Gwinn is an unincorporated community in Marquette County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes and has no legal status as an incorporated municipality. The population of the CDP was 1,784 at the 2020 census. The community is located within Forsyth Township.

The CDP includes the nearby communities of Austin to the west and New Swanzy to the east. It is located along M-35 near the forks of the east and middle branches of the Escanaba River. The Gwinn 49841 ZIP Code serves a much larger area, including most of Forsyth Township, as well as portions of Turin Township to the east, Wells and Ewing townships to the south, Tilden Township to the west, and Richmond, Sands, and West Branch townships to the north.

History

The area was acquired by the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company (CCI) in 1902, which opened the Gwinn Mine in 1905. In 1906, the president of CCI, William Gwinn Mather, commissioned the well-known Boston landscape designer Warren H. Manning to design a residential community to support the mining operations. Mather named the community after his mother Elizabeth Lucy Gwinn. Streets were laid out and ground was broken for the first houses in 1907. Construction was primarily carried out between then and 1915. Manning emphasized Gwinn's connection to the surrounding environment by preserving many of the existing trees and planting new ones. Eventually, over 8 percent of the cost of the town's construction was allocated to outdoor improvements.

The community became known as a "Model Town", a trace of which remains in the name for the local high school sports teams: the "Modeltowners". It received a post office in 1908. Although it began as a company town, the direct involvement of Cleveland-Cliffs in the affairs of the Gwinn gradually decreased, and by the Great Depression the company had no hand in the operation of the town. Cleveland-Cliffs began divesting itself of real estate in the town, and by 1946 had sold the last of the houses it owned. The nearby Austin Mine was also operated by Cleveland-Cliffs, which developed the Austin community in 1911 to provide residences for miners and their families. Similarly, New Swanzy took its name from the Swanzy Iron Company, formed in 1883. The original Swanzy, located further to the northeast in Forsyth Township, was the site of the Escanaba River Land & Iron Company. Swanzy was a station on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad and had a post office from October 1889 until December 1905.

On June 24, 2002, Gwinn was listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the "Gwinn Model Town Historic District, Forsyth Township, Marquette County, Michigan". The historic district encompasses the sections of Gwinn that were platted during the time Cleveland Cliffs was involved in the town's affairs. Although the original Manning Plan for the town was never fully implemented, the section of town that was platted remains faithful to the Manning plan.

In 2015 it was rated by Business Insider as the most affordable town in Michigan.

Geography
Gwinn is in southeastern Marquette County, in the northern part of Forsyth Township. It is  south of Marquette, the county seat,  southeast of Negaunee, and  northwest of Gladstone.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 3.80%, are water.

Renovation
Recently Gwinn has experienced a boom of renovation and restoration taking place in the downtown area. Using federal funds the city has been beautified. Additional community funding has paid for the Community Clubhouse to have a complete exterior masonry restoration.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,965 people, 851 households, and 584 families residing in the CDP.  The population density was .  There were 1,035 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.86% White, 0.92% African American, 1.48% Native American, 1.02% Asian, 0.36% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.92% of the population.

There were 851 households, out of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.80.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 29.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $30,772, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $35,962 versus $18,929 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,511.  About 12.0% of families and 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.4% of those under age 18 and 8.5% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
Indian Trails bus lines operates daily intercity bus service between Hancock and Milwaukee with a stop in Gwinn.

Notable people
 Shadi Petosky, television writer
 Bonita Pietila, casting director for The Simpsons
 Mike Shaw, professional WCW wrestler known as Norman the Lunatic

References

External links
Gwinn Sawyer Chamber of Commerce
Gwinn Area website
Gwinn Area Community Schools

Unincorporated communities in Marquette County, Michigan
Unincorporated communities in Michigan
Census-designated places in Michigan
Census-designated places in Marquette County, Michigan
Planned communities in the United States
Company towns in Michigan
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Populated places established in 1907
1907 establishments in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Marquette County, Michigan

Gwinn, Michigan


The Pathfinder was a Brass Era car built in Indianapolis, Indiana from 1912 to 1917.

History
After the Parry Auto Company passed into receivership in 1910, the Motor Car Manufacturing Company was created by its creditors.  That particular name was chosen as they had not decided what to name their new automobile.  Indeed the New Parry continued to be produced until a little after the new Pathfinder was introduced in 1912.  Board members included former or then-current officials from the Parry Auto Company, Dayton Motor Car Company, American Ball Bearing Company, and Standard Oil.  Great things were expected from such a strong group of businessmen.

One of the advertising slogans of the Pathfinder was "known for reliability," but an equally high emphasis was placed on the appearances of the vehicles themselves.  Examples of the latter included a boattail speedster (nearly two decades before the more famous Auburn of the same layout), a paneled storage area for the roadster's top, and vibrant paint color combinations.

The Royal Automobile Club of England issued a certificate of performance to the Pathfinder for its strong performance in a time trial in 1912 covering the breadth of the isle of Great Britain, proving the cars were as durable as they were beautiful.  Other long-distance outings of note included one man and his chauffeur covering 10,000 miles in the United States with no breakdowns, as well as a Pathfinder 12 driven by Walter Weidely (son of George Weidely, the designer of the engine under the hood) cross-country for a total of 4921 miles.  Engines in Pathfinders started with four-cylinder engines, proceeded to six-cylinders, before culminating in Weideley 12-cylinder engines in 1916.  The V-12 engined cars were called "Pathfinder the Great, King of the Twelves."

The main market for Pathfinder was producing cars for export to pre-war Russia.  The beginning of World War I closed this market and Pathfinder was forced to refocus on the highly competitive US market.

Wartime shortages of materials financially hindered the Pathfinder Company. At the beginning of 1917, it was rumored that Pathfinder would merge with Empire.  Instead, the company was gone by years end, and a new company moved into the factory to make shoe polish.

The San Diego Automotive Museum has a 1912 Pathfinder Model E in their collection.  All other surviving examples are in private collections.

References

See also
 Pathfinder automobiles at ConceptCarz
 Classic Speedsters - Pathfinder
 Pathfinder advertising at Chuck's Toyland

Brass Era vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Indiana
Defunct companies based in Indiana
1910s cars
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1912
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1917
Cars introduced in 1912

Pathfinder (1912 automobile)


Weightlifting first started in the so-called Dark Ages of the human history. It was usually done by the strongest men in villages all over Europe. It was considered to be a sport for the lower classes, however since then it has changed into the sport for other people as well.  It has been in the Olympic Games since 1896.

Competition events in Olympic weightlifting
As a competitive sport, Weightlifting is controlled by the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF). Based in Budapest, it was founded in 1905.

Snatch
The snatch is one of the two olympic weightlifting events. The essence of the event is to lift a barbell from the platform to locked arms overhead in a smooth continuous movement. The lift requires not only great strength, but mastery of technical skills, a high degree of shoulder flexibility, excellent balance, and speed.

Clean and jerk
The clean and jerk is another olympic weightlifting events. It is a highly technical lift that is known as "the king of lifts" because more weight can be lifted above one's head as compared to any other known weightlifting technique.

Related pages
 Weight training

Other websites

 International Weightlifting Federation

Weightlifting


A conical pendulum consists of a weight (or bob) fixed on the end of a string or rod suspended from a pivot.  Its construction is similar to an ordinary pendulum; however, instead of swinging back and forth along a circular arc, the bob of a conical pendulum moves at a constant speed in a circle or ellipse with the string (or rod) tracing out a cone.  The conical pendulum was first studied by the English scientist Robert Hooke around 1660 as a model for the orbital motion of planets.  In 1673 Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens calculated its period, using his new concept of centrifugal force in his book Horologium Oscillatorium. Later it was used as the timekeeping element in a few mechanical clocks and other clockwork timing devices.

Uses
During the 1800s, conical pendulums were used as the timekeeping element in a few clockwork timing mechanisms where a smooth motion was required, as opposed to the unavoidably jerky motion provided by ordinary pendulums.  Two examples were mechanisms to turn the lenses of lighthouses to sweep their beams across the sea, and the location drives of equatorial mount telescopes, to allow the telescope to follow a star smoothly across the sky as the Earth turns.

One of the most important uses of the conical pendulum was in the flyball governor (centrifugal governor) invented by James Watt in 1788 which regulated the speed of steam engines during the Steam Age in the 1800s.

Some playground games, including totem tennis and tetherball, use a ball attached to a pole by a cord which functions as a conical pendulum, although in tetherball the pendulum gets shorter as the cord wraps around the pole.  Some amusement park rides also act as conical pendulums.

Analysis
Consider a conical pendulum consisting of a bob of mass m revolving without friction in a circle at a constant speed v on a string of length L at an angle of θ from the vertical.

There are two forces acting on the bob:
the tension T in the string, which is exerted along the line of the string and acts toward the point of suspension.
the downward bob weight mg, where m is the mass of the bob and g is the local gravitational acceleration.

The force exerted by the string can be resolved into a horizontal component, T sin(θ), toward the center of the circle, and a vertical component, T cos(θ), in the upward direction.  From Newton's second law, the horizontal component of the tension in the string gives the bob a centripetal acceleration toward the center of the circle:

Since there is no acceleration in the vertical direction, the vertical component of the tension in the string is equal and opposite to the weight of the bob:

These two equations can be solved for T/m and equated, thereby eliminating T and m
and yielding the centripetal acceleration:

A little rearrangement gives:

Since the speed of the pendulum bob is constant, it can be expressed as the circumference 2πr divided by the time t required for one revolution of the bob:

Substituting the right side of this equation for v in the previous equation, we find:

Using the trigonometric identity tan(θ) = sin(θ) / cos(θ) and solving for t, the time required for the bob to travel one revolution is

In a practical experiment, r varies and is not as easy to measure as the constant string length L.  r can be eliminated from the equation by noting that r, h, and L form a right triangle, with θ being the angle between the leg h and the hypotenuse L (see diagram).  Therefore,

Substituting this value for r yields a formula whose only varying parameter is the suspension angle θ:

For small angles θ, cos(θ) ≈ 1; in which case

so that for small angles the period t of a conical pendulum is equal to the period of an ordinary pendulum of the same length.  Also, the period for small angles is approximately independent of changes in the angle θ.  This means the period of rotation is approximately independent of the force applied to keep it rotating.  This property, called isochronism, is shared with ordinary pendulums and makes both types of pendulums useful for timekeeping.

