A chromatic scale, also known as a dodecatonic scale, is a musical scale which uses every note as it goes up or down i.e. it goes up and down in semitones (half tones). To play a chromatic scale on the piano every note is played: both white and black notes (e.g. C, C sharp, D, D sharp, E, F etc.). A chromatic scale can start on any note.

Meaning of the word "chromatic"

The word "chromatic" comes from the Greek word "chromos" meaning "color". Organists in the 16th and 17th centuries such as Sweelinck liked to write "Chromatic Fantasias". These were pieces based on tunes which were chromatic. In those days, because of the tuning systems used, not all the semitones were exactly the same size. Going up a chromatic scale would have been like walking up a staircase with steps which were slightly larger or smaller in depth. This made chromatic scales very interesting and "colourful" which is why they were called "chromatic".

Chromatic harmony

Chromatic harmony means harmony (chords) that use notes which do not belong to the key the music is in (they are not in the key signature). Although Bach in the 18th century used chromatic harmony, it was 19th century composers who used it more and more. Wagner wrote music which was very chromatic: there were lots of sharps and flats and it kept modulating to different key areas. The chord at the beginning of his opera Tristan and Isolde is so famous that it is known as the Tristan chord. It is very chromatic. The music is full of tension because it leaves us wondering which key the music is in.

Related pages
Scale (music)
Tonality
Serialism

Music theory

Chromatic


Riots happen when many people meet to be violent. This can happen after sports events, demonstrations or as a protest. Rioters damage cars, buildings and attack other people, among other things.

The police are brought out to stop riots. In the Western world, they use shields and fight with soft weapons, for example with water cannons or rubber bullets, as well as with batons. When riots really get out of control, police also use tools that can hurt people, such as tear gas and pepper spray, and they put the rioters under arrest. Riots are very dangerous and can lead to certain deaths at times.

There have been many riots all over the world, especially in England, Northern Ireland, the United States, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Australia, France, Hong Kong and mainland China.

References

Riot


Phil Baugh (December 13, 1936 – November 4, 1990) was an American guitarist. He was known as one of the leading hot country guitarists whose "playing exuded joy and humor." He was active from the 1960s through the 1980s, performing as a highly sought-after session musician as well as a top recording artist in his own right.

Biography
Phil Baugh was born in Olivehurst, California in 1936. Baugh signed a deal with Crest Records in 1962. With promotion from Longhorn Records in Dallas, Texas his song "Country Guitar" became a hit. He then recorded an album called Country Guitar II as a follow-up. He continued to work in Southern California, including joining Ray Price's band in 1969. In 1975 he moved to Nashville where he became a popular session guitarist. In the 1980s he was part of a country/jazz band called The Nashville Superpickers. The lineup included steel guitarist Buddy Emmons, drummer Buddy Harman, bassist Henry Strzelecki, pianist Willie Rainsford and harmonica player Terry McMillan. He suffered a coronary in 1985 and died five years later at the age of 53.

Baugh's "Country Guitar" and "One Man Band" were top 40 hits on Billboard's country chart during 1965.

Guitars
Phil Baugh was one of the great country Fender Telecaster players along with James Burton and Don Rich. The entire album "Live Wire!" was recorded with his signature heavily customized Telecaster. But he also had other guitars, including a custom made doubleneck guitar from Mosrite and a Chet Atkins model Gretsch.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Awards
 "Best Guitarist" by the ACM 1965
 "Outstanding Instrumentalist of the Year" by Billboard 1965
 "Instrumentalist of the Year" by Cash Box 1965
 Nominated for a Grammy Award in 1979 for his performance with The Nashville Superpickers on The Austin City Limits

See also
List of Telecaster players

External links

References

1936 births
1990 deaths
People from Yuba County, California
American country guitarists
American male guitarists
American country singer-songwriters
Crest Records artists
Era Records artists
Longhorn Records artists
20th-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Country musicians from California
American male singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from California

Phil Baugh


Ode for St. Cecilia's Day, George Frideric Handel tarafından 1739 yılında bestelenmiş kantat.

İlk temsili 1739 yılında Londra'daki Theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields'da yapılmıştır.

Bölümleri
 Uvertür : Larghetto e staccato—allegro—minuet
 Recitative (tenor): from harmony, from heavenly harmony
 Chorus: From harmony, from heavenly harmony
 Aria (soprano): What passion cannot music raise and quell!
 Aria (tenor) ve chorus: The trumpet's loud clangour
 Marş
 Aria (soprano): The soft complaining flute
 Aria (tenor): Sharp violins proclaim their jealous pangs
 Aria (tenor): But oh! What art can teach
 Aria (soprano): Orpheus could lead the savage race
 Recitative (soprano): But bright cecilia raised the wonder higher
 Grand chorus with (soprano): As from the power of sacred lays''

Metinleri
 From harmony (recit) tenor: From harmony, from heavenly harmony this universal frame began. when nature, underneath a heap of jarring atoms lay, and could not heave her head. the tuneful voice, was heard from high, arise! arise! arise ye more than dead! then cold, and hot, and moist, and dry, in order to their stations leap! and music's power obey! and music's power obey!
 From harmony (chorus)chorus: From harmony, from heavenly harmony, this universal frame began. through all the compass of the notes it ran, the diapason closing full in man.
 What passion cannot music raise and quell soprano: What passion cannot music raise, and quell? when jubal struck the chorded shell, his listening brethren stood 'round. and wondering on their faces fell, to worship that celestial sound! less than a god they thought there could not dwell within the hollow of that shell that spoke so sweetly and so well. what passion cannot music raise and quell?
 The trumpet's loud clangour tenor: The trumpet's loud clangour excites us to arms, with shrill notes of anger and mortal alarms, the double-double-double beat, of the thund'ring drum, cries hark! hark! cries hark the foes come! charge! charge! charge! charge! 'tis too late, 'tis too late to retreat! charge 'tis too late, too late to retreat!
 The soft complaining flute soprano: The soft complaining flute in dying notes discovers the woes of hopeless lovers, whose dirge is whispered by the warbling lute.
 Sharp violins proclaim tenor: Sharp violins proclaim, their jealous pangs, and desperation! fury, frantic indignation! depth of pains, and height of passion, for the fair disdainful dame!
 But oh! what art can teach but oh! what art can teach, what human voice can reach the sacred organ's praise? notes inspiring holy love, notes that wing their heavenly ways to mend the choirs above.
 Orpheus could lead the savage race orpheus could lead the savage race, and trees uprooted left their place sequacious of the lyre: but bright cecilia raised the wonder higher: when to her organ vocal breath was given an angel heard, and straight appeared - mistaking earth for heaven.

George Frideric Handel kantatları

Ode for St. Cecilia's Day (Handel)


A cantata is a type of singing which is done accompanied by an instrument(s). By contrast, a cappella specifically refers to unaccompanied singing. The word(cantata) etymologically comes from the Italian word  which means "to sing".  The word "cantata" was used mainly in the 17th and 18th century to describe music with religious words that were sung by a choir or by soloists or both, accompanied by instruments. The most famous cantatas are those by Johann Sebastian Bach. Nearly all his cantatas are sacred (written for church services). Very often he used Lutheran hymn tunes (chorales) for the first and last movements. In between there are movements for solo singers: recitatives and arias. An example is Bach's cantata no 80 which is based on the chorale "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A safe stronghold our God is still"). The whole work is about being safe in the hands of God. This is what the sermon would have been about. The congregation would join in singing the chorale towards the end of the cantata.

Other composers, such as Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725) wrote cantatas which were secular (not religious). The word "cantata" has also been used in the 20th century by composers such as Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) and Benjamin Britten (1913-1976).

Thus the term came to apply to any and all forms of accompanied songs.

Musical forms

Cantata


Wikiversity is a free wiki website, a sister project of Wikipedia, and run by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is used to help students learn, or teachers to teach. Wikiversity develops learning resources on every subject which users are interested in. It has many links to other wikis with educational material like Wikipedia and Wikibooks.

Wikiversity started in 2006. Before that Wikiversity was a part of Wikibooks, the library of free textbooks. There are currently wikiversities in many different languages: Czech, English, French, German, Greek, Japanese, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish.

Wikiversity is the best way to develop a small wiki resource to learn your favorite topic if the information is from Wikipedia or Wikibooks. It is also a good place to use the MediaWiki wiki tools.

Wikiversity resources are different from Wikipedia because the user can begin research on the topic. Wikipedia uses materials that are notable and not original research. Wikiversity allows resources and articles developed among individual users. Wikiversity users don't have to share changes with other users. Userpages are used to write articles on your own.

Wikiversity Beta is used to make new Wikiversities. If users speak a language that needs a Wikiversity, then Wikiversity Beta is where they make their resources.

Other websites

Wikimedia
Wikis
Websites established in 2006

Wikiversity


In mapmaking, a quadrilateralized spherical cube, or quad sphere for short, is an equal-area polyhedral map projection and discrete global grid scheme for data collected on a spherical surface (either that of the Earth or the celestial sphere). It was first proposed in 1975 by Chan and O'Neill for the Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility. This scheme is also often called the COBE sky cube,
because it was designed to hold data from the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) project.

Elements
The quad sphere has two principal characteristic features. The first is that the mapping consists of projecting the sphere onto the faces of an inscribed cube using a curvilinear projection that preserves area. The sphere is divided into six equal regions, which correspond to the faces of the cube. The vertices of the cube correspond to the cartesian coordinates defined by |x|=|y|=|z| on a sphere centred at the origin.  For an Earth projection, the cube is usually oriented with one face normal to the North Pole and one face centered on the Greenwich meridian (although any definition of pole and meridian could be used). The faces of the cube are divided into a grid of square bins, where the number of bins along each edge is a power of 2, selected to produce the desired bin size. Thus the number of bins on each face is 22N, where N is the binning depth, for a total of 6 × 22N. For example, a binning depth of 10 gives 1024 × 1024 bins on each face or 6291456 (6 × 220) in all, each bin covering an area of 23.6 square arcminutes (2.00 microsteradians).

