Cataplexy is a medical condition where people become limp when they are exposed to spontaneous emotions such as laughter, fright, anger, or sadness. People who have cataplexy will sometimes see that some of their muscles suddenly fail them. Cataplexy  often affects people who have narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder. People with narcolepsy tend to suddenly fall asleep. They cannot control when they fall asleep. Cataplexy is sometimes confused with epilepsy, where a series of flashes or other stimuli cause superficially similar seizures.

The term Cataplexy originates from the Greek kata, meaning down, and plexis, meaning a stroke or seizure.

Diseases

Cataplexy


Guangdong () is a province on the southern coast of China. The meaning of the name in Chinese is "east of the expanse" or "expanse's east". It has a higher population and GDP than any other province in China. Its capital city is Guangzhou. Guangdong has 49 districts, 30 county-level cities, 42 counties, and three autonomous counties.

Guangdong has an area of 177,900 km2 (68,700 sq mi) and is the 15th biggest province in China. In 2008, more than 95,440,000 people were living in Guangdong. They speak several different kinds of dialects. More than half of the people speak Yue Chinese, which is also the main dialect in the neighboring Hong Kong, while Min Chinese and Hakka Chinese each has about 20% of the total speakers.

The shortened name for Guangdong is Yue (粤), since Guangxi also shares the first word "Guang" (广), meaning "expanse".

Guangdong


Multiculturalism is a word that describes a society where many different cultures live together. It is the simple fact of cultural diversity.

In a multicultural society, there is not an official (decided by the people in charge) culture that every person must be a part of. Instead, all cultures are respected as much as each other.

A multicultural society can result when people from many different countries migrate to one place, or an empire conquers many countries. Tolerance is a big help for multiculturalism. Xenophobia makes it difficult.

A multicultural society would be composed of people from different ethnic backgrounds and cultures living and working together. In society when people from different backgrounds link with each other's culture shows the acceptance of each other's culture and background.

Related pages
Multiculturalism in Canada
Multilingualism
Pluralism
Toleration

Sociology

Multiculturalism


Bungee jumping is an adventurous sport in which people jump from higher ground such as a bridge with an elastic rope tied to their ankles to stop them from hitting the ground. The rope is designed to stretch, not break. When the rope has stretched all the way, the jumper bounces back up. When people jump they wear safety equipment like helmets and a harness.

History
It started as the coming-of-age ceremony in a small                          village on South Pentecost Island in Vanuatu. The young men jump from the top of a 30 meter high tree to demonstrate their courage as an adult. They tied jungle vines around their ankles so that they would not hit the ground.And from then it started to become a sport in which people take part and it was named bungee jumping .

Modern bungee jumping

Modern bungee jumping began when four British men jumped off  the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. In 1987 A.J.Hackett became world famous when he jumped from the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Later he set up the Kawarau Bridge in New Zealand, with a height of 47 meters, as a commercial bungee jumping area. People could pay money for the fun of jumping. The idea quickly spread around the world.

Safety
Bungee jumping has several dangers. The rope has to be the right size for your weight, or it may break. The safety harness has to fit properly or the force of the drop could cause a person's bones to break. The rope has to be the right length or a person could hit the ground before being stopped by the rope.

References

Other websites
 AJ Hacketts official website
Leisure
Sports

Bungee jumping


A treasurer is someone who looks after the money in a club, company, organization, association, or government.

The treasurer of a government manages the Annual Budget of a state or country. The budget is used to give money to government departments and to pay for the debts or promises the government makes. This post is called Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom. There is a treasurer of the United States, but the United States Secretary of the Treasury actually controls the department.

Economics
Government occupations

Treasurer


H.264 or MPEG-4 Part 10, Advanced Video Coding is a way to code videos in order to make them smaller.

It can be used for both lossy compression and lossless compression, though it is usually used for lossy compression. H.264 is used in many places including Blu-Ray players, as well as videos streamed through sites like Youtube. It is also used in some TV broadcasts.

H.264 has a successor called HEVC.

Standards
Television
Data compression

H.264/MPEG-4 AVC


A midshipman is an officer cadet, or a commissioned officer. They are the lowest rank of officer in the Royal Navy, United States Navy, and many Commonwealth navies. Commonwealth countries which use this rank are Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, India, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Kenya. Before 1968, it was used by the Royal Canadian Navy. But it was replaced with that of naval cadet upon the making of the Canadian Forces.

Military ranks

Midshipman


Richard Olney (April 12, 1927 – August 3, 1999) was an American painter, cook, food writer, editor, and memoirist, best known for his books of French country cooking.

