The Aleppo pepper (, ALA-LC: fulful Ḥalabī; ) is a variety of Capsicum annuum used as a spice, particularly in Turkish, Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisine. Also known as the Halaby pepper, its pods are ripened to a burgundy color, then semi-dried, de-seeded, and crushed or coarsely ground. The pepper flakes are known in Turkey as pul biber (pul = flake, biber = pepper), and in Armenia as Halebi bibar. In Turkey, pul biber is the third most commonly used spice, after salt and black pepper. In Arabic, the pepper is named after Aleppo, a long-inhabited city along the Silk Road in northern Syria, and is grown in Syria and Turkey.

Although a common condiment, its use in Europe and the United States outside Armenian, Syrian and Turkish immigrant communities was rare until the 20th century, with one source (Los Angeles magazine) dating its rise in use among the broader U.S. population according to the 1994 publication of The Cooking of the Eastern Mediterranean by Paula Wolfert.

Characteristics
The Aleppo pepper has a moderate heat level of about 10,000 on the Scoville scale, with some fruitiness and mild, cumin-like undertones. Its flavor is similar to the ancho chile, but oilier and slightly salty; salt is often used in the drying process. It is fairly mild, with its heat building slowly, with a fruity, raisin-like flavor. It has also been described as having the flavor of "sweetness, roundness and perfume of the best kind of sundried tomatoes, but with a substantial kick behind it". Some renowned chefs prefer Aleppo pepper for its "fruity and bright qualities."

Uses
The most common use is in the form of crushed flakes, which are typically slightly milder and oilier than conventional crushed red pepper, with a hint of saltiness and a slightly raisin-like flavor. Unlike crushed red pepper, the flakes contain no inner flesh or seeds, contributing to the mildness. Crushed Aleppo pepper can be used as a substitute for crushed red pepper or paprika.

The spice is a common ingredient in some of the dishes that comprise a meze.

See also

 Urfa biber
 List of Capsicum cultivars

References

Aleppo
Arab cuisine
Chili peppers
Medicinal plants of Europe
Medicinal plants of Asia
Spices
Middle Eastern cuisine
Mediterranean cuisine
Capsicum cultivars

Aleppo pepper


Francis Kett (c. 1547–1589)  was an Anglican clergyman burned for heresy.

Life

Kett was born in Wymondham, Norfolk, the son of Thomas and Agnes Kett, and the nephew of the rebel Robert Kett, the main instigator of Kett's Rebellion.

Although Kett's father died while he was still a boy he was able to attend university thanks to support from his mother's second husband.  After being admitted to Clare College, Cambridge in 1566, Francis graduated BA from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in 1570. After proceeding MA in 1573 he was elected a fellow of that college.  At some point he also entered holy orders.

In 1580 Kett resigned his fellowship and studied medicine, graduating MD in 1581, and in 1585 "Francis Kett, doctor of phisick" published 'The Glorious and Beautiful Garland of Man's Glorification, containing the godly misterie of heavenly Jerusalem', a book dedicated to Queen Elizabeth: and also in 1585

However, in 1588 Edmund Scambler, the Bishop of Norwich, brought charges of heresy against him. Kett's views, if the charges against him were accurate, seem to have approximated to Arianism: he believed Jesus was not God but a good man who had suffered "only as Jesus already, and shall suffer hereafter as Christ" (that is, that having returned to earth Jesus would "suffer againe for the sinnes of the world" and eventually become divine).  Kett also had millenarian beliefs, claiming that "Christ is now in his human nature gathering a church in Erthe in Judea"; and that "this year of our Lord 1588 divers Jews shall be sent to divers countries to publish the new covenant". Another account reports that he also believed in psychopannychism or soul sleep, that the soul lapses into a state of unawareness between death and resurrection on the Day of Judgment. The puritan minister William Burton reported with horror Kett's denial of Christ's divinity, that "Christ is not God, but a good man as others be"; but he also observed that however "monstrous" Kett's beliefs he gave every appearance of being a good man, continually praising God, praying and reading the Bible.

In late 1588 Scambler wrote to Lord Burghley urging that Kett should be executed with all speed, and he was accordingly burnt to death in the ditch of Norwich Castle on 14 January 1589. William Burton was a witness of his final suffering:

...when he went to the fire he was clothed in sackecloth, he went leaping and dauncing: being in the fire, above twenty times together clapping his hands, he cried nothing but blessed bee God … and so continued until the fire had consumed all his nether partes, and until he was stifled with the smoke.

It has been suggested that Kett's unorthodox opinions might have influenced the free-thinking views of Christopher Marlowe, who was also a student at Corpus Christi. However Kett's time as Fellow only overlapped the arrival of the young Marlowe by three or four months.

References

Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press

1547 births
1589 deaths
People from Wymondham
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
16th-century English Anglican priests
People executed for heresy
People executed under Elizabeth I
Executed British people
Executed people from Norfolk
People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning
Protestant martyrs of England

Francis Kett


Ferrofluids can be used to transfer heat, since heat and mass transport in such magnetic fluids can be controlled using an external magnetic field.

B. A. Finlayson first explained in 1970 (in his paper "Convective instability of ferromagnetic fluids", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 40:753-767) how an external magnetic field imposed on a ferrofluid with varying magnetic susceptibility, e.g., due to a temperature gradient, results in a nonuniform magnetic body force, which leads to thermomagnetic convection.  This form of heat transfer can be useful for cases where conventional convection fails to provide adequate heat transfer, e.g., in miniature microscale devices or under reduced gravity conditions.

Ozoe group has studied thermomagnetic convection both experimentally and numerically. They showed how to enhance, suppress and invert the convection modes. They have also carried out scaling analysis for paramagnetic fluids in microgravity conditions.

A comprehensive review of thermomagnetic convection (in A. Mukhopadhyay, R. Ganguly, S. Sen, and I. K. Puri, "Scaling analysis to characterize thermomagnetic convection", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48:3485-3492, (2005)) also shows that this form of convection can be correlated with a dimensionless magnetic Rayleigh number. Subsequently, this group explained that fluid motion occurs due to the presence of a Kelvin body force that has two terms. The first term can be treated as a magnetostatic pressure, while the second is important only if there is a spatial gradient of the fluid susceptibility, e.g., in a non-isothermal system. Colder fluid that has a larger magnetic susceptibility is attracted towards regions with larger field strength during thermomagnetic convection, which displaces warmer fluid of lower susceptibility. They showed that thermomagnetic convection can be correlated with a dimensionless magnetic Rayleigh number. Heat transfer due to this form of convection can be much more effective than buoyancy-induced convection for systems with small dimensions.

The ferrofluid magnetization depends on the local value of the applied magnetic field H as well as on the fluid magnetic susceptibility.  In a ferrofluid flow encompassing varying temperatures, the susceptibility is a function of the temperature. This produces a force that can be expressed in the Navier–Stokes or momentum equation governing fluid flow as the "Kelvin body force (KBF)".

The KBF creates a static pressure field that is symmetric about a magnet, e.g., a line dipole, that produces a curl-free force field, i.e., curl(ℑ) = 0 for constant temperature flow.  Such a symmetric field does not alter the velocity.  However, if the temperature distribution about the imposed magnetic field is asymmetric so is the KBF in which case curl(ℑ) ≠ 0.  Such an asymmetric body force leads to ferrofluid motion across isotherms.

References

Convection
Magnetism
Continuum mechanics

Thermomagnetic convection


Luminosity is the amount of power given off by an astronomical object.

Stars and other objects emit energy in the form of radiation. It is measured in joules per second, which are equal to watts. A watt is one unit of power. Just as a light bulb is measured in watts, the Sun can also be measured in watts. The sun gives off . This amount of power is known as 1 sol, the symbol for which is .

There are other ways to describe luminosity. The most common is apparent magnitude, which is how bright an object looks to an observer on Earth. It only applies to light, that is, visible wavelengths. Apparent magnitude is contrasted with absolute magnitude, which is an object's intrinsic brightness at visible wavelengths, irrespective of distance.  The apparent magnitude is the less, for objects more than 32.6 light years away.

When talking about the total power output across all wavelengths, that is called bolometric magnitude.

Laws of physics

Luminosity


The Pomeranian Voivodeship () was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1454/1466 until the First partition of Poland in 1772.
From 1613 the capital was at Skarszewy.

The name Pomerania derives from the Slavic po more, meaning "by the sea" or "on the sea".

History
The voivodeship comprised the westernmost part of Royal Prussia.

After the 1454 uprising of the Prussian Confederation and the Thirteen Years' War, the area fell back to the Polish Crown according to the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466. Together with the Chełmno (former Kulmerland) and Malbork (Marienburg) voivodeships and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia (Ermland) it formed the autonomous province of Royal Prussia. The autonomy of the region was later abolished as a result of the Union of Lublin in 1569 and the area was incorporated into the Polish Crown.

In older English sources and generally in German language use, for this region the appellation of Pomerelia (German: Pommerellen or Pomerellen, rendered as Pomorze Gdańskie in Polish) prevails, because the name Pomerania (German: Pommern) usually refers to the western Duchy of Pomerania (Polish: Księstwo Pomorskie), ruled by the House of Griffins, who had become vassals of the Holy Roman Emperor in 1181. In turn for their support in the Thirteen Years' War, the Griffin dukes in 1455 gained the Pomerelian Lauenburg and Bütow Land as a Polish fief, which upon the extinction of the dynasty in 1637 fell back to the Polish Crown and by the 1657 Treaty of Bromberg was given to the Brandenburg margraves, who also ruled over the adjacent Imperial Pomerania Province.

For the Polish Crown the fact turned out to be fatal, that after the 1525 establishment of Ducal Prussia on the remaining territory of the Teutonic Order, the Pomeranian Voivodeship separated two territories, which were both held by the rising House of Hohenzollern, since 1618 in the personal union of Brandenburg-Prussia. After the Polish crown had given up suzerainty over Ducal Prussia by the 1657 Treaty of Wehlau and the Brandenburg margraves had assumed the title of a King in Prussia in 1701, the Hohenzollerns sought to link their territories. On the eve of the Polish partitions, King Frederick II of Prussia in 1771 finally incorporated Lauenburg and Bütow into the Pomerania Province. In the course of the First Partition the next year, he furthermore annexed the Pomeranian voivodeship with Royal Prussia, then renamed as the Province of West Prussia – except for the City of Gdańsk (Danzig), which was not incorporated until the Second Partition of 1793.

Today the historic administrative region roughly corresponds to the present-day Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland, which also comprises the Lands of Słupsk (Stolp), that formerly belonged to the Duchy of Pomerania, as well as the territory of the former Malbork Voivodeship, that until 1230 had been part of the Prussian tribal territory.