The second key feature is that the bins are numbered serially, rather than being rastered as for an image. The total number of bits required for the bin numbers at level N is 2N + 3, where the three most significant bits are used for the face numbers and the remaining bits are used to number the bins within each face. The faces are numbered from 0 to 5: 0 for the north face, 1 through 4 for the equatorial faces (1 being on the meridian), and 5 for the south. Thus at a binning depth of 10, face 0 has bin numbers 0–1,048,575, face 1 has numbers 1,048,576–2,097,151, and so on. Within each face the bins are numbered serially from one corner (the convention is to start at the "lower left") to the opposite corner, ordered in such a way that each pair of bits corresponds to a level of bin resolution. This ordering is in effect a two-dimensional binary tree, which is referred to as the quad-tree.  The conversion between bin numbers and coordinates is straightforward.  If four-byte integers are used for the bin numbers the maximum practical depth, which uses 31 of the 32 bits, results in a bin size of 0.0922 square arcminutes (7.80 nanosteradians).

In principle, the mapping and numbering schemes are separable: the map projection onto the cube could be used with another bin-numbering scheme, and the numbering scheme itself could be used with any arrangement of bins susceptible to partitioning into a set of square arrays.  Used together, they make a flexible and efficient system for storing map data.

Advantages
The quad sphere projection does not produce singularities at the poles or elsewhere, as do some other equal-area mapping schemes. Distortion is moderate over the entire sphere, so that at no point are shapes altered beyond recognition.

Related projections

There are some related projections:
 rHEALPix: is a cubic configuration in the HEALPix framework (of 2003), elaborated in 2016.
 S2 projection was created at Google (published in 2016 with a first pre-release in 2019) for the purpose of defining a discrete global grid scheme. It is similar to the quad sphere but is not equal-area.

See also

 List of map projections
 Cube mapping
 Geodesic grid

References

Cartography
Map projections

Quadrilateralized spherical cube


Robert Scott Smith (born March 4, 1972) is an American college football analyst for Fox Sports and the Big Ten Network. He played professionally as a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons with the Minnesota Vikings, and played college football at The Ohio State University. Currently, Smith serves as the Founder/Chairman of Fan Huddle, an on-demand digital wellbeing platform offering content on wellness, mindfulness and healthy living.

High school career
Born and raised in Euclid, Ohio, a suburb on the northeastern border of Cleveland, Smith became the first player to win Ohio's Mr. Football Award twice (in 1988 and 1989).  junior at Euclid High School, he gained 1,564 yards on 177 rushes (8.8 yards per carry) and averaged 31 yards on 10 punt returns.  senior season in 1989, he gained 2,042 yards on 203 carries and scored 31 touchdowns and was awarded the Bobby Dodd National Back of the Year by the Touchdown Club of Atlanta. During his Panthers' career, he rushed for a total of 5,038 yards on 548 carries with 67 touchdowns.

College career
Smith narrowed his college choices to Miami, USC, UCLA, and Ohio State. In his two seasons with the Buckeyes  Smith ran for a total of 1,945 yards, leading the team both years.  freshman in 1990, he had a personal-best   per game), and rushed for

Smith sat out the 1991 football season, switching to a track and field scholarship, and posted a personal-best time of 10.24 seconds in the  for  He seriously considered transferring to either USC or Stanford in the Pac-10 to play football; Ohio State coach John Cooper had kept the door open for Smith to return to the Buckeyes' football team, and he

Professional career
Smith was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round of the 1993 NFL Draft, the 21st overall pick. Although he suffered from a number of ailments in his first few seasons, he finally broke through in 1997 with 1,266 yards rushing. Smith's finest year as a pro came in 2000 at age 28, leading the NFC in rushing with 1,521 yards; despite being at the peak of his career, he retired after the season.

In eight NFL seasons, Smith rushed for 6,818 yards and 32 touchdowns, along with 178 receptions for 1,292 yards and 6 touchdowns, and only nine fumbles. He also returned 1 punt for 4 yards and 19 kickoffs for a total of 460 yards. Smith wore number 20 as a rookie in 1993, but switched to number 26 when it became available in 1994 and wore it until his retirement.

Records

NFL
 Second all-time Minnesota Vikings record for career rushing yards (6,818). Passed by Adrian Peterson on September 9, 2012. The previous record was 5,887; which was set in 1979 by Chuck Foreman.
Holds the all-time NFL record for average yards per touchdown run at 27.2

After retirement
Smith retired after only eight seasons in the NFL. He walked away from the game to pursue a career in medicine as well as to avoid any serious injuries. He has maintained a mostly private life since his retirement. He has mainly appeared as a guest on the ESPN news program Outside the Lines, as well as a college football analyst on various ESPN programs alongside regulars Rece Davis, Mark May, and Lou Holtz. Smith also works on the NFL Network as an analyst and has appeared on The Score to discuss the NFL.

Today, Smith is the Founder and Chairman of Fan Huddle, an on-demand wellness platform featuring content hosted by professional athletes and experts.

In May 2016, Smith left ESPN to work for Fox Sports and is currently an NFL game analyst on Fox Sports, paired with Chris Myers.

Smith founded the Robert Smith Foundation, a charity whose goal is to "provide financial and moral support for Children's hospitals and cancer research."

Smith made a cameo appearance in the TV series Mystery Science Theater 3000. He was in Season 8 Episode 3 The Mole People. He played a scantily clad, mute "hunk" given to Pearl (the series' antagonist) as a present by her minions.

2004 saw publication of Smith's book The Rest of the Iceberg: An Insider's View on the World of Sport and Celebrity.  In it he discussed his background, his time at Ohio State and the NFL, and why he retired.  He also analyzed the obsession placed on sports stars by the public.

Smith is an agnostic.

Smith is one of the amateur astronomers featured in science writer Timothy Ferris's 2007 PBS program, Seeing in the Dark, based on his 2002 book of the same name.

On ESPN on November 1, 2013, Smith openly admitted to fighting alcoholism during his playing career during an interview on SportsCenter. He explained he sought counseling and has been sober since the birth of his son, and that his family is his daily motivation to stay sober. He also appeared on ESPN's First Take with Stephen A. Smith and Skip Bayless talking about his alcoholism.

Smith lives in Texas.

References

External links
Fox Sports – Robert Smith

1972 births
Living people
American football running backs
College football announcers
National Football League announcers
Minnesota Vikings players
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
People from Euclid, Ohio
Players of American football from Cuyahoga County, Ohio
African-American players of American football
African-American agnostics
People from Powell, Ohio
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Robert Smith (running back)


A developed country (also known as an industrialised country or more economically developed country (MEDC)) is a country that has more businesses and infrastructures (roads, airports, electricity, etc) than a developing country.  The numbers most used for measuring economic growth is gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita income (average money per person). Others include the amount of industry, how much infrastructure there is, literacy, life expectancy and the basic standard of living.  There is no exact way of saying what country is developed or developing.  People often discuss the question of whose countries are the most developed ones,

Developed countries have post-industrial economies, which means that the service sector becomes more important, and the industrial sector is less important.  Service sector jobs are those where a person does something for another, like selling or fixing a product. Industry sector jobs are actually making a product, usually in a factory.  In a developed country, industry jobs may be moved (outsourced) to less developed countries that pay workers less money. Developing countries may be in the process of industrialization (building the factories and infrastructure) and underdeveloped countries usually depend on agriculture, often subsistence farming.

The first industrialised country was the UK, followed by Belgium. Later industrialised countries were Germany, the US, France and other Western European countries. According to Jeffrey Sachs, the current split between the developed and developing world is mostly an event of the 20th century.

Influence

According to the International Monetary Fund, developed countries supplied over half of the global GDP in 2010. In 2012, the major advanced economies were the US, Japan, Germany, France, the UK, Italy, and Canada.  These are also called the G7.

The G7 has 10% of the world's population, but produces nearly 40% of the world's GDP. They also control many of the economic decisions that affect the world.  The United Nations Security Council has five permanent members, four of those are in the G8 (G7 plus Russia).

Similar terms
Terms similar to developed country include advanced country, industrialised country, more developed country (MDC), more economically developed country (MEDC) (compared to less economically developed country(LEDC)), Global North country, first-world country, and post-industrial country.

Other ways to measure
Economic criteria are usually seen as most important. This includes income per capita (average money for each person). Countries with high GDP per capita and mature industrialization are described as developed countries.  But modernization is not always seen as the only way to measure progress.

Recently, another measure, the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines jobs, income, along with access to medicine, life expectancy, and education has become prominent. The UN HDI is measures a country's level of human development.  While there is a strong connection between a high HDI score and a prosperous economy, it is not always the case. The top 47 countries by HDI have scores ranging from 0.793 in Barbados to 0.955 in Norway. Many countries having an HDI of 0.788 and over (as of 2010), are also listed by IMF or CIA as "advanced" (as of 2009).  The country of Bhutan started the idea of Gross National Happiness (GNH), to measure how happy people actually are.  They felt the GNH was as important as GDP, and this idea has spread beyond Bhutan.

References

Country classifications
Development
Economic geography

Developed country


A lie is something that someone says that is not true to make others believe that the lie is the truth.  People can have many reasons for lying, such as to hide something or get something, or white lies. Studies show that people usually start lying at the age of two. Some people are pathological liars.

Lying can only be done deliberately (on purpose). If a person says something which is not true, and does not know that it is not true, that person is making a mistake and not lying.

"Repeat a lie often enough and it becomes the truth", is a law of propaganda often attributed to the Nazi propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels. But the description first appeared in Hitler's Mein Kampf, 16 years before Goebbels' use of the phrase. The European Center for Populism Studies says Hitler first used it to describe the behaviour of Jews rather than a tactic he himself advocated.

Perjury
A serious type of lie is perjury. It means telling a lie in a court of law. It can lead to a great injustice. For that reason it is legally and morally wrong.  The Ten Commandments says we should not "bear false witness against our neighbor". Most religious thinkers say this can mean other lying also, but very strongly forbids perjury.

