The Federal Judicial Center is the education and research agency of the United States federal courts. An Act of Congress () started it in 1967. The idea for a center came from the Judicial Conference of the United States.

The Center main activities are:

orientation and continuing education and training for federal judges, court employees, and others;
recommendations about the operation and study of the federal courts; and
research on federal judicial procedures, court operations, and history.

The law sets who serves on the Center's Board of Directors.  The Chief Justice of the United States is ex officio chair of the Center's board. The board also has the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts and seven judges elected by the Judicial Conference. The Board appoints the Center's director and deputy director; the director appoints the Center's staff. Since its founding in 1967, the Center has had ten directors. Judge Jeremy Fogel became director in 2011. He was appointed U.S. district judge for the Northern District of California in 1998 but has been resident in Washington, D.C., since becoming director. The deputy director is John S. Cooke.

History
Chief Justice Earl Warren and other members of the judiciary wanted a separate agency that would conduct research and educational programs for the federal courts. They hoped that a separate agency would build the judiciary's institutional independence. They recommended starting the Federal Judicial center to Congress. They hoped that regular programs of research and education would improve the efficiency of the federal courts and relieve the backlog of cases in the lower courts.

The Center is governed by its own board. The Federal Judicial Center offered the courts the benefits of independent social science research and educational programs designed to improve judicial administration.

In the 1950s and early 1960s, the Judicial Conference and the Administrative Office increasingly commissioned research projects to examine problems of judicial administration at the same time that they organized educational programs to help judges manage growing and complicated caseloads. These research and educational programs, however, received no permanent staff or funding. Support for an institutionalized program of judicial research and education increased after adding 60 new district judge positions in 1961 showed that the number of judges alone would not solve all of the problems of overworked courts. Many judges and lawyers asked for a way to bring improved research and education to the courts.

The Center includes several offices and divisions.

Director's Office

The Director's Office is responsible for the Center's overall management and its relations with other organizations. Its Office of Systems Innovation and Development (OSID) provides technical support for Center education and research. Communications Policy and Design (CPD) edits, produces, and distributes all Center print and electronic publications, operates the Federal Judicial Television Network, and through the Information Services Office maintains a library of materials on judicial administration.

Research Division

The Research Division undertakes empirical and exploratory research on federal judicial processes, court management, and sentencing and its consequences, often at the request of the Judicial Conference and its committees, the courts themselves, or other groups in the federal system. James B. Eaglin is the current director of the research division.

Federal Judicial History Office

The Federal Judicial History Office develops programs relating to the history of the judicial branch and helps courts with their own judicial history programs.

Education Division

The Education Division holds educational sessions for federal judges and court staff. Bruce Clarke is the current director of the Education Division.

Interjudicial Affairs Office

The Interjudicial Affairs Office caries out the Center's statutory mission to provide information about federal courts to officials of foreign judicial systems and to acquire information about foreign judicial systems that will help the Center perform its other missions.

Board of the Center
The Center's board consists of:

John G. Roberts, Jr., Chief Justice of the United States, chair.
Judge Susan H. Black, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
Judge David O. Carter, U.S. District Court for the Central District of California
Magistrate Judge Karen Klein, U.S. District Court for the District of North Dakota
Judge Loretta A. Preska, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York
Judge Philip Martin Pro, U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada
Judge Stephen Raslavich, U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Judge William B. Traxler Jr., U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, and
James C. Duff, Director of the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

A nonprofit organization, the Federal Judicial Center Foundation, solicits support for the Center.

Other websites
Federal Judicial Center
Federal Judicial Center Foundation

1967 establishments in the United States

United States government agencies

Federal Judicial Center


Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra (22 May 1743 – 26 March 1794) was a Spanish Criollo naval officer operating in the Americas. Assigned to the Pacific coast Spanish Naval Department base at San Blas, in Viceroyalty of New Spain (present day Mexico), he explored the Northwest Coast of North America as far north as present day Alaska. Bodega Bay in California is named for him.

Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra joined the Spanish Naval Academy in Cádiz at 19, and four years later, in 1767 was commissioned as an officer of the rank Frigate Ensign (alférez de fragata). In 1773 he was promoted to Ship Ensign (alférez de navío), and in 1774 to Ship Lieutenant (teniente de navío).

Parentage
Bodega y Quadra was born in Lima, Peru, to Tomás de la Bodega y de las Llanas of Biscay, Spain and Francisca de Mollinedo y Losada of Lima, Peru (her parents were from Bilbao in Spain).  His family was of Basque origin. He studied at the National University of San Marcos in Lima.

Pacific Expeditions

1775 Expedition
In 1775 under the command of Lieutenant Bruno de Heceta, the Spanish explored the Pacific Northwest. This followed the first Spanish expedition by Juan Pérez in 1774, who had failed to reach and claim the upper northwest coast for Spain. The expedition consisted of two ships: the Santiago (alias Nueva Galicia), commanded by Hezeta himself, and the schooner Sonora (alias Felicidad, also known as Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe), commanded by his second in command, Lieutenant Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra. Bodega y Quadra was given the lesser position of second officer on the Sonora despite the fact that he outranked the others. Bodega y Quadra had all the training and qualifications necessary to be considered for a senior officer position, but as a non-Spaniard he was subject to the class prejudice common to Spain and the colonial Americas during that time. So he was passed over for promotions.

The Spaniards were given orders to explore the coast and to go ashore so that the newly discovered territories would be recognized as Spanish lands. Most important for the expedition was the identification of colonial Russian settlements. The ships left San Blas, New Spain, on 16 March 1775. Illnesses (scurvy), storms, poor sailing capacities of the Sonora, and other incidents slowed their progress.

On 13 July 1775, they reached the vicinity of Point Grenville and Destruction Island in the present day U.S. state of Washington. While searching for a safe place for the ships to anchor, which was one of the duties of the Sonora, Bodega y Quadra sailed over what is now called Sonora Reef. He immediately realized his mistake and signaled the Santiago to not follow. The wind direction and changing tide trapped the Sonora between Sonora Reef and Point Grenville. The Santiago anchored a few miles to the south, in Grenville Bay. The Sonora attracted the attention of a nearby Quinault village. Many Quinault visited the schooner, trading with the crew and giving gifts of food. Early the next day an armed party from the Santiago went ashore and quickly conducted a possession ceremony, which was observed by some Quinaults. Later that morning, Bodega y Quadra decided to send six sailors ashore to collect water and wood. A large number of Quinaults appeared, attacked, and killed the shore party. Bodega y Quadra was unable to help as the party had taken the schooner's only boat. At noon he weighed anchor, hoping to escape the shoals at high tide. Progress was slow as the wind was low and the crew significantly reduced. Nine large canoes carrying about 30 Quinaults carrying bows and shields followed and came alongside the Sonora. They made signs of friendship which Bodega y Quadra rejected. The Quinaults in one of the canoes approached in an attempt to board the Sonora, but once the canoe was in range of the schooner's two swivel guns and three muskets it was fired upon, killing "the greater number of them", according to Bodega's journal.

Bodega wanted to avenge his lost sailors, but, was overruled by Heceta, who pointed out the expedition had orders to use force only in self-defense. Quinault ethnologists have come up with theories about the sudden attack, one being that the land-claiming ceremony was understood for what it was. Of particular note was the placement of a large cross on the beach. The Quinault would have understood that the erecting of a tall pole with a crossbar during an obviously religious ritual was a symbolically powerful act.

Shaken by this disaster, and with most of his crew suffering from scurvy, Hezeta decided to return to New Spain, but Bodega y Quadra refused to follow him without having completed the essential mission, which was to locate the Russians. He continued northward on the Sonora and got as far as what is now close to Sitka, Alaska, reaching 59° north latitude on August 15, 1775. Failing to find any Russians, he returned southward. When returning he made sure that he landed once to claim the coast for Spain. This expedition made it clear to the Spanish that the Russian colonization did not have a large presence in the Pacific Northwest. Bodega y Quadra was able to draw for the first time a reasonably accurate map of the west coast of North America.

1779 Expedition
On February 11, 1779, the corvettes Princesa and Favorita, under the command of Lieutenant Ignacio de Arteaga and his second in command, Lieutenant Bodega y Quadra, left San Blas again.  Their mission was to explore the northwest coast, and not to intervene with the assumed English navigators there. They charted every bay and inlet in search of the Northwest Passage, going north to 58°30′ before turning back from Alaska due to bad weather. They completed the complex process begun earlier of claiming the Pacific Northwest for Spain.

The expedition anchored in Port Etches, near Prince William Sound. The harbor was given the name "Puerto de Santiago" on July 23, 1779. The name commemorated Saint James, the patron saint of Spain, whose feast day falls on July 25. While the Spaniards were anchored in Port Etches they performed a formal possession ceremony. All the officers and chaplains went ashore in procession, raised a large cross while cannons and muskets fired salutes. The Te Deum was sung, followed by a litany and prayers. After a sermon was preached a formal deed of possession was drawn up and signed by the officers and chaplains. The title to Puerto de Santiago was important for years afterward, as it formed the basis of Spain's claim to sovereignty in the North Pacific up to 61°17′N.

In 1780 Bodega y Quadra was promoted to capitán de fragata (Frigate Captain), in recognition of his achievements during the 1779 voyage.

