Infante Dom Afonso of Braganza, Duke of Porto (; 31 July 1865 in Palace of Ajuda, Lisbon – 21 February 1920 in Naples, Italy) was a Portuguese Infante of the House of Braganza, the son of King Luis I of Portugal and his wife, Maria Pia of Savoy. From 1908 to the abolition of the Portuguese monarchy in 1910 he was the Prince Royal of Portugal as heir presumptive to his nephew, King Manuel II.

Early life
Dom Afonso had a military career. In fact, he was a general of some considerable competence in the Portuguese Army, where, previously, he had been the inspector-general of artillery. His exemplary military background allowed him to be chosen to command military forces at Goa, at the end of the nineteenth century, when he was, concurrently, Viceroy of India. His performance in India motivated his nomination to be Constable of Portugal. In the early months of 1890, his engagement to Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria was publicised, but later she refused to marry him, under the influence of her aunt by marriage, Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, of the Miguelist branch of the Braganza Dynasty.

When threats on the life of his brother, Carlos, became known to him, he adopted the habit of arming himself with a revolver, night and day, making himself ready to defend his family whenever it might be necessary. He urged his nephew, the Prince Royal, Luís Filipe, to carry a weapon as well.

Dom Afonso was a lady's man, known for his kindness, simplicity, and bon-vivant lifestyle. For instance, he liked to act as a fireman with the Ajuda Fire Corps near the Palace of Ajuda, which he patronized as honorary commander-in-chief. He lived at the Palace of Ajuda with the queen mother, Maria Pia of Savoy, after King Luis's death. (His brother, the king, Carlos, and, later, his nephew, the king, Manuel II, both lived at the Palace of Necessidades during their reigns.)

Dom Afonso was also a lover of automobile races, and he was responsible for the first motor races in Portugal, where he was one of the first drivers. After the proclamation of the Portuguese First Republic in 1910, Afonso went into exile abroad, first at Gibraltar with his nephew, the deposed king, Manuel II, and afterwards to Italy with his mother, Queen Maria Pia. He lived with her at Turin, and, after her death, he moved to Rome, and, finally, to Naples.

Marriage
Suffering, like his mother, the dowager Queen Maria Pia of Savoy, from debilitating mental and emotional health after the Regicide of 1908, Afonso de Bragança married, in Rome on 26 September 1917, a twice-divorced, and once-widowed, American heiress Nevada Stoody Hayes. This was a politically significant event, at least to those Portuguese royalists who clung to the hope of a restoration of the House of Braganza: as significant funding for any power grab was urgently needed.

As of 1917, the Portuguese pretender, Manuel II, was living in England with his wife of four years, the Princess Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, but they had no children. The royalists were apprehensive about the prospects for a legitimate Braganza heir, and their anxiety redoubled at the news of Afonso's marriage to a commoner, especially one of such a dubious reputation.

In Portugal, morganatic marriage was not forbidden. Any legitimate child of Afonso and Nevada could become the lawful heir to the Portuguese throne. Nearly as disturbing was the prospect that both Manuel and Afonso would fail to produce an heir. In this event, the claimant to the Portuguese throne would be a descendant of Miguel I, the absolutist king who, in 1834, lost the Portuguese War of the Two Brothers to the liberal line of constitutional monarchs.

Dom Afonso was the fourth husband of Nevada Stoody Hayes. They were unable to marry religiously in Italy, where the king of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, like the Pope, chose not to recognize the validity of a previous trial marriage in Rome. She convinced Afonso to marry her again at a Madrid hotel, where a consular officer of the Portuguese Republic performed the civil ceremony, with no family or friends as witnesses. Some believe that the Portuguese consul in Madrid was as cooperative as he was because the Republican government in power at Lisbon was delighted to see one of the last of the Braganzas do such an unpopular thing. A religious marriage ceremony was performed in Madrid on 23 November 1917.

The Prince had previously tried to get the king's approval for his marriage, but he found that his nephew and the rest of the royal family were vehemently opposed to it. After his marriage, his pension was cut by Manuel II, and Dom Afonso, also rejected by his relatives in the Italian royal family, began to live in obscurity and sickness during his final days. He finally died alone, in Naples, on 21 February 1920. Only one Portuguese servant remained with him until the end.

Even though the terms of a morganatic marriage exclude the surviving spouse from inheriting any of the titles or privileges that are the prerogatives of royalty, they do not exclude the survivor from inheriting property. In his will, Dom Afonso left his entire estate to Nevada Stoody Hayes.

After he and Manuel II had both died (1932), his widow demanded that the Portuguese government recognize her rights to a substantial part of the House of Braganza's patrimony. Her husband had named her his sole legal heir in his last will. As the marriage, and the will, was legally disputed in Lisbon, Nevada was briefly arrested shortly after she arrived at Lisbon to claim her inheritance. Eventually, however, she proved a substantial portion of her claim, and she was officially granted the right to remove many objects of art and expensive goods from the Portuguese royal palaces.

The 35-year-old former Duchess of Porto traveled to Portugal from Italy with the body of her late husband, and she arranged for its installation in the Braganza pantheon in Lisbon.

Name, titles, and honors

His full name was Afonso Henrique Maria Luís Pedro de Alcântara Carlos Humberto Amadeu Fernando António Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis João Augusto Júlio Volfando Inácio de Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha e Bragança.

Insofar as titles are concerned, Afonso was, first and foremost, Infante of Portugal. The Infante Afonso was born during the reign of his father, Luís I, and, at birth, he was granted the title, Duke of Porto. He became Prince Royal of Portugal under unfortunate circumstances. His brother, Carlos I, and his nephew, were assassinated in 1908, whereupon Manuel II became king and Afonso was acknowledged as the heir to the throne, a position that takes the title, Prince Royal.

Before becoming Prince Royal, Afonso fulfilled the charges of 51st Viceroy of Portuguese India and 24th Constable of Portugal. He was the 109th and last Governor of Portuguese India to receive the title of viceroy, which is reserved, as a high personal reward for service to Portugal, to aristocracy of the highest standing and royalty only.

He received the following awards:
 Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders (Portugal)
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (Portugal)
 Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen, 1888 (Austria-Hungary)
 Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1885 (Ernestine duchies)
 Knight of the Annunciation, 15 June 1893 (Italy)
 Knight of the Black Eagle (Prussia)
 Knight of the Rue Crown (Saxony)
 Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 23 October 1897 (Siam)
 Knight of the Golden Fleece, 11 December 1883 (Spain)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, 11 December 1886 (Spain)
 Knight of the Seraphim, 24 December 1883 (Sweden-Norway)
 Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 7 April 1903 (United Kingdom)

Ancestry

See also
Lisbon regicide
Proclamation of the Portuguese Republic

References

|-

|-

|-

1865 births
1920 deaths
Portuguese infantes
House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Dukes of Porto
Princes Royal of Portugal
Burials at the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
2
2
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Nobility from Lisbon
Constables of Portugal
19th-century Portuguese people
Sons of kings

Afonso, Duke of Porto


Ibanez is a company that makes guitars. The company is from Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. The company was started by Hoshino Gakki.  The company is very big and sells many guitars to musicians.

Other websites
Ibanez guitars and bass museum - Ibanez instruments database, resources, user reviews, pictures
History of Hoshino Gakki Co., Ltd.
Ibanez Register - Gallery of past and present Ibanez guitars and basses.

Guitars
Manufacturing companies of Japan
Nagoya

Ibanez


Simple living means to choose a lifestyle where you own fewer things and focus on what you need instead of what you want. People choose this lifestyle for many different reasons, often based on their views on health, economy, or philosophy, or because they want to protect the environment. Some people do it simply because it suits them better.

Some famous people who chose the simple living lifestyle are Francis of Assisi, Leo Tolstoy, Rabindranath Tagore, Albert Schweitzer, Mohandas Gandhi, and Henry David Thoreau. The Amish live simply by using only things that are described in the Bible.

Other page
Asceticism
Vegetarianism

Lifestyles
Simple living

Simple living


The Dukes of Hazzard is an American action-comedy television series that was aired on CBS from January 26, 1979 to February 8, 1985. The show aired for 147 episodes spanning seven seasons.

The show is about two young male cousins, Bo and Luke Duke, who live in Georgia and are on probation for moonshine-running. The young men and their friends and their female cousin Daisy Duke, and other family escape many times from corrupt law officers Boss Hogg and Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane.

The series was inspired by the 1975 movie Moonrunners. The show was the plot for a movie of the same title in 2005.

The show starred Tom Wopat as Luke, John Schneider as Bo, Catherine Bach as Daisy, Denver Pyle as Jesse, Ben Jones as Cooter, James Best as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane, and Sorrell Booke as Boss Jefferson Davis "J.D." Hogg with Sonny Shroyer as Deputy Sheriff Enos.

Other websites
 The Dukes of Hazzard official Facebook page

 The Dukes of Hazzard at CMT.com
 Who sang the theme song and also served as the narrator on The Dukes of Hazzard?

1979 American television series debuts
1985 American television series endings
1980s American comedy television series
English-language television programs

The Dukes of Hazzard


The  Ocklawaha River flows north from central Florida until it joins the St. Johns River near Palatka. Its name is derived from ak-lowahe, Creek for "muddy".

The historical and original source of the Ocklawaha River is Lake Griffin, part of the Harris chain of lakes in Lake County, Florida.  The river now receives discharge from the entire Harris Chain of Lakes, including Lake Eustis, Lake Harris, Lake Dora, Lake Beauclair and Lake Apopka, via a series of man-made canals and natural waterways including Haynes Creek, the Dead River, the Dora Canal, and the Apopka-Beauclair Canal. The addition of the canals has increased both the discharge and amount of runoff pollution carried into the river. The Ocklawaha River watershed includes parts of the Green Swamp, most of Lake County, and portions of Marion, Alachua and Putnam counties. The largest of several large lakes in the Ocklawaha's watershed is Lake Apopka near Orlando.

