The Battle of Trevilian Station (also called Trevilians) was fought on June 11–12, 1864, in Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign against Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan fought against Confederate cavalry under Maj. Gens. Wade Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee in the bloodiest and largest all-cavalry battle of the war.

Sheridan's objectives for his raid were to destroy stretches of the Virginia Central Railroad, provide a diversion that would occupy Confederate cavalry from understanding Grant's planned crossing of the James River, and to link up with the army of Maj. Gen. David Hunter at Charlottesville. Hampton's cavalry beat Sheridan to the railroad at Trevilian Station and on June 11 they fought to a standstill. Brig. Gen. George A. Custer entered the Confederate rear area and captured Hampton's supply train, but soon became surrounded and fought desperately to avoid destruction.

On June 12, the cavalry forces clashed again to the northwest of Trevilian Station, and seven assaults by Brig. Gen. Alfred T. A. Torbert's Union division were repulsed with heavy losses. Sheridan withdrew his force to rejoin Grant's army. The battle was a tactical victory for the Confederates and Sheridan failed to achieve his goal of permanently destroying the Virginia Central Railroad or of linking up with Hunter. Its distraction, however, may have contributed to Grant's successful crossing of the James River.

Background
Following the bloody Union repulse at the Battle of Cold Harbor on June 3, Grant decided on a new strategy. Since May 4, his Overland Campaign had consisted of major battles against Robert E. Lee, each of which (the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, North Anna, Totopotomoy Creek, and Cold Harbor) was followed by a period of stalemate and then a maneuver around Lee's right flank in an attempt to draw him away from his entrenchments and into the open. Each maneuver brought the armies closer to the Confederate capital of Richmond, but the city was not the main objective—the destruction of Lee's army was the goal established by Grant and President Abraham Lincoln, with the understanding that Richmond and the Confederacy would fall if Lee were defeated.

Grant's new strategy was to march his 100,000-man army to the south, cross the James River, and seize the rail hub of Petersburg. This would cut off the supply lines to both Richmond and Lee, forcing the evacuation of the capital, and probably inducing Lee to attack Grant's army in a manner favorable to Grant's superior numbers and firepower. His plan required secrecy because his army would be vulnerable if intercepted while crossing the river and he sought to reach Petersburg before the city's defenses could be enhanced beyond the token force that was currently there. Therefore, on June 5 Grant ordered a cavalry raid by the command of Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan northwest toward Charlottesville. The raid had two initial objectives. First, Sheridan would draw the Confederate cavalry away from Grant's main army so his infantry corps could stealthily disengage from Lee's army at Cold Harbor and move toward the James. Second, the Union cavalrymen would tear up the Virginia Central towards Richmond, cutting off Lee's army from the much needed food supplies produced by the Shenandoah Valley. Sheridan was ordered to destroy the railroad bridge on the Rivanna River, just east of Charlottesville, and destroy the tracks from there to Gordonsville. Then, his men would turn back and destroy the track all the way to Hanover Junction, near Richmond.

Just after Grant issued the orders to Sheridan he learned of Maj. Gen. David Hunter's Union victory at the Battle of Piedmont in the Shenandoah Valley against Brig. Gen. William E. "Grumble" Jones. He saw the opportunity that Hunter could travel east from Staunton to meet Sheridan at Charlottesville so that they could be a combined threat to Lee's army from the west. Grant modified his orders, telling Sheridan to wait for Hunter near Charlottesville, and then detach a brigade to cut the James River Canal.

Opposing forces

Union

The Cavalry Corps of the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, began its raid with two of its three divisions, 9,286 men, organized as follows:
 First Cavalry Division, commanded by Brig. Gen. Alfred T. A. Torbert, consisted of the brigades commanded by Brig. Gens. George A. Custer and Wesley Merritt, and Col. Thomas C. Devin.
 Second Cavalry Division, commanded by Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg, consisted of the brigades commanded by Brig. Gen. Henry E. Davies, Jr., and Col. J. Irvin Gregg (General Gregg's cousin).
 Horse Artillery Brigade, commanded by Capt. James M. Robertson, included six artillery batteries with 20 guns.

Sheridan's Third Cavalry Division, commanded by Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson, remained at Cold Harbor with the Army of the Potomac, under the supervision of army commander Maj. Gen. George G. Meade. It accompanied the army on its march to Petersburg. Sheridan left behind with Wilson the men from his other two divisions who did not have mounts.

Confederate

The Cavalry Corps of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia was without a formal commander, following the death of Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart in May. The senior cavalry commander opposing Sheridan's force was Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton. (Hampton was named the formal commander of the Cavalry Corps on August 11, 1864.) Hampton's command consisted of 6,762 men, organized as follows:
 Hampton's Division, commanded by Wade Hampton, consisted of the brigades commanded by Brig. Gens. Thomas L. Rosser and Matthew C. Butler, and Col. Gilbert J. Wright. (Rosser's brigade was also known as the Laurel Brigade. Wright commanded Young's Brigade, named for its former commander, Brig. Gen. M. B. Young.) Butlers Brigade also included Cadet Rangers from the South Carolina Military Academy, (now The Citadel), who were part of the 4th Regiment South Carolina Cavalry.
 Fitzhugh Lee's Division, commanded by Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee (General Robert E. Lee's nephew), consisted of the brigades of Brig. Gens. Williams C. Wickham and Lunsford L. Lomax, and an independent command with the 1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, commanded by Col. Bradley T. Johnson, and the Baltimore Light Artillery.
 Horse Artillery Battalion, commanded by Maj. James Breathed, included four artillery batteries. Hampton's overall artillery strength was 14 guns.

The rest of the Cavalry Corps—Rooney Lee's Division, commanded by Maj. Gen. W.H.F. "Rooney" Lee (Robert E. Lee's son), an independent cavalry command under Brig. Gen. Martin Gary, and the bulk of the horse artillery—remained with the army during Sheridan's raid.

Start of Sheridan's raid

Sheridan and his two cavalry divisions left their camps north of Cold Harbor at 5 a.m. on June 7. They crossed a pontoon bridge at New Castle over the Pamunkey River and headed northwest, with Gregg's division in the lead, Torbert's following. The weather was hot and enormous clouds of dust billowed over the march. On the first day, the column was able to march only about 15 miles. Numerous horses collapsed under the strain, and following the convention Sheridan used in his May raid to Yellow Tavern and Richmond, they were shot and left at the side of the road. Although there were 125 wagons following Sheridan's column, the men were issued only three days' rations and were expected to feed themselves and their horses along the way; dismounted foraging parties spread out along the route. On the second day, with Torbert's division in the lead, the Federals made better progress, covering the 25 miles to Pole Cat Station on the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad. The Union column was plagued not only by the heat and humidity of the Virginia summer; skirmishing with irregular mounted raiding parties delayed the advance.

Confederate scouts passed word of Sheridan's movements to Hampton on the morning of June 8. He correctly guessed that the Union targets were the railroad junctions at Gordonsville and Charlottesville, and knew that he would have to move quickly to block the threat. He ordered his own division to assemble at 2 a.m. on June 9 and directed Fitzhugh Lee to follow them as rapidly as possible. Although the Federals had a two-day head start, the Confederates had the advantage of a shorter route (about 45 miles versus 65) and terrain that was more familiar to them. On June 9, the first anniversary of the Battle of Brandy Station, they walked at a slow, deliberate pace, covering nearly 30 miles through Yellow Tavern, up the Telegraph Road, and then following the route of the Virginia Central Railroad to Bumpass and Fredericks Hall Stations.

By the evening of June 10, both forces had converged around Trevilian Station, named for Charles Goodall Trevilian, who owned a plantation house near the station. The Confederates camped in four locations immediately south of the Virginia Central on the Gordonsville Road, from just west of Trevilian Station east to Louisa Court House. The Federals had crossed over the North Anna River at Carpenters Ford and camped at locations around Clayton's Store.

Battle

June 11, 1864

At dawn on June 11, Hampton was awakened by Rosser and Butler to the sound of bugles stirring the enemy. The two Confederate brigade commanders had already roused their men. Rosser asked, "General, what do you propose to do today, if I may inquire?" Hampton replied, "I propose to fight!"

Hampton was told by Black Union orderly, spying for General Rosser in Union HQs, that Sheridan's force would approach the railroad from the direction of Clayton's Store and he knew that there were two roads leading south from that crossroads location, both through thick woods. One road led to Trevilian Station and the other to Louisa Court House. Hampton devised a plan in which he would split his divisions across the roads and converge on the enemy at the crossroads, pushing Sheridan back to the North Anna River. Hampton took two of his brigades (Butler's and Wright's) with him from Trevilian with his third (Rosser's) remaining on his left to prevent flanking. The other division under Fitzhugh Lee was ordered to advance from Louisa Court House, making up the right flank.

While the Confederates began their advance, Sheridan started his. Torbert's brigades under Merritt and Devin moved down the road to Trevilian Station while his third, Custer's, advanced toward Louisa Court House. The first contact occurred on the Trevilian Road as the 4th South Carolina Cavalry of Butler's Brigade clashed with Merritt's skirmish line. Hampton dismounted his men and pushed the skirmishers back into the thick woods, expecting Fitzhugh Lee to arrive on his right at any minute. However, Hampton was severely outnumbered and soon he was forced back. Eventually Wright's Brigade joined in the close-quarter fighting in the thick brush, but after several hours they also were pushed back within sight of Trevilian Station. Some of Hampton's staff officers grumbled that Fitz Lee had not come to Hampton's aid as expected because of his unwillingness to support any superior officer other than J.E.B. Stuart.

On the right flank, Fitzhugh Lee encountered the advancing brigade under Custer. Wickham's Brigade fought briefly with the 1st and 7th Michigan Cavalry and then withdrew. Lee led Lomax's Brigade directly toward Trevilian Station and Wickham came up through Louisa Court House on their rear. Meanwhile, Custer led his brigade on a more direct road southwest to Trevilian Station. Custer found the station totally unguarded, occupied only by Hampton's trains—supply wagons, caissons containing ammunition and food, and hundreds of horses. He ordered the 5th Michigan Cavalry to charge and capture the lot, which they did with enthusiasm. The Michiganders captured 800 prisoners, 90 wagons, six artillery caissons, and 1,500 horses, but left Custer cut off from Sheridan, and in their pursuit of the fleeing wagons, lost a number of their own men and much of their bounty. One of Wright's regiments, the 7th Georgia, got between Custer's force and Trevilian Station. Custer ordered the 7th Michigan to charge, driving the Georgians back.

