A Magnetic stripe card is a plastic card which has a magnetic stripe on it. Different kinds of information can be stored on the magnetic stripe. Such stripes are usually made of small particles of iron (or another metal). Information is stored by changing the magnetism of the particles, as with magnetic tape
Today such cards are widely used for:
 Banking (debit or credit cards)
 Tickets issued for transportation or in parking lots.
 Keys in hotels and other buildings
 Systems to track working hours in companies
There are different ways in which the data is stored on the card. But all of them are read in much the same way, by "swiping" (sliding the card through a slot) on a machine called a reader. These readers can be separate from or built into other machines such as a payment terminal in a cash register or point of sale system.

Similar cards, which can also do calculations themselves, are called smart cards.

Details
The standard ISO 7811 specifies the format in which information is stored on these cards. A magnetic stripe holds about 1024 bits of information, which is arranged in three tracks. The first track holds 76 alphanumeric characters, encoded in 7 bit per character. The two other tracks  hold 37 and 104 numeric characters, encoded with 5 bits per character. The first two tracks can only be read, the third track can also be written to.

Cards that are used for banking used to store the PIN as a hash value on the magnetic stripe. Today, the ATM calculates the hash value, and transmits it to the server of the bank, which does the comparison. Storing the PIN in the ATM is no longer allowed.

In many payment cards around the world, magnetic stripes are being replaced with a more secure technology called EMV. Most of these cards, though, still have magnetic stripes to be used in places which do not yet work with EMV.

References

Other websites
 Magnetic Stripe Formats
 A Brief History of Reprogrammable Card Technology (2012)

Identification documents
Magnetism
Authentication methods

Magnetic stripe card


The Nikitin-Schyevchyenko IS series (, meaning "folding fighter"), were single seat polymorphic fighters designed and produced in the USSR from 1938.

Development
Nikitin's test pilot, Vladimir Vasiloyevich Schyevchyenko, investigated the practicality of  a biplane fighter with a folding lower wing which retracted into the upper wing.  The intention being to combine the short field length and climb capabilities of the biplane with the speed of the monoplane fighter. Assisted by Nikitin in his investigation,  Schyevchyenko built a scale model at MAT in 1939. Later in 1939 OKB-30 were tasked with the design and manufacture of the full-scale IS, which was completed by 6 November 1940.

The fuselage forward of the cockpit, wing spar booms and the combined lower inner wing and undercarriage assemblies were built up from welded 30KhGSA steel tubing, whilst the rest of the airframe was constructed from D16 duralumin throughout except for fabric covering on the control surfaces.

The pneumatically actuated inwards retracting undercarriage was housed inside the inner lower-wing which folded at approx ½ span to lie in recesses in the sides of the fuselage. The outer halves of the lower wings remained horizontal as the wings retracted and were housed in recesses in the under-surfaces of the upper wings. Retraction of the wings was carried out by a single vertically mounted pneumatic actuator in the fuselage which unlocked the bracing struts either side and pulled the wing upwards as the bracing strut was pulled upwards.

Control of the undercarriage retraction and wing folding was accomplished with a single three position lever in the cockpit. With 'Chassis Down' selected the wing and undercarriage were extended, selecting 'Chassis Up/Wing Down' retracted the undercarriage into the inner lower wing, and selecting 'Wing Up' retracted the wing, selection of wing position could be made at any time to enable the pilot to choose the best configuration for the situation the aircraft was in.

Flight tests were successful but the performance of the monoplane configuration was inferior to the contemporary monoplane fighters such as the MiG-3 and Yak-1. A second machine was built fitted with a more powerful engine but flight tests were interrupted by the German invasion in 1941.
Even more powerful versions were designed with AM-120 or AM-37 engines, however the invasion forced abandonment of the concept.

Variants
 IS-1 – Initial prototype with M-63 (Ash-63) factory tests completed, LII flight test carried out by G.M. Shiyanov, armed with 4x ShKAS in the roots of the upper main-plane, synchronised to fire through the propeller.
 IS-2 – The second airframe with improvements and M-88 engine in a long-chord NACA cowling, armed with 2x BS and 2x ShKAS.
 IS-3 – Projected version, no information available.
 IS-4 – Final design version with AM-120 or AM-37 engine, refined aerodynamics and tricycle undercarriage.

Specifications (IS-1)

See also

References

Bibliography
 Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Ingenious and Innovative, but...! The 'Folding Fighters' of the 'Forties". Air Enthusiast Quarterly, No. 2, n.d., pp. 186–190.
 Gunston, Bill. "Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875-1995". London:Osprey. 1995.
http://issuu.com/jeanlulu/docs/-aviation--soviet-x-planes--yefim-gordon---bill-gu

External links
 Aviation.ru
 Youtube.com

1940s Soviet fighter aircraft
IS
Variable-geometry-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1940

Nikitin-Shevchenko IS


Summer Sisters () is a 1998 novel by Judy Blume.  It focuses on the life of two fictional characters, the girls Victoria Leonard (Vix) and Caitlin Somers.

Because of its heavy sexual content, this Blume novel is aimed squarely at an adult audience, not her tween audience for which she gained popularity.

Plot introduction
Summer Sisters is a coming-of-age novel about two friends, Caitlin Somers and Victoria "Vix" Leonard, who spend every summer together as teenagers. The girls are polar opposites, Caitlin being beautiful, lively and popular while Vix is a shy but intellectual wallflower. As the years progress the girls become closer and closer but soon find their friendship strained.

Plot summary
The novel begins with a phone call from Caitlin to Vix. Caitlin calls to tell Vix that she is marrying Vix's ex-boyfriend and first love, Bru. Vix is shocked and becomes sick with the news.

Flashback: Now the reader learns of Vix's family and the first encounter with Caitlin. Vix's home life consists of her controlling mother, Tawny, an average-joe father, and three younger siblings, Lanie, Lewis, and Vix's favorite: her wheelchair-using brother Nathan. Tawny works for a Countess and is always making Vix feel as though she is not good enough. Then Vix meets Caitlin in her sixth-grade class, and Caitlin invites Vix to come to Martha's Vineyard with her for the summer. This is when Vix's whole world is turned upside down.

After much debate, Vix convinces Tawny and her father to let her go with Caitlin. Vix flies out East from her New Mexico ranch and meets Caitlin's family: her laid-back father, Lambert "Lamb" Somers, her brother "Sharkey", and Trisha, an ex-girlfriend of Lamb's who is still close with him but has recently been replaced by Abby, a woman who means well but whom Caitlin dislikes. Abby's son, Daniel, and his friend, Gus, also vacation with Caitlin's family. This section of the book focuses on the mishaps and adventures that the kids go through, including Vix and Caitlin and their crushes on two older boys, Joseph "Bru" Brudegher and his cousin, Von.

When the summer ends, Caitlin and Vix remain friends and continue to attend school together. They make it a tradition for Vix to spend every summer with Caitlin from then on, hence the "Summer Sisters." Eventually, Vix hooks up with Bru and Caitlin with Von. Then Vix makes out with Von while high. She thinks that Caitlin set up the whole scenario and they get into a huge argument. Just prior to her senior year of high school, Vix's beloved brother Nathan succumbs to his physical disabilities and dies as a result, leaving Vix devastated. Vix's younger sister, Lanie, becomes pregnant and has her first child, and Lewis joins the military. As the girls mature, they encounter their first heterosexual experiences (Caitlin with an Italian ski-instructor, then Von, supposedly) and Vix's in-depth and long-term relationship with Bru, which continues into her college years when she attends Harvard on a scholarship from The Somers Foundation. Caitlin is accepted to Wellesley College but chooses not to attend and travels abroad.

Vix goes to Harvard while still remaining in a relationship with Bru. She makes new friends, most notably Maia, her uptight roommate whose worrisome ways begin to grow on Vix, but they become close. However, things turn sour when Vix realizes she doesn't know what she wants in life and she and Bru temporarily break up during her Junior year of college. A few months later, a passionate meeting leads to their renewed faithfulness, but all's well does not end well. Just before graduation, Bru asks Vix to marry him, but she says no after realizing that they do not want the same things in life. Vix misses Bru, but moves on and casually dates other people, whilst Caitlin has numerous hetero and homosexual escapades in Europe. The girls keep in loose contact over the years, each becoming busy with her own life until the fateful day when Caitlin makes that phone call and tells Vix about her upcoming nuptials to Bru.

Caitlin invites Vix to the wedding, and she decides to go, only to end up sleeping with Bru the night before. Then, Vix discovers that Bru took not only her virginity but Caitlin's as well. As Bru thinks in the book, "he loves them both... he is glad they have decided for him [who he will be with.]" Caitlin and Bru get married nonetheless, and Caitlin has a daughter, Somers Mayhew Brudegher, whom they call "Maizie".  Vix, meanwhile, reconnects with Abby's son Daniel's friend Gus, whom she spent all those summers with years ago at the vineyard. She and Gus slowly fall in love and eventually get married as well. In the final chapters, Vix visits Caitlin again after Caitlin has a breakdown and leaves her family, her marriage to Bru ending in divorce and Bru marrying Star, a local islander. Vix is pregnant with her first child at this time, a baby boy to be named Nate in honor of her late brother. Caitlin and Vix's meeting is relaxed and the two end up pledging to be best friends forever with each one truly grateful for the other's presence in her life.

In the end, Vix is enjoying married life and motherhood when she and everyone else learn that Caitlin disappears in an alleged boating accident... she was in a boat by herself and that was the last time anyone ever saw her, as the boat turned up empty with Caitlin unaccounted for. Blume is not clear on the true reasons behind Caitlin's disappearance, as no body is discovered and there is no damage or foul play, leading the reader to choose between the possibilities that Caitlin purposely vanished from her family and friends or perhaps she did indeed drown. The closing thought is Vix's recount of her "summer sister" and the memories they will always share, and wishing that things could have ended differently.

TV adaptation
In early 2020, Hulu picked up the rights for a limited scripted series based on Summer Sisters following a bidding war with other TV outlets.

References

External links
Judy Blume's website

1998 American novels
Novels by Judy Blume

Summer Sisters


Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? is a British quiz show, produced by Celador. In May 2008, the Dutch company 2waytraffic bought the license for the international format.

History
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? aired for the first time on 4 September 1998 in the United Kingdom. The UK show is hosted by Chris Tarrant. It had its biggest ratings in March 1999 when more than 19 million were watching the show. The first millionaire on the show was Judith Keppel who appeared on 20 November 2000.

National variants
More than 100 countries around the world have bought the license and air local versions of the show, including Australia, Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, Russia, United States. The United States version became a big hit when Regis Philbin started hosting it in 1999. John Carpenter, a man who worked for the IRS, became the first person to win the grand prize of $1,000,000 in 1999. Philbin hosted the show until 2002. A syndicated version of the show has aired since 2002. It is hosted by Meredith Vieira.

Each country airs the show under the same rules. They all have the same studio design.

