Clan Campbell is a Hieland Scots clan. Historically ane o the lairgest, maist pouerful an successfu o the Hieland clans, thair lands wur in Argyll an the chief o the clan became the Earl an later the Duke o Argyll.

Castles

Inverara Castle in Argyll is the current seat o the Chief o Clan Campbell.
Castle Campbell or Castle Gloom wis the seat o the chief o Clan Campbell till 1654 when thay muivit tae Inverara Castle.
Innis Chonnell ane o the earliest Clan Campbell castles.
Kilchurn Castle wis seat o the Campbell o Glenorchy an Breadalbane branch o the clan
Edinample Castle wis anither seat o the Campbell o Glenorchy branch o the clan.
Finlarig Castle wis anither seat o the Campbell o Breadalbane branch o the clan.
Saddell Castle wis awned bi the Campbells frae the late 17t century onwards.
Torosay Castle biggit bi John Campbell o Possil in 1858.
Taymouth Castle biggit bi the Campbells o Breadalbane in the 19t century.
Auchinbreck Castle Dismantled. Built bi the Campbells o Kilmichael Glassary, later renamed o Auchinbreck.
Sween Castle wis grantit tae Colin Campbell in 1481 when he became the first Earl o Argyll. Wis captured bi the MacDonalds in 1647.
Dunoon Castle In 1334, Colin Campbell made Keeper o Dunoon Castle.
Achallader Castle wis seat o Sir Duncan Campbell o Glen Orchy which he acquired in 1590.
Carnasserie Castle haes belanged tae the Clan Campbell syne the 16t century.
Ardkinglas Castle
Kilmartin Castle

Clan profile
Oreegin o the name: Cam Beul (Gaelic for "Crookit mooth") (Surname)
Ither Gaelic names: Caimbeulach (Singular) & O Duibhne (Collective)
Motto: Ne Obliviscaris (Latin for "Forget No")
Slogan: "Cruachan!" (frae the muntain north o Loch Awe, owerleukin the bulk o the Campbell lands in Argyll)
Pipe muisic: "Baile Inneraora" (The Campbells Are Coming)
Plant badge: Bog Myrtle
Land: Campbell land wur scattert athort Angus, Ayrshire (Loudoun), Clackmannan (Argyll), Nairnshire (Cawdor) Perthshire, Seahouses (Northumberland).

Tartans

Awtho mills produce mony fabrics based on the Campbell tartan, the Clan Chief recognises anerlie fower:

Campbell: Mair commonly kent as the Black Watch tartan or the Govrenment Sett. The Black Watch, first raised in 1695, polised the Black Trade o cattle smugglin in the Hielands, an then later in 1715/1725 efter the act o union in 1707, became wha wis the first Hieland Regiment in the Breetish Airmy. Aw Campbell tartans are based upon the Black Watch tartan, as are mony clan tartans. The tartan wis uised, an is in current uise, bi several military units throughoot the Commonweel.
Campbell o Breadalbane: This tartan mey be worn bi Campbells o the Breadalbane, or Glenorchy branches.
Campbell o Cawdor: This tartan mey be worn bi members o the Campbell o Cawdor branch.
Campbell o Loudoun: This tartan mey be worn bi members o the Campbell o Loudoun branch.

The Saxt Duke o Argyll addit a white line tae his tartan tae distinguish hissel as Clan Chief. He wis the anerlie member o the faimily tae dae sae, but the tartan haes persistit as "Campbell o Argyll". Campbell o Argyll, as wi ony ither tartan no leetit abuin, is no recognised as offeecial.

Chief

The maist heich, potent an noble prince,  his Grace Torquhil Ian Campbell, 13t Duke o Argyll, Marquess o Kintyre an Lorne, Earl o Argyll, Campbell an Cowal, Viscount Lochawe an Glenyla, Lord Campbell, Lorne, Kintyre, Inveraray, Mull, Morven an Tyrie in the peerage o Scotland, Baron Sundbridge of Coombank an Baron Hamilton o Hameldon in the peerage o Great Breetain, 6t Duke o Argyll in the peerage o the Unitit Kinrick, Baronet o Nova Scotia, Hereditary Maister o the Ryal Hoosehauld in Scotland, Hereditary Keeper o the Great Seal o Scotland, Hereditary Keeper o the ryal castles o Dunoon, Carrick Castle, Dunstaffnage Castle an Tarbet, Admiral o the Wastren coasts an isles, an Chief o the Honorable Clan Campbell; The chief's Gaelic title is MacCailein Mor ('Son o Colin the Great'). The Chief is an aa the hereditary Heich Sheriff o Argyllshire, Member Queen's Body Guard for Scotland an Member Royal Company of Archers.

Branches

A History of Clan Campbell: Frae the Restoration tae the present day Bi Alastair Campbell

A History of Clan Campbell: Frae Flodden tae the Restoration Bi Alastair Campbell

The hoose o Argyll an the collateral branches o the clan Campbell, frae the year 420 tae the present time, J. Tweed, 1871

Campbell o Aberuchill
Campbell o Ardkinglas
Campbell o Argyll
Campbell o Auchinbreck
Campbell o Barbreck (Auld)
Campbell o Barcaldine
Campbell o Breadalbane an Holland
Campbell o Carrick Bouy
Campbell o Cawdor
Campbell o Craignish
Campbell o Dunstaffnage
Campbell o Duntroon
Campbell o Gartsford
Campbell o Glenorchy
Campbell o Inverawe
Campbell o Kenmore an Melfort
Campbell o Lochnell
Campbell o Loudoun
Campbell o Lundie (Auld)
Campbell o Marchmont
Campbell o Ormidale (Auld)
Campbell o Otter (Auld)
Campbell o Possil
Campbell o Skipness
Campbell o Strachurr
Campbell o Succoth

See an aw
Scots clan
Duke o Argyll

References

Campbell

Clan Campbell


Fanta is an orange soda drink. It was created in Germany in 1940.

Fanta was created during World War II in Nazi Germany by the German Coca-Cola (GmbH) bottling company. Because of the war, there was no shipping between Nazi Germany and the United States. Therefore, the German bottling plant could no longer get Coca-Cola syrup. The manager of the plant, Max Keith, needed to do something to keep the plant going. He came up with a fruit-flavored drink made from whatever he could find. Using apple fiber leftover from lollipops and whey, from cheesemakers, Fanta was created and became quite popular. The original German Fanta had a red-orange color from beets and tasted different from today's Fanta Orange; the flavor would change during the war, depending on what ingredients could be found.

Back in America, the Coca-Cola Company—led by Robert Woodruff—did not discourage this. The company sponsored the 1936 Berlin Olympics, which Woodruff attended, and made banners featuring the Coca-Cola logo alongside the Hooked cross/ Hakenkreuz. Keith used a 10th anniversary party for Coca-Cola GmbH to order a mass Sieg-Heil (Nazi salute) in honor of the dictator's 50th birthday. He declared that this was "to commemorate our deepest admiration for our Fuhrer."

The name 'Fanta' came during an employee contest to name the new beverage. Keith told them to let their Fantasie (German for imagination) run wild. On hearing that, salesman Joe Knipp thought of the name Fanta.

After the war, Fanta was brought to the United States by Coca-Cola, and in 1960 they bought the trademark. Fanta Orange is the most popular Fanta flavor. It is available in 180 countries. Fanta is more popular in Europe and South America than in the United States.
There are over 90 different flavors worldwide. Most of them are only available by region in some countries. For example, in Romania (and some other countries), there is "Fanta Shokata" based on the traditional Romanian drink "Socată". This drink is made from Elderflower. In Switzerland and the Netherlands the local fruit, blackcurrant is used to make Fanta as well. Some identical flavors have different names in different markets. "The classic orange", for example, was renamed "Fanta Funky Orange" in 2003 for the Nordic countries and Belgium, while other countries have kept the older "Fanta Orange" brand name. As of the year 2005, the Fanta brand has been connected with the word Bambaacha (or Bamboocha), which is often seen in the Fanta commercials. TaB diet Cola was originally produced by the Fanta division of Coca-Cola. It was available in different non-cola flavors as well. Later in 2005, Fanta branched out into new Fanta Zero (diet versions) varieties in Great Britain and in other countries as well.

References

Soft drinks

Fanta


MoonBaseOne is an educational video game . It was developed by American company WeCreateGames.com, and was published by Federation of Galaxy Explorers. Posted for free download on July 15, 2007, MoonBaseOne was developed as an educational tool to be used at FOGE summer camps to teach kids about space.

Synopsis

Plot
The game centers on an astronaut, who newly arrived to Moon Base One.  The playable character is a male referred to by his title: "Miner".  The period wherein the story is set is a hypothetical 2030 future in which mining robots, settlements and advanced vehicles are on the Moon.  The current version of the game allows the player to compete in two adventures aimed at mining the lunar Regolith to find minerals, build additional mining robots, and complete adventures for other characters.

Gameplay

Mining Subsystem
MoonBaseOne features a novel player-mining system where the player can mine areas of regolith for minerals.  Minerals yields are determined by lunar height, terrain type, quality of mining gear, and amount of minerals previously discovered.

Mining Robot Subsystem
Up to seven Mining robots can be purchased to assist the Miner in finding minerals.  These robots can be enhanced by upgrades and enhancements, which make them mine faster, yield more minerals, communicate to other bots, return to base, and intelligently avoid poor mining zones.  Upgrades are either found by working with other Non-Player Characters, or by completing real-world science lessons at the Lunar Academy computer terminal.

Economic Subsystem
An economic subsystem provides an advanced economy based on multiple types of minerals.  Prices fluctuate over time in response to supply and demand, and factor into player missions.  This economic subsystem is handled through the Yack conversation system built for the Torque Gaming Engine.

Volunteers
MoonBaseOne was completely written and developed by volunteers.
 Nick Eftimiades - President of FOGE
 Jay Crossler - Senior Game Designer and Senior Programmer
 Andre Morales - Game Designer and 3D artist
 Dr. J Behrens - Writer and dialogue designer
 Derek Casari - Sound Effects and voice prompts
 Peter Wylie - Voice actor
 Phil Smith - Space Artist
 Bruce Hanifan - Soundtrack composer
 Jason Tugman - Video Editor

MoonBaseOne is available as a free download from the development site listed below.

External links
Official MoonBaseOne development site
Federation of Galaxy Explorers site
WeCreateGames site

2007 video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Science educational video games
Video games set in 2030
Video games set on the Moon
Video games developed in the United States

MoonBaseOne


The Jelly Belly Candy Company is a kenspeckle makker o jelly beans an ither candy. It wis ae-time the Herman Goelitz Candy Company afore being recried for thair maist faur ben product, "Jelly Belly" jelly beans. Goelitz wis forbye the clecker o Candy Corn (Werrock Candy). The company is foondit in Fairfield, California.

