The noble savage is an old term.

"Savage" is a new term.

The term "noble savage" is an idea people had: Without civilization, humans are essentially good; it is civilization that makes them act in bad ways. The idea started in the 17th century and developed in the 18th century. One of the first to express it was  Shaftesbury. He told the would-be author "to search for that simplicity of manners, and innocence of behaviour, which has been often known among mere savages; ere they were corrupted by our commerce" (Advice to an Author, Part III.iii). His counter to the doctrine of original sin, born amid the optimistic atmosphere of Renaissance humanism, was taken up by another author who lived at the same time, the essayist Richard Steele, who attributed the corruption of contemporary manners to false education.

In the eighteenth-century cult of "Primitivism" the noble savage, uncorrupted by the influences of civilization, was considered more worthy, more authentically noble than the contemporary product of civilized training. Although the phrase noble savage first appeared in Dryden's The Conquest of Granada (1672), the idealized picture of "nature's gentleman" was an aspect of eighteenth-century sentimentalism, among other forces at work.

Pre-history of the Noble Savage
During the seventeenth century, as an aspect of Romantic "Primitivism", the figure of the "Good Savage" was held up as a reproach to European civilization, then in the throes of savage wars of religion. People were especially horrified by the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew (1572), in which some 20,000 men, women, and children were massacred, chiefly in Paris, but also throughout France, in a three-day period. This led Montaigne to write his famous essay "Of Cannibals" (1587), in which he stated that although cannibals ceremoniously eat each other, Europeans behave even more barbarously and burn each other alive for disagreeing about religion. The treatment of indigenous peoples by the Spanish Conquistadors also produced a great deal of bad conscience and recriminations. Bartolomé de las Casas, who witnessed it, may have been the first to idealize the simple life of the indigenous Americans. He and other observers praised the simple manners of the indigenous Americans and reported that they were incapable of lying. European guilt over colonialism, with its use of recently invented guns on people who did not have them inspired fictional treatments such as Aphra Behn's novel Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave, about a slave revolt in Surinam in the West Indies. Behn's story was not primarily a protest against slavery but was written for money; and it met readers' expectations by following the conventions of the European romance novella. The leader of the revolt, Oroonoko, is truly noble in that he is a hereditary African prince, and he laments his lost African homeland in the traditional terms of a Golden Age. He is not a savage but dresses and behaves like a European aristocrat. Behn's story was adapted for the stage by Irish playwright Thomas Southerne, who stressed its sentimental aspects, and as time went on it came to be seen as addressing the issues of slavery and colonialism, remaining very popular throughout the Eighteenth Century.

Origin of term "Noble Savage"
In English, the phrase Noble Savage first appeared in Dryden's play, The Conquest of Granada (1672): "I am as free as nature first made man, / Ere the base laws of servitude began, / When wild in woods the noble savage ran." However, the term "Noble Savage" only began to be widely used in the last half of the nineteenth century and then as a term of disparagement. In French the term had been the "Good Savage" (or good "Wild man"), and, in French (and even in eighteenth-century English), the word "savage" did not necessarily have the connotations of cruelty we now associate with it, but meant "wild" as in a wild flower.

The idealized picture of "Nature's Gentleman" was an aspect of eighteenth-century sentimentalism, along with other stock figures such as, the Virtuous Milkmaid, the Servant-More-Clever-than-the-Master (such as Sancho Panza and Figaro, among countless others), and the general theme of virtue in the lowly born. Nature's Gentleman, whether European-born or exotic, takes his place among these tropes, along with the Wise Egyptian, Persian, and Chinaman. He had always existed, from the time of the epic of Gilgamesh, where he appears as Enkiddu, the wild-but-good man who lives with animals; and the untutored-but-noble medieval knight, Parsifal. Even the Biblical David the shepherd boy, falls into this category. Indeed, that virtue and lowly birth can coexist is a time-honored tenet of Abrahamic religion, most conspicuously so in the case of the Founder of the Christian religion. Likewise, the idea that withdrawal from society—and specifically from cities—is associated with virtue, is originally a religious one.

Hayy ibn Yaqdhan an Islamic philosophical tale (or thought experiment) by Ibn Tufail from twelfth-century Andalusia, straddles the divide between the religious and the secular. The tale is of interest because it was known to the New England Puritan divine, Cotton Mather. Translated in to English (from Latin) in 1686 and 1708, it tells the story of Hayy, a wild child,  raised by a gazelle, without human contact, on a deserted island in the Indian Ocean. Purely through the use of his reason, Hayy goes through all the gradations of knowledge before emerging into human society, where he revealed to be a believer of Natural religion, which Cotton Mather, as a Christian Divine, identified with Primitive Christianity. The figure of Hayy is both a  Natural man and a Wise Persian, but not a Noble Savage.

The locus classicus of the eighteenth century portrayal of the American Indian is that of Alexander Pope, unquestionably the most famous and widely-translated poet of his day. In his philosophical poem, "Essay on Man" (1734), Pope wrote:
Lo, the poor Indian! whose untutor'd mind /
Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind; /
His soul proud Science never taught to stray /
Far as the solar walk or milky way; /
Yet simple Nature to his hope has giv'n, /
Behind the cloud-topp'd hill, a humbler heav'n; /
Some safer world in depth of woods embrac'd, /
Some happier island in the wat'ry waste, /
Where slaves once more their native land behold, /
No fiends torment, no Christians thirst for gold! /
To be, contents his natural desire; /
He asks no angel's wing, no seraph's fire: /
But thinks, admitted to that equal sky, /
His faithful dog shall bear him company.

Pope's poem expresses the typical Age of Reason belief that men are everywhere and in all times the same, which was also Christian doctrine (Pope was a Catholic). He portrays his Indian as a victim ("the poor Indian"), who, although less learned and with less aspirations than his European counterpart, is as good or better and hence equally worthy of salvation. He is a "bon sauvage", but not a noble one.

Attributes of Romantic Primitivism
Living in harmony with Nature
Generosity and selflessness
Innocence
Inability to lie, fidelity
Physical health
Disdain of luxury
Moral courage
"Natural" intelligence or innate, untutored wisdom

In the first century CE, all of these qualities had been attributed by Tacitus to the German barbarians in his Germania, in which he contrasted them repeatedly with the softened, Romanized, corrupted Gauls, by inference  criticizing his own Roman culture for getting away from its roots—which was the perennial function of such comparisons. The Germans did not inhabit a "Golden Age" of ease, but were tough and inured to hardship, qualities which Tacitus saw as preferable to the "softness" of civilized life. In antiquity this form of "hard Primitivism", whether viewed as desirable or seen as something to escape, co-existed in rhetorical opposition to the "soft Primitivism" of visions of a lost Golden Age of ease and plenty.

The legendary toughness and martial valor of the Spartans were also admired throughout the ages by hard Primitivists; and in the Eighteenth Century a Scottish writer described Highland countrymen this way:

They greatly excel the Lowlanders in all the exercises that require agility; they are incredibly abstemious, and patient of hunger and fatigue; so steeled against the weather, that in traveling, even when the ground is covered with snow, they never look for a house, or any other shelter but their plaid, in which they wrap themselves up, and go to sleep under the cope of heaven. Such people, in quality of soldiers, must be invincible . . .

Related pages
Colonialism
Imperialism
New Age
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Scientific racism
Slavery
White supremacy

References

Further reading
Barzun, Jacques (2000). From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life, 1500 to the Present. New York: Harper Collins. pp. 282–294, and passim.
Berkhofer, Robert F. "The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present"
Boas, George ([1933] 1966).  The Happy Beast in French Thought in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Reprinted by Octagon Press in 1966.
Boas, George ([1948] 1997). Primitivism and Related Ideas in the Middle Ages. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Bordewich, Fergus M.  "Killing the White Man's Indian: Reinventing Native Americans at the End of the Twentieth Century"
Deloria, Vine, Jr.  "The Pretend Indian: Images of Native Americans in the Movies"
Edwards, Brendan Frederick R. (2008) "'He Scarcely Resembles the Real Man': images of the Indian in popular culture" Our Legacy
Ellingson, Ter. (2001). The Myth of the Noble Savage (Berkeley, CA.: University of California Press).
Fabian, Johannes. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object
Fairchild, Hoxie Neale (1928). The Noble Savage: A Study in Romantic Naturalism (New York)
Fitzgerald, Margaret Mary ([1947] 1976). First Follow Nature: Primitivism in English Poetry 1725-1750. New York: Kings Crown Press. Reprinted New York: Octagon Press.
Fryd, Vivien Green. "Rereading the Indian in Benjamin West's 'Death of General Wolfe.'" American Art, Vol. 9, No. 1. (Spring, 1995), pp. 72–85. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3109196
Hazard, Paul([1937]1947). The European Mind (1690-1715). Cleveland, Ohio: Meridian Books.
Keeley, Lawrence H. War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford: University Press, 1996.
LeBlanc, Steven (2003). Constant battles: the myth of the peaceful, noble savage.  New York : St Martin's Press
Lovejoy, Arthur O. (1923, 1943). "The Supposed Primitivism of Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality, " Modern Philology Vol. 21, No. 2 (Nov., 1923):165-186. Reprinted in Essays in the History of Ideas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1948 and 1960.
A. O. Lovejoy and George Boas ([1935] 1965. Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Reprinted by Octagon Books, 1965.
Lovejoy, Arthur O. and George Boas. (1935). A Documentary History of Primitivism and Related Ideas, vol. 1. Baltimore.
Olupọna, Jacob Obafẹmi Kẹhinde, Editor. (2003) Beyond primitivism: indigenous religious traditions and modernity. New York and London: Routledge.
Pagden, Anthony (1982). The Fall of the Natural Man: The American Indian and the origins of comparative ethnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pinker, Steven (2002). The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. Viking
Sandall, Roger (2001). The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays
Rollins, Peter C. "Hollywood's Indian : the portrayal of the Native American in film"
Tinker, Chaunchy Brewster (1922). Nature's Simple Plan: a phase of radical thought in the mid-eighteenth century. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Torgovnick, Marianna (1991). Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives (Chicago)
Whitney, Lois Payne (1934). Primitivism and the Idea of Progress in English Popular Literature of the Eighteenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press
Eric R. Wolf, 1982. Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Other websites
Dictionary of the History of Ideas, Primitivism in the Eighteenth Century.