Peru
In 1780 Bodega was ordered to sail to the Viceroyalty of Peru in order to acquire quicksilver (mercury), which was required by the Mexican silver mining industry. The supply of quicksilver had fallen sharply because the ships that would normally have delivered it had been diverted elsewhere due to the war with Britain. After many delays, Bodega sailed the old frigate Santiago from San Blas on 5 June 1781. The voyage was plagued by difficulties, such as continually contrary winds and bad weather. The Santiago took on so much water it needed to be careened, but there was no opportunity to do so until in Peru. Bodega finally reached Callao, Peru, on 18 July 1782, thirteen months after sailing from San Blas. He soon discovered that there was no surplus quicksilver to be had. The Viceroy of Peru, Agustín de Jáuregui, had heard of Bodega's mission before Bodega arrived and decided to expedite matters by sending all the quicksilver he could spare to Acapulco on the merchant ship San Pablo. Wishing not to return without any cargo, Bodega arranged to carry military supplies. The Santiago was careened and many rotten planks were replaced. Bodega sailed from Callao at the end of March 1783, carrying the cargo of military supplies and a number of passengers. The voyage north went smoothly, and Bodega anchored the Santiago at San Blas on 20 June 1783.

Spain
Shortly after Bodega's return to San Blas he received orders to go to Havana, Cuba. There, in 1784, he requested and received permission to travel to Spain, which he did in 1785. He spent four mostly discouraging and frustrating years in Spain. However, there were at least two positive events. First, the king approved Bodega's promotion to capitán de navío (Ship Captain) on 15 November 1786, the highest naval rank below flag officer ranks. Second, he was knighted by the King of Spain as a full-fledged knight of the Order of Santiago—the most prestigious of Spain's four orders of chivalry. It was very difficult to earn a commission in the Order of Santiago. Bodega had begun the process in 1775. He was finally knighted by the king on 8 April 1788.

Commandant of San Blas
At the end of his stay in Spain, Bodega was appointed commandant of the Naval Department of San Blas. Instructed to select six junior officers to serve under him at San Blas, Bodega y Quadra chose Manuel Quimper, Ramón Saavedra Guiráldez y Ordóñez, Francisco de Eliza, Salvador Fidalgo, Jacinto Caamaño, and Salvador Menéndez Valdés. Bodega and these six officers sailed to America on the same ship that was carrying the new Viceroy of New Spain, Conde de Revillagigedo. The viceroy and Bodega arrived to find themselves in the immediate aftermath of the Nootka Crisis. They had two pressing issues to deal with right away. First they had to arrange for the release of the British ships, officers, and sailors taken prisoner by Martínez in 1789. Second, they had to respond to the Royal Order of April 14, 1789, which required that the Spanish establishment at Nootka Sound be maintained. At first neither Revillagigedo nor Bodega knew that Martínez had abandoned Nootka Sound. The Royal Order thus meant that a new expedition be immediately organized for the purpose of reoccupying, permanently, Nootka Sound. The reoccupation expedition was organized very quickly.

The three ships, Concepción, San Carlos, and Princesa Real sailed from San Blas and arrived at Nootka Sound in early April 1790. Francisco de Eliza was appointed commandant. Quimper, Fidalgo, and other officers were part of the expedition. The First Company of the Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia, under Pedro de Alberni, sailed with Eliza to garrison the Nootka establishment. The expedition had to be well supplied, not only with cannons and munitions but also with warm clothes, new equipment for the soldiers under Alberni, materials for constructing buildings and Fort San Miguel, thousands of sheets of copper for trading or giving to the indigenous peoples, and numerous other goods. That Bodega y Quadra was able to organize the complicated logistical issues, especially given San Blas's chronically undersupplied and underfunded status, such that the ships sailed within months of Bodega's arrival, was a remarkable achievement.

Nootka Sound Commandant
Quadra was called as an expert witness in the aftermath of the Nootka Crisis at Nootka Sound. In 1789, as the Commandant based at San Blas, he sent out several new expeditions of exploration.  In 1791 he was appointed Spanish commissioner to negotiate and administer the implementation of the Nootka Conventions at Nootka Sound.

As commandant of the Spanish establishment at Nootka, Bodega made a point of hosting and entertaining every visitor, indigenous and European. He held feasts for the officers of every ship that arrived at Nootka Sound, including the French fur-trading ship La Flavie, the "Portuguese" ship Feliz Aventureira (actually a British ship masquerading as Portuguese), the American ships Columbia, under Robert Gray, and , under Joseph Ingraham, Vancouver's ships  and , and a number of others. The journals of many people who visited Nootka Sound during the summer of 1792 record amazement at the grandeur of Bodega's dinners, especially at such a remote part of the world, at which over fifty people would be served many courses on Bodega's personal collection of about 300 pieces of silver dinner ware. Bodega also provided ship repair services to any vessel needing them. A number of ships, including the Chatham, were careened and repaired by Spanish workers.

Island of Quadra and Vancouver
In August 1792, Bodega welcomed English Captain George Vancouver. The two commanders swiftly established friendly relations, including joint explorations and the sharing of supplies and information. Vancouver provided the services of his surgeon, Archibald Menzies, to help Quadra with increasingly serious headaches. During their meetings Bodega y Quadra asked Vancouver to name "some port or Island after us both" (however, Bodega wrote in his journal that it was Vancouver who made the suggestion). Since Vancouver had determined that the land upon which Nootka stood was a great island, he proposed that they name it Quadra's and Vancouver's Island: "would name some port or island after us both in commemoration of our meeting and friendly intercourse that on that occasion had taken place (Vancouver had previously feted Quadra on his ship);....and conceiving no place more eligible than the place of our meeting, I have therefore named this land...The Island of Quadra and Vancouver." It was thus entered upon the explorer's charts, but this name was later shortened to Vancouver Island.

However, the two commanders were unable to reconcile the conflicts in the instructions from their respective governments. At issue was whether the Spanish were to hand over only the small plot of land actually built upon by the adventurer John Meares, or the entire West Coast, or something in between. It is scarcely contested that Meares had exaggerated the extent of his discoveries. However, Bodega y Quadra was handicapped by uncertainties as to how far his superiors' wished to maintain Spanish sovereignty in a part of the world that had limited strategic value. He improvised and by chance pressed for exactly the condition that both the king and viceroy later communicated to him. Vancouver was likewise handicapped by a lack of instructions. He stuck by a strictly literal interpretation of Article I of the Nootka Convention. Having reached an impasse, the two agreed to refer the points at issue back to their respective governments in Madrid and London; Quadra arranged passage for Vancouver's envoy, William Robert Broughton, through Mexico. Viceroy Revillagigedo chastised Bodega for allowing Broughton passage through New Spain. Eventually, Spain and Great Britain signed an agreement on January 11, 1794, in which they agreed to abandon the region (the third Nootka Convention).

Death
After suffering from chronic headaches for several years, in April 1793 Bodega y Quadra requested a leave from his duties to restore his health. It was granted and he left San Blas for Guadalajara and Mexico City. He suffered a strong fluxo de sangre (blood loss or haemorrhage) in Guadalajara. He had a seizure in Mexico City and died there on March 26, 1794, at the age of 50. The internist Dr. John Naish has conjectured that Bodega y Quadra's death was the result of either a brain tumor or the severest form of hypertension. Given the lack of details and the imprecision contemporary diagnosis and description, Viceroy Revillagigedo's official statement that Bodega died "of natural causes" is indisputable. His body was interred at the Convent of San Fernando, of the order of San Francisco in Mexico City.

When George Vancouver, at Nootka Sound again in September 1794, learned of Bodega's death, he wrote in his journal (grammar and misspellings from the original):

Legacy

Places named after him:
Bodega Bay in northern California.
Vancouver Island was frequently referred to as "Vancouver's and Quadra's Island" on many 19th century maps.
Quadra Island, an island in British Columbia, Canada. Quadra Island was named after him in 1903
Quadra Street, an arterial road in Victoria, British Columbia, and neighbouring Saanich.
Boca de Bodega (Bodega Inlet) is the entrance around Wadleigh Island. It was named by Francisco Antonio Mourelle on May 24, 1779.
, a Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Summer Training Centre in Comox, BC
The federal electoral district of Vancouver Quadra on the West Side of the city of Vancouver, BC
Places he named:
He named the Point that we know as Point Grenville, "Punta de los Martires" (Point of the Martyrs).
Canoa Point (Canoe Point) was named by Bodega/Mourelle in 1775/79. It is a point of land on the northeastern shore of Prince of Wales Island jutting into Trocadero Bay at 133°1′25″ W.
Discovered and named Bucareli Sound in Alaska. Named hundreds of places in the Bucareli Sound area.
Unlucky Island (La Desgraciada), a name given by Bodega/Mourelle to an island located at 133°3′15″ W.
Ladrones Islands were named Islas de Ladrones (Thieves) by Bodega/Mourelle in 1779. These five islands are located at 55°23′ N and 133°5′ W.
Cañas Island (Reeds) is an island in Trocadero Bay. Bodega/Mourelle named it Ysla de Cañas.
Trinidad, California was named by him along with Bruno de Heceta on Trinity Sunday, June 11, 1775.
Other:
The Quadra rose, developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, was named in his honour.
Spanish name variations used in the literature:
Juan Francisco Bodega y Quadra
Juan Francisco de Bodega y Quadra
Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra
Juan Fran[cis]co de la Bodega y Quadra
Juan Francisco de la Quadra
Juan de la Bodega y Quadra

See also
Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest

Notes and references

General references

History of Southern Oregon: Pacific Coast -- by A. G. Walling 1884
Vancouver Island History
Canadian Military Heritage
Spanish Exploration: Hezeta (Heceta) and Bodega y Quadra Expedition of 1775 to Formally Claim the Pacific Northwest for Spain
BC Bookworld on Bodega y Quadra, with a bibliography.

Further reading
Derek Hayes (1999). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of Exploration and Discovery: British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, Yukon. Sasquatch Books.
Michael E. Thurman (1967). The Naval Department of San Blas: New Spain's Bastion for Alta California and Nootka, 1769–1798. The Arthur H. Clark Company.