Jelly Belly makes mony kyndly flavoured beans, includin peir, watermelon, root beer, gean an (thair maist faur ben gust) buttered popcorn. The sonse o thair kenmerk led tae a jelly-bean rennaissance, in parteecular whan Ronald Reagan begoud haudin thaim on his dask in the White Hoose.

Economics
Sweeties

Jelly Belly


The year 2004 in science had some important events, listed below.

Events

 January 3 - NASA's Spirit rover lands on Mars.
 January 24 - NASA's Opportunity rover lands on Mars.
 March 2 - NASA says that the area where their Mars probe Opportunity landed shows unmistakable signs of contact with water in the geological past.
 March 4 - NASA's Spirit finds proof of past contact with water in volcanic rocks on Mars.
 April 20 - NASA launched the Gravity Probe B to test the general theory of relativity of Einstein.
 October 27 - The Homo floresiensis has been discovered by Peter Brown, Michael Morwood and their colleagues.
 September 13 - Astronomers from the European Southern Observatory announce images that seem to show a planet orbiting a brown dwarf about 230 light years away.
 November 15 - The SMART-1 space probe reaches orbit around the Moon. It is the first European space mission to do so.

Deaths
 March 15 - John Pople, British Nobel Prize winning chemist
 July 3 - Andriyan Nikolayev, cosmonaut
 July 28 - Francis Crick, found the double helix in DNA

2004
Years in science

2004 in science


Hotel Haywire is a 1937 American comedy film written by Preston Sturges with uncredited rewrites by Lillie Hayward.  It was directed by George Archainbaud and stars Leo Carrillo, Lynne Overman, Spring Byington, Benny Baker and Colette Lyons.

Plot
Dentist Henry Parkhouse (Lynne Overman) and his wife Minerva (Spring Byington) have a perfect marriage until a practical joke backfires and she finds a lady's chemise in his coat pocket.  Wife and husband both consult Dr. Zodiac Z. Zippe (Leo Carrillo) about what to do, and vaudevillians-turned-detectives Bertie and Genevieve Sterns (Benny Baker and Collette Lyons) get involved as well.  On his lawyer's advice, Henry rents a hotel room to set up a compromising situation, only the Parkhouses' daughter Phyllis (Mary Carlisle) is in the same hotel to elope with Frank Ketts (John Patterson), and plans to get married in the room next to Henry's.  When Judge Sterling Newhall (Porter Hall) shows up to officiate, he knocks on Henry's door looking for a witness.  Eventually, Henry and Minnie make up, Frank and Phyliis get married, and Dr. Zippe is run out of town.

Cast
Leo Carrillo as Dr. Zodiac Z. Zippe
Mary Carlisle as Phyllis
Lynne Overman as Dr. Parkhouse
George Barbier as I. Ketts
Spring Byington as Mrs. Parkhouse
Benny Baker as Bertie Sterns
Collette Lyons as Genevieve Stern
John Patterson (actor) as Frank Ketts
Porter Hall as Judge Newhall
Josephine Whittell as Mrs. Newhall
Ellen Drew as Switchboard Operator
Cast notes
Leo Carrillo is best remembered today for playing "Pancho" on the TV series The Cisco Kid. Leo Carrillo State Park near Malibu, California is named after him.

Franklin Pangborn, who would go on to be one of the character actors frequently used by Preston Sturges in the movies he wrote and directed, has a small uncredited part as a Fuller Brush Man.

Production
Preston Sturges was paid $17,500 by Paramount to write Hotel Haywire for Charlie Ruggles, Mary Boland, George Burns and Gracie Allen.  When Burns and Allen left the studio and the film was recast, Lillie Hayward was brought in to do rewrites.

Some of the scenes in Hotel Haywire were filmed at the Glendale, California train station.

Notes

External links

1937 films
1937 comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by George Archainbaud
Paramount Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Preston Sturges
American comedy films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Hotel Haywire


Pettson and Findus () is a series of children's books written and illustrated by Swedish author Sven Nordqvist. The books feature an old farmer (Pettson) and his cat (Findus) who live in a small ramshackle farmhouse in the countryside in around the 1950's. The first of the Pettson och Findus books to be published was Pannkakstårtan in 1984 (first published in English in 1985 as Pancake Pie).

To date, nine story books have been published in Swedish, plus a puzzle book, song book and cook book. The books have worldwide book sales of over 15 million and have been translated into 55 languages. There are two alternative English translations of the characters' names: in the books published in the UK by Hawthorn Press, as well as those published in English by Swedish publisher Opal, they have the original names, Pettson and Findus, while in the books published in the USA by Carolrhoda Books they are called Festus and Mercury.

In addition to the books, there are also three Pettson and Findus 75-minute-long animated films, an animated TV series of 26 25-minute parts, computer games and board games. In December 1993, the Swedish TV company SVT broadcast one of the Pettson and Findus stories, Tomtemaskinen (The Mechanical Santa), as its annual Sveriges Television's Christmas calendar (Christmas calendar), with one 15-minute part shown each day up until Christmas Eve. In 2000 the world of Pettson and Findus was recreated full scale at the Junibacken Children's Museum in Stockholm.

The setting for the stories
Pettson is an old farmer who lives in a ramshackle falu red-painted wooden farmhouse in the Swedish countryside. He is presumably a widower, as in Pettson Goes Camping he tells of a planned camping trip with his wife in his youth, but no children are mentioned. His neighbours regard him as a bit odd. However, he does have the company of a cat, Findus. Findus is dressed in a green-striped costume and wears a cap. Pettson and Findus can converse with each other, and the cat can stand up on his two hind legs like a human - Findus thus appears and behaves as if he were a small child. However, Findus, unlike Pettson, is aware of other "small creatures" (called mumbles) living in the house, who play havoc with Pettson's belongings. Each of the books takes off from simple events, such as gardening, going fishing, preparing for Christmas, and so on. It emerges in one of the later books, When Findus was little and disappeared, that the cat had been given to Pettson as a kitten, and that he had arrived in a cardboard box with the text "Findus Fresh Peas" on the side - hence the inspiration for the choice of a name.

The Pettson and Findus books
Pancakes for Findus /  Pancake Pie (2007) /  The Birthday Cake (NorthSouth Books, 2015) (Original: Pannkakstårtan, 1985)
Findus and the Fox / a.k.a. The Fox Hunt (2009) /  The Fox Chase (NorthSouth Books, 2015) (Original: Rävjakten, 1986)
Findus at Christmas / a.k.a. Merry Christmas Festus and Mercury (2011) (Original: Pettson får julbesök, 1989)
Findus Plants Meatballs / a.k.a. A Rumpus in the Garden / a.k.a. Festus and Mercury: Ruckus in the Garden (2013) /  A Ruckus in the Garden (NorthSouth Books, 2018) (Original: Kackel i grönsakslandet, 1990)
Findus Goes Fishing / a.k.a. Festus and Mercury: Wishing to go Fishing (2016) (Original: Stackars Pettson, 1991)
Findus Goes Camping / a.k.a. Pettson Goes Camping / a.k.a. Festus and Mercury Go Camping (2010) /  The Camping Trip (NorthSouth Books, 2017) (Original: Pettson tältar, 1992)
The Mechanical Santa (Tomtemaskinen, 1994)
The Rooster's Minute (Tuppens minut, 1996)
When Findus was Little and Disappeared (2008) /  Findus Disappears! (NorthSouth Books, 2014) (Original: När Findus var liten och försvann, 2001)
Findus Moves Out (2012) (Original: Findus flyttar ut, 2012)
Findus, Food and Fun / a.k.a. Puzzle with Findus (2014) (Original: Pyssla med Findus)
Pettson and Findus Song book (Original: Pettson och Findus sångbok)
Pettson and Findus cookbook (Original: Pettson och Findus kokbok)
Keeping Up With Findus (2019) (Original: Kan du ingenting, Pettson?, 2019)

The Pettson and Findus films
Pettson & Findus – The cat and the old man years (Pettson och Findus – Katten och gubbens år), 1999.
Pettson och Findus – Kattonauten (Pettson och Findus – Kattonauten), 2000.
Pettson & Findus – Pettson's Promise (Pettson och Findus – Tomtemaskinen), 2005
Pettson & Findus – Forget-Abilities (Pettson och Findus – Glömligheter), 2009.
Pettson & Findus: Fun Stuff (Pettson och Findus - Roligheter), 2014.
Pettson och Findus - Juligheter, 2016.Pettson och Findus - Findus flyttar hemifrån'', 2018

The Pettson and Findus farm

On the premises of Julita manor, Sven Nordkvist helped build a farm designed after the books. The author himself has created some of furniture and interior. Everything on the farm has been designed in a 2:3 scale, adapted to the size of the children.

TV series
A TV series, also titled Pettson and Findus, aired on KiKA in 2000. The series was written by Sven Nordqvist, music by Naima and was produced by TV-Loonland AG and ZDF.

References

External links

Characters in children's literature
Series of children's books
Novels set in Sweden
Swedish children's literature
Literary characters introduced in 1984
1984 Swedish novels
Literary duos
Fictional Swedish people
Fictional farmers
Fictional cats
1984 children's books
Male characters in literature
Animal characters in literature
Children's books set in Sweden
Children's books set on farms
Children's books set in the 1950s
Book series introduced in 1984

Pettson and Findus


Comanche peoples are Native Americans who lived in an area called the Comancheria. This is where Eastern New Mexico, Southern Colorado, Southern Kansas, all of Oklahoma and most of Northern and Southern Texas are today. There once were as many as 20,000 Comanches. Today the Comanche Nation has 10,000 members, most in Oklahoma (centered at Lawton) and the rest in Texas, California, and New Mexico. The Comanche speak a language of their own, the Comanche language that is related to other Native American ones, called Uto-Aztecan language family.

The name Comanche was given by the Mexicans and it was the word the Comanche used to call them, kleptomania (enemy, foreigner). But the Comanches' call themselves Numinous, meaning "human being" or "the People". They were very good warriors and fought the white settlers and army for many years until they gave up in 1875.

The woman in the family made the teepees. They gathered wild potatoes, fruits, nuts and berries. The woman in the family cooked, cleaned and made their clothing. The clothing was made out either bear, deer, bison, buffalo, wolves or coyotes.