Hampton now learned of the threat in his rear area and withdrew Rosser's Brigade from protecting his left flank and sent them to the station, converging with Lee's approach from Louisa Court House and with Wright's and Butler's brigades. Suddenly Custer found his luck had run out as he was pressured from three sides at the station. He pulled out and headed along the Gordonsville Road, taking his burdensome spoils with him. However, he failed to note a Confederate horse artillery battery on a hill north of the station, which opened fire as soon as his men were in range. At this point his right flank was further overwhelmed by Hampton's charging brigades.

Custer was now virtually surrounded, his command in an ever-shrinking circle, as every side was charged and hit with shells. Historian Eric J. Wittenberg described the general's predicament as "Custer's First Last Stand", foreshadowing his famous demise at the Battle of Little Bighorn. Custer, suspecting that his command would soon be overrun and concerned that his flag would be captured, tore it from its staff when the flag-bearer was hit and hid it within his coat. Sheridan at this point heard the firing from Custer's direction and realized he needed help. He charged with Devin's and Merritt's brigades, pushing Hampton's men back all the way to the station, while Gregg's brigade was ordered to swing into Fitzhugh Lee's exposed right flank, thus pushing him back. Hampton fell back to the west, Lee to the east, and the battle ended for the day with the Federals in possession of Trevilian Station. Custer's brigade had suffered 361 casualties, including more than one half of the 5th Michigan. When Sheridan asked Custer if he had lost his colors, he pulled them from his coat and exclaimed, "Not by a damned sight!"

That night, Fitzhugh Lee maneuvered south to link up with Hampton to the west of Trevilian Station. Sheridan learned that General Hunter was not headed for Charlottesville as originally planned, but to Lynchburg. He also received intelligence that Confederate Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge's infantry had been sighted near Waynesboro, effectively blocking any chance for further advance, so he decided to abandon his raid and return to the main army at Cold Harbor.

June 12, 1864

On June 12, as the Union cavalry prepared to withdraw, Gregg's division destroyed Trevilian Station, several railcars, and about a mile of track to the east of the station, while Torbert's division tore up track to the west. Concerned about the Confederates hovering near his flank, at about 3 p.m. Sheridan sent Torbert's three brigades, supported by Davies's brigade of Gregg's division, on a reconnaissance west on the Gordonsville and Charlottesville roads. They found Hampton's entire force in an L-shaped line behind some log breastworks at the Ogg and Gentry farms, two miles northwest of Trevilian.

Torbert launched seven assaults against the apex and shorter leg of the "L", but his brigades were repulsed with heavy losses. Fitzhugh Lee detached his division from the line and his brigades under Wickham and Lomax swung around to hit the Union right flank with a strong counterattack. The battle ended about 10 p.m., with both sides remaining in place. Late in the night, however, Torbert withdrew. Sheridan, burdened with many wounded men, disproportionately from Custer's brigade, about 500 prisoners, and a shortage of ammunition, decided to withdraw. He planned a leisurely march back to Cold Harbor, knowing that Hampton would be obliged to follow and would be kept occupied for days, unavailable in that time to Robert E. Lee.

Aftermath

The results of the Battle of Trevilian Station were mixed. Union casualties were 1,007 (102 killed, 470 wounded, and 435 missing or captured). Confederate losses were reported as 612, but this includes the losses from only Hampton's Division and 831 is a better total estimate. It was the bloodiest and largest all-cavalry engagement during the war.

Sheridan maintained that the battle was a Union victory. In 1866, he wrote, "The result was constant success and the almost total annihilation of the rebel cavalry. We marched when and where we pleased; were always the attacking party, and always successful." Ulysses S. Grant's personal memoirs agreed with the sentiment and many of Sheridan's biographers accept his claim. As a diversion, it can be considered a partial success for the Union; it was not until Grant began attacking the weak forces at Petersburg that General Lee finally understood that the Union Army had maneuvered away from him and crossed the James River. However, Sheridan failed in two important objectives. He was unable to permanently disrupt the Virginia Central Railroad because within two weeks the track was repaired and supplies continued to flow to General Lee's army. The planned rendezvous between Sheridan and Hunter failed completely. Hunter was subsequently defeated at the Battle of Lynchburg (June 17–18) by Lt. Gen. Jubal Early in the Valley and was soon pushed back far into Maryland. Eric J. Wittenberg, the author of the modern definitive study of the battle, asserts that if Sheridan had successfully destroyed the railroad, Hunter might have succeeded in capturing Lynchburg because Early would have been forced to deal with Sheridan instead. He called the battle an "unmitigated disaster" for the Federal cavalry and stated that "nothing about the Battle of Trevilian Station can be considered to be a Union victory."

It was for his actions at the Battle of Trevilian Station that noted architect Frank Furness was awarded the Medal of Honor.

Battlefield preservation
The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved  of the battlefield in more than a dozen transactions since 2001. Much of this land is now owned by the Trevilian Station Battlefield Foundation, which has developed an online driving tour that begins at the Louisa County Courthouse.

See also

 Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864
 List of costliest American Civil War land battles

Notes

References
 Davis, William C., and the Editors of Time-Life Books. Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1986. .
 Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
 Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. .
 Longacre, Edward G. Lee's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of Northern Virginia. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002. .
 Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. .
 Starr, Stephen Z. The Union Cavalry in the Civil War. Vol. 2, The War in the East from Gettysburg to Appomattox 1863–1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981. .
 Urwin, Gregory J. W. "Battle of Trevilian Station." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. .
 Welcher, Frank J. The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations. Vol. 1, The Eastern Theater. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. .

 National Park Service battle description
 CWSAC Report Update

Further reading
 Butler, M. C. "The Cavalry Fight at Trevilian Station." In Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 4, edited by Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence C. Buel. New York: Century Co., 1884-1888. .
 Longacre, Edward G. Lincoln's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000. .
 Morris, Roy, Jr. Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan. New York: Crown Publishing, 1992. .
 Rodenbough, Theodore F. "Sheridan's Trevilian Raid." In Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 4, edited by Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence C. Buel. New York: Century Co., 1884-1888. .
 Sheridan, Philip H. Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan. 2 vols. New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1888. .
 Swank, Walbrook Davis. Battle of Trevilian Station: The Civil War's Greatest and Bloodiest All Cavalry Battle, with Eyewitness Memoirs. Shippensburg, PA: W. D. Swank, 1994, .
 Wellman, Manly Wade. Giant in Gray: A Biography of Wade Hampton of South Carolina. Dayton, OH: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1988. .
 Wittenberg, Eric J. Little Phil: A Reassessment of the Civil War Leadership of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2002. .
 Baker, Gary R. Cadets in Grey: The Story of the Cadets of the South Carolina Military Academy and the Cadet Rangers in the Civil War. Lexington, SC: Palmetto Bookworks, 1989. .

External links
 Trevilian Station Battlefield Foundation
 The Battle of Trevilian Station: Maps, histories, photos, and preservation news (Civil War Trust)

Trevilian Station
Trevilian Station
Trevilian Station
Trevilian Station
Louisa County, Virginia
Trevilian Station
1864 in Virginia
June 1864 events
Trevilian Station

Battle of Trevilian Station


Chief Ignacio (1828–1913) was a chief of the Weeminuche band of the Ute tribe of American Indians, also called the Southern Utes, located in present-day Colorado north of the San Juan River.

He led the band through many difficult years in the late nineteenth century, when they were being encroached on by European-American settlers.  In January 1880, Chief Ignacio was part of the Ute delegation that traveled to Washington, DC to testify before the US Congress about the 1879 Meeker Massacre and the Ute uprising among the northern Utes on the White River.  Although the Weeminuche had not participated in that violence, white settlers wanted to push all the Utes away from their areas.  The Utes tried to negotiate for peace, but later that year Congress passed legislation forcing the Utes into reservations.  Unlike the Northern and Central bands of Utes, who were forced to reservations in Utah, the Weeminuche and two other Southern bands managed to stay in Colorado.

Together with the Muache and Capote Utes, the Weeminuche occupied the Southern Ute Indian Reservation in southern Colorado and named their capital Ignacio in the chief's honor.

In 1887 the US Congress passed the General Allotment Act, better known as the Dawes Act. It was intended to regulate the breakup of the communal Native American lands and assign separate householder allotments of 160 acres each, with "surplus" land to be sold on the open market. This was another step in assimilating the Native Americans to European-American ways, based on individual landholdings.  In 1895 the Southern Utes voted on the issue, narrowly passing a measure for allotment.

Refusing to have their land broken up, Chief Ignacio and the Weeminuche people moved to the western part of the Southern Ute Reservation in 1896.  Their descendants have occupied the Ute Mountain Ute Reservation with headquarters at Navajo Springs.   Later they moved their capital to Towaoc. The Ute Mountain Ute are one of three federally recognized tribes of the Ute people.

References

External links

1828 births
1913 deaths
19th-century Native Americans
Native American history of Colorado
Native American leaders
Ute people
20th-century Native Americans

Chief Ignacio


Manituana is a novel by Wu Ming first published in Italian in 2007.

Wu Ming is a collective of five authors founded in 2000. The members were formerly associated with the Luther Blissett Project and wrote the international best-selling novel Q.

Manituana was initially conceived as the first episode of an 18th-century pan-Atlantic trilogy which the authors called "the Atlantic Triptych". All novels would be set in the last three decades of the 18th century, all across the Atlantic Ocean (North America, Europe, the West Indies and Africa), before and during the American and the French Revolutions.

In 2014, when L'Armata dei sonnambuli (The Army of Sleepwalkers) was published in Italy, the collective announced a new phase in their writing. They described historical fiction as "a form we practised for many years, until we decided to move on and use history in other ways […] We treasure what we have learned from exploring that genre and forcing its conventions, and we dedicate ourselves to new experiments". In a comment on the group's official blog, Wu Ming stated that they had given up on the idea of completing the Atlantic Triptych, which became a diptych.