External links

HistoryLink: Spanish Exploration (1775), with maps and references.
HistoryLink: Spanish Exploration (1779)

Spanish exploration, long article with a good bibliography.
Book Review: At the Far Reaches of Empire: The Life of Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, Oregon Historical Quarterly
American memory, a map from Bodega y Quadra.

Spanish explorers of North America
Explorers of Alaska
Explorers of British Columbia
Explorers of Oregon
Explorers of Washington (state)
Knights of Santiago
People from New Spain
Peruvian people of Basque descent
Spanish naval officers
1743 births
1794 deaths
Military personnel from Lima
18th-century explorers
18th-century Spanish people
Spanish history in the Pacific Northwest
National University of San Marcos alumni

Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra


Teller Assist Units (TAU), also known as Automatic Teller Safes (ATS) or Teller Cash Dispensers (TCD), are devices used in retail banking for the disbursement of money at a bank teller wicket or a centralized area.  Other areas of application of TAU include the automation of starting and reconciling teller or cashier drawers (tills) in retail, check cashing, payday loan / advance, grocery, and casino operations.

Cash supplies are held in a vault or safe.  Disbursements and acceptance of money take place by means of inputting information through a separate computer to the cash dispensing mechanism inside the vault, which is similar in construction to an automatic teller machine vault.

A TAU provides a secure and auditable way of handling large amounts of cash by tellers without undue risk from robbery.  Some TAUs can be networked and monitored remotely, from a central location - thereby reducing oversight and management resources.

Special security considerations
TAUs may delay dispensing of large amounts of money up to minutes to discourage bank robberies. It is however very likely that someone present on the premises has the means to open the cash vault of the device.  TAUs may be accessed by keys, combination, or a mix of the two.

Construction
A TAU consists of:
 A vault
 Cash handling mechanism
 Alarm sensors

In the TAU's cash handling mechanisms are several money cartridges. These can be equipped with different cash notes or coinage. The input into the controlling computer makes possible for this unit to disburse the correct amounts. Notes are tested to ensure that they are removed correctly from the cartridges and that no surplus notes are removed.  False disbursements are possible, although very rare.
Modern TAUs can be used also for depositing and recycling of banknotes. They use bill validation technology to help ensure the authenticity and fitness of the received cash before it is accepted and recycled to be presented to the customer.

Differences from ATMs
TAUs are distinct from ATMs in that they are designed to be operated solely by trained branch personnel, they do not integrate directly into interbank networks, and are usually controlled by a computer that is not directly integrated into the overall construction of the unit.

TAU Software
TAUs can be provided with CEN/XFS drivers.

Major TAU manufacturers worldwide
ARCA
Diebold
NCR
Wincor Nixdorf
Glory Global Solutions
Nautilus Hyosung (Now 'Hyosung TNS')

Banking equipment
Embedded systems

Teller assist unit


Gary Mule Deer (born Gary C. Miller; November 21, 1939) is an American comedian and country musician.

Biography
During a career spanning six decades, Gary Mule Deer has performed on many major concert stages in the United States, and has made over 350 television appearances, including many on both The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson and the Late Show with David Letterman, both of whose hosts he had met early in his career at The Comedy Store in Los Angeles. He was one of six comedians, along with Jay Leno, to star on the first HBO comedy special, Freddie Prinze and Friends, was the co-host of Don Kirshner's Rock Concert for four years on NBC, a regular on Make Me Laugh, and a frequent judge on The Gong Show. He has made over 100 appearances on The Nashville Network, including the last two years as a cast member on Hee Haw. He has appeared in films such as Annie Hall, Up In Smoke and Tilt. He is featured on the DVDs "Jeff Foxworthy's Comedy Classics" and "The World's Greatest Stand-up Comedy Collection" hosted by Norm Crosby. He also has a Gary Mule Deer Live CD of his comedy and music. Gary is one of the most-played comedians on the Clean Comedy Channels of both Sirius and XM Satellite Radio.

After being a member of Epic Records' music group The Back Porch Majority, RCA Victor's The New Society, and Paramount Records' Bandanna in the 1960s, he joined with Denny Flannigan in  the early 1970s to form a comedy act called "The Muledeer and Moondog Medicine Show". They became regulars on The John Byner Comedy Hour on CBS, Burns and Schreiber Comedy Hour on ABC, and Madhouse 90 With David Frost on NBC, and were frequent guests on The Midnight Special and In Concert. They also traveled for six years, performing at comedy clubs, the Playboy Clubs and the college circuit. They opened for many Rock bands, including the Doobie Brothers, Sly and the Family Stone, The Guess Who, and Boz Scaggs.

Gary Mule Deer entertains regularly at casinos in Las Vegas, Lake Tahoe, Atlantic City and Reno. On January 10, 2009, he appeared at Carnegie Hall. For over 15 years, he has been touring in concert as special guest with Johnny Mathis. He performs often on the Grand Ole Opry stage, and was invited to become a member of the Opry on January 6, 2023.

Mule Deer was once roommates with comedian Steve Martin and musician Michael Johnson. Mule Deer supplied the first joke Martin submitted to Tommy Smothers on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour.

References

External links

Living people
American stand-up comedians
1939 births
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
People from Deadwood, South Dakota
People from Spearfish, South Dakota

Gary Mule Deer


Ogden, Utah is a city in Weber County, Utah, USA with a population of 87,321 as of the 2020 census. Ogden was originally named Fort Buenaventura. Fort Buenaventura was the first permanent settlement by people whose families came from Europe in the area now known as Utah. A trapper named Miles Goodyear established it in 1846 a mile west of present downtown Ogden. Then a year later, the fort was bought by Mormon settlers for about $2,000. Brownsville is another name that was once used for the settlement. When the area was renamed, it was named after Peter Skene Ogden, a Hudson Bay Company leader who trapped animals for fur in the Weber Valley.

Ogden is the county seat of Weber County. It lies to the east of the Great Salt Lake, the west of the Wasatch Front mountain range, and is basically north of Salt Lake City.

Weber State University is located in Ogden. Damian Lillard, an NBA player on the Portland Trailblazers, played basketball in college for the Weber State Wildcats.

References

County seats in Utah
1846 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Utah

Ogden, Utah


Yaroslavsky (masculine), Yaroslavskaya (feminine), or Yaroslavskoye (neuter) mey refer tae:

Fowk
Yemelyan Yaroslavsky (Minei Gubelman), Soviet politeecian, leader o 1930s anti-releegious campaign in the USSR
Zev Yaroslavsky (b. 1948), U.S. politeecian
Oleksandr Yaroslavsky (b. 1959), Ukrainian businessman, preses o FC Metalist Kharkiv

Places:
Yaroslavsky Destrict, name o several destricts in Roushie
Yaroslavsky (inhabitit locality) (Yaroslavskaya, Yaroslavskoye), name o several inhabitit localities in Roushie
Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal, a rail terminal in Moscow, Roushie
Yaroslavl Oblast (Yaroslavskaya Oblast), a federal subject o Roushie

Yaroslavsky


Motoori Norinaga (; 21 June 1730 – 5 November 1801) was a Japanese scholar and poet during the Edo period. Norinaga's most important works include the Kojiki-den (Commentaries on the Kojiki), created more than 35 years ago, and his comments on the Tale of Genji.

Motoori was born in what is now Matsusaka in Ise Province (now part of Mie Prefecture). At the age of 22, Motoori went to Kyoto to study medicine.  Although best known as a Kokugaku scholar, Norinaga worked as a doctor for 40 years in Matsusaka.

He was the first to use the term Mono no aware, which is now an important concept in Japanese culture.

1730 births
1801 deaths
Japanese poets
People from Mie Prefecture

Motoori Norinaga


Dwarka (with other spelling as Dvarka) was a city of Ancient India. The city was one of seven holy cities of the Hindus. It is also one of the four most important places of pilgrimage for the Hindus. Hindus call such four places as Dhams. Dwarka is located in the western part of India in Gujarat state. During the birth day of Krishna, and the Hindu festivals of Holi and Divali, thousands of Hindus visit the place.

In Ancient India, the place was the capital of the kingdom ruled by Krishna and his clan of the yadavas. Soon after the death of Krishna, the city went below the sea.

Other websites
 http://www.dwarkadhish.org/

Hinduism

Dwarka


The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), previously known as the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid, the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), and health insurance portability standards.

In addition to these programs, CMS has other responsibilities, including the administrative simplification standards from the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), quality standards in long-term care facilities (more commonly referred to as nursing homes) through its survey and certification process, clinical laboratory quality standards under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, and oversight of HealthCare.gov.

References

Other websites

 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in the Federal Register
 Health Care Financing Administration in the Federal Register

1965 establishments in the United States
United States Department of Health and Human Services


The Národní Divadlo or the National Theatre in Prague is a very famous building which has been very important for more than 150 years for the culture of Czech history.

In the middle of the 19th century there were a lot of political changes in Europe.  Prague had been part of the Austrian Empire.  The official language was German.  Bohemia (which included Prague) and Moravia now form the area of the Czech Republic.  In the 19th century the Czechs in these areas wanted to be able to put on plays and operas in the Czech language.  The National Theatre was built at a time when this was starting to become possible.

The National Theatre was built because the Czech people wanted their own national identity. The first stone was laid on May 16, 1868.  It was opened  on June 11 1881 to honour the visit of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria. Another 11 performances were given after that. Then the theatre was closed down to finish the building.  While people were working to finish it  a fire broke out on August 12 1881 which destroyed most of it.  However, a lot of money was found and it was built again and opened on November 18 1883 with a performance of Smetana's opera Libuše which he had composed for this occasion.  The story of the opera is based on a mythological story about how Prague began.

It was an excellent theatre, and it was not until 1977 that any more re-building was necessary.  Then it was closed for six years, and opened again in time for the 100th anniversary of its opening: on November 18 1983. On that day again there was a performance of Smetana's Libuše.