See also
Newton's three laws of motion
Pendulum
Pendulum (mathematics)

References

External links
An interactive Java simulation of conical pendulum

Pendulums

Conical pendulum


The Lippe Uplands (, , or Lippisches Bergland) is a range of hills in Ostwestfalen-Lippe within the administrative district of Detmold in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Geography

The Lippe Uplands are part of the Weser Uplands and are delineated by the river Werre in the west and the Weser in the north and east. To the south the Lippe Uplands merge into the Egge Hills and the Oberwälder Land. The landscape has sharp variations in relief: rounded peaks (Kuppen) alternate with steep ridges, and flat depressions with hills dissected by valleys. Three larger rivers - the Weser, Werre and Bega, cut deeply into the terrain, the Lippe Uplands dropping away down into their valleys. The highest elevation is the Köterberg at .

Flora and fauna

The woods are dominated by stands of beech and oak. The agricultural land is almost exclusively used for arable farming. Rare and protected animals and plants are found along the partly, almost natural river courses. Some of the rivers are therefore under environmental protection.

Central Uplands
Hill ranges of Germany
Landforms of North Rhine-Westphalia
!

Lippe Uplands


The Gregorian Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, c. 1050–80, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy. The reforms are considered to be named after Pope Gregory VII (1073–85), though he personally denied it and claimed his reforms, like his regnal name, honoured Pope Gregory I.

Overview

During Gregory's pontificate, a conciliar approach to implementing papal reform took on an added momentum. Conciliarism properly refers to a later system of power between the Pope, the Roman curia, and secular authorities. During this early period, the scope of Papal authority in the wake of the Investiture Controversy entered into dialogue with developing notions of Papal supremacy. The authority of the emphatically "Roman" council as the universal legislative assembly was theorised according to the principles of papal primacy contained in Dictatus papae.

Gregory also had to avoid the Church slipping back into the abuses that had occurred in Rome, during the Rule of the Harlots, between 904 and 964. Pope Benedict IX had been elected Pope three times and had sold the Papacy. In 1054 the "Great Schism" had divided Western European Christians from the Eastern Orthodox Church. Given these events, the Church had to reassert its importance and authority to its followers. Within the Church, important new laws were pronounced on simony, on clerical marriage and from 1059 on extending the prohibited degrees of affinity. Although at each new turn the reforms were presented to contemporaries as a return to the old ways, they are often seen by modern historians as novel. The much later Gregorian calendar of Pope Gregory XIII has no connection to those Gregorian reforms.

Documents

The reforms are encoded in two major documents: Dictatus papae and the bull Libertas ecclesiae. The Gregorian reform depended in new ways and to a new degree on the collections of canon law that were being assembled, in order to buttress the papal position, during the same period. Part of the legacy of the Gregorian Reform was the new figure of the papal legist, exemplified a century later by Pope Innocent III. There is no explicit mention of Gregory's reforms against simony (the selling of church offices and sacred things) or nicolaism (which included ritual fornication) at his Lenten Councils of 1075 or 1076. Rather, the gravity of these reforms has to be inferred from his general correspondence. By contrast, Gregory's Register entry for the Roman Council of November 1078 extensively records Gregory's legislation against 'abuses' such as simony as well as the first 'full' prohibition of lay investiture. This record has been interpreted as the essence of the Gregorian 'reform programme'.

The powers that the Gregorian papacy gathered to itself are summed up in a list called Dictatus papae around 1075 or shortly after. The major headings of Gregorian reform can be seen as embodied in the Papal electoral decree (1059), and the temporary resolution of the Investiture Controversy (1075–1122) was an overwhelming papal victory. The resolution of this controversy acknowledged papal superiority over secular rulers by implication.

Central status of the Church
Before the Gregorian Reforms the Church was a heavily decentralized institution, in which the pope held little power outside his position as Bishop of Rome. With that in mind, the papacy up until the twelfth century held little to no authority over the bishops, who were invested with land by lay rulers. Gregory VII's ban on lay investiture was a key element of the reform, ultimately contributing to the centralized papacy of the later Middle Ages.

The reform of the Church, both within it, and in relation to the Holy Roman Emperor and the other lay rulers of Europe, was Gregory VII's life work. It was based on his conviction that the Church was founded by God and entrusted with the task of embracing all mankind in a single society in which divine will is the only law; that, in his capacity as a divine institution, he is supreme over all human structures, especially the secular state; and that the pope, in his role as head of the Church under the petrine commission, is the vice-regent of God on earth, so that disobedience to him implies disobedience to God: or, in other words, a defection from Christianity. But any attempt to interpret this in terms of action would have bound the Church to annihilate not merely a single state, but all states. Thus Gregory, as a politician wanting to achieve some result, was driven in practice to adopt a different standpoint. He acknowledged the existence of the state as a dispensation of Providence, described the coexistence of church and state as a divine ordinance, and emphasized the necessity of union between the sacerdotium and the imperium. But, during no period would he have imagined the two powers on an equal footing. The superiority of Church to State was to him a fact which admitted no discussion and which he had never doubted.

He wished to see all important matters of dispute referred to Rome; appeals were to be addressed to himself; the centralization of ecclesiastical government in Rome naturally involved a curtailment of the powers of bishops. Since these refused to submit voluntarily and tried to assert their traditional independence, his papacy was full of struggles against the higher ranks of the clergy.

Clerical celibacy
This battle for the foundation of papal supremacy is connected with his championship of compulsory celibacy among the clergy and his attack on simony. Gregory VII did not introduce the celibacy of the priesthood into the Church, but he took up the struggle with greater energy than his predecessors. In 1074 he published an encyclical, absolving the people from their obedience to bishops who allowed married priests. The next year he enjoined them to take action against married priests and deprived these clerics of their revenues. Both the campaign against priestly marriage and that against simony provoked widespread resistance.

See also
Cluniac Reforms
Concordat of Worms
Diploma Ottonianum
Donation of Constantine
Donation of Pepin
First Council of the Lateran
Liber Gomorrhianus
Pope Gelasius I and the "Gelasian doctrine"
Walk to Canossa

Notes

External links

Gregorian Reform and the First Crusade

Investiture Controversy
History of the papacy
11th-century Catholicism
Pope Gregory VII

Gregorian Reform


Abraham Cronbach (February 15, 1882 – April 2, 1965) was an American rabbi and teacher, known as a pacifist.  He served as a rabbi for congregations in Indiana and Ohio.  Cronbach was one of the founders of the Peace Heroes Memorial Society.

Early life and education

Abraham Cronbach was born to German immigrants Marcus and Hannah (Itzig) Cronbach.  Marcus was a notions store retailer in Indianapolis, Indiana, where Abraham grew up.  "Abraham was an introspective boy, with a precocious and mystic conception of both God and the devil (he thought the devil was responsible for the smoke from the manhole in the street)."  He grew up in a Christian neighborhood where anti-Semitism and extreme poverty were common.  He played violin as a boy as well as read a lot on religion and science.  In high school Cronbach decided he would become a rabbi despite his parents' opposition.

Cronbach entered the Hebrew Union College (HUC) in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1898 where, in conjunction with the University of Cincinnati he studied for his bachelor's degree and trained for the rabbinate.  He graduated in 1902 from the University of Cincinnati and, in 1906 was valedictorian of his HUC class and was ordained as a rabbi.

On October 7, 1917 Cronbach married Rose Hentel, a teacher at the Free Synagogue in New York City whom he met during his time there.  In 1923 the Cronbachs adopted a daughter, Marion.  Later Cronbach would become the teacher of rabbinic student, Maurice Davis who would become a leader in the anti-cult movement and Cronbach's son-in-law.

Early career

Cronbach first served as rabbi at the reform congregation of Temple Beth El in South Bend, Indiana.  In 1911 he spent a year studying at the University of Cambridge in England and the Hochschule fur die Wissenschaft des Judentums in Berlin.  In 1915 he received the Doctor of Divinity degree from Hebrew Union College.

After resigning his pulpit in South Bend in 1915 Cronbach spent three years devoting himself to the chaplaincy in prison and hospital installations.  He developed strong convictions about the futility of the prison system.  He eventually befriended Nathan Leopold.  His interest in prisoners never faded and only increased his detestation of revenge and retribution and made Cronbach a strong opponent of capital punishment and the entire prison system.

Cronbach spent the next seven years serving in three different rabbinical capacities: from 1915 and 1917 he worked with the Free Synagogue in New York City; from 1917 through 1919 he served as Rabbi at Temple Israel in Akron, Ohio; and from 1919 through 1922 he served as the institutional chaplain for the Chicago Federation of Synagogues.

Lecturer and educator

In December 1920, Cronbach delivered a series of lectures on chaplaincy procedures at Hebrew Union College ("The Ministry of the Jewish By-Ways."  Hebrew Union College Monthly, January - April, 1921).  In 1922, Cronbach was appointed a professor of social studies at Hebrew Union College, where he remained for the rest of his life.

While teaching at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, Ohio, Cronbach participated in Cincinnati's Jewish Fellowship House and the Cincinnati Big Brother's Association.  He was also an active member of the Central Conference of American Rabbis and the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now known as the Union for Reform Judaism).

In 1939 Cronbach became secretary to the Board of Editors of the Hebrew Union College Annual.

Pacifism and life during the World Wars

Early pacifist actions

As a result of World War I, Cronbach became an ardent pacifist.  He helped found the Peace Heroes Memorial Society in 1923.  The Society's national headquarters were located in Cincinnati.  Cronbach served as national secretary and was instrumental in establishing Memorial Day services around the country in honor of the heroes of industry, maternity, pacifism, etc.  These services were an annual event in Cincinnati from 1923 through 1941.

Cronbach attempted to establish a specifically Jewish pacifist organization in 1924.  A "Pledge for Jewish Pacifists" was sent out.  Fifteen signed pledges were returned including ones from Maximilian Heller and Jacob Weinstein however a formal organization never developed.  Cronbach desisted from the project at the request of the College Board of Hebrew Union College who saw Cronbach as a public relations problem that was "too serious to be overlooked in the name of academic freedom."

Controversy during World War II

With the threat and advent of World War II Cronbach's pacifist activities increased.  Cronbach was familiar with controversy due to his pacifist beliefs.  In 1935 he called for a conference between Nazis and Jews in Philadelphia for the purpose of reconciliation. During that same year he worked with the American Friends Service Committee to raise $5000 for an Austrian Relief Fund to aid persecuted Austrians, and German Jews and Nazis who had fled to Austria to escape Hitler's Germany.