Deception
Tricking someone into believing something with many lies over a long period. "The invasion plan was hidden by deception". Deception need not involve speaking. Hiding one's actions from another is a form of deception. Animals are capable of deception. Some birds pretend to be injured to lead predators from their nest.  White-collar criminals often use deception. They get people to give them money by telling them  it is an
investment.

Distortion
Getting rid of or adding details to a fact. If a scientist says that "The medicine is safe in small amounts", a drug company can distort it and say "The scientist says the medicine is safe". Distortion is often seen in commercials or political advertising. Extreme examples are called propaganda where news can be distorted simply by choosing to cover one story but not another.

White lie
Telling a small lie to make people feel better or for other reasons which do not harm anybody or anything. Saying that a person likes what another person is wearing, even though they do not, is a white lie. Often the purpose of a white lie is to protect someone from being upset. This might happen when a child or elderly persons hears that someone has died. The opposite choice is sometimes called being "brutally honest". It means that a person tells true things that hurt people instead of hiding the truth.  White lies should not be confused with sarcasm.

Fighting with lies
People hurt each other in war, and one way is to lie. They make the enemy belive they are in one place when they are in another. They pretend they will do one thing when they intend to do another. Spies pretend they are not enemies, in order to get secrets.

Like other ways of fighting, lying can be morally good if done for a good reason. In the Old Testament Bible, Rahab lied about the Israelite spies she had hidden.  The Bible says this was a good thing to do. Usually the term "white lie" refers to small unimportant things.  Justifiable lies could be very big and important, but may still be good. However people should be careful about thinking their lies are good. Other people may see them as bad.

Related pages
 Hypocrisy
 Joke

References
VOA Special English words

Other websites

Deception

Lie


Let Us Be Gay is a 1930 American pre-Code romantic comedy-drama film produced and distributed by MGM. It was directed by Robert Z. Leonard and stars Norma Shearer. It was based on and filmed concurrently with the 1929 play by Rachel Crothers which starred Tallulah Bankhead and ran for 128 performances at London's Lyric Theater. Critics generally preferred Tallulah's rendition to Shearer's.

Plot
Housewife Kitty Brown (Norma Shearer) does not spend much time on her personal appearance.  She is devoted to her husband Bob (Rod La Rocque).  Kitty spends all her time seeing that Bob has everything he needs. Bob is embarrassed to be seen with his wife because he considers her dowdy and he does not like the homemade clothes she wears.

Kitty gets a shock when Bob's latest girlfriend, Helen, shows up at their home.  Kitty is polite to Helen and pretends that she has known about the affair all along but secretly she is broken-hearted.  She excuses herself to go to her room and cry. When she refuses to accept Bob's apology, he leaves, and their marriage is over.

Three years later, Bob is courting Diane (Sally Eilers).  Diane's grandmother, Mrs. Bouccicault (Marie Dressler), is a leader in local society and disapproves of the match.  Mrs. Bouccicault invites Kitty for the weekend.  Kitty is now a fashionable, very attractive woman.  Mrs. Bouccicault hopes to use Kitty to break Diane and Bob up.

Mrs. Bouccicault asks Kitty to steal a gentleman away from her granddaughter so Kitty flirts with each arriving male guest in turn assuming that each is the gentleman in question.

Bob arrives and is surprised by Kitty's appearance.  They pretend to meet for the first time.    The other weekend guests, including Townley (Gilbert Emery), Madge (Hedda Hopper), and Wallace (Tyrell Davis), are baffled by the way Bob and Kitty behave around each other. Kitty continues to flirt with the male guests.  She speaks disdainfully of marriage and makes it clear she is happily divorced.  Diane is engaged to Bruce (Raymond Hackett), who is also a guest.  Bruce loves Diane and is pained to see her with Bob.

Townley goes to the terrace outside Kitty's room.  She flirts with him.  When Bob knocks on the door, Townley hides.  Bob begs Kitty to marry him again.  Bob hears a sneeze and discovers Townley hiding in the bathroom.  He leaves through the terrace only to find Wallace waiting.  Wallace has brought Kitty a poem.  Disgusted and angry, Bob leaves.  A few minutes later Mrs. Bouccicault comes to Kitty's room to announce that Bob has just become engaged to Diane.

The next day, Bob is upset to overhear Kitty making plans for a yachting trip with Townley.  Kitty plans on leaving immediately, but her nanny shows up with Kitty and Bob's children.  The children are overjoyed to see their father.

Bob tells Diane he still feels he is married to Kitty.  Diane breaks up with Bob.  Kitty says she does not want him either.  She says goodbye to Bob.  He begs for another chance.  Again, he asks her to marry him.  She tearfully tells him she still loves him and she asks him to take her back.

Cast
 Norma Shearer - Mrs. Katherine Brown
 Marie Dressler - Mrs. Bouccy Bouccicault
 Rod La Rocque - Bob Brown
 Gilbert Emery - 'Towney' Townley
 Hedda Hopper - Madge Livingston
 Raymond Hackett - Bruce Keane
 Sally Eilers - Diane
 Tyrell Davis - Wallace Granger
 Wilfred Noy - Whitman, the Butler
 Sybil Grove - Perkins, a Maid
 Helene Millard - Helen Hibbard

Home media
The film was released on DVD through the Warner Archive Collection.

Production
The film was shot quickly (in 26 days) due to Norma Shearer's pregnancy. A French-language version of the film, Soyons gais, was filmed in 1931, directed by Arthur Robison, and stars Lili Damita, Adolphe Menjou, and Françoise Rosay.

References

External links

 Let Us Be Gay at the AFI catalog
 Let Us Be Gay lobby and foreign posters
  alternative lobby poster

1930 films
1930 comedy-drama films
American comedy-drama films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Robert Z. Leonard
American films based on plays
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
English-language comedy-drama films

Let Us Be Gay


Richard D. Arvey is an American psychology professor.

Biography
Arvey received a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology in 1966 from Occidental College. He then attended University of Minnesota to study industrial psychology, earning a master's degree in 1968 and a doctorate in 1970.

Arvey has studied and consulted on issues involving employee selection, which helped him develop physical ability tests for selecting police and firefighter recruits for the City of Minneapolis. He also investigates the genetic influences of work behavior, such as job satisfaction and leadership, based on data from the Minnesota Twin Registry. In one study, Arvey et al. found that approximately 30% of the variance in leadership is genetically influenced while environmental factors contribute to the remaining differences.

He has researched factors determining work continuance in lottery winners and found that people who won more money and people who thought work was more important in a person's life were more likely to continue working.

In 1995, he was a signatory of a collective statement in response to The Bell Curve titled Mainstream Science on Intelligence, written by Intelligence editor Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal.

He currently teaches MBA Students and guides Research Candidates at the National University of Singapore (NUS) Business School in Singapore.

Publications

Arvey RD. Fairness in Selecting Employees, Addison-Wesley, 1979; revised ed., 1988.
Arvey RD, Jockin V, McGue M. Perceived victimization moderates self-reports of workplace aggression and conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology
Arvey RD, Liao H, Butler R. Prediction of work injury frequency and duration among firefighters. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2001.
Arvey RD, Campion J. Being there: Writing the highly cited article. Personnel Psychology, 1999.
Arvey RD, McCall B, Cavanaugh M. Genetic influences on job and occupational switching. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1997.
Arvey RD, Yang H, Sackett P. Statistical power and costs in training evaluation: Some new considerations. Personnel Psychology.
Arvey RD, Cole D, Maxwell S, Salas E. How the power of MANOVA can both increase and decrease as a function of the intercorrelations among the dependent variable. Psychological Bulletin, 1994.
Arvey RD, Landon T, Nutting S, Maxwell S. The Development of Physical Ability Tests for Police Officers: a construct validation approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1992.
Arvey RD, Bouchard T, Segal N, Abraham L. Job Satisfaction: Environmental and Genetic Components. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1992.
Arvey RD, Campion J. The Employment Interview: A Summary and Review of Recent Research. Personnel Psychology, 1982.
Arvey RD, Ivancevich J. Punishment in Organizations: A Review, Propositions and Research Suggestions. Academy of Management Review, 1980.
Colarelli, S. M. & Arvey, R.A. (Eds.) (2015). Biological Foundations of Organizational Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

References

External links
Richard D. Arvey website via University of Minnesota
Richard D. Arvey profile via University of Minnesota

21st-century American psychologists
Occidental College alumni
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academic staff of the National University of Singapore

Richard D. Arvey


Dunkirk is a 2017 British-American war drama movie written, co-produced and directed by Christopher Nolan. The movie stars Fionn Whitehead, Tom Glynn-Carney, Jack Lowden, Harry Styles, Aneurin Barnard, James D'Arcy, Barry Keoghan, Kenneth Branagh, Cillian Murphy, Mark Rylance and Tom Hardy.

Plot
In 1940, during the Battle of France, Allied soldiers have retreated to Dunkirk. Tommy, a young British private, is the sole survivor of a German ambush. At the beach, he finds thousands of troops awaiting evacuation and meets Gibson, who is burying a body. After a Luftwaffe dive-bomber attack, they find a wounded man. They rush his stretcher onto a hospital ship, hoping to get aboard, but are ordered off. The ship is sunk by dive bombers; Tommy meets Alex. They leave at night on a destroyer, but it is torpedoed by a U-boat. Gibson saves Tommy and Alex from the sinking ship, and they get back to the beach.

With only a single, vulnerable mole available for embarking on deep-draft ships, the Royal Navy requisitions civilian vessels in Great Britain that can get to the beach. In Weymouth, a civilian sailor Dawson, with his son Peter, sets out on his boat Moonstone, rather than let the Navy commandeer her. Impulsively, their teenage hand George joins them, hoping to do something noteworthy. At sea, they rescue a shivering shell-shocked soldier from a wrecked ship. When he realises that Dawson is sailing for Dunkirk, the soldier demands that they turn back and tries to wrest control of the boat; in the scuffle, George suffers a head injury that renders him blind. Elsewhere, three RAF Spitfires cross the English Channel, heading towards Dunkirk, tasked with defending the evacuation. After their leader is shot down in a dogfight, one of the pilots, Farrier, assumes command, but the other Spitfire is hit and ditches. Its pilot, Collins, is rescued by Moonstone.

