In Ireland, Counties are divided into Civil Parishes and Parishes are further divided into townlands. The following is a list of townlands in County Down, Northern Ireland:

A
Acre McCricket, Aghacullion, Aghandunvarran, Aghavilly, Aghlisnafin, Aghnaleck, Aghnamoira, Aghnatrisk, Aghyoghill, Angus Rock, Annacloy, Annadorn, Annaghanoon, Annaghbane, Annaghmakeonan, Annahunshigo, Ardaghy, Ardarragh, Ardbrin, Ardgeehan, Ardglass, Ardigon, Ardilea, Ardkeen, Ardkeeragh, Ardmeen, Ardminnan, Ardquin, Ardtanagh, Ardtole, Attical, Audley's Acre, Audleystown, Aughintober, Aughnacaven, Aughnacloy, Aughnadarragh, Aughnadrumman, Aughnafosker, Aughnagon, Aughnahoory, Aughnaloopy, Aughnaskeagh, Aughnavallog, Aughrim

B

Backaderry - Balloonigan
Backaderry, Backnamullagh, Ballaghanery, Ballaghanery Upper, Ballaghbeg, Balleevy, Balleny, County Down, Balliggan, Ballinarry, Ballincurry, Ballincurry Upper, Ballindoalty, Ballindoalty Upper, Ballinlare, Ballinran, Ballinran Upper, Ballintaggart, Ballintine, Ballintlieve, Ballintogher, Ballintur, Ballintur Upper, Balloo, Balloo Lower, Ballooly, Balloolymore, Balloonigan

Ballyadam - Ballyewry
Ballyadam, Ballyagherty, Ballyaghlis, Ballyagholy, Ballyalgan, Ballyalicock, Ballyalloly, Ballyaltikilligan, Ballyalton (Newtownards South), Ballyalton (Raholp), Ballyardel, Ballyatwood, Ballyaughian, Ballybannan, Ballybarnes, Ballybeen, Ballybeg, Ballyblack, Ballyblack Little, Ballyblaugh, Ballyboghilbo, Ballyboley, Ballybranigan, Ballybrannagh Lower, Ballybrannagh Upper, Ballybredagh, Ballybrick, Ballybryan, Ballybunden and Kilmood, Ballybuttle, Ballycam, Ballycanal, Ballycarn, Ballycarngannon, Ballycastle, Ballyclander Lower, Ballyclander Upper, Ballycloughan, Ballycopeland, Ballycoshone Lower, Ballycoshone Upper, Ballycowan, Ballycran Beg, Ballycran More, Ballycreelly, Ballycreen, Ballycroghan, Ballycross, Ballycrune, Ballycruttle, Ballycullen, Ballyculter Lower, Ballyculter Upper, Ballycultra, Ballydargan, Ballydavey, Ballydesland, Ballydollaghan, Ballydonety, Ballydonnell, Ballydoo, Ballydoonan, Ballydorn, Ballydown, Ballydrain, Ballydrumman, Ballydugan, Ballydulany, Ballydyan, Ballyedmond (townland), Ballyedmond Upper, Ballyedock Lower, Ballyedock Upper, Ballyedock or Carrstown, Ballyesborough, Ballyewry

Ballyferis - Ballylucas

Ballyferis, Ballyfinragh, Ballyfotherly, Ballyfounder, Ballyfrench, Ballyfrenis, Ballygalget, Ballygallum, Ballygally, Ballygarvan, Ballygarvigan, Ballygeegan, Ballygelagh, Ballygilbert, Ballyginny, Ballyglighorn, Ballygorian Beg, Ballygorian More, Ballygoskin, Ballygowan, Ballygowan (Aghaderg), Ballygowan (Drumbeg), Ballygowan (Kilkeel), Ballygowan (Killinchy), Ballygowan (Moira), Ballygraffan, Ballygrainey, Ballygrangee, Ballygrot, Ballygunaghan, Ballyhackamore, Ballyhafry, Ballyhaft, Ballyhalbert, Ballyhanwood, Ballyharry, Ballyhaskin, Ballyhay, Ballyhemlin, Ballyhenny, Ballyhenry, Ballyhenry Island, Ballyhenry Major, Ballyhenry Minor, Ballyherly, Ballyholland Lower, Ballyholland Upper, Ballyholme, Ballyhomra, Ballyhornan, Ballyhosset, Ballyhosset Milltown, Ballykeel, Ballykeel Artifinny, Ballykeel Edenagonnell, Ballykeel Lougherne, Ballykelly, Ballykilbeg, Ballykillare, Ballykine, Ballykine Lower, Ballykine Upper, Ballykinler Lower, Ballykinler Middle, Ballykinler Upper, Ballyknock, Ballyknockan, Ballyleidy, Ballylenagh, Ballylenaghan, Ballyleny, Ballylesson, Ballylig, Ballylimp, Ballylintagh, Ballylisbredan, Ballylone Big, Ballylone Little, Ballylough, Ballyloughan, Ballyloughlin, Ballylucas

Ballymacanallen - Ballynoe
Ballymacanallen, Ballymacanally, Ballymacaramery, Ballymacarrett, Ballymacaratty Beg, Ballymacaratty More, Ballymacarn North, Ballymacarn South, Ballymacarron, Ballymacashen, Ballymacateer, Ballymacbredan, Ballymacbrennan, Ballimachoris, Ballymackilreiny, Ballymacmaine, Ballymacnamee, Ballymaconaghy, Ballymaconnell, Ballymacormick, Ballymacreelly, Ballymacromwell, Ballymacruise, Ballymadeerfy, Ballymaganlis, Ballymagaraghan, Ballymagart, Ballymagaughey, Ballymagee, Ballymageogh, Ballymaghan, Ballymaghery, Ballymagin, Ballymaginaghy, Ballymaglaff, Ballymaglave North, Ballymaglave South, Ballymagreehan, Ballymakeonan, Ballymalady, Ballymarter, Ballymartin, Ballymenagh, Ballyminetragh, Ballyministragh, Ballyminnish, Ballymiscaw, Ballymisert, Ballymoney, Ballymorran, Ballymote Lower, Ballymote Middle, Ballymote Upper, Ballymullan, Ballymurphy (Annahilt), Ballymurphy (Ardquin), Ballymurphy (Greyabbey), Ballymurry, Ballynabragget, Ballynacraig, Ballynadrone, Ballynafern, Ballynafoy (Annaclone), Ballynafoy (Knockbreda), Ballynagallagh, Ballynagappoge, Ballynagarrick, Ballynagross, Ballynagross Lower, Ballynagross Upper, Ballynahatten, Ballynahatty, Ballynahinch, Ballynamagna, Ballynanny (Annaclone), Ballynanny (Clonduff), Ballynaris, Ballynaskeagh, Ballynavally, Ballyneddan, Ballyneddan Upper, Ballynester, Ballynewport, Ballynichol, Ballynoe

Ballyobegan - Ballyworfy
Ballyobegan, Ballyoran, Ballyorgan, Ballyphilip, Ballyplunt, Ballyquintin, Ballyrainey, Ballyrawer, Ballyreagh, Ballyree, Ballyregan, Ballyrenan, Ballyrickard, Ballyridley, Ballyrobert, Ballyrogan,Ballyrolly, Ballyroney, Ballyrush, Ballyrushboy, Ballyrusley, Ballyrussell, Ballysallagh, Ballysallagh Major, Ballysallagh Minor, Ballysheil, Ballyskeagh, Ballyskeagh High, Ballyskeagh Lower, Ballyspurge, Ballystockart, Ballystokes, Ballystrew, Ballysugagh, Ballytrim, Ballytrustan, Ballyurnanellan, Ballyvally, Ballyvange, Ballyvarley, Ballyvarnet, Ballyvaston, Ballyveagh Beg, Ballyveagh Beg Upper, Ballyveagh More, Ballyveagh More Upper, Ballyvester, Ballyvicknacally, Ballyviggis, Ballywaddan, Ballywallon, Ballywalter, Ballyward, Ballywarren, Ballywatticock, Ballyweely, Ballywhiskin, Ballywhite, Ballywhollart, Ballywierd, Ballywilliam, Ballywillin, Ballywillwill, Ballywoodan, Ballyworfy

Bangor Bog - Buskhill
Bangor Bog, Banoge, Barnamaghery, Barnboy, Barnmeen, Bavan, Beardy Rocks, Begny, Benagh, Benagh Lower, Benagh Upper, Benraw, Bessy's Island, Big Gull Rock, Bird Island, Bishops Court, Black Abbey, Black Island, Black Islands, Black Rock, Blaris, Bleary, Bonecastle, Bootown, Boretree Island East, Boretree Island West, Boretree Rock North, Bottier, Bovennett, Brackenagh East, Brackenagh East Upper, Brackenagh West, Brackenagh West Upper, Bradock Island, Braniel, Breda, Bresagh, Brickland, Bright, Broaghclogh or Murvaclogher, Broom Quarter, Burial Island, Burren, Burrenbane, Burrenreagh, Bush Island, Buskhill

C
Cabra, Cabragh, Cahard, Calf Island, Cappagh, Carcullion, Cardy, Cargabane, Cargacreevy, Cargacroy, Cargagh, Cargygray, Carmeen, Carnacally, Carnacavill, Carnalbanagh West, Carnamuck, Carnany, Carnasure, Carnbane, Carnew, Carney Hill, Carnreagh, Carrickcrossan, Carrickdrumman, Carrickinab, Carrickmacstay, Carrickmaddyroe, Carrickmannan, Carricknadarriff, Carricknaveagh, Carrickrovaddy, Carrigenagh Upper, Carrigullian, Carrintaggart, Carr, Carrogs, Carrowbaghran, Carrowbane, Carrowcarlin, Carrowdressex, Carrownacaw, Carrowreagh, Carrowvanny, Carrstown or Ballyedock, Carryduff, Carryreagh, Carsonstown, Caskum, Castleaverry, Castlebeg, Castleboy, Castle Espie, Castle Island, Castlemahon, Castlenavan, Castlereagh, Castleskreen, Castlevennon, Castleward, Castlewellan, Cattogs, Cavan, Chanderies Islands, Chapel Island, Cherryvalley, Church Ballee, Church Quarter, Churn Rock, Clanmaghery, Clanvaraghan, Claragh, Clare, Clarkill, Clay (Annaclone), Clay (Killyleagh), Cleomack, Clintagh (Annahilt),  Clogher, Cloghram, Cloghskelt, Cloghy, Clonachullion, Clonallan Glebe, Clonta Fleece, Clontaghnaglar, Clontanagullion, Clontonakelly, Clough, Cluntagh (Killyleagh), Cock Mountain, Commonreagh, Commons, Commons of Clanmaghery, Conlig, Conly Island, Cookstown, Coolnacran, Coolsallagh, Coney Island, Coniamstown, Coose, Copeland Island, Corbally, Corbet, Corcreaghan, Corcreeny, Corgary, Cornreany, Corporation, Corrog, Cotton, Craigaroddan, Craigarusky, Craigavad, Craigaveagh Rock, Craigboy, Craignasasonagh, Craigogantlet, Cranfield, Creeghduff, Creevy, Creevy (Drumbo), Creevyargon, Creevybeg, Creevycarnonan, Creevyloughgare, Creevytenant, Cregagh Croan, Crolly's Quarter, Cronstown, Cross, Crossan, Crossgar, Cross Island, Crossnacreevy, Crossnamuckley, Culcavy, Cullintraw, Cullion, Cumber, Cumran, Cunningburn

