

Entertainment
 Donnalyn Bartolome, singer-actress
 hide, musician
 Honoka Inoue, voice actress
 Kikuko Inoue, voice actress
 Rika Ishikawa, singer
 Ichiro Ito, musician
 Kaede, dancer, model and actress, member of J-pop girlgroups Happiness and E-girls
 Yusuke Kamiji, actor
 Josh Kelly, actor
 Kie Kitano, gravure idol
 Kotaro Koizumi, actor
 Yōsuke Kubozuka, actor
 MAA, singer
 MadeinTYO, rapper
 Eri Shingyōji, singer
 Kenchi Tachibana, dancer, member of Exile and Exile The Second
 Tetsuya, Dancer, member of Exile and Exile The Second

Athletes
 Rich Alvarez, professional basketball player
 Isao Inokuma, Olympic gold medalist judoka
 Naohiro Ishikawa, professional soccer player
 Junya Ito, football player
 Naoyuki Kotani, professional mixed martial artist
 Keith McDonald, baseball player
 Stan McQuay, IFBB professional bodybuilder
 Mark Muñoz, mixed martial artist
 Rei Nishiyama, Olympic gold medalist softball player
 Tetsuya Ōkubo, professional soccer player
 Hiroyuki Taniguchi, professional soccer player
 Shuhei Terada, professional soccer player
 Cameron Thomas, professional basketball player
 Marcus Thomas, professional football player
 Caol Uno, professional mixed martial artist
 Susumu Yokosuka, professional wrestler

Others
 Susumu Ishii, yakuza godfather
 Thomas Noguchi, doctor
 Tsutsumi Sakamoto, lawyer
 Ayumu Sasaki, motorcycle racer

See also

References

External links

Official Website

Cities in Kanagawa Prefecture
Japanese Navy submarine bases
Populated coastal places in Japan
Port settlements in Japan

Yokosuka


Gelderland or Guelders is a province in the east of the Netherlands. The capital city is Arnhem, but Nijmegen and Apeldoorn are bigger. Other important cities are Zutphen, Doetinchem, Harderwijk and Tiel. About 2,097,000 people are living in Gelderland (2021).

It is surrounded by the provinces of Limburg, North Brabant, South Holland, Utrecht, Flevoland and Overijssel and the German federal state North Rhine-Westphalia.

The most important rivers are the Rhine (Rijn), the Waal, the IJssel and the Maas (border with North Brabant). The border with Flevoland is formed by the so-called randmeer ("border lake") of the Flevopolder.

History
In the 11th century, Guelders was a county. It was called Gelre in Dutch and Geldern in German. In 1339, it became a duchy. At first, it existed of the surroundings of the city of Geldern (now in Germany). By the end of the 14th century, it included most of the modern province of Gelderland and parts of the province of Limburg and of the German District of Cleves.  It became part of the Habsburg Netherlands in 1543, one of the Seventeen Provinces.

Other websites

 interactive province map
 another map, more up-to-date, but the map is not interactive
 Detailed map

Gelderland


The Smothers Brothers are an American folk music comedy duo, made up of real-life brothers Tom ("Tommy") and Dick Smothers. They were at their most popular during the 1960s and 1970s. Tom plays acoustic guitar and Dick plays upright bass, and both men sing. They pretend to get into arguments about the songs, and this forms much of their comedy act.

Early career
The Smothers Brothers began their career during the folk music boom in the United States, during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Their comedy got them noticed, and they began to make records and appear on television. Later they starred in their own television series, The Smothers Brothers Show. They did not sing or perform music on this show, but instead Dick played a man whose  brother (Tom) became his .

The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour
Their next series, The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, was a variety show, with live performances by musical guests, and sometimes actors and comedians. The brothers hosted the program, which began in 1967. They would begin with a song in their usual style, and introduce the performers. Along with guests, the show had regular actors and writers. These included Steve Martin, Pat Paulsen, Bob Einstein, Mason Williams, Leigh French and Lorenzo Music.