Tommy, Alex and Gibson join some soldiers of a Highlanders regiment and hide inside a beached trawler in the intertidal zone outside the Allied perimeter, waiting for the rising tide to refloat it. German troops shoot at the boat, and water enters through the bullet holes. Alex, hoping to lighten the boat, accuses Gibson, who has stayed silent, of being a German spy. Gibson reveals he is French; he stole the identity of the dead British soldier he buried, hoping to be evacuated with the British. The group abandons the boat when it begins to sink, but Gibson is entangled in a chain and drowns. When a nearby minesweeper is sunk by a bomber, Moonstone manoeuvres to take on those in the water, including Tommy and Alex. Peter discovers that George is dead. Asked by the shell-shocked soldier, he lies and says that George is fine. Farrier reaches Dunkirk, before his fuel runs out. Gliding over the beach, he shoots down a dive-bomber, saving ships and troops, and then lands beyond the perimeter. He sets fire to his plane before being taken prisoner by the Germans. In all, 300,000 men are evacuated. Royal Navy Commander Bolton stays to oversee the evacuation of the French. Arriving back in Weymouth, Dawson is congratulated for having saved so many men. The shell-shocked soldier sees George's body being carried away. Peter goes to the local newspaper; a front-page article commends George as a hero. Tommy and Alex board a train, and receive a hero's welcome when the train arrives in Woking.

Background
Set during the Second World War, it portrays the Dunkirk evacuation. It is distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, the movie is an international co-production between the United Kingdom, the United States, France and the Netherlands. Winston Churchill

Nolan wrote the script, told from three perspectives—the land, sea, and air—to contain little dialogue. Filming began in May 2016 in Dunkirk, France, and ended in Los Angeles, United States, where it also began post-production. Will Attenborough played Second Lieutenant. His grandfather, actor-director Richard Attenborough, appeared in Dunkirk (1958).

Cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema shot the film on IMAX 65 mm and 65 mm large format movie stock. The movie made extensive use of practical effects, such as employing thousands of extras, gathering boats that had participated in the real Dunkirk evacuation, and using genuine era-appropriate planes for aerial sequences.

Release
Dunkirk premiered on 13 July 2017 at Odeon Leicester Square in London, England, and was released in the United Kingdom and United States on 21 July 2017 in IMAX, 70 mm and 35 mm film. The movie has grossed over $131 million worldwide and received praise for Nolan's screenplay and direction, acting, cinematography and Hans Zimmer's musical score.

 Dunkirk (1958 film)
 Weekend at Dunkirk (1964)
 Dunkirk (2004 British television docudrama)
 Atonement (2007)
 Their Finest (2016)
 Darkest Hour (2017)

References

Other websites

2017 action movies
2017 drama movies
2017 thriller movies
2010s war movies
2010s action thriller movies
2010s drama thriller movies
2010s American drama movies
American war movies
American action thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
2010s British drama movies
British war movies
British action movies
British drama thriller movies
French drama movies

French action movies
French thriller movies
Dutch drama movies

Dutch action movies
Dutch thriller movies
2010s English-language movies
Movies directed by Christopher Nolan
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Movies set in France
Movies set in the 1940s
Warner Bros. movies
American epic movies
2010s historical movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies set in Europe
Movies set in the United Kingdom
Movies set on beaches
Survival movies
World War II movies
Period action movies
IMAX movies

Dunkirk (2017 movie)


Shaw Media was the television broadcasting division of Shaw Communications that consisted the broadcasting assets of the former Canwest. Shaw Media owned the Global Television Network, which broadcasts nationally via 13 television stations, as well as 19 specialty channels including Slice, HGTV Canada, Showcase, Food Network Canada, and History.

On April 1, 2016, Shaw Media's properties were acquired by sister company Corus Entertainment.

History

As Canwest Global
In 1974, a group led by Israel Asper bought the assets of Pembina, North Dakota television station KCND-TV from broadcaster Gordon McLendon, moving the station to Winnipeg as independent station CKND-TV. Asper, through his company, Canwest, eventually bought out his partners in the Winnipeg station. A few months later, the Asper group joined a consortium that bought CKGN-TV, a network of six simulcasting transmitters across Ontario that carried many of CKND's programs and was known on-air as the Global Television Network. Canwest bought controlling interest in 1985, thus becoming the first western-based owner of a major Canadian broadcaster.

Canwest subsequently invested in or acquired other independent TV stations across Canada. Eventually, his station group became known as the "Canwest Global System." In 1997, Canwest bought controlling interest in CKMI-TV, the privately owned CBC affiliate in Quebec City. Canwest then set up CKMI rebroadcasters in Montreal and Sherbrooke. With this move, Canwest's stations now had enough coverage of Canada that on August 18—the day CKMI officially disaffiliated from CBC—Canwest rebranded its station group as "The Global Television Network". Throughout the 1990s, Global (and its antecedents) held Canadian rights to hit U.S. series such as Cheers, Friends, and Frasier.

Canwest also bought broadcasting assets internationally, including outlets in New Zealand, the Republic of Ireland, and Australia, although all were eventually sold off. In 1991, Canwest issued a successful initial public offering on the Toronto Stock Exchange. In June 1996, Canwest was listed on the New York Stock Exchange.

Lacking a presence in Alberta, the company set its sights on Western International Communications, which owned three independent stations in that province that carried Global programming. It eventually bought that company's broadcasting assets in 2000. This not only boosted Global's coverage in western Canada, but prompted the establishment of a second over-the-air service, originally known as CH, since in some areas the combined company had duplicate over-the-air coverage through multiple stations. Later that year, Canwest announced its acquisition of the Southam newspaper chain from Conrad Black, in order to pursue a media convergence strategy.

Canwest was initially slow to invest in specialty channels due to the strength of its terrestrial network. In 1999, seeking to change this, the company announced a deal to buy out the Canadian partners of NetStar Communications, owner of TSN, but was stymied by U.S. partner ESPN, which had veto power over such a sale. ESPN instead came to terms with Canwest's main rival CTV, a longtime business partner of ESPN's parent company Disney, as an acceptable buyer,

Canwest's various acquisitions took a significant financial toll. As early as 2002, most of Canwest's operating income was going to pay interest on its high-interest rate debt. By 2007, the company's bonds were downgraded to junk status.

In October 2005, CanWest's Canadian newspapers were sold into an IPO trust. Sold 25.8% of Canada's newspapers for C$550 million. Attached to the Canadian newspaper IPO was $850 million in long term debt. CanWest bought back the 25.8% Newspaper Trust IPO (and debt) in November 2008, for cash considerations of $495 million.

The company was already one of the largest owners of Canadian local TV stations, when Canwest and Goldman Sachs in 2007 announced they would jointly acquire Canadian producer and broadcaster Alliance Atlantis Communications and its large stable of wide-distribution specialty channels. Under the deal, Canwest took control of the broadcasting portion of AAC, although Goldman Sachs remained a major investor in those assets. Goldman retained or resold the remaining pieces of AAC, the distribution arm soon re-emerging as Alliance Films.

Canwest executives testified in the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission hearings over fee-for-carriage, requesting that the commission force cable and satellite companies to pay for their signals without passing the fees on to their subscribers. In his testimony, Canwest president Leonard Asper blamed the current rules for the poor financial condition of Canada's broadcast television stations, a position which has subsequently been adopted and addressed through rule changes by the CRTC and FCC.

By early 2009, it became clear the company's debt was not manageable in light of the global economic crisis, forcing Canwest into an extended set of negotiations with its lenders and a series of cost-cutting moves. The company's income statements reported net losses in 2008 and 2009, even though its operating activities were profitable (before taxes, interest, and non-operating charges: C$197 million in 2009, vs. C$428 million in 2008).

On August 31, 2009, Canwest shut down its secondary system E! (the former CH). Three of the former E! owned-and-operated stations – CHCH Hamilton, CHEK Victoria, and CJNT Montreal – were sold to third parties, while a fourth, CHBC Kelowna, was converted to a Global station. The remaining station, CHCA Red Deer, was closed as of the same date.

On September 24, the company announced that it would sell its 50.1% stake in Ten Network Holdings for A$680 million, in order to pay down its significant debt. The sale of CanWest's Australian media operations reduced some C$582-million in debt tied to the Australian TV network, raising the total value Canwest can erase from its overall debt to more than C$1.2-billion. Before the Ten deal, Canwest held about C$3.8-billion of debt on its balance sheet. In court documents, Goldman Sachs alleges "fraudulent" and "abusive" changes to the internal operation of Canwest in the days before it filed for creditor protection. As part of the filing, the Wall Street investment bank is seeking to undo these changes, and has also claimed that CanWest's creditors should return the C$426 million they received from Canwest balance sheet in September, after CanWest sold its stake in Ten.

On October 6, the company voluntarily filed for creditor protection under the CCAA, due to C$4 billion mounting debt across radio, television broadcasting and publishing assets in several countries. At the same time it announced it had agreed to a recapitalization transaction with some of its lenders, which will likely require the approval of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). When completed, bondholders – led by hedge funds West Face Capital, GoldenTree Asset Management, and Beach Point Capital Management – will own a majority of shares, leaving existing shareholders, including the Asper family, with a total of 2.3% of the "new" Canwest. However, the Aspers are expected to invest a further C$15 million in the restructured entity. In January 2010, CanWest's bonds commanded about 70 cents on the dollar. CanWest's bonds at one point traded for as little as 15 cents on the dollar. Several sources say that as CanWest notes increased fivefold in price, distressed-debt funds took profits on part of their position, with Angelo Gordon among the buyers.

On February 3, 2010, it was reported that a group led by Golden Tree Asset Management LP complained that "it was unfairly frozen out of the auction of Canwest Limited Partnership."