Today the National Theatre has three ensembles (groups of people): opera, ballet and drama.  These ensembles all perform in the National Theatre, the Estates Theatre and the Theatre Kolowrat. They put on a lot of Czech plays and operas, but also productions from other parts of the world.

Other websites
 Prague National Theatre

Opera houses
Theatres
Buildings and structures in Prague
1881 establishments in Europe

National Theatre (Prague)


Wheel of Time is a 2003 documentary film about Tibetan Buddhism by German director Werner Herzog. The title refers to the Kalachakra sand mandala that provides a recurring image for the film.

Content
The film documents the two Kalachakra initiations of 2002, presided over by the fourteenth Dalai Lama. The first, in Bodhgaya India, was disrupted by the Dalai Lama's illness. Later that same year, the event was held again, this time without disruption, in Graz, Austria. The film's first location is the Bodhgaya, the site of the Mahabodhi Temple and the Bodhi tree. Herzog then turns to the pilgrimage at Mount Kailash, after which the film then focuses on the second gathering in Graz.

Herzog includes a personal interview with the Dalai Lama, as well as Tibetan former political prisoner Takna Jigme Zangpo, who served 37 years in a Chinese prison for his support of the International Tibet Independence Movement.

References

External links

Documentary films about Buddhism
Films shot in Austria
Films shot in Bihar
2003 films
2003 documentary films
Films directed by Werner Herzog

Wheel of Time (film)


An electric arc is an electrical breakdown of a gas which produces a plasma spark.

The electric arc was first described in 1801. Electric arcs are used for welding, plasma cutting and lighting for stage performances. Electric arc furnaces are used in making steel and other things.

Electricity

Electric arc


Werknesh Kidane (; born November 21, 1981), is an Ethiopian long distance runner from Tigray who competes in both 5000 and 10,000 metres. She has won numerous medals at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and represented Ethiopia at the Summer Olympics in 2000, 2004 and 2012. She was the silver medallist at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics and a gold medallist at the 2003 IAAF World Cross Country Championships.

Biography
She was born in the historic town of Maychew, Tigray, and her first international title came at the 1999 IAAF World Cross Country Championships where she topped the podium in the junior race. She made her Olympic debut as a teenager and came seventh in the 5000 m final at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. She won the 2002 Great Ethiopian Run and came second in the short race at the 2002 IAAF World Cross Country Championships.

Werknesh began her 2003 season with a win at the Antrim International Cross Country and then went on to take the women's long race title at the 2003 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. She won the silver medal in the 10,000 m at the 2003 All-Africa Games, finishing behind fellow Ethiopian Ejegayehu Dibaba. Her season peaked at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics where she set a 10,000 m personal best of 30:07.15 minutes to secure the runner-up position behind Ethiopian veteran Berhane Adere who broke the African record for the event. The following year she came fourth in the event at the 2004 Athens Olympics. She also won the long race bronze medal at the 2004 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, as well as taking fourth in the short race.

She had a success campaign on the 2004/05 cross country circuit in Spain, winning in Soria, Valle de Llodio and Seville. At the 2005 IAAF World Cross Country Championships she took second place in the short race and third in the long race, taking the team titles with Tirunesh Dibaba in both races. She took part  in the 2005 World Championships in Athletics but could not repeat her podium feat of two years earlier, finishing in sixth in the 10,000 m.

Werknesh returned to international competition after a long break at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and came in ninth place in the senior race. She made her first top-level road race attempt at the 2010 Great Manchester Run and won with a personal best time of 32:31 minutes. She ran at the NYRR New York Mini 10K in June 2010, and finished in third place behind Kenyans Linet Masai and Emily Chebet. She continued on the US road circuit with a performance at the Philadelphia Half Marathon, where she was third in a time of 1:08:30.

She made her marathon debut in the 2011 Boston Marathon, where she placed seventh with a time of 2:26:15. The following year she ran at the Carlsbad 5000 and was runner-up behind Tirunesh Dibaba. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she finished fourth in the 10,000m again.  She was a late entry at the Carlsbad 5000 in 2015 (wearing the name "Werky" on her bib), representing Adidas, and placed 11th with a time of 16:00 flat.

She lives in USA since becoming a US resident. Her parents live in Axum, Tigray. She stands 1.58 m / 5'2" tall and is coached by Kassu Alemayehu and Dr Woldemeskel Kostre when she is running for the Ethiopian National Team. Her manager is Mark Wetmore of Global Athletics & Marketing. Werknesh is married to Gebregziabher Gebremariam.

References

External links

Profile at Athens 2004 games
Profile of Werknesh Kidane

1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Tigray Region
Ethiopian female long-distance runners
Ethiopian female marathon runners
Olympic athletes for Ethiopia
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for Ethiopia
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Cross Country Championships winners
African Games silver medalists for Ethiopia
African Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 All-Africa Games
20th-century Ethiopian women
21st-century Ethiopian women
21st-century Ethiopian people

Werknesh Kidane


Aaron Edward Eckhart (born March 22, 1968) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor.

Eckhart became known world-wide in such films as in Erin Brockovich (2000), and gained a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor for his role in Thank You for Smoking (2006). He is also known for his role as Two-Face in the 2008 summer blockbuster The Dark Kinght (2008). Eckhart alongside Nicole Kidman worked in a movie called Rabbit Hole (2010)

Eckhart was born in Cupertino, California on March 22, 1968. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Eckhart studied at the American Community School and at the American International School of Sydney. He was once engaged to actress Emily Cline. They separated in 1998. Eckhart now lives in Beverly Hills, California.

Other websites

American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
1968 births
Actors from Santa Clara County, California
Living people
Actors from Beverly Hills, California
Cupertino, California

Aaron Eckhart


A puck is a disk used in some games serving the same use as a ball in ball games. The best-known use of pucks is in ice hockey, a major international sport.

Hockey pucks are hard disks of rubber that are used to play ice hockey. A standard ice hockey puck is black, 1 inch thick (25.4 mm), 3 inches in diameter (76.2 mm), and weighs between 5.5 and 6 ounces (156-170 g). Pucks are often marked with silkscreened team or league logos on one or both faces.

Ice hockey words

Hockey puck


Eva Leonie "Eveline" Herfkens (; born 9 January 1952) is a retired Dutch politician and diplomat of the Labour Party (PvdA) and activist.

Private life and education
Eva Leonie Herfkens was born on 9 January 1952 in The Hague in the Netherlands.

She went to public primary schools in Venezuela and The Hague. She went to a public secondary school in The Hague, where she followed the gymnasium program in sciences. She studied Dutch law at Leiden University in Leiden from 1969 to 1975. Her sister Annette Herfkens was the sole survivor of Vietnam Airlines Flight 474.

Career
From 1976 to 1981, she worked as a policy officer in the field of development cooperation at the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Herfkens subsequently became a member of the House of Commons of the Dutch Parliament from 1981 to 1990.  She served as committee member and treasurer of Parliamentarians for Global Action from 1985 to 1996; from 1986 to 1989, she was a member of the Economic Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and joint organizer of the north–south campaign.

Herfkens also served on the Council of the Labour Party (PvdA), and has been chair of the Evert Vermeer Foundation, chair of the Dutch Fair Trade Organization, and a member of the Development Committee of the Netherlands Council of Churches.

From 1990 to 1996, Herfkens represented the Netherlands and a number of other countries at the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank Group in Washington, D.C. In 1993, she became co-Dean and in 1995, Dean of the Board, a leadership position that involved coordination of board member views and representation of the Board vis-a-vis the Bank's president and management. From 1996 to 1998, Herfkens served as Ambassador, Permanent Representative of the Netherlands, in Geneva, Switzerland, a position whose responsibilities involved the representation of the Netherlands in all of the international organizations headquartered in Geneva. In this capacity she served in a number of leadership positions, such as vice-chair of the UNCTAD Trade and Development Board and Chair of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Subcommittee on Least Development Countries. The latter provided the setting for one of her lasting accomplishments: the establishment of the Integrated Framework for Trade Related Assistance, a coordinating mechanism for trade related assistance to poor countries that, to this day, continues to be the focus of international efforts.

In 1998, she became the Netherlands Minister for Development Cooperation, a job she held until 2002. In this capacity, she radically changed Dutch Development Cooperation priorities. One of her lasting accomplishments was the focusing of Dutch assistance to poorer developing countries that have made real commitments to poverty reduction programs and policies. She widened the influence of Dutch assistance policies by helping establish in 1999 the Utstein Group consisting of the Ministers for Development Cooperation of Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway and the Netherlands. The four Utstein countries agreed to collaborate in their approach towards poverty reduction worldwide, by streamlining their own aid delivery systems and by influencing the international community's policies to combat poverty. Her work as Minister and member of the Utstein Grouphas received wide international acclaim, including, in 2003, through the award of the first annual Commitment to Development Award by the Center for Global Development in Washington D.C. The OECD acknowledged that the "Utstein Group" of which she was a member contributed to international development receiving attention beyond the "development community" and making the MDG's the dominant framework for discussing development. Her contributions and those of the "Utstein Group" are extensively discussed in a recently published volume.

On 1 October 2002, Eveline Herfkens was appointed by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan as his Executive Coordinator for the Millennium Campaign, with the rank of an Assistant Secretary General, for a period of 4 years, later prolonged with an additional year by a decision of the UNDP Executive Office. She continued to be involved in the Campaign as its Founder and Special Advisor to the UNDP Director on a volunteer basis until 2009. In this capacity, Herfkens helped promote the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals through advocacy activities at the global level and in particular in Europe. At present, she is a visiting scholar at the Paul H. Nitze School of Adnaced International Studies of Johns Hopkins Universityin Washington DC and a Senior Fellow at the School's Center for Transatlantic Relations.