Jewish Peace Fellowship

In 1942 along with Rabbi Isidor Hoffman and Jane Evans, Cronbach established the Jewish Peace Fellowship, which caused a brief collision between Cronbach and the College Board of Hebrew Union College.  The Jewish Peace Fellowship has had many prominent Jews as associates including Rabbi Leo Baeck, Albert Einstein, and Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel.  For more than 50 years, Jewish Peace Fellowship has helped young Jewish conscientious objectors and is still active today.  Cronbach has been quoted describing the fellowship as a

The impact of the Holocaust

Throughout the Holocaust Cronbach felt the weight of the suffering of the German Jews; he wore a "yellow badge", the yellow Star of David, sewn by his wife.  At the end of the war when Cronbach's friend Rabbi Leo Baeck returned after being imprisoned in a concentration camp he and Cronbach exchanged their yellow stars; the one Baeck had been forced to wear as a sign of oppression and the one Cronbach willingly wore in support of his suffering brethren.  Baeck's yellow star now resides with Cronbach's two grandsons.

After the Allied victory of World War II Cronbach addressed letters to such Jewish organizations as the American Jewish Committee, American Jewish Conference, and the American Jewish Congress asking that they not seek punishment of Nazi war criminals.

Views on Zionism

Cronbach was not dogmatic on the issue of Zionism but generally hewed to the views instilled by his Classical Reform training, and remained consistent in opposing Israeli militarism.  He became active with the American Council for Judaism and was a revered member of its leadership until his death.

Rosenbergs

In 1952 Cronbach became a sponsor of the Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case and worked for the committee for the next two years.  Cronbach carried on an active letter writing campaign that urged others to help secure clemency for the Rosenbergs.  "In May 1953, a Conference of Inquiry was held, sponsored by such people as Rabbi Abraham Cronbach and Mary Church Terrell on the national level."

On June 16, 1953 Cronbach met with President Eisenhower to urge him to pardon the Rosenbergs.  Cronbach compiled a book about his experience with the Rosenberg case.

Cronbach appeared with Julius Rosenberg's mother and the Rosenbergs two small sons at a protest meeting in front of the White House after the Rosenbergs had been found guilty.  Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed at Sing Sing prison in New York on June 19, 1953, more than two years after being found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage.  Cronbach gave a eulogy at the Rosenberg's funeral on June 21, 1953.  "Rabbi Cronbach's impassioned eulogy [...] is an eloquent statement against excessive punishment and in favor of the positive synergy existing between American patriotism and Judaism."

Cronbach's eulogy for the Rosenbergs can be found in the Abraham Cronbach collection at the Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives.

Later life

In 1950 Cronbach retired from active teaching and became Emeritus Professor of Social Studies at Hebrew Union College.  From then on he devoted most of his time to writing and published numerous articles and several books including "The Realities of Religion: A New Approach", "Stories Made of Bible Stories", "The Quest for Peace", and "The Bible and Our Social Outlook".

Ohel Avraham Synagogue (formerly Cronbach Chapel) at The Leo Baeck Education Center in Haifa, Israel was named in honor of Cronbach by the National Federation of Temple Youth (now known as the North American Federation of Temple Youth or NFTY).

Cronbach died in Cincinnati, Ohio. He is interred near his home in the Clifton neighborhood of Cincinnati.  His wife was interred with him in 1982.

Publications
Social Creeds of the Churches: A Comparative Study (1923)
Prayers of the Jewish Advance (Bloch publishing Company, 1924)
Peace Stories (Department of Synagogue and School Extension of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1932)
The Social Outlook of Modern Judaism (Committee on Religious Work in Universities of the Central Conference of American Rabbis, 1936)
The Quest for Peace (Cincinnati: Sinai Press, 1937)
The Bible and Our Social Outlook (Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1941)
The Realities of Religion (Bookman Associates, 1957)
Reform Movements in Judaism

External links

Hochschule fur die Wissenchaft des Judentums
Jewish Peace Fellowship
Ohel Avraham Synagogue
Temple Beth El South Bend, Indiana
Temple Israel Akron, Ohio

References

1882 births
1965 deaths
20th-century American rabbis
Activists from Indiana
American Jewish theologians
American pacifists
American Reform rabbis
Anti-Zionist Reform rabbis
Classical Reform Judaism
Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion alumni
Jewish American writers
Jewish pacifists
Rabbis from Cincinnati
Non-interventionism
People from Indianapolis
University of Cincinnati alumni

Abraham Cronbach


A sensory receptor, or sense organ, is the part which responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism. It is the input to the sensory system. In response to stimuli the sensory receptor fires off a nerve fibre which goes to the central nervous system.

In order to detect changes in the environment organisms need receptors. Organisms have various receptors, ranging from simple light or touch sensitive cells to complex nervous systems.

Receptors are generally specialised for the detection of a specific type of stimulus.
 Mechanoreceptor: Respond to mechanical stress or strain such as those found in the hair cells of the cochlea.
 Thermoreceptor: Respond to temperature, either heat, cold or both. The skin of most animals contains these receptors.
 Photoreceptor: Respond to changes in light. Examples include those found in the retina.
 Chemoreceptor: Detect certain chemical stimuli in the environment, such as those found in the nose and on the tongue.
 Magnetoreceptor: Allows an organism to sense direction, altitude or location by detecting a magnetic field.

References

Sensory system

Sensory receptor


This is the force that acts on the body in a direction away from the centre, which contributes to making the body try to fly away. When you hold a rope with a heavy object attached to it, and rotate it around, the rope becomes tight and keeps the body from flying away. This is caused by centripetal force.

In physics, centrifugal force (from Latin centrum "center" and fugere "to flee") is a fictitious force that appears when describing physics in a rotating reference frame; it acts on anything with mass considered in such a frame. Centrifugal force is fictitious because although it may feel to a person like a certain force is being exerted on them, someone outside the scene will see something different.

Example: If John is in a car that takes a sharp right turn, he will feel as though he is being pushed to his left. This is an imaginary force, called a centrifugal force, or a "running away from the center" force. John feels it because he is inside the car and is affected by it. However, if John's friend, Andy, is on the side of the road facing the front of John's car and watches John's car take a sharp right turn, Andy will see the car push John to the right with the car as it changes direction. This is a real force called centripetal force (or an "aiming towards the center" force) and acts towards the center of the circle of rotation.

Mechanics

Centrifugal force


Gerberga of Saxony (c. 913 – 5 May 968/9 or 984?) was a Queen of France by marriage to Louis IV of France between 939 and 954. She ruled as regent of France during the minority of her son Lothair in 954–959.

She was a member of the Ottonian dynasty.  Her first husband was Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine. Her second husband was Louis IV of France. Contemporary sources describe her as a highly educated, intelligent and forceful political player.

Life

Family
Gerberga was born c. 913. She was the second daughter of Henry the Fowler, King of Germany, and his second wife, Matilda. Her older brother was Otto I of Germany.

First marriage
In 929, Gerberga married her first husband, Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine. They had four children:
 Alberade of Lorraine (b. about 929); married Renaud of Roucy, a Viking chieftain who became the Count of Roucy.
 Henry, Duke of Lorraine (b. about 932).
 Gerberge of Lorraine (b. about 935); married Adalbert I of Vermandois.
 Wiltrude (b. about 937).

Jocundus, a Lotharingian chronicler writing in the 1070s, recorded that Gerberga was the driving force behind Gilbert's decision to support her younger brother Henry when he rebelled against her older brother Otto I c. 936. Gilbert was defeated by Otto I in 939 at the Battle of Andernach and, while trying to escape, drowned in the Rhine.

Second marriage
When Gilbert died, Gerberga was about 26 years old. She married secondly Louis IV of France in 939. They were parents to eight children:
 Lothair of France (941–986).
 Matilda (b. about 943); married Conrad of Burgundy.
 Hildegarde (b. about 944).
 Carloman (b. about 945).
 Louis (b. about 948).
 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine (953–993).
 Alberade (b. before 953).
 Henry (b. about 953).

Widowhood

As regent
Louis IV died on 10 September 954. At this time, his son and heir with Gerberga, Lothair of France, was only thirteen, and she therefore became regent during his minority. As regent, Gerberga took action to ensure that Lothar could succeed his father.  She reached an agreement with her brother-in-law Hugh the Great, who had been an adversary to Lothair's father.  In exchange for supporting Lothair's rule, Hugh was given rule over Aquitaine and much of Burgundy. Gerberga did not seek the support of her brother, Emperor Otto I, because the interference of the East-Frankish emperor in West-Frankish affairs would have placed the West-Frankish kingdom in a weak position politically, and angered the West-Frankish nobles.

After the death of Hugh the Great in 956, Gerberga and her sister Hadwig (who was Hugh's widow) were the heads of the two most powerful dynasties in West Francia. Along with their brother, Bruno, who was both archbishop of Cologne and duke of Lotharingia, Gerberga and Hadwig ruled the kingdom, until Lothair came of age.

As abbess
In 959, after Lothair had come of age, Gerberga became abbess of the Benedictine monastery of Notre Dame in Soissons. Nevertheless, she remained politically active. In 961 she was involved in choosing the new archbishop of Reims, Odalric. In 965 she was present at the imperial court in Cologne, when her son Lothair married Emma of Italy, the step-daughter of her brother Emperor Otto I.

Death
There is some debate about when Gerberga died. She is last documented in May 968. Since necrology records indicate that she died on 5 May, her date of death is often given as 968 or 969. The death date of 5 May 968 is not possible since Gerberga was still alive on 17 May 968 so her death date could only be in 969 or later. Some maintain that Gerberga did not die until 984. She is buried in the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims, Champagne.