D
Darragh Island, Dead Mans Island,  Deehommed (Dechomet), Demesne, Demesne of Down, Derry, Derryboy, Derrycraw, Derrydrummock, Derrydrummult, Derrylough, Derryneill, Derryoge, Dillin, Dodd's Island, Donaghcloney, Donaghaguy, Dooey, Dooghary, Dooglen, Dree, Drennan, Drin, Dromara, Dromore, Dromorebrague, Drumaconnell East, Drumadoney, Drumadonnell, Drumahoe, Drumaghadone, Drumaghlis, Drumaknockan, Drumalig, Drumanaghan or Drumulcaw, Drumanakelly, Drumanaquoile, Drumaness, Drumantine, Drumaran, Drumardan, Drumardan Quarter, Drumaroad, Drumatihugh, Drumawhy, Drumbane, Drumbeg, Drumbo, Drumbonniff, Drumbroneth, Drumcaw, Drumcro, Drumcro and Drumo, Drumdreenagh, Drumee, Drumena, Drumfad, Drumgath, Drumgavlin, Drumgiven, Drumgooland, Drumgreenagh, Drumhirk, Drumhorc, Drumindoney, Drumkeeragh, Drumlee, Drumlin, Drumlough, Hillsborough, Drumlough, Rathfriland, Drummanlane, Drummanmore, Drummiller (Aghaderg), Drummiller (Donaghmore), Drummiller (Dromore), Drummiller (Tullylish), Drummond Island, Drumnabreeze, Drumnaconagher, Drumnaferry, Drumnagally, Drumnahare, Drumnascamph, Drumnavaddy, Drumneth, Drumo and Drumcro, Drumra, Drumreagh, Drumreagh Upper, Drumsallagh, Drumsesk, Drumskee, Drumsnade, Drumulcaw or Drumanaghan, Duck Rock, Dunbeg Lower, Dundrine, Dundrinne, Dundrum, Duneight, Dunevly, Dunlady, Dunmore, Dunnaman, Dunnanelly, Dunnanew, Dunnaval, Dunnyneill Islands, Dunover, Dunsfort, Dunsy Island, Dunturk

E
Echlinville, Edenagarry, Edenballycoggill, Edendarriff, Edenderry, Edenderry (Aghaderg), Edenderry (Seapatrick), Edenmore, Edenordinary, Edenslate, Edenticullo, Edentiroory, Edentrillick, Edentrumly, Ednego, Enagh, Erenagh

F
Farranfad, Fedany, Feney, Ferryquarter, Finnabrogue, Finnis, Fish Quarter, Fofannybane

G
Gabbock Island, Galwally, Ganaway, Gargarry, Gartross, Garvaghy, Gibb's Island, Gilnahirk, Glaskerbeg East, Glaskerbeg West, Glaskermore, Glasdrumman, Glasdrumman Upper, Glass Moss, Glastry, Glebe (Annahilt), Glebe (Donaghmore), Glebe (Kilclief), Glebe (Rathmullan), Glenloughan (Aghaderg), Glenloughan (Kilkeel), Glovet, Gordonall, Gores Island, Gortgrib, Gortnamony, Goward, Grallaghgreenan, Granagh, Grange, Grangee, Grangewalls, Grangicam, Gransha, Great Minnis's Island, Greenan (Aghaderg), Greenan (Dromore), Greenan (Newry), Greencastle, Greengraves, Green Island, Greenisland Rock, Greenoge, Gregorlough, Grey Abbey, Groomsport, Growell, Guineways, Gull Rock, Guiness, Guns Island

H
Hare Island, Hen Island, Herdstown, Hillhall, Hillsborough, Hogstown, Hollymount, Holywood, Horse Island

I
Imdel, Inch, Islandacorr, Islandbane, Islandderry, Island Henry, Islandhill, Islandmore, Islandmoyle, Island Taggart, Isle McCricket, Isle O'Valla

J
Jackdaw Island, Jocks Island, Jordans Acre, Jordans Crew

K
Kearney, Keentagh, Kernan, Kilbride, Kilbright, Kilbroney, Kilclief, Kildares Crew, Kilfeaghan, Kilfullert, Kilkeel, Kilkinamurry, Killaghy, Killaney, Killard Lower, Killarn, Killavees, Killeen, Killinakin, Killinchy, Killinchy in the Woods, Killinure, Killough, Killowen Mountains, Killydressy, Killynether, Killysavan, Killysorrell, Killyvolgan, Kilmacrew, Kilminioge, Kilmood and Ballybunden, Kilmore, Kilnatierny, Kilpike, Kiltarriff, Kinallen, Kinghill, Kircassock, Kircubbin, Kirkistown, Kirkland and Toy, Knock, Knockbarragh, Knockbreckan, Knockgorm, Knockinelder, Knocknagoney, Knocknagore, Knocknanarny, Knocksticken

L
Lackan, Lagnagoppoge, Lappoges, Large Park, Largymore, Launches Little, Legacurry, Legamaddy, Legananny, Leggygowan, Legmore, Leitrim, Leitrim Upper, Lenaderg, Lenish, Leode, Lessans, Letalian, Levallyclanone, Levallyreagh, Leveroge, Light House Island, Linden's Lump, Lisadian, Lisbane, Lisbarnet, Lisboy, Lisdalgan, Lisdoonan, Lisinaw, Lisleen, Lismaine, Lismore, Lisnabrague, Lisnabreeny Lisnacree, Lisnacreevy, Lisnacroppan, Lisnafiffy, Lisnagade, Lisnagonnell, Lisnamaul, Lisnamore, Lisnamulligan, Lisnaree, Lisnasallagh, Lisnashanker, Lisnasharragh, Lisnasliggan, Lisnastrean, Lisnasure, Lisnatierny, Lisnatrunk, Lisnavaghrog, Lisnaward, Lisnisk, Lisnode, Lisnoe, Lisoid, Lisowen, Lissara, Lissize, Listooder, Listullycurran, Little Minnis's Island, Long Island, Longlands, Loughadian, Loughans, Loughdoo, Loughkeelan, Loughmoney, Loughriscouse, Lurgananare, Lurganbane, Lurgancahone, Lurgancanty, Lurganconray, Lurganreagh, Lurgantamry, Lurganville, Lythe Rock

M
Maddydrumbrist, Magherabeg, Magheraconluce, Magheracranmoney, Magheradartin, Magheradrool, Magherageery, Magherahinch, Magheraknock, Magheralagan, Magherally, Magheralone, Magheramayo, Magheramurphy, Magherana, Magherasaul, Magherascouse, Magheratimpany, Maghereagh, Maghery, Mahee Island, Marlfield, Marl Island, Marshallstown, Mayo, Maze, Mealough, Meenan, Mew Island, Midge, Milecross, Miller Hill, Millquarter Milltown Minnis's Island & Little, Moneycarragh, Moneydorragh Beg, Moneydorragh More Upper, Moneygore, Moneylane, Moneymore, Moneynabane, Moneyreagh, Moneyscalp, Moneyslane, Monlough, Monree, Mount Alexander, Mount Stewart, Mourne Mountains East, Mourne Mountains Middle, Mourne Mountains West, Mourne Park or Ballyrogan, Moyad, Moyallen, Moybrick Lower, Moybrick Upper, Moydalgan, Moygannon, Moymore, Mullabrack, Mullafernaghan, Mullagh, Mullaghdrin, Mullaghmore, Mullartown, Multihogy, Murlough Lower, Murlough Upper, Murvaclogher or Broaghclogh

N
Naghan, Narrow Water, Near Craiglee Rock, Newcastle, Newtown, Newtown Upper, Nunsquarter

O
Ogilby Island, Orlock, Ouley, O'Valla & Isle

P
Parson Hall, Parton Island, Pawle Island, Peggys Island, Phersons Island, Pig Island, Portavoe, Portavogie, Portloughan, Pound Island, Priest Town

Q
Quarter Cormick, Quarterland, Quilly, Quoile

R
Rademan, Raffrey, Raholp, Rainey Island, Raleagh, Ramharry Rock, Ratallagh, Rathcunningham, Rathgorman, Rathmullan Lower, Ravara, Ravernet, Reagh Island, Reillys Trench, Ringawaddy, Ringbane, Ringcreevy, Ringdufferin, Ringfad, Ringhaddy, Ringmackilroy, Ringneill, Ringolish, Ringreagh, Risk, Roddans, Roe Island, Rolly Island, Rosemount, Ross, Rossconor, Rossglass, Rosstrevor, Rosstrevor Mountains, Round Island, Rough Island, Rowreagh, Russell's Quarter, Russell's Quarter South

S
Saintfield Parks, Saint John's Point, Salt Island, Salt Marsh Islands, Salt Rock, Sandy Island, Saul, Saul Quarter, Scady Rocks, Scarva, Scrabo, Scrib, Seafin, Seaforde Demesne, Seavaghan, Shamrock Island, Shankill, Shanrod, Shark Island, Sheelah's Island, Sheepland Beg, Shones, Shooters Island, Simmy Island, Skeagh, Sketrick Island, Skillyscolban, Slanes, Slatady, Slievenaboley, Slievenagriddle, Slievenalargy, Slievenisky, Sloanstown, Small Park, South Island, South Sheelah's Island, Spittle Ballee, Spittle Quarter, Springvale, Stang, Stinking Rock, Stirk Isle, Strand, Strangford Lower, Struell, Swan Island, Swan Rock

T
Taghnabrick, Tamary, Tamnaharry, Tamnyveagh, Tannaghmore, Tara, Taughblane, Taughlummy, Taughrane, Teconnaught, Templepatrick, The Devils Jacks, The Point Park, Thomastown, Thompson's Island, Tievenadarragh, Tieveshilly, Tirfergus, Tirkelly, Tirygory, Tobercorran, Tobermoney, Tollumgrange Lower, Tollymore, Tollymore Park, Tonaghmore, Town Parks, Town Parks of Donaghadee, Toy and Kirkland, Trasnagh Island, Trooperfield, Tullindoney, Tullinespick, Tullinisky, Tullintanvally, Tullyboard, Tullycarn, Tullycarnet, Tullyconnaught, Tullycross, Tullyear, Tullygarvan, Tullyherron, Tullyhubbert, Tullylish, Tullyloob, Tullymally, Tullynacrew, Tullynagardy, Tullynakill, Tullyorier, Tullytramon, Tullywasnacunagh, Tyrella North

W
Walshestown, Watson's Island, Whigamstown, Whitechurch, Whitehills, Wood Island

See also
 List of civil parishes of County Down

References

External links

 Raymond's County Down website : County Down Parishes & Townlands

Down
Down
Down
Townlands

List of townlands of County Down


The Montalvo Arts Center is a non-profit center for the arts in Saratoga, California, United States.  Open to the public, Montalvo comprises a cultural and arts center, a park, hiking trails and the historic Villa Montalvo, an Italian Mediterranean Revival mansion nestled in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains.  The mansion and estate were constructed from 1912 to 1914 by California statesman and businessman James Duval Phelan.  After Phelan's death, the entire estate was donated to California as a park and then a cultural and arts center as it exists today.  The arts center maintains the estate in partnership with Santa Clara County.  The mansion is a historic landmark, and in 1978 it was awarded inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.

