Theodotus of Chios () (died in 43 BC or 42 BC) was the rhetoric tutor of the young Egyptian king Ptolemy XIII.

Biography

Theodotus of Chios was a trained rhetorician and the tutor of Ptolemy XIII. He was one of the three influential men who led the guardianship for the young Egyptian king after the death of Ptolemy XII (spring of 51 BC). The most powerful of these men was the eunuch and minister Pothinus, the second in rank was the commander-in-chief Achillas and finally in third place was Theodotus. In autumn of 50 BC these three guardians succeeded in securing Ptolemy XIII the participation in the rule of Egypt together with his ambitious older sister Cleopatra VII who in the first year of her accession to the throne (spring of 51 BC) had been able to rule alone. At the end of 49 BC Pothinus and his comrades expelled the Queen from Egypt. So Ptolemy XIII became sole ruler but was still under the influence of his three guardians.

The dethroned Queen soon organized her own army by recruiting mercenaries in Palestine. Ptolemy XIII and his advisers were forced to move with their army into position near the Egyptian border fortress Pelusium, not far from the troops of Cleopatra. At that time (end of July 48 BC) the Roman triumvir Pompey – who had lost the decisive Battle of Pharsalus against Julius Caesar – appeared at the Egyptian coast near Pelusium and asked the allied Pharaoh for asylum and assistance.

The advisers of Ptolemy XIII officially agreed to the petition of Pompey to gain time. After the departure of the Roman messengers a council of state was held to discuss the next steps. Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Civili and the Roman poet Lucan in his Pharsalia do not mention the participation of Theodotus in this council, but other sources say his suggestion to murder Pompey was accepted. With professional skillfulness Theodotus justified his plan: If Pompey was received, he would become the ruler of Egypt making Caesar the enemy of the country. If Pompey was rejected, he would be discontented with the refusal and Caesar would also be dissatisfied because he had to continue his pursuit; so the best course was to put Pompey to death.  Thus Caesar would be satisfied and the murdered Roman general would no longer be a danger because a dead man could not bite. The assassination of Pompey was executed by Lucius Septimius at the behest of Achillas.

Only two days later Caesar arrived with a fleet in Alexandria. According to the Roman historian Livy and the Greek biographer Plutarch it was Theodotus who immediately delivered the signet ring and the head of Pompey to Caesar. But the Roman general was allegedly disgusted and wept. Ancient and modern historians have different opinions if the tears of Caesar were honest. The dictator stayed in Egypt and tried to win influence in the political affairs by claiming to decide the Ptolemaic struggle for the throne. He also demanded the payment of a large sum of money that the Ptolemaic government allegedly owed him for the military restoration of Ptolemy XII in 55 BC. This behaviour caused a war between the Roman dictator and the supporters of Ptolemy XIII. Because Caesar's army was much too small he could only win the war after long and hard fighting.

Pothinus and Achillas were assassinated in the course of the war, but Theodotus managed to escape from Egypt, and for some years eked out a miserable existence. He died in Asia in 43 BC or 42 BC when Marcus Junius Brutus or Gaius Cassius Longinus put him cruelly to death. The famous Roman rhetorician Quintilian tells that a discussion with Caesar about the punishment of Theodotus was a subject in rhetoric schools.

In media
Theodotus is one of the characters in George Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra. He was played by Ernest Thesiger in the 1946 film adaptation.
 Theodotus is played by Herbert Berghof in Joseph L. Mankiewicz's epic long 1963 film adaptation of Cleopatra.
 In the 1983 TV mini-series The Cleopatras, Theodotus is portrayed by Graham Crowden.
 Theodotus plays a major role In the Last Pharaoh series by Jay Penner
In the episode "Caesarion" of the television series Rome (2005–07) Theodotus is portrayed by actor David de Keyser. He is decapitated by the Romans and his head is placed on a spike on the outer wall of the pharaoh's palace.
See also C.P. Cavafy's poem "Theodotus."

Notes

References

 Friedrich Münzer: Theodotos 14). In: Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. 5 A, 2 (1934), col. 1956-1957.

40s BC deaths
1st-century BC Greek people
Ancient Greek rhetoricians
Year of birth unknown
People from the Ptolemaic Kingdom

Theodotus of Chios


In geometry, the minimum bounding box or smallest bounding box (also known as the minimum enclosing box or smallest enclosing box) for a point set  in  dimensions is the box with the smallest measure (area, volume, or hypervolume in higher dimensions) within which all the points lie. When other kinds of measure are used, the minimum box is usually called accordingly, e.g., "minimum-perimeter bounding box".

The minimum bounding box of a point set is the same as the minimum bounding box of its convex hull, a fact which may be used heuristically to speed up computation.

In the two-dimensional case it is called the minimum bounding rectangle.

Axis-aligned minimum bounding box
The axis-aligned minimum bounding box (or AABB) for a given point set is its minimum bounding box subject to the constraint that the edges of the box are parallel to the (Cartesian) coordinate axes. It is the Cartesian product of N intervals each of which is defined by the minimal and maximal value of the corresponding coordinate for the points in S.

Axis-aligned minimal bounding boxes are used to an approximate location of an object in question and as a very simple descriptor of its shape. For example, in computational geometry and its applications when it is required to find intersections in the set of objects, the initial check is the intersections between their MBBs. Since it is usually a much less expensive operation than the check of the actual intersection (because it only requires comparisons of coordinates), it allows quickly excluding checks of the pairs that are far apart.

Arbitrarily oriented minimum bounding box
The arbitrarily oriented minimum bounding box is the minimum bounding box, calculated subject to no constraints as to the orientation of the result. Minimum bounding box algorithms based on the rotating calipers method can be used to find the minimum-area or minimum-perimeter bounding box of a two-dimensional convex polygon in linear time, and of a three-dimensional point set in the time it takes to construct its convex hull followed by a linear-time computation. A three-dimensional rotating calipers algorithm can find the minimum-volume arbitrarily-oriented bounding box of a three-dimensional point set in cubic time. Matlab implementations of the latter as well as the optimal compromise between accuracy and CPU time are available.

Object-oriented minimum bounding box
In the case where an object has its own local coordinate system, it can be useful to store a bounding box relative to these axes, which requires no transformation as the object's own transformation changes.

Digital image processing
In digital image processing, the bounding box is merely the coordinates of the rectangular border that fully encloses a digital image when it is placed over a page, a canvas, a screen or other similar bidimensional background.

See also
 Bounding sphere
 Bounding volume
 Minimum bounding rectangle
 Darboux integral

References

Geometry
Geometric algorithms

Minimum bounding box


A razor is a tool, with one or more blades, most commonly used by men for shaving the hair from their face, and by women for shaving hair from their legs and underarms. The earliest razors known are from the Bronze Age. They were made of bronze and had an oval shape. There are different kinds of razors today, including straight razors, which are rarely used, and safety razors and electric razors.

A slightly different type of electric razor is used to trim and cut hair from the head, because hair can be cut much more quickly with electric haircutting razors than with scissors.

Straight razors

Before the 20th century, straight razors were widely used. A straight razor consists of a knife blade, which can be reused.  Since this blade is usually very sharp, there is a high risk of cutting oneself with the razor while scraping off the hair. Today, such razors are rarely used any more, except by barbers.

Safety razors

In the late 18th century, French engineer Jean-Jacques Perret invented the safety razor. With this system, the skin is protected, from all but the edge of the blade. This makes cutting much harder. The first such razor was released in 1875 by the Campfe Brothers. In 1901, King Camp Gillette invented the first razor with disposable razor blades. The blades were thrown away after several uses. The number of times a disposable blade can be used depends on beard coarseness and shaving technique, but the average is about one week. The company, Gilette still makes such razors today. They sell the razor relatively cheaply, and make big profits on the razor blades.

Electric razors

For face and body hair

The electric razor was the next big step. With electric razors, shaving cream, soap or water is no longer needed. Electric razors use electricity to either make blades rotate or oscillate. That is the blades are either moved in circles, or they are moved up and down (or left and right). The razor is usually powered by a rechargeable battery. Prof. Alexandre Horowitz invented the concept of rotating blades which is still marketed  as Philishave by Philips.

For head hair
A slightly different type of electric razor is used to trim and cut hair from the head. Haircutting electric razors have comb-like attachments which determine the length of the hair. Electric haircutting razors are widely used by military and prison barbers, because hair can be cut much more quickly with electric haircutting razors than with scissors.

Side-effects
Shaving using any of the shaving methods (straight razor, safety razor, or electric razor) can have side-effects, including cuts, abrasions, and irritated skin.  Razor bumps can also occur from removing ingrown hairs. To reduce the likelihood of cuts, abrasions, and irritated skin, people can use a fresh razor blade and prepare their faces by washing in hot, soapy water and then applying a shaving cream lather. There is a razor called Bump Fighter that is designed to reduce razor bumps and other side effects, but it uses special cartridges that are more expensive than standard double-edge razor blades.

Hair
Cutting tools
Hygiene

Razor


The Domesday Book is the record of the great survey of much of England, and parts of Wales, completed in 1086, done for William I of England, or William the Conqueror.

The Domesday Book (also known as Domesday, or Book of Winchester) was a record of all taxable land in England, together with such information as would indicate its worth.

As the scribes went round England, they were protected by William's armed men. Each group was led by a Royal Commissioner, who took a list of standard questions. A 'jury' of local nobility and citizens answered the questions. All answers were written down in Latin.

Information was collected from the start of 1085, and working up into the complete volume started later that year. William died in 1087 before the writing-up work was completed.

William the Conqueror wished to know the details of the land he had conquered, England. He let his knights and barons have big areas of land, and wanted rent money from them. The Domesday Book was a record of every farm, village and house so that he knew how much rent he should get. Only some small villages in the countryside are not in the book. Major cities like London and Winchester are also not in the Domesday Book, perhaps because of their size, or because (not owning land), the people could not be taxed.

The Domesday book gave the names of King William's friends and even listed the number of pigs on a piece of land. But it was not like a modern census. It did not give the names of all the people. It listed the heads of each household, but left out Londoners, monks, nuns, and anyone living in castles. In effect, it listed only people he could get rent from, and who might supply men to fight in his army.

Volumes
The Domesday Book is two volumes. One of the books was called Great Domesday, and the other was called Little Domesday. The draft of the second volume, Little Domesday, was never worked up, but no doubt was used for tax collection just the same.

Name
The Domesday book got its name because its lists were so complete that it reminded people of the Last Judgment (which people also call Doomsday, or Domesday) in Christianity, when lists of what people have done go before God for people to be judged.

