The main religions in China are Buddhism, Chinese folklore, Taoism and Confucianism among many others

Abrahamic religions are also practised. There is a Kaifeng Jewish community living in China. Also, Islam has been historically popular, introduced since the Tang Dynasty. The Hui people and Uyghur people are Muslims.

Buddhism
There are three main existing branches of buddhism: Han Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, and Theravada. The first two are in China. They come from the Mahayana.they also practise other religions and also fall under the Hindu religion

Folk Religion

Chinese folk religion is a religion that has been practised in China for thousands of years. There are at least 800,000,000 followers of Chinese folk religion worldwide (estimate). Most if not all of these followers are also followers of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, as these three philosophy-religions are major influences of China's folk religion. The influence from and to these three philosophy-religions goes to the extent that some mythical figures from folk culture have merged into those philosophy-religions and vice versa.

Chinese folk religion is made up of a combination of religious practices, including Confucianism, ancestor veneration, Buddhism and Taoism. Folk religion also retains traces of some of its ancestral neolithic belief systems which include the veneration of the Sun, Moon, Earth, Heaven and various stars,  as well as communication with animals. It has been practised alongside Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism by Chinese people throughout the world for thousands of years.

Taoism in China

Daoism, or Taoism, is a philosophy-religion that is at least 2,500 years old. It originated from China and is now widely practised in Korea.

道 Dao, also Romanized as Tao, is the "Force" that Taoists believe makes everything in the world. It is very mysterious, and instead of spending a lot of time trying to explain what the Tao is, Taoists focus on living a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature. This is one of the most important principles in Taoism. Taoists also believe that conflict is not good and that if you have a problem with something, it is better to find a way around it.

Some important Taoists are:
 老子 Lao Zi.  Some say he wrote Dào Dé Jīng.
 庄子 Zhuangzi. He wrote a book with stories that talk about Taoism.
 黄帝 Huang Di the Yellow Emperor. People say he was one of the first Taoists, but it is disputed whether he even existed or not.

Religion in China


Percy William Justyne (1812 – 6 June 1883) was an English artist and book illustrator.

Biography
Justyne was the son of Percy and Anne Justyne, was born at Rochester in Kent in 1812. He was educated for the Royal Navy, and went on a surveying expedition in H.M.S. Nimble, but considerations of health led him to give up that profession, and he completed his education at a school at Mitcham, Surrey. He developed a taste for art, and practiced landscape painting. In 1837 he sent a landscape to the Suffolk Street exhibition, and in 1838 exhibited 'A Scene in the Alps by Moonlight' at the Royal Academy. From 1841 to 1845 he was private secretary to Major-general Charles Joseph Doyle, governor of the island of Grenada in the West Indies; he afterwards served as acting stipendiary magistrate in the island, and on Doyle's death in 1848 returned to England. He now practiced regularly as an artist, and became noted for his skill as an illustrator of books. He was employed on the 'Illustrated London News' in 1849 and 1850, the 'Graphic,' the 'London Journal,' the 'National Magazine,' the 'Floral World,' and the 'Building News.' He illustrated the 'Art Journal' catalogues of the International Exhibitions in 1851 and 1862; Dr. Smith's 'History of Greece' and 'Biblical Dictionary,' &c.; Fergusson's 'Handbook of Architecture;' Rawlinson's 'Five Monarchies;' Dean Stanley's 'Memorials of Westminster Abbey;' Cassell's 'Bible' and 'Bible Dictionary;' Charles Kingsley's 'Christmas in the Tropics,' and Miss Meteyard's 'Life of Josiah Wedgwood.' Justyne died on 6 June 1883 and was buried at Norwood Cemetery. He left a family, of whom the youngest daughter married Mr. W. H. Arnold.

Gallery

References

External links

1812 births
1883 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century English male artists

Percy William Justyne


The 47th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 13, 2005, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles honoring the best in music for the recording of the year beginning from October 1, 2003, through September 30, 2004. They were hosted by Queen Latifah, and televised in the United States by CBS.  They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year. Ray Charles, whom the event was dedicated in memory of, posthumously won five Grammy Awards while his album, Genius Loves Company, won a total of eight. Kanye West received the most nominations with ten, winning three. Usher received eight nominations and won three including Best Contemporary R&B Album for his diamond selling album Confessions. Britney Spears received her first Grammy of Best Dance Recording for her 2004 smash hit "Toxic".

Performers

Presenters

 Gary Sinise and Bonnie Raitt presented Album of the Year.
 Sheryl Crow and Lance Armstrong presented Record of the Year.
 Stevie Wonder and Norah Jones presented Song of the Year.
 Adam Sandler and Nelly presented Best Male R&B Vocal Performance.
 John Travolta, Christina Milian, and Steven Tyler presented Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and announced that Pinetop Perkins is a Lifetime Achievement recipient.
 Amy Lee, Alison Krauss and T Bone Burnett presented Best Country Album.
 Ricky Martin, Anthony Hamilton and Mario presented Best R&B Album.
 Lisa Marie Presley and John Mayer presented Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.
 Penelope Cruz, Mark McGrath and Pharrell presented Best Rock Album and announced that Led Zeppelin is a Lifetime Achievement recipient.
 Matthew McConaughey introduced a performance by Lynyrd Skynyrd, Keith Urban, Gretchen Wilson, Elvin Bishop, Dickie Betts, and Tim McGraw.
 Ellen DeGeneres introduces a performance by Queen Latifah.
 Quentin Tarantino introduces a performance by Green Day.
 Kris Kristofferson pays tribute to Janis Joplin and then introduces a performance by Joss Stone and Melissa Etheridge.
 Billy Bob Thornton pays tribute to Lifetime Achievement honoree Eddie Arnold and then introduces a performance by Tim McGraw.
 Anthony LaPaglia talks about the Southeast Asian tsunami.
 Kevin Bacon and Ludacris presented Best Rap Album.
 Tyra Banks and Hoobastank presented Best New Artist.

Winners and nominees

Bold type indicates the winner out of the list of nominees.

General
Record of the Year
 "Here We Go Again" – Ray Charles & Norah Jones
 John Burk, producer; Al Schmitt, Mark Fleming, & Terry Howard, engineers/mixers
 "Let's Get It Started" – The Black Eyed Peas
 Will.i.am, producer; Mark "Spike" Stent & Will.i.am, engineers/mixers
 "American Idiot" – Green Day
 Billie Joe Armstrong, Rob Cavallo, Mike Dirnt & Tré Cool, producers; Chris Lord-Alge & Doug McKean, engineers/mixers
 "Heaven" – Los Lonely Boys
 John Porter, producer; Steve Chadie & John Porter, engineers/mixers
 "Yeah!" – Usher featuring Lil Jon & Ludacris
 Jonathan "Lil Jon" Smith, producer; John Frye, Donnie Scantz, Jonathan "Lil Jon" Smith, The Trak Starz & Mark Vinten, engineers/mixers

Album of the Year
 Genius Loves Company – Ray Charles & Various Artists John Burk, Terry Howard, Don Mizell, Phil Ramone & Herbert Waltl, producers; Robert Fernandez, Mark Fleming, John Harris, Terry Howard, Pete Karam, Joel Moss, Seth Presant, Al Schmitt & Ed Thacker, engineers/mixers; Robert Hadley & Doug Sax, mastering engineersAmerican Idiot – Green Day
 Billie Joe Armstrong, Rob Cavallo, Mike Dirnt & Tré Cool, producers; Chris Lord-Alge & Doug McKean, engineers/mixers; Ted Jensen, mastering engineer
The Diary of Alicia Keys – Alicia Keys
 Kerry "Krucial" Brothers, Vidal Davis, Easy Mo Bee, Andre Harris, Alicia Keys, Kumasi, Timbaland, Kanye West & Dwayne "D. Wigg" Wiggins, producers; Tony Black, Kerry "Krucial" Brothers, Vincent Dilorenzo, Russ Elevado, Manny Marroquin, Walter Millsap III, Ann Mincieli & Pat Viala, engineers/mixers; Herb Powers, Jr., mastering engineer
Confessions – Usher
 Bobby Ross Avila, Valdez Brantley, Bryan-Michael Cox, Vidal Davis, Destro Music, Jermaine Dupri, Andre Harris, Rich Harrison, IZ, Jimmy Jam, Just Blaze, James Lackey, Terry Lewis, Juan Johnny Najera, Pro J, Usher Raymond, Jonathan "Lil Jon" Smith, Aaron Spears, Arthur Strong, Thicke & James "Big Jim" Wright, producers; Ian Cross, Kevin "KD" Davis, Vidal Davis, Vince DeLorenzo, Jermaine Dupri, Blake Eisman, Brian Frye, John Frye, Serban Ghenea, Andre Harris, John Horesco IV, Ken Lewis, Matt Marrin, Manny Marroquin, Tony Maserati, Pro J, Donnie Scantz, Jon Smeltz, Jonathan "Lil Jon" Smith, Phil Tan, The Trak Starz, Mark Vinten & Ryan West, engineers/mixers; Herb Powers, mastering engineer
The College Dropout – Kanye West
 Kanye West, Kyambo "Hip Hop" Joshua, Brian "All Day" Miller, Evidence & Porse, producers; Eugene A. Toale, Andrew Dawson, Anthony Kilhoffer, Tatsuya Sato, Rich Balmer, Brent Kolatalo, Keith Slattery, Jacob Andrew, Gimel "Guru" Keaton, Jacelyn Parry, Michael Eleopoulos, Dave Dar, Jason Rauhoff, Marc Fuller, Carlisle Young, Francis Graham, Manny Marroquin, Jared Lopez, Mike Dean & Ken Lewis, engineers/mixers; Eddy Schreyer, mastering engineerSong of the Year "Daughters" John Mayer, songwriter (John Mayer) "If I Ain't Got You"
 Alicia Keys, songwriter (Alicia Keys)
 "Jesus Walks"
 C. Smith & Kanye West, songwriters (Kanye West)
 "Live Like You Were Dying"
 Tim Nichols & Craig Wiseman, songwriters (Tim McGraw)
 "The Reason"
 Daniel Estrin & Douglas Robb, songwriters (Hoobastank)Best New ArtistMaroon 5Los Lonely Boys
Joss Stone
Kanye West
Gretchen Wilson