Some of the guests who appeared on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour were Bette Davis, Tony Randall, Kate Smith, Eddie Albert and Eva Gabor, and Inger Stevens. Some of their musical guests were Pete Seeger, The Turtles, Janis Ian, Jefferson Airplane, Nancy Sinatra, The First Edition (with a young Kenny Rogers), Donovan, Peter, Paul and Mary, Joan Baez, Jennifer Warnes, Harry Nilsson and The Buckinghams. Glen Campbell regularly appeared on the show, and hosted a summer replacement series, The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour.

Sometimes the performances had controversial topics, like the Vietnam War, population and many social issues. CBS, who broadcast the show, sometimes censored it, taking parts out that a large number of people might disagree with. They warned the brothers about presenting things that might cause upset to viewers. The Smotherses and their staff, though, believed it was important to comment about such things. The issues mattered to them, and were affecting people around the United States and the world.

In 1969, CBS cancelled the show, even though they had already promised another season of shows would be made. The reason given was that David Steinberg, a comedian whose style included , had been invited back to appear even though CBS had  his reappearance. The two sides went to court.

In 1973, the court decided CBS had violated (broken) their contract with the Smothers Brothers, and that the real reason they had cancelled the show was out of censorship. CBS had to pay the Smotherses for the never-made season. The reputation of the brothers, though, had suffered.

Later career
The Smothers Brothers tried to produce a new show, this time for the ABC television network, but it did not last long. Times had changed, and viewers were now interested in other shows and performers.

The brothers went back to appearing live, in small clubs and large venues, as the chances came. One night in 1974, they were appearing in the Troubadour Club in Los Angeles, California. Two members of the audience were Harry Nilsson and John Lennon, who both knew the Smothers Brothers offstage. (Tom Smothers had even appeared on Lennon's 1969 single "Give Peace A Chance", as a member of the Plastic Ono Band, while Nilsson had appeared on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour.) As it turned out, Nilsson and Lennon were drunk, and began to  the brothers, thinking it would help the show. It did not, and Nilsson and Lennon were finally escorted out. (They both sent flowers to the Smotherses the next day, and issued an apology.)

The Smothers Brothers remained popular with many fans, and continued to perform their act as years went by. They appeared on programs like The Tonight Show during the 1970s and 1980s. A television special in 1988 reunited many of the Comedy Hour cast members, and another short-lived series was produced. CBS aired the new programs, having long ago made peace with the Smotherses.

In later years, the Smothers Brothers appeared in Las Vegas and Branson, Missouri, still performing their familiar act. They continue to tour, more than fifty years after their careers began, often backed by local symphony orchestras.

Actors from New York City
American television actors
Comedians from California
Comedians from New York City
Folk music groups
Musical groups from San Francisco
Sibling musical duos

Smothers Brothers


Schematron is a rule-based validation language for making assertions about the presence or absence of patterns in XML trees.  It is a structural schema language expressed in XML using a small number of elements and XPath languages. In many implementations, the Schematron XML is processed into XSLT code for deployment anywhere that XSLT can be used.

Schematron is capable of expressing constraints in ways that other XML schema languages like XML Schema and DTD cannot. For example, it can require that the content of an element be controlled by one of its siblings. Or it can request or require that the root element, regardless of what element that is, must have specific attributes. Schematron can also specify required relationships between multiple XML files. Constraints and content rules may be associated with "plain-English" (or any language) validation error messages, allowing translation of numeric Schematron error codes into meaningful user error messages.

The current ISO recommendation is Information technology, Document Schema Definition Languages (DSDL), Part 3: Rule-based validation, Schematron (ISO/IEC 19757-3:2020).

Uses
Constraints are specified in Schematron using an XPath-based language that can be deployed as XSLT code, making it practical for applications such as the following:
 Adjunct to Structural Validation By testing for co-occurrence constraints, non-regular constraints, and inter-document constraints, Schematron can extend the validations that can be expressed in languages such as DTDs, RELAX NG or XML Schema.
 Lightweight Business Rules Engine Schematron is not a comprehensive, Rete rules engine, but it can be used to express rules about complex structures with an XML document.
 XML Editor Syntax Highlighting Rules Some XML editors use Schematron rules to conditionally highlight XML files for errors. Not all XML editors support Schematron.