The Ocklawaha River is the principal tributary of the St. Johns River. The most important and well-known tributary of the Ocklawaha is the Silver River, which carries the discharge from Silver Springs. Another important tributary of the Ocklawaha is Orange Creek, which originates from Orange Lake, which is fed by Lochloosa Lake via Cross Creek and by Newnans Lake, via the Prairie Creek. From Prairie Creek, only half of its water is artificially diverted towards Orange Lake via the Camps Canal, the rest flows to its historic destination, Paynes Prairie.

The river was used extensively in the 19th century and early 20th century for steamboat transportation, most famously the Hart Line operated by Hubbard L. Hart. Narrow steamboats such as the Alligator were used to navigate the constrictive and winding river. In the 1870s, the route between Palatka and Silver Springs became very popular and was travelled by prominent figures such as Harriet Beecher Stowe, Ulysses S. Grant, Thomas Edison and Mary Todd Lincoln to visit Silver Springs. The scenic trip up the river added a sense of adventure to a visit to Silver Springs. The popularity of the river route to Silver Springs declined after the arrival of railroad service to Ocala in 1881.

The river and its source tributaries are navigable for most of their length. The Silver River is easily accessible and very popular with boaters. Orange Creek is navigable for most of its length by canoe. Most non-canoe navigation ends with Lake Apopka. Aids to navigation along the main river and its source tributaries include:

 Rodman Reservoir, where the river is impounded at Rodman Dam (later renamed the George Kirkpatrick Dam).  The Cross Florida Barge Canal is navigable through the Buckman Lock with elevation changes of 19.2 feet.
 The Burrell Lock and Dam on Haynes Creek.
 The Dora Canal.
 The Apopka-Beauclair Canal.

The river has suffered severe ecological damage in the 20th century from impoundment, fertilizer runoff, dredging, pollution and rerouting. In the 1960s and 1970s, Marjorie Harris Carr led the successful campaign to stop construction of the Cross Florida Barge Canal, which would have dammed the river at two points and created two artificial reservoirs to facilitate navigation along the canal; however, the river is still blocked by Rodman Dam. Florida Defenders of the Environment, which Carr co-founded in 1969, continues to push for the preservation and restoration of the Ocklawaha River.

The river is a popular place to canoe, kayak and fish. The river forms the western boundary of the Ocala National Forest. Portions of the river remain mostly undisturbed by man. The natural landscapes and lush wildlife and growth of the outlying area are mostly hydric hammocks and flatwoods, with scrub pine ridges and sugar sandy soils. Wildlife is abundant, including wild turkey, white-tailed deer, and wading birds in this area. Outdoor recreational activities include hunting, fishing, wildlife viewing, hiking, horseback riding, and paddling, although there are few established trails.

The Gores Landing unit of Ocklawaha River Wildlife Management Area consists of almost 3,000 acres (12 km2) along the Ocklawaha River in eastern Marion County. The Ocklawaha River basin is a primary tributary of the St. Johns River Water Management District.

List of crossings

See also
 List of Florida rivers

Notes and references

 Peggy Macdonald, Marjorie Harris Carr: Defender of Florida's Environment, University Press of Florida, 2014.

External links

 Ocklawaha River Restoration Fact Sheet from Florida Defenders of the Environment
 Ocklawaha River Watershed data from the Lake County Atlas, part of the Water Atlas Program of the University of South Florida
 FDOT Florida Bridge Data 01-05-2010

Rivers of Florida
Outstanding Florida Waters
Rivers of Lake County, Florida
Bodies of water of Putnam County, Florida
Rivers of Marion County, Florida
Ocala National Forest
Tributaries of the St. Johns River

Ocklawaha River


Wolfgang Köhler (21 January 1887 – 11 June 1967) was a German psychologist who, like Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka, helped create Gestalt psychology. He was the first to show that apes could solve problems by thinking.

Gestalt psychology
In 1910–13, he worked with fellow psychologists Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka. He and Koffka were subjects for Wertheimer's  studies, which led them to conclusions about the nature of vision. They collaborated on the founding of a new holistic attitude toward psychology called Gestalt theory, from the German word for "whole". This was influenced by some earlier work of Carl Stumpf (Köhler's teacher) and Christian von Ehrenfels. Wertheimer had attended Ehrenfels' lectures at the University of Prague.

Köhler's famous quote, "the whole is different from the sum of its parts" is usually quoted differently. Though perhaps a simple error made in translation, many lectures in textbooks of modern-day psychology quote Gestalt theory by saying "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts". It is difficult to imagine that a translation error occurred here, especially when considering that 'greater' is 'größer' and 'different' is 'unterschiedlich' in German, respectively.

Problem solving
In 1913, Köhler left Frankfurt for the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands, to be the Director of the Prussian Academy of Sciences anthropoid research station. Here, Köhler observed how chimpanzees solved problems, such as that of retrieving bananas when placed out of their reach. They stacked wooden crates to use as makeshift ladders, in order to get the food. If the bananas were placed on the ground outside the cage, they used sticks to lengthen the reach of their arms.

Köhler concluded that the chimps had not arrived at these methods through trial-and-error. American psychologist Edward Thorndike claimed this was the basis of all animal learning: his law of effect. Instead, the chimps had an insight (also known as an "aha experience"). They saw the answer mentally, then they got the bananas in a way which was, in Köhler's words, "unwaveringly purposeful".

So, he concluded that the animals were capable of problem-solving and that they did not arrive at their methods through trial and error. This is one of the most important findings from the research done on apes. Köhler's work on the mentality of apes was a turning point in the psychology of thinking. In the book The mentality of apes, Köhler explains that he was inspired to work with the chimpanzees for two main reasons. The first was because the "structure of their brains is more closely related to the chemistry of the human body and brain-structure than to the chemical nature of the lower apes and their brain development" Köhler (1925). The fact that human traits can be observed in the everyday behaviours of this animal was very intriguing for Köhler. Kohler also wanted to gain knowledge of the nature of intelligent acts.

Köhler recognized that, like humans, there is a great deal of individual differences in intellect. Chimps showed that they were able to grasp the objects around them in a variety of fashions. This is incorporated in their everyday playing behaviours. For this reason, it was not necessary to use experimental tests to introduce chimps to handle matter. In his book, Köhler describes how the apes use their hands: "large, powerful and flexible hands are natural links between himself and the world of things, and he attains the necessary amount of muscular force and co-ordination at an earlier age than the human child" Köhler (1925).

Books by Köhler
These are the editions in English:
1925. The mentality of apes, transl. from the 2nd German edition by Ella Winter. London: Kegan, Trench and New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. Original was Intelligenzprüfungen an Anthropoiden, Berlin 1917. 2nd German edition was titled Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen, Berlin: Springer 1921. Liveright 1976 reprint:
1929. Gestalt psychology. New York: Liveright. London: Bell 1930. A heavily revised translation into German, Psychologische Probleme, was published in 1933 by Springer, Berlin.
1938. The place of value in a world of facts. New York: Liveright. Norton reprint 1976:
1940. Dynamics in psychology. New York: Liveright.
1947. Gestalt psychology: an introduction to new concepts in modern psychology. New York: Liveright. A revised edition of the 1929 book. Norton 1992 reprint:
1969. The task of gestalt psychology. Princeton University Press.
1971. Henle, Mary (ed). The selected papers of Wolfgang Köhler. New York: Liveright.

References

German psychologists
1887 births
1967 deaths

Wolfgang Köhler


Myelin is a substance that forms the coating of axons in the brain and the rest of the central nervous system. This coating is also known as the myelin sheath. It is a substance made of about 80% lipid and 20% protein. Its main function is to speed the relay of electricity messages in the nervous system. It is milky white and slippery in appearance and texture, giving rise to the term white matter in the brain.

Myelin is an important part of proper neural function. In later life, a process called demyelination can occur, causing poor neural function. Demyelination may be a cause of Alzheimer's disease. Multiple sclerosis happens when myelin is damaged.

Anatomy of the nervous system

Myelin


Anders Koppel (born 17 July 1947 in Copenhagen) is a co-founder in 1967 of the rock group Savage Rose. From 1976 to 2012 he was a member of the trio Bazaar. He plays in the trio Koppel-Andersen-Koppel which includes his son, saxophone player Benjamin Koppel, founder of the record label Cowbell and former music director of Jazzhus Montmartre. Anders Koppel has twice received the Danish film award Robert for best film score (1994 and 1996). His first daughter Sara Koppel is an animator and artist, and the second daughter Marie Carmen Koppel is a gospel, soul, and jazz singer.

Koppel has composed music for eight ballets for the New Danish Dance Theatre and music for more than 150 movies, 50 theatrical plays and three musicals. He has also composed more than 90 works for classical ensembles, chamber music and 20 concertos, among them two saxophone concertos and four marimba concertos.

He played the piano as a child with his father, composer Herman D. Koppel, and later clarinet with several television and concert appearances. He began playing the organ in 1966.

Sources

1947 births
Living people
Danish composers
Jewish Danish musicians
Male composers
Danish rock musicians
Musicians from Copenhagen
Olufsen Records artists

Anders Koppel


Florence Crauford Grove (12 March 1838 – 17 August 1902) was an English mountaineer and author, sometimes known as F. Crauford Grove. He led the first expedition to ascend the higher summit of Mount Elbrus and was at one time president of the Alpine Club.

Mountaineer
Grove became an experienced alpinist in the late 1850s and joined the Alpine Club of London soon after it was formed in 1857, later serving as its president from 1884 to 1886. He was one of the best British climbers of his day and is remembered for opposing guideless climbing during the 1870s. An article on the founders of the Alpine Club in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography calls him a "gentleman traveller of independent means".