History of ideas

Noble savage


f2c is a program to convert Fortran 77 to C code, developed  at Bell Laboratories.  The standalone f2c program was based on the core of the first complete Fortran 77 compiler to be implemented, the "f77" program by Feldman and Weinberger.  Because the f77 compiler was itself written in C and relied on a C compiler back end to complete its final compilation step, it and its derivatives like f2c were much more portable than compilers generating machine code directly.

The f2c program was released as free software and subsequently became one of the most common means to compile Fortran code on many systems where native Fortran compilers were unavailable or expensive.  Several large Fortran libraries, such as LAPACK, were made available as C libraries via conversion with f2c.  The f2c program also influenced the development of the GNU g77 compiler, which uses a modified version of the f2c runtime libraries.

See also
BCX – translates BASIC source code to C/C++ source code

References

 S. I. Feldman and P. J. Weinberger. A portable Fortran 77 compiler. In UNIX Time Sharing System Programmer's Manual, volume 2. AT&T Bell Laboratories, tenth edition, 1990.
 S. I. Feldman, David M. Gay, Mark W. Maimone, and N. L. Schryer, "A Fortran to C Converter," AT&T Bell Laboratories technical report, 1990.  Also the paper of the same title by S. I. Feldman, published in ACM SIGPLAN Fortran Forum, vol. 9, issue 2, p. 21–22 (1990).
 The f2c source code and documentation, at Netlib.

Fortran compilers
Compilers
Source-to-source compilers
C (programming language)
Free compilers and interpreters
Free software programmed in C

F2c


The word Orlando has several meanings:

There are several places that have the name:
 Orlando, Florida, in the United States of America
 Orlando, Oklahoma, in the United States of America
 Orlando, Soweto, in the Republic of South Africa

There are several artistic works that use the name:
 Orlando can be a character in literature or music from the 16th and 17th centuries
 Orlando is the name of an opera composed by George Frideric Handel in 1733
 Orlando: A Biography is a novel written by Virginia Woolf in 1928
 Orlando is the title of a movie based on the above novel, produced in 1992
 Orlando is the title of a British television series in the 1960s
 Orlando is the name of a British indie-pop band in the 1990s
 Orlando is the name of a fictional cat that stars in a series of children's illustrated books by Kathleen Hale

The following people use "Orlando" as their surname, or family name:
Vittorio Orlando, an Italian diplomat and politician
Tony Orlando, an American singer

The following people use "Orlando" as their given name:
Orlando Bloom, a British actor
Orlando Cepeda, a former Hispanic-American baseball player in the Baseball Hall of Fame
Orlando Cabrera, a current Hispanic-American baseball player.  He plays in Major League Baseball for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

Orlando (disambiguation)


Gumti River  originates from Dumbur in the northeastern hilly region of the Tripura Division, that is part of the so-called Chittagonian agency.

The Gumti is a hilly river having a strong current. Its flow varies from 100 to 20,000 ft³/s at Comilla. During the rains its average breadth is about 100 m, it is full from bank to bank and the current is rapid. But during the winter it shrinks and becomes fordable at most places. In a year of normal rainfall the river rises to above 1.5 m than the level of the surrounding areas. Flash floods are common phenomena of this river and it occurs at frequent intervals.

Rivers of India
Rivers of Bangladesh

Gumti River


The Gandhi Hill (elevation ) is a hill in Vijayawada, situated behind the Vijayawada railway station in the Tarapet area. A Gandhi Memorial, built on this hill, is the first in the country to have seven stupas. The hill is also popularly known by the name of Gandhi. The hill was formerly known as ORR hill.

Memorial

Gandhi Hill is considered as a monument of Indian Independence struggle and pays homage to Father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi. The Gandhi Hill Memorial has a stone slab with inscriptions of Gandhi quotations. The facility has a library and a planetarium, and offers a show on the father of the nation. On 6 October 1968, a stupa  tall was unveiled by former President of India, Dr. Zakir Hussain. There are also seven tall pillars, each  tall.

See also

List of tourist attractions in Vijayawada

References

Geography of Vijayawada
Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi
Tourist attractions in Vijayawada

Gandhi Hill, Vijayawada


The Topkapı Palace is a palace in Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey. Topkapı Saray in Turkish means the "Cannongate Palace". It was built in 1465. The palace was the administrative center of the Ottoman Empire. It was turned into a museum at the request of Turkey's first President, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1924. It was built on the acropolis, the site of the first settlement in Istanbul. The palace has a very good view of the Golden Horn, the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara. The palace is surrounded by 5km of walls. It has an area of 700,000 sq. m at the tip of the historical peninsula.

First Court
The First Court (or Alay Meydanı) spans over the entire Seraglio Point and is surrounded by high walls. This court was also known as the Court of the Janissaries or the Parade Court.

The main gate is called Bab-ı Hümayun, simply the Imperial Gate. Apart from the Topkapı Palace, the First Court also contains the old imperial mint (constructed in 1727), the church of Hagia Eirene, the Archeology Museum (constructed during the 19th century) and various fountains, pavilions (for example, the Çinili Pavilion, or Tiled Pavilion) and gardens (including the Gülhane Park, the old imperial rose garden).

The Çinili Pavilion (1472) has many superb examples of Iznik tiles. It now houses the Museum of Islamic Art.

The Fountain of the Executioner is where the executioner washed his hands and sword after a beheading. The Fountain of Ahmed III is an example of Rococo work.

The huge Gate of Greeting (Bab-üs Selam) leads into the palace and the Second Court (Divan Meydanı).

Second Court
The second court is a park surrounded by the palace hospital, bakery, Janissary quarters, stables, the imperial Harem and Divan to the north and the kitchens to the south. The kitchens today contain one of the world's largest collections of Chinese blue-and-white and celadon porcelain, valued by the sultans because it was supposed to change color if the food or drink it contained was poisoned.

The Divan Salonu, or Imperial Council Chamber, was where the sultan's counselors and functionaries met to discuss the empire's affairs. The Sultan could overhear from a concealed grille.

Third Court
Beyond the Gate of Felicity (Bab-üs Saadet) is the Third Court which is the heart of the palace, a lush garden surrounded by the Hall of the Privy Chamber (Has Oda) occupied by the palace officials, the treasury (which contains some of the finest treasures of the Ottoman age, including the Sacred Trusts), the Harem and some pavilions, with the library of Ahmed III in the center.

The Treasury holds some of the most famous and spectacular jewels in the world, including the famous Topkapı Dagger. In 1747, the Sultan had this dagger made for Nadir Shah of Persia, but the Shah was assassinated before the emissary had left the Ottoman Empire's boundaries and so the Sultan retained it. There are three large emeralds in the hilt and the sheath is worked with diamonds and enamel. This dagger was the subject of the famous film Topkapi.

The Harem was home to the Sultan's mother, the Valide sultan; the concubines and wives of the Sultan; and the rest of his family, including children; and their servants. There are approximately 300 rooms (though only about twenty are open to the public), and the Harem housed as many as 500 people, which sometimes amounted up to 300 women, their children, and the eunuchs.

Many of the rooms and features in the Harem were designed by Sinan, a famous architect of the Ottoman Empire.

The Pavilion of the Holy Mantle holds the cloak of Mohammed, his sword, his teeth, his beard, and other relics which are known as the Sacred Trusts. Even the Sultan and his family were permitted entrance only once a year, on the 15th day of Ramadan, during the time when the Palace was a residence. Now any visitor can see these items and many Muslims come on pilgrimage for this purpose.

Related pages
Ottoman architecture
Dolmabahçe Palace
Topkapi manuscript
Islamic architecture
Gülhane Park

Other websites

  Official website in English
 Bilkent University web site Floor plan of Topkapı Palace
 Topkapi Palace Audioguide visit map Audioguide Seslirehber Topkapi Palace
 Topkapi Palace photos

Palaces
Buildings and structures in Turkey

Topkapı Palace


Babenhausen is a town in the Darmstadt-Dieburg Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Geography

Babenhausen is in the Rhine-Main area 35 km south east of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is 66,87 km2 large and it is 127 m above sea level. It is a plain area with no hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The city consists out of the town Babenhausen and the 5 former independent villages Hergershausen, Harpertshausen, Harreshausen, Sickenhofen and Langstadt.

The neighbours of Babenhausen are:
 Rodgau, Seligenstadt and Mainhausen (North) (all Offenbach Rural District)
 Stockstadt and Großostheim (East) (all Aschaffenburg Rural District)
 Schaafheim and Groß-Umstadt (South)
 Münster and Eppertshausen (West)

Babenhausen has 16,066 inhabitants (2008).

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: Hessisch) spoken in the south of Hesse. This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and  the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History

Babenhausen and the former villages are early places where people lived. In the time of the 7th to the 9th century new places to live got name endings like -hausen and -stadt. But the names of the places were not written down.

In 1236 the name of Babenhausen was written down in a document for the first time. About 50 years later it got the town privileges (1295). During the Thirty Years' War the military made a lot of damages to the city. Many people died because of diseases and hunger (Bubonic plague).

Formerly the people in the Babenhausen area were mostly farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore, most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the Rhine-Main area got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working, leather manufacturing and chemical processing. Many men became workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

In World War II Babenhausen was a central place for Russian soldiers, who where caught in the fights with the German. They lived here as war prisoners and had to work for the German people. After World War II it became a central place for Jewish people that were prisoners of the NAZI concentration camps.

Twinned cities
  Bouxwiller, France

References

Other websites

Official website of Babenhausen

Towns in Hesse
Cities in Hesse

Babenhausen


Robert Dean Frisbie (17 April 1896 - 19 November 1948) was an American writer of travel literature about Polynesia.

Life
Robert Dean Frisbie was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on April 17, 1896, the son of Arthur Grazly Frisbie and Florence Benson. As a young man, he left his parental home to serve in the U.S. Army during World War I. After discharge from the military, doctors told him that his health was so bad that he would not survive another American winter. So, in 1920, he decided to explore the islands of the South Pacific Ocean.