In Australia, a spin-off called Millionaire Hot Seat has aired since 2009.

1998 British television series debuts
1990s television series
2000s television series
2010s television series
British television game shows

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?


is a Japanese term for unbalancing an opponent in the Japanese martial arts.

The noun comes from the transitive verb kuzusu (崩す), meaning to level, pull down, destroy or demolish.  As such, it refers to not just an unbalancing, but the process of putting an opponent to a position, where stability, and hence the ability to regain uncompromised balance for attacking, is destroyed.

In judo, it is considered an essential principle and the first of three stages to a successful throwing technique: kuzushi, tsukuri (fitting or entering) and kake (execution).

Kuzushi is important to many styles of Japanese martial arts, especially those derived from, or influenced by, Ju Jutsu training methods, such as Judo, Ninjutsu, Aikido, Uechi-ryu karate, Goju-ryu karate, and Wadō-ryū karate.

The methods of effecting kuzushi depend on maai (combative distance) and other circumstances.  It can be achieved using tai sabaki (body positioning and weak lines), taking advantage of the opponents actions (push when pulled, pull when pushed), atemi (strikes), or a combination of all three.

Judo
There are three primary ways of applying kuzushi in judo:
direct action (e.g. pulling or pushing while entering for a throw);
inducing opponent's action (e.g. a feint or combination attack);
direct action by opponent (e.g. a counter throw).

References

Further  reading
 Kano Jigoro, (1994) Kodokan Judo  .
 Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006) Judo Unleashed .

External links
 kuzushi judoinfo.com
 kuzushi: beginning and advanced concepts bestjudo.com/blog
 Kumite Gata and the Essence of Wado-ryu. Part III: The Principle of Kuzushi zenshindojo.fi

Japanese martial arts terminology

Kuzushi


Heroes of Might & Magic VI is a computer game issued by Ubisoft. It was released in October 2011. The game is the sixth episode of the Might & Magic series.

Game play is turn-based strategy, with the options of single- or multi-player. It is animated. The story continues from the previous episode and is basically told in the introduction. Styles of multiplayer include hot seat offline or online over the internet. Offline and online saves are not compatible.

The game looks like the 5th version. The focus of the game is battles, and to a lesser extent the adventure map. Resources found in earlier versions of the game (sulfur, diamonds or mercury) are not used in this version.

2011 video games
MacOS games
Windows games
Ubisoft games

Heroes of Might & Magic VI


Bookworm is a word-forming puzzle video game by PopCap Games. From a grid of available letters, players connect letters to form words.  As words are formed, they are removed from the grid and the remaining letters collapse to fill the available space. Players earn more points by creating longer words or words which use less common letters and earn less for smaller words. In November 2006, PopCap Games released a sequel, Bookworm Adventures. Bookworm was released for the Nintendo DS digital distribution service DSiWare on November 30, 2009. It has also been released on the regular Nintendo DS cartridge.

Gameplay

The game requires players to match adjacent letters to form a word in the English language. Longer words are worth more points and have a greater chance of producing bonuses.

In addition to standard letters, tiles of various colors can appear depending both on the current level within the game and on the length of words being formed. The tile colors are as follows:

 Red Burning Tiles – Throughout the game, burning red letters appear, increasing in frequency at higher difficulty levels. These letters automatically move downwards, burning through letters below them in the column, until they reach the bottom of the grid, ending the game. In the Classic mode, they burn down one level after each turn, and the game ends once the burning tile reaches the bottom. In the Action mode, they automatically appear and burn down a level every few seconds, and if a burning tile gets to the bottom, the player must clear the burning tile within ten seconds, otherwise, the game ends.
 Green Tiles, Gold Tiles, Sapphire Tiles, and Diamond Tiles- These tiles are awarded to indicate skill in forming longer words. Using these tiles in subsequent words increase the number of points earned by the word. It takes progressively longer for burning tiles to burn through the higher-value tiles (a green tile takes two turns to burn through, and a gold tile takes three). Green tiles enter the board from the top, as new regular tiles do, while higher-value bonus titles replace random letters already on the board.

The game has two modes. "Classic" mode is untimed, while "Action" mode uses randomly appearing burning tiles to create a time-limited game.

If the player clicks on the game mascot Lex, found off to the side of the play area, all of the tiles will be scrambled; however, this will produce a rush of red tiles.

Additional points are given for bonus words displayed in the game; additional bonus words formed during a single game produce increasing bonus values. In some versions one can also collect and complete "books" which are groups of words in a similar category. Once one completes the first of any of these words in a particular category it unlocks the book, and displays a complete list of the words needed to complete the book and get bonus points.

Reception
The editors of Computer Gaming World presented Bookworm with their 2003 "Puzzle Game of the Year" award. They wrote, "PopCap's ultimate achievement is in taking simple elements that anyone can learn and turning them into raging, overwhelming obsessions. It's something commercial games with 50 times the budget (hey, Deus Ex 2!) often can't match."

References

External links
 Bookworm at PopCap Games
 Bookworm Excite at Big Fish Games

2003 video games
DSiWare games
Nintendo DS games
Game Boy Advance games
Flash games
IOS games
MacOS games
Palm OS games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows Mobile Professional games
Windows Mobile Standard games
PopCap games
Puzzle video games
Windows games
Flash games ported to consoles
Original Xbox Live Arcade games
Single-player video games
J2ME games
Black Lantern Studios games

Bookworm (video game)


First-class cricket is an official classification of the highest standard international or domestic matches in the sport of cricket. A first-class match is of three or more days' scheduled duration between two sides of eleven players each and is officially adjudged to be worthy of the status by virtue of the standard of the competing teams. Matches must allow for the teams to play two innings each although, in practice, a team might only play one innings or none at all.

First-class cricket (which for this purpose includes all "important matches" played before 1895), along with historical single wicket and the modern limited overs forms of List A and Twenty20, is one of the highest standard forms of cricket. The origin of the term "first-class cricket" is unknown but it was used loosely before it acquired an official status, effective in 1895, following a meeting of leading English clubs in May 1894. Subsequently, at a meeting of the Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC) in May 1947, it was formally defined on a global basis. A significant omission of the ICC ruling was any attempt to define first-class cricket retrospectively. This has left historians, and especially statisticians, with the problem of how to categorise earlier matches, especially those played before 1895 in Great Britain. The solution put forward by the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians (ACS) is to classify all pre-1895 matches of a high standard as important matches.

Test cricket, although the highest standard of cricket, is statistically a form of first-class cricket, although the term "First-class" is commonly used to refer to domestic competition only. A player's first-class statistics include any performances in Test matches.

මුල් පෙළ ක්‍රිකට්


An ulcer is a kind of open wound. Ulcers can be on surfaces of the body. They can be on skin. They can be mucous membranes like the surface of the stomach or inside the mouth.

Ulcers start when the top layer (surface) of skin or mucous membrane is damaged. The top layer dies. When it dies, the skin or mucous membrane opens. This leaves an open sore called an ulcer.

Ulcers can be from infection with germs.
Ulcers can be from pressure on a part of the skin.  Ulcers can be from substances that will burn skin or mucous membranes.  Peptic ulcers are sometimes from burning by the acid in the stomach.  Ulcers can be from cancer.  Ulcers can be from diseases of blood vessels.  If not enough blood goes to a body part, it can get an ulcer.  Stress can also sometimes cause ulcers.  Ulcers are often very painful.

diseases

Ulcer


Glen Hansard (born 21 April 1970 in Dublin, Ireland) is the main songwriter and singer/guitarist for Irish rock group The Frames. He is also known for starring in the movie Once and co-writing its Academy Award-winning song, "Falling Slowly."

Career
Hansard quit school at age 13 to begin busking on local Dublin streets. He formed The Frames in 1990, and they have been an important part of the Irish music scene ever since. Their first album, Another Love Song, was released on Island Records in 1991, and their most recent, The Cost, was released in 2006.

Hansard first came to international attention as guitar player Outspan Foster in the 1991 Alan Parker movie The Commitments, after attending the New York movie Academy School of Acting. He has often stated that he regretted taking the role, because he felt it distracted from his music career.

In 2003, he presented the television programme Other Voices: Songs from a Room, which showcased Irish music talent on RTÉ.

On 22 April 2006, he released his first album without The Frames, The swell season, on Overcoat Recordings in collaboration with Czech singer and multi-instrumentalist Markéta Irglová, Marja Tuhkanen from Finland on violin and viola, and Bertrand Galen from France on cello.  Hansard also spent part of 2006 in front of the cameras for a music-infused Irish movie Once, in which Hansard plays a Dublin busker, and Irglová an immigrant street vendor.  The movie had its American premiere at the Sundance Film Festival in 2007 and received the Festival's World Cinema Audience Award.  During the promotional tour, he and Irglová began dating.  Said Hansard about his relationship with Irglova: "I had been falling in love with her for a long time, but I kept telling myself she's just a kid". One of the songs they wrote together for the movie ("Falling Slowly") won an Oscar for Best Song in February 2008. Hansard became the first Irish-born person to win in that category. Hansard and Irglová also recorded a version of Bob Dylan's "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere" for the movie I'm Not There in 2007. In 2009, Hansard said that he and Irglova were no longer romantically linked, and that they are now "good friends."

Aside from his projects with The Frames and Irglová, Hansard also appeared as part of the band on the 2006 Oxfam charity album, The Cake Sale.  In addition, Hansard has recorded a few cover songs, both alone and with band member Colm Mac Con Iomaire, for the Today FM discs Even Better than the Real Thing. Songs that he has recorded include Justin Timberlake's "Cry Me a River" on Vol. 1 and Britney Spears' "Everytime" on Vol. 2.

Outside music, he appeared on a Simpsons episode as a street musician in Ireland.

Influences
Hansard has remarked about his musical influences:  "In my house, when I was a kid, there was the holy trinity, which was Leonard Cohen, Van Morrison and Bob Dylan with Bob sitting center."
Hansard and The Frames toured as the support act for Bob Dylan in Australia and New Zealand in August 2007 and Hansard  often performs Van Morrison's songs in concert.   "Into the Mystic" and "And the Healing Has Begun" were included on the collector's edition of the soundtrack for the movie Once.

References

Irish guitarists
Irish singer-songwriters
1970 births
Living people
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters

Glen Hansard


Edzard Cirksena (born: Edzard Edzardisna; died: 1441) was an East Frisian chieftain at Greetsiel, Norden, Emden and Brokmerland.

He and his father Enno Edzardisna had married the last two heiresses of the great family of Syardsna from Berum; Edzard married Frauwa Cirksena; his father married her aunt Gela Cirksena.  Enno and Edzard adopted their wives' family name, which was also spelled Sirtzena, Syrtza, or Zyertza. Edzard was probably the first to spell the name as Cirksena; this spelling was retained by all later members of the family.

From his father he inherited the reign over almost all of East Frisia, albeit without the Harlingerland.