As part of the transaction, Canwest and some of its subsidiaries, including Canwest Media Inc., The National Post Company, and Canwest Television LP (the licensee of Global, MovieTime, DejaView, and Fox Sports World Canada) filed for creditor protection under the Companies' Creditors Arrangements Act. Canwest Limited Partnership, a subsidiary which owns the company's other newspaper assets and online properties, is negotiating separately with creditors, and is expected to file for creditor protection at a later date. Specialty channels operated in partnership with other companies (such as TVtropolis, Mystery TV, MenTV, and the former Alliance Atlantis properties) are also not included in the present filing. Canwest shares were also suspended from trading on the TSX.

Canwest said that it was not being liquidated at this point, and the company insisted that the proceedings would make Canwest "a stronger industry competitor with a renewed financial outlook." Nevertheless, some analysts expected that the conglomerate would sell assets or be broken up entirely as the restructuring process continues, noting that the publishing division has a separate set of lenders. As it turned out, the company would indeed be broken up.

In February 2010, the company announced an agreement with Shaw Communications whereby the latter company would buy an 80% voting interest, and 20% equity interest, in the restructured entity, pending approvals from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) and others. The company's newspapers were not part of the Shaw deal and were already sold separately to Postmedia Network. However, the Asper family with Goldman and Catalyst made their own bid to retake Canwest with a $120 million bid in competition with the bid proposed by Shaw Communications. On February 25, 2010, it was announced that Shaw Communications had won a court battle to continue their plans to purchase assets & voting shares from Canwest. After the announcement, Shaw revealed that its investment amounted to a minimum of $95-million in exchange for 20 per cent of the equity and an 80-per-cent voting interest in the restructured company.

Although Goldman, Catalyst, and the Aspers continued to work on their own bid after the Shaw agreement, Shaw announced a revised agreement, following court ordered mediation, under which it would purchase the entirety of Canwest's broadcasting operations, including the portion owned by Goldman. This deal was later modified following a second court ordered mediation to include a settlement agreement between Shaw, creditors, and the Official Ad Hoc Committee of Shareholders, led by the Aspers, Blott Asset Management, L.L.C. and two other hedge funds. This marked the first successful equity committee campaign in Canada under CCAA. A modified deal, including the Settlement Agreement, received the approval of the Ontario Superior Court on June 23, 2010, the Competition Bureau as of August 13, 2010, and was given final approval from the CRTC on October 22, 2010, with final closing occurring in October 2011 following the official CMI Transition Order. Canwest is now delisted from the TSX. Canwest was renamed to 2737469 Canada Inc. and ceased doing business that same date (the company would officially be dissolved later that year). Meanwhile, Shaw Communications reorganized Canwest into Shaw Media.

As Shaw Media
The new division was named Shaw Media, reviving a name previously used for a separate set of media properties owned by Shaw prior to 1999, when the latter group was spun off as Corus Entertainment. Despite both companies being controlled by the Shaw family, Corus and the then-new Shaw Media remained independent, separately-managed entities.

On May 12, 2011, Shaw Media sold BBC Kids to the government of British Columbia via the provincial public broadcaster Knowledge Network.

On September 2, 2014, Paul W. Robertson, the president of Shaw Media since its creation, died from cancer at age 59. He was replaced by Barbara Williams.

On January 13, 2016, Corus Entertainment announced that it would acquire Shaw Media for $2.65 billion, in a corporate reorganization that would be used to fund Shaw's acquisition of Wind Mobile. The deal was approved by the CRTC on March 23, 2016; as they share effective control via their common owner JR Shaw, the CRTC legally considered the transaction to be a corporate reorganization, and thus exempted it from tangible benefits rules and concentration of media ownership scrutiny.

Operations

Shaw Media operated twenty specialty channels, two community channels and one pay-per-view channel, including Slice, HGTV Canada, Showcase, Food Network Canada, National Geographic Channel, Lifetime, BBC Canada, History, and H2

The Global Television Network broadcasts via 13 television stations, reaching:
 BC (CHAN Vancouver)
 Okanagan (CHBC Kelowna)
 Edmonton (CITV)
 Calgary (CICT)
 Lethbridge (CISA)
 Regina (CFRE)
 Saskatoon (CFSK)
 Winnipeg (CKND)
 Thunder Bay (CHFD, affiliate)
 Toronto (CIII)
 Montreal (CKMI)
 New Brunswick (CHNB Saint John)
 Halifax (CIHF)

References

External links

Shaw Media - Canadian Communications Foundation

Former Corus Entertainment subsidiaries
2010 establishments in Ontario
2016 disestablishments in Ontario
Companies based in Toronto
Defunct companies of Ontario
Canadian companies established in 2010
Mass media companies established in 2010
Mass media companies disestablished in 2016
Defunct broadcasting companies of Canada
Shaw Communications
2016 mergers and acquisitions

Shaw Media


The Protestant Reformation wis the schism within Wastren Christianity initiatit bi Martin Luther, John Calvin, an ither early Protestants. Altho thare haed been signeeficant attempts at reform afore Luther (notably those o John Wycliffe an Jan Huss), the date maist uisually gien for the stairt o the Protestant Reformation is 1517, when Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses, an for its conclusion in 1648 wi the Peace o Wastphalie that endit the European wars o releegion. Luther stairtit bi criticisin the relatively recent practice o sellin indulgences, but the debate widened till it touched on mony o the doctrines an devotional practices o the Catholic Kirk.

References

Reformation
Schisms in Christianity
Christianity-relatit controversies
Anti-Catholicism

Reformation


Strict weak ordering is a binary relation on a set. Such relations define a strict ordering, but they contain several elements of the same type. An example might be the relation "costs less than", or "is cheaper than". For any two elements that are of different types, the relation holds. On the other hand, there are some elements that cannot be ordered that way, because they are of the same type. An example for such a relation may be the relation, costs less than: milk may cost less than bread, and bread may cost less than cake. Two items of different types may cost less than another, but they can otherwise have the same price.

Two different algorithms that sort words by the number of letters in the word may not give the same ordering of the words with the same number of letters, but they will always give an ordering where the four-letter words come before the five-letter-words, and after the three-letter-words.

Time will give a strict weak ordering too; Events that are equivalent in the timeframe happen at the same time.

Mathematics

Strict weak ordering


Stereochemistry is the study of how molecules are affected by the way their atoms are arranged in space. It is also known as 3D chemistry as the word stereo means three dimensional. Using stereochemistry, chemists can work out the relationships between different molecules that are made up from the same atoms. They can also study the effect on the physical or biological properties these relationships give molecules. When these relationships influence the reactivity of the molecules it is called dynamic stereochemistry.

In chemistry, some molecules have more than one isomer. This means that molecules can have different forms, even though all the forms are made of the same atoms. There are two kinds of isomers. Constitutional isomers have the same atoms, but they are joined differently. Stereoisomers have the same atoms, they are joined the same way, but the atoms are arranged differently in space. An important part of stereochemistry is the study of chiral molecules. These molecules look almost identical, except that one molecule is the mirror image of the other.

In most chemical bonds, the atoms of a molecule free to move around without breaking the bonds. When a molecule has a double bond or a ring structure, the molecule can be sorted into different isomers. These are molecules with the same chemical structure but different forms.

The study of stereochemical problems covers the entire range of organic, inorganic, biological, physical and supramolecular chemistries.

History
Louis Pasteur was the first person to study stereochemistry. He observed in 1849 that salts of tartaric acid collected from wine-making equipment could rotate plane polarized light, but that salts from other sources did not. This property was the only difference between the two types of salt. It is due to optical isomerism. In 1874, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Joseph Le Bel discovered the difference was caused by the way that the atoms bonded to carbon in a tetrahedral (four faced) shape.

Uses of stereochemistry
Stereochemistry was important in solving the thalidomide disaster in the 1960s. Thalidomide is a drug that was first produced in 1957 in Germany. Doctors used it to treat morning sickness in pregnant women. Later, the drug was shown to cause deformations in babies. One isomer of the drug was not dangerous, but the other caused serious genetic damage to the embryos. In the human body, thalidomide undergoes racemization: even if only one of the two stereoisomers enters a human body, the body changes some of it to other one. The thalidomide disaster caused governments to test drugs more carefully. Selected people take new drugs in an experiment (clinical trial) first before the drug is made available for public use. Thalidomide is now used as a therapy for leprosy. Women must use it with contraceptives to prevent pregnancy.

Describing a molecule's stereochemistry

When an atom can have other atoms connect to it in more than one way, it is called a stereocenter.  For example, if a carbon atom has four different groups attached to it, it becomes a stereocenter.

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules are part of a system for describing a molecule's stereochemistry. They rank the atoms around a stereocenter in a standard way. This allows the relative position of these atoms in the molecule to be described very clearly. A Fischer projection is a simplified way to show the stereochemistry around a stereocenter.

Related pages
 Chirality (chemistry)
 Alkane stereochemistry

References

Stereochemistry


Prince Constantine Constantinovich of Russia (Константин Константинович; 1 January 1891 – 18 July 1918), nicknamed Kostya by the family, was the third son and fourth child of Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia by his wife Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mavrikievna of Russia.

The Prince was a silent, shy person who fancied theatre and was educated in the Corps des Pages, a military academy in Saint Petersburg. He served in the army during the First World War. A priest who met him at the front, Hegumen Seraphim, wrote: "He was an extremely modest officer of the Guard of the Izmaylovsky Regiment, much beloved by officers and soldiers alike; along with them he was a brave soldier who distinguished himself. I personally remember seeing him in the trenches among the soldiers, risking his life."

After seeing the happiness of his two elder siblings, John and Tatiana, Konstantin was keen to start his own family. He was interested in the Tsar's eldest daughter, Olga, but was also drawn to Princess Elisabeth of Romania. Elisabeth's grandmother, the former Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, wrote to her daughter, the Crown Princess Marie of Romania in 1911, saying, "The young Kostya is seized now with terror that she will be snatched away, as he says, before he has even made her acquaintance. The young man seems really quite nice, is much liked in his regiment, and they have really been very well brought up. This one is full of life...if you have nothing against this youth coming on a passing visit, will you telegraph to me." However, the request was denied on political grounds, as Prince John was married to Helen of Serbia, and Konstantin never did find the marriage he longed for.