References

Other websites
 Domesday Book, from The National Archives (UK). Searchable text and page scans (complete).
 Focus on Domesday , from Learning Curve . Annotated sample page.
 Domesday Book, an article from History Magazine.
 www.domesdaybook.co.uk
11th century in England
Non-fiction books
11th-century books

Domesday Book


Horatio Gates (1726 - 1806) was an American general in the American Revolutionary War. General Gates fought for the Continental Army and is credited with the decisive American victory at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777.

In the earlier French and Indian War, he fought along with George Washington against the French, as an officer in the British Army.

However, Gates also lost to British General Charles Cornwallis at the Battle of Camden in 1780. He had a child named Robert.

1726 births
1806 deaths

American revolutionaries

Horatio Gates


Totally Spies! Totally Party is a video game based on the French-Canadian-American anime-influenced animated television series Totally Spies!.

Plot
Sam, Alex and Clover decide to room together in their "dream house." Life couldn't get cooler, until they've unwittingly made their home right above an Underground Secret Services Center. To prevent a catastrophic security leak, Jerry, the Center Chief has no choice but to take on them as special agents.

Gameplay
Unlike traditional party video games, the ten stages in this game are boss battle stages, each having a villain (the tenth chapter has 2) the spies previously fought in the series, the objective of which is to deplete that villain's life gauge by winning mini-games and laying traps on mini-game spaces. Each villain has a special skill specific to that stage as explained below.

Chapter 1: Felicity Fences (from "Planet of the Hunks")
Special Skill: None. This chapter acts as a tutorial.

Chapter 2: Danny Dave
Special Skill: Danny recovers 1 life point when he passes his starting space.

Chapter 3: Tim Scam (from "The New Jerry")
Special Skill: There is a chance that gadgets that are picked up are booby-trapped, causing damage to players.

Chapter 4: Max Exterminus (from "Creepy Crawly Much")
Special Skill: Once Max's life gauge is reduced to 1 life point, he can only be defeated by a level 4 spy trap.

Chapter 5: Myrna Beesbottom (from "Evil Valentine's Much")
Special Skill: Myrna lays level 2 boss traps.

Chapter 6: Marco Lumiere (from "A Spy is Born")
Special Skill: Marco lays invisible traps.

Chapter 7: Mandy Luxe (as she appeared in "Totally Busted")
Special Skill: Mandy can avoid spy traps, if she gets an exact roll. This skill can only be deactivated by the Hologram Projecting Mood Ring, but only on spy traps laid up to the point of that gadget's use.

Chapter 8: Terence Lewis (from "Evil Promotion Much")
Special Skill: Terence can turn a spy trap (particularly the ones with the highest damage level) into a boss trap when he passes his starting space.

Chapter 9: Pommy Pommovsky
Special Skill: Pommy can lay zone traps on mini-game spaces adjacent to the mini-game space she lands on.

Chapter 10: Shirley and Yin Yang (from "Power Yoga Much" and "Feng Shui Is Like So Passe")
Special Skill: Shirley takes damage as normal, but once she is defeated and swaps with Yin Yang, damage done to him after that is reduced by 1 (level 2 traps do the damage of level 1 traps, level 3 does level 2, and so on).

References
 http://6games.eu/games/10408-totally-spies-secret-files.html
 http://6games.eu/games/totally-spies.html

PlayStation 2 games
Wii games
2007 video games
2008 video games

Totally Spies! Totally Party


A monument is a type o structur either explicitly creatit tae commemorate a person or important event or which haes acome important tae a social group as a pairt o thair remembrance o historic times or cultural heritage, or simply as an example o historic airchitectur. In Inglis the wird "monumental" is eften uised in reference tae something o extraordinary size an pouer, as in monumental sculptur, but an aa tae mean simply onything made tae commemorate the deid, as a funerary monument or ither example o funerary airt.  The wird comes frae the Laitin "monere," which means 'tae remind' or 'tae wairn.'

The term is eften uised tae describe ony structur that is a significant an legally pertectit historic wirk, an mony kintras hae equivalents o whit is cried in Unitit Kinrick legislation a Scheduled Monument, which eften include relatively recent biggins constructit for residential or industrial purposes, wi na thoucht at the time that thay would come tae be regardit as "monuments".

Gairden featurs
Landscape airchitectur

Monument


Roscoe Mitchell (born August 3, 1940) is an American composer, jazz instrumentalist, and educator, known for being "a technically superb – if idiosyncratic – saxophonist". The Penguin Guide to Jazz described him as "one of the key figures" in avant-garde jazz; All About Jazz stated in 2004 that he had been "at the forefront of modern music" for more than 35 years. Critic Jon Pareles in The New York Times has mentioned that Mitchell "qualifies as an iconoclast". In addition to his own work as a bandleader, Mitchell is known for cofounding the Art Ensemble of Chicago and the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM).

History

Early life
Mitchell, who is African American, was born in Chicago, Illinois, United States. He also grew up in the Chicago area, where he played saxophone and clarinet at around age twelve. His family was always involved in music with many different styles playing in the house when he was a child as well as having a secular music background. His brother, Norman, in particular was the one who introduced Mitchell to jazz. While attending Englewood High School in Chicago, he furthered his study of the clarinet. In the 1950s, he joined the United States Army, during which time he was stationed in Heidelberg, Germany and played in military parades with fellow saxophonists Albert Ayler and Rubin Cooper, the latter of whom, Mitchell commented, "took me under his wing and taught me a lot of stuff". He also studied under the first clarinetist of the Heidelberg Symphony while in Germany. Mitchell returned to the United States in the early 1960s, relocated to the Chicago area, and performed in a band with Wilson Junior College undergraduates Malachi Favors (bass), Joseph Jarman, Henry Threadgill, and Anthony Braxton (all saxophonists). Mitchell also studied with Muhal Richard Abrams and played in his band, the Muhal Richard Abrams' Experimental Band, starting in 1961.

AACM and the Art Ensemble of Chicago
In 1965, Mitchell was one of the first members of the non-profit organization Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM), along with Jodie Christian (piano), Steve McCall (drums), and Phil Cohran (composer). The following year Mitchell, Lester Bowie (trumpet), Kalaparusha Maurice McIntyre (tenor saxophone), Favors, Lester Lashley (trombone), and Alvin Fielder (drums), recorded their first studio album, Sound. The album was "a departure from the more extroverted work of the New York-based free jazz players", due in part to the band recording with "unorthodox devices" such as toys and bicycle horns.

From 1967, Mitchell, Bowie, Favors and, on occasion, Jarman performed as the Roscoe Mitchell Art Ensemble, then the Art Ensemble, and finally in 1969 were billed as the Art Ensemble of Chicago. The group included Phillip Wilson on drums for short span before he joined Paul Butterfield's band. The group lived and performed in Europe from 1969 to 1971, though they arrived without any percussionist after Wilson left. To fill the void, Mitchell commented that they "evolved into doing percussion ourselves". The band did eventually get a percussionist, Don Moye, who Mitchell had played with before and was living in Europe at that time. For performances, the band often wore brilliant costumes and painted their faces. The Art Ensemble of Chicago have been described as becoming "possibly the most highly acclaimed jazz band" in the 1970s and 1980s.

Creative Arts Collective and beyond

Mitchell and the others returned to the States in 1971. After having been back in Chicago for three years, Mitchell then established the Creative Arts Collective (CAC) in 1974 that had a similar musical aesthetic to the AACM. The group was based in East Lansing, Michigan and frequently performed in auditoriums at Michigan State University. Mitchell also formed the Sound Ensemble in the early 1970s, an "outgrowth of the CAC" in his words, that consisted mainly of Mitchell, Hugh Ragin, Jaribu Shahid, Tani Tabbal, and Spencer Barefield.

In the 1990s, Mitchell started to experiment in classical music with such composers/artists such as Pauline Oliveros, Thomas Buckner, and Borah Bergman, the latter two of which formed a trio with Mitchell called Trio Space. Buckner was also part of another group with Mitchell and Gerald Oshita called "Space" in the late 1990s. He then conceived the Note Factory in 1992 with various old and new collaborators as another evolution of the Sound Ensemble.

He lived in the area of Madison, Wisconsin and performed with a re-assembled Art Ensemble of Chicago. In 1999, the band was hit hard with the death of Bowie, but Mitchell fought off the urge to recast his position in the group, stating simply "You can't do that" in an interview with Allaboutjazz.com editor-in-chief Fred Jung. The band continued on despite the loss.

Mitchell has made a point of working with younger musicians in various ensembles and combinations, many of whom were not yet born when the first Art Ensemble recordings were made.  Mainly from Chicago, these players include trumpeter Corey Wilkes, bassist Karl E. H. Seigfried, and drummer Isaiah Spencer.

In 2007, Mitchell was named Darius Milhaud Chair of Composition at Mills College in Oakland, California, where he currently lives. Mitchell was chosen by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival in March 2012 in Minehead, England.

Teaching
Mitchell has taught at the University of Illinois, the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the California Institute of the Arts. From 2007 to 2019 Mitchell has taught at Mills College in Oakland, California. Among his notable students is David Sulzer.

Awards and honors
The following are referenced from Mitchell's biography at the official AACM website.

Awards
 DownBeat magazine: Talent Deserving Wider Recognition, Best Jazz Group (Established, Art Ensemble of Chicago), Record of the Year (Nonaah)
 Madison Music Legend, Madison magazine
 Certificate of Appreciation, St. Louis Public Schools Role Model Experiences Program
 Certificate of Appreciation, Art Ensemble of Chicago (Smithsonian Institution)
 Honorary Citizen of Atlanta, Georgia
 International Jazz Critics Poll
 Jazz Personality of the Year, City of Madison, Wisconsin
 Image Award, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
 Jazz Master, National Endowment for the Arts
 Outstanding Service to Jazz Education Award, National Association of Jazz Educators

Grants
 Arts Midwest Jazz Masters
 Comnicut Foundation
 Dane County Cultural Affairs Commission Project Grant, Madison Committee for the Arts
 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award (1996)
 Institut de Recherche at Coordination Acoustique Musique, Paris, France
 Madison Festival of the Lakes Grant
 Meet the Composer, Cultural Series Grant, Center for International Performance and Exhibition, Chicago
 Michigan State University matching grant
 Minnesota Composer's Forum
 National Endowment for the Arts
 Wisconsin Arts Board