He died at an advanced age, of the plague, in 1441, one day after his stepmother Gela died.

References

East Frisian chieftains
House of Cirksena
Year of birth uncertain
1441 deaths
15th-century German nobility
15th-century deaths from plague (disease)

Edzard Cirksena


is a Japanese pink film actress who is best known for her appearances in Nikkatsu's Roman Porno films with an S&M theme during the 1970s.

Life and career

Early
Born October 20, 1948, in the Hakata ward of Fukuoka, Naomi Tani moved to Tokyo at the age of 18. After arrival in Tokyo, she was featured in a photo layout in Weekly Taishu / Popular Weekly (週刊大衆 - Shukan Taishu). This appearance led to offers for roles in "Pink films", the low-budget, independent soft-core pornographic films which dominated Japan's domestic cinema at this time. Her debut was in the 1967 film Special. She took her screen name "Tani" from the novelist Jun'ichirō Tanizaki and "Naomi" from the central character in his important early work A Fool's Love. "Tani," or "valley," is also a Japanese slang word for the cleavage between the breasts. Consequently, Ms. Tani may have had a variety of puns in mind when she later opened a restaurant calling it the "Ohtani" (Big Breasts or Big Tani).

Tani's early films were principally with the small companies that were making pink films independent of the large studio system in the 1960s. In her pre-Nikkatsu career, she appeared in comedies, dramas, and action films, but it was the S&M genre which would make Tani a star. Her debut film was Special (スペシャル - Supesharu) for Shin Nihon Eigasha and directed by the prolific pink film auteur Kōji Seki. The film had Tani in the role of the mistress of a black marketeer who tries to cheat people at an onsen. The couple is stopped by the local villagers. Experiments on the Human Body (Zanki: Seitaijikken 1967) was a war drama in which Tani played a nurse in China where Japanese doctors are performing experiments on Chinese POWs.

Tani had a minor role in director Mamoru Watanabe's Slave Widow, which starred major "pink" actresses Noriko Tatsumi and Mari lwai. Impressed with Tani, Watanabe, considered one of the "Pillars of Pink," cast Tani in her first leading role for his next film, Bed of Violent Desires (1967). Typical of the sex-thriller pink films made by Koei studio in the years before Nikkatsu took over the genre in the 1970s, in this film, Tani plays the role of a daughter who seeks bloody revenge against her mother and her lover after they kill Tani's father for his money. Tani's first experience with an S&M film was in one episode of the omnibus film Memoirs Of A Modern Female Doctor (1967), and her first full-fledged S&M leading role was in director Masanao Sakao's Cruel Map of Women's Bodies (1967), in which she plays a prostitute who repeatedly escapes from, and then captured and tortured by the yakuza. Tani would play similar roles for Sakao in other films such as Virgins With Bad Reputations, also made in 1967.

During this early stage of her career, Tani sometimes worked at prominent pink film producer/director Kōji Wakamatsu's independent studio. She worked several times with the prolific director Shin'ya Yamamoto (director) in such films as Degenerate (1967), Memoirs of Modern Love: Curious Age (1967) and Season For Rapists (1969). Also during this period she became friends with the SM author, Oniroku Dan, with whom she would work throughout her film career. Dan was secretly writing S&M film scripts under the pseudonym Matsugoro Kuroiwa while working as a high school English teacher. Tani's "pretty face, beautiful fair skin... and 96cm (38") large breasts" as well as her acting abilities helped make her a popular actress in the late 1960s. She reportedly appeared in more than 200 films before her work with Nikkatsu, for which she is best known today. Even at this early stage of her career, working for independent studios, Tani had already established herself as the "Queen of Pink." As an indication of her growing prominence as a representative of the erotic cinema in Japan, she appeared in the U.S. Playboy's December 1968 issue in their "Girls of the Orient" pictorial article. In 1972, she directed two films from Oniroku Dan stories, Sex Killer and Starved Sex Beast. Commenting on her own directorial style, Tani noted, "I accentuated scenes with a lot of torture and bondage."

Nikkatsu
Throughout the 1960s, softcore pornographic "Pink Films" had been produced in Japan by small, independent studios. In 1971, however, Nikkatsu, the country's oldest film studio, had entered the "Pink Film" market with its high-budget and quality "Roman Porno" series.

Besides appearing in Nikkatsu's first experiment in the pink film in 1968, Tokyo Bathhouse (Onna Ukiyo Buro), which featured over 30 sex-film stars in cameo appearances, Tani's first official Roman porno for Nikkatsu was in a minor role as a nurse in Sensuous Beasts (1972). Unlike her starring roles for smaller studios, she played a supporting role in this film. Preferring to continue starring in lower-budget films rather than playing supporting roles for Nikkatsu's leading Roman Porno actresses, she did not stay with Nikkatsu at this time.

Even when Nikkatsu began asking Tani to work for their studio in major roles, she refused for years because Nikkatsu was reluctant to enter the S&M genre with its Roman Porno series. Feeling that S&M was her destiny, Tani consented to work at Nikkatsu only on the condition that her first film be based on Oniroku Dan's novel, Flower and Snake. Nikkatsu agreed. Directed by Masaru Konuma, this 1974 film became a major hit for Nikkatsu.

Tani's next film for Nikkatsu, Wife to Be Sacrificed (1974) was also directed by Konuma, though, unlike most of her films for the studio, this one was not based on an Oniroku Dan novel. It became an even bigger hit than Flower and Snake, and one of Nikkatsu's all-time top five moneymakers. Flower and Snake and Wife to Be Sacrificed are credited with starting the S&M Roman Porno series which helped save Nikkatsu from financial collapse during the 1970s. Wife to Be Sacrificed became Nikkatsu's biggest hit of 1974, and remains one of their top five successes of all time. It also established Naomi Tani as the first of Nikkatsu's SM Queens.  Tani's female co-star from Wife to Be Sacrificed, Terumi Azuma, would return in the 1975 film, Cruelty: Black Rose Torture, and the two would be paired in several other films until Azuma began starring in her own films in 1976. The title introduced Nikkatsu's nickname for Tani ("Black Rose"), which would be re-used in later film titles. In Konuma's 1977 parody of the Roman porn genre, In the Realm of Sex, Tani appears as herself, stalked by a perverted middle-aged fan who wants to perform an S&M session with her. Tani manages to reverse the roles by binding and torturing the fan instead.

Besides Konuma, Tani worked for many of the other most prominent Roman porno directors while at Nikkatsu. "Violent pink" director Yasuharu Hasebe commented, "I regret that I only worked with her once... a very short scene at a greenhouse in Rape! The segment was only long enough for her to get assaulted by the rapist." Tani starred in director Kōyū Ohara's Nikkatsu Roman pornos, Fascination: Portrait of a Lady (1977), Rope Hell (1978) and Fairy in a Cage (1977) which had Tani playing the role of a wealthy business woman who is tortured by the sadistic head of the inquisition branch of the Japanese military during World War II.

Director Shōgorō Nishimura's 1978 film, Lady Black Rose, contained two notorious scenes which are often selected as examples of the Roman porno S&M genre. In one, gallons of water are forced into Tani's mouth through a funnel while her stomach can be seen enlarging. Tani points out that scenes like these were often tricks, though no special effects were involved. "I was simply good at sucking my belly into a small ball and then expanding it." In the other, gallons of brandy are similarly poured into Tani's vagina while her body can be seen flushing from pale white to a drunken red. The film is alternately praised and condemned as "the ultimate woman-as-an-object" film. Tani's last film, Rope and Skin (1979) was also directed by Nishimura, once again based on an Oniroku Dan novel, and had a part for fellow "Pink queen," Junko Miyashita. As Tani's farewell performance, Nikkatsu gave this critically acclaimed yakuza period-piece a big budget.

Tani's style
Known for her remarkable dedication to her work, Tani would perform even the most extreme of S&M scenes without complaint. During the twelve years she worked as an actress, she never went to the beach or allowed herself to get a suntan, feeling that it was important to keep her skin very white, so that it could be seen turning red during some of the scenes involving such things as whippings or melting candle wax tortures. Tani wrote in 1998 "The woman's naked body must not only be seen as a sensual object, but must also be able to express emotion; so, I did my best to keep Naomi Tani's body as close as possible to perfect condition."

When Tani was asked if she ever found herself sexually aroused while making a film, she stressed the artistry behind her performances, commenting that the face of a woman in actual sexual ecstasy would likely cause laughter. Instead, she says, "An actress has the responsibility to excite the audience, not herself." She further states, "... to gain sympathy from the audience, I engaged in elaborate discussions with the filmmakers concerning Naomi Tani's torture scenes, to insure that they were both cruel and beautiful." Her willingness to submit herself to scenes of extreme physical difficulty led director Shinya Yamamoto to famously utter, "Naomi Tani is a monster!"

The quality of her performances was recognized by the mainstream Japanese film establishment. She was nominated for best actress by the Japanese Academy for two of her Nikkatsu Roman Porno films, Lady Black Rose, and Flesh of the Rose, (both 1978). Director Masaru Konuma says as an actress Tani was, "Stylish. No matter what she did-- her behavior, her attitude, her body-- everything became a perfect picture."

In his Behind the Mask: On Sexual Demons, Sacred Mothers, Transvestites, Gangsters, Drifters, and Other Japanese Cultural Heroes, Ian Buruma describes Tani as the most celebrated porn star of her time, "combin[ing] the savage and the maternal." To explain her popularity he says she "looked like a Japanese mother, her ample breasts tucked into a matronly kimono. She was the ideal object for men to take their anxieties out in, like the patient mother being pummelled by her sons. She was the Mother Goddess in bondage, the passive cross-bearer of masculine inadequacy."

Retirement
In 1979, after reigning for five years as Nikkatsu's "Queen Of S&M," Tani retired suddenly and unexpectedly at the height of her popularity. She later gave her reason as, "I never wanted to disappoint my fans by showing an unflattering face. That's why I've always refused to do a comeback. Nobody is free from aging. I want to exist in the audience's memory as a forever blooming flower."

She celebrated her retirement by issuing a vocal album entitled Modae no Heya. On this disc's recent re-release in CD format, a reviewer commented of Tani's vocals, "There's a worldliness in her voice and a maturity which suggests she's seen it all... There is however a fragility to her voice, a cracking sense of the truly erotic, the unseen, the taboo which drapes each syllable... hearing music which would usually be readily associated with a mid-70s Samurai movie bedding down with such muted eroticism is more than a winning formula."

Tani notes that she immediately felt much more relaxed upon retirement. "I didn't have to worry about going out in the sun. I could suddenly enjoy the outdoors, golf and the beach." Her early retirement from film was clouded by difficulty however. In 1981 she was hit by a car while walking her dog, and had to undergo extensive rehabilitation for three years. This difficult period in her life continued with her 1984 divorce from her husband. After the divorce, she opened the Ohtani restaurant in Kumamoto, which became highly successful, and which she currently owns. In 1996 she also opened "Yours Naomi", a video store near Hakata which specializes in erotic cinema, especially Nikkatsu's Roman Porno films. She comments that "Many young people (in their 20s and 30s) who used to buy the mindless AV [Adult Video] junk have shifted to 'Roman Porn' after being introduced to it."