In March 1918 he was exiled to the Urals by the Bolsheviks and murdered in a mineshaft near Alapayevsk, along with his brothers Prince John Constantinovich and Prince Igor Konstantinovich, his cousin Prince Vladimir Pavlovich Paley and other relatives and friends. His body was eventually buried in the Russian Orthodox Church cemetery in Beijing, which was destroyed in 1986 to build a park.

Ancestry

See also
Romanov sainthood

External links
 Childhood photo:

1891 births
1918 deaths
Murdered Russian royalty
Princes of royal blood (Russia)
Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia
Executed people from Saint Petersburg
19th-century people from the Russian Empire
20th-century Russian people
Executed royalty
Burials in Beijing


A microcontroller (abbreviated MCU or µC) is a computer system on a chip that does a job. It contains an integrated processor, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both), and programmable input/output peripherals, which are used to interact with electronic components connected to the chip. A microcontroller is different than a microprocessor, which only contains a CPU (the kind used in a Personal Computer).

First released in 1971 by the Intel company, microcontrollers began to become popular in their first few years. The extremely useful Intel 8008 microprocessor was then released, but it was still impractical because of high cost for each chip. These first microcontrollers combined different types of computer memory on one unit. After people began to see how useful they were, micro controllers were constantly being upgraded, with people trying to find new ways to make them better. Cost was reduced over time and by the early 2000s, microcontrollers were widely used across the world.

Other terms for a microcontroller are embedded system and embedded controller, because the microcontroller and its support circuits are often built into, or embedded in, a single chip.

In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general microprocessor, the microcontroller also has additional elements such as RAM for data storage, read-only memory for program storage, flash memory for permanent data storage, and other devices (peripherals).

Microcontrollers often operate at very low speed compared to microprocessors used in smartphones and personal computers. Clock speeds may be as little as 32 kHz, but this is useful for typical applications. They consume very little power (milliwatts or even micro watts).

Microcontrollers are used in automatic products and devices, such as car engine systems, remote controls, machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. These are called embedded systems. Microcontrollers can also be found at work in solar power and energy harvesting, anti-lock braking systems in cars, and have many uses in the medical field as well.

Like other integrated circuits, microcontrollers are designed on special masks, and are later treated with ultraviolet light, which creates special traces (usually made out of silicon) that build up different parts of the integrated circuit.  Modern microcontrollers may use technology producing silicon traces as small as 2µm.

Related pages
 Arduino
 Atmel AVR
 Intel
 Microprocessor
 CPU
Texas Instruments

References

Computer hardware

Microcontroller


Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957), along with its companion case Alberts v. California, was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States which redefined the constitutional test for determining what constitutes obscene material unprotected by the First Amendment. The Court, in an opinion by Justice William J. Brennan Jr. created a test to determine what constituted obscene material: Whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards would find that the material appeals to a prurient interest in sex, and whether the material was utterly without redeeming social value. Although the Court upheld Roth's conviction and allowed some obscenity prosecutions, it drastically loosened obscenity laws. The decision dissatisfied both social conservatives who thought that it had gone too far in tolerating sexual imagery, and liberals who felt that it infringed on the rights of consenting adults.

The decision was superseded by Miller v. California which removed the "utterly without redeeming social value" test, and replaced it with without "serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value". In that case, Justice Brennan dissented, repudiating his previous position in Roth, arguing that states could not ban the sale, advertisement, or distribution of obscene materials to consenting adults.

Prior history
Under the common law rule that prevailed before Roth, articulated most famously in the 1868 English case Regina v Hicklin, any material that tended to "deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences" was deemed "obscene" and could be banned on that basis. Thus, works by Balzac, Flaubert, James Joyce and D. H. Lawrence were banned based on isolated passages and the effect they might have on children.

Samuel Roth, who ran an adult book-selling business in New York City, was convicted under a federal statute criminalizing the sending of "obscene, lewd, lascivious or filthy" materials through the mail for advertising and selling a publication called American Aphrodite ("A Quarterly for the Fancy-Free") containing literary erotica and nude photography. David Alberts, who ran a mail-order business from Los Angeles, was convicted under a California statute for selling lewd and obscene books. The Court granted certiorari and affirmed both convictions.

Ruling
Roth came down as a 6–3 decision, with the opinion of the Court authored by William J. Brennan Jr. The Court repudiated the Hicklin test and defined obscenity more strictly, as material whose "dominant theme taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interest" of the "average person, applying contemporary community standards." Only material meeting this test could be banned as "obscene." However, Brennan reaffirmed that obscenity was not protected by the First Amendment and thus upheld the convictions of Roth and Alberts for publishing and sending obscene material through the mail.

Congress could ban material, "utterly without redeeming social importance," or in other words, "whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interest."

Chief Justice Earl Warren worried that "broad language used here may eventually be applied to the arts and sciences and freedom of communication generally," but, agreeing that obscenity is not constitutionally protected, concurred only in the judgment.

Justices Hugo Black and William O. Douglas, First Amendment "literalists," dissented in Roth, arguing vigorously that the First Amendment protected obscene material.

Justice John Marshall Harlan II dissented in Roth, involving a federal statute, but concurred in Alberts, involving a state law, on the grounds that while states had broad power to prosecute obscenity, the federal government did not.

Legacy

In Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966), a plurality of the Court further redefined the Roth test by holding unprotected only that which is "patently offensive" and "utterly without redeeming social value," but no opinion in that case could command a majority of the Court either, and the state of the law in the obscenity field remained confused.

Pornography and sexually oriented publications proliferated as a result of the Warren Court's holdings, the "Sexual Revolution" of the 1960s flowered, and pressure increasingly came on the Court to allow leeway for state and local governments to crack down on obscenity. During his ill-fated bid to become Chief Justice, Justice Abe Fortas was attacked vigorously in Congress by conservatives such as Strom Thurmond for siding with the Warren Court majority in liberalizing protection for pornography. In his 1968 presidential campaign, Richard Nixon campaigned against the Warren Court, pledging to appoint "strict constructionists" to the Supreme Court.

In Miller v. California (1973), a five-person majority agreed for the first time since Roth as to a test for determining constitutionally unprotected obscenity, thereby superseding the Roth test. By the time Miller was considered in 1973, Justice Brennan had abandoned the Roth test and argued that "no formulation of this Court, the Congress, or the States can adequately distinguish obscene material unprotected by the First Amendment from protected expression."

See also

 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 354
 Freedom of speech
 United States Bill of Rights
 United States Constitution
 One, Inc. v. Olesen, , an application of the Roth standard.
 Censorship

References

External links

 Summary of background and decision

United States Supreme Court cases
United States obscenity case law
United States Tenth Amendment case law
1957 in United States case law
American Civil Liberties Union litigation
Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court

Roth v. United States


Robert Gordon (1668–1731) was a Scottish merchant and philanthropist.

Biography

Early life
Robert Gordon was born in Aberdeen. He was the only son of Arthur Gordon who married Isabella Menzies of Balgownie. When Arthur Gordon, a well-respected advocate in the Edinburgh courts, died in 1680, he left his twelve-year-old son the sum of 20,000 merks (about £1,100, ).

When Gordon reached the age of sixteen he became a Burgess of the City of Aberdeen. Among other benefits, this entitled him to follow a merchant's trade in the town. During the next few years he attended Marischal College, graduating in 1689.

Career
Soon after graduating, he left Aberdeen, travelling far and wide around Northern Europe before finally settling in Gdańsk (also known as Danzig) where he established himself as a merchant trader. Over the next few decades he built a highly successful business and soon became wealthy. By 1692, he was rich enough to donate a large sum of money to his old college and by 1699, it appears that he was providing low interest loans to landowners in Aberdeenshire who needed working capital.

Return to Aberdeen, death, and legacy
Little more is known about his time on the Baltic Sea but by 1720 at the latest, he returned to Aberdeen a very wealthy man. However he had never married and had no heirs. Consequently, he decided that his fortune would be used to found 'a hospital for maintenance, aliment, entertainment and education of young boys' and wrote his will to that effect. He started work on the project in 1730. He died shortly thereafter of overeating, it is said, but the project had started and the funding remained, owing to his foresightedness, so work continued on the hospital.

Construction of the building was completed in 1743. However, before it could be used for its intended purpose, it was taken over by the Duke of Cumberland to use as a barracks for the Hanoverian troops on his visit to Aberdeen in 1746 to put down the Jacobite rising, and so the hospital did not open until 1750. During the nineteenth century the hospital developed in two different directions. The first, aimed at secondary education led directly to the modern private school, Robert Gordon's College. The second, aimed at tertiary education, developed in combination with external technical institutes such as Gray's School of Art, into an institution which achieved university status in the late twentieth century as Robert Gordon University.

Bibliography

1668 births
1731 deaths
People from Aberdeen
People associated with Robert Gordon University
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Burgesses in Scotland
Founders of Scottish schools and colleges

Robert Gordon (philanthropist)


Richard Adolf Bloch (February 15, 1926 – July 21, 2004) was an American entrepreneur, and philanthropist best known for starting the H&R Block tax preparation and personal finance company with his older brother Henry in 1955.  His personal experience with cancer led him to invest in helping others fight and overcome the disease.

Early life and education
Bloch was born to a Jewish family in Kansas City, the son of Hortense (Bienenstock) and Leon Bloch. In the 4th grade, Bloch found a hand press in his uncle's attic and began his first business as a printer. By the time he was 12, he had three automatic presses and was providing printing services to several Kansas City high schools.  He sold his business to an Iowa college to use as a print course teaching model.

When he was 16, he entered the Wharton School (part of the University of Pennsylvania).  In college Bloch was a member of Zeta Beta Tau, the campus' Jewish fraternity.  The youngest member of his class, he received a Bachelor of Science degree in economics in 1945. He helped pay his college expenses by purchasing used cars, repairing them and selling them for a profit.