References

Sources
Bouchard, Constance Brittain, Those of My Blood: Constructing Noble Families in Medieval Francia (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).
"Women in power 750-1000" from Guide2womenleaders.com, last accessed January 13, 2007

Jocundus, Translatio sancti Servatii Tungrensis episcopi et miracula, ed. R. Koepke, MGH SS 12 (Hannover, 1856), accessible online at: Monumenta Germaniae Historica
W. Glocker, Die Verwandten  der Ottonen und ihre Bedeutung in der Politik. Studien zur Familienpolitik und zur Genealogie des sächsischen Kaiserhauses (1989).
D. Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln Neue Folge Band I. 1
A. Thiele, Erzählende genealogische Stammtafeln zur europäischen Geschichte Band I, Teilband 1

External links

  (in German)
Gerberga von Sachsen (in German)

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910s births
10th-century deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
Carolingian dynasty
Ottonian dynasty
10th-century French nuns
10th-century Saxon people
German female regents
10th-century queens consort
Christian abbesses
Queens consort of France
Frankish queens consort
Burials at the Royal Abbey of Saint-Remi
Women from the Carolingian Empire
10th-century German women
Daughters of kings
Queen mothers
Remarried royal consorts

Gerberga of Saxony


A television movie (also called a  TV film, television film, TV movie, telefilm, telemovie, made-for-television film, direct-to-TV film, movie of the week, feature-length drama, single drama, or original movie) is a movie that is made for and first shown on a television network. Unlike theatrical movies, which are first seen in movie theaters, television movies are first seen on television. Some are first shown on television in one country, and in theaters in other countries.

One of the most well-known television movies is The Day After, which was seen by over 100 million people when it was first shown on ABC on November 20, 1983.

References

Television movie


John Crittenden Sawhill (June 12, 1936 – May 18, 2000) was president and CEO of The Nature Conservancy and the 12th President of New York University (NYU).

Born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1936, Sawhill graduated from Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs in 1958. He earned a PhD in economics in 1963 from New York University, where he served as professor of economics. He was named president of New York University in 1975, serving until 1979. At a trying time in NYU's history, he received widespread acclaim for bringing about an academic and financial turnaround at the country's largest private university.

His research focused on the nonprofit sector, and he joined the Harvard Business School faculty in 1997 as part of the School's Initiative on Social Enterprise. His seminar Effective Leadership of Social Enterprises prepared students for leadership roles in nonprofit management.

Earlier he held several government positions during the Nixon, Ford and Carter administrations. Those included being Deputy Secretary of Energy; Chairman of the U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corporation; Administrator of the Federal Energy Administration (appointed by President Nixon, he resigned that position in October, 1974), and Associate Director for Natural Resources, Energy, Science and Environment in the Office of Management and Budget. In 1977, he was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board.

During his ten-year tenure, The Nature Conservancy became the world's largest private conservation group and protected more than 7 million acres (28,000 km²) in the United States alone.

Sawhill, a senior lecturer at Harvard Business School and president and CEO of The Nature Conservancy, died of complications from diabetes May 18, 2000 at the age of 63.  His wife was Isabel Sawhill and his son was James W. Sawhill.

References

External links
John C. Sawhill Remembered
LA Times obit

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1936 births
2000 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
American chief executives
New York University alumni
Harvard Business School faculty
Businesspeople from Cleveland
Chancellors and presidents of New York University
United States Deputy Secretaries of Energy
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni
20th-century American academics

John C. Sawhill


, Kagetada by his nanori. Hikita was a Japanese swordsman during the Sengoku period of the 16th century. Hikita Bungoro was the nephew of the famous swordsman Kamiizumi Hidetsuna, in which they were both very well versed in the ways of bujutsu. Another famous swordsman by the name of Yagyū Muneyoshi (the father of Yagyū Munenori) had seen the superb skills set by Hidetsuna. Following this Hōzōin In'ei, the head monk of the Hōzōin temple in Nara, arranged for a duel between Muneyoshi and Hidetsuna. However, Hidetsuna sent Bungoro to take up the challenge as to underestimate the abilities of Muneyoshi. Throughout the course of Bungoro's duel, he had struck Muneyoshi several times with his shinai, which greatly impressed those in attendance.

Bungorō carried on the Shinkage-ryū lineage separately from Yagyū Shinkage-ryū, a martial arts school called Hikita Kage-ryū (疋田陰流), primarily a sword and spears school, but also using kusarigama, naginata and Odachi. It is taught in numerous places in Japan, like the Shumpūkan of Nagoya.

Notes

References

Bibliography
De Lange, William (2010), Famous Japanese Swordsmen, The Warring States Period, Floating World Editions.

Hikita Bungoro
16th-century Japanese people

Hikita Bungorō


Susumu Tonegawa (born 6 September 1939) is a Japanese scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1987.

He discovered the genetic mechanism that produces antibody diversity. Although he won the Nobel Prize for his work in immunology, Tonegawa is a molecular biologist by training. In his later years, he has turned his attention to the molecular and cellular basis of memory.

Tonegawa is best known for elucidating the genetic mechanism in the adaptive immune system. If each antibody was coded by one gene, it would take millions of genes to protect against antigens.

Instead, as Tonegawa showed in a landmark series of experiments beginning in 1976, genetic material can rearrange itself to form the vast array of available antibodies. The main mechanism is called RNA splicing.

Antibodies have a 'variable region' in their structure. Tonegawa compared the DNA of B cells (a type of white blood cell) in embryonic and adult mice. He found that genes in the mature B cells of the adult mice are moved around, recombined, and deleted to make the many versions of the variable region of antibodies.

The critical work
The critical work was started in Basle, Switzerland, and later at MIT. "Our work resolved the long held debate on the genetic origin of antibody diversity. It turned out that this diversity is generated by somatic recombination of the inherited gene segments and by somatic mutation".

Related pages
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

References

1939 births
Living people
Japanese scientists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Aichi Prefecture
Japanese Nobel Prize winners
Kyoto University alumni

Susumu Tonegawa


Amīn-ad-Daula Abu-'l-Faraǧ ibn Yaʻqūb ibn Isḥāq Ibn al-Quff al-Karaki (; AD 1233–1286) was an Arab physician and surgeon and author of the earliest and largest medieval Arabic treatise intended solely for surgeons.

Life
Ibn al-Quff, also known as "al-Malikī al-Masīḥī" (The Melkite Christian), was born in the city of Al Karak (in modern-day Jordan). His father was Muwaffaq al-Dīn Yaʿqūb and was a Melkite Christian Arab. His father had a good job opportunity and moved his family to Sarkhad in Syria, where Ibn al-Quff was tutored by Ibn Abi Uṣaybiʿah who introduced him to the medical studies. He studied with Ibn Abi Uṣaybiʿah and learned a lot of medical information, read many biographies on earlier doctors, and spent a large amount of time meditating on the material he studied and learned.

Ibn al-Quff ended up moving to Damascus where he improved his knowledge and studied metaphysics, philosophy, medicine, natural sciences, and mathematics. It is not completely clear as to who was teaching him all of this material but regardless he learned a large amount of information which would be very beneficial for his career. After he had studied for a while and proved he was a good knowledgeable physician and surgeon he was given the job of physician-surgeon in the army which was stationed in Jordan. It was while serving in the army where he really became well known as a physician and a surgeon.

His reputation became widespread in the Muslim empire for being a Christian Arab and actually caring for his patients and conducting his work with honesty. After his time of popularity died down he was sent to Damascus and remained there teaching until his death at the age of fifty-two.

Works
During his time in Jordan being a physician-surgeon Ibn al-Quff was writing many books and teaching people. He was actually more well known as a writer and educator on medical topics than being a doctor. He wrote at least ten commentaries and books during his lifetime. Seven of these works are known to exist today whether fragments or the entire work. One of his allegedly most famous works was a commentary on Ishārāt of Ibn Sīnā but there is no evidence of this today, it is assumed to have gone missing or Ibn al-Quff never finished it and produced it. Some of his most well known surviving works are listed below with a brief description.

 Kitāb al-ʻUmda fi 'l-ǧirāḥa (كتاب العمدة في الجراحة) or Basics in the Art of Surgery: a general medical manual covering anatomy and drugs therapy as well as surgical care, concentrating on wounds and tumors, however he excluded ophthalmology as he considered it to be a specialty with its own technical literature. The work was published in Hyderabad, India in 1937. This was by far the largest Arabic text on surgery during the entire medieval period. In this book Ibn al-Quff explained the connections between arteries and veins which was the earliest description of what would be known as capillaries. He did this work before the invention of a microscope and also explained how valves worked and the direction they opened and closed.
 Al-Shafi al-Tibb (The Comprehensive of the Healing Arts): His first medical encyclopedia, completed early 1272 AD.
 Jāmiʻ al-gharaḍ fī ḥifẓ al-ṣiḥḥah wa-dafʻ al-maraḍ (جامع الغرض في حفظ الصحة ودفع المرض): on preventive medicine and the preservation of health in 60 chapters, completed around 1275 AD. It is extant in several manuscripts.
 Al-usul fi sarh al-fusul: A two-volume commentary of the works of Hippocrates.
 Risala fi manafi al-a da: A treatise on the anatomy of the body's organs.
 Zubad at-Tabib: A book with advice for practicing physicians.
 Sarh al-Kulliyat: A commentary on Avicenna's work Qanun fi t-Tibb.

References

1233 births
1286 deaths
Medieval Syrian physicians
13th-century physicians
People from Al Karak
Medieval surgeons
13th-century Arab people

Ibn al-Quff


Class struggle, or class warfare or class conflict, is tension or antagonism in society. It is said to exist because different groups of people have different interests.

Looking at society this way is a feature of Marxism and socialism. Social sciences group people with similar social features into classes. Most of these features are economic.

According to Marxism, there are two main classes of people:  The bourgeoisie controls the capital  and means of production, and the proletariat provide the labour. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels say that for most of history, there has been a struggle between those two classes. This struggle is known as class struggle. After The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, this concept became well known.

Causes of the Class Struggle
Class struggle happens when the bourgeoisie (the rich) pay the proletariat (the workers) to make things for them to sell. The workers have no say in their pay or what things they make, since they cannot live without a job or money.

Karl Marx saw that the workers had to work without any say in the business. He believed that since the workers make the things, they should say where they go and for how much, instead of the rich owners. They had to work hard to earn a living, while making the rich richer just doing simple office work.

Since they had to earn money to buy food, and jobs were the only things that give money, they had no choice but to work for the rich who made the business. The rich became richer while the worker hauled and lifted and did all of that hard manual stuff no one really likes to do.

Karl Marx thought that their labor limited their freedom. He wanted the workers to unite and take over the business, so that they could all be prosperous. He thought that the common man deserved to run the business, and that the rich were not better than the commoner.

Forms
Class struggle appeared in some forms. First, there is an economic form. The proletariat struggle with the bourgeoisie through their laborer's organization in this form. Second, there is a political form. In this form, the proletariat has their party and, through democracy, they try to change the system. And the last, there is an ideological struggle. In this form, the proletariat try to adapt the old governing system to new social situations. There are other forms of struggle, too. These forms are not exclusive, but exist at the same time.