Notes

Further reading
Thomas, Alfred Barnaby (1940) The Plains Indians and New Mexico, 1751-1778: A collection of documents illustrative of the history of the eastern frontier of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, OCLC 3626655
Wolff, Gerald W., and Cash, Joseph W. (1976) The Comanche People Phoenix, Arizona: Indian Tribal Series.

Other websites

Comanche Nation
 The Comanche Language and Cultural Perservation Committee

Native Americans

Comanche


James Freeman (born 1939) is Professor Emeritus of Music at Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, PA. He is also the artistic director and conductor of Philadelphia's renowned contemporary music chamber orchestra and ensemble, Orchestra 2001, which he founded in 1988. He was trained at Harvard University (B.A., M.A., Ph.D), Tanglewood, and Vienna's Akademie für Musik. He counts among his principal teachers pianists Artur Balsam and Paul Badura-Skoda and his father, double bassist Henry Freeman.

As a conductor, he has commissioned and given the first performances of many new works by American composers. In 1990 he was given the first Philadelphia Music Foundation's award for achievement in Classical Music. Other honors include two Fulbright Fellowships, grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Endowment for the Arts, Swarthmore College, the German Government, and Harvard University's Paine Traveling Fellowship. He spent the spring of 1991 at the Moscow Conservatory as a guest conductor and lecturer on new American music."

External links
 James Freeman on Swarthmore College website

Living people
American male conductors (music)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Swarthmore College faculty
Harvard University alumni
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians
1939 births
Academic staff of Moscow Conservatory

James Freeman (conductor)


The Battle of Vienna, Virginia was a minor engagement between Union and Confederate forces on June 17, 1861, during the early days of the American Civil War.

The Union was trying to protect the areas of Virginia opposite Washington, D.C., and established a camp at Vienna, at the end of a 15-mile (24.1 km) railroad to Alexandria. As Union Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck was transporting the 1st Ohio Infantry to Vienna by train, they were overheard by Confederate scouts led by Colonel Maxcy Gregg, who set up an ambush. They hit the train with two cannon shots, inflicting casualties of eight killed and four wounded, before the Union men escaped into the woods. The engineer had fled with the locomotive, so the Union force had to retreat on foot. The Confederates briefly attempted a pursuit in the dark, but it was called off.

Compared with later operations, the battle involved only small numbers, with the Union fielding 274 infantry, and the Confederates about 750 of infantry, cavalry and artillery. But it was widely reported by an eager press, and it worried the government, whose 90-day regiments were due to be disbanded.

Background
In the early morning of May 24, the day after the secession of Virginia from the Union was ratified by popular vote, Union forces occupied Alexandria, Virginia and Arlington, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. Union troops occupied the area up to distances of about  from the river. On June 1, a small U. S. Regular Army patrol on a scout as far as  from their post at Camp Union in Falls Church, Virginia rode into Fairfax Court House, Virginia and fought a small and brief battle with part of a company of Virginia militia (soon to be Confederate Army infantry) at the Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1861). The patrol brought back to the Union Army commanders an exaggerated estimate of Confederate strength at Fairfax Court House. Together with an even smaller affair the same night at a Union outpost in Arlington, the Battle of Arlington Mills, the Fairfax Court House engagement made Union commanders hesitate to extend their bridgehead into Virginia.

On June 16, a Union force of Connecticut infantry under Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler rode over about  of the Alexandria, Loudon and Hampshire Railroad line between Alexandria, Virginia and two miles (3 km) past Vienna, Virginia. They reported the line clear, although one soldier had been wounded by a shot from ambush. Confederate forces were in the area, however, and it was apparent to Union Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell who was in charge of the department that the railroad would not remain safe without a guard force, especially because he had received information that the Confederates planned to obstruct it. On June 17, McDowell sent Brig. Gen. Schenck with the 1st Ohio Infantry under the immediate command of Col. Alexander McDowell McCook to expand the Union position in Fairfax County. Schenck took six companies over the Alexandria, Loudon and Hampshire Railroad line, dropping off detachments to guard railroad bridges between Alexandria, Virginia and Vienna, Virginia. As the train approached Vienna, about  north of Fairfax Court House and  from Alexandria, 271 officers and men remained with the train.

On the same day, Confederate Col. Gregg took the 6–month 1st South Carolina Infantry Regiment, about 575 men, two companies of cavalrymen (about 140 men) and a company of artillery with two artillery pieces (35 men), about 750 men in total, on a scouting mission from Fairfax Court House toward the Potomac River. On their return trip, at about 6:00 p.m., the Confederates heard the train whistle in the distance. Gregg moved his artillery pieces to a curve in the railroad line between the present locations of Park and Tapawingo Streets in Vienna and placed his men around the guns. Seeing this disposition, an elderly local Union sympathizer ran down the tracks to warn the approaching train of the hidden Confederate force. The Union officers mostly ignored his warning and the train continued down the track. In response to the warning, an officer was placed on the forward car as a lookout.

Battle
The Union soldiers were riding open gondola or platform cars as the train backed down the track toward Vienna. As the train rounded the curve, one of the men spotted some Confederate cavalrymen on a nearby hill. As the Ohio soldiers prepared to shoot at the horsemen, the Confederates fired their cannons from their hiding place around the curve. The Union force suffered several casualties but were spared from incurring even more by the slightly high initial cannon shots and by quickly jumping from the slow–moving train and either running into nearby woods or moving into protected positions near the cars.

Schenck ordered Lieutenant William H. Raynor to go back to the engine and have the engineer take the train out of range in the other direction. Schenck quickly followed Raynor. Raynor had to help loosen the brakes. Because the brakeman had uncoupled most of the cars, the engineer left them. He did not stop for the Union soldiers to catch up but continued all the way back to Alexandria. Schenck now had no means of communication and had to have the wounded men carried back to their camp in blankets by soldiers on foot. The regiment's medical supplies and instruments had been left on the train.

Many of the Union infantrymen took shelter behind the cars and tried to return fire against the Confederate force amid a confusion of conflicting orders. McCook reorganized many of them in the woods. The two forces were slightly out of effective musket range and few shots were taken by either side.

As darkness fell, the Union force was able to retreat and to elude Confederate cavalry pursuers in the broken terrain. The Confederate pursuit also was apparently called off early due to apprehension that the Union force might be only the advance of a larger body of troops and because the Confederate force was supposed to return to their post that night. Confederates took such supplies and equipment as were left behind and burned a passenger car and five platform cars that had been left behind. When the Union commanders at Arlington got word of the attack, they sent wagons to bring back the wounded and the dead but these did not reach the location of the fighting. The next day, a Union sympathizer picked up the bodies of six of the Ohio men and brought them into the Union camp.

Aftermath
The Union force suffered casualties of eight soldiers killed and four wounded. The Confederates reported no casualties.

The Union officers were criticized for not sending skirmishers in front of the train which had moved slowly along the track and for disregarding the warning given to them by the local Union sympathizer. The Battle of Vienna followed the Union defeat at the Battle of Big Bethel only a week earlier and historian William C. Davis noted that "the press were much agitated by the minor repulse at Vienna on June 17, and the people were beginning to ask when the Federals would gain some victories."

Historian Charles Poland, Jr. says the Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1861), the Battle of Arlington Mills, the Battle of Vienna, Virginia and several other brief clashes in the area at this time "were among the antecedents of the forthcoming first battle at Bull Run." He also said that the battle has been "cited as the first time the railroad was used in warfare." He no doubt was referring to the use of the railroad for troop movements or involvement in combat or both because some use of railroads for moving ammunition and supplies was made during the Crimean War.

Skirmishes took place at Vienna, Virginia on July 9, 1861 and on July 17, 1861 as Union forces began their slow march to Manassas, Virginia and the First Battle of Bull Run (Battle of First Manassas).

The railroad, which had eventually become the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad, was abandoned in 1968 and later turned into the Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Trail.   A historical marker that the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority erected near the Trail stands at the battle site, about  east of the crossing of the Trail and Park Street.

Commemorations
The Town of Vienna has given the name of "Battle Street" to a street near the battle site. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the battle, the Town hosted in 1961 a battle reenactment that featured a steam train that operated on the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad's tracks, which were still in active use. The Town also commemorated the 125th anniversary of the battle in 1986. On June 18, 2011, the Town and other organizations presented a reenactment of the battle near its site to commemorate the battle's 150th anniversary. That reenactment featured a replica steam locomotive that had been leased from the Town of Strasburg, Virginia for $2,500 and transported to Vienna.

Notes

References
 Connery, William S. Civil War Northern Virginia 1861. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2011. .
  At Google Books.
 Davis, William C. Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977. .
 Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
 Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. .
  At Google Books.
  At Google Books.
  At Google Books.
  At Google Books.
 Weigley, Russell F. A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2000. .
  At Google Books.

Manassas campaign
Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
Confederate victories of the American Civil War
Fairfax County in the American Civil War
Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia
1861 in the American Civil War
1861 in Virginia
Vienna, Virginia
June 1861 events

Battle of Vienna, Virginia


The .RDO (Raster Document Object) file format is the native format used by Xerox's DocuTech range of hardware and software, that underpins the company's "Xerox Document On Demand" "XDOD" systems. It is therefore a significant file format for the "print on demand" market sector, along with PostScript and PDF.

RDO is a metafile format based on the Open Document Architecture (ODA) specifications:  In Xerox's RDO implementation, description and control information is stored within the RDO file, while raster images are stored separately, usually in a separate folder, as TIFF files. The RDO file dictates which bitmap images will be used on each page of a document, and where they will be placed.

Features and disadvantages
This approach has advantages and disadvantages over the monolithic approach used by PDF:
The disadvantages of RDO are that it is a largely proprietary format, and the multi-file approach means that file management and orphan control is more of an issue: one cannot tell from a computer's file system whether all the files required for a document to print are present and correct.

In RDO's favor, the multi-file approach allows a networked device to load the small RDO file and then request the larger bitmap files only when necessary: This allows a full job specification to be loaded and installed over a network almost immediately, with the larger bitmap files only having to be transferred as and when needed, allowing more flexibility for managing network traffic loading.

The TIFF file format is highly portable, and Xerox's MakeReady software, supplied with its XDOD systems, readily imports and export postscript files: however, the Xerox "on demand" systems typically require a document library to be stored as RDO / TIFF files, and most non-Xerox applications will not read RDO structures directly.