Setting and plot

Manituana is set in the years 1775–1783 in New York's Mohawk Valley, Quebec, and London.

The novel is divided into three main sections entitled "Iroquireland", "Mohock Club" and "Cold Cold Heart". There are two brief interludes between the sections, entitled "The Crossing" and "The Return".

Among the numerous real historical characters that populate the book, the most important ones are Joseph Brant, war chief of the Mohawk nation, and Molly Brant, a matron of the Wolf clan in the Iroquois Six Nations.

Characters

 Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet. Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern colonies.
 Joseph Brant. Mohawk war chief and translator for the British Indian Department.
 Molly Brant. Joseph Brant's older sister and Sir William's common-law-wife.
 Philip Lacroix (fictional). A Mohawk brave nicknamed "Le Grand Diable"
 Guy Johnson. Sir William's nephew and successor as Superintendent.
 Esther Johnson. (Fictional) eldest daughter of Guy Johnson.
 Lord Warwick. (Semi-fictional) mentor of the Mohawk delegation during their stay in London.
 The "London Mohocks". An East End street gang taking inspiration from Native American imagery and the Mohock Club.
 Ethan Allen. Revolutionary leader and Colonel Commandant of the Green Mountain Boys.
 Johannes Tekarihoga. A Sachem of the Mohawk Nation.
 Jonas Klug. A land-owner and militiaman in the Mohawk Valley.
 Nicholas Herkimer. Brigadier General in the Tryon County militia.
 Panifex. A London journalist.
 "North", "East", "South" and "West". Four London merchants and opinion-makers.

Reactions and interpretations

In the springtime of 2007, Manituana reached #4 in the Italian best-seller charts. In the following months, it was awarded the Premio Sergio Leone 2007 and the Premio Emilio Salgari 2008.
The US, UK, Spanish and French editions were all published in 2009. The novel was translated into English by Shaun Whiteside. In November 2010 the novel was nominated for the International Dublin Literary Award.

In an entry on their weblog, Wu Ming wrote that "Manituana was written between 2003 and 2007, and it soaked up all the tensions of that period: S11, the Neoconservative hegemony on US foreign policy,  the lies on Saddam allegedly keeping weapons of mass destruction hidden in the desert, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, George W. Bush winning his second term thanks to the Christian right in 2004, Silvio Berlusconi conquering the hearts and minds of the majority of Italians  etc."

This was acknowledged by many reviewers. Film critic and writer Woody Haut wrote that the novel "has clear parallels with the war in Iraq, and the pitting of "good" Muslims against "bad" Muslims, just as Native Americans were used during the revolutionary period, only for the colonists to exploit and devastate both groups."

British newspaper The Independent wrote

The French newspaper Le Monde wrote that in Manituana "history is never simple nor reducible to pre-fixed schemes... Reality is much more complex and tangled, and every character has gloomy facets, weaknesses and contradictions. No-one is neither completely innocent nor completely guilty, and one's legitimate battle for liberty and independence may bring about the loss of someone else's independence and liberty."

Editions

 Italian: Einaudi, 2007,
 Italian: Einaudi SuperET (paperback), 2009,
 English: Verso, 2009,
 French: Métailié, 2009,
 Spanish: Mondadori, 2009,
 German: Assoziation A, 2018,

See also

Wu Ming
Q (novel)
54
New Italian Epic

References

External links
 Official website (multilingual).
 Wu Ming's weblog in English.

2007 Italian novels
Creative Commons-licensed novels
Novels set in the historical United States
Novels set in the 1770s
Works published under a pseudonym

Manituana


Jagaddala Mahavihara (fl. late 11th century - mid-12th century) was a Buddhist monastery and seat of learning in Varendra, a geographical unit in present north Bengal in Bangladesh.  It was founded by the later kings of the Pāla dynasty, probably Ramapala (c. 1077-1120), most likely at a site near the present village of Jagdal in Dhamoirhat Upazila in the north-west Bangladesh on the border with India,  near Paharapur.  Some texts also spell the name Jaggadala.

Location
Little is known about Jagaddala compared with the other mahaviharas of the era. For many years, its site was could not be ascertained. A.K.M. Zakaria inspected five likely locations, all called Jagdal or Jagadal, in the Rajshahi-Malda region: in Panchagarh; in Haripur Upazila of Thakurgaon; in Bochaganj Upazila in Dinajpur; in Dhamoirhat Upazila of Naogaon; Bamangola block of Malda, India.  Of these, significant ancient ruins were present only near the Jagdal in Naogaon district.  Excavations under the aegis of Unesco over the past decade have established the site as a Buddhist monastery.

History

Founding
A large number of monasteries or viharas were established in ancient Bengal and Magadha during the four centuries of Pala rule in North-eastern India (756-1174 AD). Dharmapala (781-821) is said to have founded 50 viharas himself, including Vikramashila, the premier university of the era.
Jaggadala was founded toward the end of the Pāla dynasty, most likely by Rāmapāla (c. 1077-1120). According to Tibetan sources, five great Mahaviharas stood out: Vikramashila; Nalanda, past its prime but still illustrious, Somapura, Odantapurā, and Jagaddala. The five monasteries formed a network; "all of them were under state supervision" and their existed "a system of co-ordination among them ... it seems from the evidence that the different seats of Buddhist learning that functioned in eastern India under the Pāla were regarded together as forming a network, an interlinked group of institutions," and it was common for great scholars to move easily from position to position among them.

Jagaddala specialized in Vajrayana Buddhism. A large number of texts that would later appear in the Kangyur and Tengyur were known to have been composed or copied at Jagadala. It is likely that the earliest dated anthology of Sanskrit verse, the Subhāṣitaratnakoṣa, was compiled by Vidyākara at Jaggadala toward the end of the 11th century or the beginning of the 12th.

Abandonment
Śakyaśrībhadra, a Kashmiri scholar who was the last abbot of Nalanda Mahavihara and instrumental in transmitting Buddhism to Tibet, is said to have fled to Tibet in 1204 from Jagaddala when Muslim incursions seemed imminent. Historian Sukumar Dutt tentatively placed the final destruction of Jagaddala to 1207; in any case it seems to have been the last mahavihara to be overrun.

Excavation and UNESCO status
In 1999 Jagaddala was submitted as tentative site for inclusion on the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites. UNESCO reports that excavation has revealed "an extensive mound, 105 metres long by 85 metres, which represents the archaeological remains of a Buddhist monastery . . . finds have included terracotta plaques, ornamental bricks, nails, a gold ingot and three stone images of deities.

Photo gallery

See also
 List of archaeological sites in Bangladesh
 History of Bangladesh

References

11th-century establishments in Asia
Buddhist universities and colleges
Former Buddhist temples
Pala Empire
Ancient universities of the Indian subcontinent
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Bangladesh
Former populated places in Bangladesh
Archaeological sites in Bangladesh
Buddhist schools
Buddhist archaeological sites
Defunct Buddhist monasteries
Bangladeshi culture
Naogaon District
Ruined abbeys and monasteries
Ruins in Bangladesh

Jagaddala Mahavihara


The NBC Symphony Orchestra was a radio orchestra. It was made by David Sarnoff of the National Broadcasting Company mostly for conductor Arturo Toscanini. The NBC Symphony performed weekly radio concert broadcasts with Toscanini and other conductors. It was the house orchestra for the network. It began November 13, 1937. It ended in 1954.

American orchestras
NBC
1937 establishments
1954 disestablishments

NBC Symphony Orchestra


Helios (, Hēlios; Ἠέλιος in Homeric Greek) is the god of the Sun in Greek mythology. He is often thought to be the personification of the Sun itself. He is the son of the Titans Hyperion and Theia. He is the brother of Selene, goddess of the Moon, and Eos, goddess of the dawn. During the Hellenistic period, particularly the 3rd Century BCE, he became more and more identified with Apollo, the god of light, music and prophecy. Helios' equivalent in Roman mythology was Sol.

Titans

Helios


A sweater vest (known as a tank top, sleeveless sweater or sleeveless pullover in the UK) is an item of knitwear that is similar to a sweater, but without sleeves, usually with a low-cut neckline. They were popular in the 20th century, particularly in the 1970s in the UK, and are again growing in popularity in this century.

Styles

One of the most common patterns on a sweater vest is argyle. Many newer designs feature a return to popular patterns from eras past. Other variations include designs of a more modern nature, including stripes. Some of the most common of neckline shapes are the V-neck and the crew neck, which is similar to a common T-shirt neckline.

Other styles include button front as favored by the likes of the comedian Bill Murray.

As athletic wear
A sweater vest, white flannel pants and collared shirt are standard wear for professional cricketers in the UK, Australia, India and South Africa. The cable knit vests often have a contrasting red, blue or green stripe around the neckline. Before shorts and polo shirts were introduced in the 1930s, tennis players wore a similar outfit.

In the early 20th century, golfers often wore an argyle pattern tank top with their brogues, flat caps and plus fours. This was a more comfortable and practical alternative to the tweed cloth Norfolk jacket previously worn for outdoor pursuits, as being sleeveless they did not impair free movement of the arms in swinging a golf club.

Fashion
Sweater vests are popular among sports fans, particularly those who play golf. Those with sports team logos, especially NFL and college teams, are also popular and are frequently worn by American football coaches, most notably Jim Tressel, who has been given the nickname "The Sweater Vest" by fans despite the garment's origins at rival Michigan.

References

History of clothing (Western fashion)
Sweaters
Vests
1970s fashion
1980s fashion
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion

Sweater vest


An enthronement is a ceremony of inauguration, involving a person —usually a monarch or religious leader — who is formally seated for the first time upon a throne.

The throne is seen as a symbol of authority.

This ritual is different from a coronation because there is no crown. However, the term "coronation" and the term "enthronement" are often used to mean the same thing.

Ceremonies

Enthronement


Scott Wynne Feldman (born February 7, 1983) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, Chicago Cubs, Baltimore Orioles, Houston Astros,  Toronto Blue Jays, and Cincinnati Reds.

After going 25–2 in his first two years of college baseball, he was drafted in the 30th round by the Texas Rangers in 2003. Feldman had Tommy John surgery later that year. He followed it up with a minor league career in which he had a 2.70 ERA, and held batters to only 6.6 hits per 9 innings, pitching almost exclusively in relief.