Founding H. & R. Block
Bloch returned to Kansas City after graduating, married his wife, Annette, and began working in the municipal bond business. Around the same time, his brothers Henry and Leon launched the United Business Co. bookkeeping business. His brothers asked him to come aboard as an accountant.

Bloch left the business for about a year in 1953 to become a retail jewelry efficiency expert.  While stranded on a San Francisco business trip, he realized his family in Kansas City was a top priority and returned. Soon after, Leon left the bookkeeping business to pursue a career as an attorney.

In 1955, Henry and Richard Bloch renamed the business H&R Block, changing the spelling to avoid mispronunciation, and focused on tax preparation services. While Henry managed the company in Kansas City, Richard concentrated on nationwide expansion.  By 1969, he shifted his efforts overseas while Henry took charge of the company's domestic business.

Cancer
Bloch was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer in 1978, and told he had three months to live. He refused to accept the prognosis, and sought treatment at the M.D. Anderson Center in Houston, Texas. After two years of aggressive therapy, his cancer went into remission. By 1980, he was focusing his energies on funding cancer research, and in 1982 he sold his interest in H&R Block.

Richard and Annette Bloch founded the Cancer Hotline in 1980 to educate newly diagnosed cancer patients, and their friends and families about available treatment resources.  Later, they founded the R. A. Bloch Cancer Management Center and the R. A. Bloch Cancer Support Center at the University of Missouri–Kansas City. Ronald Reagan appointed him to a six-year term with the National Cancer Advisory Board in  1982. He was a member of the President's Circle of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Institutes of Health Office of Alternative Medicine.  He also received the 1994 American Society of Clinical Oncology's Public Service Award and the 1995 Layman's Award from the Society of Surgical Oncology.

In the late 1980s, Bloch was diagnosed with colon cancer, which was also successfully treated.

Death
Bloch died of heart failure on July 21, 2004, at the age of 78. He was survived by his wife, Annette (née Modell), daughters Linda Lyon, Barbara Stanny, and Nancy Linsely and ten grandchildren.

Bibliography
Co-written with his wife:

 Cancer... There's Hope (1981)  (1983 edition)
 Fighting Cancer: A Step-by-Step Guide to Helping Yourself Fight Cancer (1985)
 Guide for Cancer Supporters: Step-by-step Ways to Help a Relative or Friend Fight Cancer (1992)

References

External links
 Bloch Cancer Foundation

1926 births
2004 deaths
Businesspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
Writers from Kansas City, Missouri
American financial businesspeople
American health and wellness writers
Jewish American writers
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
H&R Block
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

Richard Bloch


Antonius Johannes van den Broek (4 May 1870, Zoetermeer – 25 October 1926, Bilthoven) was a Dutch amateur physicist notable for being the first who realized that the number of an element in the periodic table (now called atomic number) corresponds to the charge of its atomic nucleus. This hypothesis was published in 1911 and inspired the experimental work of Henry Moseley, who found good experimental evidence for it by 1913.

Life
Van den Broek was the son of a civil law notary and trained to be a lawyer himself. He studied at Leiden University and at the Sorbonne in Paris, obtaining a degree in 1895 in Leiden. From 1895 to 1900 he held a lawyers office in The Hague until 1900, after which he studied mathematical economy in Vienna and Berlin. However, from 1903 on, his main interest was physics. Much of the time between 1903 and 1911 he lived in France and Germany. Most of his papers he wrote between 1913 and 1916 while living in Gorssel. He married  Elisabeth Margaretha Mauve in 1906, with whom he had five children.

Major contribution to science
The idea of the direct correlation of the charge of the atom nucleus and the periodic table was contained in his paper published in Nature on 20 July 1911, just one month after Rutherford published the results of his experiments that showed the existence of a small charged nucleus in an atom (see Rutherford model). However, Rutherford's original paper noted only that the charge on the nucleus was large, on the order of about half of the atomic weight of the atom, in whole number units of hydrogen mass. Rutherford on this basis made the tentative suggestion that atomic nuclei are composed of numbers of helium nuclei, each with a charge corresponding to half of its atomic weight. This would make the nuclear charge nearly equal to atomic number in smaller atoms, with some deviation from this rule for the largest atoms, such as gold. For example, Rutherford found the charge on gold to be about 100 units and thought perhaps that it might be exactly 98 (which would be close to half its atomic weight). But gold's place in the periodic table (and thus its atomic number) was known to be 79.

Thus Rutherford did not make the proposal that the number of charges in the nucleus of an atom might be exactly equal to its place on the periodic table (atomic number). This is the idea put forward by Van den Broek. The number of the place of an element in the periodic table (or atomic number) at that time was not thought by most physicists to be a physical property. It was not until the work of Henry Moseley working with the Bohr model of the atom with the explicit idea of testing Van den Broek's theory, that it was realized that atomic number was indeed a purely physical property (the charge of the nucleus) which could be measured, and that Van den Broek's original guess had been correct, or very close to being correct. Moseley's work actually found (see Moseley's law) the nuclear charge best described by the Bohr equation and a charge of Z-1, where Z is the atomic number.

Henry Moseley, in his paper on atomic number and X-ray emission, mentions only the models of Rutherford and Van den Broek.

References

 H. A. M. Snelders (1979) BROEK, Antonius Johannes van den (1870-1926), Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland 1, The Hague. (in Dutch)
 E. R. Scerri (2007) The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press
 E.R. Scerri (2016) A Tale of Seven Scientists and A New Philosophy of Science, chapter 3, Oxford University Press

External links

1870 births
1926 deaths
20th-century Dutch lawyers
20th-century Dutch physicists
People involved with the periodic table
Leiden University alumni
People from Zoetermeer
University of Paris alumni
Dutch expatriates in France

Antonius van den Broek


Dent Island is an island just off the coast of Queensland, Australia. Dent Island is located at . Dent Island is part of the Whitsunday Group and lies immediately west of Hamilton Island. The Whitsunday Group is one of the Island Groups that together comprise the Whitsunday Islands (also known as the Greater Whitsunday Islands or Greater Whitsundays).

The earliest charts of the Whitsunday area showed only one island, named 'Passage Island' where Dent Island and Hamilton Island currently lie. It was not until 1866, when Commander G. S. Nares, Royal Navy, on , carried out a detailed survey of the northern waters of the Whitsunday Passage that the charts were amended to show two separate islands. Dent Island was named after Lieutenant Albert Dent of HMS Salamander.

Another small mangrove island in Queensland is known locally as "Dent Island", It is located in the Proserpine River just downstream of the mouth of Saltwater Creek.  It was given the name after the 33-ton steamer Ada Dent, which shipwrecked and sank in deep water off Lady Elliot Island on 21 June 1907.

Construction of the Hamilton Island Golf Club was completed on Dent Island and it was open to play from August 2009. This 18 hole golf course is operated by Hamilton Island. Designed by five times British Open winner Peter Thomson, the championship Par 71 course measures . Accessed by boat transfer from Hamilton Island it is billed as the only championship island golf course in Australia.

Lighthouse

In 1879 as part of a Government programme of improving navigational aids along the Queensland coast, a lighthouse was erected on the island, the first in the area. The lighthouse was converted to solar power in 1981 and destaffed in 1987.

See also

 List of islands of Australia

References

Whitsunday Islands
Islands of Queensland

Dent Island (Queensland)


An abrasive saw, also known as a cut-off saw or chop saw, is a circular saw (a kind of power tool) which is typically used to cut hard materials, such as metals, tile, and concrete. The cutting action is performed by an abrasive disc, similar to a thin grinding wheel. Technically speaking this is not a saw, as it does not use regularly shaped edges (teeth) for cutting.

These saws are available in a number of configurations, including table top, free hand, and walk behind models.  In the table top models, which are commonly used to cut tile and metal, the cutting wheel and motor are mounted on a pivoting arm attached to a fixed base plate.  Table top saws are often electrically powered and generally have a built-in vise or other clamping arrangement.  The free hand designs are typically used to cut concrete, asphalt, and pipe on construction sites.  They are designed with the handles and motor near the operator, with the blade at the far end of the saw.  Free hand saws do not feature a vise, because the materials being cut are larger and heavier.  Walk-behind models, sometimes called flat saws are larger saws which use a stand or cart to cut into concrete floors as well as asphalt and concrete paving materials.

Abrasive saws typically use composite friction disk blades to abrasively cut through the steel.  The disks are consumable items as they wear throughout the cut. The abrasive disks for these saws are typically  in diameter and  thick. Larger saws use  diameter blades. Disks are available for steel and stainless steel. Abrasive saws can also use superabrasive (i.e., diamond and cubic boron nitride or CBN) blades, which last longer than conventional abrasive materials and do not generate as hazardous particulate matter.  Superabrasive materials are more commonly used when cutting concrete, asphalt, and tile; however, they are also suitable for cutting ferrous metals.

Since their introduction, portable cut-off saws have made many building site jobs easier. With these saws, lightweight steel fabrication previously performed in workshops using stationary power bandsaws or cold saws can be done on-site. Abrasive saws have replaced more expensive and hazardous acetylene torches in many applications, such as cutting rebar.  In addition, these saws allow construction workers to cut through concrete, asphalt, and pipe on job sites in a more precise manner than is possible with heavy equipment.

See also
Angle grinder
Cold saw
Miter box
 Ring saw

References

Sources

External links
Saw Blade Troubleshooting

Cutting machines
Metalworking cutting tools
Saws

Abrasive saw


Donna  Noble is a character in the British television series Doctor Who. She is played by Catherine Tate. She is a secretary from Chiswick, London. She is a companion of the Tenth Doctor. She appears in one scene at the end of the last episode of the 2006 series, "Doomsday" (named in the credits only as "The Bride"), and in the second Christmas special, "The Runaway Bride". The character returned as The Doctor's  full-time companion for the whole of the fourth series in 2008.

Character history
During the 2006 series Christmas episode "The Runaway Bride", Donna Noble is a temporary secretary at H.C. Clements in London, a security firm which, unknown to her, concealed the Torchwood Institute up until its collapse following the events of "Doomsday", and was then taken  over by an alien intelligence. Her parents are Geoff and Sylvia Noble.