Discography

With Art Ensemble of Chicago

Solo albums and other ensembles
 Before There Was Sound (Nessa, 1965; 2011)
 Sound (Delmark, 1966)
 Solo Saxophone Concerts (Sackville, 1974)
 Roscoe Mitchell Quartet (Sackville, 1976)
 Nonaah (Nessa, 1976)
 Duets with Anthony Braxton (Sackville, 1977)
 L-R-G / The Maze / S II Examples (Nessa, 1978)
 Sketches from Bamboo (Moers Music, 1979)
 Snurdy McGurdy and Her Dancin' Shoes (Nessa, 1981)
 3 x 4 Eye (Black Saint, 1981)
 More Cutouts (Cecma, 1981)
 Roscoe Mitchell and the Sound and Space Ensembles (Black Saint, 1983)
 An Interesting Breakfast Conversation (1750 Arch, 1984)
 The Flow of Things (Black Saint, 1986)
 Live at the Muhle Hunziken (Cecma, 1986)
 Live at the Knitting Factory (Black Saint, 1987)
 Four Compositions (Lovely Music, 1987)
 Live in Detroit (Cecma, 1988)
 Songs in the Wind (Victo, 1991)
 After Fallen Leaves (Silkheart, 1992)
 Duets & Solos (Black Saint, 1993)
 This Dance Is for Steve McCall (Black Saint, 1993)
 The Italian Concert (with Borah Bergman) (Soul Note, 1994)
 Hey Donald (Delmark, 1995)
 First Meeting (Knitting Factory, 1995)
 Pilgrimage (Lovely Music, 1995)
 Sound Songs (Delmark, 1997)
 The Day and the Night (Dizim, 1997)
 Nine to Get Ready (ECM, 1999)
 In Walked Buckner (Delmark, 1999)
 8 O'Clock: Two Improvisations (Mutable Music, 2001)
 Song for My Sister (Pi, 2002)
 The Bad Guys (Around Jazz, 2003)
 Solo [3] (Mutable, 2004)
 First Look, Chicago Duos (Southport, 2005)
 Turn (RogueArt, 2005)
 No Side Effects (RogueArt, 2006)
 Composition/Improvisation Nos. 1, 2 & 3 with Evan Parker (ECM, 2007)
 Contact (RogueArt, 2007)
 Spectrum (Mutable, 2010)
 Far Side with The Note Factory (ECM, 2010)
 Numbers (RogueArt, 2011)
 Three Compositions with Nicole Mitchell's Black Earth Ensemble (RogueArt, 2012)
 Duets with Tyshawn Sorey and Special Guest Hugh Ragin (Wide Hive, 2013)
 Improvisations (Otoroku, 2013) with Tony Marsh and John Edwards
 Conversations I (Wide Hive Records, 2014) with Craig Taborn and Kikanju Baku
 Conversations II (Wide Hive Records, 2014) with Craig Taborn and Kikanju Baku
 In Pursuit of Magic (482 Music, 2014) with Mike Reed
 Angel City (RogueArt, 2014) Roscoe Mitchell Trio with James Fei & William Winant
 Celebrating Fred Anderson (Nessa, 2015)
 Four Ways (Nessa, 2017) with Yuganaut
 Bells for the South Side (ECM, 2017)
 Discussions (Wide Hive Records, 2017)
 Accelerated Projection (RogueArt, 2018) with Matthew Shipp
 Ride the Wind (Nessa, 2018)
 Roscoe Mitchell Orchestra Littlefield Concert Hall Mills College (Wide Hive Records, 2019)
 Flow States (ScienSonic, 2020) with Marshall Allen, Milford Graves, and Scott Robinson

As sideman
With Anthony Braxton
Creative Orchestra Music 1976 (Arista, 1976)
For Trio (Arista, 1978)

With Jodie Christian
Rain or Shine (Delmark, 1994)
Soul Fountain (Delmark, 1998)

With Jack DeJohnette
Made in Chicago (ECM, 2013 [2015]) with Muhal Richard Abrams, Larry Gray and Henry Threadgill

With Sunny Murray
Sunshine (BYG, 1969)

With Evan Parker
Boustrophedon (ECM, 2004)

With Matthew Shipp
2-Z (2.13.61, 1996)

With Alan Silva
Seasons (BYG, 1971)

With Wadada Leo Smith
Budding of a Rose (Moers Music, 1979)

References

External links
 All About Jazz: Roscoe Mitchell: In Search of the Super Musician Posted: 2004-01-08
 Roscoe Mitchell interview by Jason Gross (May 1998)
 Lovely Music Artist: Roscoe Mitchell
 Roscoe Mitchell Page at Wide Hive Records

1940 births
Living people
African-American saxophonists
Avant-garde jazz musicians
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz oboists
Male oboists
Mills College faculty
Art Ensemble of Chicago members
Jazz musicians from Illinois
Musicians from Chicago
Pi Recordings artists
Delmark Records artists
Nessa Records artists
21st-century American saxophonists
21st-century American male musicians
Sackville Records artists
RogueArt artists
ECM Records artists
Black Saint/Soul Note artists
Moers Music artists
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people

Roscoe Mitchell


Khadijah bint Khuwaylid () (555 - 619) was the first wife of Muhammad, an Islamic prophet. Her nickname was Khadijah al-Kubra. She was known by the special names Thahira and Ummu Hinth. She was the daughter of Khuwaylid ibn Asad and Fatimah bint Za'idah. Khadijah is widely known as the first person to convert to Islam. Khadijah is known as Umm-al-mu'minin which means "the Mother of the Believers".

Children
Khadijah had six children with Muhammad.
 Qasim ibn Muhammad, died in 605 CE, before his second birthday
 Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad, died in childhood in 615 CE
 Zainab bint Muhammad, married to her maternal cousin Abu al-Aas ibn al-Rabee
 Ruqayyah bint Muhammad, married to Uthman ibn Affan
 Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad, also married to Uthman ibn Affan after Ruqayyah's death
 Fatimah, married to 'Ali bin Abi Talib

555 births
619 deaths
Wives of Muhammad

Khadijah bint Khuwaylid


A spoken language is a language produced  by articulate sounds, as opposed to a written language. Many languages have no written form and so are only spoken. An oral language or vocal language is a language produced with the vocal tract, as opposed to a sign language, which is produced with the hands and face. The term "spoken language" is sometimes used to mean only vocal languages, especially by linguists, making all three terms synonyms by excluding sign languages. Others refer to sign language as "spoken", especially in contrast to written transcriptions of signs.

In spoken language, much of the meaning is determined by the context. That contrasts with written language in which more of the meaning is provided directly by the text. In spoken language, the truth of a proposition is determined by common-sense reference to experience, but in written language, a greater emphasis is placed on logical and coherent argument. Similarly, spoken language tends to convey subjective information, including the relationship between the speaker and the audience, whereas written language tends to convey objective information.

The relationship between spoken language and written language is complex. Within the field of linguistics the current consensus is that speech is an innate human capability, and written language is a cultural invention. However some linguists, such as those of the Prague school, argue that written and spoken language possess distinct qualities which would argue against written language being dependent on spoken language for its existence.

Both vocal and sign languages are composed of words. In vocal languages, words are made up from a limited set of vowels and consonants, and often tone. In sign languages, words are made up from a limited set of shapes, orientations, locations movements of the hands, and often facial expressions; in both cases, the building blocks are called phonemes. In both vocal and sign languages, words are grammatically and prosodically linked into phrases, clauses, and larger units of discourse.

Hearing children acquire as their first language the language that is used around them, whether vocal, cued (if they are sighted) signed. Deaf children can do the same with Cued Speech or sign language if either visual communication system is used around them. Vocal language are traditionally taught to them in the same way that written language must be taught to hearing children. (See oralism.)

See also
 Body language
 Language acquisition
 List of language disorders
 Origin of speech
 Whistled language

References

භාෂාව

කථන භාෂාව


Alpheus Sherwin Cody (November 30, 1868 – April 4, 1959) was an American writer and entrepreneur who developed a long-running home-study course in speaking and writing and a signature series of advertisements asking "Do You Make These Mistakes in English?" A critic of traditional English education, Cody advocated colloquial style and grammar. His course, presented in a patented workbook format which he described as self-correcting, was purchased by over 150,000 students from its inception in 1918. He published essays, books and articles virtually nonstop from 1893 through 1950. In a book published in 1895, he gave the advice, "Write what you know—so go out and know something."

Biography
Born in Michigan, Sherwin Cody was orphaned at an early age and raised by relatives in New England. He attended the Canterbury district school in New Hampshire, Waltham High School in Massachusetts, and in 1885 to Amherst College, where he studied with John Franklin Genung and worked as a secretary to Amherst President Julius Hawley Seelye.

After graduating from Amherst, Cody worked at various jobs trying to establish himself as a writer. After the failure of a Horatio Alger-style novel called In the Heart of the Hills, he moved to Chicago in 1896. Cody worked at the Chicago Tribune as correspondence education was being initiated at the University of Chicago, and he was assigned to writing a home study course on English for the Tribune. In 1903 Cody produced a version of his course in pocket-sized book form as The Art of Writing and Speaking the English Language which he advertised in the business magazine The System and elsewhere.

Historians of business communication list Cody among those establishing modern business communication based on the notions of clarity, correctness, courtesy, and colloquial style.

Marketing his own books and giving personalized correspondence courses in business writing connected Cody with Chicago business leaders and the school reform movement in Chicago and he developed a series of ability tests which became the basis of the Sherwin Cody 100% Self-correcting Course in English Language.

Working with the Ruthrauff and Ryan Advertising Agency and copywriter Maxwell Sackheim, Cody patented his course, franchised it to two Rochester New York businessmen, Walter Paterson and Charles Lennon, and worked with Sackheim to develop an ad campaign that ran for more than 40 years.

Cody's ad, headlined Do You Make These Mistakes in English? led with class-conscious examples of mistakes in English and concluded its leading paragraph by noting that "Every time they talk or write" many people "show themselves lacking in the essential points of English." Later Cody's account was managed by Sackheim protégé Victor Schwab, who treated it as an example of the scientific approach to advertising. Schwab referred to it as "An Advertisement That is Never Changed," and he gave a ten-year comparison of responses to two different headlines—Do You Make These Mistakes in English? and How to Speak and Write Masterly English, showing that the response rate was near three times better for the ad asking speakers about their mistakes.

Cody's ads ran in pulp magazines, slick magazines, comic books and newspapers, and while not literally an advertisement that never changed, it remained remarkably consistent and was even featured in an ad for the Schwab and Beatty in the 1950s. Do You Make These Mistakes in English? is routinely listed among the twentieth century's best advertisements.

Cody and his wife Marian lived near Chicago until the 1920s when they moved to the community of Dobbs Ferry, New York at 23 Summit Terrace. They had one son, Edward Morrill Cody (1901–1987), who served in the U.S. Foreign Service from 1941 through 1976, serving as the deputy director of the U.S. Information Agency under Edward R. Murrow and as a bureau manager for Radio Liberty from 1965 to 1976.

Cody was a first cousin to the famed Buffalo Bill Cody.