After pitching out of the bullpen while bouncing back and forth between Texas and its Triple-A affiliate in 2005–07, Feldman converted to a starter in 2008. He established himself in 2009 with a breakout season for the Rangers. He was 17–8, tied for 4th in the American League in wins, and tied the major league record with 12 victories on the road. As the Reds' Opening Day starter in 2017, he became one of 52 pitchers to have started Opening Day for at least three major league teams.

Early and personal life

Feldman was born in Kailua, Hawaii, and grew up in Burlingame, California. He is Jewish, as is his father, and the family belonged to Peninsula Temple Sholom in Burlingame for a period of time. His father, an FBI agent who grew up in a Pennsylvania coal mining town and played college baseball at Duquesne, coached Feldman in youth baseball in Northern California.

The  Feldman was big from an early age. "His second-grade teacher made a comment to my wife that it was like 'Alice in Wonderland,' because Scott was always too big for his seat", his father recalls.

As for Feldman's road to the major leagues, "The dream started off like any other kid", Feldman said. "You'd think about it as you were watching games in front of the TV, and you'd think about it playing in the neighborhood park with your friends. You always hope, but you just don't know if it's ever going to happen."

He went to Lincoln Elementary, Burlingame Intermediate School, and later Burlingame High School in Burlingame, where he pitched a no-hitter. Feldman led the Peninsula Athletic League in batting average in his junior year. He was overweight in high school; at one point he was up to .

In 2018, Feldman was one of 42 players born in Hawaii to have made it to the majors. In 2014, he and Jerome Williams joined Brian Fisher (1990) and Sid Fernandez (1997) as the only Hawaiian-born players to ever pitch for the Astros.

College
Feldman lost  before the start of his freshman year at the College of San Mateo, and walked on to the team.  In two seasons, he went 25–2, with a 1.30 ERA and a strikeout-to-walk ratio of 8-to-1.  "When Feldman pitched", said Bulldogs coach Doug Williams, "the game was 95% over."  He earned Coast Conference Pitcher of the Year honors both as a freshman in 2002 and as a sophomore in 2003, and was also an All-American both years.  "He has a gift", Williams said.

Picked in the 41st round (1,241st overall) of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft by the Houston Astros, he did not sign.  He was then drafted again, in the 30th round (886th overall) of the 2003 Draft by the Texas Rangers, 13 rounds behind future teammate Ian Kinsler, and this time he signed with the Rangers after they offered him a lucrative contract.

Minor leagues
Feldman underwent reconstructive elbow surgery for a torn ulnar collateral ligament in October 2003. In his four appearances in 2004 for the Arizona League Rangers in the Arizona League, he pitched seven scoreless innings. He began the 2005 season with the Single-A Bakersfield Blaze, but after nine scoreless innings in relief was quickly promoted to the Double-A Frisco RoughRiders.

On July 28, 2005, Feldman and two teammates threw a perfect game against the Corpus Christi Hooks. It was the first combined nine-inning perfect game in Texas League history, and the third overall. Feldman was tasked with getting the last three outs, and with two outs in the ninth he let the count get to 3–1.  "I was just telling myself, 'Don't walk him,'" Feldman said. "Once it got to 3–1, I threw it right down the middle.  If they got a hit, they got a hit.  But they're not going to break up a perfect game on a walk."  The batter grounded out.  On July 31, the three pitchers shared the Texas League Pitcher of the Week Award.

With the RoughRiders, he held opposing batters to a .202 batting average in 46 relief appearances, led the team with 14 saves (which tied for fifth-most in the league), and had a 2.36 ERA.  For the 2005 season, between the two teams he had a 2.06 ERA and 17 saves in 52 appearances, all in relief. Baseball America tabbed him as having the best control of all minor league pitchers in the Rangers' organization.

Prior to the 2006 season, MLB.com beat reporter T. R. Sullivan opined that Feldman was the Rangers' top minor league relief prospect. In 2006, in 23 relief appearances for the Rangers' Triple-A  affiliate, the Oklahoma RedHawks, he had a 1.98 ERA, and in 2007 in 21 relief appearances for the team he had a 4.50 ERA.  Later in 2007, he pitched in the Arizona Fall League, to work on a new three-quarters delivery.

In 2008, as the Rangers decided to convert Feldman to a starter, he started and won a game for Frisco, taking a perfect game into the fifth and a no-hitter into the seventh ("For my first start, it was a lot of fun", Feldman said).  He also started and won the two games that he pitched for Oklahoma.

Overall, through 2008 Feldman had a minor league career ERA of 2.70 in 153.1 innings in 105 games (all but six as a reliever), and gave up on average only 6.6 hits per every 9 innings.

Major leagues

Texas Rangers (2005–2012)

2005: Breaking in
Feldman was a late-season call-up in 2005. "The night before, I didn't sleep a minute. I didn't know what to expect, but when I walked in [the locker room], I saw a lot of the guys I had seen on TV all these years, and was like, 'Holy cow, I'm in the big leagues'", he remembers.

He made his major league debut against the Chicago White Sox on August 31, 2005. In eight relief appearances with the Rangers, he compiled a record of 0–1, with an ERA of 0.91 in 9.1 innings of work. He struck out Aaron Rowand for his first Major League strikeout.

2006: Brawl
Towards the end of the spring training in 2006, Feldman was feeling confident that he was going to make the parent club's 25-man roster. A week before Opening Day he was called into Manager Buck Showalter's office. But instead of telling Feldman he had made the team, for the first 10 minutes Showalter and the team's pitching coach Mark Connor spoke on and on about how Feldman had had a solid spring training — but needed to work on some things. Feldman couldn't believe it but eventually thought, "Holy smoke, I'm going down [to the minors]."  Suddenly, unable to continue the prank any longer, Showalter burst out laughing: "Pack your bags, rookie, you're coming with us!"

During the regular season, Feldman bounced back and forth between the Rangers and Oklahoma.

The national spotlight shone briefly on Feldman on August 16, 2006, when he sparked a bench-clearing brawl in the ninth inning of a game between the Rangers and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Tensions between the two division rivals were already high after two Ranger starting pitchers — Adam Eaton and Vicente Padilla — had been ejected in previous games that month for throwing at Angel hitters, along with Texas manager Buck Showalter. Before Feldman took the mound in relief, on a night with a game-time temperature of , two Angel pitchers (Kevin Gregg and Brendan Donnelly) had already been thrown out of the game for hitting Ranger batters, and Angel manager Mike Scioscia and acting manager/bench coach Ron Roenicke had been ejected as well.

Feldman hit Angel second baseman Adam Kennedy in the buttocks with a fastball with two outs and the Rangers up 9–3. Kennedy charged the mound as the  Feldman stood atop it and threw down his glove. When Kennedy, who is , reached him, Feldman punched him in the armpit.  An announcer describing the fight said, "[Feldman] even punches like he throws — sidearm and underhand." "I didn't charge him", Feldman said in his defense. "I couldn't just stand there." Feldman was suspended for six games. As to others' reactions, Feldman said: "Everybody is telling me to take boxing lessons."

In 36 relief appearances in 2006, he had an ERA of 3.92. In games that were late and close, Feldman held the sixteen batters he faced hitless.

2007: First win

Feldman was in the Rangers' 2007 spring training camp, and won the final spot in the Texas bullpen.  He picked up his first Major League victory on April 11 in his 47th big-league appearance.  "I'll always remember it, no doubt about it", Feldman said.

He was sent down, however, on May 1. That began a trend, as he was called up and send down five more times during the season.

He made some changes in his delivery in September.  Instead of throwing sidearm, he raised his arm angle and threw from a three-quarters delivery, which pitching coach Mark Connor observed gave him more sink on his fastball and downward movement on his breaking ball.  "This has a chance to be pretty good", Connor said. "He was busting his fastball 94–95, the ball was sinking, and his four-seamer was cutting."

He was 1–2 for the season, with a 5.77 ERA in 29 games.  He held the first batter he faced in each game to a .160 batting average, and his "ground ball:fly ball ratio" of 1.39 was the highest on the team.

2008: Conversion to starter
In spring training in 2008, Feldman changed his release point, and used the three-quarter delivery that he had begun to use late in 2007.  Manager Ron Washington noted: "It makes his ball heavier, and his movement a little more pronounced."

In late March, he was one of three pitchers vying for one long relief spot on the team, though the Rangers also began experimenting with converting him to be a starter.  General Manager Jon Daniels observed:  "Toward the end of spring training something clicked with his new [three-quarter] arm slot."  On March 22, despite Feldman's success with his new, higher arm angle, the Rangers optioned him to Oklahoma, where he was a starter.  In April he bounced back and forth between Texas and Frisco.

In his first Major League start, on April 13, he allowed three runs in six innings and did not receive a decision. "Feldman was outstanding", manager Washington said. "He hung in there and battled."  Feldman recorded his first major league hit on June 13 against Óliver Pérez of the New York Mets.

On August 12, against the Boston Red Sox, he allowed 10 runs in the first inning (a team record). This was the first time a major league pitcher gave up at least 12 runs without taking a loss since Gene Packard of the St. Louis Cardinals did it on August 3, 1918).

T. R. Sullivan of MLB.com wrote towards the end of the season: "He's going to win the bronze medal for innings pitched on the Rangers this season. ... He has exceeded all expectations, and his lack of history as a starter makes it difficult to figure where this great experiment is headed."  General Manager Daniels noted: "Feldman has really saved our pen this year, and he wasn't a guy we were counting on in the beginning of the season."  The Rangers wanted to limit his use towards the end of the seaton, but had to keep him in the rotation because of injuries to the other pitchers.

For the season, he was 6–8 in 25 starts and three relief appearances, over 151.1 innings — just two innings fewer than he had pitched in his entire minor league career.  He also led the Rangers' pitching staff in quality starts (13), quality start percentage (52%), strikes looking (29%), "grounded into double plays" (24), and "grounded into double play rate" (21%).  His 13 unearned runs tied for the third-highest total in the AL.

