In Ireland Counties are divided into Civil Parishes and Parishes are further divided into townlands. The following is a list of townlands in County Armagh, Northern Ireland:

A
Abbey Park, Acton, Aghacommon, Aghadavoyle, Aghamoat, Aghanergill or Corglass, Aghanore, Aghantaraghan, Aghavilly, Aghayalloge, Aghincurk, Aghinlig, Aghmakane, Aghnacloy, Aghory, Allistragh, Altaturk, Altnamackan, Altnaveigh, Annaboe, Annaclare, Annaclarey, Annacloghmullin, Annacramph, Annagh, Annaghananny, Annagharap, Annaghboy or Rosebrook, Annaghgad, Annaghmacmanus, Annaghmare, Annaghmore, Annagora, Annahagh, Annahaia, Annahugh, Annakeera, Annaloist, Annamoy, Annareagh, Annasamry, Ardgonnell, Ardmore, Ardrea, Ardress East, Ardress West, Armaghbreague, Artabrackagh, Artasooly, Aughadanove, Aughanduff, Aughantarragh and Corr, Aughlish, Aughnacloy, Aughnagurgan, Aughrafin

B
Ballaghy, Ballard, Balleer, Ballenan, Ballinatate, Ballindarragh, Ballinlare, Ballinliss, Ballintaggart, Ballintemple, Ballyanny, Ballyards, Ballyargan, Ballyblagh, Ballybrannan, Ballybreagh, Ballybrocky, Ballybrolly, Ballycoffey or Ballyhoy, Ballycrummy, Ballydogherty, Ballydonaghy, Ballydoo, Ballyfodrin, Ballygargan, Ballygasey, Ballygassoon, Ballygorman, Ballygroobany, Ballyhagan, Ballyhannon, Ballyheridan, Ballykeel, Ballyknick, Ballyknock, Ballylane, Ballyleny, Ballylisk, Ballyloughan, Ballymacanab, Ballymacawley, Ballymacdermot, Ballymackilmurry, Ballymacrandal, Ballymacully Upper, Ballymagerny, Ballymakeown, Ballymartrim Otra, Ballymoran, Ballymore, Ballynacarry, Ballynaclosha, Ballynacor, Ballynagalliagh, Ballynaghy, Ballynagolan, Ballynagowan, Ballynagreagh, Ballynahinch, Ballynahone Beg, Ballynahone More, Ballynalack, Ballynaleck, Ballynameta or Wood Park, Ballynamony, Ballynarea, Ballynarry, Ballynery, Ballynewry, Ballyoran, Ballyrath, Ballyrea, Ballyreagh, Ballyscandal, Ballysheil Beg, Ballysheil More, Ballytroddan, Ballytrue, Ballytyrone, Ballyvally, Ballywilly, Ballyworkan, Baltarran, Balteagh, Baltylum, Belleek, Blackwatertown or Lisbofin, Bocombra, Boconnell, Bolton, Bondville or Tullybrick Etra, Borough of Charlemont, Bottlehill, Brackagh, Brackly, Bracknagh, Brannock, Breagh, Breaghy, Brootally, Broughan, Brughas, Bryandrum

C
Cabragh, Calone, Camagh, Camly (Ball), Camly (Macullagh), Canary, Canoneill, Cappagh, Cargaclogher, Cargagh, Cargalisgorran, Carganamuck, Cargans, Carn, Carnacally, Carnagat,  Carnally, Carnavanaghan, Carnbane, Carran, Carrick, Carrickabolie, Carrickacullion, Carrickaldreen, Carrickaloughran, Carrickamone, Carrickananny, Carrickaness, Carrickastickan, Carrickbrack, Carrickbrackan, Carrickbroad, Carrickcloghan, Carrickcroppan, Carrickduff, Carrickgallogly, Carricklane, Carricknagalliagh, Carricknagavna, Carrickrovaddy, Carricktroddan, Carrigans, Carrive, Carrivekenny, Carrivemaclone, Carrowmannan, Carrowmoney, Carryhugh, Cashel, Castleraw, Causanagh, Cavan, Cavanacaw, Cavanagarvan, Cavanagrow, Cavanakill, Cavanapole, Cavanballaghy, Cavandoogan, Charlemont, Borough of, Clady Beg, Clady More, Clankilvoragh, Clanrolla, Claranagh, Clarbane, Clare, Clarkill, Clay, Cloghan, Clogharevan, Cloghfin, Cloghinny, Cloghoge, Cloghreagh, Clonakle, Clonalig, Clonamola, Cloncarrish, Cloncore, Clonlum, Clonmacash, Clonmain, Clonmakate, Clonmartin, Clonmore, Clonroot, Clontycarty, Clontyclay, Clontygora, Clontylew, Cloven Eden, Clownagh, Coharra, College Hall or Marrassit, Coney Flat Island, Coney Island, Cooey, Coolderry, Coolkill, Coolmillish, Coolyhid, Copney, Coragh, Corbracky, Corcrain, Corcreevy, Corcrum, Corcullentragh More, Cordrain, Cordrummond, Corernagh, Corfehan, Corglass or Aghanergill, Corhammock, Corkley, Corlat, Corliss, Corlust, Cornacrew, Cornagrally, Cornahove, Cornakinnegar, Cornalack, Cornamucklagh, Cornascreeb, Cornoonagh, Corr and Aughantarragh, Corr and Dunavally, Corran, Corrinare, Corrinshigo, Corrinure, Corry, Cortamlat, Cor Tynan, Cranagill, Crann, Creaghan, Crearum or Fellow's Hall, Creenagh, Creenkill, Creeve, Creevekeeran, Creeveroe, Creggan Bane Glebe, Creggan Duff, Creggan Lower, Crew Beg, Crewcat,  Crew More, Croaghan Island, Cronkill, Cross, Crossbane, Crossdall, Crossdened, Crossmacahilly, Crossmaglen, Crossmore, Crossnamoyle, Crossnenagh, Crossreagh or Doohat, Crunagh, Crunaght, Culkeeran, Cullaville, Cullentragh, Cullyhanna Big, Cushenny

D
Damoily, Darkley, Darton, Demesne, Demesne or Parkmore, Demoan, Derlett, Dernalea, Dernasigh, Derrinraw, Derry, Derryadd, Derryall, Derryallen, Derryane, Derryanvil, Derryaugh, Derry Beg, Derrybrughas, Derrycaw, Derrycoose, Derrycor, Derrycorry North, Derrycory, Derrycrew, Derrycughan, Derrydorragh, Derryhale, Derryhaw, Derryhennet, Derryhirk, Derryhubbert North, Derryinver, Derrykeeran, Derrykeevan, Derrykerran, Derrylard, Derrylee, Derrylettiff, Derrylileagh, Derrylisnahavil, Derryloste, Derryloughan, Derrymacash, Derrymacfall, Derrymagowan, Derrymattry, Derry More, Derrynaught, Derryneskan, Derryraine, Derryscollop, Derrytagh North, Derrytrasna, Derryvane, Derryvore, Derrywilligan, Dillay, Dinnahorra, Diviny, Doctor's Quarter, Donagreagh, Doogary, Doohat or Crossreagh, Dorsey, Dorsey (Hearty), Dougher, Downs or Drumarg, Dressogagh, Dromintee, Drum, Drumacanver, Drumachee, Drumahean, Drumalane, Drumalaragh, Drumalis, Drumaltnamuck, Drumanphy, Drumard (Jones), Drumard (Primate), Drumarg or Downs, Drumarn, Drumart, Drumask or Ballycullen, Drumatee, Drumbally, Drumbanagher, Drumbee, Drumbee Beg, Drumbeecross, Drumboy, Drumcarn, Drumconwell, Drumcoote, Drumcree, Drumcrow, Drumcullen, Drumderg, Drumduff, Drumennis, Drumfergus, Drumgane, Drumgar, Drumgarran, Drumgask, Drumgaw, Drumgolliff, Drumgoose, Drumgor, Drumgose, Drumgreenagh, Drumharriff, Drumherney, Drumhillery, Drumhirk, Drumilly, Druminallyduff, Druminargal, Druminure, Drumlack, Drumlellum, Drumlisnagrilly, Drumlougher, Drumman, Drumman Beg, Drummannon, Drummeland, Drummenagh, Drummilt, Drummond, Drummuck, Drummuckavall, Drumnacanvy, Drumnaglontagh, Drumnagloy, Drumnagoon, Drumnahavil, Drumnahoney, Drumnahunshin, Drumnakelly, Drumnaleg, Drumnamether, Drumnamoe, Drumnasoo, Drumnevan, Drumnykerne, Drumogher, Drumorgan, Drumrusk, Drumsallan Lower, Drumsavage, Drumshallan, Drumsill, Duburren, Dunavally and Corr, Dundrum, Dunesmullan, Dunlarg, Duvernagh

E
Eagralougher, Edenappa, Edenaveys, Edenderry, Edenykennedy, Edenknappagh, Eglish, Ellisholding, Elm Park or Mullaghatinny, Enagh, Ennislare, Eshwary

F
Fairview or Mucklagh, Farmacaffly, Farnaloy, Farra, Farranamucklagh, Fathom Lower, Federnagh, Fellows Hall or Crearum, Fergort, Fernagreevagh, Finiskin, Foley, Foughill Etra, Foughill Otra, Foyarr, Foy Beg, Foyduff, Freeduff

G
Gallrock, Garvagh, Garvaghy, Glasdrumman, Glasdrummanaghy, Glasdrummond, Glebe, Goragh, Gortmalegg, Gosford Demesne, Granemore, Grange Blundel, Grange Lower, Grangemore, Grange Upper, Greenan, Greyhillan

H
Hacknahay, Hamiltonsbawn, Hanslough

I
Iskymeadow, Island Spa

J
Johnstown

K
Keady Beg, Keenaghan, Keggall, Kennedies, Kernan, Kilbracks, Kilcam, Kilcarn, Kilcon, Kilcreevy Etra, Killaghy, Killeen, Killuney, Killybodagh, Killycapple, Killycarn Lower, Killycomain, Killyfaddy, Killylea, Killylyn, Killymaddy, Killynure, Killyquin, Killyreavy, Killyruddan, Kilmacanty, Kilmachugh, Kilmagamish, Kilmatroy, Kilmonaghan, Kilmore, Kilmoriarty, Kilrea, Kiltubbrid, Kiltybane or Lisleitrim, Kilvergan, Kincon, Kingarve, Kinnegoe, Kishaboy, Knappagh, Knock, Knockaconey, Knockagraffy, Knockaneagh, Knockavannon, Knockbane, Knockduff, Knockmenagh, Knocknamuckly, Knocknashane, Knockramer, Knockrevan

L
Lagan, Laraghshankill, Latbirget, Latmacollum, Latt, Lattery, Legacorry or Rich Hill, Legaghory, Legagilly or Tyross, Leganny, Legarhill, Legavilly, Legmoylin, Lemnagore, Lenalea, Lesh, Levaghery, Levalleglish, Levallymore, Lisadian, Lisamry, Lisavague, Lisbane, Lisbanoe, Lisbofin or Blackwatertown, Liscalgat, Liscorran, Lisdonwilly, Lisdown, Lisdrumard, Lisdrumbrughas, Lisdrumchor Lower, Lisdrumgullion, Lisdrumliska, Lisglynn, Liskyborough, Lislasly, Lislea, Lisleitrim or Kiltybane, Lisloony, Lisnadill, Lisnafeedy, Lisnagat, Lisnagree, Lisnakea, Lisnalee, Lisnamintry, Lisneany, Lisnisk, Lisnisky, Lisraw, Lissagally, Lissaraw, Lissheagh or Mount Irwin, Lissheffield, Lisslanly, Lissummon, Listarkelt, Longfield, Longstone, Loughgall, Loughross, Lurgaboy, Lurgan, Lurgana, Lurgancot, Lurgancullenboy, Lurgantarry, Lurgyross, Lurgyvallen, Lylo