Administration
Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
 Skarszewy

Regional council (sejmik generalny)
 Starogard Gdański

Regional councils (sejmik poselski i deputacki)
 Człuchów
 Tuchola
 Świecie
 Starogród
 Puck

Administrative divisions:
 Człuchów County, (Powiat Człuchowski), Człuchów
 Gdańsk County, (Powiat Gdański), Gdańsk
 Koscierzyna County, (Powiat Kościerzyński), Kościerzyna
 Mirachowo County, (Powiat Mirachowski), Mirachowo
 Nowe County, (Powiat Nowski), Nowe
 Puck County, (Powiat Pucki), Puck
 Skarszewy County, (Powiat Skarszewski), Skarszewy
 Stargard County, (Powiat Starogrodzki) Starogard Gdański
 Świecie County, (Powiat Świecki), Świecie
 Tczew County, (Powiat Tczewski), Tczew
 Tuchola County, (Powiat Tucholski), Tuchola

From 1637 to 1657, the Lębork-Bytów Land.

See also
 Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)

References

Voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Royal Prussia
1466 establishments in Europe
15th-century establishments in Poland
1772 disestablishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)


Puducherry, which used to be called Pondicherry is a Union territory of India. Pondicherry is divided into four separate parts: Puducherry district, Karaikal district, Yanam district , and Mahe district. These four areas are under one name because they were all once ruled by the French. Chandranagore, the fifth former French colony 30 kilometers north of Kolkata, in West Bengal, India, is now outside this unconnected territory.

When India took control of them, they took them in as one territory. Pondicherry is going through a name change to Puducherry, which means "new village" in the local language. It covers an area of 183 mi² or 474 km²; it is bigger than Andorra but smaller than Saint Lucia.

Its a very nice tourist attraction. Its has many heritage buildings with old French architecture. The Boulevard is ellipse-shaped with two clock towers of the Small Market and the Big Market. The area of boulevards close to the Beach is called White Town. This was the area where initial French settlements were made. That's why it is called White town area.

Puducherry (union territory)


Archie Moore (December 13, 1916 – December 9, 1998) was an American boxer. He held the light heavyweight championship between 1952 and 1961. Moore won the title from Joey Maxim by unanimous decision in November 1952. He later lost the belt because he did not defend the title enough. Moore also fought for the heavyweight championship twice. He lost to Rocky Marciano on September 22, 1955, and to Floyd Patterson on November 30, 1956, in both of those attempts. One of his last fights was to Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali. Afterwards, Moore was Ali's trainer for a few short months.

References

American boxers
Sportspeople from Mississippi
1916 births
1998 deaths

Archie Moore


David Harrower (born 1966) is a Scottish playwright who (as of 2005) lives in Glasgow. Harrower has published over 10 original works, as well as numerous translations and adaptations.

Career
Harrower's first play, Knives in Hens, which premiered at Edinburgh's Traverse Theatre in 1995, was considered a critical and popular success. It deals with a relationship triangle in a rural setting, and a woman's internal quest to find out what she wants from life.

Subsequent plays include Kill the Old Torture Their Young (Traverse, 1998), which follows a disparate group of characters across an unnamed city, mixing realism with poetry and fantasy. Presence (Royal Court Theatre Upstairs, April 2001) takes another look at the Beatles' residency at the Indra club in Hamburg on the eve of their success, and Dark Earth (Traverse, August 2003) begins as a broad comedy and turns into a speculation about the meaning of history and the land.

Harrower has also written adaptations including: The Chrysalids (1999), adapted from John Wyndham's novel, for the National Theatre's Connections project; Six Characters Looking for an Author, a version of Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author, first staged at the Young Vic in 2000; Chekhov's Ivanov (2002), performed at the National Theatre; and Buchner's Woyzeck, performed at the Edinburgh Lyceum in 2002.

He has also translated The Girl on the Sofa (2002), by Jon Fosse, presented in a joint production by the Edinburgh International Festival and the Schaubuhne, Berlin, and Schiller's Mary Stuart for the National Theatre of Scotland/Royal Lyceum, Edinburgh/Citizens' Theatre, Glasgow.

In 2005, his play Blackbird was produced by the Edinburgh International Festival, directed by Peter Stein and transferred in February 2006 to the Albery Theatre in London's West End It depicts the meeting between a young woman and a middle-aged man who, fifteen years earlier when she was twelve years old, kidnapped and raped her. In April 2008 the play was revived by David Grindley at the Rose Theatre, Kingston prior to a national tour . In 2011, this play was produced by Rogue Machine in Los Angeles. This production won the LA Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Writing and Lead Performance by Sam Anderson.

His play 365 was presented by the National Theatre of Scotland at the Edinburgh International Festival in 2008, directed by Vicky Featherstone. The play recounts the stories of 14 young people who have been in care are now living on their own in 'practice flats'. It was subsequently performed in London at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith.

In 2011, he wrote a new version of Gogol's classic text, The Government Inspector, produced at London's Young Vic Theatre, directed by Richard Jones and starring The Mighty Boosh's Julian Barratt and Smack the Pony's Doon Mackichan and Kyle Soller.

Plays

Original plays
 Knives in Hens
 Kill the Old Torture Their Young
 Presence
 Dark Earth
 Blackbird
 365
 Lucky Box
 A Slow Air
 Ciara
 54% Acrylic

Adaptations and translations
 Six Characters in Search of an Author
 The Chrysalids
 Tales from the Vienna Woods
 Ivanov
 Woyzeck
 The Girl on the Sofa
 Mary Stuart
 The Good Soul of Szechuan for Young Vic
 Sweet Nothings (after Arthur Schnitzler's Liebelei) for the Young Vic
 The Government Inspector for Young Vic
 Calum's Road for the National Theatre of Scotland

Bibliography
Knives in Hens Methuen, 1997
Kill the Old Torture their Young Methuen, 1998
Presence Faber and Faber, 2001
Six Characters Looking for an Author (Luigi Pirandello) in a new version for the Young Vic Methuen, 2001
The Chrysalids (adaptation) Faber and Faber, 2001
Ivanov (Anton Chekhov) in a new version for the Royal National Theatre Oberon, 2002
Purple (Jon Fosse) Faber and Faber/NT Connections, 2002
The Girl on the Sofa (Jon Fosse) Oberon, 2002
Dark Earth Faber and Faber, 2003
Tales from the Vienna Woods (Ödön von Horváth) in a new version for the RNT Faber and Faber, 2003

References

Sources
Theatre Record and its annual Indexes
 Aleks Sierz: In-Yer-Face Theatre. British Drama Today. 2001

External links
 British Council profile
 Guardian interview 2002
 British Theatre Guide interview, August 2005; Philip Fisher, interviewer
 Harrower at agent Casarotto Ramsay
 Harrower CV
 David Harrower at Doollee

Scottish dramatists and playwrights
1966 births
Living people
Writers from Edinburgh

David Harrower


Rock pools (or 'tide pools') are rocky pools by the sea. They are in the intertidal zone. They are filled with seawater during high tides, and exist as separate pools at low tide.

Tide pools are habitats of uniquely adaptable animals that have engaged the special attention of naturalists and marine biologists.

The rock pool habitat
Tide pools are a home for hardy organisms such as sea stars, mussels and clams. They must be able to cope with a constantly changing environment — fluctuations in water temperature, salinity, and oxygen content. Huge waves, strong currents, exposure to midday sun and predators are only a few of the hazards that rock pool animals must endure to survive.

Waves can dislodge mussels and draw them out to sea. Gulls pick up and drop sea urchins to break them open. Starfish prey on mussels and are eaten by gulls themselves. Even black bears sometimes feast on intertidal creatures at low tide. Although tide pool organisms must avoid getting washed away into the ocean, drying up in the sun, or getting eaten, they depend on the tide pool's constant changes for food.

Tide pool zones, from shallow to deep
The water  level is always changing. Twice a day, the tide rises up the shore and then goes back again . When the tide starts to go back out, the upper shore is left exposed until the next high tide, 12 hours later. The rocks around the rock pool are covered by seaweed, a type of algae that thrives in the ocean.

This zone receives spray from wave action during high tides and storms. At other times the rocks experience other extreme conditions, baking in the sun or exposed to cold winds. Few organisms can survive such harsh conditions. Lichens and barnacles live in this region. In this zone, different barnacle species live at very tightly constrained elevations. Tidal conditions precisely determine the exact height of an assemblage relative to sea level.

Since the intertidal zone often desiccates when the tide is out, barnacles are well adapted to water loss. Their calcite shells are impermeable, and they possess two plates which they slide across their mouth opening when not feeding.  These plates also protect against predation.

High tide zone
The high tide zone is flooded for hours during each high tide. Organisms must survive wave action, currents, and  exposure to the sun. The high tide zone is inhabited by sea anemones, starfish, chitons, crabs, green algae, and mussels. Marine algae can provide shelter for such organisms as nudibranchs and hermit crabs. The same waves and currents that make the life in  the high tide zone difficult bring food to the filter feeders and other intertidal animals.

Low tide zone
This area is mostly submerged – it is exposed only during low tide. It is teeming with life. There is much more marine life, especially seaweed. There is greater biodiversity, but organisms in this zone are not well adapted to dryness and temperature extremes. Low tide zone organisms include abalone, sea anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, nudibranchs, small fish, sea cucumber, kelp, sea stars, sea urchins, shrimp, snails, sponges, sea grass, tube worms, and whelks.

These creatures can grow to larger sizes because there is more available energy and better water coverage: The water is shallow enough to allow more light for photosynthetic activity, and the salinity is at almost normal levels. The area is still protected from large predators because of the wave action and relatively shallow water.

Species in rock pools

Rock pool fauna
Sea anemone, such as Anthopleura elegantissima, can clone to reproduce. The process is called longitudinal fission, in which the animal splits in two parts along its length.
Some species, such as Anthopleura sola can fight for territory. The white tentacles (acrorhagi) are for fighting. The acrorhagi contain stinging cells. The sea anemones sting each other repeatedly until one (usually) moves.

Some species of starfish have the ability to regenerate lost arms in time. Most species must retain an intact central part of the body to be able to regenerate, but a few can regrow from a single ray.The regeneration of these stars is possible because the vital organs are in the arms.

Rock pool flora
Sea palms look much as palm trees do. They live in the middle to upper intertidal zones in areas with greater wave action. High wave action may increase nutrient availability and moves the blades of the thallus, allowing more sunlight to reach the organism so that it can photosynthesize.  In addition, the constant wave action removes competitors.

References

Biomes
Habitats

Rock pool


(also anglicised as Divide by Squares or Divide by Box) is a logic puzzle published by Nikoli. As of 2011, two books consisting entirely of Shikaku puzzles has been published by Nikoli.

