Mother, Jugs & Speed is a 1976 American black comedy film directed by Peter Yates. It stars Bill Cosby (Mother), Raquel Welch (Jugs), Harvey Keitel (Speed), and Larry Hagman as employees of an independent ambulance service trying to survive in Los Angeles.

Plot
The F+B Ambulance Company is locked in an intense battle with the Unity Ambulance Company to win a city contract for providing ambulance service to a territory within Los Angeles.  Their star driver is "Mother" Tucker (Bill Cosby), a talented antihero who drinks alcohol on duty, harasses nuns, and behaves brazenly towards practically everybody he meets, including his partner Leroy (Bruce Davison). Indeed, the entire company is a band of misfits, including the hypersexual John Murdoch (Larry Hagman), his partner Walker (Michael McManus), putative medical student Bliss (Allan Warnick), and brash Texan "Rodeo" Moxey (Dick Butkus). The dispatcher and switchboard operator is Jennifer (Raquel Welch), whom the drivers nickname "Jugs" for her ample bosom. Harry "Doughnut" Fishbine (Allen Garfield) runs the company, using occasionally underhanded means (such as kickbacks) to maintain an income stream.

When Walker is injured after falling through a staircase on a call, Harry Fishbine hires Tony Malatesta (Harvey Keitel), a disgraced sheriff's detective and former Vietnam War ambulance driver. Upon learning that Tony has been suspended from the Sheriff's Department due to allegations that he sold cocaine to children, Mother nicknames him "Speed". Speed is initially paired with Murdoch, though their partnership is strained when Speed must stop Murdoch from raping an unconscious female college student who has overdosed on Seconal. On a false emergency call, Leroy is shot and killed by a junkie (Toni Basil) demanding drugs. When Mother pulls a gun on the junkie, the junkie commits suicide. Later that night, a drunken Mother assaults Murdoch for stating that Leroy's death "doesn't count"; though Murdoch states this in regard to the drivers' "dead body" pool, Mother perceives it as an attack on the character of his dead partner. Harry then partners Speed with Mother to alleviate his driver shortage.

Meanwhile, Jugs has obtained her Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) and ambulance driver certifications, and forces her way onto F+B's active roster with threats of sexual discrimination lawsuits. When Speed fakes an injury to prevent Jugs' arrest for misuse of an ambulance, the two fall in love. Though Jugs proves a capable EMT, she loses her nerve after a pregnant woman under her care suffers a severe obstetrical hemorrhage and bleeds to death in Mother's ambulance.  Jugs secludes herself afterward until Mother counsels her and gives her the courage to return to work.

At a City Hall meeting, City Councilman Warren informs the owners of both Unity and F+B that they will not be awarded the contract—it will instead be awarded to a larger, established company. To save their businesses, Unity's owner, Charles Taylor, proposes that their two companies merge. Though the councilman is agreeable to the merger, Fishbine is not. The discussion is interrupted by an emergency call: Murdoch, intoxicated and armed with a handgun, has broken into F+B's bus garage office with Walker and is holding Mrs. Fishbine hostage. All of Unity's and F+B's ambulances descend on the F+B garage; upon arrival, Murdoch opens fire and hits Speed in the shoulder. When Mother charges onto the garage grounds to rescue his ambulance, he comes face to face with Murdoch; Murdoch tries to shoot Mother, but his gun is empty. A deputy sheriff then shoots and kills Murdoch.

In the aftermath of this incident, F+B does merge with Unity, forming the Fishbine + Unity (F+U) Ambulance Company, based out of the old F+B garage.  (The new acronym for the company is also a slang abbreviation of "fuck you"; the old F+B stood for "Fish + Bine".) Speed, who has been cleared of all charges, is reinstated to the Sheriff's Department, though he remains romantically involved with Jugs.  Jugs is initially relegated to switchboard duty again, until Mother insists that she become his new partner.  The two drive off together, with Mother harassing the nuns one more time as the movie ends.

Cast
 Bill Cosby as "Mother" Tucker
 Raquel Welch as Jennifer "Jugs"
 Harvey Keitel as Tony "Speed" Malatesta
 Allen Garfield as Harry "Doughnut" Fishbine
 Larry Hagman as John Murdoch
 Michael McManus as Hal Walker
 Allan Warnick as Arthur Bliss
 Bruce Davison as Leroy
 Dick Butkus as "Rodeo Moxey"
 L.Q. Jones as Sheriff Davey
 Ric Carrott as Deputy Harvey Warnicker
 Bill Henderson as Charles Taylor
 Valerie Curtin as Mrs. Fishbine
 Milt Kamen as Barney, Hamburger Stand Owner
 Toni Basil as Junkie Who Kills Leroy

There was originally a role written for professional wrestler Lillian Ellison (The Fabulous Moolah) in the film, but she had to drop out of the role due to a gallbladder infection.

TV version
20th Century Fox attempted to turn the film into a television series, although none of the original cast participated.  The program was titled Mother, Juggs & Speed with a double "g" because the network would not allow the lead female character to have a name that made explicit reference to her breasts.  Instead, producers added the concept that Jennifer's nickname was taken from her real last name, Juggston.  The series was not picked up, but ABC aired the pilot as a one-time special on Thursday, August 17, 1978.

Production
Joseph Barbera, one half of the legendary cartoon-creating duo Hanna-Barbera, served as executive producer for this film. Tom Mankiewicz says it was Barbera's idea to make a film about ambulance driving. He had a deal with 20th Century Fox who paid a writer to develop a script. Mankiewicz, then best known for writing several James Bond films, became interested and was hired. He did research on the subject and wrote his own script, and then attached Peter Yates as director. Alan Ladd Jr., then head of production for Fox, said he would make the film if it could be done for less than $3 million.

Yates and Mankiewicz thought the lead role of Mother Tucker was perfect for Gene Hackman. They offered him the role, but Hackman was exhausted from working on Lucky Lady and declined. However he recommended Bill Cosby as an alternative; Yates, Mankiewicz and Ladd all agreed and Cosby accepted the part. The tight budget meant the leads had to accept deferred payment. The female lead was offered to Valerie Perrine but she would not take deferred payment, so Raquel Welch was cast instead.

Reception
According to Tom Mankiewicz the film was made for around $3 million and grossed $17 million.

Mother, Jugs & Speed was referenced in the 2006 film Relative Strangers multiple times, most notably during the game of Charades scene.

Mother, Jugs & Speed was rated in M in New Zealand and Australia, where it was previously rated PG.

Mother Jugs & Speed received mixed critical reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 50% rating based on 16 reviews.

References

External links

1976 films
1976 black comedy films
20th Century Fox films
American black comedy films
1970s English-language films
Films about automobiles
Films directed by Peter Yates
Films set in Los Angeles
Films with screenplays by Tom Mankiewicz
1970s American films
Medical-themed films

Mother, Jugs & Speed


Louis-Simon Boizot (1743–1809) was a French sculptor whose models for biscuit figures for Sèvres porcelain are better-known than his large-scale sculptures.

Biography

Boizot was the son of Antoine Boizot, a designer at the Gobelins manufacture of tapestry. At sixteen, he became a student at the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture and worked in the atelier of the sculptor René-Michel Slodtz (1705–1764), with whom Houdon also trained.  Boizot took the  for sculpture in 1762, for a sojourn at the French Academy in Rome (1765–70).

On his return to Paris he married Marguerite Virginie Guibert, daughter of the sculptor Honoré Guibert. He was admitted to the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture in 1778 and exhibited at the annual salons until 1800. His portrait busts of Louis XVI and Joseph II, executed during the Emperor's visit to his sister Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1777 and reproduced in biscuit porcelain at Sèvres. A subtly nuanced decorative panel in very low relief, an allegory of Les Eléments, ca. 1783 is at the Getty Museum.

In 1787, a royal commission from the comte d'Angiviller director of the Bâtiments du Roi, for a series of heroic statues of illustrious French men for Versailles, resulted in Boizot's bust of Racine.
Boizot was one of the main artists whose work was included in the collection of the Comédie-Française at the end of the 18th century. Others were Jean-Baptiste d'Huez, Jean-Joseph Foucou, Augustin Pajou and Pierre-François Berruer.

From 1773 to 1800 Boizot directed the sculpture workshop at Manufacture nationale de Sèvres,  producing the series of white unglazed biscuit figures with a matte finish imitating marble, in which Neoclassicism was softened by a Rococo sweetness, or by a sentimental moralizing, such as in his hard-paste Sèvres porcelain group of a woman giving aid to a crouching woman with two children, allegorical of Charity, ca 1785, now at the Getty Museum.   Such figures were designed for chimneypieces or could be combined in a surtout de table. A vase produced at Sèvres, c 1787, in a classic amphora shape was known as a Vase Boizot Boizot's connection with the piece is unclear: perhaps he provided the models for the gilt-bronze snakes that form handles.

Boizot also produced terracotta models for gilt-bronze clock cases, such as the allegorical figures of the "Avignon" clock in the Wallace Collection, London, cast and chased by Pierre Gouthière, 1777, and, exceptionally, for gilt-bronze furniture mounts on French royal furniture, where the meticulously kept accounts of the Garde-Meuble permit his role as modeller to be identified. Such a case is provided by the pair of draped female caryatid figures, balancing baskets on their heads and holding flowers and grapes in their laps applied to the corners of a drop-front secretary (secrétaire à abattant) that was produced under the direction of the sculptor and entrepreneur Jean Hauré for Louis XVI's Cabinet-Intérieur at Compiègne, 1786-87. Among a host of craftsmen (Guillaume Beneman stamped the carcase) Boizot received 144 livres for his terracotta model, "de stil antique". (Watson 1966, I, no. 107).

Boizot's models for seated reading and writing female figures, conventionally called L'Étude and La Philosophie (1780), originally destined to be executed in Sèvres biscuit porcelain, were also copied in gilt-bronze by the ciseleur-doreur François Remond and assembled as mantel clocks retailed by the marchand-mercier Dominique Daguerre. Three were purchased for Louis XVI at Saint-Cloud; examples are in numerous public collections.

During the Revolution, he was a member of the Commission des Monuments in 1792. From 1805 he held a chair at the Academie des Beaux-Arts. He executed the sculpture for the Fontaine du Palmier erected in 1808 in the Place du Châtelet, Paris, in a more severe and bombastic Empire style. It celebrates Napoleon's return from Egypt. with a gilded Victory (finished in 1806) that surmounts a column with sphinxes spouting water at the base. The original of the Victory is in the gardens of the Musée Carnavalet.