M
Macantrim, Maddan, Magaraty, Magherarville, Maghernahely, Maghery, Magherydogherty, Maghery Kilcrany, Maghnavery, Maghon, Manooney, Maphoner, Marlacoo Beg, Marrassit or College Hall, Mavemacullen, Maydown, Maynooth, Maytone, Maytown, Meigh, Middletown, Monaguillagh, Monbrief, Monclone, Money, Moneycree, Moneypatrick, Moneyquin, Monog, Moodoge, Mounthill, Mount Irwin or Lissheagh, Mountnorris, Mowillin, Moybane, Moyraverty, Moyrourkan, Muckery, Mucklagh or Fairview, Mulladry, Mullaghatinny or Elm Park, Mullaghbane, Mullaghbrack, Mullaghduff, Mullaghglass, Mullaghmore, Mullahead, Mullalelish, Mullaletragh, Mullan, Mullanary, Mullanasilla, Mullantine, Mullantur, Mullavilly, Mullenakill South, Mullurg, Mullyard, Mullyleggan, Mullyloughan, Mullyloughran

N
Naul, Navan, Newtown

O
Outlack, Outleckan

P
Parkmore or Demesne, Phil Roe's Flat, Pollnagh, Portnelligan

R
Racarbry, Ratarnet, Rathconvil, Rathcumber, Rathdrumgran, Rathkeelan, Rathtrillick, Rawes, Reedy Flat, Reen, Rich Hill or Legacorry, Richmount or Aghavellan, Rockmacreeny, Rocks, Rosebrook, Roughan, Rowan, Roxborough

S
Salters Grange, Seaboughan, Seafin, Seagahan, Seagoe Lower, Seagoe Upper, Selshion, Serse, Shanecrackan Beg, Shaneglish, Shankill, Shanmullagh or Ballycullen, Shanroe, Shantally, Shean, Sheetrim, Sheiland, Shewis, Silverwood, County Armagh, Silverwood, Skegatillida, Skerries, Skerriff (Tichburn), Skerriff (Trueman), Slieve Gullion, Spa Island, Sturgan

T
Taghnevan, Tamlaght, Tamnaficarbet, Tamnafiglassan, Tamnaghbane, Tamnaghmore, Tamnaghvelton, Tandragee, Tannaghmore, Tannaghmore North, Tannaghmore South, Tannaghmore West, Tannyoky, Tarsan, Tarthlogue, Tassagh, Tavanagh, Teagy, Teemore, Teer, Teeraw, Teer Island, Terraskane, Terryhoogan, Tievecrom, Tievenamara, Timakeel, Timulkenny, Tireagerty, Tirearly, Tirgarriff, Tirgarve, Tirmacrannon, Tirnascobe, Tirsogue, Tivernacree, Toberhewny,  Tonnagh, Tray, Tullyah, Tullyallen, Tullyargle, Tullybrick Etra or Bondville, Tullybrick (Hamilton), Tullybrone, Tullycallidy, Tullydagan, Tullydonnell (Gage), Tullygally, Tullyglush (Kane), Tullyglush (Nevin), Tullyherron, Tullyhirm, Tullyhugh, Tullykevan, Tullylinn, Tullylost, Tullymacann, Tullymore, Tullynacross, Tullynagin, Tullynavall, Tullyogallaghan, Tullyroan, Tullyronnelly, Tullysaran, Tullyvallan, Tullyvallan Hamilton East, Tullyvallan Tipping East, Tullyvallan Tipping West,  Tullywinny, Tullyworgle, Turcarra, Turry, Tynan, Tyross or Legagilly

U
Umgola, Ummerinvore, Unshog

W
Wood Park

See also
List of civil parishes of County Armagh

References

Armagh
Armagh
Armagh
Townlands

List of townlands of County Armagh


James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, novelist, playwright and short story writer. Hughes was one of the writers and artists whose work was called the Harlem Renaissance.

Hughes grew up as a poor boy from Missouri, the descendant of African people who had been taken to America as slaves. At that time, the term used for African-Americans was "negro" which means a person with black skin. Most "negroes" did not remember or think about their link with the people of Africa, even though it was a big influence on their culture and, in particular, their music. Hughes was unusual for his time, because he went back to West Africa to understand more about his own culture. Through his poetry, plays, and stories, Hughes helped other black Americans to see themselves as part of a much bigger group of people, so that now the term "African-American" is used with pride.

Hughes became a famous writer, but all his life he remembered how he started out, and he helped and encouraged many other struggling writers.

Life

Childhood
Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. His parents were James Hughes and Carrie Langston Hughes who was a teacher. Langston's father, James Hughes, was so upset about the racism towards African-Americans that he left his family and moved to Mexico. During his childhood, Hughes was cared for by his grandmother, in Lawrence, Kansas while his mother worked to support the family. Langston's grandmother was a great story teller. She told stories that made him feel proud to be an African-American.

After his grandmother died, Hughes and his mother moved about 12 times until settling in Cleveland, and then, as a teenager went to live in Lincoln, Illinois with his mother, who had remarried. He was often left alone because his mother was at work. Even though his childhood was difficult and had lots of changes, he was able to use these things in the poetry that he started to write while he was at school. He never forgot the stories of his grandmother and tried to help other African-Americans when they were having problems. These were the people that he later wrote about in his own stories.

When Hughes went to school in Lincoln, there were only two African-American children in the class. The teacher talked to them about poetry. She said that what a poem needed most was rhythm. Langston later said that he had rhythm in his blood because, "as everyone knows", all African-Americans have rhythm. The children made him the "class poet".

At high school in Cleveland, Ohio, Langston learned to love reading. He loved the poetry of the American poets Paul Laurence Dunbar and Carl Sandburg. He wrote articles for the school newspaper, he edited the school yearbook and he wrote his first short stories and plays.

Hughes' father and Columbia University
When Langston Hughes was 17, he went to spend some time with his father in Mexico. He was so unhappy while he was there that he thought about committing suicide. Hughes could not understand how his father felt. He said: "I had been thinking about my father and his strange dislike of his own people. I didn't understand it, because I was a Negro, and I liked Negroes very much!"

Hughes later wrote this poem:

"The night is beautiful,
So the faces of my people.

The stars are beautiful,
So the eyes of my people

Beautiful, also, is the sun.
Beautiful, also, are the souls of my people."

When he was finished at high school in Lincoln in 1920, he went back to Mexico, to ask his father to pay for him to go to university. Hughes' father was a lawyer and a wealthy landowner. He could afford to send his son to university but he made difficulties about it. He said that Hughes could only go to university if he went overseas and studied engineering. Hughes wanted to go to a university in the US. After a time, they made an agreement that he should go to Columbia University but study engineering, not an arts degree. He went to Columbia in 1921 but left in 1922, partly because of the racism in the university.

Adult life
Until 1926 Hughes did many different types of work. In 1923 he went as a crewman on the ship "S.S.Malone" and went to West Africa and Europe. He left the ship and stayed for a short time in Paris where he joined several other African-Americans who were living there. In November 1924, Hughes returned to the U.S. to live with his mother in Washington, D.C.. In 1925 he got a job as an assistant to Carter G. Woodson who worked with the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. Hughes did not enjoy his work because he did not have enough time to write, so he left and got a job as a "busboy", wiping tables and washing dishes at a hotel. Hughes is sometimes called "The Busboy Poet". Meanwhile, some of his poems were published in magazines and were being collected together for his first book of poetry. While he was working at the hotel he met the poet Vachel Lindsay, who helped to make Hughes known as a new African-American poet.

In 1926 Hughes began studying at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. He had help from patrons, Amy Spingarn, who gave him $300 and "Godmother" Charlotte Osgood Mason. Hughes graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1929 and became a Doctor of Letters in 1943. He was also given an honorary doctorate by Howard University. For the rest of his life, except when he travelled to the Caribbean or West Indies, Hughes lived in Harlem, New York.

Langston Hughes sometimes went out with women, but he never married. People who have studied his life and poetry are sure that he was homosexual. In the 1930s it was harder to be open about being gay than it is nowadays. His poetry has lots of symbols which are used by other homosexual writers. Hughes thought that men who had very dark skin were particularly beautiful. It seems from his poetry that he was in love with an African-American man. He also wrote a story which might tell of his own experience. Blessed Assurance is the story of a father's anger because his son is "queer" and acts like a girl.

Hughes' life and work were an important part of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, alongside those Zora Neale Hurston, Wallace Thurman, Countee Cullen, Richard Bruce Nugent, and Aaron Douglas, who together started a magazine Fire!! Devoted to Younger Negro Artists. Hughes and these friends did not always agree with the ideas of some of the other African-American writers who were also part of the Harlem Renaissance because they thought their ideas were Middle class and that they treated others who had darker skin, less education and less money with discrimination. All his life, Hughes never forgot the lessons that he learned about poor and uneducated African-Americans in the stories that his grandmother told.

In 1960, the NAACP awarded Hughes the "Spingarn Medal" for "distinguished achievements by an African American". Hughes became a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1961. In 1973, an award was named after him, the "Langston Hughes Medal", awarded by the City College of New York.

Hughes became a famous American poet, but he was always ready to help other people, particularly young black writers. He was worried that many young writers hated themselves, and expressed these feelings to the world. He tried to help people feel pride, and not worry about the prejudice of other people. He also tried to help young African-Americans not to express hatred and prejudice towards white Americans.

Hughes wrote:

"The younger Negro artists who create now intend to express
our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame.
If white people are pleased we are glad. If they are not,
it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly, too.
The tom-tom cries, and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people
are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure
doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow,
strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain
free within ourselves."
(A tom-tom is an African drum)

Death
On May 22, 1967, Hughes died in New York City at the age of 65 after having surgery for prostate cancer. His ashes are buried under the floor of the Langston Hughes Auditorium in the Arthur Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem. Over his ashes is a circle with an African design called "Rivers." At the centre of the design are words from a poem by Hughes: "My soul has grown deep like the rivers."

The Negro speaks of Rivers

I've known rivers:
I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the
flow of human blood in human veins.My soul has grown deep like the rivers.

I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young.
I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep.
I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it.
I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln
went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy
bosom turn all golden in the sunset.

I've known rivers:
Ancient, dusky rivers.My soul has grown deep like the rivers.