During the off-season, club president Nolan Ryan emphasized conditioning for the Rangers pitchers.  Feldman and nine other of the team's top young pitchers were brought to Arlington in November for a week-long conditioning camp.  "It's different", Feldman said. "In the past, it was a little more of 'this is what you need to do, now go out and do it.' Most guys would do it, but this is their way of overseeing it and making sure everybody is ready."

2009: Breakout season

The Rangers decided that Feldman would begin 2009 as a middle reliever, and Kris Benson would be a starter. "Feldman makes us a better team in the bullpen", explained Washington. "He goes down there with better stuff than he had before."  Feldman was disappointed at the change.

Within a month Benson was injured, however, and Feldman took his place in the rotation on April 25. "I'm excited", said Feldman. "I love starting." At the suggestion of pitching coach Mike Maddux, he changed his windup to a full windmill. He remained in the rotation thereafter.  In early May, Washington noted: "He has real life on his fastball, his slider is harder than it has been, his breaking ball is much crisper, and he's getting a good feel for his changeup. He's got four pitches he can throw over the plate."

Feldman began the 2009 season 5–0.  He sported better mechanics and a different repertoire (a new and improved cut fastball), threw 1–2 mph harder, and kept the ball down — forcing more ground balls.  "Scott Feldman has been great since we put him in the starting rotation", said Manager Washington. "He always does what you need him to do, keep you in the ballgame."

At the All Star break, despite not having moved into the starting rotation until nearly a month into the season, Feldman was 8–2, led the AL in won-lost percentage (.800), and was 9th in hits per nine innings (7.75) and walks + hits per inning pitched (1.18). "He's going to get better", said Nolan Ryan on July 20, noting Feldman's youth and his recent change in pitching style.

On July 25, Feldman outpitched Kansas City All-Star and AL ERA leader Zack Greinke with eight innings of four-hit, shutout ball, leading the Rangers to a 2–0 victory.  "Feldman matched the best pitcher in baseball", Washington said. "I'm so happy for him. Two pitchers went at it pretty good, and our's won the battle."  The eight innings were Feldman's major-league high, as he mixed in a changeup, curveball, and slider with his fastball.

As of the end of July, opposing batters were hitting .228 against Feldman (and only .217 in his starts), the fourth-lowest batting average in the league.  In his starts through the end of July he had a 3.04 ERA, and 12 of his 17 starts were quality starts.

After he beat the Mariners on short (three days') rest at the beginning of August for the team lead in wins, Seattle manager Don Wakamatsu said:  "I thought Feldman was awfully tough. I have seen this kid, and he gets better every year.  I think you have to tip your hat."

As of mid-August, Feldman's cut fastball was the most effective in the major leagues.  And it was the third-most-effective pitch overall, behind only Tim Lincecum's change-up and Clayton Kershaw's fastball.  While in 2008 he used his cutter 13.4% of the time, in 2009 he was throwing it 30.4% of the time.  The only starting pitchers who were throwing cutters more often were Brian Bannister, Doug Davis, and Halladay.

The press began to take notice. On August 14 Matthew Berry of ESPN noted that: "since April 25, when Scott Feldman ... rejoined the Rangers' rotation, only Justin Verlander has more wins than Feldman's 12."  And two days later, Phil Rogers wrote for The Chicago Tribune: "Scott Feldman is creeping into consideration for the bottom of Cy Young ballots."

On August 23, Feldman threw seven scoreless innings while allowing only four hits in a win over the Tampa Bay Rays. It was his 13th win of the season (tied for third in the AL) and put his season record at 13–4. It was Feldman's ninth road win of the season (bringing him to 9–1 on the road), tying him with Sabathia for best in the AL. The win put the Rangers two games ahead of the Rays in the AL wild card standings, and one game behind the Red Sox.  His career-high 11 strikeouts were the most by a Ranger since Matt Perisho struck out 12 in 1999 (see video of parts of Feldman's 11 strikeouts).  Commenting on Feldman's last strikeout, Carlos Peña said:  "I was on second base, and I saw a pitch that he made to B. J. [Upton], and I was like, 'Wow.' I thought to myself, 'That's unhittable right there.'"  Rays manager Joe Maddon called Feldman's performance "the best-pitched game against us all year", in spite of Mark Buehrle's perfect game against them earlier in the season.

On August 29, he again held the opposition scoreless, this time the Twins for 5.2 innings in a 3–0 victory. "His ball was definitely moving all over the place, with a great breaking ball", Twins manager Ron Gardenhire said.  "He throws a nasty cutter, and the ball sinks.  He was tough on us."  It was good for his 14th win of the season (tied for second in the AL behind Sabathia), raising his record to 14–4.  His cutter was more dominant than any other thrown over a single season since Baseball Info Solutions first began collecting cutter data in 2004.

On September 4, he extended his scoreless streak to 18.1 innings before giving up a run to the Baltimore Orioles in the sixth inning at Camden Yards; that was the only run he gave up over 6.2 innings in a 5–1 win, to bring his record to 15–4.  It was also his 11th road victory (matching the club record held by Rick Helling (1998) and Padilla (2008)), and he matched the club record set by Bobby Witt (1990) with his 7th consecutive road win of the season.  Evan Grant, writing for D Magazine, asked rhetorically:  "At some point, RHP Scott Feldman is going to have to enter the Cy Young Award conversation, isn't he?"

On September 9, Feldman threw seven innings of shutout ball against the Cleveland Indians, leading Texas to a 10–0 win.  He struck out five, while giving up five singles, raising his record to 16–4, and tying Sabathia and Verlander for the AL lead in victories.  He became the first Rangers pitcher to win 16 games since Kevin Millwood in 2006.  It was his seventh win in a row, eighth straight road victory (a new Texas record), and 12th road win overall in 2009 (another new club record, and tops in the AL).  "I'm not doing anything different on the road than I am at home", said Feldman, who had allowed only one run in the last 26.1 innings.  "The preparation is the same.  I think it's a pretty humbling game, so you can't get too high or too low."  He became the first Rangers right-hander to allow just one run over four consecutive starts.  Outfielder Marlon Byrd said:  "When you have your ace on the mound, you expect to win. You get a couple of runs early, and you feel you have a 'W' in hand.  He has been unbelievable this year when he steps on the mound. ... He just keeps getting better."

The Boston Herald reported: "Scott Feldman started the season in the bullpen. He'll end it as a Cy Young Award candidate."  Phil Rogers of the Chicago Tribune referred to him as " an under-the-radar Cy Young candidate."  And Jennifer Floyd Engel of The Fort Worth Star-Telegram wrote:  "Is there a more likable "stud player" on any of the locals than Scott Feldman? Dude is amazing, wins freakishly a lot on the road, is Boy Scout-ishly dependable, has been an ace on what is really a pretty good staff, and is humble as hell.  He's certainly deserving to be in Cy Young conversations."  Manny Navarro of The Miami Herald also referred to him as a Cy Young Award candidate.

Through September 10, he was leading the AL in won-lost percentage (.800), tied with Sabathia and Verlander for the league lead in wins (16), had the 3rd-lowest "slugging percentage against" (.359; behind Félix Hernández and Greinke), was tied for 4th in double plays induced (20), and had the 7th-lowest "OPS-against" (.670).  Feldman was holding lefties to a .220 batting average, and as a starter he had kept batters to the 2nd-lowest batting-average-against on balls that they had put in play (.261) among AL starters (behind only Washburn), had the 4th-best ERA in the league (3.10; behind Greinke, Hernández, and Halladay), was tied for the 4th-lowest batting-average-against (.236), had stranded the 5th-highest percentage of runners (78.3%), and had the 5th-highest ground ball/fly ball ratio (1.48).  He had the most effective cutter of all major league starters, and had thrown it 33% of the time (behind only Brian Bannister (52%) and Halladay (42%) among AL starters).  Feldman had also pitched at least five innings in all but one of his 26 starts in 2009.  As of mid-September, Feldman's cutter was still the third-most-effective pitch in the major leagues, behind only Tim Lincecum's changeup and Randy Wolf's fastball.

For the season, Feldman was 17–8 with a 4.08 ERA in 34 games, 31 of them starts. Despite not having become a starter until the end of April, he tied for 4th in the American League in wins, and only four pitchers in the majors had more victories.  His club-record 12 victories on the road tied the major league record.  Feldman became the third player in Rangers history to win at least 17 games in 31 starts or fewer, joining Kenny Rogers (17 wins in 31 starts in 1995) and Ferguson Jenkins (18 wins in 30 starts in 1978).

He was named the Texas Rangers' Pitcher of the Year for 2009 by the Dallas-Fort Worth Chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America.

2010: Opening Day starter
The Rangers and Feldman agreed to a $2.425 million, one-year contract in January 2010, thereby avoiding arbitration.

On March 27, manager Ron Washington announced that Feldman would be the opening day starter for the Rangers.  On April 2, the Rangers signed Feldman to a two-year, $11.5 million extension through the 2012 season, with a $9.25 million option for 2013.

Feldman was 7–11 for the season, as he started 22 games and pitched seven games out of the bullpen.

2011; Injuries, and scoreless postseason
Feldman, had microfracture surgery performed on his right knee during the off-season. To rehab, he made two appearances for the Double-A Frisco RoughRiders and eight appearances for the Triple-A Round Rock Express. On July 8, he was transferred from the 15-day disabled list to the 60-day disabled list. He was outrighted to the minors on July 13. However, on July 14, after he cleared waivers, Feldman rejected the assignment giving the Rangers the option of activating him from the disabled list or releasing him. They opted to activate him off the disabled list, which re-added him to the 40-man roster.

In 2011, Feldman was 2–1 with a 3.94 ERA for Texas in 11 games, two of which were starts.  In 32 innings he gave up 25 hits, while walking 10 and striking out 22.  He limited left-handed hitters to a .155 batting average.

Brought in during the first game of the playoffs against the Tampa Bay Rays, he pitched three scoreless innings, allowing two hits while striking out four.  In Game 2 of the ALCS he pitched  scoreless innings in relief, allowing the Detroit Tigers only one hit and no walks.  He became the third pitcher in 20 years to throw at least four scoreless innings of relief in a postseason game.  He pitched another scoreless inning in Game 4, and through the first two rounds of the postseason his playoff record was 8.2 innings pitched with nine strikeouts, three hits, and no walks.