Because of his first name, Grove is sometimes mistakenly thought to have been a woman. His second name is Crauford.

First ascents

12 August 1863: Dent d'Hérens (4,171 m) with Reginald S. Macdonald, Montagu Woodmass and William Edward Hall and guides Melchior Anderegg and Peter Perren
16 August 1863: Parrotspitze (4,432 m) with the same party (Reginald S. Macdonald, Montagu Woodmass, William Edward Hall, guides Melchior Anderegg and Peter Perren)
22 August 1864: Zinalrothorn (4,221 m), with Leslie Stephen and guides Jakob Anderegg and Melchior Anderegg
28 July 1865: Aiguille de Bionnassay (4,052 m), with E. Buxton and R.Macdonald, and guides J.Cachet and M.Payne.
1874: West summit of Mount Elbrus (5,642 m), first ascent led by Grove, with Frederick Gardner, Horace Walker, their guides Peter Knubel and Ahiya Sottaiev. The west summit is forty metres higher than the east summit.

Publications

The Frosty Caucasus: an account of a walk through part of the Range and of an ascent of Elbruz in the summer of 1874 (London, Longmans, Green & Co, 1875, 341 pp.)
Grove's book is illustrated with six plates by Edward Whymper, from photographs by Horace Walker, and a folding map. Chapters cover the Upper Rion, the valley of the Upper Tcherek river, the Bezingi glacier and the Kotchan Tau Group (both in Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia), Tchegem and the Gorge of the Djilki-Su, Urusbieh, the first ascent of Mount Elbruz (in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia), and the Nakhar Pass (in Georgia).

The Frosty Caucasus was republished in a facsimile edition by Adamant Media Corporation in February 2002 ().

The title of the book is taken from William Shakespeare's play Richard II -

O, who can hold a fire in his hand
By thinking on the frosty Caucasus?

See also
Golden age of alpinism

References
Florence Crauford Grove at lexikon-portal.de (retrieved 6 January 2008)
A. L. Mumm, The Alpine Club Register, (3 vols, 1923–28)
George Band, Summit: 150 years of the Alpine Club (2007)

Footnotes

English mountain climbers
1838 births
1902 deaths
Presidents of the Alpine Club (UK)

Florence Crauford Grove


In astronomy, a reflection nebula is a cloud of dust which reflects the light of a star or many stars. The light from the nearby stars is not hot enough to ionize the gas of the nebula to make an emission nebula. However, is enough to make the dust visible because the light reflects off of the dust.

Reflection nebulae are usually blue because the scattering works better for blue light than red (this is the same reason that the sky is blue and sunsets are red).

Reflection nebulae and emission nebulae are usually seen together and sometimes are called 'diffuse nebulae'. A good example of this is the Orion nebula.

Reflection nebulae may also be the site of star formation.

Related pages
 Variable nebula

References
 James B. Kaler (1998). Kosmische Wolken. Materie-Kreisläufe in der Milchstraße. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.

Nebulae

Reflection nebula


Assumption College (), is a private Catholic school for boys in Thailand. It was founded in 1885 by Father Emile August Colombet, and is the third-oldest school in Thailand. Assumption College is in Bang Rak, Bangkok. The school is one of the four schools in Jaturamitr Samakkee, a traditional football match by four oldest boys' schools in Thailand including Suankularb Wittayalai School, Debsirin School and Bangkok Christian College.

The list of graduates includes four former Prime Ministers of Thailand, several businessmen, fifteens privy counselors, etc. A lot of students are Chinese Thais and the first student of school name Mr. Siew Meng Tek is also Chinese-Thai. Assumption College is the one of most famous schools in Thailand. As of today, more than 50,000 students have been educated at Assumption College.

Other websites
Assumption College official website

Schools
Buildings and structures in Bangkok

Assumption College (Thailand)


Sainte-Marie among the Hurons () was a French Jesuit settlement in Huronia or Wendake, the land of the Wendat, near modern Midland, Ontario, from 1639 to 1649. It was the first European settlement in what is now the province of Ontario. Eight missionaries from Sainte-Marie were martyred, and were canonized by the Catholic Church in 1930. Sainte-Marie Among the Hurons was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1920. A reconstruction of the mission now operates as a living museum.

A nearby historic site, Carhagouha, marks the spot where an earlier Récollet missionary to Wendake, Father Joseph Le Caron, presided in 1615 over the first Catholic mass conducted in present-day Ontario. Another related site of historical interest is Saint-Louis Mission National Historic Site, located in present-day Victoria Harbour, Ontario. It was at Saint-Louis that Jesuit missionaries Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalement were captured when the Wendat village was attacked by the Iroquois on March 16, 1649.

History
Sainte-Marie among the Hurons was established in 1639 by French Jesuits, Fathers Jérôme Lalemant and Jean de Brébeuf in the land of the Wendat. The fortified missionary settlement acted as a centre and base of operations for Jesuit missionaries on the outskirts of what is now Midland, Ontario as they worked amongst the Huron. It also provided an example of a functioning European community to the Huron. The mission was built near the Huron settlement of Quieunonascaranas, led by chief Auoindaon.

The mission was initially founded by 18 men. Arriving in November 1639, the priests erected a makeshift shelter out of cypress pillars and a birch bark roof, using clay to build the interior walls. After the arrival of carpenter Charles Boivin, further construction resulted in a chapel, a residence for the Jesuits, a cookhouse, a smithy and other buildings. Sainte-Marie became the Jesuit headquarters in Huronia, from which the Jesuits travelled among the Iroquoian-speaking Huron and Petun, and the Algonquian-speaking Nipissing, Ottawa and Ojibwa peoples, whose languages were distinct but related to each other.

Missionary life

A small group of religiously devoted men, also known as donnés (offered, given or gifts), worked at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, in return for food, clothing, and shelter. The Jesuits hired engagés, labourers, and non-clerical Jesuits known as "lay brothers". The Jesuits preached the Christian Gospel to the Huron, often adapting the story to local customs and symbols. One of the most famous examples of this was the "Huron Carol", a Christmas hymn written by Jean de Brébeuf. A translated version of this song remains popular in Canadian churches to this day.

Soldiers had a small but important presence at the mission. Twenty-three soldiers wintered at Sainte-Marie in 1644, but many of the Jesuits resisted the idea of a military presence. They feared the soldiers would "bring the worst of Europe" with them.

The founding of the mission led to division amongst the Wendat, with conflict between those who converted to Christianity and those who maintained traditional beliefs. Infectious disease, an unintended result of first contact between the Jesuits, their farm animals and the Wendat, served to further the gap between the traditional Wendat and the missionaries. Epidemics of smallpox, which raged from 1634–1640, were brought by the increased number of children emigrating to the colonies with families from cities where the disease was endemic in France, England and the Netherlands. Also during this time, the rivalry between the Wendat and Iroquois began to reignite. The Wendat were weakened by their internal divisions and their losses from conflict.

War and martyrdom

With Iroquois aggression on the rise, an additional six soldiers were dispatched from France in 1649.  The weakened Wendat nation was little match for the strengthened Iroquois, who had used their trading alliances with the Dutch to gain firearms.

Eight of the missionaries—St. Jean de Brébeuf (1649), St. Noël Chabanel (1649), St. Antoine Daniel (1648), St. Charles Garnier (1649), St. René Goupil (1642), St. Isaac Jogues (1646), St. Jean de Lalande (1646), and St. Gabriel Lalemant (1649)—were killed in the Huron-Iroquois War.  Owing to the proximity of their deaths to Sainte-Marie, the French recovered the bodies of Brébeuf and Lalemant to be buried at the mission.

Burning of Sainte-Marie

On June 16, 1649, the missionaries chose to burn the mission rather than risk it being desecrated or permanently overrun by Iroquois in further attacks. Father Paul Ragueneau wrote,"We ourselves set fire to it, and beheld burn before our eyes and in less than one hour, our work of nine or ten years."

Before the burning, the survivors had decided that Brébeuf and Lalemant would be canonized as martyrs. Shoemaker Christophe Regnault had to extract the bones of the two men to save as relics. Regnault exhumed the bodies, placed them into a lye solution and wrapped the bones in linens. The men's flesh remains were reburied together in the same grave.

The missionaries travelled to Gahoendoe with the Wendat in an effort to construct a second mission designed especially for defence. It was named Ste. Marie II. A severe winter and the constant threat of Iroquois attack eventually forced the French from the area, and they travelled back to New France. They took along the bones of Brébeuf and Lalemant on both trips. The bones have been held as holy relics at Ste. Marie II, which can be visited across from the Anglican church on Christian Island.

Modern reconstruction
The site lay dormant until 1844, when Jesuit Fr. Pierre Chazelle conducted initial site excavations. Father Félix Martin continued this in 1855. In 1940 the Society of Jesus purchased the property where Sainte-Marie had stood. In 1941, Kenneth Kidd of the Royal Ontario Museum undertook the first scientific excavations of the site, aided by W.J. Wintemberg. Wilfrid and Elsie Jury of the University of Western Ontario undertook additional excavations. In 1954 Fr. Dennis Hegarty discovered the graves of Brébeuf and Lalemant.

Starting in 1964, Sainte-Marie was reconstructed as a historical site and living museum. All of the buildings and their contents are reproductions. A popular tourist attraction, it draws thousands of visitors each week during the summer months. The site is managed by Huronia Historical Parks, an agency of the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Culture.

Canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1930, the eight martyred missionaries are collectively known as the Canadian Martyrs. The site adjacent to the Martyrs' Shrine was visited by Pope John Paul II in 1984 as part of his papal visit to Canada.