Rules

Shikaku is played on a rectangular grid. Some of the squares in the grid are numbered. The objective is to divide the grid into rectangular and square pieces such that each piece contains exactly one number, and that number represents the area of the rectangle.

See also
 List of Nikoli puzzle types

External links
 Nikoli's English-language page on Shikaku

Logic puzzles

Shikaku


See forby: Demography o Ingland; Demography an poleetics o Northren Ireland; Demography o Scotland; Demography o Wales

Accordin tae the 2001 census, the Unitit Kinrick's population wis 58,789,194 - the third-lairgest in the European Union (ahint Germany an metropolitan Fraunce) an the 21st-lairgest in the warld. Its hail population density is ane o the heichest in the warld. Awmaist ae-third o the population leeves in Ingland's sootheast an is foremaist urban an suburban, wi aboot 7.7 million in the caipital o Lunnon. The Unitit Kinrick's heich leeteracy rate (99%) is endue tae universal public eddication introduced for the primary level in 1870 an seicondary level in 1900 (cep in Scotland whaur it wis introduced in 1696. Eddication is compulsory frae the ages o 5 tae 16. Aboot ae-fift o Breetish students gangs on tae post-secondary eddication (18+). The Kirk o Ingland an the Kirk o Scotland functions as the offeecial naitional kirks in thair respective kintras, but the major releegions fund in the warld is representit in the Unitit Kinrick.

Unitit Kinrick

Demographics o Unitit Kinrick


A music stand is something musicians can use to put sheet music on when they are performing.

There are several different sorts of music stand, but almost all of them can be adjusted in height so that they can be used by tall or short players, and by players whether they are sitting down or standing up.

The most popular type of music stand is the metal one that can be folded up so that it is easy to carry about.  Some music stands are made of wood.  These are sometimes very  and therefore quite expensive.

Orchestras usually give their players very heavy metal music stands.  This is because the light, fold-up ones are easily knocked over.  It is also very difficult to write on music on a fold-up metal stand because there is nothing to press against (in rehearsals musicians often have to write fingering, bowing and other markings in the music).

There are also very small music stands that do not have legs and are designed to be put on a table.  These can be used for any kind of instrument that can be played sitting at a table.

There are also small ones that can be attached to the instrument itself.  These are used in marching bands. Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, invented a revolving music stand which he never patented because he wanted people to be able to use his invention for free.

There are also digital music stands.  When the violinist Tasmin Little played the Ligeti Violin Concerto at a Prom in 2003 she used a special, computerized music stand that had been made for her.  There were no gaps in the music where she could have turned the pages of an ordinary music score.  Instead, the music was on a computer screen, and she moved to the next page by pressing a pedal with her foot.  There was also another pedal for turning back a page which was important to have when practising and for rehearsal.

References

Musical equipment

Music stand


Jublains is a commune of 699 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. It is an old Roman town called Noviodunum. It includes:
A well preserved theater.
A temple.
A Castellum with a museum about the town.
Terms (Roman baths).
Various other Roman things.

Communes in Mayenne

Jublains


Mošovce is one of the biggest villages in the Turiec Region of Slovakia.

History
Mošovce has existed for 770 years. In this time people built many old and beautiful buildings. King Andrew II wrote about the village for the first time in 1233.
At first, Mošovce had two parts: The first one, Machyuch, was in the area of today's Starý Rad Street. The village took its today's name from the second part, Terra Moys, which was in the place of the present day Vidrmoch Street. Because of the name of the second part, which means "The Land of Mojš", we believe that all the village was the property of a certain Mr. Mojš. His name could be a short form of a longer Slavic name Mojtech, similar to the names Vojtech or Mojmír. In the history the name of the village changed from Mossovych, Mosocz, Mossowecz, villa regia Mayos alio nomine Mossovych, oppidioum Mayus sue Mosocz, Mosocz olim Mayus to the present-day Mošovce.
The name of a separate very old part of Mošovce, Chornukov, chaged to the modern form of Čerňakov.

Mošovce was at first a royal village, and in about 1350 changed into a privileged town, which belonged to the royal castle of Blatnica. In 1527 the Révay family became its owners, and they took away the town privileges of Mošovce for almost 400 years.

In the past, Mošovce was an important craft center of the Turiec region. Crafts were very successful, and there were around 15 guilds in the town; the bootmaker and the most famous furrier guild existed for the longest time. The present-day Mošovce is an important tourist area with many interesting places.

Interesting places
One of the most interesting buildings is a small Rococo-Classical Palace with a big English park. People built the palace in about 1750-1800 . Other places in the town are: The birthplace of Ján Kollár, a Neo-gothic Catholic church with a valuable altar built on the place of an older church, a Lutheran church built in 1784, a Mausoleum, an Art-Nouveau greenhouse and a pavilion from 1800. In the Mausoleum there is now a Museum of Crafts.

Nature
The nature around Mošovce is really beautiful. A system of old roads with trees and small forests create a nice landscape. This landscape looks nice with the forests of the Veľká Fatra Mountains. This mountain range is one of the nicest ones in Slovakia. People from all parts of the world come visit the beautiful Limestone and dolomite rocks, and the beautiful nature in the Blatnická and Gaderská Valleys, which are not far away.

Culture and traditions
Many important people were born in Mošovce. The greatest ones are Frico Kafenda (1883-1963), composer; Anna Lacková-Zora (1899-1988), writer; Štefan Krčméry (1892-1955), literary critic, historian, and poet; Júr Tesák Mošovský, Baroque playwright; and Miloslav Schmidt, the founder of the amateur fire brigades in Slovakia.

Probably the most important person born in Mošovce is the great Slavic poet, philosopher, and Lutheran priest, Ján Kollár (1793-1852), who was very active in the literature of at least two nations. He wrote a book of poems called Slávy Dcera. His work was very important for the patriots and national activists, who lived at the same time as Kollár. People translated the book into many Slavic and non-Slavic languages.

Gallery

Other websites

 www.mosovce.sk Official webpage
 Tourist Brochure
 Info - Mošovce
 Drienok

Cities in Slovakia

Mošovce


Haim Laskov (; 1919 – 8 December 1982) was an Israeli public figure and the fifth Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces.

Biography
Haim Laskov was born in Barysaw in the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (present-day Belarus). He immigrated  to Palestine with his family in 1925. The family settled in Haifa, where they lived in dire poverty.

Laskov joined the Haganah as a teenager, and served in various units, including Orde Wingate's Special Night Squads. He also served as a personal messenger for Yaakov Dori, who would later become the first Chief of Staff. In 1940, Laskov joined the British Army so that he could participate in World War II. He served in various capacities, and was a commander of the Jewish Brigade which saw action on the Italian front, eventually reaching the rank of major. After the war, he remained in Europe to participate in the Aliyah Bet illegal immigration effort to bring refugee Jews to Palestine. He also took part in various illicit acts of vengeance against the Nazis and their collaborators. Upon eventually returning to Palestine, he rejoined the Haganah, while also working as chief of security for the electric company.

Laskov was married to Shulamit.

Military career
When the 1948 Arab–Israeli War erupted in 1948, Laskov assumed responsibility for preparing the framework in which new recruits would be trained. He organized the first officers' course, and formed the graduates into a brigade that fought at Latrun during Operation Nahshon. One month later, in May 1948, he returned to Latrun as commander of Israel's first armored battalion, which fought alongside the 7th Brigade. He commanded the entire brigade during Operation Dekel and Operation Hiram, and participated in the many battles over control of the Galilee. After the capture of Nazareth, he ordered the Palestinian population to be evacuated; this order was refused by brigade commander Ben Dunkelman. In July, he finally returned to training new recruits, now with the rank of major general.

Although he had never been a pilot, Laskov was appointed commander of the Israeli Air Force in 1951. During his tenure, the air force prepared to incorporate its first jet fighter, the Meteor. Upon completing his tenure in 1953, Laskov left the army to study philosophy, economics, and political science (PPE) in the United Kingdom. He also obtained additional military training there.

In 1955, he returned to Israel, where he was appointed Deputy Chief of the General Staff and Senior Staff Officer, however, after a series of professional disputes with Moshe Dayan, he was demoted to Commander of the Armored Corps. During the 1956 Sinai Campaign, he commanded the 77th Division, which operated on the Rafah–el-Arish–Kantara front. Upon the death of Asaf Simchoni, Chief of the Southern Command, in a plane crash, Laskov assumed his position, and oversaw the withdrawal of Israeli troops from the Sinai Peninsula.

Chief of General Staff (1958–61)

1958
In 1958, Laskov was appointed Chief of General Staff, replacing Moshe Dayan. His appointment took place against the backdrop of the unification of Egypt and Syria as the United Arab Republic on January 31 of that year and the potential threat this posed to the security of Israel. Just two months later, on March 30, Israel and Syria exchanged heavy artillery fire across the Sea of Galilee. The clashes lasted for two days, until a ceasefire was finally achieved.

On April 24, Laskov presided over a huge military parade in Jerusalem to mark the tenth anniversary of Israel's independence. This took place despite warnings by Jordan that such a parade would be considered an act of aggression. During the parade, Laskov displayed Israel's latest military hardware, including weapons captured from Egypt in the Sinai and from Syria during clashes in the Hula Valley.

On November 6, Syria resumed its artillery bombardment of the Galilee, while Israeli workers were involved in a massive project draining Lake Huleh to obtain more agricultural land for the country. Under Laskov's orders, the IDF returned fire.

1959
One of the great scandals that occurred during Laskov's tenure, was a surprise exercise to test the mobilization of the reserves, on April 1, 1959. Known as the "Night of the Ducks" (one of the coded call-up signals broadcast over the radio was "Water Fowl"), the event caused panic throughout the country, and put the armies of the neighboring Arab states on high alert. A commission of inquiry which investigated the matter found Major General Meir Zorea, Senior Staff Officer, and Major General Yehoshafat Harkabi, Chief of Military Intelligence, responsible for the fiasco, and the two resigned their posts.

1960
Tensions between Israel and Syria continued over the following months. On January 31, Israel attacked the Syrian village of Tawfik, overlooking the Sea of Galilee, claiming that it had been used by the Syrian army to bombard Israeli villages in the Galilee. Three Israeli soldiers were killed in the operation. The raid led to the outbreak of the Rotem Crisis, during which Egypt had deployed its armed forces on Israel's undefended southern border, catching Israel off guard. On March 9, Egyptian forces started to withdraw. Laskov later described the crisis as the most dramatic of his tenure as IDF Chief of the General Staff.