Mansion and grounds

The grounds of the villa now encompass , more than the original  purchased by Phelan.  The estate boasts several large structures as well as gardens and untouched natural areas.  Montalvo includes two theaters, an art gallery, the historic Villa Montalvo, an artist residency complex, hiking trails and gardens.

The mansion itself boasts 19 rooms and two stories. The first floor of the mansion used to host art exhibits, but is now open only for the many weddings and other occasions that are held there.

The grounds include several gardens embellished with marble sculptures and garden structures. The Front Lawn is sometimes used as a theater for some of Montalvo's dramatic presentations, and the woods behind are open to the public. Since its bequest to the people of California, hiking trails through the surrounding Redwood-speckled hills have been added.

History
In 1911, James D. Phelan, a three-term mayor of San Francisco who would go on to be California's first popularly elected US Senator, purchased  in the Saratoga countryside and foothills.

Phelan began construction of the mansion in 1912.  The initial supervising architect was William Curlett.  When he died in 1914, his son, Alex Curlett, took over supervision along with partner Charles E. Gottschalk.  The construction of the building was completed that same year.

During his lifetime, Phelan hosted many celebrities and notables of the era as guests at Montalvo. Jack London, Ethel Barrymore, Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, and Edwin Markham were among Phelan's many guests.  Though not his only home, Villa Montalvo was one of Phelan's favorites and is where he died.  Some photographs, correspondence, and other mementos of his life are displayed in cases in the mansion's library and can be viewed if one happens to be attending an event for which the mansion is open.

Upon his death, Phelan bequeathed Montalvo thus:

The San Francisco Art Association (SFAA) assumed trusteeship of the estate in 1930. Within a year the association announced the intention to launch an artist residency program, the third program of its kind in the United States.  The program began in 1939 with ten artists in residence.

After World War II, a shift in priorities for the SFAA left many people concerned about the future of Villa Montalvo. These citizens together formed the Montalvo Association. Trusteeship was transferred to the organization in October 1953 where it remains today.

On April 11, 1971, serial killer Karl F. Warner murdered his third and final victim, Kathy Bilek, 18, on the grounds of Villa Montalvo.  It was the investigation into the Bilek slaying which led to his arrest and conviction for his string of three slayings of teenage girls throughout the southern Santa Clara Valley.

Montalvo Association
Today, the Montalvo Arts Center is a private non-profit cultural center maintained by the Montalvo Association through a partnership with Santa Clara County. The park and arts center are open to the public. Funding support is provided by the Friends of Montalvo memberships, as well as foundation grants, other private donations, and earned income via ticket sales and rental fees. More than 600 volunteers donate thousands of hours annually to support the arts programs and maintenance of the villa and grounds.

Since 1939, the estate has hosted "artists-in-residence" who live and work on the property.  Artists range from musicians, painters, actors, writers and architects.  While in residence, the participants produce works and give performances.  Since Montalvo started its artists-in-residence program, more than 600 artists from 20 countries have participated, including Karla Diaz. In 2003 the residency program's board found Gordon Knox, who had initiated and run a remarkable arts residency for 11 years, the Civitella Ranieri Foundation at a castle in Umbria, Italy. Knox envisioned and established a new international iteration of the Montalvo artist residency program designed for a new purpose-built residency campus. In the fall of 2004, Montalvo opened the Sally and Don Lucas Artists Programs, which offer facilities and staff that are supportive of the creative process as well as state-of-the-art technology.

A small gallery, called the Project Space Gallery, as well as the box office, are located in the building between the mansion and the Carriage House Theatre.  Montalvo and its arts programs serve nearly 200,000 visitors each year.

Arboretum

Still called "Villa Montalvo" by local area residents, the Montalvo Arts Center hosts a  arboretum and botanical garden, located behind the center. It is free and open to the public during daylight hours and run as part of a non-profit organization for art, artists, and the local community.

The arboretum is adjacent to the villa and is an Audubon Society bird sanctuary. There are dirt paths leading out of a redwood canyon to Lookout Point at altitude .  A number of forest types are represented, including chaparral, evergreen, and redwood. Trees native to the Santa Cruz Mountains include bay, California nutmeg, Douglas fir, big-leaf maple, tanoak, and coast live oak. Other plants common in the area are broom, mountain mahogany, chamise, coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis), madrone, manzanita, monkey flower, pitcher sage, poison oak, and toyon.

Name

Phelan named Villa Montalvo in honor of the popular 16th-century Spanish writer Garci Ordonez de Montalvo.  Montalvo coined the name "California" in one of his fables.  In it he described an island rich with gold and jewels, peopled by Amazons ruled by a queen named Calafia. The Amazons in the fable employed griffins in battle. Images of griffins can be found throughout the arts center grounds, "standing guard".

References

External links
 Villa Montalvo official web site
 A history of Villa Montalvo

Houses completed in 1914
Arts centers in California
Historic house museums in California
History of Santa Clara County, California
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Houses in Santa Clara County, California
Museums in Santa Clara County, California
National Register of Historic Places in Santa Clara County, California
Saratoga, California
Italianate architecture in California
Villas in the United States
Art in the San Francisco Bay Area

Montalvo Arts Center


Laurentius Corvinus (; ; 1465–1527) was a Silesian scholar who lectured as an "extraordinary" (i.e. untenured) professor at the University of Krakow when Nicolaus Copernicus began to study there. He also attracted a reputation as one of the finest Silesian poets of the early Renaissance and as an important agent for cultural and religious change in his adopted home of Breslau (now Wrocław).

Laurentius Corvinus was born as Laurentius Rabe in Neumarkt (now Środa Śląska) in Lower Silesia, about 30 km east of Legnica west of Vrotzuav, son of Barthel Rabe, a furrier and member of the local council. As a student at Kraków, he Latinized his name, possibly under the influence of Conrad Celtis, and became known as Corvinus (a Latin translation of his German name Rabe, or raven). After receiving his M.A. at the University of Kraków, Corvinus lectured on "De ente et essentia" (1492) and Aristotle's Libri Posteriorum (1493); the young Nicolaus Copernicus was probably one of his students during this time. Corvinus later helped to publish Copernicus' Latin translation of the Letters of the Byzantine Greek poet Theophylactus Simocatta by sending Copernicus's translation to the printer Johann Haller in Kraków to be published in 1509. He also supplied the printed edition of Copernicus' translation with two poems, one of which describes the journey of Corvinus and his wife Anna back to Breslau, and also makes reference to Copernicus' interest in astronomy. It is not entirely clear whether or not Corvinus' poem actually refers to Copernicus' heliostatic theory, but in any case it is important as a very early witness for Copernicus' involvement in astronomical speculation.

Corvinus was also close friend to another Silesian, Johannes Sommerfeld, who also taught at Kraków while Copernicus was there. He was influenced by Conrad Celtis and Copernicus befriended the group of humanists. As a student and later magister at the University of Krakow he was acquainted with astronomy; as magister he lectured at the faculty for several years, including the first years of Copernicus' studies in Kraków.

After leaving Kraków, Corvinus worked as school rector and then city secretary (Stadtschreiber) at Schweidnitz' (now Świdnica) (1494–1497). He then moved to Breslau to work as rector of St Elisabeth's school (1497–1503) and then as one of the senior city secretaries (1503–1506), before moving to a position as city secretary of Toruń (1506–1508). He and his wife then moved back to Breslau in 1508, where he resumed his position as senior city secretary; they remained in Breslau, living in a house near the Siebenradmühle (near the present site of the university library), for the rest of their lives.

Corvinus published humanistic writings and poems, many of them religious and philosophical in nature. He was greatly influenced by the Franciscan spirituality of St Bonaventure and the Neoplatonism of Marsilio Ficino. In the spirit of Italian and German humanists he described his adopted home of Breslau in terms borrowed from classical mythology as the new home of the Muses.  He was also involved in the introduction of the Lutheran Reformation to Breslau, and personally took part in Johann Heß's disputation in 1524, where he declaimed a poem celebrating Martin Luther as a hero of religion. He was also involved in an epistolary exchange on religious matters with Stanisław Byliński, canon at Przemyśl, published by Byliński in 1531.

Writings
(Only first editions of printed works noted. Works in manuscript not noted)
Cosmographia dans manuductionem in tabulas Claudii Ptolomei, edited by Heinrich Bebel (Basel: [Keßler], 1496)
Carminum structura ([Leipzig]: Landsberg, [1496])
Latinum ydeoma ([Leipzig]: [Kachelofen or Lotter], [c. 1498–1500])
Carmen […] de Nympharum conquestione super hyemis rigiditate[m] (Leipzig: Thanner, 1500)
Hortulus elegantiarum (Kraków, 1502 ed. recorded by Panzer; earliest extant edition is Breslau: Baumgart, 1503)
Carmen elegiacum […] de Apolline et novem musis (Breslau: Baumgart, 1503)
Epicedium, in Serenissimum ac Gloriosissimum Principem Alexandrum, Poloniæ Regem (Kraków: Haller, 1506, lost)
Dialogus carmine et soluta oratione conflatus de Mentis saluberrima persuasione ad honesta ingenuarum artium studia (Leipzig: Schumann, 1516)
Epithalamium. Laurenti Corvini. In nuptiis sacræ regiæ Maiestatis. Poloniæ […] (Kraków: Hieronymus Vietor, 1518)
Cursus sancti Bonaventuræ de passione domini (Breslau: Dyon, 1521)

References

Killy - Laurentii Corvini Novoforensis 'Adhortatio ad discendum; Ad Floram; Hortatur adolescentes, ut rus petant; Ad Deliam Virginem; Ad Maurum; Ad Ioan. Albertum, Poloniae Regem; Ad Bacchum' - {Compare: Compendiosa et facilis diversorum carminum Structura: cum exemplis aptissimis ac ad unguem elaboratis, et postremo brevibus cognoscendarum syllabarum preceptis. Liptzk impressus: Jacob. Thanner, 1504. 32 Bl. 4°}

External links
 Works by Laurentius Corvinus in digital library Polona

1465 births
1527 deaths
16th-century writers in Latin
Christian scholars
Academic staff of Jagiellonian University
People from Silesia
People from Środa Śląska
Polish Renaissance humanists
16th-century Polish writers
16th-century male writers
15th-century Polish writers
15th-century writers in Latin
15th-century Polish philosophers
16th-century Polish philosophers
16th-century Polish poets

Laurentius Corvinus


In computer science, a library is a collection of non-volatile resources used by computer programs, often for software development. These may include configuration data, documentation, help data, message templates, pre-written code and subroutines, classes, values or type specifications. In IBM's OS/360 and its successors they are referred to as partitioned data sets.

A library is also a collection of implementations of behavior, written in terms of a language, that has a well-defined interface by which the behavior is invoked. For instance, people who want to write a higher-level program can use a library to make system calls instead of implementing those system calls over and over again. In addition, the behavior is provided for reuse by multiple independent programs. A program invokes the library-provided behavior via a mechanism of the language. For example, in a simple imperative language such as C, the behavior in a library is invoked by using C's normal function-call. What distinguishes the call as being to a library function, versus being to another function in the same program, is the way that the code is organized in the system.