In the first game of the World Series, he pitched another 1.2 innings of scoreless baseball to extend his postseason record to 10.1 scoreless innings pitched.  Only eight relief pitchers had pitched more scoreless innings in a postseason, with Goose Gossage holding the record (14.1 in 1981).  His postseason record in 2011 was 10.1 innings pitched with 10 strikeouts, 4 hits, and no walks.

2012
In 2012, Feldman was 6–11, with a 5.09 ERA in 123.2 innings.  He had a 96/32 K/BB ratio.  He walked one-or-fewer batters in 10-straight starts; the only Ranger with a longer single-season streak was Ferguson Jenkins with 12-straight starts in 1974.

He became a free agent on October 30, 2012, when the Rangers declined his $9.25 million 2013 option.

Chicago Cubs (2013)

On November 27, 2012, Feldman signed a one-year deal with the Chicago Cubs worth $6 million with a possible $1 million in additional incentives.  General Manager Jed Hoyer indicated that the team planned to use him as a starter. On May 24, 2013, Feldman hit his first career home run off of Cincinnati Reds pitcher Bronson Arroyo. He was 7-6 with a 3.46 ERA for the Cubs until he was traded mid-season.

Baltimore Orioles (2013)
On July 2, 2013, Feldman and Steve Clevenger were traded to the Baltimore Orioles for pitchers Jake Arrieta and Pedro Strop.  There, Feldman reunited with his first big league manager, Buck Showalter. His first start was on July 3, 2013, against the Chicago White Sox, a game the Orioles won 4–2 although Feldman did not get the decision. Feldman had his best start as an Oriole August 18, and was borderline dominant the entire outing. Through his first six innings, Feldman had allowed just two hits, while not allowing a single run to score. The Orioles took the victory 7–2 against the Rockies. He improved upon that outing by tossing the first complete game shutout of his career on September 6, holding the White Sox to 5 hits.

He finished the season with a combined 12–12 win–loss record and 3.86 ERA in 30 starts that included one shutout.  He allowed only a .234 opponent's batting average, tied for 10th-best in the Major Leagues among righty pitchers, and a .207 average with two outs.  After falling behind batters 2–0, he held them to a .131 average, the lowest in the Major Leagues.

Houston Astros (2014–2016)
Feldman signed a three-year, $30 million contract with the Houston Astros after the 2013 season.

He was the Astros' opening day starter, and beat the New York Yankees by blanking them into the seventh inning. On August 30, 2014, Feldman threw a 3-hit shutout against the Texas Rangers, giving up just 1 walk while striking 5. The Astros went on to win 2–0, winning the Silver Boot for the club for the first time since 2006.

For the season, he was 8–12 with a 3.74 ERA (the lowest over a full season in his career), in 29 starts (tied for the club lead). He was tied for sixth in the AL in complete games (2). He threw the highest percentage of curveballs among all Major League pitchers (28.9%), ahead of Sonny Gray.  At 6'7, Feldman was the third-tallest pitcher in Astros history behind Randy Johnson (6' 10") and J. R. Richard (6' 8").  He received the Astros 2014 Darryl Kile Good Guy Award, voted by the Houston Chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America. After a successful 2014 season, Feldman struggled in 2015 and in 2016, the latter having him sent to the bullpen by the Astros.

Toronto Blue Jays (2016)
On August 1, 2016, Feldman was traded by the Astros to the Toronto Blue Jays for minor league pitcher Guadalupe Chavez. He struggled in 14 appearances for Toronto, pitching to a 2–1 record, 8.40 ERA, and 14 strikeouts in 15 innings. Feldman was on the Blue Jays' Wild Card and Division Series rosters, but was left off their Championship Series roster.

Cincinnati Reds (2017)
On January 26, 2017, Feldman signed a one-year, $2.3 million contract (on which he earned an additional $1.7 million in incentives) with the Cincinnati Reds. Feldman was originally assigned to pitch out of the bullpen, but with an injury to Homer Bailey, Feldman was given a chance to audition for the Reds' rotation. The preparation for the Reds' rotation made Feldman withdraw from Israel's national baseball team during the 2017 World Baseball Classic.

On March 20, Feldman was named the Reds' Opening Day starter. Having started Opening Day for the Rangers in 2010 and the Astros in 2014, he became the 52nd pitcher to start Opening Day for at least three major league teams. In the first three months of the season he had a 3.78 ERA in 97.2 innings, but then a knee injury led to him pitching in significant pain in the final four months of the season, and allowing 18 earned runs in 13 innings. He had arthroscopic surgery on his right knee to clean out damaged cartilage in August that ended his season. In 2017, Feldman was 7-7 (including one shutout), with a 4.77 ERA, in 21 starts (which led the team), and had the best strikeout rate of his career (7.5 per 9 IP). Feldman elected to become a free agent on November 2.

Pitching

Feldman is a three-quarters pitcher with a sinker, a low-to-mid-90s fastball, a hard dropping slider, a curve, a changeup, and a 90 mph cut fastball.

He changed the angle of his arm from sidearm to three-quarters in September 2007.  In August 2009 a scout described him as having three "above-average pitches", and a "filthy" cutter.

Jewish heritage

As of March 2007, Feldman was one of 13 Jewish baseball players in the major leagues, along with teammate Ian Kinsler.  He was featured in the edition of Jewish Major Leaguers Baseball Cards, licensed by Major League Baseball, commemorating the Jewish major leaguers from 1871 through 2008.  He joined, among others, Kinsler, Brad Ausmus, Kevin Youkilis, Ryan Braun, Gabe Kapler, Jason Marquis, John Grabow, Craig Breslow, Scott Schoeneweis and Jason Hirsh.  In 2009, Feldman was named the Jewish Major Leaguers Pitcher of the Year, in a year in which he had more wins than any other Jewish pitcher since Steve Stone in 1980. Through 2017, he was seventh of all Jewish major leaguers in career strikeouts, behind Barry Latman, and seventh in career wins, behind Dave Roberts.

See also

 Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
 List of major league baseball players who had Tommy John surgery
 List of select Jewish Major League Baseball players
 List of Houston Astros Opening Day starting pitchers
 List of Texas Rangers Opening Day starting pitchers

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona League Rangers players
Bakersfield Blaze players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Hawaii
Sportspeople from Honolulu County, Hawaii
People from Burlingame, California
Baseball players from San Mateo County, California
Chicago Cubs players
Cincinnati Reds players
Frisco RoughRiders players
Houston Astros players
Jewish American baseball players
Jewish Major League Baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Oklahoma City RedHawks players
Oklahoma RedHawks players
Round Rock Express players
San Mateo Bulldogs baseball players
Surprise Rafters players
Texas Rangers players
Toronto Blue Jays players
21st-century American Jews

Scott Feldman


The fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) is a species of salamander which can be found in Europe. It is black and has different kinds of yellow spots or stripes. Some salamanders are mostly black while others are mostly yellow. Shades of red and orange may sometimes appear. They either mix with the yellow, or replace it completely. This depends on the subspecies. Fire salamanders can have a very long life. In the German natural history museum of Alexander Koenig a salamander lived more than 50 years.

Where they live and what they eat
Fire salamanders live in forests in the hilly parts of southern and central Europe. They prefer deciduous forests. They like to hide in the fallen leaves or mossy tree trunks. They need clean small brooks (small rivers) in their habitat. This is for the development of the larvae. Both on land and in the water, Fire salamanders are hard to notice.
They spend much of the time hidden beneath stones, wood or other objects.

Fire salamanders are active in the evening and the night, but on rainy days they may be active in daytime as well. Their diet consists of insects, spiders, earthworms and slugs. Sometimes, they will eat small vertebrates—for example, newts and young frogs. Small prey will be caught within the range of the vomerine teeth or by the posterior half of the tongue, which sticks to the prey.

How they reproduce
Males and females look pretty similar except during the breeding season, when the most conspicuous difference is a swollen gland around the male's vent. This gland produces the spermatophore, which carries a sperm packet at its tip. The courtship happens on land. After the male becomes aware of a potential mate, he confronts her and blocks her path. The male deposits his spermatophore on the ground. Reproduction occurs by means of this spermatophore, which will be taken up by the female. Their gills develop lungs. Neotenic fire salamanders have not been observed.

How they defend themselves against being eaten

Salamanders may actively defend themselves once they are grasped by a predator. Besides various antipredator postures, S. salamandra adults are able to make strong poisons. These usually act on the nerves of the predator. They are called neurotoxins. One such poison is the alkaloid Samandarin. When the salamander senses danger, it can secrete this through its skin. This alkaloid causes strong muscle convulsions and high-blood pressure combined with hyperventilation in all vertebrates. The poison glands of the Fire salamander are concentrated in certain areas of the body, especially around the head and the dorsal skin surface. The colored portions of the animals skin usually coincide with these glands. Most of these secretions might be effective against bacterial and fungal infections of the epidermis, but some secretions could also be dangerous to human life.

Where they occur

Fire salamanders are found in most of southern and central Europe. They are most commonly found at altitudes between 400 and 1000 m, only rarely below (in Northern Germany sporadically down to 25 m). However, in the Balkans or in Spain they are commonly found in higher altitudes as well.

Common names
Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758)
 England – Fire salamander, Spotted salamander
 France – Salamandre tachetée
 Germany – Feuersalamander
 Portugal – Salamandra de fogo
 Spain – Salamandra común
 Italy – Salamandra pezzata
 Netherlands – Vuursalamander
 Norway – Ildsalamander
 Slovenia – Navadni močerad
 Croatia – Pjegavi daždevnjak
 Poland – Salamandra plamista

Subspecies
Several subspecies of the Fire salamander are recognized. Most notable are the subspecies fastuosa and bernadezi. These two are the only viviparous subspecies – the others are ovoviviparous.