In her personal capacity, Herkens has served and/or is serving as of member of:
The World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization;
The UN Commission on HIV/AIDS and Governance in Africa;
The ILO/WHO Social Protection Floor Advisory Group;
The Governing Board of the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (Geneva,  Switzerland);
The Governing Board of the African Centre for Economic Transformation (Accra, Ghana);
The Governing Board of the International Partnership for Microbicides, (Washington D.C., USA).

Herfkens is not married. She is currently living in Maryland (US) with her partner Costas Michalopoulos.

Controversy
In early 2008, the provision by the Dutch government to Herfkens for the use of an apartment – while she was working for the Millennium Campaign and living in New York City during the period November 2002 until January 2006 – stirred up controversy (e.g.). The Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs acknowledged in his letter to the Dutch Parliament of 28 August 2008 that: "The provision of allowances to Ms. Herfkens (over $7000 per month, totalling $280,000) was (supposed to be) in conformity with the policy at the time to promote the appointment of Dutch nationals to international organizations; was in agreement with the relevant regulations; and was also applied in other cases"; and, further, that regarding Herfkens "there is no question of violation of the Ministry's regulations." The Minister added in his letter: "I regret that in the public debate the impression was wrongly created that Herfkens acted reproachably vis-a-vis the Ministry by accepting allowances."

It is however, against U.N. rules to offer and accept such benefits; and this Dutch policy has been changed recently. UNDP has conducted and completed an internal review regarding this matter. The review concluded that the Dutch government should have known that the provision of such benefits violated U.N. Staff Regulations. The review also concluded that, while Herfkens did break U.N. rules by accepting the use of an apartment whose rent was paid by the Dutch government, she did so unknowingly and in good faith; and that lack of induction, given the haste in which the MDG Campaign office was set up, also contributed to her not being aware of the prohibition of receiving benefits from a Member. In light of these conclusions, UNDP considers the matter closed. On 28 August 2008, Dutch Foreign minister Verhagen reported the problem had been solved and the Dutch government was not intending to pursue the matter further. As part of this solution Herfkens would keep her job for another year on a $1 per year salary basis.

Decorations

References

External links

Official
  Mr. E.L. (Eveline) Herfkens Parlement & Politiek

Living people
1952 births
Dutch expatriates in Belgium
Dutch expatriates in France
Dutch expatriates in the United States
Dutch human rights activists
Women human rights activists
Dutch lobbyists
Dutch nonprofit directors
Dutch political activists
Dutch officials of the United Nations
Dutch women activists
Dutch activists
Dutch women diplomats
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Leiden University alumni
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Ministers for Development Cooperation of the Netherlands
Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Diplomats from Amsterdam
Politicians from The Hague
Under-Secretaries-General of the United Nations
Women government ministers of the Netherlands
Diplomats from The Hague
20th-century Dutch diplomats
20th-century Dutch women politicians
20th-century Dutch politicians
21st-century Dutch diplomats
21st-century Dutch women politicians
21st-century Dutch politicians

Eveline Herfkens


This article gives an overview of liberalism in Cyprus. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ denotes another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme, it is not necessary so that parties labeled themselves as a liberal party.

Background
The First Liberal Party to be formed in Cyprus was the Liberal Party by former Foreign Minister of Cyprus Nicos Rolandis who served in this position under two governments.  Rolandis was also elected President of the Liberals International in 1993. The Liberal Party; however, merged with the centre-right Democratic Rally in 1998

History
Nowadays there are two political parties in Cyprus representing the Liberal ideology, the Liberal Democratic Movement www.liberalscy.org (Kinima Filelertheron Dimmokrato)( affiliated to the Interlibertarians  ) who are a right of centre Liberal Party and claim to be a continuation of the first Liberal Party in Cyprus and the United Democrats (Enomeni Dimokrates, member ELDR) are a left of center liberal party.

Liberal leaders
 George Vasiliou
 Nicos Rollandis,

See also
 History of Cyprus
 Politics of Cyprus
 List of political parties in Cyprus

Cyprus
Politics of Cyprus

Liberalism in Cyprus


A sundial shows the current solar time during the day. It does this because the sun appears to move through the sky. At different times in the day when the sun is shining, a shadow is cast in different places on the dial. A person marks the dial with the time at a certain shadow. This lets users easily see the time. There are a few commonly seen designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard horizontal garden sundial. However, sundials can be designed for any surface where a fixed object casts a predictable shadow. They may be horizontal or vertical or tilted.

Ancient Egypt had sundials. Other cultures developed them further, including the Greeks and Romans.

Related pages
 Time

Other websites

 Sunbeams and Sundials Children's guide to the sun, the seasons and sundials.
 There is a book from 1319 that talks about sundails
 There is another old book from the 1500's that talks about how to make a sundial. It's written in the Arabic language

Clocks

Sundial


The Cathedral of Saint Vibiana (), often called St. Vibiana's, is a Catholic former cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. Located in Downtown Los Angeles, the building opened in 1876 as the cathedral for what was then known as the Diocese of Monterey–Los Angeles, and remained the official cathedral of the Los Angeles see for over 100 years.

The cathedral was heavily damaged during the 1994 Northridge earthquake and became the subject of a lengthy legal battle between the archdiocese, which wanted to demolish the building and build a new cathedral on the site, and preservationists, who wanted the building to remain standing due to its historical significance. In 1996, the parties involved reached a compromise in which the archdiocese would purchase a nearby site on which to build a new cathedral, and in turn would turn over the St. Vibiana site to the City of Los Angeles. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels was dedicated in 2002 as the successor to St. Vibiana's.

In the late 2000s, the former cathedral building became an event venue called Vibiana. The Little Tokyo branch of the Los Angeles Public Library is also located on the site. The 1876 cathedral structure is one of the last remaining buildings from the early period of Los Angeles history.

History

Plans for a cathedral dated back to 1859, and land for the facility was donated by Amiel Cavalier.  The complex, on the southeast corner of Main and Second streets in downtown Los Angeles, was dedicated in 1876 and cost US$80,000 to build.  The cathedral's architects, Kysor & Mathews, also designed the landmark Pico House.  The Baroque-inspired Italianate structure was a landmark in the early days of Los Angeles. When first opened, it held one-tenth of the young town's population.  The interior was remodeled around 1895, using onyx and marble; the exterior facade was changed in 1922–24 to give it a new look, said to be based on a Roman design.

Pope Pius IX chose the cathedral's name, choosing third-century Roman martyr Saint Vibiana.  Cathedrals traditionally contained the relics of a saint, so the remains of St. Vibiana were removed from the Catacombs of Rome and moved to a gilt-and-plate-glass sarcophagus located in a niche above the high altar.

During the 1940s, a rectory and school building were added. The school closed in 1969 because the parish could not afford it.  It became a convent for the Disciples of the Divine Master.

The facility was outgrown by the region's rapidly expanding population, and the archdiocese decided that it needed a larger main facility; however, preservationists pressured them not to destroy the historic landmark.  The situation was complicated further when the 1994 Northridge earthquake caused extensive damage to the cathedral and its 1,200-seat sanctuary.  Deciding that the damage was not worth repairing in such a small structure, the archdiocese began demolition on the site in 1996, without permits.  However, the sudden dismantling of the bell tower on a Saturday morning prompted a frantic save-the-cathedral campaign, and work by the archdiocese was halted by preservationists who had a temporary restraining order placed on demolition.  The archdiocese argued that it had the right to level its own facility; preservationists and the city wanted the church to be preserved.  The structure was listed on the country's "11 Most Endangered Places" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.  A state Court of Appeal rejected the archdiocese's argument to be allowed to quickly demolish the cathedral; then-City Councilwoman Rita Walters had moved to strip the cathedral of its historic monument status, an action that would exempt the archdiocese from having to prepare the full environmental impact study normally required for destruction of a city landmark.

Finally a compromise was reached: the City of Los Angeles agreed to swap land with the archdiocese, giving the Church a much larger plot next to the 101 Freeway. The archdiocese agreed, and the land was developed into the new Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, constructed and consecrated as the new mother church cathedral parish of the archdiocese. Some items from St. Vibiana's Cathedral were used in the new cathedral. The stained glass and sarcophagus were placed in the new cathedral's crypt mausoleum. Pipes from the 1980 Austin pipe organ have been incorporated into the organ at the new cathedral. An oratorio about Saint Vibiana was written by Peter Boyd and performed in Pacoima in 1997.

The cathedral site was taken over by the city. The city sold the former cathedral building to downtown developer Tom Gilmore in 1999 for $4.6 million. The non-historic 1940s Education Building was demolished, making way for the new Little Tokyo Branch of the Los Angeles Public Library. The building celebrated the end of its renovation with a gala on November 12, 2005, though plans for its use were still undecided. In August 2007, the 3,500-pound cupola was returned to the top of the -tall bell tower.

The former cathedral was later renamed Vibiana and converted to an event space, including for post-Emmy Award parties in 2009 and 2010, Art of Elysium's annual charity gala, Warner Music Group's post-Grammy Awards party, and the Alfred E. Mann Foundation Gala.

In 2016, the venue hosted four episodes of the final season of American Idol.

In 2017, it was added to the National Trust for Historic Preservation list of America's Most Endangered Places "Success Stories"—sites that were named to the "Most Endangered" list that were the focus of successful preservation efforts

Amy Knoll Fraser and Chef Neal Fraser are now the owners and operators of Redbird | Vibiana, a wedding, events and performing arts venue located in the Historic Core of Downtown Los Angeles.