Cody's English Language Course
The Sherwin Cody 100% Self-correcting Course in English Language arrived in 25 weekly booklets, each divided into five sections.  Composition was on Mondays, spelling on Tuesdays, punctuation on Wednesdays, grammar on Thursdays, and conversation and literature on Fridays. The daily lessons were tied to other reference books published by Cody including his Nutshell Library, a collection of pocket books excerpting the works of great writers, supplemented the literary studies.

The course was a homestudy course in which students identified and corrected individual weaknesses, with Cody selecting issues of spelling, pronunciation, grammar and word usage that were most commonly troublesome. As a business writer, he emphasized practical life goals such as sales, advertising and letter writing.

Cody marketed his course on the English language from 1918 until his illness and death in the late 1950s, when it was sold to the US School of Music and later discontinued.  The course was revised in the 1930s with an increased emphasis on speaking (perhaps in reaction to Dale Carnegie's How to Win Friends and Influence People).

Selected works
1893 Life's Philosophy. Privately printed book of poems.
1894 How to Write Fiction, Especially the Art of Short Story Writing.  New York: The Riverside Literary Bureau, C. T. Dillingham  & Co.
1896 In the Heart of the Hills. London: J. M. Dent.
1902 A Selection from the World's Greatest Short Stories Illustrative of the History of Short Story Writing. Cambridge: University Press, John Wilson and Son, copyright by A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago.
1903 A Selection from the Best English Essays Illustrative of the History of English Prose Style. Cambridge: University Press, John Wilson and Son, copyright by A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago.
1903 The Art of Writing & Speaking the English Language. Chicago: The Old Greek Press.
1904 Good English Form Book in Business Letter Writing. Chicago: School of English.
1907 How To Read and What To Read. Rochester, NY: The Sherwin Cody School of English.
1911 How to Do Business by Letter, and Advertising; A Practical and Scientific Method of Handling Customers by Written Salesmanship. London, Constable and Company, Ltd.
1912 "Scientific Principles in the Teaching of Composition," English Journal 1, 161–172.
1913 How to be a Private Secretary; Or, Business Practice Up to Date, with Commercial Map of the United States. Chicago: School of English.
1914 "The Ideal Course in English for Vocational Students," English Journal 3.5, 263–81, continued in 3.6, 371–80.
1914 English for Business Uses and Commercial Correspondence. Chicago: School of English.
1915 How to Deal with Human Nature in Business; A Practical Book On Doing Business by Correspondence, Advertising, and Salesmanship. New York & London: Funk & Wagnalls Company, also Chicago: School of English.
1916 "Tests to Use When You Hire," System (August), 122–30.
1918 The Sherwin Cody 100% Self-Correcting Course in English Language. Rochester, NY: The Sherwin Cody School of English [revised 1936].
1918 How You Can Master Good English – in Just 15 Minutes a Day. Rochester, NY: The Sherwin Cody School of English.
1918 Course in the New Business Efficiency, Or, How to Make Money in Business. New York: B.C. Forbes Publishing Company.
1919 Commercial Tests and How to Use Them. Yonkers-on-Hudson, NY: World Book Company.
1924 The Art Of Writing & Speaking The English Language.  Story-Writing & Journalism
1944 Coaching Children in English. New York: Good English Publishers.
1950 Greatest Stories, and How They Were Written; selected by W. E. Henley with a series of introductions on the art of short story writing by Sherwin Cody. New York: Sherwin Cody Associates.
1950 Letters: Writing to Get People to Do Things''. Rochester, NY: Sherwin Cody Course in English.

References

External links

Sherwin Cody (AC 1889) Correspondence at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections

1868 births
1959 deaths
American educators
Amherst College alumni
Writers from Michigan
American non-fiction writers

Sherwin Cody


Carpooling is sharing a car with other passengers to help share the cost of operating the car. Besides being cheaper than driving many cars at the same time, it also reduces traffic congestion. There are many companies that provide carpooling services such as Ola, MyCotra, Quickride, and Uber.

Road transport

Carpool


The Actors' Gang is an experimental theatre and nonprofit group based at the Ivy Substation in Culver City, California. It was founded in 1981 by a group of actors, including Tim Robbins, now a member of the board and artistic director of the troupe. The group states its mission is "to create bold, original works for the stage and daring reinterpretations of the classics".

History
The Actors' Gang has produced over 150 plays in Los Angeles, in forty US states, and on five continents. The company was founded in 1981 by a group of young artists looking to build a theatre that would present relevant and vibrantly entertaining plays. Guided by Founding Artistic Director, Tim Robbins, the company provides a supportive environment for a diverse ensemble of artists and the development of their groundbreaking work.

The Actors' Gang has presented the work of innovative theater artists including Georges Bigot, Simon Abkarian, Charles L. Mee, David Schweizer, Bill Rauch and the Cornerstone Theatre Company, Tracy Young, Roger Guenver Smith, Eric Bogosian, Oskar Eustis, Danny Hoch, Beth Milles, Jon Kellam, Brian Kulick, Stefan Haves, Namaste Theater Company, Culture Clash, JR Reed, Michael Schlitt, and Tenacious D.

The Actors' Gang ensemble has included accomplished actors such as Jack Black, John Cusack, John C. Reilly, Helen Hunt, Kate Walsh, Fisher Stevens, Jeremy Piven, Ebbe Roe Smith, Jon Favreau, Lauren Lane, Brent Hinkley, Kate Mulligan, Lee Arenberg, Kyle Gass, and Tim Robbins.

Guest artists that have appeared on The Actors' Gang stage include: Jackson Browne, Sarah Silverman, Ben Gibbard, John Doe, Tom Morello, Jenny Lewis, Wayne Kramer, Paul Provenza, Zooey Deschanel, Serj Tankian, David Crosby, Felicity Huffman, Jill Sobule, William H. Macy, Phillip Baker Hall, Jeanne Tripplehorn, T.C. Boyle, and Gore Vidal.

Community outreach
The Actors' Gang Education and Outreach Program provides free after-school, in-school, and summer programs for Los Angeles County youth.  Company Actors/Teaching Artists work in collaboration with youth to create original ensemble theatre.  As a result, the kids and adults develop collaboration and communication skills while experiencing the benefits of creative self-expression.

The Actors' Gang Prison Project provides 8-week workshops in California prisons in order to unlock human potential in the interest of effective rehabilitation.  One of the few remaining arts programs inside California's correctional system, the Prison Project has a profound impact on inmates, their families, and prison staff.  Participants develop social skills, self-esteem, tools for life beyond bars.  Since the program's inception 8 years ago, the Prison Project maintains a 0% recidivism rate (California's rate exceeds 60%).

Other Community Outreach programs include weekly Pay-What-You-Can performances (every Thursday's performance during all production runs) and free Shakespeare-in-the-Park every weekend in August (a 45-minute Shakespeare adaptation for all ages).  The Actors' Gang contributes ticket vouchers for group trips and non-profit fundraising activities.

Productions
In 2014, the Actors' Gang toured its production of William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, directed by Tim Robbins.  The tour schedule included:

 Beijing – Centre for the Performing Arts, China, June 2014
 Shanghai – Daguan Theatre, Shanghai Zendai Himalayas Arts Centre, China, June 2014
 Spoleto – Spoleto Festival, Italy, July 2014
 Los Angeles – Ivy Substation (home of The Actors' Gang), California, USA, July and August 2014
 Nashville – OZ Arts, Tennessee, USA, September 2014
 Porto Alegre – Porto Alegre Em Cena, Brazil, September 2014

Other touring productions include George Orwell's 1984, Tartuffe, Embedded, The Trial of the Catonsville Nine, The Guys, and The Exonerated. These productions have toured 41 states in the U.S. and cities across the world from London to Athens, Madrid, Barcelona, Bogota, Hong Kong, Melbourne, and Buenos Aires, covering five continents.

Training
Actor training courses are held at the theater several times a year in 8-week periods.

The style
The Style is a unique form of acting developed at the Actors' Gang over its many year history. It includes elements of commedia del arte, mask work, viewpoints, and focuses on developing emotional states. Every show at the Actors Gang utilizes the Style in varying degrees of subtlety.

References

External links

Performing groups established in 1981
Theatre companies in Los Angeles

The Actors' Gang


A carnivore is an animal which eats only meat.  Predators commonly hunt and kill their own prey. Scavengers are carnivores which eat animals they did not kill themselves. Carnivores which eat mainly or only insects are called insectivores. Carnivores which eat mainly or only fish are called piscivores.

The word "carnivore" describes more than just the scientific order Carnivora. However, almost all animals in the Carnivora do eat meat, though a few do not.

List of living carnivores

Mammals
 All feliforms, such as domestic cats, big cats, hyenas, mongooses, civets
 Almost all caniforms, such as the dogs, wolves, foxes, ferrets, seals and walruses
 All cetaceans, such as dolphins, whales and porpoises
 All bats except fruitbats
 The carnivorous marsupials, such as the Tasmanian devil

Birds
 All birds of prey, such as hawks, eagles, falcons and owls
 All vultures, both old world and new
 Most waterfowl, such as gulls, penguins, pelicans, storks, and herons

Reptiles
 All crocodilians, such as alligators, crocodiles, gharials and caimans
 All snakes, such as cobras, vipers, pythons and boas
 Some lizards, such as most skinks and all monitor lizards
 Some turtles, including the snapping turtle and most sea turtles

Fish and amphibians
 All frogs and toads
 Almost all sharks, such as tiger, great white, nurse and reef sharks
 Most teleosts, such as tuna, marlin, salmon, and bass

Invertebrates
 Most crustaceans, such as the coconut crab are mainly omnivorous, but eat some prey and carrion
 Many molluscs, such as octopus and squid, and some gastropods
 All arachnids, such as spiders and scorpions
 Many insects, such as mantises, dragonflies and most wasps
 All jellyfish and sea stars

Related pages
 Theropod
 Insectivore
 Herbivore
 Omnivore

References

Carnivore


The truth is what is true. It may be everything that is true (reality) or just a part of it (a fact). It may also be a statement that is true: a truth. Things or statements that are not true are untrue or false. True things exist (or have existed); false things do not (or never have).

Aristotle said: "To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true." However, a statement may be about how things once were; this would be a true statement if it is clear that it is not a statement about how things are now. Most often, the tense of the verb will indicate this, but there may be other ways in which the statement is qualified: for example, by saying when the statement was true.

Truth is a noun, and the corresponding adjective is true. The word true also functions as a noun, a verb and an adverb. The English word truth is from Old English tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ, Middle English trewþe.

Most of the discussion on truth is about one of two things:
How to find out whether a statement (a proposition or claim) is true
How to find the truth when presented with a particular question or problem
Many philosophers have given opinions on these issues.