 S. s. alfredschmidti
 S. s. almanzoris – Spotted Fire salamander
 S. s. bejarae (or hispanica)
 S. s. bernardezi
 S. s. beschkovi
 S. s. crespoi
 S. s. fastuosa (or bonalli) – Yellow Striped Fire salamander
 S. s. gallaica – Portuguese Fire salamander
 S. s. gigliolii

 S. s. morenica
 S. s. salamandra - Spotted Fire salamander, Nominate supspecies

 S. s. terrestris – Barred Fire salamander
 S. s. werneri

Some former subspecies are today recognized as species due to genetic reasons.
 S. algira Bedriaga, 1883 - African Fire salamander
 S. corsica Savi, 1838 - Corsican Fire salamander
 S. infraimmaculata Martens, 1885 - Near-Eastern Fire salamander
 S. longirostris Joger & Steinfartz, 1994 - South Iberian Fire salamander

Images

References

  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern

Other websites
 Amphibian Species of the World
 Caudata.org entry for Salamandra
 Caudatamedia

Salamandridae
Animals of Europe

Fire salamander


Banks ATM Network and Customer Services (BANCS) is an interbank network in India. It was launched on 25 February 2004, with 13 member banks. It is managed by an advisory board consisting of member banks. It is successor to the now-defunct Swadhan ATM network. After the cyber attack by Wannacry several ATM were shut down in Kerala in May 2017

Member banks

 Bank of Maharashtra
 Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait
 Greater Bombay Co-op Bank
 Centurion Bank
 Central Bank of India
 UTI Bank
 Punjab & Sind Bank
 IDBI Bank Ltd
 RBL Bank
 SBI Commercial & International Bank
 Cosmos Bank
 Air Corporation Employees Co-op Bank
 Saraswat Bank

Technology

BANCS is supported by the India Switch Company (ISC), acquired by eFunds in 2005, which in turn, was acquired by Fidelity National Information Services. ISC supports BANCS through a mix of VSATs, ISDN, leased lines, CDMA and GPRS. The financial switches used in the system are provided by Oasis Technology Ltd., Mumbai. The software used is from IBM, Solaris and Oracle.

Competitors
 Cashnet
 MITR
 CashTree

References

External links

 BANCS

Interbank networks in India

Banks ATM Network and Customer Services


The Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (translates to united self-defense groups of Colombia, officially called United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia in English) is a grouping of far-right paramilitary organisations in Colombia. The group was founded in 1977, from several independent groups active in the 1960s and 1970s. Their official goal is to support the guerilla active in Colombia, the FARC and ELN, in military affairs. They are among the main actors of the armed conflict in Colombia. In Colombia, the European Union and the United States considers the AUC as a terrorist organisation.

Terrorism
1977 establishments
1970s establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Colombia
Organizations based in Colombia

Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia


Mick LaSalle (born May 7, 1959) is an American film critic and the author of two books on pre-Code Hollywood. Up to March 2008, he had written more than 1,550 reviews for the San Francisco Chronicle and he has been podcasting them since September 2005.

Life and career
LaSalle is the author of Complicated Women: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood, a history/critical study of the actresses who worked in the film industry between 1929 and 1934. It was published by Thomas Dunne Books in 2000. In his review in The New York Times, Andy Webster called it "an overdue examination of a historic conflict between Hollywood and would-be monitors of morality" and added LaSalle "has an avuncular but informative style, and makes his points with a relaxed economy." Nationally syndicated columnist Liz Smith called it "a brilliant work."

The book served as the basis for the documentary film Complicated Women, directed by Hugh Munro Neely and narrated by Jane Fonda, which originally was broadcast by Turner Classic Movies in May 2003. LaSalle provided commentary for and was associate producer of the project.

LaSalle's follow-up to Complicated Women was Dangerous Men: Pre-Code Hollywood and the Birth of the Modern Man, published by Thomas Dunne in 2002.
LaSalle has lectured on film subjects at various film festivals, including those in the Hamptons, Denver, Las Vegas, and Mill Valley and at New York City's Film Forum and San Francisco's Castro Theatre. His third book, "The Beauty of the Real: What Hollywood Can Learn From Contemporary French Actresses," was published in 2012. His fourth book, "Dream State: California in the Movies" (Heyday Books) was published in 2021.

In the late 1990s, LaSalle was the on-air film critic for KGO-TV. He was a panelist at the 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2019  Venice Film Festivals. He was also a panelist at the 2009 Berlin film festival. In addition to his reviews, he answers film-related questions in the Chronicle column Ask Mick LaSalle.  As the primary film critic for the Chronicle, LaSalle's reviews appear in all the Chronicle's sister newspapers of the Hearst chain, including the Connecticut Post, the Albany Times-Union, the San Antonio Express-News and the Houston Chronicle.

Personal life
LaSalle is married to playwright Amy Freed. He owns a grey cat named Sandrine, named after the French actress Sandrine Bonnaire.

References

External links

Mick LaSalle at the Metacritic
Mick LaSalle  at the San Francisco Chronicle
Ask Mick LaSalle  at the San Francisco Chronicle

American film critics
American podcasters
American male non-fiction writers
American documentary filmmakers
1959 births
Living people

Mick LaSalle


Helen Hollick (born 1953) is a British author of historical fiction. She is the author of the Arthurian trilogy Pendragon's Banner, and the novels Harold the King and A Hollow Crown.

Life and career
Born in Walthamstow, Hollick worked as a library assistant at a Chingford library for 13 years, during which time she developed a passion for Dark Age history and King Arthur. She wrote her Arthurian trilogy, which was accepted for publication by Heinemann three days after her 40th birthday in 1993.

Previously she had published a children's personal safety book, Come and Tell Me, a story she had written for her daughter when she was 3. "I wanted to tell her how to keep safe in a clear and simple manner — with a message that could be easily remembered," Hollick wrote on her web site. "'Always come and tell me before you go anywhere with anyone' fitted nicely." Her story became an official safety book of the British Home Office for use nationwide by police and schools. An updated and revised version of the book has been published by Happy Cat Books. but is now out of print.

Until 2013 Hollick lived in Walthamstow with her husband, Ron, who is retired, and adult daughter, Kathy. Early in January 2013 the family moved to North Devon, taking the opportunity to leave London for a quieter rural lifestyle.
In a review of King Harold, Cliff Moore wrote in the Dorset Evening Echo, "What is most inspiring about Hollick is that she can produce such a mammoth book from a household where she is the only reader — her daughter suffers from severe dyslexia."

She is a member of the Society of Authors. As of early 2006, she was involved in the pre-production of the proposed movie 1066 as story consultant and co-script writer.
In 2007 she decided to independently publish her UK novels and went with a UK-based Indie company, which in 2011 went into liquidation. She moved to SilverWood Books UK (indie/assisted book publisher)
In 2009 Hollick was approached by Sourcebooks Inc, a mainstream US/Canada publisher with the view to publishing her entire Historical Fiction list.
Hollick is currently working on her next novel.

Published novels

The Pendragon's Banner trilogy

The Sea Witch Series
Pirate-based historical fantasy novels for adults  (published by SilverWood Books 2011) swashbuckling adventure that you'll love to pieces of eight!

Sea Witch Being the first voyage of Captain Jesamiah Acorne (2006) (new edition 2011)
Pirate Code  The second voyage of Captain Jesamiah Acorne (2007) (new edition 2011)
Bring It Close The third voyage of Captain Jesamiah Acorne (2009) (new edition 2011)
Ripples In The Sand The fourth voyage of Captain Jesamiah Acorne (2012)
"On The Account" The fifth Voyage of Captain Jesamiah Acorne (2016)

The Saxon Series
(The Lost Kingdom - 1066 Series in the United States)
Harold the King (published by SilverWood Books 2011) (US - I Am the Chosen King)
A Hollow Crown (US -  The Forever Queen): The Story of Emma, Queen of Saxon England (William Heinemann/Arrow Books 2004)

Other published work
Come and Tell Me Be Sensible and Safe (published by Happy Cat Books 2002)Out of Print

Notes

External links
 Helen Hollick's Official Website Her journal page is updated monthly on the first of the month - all the latest information on her books, excerpts, articles etc. can be found on this website.

1953 births
British historical fiction writers
English historical novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages
Writers of modern Arthurian fiction
Living people

Helen Hollick


Protocol 41 is a communication protocol which embeds internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) packets inside Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) packets. It is usually used to allow a computer or router with only an IPv4 address to obtain an IPv6 address (or maybe more than one address, to serve more than one computer).  Most IPv6 tunnel providers support Protocol 41, including Hurricane Electric.  6to4, 6rd, and 6in4 are all different ways of using Protocol 41.  Protocol 41 does not use TCP or UDP (although the IPv6 packets inside can carry TCP and UDP traffic).  It is not to be confused with TCP or UDP port number 41.

6to4
6to4 is a special usage of protocol 41. A 6to4 address starts with the digits 2002, followed by the IPv4 address of its router. A 6to4 address might look like: 2002:CB00:71FF:0:fe64:3486:d398:3346

Related pages
 Teredo tunneling
 John Kristoff's IP protocol 41 feed blog post
 IP protocol 41 feed

Internet protocols

Protocol 41


Mehdi Forough (1911–2008) was an Iranian scholar, author, dramatist, writer on dramatic arts and culture, translator, and founder of the Academy of Dramatic Arts in Tehran.  A native of Esfahan, Mehdi Forough attended Danesh Sara-ye Aali in Tehran and went on to study at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts, London.  He did graduate studies at Columbia University, NYC, where he completed his thesis, Comparative study of Abraham's sacrifice in Persian passion plays and Western mystery plays, 1954.  This work was later published by the Ministry of Culture, in Tehran.

Upon his return to his native land he founded the Academy of Dramatic Arts at which he was the director, a teacher and a mentor to many notable actors, film directors, playwrights, and theater producers who continue his legacy around the world.  He wrote for the journal Sokhan and authored numerous articles for many other publications.  Amongst his books are a treatise on music, titled She'r va Musighi (Poetry and Music, 1957),  Nofooz e elmi va elm-e-musighi-e Iran dar keshvar hay-e digar (The Scientific and Cultural Influence of Persian Music in other Countries), and Shahnameh va Adabiat-e-Dramatic (Shahnameh and the Dramatic Literature).  In the late nineteen seventies he was the president of Bonyad-e-Shahnameh, an institution devoted to the preservation of the authenticity of Ferdowsi's epic poem.