PopBest Female Pop Vocal Performance"Sunrise" – Norah Jones"The First Cut Is the Deepest" – Sheryl Crow
"Oceania" – Björk
"What You Waiting For?" – Gwen Stefani
"You Had Me" – Joss StoneBest Male Pop Vocal Performance"Daughters" – John Mayer"Let's Misbehave" – Elvis Costello
"You Raise Me Up" – Josh Groban
"Cinnamon Girl" – Prince
"Love's Divine" – SealBest Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal"Heaven" – Los Lonely Boys"My Immortal" – Evanescence
"The Reason" – Hoobastank
"She Will Be Loved" – Maroon 5
"It's My Life" – No DoubtBest Pop Collaboration with Vocals"Here We Go Again" – Ray Charles & Norah Jones"Redemption Song" – Johnny Cash & Joe Strummer
"Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word" – Ray Charles & Elton John
"Something" – Paul McCartney & Eric Clapton
"Moon River" – Stevie Wonder & Take 6Best Pop Instrumental Performance"11th Commandment" – Ben Harper"Chasing Shadows" – Herb Alpert, Russ Freeman, James Genus, Gene Lake & Jason Miles
"Take You Out" – George Benson
"Song F" – Bruce Hornsby
"Rat Pack Boogie" – Brian SetzerBest Pop Instrumental AlbumHenry Mancini: Pink Guitar – Various Artists; James Jensen, producerPure – Boney James
Saxophonic – Dave Koz
Forever, for Always, for Luther – Various Artists; Bud Harner & Rex Rideout, producers
EP 2003: Music for the Epicurean Harkener – Mason WilliamsBest Pop Vocal AlbumGenius Loves Company – Ray Charles & Various ArtistsFeels Like Home – Norah Jones
Afterglow – Sarah McLachlan
Mind Body & Soul – Joss Stone
Brian Wilson Presents Smile – Brian Wilson

DanceBest Dance Recording"Toxic" – Britney SpearsAvant & Bloodshy, producers; Niklas Flyckt, mixer"Good Luck" – Basement Jaxx featuring Lisa Kekaula
Basement Jaxx, producers; Basement Jaxx, mixers
"Get Yourself High" – The Chemical Brothers
The Chemical Brothers, producers; The Chemical Brothers, mixers
"Slow" – Kylie Minogue
Dan Carey & Emilíana Torrini, producers; Mr. Dan, mixer
"Comfortably Numb" – Scissor Sisters
Scissor Sisters, producers; Neil Harris & Scissor Sisters, mixersBest Electronic/Dance AlbumKish Kash – Basement JaxxLegion of Boom – The Crystal Method
Creamfields – Paul Oakenfold
Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned – The Prodigy
Reflections – Paul van Dyk

Traditional PopBest Traditional Pop Vocal AlbumStardust: The Great American Songbook, Volume III – Rod Stewart
Only You – Harry Connick Jr.
Count Your Blessings – Barbara Cook
Ultimate Mancini – Monica Mancini
Just for a Thrill – Ronnie Milsap

Rock
Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance
"Code of Silence" – Bruce Springsteen
"Wonderwall" – Ryan Adams
"The Revolution Starts Now" – Steve Earle
"Breathe" – Melissa Etheridge
"Metropolitan Gride" – Tom Waits

Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
"Vertigo" – U2
"Monkey to Man" – Elvis Costello & The Imposters
"Take Me Out" – Franz Ferdinand
"American Idiot" – Green Day
"Somebody Told Me" – The Killers

Best Hard Rock Performance
 "Slither" – Velvet Revolver
 "Megalomaniac" – Incubus
 "Some Kind Of Monster" – Metallica
 "Feelin' Way Too Damn Good" – Nickelback
 "Duality" – Slipknot

Best Metal Performance
 "Whiplash" – Motörhead
 "Nymphetamine" – Cradle of Filth
 "Live for This" – Hatebreed
 "The End Of Heartache" – Killswitch Engage
 "Vermilion" – Slipknot

Best Rock Instrumental Performance
 "Mrs. O'Leary's Cow" – Brian Wilson
 "Instrumental Illness" – The Allman Brothers Band
 "Onda" – Los Lonely Boys
 "O Baterista" – Rush
 "Whispering a Prayer" – Steve Vai

Best Rock Song
 "Vertigo"
 Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge & Larry Mullen, songwriters (U2)
 "American Idiot"
 Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt & Tré Cool, songwriters (Green Day)
 "Fall To Pieces"
 Duff, Dave Kushner, Slash, Matt Sorum & Scott Weiland, songwriters (Velvet Revolver)
 "Float On"
 Isaac Brock, Dann Gallucci, Eric Judy & Benjamin Weikel, songwriters (Modest Mouse)
 "Somebody Told Me"
 Brandon Flowers, Dave Keuning, Mark Stoermer & Ronnie Vannucci, songwriters (The Killers)

Best Rock Album
 American Idiot – Green Day The Delivery Man – Elvis Costello & The Imposters
 The Reason – Hoobastank
 Hot Fuss – The Killers
 Contraband – Velvet Revolver

AlternativeBest Alternative Music AlbumA Ghost Is Born – Wilco
Medúlla – Björk
Franz Ferdinand – Franz Ferdinand
Uh Huh Her – PJ Harvey
Good News for People Who Love Bad News– Modest Mouse

Blues
 Best Contemporary Blues Album
 Keb' Mo' for Keep It Simple

Classical
Best Classical Album
"Adams: On The Transmigration Of Souls" – Lorin Maazel, conductor; John Adams & Lawrence L. Rock, producers

Best Orchestral Performance
"Adams: On The Transmigration Of Souls" – Lorin Maazel, conductor; John Adams & Lawrence L. Rock, producers

Best Opera Recording
"Mozart: Le Nozze Di Figaro" – René Jacobs, conductor; Martin Sauer, producer. Angelika Kirchschlager, Lorenzo Regazzo, Patrizia Ciofi, Simon Keenlyside & Véronique Gens, soloists; Reiner Kühl & Sebastian Roth, engineers/mixers

Best Choral Performance
"Berlioz: Requiem" – Norman Mackenzie, choir director; Robert Spano, conductor; Jack Renner & Michael J. Bishop, engineers/mixers; Elaine L. Martone, producer

Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra)
"Previn: Violin Concerto Anne-Sophie/Bernstein: Serenade" – André Previn, conductor; Anne-Sophie Mutter, soloist

Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra)
"Aire Latino" – David Russell

Best Chamber Music Performance
"Prokofiev (Arr. Pletnev): Cinderella – Suite For Two Pianos/Ravel: Ma Mère L'Oye" – Martha Argerich & Mikhail Pletnev, soloists

Best Small Ensemble Performance (with or without conductor)
"Carlos Chávez – Complete Chamber Music, Vol. 2" – Southwest Chamber Music, artist; Jeff Von Der Schmidt, conductor

Best Classical Vocal Performance
"Ives: Songs (The Things Our Fathers Loved; The Housatonic At Stockbridge, Etc.)" – Susan Graham

Best Classical Contemporary Composition
"Adams: On The Transmigration Of Souls" – John Adams

Best Classical Crossover Album
"LAGQ's Guitar Heroes" – Los Angeles Guitar Quartet (John Dearman, William Kanengiser, Scott Tennant, Andrew York)

Country
Best Female Country Vocal Performance
"Redneck Woman" – Gretchen Wilson

Best Male Country Vocal Performance
"Live Like You Were Dying" – Tim McGraw

Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
"Top of the World" (Live) – Dixie Chicks

Best Country Collaboration with Vocals
"Portland, Oregon" – Loretta Lynn & Jack White

Best Country Instrumental Performance
Nitty Gritty Dirt Band (featuring Earl Scruggs, Randy Scruggs, Vassar Clements & Jerry Douglas) for "Earl's Breakdown

Best Country Song
"Live Like You Were Dying" – Tim McGraw

Best Country Album
Van Lear Rose – Loretta Lynn

Best Bluegrass Album
Brand New Strings – Ricky Skaggs & Kentucky Thunder

Gospel
Best Gospel Performance
"Heaven Help Us All" – Ray Charles & Gladys Knight

Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album
All Things New – Steven Curtis Chapman

Best Rock Gospel Album
Wire – Third Day

Best Traditional Soul Gospel Album
There Will Be a Light – Ben Harper & the Blind Boys of Alabama

Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album
Nothing Without You – Smokie Norful

Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album
Worship & Faith – Randy Travis

Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album
Live ... This is Your House – The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir

Jazz
Best Jazz Instrumental Solo
"Speak Like a Child" – Herbie Hancock in Harvey Mason's With All My Heart

Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group
Illuminations – McCoy Tyner with Gary Bartz, Terence Blanchard, Christian McBride and Lewis Nash

Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album
Concert in the Garden – The Maria Schneider Orchestra

Best Jazz Vocal Album
R.S.V.P. (Rare Songs, Very Personal) – Nancy Wilson

Best Contemporary Jazz Album
Unspeakable – Bill Frisell

Best Latin Jazz Album
Land of the Sun – Charlie Haden

Latin
Best Latin Pop Album
Amar Sin Mentiras – Marc AnthonySinverguenza – Bacilos
Pau-Latina – Paulina Rubio
MTV Unplugged – Diego Torres
El Rock de Mi Pueblo – Carlos Vives

Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album
¡Ahora Si! – Israel "Cachao" López

Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album
Intimamente – Intocable

Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album
Street Signs – Ozomatli

Best Tejano Album
Polkas, Gritos y Accordeones – David Lee Garza, Joel Guzman & Sunny Sauceda

Best Salsa/Merengue Album
Across 110th Street – The Spanish Harlem Orchestra (featuring Rubén Blades)

New Age
Best New Age AlbumReturning – Will Ackerman
Atlantis: A Symphonic Journey – David Arkenstone
Two Horizons – Moya Brennan
Piano – Peter Kater
American River – Jonathan Elias

Polka
Best Polka Album
Let's Kiss: 25th Anniversary Album – Brave Combo

R&B
Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
"If I Ain't Got You" – Alicia Keys
"I Want You" – Janet Jackson
"I'm Still in Love" – Teena Marie
"Whatever" – Jill Scott
"U-Haul" – Angie Stone

Best Male R&B Vocal Performance
"Call My Name" – Prince
"Charlene" – Anthony Hamilton
"Happy People" – R. Kelly
"What We Do Here" – Brian McKnight
"Burn – Usher

Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
"My Boo" – Usher & Alicia Keys
Destiny's Child for "Lose My Breath"
Floetry for "Say Yes"
Alicia Keys featuring Tony! Toni! Toné! for "Diary"
Earth, Wind & Fire & Raphael Saadiq for "Show Me the Way"

Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance
"Musicology" – Prince

Best Urban/Alternative Performance
"Cross My Mind" – Jill Scott

Best R&B Song
"You Don't Know My Name" – Alicia Keys

Best R&B Album
The Diary of Alicia Keys – Alicia Keys

Best Contemporary R&B Album
Confessions – Usher

Rap
Best Rap Solo Performance
"99 Problems" – Jay-Z
"On Fire" – Lloyd Banks
"Just Lose It" – Eminem
"Overnight Celebrity" – Twista
"Through the Wire" – Kanye West

Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
"Let's Get It Started" – The Black Eyed Peas
"Ch-Check It Out" – Beastie Boys
"Don't Say Nuthing'" – The Roots
"Drop It Like It's Hot" – Snoop Dogg & Pharrell
"Lean Back" – Terror Squad

Best Rap/Sung Collaboration
"Yeah!" – Usher featuring Lil Jon & Ludacris
"Why" – Jadakiss featuring Anthony Hamilton
"Dip It Low" – Christina Milian featuring Fabolous
"Slow Jamz" – Twista featuring Kanye West & Jamie Foxx
"All Falls Down" – Kanye West featuring Syleena Johnson

Best Rap Song
 "Jesus Walks"
 Miri Ben-Ari, C. Smith & Kanye West, songwriters (Kanye West)
 "Drop It Like It's Hot"
 Calvin Broadus, Chad Hugo, S. Thomas & Pharrell Williams, songwriters (Snoop Dogg & Pharrell)
 "Hey Mama"
 Will Adams & Anthony Henry, songwriters (The Black Eyed Peas)
 "Let's Get It Started"
 Will Adams, Mike Fratantuno, Jaime Gomez, George Pajon, Jr., Allan Pineda & Terence Yoshiaki, songwriters (The Black Eyed Peas)
 "99 Problems"
 Shawn Carter & Rick Rubin, songwriters (Jay-Z)

Best Rap Album
The College Dropout – Kanye West
To the 5 Boroughs – Beastie Boys
The Black Album – Jay-Z
The Definition – LL Cool J
Suit – Nelly

Reggae
Best Reggae Album
True Love – Toots & the Maytals
Black Magic – Jimmy Cliff
The Dub Revolutionaries – Sly and Robbie
African Holocaust – Steel Pulse
Def Jamaica – Various Artists

World
Best Traditional World Music Album
Raise Your Spirit Higher – Ladysmith Black Mambazo

Best Contemporary World Music Album
Egypt – Fathy Salama

Spoken
Best Spoken Word Album
My Life – Bill Clinton

Music video
Best Short Form Music Video
"Vertigo" – Alex and Martin (video directors) & U2

Best Long Form Music Video
Concert for George – Ray Cooper, Olivia Harrison, Jon Kamen (video producers), David Leland (video director) & Various Artists

Packaging and notes
Best Recording Package
A Ghost Is Born
Peter Buchanan-Smith & Dan Nadel (art directors) (Wilco)

Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package
Stefan Sagmeister (art director) for Once in a Lifetime performed by Talking Heads

Best Album Notes
Loren Schoenberg (notes writer) for "The Complete Columbia Recordings of Woody Herman and His Orchestra & Woodchoppers (1945–1947)"

Production and engineering
Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
Robert Fernandez, John Harris, Terry Howard, Pete Karam, Joel Moss, Seth Presant, Al Schmitt & Ed Thacker (engineers) for Genius Loves Company, performed by Ray Charles & Various Artists

Best Engineered Album, Classical
Jack Renner (engineer) for Higdon: City Scape; Concerto for Orchestra, performed by Robert Spano

Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical
Jacques Lu Cont (remixer) for "It's My Life (Jacques Lu Cont's Thin White Duke Mix)", performed by No Doubt

Producer of the Year, Non-Classical
John Shanks

Producer of the Year, Classical
David Frost

Surround sound
Best Surround Sound Album
Al Schmitt (surround mix engineer), Robert Hadley & Doug Sax (surround mastering) for Genius Loves Company performed by Ray Charles & Various Artists

Special merit awards

Grammy Hall of Fame Award
"Alexander's Ragtime Band" (Victor, 1911) performed by Arthur Collins & Byron Harlan
"All of Me" (Columbia, 1932) performed by Louis Armstrong & His Orchestra
"America the Beautiful" (ABC/TRC, 1972) performed by Ray Charles
"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" (Brunswick, 1932) performed by Bing Crosby
"Bye Bye Blackbird" (Victor, 1926) performed by Gene Austin
"California, Here I Come" (Brunswick, 1924) performed by Al Jolson with the Isham Jones Orchestra
"Embraceable You" (Commodore, 1944) performed by Billie Holiday
"Lester Leaps In" (Vocalion, 1939) performed by Count Basie's Kansas City 7
"Let It Bleed" (London, 1969) performed by The Rolling Stones
"Love Me or Leave Me" (Columbia, 1928) performed by Ruth Etting
"Lullaby of Broadway" (Brunswick, 1935) performed by Dick Powell
Meet Me In St. Louis (soundtrack) (Decca, 1944) performed by Judy Garland
"No Woman No Cry" (Island, 1974) performed by Bob Marley
"One For My Baby" (Capitol, 1958) performed by Frank Sinatra
"Peter Gunn" (RCA, 1959) performed by Henry Mancini
"Puttin' on the Ritz" (Brunswick, 1930) performed by Harry Richman with Earl Burtnett & His Los Angeles Biltmore Hotel Orchestra
"Thanks for the Memory" (Decca, 1938) performed by Bob Hope & Shirley Ross
"They Can't Take That Away From Me" (Brunswick, 1937) performed by Fred Astaire with Johnny Green & His Orchestra
"Vaya Con Dios (May God Be With You)" (Capitol, 1953) performed by Les Paul & Mary Ford
"The Very Thought of You" (Victor, 1934) performed by Ray Noble & His Orchestra

Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award

Eddy Arnold
Art Blakey
The Carter Family
Morton Gould
Janis Joplin
Led Zeppelin
Jerry Lee Lewis
Jelly Roll Morton
Pinetop Perkins,
The Staple Singers

MusiCares Person of the Year

Brian Wilson

Grammy Trustees Award

Hoagy Carmichael
Don Cornelius
Alfred Lion
Billy Taylor

In Memoriam
Estelle Axton, Danny Sugarman, Bruce Palmer, Johnny Ramone, Darrell "Dimebag" Abbott, Jim Capaldi, Artie Shaw, Barney Kessel, Elvin Jones, Illinois Jacquet, Michel Colombier, Alvino Rey, Ol' Dirty Bastard, Jan Berry, Terry Melcher, Laura Branigan, Cornelius Bumpus, Spencer Dryden, Elmer Bernstein, David Raksin, Jerry Goldsmith, Vaughn Meader, Rodney Dangerfield, Scott Muni, Johnny Carson, Skeeter Davis, Bill Lowery, Hank Garland, Arnold "Gatemouth" Moore, Ernie Ball, Tom Capone, Isidro Lopez, Robert Merrill, Renata Tebaldi, Fred Ebb, Cy Coleman, Paul Atkinson, Artie Mogull, Carole Fields Arnold, Rick James, Freddie Perren, Syreeta Wright and Ray Charles.

Trivia
Ray Charles five Grammy wins is the record for most posthumous Grammy Awards won in one night. He is the first artist to win a posthumous Album of the Year Grammy since John Lennon in 1982.
Upon winning Album of the Year as one of the engineers for Ray Charles' Genius Loves Company, Al Schmitt became the first and only person to have won both the Grammy for Album of the Year and the Latin Grammy for Album of the Year. In 2000 he won the Latin Grammy for Album of the Year for engineering Luis Miguel's Amarte Es Un Placer.

References

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2005 in American music
2005 in California
2005 music awards
2005 in Los Angeles
Grammy
February 2005 events in the United States

47th Annual Grammy Awards


Felix Weihs de Weldon (April 12, 1907 – June 3, 2003) was an American sculptor. His most famous pieces include the United States Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima Memorial, 1954) in the Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia, US, and the Malaysian National Monument (1966) in Kuala Lumpur.

Biography

Felix de Weldon was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, on April 12, 1907. He received his early education at St. Egichin's Grammar School.  In 1925, he earned an AB from Marchetti College, a preparatory college. From the University of Vienna's Academy of Creative Arts and School of Architecture, he earned his M.A. and M.S. degrees in 1927 and his PhD in 1929.

De Weldon first received notice as a sculptor at the age of 17, with his statue of Austrian educator and diplomat Professor Ludo Hartman. In the 1920s, he joined artist's communes in France, Italy and Spain. De Weldon eventually moved to London, where he gained a number of commissions, among them a portrait sculpture of George V.

A consequential trip to Canada to sculpt Prime Minister Mackenzie King brought De Weldon to North America. He settled in the United States in 1937. De Weldon enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II and was discharged with the rank of Painter Second Class (PTR 2). He became a United States citizen in 1945.

In 1950, President Harry Truman appointed de Weldon to the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts.  In 1956, he was re-appointed by President Dwight Eisenhower, and again in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy. In 1959, he received an honorary knighthood for his service to the British Crown.

In 1951, De Weldon acquired the historic Beacon Rock estate in Newport, Rhode Island, where he lived until 1996 when he lost the property and most of his assets to financial hardship.

De Weldon was a long time Member of the Arts Club of Washington.

Felix de Weldon died on June 3, 2003, at the age of 96, in Washington, D.C., and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. de Weldon is survived by his son Daniel DeWeldon. Daniel is collaborating with Barry Krost Management on bio-pic of his father's life.

Work

Approximately 1,200 de Weldon sculptures are located on seven countries. (A de Weldon monument of Richard Byrd is on McMurdo Sound, in Antarctica).

At the conclusion of the war in 1945, the Congress of the United States commissioned de Weldon to construct the statue for the Marine Corps War Memorial (called Iwo Jima Memorial) in the realist tradition, based upon the famous photograph of Joe Rosenthal, of the Associated Press agency, taken on February 23, 1945. De Weldon made sculptures from life of three (on June 23, 2016, John Bradley was not believed to be in the photo) of the six servicemen raising the replacement United States flag on Mount Suribachi, on Iwo Jima. The other three flag-raisers who were killed in action (on June 23, 2016, Harold Schultz was identified as a flag-raiser in the photo and was not KIA) later on the island were sculpted from photographs. De Weldon took nine years to make the memorial which was dedicated on November 10, 1954, and was assisted by hundreds of other sculptors. The result is the 100-ton bronze statue which is on display in Arlington, Virginia.

De Weldon also contributed in creating Malaysia's Tugu Negara (National Monument) when the country's first Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman saw the Marine Corps War Memorial statue in his visit to America in October 1960 and personally met him for favour to design the monument. De Weldon was later conferred with the title Tan Sri, the Malaysian equivalent of a high-ranking knighthood.