Versions
Schematron was invented by Rick Jelliffe while at Academia Sinica Computing Centre, Taiwan.  He described Schematron as "a feather duster to reach the parts other schema languages cannot reach".

The most common versions of Schematron are:
 Schematron 1.0 (1999)
 Schematron 1.3 (2000): This version used the namespace http://xml.ascc.net/schematron/. It was supported by an XSLT implementation with a plug-in architecture.
  Schematron 1.5 (2001): This version was widely implemented and can still be found.
  Schematron 1.6 (2002): This version was the base of ISO Schematron and obsoleted by it.
  ISO Schematron (2006): This version regularizes several features, and provides an XML output format, Schematron Validation Report Language (SVRL). It uses the new namespace http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron.
 ISO Schematron (2010)
 ISO Schematron (2016): This version added support for XSLT2.
 ISO Schematron (2020): This version added support for XSLT3.

Schematron as an ISO Standard
Schematron has been standardized by the ISO as Information technology, Document Schema Definition Languages (DSDL), Part 3: Rule-based validation, Schematron (ISO/IEC 19757-3:2020).

This standard is currently not listed on the  ISO Publicly Available Specifications list. Paper versions may be purchased from ISO or national standards bodies.

Schemas that use ISO/IEC FDIS 19757-3 should use the following namespace:
http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron

Sample rule
Schematron rules can be created using a standard XML editor or XForms application.  The following is a sample schema:
<schema xmlns="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron">
   <pattern>
      <title>Date rules</title>
      <rule context="Contract">
         <assert test="ContractDate > current-date()">ContractDate should be
 in the past because future contracts are not allowed.</assert>
      </rule>
   </pattern>
</schema>

This rule checks to make sure that the  XML element has a date that is before the current date.  If this rule fails the validation will fail and an error message which is the body of the assert element will be returned to the user.

Implementation
Schematron schemas are suitable for use in XML Pipelines, thereby allowing workflow process designers to build and maintain rules using XML manipulation tools. The W3C's XProc pipelining language, for example, has native support for Schematron schema processing through its "validate-with-schematron" step.

Since Schematron schemas can be transformed into XSLT stylesheets, these can themselves be used in XML Pipelines which support XSLT transformation. An Apache Ant task can be used to convert Schematron rules into XSLT files.

There exists also native Schematron implementation, like the Java implementation from Innovimax/INRIA, QuiXSchematron, that also do streaming.

See also
 XML Schema Language comparison - Comparison to other XML Schema languages.
 Service Modeling Language - Service Modeling Language uses Schematron.
 Document Schema Definition Languages

References

External links
 Academia Sinica Computing Centre's Schematron Home Page
 A book on Schematron (in German)
 Schematron online tutorial and reference

Data modeling languages
ISO/IEC standards
XML
XML-based programming languages
XML-based standards

Schematron


Luigi Federico Menabrea (September 4, 1809 – May 24, 1896), later made Count Menabrea and Marquis of Valdora, was an Italian general, statesman, mathematician and diplomat.

Menabrea was born at Chambéry, then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He was educated at the University of Turin, where he qualified as an engineer and became a doctor of mathematics. In 1842 he wrote Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage, Esq., a publication that influenced Ada Lovelace.

In 1848 he began his political career, and was elected deputy in the Parliament of Piedmont; later he was Minister of War and Foreign Minister. Menabrea fought the Second Italian War of Independence; in 1860 he became lieutenant-general and conducted the siege of Gaeta: after this battle, he was appointed senator and received the title of count.

Member of the "Historical Right", in the Kingdom of Italy he was Minister of the Navy from June 12, 1861 to March 3, 1862 and Minister of Public Works from December 8, 1862 to September 28, 1864.

Luigi Federico Menabrea became Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy October 27, 1867 and remained in power until December 14, 1869. His government is remembered for three things:

The conflict with Giuseppe Garibaldi, who wanted to remove Rome to the Pope without the support of the French Empire.
The taxes increase, in particular the introduction of the tax on the ground that hit the poorest people of the State.
The attempt to occupy, with the permission of Argentina, a region in southern Patagonia where imprison Italian brigands.