See also
 Xerox
 DocuTech
 Print on demand
 Open Document Architecture
 Tagged Image File Format
 Portable Document Format

References
 "Document encoding formats for Phoenix: an example of on-demand publishing" - Summary Report prepared by South Bank University
 Oya Y. Rieger and Anne R. Kenney "Risk Management of Digital Information Case Study for Image File Format"

Xerox
Page description languages
Digital press
Computer file formats
RDO

Raster Document Object


Defense of the Ancients (often called DotA) is an unofficial map of the game Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and the expansion pack Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne. It is not officially supported by Blizzard Entertainment. This is a team strategy game that is intended mainly for teams of three against three or five against five. More rarely, it is played by teams of two or one on one.

Since its original release, DotA has become a feature at several worldwide tournaments, including Blizzard Entertainment's BlizzCon and the Asian World Cyber Games, as well as the Cyberathlete Amateur and CyberEvolution leagues; Gamasutra declared that DotA was perhaps the most popular "free, non-supported game mod in the world". Valve Corporation developed the sequel, Dota 2.

Gameplay
The main task of the players is to enter the enemy team's base, and destroy the main building called "Ancient". Every 30 seconds the main buildings spawn minions that automatically go and attack all enemy units in their way. With their help you can push the enemy base and kill enemy heroes faster. Towers and other structures protect this building. Players must destroy these first because until then, the main building is unable to be destroyed. The team who destroys the opposing team's building automatically wins. The player controls a hero with whom they advance to the opponent's base. Your hero becomes more powerful with time, you must gather experience and gold because then you are abbe to buy powerful items. The forces of both sides are the same, except for differences in the ability of players. You can choose from over hundred different characters with different abilities. Heroes are divided to a several classes
 Tanks ( Heavy armored heroes with good hit points gain per level )
 Nukers ( Heroes with spells that dealt massive damage )
 Carries ( Heroes who are very good damage dealers in late game )
 Supports ( Heroes that can support another heroes with spells like healing )

The map is balanced and axially symmetrical.

References

Blizzard Entertainment
Real-time strategy video games

Defense of the Ancients


Oscar Pettiford (September 30, 1922 – September 8, 1960) was an American jazz bassist, cellist and  composer. He was known for his pioneering work in bebop.

Discography

As leader
 Bass Hits (Topaz, 1943–46)
 Discoveries (1952)
 The New Oscar Pettiford Sextet (Debut, 1953) with Charles Mingus, Julius Watkins, Walter Bishop jr., Percy Bridge
 First Bass (1953)
 Oscar Pettiford Sextet (Vogue, 1954) with Kai Winding, Al Cohn, Tal Farlow, Henri Renaud, Max Roach
 Basically Duke (1954)
 Another One (1955)
 O.P. Big Band: Deep Passion (GRP, 1956–57) with Tommy Flanagan, David Amram, Julius Watkins, David Kurtzer, Jerome Richardson, Osie Johnson, Gigi Gryce, Lucky Thompson, Art Farmer, Danny Bank, Jimmy Cleveland, Ernie Royal,  Janet Putnam u.a.
 Winner's Circle (Prestige, 1957) with John Coltrane
 The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi, Vol. 1 (1956) & Vol. 2 (1957) with Tommy Flanagan, David Amram, Ed London, Art Farmer, Gigi Gryce, Betty Glamamm, Jimmy Cleveland, Osie Johnson, Danny Bank, Jerome Richardson, Lucky Thompson, Ernie Royal.
 Vienna Blues – The Complete Session (Black Lion, 1959) with Hans Koller, Attila Zoller, Jimmy Pratt
 Montmartre Blues (Black Lion, 1959–60)
 The Complete Essen Jazz Festival Concert, (Black Lion, 1960) with Coleman Hawkins, Bud Powell, Kenny Clarke
 My Little Cello (America Records, 1960)

Bassists
Musicians from Oklahoma
American jazz musicians
1922 births
1960 deaths

Oscar Pettiford


An analog signal processor is used to quickly process signals that can be too complex to handle any other way. A comparator is used to offer level triggers correct down to microvolts with reaction times in the picoseconds. Analog filters offer anti-aliasing in sampled value systems as inputs and outputs, and can be used as pre-filters in audio and communications. Analog multipliers and dividers are used to offer brief gain control, radiometric function, or continuous energy measurement, with surprising accuracy. Over-voltage protection applications can protect the front-end of analog transmission/receiver systems, multiplexers. Amplification and filtering for noise removal are the main feature of analog signal processing.

Signalling
Telecommunications

Analog signal processing


Sir Edward Downes, (born Birmingham, England, 17 June 1924; died Switzerland, 10 July 2009) was an English conductor.  He was famous for conducting opera, but also conducted orchestral concerts.  He worked a lot with the orchestra of the Royal Opera House as well as Opera Australia.

When he was old he was almost totally blind and deaf and his wife was dying of cancer, so they both decided that they wanted to die together.  They went to Switzerland where they were allowed to commit assisted suicide.

Early years
Downes was born in Birmingham, England.  His father worked in a bank.  He left school when he was 14 and got a simple job in a gas store where he earned 16s 10d (16 shillings and 10 pence, which is 84p in modern British money) a week.

He had been playing the piano and violin since he was five.  When he was 16 he got a  scholarship to the University of Birmingham where he studied English literature and music, and began playing the cor anglais. He then got a scholarship to study conducting at the  University of Aberdeen.

Marriage
In the 1960s, he married Joan, a dancer with the Royal Ballet. She later became a choreographer and television producer. They had two children: a son, Caractacus (born December 1967), who became a musician and recording engineer, and a daughter, Boudicca, who became a video producer.

Conducting career
In 1952 he started his work in the  Royal Opera House, Covent Garden where he was assistant to Rafael Kubelík. He worked for the ROH for 17 years, becoming Associate Music Director in 1991.

From 1970 he was Music Director of  Australian Opera.  He conducted the first performance in the new Sydney Opera House in 1973 conducting Prokofiev's opera War and Peace.  He was Chief Conductor of the Netherlands Radio Orchestra and the BBC Philharmonic.

Downes was remembered in particular for conducting music by British composers.  He was also especially fond of the operas by Verdi as well as the symphonies of Shostakovich.  People often thought he looked like Shostakovich, especially when he wore his glasses.

He received the honour of CBE.

In his last years he could hardly see and so he could only conduct music that he knew from memory.

Death
When he was 85 he had become almost totally blind and deaf. His wife was dying of cancer and was in a lot of pain. They both wanted to die together, but in Britain it is against the law to help someone to die, so they decided to go to the Dignitas clinic in Switzerland. There, surrounded by members of their family, they drank a fatal dose of barbiturates and died on 10 July 2009.

Some people who support the idea of assisted suicide are hoping that this case may lead to more discussion which could bring about a change in the law in Britain and other countries.

References

1924 births
2009 deaths
British conductors
Deaths by euthanasia
Drug-related suicides
Musicians from Birmingham
Musicians who committed suicide
Alumni of the University of Birmingham

Edward Downes


The Order of the Black Eagle () was the highest order of chivalry in the Kingdom of Prussia. The order was founded on 17 January 1701 by Elector Friedrich III of Brandenburg (who became Friedrich I, King in Prussia, the following day). In his Dutch exile after World War I, deposed Emperor Wilhelm II continued to award the order to his family. He made his second wife, Princess Hermine Reuss of Greiz, a Lady in the Order of the Black Eagle.

Overview
The statutes of the order were published on 18 January 1701, and revised in 1847. Membership in the Order of the Black Eagle was limited to a small number of knights, and was divided into two classes: members of reigning houses (further divided into members of the House of Hohenzollern and members of other houses, both German and foreign) and capitular knights. Before 1847, membership was limited to nobles, but after that date, capitular knights who were not nobles were raised to the nobility (Adelsstand). Capitular knights were generally high-ranking government officials or military officers.

The Order of the Black Eagle had only one class, but could also be awarded at the king's prerogative "with the Chain" ("mit der Kette") or without ("ohne Kette"). By statute, members of the order also held the Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle, and wore the badge of that order from a ribbon around the neck. From 1862, members of the Prussian royal house, upon award of the Order of the Black Eagle, also received the Prussian Crown Order 1st Class.

Insignia

The badge of the Order was a gold Maltese cross, enameled in blue, with gold-crowned black eagles between the arms of the cross. The gold center medallion bore the royal monogram of Friedrich I ("FR", for Fredericus Rex).

This badge was worn from either a broad ribbon (or sash) or a collar (or "chain"). The ribbon of the Order was an orange moiré sash worn from the left shoulder to the right hip, with the badge resting on the hip. The sash color was chosen in honor of Louise Henriette of Nassau, daughter of the Prince of Orange and first wife of the great elector. The collar or chain (Kette) was worn around the neck and resting upon the shoulders, with the badge suspended from the front center; the collar had 24 elaborate interlocking links: alternately a black eagle and a device featuring a center medallion with the motto of the Order (Suum Cuique—literally "To each his own," but idiomatically "To each according to his merits"), a series of FRs forming a cross pattern, a blue enameled ring around this, and crowns at each cross point.

The star of the Order was a silver eight-pointed star, with straight or faceted rays depending on the jeweler's design. The center medallion displayed a black eagle (which gripped a wreath of laurels in its left claws and a scepter in its right) on a golden background, surrounded by a white enamelled ring bearing a wreath of laurels and the motto of the Order.

At meetings of the chapter of the Order of the Black Eagle and at certain ceremonies, the knights wore red velvet capes with blue linings. Embroidered on the left shoulder of each cape was a large star of the Order.

Membership
From its founding in 1701 to 1918, the Order of the Black Eagle was awarded 407 times, with 57 of these installations occurring during the reign of Friedrich I (1701–1713). In 1918, the knights of the order totalled 118 — 14 were members of the Prussian royal house, one was a member of the Princely House of Hohenzollern, 49 (of whom nine were from states then at war with Germany) were members of other reigning houses, and 54 (including 17 who had not yet been fully installed) were nonroyal Germans. Subjects of the Prussian King receiving the order, which was only given in one class, were promoted to the peerage and received a hereditary title.

From the Prussian State Handbooks, it is clear that the Order of the Black Eagle (as well as, by statute, the other Prussian orders, as mentioned above) was conferred upon all male members of the royal family on their 10th birthdays; these men received the collar of the Order on their 18th birthdays. The Order was also conferred upon Prussian queens (and, later, German empresses), though other female members of the royal family usually received the Order of Louise instead.