Library code is organized in such a way that it can be used by multiple programs that have no connection to each other, while code that is part of a program is organized to be used only within that one program. This distinction can gain a hierarchical notion when a program grows large, such as a multi-million-line program. In that case, there may be internal libraries that are reused by independent sub-portions of the large program. The distinguishing feature is that a library is organized for the purposes of being reused by independent programs or sub-programs, and the user only needs to know the interface and not the internal details of the library.

The value of a library lies in the reuse of standardized program elements. When a program invokes a library, it gains the behavior implemented inside that library without having to implement that behavior itself. Libraries encourage the sharing of code in a modular fashion and ease the distribution of the code.

The behavior implemented by a library can be connected to the invoking program at different program lifecycle phases. If the code of the library is accessed during the build of the invoking program, then the library is called a static library. An alternative is to build the executable of the invoking program and distribute that, independently of the library implementation. The library behavior is connected after the executable has been invoked to be executed, either as part of the process of starting the execution, or in the middle of execution. In this case the library is called a dynamic library (loaded at runtime). A dynamic library can be loaded and linked when preparing a program for execution, by the linker. Alternatively, in the middle of execution, an application may explicitly request that a module be loaded.

Most compiled languages have a standard library, although programmers can also create their own custom libraries. Most modern software systems provide libraries that implement the majority of the system services. Such libraries have organized the services which a modern application requires. As such, most code used by modern applications is provided in these system libraries.

History

The idea of a computer library dates back to the first computers created by Charles Babbage. An 1888 paper on his Analytical Engine suggested that computer operations could be punched on separate cards from numerical input. If these operation punch cards were saved for reuse then "by degrees the engine would have a library of its own."

In 1947 Goldstine and von Neumann speculated that it would be useful to create a "library" of subroutines for their work on the IAS machine, an early computer that was not yet operational at that time. They envisioned a physical library of magnetic wire recordings, with each wire storing reusable computer code.

Inspired by von Neumann, Wilkes and his team constructed EDSAC. A filing cabinet of punched tape held the subroutine library for this computer. Programs for EDSAC consisted of a main program and a sequence of subroutines copied from the subroutine library. In 1951 the team published the first textbook on programming, The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer, which detailed the creation and the purpose of the library.

COBOL included "primitive capabilities for a library system" in 1959, but Jean Sammet described them as "inadequate library facilities" in retrospect.

JOVIAL had a Communication Pool (COMPOOL), roughly a library of header files.

Another major contributor to the modern library concept came in the form of the subprogram innovation of FORTRAN. FORTRAN subprograms can be compiled independently of each other, but the compiler lacked a linker. So prior to the introduction of modules in Fortran-90, type checking between FORTRAN subprograms was impossible.

By the mid 1960s, copy and macro libraries for assemblers were common. Starting with the popularity of the IBM System/360, libraries containing other types of text elements, e.g., system parameters, also became common.

Simula was the first object-oriented programming language, and its classes were nearly identical to the modern concept as used in Java, C++, and C#. The class concept of Simula was also a progenitor of the package in Ada and the module of Modula-2. Even when developed originally in 1965, Simula classes could be included in library files and added at compile time.

Linking

Libraries are important in the program linking or binding process, which resolves references known as links or symbols to library modules. The linking process is usually automatically done by a linker or binder program that searches a set of libraries and other modules in a given order. Usually it is not considered an error if a link target can be found multiple times in a given set of libraries. Linking may be done when an executable file is created (static linking), or whenever the program is used at runtime (dynamic linking).

The references being resolved may be addresses for jumps and other routine calls. They may be in the main program, or in one module depending upon another. They are resolved into fixed or relocatable addresses (from a common base) by allocating runtime memory for the memory segments of each module referenced.

Some programming languages use a feature called smart linking whereby the linker is aware of or integrated with the compiler, such that the linker knows how external references are used, and code in a library that is never actually used, even though internally referenced, can be discarded from the compiled application. For example, a program that only uses integers for arithmetic, or does no arithmetic operations at all, can exclude floating-point library routines. This smart-linking feature can lead to smaller application file sizes and reduced memory usage.

Relocation

Some references in a program or library module are stored in a relative or symbolic form which cannot be resolved until all code and libraries are assigned final static addresses. Relocation is the process of adjusting these references, and is done either by the linker or the loader. In general, relocation cannot be done to individual libraries themselves because the addresses in memory may vary depending on the program using them and other libraries they are combined with. Position-independent code avoids references to absolute addresses and therefore does not require relocation.

Static libraries

When linking is performed during the creation of an executable or another object file, it is known as static linking or early binding. In this case, the linking is usually done by a linker, but may also be done by the compiler. A static library, also known as an archive, is one intended to be statically linked. Originally, only static libraries existed. Static linking must be performed when any modules are recompiled.

All of the modules required by a program are sometimes statically linked and copied into the executable file. This process, and the resulting stand-alone file, is known as a static build of the program. A static build may not need any further relocation if virtual memory is used and no address space layout randomization is desired.

Shared libraries

A shared library or shared object is a file that is intended to be shared by executable files and further shared object files. Modules used by a program are loaded from individual shared objects into memory at load time or runtime, rather than being copied by a linker when it creates a single monolithic executable file for the program.

Shared libraries can be statically linked during compile-time, meaning that references to the library modules are resolved and the modules are allocated memory when the executable file is created. But often linking of shared libraries is postponed until they are loaded.

Object libraries
Although originally pioneered in the 1960s, dynamic linking did not reach operating systems used by consumers until the late 1980s. It was generally available in some form in most operating systems by the early 1990s. During this same period, object-oriented programming (OOP) was becoming a significant part of the programming landscape. OOP with runtime binding requires additional information that traditional libraries do not supply. In addition to the names and entry points of the code located within, they also require a list of the objects they depend on. This is a side-effect of one of OOP's core concepts, inheritance, which means that parts of the complete definition of any method may be in different places. This is more than simply listing that one library requires the services of another: in a true OOP system, the libraries themselves may not be known at compile time, and vary from system to system.

At the same time many developers worked on the idea of multi-tier programs, in which a "display" running on a desktop computer would use the services of a mainframe or minicomputer for data storage or processing. For instance, a program on a GUI-based computer would send messages to a minicomputer to return small samples of a huge dataset for display. Remote procedure calls (RPC) already handled these tasks, but there was no standard RPC system.

Soon the majority of the minicomputer and mainframe vendors instigated projects to combine the two, producing an OOP library format that could be used anywhere. Such systems were known as object libraries, or distributed objects, if they supported remote access (not all did). Microsoft's COM is an example of such a system for local use. DCOM, a modified version of COM, supports remote access.

For some time object libraries held the status of the "next big thing" in the programming world. There were a number of efforts to create systems that would run across platforms, and companies competed to try to get developers locked into their own system. Examples include IBM's System Object Model (SOM/DSOM), Sun Microsystems' Distributed Objects Everywhere (DOE), NeXT's Portable Distributed Objects (PDO), Digital's ObjectBroker, Microsoft's Component Object Model (COM/DCOM), and any number of CORBA-based systems.

Class libraries

Class libraries are the rough OOP equivalent of older types of code libraries. They contain classes, which describe characteristics and define actions (methods) that involve objects. Class libraries are used to create instances, or objects with their characteristics set to specific values. In some OOP languages, like Java, the distinction is clear, with the classes often contained in library files (like Java's JAR file format) and the instantiated objects residing only in memory (although potentially able to be made persistent in separate files). In others, like Smalltalk, the class libraries are merely the starting point for a system image that includes the entire state of the environment, classes and all instantiated objects.

Today most class libraries are stored in a package repository (such as Maven Central for Java). Client code explicitly declare the dependencies to external libraries in build configuration files (such as a Maven Pom in Java).

Remote libraries
Another library technique uses completely separate executables (often in some lightweight form) and calls them using a remote procedure call (RPC) over a network to another computer. This maximizes operating system re-use: the code needed to support the library is the same code being used to provide application support and security for every other program. Additionally, such systems do not require the library to exist on the same machine, but can forward the requests over the network.

However, such an approach means that every library call requires a considerable amount of overhead. RPC calls are much more expensive than calling a shared library that has already been loaded on the same machine. This approach is commonly used in a distributed architecture that makes heavy use of such remote calls, notably client-server systems and application servers such as Enterprise JavaBeans.

Code generation libraries
Code generation libraries are high-level APIs that can generate or transform byte code for Java. They are used by aspect-oriented programming, some data access frameworks, and for testing to generate dynamic proxy objects. They also are used to intercept field access.

File naming

Most modern Unix-like systems

The system stores libfoo.a and libfoo.so files in directories such as /lib, /usr/lib or /usr/local/lib. The filenames always start with lib, and end with a suffix of .a (archive, static library) or of .so (shared object, dynamically linked library). Some systems might have multiple names for a dynamically linked library. These names typically share the same prefix and have different suffixes indicating the version number. Most of the names are names for symbolic links to the latest version. For example, on some systems libfoo.so.2 would be the filename for the second major interface revision of the dynamically linked library libfoo. The .la files sometimes found in the library directories are libtool archives, not usable by the system as such.

macOS

The system inherits static library conventions from BSD, with the library stored in a .a file, and can use .so-style dynamically linked libraries (with the .dylib suffix instead). Most libraries in macOS, however, consist of "frameworks", placed inside special directories called "bundles" which wrap the library's required files and metadata. For example, a framework called MyFramework would be implemented in a bundle called MyFramework.framework, with MyFramework.framework/MyFramework being either the dynamically linked library file or being a symlink to the dynamically linked library file in MyFramework.framework/Versions/Current/MyFramework.

Microsoft Windows

Dynamic-link libraries usually have the suffix *.DLL, although other file name extensions may identify specific-purpose dynamically linked libraries, e.g. *.OCX for OLE libraries. The interface revisions are either encoded in the file names, or abstracted away using COM-object interfaces. Depending on how they are compiled, *.LIB files can be either static libraries or representations of dynamically linkable libraries needed only during compilation, known as "import libraries". Unlike in the UNIX world, which uses different file extensions, when linking against .LIB file in Windows one must first know if it is a regular static library or an import library. In the latter case, a .DLL file must be present at runtime.

See also

  (VCL)
  (CLX)

  (used by the C++ Standard Library)

Notes

References

Further reading
  Code:  Errata:
 Article Beginner's Guide to Linkers by David Drysdale
 Article Faster C++ program startups by improving runtime linking efficiency by Léon Bottou and John Ryland
 How to Create Program Libraries by Baris Simsek
 BFD - the Binary File Descriptor Library
 1st Library-Centric Software Design Workshop LCSD'05  at OOPSLA'05
 2nd Library-Centric Software Design Workshop LCSD'06 at OOPSLA'06
 How to create shared library by Ulrich Drepper (with much background info)
 Anatomy of Linux dynamic libraries at IBM.com

Operating system technology

Library (computing)


Guar is a crop which is mostly grown in Pakistan. This crop is planted in July or August and harvested at the end of November. Guar is widely used in oil exploring fields and also in the cosmetics industry. There are four major countries in the world which produce guar: Sudan, India, Pakistan, and the United States.