Examples

 It is a truth (true) that a dog is an animal. It is untrue (or false) that a dog is a plant.
 It is a truth that dodos were found on Mauritius (although not throughout the past). It is not true that dodos exist.
 It has never been true that unicorns exist, so it has always been true that unicorns do not exist.

In Other words
Something untrue is false. A half truth is something true mixed with something false, or something partly true with key information omitted.

If the things one says are true, then they are speaking the truth, or speaking truly. Saying something that is untrue can be called a lie, if the person who is saying it knows it is untrue. A person who says something untrue is often called a "liar".

True and false in logic and philosophy

What is truth? Pontius Pilate (John, 18.38)
True is also one of the two basic values of logic. The other such value is usually called false. In symbols, true is written as, T or 1.

Aristotle was the first to put logic into a formal framework. His version is called propositional logic (see also syllogism and deductive reasoning). Other forms of logic use types of mathematics (mathematical logic) or symbols. Boolean algebra is about things being true and false.

The relationship between verbal claims and external reality is handled by epistemology and the philosophy of science.

Philosophers argue over what makes up truth and how to define and identify truth.

Related pages
 Truth value
 Veritas (mythology)

References

Other websites
Closer to Truth

Basic English 850 words
Logic
Epistemology
Reality

Truth


A public address system, commonly known as a PA system, is a network of sound devices that can play sound to several people. They are often used to make announcements in large buildings or neighbourhoods. In big spaces outdoors, amplifiers and loudspeakers have to be very loud. Otherwise the volume would be too small to be heard by everybody.

Electronics
Audio technology
Sound

Public address system


Jánošík is a Slovak black-and-white silent film from 1921. It relates the popular legend of the highwayman Juraj Jánošík.  It shows the filmmakers' experience with early American movies in camera work, in the use of parallel narratives, and in sequences inspired by Westerns. Jánošík placed Slovak filmmaking as the 10th national cinema in the world to produce a full-length feature movie.

Plot summary
The story is set in the early 18th century when many farmers in the Habsburg monarchy were obligated to work in a nobleman's fields for two days a week. The location is the Kingdom of Hungary's north-western Carpathians with a Slovak majority population. Juraj Jánošík (Theodor Pištěk), a young, imposing seminary student, returns to his home village to find that his ailing mother has just died. Count Šándor (Vladimír Šrámek), however, would not release Jánošík's father (Karel Schleichert) from his weekly obligations for her funeral and has the father caned, which proves fatal for the old man. Jánošík assaults the Count and escapes from the village.

While on the run, Jánošík finds himself fighting on the side of a band of highwaymen in a skirmish with the Count's cohort commanded by Pišta (Jozef Chylo), discards the frock, joins the band, and takes over the band's leadership. Jánošík's band parties in the mountains, robs traveling noblemen, and uses disguise to rob the guests at the noblemen's County Ball only to redistribute the booty among the farmers.

Jánošík rekindles a love affair with his childhood sweetheart Anička (Mária Fábryová), who is sexually harassed by the Count. The local priest (František Horlivý) helps Jánošík with the cover-up during his visits to the village. However, his frequent calls and yet another scuffle with the Count prove to be his undoing. With the help of a betrayer, the Count's men learn about Jánošík's whereabouts and overpower him and his band during a drinking party in a tavern. Jánošík is hanged.

The central narrative is framed in a story set around the time of the film's release, in which a hiker (Theodor Pištěk) and friends (Mária Fábryová, Jozef Chylo) pause at a mountain sheepfold where the head shepherd comments on the hiker's stature similar to the legendary Jánošík's and narrates for them the film's storyline.

Director

The film was directed by Slovak-American Jaroslav Siakeľ (1896–1997). Born in Blatnica, Turiec County in central Slovakia and baptized Ludvik Jaroslav Siakeľ, he immigrated to the United States in 1912 at the age of 16 and used Ludwig Jerry as his given names in English. He used the names Jaroslav and Jerry in personal contacts.

Company

The film Jánošík was made and financed by the Tatra Film Corporation founded by Slovak-Americans in Chicago at 1543 W. Chicago Ave., and incorporated in Illinois with a capital stock of $50,000 (as printed on its shares; sources mention lower amounts). The company's chief founder was its Secretary Samuel Fábry, a Chicago businessman. Its Board of Directors also included President Samuel Tvarožek, Vice-President Richard Blaha, and Business Manager Ján Šimo. Among the founders of Tatra Film were the brothers and future filmmakers Jaroslav Siakeľ and Daniel Siakeľ (1886–1964; immigrated in 1905) from Blatnica, Turiec County in central Slovakia. Both had experience with film equipment and processing, and limited experience with filmmaking from working for the Selig Polyscope Company in Chicago (some sources misidentify them as its owners or founders).

The producer of Jánošík was Ján Závodný (1890–1980) from Brezová pod Bradlom in western Slovakia, a co-founder of Tatra Film, who owned the 500-seat Casimir Theater (later Jeff Theater) in Chicago.  It was filmed on location in the vicinity of the Siakeľ brothers' birthplace in Slovakia, on two sets constructed at the site, and finished on the sound stage at the A-B Studio in Prague.

Screenplay

Tatra Film commissioned the screenplay from the Slovak-American Jozef Žák-Marušiak (1885–1979; immigrated in 1911) from Lakšárska Nová Ves, western Slovakia, who based it on a two-volume novel by the Slovak-American journalist Gustáv Maršall-Petrovský (1862–1916). The novel was the filmmakers' original inspiration for making the movie. The screenplay had features of a shooting script. It was typed in Slovak, on a US typewriter without diacritics, with English camera directions. However, Žák-Marušiak delivered barely a third of the screenplay before the team's departure for Slovakia, some of it arrived by mail during the shoot, and the rest did not reach them before the film was finished. The filmmakers improvised and used the play Jánošík by Jiří Mahen translated to Slovak by Martin Rázus in 1920.

Cast

Most of the leading and supporting roles were given to professional or amateur actors. Theodor Pištěk in the dual role of Jánošík and of a hiker in the framing story was one of the most popular actors of the period who starred in nine other films in the same year. Pištěk believed that he got the role thanks to Jánošík's art director and actor (priest) František Horlivý, who was an amateur actor in Chicago, but used to work in the theater troupe organized by Pištěk's father Jan in Prague. Mária Fábryová in the leading role of Jánošík's lover Anička was an amateur actress from the town of Martin in Turiec County (and related by marriage to one of the best known Slovak poets Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav). She got the part after her uncle Samuel Fábry, the chief founder and Secretary of Tatra Film, showed her photograph to the filmmakers and advanced her for the role.  The extras were local, and soldiers from the 18th Infantry Brigade at Žilina.

Release dates

Jánošík was shown informally to the film crew and friends in Vrútky, Turiec County, Slovakia, before its theatrical release, which is sometimes misquoted as its release date.  It had premieres in Prague, in Chicago (Cicero, IL) at the now demolished 1150-seat Atlantic, and in Žilina at the Grand Bio Universum (later Dom umenia Fatra).

The film was thought lost until 1970. It was restored by Ján Rumanovský with a music soundtrack by Jozef Malovec in 1975.

The restored version of the silent Jánošík was released on DVD in the PAL format, 4:3 aspect ratio, region-free ("Region 0"), with English, French, German, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, Slovak, and Spanish intertitles by Dikrama/Slovenský filmový ústav in 2003 as part of a 2-DVD box set with the like-named movies Jánošík I and Jánošík II, both from 1963, and bonus material.

Sources sometimes mention its presumed listing by UNESCO as world cultural heritage, but Jánošík is not included on the lists of Tangible Heritage, Intangible Heritage, or World Heritage maintained by UNESCO.

Business

Jánošík's estimated budget was $14,500 and its total gross in Czechoslovakia during its theatrical run is estimated at close to 19 million Czechoslovak crowns.

References

External links

 Jaroslav Siakeľ (dir., 1921) Jánošík. (Clip)

Slovak historical drama films
Slovak-language films
1921 films
Czech silent films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Films set in Slovakia
Films shot in Slovakia
Films set in the 1710s
Biographical films about bandits
Silent drama films

Jánošík (1921 film)


Keith DeRose (born April 24, 1962) is an American philosopher teaching at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where he is currently Allison Foundation Professor of Philosophy. He taught previously at New York University and Rice University.  His primary interests include epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of religion, and history of modern philosophy. He is best known for his work on contextualism in epistemology, especially as a response to the traditional problem of skepticism.

Education
DeRose graduated from Calvin College in 1984 with a B.A. in Philosophy. He then studied at UCLA, earning an M.A. in 1986 and a PhD in 1990; his dissertation was entitled Knowledge, Epistemic Possibility, and Skepticism, under Rogers Albritton. While at UCLA, he won the Robert M. Yost Prize for Excellence in Teaching (1988), was awarded the Griffin Fellowship in 1990, and won the Carnap Essay Prize in 1989 and again in 1990.

Selected publications
The Case for Contextualism. Knowledge, Skepticism, and Context, Oxford University Press, 2009.
"The Ordinary Language Basis for Contextualism and the New Invariantism," The Philosophical Quarterly, 2005.
"Direct Warrant Realism," in A. Dole and A. Chignell, ed., God and the Ethics of Belief: New Essays in Philosophy of Religion (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
"Single Scoreboard Semantics," Philosophical Studies, 2004.
"Assertion, Knowledge, and Context," Philosophical Review, 2002; Philosopher's Annual, vol. 26.
"Solving the Skeptical Problem," Philosophical Review, 1995; Philosopher's Annual, vol. 18.
"Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 1992
"Epistemic Possibilities," Philosophical Review, 1991.
"Reid's Anti-Sensationalism and His Realism," Philosophical Review, 1989.

See also
 American philosophy
 List of American philosophers

References

External links
Personal homepage
C.V.

Christian philosophers
Calvin University alumni
1962 births
Living people
Rice University faculty
Yale University faculty
American Christian universalists
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
20th-century Christian universalists
21st-century Christian universalists
Christian universalist theologians
Epistemologists
Philosophers of language
Philosophers of religion
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers

Keith DeRose


Taylor Morrison is one of the largest home building companies in the United States. Its corporate headquarters are in Scottsdale, Arizona. The company formed when Taylor Woodrow and Morrison Homes joined forces in July 2007. Taylor Morrison operates in Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Florida, Illinois, North Carolina, South Carolina, Nevada, and Texas, building mid-to-upscale housing, as well as first-time and mid-market homes.