Images

Partial list of public sculpture
 1935 – King George V, National Portrait Gallery, London, UK
 1936 – King Edward VIII coronation bust, London, UK
 1936 – King George VI coronation bust, London, UK
 1938 – Prime Minister Mackenzie King – Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Canada
 1938 – Agnes Campbell Macphail – Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Canada
 1938 – Senator Cairine Wilson – Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Canada
 1945 – George Washington, United States Embassy, Canberra, Australia
 1948 – Simon Bolivar Monument, Bolivar, West Virginia
 1948 – President Harry S. Truman bust – Truman Library, Independence, Missouri
 1949 – George Bannerman Dealey statue, Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas
 1949 – Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland
 1949 – Secretary of the United States Senate Leslie Biffle, Main Post Office, Piggott, Arkansas
 1949 – John Steelman, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
 1954 – Raising of the Flag on Mount Suribachi, Iwo Jima Memorial, Rosslyn, Virginia (original model 1946)
 1954 – John Marshall bust, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia
 1954 – Sir William Blackstone bust, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia
 1954 – George Wythe bust, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia
 1955 – Marine Monument ("Iron Mike"), Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial, Belleau Wood, France
 1959 – Equestrian Statue of Simon Bolivar, Washington, DC
 1959 – American Red Cross Memorial, American Red Cross Headquarters, Washington, DC
 1961 – Simon Bolivar Monument, Bedford Square, Baltimore, Maryland
 1961 – Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia
 1961 – Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, McMurdo Station, Antarctica
 1961 – St. Stephen the Martyr, Church of St. Stephen Martyr, Washington, DC
 1963 – President John F. Kennedy, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts
 1963 – Harry S. Truman Monument, Athens, Greece
 1964 – Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the House, Rayburn House Office Building, Washington, DC
 1964 – Patrick Cudahy Memorial, Cudahy, Wisconsin
 1965 – Minute Man Statue – National Guard Monument, Washington, DC
 1965 – Richard Rowland Kirkland Monument, Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park, Fredericksburg, Virginia
 1966 – Walter Reed Sculpture, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC
 1966 – Abraham Lincoln statue, Chapultepec Park, Mexico City
 1966 – National Monument for Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 1968 – Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the House, LBJ Library, Austin, Texas
 1968 – Sergeant York, Tennessee State Capitol, Nashville, Tennessee
 1971 – Senator Bob Bartlett, Statuary Hall, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC
 1972 – Senator Dennis Chavez, Statuary Hall, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC
 1973 – General George Rogers Clark, Louisville, Kentucky
 1973 – Seabees Memorial, Arlington National Cemetery, Washington, DC
 1973 – Benjamin Franklin, Louisville Public Library, Louisville, Kentucky
 1974 – Centennial Statue ("Astronaut Statue"), Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky
 1974 – Florence Martus statue ("Waving Girl"), Morrell Park, Savannah, Georgia
 1976 – Torch of Freedom, Veterans of Foreign Wars Headquarters, Washington, DC
 1976 – Admiral Ben Moreell "Father of the Seabees", Naval Base Ventura County
 1976 – Archbishop John Carroll (bishop), Prince George's County Court House, Upper Marlboro, Maryland
 1977 – Statue of Ty Cobb, Royston Public Library, Royston, Georgia
 1980 – Mother Joseph, Statuary Hall, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC
 1981 – Mother Joseph Statue, City Hall, Vancouver, Washington
 1982 – General Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., USMC, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia
 1985 – William G. Leftwich, Jr., Lieutenant Colonel, USMC, Quantico, Virginia
 1990 – President James Monroe statue, Fredericksburg, Virginia
 1990 – Anchors Aweigh Sculpture, Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum, New York, New York
 1995 – Elvis Presley statue, Graceland, Memphis, Tennessee

Notes

References

 SPQR FINE ART Felix de Weldon Bio
 http://www.projo.com/news/content/projo_20060306_felix.86fdb98.html | Providence Journal: Artist's hidden legacy up for auction

External links

1907 births
2003 deaths
Sculptors from Vienna
Artists from Rhode Island
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Navy sailors
Austrian emigrants to the United States
University of Vienna alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War II
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
Austrian expatriates in the United Kingdom

Felix de Weldon


Hans Albert (8 February 1921  24 October 2023) was a German philosopher. He was professor of social sciences at the University of Mannheim from 1963, and remained at the university until 1989. His fields of research were social sciences and general studies of methods. He was a critical rationalist, paying special attention to rational heuristics. Albert was a strong critic of the continental hermeneutic tradition coming from Heidegger and Gadamer.

Life and career
Albert was born in Cologne, Germany, on 8 February 1921, the son of a teacher of Latin and history. In 1950 he earned a degree in business administration at the University of Cologne, followed by a PhD in social politics in 1952. From 1952–1958 he worked as an assistant at the research institute for social and administrative sciences at the university, where he also obtained a Dr. habil. in social politics in 1957. As a lecturer he read logic, theory of science and economics of the welfare state. Beginning in 1958 he participated in the Alpbacher Hochschulwochen (a summer conference in the Austrian alpine village of Alpbach), where he met Karl Popper after having studied and mostly embracing his philosophy. After 1955, he had discussions with Paul Feyerabend, who in those times was a critical rationalist and an admirer of Karl Popper. Their letters were later published. In 1963, Albert received the Social Sciences and General Studies of Methods chair (later named Sociology and Studies of Economics) at Wirtschaftshochschule Mannheim (later University of Mannheim).

1961–1969 was the time of the so-called Positivismusstreit (positivism dispute), the debate between Karl Popper and Theodor W. Adorno concerning positivism within German sociology during the 1960s. Albert participated at this meanwhile famous Tagung der deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie (Conference of the German Society of Sociology) in 1961 in Tübingen. In the beginning there was no dispute on positivism, because both Adorno and Popper were opposed to positivism. The debate was more about the differences between social sciences and natural sciences and the status of values in the social sciences. In 1963, the debate was continued by Jürgen Habermas in the Festschrift für Adorno. In 1964, in the Soziologentag (Conference on Sociology) in Heidelberg, the debate grew into an excited discussion between Habermas and Albert. The dispute culminated in a collection of essays, published in 1969 and translated into several languages. This dispute gained a broad audience.

In 1989, Albert retired from active service as a professor emeritus, but continued writing books and giving lectures at many universities, such as the 1990 lectures at the University of Graz on Critical Rationalism, the 1995 Walter Adolf Lectures at Hochschule St. Gallen, and the 1998 Wittgenstein-Lectures at the University of Bayreuth (with Rainer Hegselmann) about critical rationalism.

Personal life
Albert lived in Heidelberg with his Austrian wife; they had a son. On 8 February 2021, Hans Albert reached 100 years of age, thus becoming a centenarian.

Albert died in Heidelberg on 24 October 2023, at age 102.

Work

Critical rationalism

Albert developed Popper's critical rationalism into a concise, broad-ranging maxim, thereby extending it from a method to progress in science to one equally applicable in day-to-day heuristics. To substantiate his approach, he provided evidence for his thesis that there is no field of human activities where one should not be critical. Consequently, he advocated applying critical rationalism to the social sciences, especially to economics, politics, jurisprudence, and religion. In his view, the attitude of criticism is one of the oldest European traditions (going back to the pre-Socratics), in comparison with other less critical traditions.

Before his many books were published, Albert was already known to a broader audience for his contributions to the positivism dispute, arguing against his opponents of the so-called Frankfurt School of Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer at the Frankfurt Institute of Sociology. His contributions included
 differentiating between critical rationalism and positivism
 arguing against some strains of sociology opposing the application of methods used in natural sciences
 suggesting that the role of values and the scientific handling of values has to be given new thought
 interpreting Max Weber not as supporting value-free science, but as demonstrating that scientists can "be free of any value judgement", even for research in the fields of values.

Albert observed that new insights are often difficult to spread or proliferate. He ascribed this phenomenon's cause to ideological obstacles, for which Albert coined the phrase "immunity against criticism".

Albert's well known Münchhausen trilemma is ironically named after Baron Munchausen, who allegedly pulled himself out of a swamp seizing himself by his shock of hair. This trilemma rounds off the classical problem of justification in the theory of knowledge. It concludes that all attempts to rationally justify or rather ultimately verify a thesis must inherently fail. This verdict concerns not only deductive justifications, as many of his critics believe, but also inductive, causal, transcendental, and all otherwise structured justifications. As Albert reasoned, they all will be in vain, since a justification inevitably faces one of three flaws:
 All justification in pursuit of certain knowledge simultaneously has to justify the means of justification or rather the validity of its premises – an effort which leads to an infinite regress.
 One can cut the chain of reasons short, for instance, by pointing to self-evidence or common sense or fundamental principles or another basic premise that shall not be further questioned. But in doing so the intention to arrive at a universally valid justification is abandoned, because the reasoning cannot be accepted, unless one (irrationally) accepts the validity of one premise for its own sake.
 The third horn of the trilemma is the equally unsatisfying application of a circular argument.

Albert stressed repeatedly that there is no limitation of the Münchhausen trilemma to deductive conclusions. Hence, Albert pointed out, justification is rendered virtually impossible regardless of the specific content of a thesis, justification is impossible at all. From this notion, Albert drew the conclusion that progress in science can only be achieved by means of falsification rather than inductive verification.

To observe and criticize the endeavors made to escape from the quagmire of certain justification became an instructive part of Hans Albert's philosophy. A prominent example of these efforts is his discussion of the ideas of Karl-Otto Apel, one of Germany's leading philosophers, in his book Transzendentale Träumereien (Transcendental Reveries).

Still, Albert argued that critical rationalists have to accept that those attempts of rigorous justification (like Apel's) are not entirely futile, since only as long as alternative methods are without success can critical rationalism be called successful.

Style of writing and criticizing
Albert's plea is for critical rationalism. He avoided solemn preaching in favor of serious, serene discussion with people of different faith and thinking. While Popper always warned not to follow one's opponent into the mire, Albert followed them into their favored field of thinking on their own terms. So he criticized Heidegger's "being in the abyss" ("Sein im Ab-Grund"), Gadamer's "horizons melting together", Habermas's "consensual theoretical truth in the ideal discourse",  Karl-Otto Apel's transcendental arguments, and the theologian  Hans Küng's "absolute-relative, this-life-and-hereafter, transcendental-immanent, allconcerning-allcontrolling most real reality in the very heart of things". Hans Albert meticulously followed their arguments to uncover:
 undiscovered premises
 new and often fatal consequences
 new and often better alternatives.

Underlying suppositions and injunctions of Albert's method are:
 Only if all currently proposed alternatives to critical rationalism are untenable may one live with critical rationalism.
 There is value in keeping an open mind and learning from discussion. Other people may be right; thus give credit to their thinking.
 One should keep away from solemn gravity.
 One should avoid the moralising know-it-all but not conceal one's preferred way of life.