The price of this crop went up in 2012 when its price went to 37,000 Pakistan rupees per 100 kg.

Faboideae

Guar


Interpol, whose full name is the Internaitional Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL (Scots: Internaitional Creeminal Polis Organization), is an organization facilitatin internaitional polis cooperation. It wis established as the Internaitional Criminal Police Commission in 1923 an adoptit its telegraphic address as its common name in 1956.

Its membership o 188 kintras provides finance o aroond $59 million throu annual contreibutions. The organization's heidquarters is in Lyon, Fraunce. It is the seicont lairgest intergovrenmental organization efter the Unitit Naitions.

History
The first significant muive towards creatin INTERPOL wis in 1914 at the First Internaitional Creeminal Polis Congress. Police officers, lawyers an magistrates frae 14 kintras gathered in Monaco tae discuss reest procedures, identification techniques, centralized internaitional creeminal records an extradition proceedins. Housomeivver Warld War I delayed this initiative an it wis no till 1923 that Interpol wis foondit in Austrick as the Internaitional Creeminal Police (ICP).

Follaein the Anschluss (Austrick's annexation bi Germany) in 1938, the organization fell unner the control o Nazi Germany, an the Commission's heidquarters wur eventually moved tae Berlin in 1942. Frae 1938 tae 1945, the presidents o Interpol includit Otto Steinhäusl, Reinhard Heydrich, Arthur Nebe, an Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Aw wur generals in the SS, an Kaltenbrunner wis the heichest rankin SS officer executit efter the Nuremberg Trials. Reinhard Heydrich wis assassinatit bi Czech (Kubiš) an Slovak (Gabčík) patriots in 1942.

Efter the end o World War II in 1945, the organization wis revived as the Internaitional Creeminal Polis Organization bi European Allied offeecials frae Belgium, Fraunce, Scandinavie an the Unitit Kinrick. Its new heidquarters wur establisht in Saunt-Cloud, a toun on the ootskirts o Paris. Thay remained thare till 1989, when thay wur moved tae thair present location, Lyon.

Constitution
The role o Interpol is defined bi the general proveesions o its Constitution.

In airticle 2
 Tae ensure an promote the widest possible mutual assistance atween aw creeminal polis authorities athin the leemits o the laws existin in the different kintras an in the spirit o the Universal Declaration o Human Richts.
 Tae establish an develop aw institutions likely tae contribute effectively tae the prevention an suppression o ordinary law creemes.

In airticle 3
It is strictly forbidden for the Organization tae unnertake ony intervention or activities o a poleetical, military, releegious or racial character.

Secretaries-general an presidents

Secretaries-general syne organization's inception in 1923:

Presidents syne organization's inception in 1923:
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References

6t arrondissement o Lyon
1923 establishments

Interpol


Bolbitis heudelotii, also known as the African water fern, creeping fern, and Congo fern, is native to subtropical and tropical Africa, from Ethiopia west to Senegal; and down to northern South Africa.

Description
Bolbitis heudelotii, named for the botanical explorer of West Africa Jean-Pierre Heudelot (1802–1837), is an aquatic polypody fern growing submerged in rivers and streams, attached to rocks or wood by the threadlike rootlets extending from its rhizomes. It has dark green, pinnate leaves 15–40 cm long and 15–25 cm broad. It grows submerged. The water in its native habitat is fast-moving over sandy or rocky bottoms, very clean, not very hard and slightly acidic. The roots cling to rocks and the sandy beds.

Cultivation
In the aquarium, B. heudelotii requires water temperatures of 20–28 °C and moderately acidic ('soft') to neutral water with a pH range of 5.0–7.0, but tolerates a wide range of light levels. It does best in flowing water.

This species is often used as a midground specimen plant in tropical freshwater aquaria. Propagation is from divisions and cuttings from the rhizome.

It seems to be intolerant to being crowded and to fish excreta.  It is best grown secured to a piece of wood rather than planted direct in the substrate. Additional CO2 seems to boost growth and it grows best in a rather shady position.

Propagation is by division of the rhizome. It is a slow-growing plant.

References

External links
 Tropica.dk
 AquaHobby

heudelotii
Ferns of Africa
Flora of Africa
Freshwater plants

Bolbitis heudelotii


A pulmonary embolism is a clot of material (an embolus) that blocks blood from getting to the lungs.  It is usually caused by a blood clot that starts somewhere else in the body and travels to the lungs.  However, it can also be caused by clumped cancer cells, fat, or bone.  Rarely, while giving birth, a woman can get a clot of amniotic fluid.

Symptoms
Symptoms of a pulmonary embolism start suddenly, as soon as the clot starts blocking blood flow to the lungs.  Blood is supposed to pick up oxygen in the lungs and then carry that oxygen to the rest of the body.  If blood cannot get through to the lungs, it cannot pick up oxygen or deliver it to the body.  Every part of the body needs blood and oxygen to survive.

Often, the first sign of a pulmonary embolism is syncope (fainting), because the brain is not getting enough blood and oxygen.  Other symptoms include:
 Chest pain that feels like a knife sticking into the chest.  The pain is often worse when the person breathes in.
 Trouble breathing
 Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
 Low oxygen saturation (because the body is not getting enough oxygen)

Saddle embolus
The worst kind of pulmonary embolism is caused by a saddle embolus.  This kind of embolus blocks the pulmonary artery, which carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.  This makes it impossible for any blood to get through to the lungs.  Since no blood can get out to the rest of the body, the person's blood pressure drops and they can go into shock.  A saddle embolus is a very serious medical emergency.  Many people with this type of embolus die.

Risk factors

There are many risk factors that make it more likely for a person to get a pulmonary embolism.  For example:
 Smoking
 A type of abnormal heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation ("A-fib")
 Recent surgery (after surgery, the body's blood clotting system works harder than usual, to help heal the body.  If clots travel to the lungs, they can cause a pulmonary embolism)
 Being paralyzed, bedridden, or not able to move around very much
 Sitting in one place for a long time, like on a long airplane flight (this makes the blood pool in the legs; if a blood clot forms in the leg, it can travel through the blood vessels to the lungs)
 Recent fracture of one of the long bones in the leg (because having a broken leg makes it harder to move around; also, clots of fat from the bone marrow can escape from the broken bone and travel to the lungs)
 High levels of estrogen because of pregnancy or some birth control pills
 Having had a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) - a blood clot in a large vein - before
 Certain kinds of cancer (some kinds can cause extra blood clotting)
 Being overweight or obese

Treatment
There are a few treatments for pulmonary embolism.  The choice of which treatments to use depends on how serious the pulmonary embolism is.  Treatments include:
 Oxygen.  Oxygen can be given through a special mask to make it easier for the person's body to get the oxygen it needs.
 Anticoagulants.  These are medicines commonly called "blood thinners."  Doctors may give a few blood thinners together.  For example, they may give heparin because it works right away.  They may also give warfarin (Coumadin), which takes a few days to start working, but which the patient can keep taking at home.
 Thrombolytics.  These are medicines often called "clot busters" or "clot dissolvers."  They can quickly dissolve (break up) a clot.  However, they are usually given only if a pulmonary embolism is life-threatening, because they can cause bleeding.
 Removing the clot.  Sometimes a doctor will thread a catheter (a flexible tube) up through a vein and into the lung.  Once the doctor finds the clot, the catheter can be used to pull the clot out, or to give medicine to dissolve the clot.  In very bad cases, surgery may be needed to remove a clot.

References

Pulmonology

Pulmonary embolism


An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a record of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time.  The instrument that makes the record is the ECG machine or Electrocardiograph.  Willem Einthoven invented it.  It works by attaching electrodes to the outer surface of the skin.

An electrocardiogram monitors the heart.  Each beat of the heart is triggered by an electrical impulse, normally generated from special cells in the upper right chamber of the heart.  An electrocardiogram records these electrical signals as they travel through the heart.  Doctors can use an electrocardiogram to look for patterns among these heartbeats and rhythms to diagnose various heart conditions.

ECG is used to measure the rate and regularity of heartbeats, the size and position of the chambers, the presence of any damage to the heart, and the effects of drugs or devices used to regulate the heart, such as an artificial pacemaker.

An electrocardiogram is a painless test. The results of your electrocardiogram will likely be reported immediately after it is done.

Cardiology
Medical equipment

Electrocardiogram


The Hollow Hills is a novel by Mary Stewart.  It is the second in a trilogy  of novels covering the Arthurian Legends. This book is preceded by The Crystal Cave and succeeded by The Last Enchantment.  The Hollow Hills was published in 1973.

Plot summary
The protagonist and narrator is Merlin, who supervises the birth and raising of King Arthur. (In this version, Merlin's father is Aurelius Ambrosius, so he is Arthur's cousin.)  The Duchess Ygraine is said to have conspired with him to herself bear Arthur to Uther Pendragon; whereafter Merlin goes into hiding, to evade accusations, and learns that Uther wishes the child to be hidden, until another (legitimate) son is born. In later chapters, Merlin gives the child to his own nurse Moravik, who later sends him to Count Ector of Galava to be trained in courtesy and warfare. Thereafter, Merlin visits Constantinople, where he learns from his relative Adhjan that Magnus Maximus (alias 'Macsen Wledig') possessed an especially beautiful and well-made sword, which was taken back to Britain after his death.

Inspired by a dream which he believes prophetic, Merlin finds the sword in a deserted temple of Mithras. There, Merlin becomes a hermit in an obscure shrine, providing healing to the injured and advice to the insecure. Later, Merlin becomes Arthur's tutor and that of two other boys: Arthur's foster-brother Cei and his friend Bedwyr. One day, Arthur discovers the sword of Maximus — his ancestor and Merlin's — hidden in a cave on an island in the centre of a lake, and names it Caliburn. Later he wins his first battle in a decisive victory against invading Saxons; whereupon his parentage is revealed and he is proclaimed the heir to Uther Pendragon. Shortly before he learns his identity, he unknowingly commits incest with his half-sister Morgause, and thus sires Mordred. When challenged to prove his birthright, he reveals Caliburn to the assembled kings.

References

1973 British novels
Modern Arthurian fiction
British fantasy novels
Works based on Merlin
Novels set in sub-Roman Britain
Novels by Mary Stewart
Hodder & Stoughton books
Incest in fiction

The Hollow Hills


Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures is an American animated television series. It is a revival of the Mighty Mouse cartoon character. Produced by Bakshi-Hyde Ventures (a joint venture of animator Ralph Bakshi and producer John W. Hyde) and Terrytoons, it aired on CBS on Saturday mornings from fall 1987 through the 1988–89 season. It was briefly rerun on Saturday mornings on Fox Kids in November 1992.

The quality of Mighty Mouse as compared with other 1980s animated television series is considered by animation historian Jerry Beck to "foreshadow the higher quality [animation] boom coming in the next decade." It was one of the first Saturday morning cartoons on CBS to be broadcast in stereo.