 Works by Langston Hughes
 Poetry
 The Weary Blues. Knopf, 1926
 Fine Clothes to the Jew. Knopf, 1927
 The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931
 Dear Lovely Death, 1931
 The Dream Keeper and Other Poems. Knopf, 1932
 Scottsboro Limited: Four Poems and a Play. N.Y.: Golden Stair Press, 1932
 Shakespeare in Harlem. Knopf, 1942
 Freedom's Plow. 1943
 Fields of Wonder. Knopf,1947
 One-Way Ticket. 1949
 Montage of a Dream Deferred. Holt, 1951
 Selected Poems of Langston Hughes. 1958
 Ask Your Mama: 12 Moods for Jazz. Hill & Wang, 1961
 The Panther and the Lash: Poems of Our Times, 1967
 The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes. Knopf, 1994
 Let America Be America Again 2005

 Fiction
 Not Without Laughter. Knopf, 1930
 The Ways of White Folks. Knopf, 1934
 Simple Speaks His Mind. 1950
 Laughing to Keep from Crying, Holt, 1952
 Simple Takes a Wife. 1953
 Sweet Flypaper of Life, photographs by Roy DeCarava. 1955
 Simple Stakes a Claim. 1957
 Tambourines to Glory (book), 1958
 The Best of Simple. 1961
 Simple's Uncle Sam. 1965
 Something in Common and Other Stories. Hill & Wang, 1963
 Short Stories of Langston Hughes. Hill & Wang, 1996

 Non-fiction
 The Big Sea. New York: Knopf, 1940
 Famous American Negroes. 1954
 Marian Anderson: Famous Concert Singer. 1954
 I Wonder as I Wander. New York: Rinehart & Co., 1956
 A Pictorial History of the Negro in America, with Milton Meltzer. 1956
 Famous Negro Heroes of America. 1958
 Fight for Freedom: The Story of the NAACP. 1962

 Major plays
 Mule Bone, with Zora Neale Hurston. 1931
 Mulatto. 1935 (renamed The Barrier, an opera, in 1950)
 Troubled Island, with William Grant Still. 1936
 Little Ham. 1936
 Emperor of Haiti. 1936
 Don't You Want to be Free? 1938
 Street Scene (opera)|Street Scene, contributed lyrics. 1947
 Tambourines to glory. 1956
 Simply Heavenly. 1957
 Black Nativity. 1961
 Five Plays by Langston Hughes. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963.
 Jericho-Jim Crow. 1964

 Works for children
 Popo and Fifina, with Arna Bontemps. 1932
 The First Book of the Negroes. 1952
 The First Book of Jazz. 1954
 The First Book of Rhythms. 1954
 The First Book of the West Indies. 1956
 First Book of Africa. 1964

 Other
 The Langston Hughes Reader. New York: Braziller, 1958.
 Good Morning Revolution: Uncollected Social Protest Writings by Langston Hughes. Lawrence Hill, 1973.
 The Collected Works of Langston Hughes''. Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2001.

Notes

References
 The references which follow are those used in the writing of the original article.
 Aldrich, Robert (2001). Who's Who in Gay & Lesbian History. Routledge.
 Bernard, Emily (2001). Remember Me to Harlem: The Letters of Langston Hughes and Carl Van Vechten, 1925-1964. Knopf.
 Berry, Faith (1983.1992,). Langston Hughes: Before and Beyond Harlem. In On the Cross of the South, p. 150; & Zero Hour, p. 185-186. Citadel Press
 Hughes, Langstong (2001). Fight for Freedom and Other Writings on Civil Rights (Collected Works of Langston Hughes, Vol 10). In Christorpher C. DeSantis (Ed). Introduction, p. 9. University of Missouri Press
 Hutson, Jean Blackwell; & Nelson, Jill (February 1992). "Remembering Langston". Essence magazine, p. 96.
 Joyce, Joyce A. (2004). A Historical Guide to Langston Hughes. In Steven C. Tracy (Ed.), Hughes and Twentieth-Century Genderracial Issues, p. 136. Oxford University Press
 Nero, Charles I. (1997).Queer Reprensentations: Reading Lives, Reading Cultures. In Martin Duberman (Ed.), Re/Membering Langston, p. 192. New York University Press
 Nero, Charles I. (1999).Columbia Reader on Lesbians and Gay Men in Media, Society, and Politics. In Larry P. Gross & James D. Woods (Eds.), In Free Speech or Hate Speech: Pornography and its Means of Production, p. 500. Columbia University Press
 Nichols, Charles H. (1980). Arna Bontempts-Langston Hughes Letters, 1925-1967. Dodd, Mead & Company.
 Hans Ostrom|Ostrom, Hans (1993). Langston Hughes: A Study of the Short Fiction. New York: Twayne.
 Hans Ostrom|Ostrom, Hans (2002). A Langston Hughes Encyclopedia. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002.
 Arnold Rampersad|Rampersad, Arnold (1986). The Life of Langston Hughes Volume 1: I, Too, Sing America. Oxford University Press
 Arnold Rampersad|Rampersad, Arnold (1988). The Life of Langston Hughes Volume 2: I Dream A World. In Ask Your Mama!, p. 336. Oxford University Press
 Schwarz, Christa A.B. (2003). Gay Voices of the Harlem Renaissance. In Langston Hughes: A "true 'people's poet",pp. 68–88. Indiana University Press
 West, Sandra L. (2003). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. In Aberjhani & Sandra West (Ed.), Langston Hughes, p. 162. Checkmark Press

Related pages
 Harlem Renaissance

Other websites

 Poems by Langston Hughes at PoetryFoundation.org
 A selection of Langston Hughes's more political poetry
 The Negro Artist and The Racial Mountain by Langston Hughes
 Beinecke Library,Yale University, Langston Hughes at 100
 Langston Hughes in Lawrence, KS: Photographs & Biographical Resources
 Phat African American Poetry Book
 Langston Hughes Papers on deposit at Yale
 America's Library, Library of Congress, Langston Hughes
 I Hear America Singing, PBS.ORG
 Obituary of Langston Hughes, The New York Times
 Atrium where the ashes of Langston Hughes reside in the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem
 List of previewable works on Google Book Search by and concerning Langston Hughes

1902 births
1967 deaths
African American writers
American children's writers
American communists
American LGBT people
American novelists
American playwrights
American poets
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from surgical complications
Gay men
LGBT African Americans
LGBT novelists
LGBT playwrights
LGBT poets
People from Joplin, Missouri
Writers from Missouri
People from Lawrence, Kansas

Langston Hughes


The Honda Domani (Japanese:ホンダ・ドマーニ|ホンダ・ドマーニ) is a caur made bi Honda an marketit in east Asie, includin Japan. It wis introduced in November 1992, replacin the Concerto in Honda's lineup, awtho that model lastit till 1995 in Europe.

"Domani" is Italian for "tomorrow".

It is hivily based on the early 1990s version o the Honda Civic (chassis code EG) an production endit in September 2004.

The Domani saloon haed 1.5 an 1.8 ingines at first (frae 1992 tae 1993), then a 1.6i petrol ingine frae 1993 onwards. Trim levels wur DX, LX an EX.

On the domestic mercat the caur wis oaffered as a 4-door sedan. In Europe, 5-door hatchback an wagon variants wur available. Thay wur sauld as pairt o the Honda Civic range alangside the existin Civics frae 1995 tae 2001.

The Honda Domani is sib tae the Rover 400 saloon, wi whilk it shared virtually aw its main components. Renamed the Rover 45 whan faceliftit in 1999, it wis an aa sauld as a saloon, cawed the MG ZS, frae 2001.

The Rover/MG variant wis produced till MG Rover went intae administration in 2005. In Japan, the Domani wis an aa rebadged as the Isuzu Gemini.

An Acura version o the Domani wis an aa biggit in Canadae for the Canadian mercat, cawed the Acura 1.6 EL. This caur wis an aa exportit back tae Japan an Taiwan, but wi the Domani badgin. Thay are the same caur in the wey that the Acura RL is the Honda Legend ootside o North Americae.

Fremmit airtins

 Honda Domani Manual

Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Domani

Honda Domani


Kadaif noodles are a type of thin Turkish noodles. They are made of flour and water that is poured through a sieve onto a hot metal cooking tray. The cooking time is very short. They are used to make Middle Eastern desserts and other foods around the Mediterranean Sea. It is a popular Turkish dessert like Baklava and Kanafeh.

The dough is made out of flour and water, combined into a thick batter. The batter is poured into a perforated tin having about fifteen "teeth." This tin is held over a metal hot plate. As the batter is poured through the tin onto the hot metal, the kadaife partially cooks and dries into long thin strands resembling noodles or shredded wheat. It is tightly rolled up into oblong rolls and packaged.

Other websites

  Kadayif, Sweet Noodles in the Turkish Cooking Everyday Blog
  Kadaif Noodles in the Martha Stewart website

Desserts
Turkish food
Middle Eastern foods

Kadaif


James Branch Cabell (1879 – 1958) was an American writer. He wrote fantasy fiction. His name is pronounced "CAB-ble".

Life
Cabell was born and lived most of his life in Richmond, Virginia. He spent the winters in Florida until the death of his first wife in 1949. He retired in Florida.

Cabell was born into a rich Virginian family. His father, Robert Gamble Cabell II (1847–1922), was a physician. His mother, Anne Harris (1859–1915), was the daughter of Col. and Mrs James R. Branch. Cabell's great-grandfather, William H. Cabell, was Governor of Virginia from 1805 to 1808. Cabell was the oldest of three boys . His brothers were Robert Gamble Cabell III (1881–1968) and John Lottier Cabell (1883–1946). His parents separated and were later divorced in 1907.

He went to the College of William and Mary in 1894 at the age of fifteen. He graduated in 1898. While an undergraduate, Cabell taught French and Greek at the college. Ellen Glasgow, a writer and close friend of Cabell said that he had a friendship with a professor at the college which some people thought was "too intimate". Because of this, Cabell had to leave the college. He was later allowed back and finished his degree.

Cabell worked from 1898 to 1900 as a newspaper reporter in New York City. He returned to Richmond in 1901. In Richmond, he worked several months for the Richmond News.

Many things happened to Cabell in 1901. His first stories were accepted for publication. It was believed for a short time that Cabell murdered John Scott, a rich person in Richmond. There was a rumor that Scott was "involved" with Cabell's mother.

In 1902, seven of his stories appeared in national magazines. Over the ten years, he wrote many short stories and articles. These were published in well-known magazines including Harper's Monthly Magazine and the Saturday Evening Post.

Between 1911 and 1913, he worked for his uncle in the office of the Branch coal mines in West Virginia. On November 8, 1913, he married Priscilla Bradley Shepherd. She was a widow with five children from an earlier marriage. In 1915, Priscilla gave birth to a son, Ballard Hartwell Cabell. Priscilla died in March of 1949. In June 1950, Cabell married Margaret Waller Freeman.

During his life, Cabell published fifty-two books. These included novels, genealogy, collections of short stories, poetry, and miscellanea. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1937. Today, the modern languages house and an endowed law professorship at the College of William and Mary are named for him.

Cabell died of a cerebral hemorrhage. He is buried in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond.

In 1970, Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond named its main campus library "James Branch Cabell Library". In the 1970s, Cabell's library and personal papers were moved from his home on Monument Avenue to the James Branch Cabell Library. The collection includes some 3,000 volumes, manuscripts, notebooks and scrapbooks, periodicals, letters (including conversations with noted writers such as H.L. Mencken, Ellen Glasgow, Sinclair Lewis and Theodore Dreiser), newspaper clippings, photographs, criticisms, printed material, publishers' agreements and statements of sales.

The VCU undergraduate literary journal at the university is named Poictesme after the fictional province in his book Jurgen.

Works
Cabell published about fifty books. Most of these are not well known. His eighth book, Jurgen, (1919) was the most popular. The hero, Jurgen, goes on a journey through ever more fantastic places. He even goes to hell and heaven. Everywhere he goes, he seduces the local women, even the Devil's wife.

The book was seen as being bad by the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. They tried to bring a prosecution for obscenity. The case went on for two years before Cabell and his publishers won. Many of the things in the book were double entendres. They had one meaning which was bad and also had a decent meaning. It appeared that what had actually offended the prosecution most was a joke about papal infallibility. Cabell took an author's revenge. The new edition of 1926 included a 'lost' section which was not in the earlier version. In it, the hero is put on trial by the Philistines. A large dung beetle is the chief prosecutor.

Other works include Figures of Earth. This introduces Manuel the Redeemer. He took control of a realm by playing on others' expectations. His motto is Mundus Vult Decipi. This means 'the world wishes to be deceived'. The Silver Stallion is a sequel. It deals with the adventures of the knights in Manuel's company after he left them.