Sovereigns and Masters of the Order

 Friedrich I of Prussia (1657–1713) — founder of the Order of the Black Eagle; last Elector of Brandenburg and first King in Prussia
 Frederick William I of Prussia (1688–1740) — first member of the Order, inducted in 1701, when he was crown prince; Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1713–1740
 Friedrich II (1712–1786) — "Friedrich the Great"; Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1740–1786
 Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia (1744–1797) — Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1786–1797
 Frederick William III of Prussia (1770–1840) — King of Prussia during the Napoleonic era; Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1797–1840
 Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia (1795–1861) — Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1840–1861
 Wilhelm I (1797–1888) — King of Prussia and first German emperor; Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1861–1888
 Friedrich III (1831–1888) — better remembered as "Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm" of Prussia; general during the German wars of unification; briefly German emperor, March to June 1888; Died of throat cancer
 Wilhelm II (1859–1941) — last King of Prussia and last German emperor; Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1888–1941
 William, German Crown Prince (1882–1951), Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1941–1951
 Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia (1907–1994), Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1951–1994
 Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia (born 1976), Sovereign and Master of the Order since 1994

Recipients

Royal House of Hohenzollern
 Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, Prince in Prussia (1700–1770) — nephew of Friedrich I.
 August Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia (1722–1758) — second son of Friedrich Wilhelm I; brother of Friedrich II ("Friedrich the Great"); father of Friedrich Wilhelm II; Prussian general in the Silesian Wars
 Heinrich, Prince of Prussia (1726–1802) — third son of Friedrich Wilhelm I and younger brother of Friedrich the Great; general in the Seven Years' War
 August Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia (1730–1813) — fourth and youngest son of Friedrich Wilhelm I, and youngest brother of Friedrich the Great
 Ludwig Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia (1772–1806) — son of August Ferdinand; general in the Napoleonic Wars, killed at the Battle of Saalfeld
 Ludwig Karl, Prince of Prussia (1773–1796) — second son of Friedrich Wilhelm II and brother of Friedrich Wilhelm III
 Kaiserin Augusta (1811–1890) — Princess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, wife and empress consort of Wilhelm I
 Karl, Prince of Prussia (1801–1883) — third son of Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, father of Friedrich Karl
 Adalbert, Prince of Prussia (1811–1873) — son of Prinz Wilhelm; Grandson of Friedrich Wilhelm II and nephew of Friedrich Wilhelm III; naval theorist, admiral, and founder of the first Prussian Fleet
 Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia (1828–1885) — veteran of the Austro-Prussian War and Franco-Prussian War; hero of Königgrätz; Generalfeldmarschall of Prussia, and honorary field marshal of Russia; eldest son of Karl, father of Friedrich Leopold
 Albrecht, Prince of Prussia (1809–1872) — second and youngest son of Karl, father of Albrecht
 Heinrich, Prince of Prussia (1862–1929) — second son of Friedrich III and brother of Wilhelm II; Grand Admiral in the German Imperial Navy, World War I

 Kaiserin Victoria (1840–1901) — "Kaiserin Friedrich"; Daughter of Queen Victoria, Princess Royal of Great Britain; wife and Empress consort of Friedrich III; mother of Wilhelm II; Dowager German Empress and Queen Dowager of Prussia, 1888–1901; recognized by Friedrich III, 9 March 1888
 Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria (1858–1921) — Princess of Schleswig-Holstein, (first) wife and empress consort of Wilhelm II
 Kronprinz Wilhelm (1882–1951) — Crown Prince of Germany and Prussia until 1918, World War I-era German general.
 Friedrich Leopold, Prince of Prussia (1865–1931) — son of Friedrich Karl, father of Friedrich Sigismund, Friedrich Karl, and Friedrich Leopold
 Albrecht, Prince of Prussia (1837–1906) — only son of Albrecht
 Friedrich Heinrich, Prince of Prussia (1874–1940) — eldest son of Albrecht and grandson of Albrecht
 Joachim Albrecht, Prince of Prussia (1876–1939) — second son of Albrecht and grandson of Albrecht
 Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia (1880–1925) — third son of Albrecht and grandson of Albrecht
 Eitel Friedrich, Prince of Prussia (1883–1942) — second son of Wilhelm II
 Adalbert, Prince of Prussia (1884–1948) — third son of Wilhelm II
 August Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia (1887–1949) — fourth son of Wilhelm II
 Oskar, Prince of Prussia (1888–1958) — fifth son of Wilhelm II
 Waldemar, Prince of Prussia (1889–1945) — eldest son of Prince Heinrich, Grand Admiral
 Joachim, Prince of Prussia (1890–1920) — sixth and youngest son of Wilhelm II
 Friedrich Sigismund, Prince of Prussia (1891–1927) — eldest son of Friedrich Leopold; World War I pilot
 Friedrich-Karl, Prince of Prussia (1893–1917) — second son of Friedrich Leopold; Bronze medallist in the 1912 Olympics; World War I pilot; wounded in action, taken POW, and died of wounds (1917)
 Friedrich Leopold, Prince of Prussia (1895–1959) — third and youngest son of Friedrich Leopold
 Sigismund, Prince of Prussia (1896–1978) — second and youngest son of Prince Heinrich, Grand Admiral
 Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia (1906–1940) — eldest son of Crown prince Wilhelm

Princely House of Hohenzollern
 Karl Anton, Sovereign Prince Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1811–1885)
 Leopold, Sovereign Prince Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1835–1905) — son of Karl Anton
 Wilhelm, Sovereign Prince Hohelnzollern-Sigmaringen (1864–1927)
 Ferdinand, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (b. 1865-1927) — brother of Sovereign Prince Wilhelm, reigned as Ferdinand I of Romania, 1914–1927
 Karl, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1839–1914) — second son of Karl Anton; reigned as Carol I of Romania, 1881–1914

Foreign royal members of the Order
 Albert I of Belgium (1875–1934) — King of the Belgians during the First World War
 Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg (1865–1939) — Head of the Royal House of Württemberg, invested with the order 18 January 1900
 Alexander III – Tsar of Russia (1881–1894)
 Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1850–1942) — Kaiser Wilhelm II's uncle, he was still a member of the order in 1918 despite being a British military officer.
 Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland (1861–1951) — Prince of Sweden
 Carol I of Romania — King of Romania (1866–1914); member of the Princely House of Hohenzollern.
 Christian IX of Denmark — King of Denmark (1863–1906)
 Chulalongkorn — King of Siam (1868–1910)
 Constantine I of Greece — King of Greece (1913–1917 and 1920–1922)
 Pedro II of Brazil — Emperor of Brazil (1831-1889)
 Edward VII — King of Great Britain and Ireland, Emperor of India (1901–1910).
 Prince Eugén, Duke of Närke — Prince of Sweden (1865–1947)

 Franz Joseph I — Emperor of Austria (1848–1916)
 Frederick VIII of Denmark — King of Denmark (1906–1912)
 George V — King of Great Britain and Ireland, Emperor of India (1910–1936)
 Guangxu Emperor — Emperor of China (1875–1908)
 Gustav V of Sweden — King of Sweden (1907–1950)
 Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden — Crown Prince, later King of Sweden (1950–1973)
 Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau — Prussian field marshal known as the "Old Dessauer"
 Leopold II of Belgium — King of the Belgians (1865–1909).
 Louis XVIII — King of France (1814-1815, 1815-1824).
 Ludwig II of Bavaria — King of Bavaria (1864–1886).
 Ludwig III of Bavaria — Last king of Bavaria
 Grand Duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich of Russia — Tsar Nicholas II's brother, Tsar presumptive sometimes referred to as "Tsar for a day" (15–16 March 1917) who was also the regimental chief of Ulanen-Regiment "Kaiser Alexander III von Rußland" (Weßtpreußisches) Nr. 1.
 Emperor Meiji – Emperor of Japan (1867–1912).
 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah — Shah of Persia (1896–1907) — 29 May 1902 — during the visit to Berlin of the Shah
 Naser al-Din Shah Qajar — Shah of Persia (1848–1896).
 Count Oscar Bernadotte of Wisborg — former Prince Oscar of Sweden (1859–1953)
 Nicholas II — Last Emperor of the Russian Empire.
 Duke Nicholas of Württemberg (1833–1903) — heir presumptive to the throne of Württemberg – invested with the order 18 January 1900
 Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria — Last crown prince of Bavaria and First World War German field marshal
 Emperor Taishō — Emperor of Japan (1912–1926).
 Umberto I of Italy — King of Italy (1878–1900).
 Victor Emmanuel III — king of Italy (1900–1946).
 Prince Vilhelm, Duke of Södermanland — Prince of Sweden (1884–1965)
 William III of the Netherlands — King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1849–1890).
 William IV — King of Great Britain and Ireland (1830–1837)
 Gojong of Korea — Emperor of Korea (1863–1907)
 Abdul Hamid II - Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Knights of the Order

Henning Alexander von Kleist (1677–1749) — Prussian general, field marshal, for action at the Battle of Mollwitz.
 Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) — Prussian chancellor and statesman
 Gebhard von Blücher (1742-1819) — Prussian field marshal and leader of Prussian troops at the Battle of Leipzig and Battle of Waterloo.
 Wilhelm Malte I of Putbus (1677–1749) — Swedish-German aristocrat, prussian general, for his dedication and skillful leadership of the province of New West Pomerania and of Rügen.
 Joachim von Blumenthal (1720-1800) — Prussian War and Finance Minister, received the order in 1787
 Leonhardt von Blumenthal (1810-1900) — Prussian field-marshal, 1877.
 Bernhard von Bülow (1849-1929) — German chancellor and statesman.
 Karl von Bülow (1846-1921) — Prussian general — invested with the order 18 January 1900
 General Mikhail Chertkov (sometimes written Tchertkoff) (1829-1905) — Russian Governor-General of Warsaw — September 1902 — when he visited Posen for German army maneuvers.
 Wilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière (1733-1811) — Prussian field marshal
 Adolf von Deines (1845-1911) - Prussian General of the Cavalry and aide-de-camp to Wilhelm II.
 Karl von Einem — World War I-era German general and Minister of War.
 Prince Philip of Eulenburg — German politician and diplomat.
 Count Albrecht Konrad Finck von Finckenstein — Prussian field marshal under Frederick William I of Prussia
 Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein — Prussian Prime Minister under Frederic the Great
 Friedrich Wilhelm Quirin von Forcade de Biaix — Prussian lieutenant general under Frederic the Great
 Johann Quirin von Forcade de Biaix — Prussian lieutenant general under Frederick William I of Prussia
 August von Gneisenau — Napoleonic-era Prussian field marshal. His insignia of the order was formerly Napoleon's.
 Gottlieb Graf von Haeseler — German field marshal.
 Paul von Hindenburg — World War I-era German field marshal and later president of Germany.
 Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf — Napoleonic-era Prussian general (promoted to field marshal two days before his death).
 Prince Hermann von Hatzfeldt — Prussian statesman and Chief President  of Silesia.
 Hans von Köster – German Grand Admiral – 18 September 1902
 August von Mackensen — World War I-era German field marshal.
 Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta — French politician; second president of the Third Republic.
 Edwin von Manteuffel (1809–1885) — Prussian field-marshal
 Adolph Menzel — German artist.
 Helmuth von Moltke the Elder — Prussian field marshal of the German wars of unification. Served as chancellor of the Order of the Black Eagle.
 Napoléon Bonaparte — Admitted in 1803 when he was First Consul.
 Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts — British Commander-in-Chief of the Forces — Received the Order in 1901
 Ernst von Pfuel — Prussian general and Prime Minister of Prussia.
 Albrecht von Roon (1803-1879) — Prussian field marshal and Minister.
 Count Alfred von Schlieffen — German field marshal and strategist
 Gustav von Senden-Bibran an admiral of the German Imperial Navy
 Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz — Prussian cavalry general under Frederick the Great.
 Friedrich Bertram Sixt von Armin — World War I-era German general.
 Alexander Suvorov — Napoleonic-era Russian general and Generalissimo.
 Ernst von Tettau (1644–1711) — General in Danish, Brandenburg, and Dutch service.
 Alfred von Tirpitz — German Admiral.
 Alfred von Waldersee — German field marshal and Supreme Commander of the Eight-Nation Alliance in the Boxer Rebellion.
 Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg — Napoleonic-era Prussian field marshal.
 Johann Jakob von Wunsch (1717-1788) — Wuerttemberg-born Prussian general.
 Giuseppe Zanardelli (1826-1903) — Italian Minister-President — in August 1902, in connection with the visit to Germany of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
 Duke of Terceira, Prime Minister of Portugal
 Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia (1871-1899) — younger brother and initial heir of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia
 Eduard von Simson (1810-1899) – German jurist, President of the Frankfurt Parliament (1848–1849), President of the North German Confederation's Parliament (1867–1871), President of Reichstag (1871–1887), President of the Supreme Court of Justice (Reichsgericht) (1877–1891)