He was very strict in enforcing his laws: in fact he ordered to the General Raffaele Cadorna to suppress in the blood the popular uprisings.

His government fell because the two ministers withdrew their support. Menabrea was later ambassador to London and Paris. He died in Saint-Cassin.

Note

1809 births
1896 deaths
Italian generals
Italian mathematicians
People from Piedmont
Prime Ministers of Italy
People from Chambéry
Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

Federico Menabrea


Khorasan (Persian: خراسان) was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004:

North Khorasan, center: Bojnord
South Khorasan, center: Birjand
Razavi Khorasan, center: Mashhad

Khorasan is famous worldwide for its saffron and zereshk which are produced in the southern cities of the province. It is also known for its famous rugs.

Khorasan is the birthplace of Ferdowsi, the famous Iranian poet who wrote the Shahnameh (Shāhnāme), the national epic of Persian people and of the Iranian World.

Imam Reza Shrine (the shrine of the 8th shi'a Imam), the center of Razavi Khorasan Province.

Khorasan
2014 disestablishments in Asia

Khorasan province


Bruce Pavitt (born March 7, 1959) is the Chicago-born founder of record label Sub Pop.

History
Pavitt started a fanzine entitled Subterranean Pop in Olympia, Washington in 1980, about American independent rock bands. A total of three cassette compilations were released through the fanzine. In 1983 Pavitt moved to Seattle and started a record store, Fallout, as well as write a Sub Pop column for The Rocket, and host an independent-label specialty show on KCMU. The year 1986 saw the release of Sub Pop's (the "-terranean" was dropped earlier from the name) first LP: the Sub Pop 100. Green River's Dry As a Bone EP followed in 1987.

Pavitt first met Jonathan Poneman in 1986, when Poneman invited Pavitt for an on-air interview on KCMU, to promote Sub Pop 100. In 1987, Kim Thayil of Soundgarden, said that the two should join forces. Pavitt and Thayil had attended Rich East High School in Park Forest, Illinois together in the mid-1970s. Subsequently, Soundgarden's Screaming Life EP was released and the grunge phenomenon quickly followed.

In 1996, Bruce Pavitt resigned from Sub Pop to raise a family.

Related pages
 Sub Pop

Other websites
 Tripzine Interview
 Interviews Terrence McKenna

Businesspeople from Chicago
People from Washington (state)
1959 births
Living people

Bruce Pavitt


In music, portamento is a gradual slide from one note to another. It is very similar to a glissando, but a glissando is deliberately written in the music by the composer and may be a long slide between two or three octaves or more. A portamento is a much shorter slide, usually between two notes which are quite close. Opera singers often used to slide from one note of a tune to another instead of singing each note separately and clearly. The habit of putting in portamento between notes spread to other instruments as well. When listening to recordings of violin playing from the early 20th century we can hear that the players used a lot of portamento.

Over the last half century portamento has gone out of fashion and singers and instrumentalists are taught not to slide from one note to another. However, there are some places, especially in opera, where it can be effective so long as it is not done all the time. It is a matter of taste.

Related pages
 Glissando

Musical performance techniques
Musical terminology

Portamento


The Col. Monroe M. Shipe House is a historic two-story home in the Hyde Park historic district in Austin, Texas, United States. The building was completed by Monroe M. Shipe, founder of Hyde Park, in 1892. It uses an eclectic combination of styles, including a Stick style form, Queen Anne decorations, and a flat concrete roof.

Shipe platted the entire neighborhood of Hyde Park, and designated the few blocks near his home to be a subdivision he called "Shadowlawn."

During renovation, it was discovered that the lumber in the home came from the grandstands of the State Fair of Texas which was once held nearby.

The home is located at 3816 Avenue G. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 29, 1983.