See also

 List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States
 List of cathedrals in the United States

References

External links

 Vibiana, the former archdiocesan cathedral, an events venue, wedding and reception site, and performing-arts space.
 Cathedrals of California

Cathedrals in Los Angeles
Theatres in Los Angeles
Buildings and structures in Downtown Los Angeles
Former Roman Catholic church buildings in California
Vibiana, Cathedral of Saint
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1876
1876 establishments in California
19th century in Los Angeles
1870s architecture in the United States
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
History of Los Angeles
Vibiana

Cathedral of Saint Vibiana


Yochanan Vollach (), also transliterated Jochanan Wallach or Yohanan Wallach, born 14 May 1945) is a former Israeli football player who played at: Hapoel Haifa, Maccabi Haifa, HKFC.
He was a member of the Israeli national team that competed at the 1970 FIFA World Cup.

At 1979 he retired and volunteered as general manager of Maccabi Haifa. Vollach was the Major reason for Maccabi's success.

Vollach has a master's degree in business administration from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is a retired Major in the IDF.

In recognition of his extensive volunteering to the sporting community as well as business success, he was awarded honorary citizenship by the city of Haifa, in 1993.

Today, Vollach is president of the Maccabi Haifa association and president and CEO of Newlog, a subsidiary of Israeli shipping magnate Zim.

Trophies won
Maccabi Haifa & Hapoel Haifa:
 4 x Israeli cup (1966, 1974, 1991, 1993), (1985 runners up)
 3 x Israeli title (1984, 1985, 1991)
 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup (1985)
 1 x Head of the house in the Intertoto home stage with Maccabi Haifa (1985)
 1 x IDF title (1965)

Maccabi Haifa youth team:

 4 x Israeli youth title (1979, 1983, 1984, 1991)
 3 x Israeli youth cup (1980, 1991, 1993)
 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup (1984)

Major honours
 Best XI in Israel (4 times, determined by Hadashot haSport and Yedioth Ahronoth)
 Fair play award in Israel (3 times)
 Hapoel Haifa Best XI All time
 Israel Golden Jubilee Awards: Haifa Best XI
 Israel Golden Jubilee Awards: Haifa Best Defender (All Time)
 Honorary citizen of the City of Haifa

1945 births
Living people
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Israeli footballers
Jewish Israeli sportspeople
Jewish military people
Israeli majors

Yochanan Vollach


The Casa de la Guerra was the residence of the fifth commandant of the Presidio de Santa Barbara, José de la Guerra y Noriega, founder of the Guerra family of California (a prominent Californio family) from 1828 until his death in 1858. Descendants of José lived in the home until 1943.  The site is currently owned and operated by the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation as a historic house museum.  The address is 15 East De la Guerra Street, Santa Barbara, California.

The time when José lived in the casa it was known to locals as the casa grande (big house), as the thirteen room structure dwarfed the surrounding one room adobes.  In the casa grande period, José added the altito structure. The altito structure no longer stands, but acted as José's office and was where he stored his money.

The 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake did significant damage to the residence, and due to José's declining health, his son Pablo spearheaded renovations. Pablo's renovations reflected the change in style in the Santa Barbara area, modifying the home to give it a Victorian appearance. The most significant changes in this time were the removal of the adobe columns in favor of wooden columns and the addition of wooden siding to the house.

The Casa is a Santa Barbara City Landmark, a California Historical Landmark. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places together with Paseo de la Guerra as "El Paseo and Casa de la Guerra".

The house is being restored and furnished to appear as it might have between 1828 and 1858.  The Casa de la Guerra interior is open to visitors Saturdays and Sundays, although the exterior may be explored any time.

See also
 Paseo de la Guerra
Pablo de la Guerra
Antonio Maria de la Guerra
Alfred Robinson - ''Anita de la Guerra de Noriega y Carrillo"
 History of Santa Barbara, California
California Historical Landmarks in Santa Barbara County, California

References

External links

Casa de la Guerra - Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation
Casa de la Guerra - Santa Barbara

History of Santa Barbara County, California
Buildings and structures in Santa Barbara, California
California Historical Landmarks
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Historic house museums in California
Museums in Santa Barbara, California
Spanish Colonial architecture in California
Houses completed in 1819
Houses in Santa Barbara County, California
National Register of Historic Places in Santa Barbara County, California

Casa de la Guerra


Southington is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. As of the 2020 United States Census, it had a population of 43,501. Southington contains the villages of Marion,   Milldale, and Plantsville.

History

Although Southington was formally established as a town in 1779, its roots go back to a much earlier time. Samuel Woodruff, Southington's first white settler, moved from Farmington to the area then known as "Panthorne" that was settled in 1698. The land was formerly occupied by the Tunxis or Sepores Indians. The settlement grew, prospered, and came to be known as "South Farmington" and then later, the shortened version, Southington.

The town's most important early visitor was General George Washington, who passed through the town in 1770 on his way to Wethersfield.

The Marion section of Southington is one of the most historic places in the town. It is the site of an encampment by the great French general, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, and his troops during the American Revolutionary War. In June 1781, the French troops under Rochambeau's command left Farmington and marched  to their eighth camp through Connecticut, near Asa Barnes Tavern in the Marion section of Southington, now the Marion Historic District.

They camped there for four days. Rochambeau and his officers took shelter in the tavern, and the troops set up camp on a hill on the other side of the road. The area of the encampment has since become known as French Hill, and a marker on the east side of Marion Avenue commemorates the French campsite.  According to Rev. Timlow's Sketches of Southington (1875), "Landlord Barnes gave a ball at his tavern, at which a large number of the young women of the vicinity were present; and they esteemed it something of an honor to have had a 'cotillion' with the polite foreigner." The celebrations-infused with spirits provided by Landlord Barnes-spanned the four nights they were in Southington. Rochambeau revisited Barnes's Tavern on the return march on October 27, 1782. According to Timlow, coins, buttons and other things were picked up in the vicinity many years after the two encampments. The Asa Barnes Tavern is now a private residence very near the camp site at 1089 Marion Avenue.

Southington originally was a small, rural farming community. In the early 1900s, Southington developed as a manufacturing center, but still maintained a very small population of a few thousand residents. Some of the products invented there include the first cement that was able to harden under water, the first carriage bolt cutting machine, the break-neck rat trap, and a new tinware process.

With the overall decline of industry in New England, and the construction of Interstate 84 in the mid 1960s, Southington developed into a bedroom community in which the town saw explosive growth and a population that has surged to over 42,000 today. 28% of the workers in Southington are still employed in manufacturing, most of them in the production of fabricated metals and aircraft.

In May 1942, during World War II, the town was selected by the War Department to be highlighted in a defense booklet called Southington, CT—Microcosm of America. Photographers roamed the community taking photos of residents at work, at play and in their homes and churches. The final publication was intended to show friends and foes alike in Europe the typical American citizens and families, their traditions and values. Thousands of copies were dropped from military airplanes over Europe during the Nazi German Occupation. Also in 1942 the mural, Romance of Southington, was painted in the town post office by Ann Hunt Spence. Murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture, later called the Section of Fine Arts, of the Treasury Department. The WPA was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing individuals to carry out public works projects.

Each year, Southington is home to the Apple Harvest Festival, an effort to bring together local businesses and denizens from the area and surrounding cities. This has been a tradition of the town since 1969, generally spanning six weekdays and two weekends. Its highlights include a town parade, carnival rides and games, musical performances, and a wide selection of unique recipes and foods served by community cornerstones including the Boy Scouts of America, local churches, the Southington Fire Department and Police Department, the Southington Rotary Chapter, and the  Southington Jaycees. Southington is home to several farms and apple orchards, including Rogers Orchards, the largest in the state.

On May 24, 1962, the town was heavily damaged by a high-end F3 tornado. The tornado, which was "near-F4" intensity at the time, damaged or destroyed numerous buildings, homes, businesses, and vehicles throughout the area before it dissipated northeast of town. Overall, the storm left one dead and 50 injured.

Two of Southington's main state roads are ceremonially named for notable residents. Southington's portion of Route 10 is named the Louis G. Tolles Memorial Highway for the late state Grange leader and legislator (1885–1956). The road was dedicated on Aug. 6, 1960, and rededicated with new signs on Oct. 6, 2007. A section of Route 364 (Oakland Road and Berlin Street) was dedicated as the Officer Timothy Foley Memorial Highway on Sept. 11, 2009, in honor of the first (and to date the only) Southington police officer killed in the line of duty. He died six days after being struck by a vehicle on Dec. 30, 1937.

In January 2011, John Weichsel retired as town manager after 44 years. He was hired by the first Town Council when the council/manager form of government was established in town in 1966. His tenure as a town manager in the same community is one of the longest in the United States.  Weichsel died in 2013. The municipal center at 196–200 North Main St. is named in his honor.

Southington ranked second nationally on an August 2023 Realtor.com list of hottest zip codes in the country, based on views of listings, how fast houses are selling and at what price.

Geography

Southington is situated about  southwest of Hartford, about  northeast of New York City,  southwest of Boston and  west of Providence. It includes the areas of Plantsville, Marion and Milldale, each of which has its own post office and distinct architecture. The town rests in a valley, with two mountains on its east and west sides. The town is located along exits 28 through 32 of Interstate 84, exit 4 of Interstate 691, and bisected by Connecticut Route 10. Southington has the nickname of "The Apple Valley", due to the many orchards that still dot its landscape. The Quinnipiac River flows through the town. It is home to Mount Southington ski area, which has drawn visitors since the 1960s.

Southington is located at geographical coordinates 41° 35′ 48" North, 72° 52′ 40" West (41.596588, −72.87767). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which  are land and , or 1.99%, is water.

The Metacomet Ridge, a rugged trap rock mountain ridge that extends from Long Island Sound to the Massachusetts/Vermont border, passes through Southington. Notable peaks along the ridge form the eastern edge of town: Bradley Mountain, Ragged Mountain, Short Mountain, and part of the Hanging Hills. The ridge is traversed by the  Metacomet Trail.