Current usage

The Order of the Black Eagle is currently used as the emblem of the German Military Police (Feldjäger).

Notes

References
 Robert Werlich, Orders and Decorations of all Nations (Quaker Press, 2nd edition 1974).
 Handbuch über den Königlich Preußischen Hof und Staat für das Jahr 1874, (Berlin, 1873).
 Handbuch über den Königlich Preußischen Hof und Staat für das Jahr 1883, (Berlin, 1882).
 Handbuch über den Königlich Preußischen Hof und Staat für das Jahr 1907, (Berlin, 1906).
 Handbuch über den Königlich Preußischen Hof und Staat für das Jahr 1918, (Berlin, 1918) (herein "1918 Prussian State Handbook").
 Preußische Orden (herein Preußische Orden).
 Rangeliste Der Königlich Preußisches, Für 1903. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Son, 1903.

External links

Orders, decorations, and medals of Prussia
Black Eagle, Order of the
1701 establishments in Prussia
Awards established in 1701
Frederick I of Prussia

Order of the Black Eagle


1180 Peachtree, commonly known as the Symphony Tower, is a 41-story skyscraper located at 1180 Peachtree Street in the Midtown district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Rising to a height of approximately , the building includes office and retail space in its  of floor area as well as a 1,200 space parking deck. Construction was completed in 2006.

Designed by architectural firm Pickard Chilton of Connecticut, 1180 Peachtree incorporates various environmental innovations that achieved the prestigious U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) gold certification. This building is marked on the skyline by two sweeping glass fins extending upwards from the north and south walls. These fins are illuminated from inside at night for a dramatic skyline presence, giving what is considered to be a Gothic feel.

Kendall/Heaton Associates, Inc., Houston, TX served as the Architect of Record for 1180 Peachtree. Turner Construction was the construction manager for the project.

Over 60% of the tower's leasable space is occupied by Atlanta-based law firm King & Spalding as its international headquarters. The firm was previously located in downtown's 191 Peachtree Tower.

The building is intended to be the campanile of the Woodruff Arts Center's proposed Atlanta Symphony Center, which is designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava and was planned to occupy land adjacent to the structure along 14th Street. The $300 million Symphony Center will not begin construction until fundraising goals are met.

References in popular culture
 The building is featured in detail in the 2009 Channel 4 series Vertical City (series 1, episode 11).

See also
 List of tallest buildings in Atlanta

References

External links
 Official building site
 Photographs and information about 1180 Peachtree

Hines Interests Limited Partnership
Skyscraper office buildings in Atlanta
Buildings and structures completed in 2006
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design gold certified buildings

1180 Peachtree


Lynn Grant Robbins (born October 27, 1952) is a co-founder of Franklin Quest Company and has been a general authority of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1997. He was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2014 to 2018.

Robbins was born in Payson, Utah, and was raised in Springville, Utah. He is a great-great-grandson of George Reynolds. From 1971 to 1973, Robbins served as a LDS Church missionary in the Argentina North Mission. After his mission he married Jan Nielson and they are the parents of seven children.

Robbins received a bachelor's degree in Spanish from Utah State University and a master's degree in international management from the American Graduate School of International Management in Glendale, Arizona.

In 1983, Robbins was one of the founders of the Franklin Institute, which later became Franklin Quest and eventually Franklin Covey.

Amongst other positions in the LDS Church, Robbins has served as an early-morning seminary teacher and as a bishop. From 1994 to 1997, Robbins was president of the Uruguay Montevideo Mission. In this position, Robbins started a program to involve the youth of the church in directly working with the missionaries that led to several baptisms.

Robbins was called as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 1997. In 2000, he became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 2003 and 2004, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Young Men organization. As a general authority, Robbins has also served in several area presidencies and in 2011 was appointed Executive Director of the Media Services Department.

At the church's April 2014 General Conference, Robbins was accepted by the membership as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy, succeeding Tad R. Callister, who was appointed as general president of the church's Sunday School. As a member of the Presidency of the Seventy, Robbins had responsibility for the North America Southwest and North America Southeast areas and participated in the dedication of the Provo City Center Temple.

References

Additional sources
 2007 Deseret Morning News Church Almanac (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Morning News, 2006) p. 38
 R. Scott Lloyd, "His testimony grew line upon line as he exercised faith," Church News, June 28, 1997
 "Elder Lynn G. Robbins Of the Seventy," Ensign, May 1997, p. 106

External links
Lynn G. Robbins: Latter-day Saint official profile
Lynn G. Robbins: BYU Speeches

1952 births
American businesspeople
American general authorities (LDS Church)
Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy (LDS Church)
Members of the Second Quorum of the Seventy (LDS Church)
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
American Mormon missionaries in Argentina
American Mormon missionaries in Uruguay
People from Payson, Utah
Utah State University alumni
People from Springville, Utah
Counselors in the General Presidency of the Young Men (organization)
20th-century Mormon missionaries
Living people

Lynn G. Robbins


A cash register, or till, is a machine that holds money. Cash registers are usually found in shops and restaurants. They are used to calculate how much a customer has to pay for  something, such as a good or service. The drawer of the cash register, which contains the money, is designed so that it would only open if somebody is buying something. This is to try to stop the customer from stealing money from the employees.

History and types

The person who invented the cash register was James Ritty, who came from Ohio and owned a bar in Dayton. In 1878, he found out that the people who worked in the bar kept on stealing money. When he noticed a part of a ship which counted how many times the propeller turned, he used the same idea to build a machine that could count different amount of sales. He got a patent on his machine and started a company the next year to make them, but it was not popular and the company, which became the National Cash Register Company in 1884, was sold to John H. Patterson.

Although the first cash registers were completely mechanical (they used moving parts such as gears and pulleys), and later ones were powered by electricity, today's cash registers use electronics. Computer chips are used to add up the prices of different items, show the total amount that has to be paid as well as the change that has to be given back to the customer, open the cash drawer after the customer has paid, and print a receipt as a proof of purchase.

Today, there is software that runs on personal computers that does the same thing as a cash register. This is called a point of sale (POS) system and is used by many big stores and restaurants because it is easier to manage a lot of machines from one place. It can also take care of inventory (how much of each item is in the store at any time), so that the shop owner knows when they have to get more items from the supplier to make sure a customer can get the item when they want it. Unlike a traditional cash register, different parts of a POS system are separate hardware rather than built into one machine, which makes it easier to set up. Companies like IBM, Toshiba, and NCR Corporation (which came from the original National Cash Register Company) are just a few of those that make POS systems and hardware, some of which include touchscreens that make it easy to operate.

Cashiers and payment

A cashier is the name of a person who works at the cash register or POS terminal of a retail store, sometimes called the "checkout" or "till". Customers bring any merchandise they wish to buy to the cashier, who will then enter each item into the cash register. In the past, the cashier had to press some keys on a keyboard to do this, but in recent days he or she simply scans a barcode on the product itself using a laser scanner. The cash register then looks up the item in a database stored in a computer to get its price, and add it to the customer's purchase.

In some types of stores, such as grocery stores, items are sold by weight. In this case, the cashier has to put the item on a weighing scale, which would then send the weight of the item to the cash register to calculate its price. Many stores use a system of code numbers, called price look-up (PLU) codes, to identify the item being weighed and sold. These code numbers have become a standard used around the world.

After the cashier has scanned all of the goods, he or she will ask the customer for payment. If the customer is paying by cash, the customer gives the cashier money, which the cashier will count to find out how much the customer is paying. He or she will then enter the amount into the cash register, which will open the cash drawer. Inside the drawer, there are different places to put each type of bill and coin (for example, all the 1-dollar bills go in one part, and all the 25 cent coins go in another part). The cashier puts the bills and coins from the customer into the right places in the drawer, and takes out bills and coins that add up to the amount of change that the customer is supposed to get. The cashier closes the drawer and gives the change and receipt to the customer.

Many modern cash registers and POS terminals also allow payments by electronic funds transfer (EFT), such as a debit card or credit card. In this case, the customer has to use a small machine next to the cash register  or POS terminal that reads the data from his or her card. Depending on the type of card being used, he or she and might have to enter a personal identification number (PIN) to confirm the transaction. Many debit and credit cards now have a feature called contactless payment, which allows the user to simply tap his or her card on the reader to pay, making it quicker than other methods such as a chip or magnetic stripe. It uses radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology, which is compatible with near field communication (NFC) that is built into many mobile phones. Companies like Apple, Google, and Microsoft have all made NFC-based mobile payment systems for platforms like iOS, Android, and Windows.

In the 2010s, there is a type of POS terminal that is operated by the customer, rather than a cashier.  With this self-checkout, the customer scans the items he or she wishes to buy, and then pays by inserting cash or a credit card.  These types of checkouts still have someone to look after them, in case any customer needs help.