Legacy

Laskov resigned his position of Chief of General Staff in 1961 after a relatively peaceful tenure, marred only by clashes with the Syrians. During his term, he focused on building the strength of the IDF: Israel acquired its first submarine and its Super Mystère jets. Just before he left office, prime minister David Ben-Gurion also announced that the country had built a nuclear reactor outside the desert town of Dimona. The reactor, he claimed, was built for peaceful purposes.

Laskov established Israel's National Defense College to promote IDF generals' fluency in strategic concepts.

Civilian career
In 1961, Laskov was appointed director general of the Ports Authority, and it was during his tenure that the port of Ashdod, now Israel's major port, was constructed. He also continued to write military training manuals and submitted numerous articles to military journals. In 1972, Laskov became the country's first Soldier's Ombudsman, a post he held for ten years, until his death. After the Yom Kippur War in 1973, he served on the Agranat Commission, which investigated the fiascos that led to the war.

See also
 List of Israel's Chiefs of the General Staff

References

1919 births
Hebrew Reali School alumni
1982 deaths
People from Barysaw
Belarusian Jews
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Israeli people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Israeli military personnel
People of the Suez Crisis
Jewish Brigade personnel
Burials at Kiryat Shaul Cemetery
Soviet emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Israel Defense Prize recipients

Haim Laskov


United States National Academy of Engineering (NAE), a private, non-profit institution that was founded in 1964. Election to the NAE is considered the highest achievement in engineering-related fields and often comes as a recognition of a lifetime's worth of accomplishments. The NAE is part of United States National Academies advising the federal government on engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research.

New members of the organization are elected annually by current members composed of senior professionals in business, academia, and government who are among the world's most accomplished engineers in one or both of the following categories:
 Engineering research, practice, or education, including, where appropriate, significant contributions to the engineering literature.
 Pioneering of new and developing fields of technology, making major advancements in traditional fields of engineering, or developing/implementing innovative approaches to engineering education.

The Academy annually awards three prizes that award $500,000 to the winner. In a sense these constitute the "Nobel Prizes of Engineering."

Notes

Scientific organizations based in the United States
Engineering organizations
Non-profit organizations of the United States
National academies
1964 establishments in the United States

National Academy of Engineering


Andrew David "Butch" James (born 8 January 1979) is a South African former professional rugby union player who represented  40 times and was a member of the team that won the 2007 Rugby World Cup. His usual position was fly-half, though he also played inside centre.

James retired at the end of 2013 and joined the Varsity Shield side  as backline and kicking coach.

He has taken up amateur mountain biking and has now completed two Absa Cape Epics.  The Untamed African MTB Race takes 1200 riders through the scenic Western Cape region of South African each March.  The two-person team stage race covers approximately 700 km and has 15 000m of vertical ascent.

Early life
James was born on 8 January 1979 in Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa and was schooled at Maritzburg College in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal. Although his first names are 'Andrew David', he has been known as 'Butch' since his grandmother gave him the nickname as an infant.

Sharks career
James played for the  in the Currie Cup and for the Sharks in Super Rugby. He has twice played in a Super Rugby final for the Sharks, being on the losing side on both occasions: in the 2001 Super 12 final, the Sharks lost 36–6 to the ACT Brumbies, James missing four penalty attempts in the first half; in 2007 they lost 19–20 to the Bulls.

His career with the Sharks and the Springboks was hampered by injury. In 2002, his appearances were restricted, following knee surgery. In the 2004 Super 12 season, he played in every game for the Sharks and looked certain to be recalled to the national squad until an injury to the cruciate ligaments of his left knee, 12 minutes into the last game, against the Stormers, ended his season and kept him out of rugby for six months.

Despite his history of injuries, James has a reputation as an aggressive tackler and excellent place kicker. Early in his career he was frequently penalised for dangerous tackles, particularly tackles above the shoulder, with a swinging arm, or without the use of the arms. In only his second Test, against , he was cited, and suspended, for an off-the-ball hit on French wing David Bory, and three Tests later, against , he was sin-binned for a tackling offence. More recently he has improved his tackling technique and is now less prone to conceding penalties.

It was announced on 9 July 2007 that he had signed a two-year contract with Bath Rugby though he continues to be eligible to play for the Springboks.

Springbok career
Following the completion of the 2001 Super 12 season, James was included in the Springboks squad and made his debut for South Africa at fly-half in a 32–23 loss to France at Ellis Park. In the following Test, also against France, he contributed five penalty goals in the 20–15 victory in Durban, but was later cited and suspended, missing South Africa's next match, against . He returned for the 2001 Tri Nations Series and started at fly-half in every game, though South Africa only managed to win the one match – 20–15 against Australia in Pretoria.

James was a part of Springboks in November 2002, and was a reserve against a Test against France at Stade Vélodrome in Marseille, and was subsequently moved to starting fly-half for a Test against Scotland. He was switched to inside centre for the following match against England. South Africa lost all of those end-of-season Tests including the 53–3 drubbing by England.

James was included in the Springboks 2006 Tri Nations Series squad, playing in the 35–17 loss to the All Blacks in Wellington, as well as in the following match, against Australia in Sydney, which the Springboks lost 20–18, thanks to a late Wallaby try. James made an impact in the first half, though one of his cross-field kicks was intercepted and led to a Mark Gerrard try. He was also selected for the end-of-year tour to Ireland and England.

After being omitted from the squad for the game against Ireland, James started in the first game against England. In the first half, he scored a try with the help of Jean de Villiers, and at the start of the second half he set up a try for Springbok wing Akona Ndungane, the first of his career. Although he scored 14 points (a try, two penalties, and a conversion), South Africa narrowly lost the game, 23–21, and James had to be substituted after suffering another knee injury, which meant he missed South Africa's 14–25 win in the second Test against England.

James was named in the Springboks squad for the 2007 Rugby World Cup. He played in three pool matches, including those against  and England, and in all three games in the knock-out stages. In the final, against England, his composure and ability to nullify the impact of his opposite number, Jonny Wilkinson, helped South Africa to a 15–6 win.

Bath career
Following the 2007 World Cup tournament, James joined Bath Rugby. He made his debut in Bath's 28–6 victory over Auch in the European Challenge Cup on 10 November and was an immediate success. He was awarded "Man-of-the-Match" after scoring a superb individual try and setting up another with a deft cross-field chip-kick.

On 1 February 2011 it was announced that James would be joining the Lions back in South Africa at the end of May.

After his contract expired at the end of the 2012 season, he rejoined the .

References

External links

Butch James on Springbok Rugby Hall of Fame
Butch James Sharks Rugby profile

South African people of British descent
1979 births
Living people
White South African people
Rugby union fly-halves
South African rugby union players
South Africa international rugby union players
Alumni of Maritzburg College
Sharks (Currie Cup) players
Sharks (rugby union) players
Golden Lions players
Lions (United Rugby Championship) players
Rugby union players from Johannesburg
2007 Rugby World Cup players
2011 Rugby World Cup players

Butch James


Pseudopodia  are temporary and cytoplasm-filled parts of the cell membrane that are able to change their form in order to move. They are used in some eukaryotic cells to move around or to eat. Most cells that do this are called amoeboids. The amoeba is a common example.

The cell wall makes a network of fibers. The cytoplasm flows into the network and fills it up, similar to a net filled with gelatin. This is able to move, lengthen, or shorten. The pseudopodia extends from the amoeba. Then the main part of the amoeba flows into that pseudopodia and the amoeba has changed its place.

Pseudopods are one of the three locomotion modes of unicellular organisms (together with flagella and cilia). Pseudopods can also capture prey by phagocytosis. Pseudopedia are used by some cells to move around. They can detect food and place it inside the cell. The human white blood cell uses this way to get around.

Pseudopods can be classified into several varieties according to their appearance:
Lobopodia are short and blunt in form, very typical of Amoeba.It uses pseudopodia to capture it's food and for movement
Filopodia are more slender and filiform with pointed ends.
Reticulopodia, also known as reticulose pseudopods, are complex formations where individual pseudopods are blended together and form irregular nets.
Axopodia are thin pseudopods and are enveloped by cytoplasm. Axopodia are responsible for phagocytosis, by rapidly retracting in response to physical contacts.  They are observed in radiolaria and heliozoa.

Cell biology

Pseudopodia


Togail Bruidne Dá Derga (The Destruction of Da Derga's Hostel) is an Irish tale belonging to the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology. It survives in three Old and Middle Irish recensions, it is part of the Book of Dun Cow. It recounts the birth, life, and death of Conaire Mór son of Eterscél Mór, a legendary High King of Ireland, who is killed at Da Derga's hostel by his enemies when he breaks his geasa. It is considered one of the finest Irish sagas of the early period, comparable to the better-known Táin Bó Cúailnge.

The theme of gathering doom, as the king is forced through circumstances to break one after another of his taboos, is non-Christian in essence, and no Christian interpretations are laid upon the marvels that it relates. In its repetitions and verbal formulas the poem retains the qualities of oral transmission. The tone of the work has been compared with Greek tragedy.

Summary
After Conaire Mór has already broken several of his taboos, he travels south along the coast of Ireland. He is advised to stay the night at Da Derga's Hostel, but as he approaches it, he sees three men dressed in red and riding red horses arriving before him. He realises that three red men have preceded him into the house of a red man (as Dá Derga means "Red God"), and another of his geasa has been broken. His three foster-brothers, the three sons of Dond Désa, whom Conaire had exiled to Alba (Britain) for their crimes, had made alliance with the king of the Britons, Ingcél Cáech, and they were marauding across Ireland with a large band of followers. They attack Da Derga's Hostel. Three times they attempt to burn it down, and three times the fire is put out. Conaire, protected by his champion Mac Cécht and the Ulster hero Conall Cernach, kills six hundred before he reaches his weapons, and a further six hundred with his weapons. He asks for a drink as he is cursed with a magical thirst, but all the water has been used to put out the fires. Mac Cécht travels across Ireland with Conaire's cup, but none of the rivers will give him water. He returns with a cup of water just in time to see two men cutting Conaire's head off. He kills both of them. Conaire's severed head drinks the water and recites a poem praising Mac Cécht. The battle rages for three more days. Mac Cécht is killed, but Conall Cernach escapes.

Manuscript tradition
The tale exists in three recensions:

Recension I
Recension I is the earliest version of the saga, which briefly summarises the main events of the narrative. It is alternatively known as Orgain Bruidne Uí Dergae (The Massacre of Ua Derga's Hostel), the title given in Lebor na hUidre, to keep it distinct from the later recensions.
 23 N 10 (RIA): p 72.
 Egerton 88: f 13rb (BL)
 G 7: col. 5 (NLI)
 H 3.18: XVIII, p 556a-556b col. 2 (TCD)
 23 E 25 or Lebor na hUidre (LU): p 99a (f 98b-99a). Later version.