On August 22, 2006, three of the reconstructed buildings—the blacksmith forge, carpenter's workshop and the chapel—were severely damaged in a fire. They have since been rebuilt.

Affiliations
The museum is affiliated with the Canadian Museums Association, the Canadian Heritage Information Network and the Virtual Museum of Canada.

Grounds

See also

 Jesuit missions in North America
 List of Jesuit sites
 Sainte Marie among the Iroquois
 Wyandot people

References

External links

 Sainte-Marie among the Hurons official site
 Jesuit Relations

Populated places established in 1639
First Nations history in Ontario
Living museums in Canada
Midland, Ontario
1639 establishments in New France
National Historic Sites in Ontario
Museums in Simcoe County
History of Simcoe County
Catholic missions of New France
History museums in Ontario
Populated places disestablished in 1649
1649 disestablishments in New France
1844 archaeological discoveries
1855 archaeological discoveries
1941 archaeological discoveries
1954 archaeological discoveries

Sainte-Marie among the Hurons


School holidays are the periods when schools close for a break. The dates and length of school holidays are very different throughout the world. Governments often pass laws on the total number of school days for public schools. Private schools usually decide their own holidays.

Popular Holidays

Christmas Holidays
In all Christan countries and some countries with different religions there are holidays called Christmas Holidays where people don't have to go to school and they can spend time with their families. Usually in the Northern Hemisphere Christmas holidays last for about 2 weeks. But in the Southern Hemisphere, it is summer holidays so the Christmas Holidays usually last from about 6-14 weeks depending on the country.

Easter Holidays
Christan countries also celebrate the Easter holidays which can last for about a week or two weeks. In the Northern Hemisphere this is also known as Spring break because it is Spring during Easter in the Northern Hemisphere while in the Southern Hemisphere these are just known as the Easter holidays because it is Autunm over there.

Summer Vacation
In places like America, summer vacation usually lasts from June until September (14 weeks) while in other places like England, summer vacation (or known as summer holidays over there) last for about 6 weeks from late July until the begining of September because they have a 2 week holiday for Christmas and a 2 week holiday for Easter and several 1 week holidays. In places like Australia, because they're in the Southern Hemisphere, they have their holidays for about 6 weeks like England but have their holidays from about mid December to late January because they have the two two week holidays like England and an extra two week holiday in October without having the extra one week holidays.

Holidays
Education

School holiday


Richard Warren (ca. 1580 - ca.1628) was a passenger on the Mayflower on its 1620 voyage from the Old World to the New. He was one of the 41 signers of the Mayflower Compact.

Descendants

His descendants in the United States are legion and include many notable Americans:
American Civil War general and United States President Ulysses S. Grant,
United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt,
astronaut Alan Shepard,
children's author Laura Ingalls Wilder,
actors Richard Gere, Orson Welles, and Joanne Woodward,
writers Henry David Thoreau and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
Lavinia Warren (the wife of General Tom Thumb),
aviator Amelia Earhart,
United States Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan,
Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright,
Tonight Show host Johnny Carson,
chef Julia Child, and many more.

References
Rootsweb

Mayflower passengers
1580 births
1628 deaths

Richard Warren


WebSub (formerly PubSubHubbub) is an open protocol for distributed publish–subscribe communication on the Internet. Initially designed to extend the Atom (and RSS) protocols for data feeds, the protocol can be applied to any data type (e.g. HTML, text, pictures, audio, video) as long as it is accessible via HTTP. Its main purpose is to provide real-time notifications of changes, which improves upon the typical situation where a client periodically polls the feed server at some arbitrary interval. In this way, WebSub provides pushed HTTP notifications without requiring clients to spend resources on polling for changes.

In October 2017, PubSubHubbub was renamed to WebSub for simplicity and clarity.
, the WebSub protocol has been adopted by the W3C as a Recommendation.

Protocol
Under WebSub, there is an ecosystem of publishers, subscribers, and hubs.

A subscriber first retrieves content from an HTTP resource (URL) by requesting it from the webserver. The subscriber then inspects the contents of the response, and if it references a hub, the subscriber can subscribe to that resource's URL (it's called a 'topic' by the spec) on that hub. The subscriber needs to run a web accessible server so that hubs can directly notify it when any of its subscribed topics have updated, using a webhook mechanism.

Publishers expose their content with the inclusion of hub references in the HTTP headers. They post notifications to those referenced hubs whenever they publish something. Thus, when a publication event occurs, the publisher calls its hubs and the hubs call their subscribers.

WebSub includes a simple verification of intent mechanism in order to prevent abusive subscriptions, and a validation mechanism allows for subscriptions to private or protected web resources. When the subscriber sends the subscription request to the hub, the subscriber address and a code needs to be included. The hub immediately sends a verification message to the subscriber with the URL of the topic and the above code. The subscription request will only be accepted if the subscriber sends a positive response to the verification request of the hub.

In order to provide a secure chain, subscribers should share a secret with the hub, which will be used by the hub to compute an HMAC key that will be sent to the subscriber. The latter can then easily verify the origin by comparing the supplied signature with a similarly computed signature on their end.

Usage
WebSub is used to push content by many websites, including all blogs served by Blogger and WordPress.com, news sites including CNN and Fox News, and social networks like diaspora*, Mastodon, MySpace or Medium.com.

Subscribing services ("feed readers") include Flipboard, Feedly, NewsBlur, among other popular options.

Community Hosted hub providers include pubsubhubbub.appspot.com (operated by Google), pubsubhubbub.superfeedr.com (operated by Superfeedr), and websubhub.com.

Superfeedr provides a detailed PubSubHubbub guide for implementation.

See also
 Publish–subscribe pattern
 RSS Cloud
 RSS to email

References

RSS (file format)
Web syndication formats
XML-based standards
Computer file formats
Google
World Wide Web Consortium standards

WebSub


Coldwater Canyon is a canyon running perpendicular to and over the central Santa Monica Mountains, in Los Angeles County, California, United States.

A section of the canyon south of Mulholland Drive is also a neighborhood in the Beverly Crest Neighborhood Council of the City of Los Angeles.

Geography
The canyon is traversed via Coldwater Canyon Drive and Coldwater Canyon Avenue (linked by a short section of Mulholland Drive), which connects the city of Beverly Hills and the Westside, with the Studio City neighborhood and the San Fernando Valley.

See also
Neighborhoods in Los Angeles, California

Canyons and gorges of California
Santa Monica Mountains
Landforms of Los Angeles County, California
Geography of Los Angeles
San Fernando Valley
Neighborhoods in Los Angeles
Populated places in the Santa Monica Mountains
Beverly Crest, Los Angeles
Beverly Hills, California
Studio City, Los Angeles
Streets in Los Angeles County, California

Coldwater Canyon


The Sea ()  is a 2000 Spanish film directed by Agustí Villaronga, starring Roger Casamayor. It is based on a novel by Blai Bonet. The plot, set in Mallorca, follows the fates of three childhood friends traumatized by the violence they witnessed during the Spanish Civil War. Ten years later, they are reunited as young adults in a sanatorium for TB patients. The film won the Manfred Salzgeber Award at the Berlin International Film Festival.

Plot
In the summer of 1936, the violence of the Spanish Civil war reaches a small village in Mallorca. Four children: Andreu Ramallo, Manuel Tur, Pau Inglada and a girl, Francisca, are witness to the execution of leftists at the hands of pro-Franco villagers. In a desperate act of revenge, Pau, whose father has been killed the previous day by the lead executioner, plans to avenge his father's murder torturing Julià Ballester, the son of his father's killer. His idea is to force the boy to drink castor oil. However, things go wrong when the boy, Julià Ballester, taunts them and Pau becomes enraged. He brutally kills Julià by bashing his head against a rock and then stabbing him in the throat. Unable to deal with what he has just done, Pau commits suicide jumping inside a hole on a cave. The remaining children: Andreu, Manuel, and Francisca are witnesses to these tragic events.

Over a decade later, Ramallo, now a cocky young man, is sent to a tuberculosis sanatorium on Mallorca to recuperate from the initial stages of the disease. Ramallo, like all the tubercular and lung diseased patients, has to live in a large room, dormitory style. However, as a patient's health dwindles and they are expected to die, they are sent to a private room numbered 13 for their final days. Ramallo with his boastfulness and stories of sexual prowess attracts the admiration of the other patients, particularly from Galindo, the youngest of the group.

Ramallo is shocked to find that Manuel Tur, his childhood friend, is also a patient. A pale and drawn man, Manuel has found solace to his health predicament in religion. Even more shocking is the sight of the beautiful Francisca, now a selfless nun, nursing the sick at the hospital. Alcántara, the brutal caretaker and Carmen, his unhappy wife, run the place. Shortly after his arrival, Ramallo receives the unwanted visit of Don Eugeni Morell, his former boss, in smuggling contraband. The well-to-do middle age Morel, has also sexually exploited him for long time. Morell's visit makes Ramallo furious and from then on, he tries to disassociate himself from the crime lord. As a reminder than he can count only on himself, Ramallo gets his own name tattooed on his chest by Alcántara, the hospital's maintenance guy. In the clinic, Manuel has a pet cat that he dotes on. In a fit of anger Ramallo kicks the cat almost to death. Manuel gives the dying animal back to Ramallo to put it out of its misery. They bury the animal together and reconcile remembering their childhood friendship.