References

Further reading
L.S. Lami, Dictionnaire des sculpteurs de l'école française au dix-huitième siècle (Paris) 1910.
Francis J.B. Watson, The Wrightsman Collection (Metropolitan Museum of Art), vol. I, no. 107 (the secrétaire à abattant), vol. II, p 563 (biography)
(Getty Museum) Louis-Simon Boizot

External links

18th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
19th-century French sculptors
1743 births
1809 deaths
Prix de Rome for sculpture
Academic staff of the École des Beaux-Arts
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts
19th-century French male artists
18th-century French male artists

Louis-Simon Boizot


A shaman is a kind of medicine man who practices shamanism. Shamans were believed to be able to talk to the spirit world, usually animal spirits. In some tribes shamanism is important such as the Yanomamis (a Venezuelan tribe in the Venezuelan forest).

A shaman was a person who had a special connection to the spiritual world.

Related pages
 Spiritism
Medicine man
Ainu

Religious people

Shaman


Henry Alexander Hepburne-Scott, 10th Lord Polwarth   (17 November 1916 – 4 January 2005) was a Scottish chartered accountant, businessman and Conservative politician.

Polwarth was the eldest son of the Hon. Walter Thomas Hepburne-Scott, Master of Polwarth, son of Walter Hepburn-Scott, 9th Lord Polwarth. His paternal grandmother Edith Frances was the daughter of Sir Thomas Buxton, 3rd Baronet, and the great-granddaughter of the social reformer Sir Thomas Buxton, 1st Baronet. He was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, and served in the Second World War as a Captain in the Lothians and Border Horse and as an Aide-de-Camp to Major-General Percy Hobart and to Major-General Brian Horrocks. In 1944 he succeeded his grandfather in the lordship, his father having died in 1942 from an illness contracted during the Second World War. In 1945 he was elected a Scottish Representative Peer.

Polwarth was a partner in the firm of Cheine & Tait, chartered accountants, from 1950 to 1968, a Director of Imperial Chemical Industries from 1969 to 1972 and Chairman of the Scottish Council for Development and Industry from 1956 to 1966 and its President from 1966 to 1972. In 1968 he was appointed Chairman of the General Accident Insurance Group, a post he held until 1972. He was also a Director of the Bank of Scotland between 1950 and 1971 and 1974 and 1981 and served as its Governor between 1968 and 1972. In 1972 he was made Minister of State for Scotland in the Conservative administration headed by Edward Heath, a post he held until the Conservatives lost power in 1974. Polwarth then returned to business and was again a Director of Imperial Chemical Industries from 1974 to 1981 and also of the Sun Life Assurance Co of Canada from 1975 to 1984, of the Canadian Pacific Railway from 1975 to 1986 and of Halliburton Co from 1974 to 1987. From 1984 to 1985 he was a member of the House of Lords Select Committee on Overseas Trade but lost his seat in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. Apart from his career in industry and politics he was Chancellor of the University of Aberdeen from 1966 to 1986.

Lord Polwarth received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1968.

Lord Polwarth married firstly Caroline Margaret, daughter of Captain Robert Athole Hay, in 1943. They had one son and three daughters but were divorced in 1969 (she died in 1982). He married secondly Jean, daughter of Admiral Sir Angus Edward Malise Bontine Cunninghame Graham of Gartmore and of Ardoch, and former wife of Charles Jauncey, in 1969. Polwarth died in January 2005, aged 88, and was succeeded by his only son Andrew.

Notes

References

1916 births
2005 deaths
Lords of Parliament
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Chancellors of the University of Aberdeen
Governors of the Bank of Scotland
Scottish accountants
Scottish representative peers
Deputy Lieutenants of Devon
Lothians and Border Horse officers
20th-century Scottish businesspeople
Polwarth

Henry Hepburne-Scott, 10th Lord Polwarth


Quetta () is the capital and largest city of Balochistan province in Pakistan. It is famous for its climate and buildings. It is to the north of Balochistan, 133 kilometers away from Spin Buldak, Afghanistan.

In 1935, a powerful earthquake hit Quetta. The earthquake was felt between 2:30 am to 3:40 am. It resulted in the collapse of buildings, that is why there is no historical building in Quetta.

History
Quetta is also spelled Kuwatah which is a variation of Kot, a Pashto word meaning "fortress".

Quetta was captured by Mehmood Ghaznavi in the 11th century. The Khans of Kalat ruled Quetta until 1556 when the Persians conquered the city, only to have it retaken by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1595. Despite all this, the Khans of Kalat were successful in restoring their rule in the region by the 18th century.

The predominantly Muslim population supported the Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement. On joining Pakistan, Quetta was made the capital city of the newly created province of Balochistan.

Geography
Quetta lies close to the borders of Afghanistan. Traders and invaders have passed through Quetta since pre-historic times. Quetta is 1,645 meters above the sea level. It is near the Hazarganji-Chitan National Park.

It has a cold and windy in winter moderate summers.

References

Other websites
 Quetta, Google Maps

Capital cities in Pakistan

Quetta


DAR Constitution Hall is a concert hall located at 1776 D Street NW, near the White House in Washington, D.C. It was built in 1929 by the Daughters of the American Revolution to house its annual convention when membership delegations outgrew Memorial Continental Hall. Later, the two buildings were connected by a third structure housing the DAR Museum, administrative offices, and genealogical library. DAR Constitution Hall is still owned and operated by the National Society of Daughters of the American Revolution. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985.  It has been a major cultural center of the city since its construction, and houses its largest auditorium.

Description

The hall was designed by architect John Russell Pope and is located at 1776 D Street NW, just east of the Department of the Interior, between the American Red Cross and the Organization of American States, across from the Ellipse in front of the White House. The hall seats 3,702, with 2,208 in the tiers and 1,234 on the orchestra level. Additionally, 52 boxes (containing five seats each) separate the orchestra from the tiers, including one Presidential box.

The Hall is a Neoclassical style structure, faced with Alabama limestone and houses the largest auditorium in Washington. This auditorium is unusual with its U-shaped balcony, necessary to provide the enormous amount of seating required by the program while retaining practical sight distances. The auditorium holds a three-manual, 40 rank Skinner pipe organ, Opus number 757.

History

From 1930 until the opening of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1971, Constitution Hall was home to the National Symphony Orchestra and the city's principal venue for touring classical music soloists and orchestras. Some of the earliest mainstream country music concerts were also held there, organized by Connie B. Gay. The National Geographic Society presented sold-out film lectures, filling the hall for many decades, three evenings a week until about 1990 when they moved to the National Geographic theater near 16th and M Streets, NW. The free Air Force Band Sunday concerts, featuring famous guest artists, are popular, as is the band's special Christmas gala show.

In 1939, the DAR denied African-American opera singer Marian Anderson the opportunity to sing at the Hall, causing First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to resign her membership in protest. Instead, Anderson performed (with the aid of Eleanor Roosevelt and her husband, President Franklin D. Roosevelt) a critically acclaimed open-air concert on Easter Sunday, April 9, 1939, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. She sang before a crowd of more than 75,000 people and a radio audience in the millions. In 1941, Paul Robeson was also blocked from performing at Constitution Hall on the grounds of his race. The organization would later reverse its racial exclusion policy and Anderson performed at Constitution Hall for an American Red Cross war relief benefit in 1943; in 1964, she chose it as the first venue of her farewell concert tour.

Every U.S. president since Calvin Coolidge has attended at least one event at the theater.

Events
The Hall is used for concerts, school commencements, conferences, corporate meetings, televised events and other performances.  The Hall hosted the 1939 premiere of Mr. Smith Goes to Washington and was the recording site for Eddie Murphy Delirious in 1983; John Denver's Christmas In Concert in 1996, Whitney Houston's Classic Whitney concerts in 1997; Martin Lawrence Live: Runteldat in 2002; Chris Rock's HBO special and album Never Scared in 2004 and Robin Williams HBO special Weapons of Self Destruction in 2009. It has hosted tapings of TV game shows Jeopardy! in 1997, 2004, 2012 and 2016, Wheel of Fortune in 2000 and 2001, the newscast Buletin Utama in 2000, and the 2004, 2005, 2007, and 2008 Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group.

See also
List of concert halls
List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.

References

External links

DAR Constitution Hall
DAR Constitution Hall on Google Street View

Music venues in Washington, D.C.
Concert halls in the United States
National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.
Buildings and structures completed in 1929
Genealogical libraries in the United States
John Russell Pope buildings
Daughters of the American Revolution
Neoclassical architecture in Washington, D.C.
1929 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.

DAR Constitution Hall


Negative free bid is a contract bridge treatment whereby a free bid by responder over an opponent's overcall shows a long suit in a weak hand and is not forcing. This is in contrast with standard treatment, where a free bid can show unlimited values and is unconditionally forcing. The treatment is a relatively recent invention, and has become quite popular, especially in expert circles.

Negative free bids resolve relatively frequent situations where the responder holds a long suit with which he would like to compete for a partscore, but is deprived from bidding it by opponent's overcall.

Example

For example, if South holds: , partner opens 1 and East overcalls 1, he couldn't bid 2 in standard methods, as it would show 10+ high-card points, and a negative double would be too off-shape. With NFB treatment in effect though, he can bid 2 which the partner may pass (unless he has extra values and support, or an excellent suit of its own without tolerance for hearts).

However, as a corollary, negative free bids affect the scope of negative double; if the hand is suitable for "standard" forcing free bid (10-11+ points), a negative double has to be made first and the suit bid only in the next round. Thus, the negative double can be made with the following types of hand:
A weakish hand with unbid suits (unbid major)
A stronger hand with unbid suits
A strong (opening bid or more) one-suited hand.
This can sometimes allow the opponents to preempt effectively.

For example, West, holding: , after this auction is in an awkward situation — he doesn't know whether partner has spades or not; whether South was bidding to make or to sacrifice — is it correct to double, bid 4 or pass?

See also
Negative double
Support double
Takeout double

External links
Alan Truscott's column in New York Times
5-part series by Karen Walker that originally appeared in the ACBL Bridge Bulletin, Jan-May 2005
Discussion of merits

Bridge conventions

Negative free bid


Roger Russell Wehrli (; born November 26, 1947) is an American former football cornerback who played for his entire 14-year career with the St. Louis Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL) from 1969 until 1982. He was a seven-time Pro Bowler after playing college football for the Missouri Tigers, where he was a consensus All-American and a first-round draft choice by the Cardinals in 1969. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2007.

High school
Wehrli was born in New Point, Missouri. His parents were teachers and his father was a school district superintendent.  They enrolled Roger in school at the age of 5.  As a result, he started his freshman year of high school at the age of 13. In 1965, Dan Devine recruited Wehrli from King City, Missouri, where he lettered in football, basketball, and track for the Wildkats, as well as help the school win the state title in track in 1965.