He arrived at his first destination, Tahiti, in that year, settled down to lead a life as a plantation owner in Papeete, and began to write about his travels. He also established the South Seas News and Pictorial Syndicate and began sending stories back to the U.S. for publication. In later voyages through Polynesia (spanning his entire lifetime), he regularly visited the Cook Islands, Samoa and French Polynesia.

In writing down his observations of life in the Pacific, Frisbie followed the footsteps of other famous 19th century South Sea writers. One of his major influences was Robert Louis Stevenson. He was also well informed of the work of  fellow travel writers in his time, with whom he kept in touch.

Life on Puka–Puka
In Tahiti, Frisbie (dubbed: "Ropati," a phonetic approximation of "Robert" [en: Writer]) met Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, well-known co-authors of the Mutiny on the Bounty series. This encouraged Frisbie to write his first complete narrative, which marked the starting point of his career. The Book of Puka Puka, published in 1929 by The Century Company, related the tale of his eternal search for solitude on the far-flung Northern Cook atoll of Pukapuka. Frisbie writes that life on Pukapuka enabled him to escape "the faintest echo from the noisy clamour of the civilised world."

On Pukapuka Frisbie met 16-year-old Ngatokorua (Also known as Inangaro which, when translated, means "Desire"). They were married in 1928 on Penrhyn, Northern Cook Islands. "Nga" became the mother of their five children: Charles, Florence, William, Elaine and Ngatokorua. In 1930 the family sailed back to Tahiti and Frisbie started working on his second novel, My Tahiti (Little Brown & Co., 1937) and worked on another book, A Child of Tahiti, which was never published.

Hurricane at Suwarrow
In the 1940s, after the death of Frisbie's wife, the family visited the uninhabited Northern Cook atoll Suwarrow and lived there for almost a year. The celebrated story of their hurricane survival on a tiny motu (islet) was serialized by in the Atlantic Monthly as The Story of an Island: Marooned by Request in 1943 and later in Frisbie's memoir The Island of Desire.

Another notable character in Frisbie's life was Tom Neale. A loner inspired by Frisbie's tales of isolation on Suwarrow, he also lived alone on the atoll on three occasions (1952-1954, 1960-1964 & 1967-1977). After he returned from his second visit in 1964, he wrote the book An Island to Myself (Doubleday, 1966), in which he credits Frisbie as his inspiration. The book was republished in Great Britain as An Island to Oneself (Collins, 1966).

Johnny Frisbie
Florence Frisbie (better known as Johnny) was born on June 19, 1932, in Papeete, Tahiti, the second child of Robert Dean and Ngatokorua Frisbie. As a youngster encouraged by her father to write, Johnny kept journals in three languages (including Pukapukan). At the age of 12 she began an autobiographical children's novel based on these journals, Miss Ulysses of Puka-Puka, which deals with her life on the atoll and her bond with her father and family. Miss Ulysses was published by Macmillan in 1948.

After her father's death in 1948, Johnny wrote another biography of her family, The Frisbies of the South Seas (Doubleday, 1959).

Death
In 1943, diagnosed with tuberculosis, Frisbie was evacuated by then U.S. Navy Lieutenant James Michener to a hospital on American Samoa. His recovery was spotty, but he continued to travel, write and publish until his death at age 52, on November 18 (or 19), 1948, in Avatiu (Cook Islands), from an apparent tetanus infection. He was survived by his five children, whose mother had already died in 1939 and who were subsequently raised by friends and relatives in New Zealand and Hawaii.

Work
Robert Dean Frisbie produced a great number of sketches, articles and books that were printed by several publishers in America. His first article was Fei-hunting in Polynesia (1923, Forum).

Frisbie's autobiographical travel stories are of enduring value, offering detailed and humorous descriptions of island life in Polynesia and especially the Cook Islands. He also wrote many news stories for various periodicals like Pacific Islands Monthly. His work is marked by a passionate search for solitude, his concern for the fate of island locals in the face of outside exploitation, and his desire to write the perfect American novel. His output is very impressive considering his personal hardships.

Bibliography

Published books by Robert Dean Frisbie:

The Book of Puka-Puka (A Lone Trader on a South Sea Atoll) (1929)
My Tahiti (1937)
Mr. Moonlight's Island (1939)
The Island of Desire (The Story of a South Sea Trader) (1944)
Amaru: A Romance of the South Seas (1945)
Dawn Sails North (1949)

Articles by R.D.F:

Fei-Hunting in Polynesia (1924)
Palmleaf Gambling Hells (1925)
The Island of Women (1926)
Prize-Fighting in the Pacific (1926)
Armchair Yachting: A Droll Discourse on the Rather Comfortable Technique of Yachting in the Tropics (1927)
At Home in Puka-Puka (1928)
Business as Usual (1928)
Adventures in a Puka-Puka Library (1929)
Fishing With King-of-the-Sky (1929)
Fishing for Steak and Eggs (1929)
The Sea Afire (1929)
Mrs. Turtle Lays Her Eggs (1929)
Puka-Puka Neighbors (1929)
Magic Dances (1929)
A Kanaka Voyage (1930)
The Sex Taboo at Puka-Puka (1930)
The Ghost of Alexander Perks, A.B. (1931)
Americans in the South Seas (1931)
Rum Row: Western (1932)
Cinderella at Puka-Puka (1932)
A Copra Island (1932)
The South Sea Myth (1933)
End of Oleaginous Culture? (1934)
Uninhabited Island (1935)
The Grandpapa of All the Fishes (1936)
Unconventional Journey (1936)
An Idyll in Polynesia (author uncertain) (1940)
The Story of an Island: Marooned by Request (1943)
Economic Debauchery of Polynesians by Friendly Troops (1944)
Has Polynesia a Future Without a "Copra Economy"? (1944)
Cannibal to Commando (1944)
South Sea Authors (1944)
Mr. Ward Thought It Subversive (1945)

By Florence ("Johnny") Frisbie:

Miss Ulysses of Puka-Puka (1948)
The Frisbies of the South Seas (1959)

Notes, Sources and References

Notes

General references

 The Book of Puka-Puka; Frisbie, Robert Dean; Century Company, 1929.
 Blauwzee; Büch, Boudewijn; Atlas, 1994 (Dutch).
 Robert Dean Frisbie Society, Michael Uhlenkott  (formed in 1995).

1896 births
1948 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
United States Army personnel of World War I
American travel writers
Deaths from tetanus
Infectious disease deaths in the Cook Islands
Writers from Cleveland
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Ohio
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
American expatriates in French Polynesia

Robert Dean Frisbie


Lugo is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Galicia. It is bordered by the provinces of Ourense, Pontevedra, and A Coruña, the principality of Asturias, León, and in the north by the Cantabrian Sea (Bay of Biscay).

The population is 356,595 (2006), of whom a quarter live in the capital Lugo. The capital city was an ancient Celtic settlement named in honour of the god Lugh (see Lyon), later Latinised as Lucus Augusti, and which became one of the three main important Galician-Roman centres alongside Braccara Augusta and Asturica Augusta (modern Braga and Astorga respectively). The province has 67 municipalities.

Province of Lugo


Dorothy Gladys Smith (born in 1896), commonly known as Dodie Smith, was an English children's book author and playwright. She is most famous for writing The 00 and 1 Dalmatians and I Capture the Castle, both adapted into famous films. Ms Smith had not intended to be a writer. Her first love was acting but, she once admitted, "I simply wasn't very good."

Early life
Smith was born on May 3, 1896 in Whitefield, UK.  When she was eighteen years old, her father died, so after that she and her mother lived with her family - her grandparents, three uncles and two aunts, in an old house with a garden leaning towards the Manchester Ship Canal. Both her mother and grandmother wrote and composed. Almost everyone in the household sang and played an instrument (including pianos, a violin, a mandolin, a guitar and a banjo) and one uncle, a nonprofessional but decent actor, was usually rehearsing, preferably with Smith there to give him cues. Although she had liked theater for a while before she could read, it was hearing of her uncle's parts which really sparked her passion for acting and writing plays, especially as the cues she gave to her uncle got longer and longer and, by the age of nine, Smith had written a forty-page play.

Early career
Even when her mother described her first play as dull and boring, she did not stop trying to succeed. Soon she became a young actress for many theaters after studying at the London's Royal Academy of Art. During World War I, Smith went to France to help amuse the soldiers there and also appeared in a performance of John Galsworthy's Pigeon. In 1923, the actress left the theater to work as a buyer for Heal and Son, a furniture company where she remained for the next eight years, writing for the stage in cinema in her free time. Smith first gained recognition as a playwright, going by the name of C. L. Anthony until 1935. In 1931, Smith sold her play Autumn Crocus to one of her old stage directors. Although she had written a screenplay and a stage play before, Autumn Crocus proved to be the work that turned her career around. Call It a Day was the first play Smith wrote under her own name; also proving to be her most financially rewarding piece. Her plays, generally simple comedies about middle-class life, received much praise, both popular and critical. "The ability to recreate detail, to capture the nuances of everyday conversation, to recognize humor in the trivialities of middle-class life marks the dramas of Dodie Smith," wrote Martha Hadsel. "Her critics sometimes found fault with what they considered her superficiality, but most admitted that her plays provided enjoyable entertainment." Hadsel claimed Smith to be "one of the few successful women dramatists in England and America during the first half of the twentieth century."

Works of Dodie Smith

Children's books:

- The 00 and 1 Dalmatians, 1956.

- The Starlight Barking, 1968.

- The Midnight Kittens, 1978.

Plays:

- Call It a Day, 1937.

- Bonnet over the Windmill, 1937.

- (And co-director) Dear Octopus, 1939.

- Autumn Crocus, Service, and Touch Wood, 1939.

- Lovers and Friends, 1944.

- Letter from Paris, 1954.

- I Capture the Castle, 1948.

- These People, Those Books, 1958.

- Amateur Means Lover, 1962.

Novels:

- I Capture the Castle, 1999.

- The New Moon with the Old, 1963.

- The Town in Bloom, 1965.

- It Ends with Revelations, 1967.

- A Tale of Two Families, 1970.

- The Girl from the Candle-lit Bath, 1978.

Autobiographies:

- Look Back with Love: A Manchester Childhood, 1974.