Ramallo wants to get rid of Morell for good, but his first attempt to steal some money from the church of the sanatorium fails when he is discovered by Francisca. As a child, Francisca had a crush on Ramallo and now she is glad to see him again, but she assures him that she is perfectly happy in her life as a nun. Ramallo starts scheming to hijack smuggling goods from Morell. He recruits Manuel in helping him to steal the keys of Alcántara's car in order to go to the nearby port. In the middle of this dealing, Galindo's death affects Ramallo deeply. Carmen has a soft spot for Manuel and seduces him. At first, Manuel tries to resist the temptation because she is a married woman, but she assures him that she is unhappy in her marriage and only feels disgust for her husband. They have sex, but when Manuel finds out that she came to visit him on Ramallo's suggestion, he tells her to leave him alone. Manuel angrily confronts Ramallo accusing him of being jealous of his purity. Ramallo leaves him silent telling him that his anger comes because he is secretly in love with him. In fact, attracted to his friend, Manuel steals Ramallo's clothes but, in his morbid religious fervor, fights his desires that he believes are diabolical. Manuel's sexual panic turns into self-inflicted stigmata.

Francisca accidentally discovers Ramallo's schemes but does not turn him in, instead she travels with Manuel to the cave in which Pau committed suicide in order to recover from it the items Ramallo stole from Morell. Ramallo escapes the sanatorium and returns to Morell's home. When Morell tells him that Manuel betrayed him, giving away the location of his purloined goods, Ramallo murders Morell with an axe. Ramallo returns to the sanatorium to take revenge on Manuel. Manuel tells Ramallo that he loves him and that he gave the goods to Morell to fight his attraction for him. Ramallo begins to rape him, claiming that the pleasure will get Manuel torture for the rest of his life. Manuel plunges a knife into Ramallo's throat before slitting his own wrist. Francisca lays out the two bodies in the mortuary and removes her nun's coif.

Cast
Roger Casamajor - Ramallo
Bruno Bergonzini - Manuel
 Antònia Torrens - Sister Francisca
 Hernán González - Galindo
 Juli Mira - Don Eugeni Morell
Simón Andreu - Alcántara
Ángela Molina - Carmen
David Lozano - Manuel Tur
Nilo Mur - Andreu Ramallo
Tony Miquel Vanrell - Paul Inglada
Victoria Verger - Francisca
Sergi Moreno - Julià Ballester

DVD release
El mar  is available on DVD. It was released in the United States on December 14, 2004, in Catalan with English and Spanish subtitles available.

External links

2000 films
2000s political drama films
2000 LGBT-related films
Films about animal cruelty
2000s business films
Catalan films
2000s Catalan-language films
Films about capital punishment
Films about Catholic nuns
Films about cats
Films about child abuse
Films about death
Films about disability
Films about infectious diseases
Films about rape
Films about suicide
Films directed by Agustí Villaronga
Films scored by Javier Navarrete
Films set in 1936
Films set in Mallorca
Films shot in Mallorca
Films set in hospitals
LGBT-related drama films
Spanish drama films
Spanish independent films
Spanish LGBT-related films
2000 drama films
2000s Spanish films

The Sea (2000 film)


1 gross is a unit of measurement, for countable items. It is equal to 12 dozen, or 144 pieces. In the same manner, a dozen gross, or 1728 items is called great gross. Small gross or great hundred is used to refer to ten dozen items. If a shop is advertizing to sell a product en gros, this means that it will sell larger quantities.

Measurement

Gross (unit)


The Eurasian water shrew (Neomys fodiens), known in the United Kingdom as the water shrew, is a relatively large shrew, up to  long, with a tail up to three-quarters as long again. It has short, dark fur, often with a few white tufts, a white belly, and a few stiff hairs around the feet and tail. It lives close to fresh water, hunting aquatic prey in the water and nearby.  Its fur traps bubbles of air in the water which greatly aids its buoyancy, but requires it to anchor itself to remain underwater for more than the briefest of dives.

Like many shrews, the water shrew has venomous saliva, making it one of the few venomous mammals, although it is not able to puncture the skin of large animals, nor that of humans. Highly territorial, it lives a solitary life and is found throughout the northern part of Europe and Asia, from Britain to Korea.

Description
The Eurasian water shrew grows to a length of about  long with a tail length of  and weight of . The dense short fur on the head, back and sides is greyish-black. The underparts are dirty white and are sharply demarcated from the dorsal surface. Sometimes they are tinged with rusty brown or occasionally are entirely dark grey. There is a white spot just behind the eye and often another near the small, rounded ear which is nearly hidden in the fur. The nose is black and the snout long and tapering. The sharp, mostly white teeth are tipped with red, typical of the shrew subfamily Soricinae. The rusty colour comes from deposits of iron which serve to harden the enamel and which are concentrated in the tips of the teeth, particularly the molars which are the teeth most subject to wear. The female has five pairs of nipples. The legs are short and the hind feet are powerful, with a fringe of short, stiff hairs on the outer edge, both of which features assist while it is driving its body through the water. The tail is slender and has a keel of short white hairs on the underside. This shrew often utters shrill cries as it scurries about.

Its karyotype has 2n = 52 and FN = 98.

Distribution and habitat
The Eurasian water shrew is found throughout Europe with the exception of Iceland, Ireland, certain Mediterranean islands and the Balkans. In Asia, its range extends from western Siberia and Asia Minor to North Korea and the Pacific coast of Siberia. It rarely strays far from water and is found in and around ditches, streams, ponds, watercress beds, fish ponds, damp meadows and rough bushy ground adjoining water.

Biology
Outside the breeding season, both male and female Eurasian water shrews maintain a territory but during the breeding season, only the females do so. At this time the males wander about visiting various female territories which indicates a promiscuous mating system without pair bonding. On the whole they are solitary animals that seem to mutually avoid each other and there is no social hierarchy.

The breeding season extends from April to September and much of the courtship takes place in the water. It either uses pre-existing burrows or digs its own. The nesting chamber is lined with moss, dry grass and leaves. Litters of four to eight or more young are born after a twenty-four-day gestation period. The young are tiny and helpless at birth. Their eyes open at fifteen to eighteen days and they are fully weaned at about seven weeks. Females can produce two or three litters a year. The juveniles disperse after weaning, setting up their own territories. They are sexually mature at six to eight months and their life expectancy is about three years.

The Eurasian water shrew is active both night and day and is thoroughly at home in the water. Its short fur holds air and the skin does not get wet when it swims. When it emerges from the water it enters one of its many burrows and any moisture adhering to the fur is absorbed by the earth walls. It mostly feeds on aquatic organisms which are caught while it is swimming. It can remain underwater for twenty seconds before it has to surface to breathe. Larger prey items can be subdued by the toxic secretions from its submaxillary glands. They feed on crayfish, water snails, small fish, aquatic larvae, insects, spiders, amphibians, especially newts and small rodents are also eaten. It also feeds on land on such things as insect larvae.

The Eurasian water shrew has a pair of glands under its jaw which produce venom, and this has been shown to be potent against the field vole (Microtus agrestis), and lethal at a minimum dose of fifteen milligrams per kilogram body weight. The venom consists of a paralytic peptide which has been patented for use in neuromuscular therapy.
Overall, the Eurasian water shrew venom has stronger paralytic properties and lower cardioinhibitory activity. Thus acting as an immobilizing agent towards their prey or to organisms that may threathen them.

Their behavior in captivity is described in Konrad Lorenz's book King Solomon's Ring.

Status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the Eurasian water shrew as being of "Least concern" in its Red List of Threatened Species. This is because it has a large population distributed across a wide range and its population seems fairly stable. In some areas habitat degradation is occurring and wetlands are being drained but not to such an extent as to increase the status to "Vulnerable". Other possible threats include agricultural products and sewage which may pollute waterways and reduce the availability of food. In western Spain, a separate subspecies (N. f. niethammeri) has a very limited range and may be declining in numbers.

References

Neomys
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of Russia
Mammals of Central Asia
Venomous mammals
Mammals described in 1771
Taxa named by Thomas Pennant

Eurasian water shrew


A sentence is a group of words that are joined together to mean something. A sentence is the basic unit of language. It expresses a complete thought. It does this by following the grammatical basic rules of syntax. For example: "Ram is walking".

A complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb to state (declare) a complete thought. Short example: She walks. A subject is the noun (name) which is doing the main verb. The main verb is the activity that the subject is doing.

In English and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter. At the end of the sentence there is a punctuation mark depending on whether it is a statement, a question, a command, a request or an exclamation.

Phrases and clauses
A phrase or clause is part of a sentence.p773–777

This is an example of a sentence:
 The dog is happy.
In this sentence, 'The dog' is the subject, and 'is' is the verb.

This is an example of a phrase:
 The happy dog

There is no verb, so we do not know anything about what the happy dog is doing. Therefore, it is not a sentence.

A clause is a sentence within a sentence. Example:
 They milked the cows, and then they made cheese and butter. This sentence has two co-ordinate (~equal) clauses, linked by 'and'.p220 and indranil das

Types of sentence

 A simple sentence has only one clause, and one independent variable. The cat is sleeping.
 A compound sentence has two or more clauses. These clauses are joined with conjunctions, punctuation, or both. The dog is happy, but the cat is sad.
 A complex sentence has one clause with a relative clause. The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy.
 A complex-compound sentence (or compound-complex sentence) has many clauses, at least one of which is a relative clause: The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy, but the cat is sad.

Sentences have different purposes:
 A declarative sentence, or declaration, is the most common type of sentence. It tells something. It ends with a full stop . (The dog is happy.)
 An interrogative sentence, or question, asks something. It ends with a question mark ? (Are you happy?)
 An exclamatory sentence, or exclamation, says something out of the ordinary. It ends with an exclamation mark ! (That dog is the happiest dog I have ever seen!)
 An imperative sentence, or command, tells someone to do something. (Give the dog a bone.)

Basic English sentences
Here are some sentences written in Basic English:

The sky is blue.

Today is Monday.

Tomorrow is Tuesday.

The baby is smiling.

Sheila is reading a book.

This is the road to take.