Awards
Albert was honored with the Vits Prize in 1976 and with the Arthur Burckhard Prize in 1984. He was decorated with the Austrian Ehrenkreuz für Kunst und Wissenschaft der Republik Österreich in 1994 and received honorary doctorates from the universities of Linz (1995), Athens (1997), Kassel (2000), Graz (2006), and Klagenfurt (2007).
 Iron Cross, 2nd class
 Ernst Hellmut Vits Prize, 1976
 Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class, 1994
 Merit Cross 1st Class of the Federal Republic of Germany (Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse), 2008

Biographical literature
 Hans Albert, "Autobiographische Einleitung", in: Kritische Vernunft und menschliche Praxis, Stuttgart (Reclam) 1977, pp. 5–33.
 Hans Albert, "Mein Umweg in die Soziologie. Vom Kulturpessimismus zum kritischen Rationalismus", in: Christian Fleck (ed.), Wege zur Soziologie. Autobiographiche Notizen, Leske + Budrich, Opladen, pp. 17–37.
 Eric Hilgendorf: Hans Albert. Zur Einführung Junius Verlag 1997.
 Hans Albert, In Kontroversen verstrickt. Vom Kulturpessimismus zum kritischen Rationalismus, LIT Verlag 2007, 264 p. (Hans Albert's autobiography)

Publications
Albert published around 30 books. Some of them are translated into different languages.

English books
 1976 (with Adorno, Dahrendorf, Habermas, Pilot, and Popper): The Positivist Dispute in German Sociology, Heinemann London and Harper Torchbook. Review extracts  and
 1985 Treatise on Critical Reason, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
 1999 Between Social Science, Religion, and Politics. Essays on Critical Rationalism, Amsterdam-Atlanta (Rodopi). (Description and chapter-preview links.

English papers
 "Social Science and Moral Philosophy. A Critical Approach to the Value Problem in the Social Sciences", in: Mario Bunge (eds.), The Critical Approach to Science and Philosophy. Essays in Honor of Karl Popper, Glencoe/Illinois.
 Law and State, Vol. 13, Tübingen 1976.
 "Science and the Search for Truth. Critical Rationalism and the Methodology of Science", in: G. Radnitzky/G. Andersson (eds.), Progress and Rationality in Science, Dordrecht/ Holland 1978, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, R.S. Cohen/M. Wartofsky (eds.), Vol LVIII.
 "The Economic Tradition. Economics as a Research Programme for Theoretical Social Science", in: Karl Brunner (ed.), Economics and Social Institutions, Insights from the Conferences on Analysis and Ideology, Boston/The Hague/London 1979.
 "Transcendental Realism and Rational Heuristics: Critical Rationalism and the Problem of Method", in Gunnar Anderson (ed.), Rationality in Science and Politics, Reidel, Dordrecht 1984.
 "On Using Leibniz in Economics. Comment on Peter Koslowski", in: Peter Koslowski (ed.), Economics in Philosophy, Mohr, Tübingen 1985, p. 68–78.
 "Law as an Instrument of Rational Practice", in: Terence Daintith/ Günther Teubner (ed.), Contract and Organization. Legal Analysis in the Light of Economic and Social Theory, Berlin/New York 1986, de Gruyter, p. 25–51.
 "Is Socialism inevitable? Historical prophecy and the possibilities of reason", in: Svetozar Pejovich (ed.), Socialism: Institutional, philosophical and economical issues, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster 1987.
 "Critical Rationalism. The Problem of Method in Social Sciences and Law", Ratio Juris Volume 1, Number 1, March 1988, p. 1–19.
 "Hermeneutics and Economics. A Criticism of Hermeneutical Thinking in the Social Sciences", Kyklos, Volume 41, Fasc. 4, 1988, pages 573–602.
 "Reply to Lord Alford", Newsletter (Editor Fred Eidlin), Vol 3 (No 3 & 4), pages 13–14, July 1988.
 "Some remarks on reasons in explaining human action", International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 7 No.1, 1993, pp. 25–27.
 "Religion, Science, and the Myth of the Framework", in: I.C.Jarvie/ N.Laor (eds), Critical Rationalism, Metaphysics and Science. Essays for Joseph Agassi, Vol.I, Kluwer Acad. Publishers, pp. 41–58.
 "Commentary on Bernholz", in: Gerard Radnitzky/ Hardy Bouillon (eds), Values and the Social Order, Vol. I: Values and society, pages 251–254, Avebury, Aldershot/ Brookfield USA/ Hong Kong/ Singapore/ Sidney.
 "The Ideal of Liberty and the Problem of the Social Order", in: Dino Fiorot (ed.), Ordino, Conflitto e Libertà nei Grandi Mutamenti del Nostro Tempo, G. Giappichelli Editore, Torino, pp. 1–30.
 "The Conflict of Science and Religion: Religious Metaphysics and the Scientific World View as Alternatives", Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE), Vol.153 (1), 1997, pp. 216–234.
 "Hans Albert, Critical Rationalism and Universal Hermeneutics", in Jeff Malpas, Ulrich Arnswald, Jens Kertscher (ed.), Gadamer's Century. Essays in Honor of Hans-Georg Gadamer (MIT Press, March 2002), pp. 15–24.
 "Historiography as a Hypothetical-Deductive Science: A Criticism of Methodological Historism", in: Colin Cheyne/John Worrall (eds), Rationality and Reality. Conversations with Alan Musgrave, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 263–272.

German books
 1967 Marktsoziologie und Entscheidungslogik. Ökonomische Probleme in soziologischer Perspektive.
 1968 Traktat über kritische Vernunft Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck), many later editions.
 1971 Plädoyer für kritischen Rationalismus, Piper Verlag, München 1971.
 1972 Konstruktion und Kritik. Aufsätze zur Philosophie des kritischen Rationalismus, Verlag Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1972.
 1973 Theologische Holzwege. Gerhard Ebeling und der rechte Gebrauch der Vernunft, Verlag Mohr (Siebeck), Tübingen 1973.
 1975 Transzendentale Träumereien. Karl-Otto Apels Sprachspiele und sein hermeneutischer Gott, Verlag Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1975.
 1976 Aufklärung und Steuerung. Aufsätze zur Sozialphilosophie und zur Wissenschaftslehre der Sozialwissenschaften, Verlag Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg * *1976 'Positivism Dispute', see English books, also in German and other languages.
 1977 Kritische Vernunft und menschliche Praxis with autobiographical notes.
 1978 Traktat über rationale Praxis.
 1979 Das Elend der Theologie.
 1982 Die Wissenschaft und die Fehlbarkeit der Vernunft.
 1987 Kritik der reinen Erkenntnislehre. Das Erkenntnisproblem in realistischer Perspektive.
 1993 Lectures about Rechtswissenschaft als Realwissenschaft. Das Recht als soziale Tatsache und die Aufgabe der Jurisprudenz at the University of Würzburg. – Kritik der reinen Hermeneutik – Der Antirealismus und das Problem des Verstehens, Tübingen (Mohr-Siebeck) 1994.
 1997 Paul Feyerabend, Hans Albert, Briefwechsel (ed. Wilhelm Baum), Frankfurt/M. (Fischer) 1997.
 2000 Kritischer Rationalismus, Tübingen Mohr-Siebeck (UTB) 2000.
 2001 Hans Albert Lesebuch, UTB (Mohr Siebeck) Tübingen 2001.
 2003 Kritik des transzendentalen Denkens, (Mohr Siebeck) Tübingen 2003 and in the same year: Erkenntnislehre und Sozialwissenschaft. Karl Poppers Beiträge zur Analyse sozialer Zusammenhänge, Wien (Picus) 2003.
 2005 Hans Albert – Karl Popper – Briefwechsel 1958–1994 (Letters from and to Karl Popper); ed. Martin Morgenstern and Robert Zimmer.
 2006 Rationalität und Existenz (Reprint of Albert's 1952 dissertation with a new foreword and a self-critical epilogue), 233 p., Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck).
 2007 In Kontroversen verstrickt. Vom Kulturpessimismus zum kritischen Rationalismus, LIT Verlag 2007, 264 pages. (Autobiography)

For Hans Albert's scientific articles, see List of Publications maintained by Hans-Joachim Niemann in . See also the Hans-Joachim Niemann- (alias 'hjn') initiated German Wikibook: Studienführer Hans Albert (Study Guide for Hans Albert). It contains a large list of publications with many quotations from English-written articles, as well as articles translated into Italian, Finnish, Korean, Japanese, Polish, Spanish, and Serbo-Croatian.

References

1921 births
2023 deaths
German centenarians
20th-century essayists
20th-century German non-fiction writers
20th-century German philosophers
21st-century essayists
21st-century German non-fiction writers
21st-century German philosophers
Analytic philosophers
Critical rationalists
Epistemologists
German essayists
German logicians
German male non-fiction writers
Lecturers
Men centenarians
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Ontologists
People from the Rhine Province
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of economics
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of history
Philosophers of law
Philosophers of logic
Philosophers of science
Philosophy academics
Philosophy writers
Political philosophers
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
Social philosophers
Academic staff of the University of Cologne
Academic staff of the University of Mannheim
Members of Academia Europaea
Writers from Cologne

Hans Albert


In economics, a Giffen good is one that people consume more of when its price increases. This violates the Law of Demand. This paradox is named after Robert Giffen, who first described it. Giffen observed that households that only had a minimum wage to survive, bought more bread when the bread price increased. This can be explained as follows: These households have to split their income between the cheap (and inferior) good, e.g. "bread", and an expensive good, e.g. meat. When the price of this inferior good increases by a certain amount, they can no longer afford to buy the more expensive good. For this reason, they spend more of their income on bread in order to be able to survive.

Alfred Marshall wrote in Principles of Economics:
There are however some exceptions. For instance, as Mr Giffen has pointed out, a rise in the price of bread makes so large a drain on the resources of the poorer labouring families and raises so much the marginal utility of money to them, that they are forced to curtail their consumption of meat and the more expensive farinaceous foods: and, bread being still the cheapest food which they can get and will take, they consume more, and not less of it. But such cases are rare; when they are met with they must be treated separately.

References

Goods

Giffen good


Robert Keate FRCS (14 March 1777 – 2 October 1857) was a noted British surgeon, and Serjeant-Surgeon to King William IV and Queen Victoria.

Early life
He was born in Laverton, Somerset, the fourth son of William Keate, rector of Laverton, and brother of John Keate (1773–1852), headmaster of Eton College.  Keate was educated at Bath Grammar School.

Personal life
Keate had four daughters and two sons.  His son, Robert William Keate (1814–1873), was in turn Governor of Trinidad, Governor of Natal, and Governor of the Gold Coast.