Recension II
Recension II, a composite text, is the most famous version of the tale. On the basis of a number of contradictions, inconsistencies and duplicates in the tale, scholars such as Heinrich Zimmer, Max Nettlau and Rudolf Thurneysen suggested, each in his own way, that the recension represents a conflation of two, possibly three, variant sources. However, Máire West has pointed out the weaknesses inherent to their approach and instead favours the more flexible view that the author drew from a greater variety of written and oral sources.
 H 2.16 or Yellow Book of Lecan (YBL): III, col. 716–739 (facs.: p 91a1-104a17). Complete.
 H 2.16 or Yellow Book of Lecan (YBL): p 432-3. Fragment.
 RIA MS D IV 2: f 79ra 1 – 92ra 40. Complete.
 23 E 25 or Lebor na hUidre (LU):  p 83ra-99ra (+H). Beginning missing
 Additional 33993: I, f 4r-5v  – or f 2b-5b (?) -(BL). Beginning only.
 Egerton 1782: f 108vb-123vb. Composite text.
 Egerton 92: f 18ra-23v. Fragment = Fermoy.
 23 E 29 or Book of Fermoy: II, p 213a-216b. Fragment.
 H 2.17: p 477a-482b (TCD). Three fragments.
 H 3.18: XVII, p 528-533. Glossed extracts.

Recension III
The youngest and longest version is represented by Recension III, to which further materials have been added, including a king-list, a version of Tochmarc Étaine and further dindsenchas lore.
 Egerton 1782, f 106r-123vb (ends in hiatus) (BL)
 H.1.14, f 24-52b (TCD). Copy of previous text.

The translation by J. Gantz, in Early Irish Myths and Sagas (1986) has an introduction that discusses its probable relationship to a king's ritual death, more fully explored by John Grigsby, Beowulf and Grendel 2005:150-52.

Influence
A related tale is De Sil Chonairi Móir.

It has been argued that Geoffrey Chaucer's The House of Fame borrows features from the Togail Bruidne Da Derga. A version of the saga appears in the second half of Sons of the Swordmaker, a 1938 novel by Irish author Maurice Walsh.

See also
 Kingship of Tara

Notes

Primary sources

Recension I
 Nettlau, Max (ed.). "On the Irish text Togail Bruidne dá Derga and connected stories [part 4]." Revue Celtique 14 (1893): 151–2 [H 3.18].
 Stokes, Whitley (ed.). "The Destruction of Dá Derga's Hostel." Revue Celtique 22 (1901): 401–3 [LU]. See below for further details on Stokes' edition.
 Best, R.I. and O. Bergin (eds.). Lebor na hUidre. Book of the Dun Cow. Dublin, 1929. Diplomatic edition of LU.
 Mac Mathúna, S. (ed. and tr.). Immram Brain, Bran's Journey to the Land of the Women. Tübingen, 1985. 449-50. Based on H.3.18, 23 N 10 and Egerton 88, with variants from LU.
 Hull, Vernam (ed.). "Togail Bruidne Da Derga. The Cín Dromma Snechta Recension." Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 24 (1954): 131–2. Based on G 7.
 Thurneysen, Rudolf (ed.). Zu irischen Handschriften und Literaturdenkmälern. Berlin, 1912, pp. 27–8. Based on 23 N 10 and Eg 88 (at the time, Thurneysen was unaware of the existence of the text in G 7). On date of the text, see p. 30 and Thurneysen, Heldensage 15-8.

Recension II
 Knott, Eleanor (ed.). Togail Bruidne Da Derga. Dublin, 1936. YBL and variants from D IV 2. Edition available from CELT.
 Stokes, Whitley (ed. and tr.). "The Destruction of Dá Derga's Hostel." Revue Celtique 22 (1901): 9–61, 165–215, 282–329, 390–437; 23 (1902): 88. LU, supplemented by YBL and variants. Translation available in HTML from CELT and Online Medieval Source Book.
 Stokes, Whitley (ed.). The Destruction of Dá Derga's Hostel. Paris, 1902. Reprint of publication in Revue Celtique 22 and 23.
 Best, R.I. and O. Bergin (eds.). Lebor na hUidre. Book of the Dun Cow. Dublin, 1929. Diplomatic edition of LU.
 Draak, Maartje and Frida de Jong (trs.). "De verwoesting van Da Derga's Hal." In Van helden, elfen en dichters. De oudste verhalen uit Ierland. Amsterdam, 1979. 148–201. Dutch translation.

Secondary literature
 Byrne, Francis John, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Batsford, London, 1973.
 Carney, James Patrick, "Language and Literature to 1169" in Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.), A New History of Ireland, volume 1: Prehistoric and Early Ireland. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005.
 Thomas Charles-Edwards. "Geis, Prophecy, Omen, and Oath", in Celtica 23: Essays in honour of James Patrick Carney (1999): 38–59. PDF
 Gantz, J.  Early Irish Myths and Sagas (Harmondsworth: Penguin) 1986
 McTurk, Rory W., Chaucer and the Norse and Celtic Worlds. Ashgate, Aldershot, 2005.
 West, Máire. "The genesis of Togail Bruidne da Derga: a reappraisal of the `two-source' theory." Celtica 23 (Essays in honour of James Patrick Carney) (1999): 413–35. . Available as PDF from DIAS.
 West, Máire. "Leabhar na hUidhre's Position in the Manuscript History of Togail Bruidne Da Derga and Orgain Brudne Uí Dergae." Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 20 (Winter 1990): 61–98.
 O'Connor, Ralph. The Destruction of Da Derga's Hostel: Kingship and Narrative Artistry in a Mediaeval Irish Saga. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2013.

External links
 Translation (by Whitley Stokes) at Wikisource.
 Old Irish edition at University College Cork's CELT project.

Early Irish literature
Texts in Irish
Irish-language literature
Medieval literature
Ulster Cycle

Togail Bruidne Dá Derga


The flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow right triangle adjacent the band and the top of the flag. The remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle.

The three points of the triangle stand for the three constituent peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
National symbols of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina


The Devil to Pay in the Backlands (, "Great Backlands: Paths"; also translated as The Great Backlands and Their Paths) is a novel published in 1956 by the Brazilian writer João Guimarães Rosa.

The original title refers to the veredas - small paths through wetlands usually located at higher altitudes characterized by the presence of grasses and buritizais, groups of the buriti palm-tree (Mauritia flexuosa), that criss-cross the Sertão region in northern Minas Gerais as a labyrinthine net where an outsider can easily get lost, and where there is no single way to a certain place, since all paths interconnect in such a way that any road can lead anywhere. The English title refers to a later episode in the book involving an attempt to make a deal with the Devil. Most of the book's spirit is however lost in translation, as the Portuguese original is written in a register that is both archaic and colloquial, as well as full of the author's remarkable neologisms, which makes the aesthetics of the book a challenging task to transpose to other languages. The combination of its size, linguistic oddness and polemic themes caused a shock when it was published, but now it is widely regarded as the greatest work of Brazilian literature and one of the most important novels of Portuguese language literature and South American literature. In a 2002 poll of 100 noted writers conducted by the Bokklubben World Library, the book was named among the top 100 books of all time.

Plot
Grande Sertão: Veredas is the complex story of Riobaldo, a former jagunço (mercenary or bandit) of the poor and steppe-like inland of the Rio São Francisco, known as Sertão, of the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia in the dawn of the 20th century. Now an old man and a rancher, Riobaldo tells his long story to an anonymous and silent listener coming from the city. The book is written in one long section, with no section or chapter breaks.

Riobaldo is born into a middle-class family and, unlike most of his contemporaries, receives an education. This enables him to begin his career as a tutor to a prominent local rancher, Zé Bebelo, and he watches as Zé Bebelo raises an army of his own jagunços to stamp out several of the local bandit gangs. Instead, for reasons that are never fully clear—apparently a desire for adventure—he disappears from the ranch and defects to the side of the bandits under the leadership of Joca Ramiro. Due to his excellent aim, Riobaldo becomes a valued member of the band and begins to rise in stature. In the course of the events Riobaldo gets acquainted with Diadorim, revealed later to be someone from his past who used the name, Reinaldo. Diadorim is a young, pleasant and ambivalent fellow jagunço. The two start a profound friendship, with Diadorim exerting an unusual attraction in Riobaldo. Throughout the book it is hinted that Diadorim is Joca Ramiro's nephew or illegitimate son.

Ramiro's men defeat and capture Zé Bebelo, but after a short trial, Bebelo is released. The war is temporarily over, but news later comes that two of Ramiro's lieutenants, Ricardão and Hermogenes, have betrayed and murdered him. As a result, the victorious army splits in two, Riobaldo staying with the current leader, Medeiro Vaz. When Vaz dies of illness, Zé Bebelo returns from exile and takes ownership of the band (this is actually where the book begins; the previous part is told in a very lengthy retrospective). They survive a lengthy siege by Hermogenes' men, but Zé Bebelo loses the taste for fighting, and the band is idled for nearly a month in a plague-ridden village. When this happens, Riobaldo mounts a challenge and takes command of the band, sending Zé Bebelo away.

Riobaldo, who has mused on the nature of the devil intermittently since the beginning of the book, tries to make a pact with the devil. He goes to a crossroads at midnight, but is uncertain as to whether the deal has been made or not, and he remains unsure for the rest of the story. He leads his band across a hostile desert and successfully ambushes and destroys Ricardão's men and kills Ricardão. He then moves against Hermogenes but is surprised; with difficulty and heavy casualties, his army defeats Hermogenes. The climax of the book is a knife fight between the two opposing armies. In the fight, Diadorim kills Hermogenes, but is in turn killed. Only after Diadorim's death is it revealed that Diadorim was in fact a woman.  Riobaldo resigns command of the jagunços and settles down to a more conventional life.
The final musings of the book are regarded as some of the most beautiful fragments of Portuguese language literature.

Television adaptation
In 1985, the novel was adapted for a TV-miniseries for the Brazilian network Rede Globo.

English translations
The first English translation, by James L. Taylor and Harriet de Onís, was published in 1963. A second translation was undertaken by Felipe W. Martinez.

References

1956 Brazilian novels
Novels set in Bahia
Novels set in Minas Gerais
Works by João Guimarães Rosa

The Devil to Pay in the Backlands


The cross-strung harp or chromatic double harp is a multi-course harp that has two rows of strings which intersect without touching. While accidentals are played on the pedal harp via the pedals and on the lever harp with levers, the cross-strung harp features two rows so that each of the twelve semitones of the chromatic scale has its own string.