History
Class struggle appeared all throughout history. At first, people lived in small communist societies. Then, they took property from the Earth for themselves and started to use slaves. They then had feudalism, which meant one person owned an entire area of land and used soldiers and workers to help them make money, and only gave their workers land, but they had some freedom that slaves didn't. Finally, in Karl Marx's time, people in some countries were becoming workers and bosses during the industrial revolution. The bosses owned the machines that the workers used to make things, but they didn't help using the machines. Instead, they made money by buying the time and energy of the workers to make things. Marx believed that the workers were not making as much money as they deserved because the boss would make money from the work they did without helping.

The future
Marx believed that countries would overthrow capitalism and that workplaces would move toward socialism. This roughly means that the workers would control the workplaces. When this would have happened everywhere, Marx thought the world will have achieved communism.

The Soviet Union overthrew feudalism. They never reached the point of capitalism, so their society was very corrupt. Many blame them for the bad name of communism. There are some workplaces and societies are run democratically by workers, such as the kibbutzim in Israel.

Present day
Social democrats and liberal conservatives do not see society as described by Marx. They see society as changing gradually, through  the system of democratic voting. The European Union is composed almost entirely of countries governed by this kind of system, but it is not universal throughout the world. Very few countries have undergone the kind of revolution forecast by Marx. It is much more common for military leaders to seize power and enforce a dictatorship which is neither democratic nor revolutionary.

Related pages
Anti-capitalism

Sources
 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels
 Bertell Ollman and Class Struggle Articles on Dialectics
 Communist Manifesto (1848)
 Karl Kautsky - The Class Struggle (Erfurt Program) (1888) (contemporary book)
 The Marxists Internet Archive
 Class Struggle and Articles on Dialectics
 Karl Marx - Wage Labour and Capital
 libcom.org - UK-based class struggle resource
 Karl Marx - Capital, Volume One
 Critical Articles on Class Struggle

Sociology
Social classes
Political ideologies
Marxism

Class struggle


Gustave Serrurier-Bovy (1858–1910) was a Belgian architect and furniture designer. He is credited (along with Paul Hankar, Victor Horta and Henry van de Velde) with creating the Art Nouveau style, coined as a style in Paris by art dealer Siegfried Bing.

Artistic career
Serrurier-Bovy was born in Liège.  In 1884 he visited London, where he became interested in the Arts and Crafts movement. He returned to Belgium and put several of the new movement's concepts into practice into his creations, which he sold at his store in Liège.

He also designed his own villa, "L'Aube," situated in the Parc de Cointe, in Liège, and produced work for the Brussels International (1897).  He died in Liège.

Serrurier-Bovy became known for his line of simple, refined furniture.

Several pieces of his furniture are on display in the Art Nouveau section at the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, along with those of his fellow Belgian Art Nouveau architects.

Analysis of his work
The work of Gustave Serrurier-Bovy exhibits strong influence of the English Arts and Crafts style, especially the rustic nature of that style. During his stay in England, Serrurier-Bovy became fascinated with the work of William Morris.

The resulting designs followed the English model, but differed in its more extensive use of asymmetry, which had been a growing aspect of English furniture since the work of Edward William Godwin had become popular. He often used asymmetry to advantage, for example combining several pieces of furniture into one unit, such as an open bookcase over a slant-front desk mounted on a chest of drawers flanked on one side by a low cupboard.

Serrurier-Bovy also employed slightly arched trusses in his architectural designs.

References

Belgian architects
Art Nouveau architects
Art Nouveau designers
1858 births
1910 deaths
Walloon people
People from Liège
Belgian furniture designers

Gustave Serrurier-Bovy


Fiji Labour Party (FLP) Fiji ke ek political party hae. Ii party, ek multiracial party hae lekin iske jaada support Hindustani log se mile hae. Iske pahila leader, ek Kaiviti, Timoci Bavadra rahaa. Iske President abhi Jokapeci Koroi, aur leader, Mahendra Chaudhry hae. FLP ke suruwaat  6 July 1985 me  Fijian Teachers Association Hall, Suva me, Fiji Trade Union Congress ke auspacies ke niche karaa gais rahaa. 1987 ke election me FLP, National Federation Party (NFP) ke saathe coalition banae ke election jiitis aur Timoci Bavadra Prime Minister banaa. Khaali ek mahina talak sarkar chalae ke baad, Sitiveni Rabuka coup kar ke sarkar ke haatae diis. 1992 ke baad FLP aur NFP alag hoe gain aur 1992 aur 1994 ke election me FLP ke NFP se kamtii Hindustani vote milaa. 1999 me, nawaa contitution ke niche, FLP elction jiitits aur Mahendra Chaudhry, Prime Minister banaa. Ii sarkar ek saal talak chalaa aur fir se ek coup ke baad hatae dewa gais. Dui aur election me FLP, Hindustani log ke biich me aapan support jaada karis, lekin 2006 ke coup ke baad se FLP ke political direction clear nai hae.

1987 ke general elections
1987 ke general election me Alliance Party, jon ki Fiji me 17 saal tak raj karis rahaa ke harae ke aur 52 me se 27 seat jiit ke Fiji Labour Party - National Federation Party  coalition, sarkar banais.

Cabinet ke member rahin:

Dr. Timoci Bavadra - Prime Minister and Minister for Fijian & Home Affairs
Harish Sharma - Dep. PM and Min for Housing, Urban Affairs & Information
Jai Ram Reddy - Attorney General and Minister for Justice
Mahendra Chaudhry - Minister for Finance and Economic Planning
Mosese Volavola - Minister for Lands, Energy and Mineral Resources
Joeli Kalou - Minister for Labour and Immigration
Dr. Satendra Nandan - Minister for Health and Social Welfare
Dr. Tupeni Baba - Minister for Education, Youth and Sports
Krishna Datt - Minister for Foreign Affairs and Civil Aviation
Ratu Jo Nacula - Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests
Ahmed Bhamji - Minister for Communications, Transport and Works
Navin Maharaj - Minister for Trade, Industry and Tourism

The Fiji Military Forces overthrew the Labour Government after only one month in office. The armed overthrow was led by Lt. Col. Sitiveni Rabuka, on May 14th 1987 at 10.00am and members of the government were held in captivity for seven days at the Boron House. Another attempt to get back to constitutional Government of National Unity also met the same fate when military again took over on 25th September 1987 and imposed military rule.

1992 ke general election

Previously Fiji Labour Party had decided that it would not contest any elections under the racially biased and discriminatory 1990 Constitution. However, the prevailing situation at that moment compelled the National Council meeting to decide otherwise and contest the 1992 general elections to have a voice in the House of Representatives. The Party did extremely well despite their late start to win the following 13 seats:

Mahendra P Chaudhry
Anand Babla
Krishna Chand
G R S Chaudhry
Tulsi Ram Khelawan
Shiromani Madhawan
Vinod Maharaj
Dr. K S Naidu
R Prasad
Pradhuman Raniga
Shiu Sharan Sharma
Lateef Subedar
Lekh Ram Vayeshno

1994 Snap Elections

The 1994 snap elections was a bitter affair with National Federation Party as it used racial overtures and FLP's conditional support for Sitiveni Rabuka to become the Prime Minister in return of immediate review of the racially discriminatory 1990 Constitution, ALTA, VAT and Labour reforms. Though FLP suffered due to the distortion of certain facts during the Elections, we still managed to win 7 Seats in the House of Representatives. More importantly, FLP raked in 46% of the total Indian votes, which indicated that labour still enjoyed a very strong support in the community.

The following members were elected to the House of Representatives following the snap elections:

Mahendra P Chaudhry
Krishna Datt
Anand Babla
Lekh Ram Vayeshnoi
Vinod Maharaj
Dr. K S Naidu
Shiromani Madhavan

1999 National Elections

The 1999 General Elections was held under the newly formulated 1997 Constitution and Fiji Labour Party after running an extensive campaign to help the poor and promising to address the disadvantaged, alleviation of poverty, bringing down the basic cost of livelihood, overwhelmingly won 37 seats. Together with its coalition partners, the coalition had 52 seats.
The following were the Labour Party members in Government:

Mahendra P. Chaudhry - Prime Minister and Minister for Finance, Public Enterprise, Sugar Industry and Information.
Dr. Tupeni L. Baba - Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Anand K. Singh - Attorney General and Minister for Justice.
Ratu Moses Volavola - Minister for Lands, ALTA and Mineral Resources
S. S. Sharma - Minister for Works and Energy.
Pratap Chand - Minister for Education.
Ratu T. Momoedonu - Minister for Labour and Industrial Relations
Anup Kumar - Minister for Commerce, Business Development & Investment
Dr. Ganesh Chand - Minister for National Planning, Local Government, Housing and Environment.
Manoa Bale - Minister for Regional Development and Multi-Ethnic Affairs
Lavenia Padarath - Minister for Women, Culture and Social Welfare.
Gaffar Ahmad - Assistant Minister for Home Affairs.
L. R. Vayeshnoi - Assistant Minister in Prime Minister's Office.
John Ali - Assistant Minister for Housing and Transport.
Dr. Gunasegran Gounder - Assistant Minister for Health.

The People Coalition Government one year at helm speaks for itself as milestone were reached and below is an account of the achievements of the government.

Fiji ke politics
Fiji ke political party

Fiji Labour Party


Smart casual is an ambiguously defined Western dress code that is generally considered casual wear but with smart (in the sense of "well dressed") components of a proper lounge suit from traditional informal wear. For men, this interpretation typically includes dress shirt, necktie, trousers, and dress shoes, possibly worn with an odd-coloured blazer or a sports coat.

Smart casual formed as a dress code in the 20th century, originally designating a lounge suit of unconventional colour and less heavy and thus more casual fabric, possibly with more casual cut and details. As the one-coloured lounge suit came to define informal wear, thus uneven colours became associated with smart casual. The definition of smart casual and business casual thus became virtually undistinguishable from the 1950s, implying a more casual suit than the traditional, usual dark suit in heavy cloth.

Since the counterculture of the 1960s in the Western world, different Western cultures and events can have varying expectation of the dress code, especially with regards to necktie, and in warmer climates sometimes even with regards to a jacket at all. Therefore, the designation of certain clothing pieces as smart casual is disputed, as is its distinction, if any, from business casual.