Cabell is now forgotten by most people but his work affected later writers of fantasy fiction. Robert Heinlein's Job, A comedy of Justice has an appearance of the Slavic god Koschei (from Jurgen). Fritz Leiber's Swords of Lankhmar was also affected by Jurgen. Jack Vance's Dying Earth books show a similar style to Cabell's writing. Cugel the Clever in those books is very similar to Jurgen.

References

Other websites

James Branch Cabell
 Encyclopaedia Britannica
 James Branch Cabell Library  (Virginia Commonwealth University)
 Poictesme, Virginia Commonwealth University's literary journal

Cabell works online
 Domnei  (Litrix Reading Room)
 Jurgen: A Comedy of Justice (University of Virginia)
 The Cream of The Jest  (University of Wisconsin)

Bibliographies
 Chronology of James Branch Cabell's Published Works

1879 births
1958 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Writers from Richmond, Virginia

James Branch Cabell


The International Fuel Tax Agreement (or IFTA) is an agreement between the lower 48 states of the United States and the Canadian provinces, to simplify the reporting of fuel use by motor carriers that operate in more than one jurisdiction. Alaska, Hawaii, and the Canadian territories are not required to participate, however all of Canada and Alaska do.  An operating carrier with IFTA receives an IFTA license and two decals for each qualifying vehicle it operates. The carrier files a quarterly fuel tax report.  This report is used to determine the net tax or refund due and to redistribute taxes from collecting states to states that it is due.

This tax is required for motor vehicles used, designed, or maintained for transportation of persons or property and:
The Power Unit has two axles and a gross vehicle weight or registered gross vehicle weight in excess of 26,000 pounds, and/or
The Power Unit has three or more axles regardless of weight, and/or
Is used in combination, when the weight of such combination exceeds 26,000 pounds gross vehicle or registered gross vehicle weight.

Exceptions exist for recreational vehicles such as motor homes, pickup trucks with attached campers, and buses when used exclusively for personal pleasure by an individual. Some states have their own exemptions that often apply to farm vehicles or government vehicles.

Promulgation
Prior to IFTA each state had its own fuel tax system and a truck needed tax permits for each state in which it operated. Most states established Ports of Entry to issue permits and enforce tax collection, which was burdensome to the trucking industry and the states. Pre-IFTA trucks in interstate commerce carried special plates ("Bingo Plates") upon which each state's permit sticker was affixed. This was inefficient and proved to be costly for each state to manage.

How it works
Simply stated, IFTA works as a "pay now or pay later" system. As commercial motor vehicles buy fuel, any fuel taxes paid are credited to that licensee's account. At the end of the fiscal quarter, the licensee completes their fuel tax report, listing all miles traveled in all participating jurisdictions and lists all gallons purchased. Then the average fuel mileage is applied to the miles traveled to determine the tax liability to each jurisdiction. Three states—Kentucky, New Mexico, and New York—have "weight-mile" taxes in addition to the standard fuel tax. Oregon has just a weight-mile tax. Any amount of fuel taxes due (or refund) is then paid to (or received from) the base jurisdiction who issued the license. The member jurisdictions then take care of transferring the funds accordingly. Audits are conducted only by the base state and fuel bonds are rarely required.

References

External links

Taxation in the United States
Taxation in Canada
Canada–United States treaties
Trucking industry in the United States

International Fuel Tax Agreement


The Sims 2 is a 2004 video game and the sequel to The Sims. It is a simulation game made by Maxis and EA Games.

The game features a full 3D graphics engine. Like the first The Sims game, it has many expansion packs.

EA released a sequel, The Sims 3, in June 2009.

Changes
There are now six life stages: baby, toddler, child, teenager, adult, and elder. An additional young adult stage is added when you get the university expansion pack. Sims can now grow up and eventually die. In the first game, Sims would stay children forever and adults would stay adults forever. Teenagers can hold jobs as well as go to school.

Careers have gone under many changes. There is now a schedule; there are seven days in a week, and Sims at school are off on Saturday and Sunday. Sims can now get paid vacation days and start working 4–5 days a week. A meter measures job performance (their mood when they get to work). A new thing called "chance cards" lets the player pick what to do in a situation. Sims can gain/lose skill points, gain/lose money, or be promoted, demoted, or even fired.

Children and teenagers now bring homework home and their grades rise or fall depending on whether they finish it or not. Teenagers can hold jobs as well as go to school, but if their grades drop too low they can lose their job.

Other new things are wants and fears. These change when a want or fear is done or when the Sim wakes up from sleep.

Also, Sims can have aspirations (big things they want to do) like to have a family, to have many friends, to fall in love, to learn a lot, or to have a lot of money. A player can choose which aspiration they want their Sim to have, and the aspirations will affect their wants and fears. For example, a Sim with the family aspiration might want to have a child, but a Sim with the money aspiration might want to get a job instead.

Like in the first Sims game, a mother Sim and a father Sim can have a child. Also, children can be made at the start of the game or got from the adoption service.

One of the biggest changes in Sims 2 is that a Sim can go to a community lot (a place in the town like a store or a park). They can go there by using the phone to call a taxi.

Expansion packs
These are addons to the game which add new items, new places and new features. They are listed in the order that they came out in the shops. They are meant to come out 2 times a year.

There are eight expansion packs in total.

Stuff packs
These are packages that add only items to the game. They are less expensive than the regular expansion packs.

The Sims
2004 video games

The Sims 2


The Beilstein test is a simple qualitative chemical test for organic halides. It was developed by Friedrich Konrad Beilstein.

A copper wire is cleaned and heated in a Bunsen burner flame to form a coating of copper(I) oxide. It is then dipped in the sample to be tested and once again heated in a flame. A positive test is indicated by a green flame caused by the formation of a copper halide.  The test does not detect fluorine/fluorides.

This test is no longer frequently used. One reason why it is not widely used is that it is possible to generate the highly toxic chloro-dioxins if the test material is a polychloroarene.

An alternative wet test for halide is the sodium fusion test — this test converts organic material to inorganic salts include the sodium halide. Addition of silver nitrate solution causes any halides to precipitate as the respective silver halide.

References

Chemical tests

Beilstein test


Monsanto Forest Park () is a municipal protected forest in Lisbon, Portugal, the largest green patch in the city, with almost 1000 ha (10 km2). It offers a well diversified tree-covered area to the Portuguese capital.

Many species were introduced in the Monsanto Hills (Serra de Monsanto) during the reforesting period. Due to climate and geological characteristics, they created a very interesting ecosystems in the urban patch of Lisbon (and surrounding municipalities). The Ecological Park of Lisbon, located at Monsanto Forest Park, is a meeting point for a new contact with the environment, right in the heart of the Portuguese capital. Its main purpose is to make visitors aware of the many variables of the environment, for instance, geology, climate, flora, and fauna.

The Ecological Park, residing inside the Forest Park, has a perimeter of four kilometres, and a total area of fifty hectares, of which sixteen is fenced and thirty four is non-fenced. It spreads over Serra de Monsanto, from Alto da Serafina to the Woods of S. Domingos de Benfica, passes the farm of Marquis de Fronteira and the Lead Shooting Club of Portugal. The Ecological Park runs an Interpretation Centre, with an auditorium, a space for permanent and occasional exhibitions, and a Centre of Multimedia Resources. Quercus, the largest Portuguese non-profit national environment organization for the conservation of the natural environment, is based in Monsanto Park.

History
The intensive agricultural usage of the soils led to erosion and practically to a destruction of the original vegetation. In the 1930s, the increasing demand for construction areas led Duarte Pacheco, the then Minister for the Public Works of Portugal, to resuscitate an idea from 1868: the reforesting of the then practically bare Serra de Monsanto. The regulation for Monsanto Park was put in place in 1934, and the works for replantation were carried out by farmers and prisoners from Monsanto Fort. Architect Keil do Amaral presented the first complete plan for the park, including leisure and sports areas, some of which still exist. The Ecological Park has a privileged location at Monsanto Forest Park — the largest green patch in the city of Lisbon, with almost 1000 ha. The Monsanto Park Circuit, a 5.44 km (3.38 mi) race track, hosted the 1959 Formula One Portuguese Grand Prix.

Gallery

See also
 Monsanto Park Circuit

Parks in Lisbon
Nature parks in Portugal
Forests of Portugal
Belém (Lisbon)

Monsanto Forest Park


Martin Carthy MBE, is an English folk singer and guitarist. He was one of the first performers in the renewed interest in British folk music in the 1960s. He has inspired other musicians such as Bob Dylan, Paul Simon and Richard Thompson. He is seen as one of the most important people in English folk music.

Early life

Martin Carthy was born in Hatfield on 21 May 1941. He grew up in Hampstead, North London. After he left school he had a number of jobs. He worked behind the scenes at the open air theatre at Regent's Park as a prompter (helping actors who forgot their words). He later worked as an assistant stage manager (ASM) on a tour of The Merry Widow. He then worked at Theatre in the Round in Scarborough. He then sang in coffee bars. He became a resident (regular act) at The Troubadour Folk Club in Earls Court in the early 1960s. He joined Redd Sullivan's "Thameside Four" in 1961. He is a famous solo performer of traditional songs. He has a very special individual style of guitar playing on his old Martin Guitar. He uses different ways of tuning his guitar. He has a strongly percussive (drum like) picking style that brings out the melody. His first album, Martin Carthy, was released in 1965. It had Dave Swarbrick playing fiddle playing on some songs, although he was not named on the album cover.  Carthy's way of playing the traditional song Scarborough Fair was used by Paul Simon on the Simon and Garfunkel album Parsley Sage Rosemary and Thyme in 1966. Simon did not admit that he had used Carthy's version.

Working with others
Carthy has also worked with many other musicians.  He has sung with The Watersons since 1972. He been a member of the UK electric folk group Steeleye Span at two different times. He was a member of the famous Albion Country Band 1973 line-up. This had members from the band Fairport Convention and John Kirkpatrick. This group recorded the original and important album Battle of the Field. Carthy was part of the new and different band Brass Monkey which mixed brass instruments, Carthy's guitar and mandolin and John Kirkpatrick's accordion, melodeon and concertina.

For many years Carthy has enjoyed a creating music with fiddle player Dave Swarbrick. He has also worked with his partner  Norma Waterson and their daughter Eliza Carthy in a group called Waterson:Carthy.

In June 1998 he was made an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours. He was named Folk Singer of the Year at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards in 2002 and again in 2005. In 2005 he also won the award for Best Traditional Track for 'Famous Flower of Serving Men'. In the 2007 Folk Awards Martin Carthy and Dave Swarbrick won "Best duo".