Read a book about the history of America.

There are beautiful flowers growing in the garden.

The cushions are new and I feel the comfort they give me.

They are playing in the grounds.

Related pages
 Phrase
 Punctuation
 Word

References

TYpes of sentences worksheet

Sentence


Castle Union was the code name given to one of the tests in the Operation Castle series of United States nuclear tests. It was the first test of the TX-14 thermonuclear weapon (initially the "emergency capability" EC-14), one of the first deployed U.S. thermonuclear bombs.

An "Alarm Clock" device is a "dry" fusion bomb, using lithium deuteride fuel for the fusion stage of a "staged" fusion bomb, unlike the cryogenic liquid deuterium of the first-generation Ivy Mike fusion device.

It differed from the Castle Romeo "Runt" device, tested shortly before, in using highly enriched lithium (approximately 95% lithium-6; natural lithium is a mixture of lithium-6 and lithium-7 isotopes). The "Runt" device had 7.5% lithium-6 in the fusion fuel.

The test took place on April 26, 1954 at Bikini atoll of the Marshall Islands, on a barge moored in the lagoon, off Yurochi island. The yield of 6.9 megatons of TNT was somewhat higher than the predicted 3-4 megatons. Although the barge had been moored in over  of water, the test left a crater  in diameter and  deep in the bottom of the lagoon.

Like the Ivy Mike, Castle Bravo, and Castle Romeo tests, a large percentage of the yield was produced by fast fission of the natural uranium tamper, which contributed to the extensive fallout caused by these tests.

As the highly enriched lithium was both expensive and scarce at the time, it limited the number of these weapons that could be produced. The "Runt" design tested in Castle Romeo and Castle Yankee was preferred for deployment.

External links
 Wikimapia

 Operation Castle

References
 Chuck Hansen, U. S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History (Arlington: AeroFax, 1988)

Explosions in 1954
Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll
1954 in military history
1954 in the environment
1950s in the Marshall Islands
1954 in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
April 1954 events in Oceania

Castle Union


Panic attacks are sudden periods of very bad anxiety. Along with feeling very scared, people with panic attacks usually have physical symptoms.  These symptoms are not dangerous.  However, they can make a person feel terrible for a short time.  Having a panic attack is often terrifying and very upsetting.  Many people who have a panic attack for the first time call the emergency services because they think they are having a heart attack or a nervous breakdown.

Though panic attacks make people feel terrible, they are not dangerous. Usually, the worst symptoms are over in ten minutes or less. However, some panic attacks can be as short as one to five minutes.

Panic attacks can happen in people with all kinds of mental illnesses.  They can also happen in people who do not have mental illness, but have just had something very bad happen to them.

A panic attack is sometimes confused with anxiety. Anxiety is progressive, when we think of negative thoughts, the anxiety becomes worse when we do not try to relax and it reaches to a point when we're out of control. A panic attack is not progressive, when we think of negative thoughts, a panic attack goes straight to us feeling out of control and people would often think they're having a heart attack because an anxious heart feels very similar to a heart attack. A panic attack is far worse than an anxiety attack, though both attacks require the person to learn how to calm down or get professional help if it becomes a problem in their daily lives.

Symptoms
The new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), DSM-5, describes a panic attack as:

"An abrupt [sudden] surge of intense [very strong] fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes...  [During that] time four or more of the following symptoms occur. The abrupt surge can occur from a calm state or an anxious state."

According to DSM-5, a person is having a panic attack if they suddenly start feeling very scared and have four or more of these symptoms:
 Palpitations (a pounding heart) or fast heart rate
 Sweating
 Trembling or shaking
 Feeling unable to breathe
 Feeling of choking
 Chest pain or discomfort
 Nausea or other gastrointestinal problems
 Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint
 Feeling hot, or feeling chills
 Paresthesias (numbness or tingling feelings)
 Derealization (feelings of not being real) or depersonalization (feeling detached from oneself)
 Fear of losing control or going crazy
 Fear of dying

The physiology behind panic attacks
Panic attacks happen when the body's natural fight or flight response gets overprotective.  Usually, the fight or flight response kicks in when a person is in danger.  It tells the sympathetic nervous system to make many changes in the body.  These changes will help the person fight or run away from the danger.  For example:
 The person will get scared.  This makes them want to get away from the danger they are in.
 The heart will beat stronger and faster.  This will get as much blood and oxygen to the body as possible.
 Chemical messengers like epinephrine (adrenaline) will be sent out through the body, to give the body extra energy to fight or run away.
 The body will stop digestion in the digestive tract.  The body does this because it wants to spend all its energy on fighting or running away.  It does not want to waste energy on things like digestion which will not help the person escape danger.
When a person is truly in danger, these changes in the body can help the person survive.  The changes in the body make it easier for the person to fight or run away from the danger.

However, when a person is having a panic attack, their body is reacting as if they are in danger, when they are really not.  Their fight or flight system kicks in and causes changes to the body.  But because the person does not need these changes to help them survive, the changes cause symptoms.  For example:
 The person will feel very scared, even though they are not actually in danger.
 The person may notice that their heart is pounding (because it is beating stronger) or beating quickly.
 The person may notice side effects from the epinephrine that is being sent out through their body.  Those side effects can include sweating, chest pain, and feeling even more anxious.
 Because digestion has suddenly stopped, the person may have nausea, diarrhea, or other gastrointestinal problems.

Every symptom of a panic attack is caused by the fight or flight reaction.  This is why panic attacks are not dangerous.  The fight or flight system is meant to save a person's life if they are in danger.  It is a natural self-defense system in the human body.  When a panic attack happens, this life-saving fight or flight system is simply kicking in when it is not needed.

Related pages
 Panic disorder
 Anxiety disorder
 Pan (mythology)

References

Other websites
What Is Panic Disorder?  What are Panic Attacks?  from AnxietyBC.com (Simple English)
Panic Attacks: The Hallmark of Panic Disorder by the American Psychological Association
Panic disorder from PubMed Health

Anxiety disorders

Panic attack


John Luke Gallup (born January 16, 1962) is an American economist.

Gallup got his PhD in 1994 at the University of California, Berkeley. From 1996 to 2000 he was a Research Fellow at the Center for International Development at Harvard University. From 2008 to 2009 he was Fulbright Scholar at the Vietnam University of Commerce in Hanoi. He worked with Jeffrey Sachs and Andrew Mellinger on the issue of geography.

Publications
 Far-Flung Europe: What is the Economic Impact of Geography? European Union Committee of Regions for The Macroeconomic Situation of the Outermost Regions Conference, 2006.
 The Wage Labor Market and Inequality in Vietnam in the 1990s. In: Paul Glewwe, David Dollar and Nisha Agrawal (editors). Economic Growth and Household Welfare: Policy Lessons from Vietnam. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2004.
 With Alejandro Gaviria and Eduardo Lora. Is Geography Destiny? Lessons from Latin America. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2003.
 With Jeffrey D. Sachs. The Economic Burden of Malaria. In: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 64(1–2), pp. 85, 96, 2001.
 With Jeffrey D. Sachs and Andrew Mellinger. The Geography of Poverty and Wealth. In: Scientific American 284, pp. 62–67, March 2001.
 With Jeffrey D. Sachs. Agriculture, Climate, and Technology: Why are the Tropics Falling Behind? In: American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 82(3), pp. 731–37, 2000.
 Geography and Socioeconomic Development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Chapter 3 of Economic and Social Progress in Latin America, 1999–2000 Report. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank, 2000.
 With Andrew Mellinger and Jeffrey D. Sachs. Climate, Coastal Proximity, and Development. In: Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman and Meric S. Gertler (editors). The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. pp. 169–94, 2000.
 Update to Formatting Regression Output. In: Stata Technical Bulletin 58, pp. 9–13, 2000.
 With Jeffrey D. Sachs and Andrew Mellinger. Geography and Economic Development. In: Boris Pleskovic and Joseph E. Stiglitz (editors). World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1998. Washington, DC: The World Bank, pp. 127–78, 1999. Reprinted In: International Regional Science Review. 22(2), pp. 179–232, 1999.
 With Jeffrey D. Sachs. Health and Wealth: How Geography Influences Socioeconomic Development. In: DRCLAS News, Fall 1999, pp. 7–10.
 Revision of Outreg. In: Stata Technical Bulletin 49, p. 25, 1998.
 With Steve Radelet and Andrew Warner. Economic Growth and the Income of the Poor. CAER Discussion Paper 36, Harvard Institute for International Development, 1998.
 Agricultural Productivity and Geography. American Economics Association Meetings, Chicago 1998.
 Poverty and the Demographic Transition. Conference on Economic Aspects of Demographic Transition: The Experience of Asian Pacific Countries, Taipei, June 19–20, 1998.
 Formatting Regression Output for Published Tables. In: Stata Technical Bulletin 46, pp. 28–30, 1998.
 The Economic Value of Children in Vietnam. Association of Asian Studies Meetings, Washington DC, 1998.
 With Joel E. Cohen, Christopher Small, Andrew Mellinger and Jeffrey D. Sachs. Estimates of Coastal Populations. In: Science Vol. 278, No. 5341, pp. 1211–212.
 With David Bloom. Environment, Poverty, and Population. Background paper for the Asian Development Bank's Emerging Asia: Changes and Challenges, 1997.
 Ethnicity and Earnings in Malaysia. HIID Development Discussion Paper No. 593, 1997.
 Theories of Migration. HIID Development Discussion Paper No.569, 1997
 Migration in Malaysia: Heterogeneity and Persistence. Institutes of Economics and Sociology, Hanoi, 1996
 Heterogeneity, Persistence and Ethnicity: Internal Migration and Labor Markets in Malaysia. PhD thesis, Department of Economics, University of California at Berkeley, 1994.
 With Landis MacKellar. TM2: An Economic-Demographic Simulation Model. World Employment Program Working Paper, International Labor Office, 1993.
 The Effect of Cohort Size on Wages in Brazil. Population Association of America Meeting 1992, Toronto.