Spanish Renaissance
The first cross-strung harp is believed to have been created in the late 16th century in Spain and was known as the arpa de dos órdenes. Its identity as an instrument was established as soon as the early 17th century and it was used in both liturgical and secular music.  has described a cross-strung harp as well as other instruments in his work Tratado de la música (1634) and invented a chromatic variety of this instrument. Its popularity reached its peak in the late 17th century, and declined thereafter into the early 18th century. The reasons for its decline are complex, including the cultural displacement of Spanish music and musical instruments at court (such as the arpa de dos órdenes and the vihuela) in favor of Italian and French music and instruments (violin, harpsichord, lute, etc.).

French Romantic
The Pleyel & Wolff Company in Paris produced a cross-strung model based on pedal harp proportions in the late 19th century, to try to accommodate increasing chromaticism in orchestral music (a problem for orchestral harpists, because of the single-action pedal system still in use on orchestral harps). Designed by Gustave Lyon and known as the harpe chromatique, it had two sets of strings, one tuned to C major and the other tuned to F-sharp/G-flat pentatonic like a piano, enabling the harpist to play any note from either side of the neck. The two sets of strings crossed near the vertical midpoint of the strings, unlike those of the arpa de dos órdenes, which crossed close to the neck. This allowed both of the player's hands to reach both sets of strings at the point of greatest resonance.

Perhaps the most famous classical composition written for the harpe chromatique is Claude Debussy's Danses (I. Danse sacrée; II. Danse profane) for harp and strings, commissioned by Pleyel and published in 1904.

Belgian chromatic harp
There was a chromatic harp developed in the late 19th century that found only a small number of proponents, and was mainly taught in Belgium.

Henry Greenway

Towards the end of the 19th century, the English-born American harp builder Henry Greenway built several copies of his peculiar cross-strung chromatic harp model featuring X-shaped pillar and two necks. One of them is displayed at the Metropolitan Museum in New York City and another at the National Music Museum, Vermillion, South Dakota.

Contemporary
Contemporary cross-strung harps are being built with gut, nylon, or wire strings in a variety of sizes ranging from two to five or more octaves. Unlike the Spanish or French cross-strung harps, these are designed on a Celtic or folk model with smaller soundboxes, lighter string tension, and smaller size.

The largest resurgence or reinterpretation of the cross-strung harp began in California in 1987, when luthier and folk harp enthusiast Roland "Robbie" Robinson was presented with a cross-strung harp needing repairs. This harp is believed to have been made by Welsh luthier John Thomas as a student instrument for the harpe chromatique program at the Conservatoire Royal de Bruxelles. Robinson published a description and drawing of this instrument in the Folk Harp Journal. Emil Geering (now deceased), a retired machinist in British Columbia, began building cross-strung harps based on Robinson's rough plans. Ben Brown, a musician from Michigan, obtained one of Geering's harps and subsequently persuaded American luthiers Dan Speer and Pat O'Laughlin (retired) to build models of cross-strung harps. Harper Tasche, a Washington State musician, developed a five-octave model of cross-strung harp with Blessley Instruments in Vancouver, Washington, and subsequently recorded the world's first CD dedicated to the cross-strung harp in 1998.

The most common type of contemporary cross-strung harp is strung with nylon and built with a "7x5" string configuration: each octave contains the seven notes of a diatonic scale on one set of strings and the five "accidentals" per octave on the other. The layout is similar to that of a keyboard: each major scale has its own fingering pattern, and basic chords fall into pattern shapes or groupings. The advantage of this layout is that it provides a familiar concept (diatonic and accidentals) to the harpist and is easier to learn, owing to the presence of the diatonic "home row" of strings.

A less common string configuration is the "6x6" in which each set of strings is tuned to a whole-tone scale (rather than diatonic and 'accidental' tuning). The advantage of this layout is that only two sets of fingering patterns are required for major scales, one set when the root of the key is on the left strung strings and the other for the root on the right strung strings (though there is no advantage in fingering for chords, as the 5x7 and 6x6 configurations use the same number and types of pattern shapes to produce major, minor, augmented, and diminished triads). Another advantage is that a 6x6 harp can include a broader range than a 7x5 of similar size, since there are only six strings per octave in each row.

Unusual custom versions of the cross strung harp have been created by harp builders. Among these are a five-octave cross-strung harp fitted with steel strings (called the "lute harp") made by Gustave Lyon in 1899; the large X-shaped harps with two necks and two pillars, typified by the "Greenway" harp built in New York in 1889 (now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments); the many innovations and variations in design by Gustave Lyon on the 'harpe chromatique' (including built-in tuning reeds, shutters on the soundbox operated by pedals, steel framing, etc.) from 1894 to 1930; pedal-activated damping rods for the lowest strings, and a "7x5x7" crossing double harp, by Philippe SRL Clément, late 1980s; a cross-strung harp with phosphor bronze wire strings by Argent Fox Musical Instruments in Indiana; and a hybrid 6x6 cross-strung which includes a sharpening lever on each string, built in 1992 by Glenn Hill of Mountain Glen Harps in Oregon.

References

Further reading
X-Harps: History, Playing Technique, Music and Construction of the Cross Strung Chromatic Harp. Hannelore Devaere and Philippe SRL Clément (1988, out of print).
How to Play the Cross-Strung Harp: A contemporary guide for use with or without the benefit of a teacher. Harper Tasche (2001).
Harps and Harpists. Roslyn Rensch (1989, revised edition 2007; Indiana University Press).
The Double Harp in Spain from the 16th to the 18th Centuries. Early Music (May 1987).

External links
 , Gustave Lyon's harp method
 Argent Fox Musical Instruments, Indiana
 Harper Tasche
 Blessley Instruments
 Mountain Glen Harps, Oregon
 For a more detailed history of the Spanish arpa de dos órdenes, and the contemporary cross-strung harp, please see the articles under "historical harp" and "folk harp" at the non-profit educational organization Harp Spectrum.

Frame harps

Cross-strung harp


William Kenneth Alphin (born November 1, 1963), best known by his stage name Big Kenny, is an American country music singer. He and John Rich comprise the duo Big & Rich, who recorded four studio albums and charted fifteen singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart.

Before Big & Rich, Big Kenny recorded a solo album Live a Little for Hollywood Records in 1999 (although it was not released until 2005) and fronted a band called luvjOi. He has also written or co-written several of Big & Rich's songs with Rich, as well as singles for Gretchen Wilson, Jason Aldean, McBride & the Ride, and Tim McGraw. His first solo single, "Long After I'm Gone," was released to country radio on August 3, 2009, from the album The Quiet Times of a Rock and Roll Farm Boy.  In 2010, his third solo album, Big Kenny's Love Everybody Traveling Musical Medicine Show Mix Tape, Vol. 1, was released but did not produce any singles.

Biography
Alphin was raised on a farm in Culpeper, VA. In Nashville, he found work at Famous Music.

Before Big & Rich
Before Big & Rich, Big Kenny was signed to Hollywood Records in 1999 and recorded the album Live a Little for the label. The album's release was delayed repeatedly, and was ultimately canceled, with Hollywood Records retaining control of the songs for five years and ultimately releasing it in 2005. One of its songs, "Under the Sun", was featured in the soundtrack to the 2001 film Gun Shy.

After departing the label, he founded the band luvjOi, which included Adam Shoenfeld (guitar), Larry Babb (drums) and Justin Tocket (bass guitar). Although luvjOi had a degree of local success, including the single "Discoball" and two albums, the band eventually broke up.

Big & Rich

By this point in his career, Big Kenny had befriended John Rich, formerly the bass guitarist and co-lead vocalist of Lonestar. The two founded Big & Rich in the early 2000s after years of collaboration, including co-writing McBride & the Ride's 2002 single "Amarillo Sky" as well as "She's a Butterfly", an album cut for Martina McBride.

Big & Rich signed to Warner Bros. Records in 2004. The duo recorded three studio albums for the label: Horse of a Different Color (2004), Comin' to Your City (2005) and Between Raising Hell and Amazing Grace (2007), as well as two EPs and ten singles, including the Number One hit "Lost in This Moment". In 2011, Kenny rejoined John Rich to release the single Fake I.D.

Muzik Mafia
Big & Rich also founded the MuzikMafia, an association of singer-songwriters which also included Shannon Lawson, Gretchen Wilson and Cowboy Troy.

Solo career
Big Kenny went on hiatus in 2008, as Kenny had to rehabilitate a neck injury that occurred when he was hit by a drunk driver in 2001. He launched his official online community at www.bigkenny.tv in mid-2009. There, he made his first solo single, "Long After I'm Gone", available as a free download. It was released to radio in August 2009 as the first single from his second solo album, The Quiet Times of a Rock and Roll Farm Boy, which was rated number 13 on the 30 Best Country Albums of 2009 by Roughstock. Kenny also became a judge on the television talent show Can You Duet.  Kenny released several non-album singles during this period.

Glotown
In 2009 Big Kenny started his own record label: Glotown Records. Big Kenny's role within the label is to serve as Chief Imagination Officer while the rest of the label is composed of Bigger Pictures Entertainment, RMP Management, and CAA Booking Agency. The label was launched in an effort to make music that changes lives. Glotown's first non-album online release, "Cry With You," was released on February 15, 2009.

Love Everybody Traveling Musical Medicine Show
On April 16, 2010, Big Kenny launched his first solo nationwide tour, the Love Everybody Traveling Musical Medicine Show. The tour launched in Agoura Hills, CA at the Canyon Club and introduced the world to Big Kenny's new band: ex-Counting Crows and Third Eye Blind drummer Steve Bowman, guitar virtuoso Jesse Howard, former Will Hogue multi-instrumentalist Devin Malone and Nashville veteran Jerry Navarro. That same year, Big Kenny released his third solo album, Big Kenny's Love Everybody Traveling Musical Medicine Show Mix Tape, Vol. 1 as a tie-in to his tour.  It was sold exclusively through BigKenny.TV and BigSouthMusic.com.

Songwriter
Kenny has also written or co-written several of Big & Rich's songs with Rich, as well as singles for Gretchen Wilson, Jason Aldean, McBride & the Ride, Martina McBride and Tim McGraw.

Big Kenny's co-writing credits also include "Here for the Party" for Gretchen Wilson and "Hicktown" for Jason Aldean (who also released a cover of "Amarillo Sky"). He is also the writer of Tim McGraw's Number One hit "Last Dollar (Fly Away)".

Personal life
On January 23, 2005, he married Christiev Carothers. She has two sons from a previous marriage: Christopher Carothers, Cameron Carothers, and together they have one son, Lincoln William Holiday Alphin, born on November 2, 2005.  On September 17, 2010, Big Kenny and Christiev announced they had adopted a second son, Dakota Jefferson Holiday Alphin, in July 2010.