Recordings
 Original / Studio albums (solo or with Dave Swarbrick)
 Martin Carthy (1965) with Dave Swarbrick
 Martin Carthy's Second Album (1966) with Dave Swarbrick
 Byker Hill (1967) with Dave Swarbrick
 But Two Came By (1968) with Dave Swarbrick
 Prince Heathen (1969) with Dave Swarbrick
 Because It's There (1971)
 Crown of Horn (1971)
 Out of the Cut (1971)
 Sweet Wivelsfield (1971)
 Shearwater (1972 reissue with extra tracks 2005)
 Landfall (1972)
 Right of Passage (1988)
 Life and Limb (1990) with Dave Swarbrick
 Skin and Bone (1992) with Dave Swarbrick
 Signs of Life (1998)
 Waiting for Angels (2004)
 Straws in the Wind (2006) with Dave Swarbrick

 Collections and live albums
 Selections (1969) New Zealand and Australia only
 This Is... Martin Carthy: The Bonny Black Hare and other songs (1971) with Dave Swarbrick
 Selections (1971) with Dave Swarbrick
 Round Up (circa early 1970s) with Dave Swarbrick
 Brigg Fair (circa early 1970s) with Dave Swarbrick
 Tales of Long Ago (circa early 1970s) with Dave Swarbrick
 The Collection (1993)
 Rigs of the Time (1993)
 The Kershaw Sessions (1994)
 A Collection (1999)
 Both Ears and the Tail (2000, live recording from 1966) with Dave Swarbrick
 The Carthy Chronicles (2001) 4x CD 83 track box set
 The Definitive Collection (2003)
 Martin Carthy at Ruskin Mill (2005)

 Releases on other formats
 No Songs (7" vinyl EP 1967) with Dave Swarbrick
 "The Bonny Lass of Angelsey" b/w "Palaces of Gold" (7" vinyl single 1976)
 100 Not Out (Longform video 1992) with Dave Swarbrick
 British Fingerstyle Guitar (Longform video 1993 reissued on DVD 2006)
 Guitar Maestros (DVD 2006)

 As a member of the group Steeleye Span
 Please to See the King (1971)
 Ten Man Mop (1971)
 Storm Force Ten (1977)
 Live at Last! (1978)
 The Journey (1999)

 As a member of The Watersons and/or Waterson:Carthy
 The Watersons: For Pence and Spicy Ale (1975)
 The Watersons: Sound, Sound Your Instruments of Joy (1977)
 The Watersons: Green Fields (1981)
 Waterson:Carthy: Waterson:Carthy (1994)
 Waterson:Carthy: Common Tongue (1996)
 Waterson:Carthy: Broken Ground (1999)
 Waterson:Carthy: A Dark Light (2002)
 The Watersons: The Definitive Collection (2003)
 Waterson:Carthy: Fishes & Fine Yellow Sand (2004)
 The Watersons: Mighty River of Song (2004) 4x CD & 1x DVD box set of Watersons and related recordings
 The Watersons: A Yorkshire Christmas (2005)
 Waterson:Carthy: The Definitive Collection (2005)
 Waterson:Carthy: Holy Heathens and the Old Green Man (2006)

 As a member of the group Brass Monkey
 Brass Monkey (1984)
 See How It Runs (1986)
 The Complete Brass Monkey (1993) compilation of the previous two albums
 Sound and Rumour (1999)
 Going and Staying (2001)
 Flame of Fire (2004)
 The Definitive Collection (2005)

 As a member of group Blue Murder
 No One Stands Alone (2002)

 Other important recordings
 Thamesiders & Davy Graham (1963)  7" EP
 Three City Four: Three City Four (1965)
 Dave Swarbrick, Martin Carthy & Diz Disley: Rags Reel & Airs (1966)
 Various Artists: Bright Phoebus: Songs by Lal & Mike Waterson (1972)
 Albion Country Band: Battle Of The Field (1976)
 John Kirkpatrick: Plain Capers (1976)
 Albion Country Band: Larkrise To Candleford (1980)
 Band of Hope: Rhythm And Reds (1994)
 Wood, Wilson, Carthy: Wood, Wilson, Carthy (1998)
 Dave Swarbrick: Swarb! (2003) 4CD box set career retrospective with numerous Carthy tracks
 4 Martins: Guitar Nights (2003) released on CD and DVD

Other websites
 Waterson:Carthy Official Website
 Martin Carthy biography on the Waterson:Carthy website
 Reinhard Zierke's unofficial website
 John Crosby's 1993 Martin Carthy biography on Reinhard Zierke's website
 BBC Folk database
 discography on Slipcue e-zine

1941 births
Living people
British folk musicians
English singers

Martin Carthy


An ice core is a long piece of ice taken from a glacier. The ice is drilled very deep, so that the ice core goes back to old ice at the bottom of the glacier. Usually, ice cores are taken from Antarctica, Greenland or very high mountains.

Snow falls on ground and accumulates (gets deeper). As more snow falls, the bottom layers get compacted (thinner) because of the weight on top. In the end, only ice remains, and all air goes away. The deeper the ice, the older it is. Ice cores can be dated by looking at the layers: often every season can be seen in the ice core because it forms a layer. At other times it is more difficult to find out how old the ice is. Other methods can be used, like measuring conductivity or making mathematical models.

Scientists study ice cores to find out how the climate was in the past. The ice keeps information like gases, particles, ash from volcanoes. The type of water that forms the ice can be used to calculate the temperature of Earth.

Ice cores help us know what the temperature was on the planet in the past 800 thousand years. We know more about ice ages that happen periodically. This is a helpful addition to our knowledge about global warming.

References

Climate change

Ice core


Johann Baptist Gänsbacher (8 May 1778 in Sterzing – 13 July 1844 in Vienna), Austrian musical composer, was born in 1778 in Sterzing in the County of Tyrol.

His father, a schoolmaster and teacher of music, undertook his son's early education, which the boy continued under various masters until 1802, when he became the pupil of the celebrated Abbé G. J. Vogler.

To his connection with this artist and with his fellow pupils, more perhaps than to his own merits, Gänsbacher's permanent place in the history of music is due; for it was during his second stay with Vogler, then (1810) living at Darmstadt, that he became acquainted with Weber and Meyerbeer, and the close friendship which sprang up among the three young musicians, and was dissolved by death only, has become celebrated in the history of their art. But Gänsbacher was himself by no means without merit.

In 1823-24, he was one of the 50 composers who composed a variation on a waltz by Anton Diabelli for Vaterländischer Künstlerverein.

He creditably filled the responsible and difficult post of director of the music at St. Stephen's Cathedral, from 1823 until his death in Vienna; and his compositions show high gifts and accomplishment. They consist chiefly of church music, 17 masses, besides litanies, motets, offertories, etc., being among the number. He also wrote several sonatas, a symphony, and one or two minor compositions of a dramatic kind.

References

External links

1778 births
1844 deaths
18th-century Austrian people
18th-century classical composers
18th-century Austrian male musicians
19th-century Austrian people
19th-century classical composers
Austrian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
People from Sterzing
Austrian Romantic composers
Austrian male classical composers
19th-century male musicians

Johann Baptist Gänsbacher


VVT-i, or Variable Valve Timing with intelligence, යනු මෝටර් රථවල  variable valve timing තාක්ෂණයකි.  ටොයොටා සමාගම විසින් දියුණුකල මෙ‍ම ක්‍රමය, similar in performance to the BMW's VANOS.  The Toyota VVT-i system replaces the Toyota VVT offered starting in 1991 on the 5-valve per cylinder 4A-GE engine.  The VVT system is a 2-stage hydraulically controlled cam phasing system.

VVT-i, introduced in 1996, varies the timing of the intake valves by adjusting the relationship between the camshaft drive (belt, scissor-gear or chain) and intake camshaft.  Engine oil pressure is applied to an actuator to adjust the camshaft position.

Video animation of VVT-i (courtesy of PT. Toyota Astra Motor, Indonesia) can be found here .

VVTL-i
In 1998, Toyota began offering a new technology, VVTL-i, which can alter valve lift (and duration) as well as valve timing.  In the case of the 16 valve 2ZZ-GE, the engine has 2 camshafts, one operating intake valves and one operating exhaust valves.  Each camshaft has two lobes per cylinder, one low rpm lobe and one high rpm, high lift, long duration lobe.  Each cylinder has two intake valves and two exhaust valves.  Each set of two valves are controlled by one rocker arm, which is operated by the camshaft.  Each rocker arm has a slipper follower mounted to the rocker arm with a spring, allowing the slipper follower to move up and down with the high lobe without affecting the rocker arm.  When the engine is operating below 6000-7000 rpm (dependent on year, car, and ECU installed), the low lobe is operating the rocker arm and thus the valves.  When the engine is operating above the lift engagement point, the ECU activates an oil pressure switch which pushes a sliding pin under the slipper follower on each rocker arm.  This in effect, switches to the high lobe causing high lift and longer duration.

Toyota has now ceased production of its VVTL-i engines for most markets, because the engine does not meet Euro IV specifications for emissions. As a result, this engine has been discontinued on some Toyota models, including that of the Corolla T-Sport (Europe), Corolla Sportivo (Australia), Celica, Corolla XRS, Toyota Matrix XRS, and the Pontiac Vibe GT, all of which had the 2ZZ-GE engine fitted.

The Lotus Elise continues to offer the 2ZZ-GE and the 1ZZ-FE engine, while the Lotus Exige offers the engine with a supercharger.

Dual VVT-i
In 1998, Dual VVT-i which adjusts timing on both intake and exhaust camshafts was first on හදුන්වාදුන්  RS200 Altezza's 3S-GE engine.

Dual VVT-i is also found in Toyota's new generation V6 engine, the 3.5-liter 2GR-FE first appearing on the 2005 Avalon. මේ engine can now be found on numerous Toyota and Lexus models. By adjusting the valve timing engine start and stop occurs virtually unnoticeable at minimum compression.  In addition fast heating of the catalytic converter to its light-off temperature is possible thereby reducing හ්ය්ද්රෝ කබන් emissions considerably.

Toyota's UR engine V8 also use this technology. Dual VVT-i was later හදුන්වාදුන්  ටොයෝට's අළුත්ම පොඩි සිලින්ද්දර්-4 ZR engines found in compact vehicles such as the අලුත් ටොයෝට  Corolla සහ Scion XD and in larger 4-cylinder AR engines found in the Camry and RAV4.

VVT-iE uses an විදුලි මෝටරය instead of hydraulic සැකසුම්  to control intake valve timing offering greater precision at අඩු rpms සහ උෂ්ණත්වයට.

Valvematic
Toyota first presented details about its latest Valvematic technology in June 2007. Valvematic made its first appearance in early-2009 in the ZR engine family used on the Toyota Avensis.  This system is simpler in design compared to Valvetronic and VVEL, allowing the cylinder head to remain at the same height.

Similar technology
BWM Valvetronic, Nissan VVEL and Honda A-VTEC.

See also
 Variable valve timing
 Lexus VVT-iE
 Gasoline Direct Injection
 Variable Length Intake Manifold
 List of Toyota engines

References

External links
 VVT-i video animation

ටොයොටා
මෝටර් රථ තාක්ෂණය

VVT-i


The army is the part of a country's military that fights on the ground. People in the army are called soldiers. Many modern armies have vehicles such as tanks, airplanes, and helicopters to help soldiers fight on the ground.

A soldier may be a volunteer (someone who joins something because they want to), or he may be forced by the government to join the army.  Forcing men to join the army is called conscription or draft. Voluntary armies tend to be small by numbers, but high in confidence and quality. Drafted armies are large, but often lacking in confidence and in quality: it may be very difficult to force someone to risk his life against his will. Sometimes an army is made up from mercenaries, who fight just for pay and have little loyalty to the country which they serve.

Soldiers do many things, from shooting enemies, to digging defensive trenches.  They are used to defend their country, or attack another country's army. It is difficult, and soldiers must be in good shape, both physically and mentally. They almost always move together, and that way the team can do more things, in a safer way. They may be assigned to certain places to guard, or they may be told to search a place, or even attack it. That is up to their commander. Every soldier answers to someone else, so that way, everything is organized.

Sometimes, when a country's army is busy in different places, and there are not enough soldiers to do more, a country can hire civilians to do some of the army's jobs, like protecting buildings and important people and convoys of trucks traveling from one place to another.  Usually, they hire veterans who were members of the military before leaving and working elsewhere.

Working in the army and wearing the uniform is called service. A soldier will never say "I work as a Sergeant in the signal corps" but always "I serve as a Sergeant in the signal corps", or other rank, specialty and unit. Only civilian workers who do not wear uniform speak about "working" in the army.