During the late 1990s Tani's work enjoyed a renewed surge of interest. Wife to be Sacrificed was released theatrically in the U.S. in 1998, playing in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York City. In preparation for this event, Tani was interviewed by the U.S. publication, Asian Cult Cinema for its April, 1998 issue. Surprised by this attention from the U.S., Tani commented "I didn't think U.S. movie fans were interested in me or my movies. I thought Americans ignored my films because of the SM theme, since these movies give the impression of being abusive toward women. Regardless of the filmmaker's intent - the intellectual or artistic merit - I thought Americans viewed these productions as politically incorrect."

This attention from the U.S. again brought Tani to the attention of the domestic Japanese media. At the time, Tani wrote, "the fact that people are still interested in me - after almost 20 years away from the screen - fills me with buoyancy and surprise. It embarrasses me, too." In this retrospective atmosphere, Tani was finally persuaded to return to film in 2000 to appear in Hideo Nakata's documentary on director Masaru Konuma entitled Sadistic and Masochistic.

Four of Oniroku Dan's stories, originally published in Japanese in 1997, were published in English in 2010 by Vertical, Inc. The collection of these stories is titled Season of Infidelity; the collection's last story, Bewitching Bloom, is a telling of Dan's relationship with Tani, and also includes notes about three subsequent Nikkatsu "Queens"; Junko Mabuki, Izumi Shima, and Miki Takakura.

Selected filmography

 Special (1967) (debut)
 Bed Dance (1967)
 Cruel Map of Women's Bodies (1967)
 Memoirs of Modern Love: Curious Age (1967)
 Slave Widow (1967)
 Flower and Snake (1974)
 Wife to be Sacrificed (1974)
 Cruelty: Black Rose Torture (1975)
 Oryu's Passion: Bondage Skin (1975)
 Newlywed Hell (1975)
 Lady Moonflower (1976)
 Fascination: Portrait of a Lady (1977)
 Fairy in a Cage (1977)
 Female Convict 101: Suck (1977)
 Lady Black Rose (1978)
 Rope Cosmetology (1978)
 Rope Hell (1978)
 Rope and Skin (1979) (Last starring film)
 Sadistic and Masochistic (2000) (Return to film for documentary on director Masaru Konuma)

Magazine appearances
 December, 1968 Playboy (U.S.) (nude)
 December 15, 1975 Heibon Punch (平凡パンチ) (nude)
 November 16, 1976 Weekly Playboy (nude)
 November 7, 1977 Heibon Punch (平凡パンチ) (nude)
 July 17, 1979 Weekly Playboy (nude)
 October 22, 2002 Weekly Playboy (nude)
 April 15, 2003 Weekly Playboy (nude)

Notes

Sources
 Konuma, Masaru. (1998). Interviewed by Thomas and Yuko Mihara Weisser on November 6, 1998, in Asian Cult Cinema, #22, 1st Quarter, 1999. p. 19-28.

 Tani, Naomi. Interviewed by Hamamoto, Maki. (1998). "Naomi Tani - An Interview with Nikkatsu's Queen of SM" (Conducted in January 1998 in Kyushu, Japan) in Asian Cult Cinema Number 19, April 1998. P.39-48.
 Tani, Naomi. "Introduction" in

External links

1948 births
Japanese actresses
Japanese female adult models
Pink film actors
Pink film directors
Living people
Actors from Fukuoka
Nikkatsu SM Queens

Naomi Tani


Many religions, viewpoints, and creative artists have tried to find the meaning of life, but have no sensible answer. Some people say that we will never know what the meaning of life is. Many religions claim to offer some answers. There are also sets of ideas called philosophies which try to answer this question. There are also artists who paint or create sculptures to try expressing life. There are musicians who write music and writers who write stories that try to explain life.

Many have different opinions on what the meaning is. Some say life is a war zone where we are the soldiers fighting in that war for survival. Some think it is all about the relationships that we make in our life. Some people say that life is full of violence and hatred but some say that life is full of hope and happiness. Still, other people say that the meaning of life is to achieve the goals you set in life. According to Douglas Adams, the answer to the question is 42. The biological answer is to have children, which is to pass on your genes. Others say the meaning of life is to make spaghetti.
Some say, however, the meaning of life is simply just to stir the spaghetti. However, life can also be a pasta, or maybe a mere alfredo. Maybe we really don't have any control over our or the pasta's actions, since we are all just imitating a different universe. We can never really know. Philosophies such as nihilism and absurdism deny that life has any meaning.
Or maybe the true meaning of life is to live it completely how you want to, then find out the meaning of it at the end. The meaning could be unique to all of us.

Others, like Solomon, argue that 'life is like a pasta'. (Ecclesiastes 1:2)

Related pages
 Death
 Existential crisis

Religion
Philosophy

Meaning of life


Klas Magnus Rosén is a Swedish musician, born 1963 in Gothenburg, and was the bassist of Swedish band HammerFall.

Magnus Rosén started to play the bass when he was 15 years old. When he had played bass for three years he went on his first tour with the band Kung Sune. After the tour he moved to Los Angeles. He became a member in the Swedish heavy metal band HammerFall in 1997.

Bassists
Swedish heavy metal guitarists
HammerFall
1963 births
Living people
Musicians from Gothenburg

Magnus Rosén


Clare of Assisi (July 16, 1194 – August 11, 1253), born Chiara Offreduccio, is an Italian saint. She was one of the first followers of Saint Francis of Assisi. Saint Clare of Assisi was of noble birth, her father, Favorone Offreduccio, was the Count of Sasso-Rosso and her mother, Ortolana di Fiumi, was from aristocratic descent. She was born as Chiara Offreduccio di Favaronne in Assisi. She was promised in marriage at age of 12, but it was canceled due to her father's death. She was the oldest child in her family. When she was 18 years old, she heard Francis of Assisi preaching. She was extremely moved by his sermon, so she ran away to join him. Francis didn't have a place for women to stay, so he sent her to the Benedictine convent in San Paulo. Clare's relatives found out where she was staying, but when they arrived to take her back home, she clung to the altar saying she would only wed Christ. When she was staying in another monastery in Panzo, she was reunited with her younger sister, Agnes. Later, when she was 21, she was moved to another convent next to the San Damiano church, where she was appointed the superior for 40 years. In that church, she was reunited with her mother and her other sister named Beatrice.

Saint Clare of Assisi will be remembered for founding the "Order of Poor Ladies", later named "Poor Clares." The order of Poor Clares was an order that had strict rules, such as silence vows, poverty, and strict fasting. The Poor Clares was an order for women so they could become closer to God.

References

1194 births
1253 deaths
Christian saints
Italian people

Clare of Assisi


Carl Holzmann (22 February 1849, Šitboř (Poběžovice), Bohemia, Austrian Empire – 14 September 1914, Baden bei Wien, Lower Austria, Austria-Hungary) was an Austrian architect who designed several apartment buildings in the centre of Vienna, mostly in the Historicist style. They include the Paulanerhof (1894) and the Habig-Hof (1896).

Biography
Carl Holzmann was first trained as a bricklayer. After a period in Germany and Upper Austria, he settled in Vienna, where he worked for a builder in Liesing and attended Mathias Prem's building school. From 1873 to 1875, he was foreman for City Architect Sonnleithner and the building contractor Johann Sturany. From 1875 to 1877, he studied at the Vienna University of Technology. He then worked for the Union-Baugesellschaft (Union Construction Company), where he contributed to the Palace of Justice as deputy foreman and to the Hofburg Palace as a draftsman. In 1885, Holzmann started his own construction company, which was initially successful but, probably as a result of inadequate quotations, fell into bankruptcy in 1906. As a result, he had to sell all his properties. Thereafter Holzmann worked on national or provincial assignments for the remainder of his life. His firm was still in debt when he died at the age of 65 but was maintained by his wife and daughter until 1928.

Approach
Carl Holzmann designed his buildings strictly in accordance with Historicist principles although his later works were decorated in the Vienna Secession style.  His buildings in the centre of Vienna exhibit a representative style while those in the outskirts were influenced by the Swiss chalet style. Holzmann often bought old properties, replacing them with buildings to his own designs. He included components of all the fashionable styles of his day, integrated by his own experienced hand. Hardly a proponent of innovation, he simply kept up with mainstream architectural trends.

Works
 Apartment building, Favoritenstraße 37, Vienna 4 (1891)
 Apartment building, Favoritenstraße 39, Vienna 4 (1891)
 Apartment building Paulanerhof, Wiedner Hauptstraße 18−20, Vienna 4 (1894)
 Apartment building, Favoritenstraße 44, Vienna 4 (1895)
 Apartment building Haber-Hof, Wiedner Hauptstraße 13, Vienna 4 (1896)
 Apartment building, Paniglgasse 17 und 17A, Vienna 4 (1896)
 Hotel Kaiserhof, Frankenberggasse 10, Vienna 4, (1896)
 Apartment building, Favoritenstraße 22, Vienna 4 (1897)
 Apartment building, Johann-Strauß-Gasse 36, Vienna 4 (1900)
 Apartment building, Johann-Strauß-Gasse 38, Vienna 4 (1900−1901)
 Apartment building, Johann-Strauß-Gasse 40, Vienna 4 (1902)
 Apartment building, Paniglgasse 18−20, Vienna 4 (1900−1901)
 Apartment building, Josefstädterstraße 28, Vienna 8 (vor 1902)
 Residential housing, In der Hagenau 9−27, Vienna 13 (1904)
 Strassenhof, Köstlergasse 5−9, Vienna 6 (1905)
 Housing for the Wiener Beamtenbauverein, Graf-Seilern-Gasse 14−18, Vienna 12 (1905)
 Apartment complex, Argentinierstraße 2, Vienna 4 (1908)
 Housing for streetcar staff, Johann-Hoffmann-Platz 10−15, Vienna 12 (1912)

References

Sources

 Kunsthistorische Arbeitsgruppe GeVAG: Wiener Fassaden des 19. Jahrhunderts, Vienna 1976
 Neubauten in Österreich. 3 Bde. Vienna o.J.
 G. Hajos: Die Profanbauten des III., IV. und V. Bezirks, ÖKT 44, Vienna 1980
 H. Weihsmann: Das Rote Wien. Vienna 2002 (1985)
 G. Weissenbacher: In Hietzing gebaut. 2 Bde. Vienna 1999-2000

Austrian architects
1849 births
1914 deaths
TU Wien alumni
People from Poběžovice
German Bohemian people
Architects from Austria-Hungary

Carl Holzmann


Lucy van Dael (born in 1946) is a Dutch baroque violinist and member of the faculty of the Amsterdam Conservatory. Her principal violin studies were at the Royal Conservatory in The Hague.