Format
The series was a commercial half-hour format (22 minutes plus commercials), and each episode consisted of two self-contained 11-minute cartoon segments. It differed from the earlier incarnations of Mighty Mouse in many ways. It gave Mighty Mouse the secret identity of Mike Mouse, a sidekick in the form of the orphan Scrappy Mouse (who knows the hero's secret identity), heroic colleagues such as Bat-Bat and his sidekick Tick the Bug Wonder and the League of Super-Rodents, as well as introduced antagonists like Petey Pate, Big Murray, Madame Marsupial and the Cow (actually a bull, because he is Madame Marsupial's boyfriend and he possesses male traits). The original Mighty Mouse villain Oil Can Harry made a couple of appearances. Pearl Pureheart was not always the damsel in distress and many episodes did not feature her at all. Mighty Mouse's light-operatic singing was eliminated except for his trademark, "Here I come to save the day!", which was sometimes interrupted.

Unlike other American animated TV shows of the time (and even Mighty Mouse's past theatrical shorts), the show's format was loose and episodes did not follow a particular formula. Episodes varied from superhero-type stories to parodies of shows like The Honeymooners ("Mighty's Wedlock Whimsy") and the 1960s Batman series ("Night of the Bat-Bat" and "Bat with a Golden Tongue"), movies like Fantastic Voyage ("Mundane Voyage") and Japanese monster films (the opening of "Mighty's Wedlock Whimsy"), comic books ("See You in the Funny Papers"), and even lampooned other cartoons ("Don't Touch That Dial!") and specifically Alvin and the Chipmunks ("Mighty's Benefit Plan").

The series resurrected other Terrytoons characters, but acknowledged the passage of time: perennial menace Oil Can Harry returns to chase Pearl Pureheart once more ("Still Oily After All These Years"), the 1940s characters Gandy Goose and Sourpuss and the 1960s character Deputy Dawg are revived (with Gandy and Dawg frozen in time in blocks of ice) in "The Ice Goose Cometh", "Gaston Le Crayon" has a cameo ("Still Oily After All These Years") and Bakshi's own 1960s creations the Mighty Heroes appear, aged, in the episode "Heroes and Zeroes". Fellow Terrytoons characters Heckle and Jeckle also made an appearance in "Mighty's Wedlock Whimsy".

Cast
Patrick Pinney as  Mighty Mouse (Mike Mouse) / Gandy Goose / Petey Pate
Maggie Roswell as Pearl Pureheart / Additional Voices
Dana Hill as Scrappy Mouse
Charlie Adler as Bat-Bat (Bruce Vein) / Additional Voices
Joe Alaskey as Sourpuss / Additional Voices
Michael Pataki as The Cow / Additional Voices
Beau Weaver as Fractured Narrator / Additional Voices

Crew
 Producer/Supervising Director/Story Direction: Ralph Bakshi
 Executive Producer: John Hyde
 Executive in charge of production: Tom Klein
 Senior Director: John Kricfalusi (season 1), Kent Butterworth (season 2)
 Directors: John Kricfalusi, John Sparey, Bruce Woodside, Bob Jaques, Kent Butterworth
 Writers (Season 1): Tom Minton, Doug Moench, Nate Kanfer, Jim Reardon, Eddie Fitzgerald, Rich Moore, Andrew Stanton
 Writers (Season 2): Jim Reardon, Tom Minton
 Layout artists: Ken Boyer, Mike Kazaleh, Kathleen Castillo, William Recinos, Jim Gomez, Lynne Naylor, Dave Concepcion, Bruce Timm

Development

Origin and production

In April 1987, Bakshi set up a meeting with Judy Price, the head of CBS's Saturday morning block. Price rejected Bakshi's prepared pitches, including one featuring John Kricfalusi's Ren & Stimpy characters, but asked what else he had. He told her that he had the rights to Mighty Mouse and she agreed to purchase the series. However, Bakshi did not own the rights and did not know who did. While researching the rights, he learned that CBS had acquired the entire Terrytoons library in 1955 and forgotten about it. According to Bakshi, "I sold them a show they already owned, so they just gave me the rights for nothin'!"

Kricfalusi's team wrote story outlines for 13 episodes in a week and pitched them to Price. By the next week, Kricfalusi had hired animators he knew who had been working at other studios. They ended up hiring Jeff Pidgeon, Rich Moore, Carole Holiday, Andrew Stanton and Nate Kanfer. Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures went into production in the month it was greenlighted; it was scheduled to premiere on September 19, 1987. This haste required the crew to be split into four teams, led by supervising director Kricfalusi, Fitzgerald, Steve Gordon and Bruce Woodside. Each team was given a handful of episodes and operated almost entirely independently of the others. Although the scripts required approval by CBS executives, Kricfalusi insisted that the artists add visual gags as they drew.

Despite the time constraints, CBS was pleased with the way Bakshi Productions addressed the network's notes. Kricfalusi did not return for the second season and took some of the crew to work on The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil for ABC.

Production style
Kricfalusi described Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures as the origin of the "'Creator-Driven' revolution" and that he hired artists "dissatisfied with the formula cartoons they were forced to work on at other studios" and as a "witty, satirical and wildly imaginative" series and "quite a revolution when compared to the cartoons being made everywhere else."  Kricfalusi said that he supervised the development of the cartoon in all aspects except the final editing.

Kricfalusi said that he restored the "old time-director-unit system" in which three or four directors theoretically supervise all of the creative aspects of each individual cartoon. He said that two of the directors felt "kind of" reluctant to participate as they did not "really approve" of the direction. Kricfalusi intended for the cartoon to be "like a Warner Bros. cartoon", and that the show does not have his personal humor style. He described the team as "slightly cautious" in presenting ideas to CBS's executives. Artists were allowed to use their own style in the episodes that they worked on, and that one can determine which artist drew which cartoon based on the styles present. Kricfalusi described Ken Boyer's scenes as "cute and dynamic", Istvan Majoros's scenes as "extremely crazy-looking", his own scenes as "very specifically acted", Lynne's scenes as "very girly and cartoony at the same time" and Jim Smith's scenes as "manly and well composed".

While an article about the series in Amazing Heroes #129 made it appear like Bakshi was the director of the show, Kricfalusi clarified that Bakshi was the producer and that Bakshi's creative involvement was the highest during the first several weeks of the production, after which he stood out of the way and let the team go about its business.

Usage of older cartoon footage
In order to bring down the budget so that layouts could be completed in-house, a step normally done overseas by cheap foreign labor, the show opted to build three entire cartoon segments from vintage Terrytoons cartoon stock footage: "Mighty's Musical Classics", "Animation Concerto" and the bulk of "Scrappy's Playhouse". A dream sequence in "The Ice Goose Cometh" also utilized Terrytoons footage.

Additionally, three segments were clip-shows that re-used animation from previous episodes: "Stress for Success", "Anatomy of a Milquetoast" and "Mighty's Tone Poem". Kricfalusi said that the process of using the older animation was not a creative process.

Episodes

Series overview

Season 1 (1987)

Season 2 (1988)

Home media
On January 5, 2010, CBS Home Entertainment (distributed by Paramount) released the complete series on three DVDs, with every installment of the Saturday morning cartoon uncut and presented in the original full screen video format. The collection includes the uncut version of "The Littlest Tramp", in which the controversial scene begins at 9:41 in the episode, but features an error in the version of "Mighty's Wedlock Whimsy" included on the set, where the penultimate live action shot of layout artist Ed Bell is substituted with an animatic version of the shot. The actual shot as aired appears in the included documentary.

Among the extras are the documentary "Breaking the Mold: The Re-Making of Mighty Mouse" and commentary tracks for several episodes. Also included are three original Terrytoons theatrical Mighty Mouse cartoon shorts, as taken from Paramount's vaults, which are the first-ever official release of Terrytoons material on DVD.

Controversy

The show's content sometimes crossed into controversial territory. In "Mighty's Wedlock Whimsy", it is hinted that peripheral male characters Gandy Goose and Sourpuss are showering together, and — in a dream sequence — that Pearl Pureheart has a lovechild with Mighty Mouse's unhinged nemesis the Cow.

During the production of the episode "The Littlest Tramp", editor Tom Klein expressed concern that a sequence showing Mighty Mouse sniffing the remains of a crushed flower resembled cocaine use. Bakshi did not initially view the footage; he believed that Klein was overreacting, but agreed to let him cut the scene. Kricfalusi expressed disbelief over the cut, insisting that the action was harmless and that the sequence should be restored. Following Kricfalusi's advice, Bakshi told Klein to restore the scene, which had been approved by network executives and the CBS Standards and Practices department. The episode aired on October 31, 1987, initially without controversy.

On June 6, 1988, Donald Wildmon, head of the American Family Association (AFA), alleged that "The Littlest Tramp" depicted cocaine use, instigating a media frenzy. Concerning Bakshi's involvement with Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, the AFA claimed that CBS "intentionally hired a well-known pornographer to do a cartoon for children, and then allowed him to insert a scene in which the cartoon hero is shown sniffing cocaine." Bakshi responded, "You could pick a still out of Lady and the Tramp and get the same impression. Fritz the Cat wasn't pornography. It was social commentary. This all smacks of burning books and the Third Reich. It smacks of McCarthyism. I'm not going to get into who sniffs what. This is lunacy!"

Bakshi defended the episode, saying, "I despise drugs. I would be out of my mind to show a cartoon character snorting cocaine in a cartoon", and stating that Wildmon had interpreted the scene out of context. "Mighty Mouse was happy after smelling the flowers because it helped him remember the little girl who sold it to him fondly. But even if you're right, their accusations become part of the air we breathe. That's why I cut the scene. I can't have children wondering if Mighty Mouse is using cocaine." On CBS's order, Klein removed the sequence from the master broadcast footage.

Wildmon claimed that the edits were "a de facto admission that, indeed, Mighty Mouse was snorting cocaine". Bakshi agreed to the removal of the offending 3½ seconds from future airings of the episode because of his concern that the controversy might lead children to believe that what Wildmon was saying was true. Wildmon's group then demanded the removal of Bakshi but, on July 25, 1988, CBS released a statement in support of him.

Influence and legacy
The show was considered revolutionary at the time and, along with 1988's Who Framed Roger Rabbit, inspired a wave of animated shows that were much zanier than those that had dominated children's animation in the previous two decades. It is credited by some as the impetus for the "creator-driven" animation revolution of the 1990s.

It was a huge springboard for many cartoonists and animators who would later become famous, among them John Kricfalusi (creator of Nickelodeon's The Ren & Stimpy Show), Bruce Timm (producer of Warner Bros. Batman: The Animated Series), Jim Reardon (writer for Warner Bros. Tiny Toon Adventures and Disney/Pixar's WALL-E, and director for Fox's The Simpsons), Tom Minton (writer and producer for many Warner Bros. television cartoons, including Tiny Toons, Animaniacs, The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries, Baby Looney Tunes and Duck Dodgers), Lynne Naylor (co-founder of Spümcø, character designer for Batman: The Animated Series and storyboard artist for Cartoon Network's The Powerpuff Girls and Cow and Chicken), Rich Moore (animation director for Fox/Comedy Central's Futurama, director for The Simpsons and director of Disney's Wreck-It Ralph, Zootopia and Ralph Breaks the Internet), and Andrew Stanton (director of Disney/Pixar's Finding Nemo, WALL-E and Finding Dory) and others. The Loud House creator Chris Savino says the show's classic cartoon style, which contrasted with the dominant style of TV animation at the time, spurred him to become an animator.