History

Smart casual was first mentioned in the Iowa newspaper The Davenport Democrat And Leader in May 1924:

Smart casual was commonly used in the 20th century and merged to form the term business casual in the 1950s, implying a more casual suit than the traditional, usual dark suit in heavy cloth.

Definitions

Australia's national dictionary, Macquarie Dictionary, defines smart casual as "well-dressed in a casual style". Oxford defines it as "neat, conventional, yet relatively informal in style, especially as worn to conform to a particular dress code". Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon defines it as "of clothing, somewhat informal but neat".

Apparel

Personal judgment is required to interpret the ill-defined term smart casual based on its context, theme, people, location, weather and spirit. Italian fashion house Brioni explains smart casual is not an issue of inventory or classification but rather knowledge and good taste to understand the environment; demonstrating that smart casual during summer in Sardinia is different from smart casual during winter in Toronto. An Australian freelance fashion director remarks, "Smart Casual is the dress code most open to interpretation and the one least understood", and advises wearing fresher colors, lighter, softer materials, patterned, relaxed, thoughtful, less structured, clean and not confrontational apparel, with fabrics like linen, cashmere, fine wool and cotton that are freshly laundered.

Global men's fashion magazine Topman emphasizes the flexibility of smart casual. An individual's personality and pleasure of clothing choice defines the dress code provided that the attire is a multi-purpose outfit that is acceptable for formal occasions, dating or casual social gatherings. Topman explains casual and formal clothing pieces are mixed and matched, and illustrates a smart casual outfit can include a mixture of jeans, blazers, sport coats, sweaters, necktie, a pair of Brogue shoes, dress shirts or a pair of Converse shoes.

Business blogger, Maurilio Amorim, notes that although jeans are usually not an option, the Burnt Hills smart casual variation allows for crisp blue jeans to be worn (no holes or places where you stepped on the heel too much). A tie is usually introduced to the ensemble, and the wearing of a jacket is stressed.

Norwegian and American cruise line brand Royal Caribbean International clarifies smart casual for main dining on-board its fleet. Blazers, trousers, neckties or shirts are acceptable but shorts, jeans or t-shirts are unacceptable for men. Dress, casual dresses, or pantsuits are acceptable for women.

Global women's magazine Cosmopolitan in South Africa interprets smart casual as the way most South African women dress for work. In addition to work, the outfit is also interchangeable for use at large or small daytime parties, and wearing a dress shirt with elegant accessories is suggested.

Australian state newspaper The Sunday Mail in Brisbane defines a man's smart casual in a workplace and event context as a "look sharp without being too formal; it's professional but also relaxed." A jacket, dress shirt, necktie and jeans are demonstrated as smart casual attire. Piping on a jacket to give it the "preppy look" to downgrade formality is illustrated as a polished look. Detailing, such as a striped canvas belt and white shoes with a pair of casual trousers and a check shirt, is emphasized for a smart casual look. It is suggested men have: (a) a pair of chinos in any color from primary shades to pastels; (b) a short sleeve shirt in checks or a solid bright color; and (c) a deconstructed jacket in their wardrobe.

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Steven and Chris explain smart casual is an "easy and comfortable way to dress." Jeans, depending on the workplace's context and environment, are not recommended. For men's attire, a pair of khakis or casual pants with a collared or polo shirt and a blazer is illustrated. For women's attire, the stylists note the diversity of clothing options and recommend: (a) keeping the clothing pieces easy; (b) the fabrics not too dressy; and (c) the accessories more casual.

British national newspaper The Guardian attempts clarifying smart casual from a recruitment perspective by questioning various recruitment consultants. They responded: (a) stand out but blend in by understanding the workplace's environment; (b) achieve a business-professional look by clarifying the attire in advance because "it's easier to be overdressed than underdressed"; (c) wear a smart coat if avoiding a suit to give the impression of a "good entrance because it has an air of formality: e.g., a well-cut trench, worn with open shirt and neat slacks"; (d) wear accessories to "show creativity and attention to detail", but keep them to a minimum; (e) smart, plain and straight jeans are acceptable; and (f) shoes should be clean and un-scruffy.

Global men's fashion magazine GQ in the United Kingdom attempts defining smart casual for a job interview. Wearing chinos, a blazer and white shirt to make an impression is suggested. Carrying a necktie is advisable; the author comments, "it is far more embarrassing to be under-dressed than over".

Pakistani fashion magazine Fashion Central defines a woman's smart casual look from an employment perspective. Understanding the workplace's environment and culture is emphasized, and checking the company's dress code guideline is highly recommended. Fashion Central outlines smart casual with clothes unstained and wrinkle-free with non-loud and non-bright colors that reflect the woman's age. Too fancy or too casual dresses are inadvisable as well as the use of extreme make-up, such as using dark, glossy or chalky shades, or applying too much eye shadow. Fashion Central reports black or brown heels are preferred by women and advise to correctly select appropriate shoes for a workplace's environment.

See also
Dress code
 Suit
 Black lounge suit
Informal wear
Western dress codes
 Casual wear
 Business casual
 Casual Friday
 Workwear
 Sportswear

Further reading
 Heathfield, Susan. Smart Casual Dress Code. About.com. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
 Southward, Jane (5 November 2009). Crack the dress code. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 12 July 2013.

References

Clothing by function
1920s neologisms
Lounge jackets
Casual wear

Smart casual


Orthodox is a word about beliefs. It is made from two Ancient Greek words, ὀρθός orthós "correct, straight" and δόξα dóxa "teaching, worship".   Orthodoxy means a teaching that is supposed to be close to the original.

In particular:

in Christianity:

 Eastern Orthodox Church (The split of the Christian Church into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox happened in 1054, in what is known as the Great Schism)
 Oriental Orthodox Church (Split from the rest in the 5th century, at the Council of Chalcedon)
 Theologically traditional often in all lower case-- orthodox

in Judaism:
 Orthodox Judaism
 Modern Orthodox Judaism

Jewish organisations:
 Orthodox Union

Orthodox


Emma is a book by Jane Austen. It was first published in the year 1815. Jane Austen teased readers with the idea of a "heroine whom no one but myself will much like" when she began writing Emma. It is a comedy about Emma Woodhouse, a rich young lady growing up in the fictional community of Hartfield, in 19th century England. The book is about the troubles Emma causes when she tries matchmaking.

Plot

Emma Woodhouse is a rich and beautiful young woman. The book starts by introducing her, and with her governess, Miss Taylor's wedding with Mr. Weston, a cheerful neighbor. Emma quickly becomes friends with Harriet Smith, a "natural daughter".

Characters

 Emma Woodhouse - the second daughter of Mr. Woodhouse. Jane Austen introduces Emma as "handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition," and has had "...very little to distress or vex her." She is elegant, friendly, and cares about her friends. However, Emma can also be proud and vain, like when she stops Harriet from marrying Robert Martin. Sometimes her kind feelings and her pride struggle with each other: "Emma could not but picture it all, and feel how justly they must resent (be angry), how naturally Harriet must suffer...She would have given a great deal, or endured a great deal, to have had the Martins in a higher rank of life. They were so deserving, a little higher should have been enough; but as it was, how could she have done otherwise? Impossible! She could not repent (be sorry). They must be separated..." Emma is also an "imaginist," "on fire with speculation (guesses) and foresight." She tries to match the people around her, but thinks she will never marry. Mr. Knightley warns her to try not to do so: "You are more likely to have done harm (bad) to yourself, than good to them, by interference." He also says to Mrs. Weston, "Emma is spoiled by being the cleverest of her family. At ten years she had the misfortune of being able to answer questions which puzzled her sister at seventeen...ever since she was twelve, Emma has been mistress of the house and of you all." Later, however, she sees her mistakes and has a happy marriage with Mr. Knightley.

 Mr. George Knightley - the brother of Mr. John Knightley, Emma's brother-in-law, and an old family friend. He is "a sensible man about seven or eight-and-thirty," with "a cheerful manner." He is "one of the few people who could see faults in Emma Woodhouse, and the only one who ever told her of them." He is jealous of Frank Churchill when he comes and flirts with Emma. He is not as proud as Emma, and knows that Harriet would be very happy if she married Robert Martin. He is kind and generous, and respectful to people like Miss Bates.

 Frank Churchill - the son of Mr. Weston by his first wife. He is "...a very good-looking young man - height, air, address, all were unexceptionable, and his countenance (face) had a great deal of the spirit and liveliness of his father's - he looked quick and sensible." Somehow Mr. Knightley seems "...determined to think ill of him," and says he is a "...trifling, silly young fellow." Everybody seems to expect Frank Churchill and Emma to fall in love with each other. At first, Emma likes him very much, and thinks she loves him, but soon she realizes her love has settled into cheerful friendship, and she decides to match him with Harriet. She does not know he is already engaged to Jane Fairfax, and is very, very surprised when she finds out.

 Jane Fairfax - a quiet young lady of Emma's age. Emma is secretly jealous of her because she can do lots of things better than Emma, like playing the piano. She is very beautiful, and "very elegant, remarkably elegant…elegance was the reigning character." She is also delicate, kind, clever, and polite. However, she does not have the cheerful openness or warmth of Emma. She is secretly engaged to Frank Churchill, and is very unhappy when he keeps on flirting with Emma.

 Harriet - a seventeen-year-old illegitimate daughter of a tradesman. She is "a very pretty girl...short, plump, and fair, with a fine bloom, blue eyes, light hair, regular features, and a look of great sweetness...". Harriet is not very clever. However, she is grateful, nice, and humble. She loves Robert Martin, but because of Emma's opinion, she refuses his offer of marriage, and she falls in love with Mr. Elton instead. But Emma is very surprised when she finds out Mr. Elton loves her! Harriet is very sad, but Emma soon wants her to marry Frank Churchill instead. She is shocked when she realizes Harriet does not love Frank Churchill, but Mr. Knightley. In the end, Harriet marries the person she really liked, Robert Martin, and has a happy life.

 Mr. Woodhouse - Emma's old father. He loves his daughters, but with "gentle selfishness." He does not want his daughters to be married because he does not want them to leave him. Mr. Woodhouse is very cautious about illness and disease. He is sweet tempered, and likes to eat gruel.