College career
Wehrli was assigned to defense by University of Missouri coach Dan Devine. Despite playing on defense, Wehrli was able to get his hands on the ball often enough to be an offensive threat. Wehrli was a two-time All-Big 8 player and was the Big 8 Defensive Player of the Year as a senior. That same year, he was a unanimous All-America selection.

Roger had ten career interceptions, with seven coming in his senior season, also returning kickoffs and punts. In 1968, his 40 punt returns and 12-yard return average led the nation. To finish off an 8–3 season, Wehrli had a decisive interception to help lead the Missouri to a 35–10 victory over the University of Alabama in the Gator Bowl.

At the time of his College Hall of Fame induction he held school records for career punt returns, punt return yards in a game, season, and career. He played in the Senior Bowl and was named to the 50-year Anniversary All-Senior Bowl team.

Wehrli was a member of the first class of inductees into the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame, located in Springfield.

He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003. Wehrli is the 13th person with ties to the University of Missouri to be inducted into the College Hall of Fame. In 1990, Wehrli was voted a charter member of the University of Missouri Intercollegiate Athletics Hall of Fame.

NFL career

Wehrli's outstanding attribute was his speed. Originally expected to be taken in the third round, he ran a 4.5 40-yard dash and vaulted into the first round. Hall of Fame quarterback Roger Staubach has called Wehrli the best cornerback he played against, and claims that the term "shutdown corner" originated as a description of Wehrli. Although he only played on five winning teams and only went to the playoffs in non-strike years twice, he is considered one of the best cornerbacks in the history of the game.

In his career, Wehrli had 40 career interceptions for 309 yards and recovered 19 fumbles. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2007. When inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, he became the second Missouri player to be elected, joining former tight end Kellen Winslow, who was enshrined in 1995. Wehrli was inducted into the Cardinals Ring of Honor on October 14, 2007.

An All-Rookie choice in 1969, Wehrli was voted All-Pro in 1970 and was a consensus All-NFC selection including being voted to the Pro Bowl. In 1971, Wehrli was 2nd team All-Pro by the NEA and again was a consensus All-NFC choice and was selected to his second Pro Bowl. In 1972 Wehrli was moved to safety by the Cardinals coaching staff where he played alongside Hall of Famer Larry Wilson. He returned to right cornerback in 1973.

In 1974 Wehrli was again All-Pro and he made his third Pro Bowl and was a consensus All-NFC selection. The following year, 1975 though 1977, he was a consensus All-pro and consensus All-NFC player and a Pro Bowler. In 1978 Wehrli's only post-season honor was being honorable mention All-NFC by UPI as his Cardinal team struggled under new coach Bud Wilkinson. In 1979 Wehrli had a fine season and was a consensus All-NFC pick and made his seventh Pro Bowl.
In 1981, after 12 seasons as right cornerback (except for 1972), Wehrli switched to the left side. In his first start at the other corner, he broke up two passes and made four tackles as the Cards shut out the Buffalo Bills, 24–0.

In his 14 seasons, Wehrli played in 193 games. In addition to his starting defensive back duties, he was the holder on the place-kicks. In that role he scored a touchdown in 1982 on a fake field goal.

See also
 List of NCAA major college yearly punt and kickoff return leaders

References

External links
Pro Football Hall of Fame: Member profile

1947 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American football cornerbacks
American football safeties
St. Louis Cardinals (football) players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Missouri Tigers football players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Holt County, Missouri
People from King City, Missouri
Players of American football from Missouri

Roger Wehrli


The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) is a set of rules in the United Kingdom. Employers are to protect employees and other persons from the hazards of substances used at work.

The tasks that employers have to make according to COSHH include:
 Finding out what are the hazards to people's health in the workplace.
 Deciding how to prevent the damage to people's health - this is called risk assessment.
 Giving tools for reducing the damage to people's health.
 Making sure these tools are used.
 Keeping all these tools in order.
 Giving important information and teaching people how to use the tools and reduce health risk.
 Keeping track of health, when this is needed.
 Planning for times of emergency - for example an accident, when a dangerous material is spilled.

United Kingdom law

COSHH


Reparacionet e luftës të bëjë me kompensimin monetar për qëllim për të mbuluar dëmet apo lëndime gjatë një lufte. Në përgjithësi, me reparacionet e luftës termi i referohet parave ose mallrave, dhe jo transferet e pronës apo aneksimin e tokës.

Historia

Përpara Luftës se pare botërore
Roma i imponoi  dëmshpërblime të mëdha  Kartagjenas pas Luftës së parë Punike dhe Luftës së dytë Punike.

Traktate të pabarabarta firmosur nga Dinastia Qing në Kina, Japonia, Korea, Siam, Persia, Perandoria Osmane, Afganistani dhe vendet të tjera në shekullin e nëntëmbëdhjetë përfshinë pagesat e dëmshpërblimeve  për fuqitë fitimtare perëndimore, kryesisht Mbretëria e Bashkuar, Francë edhe Rusia, dhe me vene Japonia.

Pas Lufta Franco-Prusiane, në përputhje me kushtet e  Marrëveshjes se Frankfurtit (1871) (10 Maj 1871), Franca ishte i detyruar të paguajë një dëmshpërblim të luftës nga pesë miliardë franga ari në pesë vjet.  Trupat gjermane kanë mbetur në disa pjesë të Francës deri këste e fundit të dëmshpërblim ishte paguar në shtator 1873, para datës të detyruar..

Lufta e Pare Botërore

Rusia u pajtua te paguaj reparacione Fuqive qendrore kur Rusia doli nga lufta në Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (e cila u spraps nga qeveria Bolshevike tete muaj me vone).

Gjermania pranoi te paguante reparacione 132 bilion  marka ari Triple Ententene Traktatin e Versailles.

Bulgaria pagoi reparacione 2,25 bilion frang ari (90 milion pounds) për Entente, në përputhje me Treaty of Neuilly.

Lufta e Dyte Botërore

Evropa

Pas Luftës së Dytë Botërore, ne baze te konference Potsdam  mbajtur midis 17 gusht dhe 2 gusht 1945, Gjermania duhej ti paguante Allies 20 bilion USD kryesisht ne maqineri, manufacturing plants.  Reparationet per  Bashkimit Sovjetik u ndaluan me  1953.  Përveç kësaj, në përputhje me të rënë dakord mbi politikën
e de-industrializimit dhe pastoralization e Gjermanisë,
numër i madh i fabrikave civile janë shkatërruar për
transportit në Francë dhe Mbretërinë e Bashkuar, ose thjesht shkatërruar.
Çmontimi në perëndim ndalur në vitin 1950.

In the end, war victims in many countries were compensated by the property of Germans that were expelled after World War II. Beginning immediately after the German surrender and continuing for the next two years, the United States pursued a vigorous program to harvest all technological and scientific know-how as well as all patents in Germany. Historian John Gimbel, in his book Science Technology and Reparations: Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany, states that the "intellectual reparations" taken by the U.S. and the UK amounted to close to $10 billion dollars.
German reparations were partly to be in the form of forced labor. By 1947, approximately 4,000,000 German POW's and civilians were used as forced labor (under various headings, such as "reparations labor" or "enforced labor") in the Soviet Union, France, the UK, Belgium and in Germany in U.S run "Military Labor Service Units".

Në përputhje me Traktati i Paqes se Paris i 1946-es, Italia u pajtua të papguaj reparacione rreth 125 milion USD Jugosllavise, US$105 million  Greqise, US$100 million to the Soviet Union, US$25 million  Etiopise, and US$5 million to Shqipëria. Finlandapranoi te paguaj reparacionet reth US$300 million Bashkimit Sovjetik.

Hungary agreed to pay reparations of US$200 million to the Soviet Union, US$100 million to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Romania agreed to pay reparations of US$300 million to the Soviet Union. Bulgaria agreed to pay reparations of $50 million to Greece and $25 million to Yugoslavia.

According to the articles of these treaties, the value of US$ was prescribed as 35 US dollars to one troy ounce of pure gold.

Japoni
Në përputhje me Treaty of Peace with Japan and the bilateral agreements, Japan agreed to pay around 1 trillion and 30 billion yen. For countries that renounced any reparations from Japan, it agreed to pay indemnity and/or grants in accordance with bilateral agreements.

Qeveria e Shteteve te BAshkuara officially apologized for the Japanese American internment during World War II in the 1980s and paid reparations.

Kritika
The main criticisms of war reparations have historically been:
 that they are punitive measures against the populace of the losing side only, rather than against the belligerent side, which may be the side that justly ought to make amends.
 that in very many instances, the defeated populace's government waged war, and the people themselves had little or no role in deciding to wage war, and therefore war reparations are imposed on innocent people.
 that after years of war, the populace of the losing side is likely already impoverished, and the imposition of war reparations therefore may drive the people into deeper poverty, both fueling long-term resentment of the victor and making the actual payments unlikely.

John Maynard Keynes claimed that overall influence on the world economy would have been disastrous.

Some critics hold that war reparations were an indirect, but major, cause of World War II.  After the end of World War I, the 1919 Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy war reparations upon Germany.  Some claim these reparations payments exacerbated German economic problems, and the resulting hyperinflation ruined the chances of the Weimar Republic with the public and allowed the rise of the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler. After the Franco-Prussian War, the amount of reparations amount was set at a fixed value. Moreover, the post-World War I amount was subject to frequent recalculations, which encouraged Germany to obstruct payments. Eventually, all payments were cancelled after Hitler rose to power.

The experience of the post-World War I reparations led to the post-World War II solution, where winning powers were supposed to take reparations in machines and movable goods from the defeated nations, as opposed to money.

Reparacione te fundit
After the Gulf War, Iraq accepted United Nations Security Council resolution 687, which declared Iraq's financial liability for damage caused in its invasion of Kuwait.  The United Nations Compensation Commission ("UNCC") was established, and US$350 billion in claims were filed by governments, corporations, and individuals.  Funds for these payments were to come from a 30% share of Iraq's oil revenues from the oil for food program.  It was not anticipated that US$350 billion would become available for total payment of all reparations claims, so several schedules of prioritization were created over the years.  The UNCC says that its prioritization of claims by natural people, ahead of claims by governments and legal people, "marked a significant step in the evolution of international claims practice."

Payments under this reparations program continue; as of July 2004, the UNCC stated that it had actually distributed US$18.4 billion to claimants.