History
Taylor Woodrow was founded in 1921 by Frank Taylor and Jack Woodrow. They built a pair of modest semi-detached houses at 347 and 349 Central Drive, Blackpool in England. During the 1920s, Lord Taylor's new company concentrated on providing low- cost, high quality housing in the Lancashire area. In the 1930s, Taylor Woodrow diversified into building temporary hospitals, etc., and thereby moved into general construction. In 1936 Taylor Woodrow entered the Canadian construction market through the acquisition of Monarch Development Corporation, founded in 1917, one of Canada's oldest, largest and most diversified real estate companies. In 1953 the company purchased a controlling interest in a newly established business, Monarch Mortgage and Investments Limited, which owned land, apartment complexes, stores, and houses in the Toronto area, and in 1994, entered into the high-rise sector. Between 1945 and 2001 Taylor Woodrow's main operations were in general construction with Taylor Woodrow Homes only being a small part of the Group.

Morrison Homes was initially founded in Seattle in 1905 by C.G. Morrison and moved to northern California in 1946. The company built primarily first-time and midmarket home communities in Phoenix, Sacramento, Denver, Fort Myers, Jacksonville, Orlando, Sarasota, Tampa, Austin, and Houston. George Wimpey Plc acquired Morrison Homes in 1984 when it was based in San Francisco. George Wimpey's 2001 acquisition of Richardson Homes was later integrated under the Morrison brand.

On July 6, 2007, the United Kingdom-based parent companies of Morrison Homes Inc. and Taylor Woodrow Inc. joined. Taylor Woodrow Plc. and George Wimpey Plc. formed a new company, Taylor Wimpey Plc., becoming one of the world's largest home building companies.  Morrison Homes joined with Taylor Woodrow as part of the parent company formation.

The companies continued to operate under their existing brands until 2008, when they began to operate under the new Taylor Morrison brand.

In July, 2011, Taylor Morrison became a wholly owned subsidiary of TMM Holdings Limited Partnership, which is indirectly owned by investment funds separately managed by TPG Capital, Oaktree Capital Management, as well as JH Investments. It was taken public in 2013.

Bibliography

References

External links

Construction and civil engineering companies established in 2008
Companies based in Scottsdale, Arizona
Home builders
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
2008 establishments in Arizona

Taylor Morrison


D'oh! (also spelled out as annoyed grunt), is a famous catchphrase created by the fictional character Homer Simpson, from the popular animated television series, The Simpsons. It was also famously accepted into the Oxford English Dictionary in 2002. The quote is normally used when Homer hurts himself, finds out that he has done something stupid, or when something bad has happened or is about to happen to him. He often gives himself a facepalm at the same time. Other characters from the Simpsons have also been heard using the chatchprase too, the most common being his son Bart. Homer has also been known to change this phrase slightly. For example, in The Simpsons Movie he shouts "D'oooooome!" when the town is sealed in the glass dome.

Other websites
 The definitive "D'oh" list
 Homer Simpson says "D'oh!" 32 times (WAV sound file)
 D'oh! joins the Oxford English Dictionary - BBC News

The Simpsons

de:Die Simpsons#"Neinn!"
sv:Homer Simpson#Kända citat

D'oh!


Gerald Maxwell Rivera (born May 23, 1973), known mononymously as Maxwell, is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He rose to prominence following the release of his debut studio album Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite (1996), which received widespread acclaim, and spawned the singles "Ascension (Don't Ever Wonder)" and "Sumthin' Sumthin'". The album has since been cited by music critics for helping form the "neo soul" movement that gained popularity during the late 1990s.

Following the success of his debut album, Maxwell released the albums Embrya (1998), and Now (2001), both of which were certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), with the latter reaching number one on the Billboard 200 chart.

After taking a hiatus from music, he returned in 2009 with his fourth studio album BLACKsummers'night, which became his second album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 chart. BLACKsummers'night  was nominated for six Grammy Awards, including Song of the Year for "Pretty Wings", and won Best R&B Album and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance (for "Pretty Wings"). His fifth studio album blackSUMMERS'night (2016), spawned the single "Lake by the Ocean", and was released to critical acclaim.

He has won three Grammy Awards, six Soul Train Music Awards and two NAACP Image Awards. Maxwell was the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation and Congressional Black Caucus in 2019 for "his innovative contributions to the music industry as a singer, songwriter, and producer".

Early life
Maxwell was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of a Haitian mother and a Puerto Rican father. His mother grew up in a devout Baptist household in Haiti.  Maxwell's father died in a plane crash when Maxwell was three years old.  Maxwell grew up in the Brooklyn neighborhood of East New York.

Career

1990–1994: Beginnings
After receiving a low-cost Casio keyboard from a friend, the Brooklyn, New York-native began composing music at age 17. Already a fan of what he described as "jheri curl soul", which was the trademark of early 1980s R&B acts such as Patrice Rushen, S.O.S. Band and Rose Royce, Maxwell began to teach himself to play a variety of instruments. According to him, the R&B of the early 1980s contained "the perfect combination of computerized instrumentation with a live feel", and that the genre's dynamics later became lost due to the influence of hip hop on R&B. Despite facing ridicule from classmates for being shy and awkward, he progressed and continued to develop his musical abilities, and he also adopted the look of a more bohemian style outwardly in his clothing, growing long sideburns and letting his hair grow out wildly and combed in an extreme style, or sometimes putting his hair in long thin braids.

Initially influenced by early-1980s urban R&B, Maxwell progressed rapidly, and by 1991 he was performing on the New York City club scene.  Maxwell was able to gain access to a 24-track recording studio and started to record songs for a demo tape, which he circulated among his friends.  The demo engendered interest, and his official debut concert performance at Manhattan nightclub Nell's drew a crowd. During the next two years, Maxwell wrote and recorded over three hundred songs and played frequently at small venues throughout New York City. Maxwell's performances continued to draw interest and increase the buzz about him, and he was called "the next Prince" by a writer from Vibe magazine who attended one of his shows. After earning a considerable reputation, Maxwell signed a recording contract with Columbia Records in 1994. He adopted his middle name as a moniker out of respect for his family's privacy.

1994–1997: Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite
Maxwell began working with songwriter Leon Ware and noted guitarist Wah Wah Watson to record his debut Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite in the mid 1990s. Recording sessions for the album took place in 1994 and 1995 at Electric Lady Studios, RPM Studios, Sorcerer Studios and Chung King Studios in New York City, and at CRC recording studios in Chicago, Illinois.
After production for the album was completed in 1995, the finished product was presented to Columbia Records in Spring of that same year. However, it was shelved for nearly a year, due to issues with Columbia's management, the label's extensive reorganization and record executives' doubts of the album's commercial potential.

Initially, the album was slow to obtain commercial interest. On April 20, 1996, the album made its chart debut at number 38 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. From August to October 1996, Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite experienced chart growth on both the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and Billboard 200, peaking at number eight on the former and at number 36 on the latter. It spent seventy-eight weeks on the Billboard 200 chart. It became a Top 30 hit in the United Kingdom.
The album was later ranked as one of the year's top-10 best albums by Time, Rolling Stone and USA Today. and was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Album at the 39th Grammy Awards, losing the award to The Tony Rich Project's Words.

The album spawned four singles. The first single released, "...Til the Cops Come Knockin'", debuted on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks at number 87 in May 1996. Peaking at number 79, the single  spent 12 weeks on the chart. The second single, "Ascension (Don't Ever Wonder)", debuted on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks in August 1996 at number 11, eventually peaking number eight. It spent eighteen weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 36 on September 28, 1996.
The third single, "Sumthin' Sumthin'", peaked at number 22 on the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales. The album's fourth single, "Suitelady (The Proposal Jam)", entered the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay component chart in May 1997, peaking at number 64. (Maxwell contributed the song "Segurança (Security)" to the AIDS-benefit album Red Hot + Rio, produced by the Red Hot Organization.)

Maxwell released a series of EPs featuring different versions of his songs from Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite, including "...Til the Cops Come Knockin'", "Ascension (Don't Ever Wonder)", "Whenever Wherever Whatever" and "Sumthin' Sumthin'".  These EPs were re-released in 2019.  "Sumthin' Sumthin': Mellosmoothe" appeared on the Loves Jones soundtrack in March 1997.

Despite Maxwell's having released only one album, the music video television channel MTV saw his burgeoning popularity and asked him to tape an episode of the concert series MTV Unplugged in New York City. The show was taped live on June 15, 1997, and he performed his own songs as well as covers of songs by Kate Bush ("This Woman's Work") and Nine Inch Nails ("Closer"). (Maxwell clashed with his label about the release of a full album of his session, resulting in the release of only an extended play, or EP instead, containing seven songs.) The MTV Unplugged performance of "...Til the Cops Come Knockin" was included as a bonus track on the international release. The episode of MTV Unplugged first aired on the network on July 22, 1997.

1998–2002: Embrya and Now
Maxwell's second studio album, Embrya, was released on June 30, 1998, and upon its release it was panned by contemporary music critics. The album received mixed criticism for its more "indulgent sound." With its internal focus and esoteric grooves, the album served as a departure for Maxwell, who did not regret risking his reputation with urban listeners for a more challenging record. The album experienced a critical backlash similar to that of other artists' work that broke their previous releases' successful formulas in favor of more compelling projects, now being termed "neo-soul." In 1999, it won the Soul Train Music Award for Best Male Soul/R&B Album. In a retrospective review for Allmusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that Maxwell "overstuffs his songs with ideas that lead nowhere" and called Embrya "a bit of a sophomore stumble, albeit one with promising moments." Arion Berger, writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), found the songs monotonous and called the album "unfocused and pretentious ... full of overwrought, underwritten songs with obscure, fancy titles revolving around a sort of sexual gnosticism."  Critics have since reappraised Embrya as a groundbreaking forerunner to later trends in Alternative R&B, and Columbia Records reissued the album in 2018 on its 20th Anniversary.

Despite the negative press, the album sold more than one million copies and garnered Maxwell a new alternative fanbase, but confounded the traditional urban consumers.
On May 26, 1999, the album was officially certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Embrya was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, losing to fellow neo-soul artist Erykah Badu's Baduizm (1997).
Later in the year he released "Fortunate", a single written by R. Kelly and featured on the soundtrack for the 1999 film Life. The single peaked at number one on Billboard magazine's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles and Tracks chart. To date, the song is Maxwell's most successful single and was Billboard's number-one R&B single of 1999.