Movie

1996: Emma - Starring Gwyneth Paltrow.
2020: Emma - Starring Anya Taylor-Joy

Other websites

 An examination of Emma's theme and its slavery subtext
 Chronology/Calendar for Emma

 Emma, online at Ye Olde Library
 Emma , complete text and audio
 Emma, free audio book at LibriVox

Emma
1810s books
English novels

Emma (novel)


The Book of Jeremiah, or Jeremiah (, Yirməyāhū), is part of the Hebrew Bible, Judaism's Tanakh, and later became a part of Christianity's Old Testament.

 Jeremiah Chapter 1, verses 1 to 3 says that the book is "the words of Jeremiah son of Hilkiah". Jeremiah is seen clearly as a real person, talking to his scribe Baruch about his role as a servant of God who had bad news for the people. His book is a message to the Jews in exile in Babylon, saying that the disaster of exile is God's response to Israel's pagan worship.  The people, says Jeremiah, are like an untrue wife and children who act badly.  This made God punish them, but He will also welcome them back if they change their ways.

Jeremiah began began his work in the thirteenth year of king Josiah (about 627 BC) and finished in the eleventh year of king Zedekiah (586 BC), when Jerusalem went into exile. During this period, Josiah reformed their religion, Babylon destroyed Assyria and Egypt briefly made Judah their subject. Then Babylon defeated Egypt and made Judah their subject (605 BC). Judah revolted several times and after the final time, Babylon destroyed Jerusalem and its Temple and took away its king and many of the leading people in 586 BC.

Besides his written warnings, Jeremiah did some strange things to call attention to his message:

    Jeremiah 13:1–11: He wore a linen waistband, buried it and later got it again.
    Jeremiah 16:1–9: He didn't get married or go to funerals or happy events.
    Jeremiah 19:1–13: He bought a clay jug and then broke it in front of the religious leaders of Jerusalem.
    Jeremiah 27–28: He wore an ox yoke which was later broken.
    Jeremiah 32:6–15: He bought a field for seventeen silver coins.
    Jeremiah 35:1–19: He gave wine to the Rechabites, a tribe who lived in tents and didn't drink wine.

Jeremiah's name is found in the Chronicles and the Book of Ezra, both written after the exile. He said that the exile would last 70 years. This was mentioned in the Book of Daniel.

Christians believe that Jesus was a suffering prophet and that this was like what happened to Jeremiah in chapters 37–44, as well as to the suffering servant described in the book of Isaiah Chapter 53.

Books of the Hebrew Bible
Old Testament books
6th-century BC books

Book of Jeremiah


Princess Helen of Serbia (4 November 1884 – 16 October 1962) was the daughter of King Peter I of Yugoslavia and his wife Princess Zorka of Montenegro. She was the older sister of George, Crown Prince of Serbia and Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Helen was also a niece of Anastasia of Montenegro, or Stana, wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia, and of Milica of Montenegro. They were the women who introduced Grigori Rasputin to Tsarina Alexandra. She was born as Princess Jelena of Serbia. Her mother died when she was younger, so she was brought up mostly by her aunts. After she was married, she was known as Elena Petrovna, Jelena Petrovna, Hélène Petrovna or Ellen Petrovna. Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia liked her very much. After the Imperial family died, she was questioned about Anastasia Nikolaevna. When she was put in prison for a short time at Perm in 1918, she said that a guard took a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked her if the girl was the Tsar's daughter. When she did not recognize the girl, the guard took her away.

References

1884 births
1962 deaths
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Princes and princesses

Princess Helen of Serbia


Hallucinogens are chemical substances which temporarily change the way people see the world. Hallucinogens cause hallucinations. People no longer perceive reality as it is, but they see a reality that is distorted by their emotions. A person who is under the influence of a hallucionogen is said to be having a trip.

Hallucinogens have probably been used in the context of a cultic or religious function as long as there were humans.

There are different kinds of hallucinogens:
 Psychedelic drugs: these are the "classic hallucinogens"
 Dissociatives: They make people feel as if they were no longerpart of their surroundings.
 Deliriants produce a state of delirium, or confusion.

Most hallucinogens are highly addictive. This means that the user will want to take the drug over and over again. It also means that there will be some effect of getting used to the drug. In the long run, more and more of the drug will need to be taken, to get the same effect.

People that are under the unintended influence of a hallucinogen may need immediate help, as in a medical emergency.

Psychoactive drugs

Hallucinogen


Prometaphase

Prometaphase Definition
Prometaphase is the stage of eukaryotic cell division that falls between prophase and metaphase. During prophase, the cell's chromosomes have condensed and the cell's centrosome, or microtubule organizing center, has divided and moved to opposite sides of the cell. During prometaphase, several key steps take place, including the breakdown of the nuclear envelope and the attachment of microtubules to each of the chromosomes.

Although the breakdown of the nuclear membrane is not clearly understood, it is known that the membrane breaks apart during prometaphase. The nuclear membrane is made of two lipid bilayers, with many pores that allow ribosomes to pass through membrane. At the onset of prometaphase, proteins are released that remove specific molecules from the nuclear membranes. Without the molecule, the membranes fall apart. They will be reassembled during telophase before the cell is fully divided into two new cells.

The breakdown of the nuclear membrane allows the attachment of microtubules to the chromosomes. Chromosomes have special regions associated with proteins that allow sister chromatids to attach to each other. These regions are known as centromeres. The centromere of each chromosome contains other specialized areas, called kinetochores, which allow the attachment of microtubules. Originating in the centrosome on each end of the cell, the microtubules form a matrix throughout the cell known as the spindle apparatus.

The spindle apparatus contains several types of microtubules, as seen in the graphic below. The kinetochore microtubule find their way to every chromosome, from each side. Motor proteins can move substances along the microtubules. Also, the microtubule organizing center, or centrosome, can add or remove monomers of the microtubule, increasing or decreasing its overall length. This can push and pull the chromosomes towards the metaphase plate for the next stage in eukaryotic cell division.

During prometaphase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle is formed, and the two halves of each duplicated chromosome are aligned on the metaphase plate. These sister chromatids will be divided during anaphase, because the proteins that hold them together at the centromere will be released. In meiosis, the stage of prometaphase is usually broken into the late parts of prophase or the early parts of metaphase, but the processes of prometaphase must still happen. In the first division of meiosis, however, the meiotic spindle is created, which aligns homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate.

Prometaphase has a checkpoint, the spindle checkpoint, which will not allow the cell to move to the next stage of cell division. This checkpoint relies on all chromosomes being attached to the spindle. This ensures that cell division does not proceed without the proper division of chromosomes. This can happen, and is the known cause of some birth defects. Down Syndrome, for example, is causes by the spindle checkpoint being missed, and an extra copy of chromosome 21 being transferred to a single gamete. When this gamete gets fertilized by another gamete, three copies of chromosome 21 are present, which leads to developmental abnormalities.

The following is a picture of a cell during late prometaphase. The bright colors in the photograph have been created by fluorescent molecules that attach to various structures. The green lines are the spindle fibers, or microtubules. The red dots represent individual kinetochores. The blue is created by fluorescent molecules attached to the DNA. The bright green lines are kinetochore microtubules, and prometaphase will continue until all of the red kinetochores are attached to microtubules.

Related Terms

 න්යෂ්ටික ලියුම් කවරය – යුකැරියෝටේ න්‍යෂ්ටිය වටා ඇති ද්විත්ව ෆොස්ෆොලිපිඩ් ද්වි-ස්ථර (4 ස්ථර).
 කිනෙටෝචෝර් – ස්පින්ඩල් තන්තු සවි කිරීමට ඉඩ සලසන වර්ණදේහවල කේන්ද්‍රස්ථානය තුළ ඇති විශේෂ ව්‍යුහයන්.
 සෙන්ට්‍රොමියර් – ක්ෂුද්‍ර නාලිකා මගින් චලනය කිරීමට සහ සහෝදර ක්‍රොමැටයිඩ් ඇමිණීමට විශේෂ ප්‍රෝටීන සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වන වර්ණදේහ තුළ ඇති කලාප.
 සෙන්ට්රොසෝම් – සෛල තුළ ඇති ක්ෂුද්‍ර ටියුබිය සංවිධානය කිරීමේ මධ්‍යස්ථානය, ක්ෂුද්‍ර ටියුබුල් නිපදවීමට සහ ඉවත් කිරීමට හැකියාව ඇත.

Quiz

Prometaphase


Dennistoun Franklyn John Rose Price (23 June 1915 – 6 October 1973) was an English actor, best remembered for his role as Louis Mazzini in the classic Ealing Studios film Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949) and for his portrayal of the omnicompetent valet Jeeves in 1960s television adaptations of P. G. Wodehouse's stories.

Biography

Early life
Price was born in Ruscombe in Berkshire. He had distant Welsh family connections, and was the son of Brigadier-General Thomas Rose Caradoc Price (1875–1949) CMG DSO (who was a great-grandson of Sir Rose Price, 1st Baronet and, through his mother, a descendant of the Baillie baronets of Polkemmet, near Whitburn, West Lothian) and his wife Dorothy, née Verey, daughter of Sir Henry Verey, Official referee of the Supreme Court of Judicature. He attended Copthorne Prep School, Radley College and Worcester College, Oxford. He studied acting at the Embassy Theatre School of Acting.

Stage actor
Price made his first appearance on stage at the Croydon Repertory Theatre in June 1937, followed by a London debut at the Queen's Theatre on 6 September 1937 in Richard II.

He served in the Royal Artillery from March 1940 to June 1942 during the Second World War, but returned to acting after being invalided out, appearing with Noël Coward in This Happy Breed and Present Laughter and later as Charles Condomine in Blithe Spirit, which he later named in Who's Who in the Theatre as one of his two favourite parts along with the title role in André Obey's Noah.

Film career
Price's first film role was in A Canterbury Tale (1944). He impressed Gainsborough Pictures, which put him under contract. According to Brian MacFarlane, Price was "mercilessly used by Gainsborough [Pictures] in one unsuitable role after another" in this period.

He was given a support role in A Place of One's Own (1945) starring James Mason. British National borrowed him for The Echo Murders (1946), a Sexton Blake film; he was then fourth-billed as the villain in a Gainsborough melodrama, Caravan (1946) with Stewart Granger and Jean Kent, playing the type of villainous part that had made James Mason a star (and that Mason was no longer interested in playing). It was a huge success.

Price was a villain again in Gainsborough's The Magic Bow (1946) with Granger and Kent. Two Cities Films used him in one of its melodramas, Hungry Hill (1947). Gainsborough used him in villainous roles in Dear Murderer, Holiday Camp, Jassy and Master of Bankdam (all 1947).