Kricfalusi supervised the production for the first season and directed eight of its 26 segments. Kent Butterworth supervised the second season, after John Kricfalusi's departure to work on the similarly short-lived 1988 animated series The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil. The show was licensed as a comic book series published by Marvel Comics in 1990 and 1991, which ran for 10 issues.

Comic book spin-off
From 1990 to 1991, a Mighty Mouse comic book series was published by Marvel Comics. It lasted for 10 issues and took place after the Bakshi television series. Shortly after the events of Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures, Scrappy abandons Mighty and Pearl to spend all his time at the Four Fingers Video Arcade. When the Four Fingers Video Arcade closes down, Scrappy vanishes.

It is revealed that Mighty Mouse's enemy, the Glove, was behind the Four Fingers Video Arcade. Mighty saves Scrappy in the end, but Scrappy is still "zapped" into playing video games. Scrappy is then sent to rehab and is back to normal a few issues later. In the 10th and final issue of the comic, Scrappy substitutes for Pearl Pureheart when she gives up her role in the comic.

See also
Looney Tunes
Modern animation in the United States
Terrytoons

References

External links

Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures Episode Guide at the Big Cartoon DataBase

1980s American animated television series
1987 American television series debuts
1988 American television series endings
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated comic science fiction television series
American children's animated superhero television series
American superhero comedy television series
CBS original programming
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
Television shows adapted into comics
Animated television series about mice and rats
Television series by CBS Studios
Television series created by Ralph Bakshi
Television series by Terrytoons
Fox Kids
Animation controversies in television
Television controversies in the United States

Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures


Portrait of Alof de Wignacourt with his Page (c. 1607-1608) is a painting by the Italian master Caravaggio, in the Louvre of Paris.

Alof de Wignacourt joined the Order of the Knights of Saint John (the Knights of Malta) in 1564, aged seventeen, and distinguished himself the next year at the Great Siege of Malta, when the Turks were defeated and never returned to the island. He was elected Grand Master in 1601, determined to enhance the prestige of the Order and its new post-siege capital, Valletta. It was not surprising, therefore, that he would welcome the opportunity to have at his court the most famous painter in Rome and Naples, Michelangelo da Caravaggio.

Caravaggio arrived in Malta from Naples in July 1607 and according to his early biographers Giovanni Baglione and Giovanni Bellori, he began at once with portraits of Wignacourt and other knights from the highest ranks of the Order. This famous portrait shows the Grand Master in formal armour, holding his baton of command, every gleaming inch an image of the military might of the Knights. At the time Wignacourt was about sixty years old. He had strengthened the fortifications of the island, built an aqueduct to guarantee water to the city, and launched several attacks on the Turks. He had turned the Knights into a sovereign power, making himself in effect a prince answerable to no-one except the Pope, with his own increasingly wealthy court.

One of his innovations had been to surround to himself with young pages, in imitation of the fashion of the princely courts. The pages were taken from the most noble Catholic families of Europe. According to John Gash and others the page in the portrait is probably Nicholas de Paris Boissy, a French aristocrat destined for a distinguished career – he became Grand Prior of France in 1657. He is placed a little awkwardly within the composition: his feet are aligned with the feet of de Wignacourt, as if standing beside de Wignacourt, but his hand and the helmet overlap Wignacourt's elbow, giving the impression that from the waist up he is in front of the knight. The fact can be explained by Caravaggio's practice of painting separately from live models – de Wignacourt and the page were apparently not together in the studio at the same time.

The boy's lively expression and alert gaze make him an attractive subject in his own right, to the extent that he was several times copied by later artists visiting Malta.  Wignacourt, encased in splendid black and gold Milanese armour, stares upwards and outwards out of the frame in a dignified manner that invites the viewer to gaze upon him in awe, leaving the page, with his look of boyish interest, as the sole thoroughly human presence, and a far more sympathetic one than the self-conscious man of steel. The double-portrait with the pageboy was an unusual combination for the time. It may have been ordered by Wignacourt to stress the dignity of his court, or Caravaggio may have been inspired by a painting by Titian that he could have seen in his youth in Milan, Alfonso d'Avalos Addressing his Troops, showing the Spanish governor of the city addressing his knights with a page beside him holding his helmet.

See also
List of paintings by Caravaggio

Sources

References

External links

1600s paintings
Paintings by Caravaggio
Paintings in the Louvre by Italian artists
Wignacourt
Military art

Portrait of Alof de Wignacourt and his Page


Dawn Summers is a fictional character created by Joss Whedon and introduced by Marti Noxon and David Fury on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, portrayed by Michelle Trachtenberg. She made her debut in the premiere episode of the show's fifth season and subsequently appeared in every episode of its remaining three seasons. Within the series, Dawn is the little sister of main character Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar), a girl chosen by fate to be a vampire Slayer. Whedon introduced Dawn to the series because he wanted to introduce a character with whom Buffy could have an intensely emotional non-romantic relationship.

After years of foreshadowing, Dawn was introduced at the start of the fifth season as part of a large in-story retcon: Characters accepted Dawn's presence as if she had always been there, and as if Buffy always had a sister, with only the audience aware that this was not the case. As the series went on, the significance of Dawn's arrival is revealed to the series's other characters, and they come to understand that she has not always been Buffy's sister, or indeed a sentient being; Dawn had originally been the mystical "key" to unlocking dimensions and was made into Buffy's sister so the Slayer would protect her. Dawn is, however, a real girl, Buffy's biological sister, and has real memories of her fictional childhood. She struggles in a very human way when she discovers the truth about her origins and later endures problems with self-harm and kleptomania. The show's sixth and seventh seasons, as well as its canonical comic book continuation, follow Dawn's journey toward adulthood.

Appearances

Television
Dawn Marie Summers is first introduced as Buffy's (Sarah Michelle Gellar) younger sister at the end of Buffy season five premiere "Buffy vs. Dracula", though Buffy had been previously established as an only child. Initially, the mystery of Dawn's sudden existence is not acknowledged in the series, with the other characters accepting her as a part of the status quo. Four episodes later, Buffy discovers Dawn is, in fact, a mystical object known as The Key; a group of monks transformed The Key into human form and sent it to the Slayer for protection from the villainous Glory (Clare Kramer). The memories of Buffy and her associates were altered, along with relevant records, so that they believed her to have always existed as Buffy's sister. She is shown to look up greatly to Willow and Tara and has a crush on Xander. She also is friendly with Spike, who is as protective of her as Buffy herself. When Dawn learns of her origin, she resorts to self-harm and runs away from home, until Buffy assures her they are real sisters no matter what, securing it with a blood oath. Her relationship with Buffy, having been portrayed with a typical sister dynamic in the first half of the season, changes when she discovers what she is. The two become closer as Dawn becomes Buffy's sole focus once she drops out from college to protect her, going as far as to warn her friends she is prepared to kill anyone who attempts to go near Dawn in the finale.

Dawn suffers more pain when her mother (Kristine Sutherland) dies unexpectedly from a brain aneurysm, which leads to Dawn resorting to black magic to try to bring her back from the grave, an action she immediately reverses upon realizing the consequences of her actions. It is eventually revealed that Dawn's purpose as The Key is to open portals to alternate dimensions — a power the hell-god Glory wishes to exploit to return home. When Glory successfully uses Dawn's blood to break down the dimensional barriers, Buffy sacrifices her own life (realizing that their blood is now the same) to end the apocalypse and save Dawn; Buffy's sacrifice also neutralizes the power of The Key, giving Dawn the opportunity of a normal life.

The following season opening sees Dawn struggle with abandonment issues, as well as her escalating kleptomania. Having been devastated by her sister's death, Dawn is overjoyed when Willow (Alyson Hannigan) casts a spell to bring her back to life. However, with Buffy spiraling into a deep depression, Dawn feels highly neglected and is often seen alone and seeking attention from her sister, as well as other members of the group. She later experiences her first kiss with a vampire named Justin, whom she is reluctantly forced to stake (her first vampire kill) when he tries to turn her. Dawn's isolation from the other characters reaches its apex when she inadvertently makes a wish to the vengeance demon Halfrek (Kali Rocha), which results in trapping everyone who enters the Summers house. Halfrek herself is inadvertently trapped, and undoes the curse to free herself; meanwhile, Dawn's kleptomania and feelings of neglect by her friends and family are exposed. Buffy vows to mend their relationship and starts spending more time with her sister, whilst still trying to shield her from her life as a Slayer, much to Dawn's disappointment, as she is eager to help Buffy in her duties. While helping Buffy battle demons in the season finale, Dawn proves herself to be capable in a fight, finally earning her sister's respect and a promise to train her.

In the final season, Dawn becomes more grown-up and a full-fledged member of the "Scooby Gang" — as witnessed in the first few episodes when she aids Buffy and Xander during Willow's absence, and is trained by Buffy in combat. When Buffy expresses her doubts about her first day as a guidance counselor at the newly rebuilt Sunnydale High in the episode "Help", Dawn assures her that she'll be fine and that she'll be a great counselor. Falling victim to a love spell in the episode "Him", Dawn displays dangerous behavior such as attacking people and trying to commit suicide to prove her "love" for classmate RJ Brooks. While home alone one night, Dawn is forced to perform a solo exorcism to protect what she believes to be her mother from a demon, though it is revealed to be The First Evil attempting to cause Dawn to doubt her bond with Buffy, which she does for several episodes following this. Dawn's feelings of neglect begin to resurface as Buffy spends time training the potentials now living in their home. After wrongly believing herself to be a Potential Slayer, Xander (Nicholas Brendon) explains to Dawn that being normal is perhaps the hardest burden of all, as nobody understands the pain of being overlooked — as he has been in Dawn's shoes. Dawn then falls into a watcher-esque role offering the group answers from research, such as ways to communicate with The Bringers and translating texts given to Buffy in a 'slayer keepsake'. When Buffy tricks her into leaving town before the impending apocalypse, Dawn adamantly returns to fight against the First, during which she battles alongside Xander, and once again proves her value as a fighter by killing several Ubervamps and survives.

Dawn was intended to appear in the Angel episode "The Girl in Question", but Michelle Trachtenberg was unavailable for filming, so Andrew Wells (played by Tom Lenk) replaced her.

Literature

In the canonical comic book continuation to the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight (2007–2011), it is revealed that Buffy and Dawn's relationship has been strained and conflicted since the events of "Chosen." Dawn is revealed to have been cursed, apparently as a result of sleeping with a "thricewise demon" named Kenny while a college student, and is a giant. Throughout her affliction she spends a lot of time with Xander, to whom she reveals she was cursed as a result of cheating on Kenny with his roommate. While her personal issues are made to take a backseat with Buffy, in battles, her gigantism shows some utility; she is able to assist fighting Amy in "The Long Way Home", and rampages through Tokyo to distract their enemies in "Wolves at the Gate". In "Time of Your Life, Part One" she shrinks to normal size again, but then turns into a centaur. Xander surmises she will likely experience a third such transformation before she can return to normal. In "Living Doll", the twenty-fifth issue of the series, Dawn undergoes a transformation into a living doll and is kidnapped by a disturbed dollmaker for her 'protection'. After her sister, Andrew and Willow track down Kenny, he later appears to undo the curse, and the two have a heart-to-heart, where Dawn apologises for her infidelity and explains she had been unprepared for the seriousness of her feelings for Kenny. She subsequently spends some time bonding with Buffy. Dawn and Xander's growing friendship leads to them kissing, where they are discovered by Buffy, in "Retreat". In the series' final arc, Buffy brings about the end of magic, following which Xander and Dawn decide to settle down in San Francisco. They allow Buffy to live with them until she finds her own place.