Hospitality
Besides retail, the hospitality industry also makes use of cash registers and POS systems. Depending on where the system is used, they usually work differently from those in retail. For example, a restaurant cash register has to store information about every order, such as who ordered what from each table, whether the bill should be split or not, and whether a tip is added. Another example is in hotels, where a cash register has to store information about every room, such as who has booked the room, for how long, and what extra services are needed.

References

Other websites

Antique cash registers. History review. Business Owners Global Community (loyverse.town)

Machines

Cash register


Jack Montrose (December 30, 1928 – February 7, 2006) was a jazz tenor saxophonist and arranger. After attending college in Los Angeles, he worked with Jerry Gray and then Art Pepper. Montrose also did arrangements for Clifford Brown. He became known for cool jazz and/or West coast jazz.

Montrose was born in Detroit. Beginning in the mid-1950s Montrose's heroin addiction became a liability and by the time he had overcome it his style of jazz was no longer popular. This led him to play in strip joints for a time until he relocated to Las Vegas where he worked in casinos. Montrose returned to recording in 1977 and in 1986 had some success in collaboration with Pete Jolly.

Jack Montrose (West Coast Jack) is not to be confused with tenorist J.R. Monterose (East Coast Jake) who played on Charles Mingus's album Pithecanthropus Erectus.

He died in Las Vegas.

Discography

As leader
Arranged by Montrose (Pacific Jazz, 1954) with Bob Gordon Quartet / Clifford Brown Ensemble
Arranged/Played/Composed by Jack Montrose (Atlantic, 1955) with Bob Gordon
Jack Montrose Sextet (Pacific Jazz, 1955)
Blues and Vanilla (RCA Victor, 1956) with Red Norvo
The Horn's Full (RCA Victor, 1957)
Spread a Little Joy (Slingshot, 1987) - The Jack Montrose & Pete Jolly Quartet
Live at Capozzoli's (Hindsight, 1999) - The Jack Montrose Quintet with Ron Stout, Ross Tompkins, Richard Simon, Paul Kreibich

As sideman
With Chet Baker
Grey December (Pacific Jazz, 1953 [1992])
The Trumpet Artistry of Chet Baker (Pacific Jazz, 1953–54)
Chet Baker & Strings (Pacific Jazz, 1954) - as arranger
With Elmer Bernstein
"The Man with the Golden Arm" (Decca, 1956)
With Frank Butler
The Stepper (Xanadu, 1977)
With Shelly Manne
Concerto for Clarinet & Combo (Contemporary, 1957)
With Art Pepper
Surf Ride (Savoy, 1952-1954 [1956])
With Shorty Rogers
Shorty Rogers Plays Richard Rodgers (RCA Victor, 1957)
Portrait of Shorty (RCA Victor, 1957)
With Mel Torme
Mel Torme Sings Fred Astaire  (Bethlehem, 1956)

References

1928 births
2006 deaths
Musicians from Detroit
Cool jazz saxophonists
Cool jazz arrangers
Jazz tenor saxophonists
American music arrangers
20th-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Michigan
American jazz saxophonists

ja:J.R.モンテローズ

Jack Montrose


Dina zootomi, aya sababaraha istilah nu dipaké pikeun nunjukkeun lokasi organ jeung struktur lian dina awak sato bilateral. Istilah-istilah ieu dibéréndélkeun sarta didadarkeun di dieu. Dina sababaraha kasus, terminologi dina anatomi manusa béda jeung anatomi sacara umum (baca di handap). Sababaraha wincikan ngeunaan anatomi manusa anu husus didadarkeun dina posisi anatomis.

Arah

Istilah nu ilahar dipake
Sato, sacara tipikal, mibanda hiji tungtung nyaéta hulu jeung sungut, dinu sabalikna mibanda bujur jeung buntut. Tungtung hulu disebut tungtung cranial; tungtung buntut disebut tungtung caudal.  Dina hulu, aya rostral nu nunjukkeun arah ka hareup, ayana dina irung, sarta caudal masih dipaké keur nunjukkeun arah buntut.

Sisi awak ilaharna nujul ka luhur, ngalawan gaya gravitasi tina sisi dorsal; dina sisi sabalikna, sacara tipikal deukeut kana taneuh lamun leumpangna maké leungeun, waktu ngojay atawa ngapung, nyaéta sisi ventral. Contona: dina vertebrate, spine atawa nerve chord ayana dina sisi dorsal. Udder sapi dina sisi ventral. Sirip lumba-lumba ayana dina sisi dorsal.

Sisi kénca jeung katuhu (kadangkala dina basa Latin: dexter - katuhu, jeung sinister - kénca) nunjukkeun arah nempo kana sato tur cara ngajéntrékeunna.

Usage in human anatomy
In human anatomy, the body and its parts are always described using the assumption that the body is in anatomical position, i.e. standing upright.

Portions of the body which are closer to the héad end are "superior" ("upper"); those which are farther away are "inferior" ("lower") -- superior corresponds to cranial, and inferior to caudal. Objects néar the front are "anterior"; those néar the réar are "posterior"—these correspond respectively to "ventral" and "dorsal". On the limbs, an object closer to the main body is "proximal"; an object farther away is "distal".

The terms "anterior" and "posterior" should not be used when referring to most animals however, and are particularly incorrect for quadrupeds.

Planes

General usage
Three basic reference planes are used in zoological anatomy.  The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves.  A coronal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral halves.  A transverse plane divides the body into cranial and caudal halves.

Usage in human anatomy
Sometimes the orientation of certain planes need to be distinguished, for instance in medical imaging techniques such as CT scans, MRI scans or PET scans. One imagines a human in anatomical position (standing, arms hanging down with palms to the front) and an X-Y-Z coordinate system with the X-Y plane parallel to the ground, the X-axis going from left to right, the Y-axis passing from front to back, and the Z-axis going up and down.

A transverse or axial plane is an X-Y plane, parallel to the ground, which (in humans) separates the superior from the inferior, or put another way, the héad from the feet.
A coronal or frontal plane is an X-Z plane, perpendicular to the ground, which (in humans) separates the anterior from the posterior, the front from the back, the ventral from the dorsal.
A sagittal plane is a Y-Z plane, perpendicular to the ground and to the coronal plane, which separates left from right. The midsagittal plane is the specific sagittal plane that is exactly in the middle of the body.

Relative directions
Structures néar the midline are called medial and those néar the sides of animals are called lateral. Therefore, medial structures are closer to the midsagittal plane, lateral structures are further from the midsagittal plane. Structures in the midline of the body are median. For example, your cheeks are lateral to your nose and the tip of the nose is in the median line.

Structures that are close to the center of the body are proximal or central, while ones far removed are distal or peripheral. For example, the hands are at the distal end of the arms, while the shoulders are at the proximal ends. These terms can also be used relatively to organs, for example the proximal end of the urethra is attached to the bladder.

Structures on or closer to the body´s surface are superficial (or external) and those further inside are profound or deep (or internal).

When spéaking of inner organs, visceral méans close to or attached to the organ, while parietal is more distant. For example, the visceral pleura is attached to the lung and the parietal pleura is attached to the chest wall.

Relative directions in the limbs
In the limbs, the terms cranial and caudal are used in the regions proximal to the carpus (the wrist, in the forelimb) and the tarsus (the ankle in the hindlimb). Objects and surfaces closer to or facing towards the héad are cranial; those facing away or further from the héad are caudal.

Distal to the carpal joint, the term dorsal replaces cranial and palmar replaces caudal. Similarly, distal to the tarsal joint the term dorsal replaces cranial and and plantar replaces caudal.  For example, the top of a dog's paw is its dorsal surface; the underside, either the palmar (on the forelimb) or the plantar (on the hindlimb) surface.

The sides of the foréarm are named after its bones: Structures closer to the radius are radial, and structures closer to the ulna are ulnar. Similarly, in the lower leg, structures néar the tibia (shinbone) are tibial and structures néar the fibula are fibular (or peronéal).

Relative Motions

Flexion méans approximating adjacent parts of the body (usually at a joint) and extension méans separating them. For example, the legs are flexed at the knee joints when sitting down, and extended when standing up.  Generally, flexion produces an acute angle between adjacent parts, with its vertex at the joint, and extension produces an obtuse angle. One exception to this rule is in the ankle joint where moving the foot such that the toes move upwards is dorsiflexion and moving the foot such that the toes move downwards is plantar flexion.

Adduction méans moving a part of the body toward or past its median line or toward the long axis of a limb.  Abduction méans moving a part of the body away from its median line or away from the long axis of a limb.  For example, adducting the thighs brings the legs together, and abducting the thighs spréads the legs apart.  Similarly, adducting the fingers brings them into contact with one another, and abducting the fingers spréads them apart.

Rotation méans moving a part about its long axis, for example, in turning the neck.  Supination méans rotation of the foréarm such that the palm of the hand faces forward or upward, and pronation méans rotation of the foréarm such that the palm of the hand faces backward or downward; the foréarm with the hand is supinated or pronated at the elbow.  Similar movements may be accomplished at the ankle, where supination results in the foot tipping inward relative to its long axis, and pronation results in the foot tipping outward; overpronation may contribute to the condition flatfoot.

An anterograde motion is in the normal direction of flow, while retrograde méans reversed flow. For example, passage of food from the mouth to the stomach is in an anterograde direction, and gastric reflux is in a retrograde direction.

Baca ogé
Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria

Anatomi

Istilah perenah anatomi


Queen Elizabeth Driveway is a scenic parkway in Ottawa, Canada, that runs along the western edge of the Rideau Canal. It runs from Laurier Avenue in the north to Dow's Lake where it turns into Prince of Wales Drive. It is administered and owned by the National Capital Commission (NCC).

The drive was one of the first projects of the NCC.  The NCC replaced the Federal District Commission (FDC), which had been created in 1927, and the even earlier Ottawa Improvement Commission. The two-lane road replaced the industrial buildings and private boathouses that had stood along the canal. The drive was lined with trees and gardens, and a series of large houses were built along it. It was originally known as the Government Driveway but was soon renamed the Rideau Canal Driveway. Several decades later it was given its current name. The speed limit for most of its length is 60 km/h (37 mph).

In the 1950s a similar route was created on the eastern edge of the canal, the Colonel By Drive.

Along the entire length of the Drive is a multi-use trail  as part of the Capital Pathway system.

See also
 Royal eponyms in Canada

References

Roads in Ottawa
Parkways in Ontario
National Capital Commission

Queen Elizabeth Driveway


A migrant worker is someone who regularly works away from home, if they even have a home.