Military strength

Despite the growing importance of military technology, military activity depends above all on people. For example, in 2000 the British Army declared: "Man is still the first weapon of war."

Discipline
The function of the army is based on discipline. That means that every soldier will unquestionably carry out the orders which he or she has received and will obey his or her superior officer or non-commissioned officer. There is only one exception: orders which violate the human rights or international law must not be obeyed as it is considered a war crime. The chain of command is expressed by the military rank system and hierarchy.

Gear
A soldier is supplied with weapons, such as guns, knives, and other simple gear for surviving in the battlefield, such as food, water, clothes, and tents. They must keep good care of the items. Some soldiers train to be a doctor for the army, or other civilian duties.

Qualifications
Before a soldier joins the army, he must qualify to be in it first. The person is put through tests, so that the army will know if the recruit can do it or not. This is sometimes called 'boot camp'. He must complete mental tests, and physical tests. It depends on where he is testing that will tell him how hard it will be. He will also take tests to determine what job he will do in the military. For instance, he may work with computers and be a member of the signal corps or be a cook for the soldiers, he may have been a construction worker in civilian life and be a military engineer, he may become a truck driver and serve in logistics, or he may be very good with a rifle and be a sniper in the infantry. There are a lot of jobs that a person can choose to do in the army.

Branches
There are traditionally six branches of service in the army:

Infantry, foot soldiers who fight with rifles and other light weapons
Cavalry,  mounted soldiers. Today tank has replaced horses and cavalrymen are called tankers.
Artillery, soldiers who operate cannons, howitzers and mortars. They provide fire support for infantry.
Military engineers, soldiers who build things and demolish (blow up) things and handle explosives.
Signal corps, soldiers who operate communications, radios, radars, signaling and computers.
Logistics, which carry supplies (food, fuel, ammunition, medicines etc.) to other branches and replenish them.

Related pages
 Air Force, the part of the military which operate airplanes to bomb or dogfight.
 Navy, the part of the military which fights with warships on the sea.
 Marines, the part of the military that fights in air, land, and sea.
 Coast Guard, the part of the military that protects a nations border with seas, lakes, oceans and other bodies of water that are important to national security.

References

Basic English 850 words

Army


Eve Adler (29 April 1945 – 4 September 2004) was an American classicist who taught at Middlebury College for 25 years until her death in 2004.  Adler was a graduate of Queens College with a B.A. in Hebrew, of Brandeis University with a M.A. in Mediterranean Studies and of Cornell University, where she got her doctorate in Classics. She was widely regarded as one of the most gifted teachers in Middlebury's history.

Life and career
Adler primarily specialized in ancient epic poetry, particularly Homer and Vergil, as well as classical understanding of liberal education.  Prior to her death, she published her monumental and authoritative work called "Vergil's Empire: Political Thought in the Aeneid" (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003). In this book, Adler rejects centuries of scholarship on Vergil, which believes that he was merely a clever imitator of Homer, and argues that he had a unique view of the human condition and ambitions as great, if not greater, than his Greek predecessor. As the Weekly Standard wrote in its review of the book, Adler believes "something of a secret teaching may be glimpsed behind the imperial screen ...  [Secret teaching of] views on universal empire [that have] urgency not only for literary studies but for our reflections on empire in the current global situation." In addition to her book on Vergil, Adler had written an earlier work on Catullan self-Revelation and numerous scholarly articles on other classical authors.

Adler was also an important scholar of political philosophy in general, and extensively studied the political thought and approach to Scholarly method advocated by Leo Strauss, and was widely regarded as one of the leading Straussians even though she had never studied with him. She was the translator from German of Strauss's "Philosophy and Law: Contributions to the Understanding of Maimonides and His Predecessors" (Albany: SUNY Press, 1995).  Her introduction to that work is one of the most authoritative interpretation of Strauss's work on Maimonides.

In the 1990s, Adler developed an interest in Russian thought and literature.  She not only taught herself Russian language, but also co-authored, with Vladimir Shlyakhov, "A Dictionary of Russian Slang and Colloquial Expressions" (Barrons, 1995).  She also translated Mikhail Epstein's "Cries in the New Wilderness" from Russian.  She spent the last years of her life preparing a Russian translation of Strauss' Natural Right and History. This translation was published after her death in Russia (Moscow: Vodoley Publishers, 2007, see lstrauss.ru).

Adler taught Greek, Latin, and Hebrew at Middlebury College, and also knew German, Russian, Arabic, and Italian.

References

External links

Middlebury College faculty
Brandeis University alumni
Cornell University alumni
1945 births
2004 deaths
Place of birth missing

Eve Adler


On2 Technologies, formerly known as The Duck Corporation, was a small publicly traded company (on the American Stock Exchange), founded in New York City in 1992 and headquartered in Clifton Park, New York, that designed video codec technology. It created a series of video codecs called TrueMotion (including TrueMotion S, TrueMotion 2, TrueMotion RT 2.0, TrueMotion VP3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8).

In February 2010, On2 Technologies was acquired by Google for an estimated $124.6 million.  On2's VP8 technology became the core of Google's WebM video file format.

History
While known by the name The Duck Corporation, they developed TrueMotion S, a codec that was used by some games for full motion video (FMV) sequences during the 1990s. The original office of the Duck Corporation was founded in New York City by Daniel B. Miller, Victor Yurkovsky, and Stan Marder.  In 1994 Duck opened its first "satellite" engineering office in Colonie, NY under the management of Eric Ameres.  Miller became CEO of newly renamed On2 Technologies until Doug McIntyre was hired in late 2000, when Miller resumed his role as CTO. CEO's after McIntyre included Bill Joll and Matt Frost.

After Miller's departure in 2003, newly promoted CTO Eric Ameres moved the primary engineering office to upstate NY's capital region. Ameres later departed in 2007 to pursue other research as part of the opening of the Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center (EMPAC) at his alma mater, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI).  After Ameres' departure in 2007 Paul Wilkins served as co-CTO with Jim Bankoski. Wilkins was founder of "Metavisual" which was acquired by On2 in 1999 to bring the VP3 codec to market. The VP3 codec became the basis of On2's future codecs as well as the basis of the open source Theora video codec.

In 1995, The Duck Corporation raised $1.5 million in venture funding from Edelson Technology Partners.

In 1997, they raised an additional $5.5 million in a venture round primarily financed by Citigroup Ventures.

In 1999, The Duck Corporation merged with Applied Capital Funding, Inc., a public company on the American Stock Exchange. The merged entity was first renamed On2.Com and then On2 Technologies, trading on the AMEX as ONT. ONT's price peaked at a little over $40 per share, briefly giving the company a market cap in excess of $1 billion.

On April 4, 2000, On2 buys Quickband, Inc. ("Quickband"), a wholly owned subsidiary of the company, acquired substantially all of the assets of DVD Mags, Inc. ("DVD Mags"), a California corporation in the business of aggregating and producing short-form entertainment content for distribution across digital and traditional channels (the "Quickband Acquisition"). The Quickband Acquisition was effected pursuant to an Asset Purchase Agreement ("Purchase Agreement") dated as of March 9, 2000 by and among the company, Quickband and DVD Mags.

On November 3, 2000, On2 acquired the game engine development company Eight Cylinders Studios.

In May 2007, On2 announced an agreement to acquire Finnish Hantro Products, a provider of video codecs for chips for wireless devices. The acquisition was finalized on November 1, 2007.

In November 2008, On2 announced that it would partner with Zencoder to create Flix Cloud, a high-capacity online video encoding service using Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). Flix Cloud launched in April 2009.

Acquisition by Google
On 5 August 2009, Google offered to acquire On2 Technologies for $106.5 million in Google stock. On 7 January 2010, Google increased its offer to $133.9 million, and on February 17, 2010, the stockholders of On2 Technologies voted to accept the offer. On 19 February 2010, the transaction was completed, valued at approximately $124.6 million.

After this purchase, the following message was posted on the on2.com website: "The On2 products Flix Pro, Flix Standard, Flix Exporter, Flix PowerPlayers, Flix Live, Flix DirectShow SDK, Flix Publisher and Flix Engine are no longer for sale."

Technology

TrueMotion S
According to the company itself, development started in the early 1990s. The first versions of the codec were mainly targeted at and used for full motion video scenes in computer games. One of the codec's competitive advantages in this field was that, unlike MPEG, it does not require a separate decoder, thus reducing costs to game publishers. At the time, MPEG's dominance was nearly secured, especially with hardware-implementations of the codec, meant to run on special hardware boards only.

This was the first version in the TrueMotion series of proprietary lossy video compression formats and video codec.  This format compressed frame in either a 32-bit or 16-bit RGB color space with a FourCC of DUCK (or TMOT for a version of TrueMotion S that was licensed by Horizon Technologies). It is usually put in an AVI container. The filename extension varies from game to game. Some leave it with .avi, other games use .bin or .duc. Gaming consoles which were licensed to use the codec include the Sega Saturn, Sega 32X, and 3DO Interactive Multiplayer. Simon & Schuster first person games such as Star Trek: Borg also used the compression format. Some of the files can be played back with a video player that uses the libavcodec library, such as MPlayer.

In 1995, Horizons Technology Inc. began shipping the TrueMotion-S Compressor software for Macintosh and MS Windows. TrueMotion-S was originally developed by the Duck Corp. for applications such as the Sega game box.

In 1996, the main competitors for TrueMotion S software codec were Cinepak and Indeo in games for first-generation CD-ROM based game consoles.

TrueMotion RT
The "real time" version in the series was released in 1996. It was meant for real time capturing and processing of digital video.

TrueMotion 2
The second version in this series only supported a 24-bit RGB color space optimized for Windows rendering which orders components as BGR with a FourCC of TM20. Used for Final Fantasy VII and Star Trek: Klingon.

In 1997, Microsoft Corp. licensed The Duck Corp.'s TrueMotion 2.0 video codec technology to bring TV-quality video to the PC platform.

DK ADPCM Audio 3/4
There are two obsolete versions for associated ADPCM audio compression.

TrueMotion VP3/4

On June 1, 2000, brought version 3.1; August 16, 2000 version 3.2.  The third version in the series switched to using a planar Y'CbCr 4:2:0 color space.

In late 2001, On2 released their VP3(.2) compression technology into the open-source community including their patents on the technology. The technology lives on in the form of Theora.  The Xiph.Org Foundation created its codec Theora as a fork of the codebase of VP3.2.  The forked version added 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 sub sampling for better color quality options.

In April 2001 VP4 was published, which brought an improved encoder for the same bitstream format.

TrueMotion VP5/6

A preview version of VP5 was published on February 21, 2002, with production version being available as of May 1, 2002. The production version of VP5 codec was released in May 2002.

When the codec was in beta, to preview its quality, On2 created a plug-in for RealPlayer. Lately the final version of the codec was ready. The VP5 codec was limited, when the VP6 came out.

The sixth version like VP3 and VP4 kept the same bitstream as VP5 and added an optional alpha channel to the color space.

In April 2003 AOL has bought broad licensing rights for VP5 and VP6 codecs. More recently, On2 licensed its technology to AOL for use in an IP-based video telephony product, to Tencent Holdings of China for use in its instant messaging products, and to Saver Corporation of Japan to enable new Flash 8 mobile video applications.

On May 12, 2003, On2 announced the release of VP6. Revised versions 6.1 and 6.2 followed later that year.
Since October 2003 it may be used free of charge for personal use.