Now, Maxwell's third album, was released on August 14, 2001 on Columbia Records in the United States. Following the lukewarm radio success of his previous album, Maxwell has stated he felt more comfortable with his artistic direction in the creation of his new album, which does not exhibit his previous work's conceptual style. The album sold over 296,000 units in the U.S. in the first week, according to SoundScan, to earn him his first-ever number one album. The album was later certified platinum by the RIAA. "Lifetime" was the second single from the album. It was a top five hit on Billboard's R&B/Hip-Hop songs chart and peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The third single off the album, "This Woman's Work", a live staple of Maxwell's, charted at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number 16 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Once again, despite some criticism towards Maxwell's songwriting, La Weekly stated "Now is a disappointment in the wake of 1996's Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite and its 1998 follow-up, Embrya."  Now received generally positive reviews from music critics, based on an aggregate score of 78/100 from Metacritic.
The album was Maxwell's last release before he took a lengthy hiatus from performing.

2003–2010: BLACKsummers'night

Recording sessions for a new album took place during 2007 to 2009 at Chung King Studios, Bowery Digital, and Platinum Sound Recording Studios in New York City. The album was produced entirely by Maxwell and musician Hod David. The album was to serve as the first part of his scheduled trilogy of albums.

During this time, and after seven years of not performing, he appeared as a surprise musical guest on the 2008 BET Awards, where he performed the song "Simply Beautiful" in a tribute to soul singer Al Green, shocking fans and the audience alike with his ability to still perform well, but also with his new look, his trademark afro and pork-chop sideburns gone, replaced with a more relaxed and subdued look.

The album BLACKsummers'night was released on July 7, 2009 and received universal acclaim from music critics. Commercially the album was a success, debuting at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart in July 2009, with first-week sales of 316,000 copies, serving as Maxwell's highest first-week sales.

The album produced four singles. The lead single "Pretty Wings" debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, ultimately spending 47 weeks on the chart. It also spent 18 weeks and peaked at number 33 on the Hot 100 and at number 12 on its Radio Songs component chart. The second single, "Bad Habits", peaked at number four on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, spending 46 weeks on the chart. It peaked at number 71 on the Hot 100, at number 38 on the Radio Songs chart, and at number 16 on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. The third single "Cold" spent one week at number 62 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's fourth single "Fistful of Tears" spent 24 weeks on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, peaking at number 11. It charted at number 94 on the Hot 100 and at number 63 on the Radio Songs chart. Maxwell received six nominations for the 2010 Grammy Awards, winning "Best R&B Album" for BLACKsummers'night and "Best Male R&B Vocal Performance" for "Pretty Wings." "Pretty Wings" was nominated for the "Song of the Year" which was written by Maxwell under his publishing moniker Musze.

2011–2017: blackSUMMERS'night
On April 17, 2012, Maxwell announced that he and his eleven-piece band would embark on a six-day tour, MaxwellTwoNight -M2N tour 2012 – two nights in three cities, scheduled for the cities of Los Angeles, California – Staples Center (July 20 and July 21); Atlanta, Georgia – Philips Arena (July 27 and July 28); and Newark, New Jersey the Prudential Center (August 3 and August 4). Maxwell was to perform his discography in its entirety. The first day of the tour Maxwell was to perform songs from his first album Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite and second album Embrya. The second day of the tour Maxwell was to perform from his third and fourth albums Now and BLACKsummer'snight, respectively. Maxwell was to debut never-performed songs from his BLACKsummer'snight trilogy. lt was also announced that proceeds from the M2N tour merchandise would support the "Obama-Biden 2012" re-election campaign. However, the tour was canceled due to vocal hemorrhaging.

After two years of occasionally performing and planning, he disclosed during an interview with Rolling Stone magazine in May 2014 that he had been working on his fifth studio album for "the past three years" and has been recording in Miami. On December 18, 2014, Maxwell announced on the social media site Twitter the second installment of his trilogy blackSUMMERS'night would be arriving sometime in winter 2015.

On April 7, 2016, Maxwell released his first solo single in 6 years titled "Lake by the Ocean", and also revealed his long-awaited fifth album blackSUMMERS'night. He performed it on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on May 5, 2016. It was his first television performance in seven years.

The full-length album was released on July 1, 2016 and charted at number three on the Billboard 200 while garnering widespread acclaim from critics.

2018–present: Night
In October 2018, Maxwell released the single "Shame", which he said was a preview of his upcoming album Night, the final installment of his album trilogy. In April 2019 as he was re-issuing his earlier EPs in digital format, Maxwell said that he was scheduling a string of performances for mid-2019.  Maxwell had a consecutive four-night concert run at the Kennedy Center, supported by the National Symphony Orchestra, in September 2019. Maxwell closed out the Hollywood Bowl's Summer Season with a 3-night run in September 2023.

Legacy
Along with fellow musicians D'Angelo and Erykah Badu, Maxwell has been credited with helping to shape the "neo soul" movement that rose to prominence during the late 1990s. Along with D'Angelo's Brown Sugar (1995) and Badu's Baduizm (1997), Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite has been recognized by writers for beginning neo soul's popularity and helping the genre obtain commercial visibility. However, in contrast to D'Angelo, Maxwell was more conventional in his approach on his debut album.

In commenting on the "new soul revival" in music, Maxwell told Entertainment Weekly in 1997 that "everything out there musically was inspired or influenced by something from the past. It's not about creating some super-fresh new thing. If it doesn't lend itself to your history, how is it going to extend to your future? That's what's really brilliant about looking into children's eyes—you can see their parents in them." The Washington Post called him "the Marvin Gaye of the '90s". Its columnist wrote that Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite "heralded the arrival of a top-of-the-class graduate of the old school of soul, one who could sing about romantic aspiration and tribulation with heart-wrenching emotion. It was as if the aesthetic that Gaye ascribed to — 'music that has feeling, hope and meaning – all the things people are looking for' — had been rediscovered after a long, hedonistic interlude."

Maxwell's role in writing and producing the album exhibited a level of artistic control by an R&B artist that was uncommon in the recording industry at the time. On his emergence with Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite, writer Carol Brennan cited him, along with the Fugees, D'Angelo and Tony Rich, as neo soul musicians that "exhibited the identifying characteristics of this new breed of R&B artists: lyrics that give voice to intense personal expression, creative control over the music, and a unexpectedly successful debut."

Discography

 Studio albums
 Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite (1996)
 Embrya (1998)
 Now (2001)
 BLACKsummers'night (2009)
 blackSUMMERS'night (2016)

Tours
Headlining
 Urban Hang Suite Tour (1997)
 Now Tour (2001–2002)
 Maxwell Live (2008)
 BLACKsummers'night Tour (2009)
 Summer Soulstice (2014)
 Summers' 2016 (2016)
 The Night Tour (2022)

Co-headlining
 Sony Music Black College Tour with George Clinton, the Fugees, Groove Theory and UBU (1996)
 Maxwell & Jill Scott: The Tour with Jill Scott (2010)
 Annual Summer Jam with Fantasia Barrino (2016)
 King and Queen of Hearts World Tour with Mary J. Blige (2016)
 50 Intimate Night (2018)

Cancelled tours
MaxwellTwoNight (2012)

Awards and nominations
American Music Award

|-
| 2009 || Maxwell || Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist ||
|}

BET Awards

|-
| 2001 || Maxwell || Best Male R&B Artist ||
|-
| 2002 || Maxwell || Best Male R&B Artist ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || rowspan="2" | Maxwell || Best Male R&B Artist ||
|-
| Centric Award ||
|}

Grammy Award

|-
| 1997 || Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite || Best R&B Album ||
|-
| 1998 || "Whenever Wherever Whatever" || Best Male Pop Vocal Performance ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 || "Matrimony: Maybe You" || Best Male R&B Vocal Performance ||
|-
| Embrya || Best R&B Album ||
|-
| 2000 || "Fortunate" || Best Male R&B Vocal Performance ||
|-
| 2002 || "Lifetime" || Best Male R&B Vocal Performance ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2010 || rowspan="3" | "Pretty Wings" || Song of the Year ||
|-
| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance ||
|-
| Best R&B Song ||
|-
| "Love You" || Best Male Pop Vocal Performance ||
|-
| "Phoenix Rise" || Best Pop Instrumental Performance ||
|-
| BLACKsummers'night || Best R&B Album ||
|-
| 2017 || "Lake by the Ocean" || Best R&B Song ||
|}

MTV Video Music Award

|-
| 2002 || "This Woman's Work" || Breakthrough Video ||
|}

NAACP Image Awards

|-
| 1997 || Maxwell || Outstanding New Artist ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2010 || Maxwell || Outstanding Male Artist ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | "Pretty Wings" || Outstanding Music Video ||
|-
| Outstanding Song ||
|-
| "Bad Habits" || Outstanding Song ||
|-
| BLACKsummers'night || Outstanding Album ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || rowspan="2" | "Fistful of Tears" || Outstanding Music Video ||
|-
| Outstanding Song ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || rowspan="3" | "Fire We Make" || Outstanding Duo or Group ||
|-
| Outstanding Music Video ||
|-
| Outstanding Song ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || Maxwell || Outstanding Male Artist ||
|-
| "Lake by the Ocean" || Outstanding Traditional Song ||
|-
| 2018 || "Gods" || Outstanding Music Video ||
|}

Soul Train Music Awards

|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997 || Maxwell || Best New Artist ||
|-
| "Ascension (Don't Ever Wonder)" || Best R&B/Soul Single – Male ||
|-
| Maxwell's Urban Hang Suite || Best R&B/Soul Album – Male ||
|-
| 1998 || MTV Unplugged || Best R&B/Soul Album – Male ||
|-
| 1999 || Embrya || Best R&B/Soul Album – Male ||
|-
| 2000 || "Fortunate" || Best R&B/Soul Single – Male ||
|-
| 2003 || "This Woman's Work" || Best R&B/Soul Single – Male ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2009 || Maxwell || Best R&B/Soul Male Artist ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | "Pretty Wings" || Best Song of the Year ||
|-
| The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award ||
|-
| BLACKsummers'night || Best Album of the Year ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || rowspan="2" | "Fire We Make" || The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award ||
|-
| Best Collaboration ||
|-
| 2016 || Maxwell || Best R&B/Soul Male Artist ||
|}

See also
 Neo soul

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
American contemporary R&B singers
American funk guitarists
American funk keyboardists
American funk singers
American hip hop singers
American male guitarists
American male pianists
American male singer-songwriters
American musicians of Haitian descent
American musicians of Puerto Rican descent
American neo soul singers
American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters
American soul guitarists
American soul keyboardists
Ballad musicians
Columbia Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Guitarists from New York City
Jazz record producers
American male jazz musicians
Musicians from Brooklyn
NAACP Image Awards
Progressive soul musicians
Record producers from New York (state)
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Singers from New York City
Soul Train Music Awards
Soul-jazz pianists
Writers from Brooklyn
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American pianists
21st-century American pianists
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American writers
21st-century American writers

Maxwell (musician)


The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS), also known as Sloane's, is a large searchable database. It is on the Web, and it contains number sequences, like the Fibonacci numbers or the powers of two.