- Look Back with Mixed Feelings, 1978.

- Look Back with Astonishment, 1979.

- Look Back with Gratitude, 1985.

Screenplays:

- (With Frank Partos) The Uninvited (adapted from the novel by Dorothy Macardle), Paramount, 1944.

- (With Lesser Samuels) Darling, How Could You! (adapted from Alice-Sit-by-the-Fire by James M. Barrie), Paramount, 1951.

- Also author of screenplay "Schoolgirl Rebels" (under pseudonym Charles Henry Percy), 1915.

References

"Dodie Smith." Almanac of Famous People. Gale, 2011. Biography in Context. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.
"Dodie Smith." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 68. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.
"OBITUARY Dodie Smith Author's story featured in Walt Disney feature." Globe & Mail [Toronto, Canada] 28 Nov. 1990: D8. Biography in Context. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.

English writers

Dodie Smith


The Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis), is a member of the roller family of birds. They are found widely across tropical Asia stretching from Iraq eastward across the Indian subcontinent to Indochina and are best known for the aerobatic displays of the male during the breeding season. They are very commonly seen perched along roadside trees and wires and are commonly seen in open grassland and scrub forest habitats. It is not migratory, but undertakes some seasonal movements.

Birds of Pakistan
Coraciiformes
Birds of India
Birds of Asia

Indian roller


West Berlin was the name of the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990. It was the American, British, and French occupied sectors that were created in 1945.

In many ways it was integrated (joined) with West Germany, but it was not a part of West Germany or East Germany. The Soviet sector became East Berlin, which East Germany claimed as its capital. The Western Allies never recognized this claim. They said that the whole city was still under four-power occupation. The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 surrounded West Berlin.

West Berlin was called "Berlin (West)" by the West Germany government, and usually  by the East German government. The east German spelling suggested that West Berlin was not really part of "Berlin" as a whole, but a separate place. East Berlin was officially called Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR ("Berlin, Capital of the GDR"), or simply "Berlin," by East Germany.

Origins
The Potsdam Agreement of the four wartime allies decided on dividing up Germany. At first it was only a temporary measure, until a permanent way to reunite a peaceful Germany and Berlin could be worked out.

When the cold war began, the joint administration of Germany and Berlin broke down. Soon Soviet-occupied Berlin and western-occupied Berlin were managed by separate governments.

In 1948, the Soviets tried to force the western allies out of Berlin by a blockade of the western sectors. The Soviets blocked roads, railways and waterways, but the Potsdam Agreement guaranteed air corridors to Berlin. Because the western allies flew in all the supplies that normally came by land, the Berlin Blockade is also known as the Berlin Airlift. The Blockade ended in May 1949. By the end of 1949, two new states had been created out of occupied Germany - the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in the West and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in the East - with West Berlin an enclave that was not part of either.

Legal status
According to the western allies, the occupation of most of Germany ended in 1949 when the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were set up. But the occupation of Berlin could only be ended by a quadripartite (four power) agreement, so Berlin remained an occupied territory under the formal control of all the allies. This is why the Grundgesetz (constitution of the Federal Republic) never applied in West Berlin.

The Soviets declared the occupation of East Berlin ended when East Germany was set up. This move was not recognised by the western allies who continued to view all of Berlin as a jointly occupied territory belonging to neither of the two states.

However, in many ways, West Berlin functioned as the de facto 11th state of West Germany.
 Maps published in the West showed West Berlin as a part of West Germany;
 Germans living in West Berlin were treated as West German citizens by West German authorities;
 There was freedom of movement between West Berlin and West Germany;
 There were no separate immigration regulations for West Berlin: all immigration rules for West Germany were followed in West Berlin.
 West German entry visas issued to visitors were stamped with "valid for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West)", authorizing entry to West Berlin as well as West Germany itself. But the allies could ignore this. They technically controlled who could come into West Berlin.

But the western allies remained the ultimate political authorities there. The allies could appoint the Mayor and city government at Rathaus Schöneberg, but they never chose anyone except the elected mayor.

There were differences between West Germany and West Berlin.
 West Berliners could not vote in federal elections; instead the West Berlin House of Representatives chose 20 non-voting delegates to the Bundestag. The West Berlin Senate sent non-voting delegates to the Bundesrat.
 West Berliners could stand for election, including Social Democrat Chancellor Willy Brandt, who had been Governing Mayor of West Berlin;
 West Berliners were exempt from the Federal Republic's compulsory military service; this meant young people moved to the city to avoid army service.
 West Berliners had "provisional ID cards", which did not have the West German coat of arms
 Lufthansa and other West German airlines' flights could not fly to Berlin because the air corridors between West Germany and West Berlin were for UK, French or US planes only.
 West Berlin had its own post office, separate from West Germany's, which issued its own postage stamps until 1990. The administration was run by the West German Post Office on behalf of the allies, and stamps were marked "Deutsche Bundespost Berlin"

The years of division

While West Berlin was separate from East Berlin after 1949, people could easily move between the two parts until 1961. In many ways Berlin worked as a single city. The U-Bahn and S-Bahn public transit networks, rebuilt after the war, spanned all occupation sectors. Many people lived in one half of the city and had family members, friends, and jobs in the other.

As the Cold War continued, many East Germans began leaving East Germany for the West. East Germany closed the borders between East and West Germany in 1952, but did not seal off West Berlin; because there was freedom of movement between West Berlin and West Germany, Easterners could use the city as a crossing point to the West. To stop this drain, the East German government built the Berlin Wall, thus physically closing off West Berlin from East Germany, on 13 August 1961. It was still possible to travel from West Berlin to West Germany by air and by specific rail and autobahn transit routes set aside for that purpose, but inhabitants of the two Berlins were now physically and legally separated from each other.

The Four Power Agreement on Berlin (September 1971) and the Transit Agreement (May 1972), helped to ease the tensions over West Berlin and made it a little easier for West Berliners to travel to East Germany and for Germans travelling along the road routes into the city instead of flying.

On 9 November 1989 the wall was opened, and the two cities were once again physically - but not legally - united. German reunification soon ended the western occupation of West Berlin. On 3 October 1990 West Berlin and East Berlin were united as the city of Berlin, which then joined the Federal Republic as a state, along with the rest of East Germany. West Berlin and East Berlin thus both formally ceased to exist.

Districts of West Berlin
West Berlin comprised the following boroughs:

In the American Sector:
 Neukölln
 Kreuzberg
 Schöneberg
 Steglitz
 Tempelhof
 Zehlendorf

In the British Sector:
 Charlottenburg
 Tiergarten
 Wilmersdorf
 Spandau

In the French Sector:
 Reinickendorf
 Wedding

Related pages
 Berlin
 Berlin Blockade
 Berlin Wall
 Bonn
 Checkpoint Charlie
 East Berlin
 German Democratic Republic
 Germany
 Ghost station
 Spandau Prison
 West Germany

References

Other websites
 Berlin 1969 - In the forgotten midpoint of the Cold War
 Berlin Exclaves
 History of the Western Allies in Berlin

Berlin, West
Former polities of the Cold War
West Germany
20th century in Berlin
1940s in Berlin
Berlin Wall

West Berlin


The cremasteric reflex is a superficial (i.e., close to the skin's surface) reflex observed in human males.

This reflex is elicited by lightly stroking or poking the superior and medial (inner) part of the thigh—regardless of the direction of stroke. The normal response is an immediate contraction of the cremaster muscle that pulls up the testicle ipsilaterally (on the same side of the body).
The reflex utilizes sensory and motor fibers from two different nerves. When the inner thigh is stroked, sensory fibers of the ilioinguinal nerve are stimulated. These activate the motor fibers of the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve which causes the cremaster muscle to contract and elevate the testis.

Clinical conditions
In males, this reflex may be exaggerated which can occasionally lead to a misdiagnosis of cryptorchidism.

The cremasteric reflex may be absent with testicular torsion, upper and lower motor neuron disorders, as well as a spine injury of L1-L2. It can also occur if the ilioinguinal nerve has accidentally been cut during a hernia repair.

The cremasteric reflex can be helpful in recognizing testicular emergencies.  The presence of the cremasteric reflex does not eliminate testicular torsion from a differential diagnosis, but it does broaden the possibilities to include epididymitis or other causes of scrotal and testicular pain.  In any event, if testicular torsion cannot be definitively eliminated in an expeditious manner, a testicular Doppler ultrasound or exploratory surgical intervention is usually implemented to prevent possible loss of the testicle to necrosis.

References

Andrology
Reflexes

Cremasteric reflex


Fyfe Antony Dangerfield Hutchins (born 7 July 1980) is an English musician and songwriter, best known as the founding member of the indie rock band Guillemots.

Early life
Born in Moseley, Birmingham, in 1980, he moved to Bromsgrove at the age of eight. He studied at Bromsgrove School where he was also the singer in the band Their Senseless Prayer. He was also a music teacher at Cranbrook College for a brief period.

Career

Compositions
Dangerfield composed a choral piece performed at The Lichfield Festival in 2000 – a setting of Christina Rossetti's "A Better Resurrection".  This led to a commission from Ex Cathedra Chamber Choir to write a choral setting of one of the 'O Antiphons' for Ex Cathedra's Christmas Music by Candlelight concert in 2000. This has been performed many times since, was included on Ex Cathedra's Christmas Music by Candlelight CD which received some glowing reviews, and has been broadcast on BBC Radio 3 and Classic FM.

In 2002, Dangerfield was commissioned to write "A Stray Dog for Congratulations" – for three children's choirs, four percussionists, two pianists and keyboard – for The Lichfield Festival (the only commission that year). The performers included the Backbeat percussion ensemble, as well as the Sydney Children's choir.

In 2007, Dangerfield was commissioned by the John Feeney Charitable Trust to write a piece for the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO) for one of the concerts that took place in October 2007 to celebrate the re-opening of Birmingham Town Hall.  This was In Wait, a 30-minute orchestral composition, performed by cellist Eduardo Vassallo and the CBSO conducted by Nick Ingman.  The second half of the concert was given by Guillemots accompanied by the CBSO.