Southington's west ridge is rich with many geological formations. These include North Hamlin Brook, Roaring Brook, and Soltys Pond.  Soltys Pond was named after Alexander Soltys, who settled in the area in 1713.  The most well-known geological formation in the area is one of several in the world known as the Great Unconformity.

Located less than one mile northwest of the Great Unconformity on Southington Mountain is Hushak Rock, which has been known informally for decades as White Rock. The overlook has expansive views of the region and can be seen from much of Route 229 and area neighborhoods. The state of Connecticut officially named Hushak Rock in 2017 for longtime Southington civic leader and World War II pilot Walter J. Hushak (b. 1923).

Demographics

As of the 2020 census, there were 43,501 people and 17,149 households in the town. The population density was . There were 18,154 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 89.6% White, 2.4% Black or African American, 0.0% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.1% of the population.

As of 2010, there were 16,814 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% were non-families. 24% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males.

As of 2015, the median income for a household in the town was $82,704, and the median income for a family was $102,775. Households in Southington were relatively affluent, with 41.9% of its households earning above $100,000. The per capita income for the town was $36,682 according to the 2010 census. Males had a median income of $68,378 versus $50,599 for females. About 2.2% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

Top employers
Top employers in Southington according to the town's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report

Revitalization

As industry in the area declined, many old factories and buildings were left vacant. The latest to close was Ideal Forging, which filed for bankruptcy in 2001 and vacated its building in the town center. In 2005, Meridian Development Partners of New York City purchased the land with plans to transform the former factory site into homes and retail space. Demolition of the factory began in October 2014, but the project was later abandoned because of the high cost necessary to decontaminate the soil. As of 2023, preparations have begun for a new attempt at developing the space. The soil decontamination for the most recent plan has been subsidised by the EPA, the state, and the town.

Southington has taken the initiative to spur its own revitalization. In 2002, the town completed the downtown renaissance project. This project replaced the sidewalks on Main Street and Center Street with granite curbing and brick paving stones. Lifelong resident and philanthropist Robert Petroske donated $50,000 to the revitalization effort which led to the installation of decorative iron lamp posts, benches, and garbage cans. Flowering trees were planted, and a former fountain and light fixture was restored and relocated from Recreation Park (where it had been moved in 1961) to the town center. A renaissance zone was created where private business owners in the zone could apply to the town to continue the project of granite, brick pavers, and lamp posts, of which the town would pay the difference of replacement concrete sidewalks versus the more expensive brick. The extension of brick pavers from Center Street to a section on the east side of Liberty Street was completed in July 2008 to connect with the pavers installed outside the new Liberty Square office building.

The town water department, which built a new facility on West Queen Street in 2002, demolished its former facility located between Mill and High streets in June 2008 and developed the land into a landscaped park, along with a continuation of the sidewalks, iron fences and decorative lamp posts. The old water facility abuts the linear walking trail.

Arts and culture

There are numerous houses and districts in Southington that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including:

 Luman Andrews House—469 Andrews St.
 Atwater Manufacturing Company—335 Atwater St.
 Asa Barnes Tavern—1089 Marion Ave.
 Selah Barnes House—282 Prospect St.
 Barnes-Frost House—1177 Marion Ave.
 Blakeslee Forging Company—100 W. Main St.
 Icabod Bradley House—537 Shuttle Meadow Rd.
 Clark Brothers Factory No. 1—1331 S. Main St.
 Clark Brothers Factory No. 2—409 Canal St.
 Avery Clark House—1460 Meriden Ave.
 Capt. Josiah Cowles House—184 Marion Ave.
 Ebenezer Evans House—17 Long Bottom Rd.
 Farmington Canal-New Haven and Northampton Canal
 Stephen Grannis House—1193 West St.
 Timothy Hart House—521 Flanders Rd.
 House at 1010 Shuttle Meadow Road—1010 Shuttle Meadow Rd.
 House at 590 West Street—590 West St.
 Hurwood Company—379 Summer St.
 Lake Compounce Carousel—West of Southington Center on Lake Ave.
 Marion Historic District—Along Marion Ave. and Meriden-Waterbury Turnpike
 Meriden Avenue-Oakland Road Historic District—Roughly Oakland Rd. between Meriden and Berlin Aves., and Meriden Ave. between Oakland Rd. and Delhunty Dr.
 Roswell Moore II House—1166 Andrews St.
 Peck, Stow & Wilcox Factory—217 Center St.
 Plantsville Historic District—Roughly bounded by Prospect St., Summer St., the Quinnipiac River, Grove St., S. Main St., W. Main St., and West St.
 Dr. J. Porter House—391 Belleview Ave.
 Pultz & Walkley Company—120 W. Main St.
 Jonathan Root House—140-142 N. Main St.
 Dr. Henry Skelton House—889 S. Main St.
 H. D. Smith Company Building—24 West St.
 Southington Center Historic District
 Southington Public Library—239 Main St.
 Horace Webster Farmhouse—577 South End Rd.
 West Street School—1432 West St.
 Rev. John Wightman House—1024 Mount Vernon Rd.
 Valentine Wightman House—1112 Mount Vernon Rd.
 Woodruff House—377 Berlin St.
 Capt. Samuel Woodruff House—23 Old State Rd.
 Ezekiel Woodruff House—1152 East St.
 Jotham Woodruff House—137-139 Woodruff St.
 Urbana Woodruff House—1096 East St.

Parks and recreation
Southington boasts a fair share of large parks and open land, each serving several outdoor activities, and as a whole, a vast array of them.

Linear walking trail
The linear trail opened to the public in the summer of 2003. This trail was built over the town's old rail line which had ceased operation several years earlier. Dubbed the Farmington Canal Greenway, when completed it will stretch from New Haven, Connecticut, to Northampton, Massachusetts, following the route of the historical Farmington Canal. The second phase of construction on the trail, which officially opened in 2011, redeveloped the old train line from Plantsville center to the Cheshire town line. The project has brought landscaping, iron benches, and intersections of brick pavers where the trail crosses roads. This is seen as a major link for the further revitalization of downtown Southington and Plantsville. Eventually the trail will connect with the Cheshire-to-New Haven route.

Lake Compounce
Lake Compounce is partly in Southington, and Bristol. Founded in 1846, it is the oldest amusement park in the US.

Public parks
 Crescent Lake
 Panthorn Park
 Recreation Park
 Southington Dog Park
 Soltys Pond
 Southington Little League Fields
 Veterans Memorial Park

Recreation
 Mount Southington Ski Resort
 Southington Country Club
 Hawks Landing Country Club
 Metacomet Trail
 Ragged Mountain
 Southington Community YMCA
 Lake Compounce

Government

In state government, Southington is divided into the following districts for the Connecticut House of Representatives: 30, 80, 81 and 103; it is part of district 16 for the Connecticut Senate.

Southington is in Connecticut's 1st Congressional District at the federal level.

Locally, the Town of Southington has a form of government known as Council-Manager Government. It consists of a nine-member Town Council, elected every odd year through an at-large popular vote. Due to state minority representation laws, a maximum of six nominees from each party can run. The nine candidates who receive the most votes become councillors. The council appoints a nonpartisan full-time administrator, known as the Town Manager.

Voters also elect a municipal Planning and Zoning Commission (four year terms), Board of Education (two year terms), Board of Finance (two year terms), Water Commission (two year terms), Town Clerk (six year term) and  Registrar of Voters (four term term).

Education
Southington has eight public elementary schools, two middle schools and one high school. It also has an alternative school for children in grades 8–12 called the Karen Smith Academy. Approximately 6,500 students are enrolled in Southington public schools, making it one of the larger districts in the state of Connecticut. Southington High School has a growing enrollment exceeding 2,200 students, of which 90% of graduates attend post-secondary education.

Due to Southington's popularity as a family suburb, the town has undertaken plans to expand all schools to accommodate the growing enrollment. Three elementary schools have been completed, and a new building and second cafeteria has been added to the high school campus. In 2012, voters approved expansion and renovations to two other elementary schools (with one to be demolished and rebuilt), as well as to the two middle schools.

Southington also has two parochial schools; Southington Catholic is pre-kindergarten through eighth and the other, Central Christian Academy is pre-kindergarten through twelfth.

Elementary schools

 Walter A. Derynoski (240 Main St.)
 Flanders (100 Victoria Dr)
 William H. Hatton
 Urbin T. Kelley
 Zaya A. Oshana (renamed June 2019; formerly Plantsville School)
 South End
 William M. Strong
 Reuben E. Thalberg

Middle schools

 Joseph A. DePaolo
 John F. Kennedy

High schools

 Southington High School
 Karen Smith Academy (formerly Southington Alternative Education or ALTA)

Parochial schools

 Southington Catholic (Pre-K–8)  – formerly St. Thomas School (Pre-K–8) & Saint Dominic School (Pre-K–5)
 Central Christian Academy (Pre-K–12)

Colleges

 New England Baptist College

Infrastructure

Transportation

Buses
On March 28, 2015, CTfastrak, Connecticut's first bus rapid transit corridor, opened. It provides a separated right-of-way between Hartford and New Britain; Express bus services travel between downtown Hartford and Waterbury, with service to Southington, with its free park-and-ride located at the corner of South Main and Mulberry streets. Following its creation, public transportation can now connect Southington residents to Waterbury station and the Metro-North Railroad, providing service to Bridgeport and ultimately Stamford and New York City.

Highways
Southington is home to several highways, including Interstate 84, also known as The Yankee Expressway, and Interstate 691.