Publications
Keate wrote only two papers: –
 "History of a Case of Bony Tumour containing Hydatids Successfully Removed from the Head of a Femur." – Med.-Chir. Trans., 1819, x, 278.
 "Case of Exfoliation from the Basilar Process of the Occipital Bone and from the Atlas after Excessive Use of Mercury." – Lond. Med. Gaz., 1834–5, xvi, 13 (with drawing): Le Gros Clark referred to the specimen and reproduced the drawing in the Med.-Chir. Trans., 1849, xxxii, 68.

References

Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online

1777 births
1857 deaths
British surgeons
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
Burials at Brompton Cemetery

Robert Keate


The most probable number method, otherwise known as the method of Poisson zeroes, is a method of getting quantitative data on concentrations of discrete items from positive/negative (incidence) data.

Purpose
There are many discrete entities that are easily detected but difficult to count.  Any sort of amplification reaction or catalysis reaction obliterates easy quantification but allows presence to be detected very sensitively.  Common examples include microorganism growth, enzyme action, or catalytic chemistry.  The MPN method involves taking the original solution or sample, and subdividing it by orders of magnitude (frequently 10× or 2×), and assessing presence/absence in multiple subdivisions.

The degree of dilution at which absence begins to appear indicates that the items have been diluted so much that there are many subsamples in which none appear.  A suite of replicates at any given concentration allow finer resolution, to use the number of positive and negative samples to estimate the original concentration within the appropriate order of magnitude.

Applications
In microbiology, the cultures are incubated and assessed by eye, bypassing tedious colony counting or expensive and tedious microscopic counts. Presumptive, confirmative and completed tests are a part of MPN.

In molecular biology, a common application involves DNA templates diluted into polymerase chain reactions (PCR).  Reactions only proceed when a template is present, allowing for a form of quantitative PCR, to assess the original concentration of template molecules.  Another application involves diluting enzyme stocks into solution containing a chromogenic substrate, or diluting antigens into solutions for ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) or some other antibody cascade detection reaction, to measure the original concentration of the enzyme or antigen.

Weakness and importance
The major weakness of MPN methods is the need for large numbers of replicates at the appropriate dilution to narrow the confidence intervals.  However, it is a very important method for counts when the appropriate order of magnitude is unknown a priori and sampling is necessarily destructive.

See also
 Dilution assay

External links
 A downloadable MPN calculator to take your data and get estimates
 A five-replicate MPN table
 Details of practical implementation, but not theory
 US FDA article on MPN method
 Information on the MPN method and ballast water treatment
 Downloadable EXCEL program for the determination of the Most Probable Numbers (MPN), their standard deviations, confidence bounds and rarity values according to Jarvis, B., Wilrich, C., and P.-T. Wilrich: Reconsideration of the derivation of Most Probable Numbers, their standard deviations, confidence bounds and rarity values. Journal of Applied Microbiology 109 (2010), 1660 – 1667

References

 Oblinger, J.L., and J. A. Koburger, J.A. (1975) "Understanding and Teaching the Most Probable Number Technique." J. Milk Food Technol. 38(9), 540–545.

Quantitative research
Laboratory techniques
Biostatistics

Most probable number


The Fortress of Solitude is Superman's Kryptonian base. The first Fortress was a huge iceberg. A huge golden key that only Superman or Supergirl could lift was needed to open the door. Superman built it. The second Fortress was a huge crystalline building. It looked similar to a pile of crystals and icebergs. A green crystal built the second Fortress. The third version was similar to the second one, but was bigger and looked different in the inside. This version was created by the Crystal of Knowledge, a ring-like crystal.

Superman
Fictional buildings and structures

sv:Stålmannen#Utrustning

Fortress of Solitude


A dry suit is a type of protective clothing worn by scuba divers who are swimming in very cold water, such as in the Arctic ocean or the North Atlantic ocean. A dry suit is similar to a wetsuit, in that it helps to insulate the diver's body from the cold of the ocean. However, a wetsuit lets water to touch the diver's body, but a dry suit is sealed so it does not allow water to touch the diver's body. This means that a dry suit offers more protection from the cold ocean water.

Protective clothing

Dry suit


A thing that is moving back and forth or to and fro is said to be vibrating. Another word for vibration is oscillation. A special way of vibrating or oscillating is called simple harmonic motion. When measuring motion, it is normal to make a graph with time on one axis and distance on the other. Sometimes, when something moves its distance from a fixed point looks like a sine wave if it is written down in that kind of graph. In mathematics and physics this is called simple harmonic motion. This sort of movement will happen whenever the force towards the fixed point is proportional to the distance from the point (the force goes down as much as the distance goes up) and always acts towards that point. Some examples are a weight on a spring and a simple pendulum (for small oscillations). These are not perfect examples, but they are close to having simple harmonic motion.

The amplitude is the biggest distance from the fixed point.  The period is the time the weight takes to get back to the same point again (with the same speed and in the same direction).
"Simple harmonic motion can be defined as" : "Simple Harmonic motion occurs when the net force is directly  proportional to the displacement from the mean position and is always directed towards the mean position"
In other words, when an object oscillates about a fixed position (mean position) such that it's acceleration is directly proportional to it's displacement from the mean position and it is always directed towards the mean position , its motion is called "Simple harmonic motion" (SHM)

The equations of simple harmonic motion can be found by looking at a fixed wheel with radius  that is spinning with steady speed  radians per second.  The time  taken for one complete turn is   because there are  radians in a full circle.

Imagine a white spot painted on the rim of the wheel.  If it starts level with the axle, and the wheel has turned through an angle  in time  seconds, then the height  of the spot above the axle is given by  (where  means the sine of the angle turned, and trigonometry is used to find the height).

Physics

Simple harmonic motion


The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex is a 1939 historical movie. It is about the relationship between Queen Elizabeth I and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. The movie stars Bette Davis and Errol Flynn. The movie was directed by Michael Curtiz. It was based on the Maxwell Anderson play, Elizabeth the Queen.

The play had been a Broadway success with Lynn Fontanne and Alfred Lunt in the lead roles. The supporting cast in the movie included Olivia de Havilland, Donald Crisp, Henry Daniell, Henry Stephenson, and Vincent Price. The score was composed by Erich Wolfgang Korngold. He later used a theme from the movie in his Symphony in F sharp major.

The Technicolor cinematography was by Sol Polito. The elaborate costumes were designed by Orry-Kelly. The movie was a Warner Brothers production. The movie was a hit.  It received five Academy Award nominations including Best Color Cinematography. Bette Davis was expected to receive a nomination. She was nominated instead for Dark Victory.

1939 movies
1930s historical movies
1930s romance movies
Movies based on plays
English-language movies
Movies directed by Michael Curtiz


The East Block (officially the Eastern Departmental Building; ) is one of the three buildings on Canada's Parliament Hill, in Ottawa, Ontario, containing offices for parliamentarians, as well as some preserved pre-Confederation spaces.

Built in the Victorian High Gothic style, the East Block is, along with the Library of Parliament, one of only two buildings on Parliament Hill to have survived mostly intact since original construction. Though not as renowned as the Centre Block of parliament, the East Block formerly appeared on the face of the Journey Series design of the Canadian hundred-dollar bill. The East Block is open to the public for tours in July and August.

Characteristics
Designed by Thomas Stent and Augustus Laver, the East Block is an asymmetrical structure built in the Victorian High Gothic style, with load bearing masonry walls being nearly 0.9 m (3 ft) thick at the ground level, expanding to 2.1 m (7 ft) thick at the base of the main tower. These are all clad in a rustic Nepean sandstone exterior and dressed stone trim around windows and other edges, as well as displaying a multitude of stone carvings, including gargoyles, grotesques, and friezes, keeping with the style of the rest of the parliamentary complex.

This detail continues on the interior of the East Block, where emblems, such as wheat sheaves, were carved in stone originally to indicate the various government departments housed nearby. The level of quality and luxury of the offices initially indicated the status of the inhabitant: large, wood panelled chambers with marble fireplaces and richly decorated plaster ceilings served for ministers of the Crown; intricate, but somewhat less detailed cornices were sufficient for senior bureaucrats; and basic, machine-made woodwork and concrete fireplace mantles filled rooms set aside for clerks. Though much of the original decor has been retained or restored, the spaces have been reorganized so that the East Block now houses, as well as ministers, members of parliament, senators, and parliamentary administrators. Corridors and entranceways are also lit by windows filled with stained glass, and contemporary adaptations of the original gas fixtures adorn the walls. Beneath the decor stand 0.6 m (2 ft) wide, double-wythe masonry partitions with a rubble fill core, and concrete floors more than 0.3 m (1 ft) thick.

The main historic spaces in the East Block are restored to reflect the period around 1872. The former office of the Governor General of Canada contains its original furnishings, and the woodwork, fireplace, and plasterwork are finished as they would have been just a decade after Confederation. The office that had been occupied by Sir John A. Macdonald contains a blue-grey Arnprior marble mantle, and the Prime Minister's furniture occupies the room. The previous Queen's Privy Council for Canada chamber holds a reproduction of the original table made at Upper Canada Village, above which hangs the same chandelier that hung there before the Second World War.

History

The Department of Public Works sent out on 7 May 1859 a call for architects to submit proposals for the new parliament buildings to be erected on Barrack Hill, which was answered by 298 submitted drawings. After the entries were narrowed down to three, then Governor General Sir Edmund Walker Head was approached to break the stalemate, and the winner was announced on 29 August. The departmental buildings, Centre Block, and a new residence for the governor general were each awarded separately, and the team of Thomas Stent and Augustus Laver, under the pseudonym of Stat nomen in umbra, won the prize for the first category.

Construction on the East Block commenced by the end of 1859, at the same time as work on the Centre Block and Stent and Laver's West Block began. By the time it was completed in 1866, the building was four years behind schedule and costs had risen to $706,549, when $150,000 had originally been allocated. As the home of the office of the governor general and the offices for all the Cabinet ministers, the East Block was immediately occupied by the Viscount Monck and his prime minister, John A. Macdonald, who occupied the room at the south west corner of the second floor; the same room was also used by Lester B. Pearson when he was Secretary for External Affairs. George-Étienne Cartier used an office at the northern end of the west wing, which was thereafter used by every prime minister until Pierre Trudeau. The Queen's Privy Council chamber was used for cabinet meetings for 105 years, and was where the British North America Act 1867 was formulated, decisions about the Red River Rebellions were made, and Canada's war involvement was orchestrated. As the number of staff on Parliament Hill grew with the expansion of the country, however, ever more office space was desired; in 1910 a new wing was added to the rear of the East Block, enclosing the courtyard, providing area for the Civil Service and vault space, and costing $359,121.