References

Houses in Austin, Texas
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
City of Austin Historic Landmarks
National Register of Historic Places in Austin, Texas

Col. Monroe M. Shipe House


Cardinal or The Cardinal may refer to:

Christianity
 Cardinal (Catholicism), a senior official of the Catholic Church
 Cardinal (Church of England), two members of the College of Minor Canons of St. Paul's Cathedral

Navigation
 Cardinal direction, one of the four primary directions: north, south, east, and west
 Cardinal mark, a sea mark used in navigation

Mathematics
 Cardinal number
 Large cardinal

Animals
 Cardinal (bird) or Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds
Cardinalis, genus of cardinal in the family Cardinalidae
Cardinalis cardinalis, or Northern Cardinal, the common cardinal of eastern North America
 Argynnis pandora, a species of butterfly
 Cardinal tetra, a freshwater fish
 Paroaria, a South American genus of birds

Places
 Cardinal, Manitoba, Canada
 Cardinal, Ontario, Canada
 Cardinal High School (Middlefield, Ohio), a public high school in Middlefield, Ohio, Geauga County, United States
 Cardinal Power Plant, a power plant in Jefferson County, Ohio
 Cardinal, Virginia, United States
 C/2008 T2 (Cardinal), a comet

Arts, entertainment, and media

Movies
 Cardinal (movie), a 2001 American movie directed by Michael Harring
 Cardinals (movie), a 2017 Canadian movie
 The Cardinal (1936 movie), a British historical drama
 The Cardinal, a 1963 American movie

Games
 Cardinal (chess), a fairy chess piece, also known as the archbishop
 Cardinal, a participant in the army drinking game Cardinal Puff

Music

Groups
  The Cardinals (rock band), a group formed in 2003
 The Cardinals, a 1950s R&B group

Albums
 Cardinal (Cardinal album), a 1994 album by indie pop duo Cardinal
 Cardinal (Pinegrove album), 2016

Television
 Cardinal (TV series), a 2017 Canadian television series
 "Cardinal" (The Americans), the second episode of the second season of the television series The Americans

Other arts, entertainment, and media
 Cardinal (comics), a supervillain appearing in Marvel Comics
 The Cardinal (play), a 1641 Caroline era tragedy by James Shirley

Plants
 Cardinal (grape), a table grape first produced in California in 1939
 Lobelia cardinalis, also known as "cardinal flower"

Businesses
 Cardinal Brewery, a brewery founded in 1788 by François Piller, in Fribourg, Switzerland
 Cardinal Health, a health care services company

Sports
 Arizona Cardinals, an American professional football team
 Assindia Cardinals, an American football club from Essen, Germany
 Ball State Cardinals, the athletic teams of Ball State University
 Cardenales de Lara, a Venezuelan baseball team
 Catholic University Cardinals, the athletic teams of the Catholic University of America
 Front Royal Cardinals, an American baseball team
 Lamar Cardinals, the athletic teams of Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas, USA
 Louisville Cardinals, the athletic teams of University of Louisville
 Mapúa Cardinals, the athletic teams of Mapúa Institute of Technology
 North Central Cardinals, the athletic teams of North Central College
  St. John Fisher Cardinals, the athletic teams of St. John Fisher College in Rochester, NY
 St. Louis Cardinals, an American professional baseball team
 Stanford Cardinal, the athletic teams of Stanford University
 Wesleyan Cardinals, the athletic teams of Wesleyan University
 West Perth Football Club, an Australian rules football club in Western Australia
 Woking F.C., an English football team

Transport

Aircraft
 Cessna 177 Cardinal, a single engine aircraft
 St. Louis Cardinal C-2-110, a light aircraft built in 1928

Trains
 Cardinal (train)
 The Cardinal (railcar)

Linguistics
 Cardinal number (linguistics), a part of speech for expressing numbers by name
 Cardinal vowel, a concept in phonetics

Other uses
 Cardinal (color), a vivid red
 Cardinal (name), a surname
 Cardinal, a Ruby programming language implementation using for the Parrot virtual machine

Cardinal


Isaak Izrailevich Brodsky (, ;  – 14 August 1939) was a Soviet painter whose work provided a blueprint for the art movement of socialist realism. He is known for his iconic portrayals of Lenin and idealized, carefully crafted paintings dedicated to the events of the Russian Civil War and Bolshevik Revolution.