Originally a classically trained violinist, she began her career with the Netherlands Chamber Orchestra before pursuing baroque violin studies.

She has collaborated extensively with Gustav Leonhardt, Frans Brüggen, and Ton Koopman, co-founded the Orchestra of the 18th Century with Frans Brüggen, and has conducted or performed with many other baroque ensembles, including:
 European Union Baroque Orchestra
 Concerto d'Amsterdam
 Irish Baroque Orchestra
 Beethoven Akademie
 Academia Montis Regalis
 Leonhardt Consort
 La Petite Bande

References

External links
 Lucy van Dael
 Orchestra of the 18th Century
 Amsterdam Conservatory

1946 births
Living people
Dutch classical violinists
Dutch women violinists
Baroque-violin players
Academic staff of the Conservatorium van Amsterdam
Royal Conservatory of The Hague alumni
Women classical violinists
Dutch performers of early music
Women performers of early music
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century women musicians

Lucy van Dael


A misyar marriage ( or more often  zawaj al-misyar "traveller's marriage") is a type of marriage contract allowed by some Sunni Muslims. The husband and wife thus joined are able to renounce some marital rights such as living together, the wife's rights to housing and maintenance money (nafaqa), and the husband's right to home-keeping and access. The practice is often used in some Islamic countries to give a legal recognition to behavior that might otherwise be considered adulterous via temporary, contractual marriages.

In practice
The Sheikh of al-Azhar mosque, Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi and theologian Yusuf Al-Qaradawi note in their writings and in their lectures that a major proportion of the few men who take a spouse in the framework of the misyar marriage are men who are married or women who are either divorced, widowed or beyond the customary marriage age. Arab News reported in 2014 that the "misyar marriages became a widespread reality" in the Saudi kingdom.

Legality
Misyar marriage fits within the general rules of marriage in law, on condition merely that it fulfill all the requirements of the Shariah marriage contract, i.e.:
 The agreement of both parties
 Two legal witnesses (shahidain)
 The payment by the husband to his wife of mahr (dower) in the amount that is agreed
 The absence of a fixed time period for the contract
 Any particular stipulations (shuroot) which the two parties agree to include in the contract and which are in conformity with Muslim marriage law

However, some Sunni scholars and organizations have opposed the concept of Nikah Misyar altogether.

In the view of the Saudi Islamic lawyer and member of the Higher Council of Ulema of Saudi Arabia Abdullah bin Sulaiman bin Menie, the wife can, at any time as she sees fit, retract her renunciation of her financial rights and require of her husband that he give her all of her marital rights, including that he live with her and provide for her financial needs (nafaqa). The husband can then either do so, or grant her a divorce.

For these reasons, Professor Yusuf Al-Qaradawi observes that he does not promote this type of marriage, although he has to recognise that it is legal, since it fulfills all the requirements of the usual marriage contract. He states his preference that the clause of renunciation be not included within the marriage contract, but be the subject of a simple verbal agreement between the parties, since Muslims are held by their commitments whether they are written or verbal.

Criticism
Misyar has been suggested by some authors to be a comparable marriage (temporary marriage) and that they find it for the sole purpose of "sexual gratification in a licit manner".
According to Karen Ruffle, assistant professor of religion at the University of Toronto, even though mutʿah is prohibited by Sunni schools of law, several types of impermanent marriage exist, including misyar (ambulant) marriage and ʿurfi (customary) marriage, which gained popularity in parts of the Sunni world.
According to Florian Pohl, assistant professor of religion at Emory University's Oxford College, misyar marriage is a controversial issue in the Muslim world, as many see it as a practice that encourages marriages for purely sexual purposes, or that it is used as a cover for a form of prostitution.
Islamic scholars like Ibn Uthaimeen or Al-Albani claim, for their part, that misyar marriage may be legal but not moral. They agree that the wife can reclaim the rights which she gave up at the time of contract at any time. But, they are opposed to this type of marriage on the grounds that it contradicts the spirit of the Islamic law of marriage and that it has perverse effects on the woman, the family, and the community in general. Some ulama (scholars) have issued fatwas (legal opinions) in which they contend that misyar is zina (fornication). For Al-Albani, misyar marriage may even be considered as illicit, because it runs counter to the objectives and the spirit of marriage in Islam.

Al-Albani also underlines the social problems which can result from the misyar marriage, particularly in the event that children are born from this union. The children raised by their mother in a home from which the father is always absent without reason may suffer difficulties.

Salafi leader, Ibn Baaz was asked about misyar marriage with the intention of divorce. He replied that it is permissible and, along with Permanent Council (of Muftis), decreed that it is permissible. "Someone asked him: In one of your tapes, you have a fatwa that it is permissible for someone in a Western country to get married with the intention of getting divorced after a specific period. What is the difference between this and between Mut'ah?Response: Yes, this fatwa has come from Permanent Council (of Muftis), and I am its leader, and we have ruled that it is permissible to marry with the intention of getting divorced, if this intention is between the servant and his Lord. If someone marries in a Western country, and his intention is that when he finishes his studies or finds a job or something like this that he will get divorced, then there is absolutely no problem with this in the opinion of all 'ulama. This intention is something between the servant and Allah, and is not a condition. The difference between this and Mut'ah is that Mut'ah has the condition of a definite time period, such as a month or two months or a year or two years and so forth. If the time period fends, then the Nikah is abrogated. This is the invalid form Mut'ah. However, if somebody marries according to the Sunnah of the Prophet, but he nonetheless holds the intention in his heart that when he leaves the (Western) country he will divorce, then there is no harm it. This intention might change, and so it is not something definite. This intention is not a condition, and it is something between the servant and his Lord. There is no harm in it, and it is one of the ways that a person may remain chaste and avoid fornication and debauchery. This is the statement of all people of knowledge."
Ibn Baaz was also asked:"this kind of marriage is where the man marries a second, third or fourth wife, and the wife is in a situation that compels her to stay with her parents or one of them in her own house, and the husband goes to her at various times depending on the circumstances of both. What is the Islamic ruling on this type of marriage?"He replied:

"There is nothing wrong with that if the marriage contract fulfills all the conditions set out by sharee'ah, which is the presence of the wali and the consent of both partners, and the presence of two witnesses of good character to the drawing up of the contract, and both partners being free of any impediments, because of the general meaning of the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): 'The conditions that are most deserving of being fulfilled are those by means of which intimacy becomes permissible for you' and 'The Muslims are bound by their conditions.' If the partners agree that the woman will stay with her family or that her share of the husband's time will be during the day and not during the night, or on certain days or certain nights, there is nothing wrong with that, so long as the marriage is announced and not hidden."

However, some students of Ibn Baaz said that he later retracted the view that it is permissible, but no writings have been found to prove that.

Earlier ulama (scholars) also noted consensus upon misyar marriage with the intention of divorce. Al-Nawawi wrote:"Qazi said: 'There is an unanimous agreement that whoever performs permanent marriage but his intent is to stay with her for a specific period, verily his marriage is valid, and it is not Mut'ah marriage, because Mut'ah marriage is based on a conditional period."

'Abd al-'Azeez Aal al-Shaykh was asked:

"There is a lot of talk about misyaar marriage being haraam or halaal. We would like a definitive statement about this matter from you, with a description of its conditions and obligations, if it is permissible."

He replied:

"The conditions of marriage are that the two partners should be identified and give their consent, and there should be a wali (guardian) and two witnesses. If the conditions are met and the marriage is announced, and they do not agree to conceal it, either the husband, the wife or their guardians, and he offered a waleemah or wedding feast, then this marriage is valid, and you can call it whatever you want after that."

Shaykh al-Albani was asked about misyar marriage and he forbade it for two reasons:

 That the purpose of marriage is repose as Allah says (interpretation of the meaning): "And among His Signs is this, that He created for you wives from among yourselves, that you may find repose in them, and He has put between you affection and mercy. Verily, in that are indeed signs for a people who reflect" [al-Room 30:21]. But this is not achieved in this kind of marriage.
 It may be decreed that the husband has children with this woman, but because he is far away from her and rarely comes to her, that will be negatively reflected in his children's upbringing and attitude.

See also
 Islamic marital jurisprudence
 Living apart together
 Nikah halala
 Nikah 'urfi
 Nikah Mut'ah
 Pilegesh
 Walking marriage

References

External links

English
 Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf: Misyar marriage
 Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf: Mut'ah marriage
 Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf: The philosophy of marriage in Islam
 Kutty : Conditions of valid marriage
 Siddiqi : Witnesses and mahr (dower) for marriage
 Al-Qasim : Temporary marriage (mut'ah)
 Urfi marriage
 Yet another marriage without strings, Fatwa committee of Al-Azhar against Misyar
 Misyar marriage at lexicorient.com
 Misyar marriage at marriage.about.com
 Misyar marriages
 Misyar marriage – a marvel or misery?
 Misyar offers marriage-lite in strict Saudi society
 Al-Hakeem, Mariam: Misyar marriage gaining prominence among Saudis
 No strings attached marriage enrages Gulf women
 Marriage or mockery?
 Al-Obeikan, Sheikh Abdul Mohsen, vice-minister of Justice of Saudi Arabia: interview with the Arabic daily "Asharq al-Awsat" of 09/07/06 in which he discusses the legal value of the IFA fatwa
 Khalid Chraibi: "Misyar" marriage

Arabic
 Al-Marzuqi Saleh Secretary General of IFA, interviewed by TV Alarabiya.net on the subject of the IFA decisions on 12/04/2006
 An-Najimi, Muhammad: member of IFA, interviewed by TV AlArabiya.net on the subject of the IFA decisions on (28/04/06)
 Sharia ruling
 BinBaz: Mesyar marriage and its conditions

Marriage in Islam
Temporary marriages
Islamic terminology

Misyar marriage


Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon or Sailor Moon is a shojo manga by Naoko Takeuchi. It was adapted to an anime series by Toei Animation CO., LTD. Sailor Moon was one of the most popular anime/manga series during the 1990s, spanning five seasons, four movies, and multiple video games. It continues to hold a strong fanbase with many fansites devoted to it.

Summary
Usagi (Serena in English) is an eighth grader who is clumsy, a crybaby and who also gets bad grades. One day, she meets a talking cat named Luna, who tells her that she is Sailor Moon, a superhero. She has to fight monsters to save people from getting their energy stolen by evil beings. Usagi has some friends who fight evil along with her. They are named Sailor Mercury, Sailor Venus, Sailor Mars, and Sailor Jupiter. They make up a team called the Sailor Senshi (Senshi means soldier or guardian in Japanese). The Sailor Senshi are named after different planets in the solar system. Each of the Sailor Senshi uses magical powers to become a Sailor Senshi. They are also young Japanese girls. Their real names are not Sailor Mercury, Sailor Venus, Sailor Mars, and Sailor Jupiter. For example, when Sailor Mercury is not fighting evil, her name is Ami Mizuno (Amy in English). The name of Sailor Venus is Minako Aino (Mina in English). The name of Sailor Mars is Rei Hino (Raye in English). The name of Sailor Jupiter is Makoto Kino (Lita in English). Each of them has a transformation sequence where they turn into their Sailor Senshi form, with many colourful effects.