In late 2003, On2 announced that its VP5 and VP6 codecs were selected by Beijing E-World as a video coding method to be used in a Chinese-developed competitor to the DVD format called the EVD (Enhanced Versatile Disc) format. Then in April 2004, On2 announced that its business relationship with E-World had soured, and that On2 would file multiple breach of contract claims against E-World in arbitration proceedings. The arbitrator reached a conclusion on March 10, 2005, according to SEC filings by On2 on March 14, 2005. The arbitrator dismissed each of On2's claims and ruled that E-World owed nothing to On2 and had not breached the contract. It seems unlikely that On2 will ultimately get any significant payback from the EVD initiative, although some contract relationship remains in effect.

A number of less highly visible deals with other customers and partners seem to have worked out more amicably than the Chinese DVD project. Recent announcements have related to deals with Apex Datacom, IWAPI Inc., Vividas, Digital Witness, XM Satellite Radio, PowerLinx, and LeapFrog Enterprises. In particular, the company indicated that it expected to recognize some revenue from the Leapfrog deal in the third quarter of 2005 and also made optimistic statements about the future with XM Satellite Radio.

In 2004, On2's VP6 was selected for use as the Macromedia Flash Video 8 codec. This apparently stems from a deal made in the second quarter of 2004 with revenue in that quarter of $1.4 million for the licensing agreement. In related news, On2 announced on April 5, 2005, that it had acquired the Flix Flash video encoder technology from Wildform, Inc. On2 added support for Flash 8 video output to the Flix 8 product line that they released on September 13, 2005.

TrueMotion VP7

The seventh version changed the bitstream from previous versions for better coding efficiency and was released in March 2005; since July it may be used free of charge for personal use.

It is a codec with both VFW and DirectShow support that On2 Technologies claims has better compression than leading competitive codecs such as MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) and VC-1.

On2 Technologies announced TrueMotion VP7 in January 2005. The public release of VP7 codec software was available in March 2005.

On March 9, 2005, On2 announced a new codec, VP7. On2 claimed that VP7 is superior to the H.264/AVC standard, based on claims of comparative technical capabilities and licensing costs. This claim has been disputed by a developer of x264, a popular H.264 encoder.

In April 2005, On2 Technologies licensed On2 Video Codecs (including VP6 and VP7) for Macromedia Flash.

On December 1, 2005, Skype announced that they had licensed current and future versions of its video compression software and had integrated it into the beta version of Skype 2.0 for point-to-point video conferencing Skype protocol.  No financial terms were disclosed relating to the deal.

On August 13, 2007, On2 announced the addition of H.264 support to its On2 Flix product line.

Move Networks also used the VP7 codec in its Move Media Player plugin for Firefox and Internet Explorer, used by ABC and Fox for its streaming of full network shows.

TrueMotion VP8

VP8 was published in 2008 and marked the transfer of formats to Google with their acquisition of On2 and was open sourced on May 19, 2010.  The VP8 codec was licensed under a BSD license.

References

External links
 On2 Technologies
 Horizons Technology ships the Windows version of its TrueMotion-S software-only video compressor (1995-10-26)
 Horizon Technology's TrueMotion-S Codec, (1996), Robert Currier
 Horizons Technology signs new international distributors for TrueMotion-S software-only video (June 21, 1995)
 Duck TrueMotion 1 - on MultimediaWiki

 TrueMotion VP7 White Paper
 Specification

Google acquisitions
Software companies based in New York (state)
Video codecs
American companies established in 1992
Software companies established in 1992
1992 establishments in New York City
Defunct software companies of the United States
Defunct computer companies based in New York (state)
2010 mergers and acquisitions

On2 Technologies


Joanne  Rowling , ( "rolling"; born 31 July 1965), writing under the pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, is a British writer. She wrote the Harry Potter books. She only uses the name J. K. Rowling for her books: the "K" stands for "Kathleen", which was the first name of her grandmother.

Early and personal life
Rowling was born 31 July 1965 at Chipping Sodbury Cottage Hospital in Chipping Sodbury, Yate, Gloucesterhire England. She grew up in Tutshill, Gloucestershire, and went to school at Wyedean Comprehensive.  She earned a degree in French and Classics at the University of Exeter. She worked at Amnesty International in London. The original idea for Harry Potter came to her on a train that was delayed for four hours in 1990. She moved to Portugal to teach English in 1990. She married Jorge Arantes in October 1992. They had her first child, Jessica in 1993. The marriage ended in divorce and Rowling moved to Edinburgh, Scotland. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (British version) (American version: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone) was first published in the United Kingdom in 1997. She married Dr. Neil Murray in 2001. She had a second child, David, in 2003, and a third, Mackenzie, in January 2005. Rowling claims inspiration from Christianity.

Her books
Rowling has won many awards for the Harry Potter series of books and has earned over $1 billion. The last book of the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released on 21 July 2007. Due to the popularity of the books, Rowling has become very wealthy. The books have sold over 500 million copies. Rowling has written many books about the magic in Harry's world, such as 'Quidditch Through the Ages' and 'Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them'. Additionally, she has written other books targeting adults, the first of which is called The Casual Vacancy. The Cuckoo's Calling was published in April 2013, under the pen name Robert Galbraith, and its sequel, called The Silkworm, followed in June 2014. In 2016, people made an eighth book inspired by Harry Potter. This book was called Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. The book was the script for a play.

Summary

J K Rowling's novels feature a teenage boy named Harry Potter who grows up in a normal world with his aunt, uncle and cousin Dudley. When he is eleven years old, he discovers that he is a wizard and attends a magical academy called Hogwarts school of witchcraft and wizardry, where Albus Dumbledore is headmaster. Harry discovers his past about a dark wizard and with the help from his best friends Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger, he attempts to destroy the darkest wizard of all time, Voldemort, once and for all.

Publications

Harry Potter series
 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (26 June 1997 (UK), 9 January 1998 (US))
 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2 July 1998 (UK), 6 February 1999 (US))
 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (8 July 1999 (UK), 9 August 1999 (US))
 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (7 July 2000)
 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (21 June 2003)
 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (16 July 2005)
 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (21 July 2007)

Other books
 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (supplement to the Harry Potter series) (2001)
 Quidditch Through the Ages (supplement to the Harry Potter series) (2001)
 The Tales of Beedle the Bard (supplement to the Harry Potter series) (2007)
 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child (Script of new Play) (2016)
 The Casual Vacancy (An 'adult' book. Her first novel that wasn't in the Harry Potter universe) (2012)
 The Cuckoo's Calling (A crime fiction novel written under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith) (2013)
 The Silkworm (A crime fiction novel written under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith) (2014)

Articles
 "The First It Girl: J.K. Rowling reviews Decca: the Letters of Jessica Mitford ed by Peter Y Sussman", The Daily Telegraph 26 July 2006
 Introduction to "Ending Child Poverty" in Moving Britain Forward. Selected Speeches 1997–2006 by Gordon Brown, Bloomsbury (2006)
 Foreword to the anthology Magic, edited by Gil McNeil and Sarah Brown, Bloomsbury (2002)
 The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination, J.K. Rowling, Harvard Magazine, 5 June 2008
 Foreword to "Harry, A History", written by Melissa Anelli, Pocket (2008)

References

Other websites
Jk Rowling Net Worth

1965 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Exeter
English children's writers
English novelists
Harry Potter
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Royal Society of Literature
Writers from Gloucestershire

J. K. Rowling


Robert William "Bob" Barker (12 December 1923 - 26 August 2023) wis an actor an enterteener frae the Unitit States. He is kent for bein host in The Price is Right.

American gemme shaw hosts
Beauty pageant hosts
American male televeesion actors
American fowk o Native American strynd
Californie Republicans
Native American actors
The Price Is Richt
Stroke survivors
Skin cancer survivors
Ainimal richts advocates
Lakota fowk
Daytime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Gemme Shaw Host winners
American militar personnel o Warld War II
Fowk frae Snohomish Coonty, Washington
Fowk frae Todd Coonty, Sooth Dakota
Fowk frae Washington (state)
Fowk frae Sooth Dakota
1923 births
2023 daiths

Bob Barker


Orion is one of the largest constellations in the sky. It is supposed to look like the warrior Orion from Greek mythology. The constellation has other names in different cultures: it is mentioned under a Hebrew name in the Book of Job.

The constellation has a clear hour-glass shape with "Orion's Belt" in the centre. That part is made up of three bright stars (Alnitak, Alnilam, Mintaka) in line. The Orion constellation has 81 visible stars, including some of the brightest and most important stars in the night sky. Rigel is the brightest star in it, and Betelgeuse is a huge, rather unstable red supergiant.

The constellation includes a series of starburst nebulae where new stars are forming. The whole group of nebulae is known as the Orion complex. The complex is 1,500 to 1,600 light-years away, and hundreds of light-years across. It includes
The Orion nebula M42
M43
IC 434
The Horsehead nebula
Barnard's Loop
M78, a reflection nebula
NGC 1999
NGC 2175
NGC 2174
Orion molecular cloud
Flame nebula
Train Wreck Cluster

Mythological legend
In Greek mythology, Orion was a great hunter who joined Artemis's Hunt. He was the first ever male to ever enter the Hunt. Inevitably, he slowly started getting closer to Artemis, and eventually fell in love with her, even though he knew she had sworn an oath of maidenhood. Artemis did not sense this at the time, so she let him stay in the Hunt. The problem was that Orion was too good a hunter, and got in over his head. He killed too many animals, which was against the Hunters' nature, which was not to harm nature if it was not of danger to them. Gaea, the Earth Spirit, sensed this, and sent a giant scorpion to kill him, to punish him for his sins against nature. Artemis mourned his death, and herself made a constellation dedicated to him, namely, the Orion's Belt.

The ancient Egyptians equated the constellation with Osiris, god of the afterlife.  The ancient Egyptian "First Time", "when Osiris walked on the Earth", has by some fringe archeologists been held to be around 10,500 BC; thanks to precession (which was known to the astronomers of the Early Dynasties), around that time at the Spring Equinox the constellation could be seen "walking" on the horizon just before dawn.

Location

Orion is a useful aid to find other stars.
Extend the line of the Belt southeastward to find Sirius (α CMa); northwestward to find Aldebaran (α Tau). A line eastward across the two shoulders is the direction of Procyon (α CMi). A line from Rigel through Betelgeuse points to Castor and Pollux (α Gem and β Gem).

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy

Orion (constellation)


Abstract algebra is a part of math which studies algebraic structures. These include:
 groups
 rings
 fields
 matrices
 vector spaces
 algebras
 Boolean algebra
It is normal to build a theory on one kind of structure, like group theory or category theory.

The purpose of the theory of each concept is to organize the precise definition of the concept, examples of it, its substructures, the ways to relate different examples of the concept algebraically (these are called morphisms in some cases), and the concept's applications, both inside its own theory and outside in other areas of mathematics.

During history, different fields of mathematics have used algebras. Algebras are about finding or specifying rules on how to calculate with certain mathematical formulas and expressions. Another algebra (which is not abstract) is elementary algebra, for example.

Examples
 Solving equations with many variables. This leads to matrices, determinants and linear algebra.
 Finding formulas for polynomial equations. This led to the discovery of groups, as an expression of symmetry.
 Quadratic and higher-degree equations and Diophantine equations - especially when Fermat's last theorem was proved led to the definition of rings, and ideals.

Sources

 Burris, Stanley N.; Sankappanavar, H. P. (1999) [1981], A Course in Universal Algebra

 John R. Durbin (1992) Modern Algebra : an introduction, John Wiley & Sons

Abstract algebra


The Ting Tings are an English indie pop duo from Salford, Greater Manchester formed in 2007. The band consists of Katie White (vocals, guitar, bass drums, bass guitar, cowbells) and Jules De Martino (drums, lead guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, vocals).