Life and career
Brodsky was born in the village of Sofiyivka near Berdyansk in what is now Ukraine to Yisrael, a Jewish merchant. He studied at Odessa Art Academy and the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg. In 1916, he joined the Jewish Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. When Brodsky asked Lenin to autograph his painting Lenin, he said: "I am signing to what I don't agree with for the first time".

Brodsky was on good terms with many leading Russian painters, including his mentor, Ilya Repin. He was an avid art collector who donated numerous first-class paintings to museums in his native Ukraine and elsewhere. His superb art collection included important works by Repin, Vasily Surikov, Valentin Serov, Isaak Levitan, Mikhail Vrubel, and Boris Kustodiev. After his death Brodsky's apartment on Arts Square in St. Petersburg was declared a national museum. His art collection is still on exhibit there.

Brodsky was an Honoured Artist of the Russian SFSR and a member of the Union of Russian Artists. He was the first painter to be awarded the Order of Lenin. In 1934, he was appointed Director of the All-Russian Academy of Arts. From 1934 to 1939 he was also a head of personal Art workshop in institute, where his pupils included the well-known Soviet painters Nikolai Timkov, Alexander Laktionov, Yuri Neprintsev, Piotr Belousov, Piotr Vasiliev, Mikhail Kozell and others.  He died in Leningrad in 1939. His memoirs were published posthumously.

Gallery

See also
 Fine Art of Leningrad

References

Sources
 Sergei V. Ivanov.  Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. Saint Petersburg: NP - Print, 2007. P. 450.

External links

1884 births
1939 deaths
People from Zaporizhzhia Oblast
People from Berdyansky Uyezd
Ukrainian Jews
Soviet painters
Socialist realist artists
20th-century Russian painters
Russian male painters
Ukrainian male painters
Leningrad School artists
Jewish painters
Ukrainian art collectors
20th-century Ukrainian painters
20th-century Ukrainian male artists
Jewish art collectors
Jewish socialists
Recipients of the Order of Lenin

Isaak Brodsky


Chris Frazier (born September 7, 1967) is an American drummer. He is known in the professional ranks since he started recording and touring with guitarist Steve Vai from 1985 through 2001. Frazier was the touring drummer with classic rock singer Eddie Money from 2003 through 2006, when he was approached to become the drummer of veteran rock band Whitesnake.

Frazier was called up by David Coverdale in May 2006, Coverdale took an instant liking to him.  Frazier had done work extensive with Whitesnake's guitar player,  Doug Aldrich in the past.  Frazier was with Whitesnake through December 2010 and appeared on their 2008 album Good to Be Bad and toured with Whitesnake in support of the album.

Before Whitesnake, Frazier worked with Eddie Money (2003–2006), Edgar Winter and TMG (Tak Matsumoto Group), which featured Jack Blades and Eric Martin as well. Chris had worked with Whitesnake guitarist Doug Aldrich on his solo albums, and with guitarist Steve Vai.

Frazier is currently the drummer for the rock band Foreigner, having joined in September 2012.

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Musicians from Bethesda, Maryland
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians
Tak Matsumoto Group members
Whitesnake members

Chris Frazier


Mifflin is a town in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 617 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Mifflin is located in the town. The extinct community of Dallas was located in the town.

History
On April 14, 2010, a fireball from outer space streaked across several Midwestern states and landed outside of Mifflin. The highly publicized Mifflin fireball, as it is now known, has produced several pounds of meteorites, and was featured on The Science Channel's Meteorite Men. The meteorite has been studied and classified as a L5 chondrite by scientists at the University of Wisconsin.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 50.7 square miles (131.3 km2), all of it land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 617 people, 201 households, and 163 families residing in the town. The population density was 12.2 people per square mile (4.7/km2). There were 209 housing units at an average density of 4.1 per square mile (1.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.51% White, 0.16% African American, and 0.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.49% of the population.