There have been attempts to codify reparations both in the Statutes of the International Criminal Court and the UN Basic Principles  on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims .

Shiko edhe
 Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)
 Treaty of Versailles
 Yalta Conference
 Potsdam Conference
 Boxer Protocol
 Treaty of San Francisco

Shenime

Referime
 Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John "The Wreck of Reparations, being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement, 1932", New York, H. Fertig, 1972.
 Ilaria Bottigliero "Redress for Victims of Crimes under International Law", Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague (2004).

Lidhje te jashtme
 The United Nations Compensation Commission
 Reparations for the gross violations of human rights during the regime of Democratic Kampuchea (the Khmer Rouge) in Cambodia

Reparations
Reparacione

Reparacionet e luftës


Antimony pentoxide, also known as antimony pentaoxide and antimony(V) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Sb2O5. It has antimony and oxide ions in it. The antimony is in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a yellow solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid to make antimony pentachloride and antimony pentafluoride. It breaks down to antimony tetroxide when heated to a high temperature.

Preparation
It is made by reacting antimony trioxide with nitric acid. It can also be made by reacting antimony pentafluoride or antimony pentachloride with water.

Uses
Antimony pentoxide is used in fire retardants and the making of titanium dioxide. It is also used as a catalyst.

Related pages
Antimony trichloride
Antimony triiodide
Bismuth pentoxide

Antimony compounds
Oxides

Antimony pentoxide


Raymond William "Bill" Bradford (September 20, 1947 – December 8, 2005), who used R. W. Bradford as his pen name, was an American writer chiefly known for editing, publishing, and writing for the libertarian magazine Liberty.

Early life
Bradford was born on September 20, 1947, in Detroit, Michigan. He was the son of Raymond Bradford and Eleanor Ritter Bradford.

He edited his first periodical, a short-lived mimeographed zine called Eleutherian Forum, while a teenager.

During the 1970s he developed a prosperous precious metals and numismatic business in Lansing, Michigan, Liberty Coin Service. He partially retired in 1980, moving to Port Townsend, Washington with his wife.

Liberty magazine
For Liberty, which he started in 1987, he wrote under his own name as well as several pseudonyms: as "Chester Alan Arthur" he engaged in political reportage and commentary, and as "Ethan O. Waters" he wrote deliberately provocative philosophical criticism and essays. ("Ethan O. Waters" was an anagram for "Owen Hatteras", a pseudonym used by H. L. Mencken, a writer and editor much admired by Bradford.) Liberty magazine has been one of the longest-running libertarian journals ever published, and along with Reason magazine can be considered a giant in libertarian media.

Bradford was a consequentialist who favored a pragmatic approach to libertarian philosophy, grounding his limited government beliefs in a view of individual rights as social constructs, rather than a result of natural law. This approach differentiated Bradford from many other libertarian writers, as well as Ayn Rand. Bradford, however, was extremely tolerant of differences of opinion, and often published articles and essays by those with whom he disagreed; despite being against the war machine and opposed to the Iraq War, Bradford published articles written by proponents of the war. Many libertarian writers found a home at Liberty magazine, and the monthly continues to be edited and published by his good friend, Stephen Cox, and Bradford's widow, Kathy.

In later years, Bradford became notable for his published criticisms of the Libertarian Party, whom he viewed as excessively didactic and electorally ineffective. He also reported upon what he viewed as financial mismanagement and cronyism by Libertarian Party officials. His criticism of the Libertarian Party's misuse of funds and ineffectual strategies often came into conflict with other libertarians, but his expose of financial mismanagement and cronyism is credited, along with the campaign of Michael Badnarik, with saving the Libertarian Party from disaster.

In 1999, Bradford was a founding coeditor of The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies along with Stephen D. Cox and Chris Matthew Sciabarra.

Death
He died of kidney cancer on December 8, 2005 in Port Townsend, Washington, aged 58.

References

External links
 Official site of Liberty magazine
 'Cutting the Gordian Knot' Article on libertarianism by R. W. Bradford
 Liberty Coin Service

 Reflection on working with Bradford, by Brian Doherty
 Memoir of Bradford, by Jesse Walker
 Memoir of Bradford and Liberty, by Timothy Virkkala
 Reflection on "Bill Bradford, Ayn Rand, and Coney Island", by Chris Matthew Sciabarra

1947 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American libertarians
American magazine editors
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
Consequentialists
Deaths from cancer in Washington (state)
Deaths from kidney cancer
Writers from Detroit
Writers from Port Townsend, Washington

R. W. Bradford


Glen Matlock (born 27 August 1956) is the first bassist of the British punk group Sex Pistols.

He left the group in 1977, because he "liked the Beatles", legend being "thrown out". Matlock was replaced by John Ritchie, also known as Sid Vicious.

In May 2010 it was announced that Matlock would be a member of a reunion of The Faces, scheduled to play at the Vintage at Goodwood festival in London in August 2010. He has spoken publicly against Brexit.

References

1956 births
Living people
Bassists
Sex Pistols
New wave singers

Glen Matlock


Byron Patton "Pat" Harrison (August 29, 1881June 22, 1941) was a Mississippi politician who served as a Democrat in the United States House of Representatives from 1911 to 1919 and in the United States Senate from 1919 until his death.

Early life and education
Pat Harrison was born at Crystal Springs, Mississippi. His father was a Confederate veteran of the Civil War and died in 1885. As a child, Harrison sold newspapers to supplement his family's income. After graduating as class valedictorian from Crystal Springs High School in 1899, he attended a summer term at the University of Mississippi before transferring to Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge on a baseball scholarship.

He dropped out after two years due to a lack of funds but was brought on to pitch for the Pickens, Mississippi, semi-professional baseball team in the 'Old Tomato League' summer circuit. After his stint in semi-professional baseball, Harrison moved to Leakesville, Mississippi. He taught and later became principal of the local high school. While supporting himself as an educator, Harrison studied law. He passed the Mississippi State Bar and opened a law practice in 1902.

Legal and political career
In 1906, Harrison was elected district attorney to the Second Judicial District, and in 1908, moved to Gulfport, Mississippi. He served as district attorney until being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1910. The 1910 election introduced Harrison as a skilled orator and witty debater, a reputation he maintained throughout his political career. Newspaper editor Clayton Rand described his longtime friend's oratory style as "an eloquence that flowed like a babbling brook through a field of flowers."

Political career
After four years as district attorney on the Mississippi Gulf Coast, Harrison won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1911 and was re-elected three times. One of the youngest members of the House, Harrison made his mark as an effective debater against Republican tariff and tax policies and soon became a favored aide to Democratic President Woodrow Wilson. In particular, Harrison supported Wilson's New Freedom policies and those concerning Mexico and Germany at the onset of America's involvement in World War I. In 1918, he ran against  incumbent U.S. Senator James K. Vardaman, an enemy of President Wilson. In return for Harrison's past support, President Wilson personally endorsed him for Senator. Already popular among his constituents, Harrison emphasized his differences with Vardaman and won over a majority of Mississippi voters, who were effectively limited to white Democrats, following the state legislature's disenfranchisement of most black voters by a new constitution and discriminatory practices dating from 1890. After winning Vardaman's Senate seat in 1918, Harrison was re-elected for another three terms, as Mississippi was a one-party state dominated by Democrats. He ran unopposed in 1930 for his third term in the U.S. Senate.

A supporter and former law partner of Theodore G. Bilbo, Stewart C. "Sweep Clean" Broom surprisingly aided Harrison's 1936 reelection campaign by giving a well-received speech encouraging "Bilbo folks" to save Bilbo "from his own blunder." Despite having received past help from Harrison, Bilbo actively supported Martin Sennett Conner for Harrison's Senate seat, presumably as a self-serving political maneuver.

As chairman of the powerful Senate Finance Committee, Harrison was one of the three or four key people behind the creation of the Social Security system in 1935. He also promoted low tariffs and reciprocal trade agreements. When the Senate majority leader's job opened up in 1937, Harrison was expected to win the position, but nose counts put him in a near tie with Kentucky's Alben Barkley. Harrison's campaign manager asked Bilbo, the junior member from Mississippi, to consider voting for his fellow Mississippian. Bilbo, a race-baiting Democratic demagogue whose base was among tenant farmers, hated the upper-class Harrison, who represented the rich planters. The rivalry between the two had deepened over years of disagreement over aspects of the New Deal and how federal money should be distributed throughout Mississippi. Bilbo said he would vote for Harrison only if he were personally asked. Harrison replied, "Tell the son of a bitch I wouldn't speak to him even if it meant the presidency of the United States." Despite Harrison's support for Roosevelt and his policies, shortly before the vote, the president wrote a letter of support for Barkley. When the ballots were in, Harrison lost by one vote, 37-38.

Harrison served on the Senate Finance Committee and was chairman of that body from 1933 to 1941 (Seventy-third through Seventy-seventh Congresses), and served as President pro tempore of the Senate during the Seventy-seventh Congress, in 1941 until his death that year. He was also a supporter of the Conservative coalition.

Political reputation
Harrison was a highly effective politician and a brilliant orator. He listened to his district and provided information, services, and patronage. Due to his ability to maneuver through the political landscape and because he was well-liked by many of his fellow politicians, Harrison became rather influential in both legislation and political endorsement. In 1928, he supported New York Governor Al Smith for President and campaigned for him across the South, where there was opposition and superstition among white Southerners because of Smith's Catholicism.

Harrison became known as the "Gadfly of the Senate" due to his oratory rebuking Republican policies.

At the 1932 Democratic National Convention, he swung the Mississippi delegation to Franklin D. Roosevelt on the crucial third ballot and became welcome at the White House.

Death
On 16 June 1941, Harrison underwent surgery for an intestinal obstruction. He died from post-operative complications six days later.

Bibliography

 Coker, William S. "Pat Harrison - Strategy for Victory". Journal of Mississippi History 1966 28(4): 267-285.
 Coker, William Sidney. "Pat Harrison: the Formative Years." Journal of Mississippi History 1963 25(4): 251-278.
 Davis, Polly. "Court Reform and Alben W. Barkley's Election as Majority Leader". Southern Quarterly 1976 15(1): 15-31.
 Edmonson, Ben G. "Pat Harrison and Mississippi in the Presidential Elections of 1924 and 1928". Journal of Mississippi History 1971 33(4): 333-350.
 Grant, Philip A., Jr. "Editorial Reaction to the Harrison-Barkley Senate Leadership Contest, 1937". Journal of Mississippi History 1974 36(2): 127-141.
 Grant, Philip A., Jr. "The Mississippi Congressional Delegation and the Formation of the Conservative Coalition, 1937-1940". Journal of Mississippi History 1988 50(1): 21-28.
 Finley, Keith M. Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938-1965 (Baton Rouge, LSU Press, 2008).
 Lord, Lewis. U. S. News & World Report, June 17, 1996, p. 12.
 Swain, Martha H. Pat Harrison: The New Deal Years (Jackson, Miss., 1978), the standard biography
 Swain, Martha. "Pat Harrison and the Social Security Act of 1935". Southern Quarterly 1976 15(1): 1-14.
 Swain, Martha H. "The Lion and the Fox: the Relationship of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Senator Pat Harrison". Journal of Mississippi History 1976 38(4): 333-359.
 Thomas, Phyllis H. "The Role of Mississippi in the Presidential Election of 1916," Southern Quarterly, 1966 4(2): 207-226.