In 2009, cellist Natalie Clein performed the world première of a new work by Dangerfield called "Eggshell Walker" at the Bridgewater Hall in Manchester. Dangerfield has since written two further works for Natalie Clein – "Pogo and the Cage" in 2010, and "Turquoise Black", which she premièred at the 2011 Bath Festival – a performance also broadcast on BBC Radio 3 in June 2011.

He composed music for the play, Howl's Moving Castle, based on the novel by Diana Wynne Jones, which was performed in London at Southwark Playhouse in the winter 2011 – 2012.

Guillemots

Other bands
Prior to Guillemots, Dangerfield played in Senseless Prayer (who played a radio session on the late John Peel's show), Fyfe Dangerfield and The Accident, and The Courtesy Group (the band of his brother, Al Hutchins) who have supported Guillemots several times on tour. Dangerfield contributes to the band's debut album, Tradesman's Entrance. Dangerfield recently contributed a cover of Larrikin Love's "Well, Love Does Furnish a Life" to their EP A Day in the Life. In late 2006, Fyfe released a very limited split vinyl single with his friends The Kittens, on which he contributed a demo of a solo song, "Delusia". This took place shortly before he played two solo shows (albeit, mostly consisting of solo renditions of Guillemots songs) in Birmingham and London, with support from Richard Burke, Emmy the Great, and Fyfe's older brother, Al.

In 2007 he sang "Lovers' Dream" with Anna Ternheim on her EP, Lovers Dream and More Music For Psychotic Lovers.

Dangerfield also leads an improvising group Gannets (sometimes written as gaNNets). The members are Dangerfield on keyboards, Alex Ward and Christopher Cundy clarinets, Dominic Lash double bass, and Steve Noble drums.  The band appeared on BBC Radio 3's "Jazz on 3"  in March 2008, and at the London Jazz Festival in November 2011, the latter session also being subsequently broadcast on BBC Radio 3. Gannets played a ten-date tour of England in January–February 2012.

Solo artist
Dangerfield released the album Fly Yellow Moon under his own name on 18 January 2010. The album's first track "When You Walk in the Room" was the single of the week on iTunes in the week starting 15 March 2010.

A TV commercial for the British chain store John Lewis, first broadcast in April 2010, features Dangerfield singing the Billy Joel song "She's Always a Woman".

In 2011, a portrait of Dangerfield was painted by British artist Joe Simpson, the painting was exhibited around the UK including a solo exhibition at The Royal Albert Hall.

In 2015, he produced on Slow Moving Millie's classical instrumental EP, Arms.

On 21 September 2018, Dangerfield launched www.channelsmaychange.com - his new online channel, playground & home. One week later, on 28 September 2018, Dangerfield began broadcasting the series "Birdwatcher", a surreal mix of music, songs, sounds & characters, split into 12 weekly episodes, each put together in frantic real-time in the days ahead of transmission. The entirety of Birdwatcher is available to stream & download for free via the channel, along with accompanying "menus" for each Episode.

In 2021, "Woah! Life" (his first new single since Guillemots released "Fleet" in 2012) was issued by The state51 Conspiracy and was the first track from the "Birdwatcher" EP released in March.

In February 2023, Dangerfield released a new single and accompanying music video "Shook" via his Channels May Change website. In April 2023, Dangerfield released another new single and music video entitled "The Zebra Wind".

TV appearances
On 14 February 2007, he made an appearance on episode 20x03 of Never Mind the Buzzcocks (when Preston of The Ordinary Boys walked off the show), on Bill Bailey's team.
On 21 June 2011, he performed on episode 07x11 of the Graham Norton Show.
On 11 June 2015 he was a guest on BBC's Springwatch Unsprung, earning high praise from Chris Packham for his photograph taken on the RSPB Minsmere reserve, and performing "We're Here".

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

Living people
Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands
1980 births
People educated at Bromsgrove School
British composers
English male songwriters
English pop pianists
English rock guitarists
English male guitarists
English male singers
Guillemots (band) members
British male pianists

Fyfe Dangerfield


कोपान माया सभ्यता का महत्वपूर्ण स्थान है। यह पश्चिम हाण्डुरास में है।

The kingdom, anciently named Xukpi (Corner-Bundle), flourished from the 5th century AD to the early 9th century, with antecedents going back to at least the 2nd century AD. Its name is an apparent reference to the fact that it was situated at the far southern and eastern end of Maya territory. The nearby modern village of Copán Ruinas itself may have anciently been known as Oxwitik.

खण्डहर वर्णन

The site in Copan is perhaps best known for producing a remarkable series of portrait stelae, most of which were placed along processional ways in the central plaza of the city and the adjoining "acropolis" (a large complex of overlapping step-pyramids, plazas, and palaces). The stelae and sculptured decorations of the buildings of Copán are some of the very finest surviving art of ancient Mesoamerica.

Many structures are elaborately decorated with stone sculptures, usually constructed from a mosaic of carved stones of a size that one person could carry.

The site also has a large court for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame.

At its height in the late classic period Copán seems to have had an unusually prosperous class of minor nobility, scribes, and artisans, some of whom had homes of cut stone built for themselves (in most sites a privilege reserved for the rulers and high priests), some of which have carved hieroglyphic texts.

The buildings suffered significantly from forces of nature in the centuries between the site's abandonment and the rediscovery of the ruins. There have been numerous earthquakes -- none of the roofs of the stone buildings were intact when the site was rediscovered, and the hieroglyphic stairway had collapsed. The Copán river changed course and meandered, destroying part of the acropolis (revealing in the process its stratigraphy in a large vertical cut) and apparently wiping out various subsidiary architectural groups in the region. In the long period when the site was overgrown the buildings and sculptures suffered from the invasive thick jungle vegetation and periodic forest fires.

Archeologists have consolidated and restored many structures at the site.

प्राचीन इतिहास
The fertile Copán River valley was long a site of agriculture before the first known stone architecture was built in the region about the 9th century BC.

A kingdom seems to have been established in Copán in 159. It grew into one of the most important Maya sites by the 5th century. Large monuments dated with hieroglyhic texts were erected in the city from 435 through 822.

Xukpi was one of the more powerful Maya city states, a regional power, although it suffered a catastrophic defeat at the hands of the kingdom located at Quirigua in 738. It eventually withered in the face of the depletion of natural resources which was a factor in bringing most of the Classic-Age Maya city-states to their end.

The area continued to be occupied after the last major ceremonial structures and royal monuments were erected, but the population declined in the 8th century - 9th century from perhaps over 20,000 in the city to less than 5,000.

The ceremonial center was long abandoned and the surrounding valley home to only a few farming hamlets at the time of the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century.

List of known Xukpi rulers

1. K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' ("Great-Sun First Quetzal Mountain") before 435
2. "K'inich Popol Hol" ("Great-Sun ?"); c. 437
3. "Ruler 3", name unknown; c. 455
4. "Ku Ix" (possibly K'altuun Hix or Tuun K'ab' Hix); c. 465
5. "Ruler 5", name unknown; c. 476
6. "Ruler 6" (Muyal Jol ?); c. 485
7. B'alam Nehn, ("Jaguar Mirror"; "Waterlily-Jaguar") after 504-544
8. "Ruler 8" (Wi'-Ohl-?, "Head on Earth"); 532-551
9. "Ruler 9" (Sak-lu ?);551-553
10. "Moon Jaguar" (tzi-b'alam, "? Jaguar"); 553-578
11. Butz' Chan ("Smoke Serpent", "fire-eating serpent"); 578-628
12. Chan Imix K'awiil ("Smoke Jaguar"); 628-695
13. Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil ("18 Rabbit"); 695-738
14. K'ak' Joplaj Chan K'awiil ("Smoke Monkey"); 738-749
15. K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil ("Smoke Shell"; "Smoke Squirrel"); 749-763
16. Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat ("Yax Pac") 763-after 810
 (probably period where throne was vacant)
17? Ukit Took'; 822
 Royal ceremonial center of city abandoned by 984

The first sixteen names, from Yax K'uk' Mo' to Yax Pac (Yax Pasah), are depicted on Altar Q, an artifact that has provided researchers clues to the history and origins of Copán.

Copán in modern times

By the time of the Spanish conquest of Honduras, the site had long been overgrown by rainforest. Although this large ruined city was known locally since early colonial times, it remained largely unknown by the outside world until a series of explorers visited it in the early 19th century. Juan Galindo wrote a description of the ruins in 1834, which was published the following year. This sparked the interest of North American explorer and travel writer John Lloyd Stephens and English architect and draftsman Frederick Catherwood whose illustrated books describing Copán and other sites excited a great deal of interest in Mesoamerican antiquities among American and European scholars, and its publication is regarded as the commencement of modern Mayan studies which continue to this day.

The site was the subject of one of the first modern archeological surveys and excavations in the Maya area, conducted by the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of Harvard University from 1891 to 1900. Further excavations and restorations were begun by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the 1930s, the Peabody Museum again in the 1970s, followed by the Government of Honduras's Proyecto Copán beginning in the late 1970s and continuing to this day.

External links

 Interactive map of Copan Ruins
 "Lost King of the Maya" site on pbs.org companion site to "Nova" television documentary on Copán
 Hieroglyphs and History at Copán by David Stuart on peabody.harvard.edu
 Copan Ruins Facts and News
 La Pintada, a Maya Chorti village near Copan Ruinas
 Images from Copan

कोपान


Algirdas Jonas "Algis" Budrys (January 9, 1931 – June 9, 2008) was a Lithuanian-American science fiction author, editor, and critic. He was also known under the pen names Frank Mason, Alger Rome (in collaboration with Jerome Bixby), John A. Sentry, William Scarff, and Paul Janvier. He is known for the influential 1960 novel Rogue Moon.

Biography

Budrys was born in Königsberg (today's Kaliningrad) in the then East Prussia, Germany. His father Jonas Budrys was the consul general of Lithuania.
In 1936, when Budrys was five years old, Jonas was appointed as the consul general in New York, instead of Paris as he had hoped. After the Soviet Union's occupation of Lithuania, the Budrys family ran a chicken farm in New Jersey while Jonas remained part of the exile Lithuanian Diplomatic Service, since the United States continued to recognize the pre-World War II Lithuanian diplomats. During most of his adult life, Budrys held a captain's commission in the Free Lithuanian Army.