References

1962 births
Living people
American development economists
21st-century American economists
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Swarthmore College alumni
Portland State University faculty
American officials of the United Nations
People in international development
Harvard Institute for International Development

John Luke Gallup


Marcus Paul Davis (born August 24, 1973), nicknamed "The Irish Hand Grenade" (and "The Celtic Warrior" when fighting in Ireland), is an American mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter. He fights as a welterweight in the UFC and in independent MMA promotions in the United States. He was a contestant on the Ultimate Fighter 2 on Spike TV.

Marcus David went pro in MMA on August 22, 2003 with a first round TKO of Shaun Gay. In 2005, Marcus was a contestant on The Ultimate Fighter 2. Coming in with his boxing skills.

Other websites
Official Site
UFC profile
Team Irish MMA

American mixed martial artists
1973 births
Living people

Marcus Davis


In thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system, originally called a working substance, is defined as that part of the universe that is under consideration. A real or imaginary boundary separates the system from the rest of the universe, which is referred to as the environment or surroundings (sometimes called a reservoir.) A useful classification of thermodynamic systems is based on the nature of the boundary and the quantities flowing through it, such as matter, energy, work, heat, and entropy. A system can be anything, for example a cylinder, a solution in a test tube, a living organism, or a planet, etc.

Thermodynamics
Systems
Systems theory

Thermodynamic system


Unemployment or joblessness is when a person who is of normal working age (usually about 15-18 to about 60-65) does not have a paid job. They therefore do not get paid a salary. It is one of social issues and human rights violations. In some parts of the world, there are social networks to care for the unemployed.

Overview
The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed people divided by the total population of that age group of a country. The unemployment rate is influenced by many things, including the government of a country to the average age of a country's population. Unemployment is a bad thing for society.

A certain amount of unemployment is natural. 'Full employment' does not mean no-one is out of work. Governments now aim to increase the number of jobs (which can be done) rather than cut out all unemployment (which cannot be done).

Most affected groups
People with Autism and other mental disabilities are mistreated in the workplace, leading to only around 15% of autistic people being employed at all.

Invisible unemployment
Discouraged workers are the number of people who do not have work but who are not counted in government reports. For example, people who have stopped looking for a job.  The underemployed  are people who work less than they want to do, or people who are overqualified for their job.

References

Employment
Social issues

Unemployment


Juche () is the group of ideas developed by North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung, Juche means self-reliance. According to its supporters, the idea was developed from Marxism and Leninism. In many cases, it is noticeably different from both. At its base, the idea states that the interests of the people and their nation are more important than those of Leninism or Marxism. A strong leader is required to undertake the necessary reforms. The nation of (North) Korea is special, and should be the focus of interest. Every nation needs to drive forward its own revolution. Three things are necessary for this:
Political independence
Economic self-reliances
Military independence
It is the role of the state to make sure these three things are there. According to this idea, man himself is responsible for designing what the world should look like. The welfare of many people (which form the nation) is more important than the fate of the individual.

Juche also says that intellectuals are important.

Certain people have described these ideas as a philosophy, others see it as a religion.

Politics of North Korea

Nationalism

Juche


Key rollover is the ability of a computer keyboard to correctly handle several simultaneous keystrokes. A keyboard with n-key rollover (NKRO) can correctly detect input from each key on the keyboard at the same time, regardless of how many other keys are also being pressed. Keyboards that lack full rollover will register an incorrect keystroke when certain combinations of keys are pressed simultaneously. Rollover has applications for stenotype, electronic music keyboards, gaming, and touch-typing generally.

Keyboard usage
During normal typing on a conventional computer keyboard, only one key is usually pressed at any given time, then released before the next key is pressed. However, this is not always the case. When using modifier keys such as Shift or Control, the user intentionally holds the modifier key(s) while pressing and releasing another key.

 Rapid typists may also sometimes inadvertently press a key before releasing the previous one.

Certain unusual forms of keyboarding require multiple keys to be pressed or held down simultaneously;
for example:
 Braille2000 keying requires as many as six keys to be pressed at once analogous to the six dot keys of a Braille typewriter.
 Stenographic typing also requires the ability to press multiple keys at once to form "chords."
 Some computer games require multiple keys (other than the usual modifier keys) to be held down while others are pressed and released, in order to perform actions simultaneously;
 a common scenario would be the holding down of two Arrow keys or WASD keys in order to move the player in a diagonal direction.
 Other scenarios might be pressing a key to interact with an object or item in the game while holding down an Arrow key to signify movement.

n-key rollover
Certain high-end keyboards have -key rollover (NKRO).  This means that each key is scanned completely independently by the keyboard hardware, so that each keypress is correctly detected regardless of how many other keys are being pressed or held down at the time. Full -key rollover is required for stenotype, which relies on chording to input text far faster than conventional typing methods, allowing it to keep pace with the speed of human speech.

Most music keyboards use isolation diodes in their keyboard matrix to implement full -key rollover, making them immune to both key ghosting and key jamming.

For the user to get the benefit of the full -key rollover, the complete key press status must be transmitted to the computer. When the data is sent via the USB protocol, there are two operating modes: Human Interface Device (HID) "report protocol" and "boot protocol". The (optional) boot protocol, which is solely used by very limited USB host implementations such as BIOS, is limited to eight modifier keys (left and right versions of Ctrl, Shift, Alt, and Win), followed by maximum six key codes. This will limit the number of simultaneous key presses that can be reported. The (mandatory) HID report protocol, which is what operating systems use, imposes no restrictions and supports full -key rollover. The HID specification however imposes no requirements on rollover and low-end keyboards may impose the same restrictions regardless of whether the boot protocol or the HID report protocol is used.

Multi-key rollover
However, to reduce cost and design complexity, most computer keyboards do not isolate all keys in this way. Instead, they use a matrix of key switches, without any isolation diodes, that assumes that only a limited number of keys will be held down at any given time. With these keyboards, pressing as few as three keys can cause ghosting effects, although care is taken when laying out the matrix arrangement that this does not happen for common modifier key combinations.

A keyboard with "two-key rollover" can reliably detect only any two keys used simultaneously; in other words, a user can hold down any key on the keyboard and press a second key, and be sure that the keypress is correctly detected by the computer. However, if the user has two keys depressed and attempts to strike a third key, the third keypress may create a "phantom key" by shorting out the switch matrix.  This is not acceptable for quality keyboards because there are many cases when more than two keys need to be depressed at the same time, such as Ctrl-Alt-Delete, or when more than two keys are depressed because of fast typing ("rolling over" more than two keys).

"Multi-key rollover" is considered essential for quality keyboards and for English-language touch typing.  This is where the most common key sequences have been studied, and keys in the same common sequence are placed in the electrical switch matrix such that three keys down cannot produce a fourth "phantom" key by shorting out the matrix.  The simplest way to accomplish this is to put all keys in the same common sequence on the same X or Y line of the switch matrix.  As long as the electronics do not see more than two keys on different X and Y lines, which would create a phantom key, it will continue to process the next key depressed.  This typically produces four- to five-key rollover for the most common key sequences.

Key jamming and ghosting

Key ghosting occurs on matrix keyboards for certain combinations of three keys. Figure A illustrates the problem.

This example shows that three keys, brown, blue and green, have been pressed. A signal path is accurately detected from terminal 1, through the brown switch to terminal 6, indicating that key 1/6 has been pressed. However, the signal also routes through the blue and green switches to terminal 4, falsely indicating that key 1/4 has been pressed. This error is called "Ghosting", as a phantom key pressing (1/4) has been detected. This only occurs when three corners of a rectangular set of switches are closed - the "ghost" being the fourth corner. When these three keys are pressed simultaneously, this fourth keypress is erroneously registered by the keyboard controller.

If necessary, these errors can be eliminated by placing a diode in series with each key switch, as shown in Figure B. In this example, the false signal path is blocked by the diode in series with the blue switch.

Modern keyboards detect ghosting, and instead of registering a fourth key, they will ignore the third key, which is known as jamming. Which keys jam when pressed together differs between brands and models of keyboards.

Due to the keyboard matrix most consumer keyboards use, jamming and ghosting often occur when three out of four keys in a square block on the matrix are pressed, such as QASW or JKUI.

Most music keyboards and some high-end computer keyboards use an isolation diode with each keyswitch in their matrix, and can correctly read any combination (chording) of keys pressed in any order and released in any order—they are immune to both key ghosting and key jamming. Some "gaming keyboards" use a matrix, but only give individual diodes to the most frequently-used keys in gaming such as WASD and the arrow keys.

Key jamming is often noticed when using a keyboard to play computer games where many keypresses combine to movement vectors and other simultaneous activities rather than typing text. The original Star Control game included a utility to test for key jamming and help the player to determine the best key mapping for their keyboard, since during gameplay it was common for each of the two players to be pressing three or four keys at the same time.

Many computer games and console emulators use the control, alt, and shift keys by default. Computer keyboards typically are designed to detect these keys being activated in addition to others from the character matrix, and this may prevent key jamming.

See also
 Charlieplexing
 Keyboard technology
 Stenotype

References

External links
 Keyboard ghosting interactive demonstration
 Key Rollover Test

Computer keyboards

Key rollover


The over-lifesize Medusa Rondanini, the best late Hellenistic or Augustan Roman marble copy of the head of Medusa, is rendered more humanized and beautiful than the always grotesque apotropaic head of Medusa that appeared as the Gorgoneion on the aegis of Athena. The Medusa Rondanini is located in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany, having been purchased by the art-loving king Ludwig of Bavaria from the heirs of the marchese Rondanini, during his Grand Tour of Italy as a prince.