See also

 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)

References

External links

 The Pat Harrison Collection (MUM00222) and Pat Harrison portraits can be found at the University of Mississippi in the Archives and Special Collections

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1881 births
1941 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi
Democratic Party United States senators from Mississippi
People from Crystal Springs, Mississippi
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Candidates in the 1924 United States presidential election
People from Leakesville, Mississippi

Pat Harrison


A nursery is a school for children between the ages of one and five years. It is a preschool education institution, part of a child's education.

Nurseries take care of young children during the day while providing a safe, fun and educational environment. Most nurseries provide toys and a outdoor playground with equipment.

In the UK, most children start nursery at two or three years old and move on to primary school the academic year they turn five. Some nurseries can take care of babies as young as 3-6 months old. These nurseries are often called day nurseries or daycares. Some nurseries are called children's centres. Some nurseries have separate rooms for different age groups. Preschools in the UK are mainly designed for children from toddler age to five years.

A nursery in England is also called FS1, which is also first year of foundation before they go into primary school.

Names
Nursery kindergarten (children's garden), is a name given by Friedrich Fröbel, who created the Nurseru in Germany, in 1837. Other common names are pre-school, playschool and playgroup. The German word Kindergarten is also used in many non-English-speaking countries to denote a form of pre-school education. However, in the United States, Canada, and some parts of Australia, kindergarten is instead the term used to describe the first year of compulsory schooling. The word kindergarten is not generally used in the UK.

References

Types of educational institutions
Childhood

Nursery


A barge is a simple looking boat with a flat surface and long structure. Barges usually transport goods to different places.

In Great Britain, during the Industrial Revolution, a substantial network of narrow barges was developed from 1750 onwards.

From 1825 there was competition from the railways. Eventually the British rail system took over from canal traffic due to the higher speed, falling costs and route flexibility of rail transport.

Barges carrying bulk and heavy cargoes continue to be viable. There is no cheaper way to move really heavy loads. Originally, British canals had locks only  wide, so narrowboats could be no more than 6'10" wide if they were to be able to navigate the system. It was soon realised that narrow locks were too limiting, and later locks were doubled in width to .

On the British canal system the term 'barge' is used to describe a "Thames [sailing barge], Duch [barge], or other styles of barge". The people who move barges are often known as lightermen.

A narrowboat is a particular type of canal boat, built to fit the narrow locks of the United Kingdom.

References

Boats

Barge


The narrative of Bel and the Dragon is from chapter 14 of the Book of Daniel. This chapter, along with chapter 13, is referred to as deuterocanonical, in that it is not universally accepted among Christians as belonging to the Bible.  The story is typically not included in Protestant Bibles.

It is believed by some scholars to have been written in the late 2nd century BC and accounted apocryphal by Protestants. The chapter is formed of three independent narratives, which place the culture-hero Daniel at the court of Cyrus, king of the Persians: "When King Astyages was laid to rest with his ancestors, Cyrus the Persian succeeded to his kingdom."  There Daniel "was a companion of the king, and was the most honored of all his Friends" (14:1).

The narrative of Bel (14:1–22) is a folk tale ridiculing worship. In it, the king asks Daniel "Do you not think that Bel is a living god? Do you not see how much he eats and drinks every day?" Daniel proves through a ruse that the sacred meal of Bel is actually consumed at night by the seventy priests and their wives and children, who entered through a secret door when the temple's doors were sealed. The priests and their wives and children are killed, and Daniel is permitted to destroy the idol of Bel and the temple.  This version has been cited as an ancestor of the "locked room mystery".

In the brief companion narrative of the Dragon (14:23–30), "there was a great dragon, which the Babylonians revered." In this case the supposed god is no idol, but not all that eats is divine: Daniel slew the dragon by making cakes of pitch, fat and hair. The dragon ate them and burst open. Now the Babylonians were indignant. "The king has become a Jew; he has destroyed Bel, and killed the dragon, and slaughtered the priests," they said, and demanded that Daniel be handed over to them.

The third narrative (14:31–42), Daniel in the Lions' Den, is apparently Daniel's 1st or 2nd trip. It has been made into a consequence of the preceding episode, but the Septuagint precedes it with the notice: "From the prophecy of Habakkuk, son of Jesus, of the tribe of Levi." Daniel remained unharmed in the den with seven lions, fed by the miraculous transportation of the prophet Habakkuk. "On the seventh day the king came to mourn for Daniel. When he came to the den he looked in, and there sat Daniel! The king shouted with a loud voice, "You are great, O Lord, the God of Daniel, and there is no other besides you!" Then he pulled Daniel out, and threw into the den those who had attempted his destruction, and they were instantly eaten before his eyes." Some have suggested that the Daniel in Bel and the Dragon is different from that of Daniel 1-13.

Other websites
Early Jewish Writings: Bel and the Dragon
 in the NAB

Septuagint

Bel and the Dragon


In Norse mythology, Váli is a son of the god Odin and giantess Rindr. Váli's brothers are Thor, Baldr and Víðarr. When Baldr was killed, Váli killed the person who killed him. He grew to full adulthood in one day.

We don't know whether Norse people worshipped Váli as a god or whether he was only a character in the Poetic Edda.

He is also the god of flight. Anything that passes through the sky, whether man made or of nature is under his control. To symbolize this his cloak is made of raven feathers that when he spreads his arms looks like wings. Váli is fated to survive Ragnarök.

References

Norse mythology
Norse gods and goddesses

Váli (son of Odin)


Events
 January 22 – Coup d'état in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). Unitarian Democrat Pieter Vreede makes an end to the power of the parliament (with a conservative-moderate majority).
 7 March – French forces invade the Papal States and establish the Roman Republic
 April 7 – The Mississippi Territory is organized from territory from Georgia and South Carolina and is later twice made larger to include disputed land claimed by both the U.S. and Spain
 April 26 – France leaves Geneva
 May 24 – Irish nationalists start bloody rebellion against British occupation.
 June 12 – French take Malta
 June 12 – Coup d'état in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). Moderates depose Pieter Vreede.
 July 1 – Napoleon's troops land in Egypt
 July 14 – The Alien and Sedition Acts become United States law making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false statements about the United States government
 July 21 – Napoleon defeats Mameluke forces near the Pyramids
 July 24 – Napoleon occupies Cairo
 July 30 – Selim III defeats Napoleon in Egypt
 July 31 – Second elections in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). No general elections this time.
 August 1 – Horatio Nelson defeats the French navy under Admiral Brueys at the Battle of the Nile. Nelson himself is injured on the head.
 August 22 – French troops land at Killala in County Mayo to assist Irish rebellion.
 September 18 – Lyrical Ballads published anonymously by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth

Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, Scientific Editor, Astronomer, begins editing journals about navigation and the geographic positions of cities.
XYZ Affair in the U.S., followed by naval battles, but no war is declared.
 First mechanical music boxes
 Alessandro Volta and La Place discover electricity
 The Afghans Army occupied Lahore in Punjab
 Aarau is the temporary capital of the Helvetic Republic
 Alois Senefelder invents lithography
 Eli Whitney contracts with the US Federal Government for 10,000 rifles, which he produces with interchangeable parts
 Charles Brockden Brown publishes the first American Novel Wieland or The Transformation an American Tale

Ongoing events
 French Revolution (1789-1799) Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign
 May-October – Irish Rebellion of 1798

1798


Wilhelm Robert Worringer (13 January 1881 in Aachen – 29 March 1965 in Munich) was a German art historian known for his theories about abstract art and its relation to avant-garde movements such as German Expressionism. Through his influence on the art critic T. E. Hulme, his ideas were influential in the development of early British modernism, especially Vorticism.

Biography
Worringer studied art history in Freiburg, Berlin, and Munich before moving to Bern, where he got his Ph.D. in 1907. His thesis was published the following year under the title Abstraction and Empathy: Essay in the Psychology of Style and remains his best-known work.

He taught at Bern University from 1909 to 1914. During this period he got to know members of the Blue Rider group, and he worked with his sister Emmy Worringer to arrange lectures and exhibitions at the avant-garde artists' association known as the Gereonsklub. In 1907 he married Marta Schmitz, a friend of Emmy's who later became a well-known and successful Expressionist artist under her married name of Marta Worringer.

After doing military service in World War I, he taught for some years at Bonn University, where he became a professor in 1920. One of his students there was Heinrich Lützeler. Around this time, his interest in avant-garde art began to wane as his interest in German philosophy waxed. He later taught at the universities of Königsberg (1928–44) and Halle (1946–50). In 1950, he moved to Munich, where he remained for the rest of his life.

Works
In Worringer's first book, the widely read and influential Abstraction and Empathy, he divided art into two kinds: the art of abstraction (which in the past was associated with a more 'primitive' world view) and the art of empathy (which had been associated with realism in the broadest sense of the word, and which was dominant in European art since the Renaissance). Worringer argued, however, that abstract art was in no way inferior to realist art and was worthy of respect in its own right. Following the Austrian art historian Alois Riegl, he argued that what he called "the urge to abstraction" arises not because of cultural incompetence at mimesis but out of a "psychological need to represent objects in a more spiritual manner". This turned out to be a broadly appealing justification for the increased use of abstraction in early 20th century European art. Christopher Wood wrote, in 2019, that "Empathy was Worringer's code word for the materialism and consumerism of nineteenth-century life."

Worringer posited a direct relationship between the perception of art and the individual. His claim that "we sense ourselves in the forms of a work of art" led to a formula, "The aesthetic sense is an objectivized sense of the self." He also stated, "Just as the desire for empathy as the basis for aesthetic experience finds satisfaction in organic beauty, so the desire for abstraction finds its beauty in the life-renouncing inorganic, in the crystalline, in a word, in all abstract regularity and necessity."