Mamoru Chiba (called Darien Chiba in the English manga and Darien Shields in the English anime) is Usagi's boyfriend. He uses magic powers to transform into a man named Tuxedo Mask, who fights evil along with the Sailor Senshi. In the future, Usagi and Mamoru get married and become the king and queen of the earth. Their daughter, named Chibiusa (Rini in the English version), travels through time to help them and the Sailor Senshi.

Usagi has a cat named Luna, named after the Latin word for moon. Minako has a cat named Artemis after the Greek goddess of the moon (although Artemis is a male cat). Luna and Artemis are not ordinary cats. They can talk, and they have moon symbols on their foreheads. They can also turn into humans in the manga, and Luna turns into a human in one of the anime movies. In the future, they have a kitten named Diana (Diana is the name of the Roman moon goddess).

Later on there are some other Sailor Senshi. They are named after the planets Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto (now a dwarf planet). Sailor Saturn's real name is Hotaru Tomoe. Sailor Uranus' real name is Haruka Tenoh (Amara in English). Sailor Neptune's real name is Michiru Kaioh (Michelle in English). Sailor Pluto's real name is Setsuna Meioh (Trista in English). In the manga and anime series, Haruka and Michiru are lesbians, but in the English anime they were changed to cousins. This is because the English anime was made for younger children than the anime series.

Each Sailor Senshi has different powers. Sailor Moon has powers of love and healing. Sailor Mercury has powers of water and ice. Sailor Mars has fire powers, Sailor Jupiter has electricity and plant powers, and Sailor Venus has light and energy powers. Sailor Chibi Moon, (called Sailor Mini Moon in the English version) has love and sugar powers. Sailor Saturn is death and rebirth, Sailor Neptune is water, Sailor Uranus is earth, and Sailor Pluto has time and death powers. Tuxedo Mask can throw roses against enemies.

The Manga
In the manga there are five series: Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon, Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon R(eturn/omance), Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Super Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon SuperS Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Stars. Sailor Moon was originally serialized in the Japanese manga magazine by Kodansha. Afterwards Kodansha published the completed series in volumes. There are eighteen volumes total.

The Anime
The anime stayed close to the story from the manga. However, due to its popularity, Toei made more seasons and produced movies. Sailor Moon was licensed to be aired in the United States by DIC Entertainment (a company that makes TV and film). DIC cut out some scenes and changed some of the dialogue to make it more acceptable for children. Many anime fans did not like the changes. Due to their complaints, ADV Films and later Pioneer Inc. made uncut versions.

The following TV series and movies were made:
Original TV Series (1992-1997)
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon S
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon SuperS
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon Stars
Revived TV Series (2014-present)
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon Crystal
Movies
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R: The Movie
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon S: The Movie
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon SuperS: The Movie

Worldwide date

December 28, 1991 (Japan)
March 3, 1992 (UK)
May 14, 1992 (France)
July 10, 1992 (Italy)
November 24, 1993 (USA)
January 19, 1994 (Australia)
March 10, 1994 (Mexico)
April 3, 1994 (Brazil)
June 28, 1994 (Germany)
July 10, 1994 (Iceland)
October 7, 1994 (New Zealand)
February 5, 1995 (Ireland)
June 19, 1995 (Canada)
August 10, 1995 (Spain)
October 20, 1995 (Portugal)
November 30, 1995 (Turkey)
December 10, 1995 (Taiwan)
March 20, 1996 (South Korea)
May 10, 1996 (Egypt)
July 20, 1996 (Israel)
September 10, 1996 (India)
December 20, 1996 (Russia)
March 10, 1997 (Poland)
May 20, 1997 (Netherlands)
July 10, 1997 (Hungary)

References

Manga
Anime
Animated television series
1995 television series debuts
2000 television series endings

Sailor Moon


Warisan budaya iku warisan wujud artifak fisik lan sing ora kasat mata saka sawijining golongan masarakat sing diwarisaké saka génerasi kapungkur, dijaga ing jaman saiki lan direksa kanggo génerasi mangsa ngarep.

Uga delengen
 UNESCO
 Situs warisan donya

Rujukan

Pranala njaba
 ABCOnlus Cultural Heritage Map(Italian end world)  – Free Official mapps (English and Italian language)
 HeritageGenie - Site to help others preserve their family heritage - Links - Employment opportunities
 Australian Government Heritage Website
 City of Ballarat Heritage page - information on types of heritage, heritage planning, learning about heritage, researching heritage and heritage events and opportunities
 Cultural Heritage Text and Research on netzspannung.org I cultural heritage
 Cultural heritage information from UNESCO
 Cultural Heritage in Greece on Google Maps
 Cultural heritage policy - history and resources Getty Museum
 Cultural heritage search engine
 Cultural routes and landscapes, a common heritage of Europe  (English and French language)
 Digital Culture Forum (DigiCULT)
 EPOCH – European Research Network on Excellence in Processing Open Cultural Heritage
 Intangible Cultural Heritage website, Newfoundland and Labrador
 International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property
 International Council of Museums
 International Council on Monuments and Sites
 International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works
 Inventory of Heritage Organisations in Europe(English, French, German and Dutch language)
 Mediterraneum. Protection, conservation and valorization of cultural and environmental property (English, French, Spanish and Italian language)
 Mukul Dey Archives, Chitralekha, Santiniketan INDIA
 National Register of Historic Places  Travel itineraries in the U.S.
 UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Official website
 U.S. Library of Congress - American Memory About the collections of photographs, documents and drawings
 Victorian(Australia) Government Heritage Website
 Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony  (English and Italian language)
 Cultural Heritage and Artistic Works Magazine (Italian end world) – ABCOnlus Official website (English and Italian language)
 Scientific Computing & Cultural Heritage  Nov. 16th-18th 2009 Heidelberg, Germany (English language)
The touristical management of the cultural heritage
 Culturespaces, the cultural heritage's management
 An international petition against a project to construct a tower hotèl within the Unesco precinct of Tournai cathedral (Belgium)
 Tour Operator of Cultural Heritage in Venice (Italy) – Official website (English and Italian language)
 Computation and Cultural Heritage Slide notes and material of the Siggraph 2009 Course

Studi budaya

Warisan budaya


A spuin is a utensil consistin o a smaa shallae bowl, oval or roond, at the end o a haundle. A teep o cutlery (whiles cried flatware in the Unitit States), especially as pairt o a place settin, it is uised primarily for servin. Spoons are an aa uised in fuid preparation tae measur, mix, stir an toss ingredients. Present day spoons can be made frae metal (notably flat siller or sillerware, plated or solit), wuid, porcelain or plastic.

Eatin utensils

Spoon


Josiah Leming (born March 26, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter originally from Morristown, Tennessee. At the age of 17, Leming dropped out of high school and began traveling across the United States to play shows while living out of his car. He eventually caught the eye of executives at Warner Brothers Records who signed him to his first major label record deal in 2008. Leming's debut album, Come On Kid, from Warner Bros. came out September 13, 2010. Under the name Josiah And The Bonnevilles, his second album, On Trial, was released in 2018. He went on to release two more albums under this moniker, Motel Mayday in 2021 and 2022, a compilation of singles he released during that year. His main influences are Bob Dylan, Leonard Cohen, Ryan Adams and The Rolling Stones.

Biography
Josiah Leming was born in Morristown, Tennessee. He was raised by his mother and stepfather alongside four brothers and four sisters, six of whom are adopted. Leming first learned the piano when he was eight years old, after his mother purchased a Casio keyboard for nothing.  He also played his grandmother's piano during visits to her house, and participated in school musicals and choirs. Described as "self-taught", he also credits an "elderly piano instructor" for his early musical education.

By 13, Leming was writing his own music. A friend introduced him to the music of DC Talk, Coldplay and Travis, Neil Young, Bob Dylan, Ryan Adams, and The Smiths at 15. They had some influence on Leming's musical style. When he was 16, Leming began to perform locally. He dropped out of high school and left Morristown at 17, in an attempt to both make it as a musician and find a way to support his large and struggling family. Leming played in clubs and coffeehouses throughout the Southeast while working at restaurants and temp agencies to pay for food and gas. He traveled to Atlanta, Georgia in late 2007 when he heard American Idol would hold auditions there.

Musical career
In 2007 Leming self-released The Paperplain EP and Her EP on his MySpace page for digital download—neither EP is available now.

Leming signed a record deal with Warner Bros. in 2008 and began work on his debut album Come on Kid. To promote the album, Warner Bros. released Angels Undercover EP in 2008 and Punk Ass Rain EP in 2009. Meanwhile, Leming recorded Come on Kid in London and Los Angeles, with the help of producers Jesse Owen Astin, Martin Terefe, Warren Huart and David Kosten. Two songs from Angels Undercover EP are featured on the album--"To Run" and "Arctic Outcry Wind".

Come on Kid was released on September 13, 2010, after some delays. "It was emotional, and it took a long time," Leming tells Billboard.com. "In order to make an album that everybody was happy with, and also that I felt good about, it took the good part of two years to kind of wrangle that in." While these delays were rumored to have been caused by contract disputes with 19 Entertainment, both Leming and 19 now say that the "disputes" were simply a misunderstanding.

Come on Kid failed commercially, which prompted Warner Bros. to drop Leming from the label in late 2010.

Leming recorded music independently in Burbank, California for three years before returning to Tennessee in early Fall 2011. He released a new single "What You've Taken" on February 6, 2011, in conjunction with the launch of his official website. The single was available on his website for free download until March 6, 2011.

Leming plays in different venues across the country to promote his music. In addition, he does a live 30-minute broadcast on Stickam usually every Sunday at 6:30 PDT, performing his songs and updating viewers on the progress of his musical career. He also regularly updates his Facebook and Twitter page.

During a live Stickam broadcast on July 24, 2011, Leming announced he will self-release his second album September 2011; however, he later pushed the release date to October or November 2011.

Leming released three singles from his second album in anticipation of its release. On September 24, 2011, he released a studio recorded version of his well-known song, "One Last Song". "Too Young" was released on October 24, 2011, followed by "Another Life" on November 10, 2011.

His self-released second album, titled "Another Life" was released on November 29, 2011.

On September 16, 2014, he released his new single and video "Long Gone" exclusively through Yahoo! Music. This is the first single of his new upcoming record. The second single 'Can You Hear It' was released January 6, 2015.

Leming's "To Run" is the only song written by an American Idol contestant to be covered in the Kidz Bop series.