Incorporating his family's experience, Budrys's fiction depicts isolated and damaged people and themes of identity, survival, and legacy. He taught himself English at the age of six by reading Robinson Crusoe. From Flash Gordon comic strips, Budrys read H. G. Wells's The Time Machine; Astounding Science Fiction caused him at the age of 11 to want to become a science fiction writer. Budrys was educated at the University of Miami, and later at Columbia University in New York. His first published science fiction story was "The High Purpose", which appeared in Astounding in 1952.  Beginning in 1952 Budrys worked as editor and manager for such science fiction publishers as Gnome Press and Galaxy Science Fiction. Some of Budrys's science fiction in the 1950s was published under the pen name "John A. Sentry", a reconfigured Anglification of his Lithuanian name. Among his other pseudonyms in the SF magazines of the 1950s and elsewhere, several revived as bylines for vignettes in his magazine Tomorrow Speculative Fiction, is "William Scarff". Budrys also wrote several stories under the names "Ivan Janvier" or  "Paul Janvier", and used "Alger Rome" in his collaborations with Jerome Bixby.

Budrys's 1960 novella Rogue Moon was nominated for a Hugo Award, and was later anthologized in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two (1973). His Cold War science fiction novel Who? was adapted for the screen in 1973. In addition to numerous Hugo Award and Nebula Award nominations, Budrys won the Science Fiction Research Association's 2007 Pilgrim Award for lifetime contributions to speculative fiction scholarship. In 2009, he was the recipient of one of the first three Solstice Awards presented by the SFWA in recognition of his contributions to the field of science fiction.

Having published about 100 stories and a half-dozen novels, with a wife and children to support, after 1960 Budrys wrote less fiction and worked in publishing, editing, and advertising. He became better known as among science fiction's best critics than as writer, reviewing for Galaxy Science Fiction and The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, a book editor for Playboy, a longtime teacher at the Clarion Writers Workshop and an organizer and judge for the Writers of the Future awards. In addition, he worked as a publicist; in a famous publicity stunt, he erected a giant pickle on the proposed site of the Chicago Picasso during the time the newly arriving sculpture was embroiled in controversy.

Budrys was married to Edna Duna; they had four sons. He last resided in Evanston, Illinois. He died at home, from metastatic malignant melanoma on June 9, 2008.

Bibliography

Novels
False Night (1954)
Man of Earth (1956)
Who? (1958)
The Falling Torch (1959)
Rogue Moon (1960)
Some Will Not Die (1961) (an expanded and restored version of False Night)
The Iron Thorn (1967) (as serialized in If; revised and published in book form as The Amsirs and the Iron Thorn).  On a bleak forbidding planet, humans hunt Amsirs – flightless humanoid birds – and vice versa.  After one young hunter makes his first kill, he's initiated into the society's secrets.  Still, he figures there are secrets the human race has forgotten altogether, and begins to hunt for answers.
Michaelmas (1977)
Hard Landing (1993)
The Death Machine (2001) (originally published as Rogue Moon against Budrys's wishes)

Collections (fiction, essays, and mixed)
 The Unexpected Dimension (1960)
 Budrys' Inferno (1963)
 The Furious Future (1963)
 Blood and Burning (1978)
 Benchmarks: Galaxy Bookshelf (1985)
 Writing to the Point (1994)
 Outposts: Literatures of Milieux (1996)
 Entertainment (1997)
 The Electric Gene Machine (2000)
 Benchmarks Continued: F&SF "Books" Columns 1975-1982 (2012)
 Benchmarks Revisited: F&SF "Books" Columns 1983-1986 (2013)
 Benchmarks Concluded: F&SF "Books" Columns 1987-1993 (2013)

Short stories
 "The High Purpose" (1952) in Astounding Science Fiction
 "Walk to the World" (1952) in Space Science Fiction, Nov 1952
 "The Congruent People" (1953) in Star Science Fiction Stories No. 2 (edited by Frederik Pohl), 1953
 "Protective Mimicry" in Galaxy Science Fiction, 1953.
 "Riya's Foundling" (1953) in Science Fiction Stories, 1953.
 "The End of Summer" (1954) in Astounding Science Fiction; also published in the short story anthology Penguin Science Fiction (edited by Brian Aldiss, 1961).
 "Ironclad" in Galaxy Science Fiction", 1954.
 "Citadel" (1955) in Astounding Science Fiction, February 1955.
 "Nobody Bothers Gus" (1955) published in Astounding Science Fiction, November 1955.
 "Calculated Decision" in Science Fiction Quarterly, November 1956.
 "The War is Over" (1957) – first appeared in Astounding Science Fiction Feb. 1957. Also published in the short story anthology  13 Great Stories of Science Fiction (edited by Groff Conklin, 1960).
 "The Barbarians" (1958) (as John Sentry) in If, February 1958.
 "The Stoker and the Stars" (1959) (as John A. Sentry) in Astounding Science Fiction, February 1959.
 "The Price" (1960) – first appeared in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, February 1960. Also published in the short story anthology The War Book (edited by James Sallis, 1969).
 "Wall of Crystal, Eye of Night" in Galaxy, December 1961
 "For Love" (originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction, June 1962) – appears in The Seventh Galaxy Reader edited by Frederik Pohl (Doubleday Science Fiction, 1964).
 "Die, Shadow!" in If, May 1963.
 "Be Merry" (1966) published in If, December 1966, Vol. 16, No. 12, Issue 109.
 "The Master of the Hounds" (1966) first published in The Saturday Evening Post and an Edgar Award nominee.

Audio recording
 84.2 Minutes of Algis Budrys (1995), Unifont (Budrys's own company). Released on cassette, this featured Budrys reading his  short stories "The Price", "The Distant Sound of Engines", "Never Meet Again", and "Explosions!".

Interviews
 Taking Your Chances (1990) in Leading Edge #20/21

Magazine
 Tomorrow Speculative Fiction (1993–2000); initially edited by Budrys and published by Pulphouse Publishing, with its second issue it was published and edited by Budrys with assistance from Kandis Elliott under the Unifont rubric.  It ceased publication as a paper and ink magazine and became a webzine late in the decade.

Anthologies
 L. Ron Hubbard Presents Writers of the Future, Vol. III (1987)
 L. Ron Hubbard Presents Writers of the Future, Vol. 6 (1990)
 L. Ron Hubbard Presents Writers of the Future, Vol 12 (1996)
 L. Ron Hubbard Presents Writers of the Future Vol. 16 (2000)
 L. Ron Hubbard Presents Writers of the Future, Vol 19 (2003)

References
6. Williams, Mark. "The Alien Novelist." Technology Review 111, 6. (Nov/Dec 2008). pp. 80–84

External links

 Bibliography in SciFan
 Brief autobiography
 Interview with Algis Budrys

 Algis Budrys at American Science Fiction: Classic Novels of the 1950s—includes original story version of "Who?" and an essay on Who?'' by Tim Powers, as well as an interview, images, cover art, and audio files
 Frederik Pohl on Budrys: Part One, Part Two

1931 births
2008 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American publicists
American science fiction writers
American speculative fiction critics
American speculative fiction editors
Lithuanian emigrants to the United States
Lithuanian writers
Writers from Königsberg
Writers from Evanston, Illinois
Science fiction critics
Science fiction editors
Deaths from melanoma
Deaths from cancer in Illinois
University of Miami alumni
Columbia University alumni
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Illinois
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Lithuanian expatriates in Germany

Algis Budrys


Radiography is the name for the use of X-rays to see what is happening to parts of the body. It is an imaging technique which uses electromagnetic radiation other than light, usually X-rays.

To create the image, a beam of X-rays is produced by an X-ray machine and is projected toward the object. A certain amount of X-ray is absorbed by the object, which is dependent on the density and composition of that object. The X-rays that pass through the object are captured behind the object by a detector (either photographic film or a digital detector). The detector gives a superimposed 2D representation of the object's internal structures.

Tomography
Tomography is a more advanced way of using X-rays. In tomography, the machine blurs out structures not in the focal plane. This gives a series of pictures, like a set of slices through the body. It is called CT scanning, or computer tomography. The computer builds a 3-D picture for the expert to look at.

Radiography has many medical and industrial uses.
Medical imaging

Radiography


Joseph Guislain (Ghent, 2 February 1797 – Ghent, 1 April 1860) was a Belgian physician and a pioneer in psychiatry.

Education
Guislain started his medical studies at Ecole de Médicine and he was one of the first students to the University of Ghent; he graduated as a medical doctor in 1819.

Career
In 1828 Guislain became head of the psychiatric hospitals of Ghent, for which he wrote a new internal regulation together with Petrus Josef Triest. It was the first of its type and stipulated how to handle the patients in a decent and therapeutically justified way. In 1850, together with Edouard Ducpétiaux, he was at the basis of the law on psychiatric care, which would remain the framework for psychiatric care in Belgium until 1991. Joseph Guislain published his Traité sur les phrénopathies in 1833, in which he proposed a new form of psychiatric classification. He argued that although mental illnesses could take many forms they were all derived from the same single disease process. This gave rise to the psychiatric doctrine of unitary psychosis which was highly influential in German psychiatry from the mid-nineteenth century. In his three-volume work Leçons orales sur les phrénopathies of 1852 he further expanded his vision on mental illness.

In 1835, he was appointed as professor in physiology at the University of Ghent. In 1848, he became a member of the governing board of the new moderate Liberal Association, put himself up as a candidate for the municipality Council elections and was elected. Three years later he was re-elected for a second period of three years, but in 1854 he made an end to his political career.

In 1852, the municipality Council of Ghent accepted his plans for a new psychiatric hospital and in 1857 the Guislain Institute was inaugurated. After he died on 1 April 1860 in Ghent he was interred at the Campo Sancto in Sint Amandsberg. In 1887, a statue for him was inaugurated at the Begijnhoflaan in Ghent.

References

Sources
 Joseph Guislain (Liberal Archive)

External links
 Museum Dr. Guislain
 Some places and memories related to Joseph Guislain
 P.C. Dr. Guislain psychiatric hospital

1797 births
1860 deaths
Belgian psychiatrists
Ghent University alumni

Joseph Guislain


Alexander Dreyschock (15 October 1818 – 1 April 1869) was a Czech pianist and composer.