There were 201 households, out of which 47.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.1% were married couples living together, 2.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.9% were non-families. 15.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07 and the average family size was 3.47.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 35.0% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $42,083, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $23,409 versus $21,806 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,129. About 5.1% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.7% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people
Daniel B. Moore, American Civil War veteran and Medal of Honor recipient
J.W. Parmley, South Dakota legislator
Jefferson Rewey, Wisconsin legislator

References

Towns in Iowa County, Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin, metropolitan statistical area
Towns in Wisconsin

Mifflin, Wisconsin


Mee pok is a Chinese noodle characterized by its flat and yellow appearance, varying in thickness and width. The dish is of Chaoshan origin and is commonly served in the Chaoshan region of China and countries with a significant Chaoshan Chinese immigrant population such as Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand. Mee pok is commonly served tossed in a sauce (often referred to as "dry", or tah in Hokkien ()), though sometimes served in a soup (where it is referred to as "soup", or terng). Meat and vegetables are added on top.

Mee pok can be categorised into two variants, fish ball mee pok (yu wan mee pok), and mushroom minced meat mee pok (bak chor mee). Bak chor mee is usually prepared using thin noodles ("mee kia") (widely known as wanton style noodles or youmian) or mee pok, while yu wan mee can also be prepared in both styles or other noodle varieties.

Mee pok is a staple commonly offered in hawker centres and coffee shops (Kopitiams in parts of Southeast Asia) in Singapore, together with other Chinese noodle dishes.

Mee pok sauce
The sauce in which the noodles are tossed in is a very important aspect of the dish, and is considered a representation of the cook's skill and experience. The importance of the sauce in mee pok can be thought of similarly as the sauces that accompany pasta.

The sauce consists of 4 components: chili, oil, vinegar and other condiments such as soy sauce and pepper. The chili is made from various ingredients and its preparation often includes frying and blending. Oil, traditionally lard, ensures a smooth texture in the noodles, although vegetable oil is sometimes used as a healthier though less tasty version. Vinegar is added for its sourness, and diners may specify how much vinegar is used.

The chili sauce may be replaced with tomato ketchup for children and others who are uncomfortable with the spiciness of the chili.

Soup
Soup is served in a bowl as a side dish accompanying the "dry" variant, or served together with the noodles for the "soup" version where the sauce is omitted. Traditionally, the soup is boiled and simmered overnight with old hen, pork bones, dried sole fish, and soybean. The resulting broth is rich in taste and cloudy in appearance.

Mee pok noodles

Usually, the noodles are factory-made, and requires substantial preparation before cooking. Different hawkers prepare and cook their noodles differently, but the desired outcome is the same: springy al dente noodles.

Hawkers often toss the noodles vigorously to remove excess flour and soda and to separate noodles which have stuck together. Other processes include stretching the noodles, cutting into a desired length, and separating into serving portions.

The cooking process of the noodles consists of blanching in hot and cold water multiple times, though some hawkers omit the cold water. The noodles are drained and placed in either sauce or broth.

Bak chor mee
Bak chor mee (), which translates to minced meat noodles, is a Singaporean noodle dish popularly sold as street food in hawker centers and food courts. The noodles are tossed in vinegar, minced meat, pork slices, pork liver, stewed sliced mushrooms, meat balls and bits of deep-fried lard. Bak chor mee can be categorised into two variants: a dry version and a soup version. Most dry versions come with slices of stewed mushroom, minced pork, slices of lean pork and sometimes fried ikan bilis, atop noodles tossed in a punchy chilli-vinegar sauce, while soup versions are lauded for the depth of pork flavour in its broth. Singapore's bak chor mee was listed as the top world street food by World Street Food Congress.

Fish ball mee pok
This version of  is usually served with toppings of fish balls, sliced fish cakes,  (a type of small dumpling made with fish meat paste wrapping a small bit of minced meat), minced meat, meat balls, lettuce or taugeh (beansprouts in Hokkien). It can be made with the addition or omission of any of the toppings, prepared in soup or "dry" style, and either with or without the chili sauce.

Other types of toppings
Newer varieties of toppings include deep fried dumplings, abalone slices, imitation crab stick, and other processed fish products.