On American Idol
Leming is the only contestant in the history of American Idol to not make the 'Top 24' and land a major label record deal. He was a contestant on Season 7 of  American Idol; the producers were interested in his life as a traveling musician living out of his car. In an interview with MTV News, Leming said he was disappointed with how they portrayed his life as a "sob story". "I wanted to stand on my voice, and my own two feet," he explained, "but they wanted to know about the story and they wanted to use it. I definitely wasn't going for the sympathy vote."

He became a popular contestant after singing his rendition of "Grace Kelly" by English singer Mika. However, Leming did not make it to the top 24 for his performance of "Stand by Me" by Ben E. King; Randy Jackson and Paula Abdul refused to side with Simon Cowell in his wish to see Leming advance to the semi-finals.

Leming later admitted the performance was poor. "I didn't know that song, so I was trying to make it my own, and I focused more on the words than the melody. And that's why it was kind of all messed up." He wanted to sing "Take Me Out" by Franz Ferdinand, but was not allowed to—Leming did not know why.

Cowell is on record saying that he feels it was a mistake not to put Leming through to the next round, having stated: "We should have put him through. I was all for it. I wanted him in the competition." Leming's controversial ouster is widely believed to be one factor behind the return of wild cards to the selection process in Season 8.

Leming's popularity grew after returning to Tennessee. He gained more followers on MySpace. In addition, many label representatives called him, and producers of The Ellen DeGeneres Show invited Leming to make a guest appearance, which he accepted. Leming signed a record deal with Warner Bros.

Discography
The Paperplain, self-released EP, (2007)
Her, self-released EP (2007)
Angels Undercover, EP (2008)
26 on Top Heatseekers
Punk Ass Rain, EP (2009)
Come On Kid (2010)
Another Life (2011)
Listen Close Live (2013)
Cold Blood EP (2018) (under Josiah and the Bonnevilles)
On Trial (2018) (under Josiah and the Bonnevilles)
Motel Mayday (2021) (under Josiah and the Bonnevilles)
2022 (2022) (under Josiah and the Bonnevilles)

References

American Idol participants
People from Morristown, Tennessee
1989 births
Living people
Singers from Tennessee
21st-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Tennessee
American male pianists
American male guitarists
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singers

Josiah Leming


The Tarantula hawk is a type of spider wasp which hunts tarantulas as food for its larvae. The Tarantula hawk is any type of spider wasp which is in the genera Pepsis and Hemipepsis in the family Pompilidae (spider wasps).

Description
Most species of Tarantula hawks are around 5 cm (2 inches) long, making it the largest type of wasp. They usually have a blue-black body and reddish-orange wings, but some have black wings. The color on their wings tells  predators that they are dangerous (aposematism). They have long legs which have hooked claws that are used for grabbing their prey. The sting of a female Tarantula hawk can be as long as 7 mm long; the stinger is said to be the second  most painful insect sting in the world.

Behavior
When a female Tarantula hawk finds a tarantula it stings and paralyzes the tarantula. Then the wasp drags the tarantula to her burrow or takes it to a specially made nest, where it lays a single egg on the tarantula's abdomen. Once the egg hatches the larva makes a hole in the tarantula's abdomen. It then crawls into the tarantula and feeds on the insides. After a few weeks the larva pupates. After a while the wasp turns into an adult and comes out of the tarantula's abdomen. Tarantula hawks are also nectarivores, meaning they eat the nectar of flowers. Unlike the females, males do not hunt at tarantulas. Instead they feed on the nectar of flowers of milkweeds, western soapberry trees, or mesquite trees, which the females also feed on.

Where they live
Tarantula hawks are found in India, southeast Asia, Africa, Australia and the Americas. In the Americas they can be found as far north as Salt Lake City, Utah in the U.S.A to as far south as Argentina in South America. 250 species are found in South America, while many other species have been found in deserts of southwestern U.S.A.

Sting
The sting of this wasp is said to be the most painful insect sting in the world, but the pain only lasts for a few minutes. Not many people have been stung by a Tarantula hawk but people who have say that it is so painful that they can not think of doing anything but scream. Not many animals eat them, but one that can is the roadrunner. Many animals avoid Tarantula hawks because of their sting, so some insects mimic their looks. Many types of wasps, bees, flies, moths and beetles mimic the looks of the Tarantula hawk.

Wasps

Tarantula hawk


Ustym Yakymovych Karmaliuk (also Karmelyuk, ) (March 10, 1787 – October 22, 1835) was a Ukrainian outlaw who fought against the Russian administration and became a folk hero to the commoners of Ukraine. He is often referred to as the "Ukrainian Robin Hood" and "the last haydamak".

Early life
Following the Second Partition of Poland in 1792, a vast territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was ceded to the Russian Empire including the eastern Podillia.

Karmaliuk was born a serf in the settlement of Holovchyntsi in Letychiv County (powiat latyczówski) (in some sources, Lityn County) of the Podolian Voivodeship in 1787. There is little known about his early life except that he possessed some literacy and was fluent in Russian, Polish and Yiddish, besides his native Ukrainian language, as attested by the police documents of the time. He was taken by his owner at the age of 17 to work as a servant in the manor, but was notoriously insolent. As a result, his owner decided to forcibly send him into Russian military service, in order to remove him from others whom he was inciting to rebellion.

Established revolutionary

Army service and desertions
Karmaliuk was enlisted to serve in the Imperial Russian Army in Kamianets-Podilskyi. He was forcibly inducted into the Russian Imperial Army, and served in the Napoleonic Wars of 1812 in an Uhlan regiment, but eventually escaped and organized rebel bands who attacked merchants and landowners, while distributing the booty between the poor. He was captured in 1814, and was sentenced in Kamianets-Podilskyi to run a gauntlet of 500 blows, a typical military punishment. He was then sent to serve out the 25-year term of penal service in a military unit in the Crimea, but he fled again, returning to northern Podolia.

Rebellion
In Podolia, he once again organized rebel bands in Olhopil, Letychiv, and Lityn regions, attracting a wide support base among Ukrainians, Jews and even Poles. The rebellions intensified over the years, and then had spread not only to other parts of Podolia, but also to the neighboring provinces of Volynia, Kyivshchyna, and Bessarabia.

Karmaliuk escaped from the castle where he was held captive, but was captured yet again in 1817-18. The second time, he was sentenced to 25 blows with the knout in front of the town hall and sent to far-away Siberia.

In 1822, Karmaliuk was arrested yet again and jailed for the third time in the castle's Pope's Tower. On the night of March 12–13, 1823, Karmaliuk organized an escape with his fellow inmates, during which he was injured and captured just two weeks later. In April 1823, Karmaliuk was sentenced to 101 hits with the knout in front of the town hall.

With the ongoing Polish uprising of 1831, by the early 1830s Karmaliuk's guerrilla army was approximately 20,000 strong, with over 1,000 raids on the estates of the Polish and Russian landowners over a 20-year period. The response of the tsar was to station military units in those regions hardest hit by Karmaliuk. He was caught four times and sentenced to hard labor in Siberia, but escaped each time, returning to Lityn and Letychiv districts. A tower in the Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle bears the name of its famous prisoner.

Openness towards other ethnicities
Karmaluk bore no ill will towards the poor of all ethnic groups and minorities in Ukraine, Jews in particular, and as a result they supported him en masse. His close companions were the Poles Jan and Alex Glembovski, Feliks Jankovski and Alexander Wytwycki and Jews Avrum El Itzkovych, Abrashko Duvydovych Sokolnytsky and Aron Viniar. Many Jews were prosecuted for participating in Karmalyuk's raids and aiding and abetting him. In general, Karmalyuk inspired unprecedented loyalty in all his supporters.

Death

The sister of a woman called Ulyana (or Olena), Warwara decided to testify against Karmalyuk. She informed the local landowners about Karmalyuk's next visit to the Warwara, and they ambushed her house. Two of the party hid in the stove and one in the halls, providing an emergency exit through the roof. Two others were scared and decided to run through the roof. Haidamka is said to have enquired what the noise was, to which Ulyana replied that the sheep were making noise. When the noise was repeated, Karmalyak decided to check what was happening and looking out he saw a frightened nobleman, Rutovsky, who shot him in the head out of fear.

According to legend, Karmalyuk was impervious to bullets, but he was killed by the only thing that could get him, a lead garment button.

In art and literature
Karmalyuk is a subject of many art- and folk-songs. He is sometimes referred to as "the Houdini of Podilia", as no prison was able to hold him for very long. Affectionately, he is known as the last Haidamak of Ukraine.

Karmalyuk was the subject of three portraits by Russian painter Vasily Tropinin. There are a few different versions of Karmalyuk's acquaintance with the artist. According to one version Tropinin was introduced to Karmaliuk by his friend physician Prokopy Danylevsky, who had given medical help to Karmalyuk's people. According to another version, Tropinin painted Karmaliuk inside prison. Three portraits of Karmalyuk by Tropinin survive. One is kept in the Nizhny Tagil art museum, another in the Tretyakov Gallery and the third is in the Russian Museum.

Karmalyuk was the subject of a number of poems by the songwriter Tomasz Padura, some of which became folk songs.

Faust Lopatinsky directed the silent film "Karmalyuk" in 1931.

Literary works dedicated to Ustym Karmalyuk include:
 Marko Vovchok – a historic children novella Karmalyuk (in Ukrainian, 1865);
 Mykhailo Starytskyi – a novel in 2 volumes, Rogue Karmelyuk (in Russian, 1908) (Ukrainian translation, 1909);
 Dmytro Tiahnyhore – a four-act play, Karmalyuk (in Ukrainian, 1920);
 Liudmyla Starytska-Cherniakhivska – a five-act play, Rogue Karmelyuk (in Ukrainian, 1926);
 Stepan Vasylchenko – a three-act play – Rogue Karmelyuk (in Ukrainian, 1927);
 Vasyl Kucher – Ustym Karmalyuk (in Ukrainian, a novella in 1940, a novel in 1954, based on the 1940 novella);
 Ivan Drach – The Ballad of Karmalyuk – a poem included in his book Poems (in Ukrainian, 1967);
 Volodymyr Gzhytskyi – Karmalyuk (in Ukrainian, 1971);
 Hyzha Oleksandra – Siege of Karmalyuk (in Ukrainian, 1990).

Footnotes
a. In honor of Karmaliuk, the Pope's Tower where he was frequently held captive in is also referred to as "Karmaliuk's Tower."

References

Bibliography
Chapin, David A. and Weinstock, Ben, The Road from Letichev: The history and culture of a forgotten Jewish community in Eastern Europe, Volume 2.  iUniverse, Lincoln, NE, 2000, pp. 465–468.

1787 births
1835 deaths
People from Vinnytsia Oblast
People from Podolia Voivodeship
Ukrainian folklore
Yiddish-speaking people

Ustym Karmaliuk


A meteor shower is an event when many meteors seem to come from one point in the night sky. These meteors are caused by meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at extremely high speeds on parallel paths. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of sand, so almost all of them burn up and never hit the Earth's surface.