Born in Žáky in Bohemia, his musical talents were first noticed aged eight, and at age 15 he travelled to Prague to study piano and composition with Václav Tomášek. By the age of twenty, Dreyschock undertook his first professional tour in December 1838, performing in various northern and central towns in Germany.

Subsequent tours saw him visiting Russia (1840–42), Paris (spring 1843), London, the Netherlands, Austria and Hungary (1846), as well as Denmark and Sweden in 1849. Elsewhere he caused a sensation with prodigious execution of thirds, sixths, and octaves, plus other tricks. When he made his Paris debut in 1843 he included a piece for the left hand alone. Dreyschock's left hand was renowned, and his most famous technical stunt was to play the left-hand arpeggios of Chopin's Revolutionary Étude in octaves. Observers of the time reported that he played it in correct tempo, and it is known that he programmed it in all of his recitals.

In 1862, Dreyschock became a staff member at the newly founded St. Petersburg Conservatory at Anton Rubinstein's invitation. His students included Arkady Abaza. He was appointed Court Pianist to the Tsar as well as Director of the Imperial School of Music for the Operatic Stage. Whilst he maintained this double post for six years, his health suffered from the Russian climate. He moved to Italy in 1868, but the change of residence did him little good, and he died of tuberculosis, aged fifty, in Venice. At the wish of his family he was buried at the Olšany Cemetery in Prague.

Compositions

References

External links

1818 births
1869 deaths
People from Kutná Hora District
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century Czech people
19th-century Czech male musicians
Czech classical pianists
Czech expatriates in Italy
Czech expatriates in Russia
Czech male classical composers
Czech Romantic composers
Male classical pianists
Pupils of Václav Tomášek
Burials at Olšany Cemetery

Alexander Dreyschock


Meir Abulafia is commonly known as "the Ramah" (Hebrew: רמ"ה). He should not be confused with Moses Isserles, known as "the Rema" or "the Rama" (Hebrew: רמ"א).

Meir ben Todros HaLevi Abulafia ( ; c. 1170 – 1244), also known as the Ramah () (an acronym of his Hebrew name), was a major Sephardic Talmudist and Halachic authority in medieval Spain.

Biography
He was the scion of a wealthy and scholarly family, the son of Todros ben Judah, to whom the physician Judah ben Isaac dedicated his poem, The Conflict of Wisdom and Wealth, published in 1214.

In his 30s, he was already one of the three appointed rabbis on the Toledo Beth Din (one of the other two was Joseph ibn Migash's son, Meir). As the Spanish kings gave the Jews more self-rule, Rabbi Abulafia played a substantial role in establishing ritual regulations for Spanish Jewry. He was also the head of an important yeshiva in Toledo. He was so highly esteemed in Toledo that on his father's death in 1225 the latter's honorary title of Nasi (prince) was applied to him.

He is well known for beginning the first Maimonidean Controversy over the Mishneh Torah while Maimonides was still alive. Outraged by Maimonides' apparent disbelief in physical resurrection of the dead, Abulafia wrote a series of letters to the French Jews in Lunel. To his shock and disappointment, they supported the Rambam. Thirty years later, when controversy erupted over the Rambam's Guide for the Perplexed and the first book of Mishneh Torah, Rabbi Abulafia refused to participate. Rabbi Abulafia was also opposed to the study of philosophy.

He died in Burgos, Spain at the age of 74 in the year 1244.

Works
Rabbi Abulafia was a prolific author. He wrote a huge book of novellae on the Talmud, entitled Peratei Peratin (Detail of Details). It followed the style of the Rif and was clearly influenced by Hai Gaon, Sherira Gaon, Joseph ibn Migash, Rashi, and Rambam. The only sections of this work that are extant are the parts on Tractates Bava Batra, Sanhedrin, Kiddushin, and the part on the fourth chapter of Tractate Gittin, each of which are known as Yad Ramah ("The Upraised Hand"—a play on the acronym Ramah).

Ramah discussed every minute detail of each topic, whether directly related or only peripheral, arising in the course of Talmudic discussion, generally including a summary of the main points at the end of the discussion. He wrote it in Talmudic Aramaic, sometimes making it difficult to understand. His work had a great influence on Asher ben Yechiel, who, in turn, influenced his son, Jacob ben Asher. Thus, Rabbi Abulafia's legal insights made their way into the Tur.

He also penned Halachic responsa in Aramaic, and wrote a commentary on Sefer Yetzirah, entitled Lifnei v'Lifnim. Rabbi Abulafia is credited with writing the authoritative Torah scroll for Spanish Jewry. Scholars came from Germany and North Africa to copy his master copy. He also wrote an authoritative book of regulations about Torah-writing, called Masoret Seyag La-Torah. R. Jedidiah Norzi, the author of Minḥat Shai, was so impressed by his work that he gave to him the honorific title of "expert" in what concerns the accurate text of the Torah. Ha-Meiri, however, in his Kiryat Sefer, was more critical of the masoretic work of Rabbi Abulafia, especially in his layout of the last two lines of the "Song of the Sea" (Shirat ha-Yam), which deviated from the arrangement found in the Aleppo Codex and in Maimonides' Torah scroll.

His poem "A Letter from the Grave" is famous because it is a letter he wrote to his father in the name of his sister when she died. It was meant to inform him of her death and comfort him. She died on the Sabbath on the tenth of November 1212.

References

External links
 Masoret Seyag La-Torah, by R. Meir Abulafia b. Todros Halevi

1170s births
1244 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
13th-century Castilian rabbis
Levites
Authors of books on Jewish law
People from Burgos
12th-century Castilian rabbis

Meir Abulafia


A bridge on a string instrument is something that stands on the body of the instrument and supports the strings.  It sends the vibrations of the strings to the main part of the instrument so that the sound can be heard.

The bridge of an instrument in the violin family (violin, viola, cello and double bass) can be seen very clearly.  It is a piece of hardwood which is shaped like a bridge.  The top is like an arch in shape because the player needs to be able to play on one string at a time.  The feet of the bridge have to be shaped to fit on the front of the instrument (the "belly") which is curved.  The bridge is not fixed to the instrument: it is only held up because of the tension (tightness) of the strings.  The soundpost, a small wooden column inside the body, is also held up by tension of the strings and the bridge.
The part of the string which vibrates and gives the note is the part between the bridge and the top of the fingerboard (or the part between the bridge and where the player puts his finger).  The other end of the string is fixed to a tailpiece.

On a banjo the bridge works in the same way, but on a guitar the bridge is fixed to the instrument and the strings are fixed to the bridge.

There are even instruments with moveable bridges such as the Japanese koto which has a separate bridge for each string.

String instrument construction

Bridge (instrument)


Pliny Earle Goddard (November 24, 1869 – July 12, 1928) was an American linguist and ethnologist noted for his extensive documentation of the languages and cultures of the Athabaskan peoples of western North America. His early research, carried out under the auspices of the University of California, Berkeley, focused on the Hupa and adjacent Athabaskan groups in northwestern California. After moving to New York in 1909 at the invitation of Franz Boas his scope expanded to include the Athabaskans of the Southwest, Canada, and Alaska. During the 1910s and 1920s. as Boas's junior colleague at the American Museum of Natural History and Columbia University, Goddard played a major role in creating the academic infrastructure for American Indian linguistics and anthropology in North America.

Life and works

The California years

Goddard was born in Lewiston, Maine, on November 24, 1869, into a Quaker family of modest means. He attended Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana (A.B. 1892, M.A. 1896), where he studied Classics. Between 1892 and 1896 he taught Latin in secondary schools in Indiana and Kansas, but the hard economic times of the mid-1890s led him to accept a position as an interdenominational missionary to the Hupa of northwestern California. Finding it necessary to learn enough of the Hupa language to communicate with his flock, Goddard soon became engrossed in analyzing a linguistic system radically different from any he had previously studied.  In 1900 he resigned from his missionary post and began graduate study at Berkeley. The following year he was given an Assistantship in the university's newly formed Anthropology department, joining Alfred L. Kroeber, who had been hired to administer the fledgeling program.

Goddard was awarded a Ph.D. in 1904 for a detailed grammatical study of Hupa, the first doctorate in anthropological linguistics granted by any American university. He was promoted to Assistant Professor in 1906 and had responsibility for much of the undergraduate instruction in anthropology and linguistics offered by the university. After finishing his documentation of Hupa, Goddard devoted most of his summers to amassing data on the other surviving varieties of California Athabaskan, traveling hundreds of miles on muleback in search of speakers of such languages as Kato, Wailaki, and Sinkyone. Goddard's preferred technique of working from narrative texts rather than wordlists was in advance of its time, and his notes continue to be of interest.

The most significant source of unpublished Goddard material is his set of notebooks, compiled between 1902 and 1908, that are archived at the American Philosophical Society (APS) in Philadelphia. The notebooks were originally housed at the University of California, Berkeley, but were sent to the APS in the 1940s to become part of that institution's Franz Boas Collection. The notebooks contain interviews with elderly Indians from several tribal groups, including those groups most commonly referred to as the Sinkyone, Mattole, Nongatl, Tolowa, Chilula, Whilkut, Tsnungwe, and Hupa. Much of the material consists of vocabularies and stories, but there are substantial sections containing precise geographical information. Transcriptions of the geographical information have been created by the Cultural Resources Facility, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California. In addition to the APS notebooks relating to California Athabascan Indians, Professor Melville Jacobs of the University of Washington Department of Anthropology received four Goddard notebooks relating to the Lassik tribe.

The New York years

In 1909 the substantial subvention from Regent Phoebe Apperson Hearst that had supported much of UC's anthropological research during the early years of the century was greatly reduced, and a fierce contest ensued between Kroeber and Goddard for control of the diminished program. When Kroeber emerged victorious, Goddard resigned to take a curatorship in ethnology at the American Museum of Natural History, in New York, engineered for him by Franz Boas. From this position Goddard came to exert wide influence, primarily as a writer on general ethnological topics and as the editor of the American Anthropologist (1915–20).  Goddard became a forceful proponent of Boas's views in anthropology and linguistics, in particular of Boas's conservative view of the validity of deep linguistic relationships. In 1917 Boas and Goddard co-founded and edited the International Journal of American Linguistics, which soon became the principal organ of American Indian linguistic scholarship.