In popular culture
 Mee Pok Man is the title of a film directed by Eric Khoo, a Singaporean film director.
 Bak chor mee featured prominently in an episode of The Mr Brown Show, which satirized the James Gomez saga during the 2006 Singapore general elections.

See also
 Chinese noodles

References

Chinese noodle dishes
Teochew cuisine
Malaysian noodle dishes
Singaporean noodle dishes

Mee pok


Speed Badminton (or "Speedminton") is a form of badminton played without a net. It is faster than ordinary badminton. It combines rules from different sports like badminton, squash and tennis. Today, Speedminton is played all around the world. There are about 3,000 registered players that compete internationally and about 2 million players around the world.

There is no net in between players. There is also no firm rules about where it is played. It can be played on tennis courts, streets, beaches, fields or gyms. The court is two squares of 5.50–metre (18 ft) length. They are fixed opposite to each other at a distance of 12.8 m (42 ft).

There are tournaments all over the world. Tournaments are organized into a growing number of clubs. In some countries, associations are already established, for example the German Speed Badminton Association (DSBV) and the Swiss Speed Badminton (SSB). On August 25, 2011 the international Speed Badminton Organization (ISBO) was founded in Berlin.

Badminton

Speed badminton


Hubert Adams "Ad" Carter (June 6, 1914 – April 1, 1995) was an American mountaineer, language teacher and was editor of the American Alpine Journal for 35 years.

Biography
Carter was born in Newton, Massachusetts in 1914, and made his first ascent of Mount Washington (1,917 metres) at the age of five. He graduated from Milton Academy in Milton, Massachusetts in 1932 and from Harvard College in 1936.

In 1934, Carter participated with Bradford Washburn in the first ascent of Mount Crillon (3,879 m) in Alaska. In 1936, he was a member of the British–American Himalayan Expedition that made the first ascent of Nanda Devi (7,816 m) in India, which remained the highest mountain ever climbed until 1950.

Carter also became a member of the United States Ski Team, competing in the Alpine World Skiing Championships in 1937, and the Panamerican championships in 1938.

During World War II, Carter assisted in the creation and training of the 10th Mountain Division. He translated material in German, French, Spanish, and Italian for use in writing the first Army manuals on mountain warfare, and developing equipment. Carter also interrogated German and Japanese POWs. In 1945, Carter was awarded a Commendation for Meritorious Civilian Service for his wartime service.

After receiving a master's degree from Middlebury College in 1947, Carter returned to Milton Academy, where he taught French, German and Spanish until his retirement in 1979. He also founded the school's Ski and Mountaineering Club, which has become the H. Adams Carter Outdoor Program. Carter often used his second home in Jefferson, New Hampshire as a base camp for school trips to the White Mountains.

Carter served as an officer of the American Alpine Club from 1954 to 1958 and as editor of the American Alpine Journal from 1960 to 1995. Under his tenure as editor the Journal became one of the pre-eminent worldwide journals of record for mountaineering. He continued to participate in mountaineering expeditions, including one to survey Ojos del Salado (6,893 m) in 1956, several trips to the Cordillera Blanca in Peru, and a second expedition to Nanda Devi in 1976, which he co-led with Louis Reichardt and Willi Unsoeld.

Due to his long work as editor of the American Alpine Journal, Carter became an important chronicler of mountaineering.

Notable ascents
 1934 East Ridge above the Plateau, Mount Crillon, Fairweather Range, Alaska, USA. FA of peak with Bradford Washburn, summit attained July 19, 1934.

References

External links
 introduction to the H. Adams Carter Papers collection at the Denver Public Library
 description of the H. Adams Carter Outdoor Program at Milton Academy (PDF)

1914 births
1995 deaths
American mountain climbers
Historians of mountaineering
Milton Academy alumni
Schoolteachers from Massachusetts
Harvard College alumni
Middlebury College alumni
People from Jefferson, New Hampshire
20th-century American educators
People from Milton, Massachusetts
People from Newton, Massachusetts
United States Army personnel of World War II

H. Adams Carter