In October 2007, Big Kenny traveled to Darfur, Sudan to deliver medical and educational supplies. He also traveled back to Akon, a remote village in Northern Bahl Ghazel in Sudan for a similar Mission together with My Sisters Keeper Group

In January 2010, Big Kenny traveled to Haiti to assist in the rescue efforts in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

Discography

Studio albums

Solo

With luvjOi

With Electro Shine

Singles

Guest singles

Music videos

References

External links

1963 births
American country singer-songwriters
Big & Rich members
Hollywood Records artists
Living people
Singer-songwriters from Virginia
People from Culpeper, Virginia
Bigger Picture Music Group artists
Country musicians from Virginia
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters

Big Kenny


Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home, Baron Home o the Hirsel  (; 2 Julie 1903 – 9 October 1995) wis a Breetish Conservative politeecian that served as Prime Meenister frae October 1963 tae October 1964. He is notable for bein the maist recent Prime Meenister tae haud office while bein a member o the Hoose o Lairds, afore renouncin his peerage an takkin up a seat in the Hoose o Commons for the remainder o his premiership. His reputation, houiver, rests mair on his twa spells as Breetain's furrin secretar nor on his brief premiership.

Within sax years o first enterin the Hoose o Commons in 1931, Douglas-Home (then cried bi the coortesy teetle Laird Dunglass) becam pairlamentar aide tae Neville Chamberlain, witnessin at first haund Chamberlain's efforts as Prime Meenister tae preserve peace throu appeasement in the twa years afore the ootbreak o the Seicont Warld War. In 1940, he wis diagnosed wi spinal tuberculosis an wis immobilised for twa years. Bi the later stages o the war he haed rekivered eneuch tae resume his poleetical career, but lost his seat in the general election o 1945. He regained it in 1950, but the follaein year he left the Commons whan, on the daith o his faither, he inheritit the yerldom o Home an tharebi becam a member o the Hoose o Lairds as the 14t Yerl o Home. Unner the premierships o Winston Churchill, Sir Anthony Eden an Harold Macmillan he wis appyntit tae a series o increasinly senior posts, includin Leader o the Hoose o Lairds an Furrin Secretar. In the latter post, that he held frae 1960 tae 1963, he supportit Unitit States resolve in the Cuban Missile Crisis an wis the Unitit Kinrick's seegnatory o the Piartial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in August 1963.

In October 1963, Macmillan wis takken ill an resigned as Prime Meenister. Laird Home wis chuisen tae succeed him. Bi the 1960s it wis unacceptable for a Prime Meenister tae sit in the Hoose o Lairds, an Home renoonced his yerldom an successfully stuid for election tae the Hoose o Commons as Sir Alec Douglas-Home. The manner o his appyntment wis controversial, an twa o Macmillan's cabinet meenisters refuised tae tak office unner him. He wis creeticised bi the Labour Pairty as an aristocrat, oot o titch wi the problems o ordinar faimilies, an he cam ower stiffly in telly interviews, bi contrast wi the Labour leader, Harold Wilson. As Prime Meenister, Douglas-Home's demeanor an appearance remeened aristocratic an auld-fashioned. His unnerstaundin o economics wis primitive, an he gae his Chancellor,  Reginald Maudling, free rein tae haundle financial affairs. Douglas-Home enjoyed dealin wi furrin policy, but thare war na major creeses or issues tae resolve. His Furrin Meenister, Rab Butler, wis nae especially energetic. Breetain's application tae jyne Europe haed awreidy been vetoed bi De Gaulle, the Cuban missile crisis haed been resolved, an Berlin wis again on the back birner. Decolonisation issues war lairgely routine, an the Rhodesie an Sooth African creeses lay in the futur. The Conservative Pairty, in office syne 1951, haed lost staundin as a result o the Profumo affair, a sexual scandal involvin a defence meenister in 1963, an at the time o Laird Home's appointment as Prime Meenister seemed heidit for hivy electoral defeat. Home's premiership wis the seicont briefest o the twentiet century, lastin twa days short o a year. Amang the legislation passed unner his govrenment wis the aboleetion o resale price maintenance, bringin costs doun for the consumer against the interests o producers o fuid an ither commodities.

Efter narrae defeat in the general election o 1964, Douglas-Home resigned the leadership o his pairty, haein instituted a new an less saicretive method o electin the pairty leader. Frae 1970 tae 1974 he served in the cabinet o Edward Heath as Secretar o State at the Furrin an Commonweel Office, an expandit version o the post o Furrin Secretar, that he haed held earlier. Efter the defeat o the Heath govrenment in 1974 he returned tae the Hoose o Lairds as a life peer an retired frae front-line politics.

He dee'd in 1995, ainly four months after his opponent, Harold Wilson.

References

1903 births
1995 daiths
Alumni o Christ Church, Oxford
Breetish Secretaries o State
Breetish Secretaries o State for Foreign Affairs
Breetish Secretaries o State for Foreign an Commonweel Affairs
Breetish sportsperson-politeecians
Cauld War leaders
Home o the Hirsel, Alec Douglas-Home, Baron
Directors o the Bank o Scotland
Earls o Home
Inglis cricketers
Inglis fowk o Scots strynd
Free Foresters cricketers
Knichts o the Thristle
Leaders o the Conservative Pairty (UK)
Leaders o the Hoose o Lairds
Laird Preses o the Cooncil
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Members o the Privy Cooncil o the Unitit Kinrick
Members o the Steerin Committee o the Bilderberg Group
Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies
Middlesex cricketers
Oxford Varsity cricketers
Harlequins cricketers
Fowk associatit wi the campaign for Scots devolution
Fowk eddicatit at Eton College
Fowk frae Mayfair
Preses o the Marylebone Cricket Club
Prime Meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick
Scots Conservative Pairty MPs
Scots Episcopalians
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
Unionist Pairty (Scotland) MPs
Conservative Pairty Prime Meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick

Alec Douglas-Home


The Swedish Tourist Association (, ; abbreviated STF), founded in 1885, aims at promoting outdoor life and knowledge among the Swedes about their country.

The Association maintains a variety of trails, huts and hostels in different parts of Sweden. It became known for the creation of Kungsleden, a 440 kilometer long hiking trail in Lapland, through one of Europe's largest remaining wilderness areas.

The association has approximately 300,000 members, employing about 500 people of which 400 for seasonal work, for instance as landlords for 45 fell huts and 10 larger fell hostels.

Dag Hammarskjöld belongs to the association's most prominent leaders. As Secretary-General of the United Nations the only remaining duties Hammarskjöld kept in Sweden were those associated with his vice-chairmanship of Svenska Turistföreningen and his membership of the Swedish Academy. The farm Backåkra, acquired by Hammarskjöld in 1957, is in accordance to his will maintained by STF. A part of the farm serves as a retreat for the members of the Academy.

References

External links
 Svenska Turistföreningen, official web site

Hiking organizations
Culture of Sweden
1885 establishments in Sweden
Tourism in Sweden
Organizations established in 1885
Tourism agencies
Non-profit organizations based in Sweden

Swedish Tourist Association


KatieJane Garside (born Katrina Jane Garside; 8 July 1968) is an English singer-songwriter. She first became known as the singer of the indie rock band Daisy Chainsaw. Garside is now the singer of Ruby Throat.

Career

Daisy Chainsaw
Garside joined the band in 1989. With the band Garside released two extended plays. The band then released one album, Eleventeen in 1992. Their single "Love Your Money" reached number 26 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1992. It is Garside's most successful song so far.

Garside sung on two songs on Creaming Jesus' 1992 album Guilt by Association. She was also in the music video for their single "Lilies".

In 1993, Garside left Daisy Chainsaw. She was replaced with Belinda Leith.

1994–1998
In 1994, Garside sung on the album The Greatest Show of Truth by The Sacred Sawdust Ring.

Garside sung on five songs on Test Dept.'s 1995 album Totality.

Queenadreena
In 1999, she started an alternative rock band called Queenadreena with Crispin Gray. Queenadreena released their first album, Taxidermy, in 2000. In 2002, they released their second album Drink Me. In 2005, their third album The Butcher and the Butterfly was released by One Little Indian. One single was released from the album, "Medicine Jar".

In 2007, the band released Ride a Cock Horse. The next year they released Djin. It was only released in Japan. In September 2009 it was released in the UK.

The band broke up in 2010.

Lalleshwari, Corps Electriques, and Ruby Throat
In 2005, she released an album of songs she made on her own called Lalleshwari/Lullabies in Glass Wilderness.

In 2006, Garside met Chris Wittingham on the London Underground. He was busking there. They started making music together. In 2007 they released an album together called The Ventriloquist under the name Ruby Throat. It has a folk sound. At first they released 500 copies of the cd inside red leather books. The album was released on Amazon in 2008.

In 2008, Garside released an album with Hector Zazou called Corps Electriques. Nils Petter Molvær played the trumpet on it.

In 2009, Ruby Throat released their second album, Out of a Black Cloud Came a Bird. The album has a cover of "Nothing" by Townes Van Zandt. Also that year, Jeff Zetner's album The Dying Days of Summer was released. Garside sung on the thirteenth song on the album, "Where We Fall We'll Lie".

In 2012, they released a third album, O' Doubt O' Stars.

Family life
She has a sister called Melanie Garside. Melanie is also a musician. She was the bass player for Queenadreena.

Garside lives on a boat with Chris Wittingham and their children.

References

1968 births
British folk musicians
English singer-songwriters
Living people
Singers from London
British rock singers

KatieJane Garside


In geology a bed is the smallest division of rock or deposit. It is a geologic formation or stratigraphic rock series marked by well-defined divisional planes (bedding planes) separating it from layers above and below.

A bed is the smallest lithostratigraphic unit. It ranges in thickness from a centimetre to several metres. It can be distinguished from beds above and below it by rock or mineral type and particle size. The term is usually applied to sedimentary strata, but may also be used for volcanic flows or ash layers.

In a quarry, bedding is a term used for a structure occurring in granite and similar rocks which allows them to split in well-defined planes horizontally or parallel to the land surface.

Engineering
In geotechnical engineering a bedding plane often forms a discontinuity that may have a large influence on the mechanical behaviour (strength, deformation) of soil and rock masses. This is important in, for example, tunnel, foundation, or slope construction.

Related pages
 Strata

Geology
Stratigraphy

Bed (geology)


A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Its action affects the central nervous system. It can affect the brain and change perception, mood, consciousness, cognition and behaviour. Hypnotics are often prescribed to help people sleep. Sometimes they are also used in rituals, or as illegal drugs. These drugs enable their users to change their consciousness. This can also help students when they are preparing their examinations. Certain therapies also use such substances.

Psychoactive substances change the consciousness and mood of their user. The people using them may have pleasant feelings, such as euphoria or they may be more alert. For this reason, many psychoactive substances are abused: They are used outside the aims of the treatment. This may lead to the user developing a  psychological and physical dependence ("addiction"). It will get more difficult to interrupt the cycle of abuse.