On Christmas Eve, the day of her wedding, she is accidentally pulled into the TARDIS because she has been drugged with Huon particles by her fiancé, Lance Bennett, because he was told to do so by Empress of the Racnoss. She aids the Doctor in defeating the Racnoss Empress, but says no to his invitation to travel with him — she is frightened not only by his adventures, but also by the Doctor himself. Having seen him commit genocide on the Racnoss, she urges him to find a new companion to act as his moral support. It was revealed later in "Turn Left" that the Doctor would have been killed while stopping the Racnoss if Donna was not there.
Reappearing in April 2008's Series four premiere, "Partners in Crime", Donna has become dissatisfied with regular life and more interested in the bigger picture. She regrets declining the Doctor's offer and has been investigating unusual phenomena in the hopes of finding the Doctor for some time. When investigating Miss Foster and Adipose Industries, the Londoner and the Time Lord are finally re-united. She expresses her regret to the Doctor for not joining him and after stopping Foster's plans to convert the whole of London into Adipose children she joins him in the TARDIS as a regular companion. She makes it explicit, however, that she has no romantic attachment to him as Martha Jones and Rose Tyler did.

In "The Fires of Pompeii", Donna continually argues with the Doctor over the moral issue of whether or not he should save the inhabitants of Pompeii from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius the next day. Ultimately, they are forced to cause the eruption to happen, weighing the destruction of the city against the fate of the whole world.

Donna was the Doctor's full time companion for all 13 episodes of Series 4.  Her return to the series sees her with her maternal grandfather, recurring character Wilfred Mott, as well as her mother, Sylvia.  Mott is played by Bernard Cribbins, whose appearance as a newspaper seller in Voyage of the Damned was merged into his new role following the death of Howard Attfield who played Donna's father in "The Runaway Bride". Donna has encountered the Racnoss, the Adipose, the Pyroviles, the Ood, the Sontarans, The Hath, Vespiforms, the Vashta Nerada, the Judoon, the Shadow Proclamation, and the Daleks.

In the final episode of the fourth series Journey's End the Doctor erased Donna's memory of him and left her on Earth. He warned that she'd "burn up" if she remembered him.

Donna is involved in The End Of Time. At Donna's Marriage, The Doctor gives Sylvia a winning Lottery ticket before moving on to meet the first of his companions, Rose Tyler.

References

Other websites
Donna's Story in 25 Seconds  at BBC.co.uk
 Donna Noble on the BBC's Doctor Who website

Doctor Who characters

Donna Noble (Doctor Who)


Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau (21 February 1770 – 27 November 1838) was a French soldier and political figure who rose to the rank of Marshal of France.

Biography

Born in Phalsbourg, Lorraine, he enlisted in the French Revolutionary Army in 1792. Serving in the early campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars, he was promoted to the rank of colonel by 1800.

He was promoted to général de brigade in 1805, after the establishment of the French Empire, and to général de division in 1807. Mouton distinguished himself in the battles of Jena, Landshut and Aspern-Essling. In 1810, he was created count of Lobau in recognition of his role in the battle of Aspern.

During the Russian Campaign, he acted as a senior aide-de-camp to Emperor Napoleon I of France. He then served with distinction during the 1813 campaign, seeing action at the Battles of Lützen and Bautzen.

After Dominique Vandamme was made prisoner during the battle of Kulm, Lobau commanded the retreat of the remnants of the corps. He served under Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr when, upon the retreat after the battle of Leipzig, the latter was trapped in Dresden and after the surrender of these forces he became a prisoner of the Austrian Empire for the rest of the war.

During the Hundred Days, Mouton rallied to Napoleon and was made commander of the VI Infantry Corps which he led in the battles of Ligny and Waterloo. At the Battle of Waterloo he distinguished himself in the defense of Plancenoit against the Prussians.

After the Second Restoration, Lobau was forced to go into exile until he was allowed to return to France in 1818. He was elected to the House of Representatives from 1828 to 1830 as a liberal, and, in 1830, he joined the July Revolution as commander of the National Guard.

As a reward for his services to King Louis-Philippe he was made a Marshal in 1831. He was also made a Peer of France in 1833. In 1832 and 1834, Lobau was assigned to suppress insurrections, a task in which he was successful.

Mouton died in Paris in 1838 as a result of an old wound.

References

External links

 About general Georges Mouton, from the website arcdetriomphe.info

1770 births
1838 deaths
People from Phalsbourg
Counts of the First French Empire
Politicians from Grand Est
Orléanists
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Hundred Days
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Bourbon Restoration
Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 3rd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
Marshals of France
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe

Georges Mouton


Pieter de Ring, or Ryng (1615/1620 – 22 September 1660) was a Dutch Golden Age painter, famous for his opulent, flashy still lifes or banquet pieces with fruit, a lobster, a goblet, shrimps, oysters, a rug and Chinese porcelain. His signature is often a painted ring or with the Latinised form of his name, P.Ab.Annulo.

Biography
De Ring was born either in Leiden, or in Ypres in Flanders, but there is no trace of his birth in the Leiden archives, and the Ypres Archives were destroyed in August 1914. Pieter de Ring started as a mason and painted still lifes in the evening. When the hall was filled with paintings he became a pupil of Jan Davidsz. de Heem, until 1635 living in Leiden. His father Daniel died in 1648; in 1657 his mother lived in Amsterdam. De Ring himself lived in a house at Hogewoerd.

There are no records in the Leiden Archive on his marriage or children. He appears not to have bought a house there nor wrote a will. What is known is that he became one of the founders a member and of the Guild of St. Luke in 1648, De Ring died in Leiden and was buried in the Pieterskerk, Leiden on 22 September 1660 and taken to church from a house in the Nonnensteeg. If he had his studio there he probably had a view on the Leiden Academy building. If he lived on the east side of the alley he had a beautiful view on the Hortus Botanicus of Leiden, the work of Clusius.

Pieter may have had a brother called Jan de Ringh, who became a citizen of Leiden in 1651. Jan originally came from Ypres, his profession was textile worker, just like his sons Daniel, Benjamin, and Pieter and many of the other Flemish immigrants in Leiden. The members of the Ringh family were specialized workers in serge, camlet or cloth.

The painting by Pieter de Ring in the Museum Geelvinck-Hinlopen Huis has a beautiful cloth on the table.  He knew how to make it look real. De Ring's early work reveals the influence of Willem Claesz Heda.

References

External links
 Pieter de Ring on artnet
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162729/http://www.ovckunst.nl/html/ckv3_bv/opdrachten/teksten_burg/ring.htm
 http://www.fineoldmasters.com/stilllifepainting29.html
 http://www.greatbassviol.com/images/ring.jpg

1660 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Painters from Leiden
Artists from Leiden
Artists from Ypres
Burials at Pieterskerk, Leiden
Year of birth uncertain
Year of birth unknown

Pieter de Ring


Abbey and West Dereham railway station was a railway station on the line between Downham Market and Stoke Ferry. It served the village of West Dereham and the nearby St Mary's Abbey, in Norfolk, England. It was located south of the village on what is still called Station Road:

History
Opened as Abbey by the Downham and Stoke Ferry Railway on 1 August 1882, the line was run from the beginning by the Great Eastern Railway (GER). The station was renamed twice: on 1 January 1886 it became Abbey for West Dereham; and in 1923 as a result of the Grouping the GER became part of the London and North Eastern Railway and the new owners renamed the station Abbey and West Dereham, this occurring on 1 July 1923. The station closed to passenger traffic on 22 September 1930.

The line became part of the Eastern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948.

Notes

References

External links
 Abbey and West Dereham station on navigable 1946 O. S. map

Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Disused railway stations in Norfolk
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1882
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1930
1882 establishments in England
1930 disestablishments in England

Abbey and West Dereham railway station


The Holarctic ecozone refers to the habitats found throughout the northern continents of the world as a whole.

This region is divided into the Palearctic and the Nearctic. The palearctic is Northern Africa and all of Eurasia, with the exception of Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The Nearctic is North America north of southern Mexico.

These are further subdivided into a variety of ecoregions.  Many ecosystems, and the animal and plant communities that depend on them, are found across multiple continents in large portions of this ecozone.

The continuity of these ecosystems results from the shared glacial history of this ecozone. Also, during glacial periods, mammal fauna was able to cross from Asia to North America via the Bering Strait.

Ecozones

Holarctic


Mikko Nissinen (born 4 March 1962) is a Finnish ballet dancer. He has danced with the Dutch National Ballet and San Francisco Ballet. He is the Artistic Director of Boston Ballet, a position he has held since 2002.

Born and raised in Finland, Nissinen started his training at age ten with the Finnish National Ballet School, continuing his studies at the Kirov Ballet School. His primary teachers were Jacobson, Damianov, Sokolov, and Teräsvuori. In 1978, he won First Prize at The National Ballet Competition in Kuopio, Finland. Launching his professional dance career at the age of fifteen, Nissinen went on to perform with the Dutch National Ballet, Basel Ballet and San Francisco Ballet, where he was Principal Dancer for nine years. After retiring from his performing career, he was Artistic Director for Marin Ballet and Alberta Ballet before coming to Boston.

References
Sparrow, Lori Smith. Voice of Dance July 1998.
Fanger, Iris. Dance Magazine Jan 2003.

External links
Boston Ballet website bio.

1962 births
Living people
Finnish male ballet dancers
San Francisco Ballet principal dancers
Finnish expatriates in the United States
20th-century ballet dancers
21st-century ballet dancers

Mikko Nissinen


Class 157 was the designation applied to a range of Diesel multiple unit trains of the Sprinter family planned for regional use, in particular for the Strathclyde Passenger Transport Executive. As well as the class number, British Rail reserved carriage numbers in the 526xx and 576xx series for these units.

As the Privatisation of British Rail began, this project became unviable as resources were concentrated on the privatisation process, leading to the famous 1064-day 'drought' of new train orders. By the time this period was over, plans had moved on and Stratchclyde ended up receiving a batch of Class 170 units.

157

British Rail Class 157