The United Nations' use of this term overlaps with 'foreign worker'. In the United States, the term is commonly used broadly to describe people who move frequently to find work or, more narrowly, those who earn low wages performing manual labor in the agriculture field.

Migrant workers are often forced into poor situations. Some are illegal immigrants and can be expelled if found. They are supported by the International Labour Organization. In 1990, the United Nations also adopted the Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers to protect them.

Often migrant workers can boost regional economy by spending their wages there.

Open borders help migrant workers. In Europe for example countries that recently joined European Union have seen massive outflow of workers to the countries with higher wages. Some people who work in foreign countries are called "expatriates"'.

Canada
In Canada, migrant workers are commonly referred to as foreign workers in general, and temporary foreign workers in particular.

It is through the Temporary Foreign Worker Program [TFWP] that the Government of Canada hires foreign nationals in order to fill temporary skills and labour shortages in the country. Temporary foreign workers can be hired by Canadian employers only when qualified Canadian citizens or Canada permanent residents are not available to fill the same vacancy.

Currently, there is a great labour gap in the Canadian market. Dealing with a declining birth rate on one hand along with many in the workforce retiring soon, Canada is finding it hard to fill the significant labour gap that it is facing. Immigration is regarded to hold the answer to a great extent.

With the TFWP, Canadian employers can easily hire international workers. At times, there might not even be the requirement to get someone from abroad. Canadian employers hiring through the TFWP might find qualified foreign workers that are already in the country.

Such skilled foreign workers already in Canada that can easily be hired by a Canadian employer might be about to complete a job contract with a different employer. Or, they might be working in Canada on an open work permit that allows them the freedom to work for any employer anywhere in Canada.

Usually, such temporary foreign workers or migrant workers in Canada are hired to address a specified short-term labour requirement. Nevertheless, certain foreign workers that had initially come to Canada for filling a temporary vacancy might transition to Canadian permanent residence, provided they meet specific requirements.

Canada's immigration programs – like the Canadian Experience Class [CEC] and Provincial nominee Program [PNP] – provide pathways to Canada PR for migrant workers. As per the Government of Canada's official website, "These routes exist to ensure that workers who have shown that their skills are in continuing demand and that they have already adapted well to life in Canada can build a future here."

Since the imposition of COVID-19 special measure on March 18, Canada has been holding program specific draws from the Express Entry System. The latest draw to be held – Express Entry Draw No. 148 – was specifically for those candidates that had Canadian experience thereby qualifying them for the Canadian Experience Class [CEC] program.

While more than 192,000 temporary foreign workers came to Canada in 2011, around 29,000 foreign workers took up Canada permanent residency eventually.

References

Other websites
 Dust bowl migrants  (Okies)
 In China, Filmmakers Get Involved with Migrant Workers
 China Labour Bulletin
 Removals Services
 Beijing's Min Gong migrants

Occupations
Migration

Migrant worker


The Aérospatiale SA-365 Dauphin 2 is a French helicopter. It is both a civilian and military helicopter. Mainly used for search and rescue, it is also used for transport and war against submarines. In this last kind it can carry one or two torpedoes. It is a modernized variant of Aérospatiale SA-360 Dauphin, with two turboshafts.

Variants
 SA-365C : This is the version of original series. It has pads as an undercarriage.
 SA-365F : This is the first important series. It has retractable wheels as an undercarriage.
 SA-365N : This is the version of SA-365F for export.
 SA-366 : This is the version made specially for United States Coast Guard and known as HH-65 Dolphin.
 SA-365K : This is the first non-naval version, dedicated to aerial attack.
 SA-365M : This is the first official military variant, later designated AS-565 Panther.
 SA-365DGV (DGV for Dauphin à Grande Vitesse, or in English High Speed Dauphin) : This is an experimental variant for high speed research. Its name is in reference of French high-speed rail TGV.

In 1992 after founding of Eurocopter all designations in SA- were changed to AS-. So SA-365N became AS-365N.

Harbin Z-9 is a Chinese variant built under licence, and Eurocopter EC155 is the new one, built at the beginning as AS-365N4.

Users
Militaries and governmental Aérospatiale SA-365N Dauphin 2 were acquired by : Australia, Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, Dominican Republic, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Kuwait, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, UK, USA, Uruguay and many others.

Bibliography
 Jackson, Robert, Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
 Gaillard, Pierre, Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .
 Frawley, Gerard, The international directory of military aircraft 2002/2003 .  London: Aerospace Publication, 2002. .

French military aircraft
Helicopters
Dauphin

Aérospatiale SA-365 Dauphin 2


Calf roping is a sport where a person chases a calf on horseback. The person ropes the calf, then jumps off their horse and ties the calf's one front foot and two hind feet with a "piggin' rope". Then they must give the calf some slack and the rope must stay tied for 6 seconds.

Calf roping started with cowboys. They had to rope and tie down calves to brand them and doctor them.

Equestrian sports

Calf roping


A Viennese waltz (Valse in French, Walzer in German) is a music and dance which started in Vienna in the late 18th century. It is a ballroom dance in 3/4 time. It is the most famous of all dance forms. It became extremely popular during the 19th century, and is still danced today. Many famous composers wrote waltzes for piano or for orchestra. The rhythm of the waltz can be heard in lots of music, not just in pieces which are called a 'waltz'.

History of the music

Origins
It is difficult to know exactly when the waltz started. The word comes from a German word "walzen" which means "to turn". This is because the dancers turn around as they spin round the dance floor. There were German dances called Ländler which were simpler than the minuet and popular amongst ordinary people. The waltz developed from these dances. Schubert wrote many pieces called 'Ländler'. He also started to use the title 'Waltz'. Beethoven wrote 30 variations on a waltz that had been composed by Anton Diabelli.

Many people thought that the new dance was bad. This was because the dancing couples stood very close to one another and held one another in their arms (in the old minuet they held hands politely). Some people thought that it was very immoral and wrote angry letters to the newspapers saying that it was the end of civilised society. However, the waltz continued to be popular, and many dance halls were opened where people could waltz.

19th century
Composers became interested in the music of the waltz. Weber wrote a piece called 'Invitation to the Dance'. It has a main tune, then a set of variations, and at the end it comes back to the first tune. This form became a common way of writing a group of waltzes. Two composers in Vienna who became well known for their waltzes were Joseph Lanner (1801–1843) and Johann Strauss (1804–1849), but the most famous of all was one of Strauss's sons, also called Johann. Father and son are sometimes called Johann Strauss I and Johann Strauss II. The son is often called the 'King of the Waltz'. He wrote many waltzes which are still very popular today. On New Year's Day the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra always give a concert which can be seen worldwide on television. They play lots of Strauss waltzes. The most famous one is called 'The Blue Danube' (German: 'An den schönen, blauen Donau').

In the Romantic period there was hardly a composer who was not influenced by the waltz. Chopin wrote about 15 piano waltzes, some of them are very fast, some are slower and more melancholy (sad). Brahms wrote 16 waltzes for piano duet. Many composers wrote waltzes in their operas, especially when the story is about people dancing at a party. The waltz was used a lot in operettas and ballets. Tchaikovsky wrote lots of waltz music in Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker. Even Wagner, whose music is mostly very serious, wrote a waltz in his opera Parsifal . The rhythm of the waltz can be heard in a lot of orchestral music, e.g. Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique. The great composers Anton Bruckner and Gustav Mahler preferred to use the old German Ländler in their symphonies.

20th century
Although the 19th century was the greatest period of the waltz, people continued to write and dance waltzes in the 20th century. In his opera Der Rosenkavalier (1909) the German composer Richard Strauss (no relation of Johann Strauss) the story is about Vienna in the old days, and so he uses the waltz to create the feeling of a time that was past. The waltz continued to be used in a lot of operettas, e.g. by Franz Léhar in The Merry Widow . The French composer Maurice Ravel wrote waltzes, including a brilliant piece for orchestra which was simply called La Valse. Like Richard Strauss in Der Rosenkavalier, Ravel was trying to describe the music of a century ago. La Valse is a piece which lasts about 20 minutes in one continuous movement. Lots of different instruments have a share in playing many different tunes.

Competitive dance
The Viennese waltz is one of the five dances in international ballroom dance. It is the only one not invented in the early 20th century. It is the only one where the figures which competitors dance is restricted. Only nine figures are permitted by the World Dance Council.

 Natural turn
 Reverse turn
 Forward closed change, natural
 Forward closed change, reverse
 Backward closed change, forward
 Backward closed change, reverse
 Natural fleckerl
 Reverse fleckerl
 Contra check

Thus in this dance marking is influenced entirely by the actual dancing, and the value of choreography is almost nil.

Other websites
 Marcus & Karen Hilton demo:
 Basic figures by Mirko & Alessia

References

Ballroom dances
Waltzes

Viennese waltz


Blender is a free, open source 3D computer graphics program. It is available for many operating systems, for example Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux. It is made by the Blender Foundation. It was used, for example, to make the short movies Elephants Dream, Big Buck Bunny and Sintel.

History
A Dutch animation studio called NeoGeo created Blender as an in-house application. The song Yello, which is from a song album called Baby, started an idea of the name "Blender". Ton Roosendaal founded NaN in June 1998. He wanted to make and show off the program to the public. The program was published as shareware until NaN went bankrupt in 2002. The creditors, people who have other people oweing money to them, agreed to sell out Blender under the laws of the GNU General Public License in exchange for a one-time payment of 100,000 Euros (102,000 in U.S. dollars.) On July 18, 2002, Roosendaal put money into a Blender funding campaign—in order to collect donations. On September 7, 2002, the collected funds was given notice to the public. This proved that the Blender source code would be published. Blender is now an open source program. Right now, the Blender Foundation watches and takes care of it. It is the Blender Foundation's responsibility to do such a thing. The Blender Foundation have the right to use dual licensing, so that, in addition to GNU GPL, Blender would also have the permission to use the following name: "Blender License". Blender License does not have a rule that says it needs a disclosing source code but it does have a rule on payments to the Blender Foundation. On the other hand, this choice was never used and became null in 2005. Right now, Blender belongs only to GNU GPL.

Features
Blender has many features and tools, such as:
 Modelling tools for creating 3D models, materials etc.
 Rendering engine (part of the program that draws the image of the 3D scene).
 Physics engine which can be used to make simulations of collisions, water, smoke etc.
 Animation tools which can be used to make 3D models move, e.g. for movies.
 Video editor.
 Grease pencil tool for 2D drawings

References

Graphics software
Free software
Animation

Blender (software)