Notable people

 John Anderson (born 1965), SportsCenter anchor
 Jim Aparo (1932–2005), comic book artist for DC Comics
 Tom Cichowski (1944–2015), football player
 Vince Clements (born 1949), professional football player 1972–1973, NY Giants
 Jonathan Coachman (born 1972), "Sportscenter" anchor and former WWE authority figure
 Ann Dandrow (1936–2017), educator and politician
 Chris Denorfia (born 1980), baseball player
 Rob Dibble (born 1964), baseball player, talk show host
 Marcus H. Holcomb (1844–1932), Governor of Connecticut
 Lisa Robin Kelly (1970–2013), actress
 Ellen Olney Kirk (1842–1928), novelist
 Aaron Lipstadt born 1952, film director and producer
 Mansfield Merriman (1848–1925), civil engineer, educator, and writer
 Alwin Nikolais (1910–1993), choreographer
 Jesse Olney (1798–1872), geographer
 Carl Pavano (born 1976), baseball player
 Tom Poitras (born 1968), head soccer coach at the University of Hartford
 Delando Pratt (1823–1874), member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 Sal Romano (born 1993), baseball player
 Joel Root (1770–1847), author of a journal of a voyage around the world (1802–1806) while working as supercargo on the sealing ship Huron
 John H. Swift (1840–1911), member of the New York State Assembly
 Joseph Twichell (1838–1918), writer and minister
 Logan West (born 1994), Miss Teen USA 2012
 Charles Whittlesey (geologist) (1808–1886), geologist
 Dale Zarrella, sculptor

Pictures

References

External links

 Town of Southington official website

Towns in Hartford County, Connecticut
Towns in Connecticut
Greater Hartford
Towns in Capitol Planning Region, Connecticut

Southington, Connecticut


Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure is a 2003 American direct-to-video animated movie, and the sequel to the 1973 movie Charlotte's Web. The movie was released in the United States on March 18, 2003. The movie was produced by Paramount Pictures, Universal Pictures, Universal Animation Studios, and Nickelodeon; and distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment in North America and Universal Studios Home Entertainment overseas.

The movie is about a pig named Wilbur, who lives on a farm and has to take care of three young spiders, who are the daughters of the older spider Charlotte who died in the first movie. He must also save his new friend, a friendly black lamb named Cardigan, from being eaten an evil fox named Farley. The sequel was not received very well, with Robert Pardi of TV Guide stating that the movie does not capture the heart and spirit of the original. He also criticized the animation (which he called mediocre, or bad). Mike Long of DVD Talk also said that the animation was mediocre and resembled a Saturday morning cartoon, and that the story was lame.

The story
The movie starts in springtime, about a year after Charlotte has died. Charlotte's three daughters, Nellie, Aranea, and Joy, are now teenagers, with Wilbur taking care of them. During this time, Wilbur becomes friends with a newborn lamb named Cardigan, who is rejected by the other lambs and the younger sheep of his flock because he has black wool. Wilbur takes Cardigan under his wing and shows him the farm, the ways of animal life, and dangers to look out for. However, after only a few weeks, farmer Zuckerman suddenly sells Cardigan to another farmer, so Wilbur, along with Charlotte's daughters and Templeton the Rat, set out to visit Cardigan and make sure he is okay.

However, Wilbur is hungry so he gets some grapes which make him look purple. Some bark from the trees comes and lands on his head. This makes him look like a wild pig. A near hit by a car then reveals that two other guys have now seen the wild pig. This makes it hard for Wilbur to visit Cardigan.

Meanwhile, an evil fox named Farley comes and steals a hen from the barn. Farley comes and steals Cardigan from the barn, and plans to eat him. Wilbur now must save his friend, and does so by trapping him in a "pig web". Charlotte's daughters spin the word "fox" in a spider web, and Fern arrives just in time to save Wilbur. The fox, while not shown, is probably disposed of. Aranea and Joy decide to stay with Cardigan, and the movie ends as Wilbur has to baby sit Templeton's kids. He had promised to do this earlier when Templeton had to get Wilbur out of some brambles bushes, which also helped make him look like a wild pig.

Cast
 Julia Duffy as Charlotte
 David Berón as Wilbur
 Charlie Adler as Templeton, Lurvy
 Amanda Bynes as Nellie
 Anndi McAfee as Joy
 Maria Bamford as Aranea
 Harrison Chad as Cardigan the Lamb
 Rob Paulsen as Farley the Fox
 Debi Derryberry as Fern Arable
 Laraine Newman as Gwen
 Dawnn Lewis as Bessie
 Brenda Vaccaro as Mrs. Hirsch
 Jerry Houser as Mr. Zuckerman
 Valery Pappas as High Strung Chicken
 Nika Futterman as Baby Rats
 Bridget Sienna as Flo
 Bobby Block as Snotty Lamb
 Ashley Edner as Bully Lamb
 Pat Fraley as Donkey
 Frank Welker as Animals' vocal effects

Reception
Robert Pardi of TV Guide reviewed the movie saying "This 20-years-later follow-up fails to capture the zest (heart/spirt) of the original cartoon, transforming (turning) E. B. White's beloved characters into cute sidekicks worthy of Barney." He also said the animation was poor (bad). Mike long, of DVD Talk, reviewed the movie saying "The lame story isn't helped by the mediocre (bad) at best animation. The art has no real style and could have come from any Saturday morning cartoon. He continuously called the movie different and humorus names: "Charlotte's Web 2: The Quickening", "Charlotte's Web 2: Dead by Dawn", "Charlotte's Web 2: Island of Lost Dreams", "Charlotte's Web 2: The Nightmare Isn't Over", "Charlotte's Web 2: When Nature Calls", and "Charlotte's Web 2: The Wrath of Khan". He went on to say that "as "Charlotte's Web" is one of my all-time favorite stories, I had a great interest in "Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure". However, what I found was a bargain-basement sequel that does nothing to advance the original stories or characters. The DVD offers a very nice transfer, but the extras are pointless. There will be no spiders claiming that this is "Some DVD"." Out of five stars, he gave the content a one, the video a four, the audio a four, the extras a one, and the overall reply a one, with the advice to skip it. The one reviewer on Rotten Tomatoes that weighed in on the movie, Brian Webster of apolloguide.com, gave it rotten as well. Their summery of their review was "This is the sort of bland adventure that kids will have seen a hundred times before, with not-so-tense near-misses and not-so-exciting chases along the way."

Songs
 "It's Not So Hard To Be A Pig"
 "Watch Out Wilbur the Pig!"
 "It's Good To Be Me"
 "Charlotte's Kids"

Trivia
 The name of the lamb (Cardigan) is somewhat of a joke as certain characters in the movie want his wool to wear on themselves. This is said because words that mean the same thing as "coat" include jacket, sweater, and cardigan.

References

Other websites

2003 animated movies
American animated movies
American family movies
Movies about spiders
2000s English-language movies
2003 comedy-drama movies
2000s American fantasy movies
2000s musical movies
2000s American adventure movies
American musical fantasy movies
American road movies
American sequel movies
Animated characters
2000s buddy comedy movies
Coming-of-age movies
Fictional pigs
Movies based on books
Paramount movies
Universal Pictures movies


In mathematics, exponentiation (power) is an arithmetic operation on numbers. It can be thought of as repeated multiplication, just as multiplication can be thought of as repeated addition.

In general, given two numbers  and , the exponentiation of  and  can be written as , and read as " raised to the power of ", or " to the th power". Other methods of mathematical notation have been used in the past. When the upper index cannot be written, people can write powers using the ^  or ** signs, so that 2^4 or 2**4 means .

Here, the number  is called base, and the number  is called exponent. For example, in , 2 is the base and 4 is the exponent.

To calculate , one simply multiply 4 copies of 2. So , and  the result is . The equation could be read out loud as "2 raised to the power of 4 equals 16."

More examples of exponentiation are:

 for every number x

If the exponent is equal to 2, then the power is called square, because the area of a square is calculated using . So
 is the square of

Similarly, if the exponent is equal to 3, then the power is called cube, because the volume of a cube is calculated using . So
 is the cube of

If the exponent is equal to -1, then the power is simply the reciprocal of the base. So

If the exponent is an integer less than 0, then the power is the reciprocal raised to the opposite exponent. For example:

If the exponent is equal to , then the result of exponentiation is the square root of the base, with  For example:

Similarly, if the exponent is , then the result is the nth root, where:

If the exponent is a rational number , then the result is the qth root of the base raised to the power of p:

In some cases, the exponent may not even be rational. To raise a base a to an irrational xth power, we use an infinite sequence of rational numbers (xn), whose limit is x:

like this:

There are some rules which make the calculation of exponents easier:

It is possible to calculate exponentiation of matrices. In this case, the matrix must be square. For example, .

Commutativity
Both addition and multiplication are commutative. For example, 2+3 is the same as 3+2, and 2 · 3 is the same as 3 · 2. Although exponentiation is repeated multiplication, it is not commutative. For example, 2³=8, but 3²=9.

Inverse Operations
Addition has one inverse operation: subtraction. Also, multiplication has one inverse operation: division.

But exponentiation has two inverse operations: The root and the logarithm. This is the case because the exponentiation is not commutative. You can see this in this example:
 If you have x+2=3, then you can use subtraction to find out that x=3−2. This is the same if you have 2+x=3: You also get x=3−2. This is because x+2 is the same as 2+x.
 If you have x · 2=3, then you can use division to find out that x=. This is the same if you have 2 · x=3: You also get x=. This is because x · 2 is the same as 2 · x
 If you have x²=3, then you use the (square) root to find out x: you get the result that x = .  However, if you have 2x=3, then you can not use the root to find out x. Rather, you have to use the (binary) logarithm to find out x: you get the result that x=log2(3).

Related pages
 Exponent
 Exponential function
 Exponentiation by squaring
 Tetration

References

Mathematics
Hyperoperations

Exponentiation