A meteor shower is the result of an interaction between a planet, such as Earth, and streams of debris from a comet. Comets are dirty snowballs, made up of rock embedded in ice, orbiting the Sun. Each time a comet swings by the Sun in its orbit, some of its ice vaporizes and meteoroids will be shed. The meteoroids spread out along the entire orbit of the comet to form a meteoroid stream, also known as a "dust trail".

Most of our short-period meteor showers are the product of rare disintegrations, when large chunks break off a mostly dormant comet. Examples are the Quadrantids and Geminids. They originated from a breakup of asteroid-like objects, 2003 EH1 and 3200 Phaethon, respectively, about 500 and 1000 years ago. The fragments tend to fall apart quickly into dust, sand, and pebbles, and spread out along the orbit of the comet to form a dense meteoroid stream, which later moves into Earth's path.

The most visible meteor shower in most years are the Perseids, which peak on 12 August each year at over one meteor per minute. NASA has a useful tool to calculate how many meteors per hour are visible from your observing location.

The Leonid meteor shower peaks around 17 November of each year. About every 33 years, the Leonid shower produces a big meteor storm, peaking at thousands of meteors per hour. Leonid storms gave birth to the term "meteor shower" when it was first realised, during the November 1833 storm, that the meteors radiated from near the star Gamma Leonis. The last Leonid storms were in 1999, 2001 (two), and 2002 (two). Before that, there were storms in 1767, 1799, 1833, 1866, 1867, and 1966. When the Leonid shower is not storming it is less active than the Perseids.

References

Meteor shower


The Cathedral Church of All Saints is the bishop's church of the Episcopal Diocese of Milwaukee, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. The current parish is a descendant of a small mission by the Right Reverend Jackson Kemper. It is located in Milwaukee's downtown Yankee Hill neighborhood.

The Gothic Revival church building was designed by E. Townsend Mix, a noted Milwaukee architect, and constructed as Olivet Congregational Church in 1868. The building was sold to the Episcopal diocese in 1871 when the Olivet congregation faced bankruptcy, and was consecrated as a cathedral in 1898. Incense was first used at All Saints Cathedral on Epiphany, 1902.

The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

The cathedral complex, which includes the church, an attached guild hall and nearby bishop's manse, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a Milwaukee City Landmark in 1973. The tower and steeple, approximately 200 feet tall, houses a bronze bell cast in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1867 one year before the church was built. It measures almost 40 inches in diameter at the mouth, weighs approximately 1,200 pounds and is tuned to an A. Currently, the cathedral is raising money to hang an additional five bells, tuned to F, E-flat, D, C, and B-flat. All bells will be rung by a computerized external striker, and the pre-existing bell can also be swung to ring it. Since renovation in the 1950s the steeple cross is mounted out-of-line with the facade, slightly angled towards Lake Michigan.

In the liturgical "east end" of the sanctuary, elevated on a triple-step dais of white marble, stands the high altar and triptych presented as a memorial gift to the cathedral in 1922 during the tenure of Dean Charles S. Hutchinson. The Sienna marble altar and triptych was designed and built by Eugene W. Mason, Jr. of New York City, and is of Italian Gothic styling. Embossed in the bronze door of the tabernacle is the Agnus Dei, the Lamb of God, signifying the sacrificial nature of the Eucharist. The figures on the predella (just below the center panel) are from the left: Saints Thomas Becket, Joan of Arc, St. Mary the Virgin, Francis of Assisi, and Demetrius of Alexandria.

Most of the stained glass windows in the cathedral were designed and produced in England, most by Lavers, Barraud and Westlake of London. A large rondel window of Christ the King was made by Heaton, Butler and Bayne, also of London.

Today's church features a liturgy in the Anglo-Catholic tradition. The congregation includes around 250 members.

See also

List of the Episcopal cathedrals of the United States
List of cathedrals in the United States

References

External links

All Saints Milwaukee
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Anglo-Catholic cathedrals
Anglo-Catholic church buildings in the United States
Churches completed in 1868
Churches in Milwaukee
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Episcopal churches in Wisconsin
Gothic Revival church buildings in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Milwaukee

Cathedral Church of All Saints (Milwaukee)


Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 American animated movie produced by Walt Disney and based on the 1865 story Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. It is the thirteenth Disney animated classic and includes the voices of Kathryn Beaumont (who also voiced Wendy Darling in the 1953 Disney movie Peter Pan) as Alice, and Ed Wynn as the Mad Hatter.

The story
A little girl named Alice is bored from her history lesson given by her sister. She, along with her kitten, Dinah, sneaks away and dream a world full of nonsense. However, Alice sees an unusual White Rabbit, who was holding large golden pocket watch and running off in a hurry. Curious to know where the Rabbit is going, Alice decides to follow him down the rabbit hole, where her adventures in Wonderland begin. Changing sizes from big to small, meeting bizarre people, like the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, the Cheshire Cat and the Caterpillar, Alice is tired from her adventures in Wonderland and wishes to go home.

Cast
 Kathryn Beaumont as Alice
 Ed Wynn as Mad Hatter
 Richard Haydn as Caterpillar
 Sterling Holloway as Cheshire Cat
 Jerry Colonna as March Hare
 Verna Felton as Queen of Hearts
 J. Pat O'Malley as Tweedledum and Tweedledee; Walrus; Carpenter; Mother Oyster
 Bill Thompson as White Rabbit; The Dodo
 Heather Angel as Alice's sister
 Joseph Kearns as Doorknob
 Larry Grey as Bill the Lizard, Card Painter
 Queenie Leonard as Mother Pigeon in the Tree, Snooty Iris
 Dink Trout as King of Hearts
 Doris Lloyd as Rose
 Jimmy MacDonald as The Dormouse
 The Mellomen (Thurl Ravenscroft, Bill Lee, Max Smith, and Bob Hamlin) as Card Painters
 Don Barclay as Other Cards
 Pinto Colvig as Flamingos (uncredited)
 Norma Zimmer as White Rose (uncredited)
 Mel Blanc as Dinah, Wonderland creatures (uncredited)

References

American animated movies
American family movies
Disney animated movies
1950s English-language movies
Movies composed by Oliver Wallace
1951 comedy movies
1950s American adventure movies
American coming-of-age movies
1950s American drama movies
American fantasy-comedy movies
1950s American musical fantasy movies
Movies based on books
1951 drama movies
Movies about dreams

Alice in Wonderland (1951 movie)


Shrimp are crustaceans. Shrimp are mainly found in three groups: Caridea, Procarididea, and Dendrobranchiata. There are thousands of species, and usually there is a species adapted to any particular habitat. Any small crustacean which resembles a shrimp tends to be called one.

Adult shrimp are filter feeding benthic animals that live close to the bottom. They can live in schools and can swim rapidly backwards. They have a high tolerance to toxins in polluted areas, and may contribute to high toxin levels in their predators. They play important roles in the food chain and are important food sources for larger animals from fish to whales.

Shrimp are related to prawns. In cooking, the criterion is often only the size of the animal (prawns are bigger). Biologically, prawns and shrimp can be told apart by the structure of their gills. In prawns, the gills are branching; in shrimp they are not.

Food
Many shrimp species are caught to be eaten. Usually, the head and the digestive tract are removed before the shrimp is eaten. The muscular tails of shrimp can be eaten, and they are widely caught and farmed for human consumption.

Commercial shrimp species support an industry worth 50 billion dollars a year. In 2010 the total commercial production of shrimp was nearly 7 million tonnes. Shrimp farming took off during the 1980s, particularly in China, and by 2007 the harvest from shrimp farms exceeded the capture of wild shrimp. There is often pollution damage done to estuaries when they are used for shrimp farming.

References

Related pages

 Prawn
 Krill

Decapods
Seafood

Shrimp


A volumetric flask (vol flask for short) is a type of laboratory glassware. It is used to hold and measure accurate amounts of liquid.  It is shaped like a Florence flask, but has a flatter bottom.  A volumetric flask has a tall, narrow neck with a stopper that can be used to close the opening at the top.  There is a line on the neck to show how much to fill the flask.  Volumetric flasks are made in many sizes, from a few milliliters to liters.  They are often used to make liquid solutions. The neck is narrow to make measurements more exact when making a solution.

Laboratory equipment

Volumetric flask


Ferdinand Julius Cohn (24 January 1828 – 25 June 1898) was a German biologist. He is a founder of modern bacteriology and microbiology.

Cohn was born in the Jewish quarter of Breslau in the Prussian Province of Silesia. This is now Wroclaw, Poland. Starting at age 16 he studied botany under Heinrich Goppert at the University of Breslau. He then moved to the University of Berlin. At age 19 in 1847 he received a degree in botany at Berlin.

In 1849 he returned to the University of Breslau and he remained at that university for the rest of his career as a teacher and researcher. His father had bought for him a large and expensive microscope, which the University of Breslau and most universities did not have at that time. They had microscopes, but not so good as his. It was Ferdinand Cohn's main research tool in the 1850s.

In the 1850s he studied the growth and division of plant cells. In 1855 he produced papers on the sexuality of Sphaeroplea and later Volvox. In the 1860s he studied plant physiology. Cohn was the first to classify algae as plants, and to define what distinguishes them from green plants.

From 1870 onward he mostly studied bacteria. He published over 150 research reports during his lifetime. The University of Breslau became an innovative center for plant physiology and microbiology while he was there. His classification of bacteria into four groups based on shape (sphericals, short rods, threads, and spirals) is still in use today.

Among other things Cohn showed that Bacillus can change from a vegetative state to an endospore when conditions are hard. Heat resistant spores of B. subtilis caused a controversy over spontaneous generation. Cohn explained why boiled infusions of hay and cheese could still get microbial growth.  It was because they contained heat resistant spores.

References

Other websites

 Jewish Encyclopedia entry for Ferdinand Julius Cohn
 Ferdinand Cohn in the Encyclopedia of World Biography, published by Gale Group (2010).

1828 births
1898 deaths
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
German botanists
Jewish German academics
Jewish German scientists
People from former German territories
People from Wrocław

Ferdinand Cohn


Seven is a 1995 American neo-noir crime horror thriller movie. It was directed by David Fincher and produced by Arnold Kopelson. It stars Brad Pitt as David Mills and Morgan Freeman as William Somerset, police detectives who are working together to catch serial killer John Doe, played by Kevin Spacey. Doe murders people he believes are guilty of the seven deadly sins. Mills' wife Tracy is played by Gwyneth Paltrow.

Other websites

References

1995 horror movies
1995 crime thriller movies
1990s horror thriller movies
1995 mystery movies
1990s serial killer movies
American crime thriller movies
American horror thriller movies
American mystery movies
American serial killer movies
1990s English-language movies
Film noir
Movies directed by David Fincher
American independent movies

Seven (movie)