It contains over 270,000 sequences. This makes it the largest database of its kind. Each entry contains the leading terms of the sequence, keywords, mathematical motivations, literature links. It also includes the option to generate a graph or play a musical representation of the sequence. The database can be searched by keyword and by subsequence. For instance, it is possible to search for all sequences with both 15 and 118.

Mathematics
Science websites


Polymorphism  in biology is when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species. The words forms or morphs are sometimes used.

Polymorphism is common in nature. The most common example is sexual dimorphism, which occurs in many organisms.
Another example is sickle-cell anaemia.

In order to be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the same time and belong to a population with random mating.

The switch
The mechanism which decides which of several morphs an individual displays is called the switch. This switch may be genetic, or it may be environmental. Taking sex determination as the example, in man the determination is genetic, by the XY sex determination system. In Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), sex determination is by haplo-diploidy: the females are all diploid, the males are haploid.

However, in some animals an environmental trigger determines the sex: alligators are a good example. In ants the distinction between workers and guards is environmental, by the feeding of the grubs. Polymorphism with an environmental trigger is called polyphenism.

The polyphenic system does have a degree of environmental flexibility not present in the genetic polymorphism. However, such environmental triggers are the less common of the two methods.

Genetic polymorphism
Since all polymorphism has a genetic basis, genetic polymorphism has a particular meaning:
 Genetic polymorphism: two or more distinct forms at the same time and place. The proportion of the rarest form must be above mutation rate (and so it is supported by selection of some kind).

The definition has three parts: a) sympatry: one interbreeding population; b) discrete forms; and c) not maintained just by mutation.

Genetic polymorphism is actively and steadily maintained in populations by natural selection. This contrasts with transient polymorphisms where a form is progressively replaced by another.

By definition, genetic polymorphism relates to a balance or equilibrium between morphs. The mechanisms that conserve it are types of balancing selection.

Balancing selection
Heterosis (or heterozygote advantage): "Heterosis: the heterozygote at a locus is fitter than either homozygote".
Frequency dependent selection: The fitness of a particular phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population. Example: prey switching, where rare morphs of prey are actually fitter due to predators concentrating on the more frequent morphs.
Fitness varies in time and space. Fitness of a genotype may vary greatly between larval and adult stages, or between parts of a habitat range.
Selection acts differently at different levels. The fitness of a genotype may depend on the fitness of other genotypes in the population: this covers many natural situations where the best thing to do (from the point of view of survival and reproduction) depends on what other members of the population are doing at the time.

Examples

Humans

Sickle-cell anaemia
Such a balance is seen more simply in sickle-cell anaemia, which is found mostly in tropical populations in Africa and India.

An individual homozygous for the recessive sickle haemoglobin, HgbS, has a short expectancy of life. The life expectancy of the standard haemoglobin (HgbA) homozygote and also the heterozygote is normal (though heterozygote individuals will suffer periodic problems).

The sickle-cell variant survives in the population because the heterozygote is resistant to malaria and the malarial parasite kills a huge number of people each year.

This is heterozygote advantage, a  kind of balance between fierce selection against homozygous sickle-cell sufferers, and selection against the standard HgbA homozygotes by malaria. The heterozygote has a permanent advantage (a higher fitness) so long as malaria exists; and it has existed as a human parasite for a long time. Because the heterozygote survives, so does the HgbS allele survive at a rate much higher than the mutation rate.

Lactase persistence
Mammals normally produce lactase only as long as the mother has milk. Then the enzyme lactase is cut off. Modern humans are different.

The human ability to drink milk during adult life is supported by a lactase mutation. Human populations have a high proportion of this mutation wherever milk is important to the diet. The spread of milk tolerance is promoted by natural selection: it helps people survive where milk is available.

Genetic studies suggest that the oldest mutations associated with lactase persistence only reached appreciable levels in human populations in the last ten thousand years. Therefore, lactase persistence is often cited as an example of recent human evolution. As lactase persistence is genetic, but animal husbandry a cultural trait, this is gene–culture coevolution.

Ants
Ants exhibit a range of polymorphisms. First, there is their characteristic haplodiploid sex determination system, whereby all males are haploid, and all females are diploid.

Second, there is differentiation based mostly on feeding of larvae. This determines, for example, whether the adult is capable of reproduction.

Lastly, there is differentiation of size and 'duties' (particularly of females), which are usually controlled by feeding and/or age, but which may sometimes be genetically controlled. Thus the order exhibits both genetic polymorphism and extensive polyphenism.

Heterostyly

An example of a botanical genetic polymorphism is heterostyly, in which flowers occur in different forms with different arrangements of the pistils and the stamens.

Pin and thrum heterostyly occurs in dimorphic species of Primula, such as P. vulgaris. There are two types of flower. The pin flower has a long style bearing the stigma at the mouth and the stamens half-way down; and the thrum flower has a short style, so the stigma is half-way up the tube and the stamens are at the mouth.

So when an insect in search of nectar inserts its proboscis into a long-style flower, the pollen from the stamens stick to the proboscis in exactly the part that will later touch the stigma of the short-styled flower, and vice versa.

Another most important property of the heterostyly system is physiological. If thrum pollen is placed on a thrum stigma, or pin pollen on a pin stigma, the reproductive cells are incompatible and relatively little seed is set. Effectively, this ensures outcrossing, as described by Darwin. Quite a lot is now known about the underlying genetics; the system is controlled by a set of closely linked genes; these act as a single unit, a so-called super-gene.ch10p86

All sections of the genus Primula have heterostyle species, altogether 354 species out of 419. Since heterostyly is characteristic of nearly all races or species, the system is at least as old as the genus.

Between 1861 and 1863, Darwin found the same kind of structure in other groups, such as flax (Linum) and in Purple Loosestrife and other species of Lythrum.

Heterostyly is known in at least 51 genera of 18 families of Angiosperms.

Drosophila
Studies over many years have shown that natural populations of Drosophila are polymorphic for chromosome inversions. The inversions are so common that they must be kept in the population by natural selection.

Related pages
Evolution
Adaptation
Mimicry
Genetics
Leaf-cutter ant

References

Evolutionary biology
Classical genetics

Polymorphism


The Cheakamus River (pron. CHEEK-a-mus) is a tributary of the Squamish River, beginning on the west slopes of Outlier Peak in Garibaldi Provincial Park upstream from Cheakamus Lake on the southeastern outskirts of the resort area of Whistler.  The river flows into Cheakamus Lake before exiting it and flowing northwest until it turns south and enters Daisy Lake. Between the outlet of Daisy Lake and its mouth, much of its length is spent going through Cheakamus Canyon, where the river flows through swift rapids and even one good sized waterfall. The river flows south from the lake and through the canyon before joining the Squamish River at Cheekye, a few miles north of the town of Squamish.  The river's name is an anglicization of the name of Chiyakmesh ("people of the fish weir"), a village of the  Squamish people and a reserve of the Squamish Nation.

The c. 70 km (c.44 mi) length of the Cheakamus is followed by British Columbia Highway 99 (the Sea-to-Sky Highway) and the British Columbia Railway.  The Cheakamus is a whitewater rafting and kayaking route, and is known for its steelhead and salmon fishing.  Much of the flow of the upper Cheakamus is diverted from Daisy Lake beneath the mountains to the west to the Cheakamus Powerhouse on the Squamish River.  Notable just north of Daisy Lake is Brandywine Falls.  The Nordic events complex of the 2010 Winter Olympics was located on Callaghan Creek, a tributary of the Cheakamus just upstream from Brandywine Creek.

Largest tributaries

Callaghan Creek and Callaghan Valley
Brandywine Creek
Cheekye River

Cheakamus River derailment

On August 5, 2005, a long Canadian National train, heading inland from Brackendale, derailed and  nine empty lumber flat cars along with one tank car of sodium hydroxide crashed off the main bridge, falling into the river.  The tank car spilled its contents into the river, killing an estimated 500,000+ fish.
Six years later, a local Vancouver News channel reported on the return of the fish to the river.

See also
The Barrier
Cheakamus Valley basalts
List of British Columbia rivers
Mount Cayley volcanic field

References

Canyons and gorges of British Columbia
Sea-to-Sky Corridor
Rivers of the Pacific Ranges
New Westminster Land District
Rivers of British Columbia

Cheakamus River


Matthew Talbot (1767September 17, 1827) was an American politician. He was the 30th Governor of Georgia.

Biography
Talbot was born in Bedford County in the Colony of Virginia and moved to Wilkes County, Georgia after the American Revolution. Talbot served as a captain in the Georgia Militia.

He was descended from one of the oldest Norman families in England.  He was a grandson of Matthew Talbot, who was the third son of the tenth Earl of Shrewsbury.  That Matthew Talbot was born in England in 1699.  In 1722 he came on a visit to Maryland with his cousin Edward, a son Earl Talbot, to visit relatives who had settled there and for whom Talbot County in that State was named.  He later moved to Maryland, and from there to Virginia where he had four sons.  After the death of his wife, he moved to Bedford County, Virginia.

From 1790 to 1791, Talbot served as superior court clerk in Elbert County. He represented Wilkes county as its representative in the Georgia General Assembly.

Talbot eventually moved to Oglethorpe County, Georgia and was elected its delegate to the state Constitutional Convention in 1795 and 1798. In 1808, he was elected to the Georgia Senate and served in that capacity for fifteen years. From 1818 to 1823, he was the president of the Senate.

While Talbot was serving as that president of the Senate in 1819, governor William Rabun died in office, and Talbot served as the 30th Governor for two weeks.

Death and legacy
He died near Washington, Georgia and is interred in the Smyrna United Methodist Church Cemetery in Washington.

Talbot County, Georgia and Talbotton, Georgia are named in his honor.

References

External links

William J. Northen, Men of Mark in Georgia, A. B. Caldwell, 1912, pp. 273–275.
Georgia State Archives Roster of State Governors
Georgia Governor's Gravesites Field Guide (1776-2003)
Georgia Secretary of State official website
National Governors Association

1767 births
1827 deaths
People from Bedford County, Virginia
People from Wilkes County, Georgia
Governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
American people of English descent
Georgia (U.S. state) state senators
Members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Talbot County, Georgia
Date of birth unknown
Georgia (U.S. state) Democratic-Republicans
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States
People from Oglethorpe County, Georgia

Matthew Talbot


There are also other places called Dromore
Dromore is a small town in Northern Ireland. There are around 5000 people living in the town. It is in County Down and in the Banbridge District. Dromore is 20 miles to the south of Belfast and 86 miles north of Dublin. Some towns near Dromore are Banbridge, Lurgan and Lisburn.

Towns in County Down

Dromore, County Down