Abstraction and Empathy was widely discussed and was especially influential among the German artists of Die Brücke; it also helped spur growing interest in the art of Africa and Southeast Asia. He is credited by philosopher Gilles Deleuze in A Thousand Plateaus as being the first person to see abstraction "as the very beginning of art or the first expression of an artistic will."

His second book, Form in the Gothic (1911) expanded on ideas in the concluding section of his first book. Focused on Gothic art and architecture, it drew sharp distinctions between northern and southern European versions of the style. He wrote several more books, but none caught on to the same extent as the first two. He consistently championed northern, especially Germanic, forms and styles over those from the Mediterranean, and like fellow art historian Heinrich Wölfflin he argued that there was a German style of art that reflected the national character. Some of his ideas were used to prop up Nazism's racialized aesthetics, although the Nazis rejected the German Expressionist art he favored, terming it 'degenerate art'.

Publications
 Abstraction and Empathy (Abstraktion und Einfühlung, 1907)
 Form in the Gothic (Formprobleme der Gotik, 1911)
 Old German Book Illustration (Die altdeutsche Buchillustration, 1912)
 Egyptian Art (Agyptische Kunst, 1927)
 Greek and Gothic (Griechentum und Gotik, 1928)

Family
In 1907, he married Marta Schmitz, a friend of his sister Emmy, who became known as an artist under her married name of Marta Worringer. They had three daughters.

References

External links

1881 births
1965 deaths
German art historians
German male non-fiction writers
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
People from Aachen
University of Bern alumni

Wilhelm Worringer


The Bismarck Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Prince Otto von Bismarck and his wife Johanna von Puttkamer. It is on the Schneckenberg hill just outside Friedrichsruh, Schleswig-Holstein, in northern Germany. Bismarck was the first Chancellor of Germany (1871–1890). The chapel is now a protected monument.

Description

In the upper part of the chapel is the grave of Otto von Bismarck. The epitaph is in his own words: "A faithful German servant of Emperor Wilhelm I." In the lower part, which is not accessible to the public, is the place of the family grave of the Bismarcks. His son, Herbert von Bismarck, and grandson, Otto Christian Archibald von Bismarck, along with their wives, are laid to rest there. In the area around the chapel lies the grave of another grandson, Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen. The chapel and the site are still owned by the Bismarck family, but can be visited and rented for private tours.

History

Under the Gastein Convention negotiated by Bismarck in 1865, Prussia obtained the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg from the Austrian Empire. When Prussia established the German Empire in 1871, Bismarck was awarded the Saxony Forest as an endowment by Emperor Wilhelm I. Bismarck built his retirement home there, next to the Berlin–Hamburg Railway. He chose the site so that when he died he could be carried in state from his manor house down the railway to the mausoleum. Initially, Wilhelm II considered entombing Bismarck in the royal crypt of Berlin Cathedral. The poet Theodor Fontane argued against this, with his poem "Wo Bismarck liegen soll" ("Where Bismarck should lie"), which appeared in the newspaper on 3 August 1898, four days after Bismarck's death.

Half a year after his death, on 16 March 1899, the coffins of Otto von Bismarck and his wife, who had been buried at the Bismarck estate in Varzin, Pomerania (now Warcino, Poland), were ceremonially interred in two marble sarcophagi in the Friedrichsruh chapel. This date was chosen because it was the 11th anniversary of the funeral of Kaiser Wilhelm I. The funeral was attended by Wilhelm II, with his wife and a large entourage.

External links
 Picture gallery at flickr.com
 Picture gallery at flickr.com

References

 Hennig, Rolf: "The Saxon Forest," Neumünster (1991)

Otto von Bismarck
Cemeteries in Germany
Mausoleums in Germany
Buildings and structures in Herzogtum Lauenburg

Bismarck Mausoleum


The blue plaque scheme is a way for remembering the links between famous people and buildings by placing commemorative plaques on the walls.  The scheme was started by the Royal Society of Arts in London, and the very first plaques was, in fact, of red terracotta placed on the outside of a former home of Lord Byron (since demolished).

The Society erected 36 plaques between 1866 - 1901, responsibility for them was transferred to the London County Council (1901-65) (which changed the colour of the plaques to the current blue) and later the Greater London Council (1965-86) and most recently English Heritage. Similar schemes are now operated in all the member countries of the United Kingdom.

Outside London

English Heritage looks after the Blue plaque scheme in the London Boroughs.  Similar schemes exist outside London, run by each local authority. The system has been adopted outside the United Kingdom too, for example, in June 2010 a Blue Plaque was put on the home of Guernsey artist Peter Le Lievre.

References

Buildings and structures in the United Kingdom

Blue plaque


Essen is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality includes the towns of Essen Centrum, Heikant, Horendonk, Wildert, Statie en Hoek. On January 1, 2007 Essen had a total population of 17,143. The total area is 47.48 km² which gives a population density of 358 inhabitants per km².

The town is near the border with the Netherlands. Its train station is the last one in Belgium, the next station is Roosendaal, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands.

Notable living inhabitants

 Raf and Mich Walschaerts, cabaret duo (Kommil Foo)
 Frank Focketyn, actor
 Zdeněk Štybar, Czech cyclist
 Tom Meeusen, cyclist
 Bart Aernouts, cyclist

Other websites
  Official website

Municipalities of Antwerp

Essen, Belgium


The Silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) is a type of shark of the genus Carcharhinus, family Carcharhinidae. They are mainly found in warm bodies of water in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The Silky shark is large, slim, and grows up to a maximum length of 3.3 metres (10 feet). The Silky shark gets its name from the fact that it has a smooth, "silky" texture.
The Silky shark feeds on bony fish such as tuna, mackerel, sardines, and mullets, and molluscs such as squid and paper nautilus. They have also been known to feed on the bodies of dead whales.
The Silky shark is classified as "Near Threatened" by the IUCN.

Description
 thumb|left | 250px | The Silky shark has a short first dorsal fin, and long pectoral fins
A large, slim shark, the Silky shark has a fairly stretched, rounded snout, a relatively slanting first dorsal fin with a blunt top that is located behind the edges of the pectoral fins, a small second dorsal fin with an extremely long free rear tip (more than two times the height), and a low inter-dorsal ridge (ridge between the dorsal fins). The pectoral fins are long and slim, and have dusky coloured tips.
Silky sharks are normally dark grey with a shade of bronze, but are sometimes a golden-brown colour. Their undersides are white. Except for the first dorsal fin, the tips of all the fins are a dusky colour; this is more visible among the young.
The upper teeth are widely triangular and slanted, becoming more diagonal toward the angle of the jaws which are strongly cut and heavily jagged on the sides. The lower teeth are raised with smooth edges. There is usually 1 to 2 symphysial teeth on both, the lower and upper jaw.
The dermal denticles are small, tightly packed and over-lapping, giving the hide a smooth or "silky" texture, giving the shark it's name.
The maximum length for this species is 3.3 metres (10 feet). Males mature at the lengths of 2.2-2.3 metres (9–10 years of age) and grow to a lesser size than females, which reach maturity at the lengths 2.3-2.5 metres (12 years of age), however, these numbers are different among the different populations of this species. Silky sharks weigh around 350 kilograms (770 pounds).

Taxonomy
thumb|left|250px|Müller and Henle's drawing of a Silky shark
The first specimen described was given the name Carcharias (Prionodon) falciformis by Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle in 1841. The genus name Carcharhinus comes from the Greek words "karcharos" which means "sharpen", and "rhinos" which means "nose". Other names given to the Silky shark are Squalus or Prionodon tiburo, Gymnorhinus or Gymnorrhinus pharaonis, Aprionodon sitankaiensis, Carcharhinus floridanus, Eulamia malpeloensis, and Carcharhinus atrodorsus.

Habitat
 thumb|right | 250px | Silky sharks are mostly found in open waters
The Silky shark is common in tropical and subtropical waters, and is found in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. In the western Atlantic, it ranges from the U.S state Massachusetts to Brazil (including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea), and in the east it ranges from Spain to Angola. It is found in the western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea from Tanzania to Mozambique, including Madagascar and the Comores, and in the middle and eastern Indian Ocean in ranges from the Maldives and Sri Lanka to western Australia. It is found from China to New Zealand in the western Pacific (including the Hawaiian Islands), and Baja California to Peru in the eastern Pacific.

Although the Silky shark is mainly found in the pelagic zone, the Silky shark is not just found in the open ocean, but has also been recorded from depths as shallow as 18 meters (56 ft). It is an active, swift shark that prefers warmer waters (about 23 °C). It is commonly found near the edges of continental shelves and over deep water reefs where there is a large amount of food source. It mainly ranges from the surface down to at least 500 meters (1,550 ft) but has been caught over water as deep as 4000 meters (12,400 ft). Studies show that groups of Silky sharks contain Silky sharks of different genders, but of the same size. Young Silky sharks can be found in coastal nurseries and adults are found further offshore, over deeper waters.

Feeding
thumb|right|250px|Tuna are a favoured prey of the Silky shark
The Silky shark feeds mainly on bony fish such as tuna, mackerel, sardines, mullets, groupers, snappers, sea chubs, sea catfish, eels, lanternfish, filefish, triggerfish, and porcupinefish. It's diet also includes squid, paper nautilus, and swimming crabs, and there is fossil evidence of it scavenging on dead whales. Since of their good sense of hearing, and hunting tactics, these sharks are excellent hunters. They usually work together to "herd" groups of small fish to the surface, trapping the fish. When the fish are all tightly packed together, the Silky sharks attack the fish with great speed, and often consume the whole group of fish.

Reproduction
The Silky shark is viviparous, meaning that it gives live birth. In the western north Atlantic, females mate in the late spring (May-June), and give birth in the same time period, but in the next year, meaning that the gestation period lasts 12 months. The number of pups per litter is 6-14 in the western Atlantic, 9-12 in the eastern Atlantic, 9-14 in the western Indian Ocean, and 2-11 in the central Indian. The young spend their first few months in coral reefs, but move to the open ocean by the first winter. In the western north Atlantic, nursery areas are located along the Caribbean islands.