Dispute with Sapir over Athabaskan tone

Goddard continued his Athabaskan linguistic research with trips to the Southwest and to Canada, as well as several return visits to California. This work, however, was increasingly overshadowed by that of Edward Sapir, who had begun his own research on Athabaskan in 1922 with a field study of Sarsi. Sapir's interest in Athabaskan was ultimately grounded in his conviction that the "Na-Dene" relationship that connected Athabaskan, Tlingit, and Haida was part of a much older historical relationship that included Chinese and Tibetan He believed that decisive evidence in support of the "Sino-Dene" hypothesis was his discovery in Sarsi of a tonal system "so fundamental...to the phonetic and morphological understanding of [the language] that it is inconceivable that it should not be shared by the other Athabaskan dialects as well." This claim brought Sapir into direct conflict with Goddard, who had reported no tonal contrasts in California Athabaskan, in Navajo or Apache, or in the three Canadian languages he had studied, Sarcee, Chipewyan, and Beaver. Goddard wisely chose not to dispute the presence of tonal contrasts in the Southwestern and Canadian languages (they are indeed tone languages), but he stood his ground with Hupa, devoting what would be his last published paper (1928) to a close examination of mechanical tracings of Hupa speech, none of which showed evidence of regular differences in pitch. By this time, however. Sapir had had ample opportunity to hear Hupa himself, and for his graduate student Li Fang-Kuei, a native speaker of Mandarin, to hear two other California Athabaskan languages, and to observe their complete lack of tonal contrasts. Goddard apparently did not see Sapir's concession before dying quite suddenly on July 12, 1928. during the heat of a New York summer, at the age of 59.

Personal life

One of Goddard's sons, David R. Goddard (1908-1985), also attended UC Berkeley, where he studied botany. He went on to have a distinguished academic career as a plant physiologist and geneticist. He was nominated to the National Academy of Science and served as Provost of the University of Pennsylvania.

In the early 1920s Goddard left his wife and children and began a relationship with Gladys A. Reichard (1893-1955), which continued until his death. Although the couple lived together openly, the relationship was as much an intellectual partnership as it was a romantic one. Reichard accompanied Goddard during his field trips to the Southwest and California and began her long-term research on Navajo under his tutelage.

Personality

A. L. Kroeber wrote of Goddard:

Where an issue concerned chiefly himself, a sense of futility seemed often to invade him: he became half-hearted, non-resistant, sometimes pacifistically resigned. He needed a cause to bring out his best; in a cause, his eye lit up, the steel in him flashed, and he rejoiced in the cleanness of combat. All his life he was a hero-worshipper: and he threw into the worship a quality of heroism of his own, as well as endless devotion. There flowed in him in these qualities much of his ancestral Quakerism, of which even external mannerisms persisted as symbols long after he had given up its formal tenets. Essentially he remained a Quaker to the end—idealist, devotee of the simple in humanity and the direct in relations, martyr if necessary. His habits were consistent. He was personally frugal to abstemiousness, fond of the homespun in speech and manner, distrustful of all incitements from the outer world, little susceptible to the esthetic forms of emotion, but sensitively responsive to the emotions of living beings. Often almost shy in casual company or official relation, he was frankness itself in the contact of man to man, and then not only at ease but overflowing with playfulness and quite unusual charm. His wit was pungent to bitingness; his fundamental humility unwavering and unabashed; his friendships were loyalties.

Major publications
 Life and Culture of the Hupa (UC-PAAE 1, 1-88, 1903)
 Hupa Texts (UC-PAAE 1, 89-364, 1904)
 The Morphology of the Hupa Language (UC-PAAE 3, 1905)
 Kato Texts (UC-PAAE 5, 65-238, 1909)
 Athapascan (Hupa). In Handbook of American Indian Languages, Part 1, Franz Boas. ed. BAE Bulletin 40, Part 1, 85-158, 1911)
  Jicarilla Apache Texts (1911)
 Elements of the Kato Language (UC-PAAE 11, 1-176, 1912)
 Chipewyan Texts and Analysis of the Cold Lake Dialect, Chipewyan (1912)
 Indians of the Southwest (1913 and subsequent editions)
 The present condition of our knowledge of North American languages. American Anthropologist 16, 555-592 (1914)
 Notes on the Chilula Indians of Northwestern California and Chilula Texts (UCPAAE 10, 265-379, 1914)
 The Beaver Indians, Beaver Texts, and The Beaver Dialect (1916–17)
 San Carlos Apache Texts (1919)
 White Mountain Apache Texts (1920)
 Indians of the Northwest Coast (1924 and subsequent editions)
 Pitch Accent in Hupa (UC-PAAE 23, 333-338, 1928)
 The Bear River Dialect of Athabascan (UC-PAAE 24, 291-334, 1929)

References

External links

Finding aid to Pliny Earle Goddard American Indian Notebooks at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.

1869 births
1928 deaths
Linguists from the United States
American ethnologists
People from Lewiston, Maine
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Earlham College alumni
Linguists of Na-Dene languages
Linguists of Navajo
20th-century linguists
American Anthropologist editors
Presidents of the American Folklore Society

Pliny Earle Goddard


Paul Jones (born 1958) is a Canadian sportscaster. He previously served as the colour analyst on Raptors radio broadcasts, a role he had during the Raptors' inaugural season in 1995, with play-by-play man Mike Inglis on CFRB 1010. Currently, he serves as the Raptors' radio play-by-play announcer on Fan 590, alongside colour analyst Eric Smith.

In addition to those duties, Jones appears on a weekly basketball show hosted by Smith on the Fan 590, Hoops, which is simulcast on Raptors NBA TV. Jones and Smith also appear together on another show on Raptors NBA TV, Double Dribble.

Jones has also served as studio analyst and sideline reporter for the Raptors on TSN, CTV, and Rogers Sportsnet. He can now be seen regularly throughout Canada on various programs and networks such as The Grill Room (SUN TV), Off the Record (TSN), and Full Court Press (Raptors NBA TV).

As a basketball player, Jones won three provincial titles (1978, 1980–81) as a member of York University's basketball team. He was a two-time conference All-Star, and was awarded the Kitch McPherson Trophy as Most Valuable Player of the Ontario championship game in 1981. A two-time Ontario All-Star (1980–81), he participated in the CIAU national championship tournament four times and won two bronze medals (1978–79). In 1983, he won a silver medal as a member of the team that represented Canada in the Commonwealth Basketball Tournament in New Zealand. He also coached at the high school and provincial team levels, and served as an assistant coach with the University of Western Ontario for three years.

Jones' migrated with his parents from Jamaica to Canada when he was four months old.  He also worked with the Toronto District School Board for 22 years, eventually working his way up to become a school principal for Walter Scott Public School and Roselawn Public School in Richmond Hill. He left this position in 2004 to join the Raptors' radio broadcast team on the Fan 590.

Jones' younger brother is Mark Jones, a sportscaster with ESPN and ABC.

On June 15, 2020, Jones & Eric Smith became co-hosts of a new afternoon sports talk show on Sportsnet 590, ''Smith & Jones".

References

External links
Sportsnet blog page
Smith & Jones Sportsnet page

Living people
Black Canadian basketball players
Black Canadian broadcasters
Canadian basketball coaches
Canadian male bloggers
Canadian radio sportscasters
Canadian schoolteachers
Canadian television sportscasters
Jamaican emigrants to Canada
Heads of schools in Canada
Basketball players from Toronto
Toronto Raptors announcers
University of Western Ontario alumni
York Lions players
1958 births
Black Canadian journalists

Paul Jones (sportscaster)


William Lee Joshua Lowrance (July 26, 1836 – March 24, 1916) commanded a North Carolina regiment in the American Civil War.  At the Battle of Gettysburg he briefly led the brigade of the wounded Alfred M. Scales.

Biography
Lowrance was born on July 26, 1836, in Mooresville, North Carolina, the son of John Nichols Lowrance and Jane Kilpatrick.  He attended Davidson College.

Lowrance became a lieutenant in D company of the 34th North Carolina Infantry in September 1861, eventually rising to colonel by December 1862.  He led the regiment in the brigade of Brigadier General William Dorsey Pender, part of Major General A. P. Hill's Light Division at the Battle of Fredericksburg and possibly at the Battle of Chancellorsville.  After Chancellorsville, Pender became division commander, and Brigadier General Alfred M. Scales took command of the brigade.  At Gettysburg, Lowrance was wounded on the first day of fighting, but he later took command of the brigade in place of Scales, who had been severely wounded.  Lowrance found the brigade sadly depleted, but he led it in Pickett's Charge on July 3, 1863.  According to his report, the brigade and that of Brigadier General James H. Lane numbered no more than 800 troops.  They advanced following the division led by Brigadier General J. Johnston Pettigrew, but they retreated upon finding themselves nearly alone in front of the federal line on Cemetery Ridge.

Col. Lowrance returned to his regiment when Gen. Scales rejoined the Army of Northern Virginia.  Lowrance led the regiment in the Bristoe Campaign and the Mine Run Campaign.  He fought in the Battle of the Wilderness and subsequent actions, including the earlier stages of the Siege of Petersburg.  Col. Lowrance led the brigade briefly when Scales was ill in late May 1864, including at the Battle of North Anna.  He led the brigade again when Scales was absent ill in November 1864.

Col. Lowrance went on sick leave on February 2, 1865, and did not return to the Army.

After the War, Lowrance was a merchant in Oxford, Mississippi, and served in that state's legislature. In 1880, he moved to Texas and became a minister.  He was the pastor of Oak Cliff Presbyterian Church in Dallas, Texas. Lowrance died in Forestville, Texas, on March 24, 1916.
He married Sarah C. Stewart in Atlanta, Georgia.  They had four sons and two daughters.

References

And Then A.P. Hill Came Up
 F. Ray Sibley, Junior, The Confederate Order of Battle, volume 1, The Army of Northern Virginia, Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 1996.

Confederate States Army officers
1836 births
1916 deaths
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War

William Lee J. Lowrance