He made two films for Bernard Knowles, supporting Margaret Lockwood in The White Unicorn and a comedy, Easy Money (both 1948). He followed this with a thriller, Snowbound, and a crime melodrama Good-Time Girl (both 1948). In 1948, British exhibitors voted Price the tenth-most popular British actor at the box office.

Stardom
He was promoted to starring roles. He was given the title role in The Bad Lord Byron (1949); this was a huge flop at the box-office, and helped kill off the Gainsborough melodrama. Much more successful, both at the box-office and among critics was Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949), for Ealing Films; he played the suave serial murderer Louis Mazzini with Alec Guinness playing his eight relatives.

Price was in a wartime drama, The Lost People (1949). In the same year, he was a guest judge on a BBC radio broadcast of the Piddingtons show. His role was to represent the eyes of listeners as the Piddingtons performed their telepathy act in the Piccadilly studios, and in the Tower of London. He was ensuring that no cheating was going on and overseeing the telepathy tests as a witness.

He was loaned to Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC) to make two films: the musical The Dancing Years (1950), a sizeable hit; and the thriller Murder Without Crime (1950), was less successful.

Back at Rank, Price was a villain in The Adventurers, and was borrowed by 20th Century Fox for I'll Never Forget You (both 1951).

He played the lead in Lady Godiva Rides Again (1951), and after a cameo in The Magic Box (1951) he had top billing in a comedy, Song of Paris (1952).

Supporting actor
Price supported in The Tall Headlines (1952) and had the lead in some B-films: Noose for a Lady (1953), Murder at 3am (1953) and Time Is My Enemy (1954). In "A" pictures he was now a supporting actor, with his films including The Intruder (1953), For Better, for Worse (1954), That Lady (1955), Oh... Rosalinda!! (1955), Private's Progress (1956), Charley Moon (1956) with Max Bygraves, Port Afrique (1956), A Touch of the Sun (1956), Fortune Is a Woman (1957), The Naked Truth (1957), Danger Within (1959), I'm All Right Jack (1959), and School for Scoundrels (1960). He was top billed in Don't Panic Chaps! (1959), a minor comedy made by Hammer Films.

In the 1950s, Price appeared in London and New York City in new plays and revivals of classics. It has been suggested that he was the first name actor on television to play a "more or less overtly gay role" in Crime on Our Hands (1954). In 1957, he made his debut in South Africa in lead roles in Separate Tables.

As a radio actor, Price was the original "No. 1" in charge of the crew of HMS Troutbridge in the first series of the long-running radio comedy series The Navy Lark in 1959, but was unable to continue the role in the second series because of other work commitments; he was replaced by Stephen Murray. His film appearances from this period included Tunes of Glory (1960) and The Amorous Prawn (also known as The Playgirl and the War Minister, 1962). In Victim (1961) he portrayed one of several characters being blackmailed because of their (then illegal) homosexuality. In the horror spoof What a Carve Up! (1961) he starred alongside Kenneth Connor, Sid James, Shirley Eaton and Donald Pleasence, while in the science fiction film The Earth Dies Screaming (1964) he appeared alongside Willard Parker and Thorley Walters.

In the BBC television series The World of Wooster (1965–67), Price's performance as Jeeves was described by The Times as "an outstanding success", and P. G. Wodehouse said Price had "that essential touch of Jeeves mystery". Working with Ian Carmichael as Bertie Wooster, this now almost completely lost series was based on the novels and short stories of P. G. Wodehouse. He also appeared in an episode of The Avengers.

Later years
In 1967, Price was declared bankrupt; he attributed his financial distress to "extravagant living and most inadequate gambling". He then moved to the tax haven island of Sark, which coincided with an escalation in his alcoholism. Towards the end of his life, Price appeared in a series of horror movies including   The Haunted House of Horror (1969), Twins of Evil (1971), Horror Hospital (1973) and Theatre of Blood (1973), as well as five films directed by Jesús Franco. One of his last film appearances was a star-studded version of Alice in Wonderland (1972) with Ralph Richardson, Robert Helpmann, Peter Sellers and Dudley Moore, among others. On television, he had recurring roles in the ITC series Jason King (1971) and The Adventurer (1972).

Price died of heart failure, complicated by a hip fracture, in Guernsey in 1973, at the age of 58. He was cremated at the Foulon Vale Crematorium, Guernsey, and his ashes were buried outside St. Peter's Anglican Church on Sark, next to the traditional burial plot of the seigneurs of Sark.

In the book British Film Character Actors (1982), Terence Pettigrew wrote that Price's most successful screen characterisations were "refined, self-centred, caddish and contemptuous of a world inhabited by inferiors. Everything about him was deceptive. He could be penniless and still manage to look as if he owned the bank. But behind all that grand talk and lordly ways, there skulked, in his characters, the most ordinary of shabby, grasping souls."

Personal life
Price was married to the actress Joan Schofield from 1939 to 1950. They had two daughters. Decades after his death, it was claimed that Price was bisexual.

In April 1954, he tried to commit suicide by gas in a London guest house. Public sympathy led to a revival of his career and the offer of film roles.

Filmography

References

Further reading
 Gaye, Freda (ed). Who's Who in the Theatre, Fourteenth edition. Pitman Publishing, London, 1967
 Huntley, Elliot J. Dennis Price – A Tribute: The Life and Death of Dennis Price. Pickard Communication, 2008
 Parker, Elaine & Owen, Gareth 'The Price of Fame'. Fonthill books, 2018.

External links

1915 births
1973 deaths
Military personnel from Berkshire
20th-century English male actors
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Bisexual male actors
British Army personnel of World War II
British male comedy actors
Deaths in Guernsey
English male film actors
English male radio actors
English male television actors
English people of Cornish descent
English LGBT actors
People educated at Copthorne Preparatory School
People educated at Radley College
People from Ruscombe
Royal Artillery personnel
20th-century English LGBT people

Dennis Price


"Wedding March" (1842) is a piece of music for orchestra. Felix Mendelssohn wrote it in C major. It is one of the pieces he wrote for a  performance of Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream. At weddings, somebody usually plays it on a pipe organ when the bride and groom leave the church.

The march became popular for weddings when Victoria, The Princess Royal, married Prince Frederick William of Prussia on 25 January 1858 and chose the piece.  The bride was the daughter of Queen Victoria. Queen Victoria loved Mendelssohn's music.

Sometimes people call the "Bridal Chorus" from Richard Wagner's opera Lohengrin the Wedding March. This music usually plays when the bride goes into the church.

Other websites
 Free sheet music on Cantorion.org
 Audio of the Wedding March

Compositions by Felix Mendelssohn

Wedding March


Mykonos is a very touristic Greek island. It belongs to Cyclades. It is in the north of Cyclades, near Syros and Tinos islands. The area of the island is 85 square kilometres. 9,320 people live there. Most of them work in the tourist industry. The island is famous mainly for its nightlife. Also, the island has many beautiful beaches, with yellow sand. Along the beaches there are bars and cafes, so the entertainment continues during day. The island has two main settlements. Chora, the capital of the island, is in the west and Ano Mera, the second settlement is in the center.

Sights

Mykonos' houses have got the distinguished  Cycladic architecture. The houses have a cubic scheme, with wooden windows, and doors, painted usually with intense colours. The alleys are painted with lime, so they have a bright white colour. Mykonos is very close to the islet Delos. Delos was very important in antiquity. It was the center of Delian League, the leaders of which were ancient Athenians. In Delos there was an important sanctuary for Apollon, one of twelve Greek gods. Delos today is a very important archaeological site and the visitors go there from Mykonos. Mykonos has many old traditional windmills, which are everywhere on the island

References

Other websites
 Official website of the Municipality of Mykonos
 Mykonos Travel Guide

Islands of Greece

Mykonos


Modrenism is an art movement from the 21st century that expands on the interest in Modernism while honoring traditions and artwork from the Renaissance. Rightfully named for the involvement of new ideas while keeping a traditional foundation. Modrenism was first named to distinguished abstract and contemporary art from thoroughly  researched paintings by Dylan Lombardo. This endeavor of rediscovering lost techniques of the old masters was reborn with a modern touch of spontaneity and pre-planned coloration.

Art muivements
Painting styles
Modrenism
Theories or aesthetics

Modrenism


Powys, officially the County of Powys (Welsh: Sir Powys), is the largest principal area and county in Wales. It is named after the Kingdom of Powys which was a Welsh successor state, petty kingdom and principality that was founded during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain.

Modern day Powys covers the historic counties of Montgomeryshire and Radnorshire, most of Brecknockshire, and a small part of Denbighshire. With an area of about 2,000 square miles (5,200 km2), it is the largest unitary authority in Wales by land area and about the same size as the country of Trinidad and Tobago. It is bordered by English counties of Shropshire and Herefordshire to the east, Gwynedd, Wrexham and Denbighshire to the north, Ceredigion to the west and Rhondda Cynon Taf, Merthyr Tydfil, Caerphilly, Blaenau Gwent, Monmouthshire and Neath Port Talbot to the south.

The county's largest towns are:
 Newtown, population 11,357
 Ystradgynlais, population 8,092
 Brecon, population 8,250
 Welshpool, population 6,664

It has the lowest population density of all the principal areas of Wales. Most of Powys is mountainous making north–south travel fairly difficult.

Powys


The Data Encryption Standard is a 56-bit cipher that was once recommended by the U.S. Government. In 1998, it was defeated by a machine built by the Electronic Frontier Foundation. It has been replaced by the Advanced Encryption Standard in most uses.

3DES
After DES was cracked, the NIST, the US institution for technology and also cryptography, developed 3DES. It has 3 times more bits, but is otherwise the same as DES.

Theoretically, 3DES should provide 168 bits of security. But because of the design, the NIST later said it only provides 80 bits of security. That can be broken by a modern computer and thus the cipher should be considered broken.

Cryptography

Data Encryption Standard


Uusimaa (or Uudenmaan maakunta) is a region in southern Finland. It is located next to Gulf of Finland.  Neighbouring regions are Southwest Finland, Kanta-Häme, Päijänne Tavastia and Kymenlaakso.

The historical province of Uusimaa covered a larger area than modern Uusimaa.

A very large number of people in Finland live in Uusimaa. As of 31 November 2013, there were over 1,500,000. Uusimaa is only 3% of the total area of Finland.

Nature
The ground is bedrock, granite and gneiss.

Other websites

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