Other names
In English, the Silky shark is also called the "Net-eater shark" in the eastern Pacific because of the fact that it is often caught in nets used for fishing tuna. The Silky shark is also called the "Blackspot shark", "Grey whaler shark", "Olive shark", "Reef shark", "Ridgeback shark", "Sickle shark", "Sickle silk shark", and "Sickle-shaped shark". In other languages, the Silky shark is called the "cação" (Portuguese), "cazon" (Spanish), "cazon de playa" (Spanish), "cazón-tiburón" (Spanish), "haukkahai" (Finnish), "jaqueta" (Spanish), "jaqueton" (Spanish), "kanhaai" (Dutch), "karcharinos lios" (Greek), "kurotogarizame" (Japanese), "lombo preto" (Portuguese), "malie" (Samoan), "mandi sravu" (Malay), "mangeur d'hommes" (French), "marracho sedoso" (Portuguese), "marracho-luzidio" (Portuguese), "mbamba menyo" (Swahili), "moosi" (Gujarati), "mungsing" (Javanese), "mushi" (Marathi), "papa" (Swahili), "papa bunshu" (Swahili), "pating" (Tagalog), "requin soyeux" (French), "seidenhai" (German), "suga sura" (Telugu), "syhaai" (Afrikaans), "tiburón" (Spanish), "tiburon jaqueton" (Spanish), "tiburón lustroso" (Spanish), "tiburón sedoso" (Spanish), "tinterero" (Spanish), "tollo" (Spanish), "tollo mantequero" (Spanish), "tribon berde" (Papiamento), "tubarão-luzidio" (Portuguese), "yu jereh" (Malay), "yu pasir" (Malay), and "zijdehaai" (Dutch).

Human interaction
Silky sharks are considered dangerous to humans because of their aggressive nature and size. Silky sharks have been observed with their head raised, back arched and tail lowered, a posture believed to be a form of threat display.
Silky sharks are important to longline and gillnet fisheries in many parts of the world. In the Gulf of Mexico they are often caught with tuna catches, but are also caught by shark fishery. In the Caribbean they are sometimes fished, usually by longline, but they are not a common catch. In the Maldives and Sri Lanka, they are the most important shark species, making up 70-80% of the catches made in the pelagic zone. In Japanese waters, Silky sharks are a common target species of the shark fishery and are also caught with swordfish and tuna fisheries. In the mid-Atlantic waters of the U.S.A, the Silky shark is fished on a limited basis, but not in significant numbers. The meat, oil, and fins of the Silky shark are sold commercially. The Silky shark is also fished by recreational fishermen. Like other sharks, the Silky shark is in danger due to overfishing, because of its long gestation period, low number of offspring, and slow growth rate.
Other than its importance to various fisheries, Silky sharks have been used in various scientific studies to investigate the sensory biology of sharks.

References

Sharks

Silky shark


A hygrometer is a meteorological instrument that is used to measure the humidity of the air. A common way these devices work is by using a material that attracts moisture. This material changes depending on how hydrated it is.

A hygrometer has two bulbs: one wet and one dry. Both bulbs are like thermometers, though one is covered with a wet or dry towel. After a period of time, the water on the bulb evaporates and at that time, the temperature is measured on each bulb. The difference between the temperatures is noted. Then each of the temperatures are used on a chart to find the relative humidity of that temperature and area. Relative humidity is a ratio, so it has no unit. A small difference between the temperature of the bulbs shows a high relative humidity coming from a low evaporation rate. In dry air, evaporation takes place faster showing a large difference in temperature thus giving a low relative humidity.

Sling psychrometer

A sling psychrometer works when the scientist spins two thermometers through the air, one plain and one with a wet cloth around it. The dry thermometer measures the air temperature. The wet thermometer measures the dew point, because the wet cloth is cooled as the thermometer spins. Since the water on the cloth evaporates, due to latent heat, which is the loss of heat energy when matter goes through a phase change, the cloth cools. Then, the thermometer measures the temperature of the cloth. Eventually the cloth will match the amount of water absorbed in it with the amount of water absorbed in the air, or the humidity. When the matching happens, the temperature will stabilize. Then, the scientist looks on a table to find the dew point according to the air temperature and humidity measured by the wet bulb.

Measuring tools
Weather instruments

Hygrometer


Xfce () is a free software desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms, such as Linux, Solaris and BSD. It is made to be fast and lightweight, while still looking nice and easy to use.

The current version, 4.12, is modular and reusable. It is based on the GTK+ 2 toolkit (formerly used in GNOME). It uses the Xfwm window manager, described below. Its configuration is entirely mouse-driven, and the configuration files are hidden from the casual user.

History
Olivier Fourdan started the project in 1996. The name "Xfce" originally stood for "XForms Common Environment", but after that Xfce has been rewritten twice and no longer uses that toolkit. The name survived, but it is no longer capitalized as "XFCE", but rather as "Xfce".

Xfwm
Starting with version 4.2, the window manager of Xfce, Xfwm, integrates its own compositing manager. Other compositing managers exist, but have been very unstable, and Xfce was the first to put its own compositing manager into the window manager. At its beginning, many users called it the most stable one available, though at the time, in late 2004, xcompmgr was the only other compositing manager available.

Prevalence
While not as common in Linux distributions as the KDE and GNOME desktop environments, there are still some distributions where Xfce is the default desktop environment, and most support it as an optional part.

These distributions include Xfce in their default environment:
 ALTLinux 4.0 Lite (CD)
 Archie
 Debian Xfce CD
 Dreamlinux
 dyne:bolic
 Fedora Xfce Spin
 FreeSBIE (FreeBSD LiveCD)
 Gentoo Linux 2008.0 installation
 KateOS
 Linux Mint Xfce
 Mythbuntu
 Myah OS
 SAM Linux
 Slackware
 SLAX Popcorn Edition
 VectorLinux Standard Edition
 Wolvix
 Xubuntu
 Zenwalk Linux
 Gentoo Linux for the PlayStation 3

References

Other websites

Xfce website

Desktop Environments

Xfce


Earl Cranston (June 27, 1840 – August 18, 1932) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1896.  He also distinguished himself as a Methodist pastor and presiding elder, and as an editor and publisher of the M.E. Church.

Birth and family
Earl was born in Athens, Ohio, the third bishop of the Methodist Church to have been born in Athens.  Earl was said to have a vigorous body squarely built and above the average height for that day (mid-19th century).  Among his ancestors were Roger Williams and John and Samuel Cranston, both colonial governors of Rhode Island.  Earl was the son of Earl and Jane E. (née Montgomery) Cranston.  Earl Jr married Martha A. Behan in 1861.  She died April 7, 1872.  He then married Laura A. Martin, who died February 3, 1903.  He then married Lucie M. Parker.  Earl was the father of Earl M., Grace, James B., Dora, Ethel, Laura Alden, and Ruth (who became a well-known writer and lecturer).

Education and Christian conversion
Cranston graduated High School in Jackson, Ohio.  He earned the A.B. degree (with honor) in 1861 and the A.M. degree in 1865, both from Ohio University.  The Rev. Solomon Howard, D.D., LL.D., was the president of O.U. at the time.  Cranston was a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity.

The Rev. William Taylor, (later Missionary Bishop of Africa) visited Athens during Earl's college years.  Taylor held revival services, in which many students, including Earl, were converted to Christ.

Military service and business career
Cranston entered the Union Army during the American Civil War as a private.  He progressed through the ranks, first as a first sergeant, then as a commissioned officer, as a first lieutenant, adjutant and finally as a captain.  He left the U.S. Army in 1864.

Following his military service, Earl studied for business, and was engaged in commercial affairs until 1867, when he entered the ministry.

Ordained ministry and the founding of University of Denver
Cranston was admitted as a minister to the Ohio Annual Conference of the M.E. Church in 1867.  He served the following appointments as pastor:  Portsmouth, 1867–69; and Columbus, 1869-70.  He then was transferred to the Minnesota Conference, where he served Winona, 1870-71.  He transferred again, to the Illinois Conference, where he served Jacksonville, 1871-74.  He transferred again, to the Indiana Conference, where he was appointed to Evansville, 1874-75.  He then transferred to the Cincinnati Conference, where he was appointed pastor in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1875-78.

In 1878, Cranston was appointed pastor in Denver, Colorado, a change necessitated by the health of his family.  While in Denver, Cranston took a prominent part in the movement to create and establish the University of Denver.  He served both as secretary of the board of trustees, and as chairman of the finance committee.  He also spent time as a member of the faculty.

In 1880, Cranston was appointed presiding elder of the Southern District of the Colorado Conference, serving until 1884.  During this time he covered a territory of , requiring as much as  of travel each year.

Publishing agent
The 1884 General Conference of the M.E. Church elected Cranston publishing agent for the Western Book Concern, headquartered in Cincinnati.  The Western Book Concern included offices in Chicago, St. Louis and on the Pacific coast.  During this time he resided at Avondale, Cincinnati.  He held this position until 1896.

Cranston was a member of M.E. General Conferences from 1884 until 1896.

Honorary degrees
Cranston was made an honorary Doctor of Divinity in 1884 by Allegheny College.  He was similarly honored by Cornell College in Iowa (D.D., 1884).  His alma mater, Ohio University, awarded the LL.D. in 1896.

Episcopal ministry
Cranston was elected bishop by the 1896 M.E. General Conference.  As bishop he traveled widely throughout his denomination.  His residence was Washington, D.C.

Cranston also served as a trustee of various institutions of higher education, including Ohio University (1896), The University of Puget Sound (1897-04), Willamette University (1897–1904), Goucher College (1905–16) and Morgan College (1912–16).  He was also a member of the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference, Toronto, 1911.

Cranston was a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.  He also was a Mason.

Death and burial
Cranston died at New Richmond, Ohio.  He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.

Selected writings
 Breaking Down the Walls, The Methodist Book Concern, 1915.

See also

List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops (Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948).
Methodism:  Ohio Area (1812–1962), edited by John M. Versteeg, Litt.D., D.D. (Ohio Area Sesquicentennial Committee, 1962).
 Price, Carl F., Compiler and Editor:  Who's Who in American Methodism, New York:  E.B. Treat & Co., 1916.

External links

1840 births
1932 deaths
People from Athens, Ohio
Union Army officers
United States Army officers
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
American Methodist Episcopal bishops
American book editors
American publishers (people)
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Methodist writers
Religious leaders from Cincinnati
Willamette University people
People from New Richmond, Ohio

Earl Cranston


Thorpe Fell Top is the top of the hill of Burnsall and Thorpe Fell in the Yorkshire Dales, itself forming part of a larger wedge of ground between Wharfedale and Skipton.

The summit of this grouse moor is 506 metres above sea level and topped with a trig point. It was listed in Alan Dawson's "The Relative Hills of Britain" as a Marilyn. However, a number of recent observations and measurements suggest that the base of the war memorial at the top of Cracoe Fell () some  to the south-west, is probably higher, perhaps as high as 510 metres.

Thorpe Fell Top is probably most easily visited from either Thorpe or Burnsall. The track and path marked on Ordnance Survey maps to the north and west of the summit continues all the way to the top of Cracoe Fell. The latter can also be reached along Fell Lane from the village of Cracoe.