The duo's debut studio album, We Started Nothing, was released in 2008 by Columbia Records to positive reviews and commercial success, peaking at number one on the UK Albums Chart and number 78 on the US Billboard 200. It spawned four singles, including "That's Not My Name", which topped the UK Singles Chart in May 2008 and reached number 39 on the US Billboard Hot 100; "Shut Up and Let Me Go", which earned them a MTV Video Music Award. They received two Brit Award nominations, including for British Album of the Year and a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 2010.

Their second studio album, Sounds from Nowheresville, was released in February 2012, with the lead single "Hang It Up" released on 16 January 2012. Their third studio album, Super Critical, was released in October 2014. Their fourth studio album, The Black Light, was released in October 2018.

Career

Background and formation
Katie White started her music career as a school-time hobby in a punk trio called TKO—short for Technical Knock Out—with two friends from Lowton School, Marion Grethe Seaman and Emma Lally. The band had minimal success, once sharing the same stage as the bands Steps and Atomic Kitten. While De Martino was in Manchester, the pair bumped into each other and discovered they had a mutual love of Portishead. De Martino relocated to Islington Mill Studios (the Mill) in the Salford, Greater Manchester area. The pair, along with friend Simon Templeman, went on to form the Portishead-influenced trio Dear Eskiimo, who signed to Mercury Records. However, due to a change of directors and managers, the management style of the record label caused them to split. The experience left White and De Martino with a distrust of the music industry.

White was a barmaid at the Mill while De Martino produced tracks for various artists therein. The pair developed their sound from influences of performers at the Mill, and were inspired to form their own group, "The Ting Tings". "Ting Ting" was the name of a Chinese colleague of White at a shop, who told her that it sounded like the pronunciation of "bandstand" in Mandarin (亭). The band researched the name and found it also meant the "sound of innovation on an open mind".

Having created three songs, the band's first gig was a free-beer invite all at the Mill in their rented dwelling called "the Engine House". Subsequent gigs were funded on donations, and after their third gig they were name-checked on XFM. The Islington Mill gigs ended up as some of the most sought-after tickets on the Manchester party scene with various A&R reps and record producers, such as Rick Rubin, asking for tickets.

Exposure

Their first double-A single "That's Not My Name/Great DJ" was jointly released by the band and a local label, Switchflicker Records. With their second single "Fruit Machine", they were on heavy rotation on British radio, including BBC 6 Music and others. DJ Marc Riley was the first to have them in session on 6 Music and the first to play their record on the station. "Fruit Machine" was released as a limited-edition, 500-only, seven-inch single on Legendre Starkie Records (the band's own label), which was only available at the group's gigs at Islington Mill in Salford, Electrowerkz in Islington, Berlin, Germany and at Glasslands in Brooklyn, New York City. They had a notable performance at the Glastonbury Festival in 2007, and after an October 2007 tour of universities in the UK with Reverend and the Makers, they signed to Columbia Records. On 14 December 2007, they appeared on Later with Jools Holland. In May 2008, the band credited BBC Introducing for giving them their 'life changing' break after the show spotted the band and put them forward for inclusion in the Glastonbury running order.

In January 2008, they were voted third in the annual BBC 6 Music poll of industry experts Sound of 2008, for acts to emerge in the coming year. In February 2008, they were the opening slot act on the 2008 Shockwaves NME Awards Tour, performing with The Cribs, Joe Lean And The Jing Jang Jong, and Does It Offend You, Yeah?. In conjunction with NME and HMV, the band contributed a demo version of "Great DJ" to a limited-audience, 5,000-copies-only, 10" vinyl release of all the artists on the NME Awards Tour. In late March 2008, The Ting Tings joined with Alphabeat and The Fratellis to play as part of the MTV Spanking New Music Tour, at a gig held at the Islington Academy in London.

2008–2009: We Started Nothing

The first single released on Columbia was "Great DJ", which received considerable airplay on BBC Radio 1 and XFM in the UK and praise from magazines such as NME. "Great DJ" reached top 40 on the UK Singles Chart. The band's debut album, We Started Nothing, was released in May 2008 and entered the UK Albums Chart at number one, following the single "That's Not My Name", which topped the singles chart. Subsequent singles were "Shut Up and Let Me Go", which peaked at number six, "Be the One" (number 28) and "We Walk" (number 58). We Started Nothing won an Ivor Novello Award for best album in May 2009. The Ting Tings recorded a cover version of Altered Images' "Happy Birthday" for the children's show Yo Gabba Gabba.

In May 2008, the band performed a live set on the in New Music We Trust stage at Radio 1's Big Weekend in Maidstone, Kent, which was made available by the BBC's online video player application iPlayer. The Ting Tings performed at the iTunes Live London Festival in the KOKO nightclub in July 2008; the performance was released as a downloadable EP in the iTunes Store under the title iTunes Live: London Festival '08. In December 2008, they (along with numerous other singers and bands) performed on Jools Holland's Hootenanny show on BBC2. The band toured Australia and New Zealand in early 2009 as part of the Big Day Out Festival. They also toured in Singapore as part of that festival's night counterpart, Big Night Out. In June 2009, they returned to the Glastonbury Festival, playing the Other stage on Friday night, and appeared at the Isle of Wight Festival.

In the United States, the single "Shut Up and Let Me Go" appeared in an Apple iPod commercial in late April 2008, helping the song peak at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100. Tracks from the album were featured in various television shows, films and advertisements. The Ting Tings were one of four performers who played small interludes consisting of remixes of past hits throughout the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, including a section from "Shut Up and Let Me Go" with Blink-182 drummer Travis Barker and DJ AM. They also won the award for Best UK Video for their single "Shut Up and Let Me Go". Columbia Records announced the U.S. release of the single "That's Not My Name" for January 2009, followed by a March/April U.S. concert tour. The duo also toured the country as a support act for Pink on her Funhouse Tour. In December 2009, the duo was nominated for Best New Artist at the 52nd Grammy Awards. The Ting Tings appeared as the musical guests on Saturday Night Live on the 16 January 2010 episode, hosted by Sigourney Weaver.

2010–2012: Sounds from Nowheresville
The duo began writing their second album in Paris, France. The original incarnation of the album was recorded over a period of eight months in the basement of a former jazz club in the Friedrichshain area of Berlin, Germany. It was described by Clash writer April Welsh in 2010 as "an album glistening with polished pop perfection. Ranging from acoustic folk to bangin' electro, R'n'B and, of course, rock and roll." The lead single, "Hands" (the first track they wrote for the album), was released in October 2010. It was mixed by Calvin Harris and written by the duo themselves. The single debuted at number 29 on the UK Singles Chart, marking the duo's fifth top 40 single; it also topped the Billboard dance chart in the US.

The Ting Tings later scrapped the majority of the material from the Berlin sessions against the wishes of their label, with White explaining: "We were in Berlin where there is a great electro scene with Sian Hogan, and so we made songs like that, but quickly realised that everything on the radio was Euro-pop shite. We didn't want our record to be tarnished with that brush". De Martino added that they were angry the single "Hands" was promoted on BBC Radio 1, but had been intended by the band as "an underground, white label-only release". The band relocated to Spain, where they found influence in the music of the Beastie Boys, Spice Girls and TLC. They performed new material from the album in July 2011 at DCode Festival in Madrid.

The video for the single "Hang It Up" premiered on YouTube in October 2011, followed by a video for the song "Silence" (remixed by Australian electro-house duo Bag Raiders) in November 2011. The album's third single, "Soul Killing", premiered on the internet in early February 2012; a video was filmed but never released. The album, Sounds from Nowheresville, was released in the same month and reached number 24 on the UK Albums Chart.

2012–present: Super Critical and The Black Light
The band went to Ibiza in September 2012 to begin writing and recording material for their third studio album, which they worked on through in April 2013. They travelled to New York City to mix and master the album in September 2013. In October 2013, the band stated they had nearly finished mixing their third album and were planning to record numerous music videos. They released a club remix of the first single, "Wrong Club" through SoundCloud in April 2014; the single was released to download in July. The duo's third studio album, Super Critical, was released in October 2014. The band's 2015 US tour was cancelled in June 2015 as a result of a hand injury suffered by White. As of March 2018, The Ting Tings have been more active on social media, eventually announcing their new album The Black Light (which was released on 26 October 2018) via their Instagram story.

Members

Katie White

Katherine Rebecca "Katie" White (born 1983 in Lowton, England) was brought up on a farm in Lowton, and attended Lowton School, which has a large performing arts department. In 1995, White's grandfather Ken (of whom Katie saw little) won £6.6 million from the then-newly established National Lottery and gave each of his three sons £1 million. Katie's father David used his share of the money to purchase a haulage company, and he helped Katie during her school years as a prospective musician.

Jules De Martino

Julian "Jules" De Martino (born 1969 in London) began playing drums at age 13. He studied fine art at Loughton College in Essex and signed a minor publishing deal with Morrison Leahy Music (who also publish George Michael). He formed a band, Mojo Pin, which was influenced by artist Jeff Buckley. The band released two indie singles: "You" and "My Imagination", with Pondlife Records and toured with Irish band the Big Geraniums in 1997.

Discography

 We Started Nothing (2008)
 Sounds from Nowheresville (2012)
 Super Critical (2014)
 The Black Light (2018)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Interviews and reviews
 The Ting Tings 'We Walk' review.
 The Ting Tings interview in Coed magazine from 17 June 2008.
 Students interview The Ting Tings, directly after their Glastonbury 2008 performance for Radiowaves.co.uk.

2007 establishments in England
Columbia Records artists
Dance-punk musical groups
English dance music groups
English indie pop groups
English indie rock groups
English musical duos
English pop music duos
English synth-pop groups
Female-fronted musical groups
Ivor Novello Award winners
MTV Video Music Award winners
Musical groups established in 2007
Musical groups from Greater Manchester
Roc Nation artists
Rock music duos
Male–female musical duos
Music in Salford

The Ting Tings


Marcus Minucius Rufus (died August 2, 216 BC) was a Roman consul in 221 BC. He was also Magister Equitum during the dictatorship of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus known as Cunctator.

He was a political enemy of Fabius Maximus. He was against his delaying defensive strategy during the Second Punic War. While the Carthaginians had been busy at Geronium, Fabius had left Minucius in charge of the Roman army with instructions to follow the "Fabian strategy" and journeyed to Rome to observe some religious duties. Minucius, who had always advocated a more forward strategy against Hannibal, moved down from the hills after a few days and set up a new camp in the plain of Larinum to the north of Geronium. The Romans then began harassing the Carthaginian foragers from their new camp as Minucius sought to provoke Hannibal into battle. Hannibal in response moved near the Roman camp from Geronium with two thirds of his army, built a temporary camp and occupied a hill overlooking the Roman camp with 2,000 Numidian spearmen. The mobility of the Carthaginians was restricted at this time as their cavalry horses were being rested. This had also deprived Hannibal of his best weapon against the Romans, a fact which would come into play soon.

Minucius promptly attacked and drove back the spearmen posted on the hill, and then moved his camp to the top of the captured hill. The stage was set for a confrontation, with the initiative resting with Minucius. The Roman commander, for all his rashness, handled the situation with skill and shrewdness to manipulate the events to his advantage. After that he was named co-commander to Fabius. However Minucius finally accepted his commands after Fabius saved his life during Hannibal's attack at Geronium.

Marcus Minucius Rufus was killed in the Battle of Cannae.

Notes and references

3rd-century BC Roman consuls
Rufus, Marcus
Magistri equitum (Roman Republic)
216 BC deaths
Ancient Romans killed in action
Year of birth unknown

Roman commanders of the Second Punic War

Marcus Minucius Rufus