He is also known for his excellent translations of English texts into Persian.  Amongst his many translations of plays are Tennessee Williams' Glass Menagerie and  August Strindberg's The Father both of which he staged and directed.  Furthermore, he translated Henrik Ibsen's plays, A Doll's House and Ghosts.  Another translation related to the Theater is Lajos Egri's The Art of Dramatic Writing.  He also translated Aaron Copland's What to Listen for in Music, and Men of Music by Wallace Brockway and Herbert Weinstock.  Mehdi Forough, is said to have possessed a legendary voice, although he never performed publicly.  He is the composer of a song cycle in which he set well-known Persian poems of Hafez, Saadi, and others to music.

Mehdi Forough was married to Fakhri Dowlatabadi, one of the Iranian women pioneers in playing and teaching of western classical music and the daughter of Haji Mirza Yahya Dowlatabadi, who was the son of Subh-i-Azal and a prominent Constitutionalist of the 1906 Revolution and one of the founders of the modern school systems in Iran. Mehdi Forough's son is the violinist and professor, Cyrus Forough.

External Links
 Mehdi Forough at Columbia University

References

Iranian scholars
Iranian writers
1911 births
2008 deaths
Alumni of RADA
Columbia University alumni

Mehdi Forough


Krossfjorden (English: Cross Fjord) is a 30 km long fjord on the west coast of Spitsbergen, which is the largest and only permanently populated island of the Svalbard archipelago in Norway.  To the north, the fjord branches into Lillehöökfjorden, Möllerfjorden and Kollerfjorden. To the south it is separated from Kongsfjorden by a line from Collinsodden on Mitrahalvøya east to Kapp Guissez.

History

The English explorer (and later whaler) Jonas Poole entered Krossfjorden in 1610, naming it Close Cove. The Englishman John Daniel labeled the fjord Closse Sound on a map of 1612. A small bay in the southwestern entrance of Krossfjorden, named Cross Road by Poole (1610), and now known as Ebeltofthamna, was the location of the first whaling station in Spitsbergen in 1611. The remains of a later, semi-permanent station have been found there as well on a long, low arm of the beach between the fjord and a lagoon. On the other side of the lagoon's mouth exists a graveyard from this period. The name of this small harbor soon referred to the fjord as a whole, resulting in the modern name of Krossfjorden.

The name originates from the placing of a cross by Poole in 1610 on the side of a hill a mile west of Ebeltofthamna, on which he wrote the day and year of his arrival, as well as who sent him.

References

Conway, W. M. 1906. No Man's Land: A History of Spitsbergen from Its Discovery in 1596 to the Beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country. Cambridge: At the University Press.
 Norwegian Polar Institute Place Names of Svalbard Database

Fjords of Spitsbergen

Krossfjorden


iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus are smartphones designed and developed by Apple Inc. It was announced on September 12, 2017, alongside the more expensive iPhone X. It was released on September 22, 2017.

The iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus designs are very similar to earlier iPhone designs, with one exception being that it now has a glass back. These two smartphones also allow wireless charging, a feature that allows the smartphone to be charging without needing a wire. Both smartphones also have a faster processor to load apps faster and more efficiently. It also has an improved camera for taking photos with much better quality. The displays on the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus are also much improved compared to earlier iPhones, allowing the screen to automatically adjust color balance depending on the ambient light (background light). The iPhone 8 and 8 Plus both have the same internal hardware as the iPhone X, sharing the same processors and same memory space as each other.

8
Mobile phones released in 2017
Mobile phones with 4K video recording

IPhone 8


A lavabo is a device used to provide water for the washing of hands. It consists normally of a ewer or container of some kind to pour water, and a bowl to catch the water as it falls off the hands. In ecclesiastical usage it refers to all of: the basin in which the priest washes their hands; the ritual that surrounds this action in the Catholic Mass; and the architectural feature or fitting where a basin or place for one is recessed into the side wall of the sanctuary, or projects from it. If this last includes or included a drain, it is a piscina used for washing the church plate and other fittings, though the terms are often confused. In secular usage, it is an obsolete term for any sink or basin for washing hands, especially in a lavatory.

Ablutions before Christian prayer and worship

Churches from the time of Constantine the Great were built with an exonarthex that included a fountain known as a cantharus, where Christians would wash their hands, face and feet before entering the worship space.  The practice of ablutions before prayer and worship in Christianity symbolizes "separation form sins of the spirit and surrender to the Lord." Canthari continue to be used in some Orthodox churches, where worshippers also remove their shoes before entering into the presence of God.

In many early and medieval monasteries, there would be a large lavabo (lavatorio) where the brethren would wash their hands before entering the church. St. John Chrysostom mentions the custom in his day of all Christians washing their hands before entering the church for worship. This practice was first legislated in the Rule of St. Benedict in the 6th century, but has earlier antecedents.

Ecclesiastical usage

The name  ("I shall wash" in Latin) is derived from the words of Psalm  (KJV; in the Septuagint it is Psalm 25), which the celebrant traditionally recites while he washes his: "I will wash my hands in innocence, so will I compass thine altar, O Lord". The washing of hands during the recitation of these psalm verses is of very ancient usage in the Catholic Church:

In the third century there are traces of a custom of washing the hands as a preparation for prayer on the part of all Christians; and from the fourth century onwards it appears to have been usual for the ministers at the Communion Service [liturgy of the Eucharist] ceremonially to wash their hands before the more solemn part of the service as a symbol of inward purity.

In most liturgical traditions, the priest washes his hands after vesting, before the beginning of the liturgy. This washing may be accompanied by prayers. Many Christian rites also have the priest wash his hands before beginning the Eucharistic prayer. In the Apostolic Constitutions, VIII, 11, the hands of the celebrants are washed just before the dismissal of the catechumens.

Western Rite

In the Roman Rite, the celebrant washes his hands privately before vesting for Mass, perhaps using the prayer (Da, Domine, virtutem). Within the rite of Mass he washes his hands after preparing the offerings on the altar. This is the lavabo ceremony proper. It appears in both the Tridentine and the post-Vatican II forms of the Roman Rite Mass. It probably developed from the need to wash the hands after receiving the gifts brought by the people at the offertory as was used at Rome. In the Gallican Rite the offerings were prepared before Mass began, as in the Eastern Liturgy of Preparation, so in those rites there was no long offertory rite nor need for a lavabo before the Eucharistic Prayer. In the Middle Ages, the Roman Rite actually had two washings of hands, one before and one after the offertory. The first one has since disappeared, and the one which remains is the second.

At High Mass (or sung Mass), in the older rite, and in the more solemn forms available in the newer version, after the offertory, the celebrant incenses the altar and is then incensed himself at the Epistle side (south side of the altar), he remains there while his hands are washed by the acolytes, who ought to be waiting by the credence table. The first acolyte pours water from the cruet over his fingers into a little dish, the second then hands him the towel to dry the fingers. Meanwhile, in the 1962 rubrics he says the psalm verses: "I will wash my hands among the innocent...", to the end of the psalm (Psalm 25: 6-12 in the Vulgate, which is Psalm 26: 6-12 in the Hebrew). In the newer Mass the celebrant says the prayer: "Lord, wash away my iniquity and cleanse me from my sin" (Psalm 50:2, Psalm 51:2 in the Hebrew).

A bishop at high Mass wears the "precious" mitre (mitra pretiosa) while he is censed and then washes his hands. A larger silver basin and cruet are generally used for a bishop, though there is no official requirement for this.

For the lavabo, the priest will use a simple linen towel, which is often considered to be one of the altar linens, though technically it is not.

Eastern Rites

In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, the priest says the last six verses from Psalm 26:

I will wash my hands in innocence and I will compass Thine altar, O Lord, that I may hear the voice of Thy praise and tell of all Thy wondrous works. O Lord, I have loved the beauty of Thy house, and the place where Thy glory dwelleth. Destroy not my soul with the ungodly, nor my life with men of blood, in whose hands are iniquities; their right hand is full of bribes. But as for me, in mine innocence have I walked; redeem me, O Lord, and have mercy on me. My foot hath stood in uprightness; in the congregations will I bless Thee, O Lord.

After vesting, he goes to the thalassidion (piscina) to wash his hands before approaching the prothesis (altar of preparation), where he will prepare the bread and wine for the Divine Liturgy. This lavabo takes place quietly, outside of the view of the congregation.

Saint Cyril of Jerusalem mentions a washing of hands that takes place in the sight of the people (Mystagogical Catechism, v). And this still takes place at a Hierarchical Divine Liturgy (i.e., one at which a bishop is serving). He will wash his hands as he stands at the kathedra in the nave of the church. This takes place during the reading of the Little Hours after he has been solemly vested by two subdeacons. The subdeacons and a server will approach the bishop; the server holds the ewer and basin, and has a large towel around his neck. The subedacons pour rose water over the bishop's hands and then lift the towel from the server's neck and give it to the bishop for him to dry his hands. Meanwhile, the protodeacon is swinging the censer and chanting the verses from Psalm 25. Afterwards, the subdeacons replace the towel over the server's neck, and all three bow to the bishop and return to the sanctuary.

Just before the Great Entrance the same ceremony takes place as during the Little Hours, except now it takes place in front of the Holy Doors of the iconostasis. After drying his hands, the bishop goes to the prothesis to make his personal commemorations for the living and the dead, as he removes particles from the prosphora.

The clergy will also wash their hands after receiving Holy Communion, but this is not accompanied by special prayers.

In the Syriac and Coptic rites, the lavabo takes place after the recitation of the Nicene Creed.

Secular usage

Though ecclesiastical lavabos are ordinarily of metal, a familiar lavabo consists of a terra cotta tank with a faucet attached and a small basin below it. Today it is a common feature in many gardens in Europe and the U.S. as a decoration whose practical use has been long forgotten.

The lavabo may be considered the forerunner of the modern sink. In several European languages (French, Italian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, Turkish), lavabo is the modern word for sink or washbasin.

See also
Aquamanile
Ablution in Christianity

References

External links

Ordinary of the Mass, 1970 Latin text with 1973 English translation, rubrics in English only

Christian religious objects
Eucharistic objects
Eastern Christian liturgical objects
Catholic liturgy
Latin words and phrases
Christian terminology
Church architecture
Ritual purity in Christianity

it:Lavabo

Lavabo