Season Nine (2012–13) begins with Dawn and Xander living an ordinary domestic life, with much less contact with Buffy than before since she has moved out. They intend to capitalize on a world without magic and embark upon a life of normalcy. Their relationship is seen to be going through some difficulties, such as when Xander forgets Dawn's birthday. Buffy also reflects that Dawn is not on her mind much of late. In "Welcome to the Team," Dawn becomes sick with what appears to be a very serious flu. Buffy also forgets about one of Dawn's allergies. In the concurrent second issue of spin-off series Willow: Wonderland, Willow sees a worrying omen about Dawn while in an alternate dimension. Later in the Buffy arc, Dawn begins to die and the gang recognise it is due to magic leaving her body. Buffy contacts Faith for help, but (as seen in Angel & Faith) neither she nor Angel can remember Dawn. Spike, however, heads straight from Faith's apartment in London to be by Dawn's side, and Willow returns to California with her powers restored and attempts to prolong Dawn's life. In final arc "The Core", Buffy, Willow and Xander head to the Deeper Well in England in hopes of finding enough magic to restore Dawn. Fearing for his memories, Spike tries to record himself talking about Dawn but the tapes all become static, indicating that everything Dawn affected is also fading. Dawn continues to rapidly fade until she disappears altogether. After the gang restart magic, they return to San Francisco where Willow is able to bring back Dawn using Buffy's blood in conjunction with the spell which created her. Willow expresses that something feels different as she brings Dawn back, and Xander is suspicious of Dawn's knowledge of very recent events. Buffy tries to tell Xander that he is being paranoid.

In Season Ten (2014-2016), Xander continues to be suspicious of Dawn, and insecure concerning their relationship. Buffy compares their behavior to that of her parents prior to their divorce. It is revealed that when Dawn was brought back she was reset emotionally. While she still remembers her relationship with Xander she does not feel love for him anymore and recently re-experienced her grief for her mother's death, among other traumas.

Concept and creation
The arrival of Dawn Summers is foreshadowed in cryptic dream sequences in both the Season Three finale "Graduation Day, Part Two" and the Season Four episode "This Year's Girl", in which a still-comatose Faith says, while making a bed with Buffy in her bedroom, "Little sis coming, I know." Buffy replies, "So much to do before she gets here." (The first appearance of Dawn is in Buffy's room.) In the season four finale, "Restless", Tara warns Buffy to "be back before Dawn."

According to Buffy creator Joss Whedon, the introduction of Dawn in Season Five was partly so protagonist Buffy Summers could experience a "really important, intense emotional relationship" with someone other than a boyfriend. "She's as intense as she was in Season Two with Angelus, but it's about her sister," Whedon says. "To me that was really beautiful."
Trachtenberg says she was thrust into the role without knowing much about Dawn's personality; she describes her initial meeting with Joss Whedon as "Alright, welcome to the cast, you're a teenager, you're a Key, have fun."

Characterization
In the beginning of season five Dawn is portrayed as less mature than her age of fourteen. She is seen to be immature, sulky, and klutzy, often breaking objects, and she keeps a diary. Buffy and Joyce also infantilise her to some degree; they are shown finding someone to babysit her, although they later become more relaxed about this as seen in "No Place Like Home".

Responding to fan complaints of Dawn being whiny throughout Season Six, Joss Whedon says, "I scratched my head. I was like, 'Excuse me, she's been abandoned by about six parental figures. The girl has huge issues.'" However, he acknowledges that he and the writers hit "the same note for a while... We needed to make some changes."
Whedon has expressed regret over not being able to go further with Dawn's character in season seven, but, as he says, "You get into a situation that you do like to stand alone [but] 'Dawn Goes on a Date' is not something that people would really sit for."

Author Nikki Stafford saw the season seven episode "Potential" as an example of Dawn's growing maturity. She praises the character for taking charge and accepting the possibility she might be a Potential Slayer, and for quietly stepping back when she turns out to be wrong, without revealing how disappointed she really is. Stafford states, "Dawn has come a long way from the annoying adolescent she was in season five, and the screechy, difficult teen she was in season six ('get out, Get Out, GET OUT!'). She is a mature young woman, the same age as Buffy was in season one, but she is handling her problems with even more grace and acceptance than her older sister did."

References

Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters
Child characters in television
Teenage characters in television
American female characters in television
Fictional vampire hunters
Fictional centaurs
Fictional characters from California
Television characters introduced in 2000
Fictional giants
Female characters in comics
Female characters in television
Fictional high school students

Dawn Summers


The Rules Enabling Act (ch. 651, , ) is an Act of Congress that gave the judicial branch the power to promulgate the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.  Amendments to the Act allowed for the creation of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and other procedural court rules.  The creation and revision of rules pursuant to the Rules Enabling Act are usually carried out by the Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure (known as the "Standing Committee") and its advisory committees, which are part of the Judicial Conference of the United States, the policymaking body of the United States federal courts.

The enactment of the Rules Enabling Act on June 19, 1934, was a revolutionary moment in the history of civil procedure in the United States.  The law repealed the archaic "conformity principle" which had governed actions at law (and only actions at law) in U.S. federal courts for over 140 years; namely, the rule that federal courts should conform their procedure in such actions to that of the courts in the state in which they were located.  The conformity principle had caused major problems for federal courts that did not actually sit in the United States, such as the United States Court for China.

While the courts exercised rulemaking powers granted to them under the Act without Congressional intervention for nearly forty years, Congress refused to allow the Federal Rules of Evidence to go into effect after their approval by the Supreme Court in 1973.  The Rules of Evidence were eventually passed, with substantial changes, as legislation by Congress.  Because of Congress's intervention in 1973 and subsequent years, the Act's rulemaking powers granted to the judiciary have been reduced, causing the Act to command less importance in recent years. However, the Act makes it very difficult for litigants to challenge the constitutional validity of the Federal Rules under the Erie Doctrine.

References

External links
 Current text of the Act as amended at uscourts.gov
 Creating the Federal Rules at findarticles.com

United States federal judiciary legislation
1934 in American law

Rules Enabling Act


Tulchyn (, translit. Tul'chyn; first mentioned as Nesterwar; Latin: Tulcinum;  ; ; ; ) is a city in Vinnytsia Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, former Podolia. It is the administrative center of Tulchyn Raion (district), and was the chief centre of the Southern Society of the Decembrists, Pavel Pestel was located there during planning of the rebellion. The city is also known for being the home to Ukrainian composer Mykola Leontovych who produced several of this choral masterpieces (including world famous "Carol of the bells") when he lived here. An important landmark of the city is the palace of the Potocki family, built according to the principles of Palladian architecture according to the plans drafted by Joseph Lacroix during the 1780s. Polish patriot Józef Wysocki (general) was born in Tulchin in 1809, author of Pamietnik Jenerala Wysockiego, Dowodcy Legionu Polskiego Na Wegrzech Z Czasu Kampanii Wegierskiej W Roku 1848 i 1849. Population:

History

Polish Tulczyn was first mentioned in 1607. It was a royal city in the Bracław Voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1609 King Sigismund III Vasa granted the town to Walenty Aleksander Kalinowski. Until 1728 Tulchin was part of the estates of the Polish magnates of the Kalinowski family (other distinguished members of Tulchin family were  Adam Kalinowski and Marcin Kalinowski),  and then passed into the hands of Stanisław Potocki bypassing other Kalinowskis' branch, then in 1734 to Franciszek Salezy Potocki and his son Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, who was the most memorable and infamous member of the Tulczyn branch of the Potocki family. During the Targowica confederation Tulchin was the headquarters of the confederates. Mieczysław Potocki sold Tulchin to his brother-in-law Grzegorz Strogonow, who sold it to Piotr Oldenburski, who in turn sold it to Russian Imperial Treasury. Ancient archives of the Polish magnate families of Struś, Łaszcz, Mniszech, Modrzewski, Potocki, and Tarło collected at the palace, were lost during these transfers in ownership, while furniture and art collections were shipped to Paris, where Mieczysław Potocki resided. After the Kyiv-Odesa train line had been built Tulchin went into economic decay. Prior to October Revolution Tulchin was home a large Jewish population, and there were two trade fairs, July 24 and October 1 each year, and separate 26 market days annually. Between 1917 and 1920 the town frequently changed ownership, between the Poles, the Bolsheviks, White Russians and Ukrainians.

During World War II, the German conquerors turned over Tulchyn and the surrounding area to Romanian control.  After first being confined to a ghetto, most Jews from Tulchyn were deported to the nearby Pechora concentration camp where they perished. The area was liberated by the Red Army in March 1944.

The current estimated population is around 13,500 (as of 2005).

Gallery

Notable people

Stanisław Trembecki (1739–1812), Polish poet
 Włodzimierz Potocki (1789-1812), Polish Count, artillery colonel
 Mieczysław Potocki (1799-1878), Polish magnate, owner of estates in Tulczyn, one of the richest Poles in the 19th century
 Alexander Veltman (1800-1870), the Russian writer, was stationed here for some years (and met Pushkin here)
 Józef Wysocki (1809-1873), Polish military commander, general of Polish Army, participant of Polish National Uprisings and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848
 Marian Dziewicki  (1872-1935), Polish lawyer, President of Wilno, local government activist
 Bronisław Matyjewicz-Maciejewicz (1882-1911), Polish aviator
 Mykola Leontovych (1877-1921), the Ukrainian composer (who composed the Carol of the Bells), lived here
 Sophie Tucker, Ukrainian-born American singer, comedian, actress, and radio personality

Notes, references, and sources

Notes

References

Sources
 Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich,(1880–1914) Tom (vol.) XII, pages 611–613.

Cities in Vinnytsia Oblast
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1607 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Bratslav Voivodeship
Bratslavsky Uyezd
Cities of district significance in Ukraine
Tulchyn Raion

Tulchyn


Erode is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the capital of the Erode district. About 500,000 people live in the city.
Erode District in Tamil Nadu State is very important market centre for Turmeric. Turmeric is received, not only from Erode district, but also from the other parts of Tamil Nadu and adjoining district like Mysore in Karnataka State.

Erode is well known for marketing of textile products of Handloom, Powerloom and Readymade Garments. The Handloom and Powerloom product such as Cotton Saree,  Bed Spreads, Carpets, Lungies, Printed Fabrics, Towels, Dhotis are marketed here.

Kangeyam is famous for Bulls and Oil Mills. Kangeyam cows are not noted for their yield but their availability was in large numbers has helped the district to make a mark in the field of dairy development

Erode district
Cities in Tamil Nadu

Erode


A Tánaiste (plural: Tánaistí) is the deputy head of the government of the Republic of Ireland.

The Taoiseach nominates a member of Government to be Tánaiste. Leo Varadkar is the current Tánaiste.

Under the Irish Free State, the deputy leader was Deputy President of the Executive Council.  In 1937 the title was changed to Tánaiste

In history, the tánaiste was the heir of the chief (taoiseach) or king (rí).

Politics of Ireland

Tánaiste