References

Marilyns of England
Peaks of the Yorkshire Dales
Wharfedale

Thorpe Fell Top


Federico (Frederic) Mompou (born Barcelona, 16 April  1893; died Barcelona 30 June 1987) was a Spanish (Catalan) composer. He is best known for his short works for solo piano and his songs.

Life
Mompou was born in Barcelona (Spain), and studied piano there at the Conservatorio del Liceo.  In 1911 he went to Paris.   He was studying to be a concert pianist, but he was very shy, and decided to become a composer.

Although he left Paris and returned to Barcelona when World War I broke out in 1914, he went to Paris again in 1921 and stayed there until 1941 when, once again he went back to Catalonia, because the German army were invading Paris in World War II.  He continued to lecture about his music until he had a stroke.   He died at the age of 94.

His music
Mompou is best known as a miniaturist (someone who composes short pieces).  His music often sounds as if is being improvised.  When he wrote his Scènes d'enfants (1915-18) a French music critic, Émile Vuillermoz, said he would be the next great composer after Debussy.  Although he did not become as famous as Debussy, his musical style shows the influence of French Impressionism and of Erik Satie.  He liked using short, repeated note-patterns (ostinati), imitations of bells, and a kind of thoughtful, religious sound which is heard in his piece called "John of the Cross."  His music often uses the rhythms and modes of  Catalan folkmusic.

References
Groves Music Online

1893 births
1987 deaths

20th-century Spanish composers

Frederico Mompou


Carlos Harris Mason (1873-1955) was one of Atlanta's first furniture store operators. He was president of Mason Furniture Company located at Whitehall and Mitchell Streets downtown. He was director of the First National Bank of Atlanta, and for 14 years was chairman of the Atlanta Police Board, including the period of the Atlanta Ripper murders.

Mason built his mansion in 1922 at what is now 1189 Ponce de Leon Avenue at the southeast corner of Moreland Avenue at the western edge of Druid Hills. It was later used as the headquarters for the Golden Key National Honor Society. It still stands, housing realtors' and attorneys' offices.

References

Businesspeople from Atlanta
1873 births
1955 deaths
Druid Hills, Georgia

Carlos H. Mason


No Humans Involved is the seventh novel in Kelley Armstrong's fantasy series Women of the Otherworld.  It is narrated by Jaime Vegas, a necromancer.

Plot
Jaime, who knows a thing or two about showbiz, is on a television shoot in Los Angeles when weird things start to happen. As a woman whose special talent is raising the dead, her threshold for weirdness is pretty high: she's used to not only seeing dead people but hearing them speak to her in very emphatic terms. But for the first time in her life — as invisible hands brush her skin, unintelligible fragments of words are whispered into her ears, and beings move just at the corner of her eye — she knows what humans mean when they talk about being haunted.

She is determined to get to the bottom of these manifestations, but as she sets out to solve the mystery she has no idea how scary her investigation will get. As she digs into the dark underside of Los Angeles, she'll need as much Otherworld help as she can get in order to survive, calling on her personal angel, Eve, and Hope, the well-meaning chaos demon. Jeremy, the alpha werewolf, is also by her side offering protection. And, Jaime hopes, maybe a little more than that.

External links
The novel's page at Armstrong's official website

2007 Canadian novels
Novels by Kelley Armstrong
Bantam Books books

No Humans Involved (novel)


Copper(II) hydroxide, also known as cupric hydroxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cu(OH)2. It contains copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains hydroxide ions.

Properties
Copper(II) hydroxide is light blue. It is rubbery when wet. When it is mixed with copper(II) carbonate, it is greenish. It reacts with carbon dioxide to make copper(II) carbonate when in air. It turns into copper(II) oxide when wet. When it is dry, though, it only turns into copper(II) oxide when it is heated. It reacts with ammonia to make a very dark blue solution.

Preparation
Copper(II) hydroxide can be made by reacting copper sulfate with sodium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide can be used, but it is more expensive. It can also be made by electrolyzing a solution of sodium bicarbonate with a copper anode.

Uses
Copper(II) hydroxide is used to kill mold in paints. It can be used to color ceramics. It can be used as a catalyst.

Safety
It is not toxic in small amounts, but it can dissolve in stomach acid to make soluble copper, which can poison much more easily.

Related pages
Copper(I) chloride
Copper(I) oxide

Copper compounds

Copper(II) hydroxide


imake is a build automation system written for the X Window System. It was used by X from X11R1 (1987) to X11R6.9 (2005), and continued to be used in XFree86 (last commit 2009). It is implemented on top of the C preprocessor and make. The first version was written by Todd Brunhoff at Tektronix.

imake generates makefiles from a template, a set of C preprocessor macro functions, and a per-directory input file called an Imakefile.  This allows machine dependencies (such as compiler options, alternate command names, and special make rules) to be kept separate from the descriptions of the various items to be built.

imake was heavily used for X and X-related software through the 1990s, and for unrelated software such as ChorusOS. It was also used for configuration management.

With the release of X.org X11R7.0, it was replaced by GNU Autotools. (X11R6.9 and X11R7.0 were the same codebase with a different build system.). X.Org plans to use Meson in the future instead of Autotools.

Notes

Sources

External links
 Software Portability with imake

Build automation
X Window System

Imake


Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is the seventh and last book in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. The book was released worldwide on 21 July 2007. It became the fastest-selling book ever, with 8.3 million copies sold in the United States during the first 24 hours.

This book is about Harry Potter, the main character of the book series, going on a journey to destroy horcruxes made by the villain of the series, Voldemort.

The movie was to be released in 2010, but on 8 March 2008, it was announced that the movie will be split into two parts; part one was released on 19 November 2010 and part two was released on 15 July 2011.

In Harry potter and the Deathly hallows, Harry and Hermione visit Lily and James Potter's graves. Ron has left Harry and Hermione for a while. At the end Voldemort is finally dead once and for all. Nineteen years later Harry marries Ginny Weasley and Hermione marries Ron Weasley. They all live happily, knowing nothing can harm them now.

Other websites
 J.K. Rowling's Official Website
 Deathly Hallows rumors refuted by J K Rowling (text version)

2007 books
Harry Potter books

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows


Anthony Burgess (25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993) was an English author.

One of these was named A Clockwork Orange. It was about evil. He had the idea for the story after a group of bad young men raped and beat his wife for no reason.

Burgess also made songs and music. And he wrote a lot about writers he loved, such as James Joyce, a novelist, and Gerard Manley Hopkins, a poet.

Burgess was born in Harpurhey, Manchester, in the north of England. Before he became a writer, he was a soldier, then a teacher. When he was 37 years old, he left his home country to work in Malaysia and Brunei. Later, he lived in the USA, Italy, and France.

He was born very poor, the son of a man who made a meagre living out of selling cigarettes to workmen. But when Burgess died, he had grown rich. This was because he worked so hard at his art, which is the art of literature. He wrote at least 1,000 words every day of his life. But he always found time to be kind to other writers. He was friendly to the many people who came to visit with him at his seaside home in Monaco.

Burgess died of lung cancer aged 76, in St John's Wood, London.

The books by Burgess that people say they like the most are called Earthly Powers, about the Pope; Enderby, about a poet; and Nothing Like the Sun, about William Shakespeare.

Other websites

English novelists
English television writers
Pen names
Writers from Manchester
1917 births
1993 deaths

Anthony Burgess


The 1792 State of the Union Address was delivered by George Washington to Congress on Tuesday, November 6, 1792.  It was presented in Philadelphia's Congress Hall.  He said,

The results of your common deliberations hitherto will, I trust, be productive of solid and durable advantages to our constituents, such as, by conciliating more and more their ultimate suffrage, will tend to strengthen and confirm their attachment to that Constitution of Government upon which, under Divine Providence, materially depend their union, their safety, and their happiness.

Still further to promote and secure these inestimable ends there is nothing which can have a more powerful tendency than the careful cultivation of harmony, combined with a due regard to stability, in the public councils.

References

State of the Union addresses
Presidency of George Washington
Speeches by George Washington
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
2nd United States Congress

1792 State of the Union Address


The Philadelphia International Airport (code: PHL) is an important airport in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the biggest airport in the state and in the Delaware Valley. Starting around 1924 or 1925, the Pennsylvania National Guard began using what is now known as PHL (also called Hog Island) for a practice airfield. The site was later named the Philadelphia Municipal Airport, though it had no proper terminal building until around 1940. The name changed to Philadelphia International near the end of World War II. The airport has grown a lot over the decades.

Airports in the United States
Buildings and structures in Philadelphia
Transport in Philadelphia

Philadelphia International Airport


is a Japanese martial art.

History
Kendo means the "way of the sword". The rules and gear of kendo were first created in the 18th century, and its modern rules and styles date to the 19th century.

Rules
An opponent may be struck at seven places: both sides and top of helmet (men), on either hand (gloves, kote) or either side of the body breastplate (do). There is also one legal thrust (tsuki) on throat.

The "men" can only be struck from face, not from back. However, only one of the two hands can be struck, it depends on which kind of posture("kamae") your opponent are using. A struck to the right side of body(one kind of "do") will often be ignored by referee because in the old days samurai will have a smaller sword in this position, which gives this position a good protection. Very important, because "tsuki" is somehow dangerous, junior practicer perform "tsuki" is forbidden both in match and daily training.

In a match, the attacker must name the location of each strike. Often, name these locations by Japanese list before("men","kote","do","tsuki"), but some people will name it by Korean or Chinese or other language, or even a meaningless shout. All these kinds of shout name "kiai". An effective attack must contains "kiai" besides other essential factors.

Equipment
The weapon used in kendo is a bamboo sword, called shinai. The kendo armour, which the players must wear, is called bogu and is made of a helmet (men), breastplate (do), waist protector (tare), and special gloves (kote).

Lesson contents
Lesson is called keiko in kendo. keiko means that We think about past. kendo's keiko is distinguished between shinai keiko and kata keiko. the building which we do kendo is called dojyo. In particular keiko done in summer is shochugeiko and one done in winter is kangeiko.

shinaikeiko
keiko which use shinai and bogu
 suburi (waiving sword many times to improve your muscle)
 kirikaeshi (Striking partner's men consecutively and confirming sword handling)
 uchikomi keiko (Training basic strike like men, kote, doetc.)
 oikomi keiko
 kakari geiko (Striking where partner show a plow as many as possible in time)
 ji geiko
 shiai geiko

Related pages
 Fencing
 Sports in Japan

References

Japanese martial arts

Kendo