History

The Medusa Rondanini was formerly exhibited in Palazzo Rondanini in the upper end of via del Corso, Rome, where it was overlooked by the great art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann, perhaps distracted by Michelangelo's Rondanini Pietà in the same collection.  It was much admired, nevertheless, by Goethe, who was struck by its "unspeakable anguished stare of death" and said of it, when first bringing it to the attention of art historians in 1786, that "the mere knowledge that such a work could be created and still exists in the world makes me twice the person I was." When Antonio Canova made a marble Perseus with the Head of Medusa (1798-1801), to take the place of the Apollo Belvedere sent to Napoleonic Paris, it was the Medusa Rondanini that served as the model for the gorgon's head in Perseus' outstretched hand.

The Medusa Rondanini may be a Roman copy of a classical work of the fifth century BC, a model attributed to one or another Athenian sculptor of the age of Phidias.  Alternatively, it may have been modeled after a classicising Hellenistic work of the late fourth century BC. If it is of the fifth century,  Janer Danforth Belson has pointed out, it is the first of the "beautiful gorgoneion" type to appear in Greek art by more than a century, and unparalleled in any contemporaneous representation of the Medusa head. Martin Robertson, following Furtwängler's attribution to Phidias, remarked that it would be unlikely for the beautiful face of the Medusa to be juxtaposed with the beautiful face of the goddess, whose gorgoneion retained its fearful archaic appearance.

Janer Danforth Belson has made a case for its model to have been the gorgoneion on a gilt-bronze aegis that was an ex-voto of Antiochus IV and was hung on the south retaining wall of the Acropolis of Athens about 170 BC, where it was noted by Pausanias in the late second century AD.

Six other ancient replicas of the same prototype, apparently a bronze, have been recorded, none of them of this quality.

Notes

External links
3D model of the Medusa Rondanini via laser scan of a cast at Skulpturhalle Basel museum

Hellenistic-style Roman sculptures
Cultural depictions of Medusa
Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Medusa Rondanini


Dahmani (formerly Abbah Quşūr, Abbah Qusur or Ebba Ksour) is a ceety in Tunisie.

It haes approximately 6350 inhabitants an is pairt o the Kef Governorate. It is locatit at 625 meters abuin sea level, 225 kilometers soothwast o Tunis.

Near the village kent theday as Medeïna, 9 km tae the soothwast, is the archaeological site o Althiburos an ancient numidian ceety, an umwhile Roman toun hall.

Frae 1941 on, it became a parish o the Bishop o Tunisia. In 1943 it accommodatit the American troops engaged in the combat on t'African front durin Warld War II.

Populatit places in Tunisie

Dahmani


Glaze is a layer or coating used on pottery or ceramics. It may be called vitreous enamel or porcelain enamel. Powdered glass is fused onto ceramics by firing to between 750 and 850 °C (1,380 and 1,560 °F). The powder melts, flows, and then hardens to a smooth, lasting vitreous coating on metal, or on glass or ceramics. This is done in a kiln.

There are many different types of glaze, some are used for decoration and some are used to make pottery watertight so it can hold liquids. Glaze serves to colour, decorate, strengthen or waterproof an item.

Glazing is important for earthenware vessels as otherwise they would leak water. Glaze is also used on stoneware and porcelain. In addition to the functional aspect of glazes, they can form a variety of surface finishes, including degrees of gloss and matte and colour. Glazes may also enhance an underlying design or texture.

Glaze is used on building materials. The Iron Pagoda, built in 1049 in Kaifeng, China, of glazed bricks is an example.

Ceramic glaze raw materials generally include silica, which forms glass when fired. Metal oxides, such as sodium, potassium and calcium, act as a "flux" to lower the melting temperature. Alumina, often derived from clay, stiffens the molten glaze to prevent it from running off the piece. Colour comes from iron oxide, copper carbonate or cobalt carbonate. Tin oxide or zirconium oxide make the glaze opaque.

References

Pottery

Glaze


Luca Sestak (born January 10, 1995 in Celle, Lower Saxony, Germany) is a German boogie-woogie, blues and jazz pianist and composer.

Musical career
Sestak began playing piano, at the age of eight and a half, when he was sent by his parents to a piano teacher. In 2012 he told Birgitta Larsson of "Jefferson Blues Magazine":

"My father tried to teach me a little piano playing when I was 8, but I hated it. When I was nine and a half he sent me to a piano teacher. I didn't like classical music at all. At eleven and a half, after two years of lessons, I was supposed to play a Beethoven sonata. It was after this point that playing the piano began to really give me pleasure.  Today, however, my relating to classical music is diminishing again; to be honest, it isn't easy to run on two tracks and my heart beats much louder for the blues."

After two years of classical piano lessons Sestak discovered jazz and blues music, in particular boogie-woogie, on the internet mainly through YouTube. Immediately captivated by this musical style, he began to teach himself blues piano while still taking classical lessons. In December 2006, he shared his first videos on YouTube which brought him public fame. In 2007, at the age of 12, Sestak visited the International Boogie Woogie Festival at Lugano, Switzerland, where he knew Axel Zwingenberger would perform.

By March 2014 his earliest videos had received as many as 1.8 million hits. After appearances in his home town of Karlsruhe, Sestak's fame continued to grow through videos. As he grew older, he began performing regularly in concerts and festivals in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, Sweden, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, USA and other countries, alongside Vince Weber, Ben Waters, Silvan Zingg, Pete York, Bob Seeley and Frank Muschalle.

In 2010, Sestak appeared on German TV for the first time in "Kaffee oder Tee" on SWR.

Discography
 2010: Lost in Boogie (solo CD)
 2014: New Way (solo CD)
 2020: Right or Wrong

Awards

 2008: "Jugend musiziert" contest in Karlsruhe. 1st prize with promotion to "State Contest"
 2008: "Jugend musiziert" State Contest Baden-Württemberg, 3rd prize
 2011: German Pinetop Award 2011 "Discovery of the Year"
 2012: "SummerJazz" Prize of SummerJazz festival in Pinneberg, Germany
 2012: Yamaha Junior Generation Prize/Promotion Prize

References

External links

 Luca Sestak's website

Boogie-woogie pianists
Blues pianists
German jazz pianists
Living people
1995 births
21st-century pianists
Jazz-pop pianists
Okeh Records artists

Luca Sestak


Mogens Schou (24 November 1918 – 29 September 2005) was a Danish psychiatrist whose research into lithium led to its utilization as a treatment for bipolar disorder.

Early years
Schou was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 24 November 1918. His father was a psychiatrist and medical director of a large mental hospital. Schou chose to study medicine with a specific view to doing research on manic-depressive illness (now more commonly referred to as bipolar disorder). He graduated with a degree in medicine from the University of Copenhagen in 1944. After his training in clinical psychiatry he also studied experimental biology.

Research
Schou's research interests focused on therapeutic uses of lithium for patients with mood disorders.

The psychopharmacological era began in earnest in 1949, with an article published by John Cade about the observed antimanic action of lithium in Australia. Intrigued by these findings Schou, who in the meantime had joined the Psychiatric Research Institute of Aarhus University, confirmed these findings in a double-blind placebo-controlled study with his co-workers.

During the early 1960s, G. P. Hartigan, Poul Chr. Baastrup and Schou independently made sporadic observations that were suggestive of lithium also having prophylactic properties in manic-depressive illness. Subsequently, Baastrup and Schou joined together and in a non-blind lithium trial saw their preliminary observations confirmed. They even deemed the results so significant that they concluded that 'lithium is the first drug demonstrated as a clear-cut prophylactic agent against one of the major psychoses'.

However, the Schou-Baastrup prophylaxis hypothesis was met with great resistance by British psychiatry. To Aubrey Lewis and Michael Shepherd, lithium was 'dangerous nonsense'. Shepherd, seconded by Harry Blackwell, simply characterized it as 'a therapeutic myth', which, in their opinion, was based on 'serious methodological shortcomings' and 'spurious claims'. Even terms such as unethical and unscientific were used. After consideration of the ethical aspects invoked, Schou and Baastrup undertook a double-blind trial of prospective-discontinuation design and with random allocation of manic-depressive patients (already on lithium) to lithium or placebo. It confirmed their hypothesis, published in The Lancet in 1970.

He was aware of some of the limitations of lithium treatment. He welcomed the introduction of other prophylactic agents into the market. From the available observations he concluded, however, that anti-epileptics and atypical anti-psychotics act on different kinds of bipolar patients to lithium.

He was an author of more than 500 publications, including texts, research papers, articles and book chapters. He was Emeritus Professor of the Psychiatric Hospital in Risskov, Denmark.

Awards and honors
Schou has published approximately 540 works on lithium and lithium therapy, and some of his awards include:

 1974—International Scientific Kitty Foundation Award (shared with Cade).
 1982—John Cade Memorial Award.
 1987—Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award.
 1995—International Society of Lithium Research's Mogens Schou Prize for Lifetime Achievement.
 2000—C.I.N.P's Pioneers in Psychopharmacology Award.
 2001—International Society For Bipolars' Mogens Schou Award For Distinguished Contributions.
 2004—NARSAD Lifetime Achievement Award.

He has received an honorary doctorate from Charles University in Prague. In recognition of his accomplishments in bipolar medicine, he was made the Honorary President of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders. At the same time, the Mogens Schou awards were created for presentation at the Society's biennial International Conference on Bipolar Disorder.

References

 Obituary Mogens Schou

1918 births
2005 deaths
Danish psychiatrists
Scientists from Copenhagen
University of Copenhagen alumni
Bipolar disorder researchers
Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award

Mogens Schou