In the East Block's early days, the wives of ministers and senior staff attended tea in the building each Thursday afternoon, and other socializing took place outside of the working hours of 10am to 4pm. As well, governors general held their annual New Year's Levee in the building from 1870 until the Marquess of Willingdon moved the event to the Centre Block in 1928. Though the building contained many examples of the cutting edge technology of the time, such as a system of electric bells for communications, and state of the art sanitary, ventilation, and heating equipment, its spaces were continually chilly in winter and overheated in summer; during World War I, the external air intakes were closed off for fear of German spies entering them. Thereafter, the East Block showed more and more decay, which was further exacerbated by crude renovations and interventions during the Modernist period, and, at several points, the idea of demolishing the building in favour of a modern office block was put forward.

However, restoration of some interiors began in 1966, seeing Macdonald's office and the privy council chamber returned to an 1870 appearance, and after which the public was allowed entry for a few hours each weekend. Another spurt of renovations were completed in 1981, wherein the governor general's former office was restored, and then the mechanical and electrical systems, and the masonry of the 1910 wing, which had never previously been worked on, were renovated in 1997.

Plans for the restoration of the Parliamentary precinct originally called for the temporary relocation of the Senate chamber to the inner courtyard of the East Block. However, the revised plan saw the Senate chamber housed in the former Union Station, currently the Government Conference Centre, after renovations are completed to that building in 2018.

References

External links

Explore the Hill - East Block (Parliament of Canada]

Parliament of Canada buildings
Gothic Revival architecture in Ottawa

East Block


From the Earth to the Moon is a book by Jules Verne.

He tells of the adventures of three men, the Americans Barbicane and Nicholl, and one French man, Ardan. They want to go to the moon, and to do this, they make a very big cannon, with a very big "bullet". The bullet is the spaceship. They get caught in the moons orbit and the story ends there.

Before he died, Verne gave the manuscript to his nephew, telling him to look after it. "I'm sure that you will see travel to the moon. You will be able to judge my prediction".

1865 books
Science fiction books
Books by Jules Verne

From the Earth to the Moon


The octet rule is a general rule of thumb that applies to most atoms. It states that every atom might want to have eight valence electrons in its outermost electron shell.

Background
According to the Bohr model, an atom consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons orbited by a number of electrons. In an ordinary atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons. If it has more or fewer electrons, it is an ion. In addition, the electrons orbit in electron shells. Each shell can only contain a certain number of electrons before new electrons must migrate to the next shell or "energy level." Starting with the third energy level, however, electrons sometimes move up a level even before the current one is full.

The rule
Every atom tries to have 8 electrons in its outermost (or valence) shell. This may require them to give up, share, or take electrons. As stated above, the number of electrons normally equals the number of protons. This means that some atoms are "happier" than others. For example, neon, as with other noble gases, naturally has 8 valence electrons. (10 total - 2 in the 1st energy level = 8 in the 2nd) Not surprisingly, neon hardly ever reacts with anything. (Neon lights require high voltages to work.) By contrast, the atoms in the Alkaline metals column, such as sodium, have only one valence electron, with a layer containing 8 electrons in the shell below. This means that sodium only has to give up one valence electron in order to complete the octet rule, and will do so if given the chance, hence why sodium is so chemically reactive.

Chemistry

Octet rule


In the Christian religion, The Day of Judgment  is the day in the future when all people who are living or dead will be judged by God.  It is often known as the Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Judgment Day, Doomsday, or sometimes it is called The Day of the Lord.

Beliefs of the early Christians

In the Torah the prophets had said that one day God would send His son to forgive people for the wrong things they had done and to save their souls.  In the early years of the Christian church people thought that, although Jesus Christ had now visited the world and died for us on the cross,  salvation will only be completed when the world ends and all people alive or dead will face God who will judge them.

References to the Day of Judgment in the Bible

The Day of the Lord is mentioned several times in the Old Testament (e.g. Book of Ezekiel chapter 13 v.5 and Isaiah chapter 2 v.12).  In the New Testament the coming of Christ as Judge of the world is mentioned very often.  In Paul's letters and in the Revelation to John, then Christians who are saved by their faith in Jesus will reign with Christ. When Christ comes, His arrival will be announced by a trumpet call.  He will come down from heaven.  All the people who are alive will stay alive, and all the people who are dead will become alive again.

Christ's Second Coming is talked about in the ancient creeds.  In the Apostles' Creed it says: "He ascended into heaven...From thence He shall come to judge the living and the dead".  In the Nicene Creed it says: "He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead".

The Day of Judgment in art

This belief about the Day of Judgment  has inspired many painters throughout the ages to draw or paint the Second Coming of Christ.  One of the most famous is Michelangelo's painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.

References

Related pages
Eschatology

Further reading
New Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 16 p. 369

Christian eschatology
Judaism
Bible
Afterlife

Day of judgment


Michael J. Wade is a professor of biology at Indiana University Bloomington. Since 2009 he has been the Associate Vice Provost for Faculty and Academic Affairs at Indiana University. He is also affiliated faculty in the following departments and centers at Indiana University: Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior (CISAB), the Cognitive Science Program , and the Department of History and Philosophy of Science.

Academic career
Wade was a professor at University of Chicago from 1975 to 1998 (Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, 1975-1981; Associate Professor, Department of Biology, 1981-1986; Professor, Department of Ecology and Evolution , 1986-1998; Chair, Department of Ecology and Evolution, 1991-1998). He received his PhD from University of Chicago in 1975, under the joint tutelage of the ecologist Thomas Park and the theoretical population geneticist, Montgomery Slatkin (now at University of California, Berkeley). His doctoral committee included the cicada ecologist, Monty Lloyd, the laboratory ecologist, David Byron Mertz, and the anuran systematist, Robert Inger. Park arranged for him to meet and discuss his doctoral research with Sewall Wright on several occasions. His dissertation, and subsequent research program, focused on the evolution, ecology, and genetics of flour beetles of the genus Tribolium. At the earliest stages of his graduate career, he had been interested in the ecology of frogs in vernal ponds in Chicago.

Research
Two central interests of Wade's research program are population structure and epistasis. Interactions at the population and genetic levels are often non-additive. Thus, explaining and predicting many genetic and evolutionary phenomena in nature require understanding non-additive causal effects.  As Richard Lewontin wrote, "context and interaction are of the essence". In effect, Wade has found extensive empirical support, in the laboratory and in the field, for Sewall Wright's Shifting balance theory. Through significant mathematical modeling, Wade has also shown that Wright's theory is robust and explanatorily powerful. Wade's results, in concert with work by David Sloan Wilson, helped rekindle interest in group selection in the biological community.

Wade has also done influential work on sexual selection (see papers with Stevan Arnold, and book with Stephen Shuster, cited below), and the genetics of speciation, stressing the need to consider variation within species as well as fixed differences among species. Recently, his work has turned to social evolution and indirect genetic effects (e.g., maternal effects). Wade and his collaborators are increasingly employing rich genomics data and turning to other model systems, such as social insects.

In addition to biological topics, Wade is also interested in the history and philosophy of science, politics, and literature. He has published on topics central to the philosophy of science, such as levels and units of selection and causality.

Distinctions
Wade has published over 150 scientific papers and book chapters, and received several distinctions, including membership in the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2007, in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008, and he was recognized with the Sewall Wright Award in 2009.

Key publications
Wade MJ. 1978. "A Critical Review of the Models of Group Selection." Quarterly Review of Biology 53: 101-114.
Wade MJ. 1980. "Kin Selection: Its Components." Science 210: 665-67.
Arnold SJ, Wade MJ. 1984. "On the Measurement of Natural and Sexual Selection: Theory." Evolution 38: 709-719.
Arnold SJ, Wade MJ. 1984. "On the Measurement of Natural and Sexual Selection: Applications." Evolution 38: 720-734.
Wade MJ. 1985. "Soft Selection, Hard Selection, Kin Selection, and Group Selection." American Naturalist 125: 61-73.
Wade MJ, and Goodnight CJ. 1998. "Genetics and adaptation in metapopulations: When nature does many small experiments." Evolution 52:1537-1553.
Wolf JB, Brodie III ED, and Wade MJ. 2000. Epistasis and the Evolutionary Process. Oxford University Press.
Shuster SM, Wade MJ. 2003. Mating Systems and Strategies. Princeton University Press.

References

External links
 Michael J. Wade's Homepage
 Brief official Indiana University bio of Michael J. Wade

Evolutionary biologists
Population geneticists
University of Chicago alumni
Indiana University Bloomington faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Chicago faculty

Michael J. Wade


A fan or fanatic is someone who like a thing, a person, or an idea. Things that fans might like are hobbies, sports (often a team), music, a kind of movie or book, or almost anything. There are lots of kinds of fans, including science fiction fans and fans of popular music stars, like The Beatles. Fans will meet with each other to talk about and share their interest, often in large groups called conventions.

The word fanatic can also be used to talk about people who care a lot about politics, religion or their own group of people. Some fanatics can hurt other people whom they dislike, or who disagree with them.

In British English, supporter is their word for a person who likes and supports a sportsperson or a team. Many teams of some sports have thousands of supporters, for example, the football team Real Madrid. In American English, supporter is more often used to talk about people in politics. Supporters of a politician, a political party, or an idea such as a particular law may like their subject very much, but usually are not violent.

Sports
Fandom

Fan (person)


A tambourin (pronounced the French way) is a piece of music which was popular in France in the 18th century.  It is based on a folkdance from the Provence.  The music is made to sound like the kind of drum which is called "tambourin" in French.  Jean-Philippe Rameau wrote several Tambourins in his operas.  Other composers who wrote Tambourins include François-Joseph Gossec and Maurice Duruflé.

Tambourin also means a special kind of drum from the Provence.  It has a long, cylindrical shape and is played with one drumstick.  It is found in orchestral music such as Georges Bizet's L'Arlésienne Suite no. 2

Musical forms

Percussion instruments

Tambourin


The Newport Southbank Bridge, popularly known as the Purple People Bridge, stretches 2,670 feet over the Ohio River, connecting Newport, Kentucky to downtown Cincinnati, Ohio.

History

The original bridge first opened on April 1, 1872, under the name Newport and Cincinnati Bridge, and was Cincinnati's first railroad bridge spanning the Ohio River.  The bridge piers were built with stone from Adams County, Ohio. The present bridge, which was built on the original piers (which were widened during that work), opened in 1897 to streetcar, pedestrian and automobile traffic.

In 1904, the bridge was renamed the L&N (Louisville and Nashville) Railroad Bridge, and this name remained until the bridge was rehabilitated and re-opened as a pedestrian-only bridge in May 2003.

The bridge was closed to railroad traffic in 1987, and later closed to automobile traffic in October 2001 after years of neglect and deterioration.