Drug rehabilitation aims to break this cycle of dependency; this is done with psychotherapy, support groups and even other psychoactive substances: Acamprosate or naltrexone are examples of substances used to treat alcoholism, methadone or buprenorphine maintenance therapy in the case of opioid dependency.  However, the reverse is also true in some cases, that is certain experiences on drugs may be so unfriendly and uncomforting that the user may never want to try the substance again.  This is especially true of the deliriants (e.g. datura) and dissociatives (e.g. salvia divinorum).

In part because of this potential for abuse and dependency, the ethics of drug use are the subject of a continuing philosophical debate. Many governments worldwide have placed restrictions on drug production and sales in an attempt to decrease drug abuse. Ethical concerns have also been raised about over-use of these drugs clinically, and about their marketing by manufacturers.

References

Psychoactive drug


Galina Vishnevskaya (born Leningrad, October 25, 1926 - December 11, 2012) was a Russian opera singer and recitalist.

Birth
Vishnevskaya was born in Leningrad, the town which is now called St Petersburg.  In 1952 she won an important  competition singing a song by Rachmaninoff and an aria by Verdi.  She soon became a member of the famous Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.

Career
In 1960 she sang the part of in Aïda at the National Theatre in Sarajevo.  In 1961, she made her first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera as Aïda and the next year she sang in the Royal Opera House in the same role. In 1964 she sang Aïda at La Scala.

Vishnevskaya was married to the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich from 1955 until his death in 2007. Her husband, as well as being a great cellist and conductor, was also an excellent pianist and he accompanied her for her recitals.  They were very close friends of Shostakovich and Benjamin Britten and performed a lot of their works.  She made many recordings including the main part in Shostakovich's opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District and in Britten's War Requiem.  She had not been allowed to take part in the first performance of the War Requiem because the Soviet politicians would not let her sing together with the baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau because he was German.

Retirement
In 1974, they left the Soviet Union because they had criticized the Soviet government.  They settled in the United States and Paris. In 1982 she retired from singing in opera.  Her last role was in Paris where she sang Tatyana in Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin.

After the collapse of communism and the Soviet Union she and her husband were allowed to return from exile and live in Russia again.  In 2002 she opened her own opera theater in Moscow:  The Galina Vishnevskaya Opera Center.

Other websites
 The Vishnevskaya-Rostropovich Foundation homepage

1926 births
2012 deaths
Russian opera singers
Russian singers
Sopranos

Galina Vishnevskaya


Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi (1749, in Kandiye (Heraklion) – 29 October 1798, in Berlin) was an Ottoman ambassador and an Ottoman author of the late-18th century and he is notable for his novel "Muhayyelât" (Imaginations), a unique work of fiction blending personal and fantastic themes, well in the current of the traditional Ottoman prose, but also exhibiting influences from Western literature.

Biography
He was born in Kandiye (Crete) as the son of Tahmisçi Mehmed Efendi, who was the defterdar of the Crete Eyalet, in 1749. The details on his life are rather sparse and scattered. He rose through the Ottoman hierarchy and was sent as ambassador to Prussia in 1796 and he died in Berlin in 1798. His burial marked also the opening of the first Turkish or Muslim cemetery in Berlin.

Muhayyelât
Consisting in three parts and written in a laconical style contrasting with its content, where djinns and fairies surge from within contexts drawn from ordinary real life situations, Ali Aziz Efendi often pursues by pulling the reader towards description of magic and to extraordinary occurrences. Inspired by a much older story written both in Arabic and Assyrian, the author also displays in his work his deep knowledge of sufism, hurufism and Bektashi traditions. Muhayyelât is considered to be an early precursor of the new Turkish literature to emerge in the Tanzimat period of the 19th century. It also influenced Tanzimat literature directly when the manuscript was printed in 1867 and became a very popular book of the time. His work is re-discovered by Turkey's reading public rather recently and is increasingly admitted as a classic.

Ali Aziz Efendi also wrote further and shorter works of prose, which present as complementary extensions to Muhayyelât, as well as some poetry, and kept a correspondence with a number of notable figures of his time, both Ottoman and Western.

He is also cited for a short sefâretnâme he wrote relating his introduction to his mission as the ambassador of the Ottoman Empire in Prussia.

Works
 Muhayyelât (Imaginations), 312p.,

See also
 Ahmed Resmî Efendi
 Sefâretnâme
 Cretan Turks

Sources

References

 'Aziz efendis Muhayyelat, by Andreas Tietze, Oriens, 1948. (in German)
 The five works of the beginnings of the Turkish novel: "Muhayyelat" of Aziz Efendi (1796), "Akabi" of Vartan Pasha (Hovsep Vartanian) (1851), "Hayalat-ı Dil" of Hasan Tevfik (1868), "Temaşa" of Evangelinos Misailidis (1872), "Müsameretname" of Emin Nihat Bey (1875) by Dr. Gonca Gökalp, Hacettepe University (in Turkish, the abstract also in English)

1749 births
1798 deaths
Writers from Heraklion
Cretan Turks
Ambassadors of the Ottoman Empire to Prussia
18th-century writers from the Ottoman Empire
18th-century diplomats

Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi


In anthropology, bands are the tiniest societies, consisting typically of 5-80 people, most or all of them close relatives by birth or by marriage. In effect, a band is an extended family or several related extended families. Today, autonomous bands are almost confined to the most remote parts of New Guinea and Amazonia, but there were many others that have only recently fallen under state control or been assimilated or exterminated. They include many or most African Pygmies, southern African San hunter-gatherers (so-called Bushmen), Aboriginal Australians, Eskimos (Inuit), and Native Americans of some resource-poor areas of the Americas such as Tierra del Fuego and the northern boreal forests; all these modern bands are or were nomadic hunter-gatherers rather than settled food producers.  Until at least 40,000 years ago, probably all humans lived in bands, and most still did as recently as 11,000 years ago.

Bands have no permanent single base of residence, instead land is used jointly by the whole group, as opposed to being partitioned among subgroups or individuals. There is no regular economic specialization, except by age and sex: all able-bodied individuals forage for food. There are no formal institutions, such as laws, police, and treaties, to resolve conflicts within and between bands. Organization is often described as "egalitarian" in the sense that there is no formalized social stratification into upper and lower classes, no formalized or hereditary leadership, and no formalized monopolies of information and decision making. However, this definition of egalitarian should not be taken to mean that there is equality in prestige and the decision-making process among band members. Instead "leadership" should be thought of as informal and acquired through qualities such as personality, strength, intelligence, and fighting skills.

Our closest biological relatives, the gorillas and chimpanzees and bonobos of Africa, also live in bands. All humans presumably did so too, until improved technology for extracting food allowed some hunter-gatherers to settle in permanent dwellings in some resource-rich areas. The band is the political, economic, and social organization that we inherited from our millions of years of evolutionary history. Our developments beyond it took place within the last few tens of thousands of years.

relationships

Band (anthropology)


Umbrella insurance protects all items of economic value and future income. It is also known as a type of liability insurance. A liability is a legal debt or obligation. The umbrella refers to how the policy shields insured assets. It covers damages caused by you and your dependents. People who have large sums of money usually have this type of insurance because they have high premiums. Premiums are the total cost of the policy. It guarantees you higher liability limits. It provides additional limits of coverage if you are at risk of being sued.

The umbrella policy is there to fill the gaps in other insurance policies. Where one policy does not cover, the umbrella policy picks up where it doesn't cover. The umbrella policy covers all insurances such as house, car, etc. The umbrella policy covers in increments of 1,000,000 dollars. So if you had car insurance that only covered 200,000 dollars, the coverage would then be 1,200,000 dollars. The same goes for home owners insurance, if you had 500,000 dollars in coverage the total coverage would become 1,500,000 dollars in coverage.

References

Insurance
Business

Umbrella insurance


In music theory the Circle of fifths shows how the different keys are related to one another.  It is usually shown as a circle with the names of keys around it. If you take any key in the circle, its fifth is the one to its right. It can be easily understood together with a piano keyboard.

Structure
On a piano there are white and black notes (also called "keys" when used in a piano context).  The white notes are named by the letters A to G of the alphabet.  After G comes another A and so on.  The black notes go in threes and twos.  This makes it easy to see the pattern of white notes.  Where there are two black notes together, for example, the white note between them is D.  The black notes do not have names of their own.  They are named after the white notes next to them.  The black note just above (i.e. to the right) of a G is a G sharp.  The black note just below (i.e. to the left) of the G is G flat.  This means that each black note has two possible names (e.g. G flat or F sharp).

Method
Playing each note in turn, whether a white or a black note, will give a chromatic scale (e.g. C, C sharp, D, E flat, E, F, F sharp, G, A flat, A, B flat, B, C).  Each step is called a "semitone" or "half tone".  A "tone" or "whole tone" therefore is a jump of two semitones (C to D, or C sharp to E flat, or E to F sharp).

By playing on white notes from C to the next C we get a major scale.  Some of the steps are tones and some are semitones.  The semitones come between E and F and between B and C, i.e. between the 3rd and 4th and between the 7th and 8th note of the scale.  All major scales have this pattern (tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone).

Examples

Starting a scale on a G means that the F has to be an F sharp.  This F sharp, the 7th note of the scale, is written in the key signature when writing a piece in the key of G major.

Starting a scale on a D means that the F and the C have to be F sharp and C sharp.

Starting a scale on an A means that the F, C and G have to be sharp.

We can continue like this until all seven notes are sharp (C sharp major).

Each time we went to a sharper key we took the note which was the 5th note of the previous scale (G, with one sharp, was the 5th note of C major.  D, with two sharps, was the 5th note of G, etc.).

In a diagram this can be shown as a circle which is called the "Circle of Fifths".  As we get sharper and sharper we go clockwise round the circle.

Flats
The flats work in exactly the opposite way.  Instead of going up to the fifth note (e.g. C,D,E,F,G) we can go down a fifth (C,B,A,G,F).  F is the scale which has one flat.  As we get flatter and flatter we go counter-clockwise round the circle until all seven notes are flattened.

It can be seen that three of the scales each have two possible names: B major (with 5 sharps) can also be thought of as C flat major (with seven flats), F sharp major (with 6 sharps) can also be thought of as G flat major (with 6 flats), and C sharp major (with 7 sharps) can also be thought of as D flat major (with 5 flats).

Minors
Relative minors (the minor scale with the same key signature) can also be worked out by going round three steps of the circle (C major is the relative major of A minor, i.e. it shares the same key signature: nothing).  On a keyboard the relative minor can be worked out by going down three semitones (from C go down to B, Bflat, A).

Music theory

Circle of fifths