On April 17, 2001, the L&N Railroad Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

In late 2001, the city of Newport, Kentucky, and Southbank Partners, an economic development group, used $4 million in state funds to restore the bridge.  When it was time to decide on what color to paint it, a variety of options were explored.  Computer-generated images of the bridge were shown to participants in more than a dozen focus groups, all of whom picked the color purple as a top choice.  It was soon coined the "Purple People Bridge" by area residents.

The bridge provides convenient access to the "Newport on the Levee" development in Newport, Kentucky, as well as Downtown Cincinnati.

In 2006, it became possible for the public to cross the bridge via its superstructure wearing appropriate safety gear.  There are similar bridge climb experiences in Australia and New Zealand. Citing lack of funds and low attendance, the Purple People Bridge Climb closed on May 23, 2007.

The bridge remains open to pedestrian and bicycle traffic.

Gallery

See also
List of crossings of the Ohio River

References

External links

Early bridge photograph circa 1910 from the Cincinnati Memory project
Louisville & Nashville RR Bridge at Cincinnati Transit
Meet the Purple People Bridge at the Cincinnati Enquirer
Purple People Bridge at Bridges & Tunnels
Purple People Bridge at Nikibone
L&N Cincinnati-Newport Railroad Bridge at BridgeHunter

Bridges completed in 1872
Bridges completed in 1897
Railroad bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Railroad bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Bridges in Cincinnati
Louisville and Nashville Railroad
Newport, Kentucky
Bridges over the Ohio River
National Register of Historic Places in Campbell County, Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Cincinnati
Truss bridges in the United States
Former road bridges in the United States
Former railway bridges in the United States
Road-rail bridges in the United States
Pedestrian bridges in Kentucky
Pedestrian bridges in Ohio
Transportation in Campbell County, Kentucky
Rail trail bridges in the United States
Rail trails in Kentucky
Rail trails in Ohio
1872 establishments in Ohio
1872 establishments in Kentucky
1897 establishments in Ohio
1897 establishments in Kentucky

Newport Southbank Bridge


John J. McDermott Jr. (August 12, 1891 – August 1, 1971) was the first U.S.-born golfer to win the U.S. Open, in 1911 and 1912, and he remains the youngest player to win the event, at age 19, as well as the second youngest to win any of golf's four major tournaments after Young Tom Morris. He was the first player to break par over 72 holes in a significant event, which he did at the 1912 U.S. Open. He was one of the world's top players between 1910 and 1914.

Early life
McDermott was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of a mailman. He was a good student at West Philadelphia High School, but dropped out before graduation to become a professional golfer. He worked as a caddie at the Aronimink Golf Club, and learned golf from its longtime head professional Walter Reynolds.

Turns professional
McDermott's first professional job was at the Merchantville Field Club (now the Merchantville Country Club) in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. He moved to the Atlantic City Country Club, where his practice regimen became legendary. As a teenager, he made his debut in the U.S. Open in 1909, scoring 322 for 49th place.

"He had a long, loose, flowing swing," according to golf historian Robert Sommers, "somewhat like the old St. Andrew's swing of the feather-ball period, but with more body turn".

Hits peak form
The first sixteen Opens had all been won by British golfers who had learned the game in England or Scotland, and visited the United States to play in tournaments, or in most cases, lived in the U.S. and worked as club professionals. By 1910 the U.S. was starting to produce its own professionals in quantity.

McDermott improved his game dramatically in one year, and lost out in an 18-hole playoff to Alex Smith in the 1910 U.S. Open, held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club (St. Martin's course); Macdonald Smith, the younger brother of Alex, was also in the playoff. The three players had tied at 298 over 72 holes. Early in 1911, McDermott challenged Philadelphia-area professionals to matches at $1,000 each, after he won three straight, the competition vanished.

Later that year he won the U.S. Open by three shots at the Chicago Golf Club, following another three-way playoff, where he won over George Simpson and Mike Brady; the three players had tied at 307 for 72 holes. McDermott remains the youngest U.S. Open Champion of all time at , and he was the first American-born champion. In 1912 he retained his title at the Country Club of Buffalo in New York State. He shot 294 for four rounds on a par 74 course, a score of two under par, making him the first man to break par for 72 holes in a high-standard event. Following his second straight national championship, McDermott's finances blossomed, with golf clubs being marketed under his name, endorsements for golf balls, and demand for his high-standard golf with lucrative exhibition matches. McDermott made his first attempt at the British Open in 1912, but failed to qualify for the championship proper. But he returned to Britain the next year, and tied for fifth place in the Open at the Royal Liverpool Golf Club. This was the best finish by an American player to that stage.

In 1913, McDermott won the Western Open, then the second most prestigious professional tournament in the United States. He also won the Philadelphia Open Championship three times: 1910, 1911, and 1913.

Also in 1913, McDermott won the Open tournament at Shawnee-on-Delaware, Pennsylvania, finishing ahead of top Englishmen Harry Vardon and Ted Ray.

Serious setbacks
After the 1912 British Open, McDermott lost heavily on investments. Then, following his 1913 win at Shawnee over Harry Vardon and Ted Ray, he boasted excessively, was criticized by his fellow players and the crowd for this, and had to apologize; it seems there were no lasting hard feelings. As the defending champion, he finished four strokes behind the leaders at the 1913 U.S. Open at The Country Club in Boston, in a tie for 8th place. He tied for 9th place in the 1914 U.S. Open, as Walter Hagen won over the Midlothian Club near Chicago.

In 1914, McDermott visited the United Kingdom again to compete in the British Open, but because of travel difficulties, he arrived too late to play. On his way home his ship, the SS Kaiser Wilhelm II, collided with another vessel, the British-flagged grain carrier Incemore, in foggy, misty conditions in the English Channel. The ship returned to port and the passengers were transferred to the SS Imperator the next day. This dangerous incident apparently had a serious effect upon him. Shortly afterward, upon his return home, he blacked out when entering the clubhouse at the Atlantic City Country Club, where he was the club professional. He was only 23 years old. He spent the rest of his life in mental hospitals and rest homes, or living with his family in Philadelphia, suffering from mental illness. He competed sporadically in regional golf events into the 1920s, but without notable success. He occasionally spectated at important golf events near his home, and watched the 1971 U.S. Open at Merion Golf Club, some six weeks before his death.

Legacy
Although McDermott was the first American U.S. Open champion, it is Francis Ouimet's 1913 U.S. Open victory that is most often cited as the key event that sparked widespread interest in golf in the United States. Ouimet won a three-man playoff against Vardon and Ray (widely regarded as the best golfers in the world at the time), and this led to a dramatic rise in Americans' interest in golf. McDermott, along with Ouimet and Walter Hagen, all three of whom were born between 1891 and 1893, represented the new wave of American-born golf talent. The three showed they could compete on even terms with the best players in the world, and American dominance of golf would be established by the early 1920s, assisted by stars like Gene Sarazen and Bobby Jones.

Golf historian Robert Sommers wrote that, if not for his illness, McDermott could have been the greatest of them all.

In popular culture
McDermott is portrayed by actor Michael Weaver in the 2005 golf film The Greatest Game Ever Played, which tells the story of Ouimet's 1913 U.S. Open triumph. McDermott appears prominently in one memorable scene where, dashingly dressed and celebrating with a few drinks, he issues a loud, boastful challenge to a group of golfers in the clubhouse, before the start of the tournament; he also features in the golf sequences, contending for a while before falling back. The portrayal is apparently true to character, and based primarily on the infamous scene at the Shawnee tournament shortly before the Open began.

Tournament wins
1910 Philadelphia Open Championship
1911 U.S. Open, Philadelphia Open Championship
1912 U.S. Open
1913 Philadelphia Open Championship, Western Open, Shawnee Open

Major championships

Wins (2)

1Defeated Mike Brady and George Simpson in an 18-hole playoff – McDermott 80 (+4), Brady 82 (+6), Simpson 85 (+9).

Results timeline

Note: McDermott only played in the U.S. Open and The Open Championship.

"T" indicates a tie for a place

Team appearances
France–United States Professional Match (representing the United States): 1913

References

External links
A century later, remembering Johnny McDermott's rapid rise and fall
SoHG Resources on McDermott
McDermott's sad tale after Open win

American male golfers
Winners of men's major golf championships
Golfers from Philadelphia
West Philadelphia High School alumni
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery (Yeadon, Pennsylvania)
1891 births
1971 deaths

John McDermott (golfer)


Edmund John Kellaway (September 26, 1877 – September 6, 1959) was an English movie, television, and stage actor who is known for his role as Santa Claus in Miracle on 34th Street. Gwenn won an Academy Award and two Golden Globe Awards.

Gwenn was born in Wandsworth, London, England on September 26, 1877. He studied at St. Olave's School and King's College London. Gwenn was married to Minnie Terry for one day in 1901. They divorced the same day they married. Gwenn died on September 6, 1959 from pneumonia cause by a stroke in his Woodland Hills, Los Angeles home, aged 81.

References

Other websites

1877 births
1959 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
British silent movie actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from stroke
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
People from Wandsworth

Edmund Gwenn


Ruth Ann Buzzi (born July 24, 1936) is an American comedian and actress.  She is most famous for her performances on the variety show Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. She most often appeared as the unwilling object of "dirty old man" character Tyrone F. Horneigh's affection. Ruth appeared as Ruthie on seasons 25 (1993-1994)-32 (2001) of Sesame Street.

Awards
Buzzi received 5 Emmy Award nominations.  She won the Golden Globe Award in 1973 for her work on Laugh-In.

Buzzi received the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Pasadena Playhouse of the Performing Arts.

Buzzi received a Clio Award for Best Spokesperson in a television commercial for her series of Clorox-2 commercials. She is among the first of only a few Caucasian women to win an NAACP Image Award.

Ruth Buzzi guest starred as a music and comedy performer on dozens of prime time television specials with colleagues including Jonathan Winters, Carol Burnett, Jim Nabors, Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Jerry Lee Lewis, Wayne Newton, Anne Murray, Rolf Harris, Dom DeLuise, Tony Orlando to name just a few.  She appeared 8 times on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and has made more than 200 other television guest appearances.

Ruth Buzzi graduated with honors from the Pasadena Playhouse in Pasadena, California.  She was one of the first recipients of the Pasadena Playhouse Alumni Achievement Award along with her former classmates Dustin Hoffman and Gene Hackman.

Buzzi was a presenter at the 2009 Emmy Awards along with several members of her debut series, Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In.

Personal life
Buzzi lives in Fort Worth, Texas with her husband.

Buzzi and her husband collect automobiles.  Some of their collection is at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles, California.

References

Comedians from Rhode Island
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Rhode Island
1936 births
Living people
Clio Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors

Ruth Buzzi