Biography
Olney was born in Marathon, Iowa. He lived in a house above the village of Solliès-Toucas in Provence, France, for most of his adult life, where he wrote many classic and influential cookbooks of French country cooking. He had first moved to France in 1951, to Paris, where he was close friends with (and painted many of) the American and English bohemian expatriate set, including James Baldwin, filmmaker Kenneth Anger, painter John Craxton, poet John Ashbery, and composer Ned Rorem.

His deep knowledge of traditional classic French food and wine got him a job writing a column entitled Un Américain (gourmand) à Paris for the journal Cuisine et Vins de France beginning in 1962. After The French Menu Cookbook was published in English in 1970, his then-revolutionary approach of seasonal menus and close attention to wine pairings began to attract notice in Britain and America. By the time he wrote Simple French Food in 1974, he was one of the most important food writers of the era, with a huge impact on nouvelle cuisine and California cuisine.

Alice Waters, of Chez Panisse restaurant in Berkeley, California, and Kermit Lynch, the well-known Berkeley wine writer and retailer, were both disciples. He introduced Lynch to many French wine growers, including Lucien and Lulu Peyraud of Domaine Tempier, who were then re-establishing the Bandol AOC as a vineyard area of the first rank. James Beard was an important American mentor, and Olney, in the midst of his career, taught a series of cooking classes in Beard's West Village apartment. Despite this, Olney, in a memoir, presents a mixed picture of Beard's character.

From 1977 to 1982, Olney edited the 28-volume Time-Life book series The Good Cook. By the time of his death, from heart failure, in addition to the Time-Life set he had written many of his own brilliant, idiosyncratic, poetic books about food and wine. His last book, Reflexions, a memoir, was published posthumously by Brick Tower Press. Olney died aged 72 in Solliès-Toucas, France.

The Observer Food Monthly panel of chefs, cooks, writers and restaurateurs elected The French Menu Cookbook as their favourite cookbook in early 2010, but were saddened that it was very difficult to find. Since then the book has been republished.

English bibliography
The French Menu Cookbook: The Food and Wine of France—Season by Delicious Season—in Beautifully Composed Menus for American Dining and Entertaining by an American Living in Paris and Provence (1970),
Simple French Food (1974),
Yquem (1986),
Ten Vineyard Lunches (1988), (later reprinted as Richard Olney's French Wine & Food: A Wine Lover's Cookbook (1997))
Provence, the Beautiful Cookbook: Authentic Recipes from the Regions of Provence (1993),
Lulu's Provençal Table: The Exuberant Food and Wine from Domaine Tempier Vineyard (1994),
Romanée Conti: The World's Most Fabled Wine (1995),
Cooking for Two (1996),
The Good Cook's Encyclopedia (1997),  (ed.)
Richard Olney's French Wine and Food: A Wine Lover's Cookbook (1997),
Reflexions (1999),
 (anthologized in) American Food Writing: An Anthology with Classic Recipes, ed. Molly O'Neill (Library of America, 2007),

References

External links
The Independent obituary
The New York Times obituary
The Guardian, December 2010
The New York Times Style Magazine, August 2010

1927 births
1999 deaths
American food writers
American emigrants to France
French food writers
American gay writers
People from Buena Vista County, Iowa
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
James Beard Foundation Award winners
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American LGBT people

Richard Olney (food writer)


"Paul is dead" is an urban legend and conspiracy theory suggesting that Paul McCartney of the English rock band the Beatles died in 1966 and was secretly replaced by a look-alike.

In September 1969, American college students published articles claiming that clues to McCartney's supposed death could be found among the lyrics and artwork of the Beatles' recordings. Rumours declined after a contemporary interview with McCartney was published in Life magazine in November 1969.

Popular culture continues to make occasional reference to the legend, and McCartney poked fun at it with a 1993 live album titled Paul Is Live, whose cover parodied "clues" allegedly on the cover of the Beatles' Abbey Road album.

The evidence
The legend is based on a range of ideas. One theory says that facial recognition proves that a different person "became" Paul after 1966. The Abbey Road cover clues include:
 The Beatles walking across the road look like a funeral procession
 John Lennon dressed in white is the preacher
 Ringo Starr dressed in black is the undertaker
 George Harrison is dressed in work clothes is a grave digger.
 Paul is out of step with the others
 Paul is barefoot
 Paul is smoking a cigarette, sometimes called a "coffin nail"
 Paul is holding the cigarette in his right hand, even though he was left handed
 A car number plate "LMW 28IF" means that he would be 28 had he lived
 The LMW means Lady McCartney Weeps (not Linda McCartney Weeps, because if Paul died in 1966, the real Paul would have never met Linda)

References

Conspiracy theories
Paul McCartney

Paul is dead


"Goodbye, Toby" is the fourth season hour-long finale of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's seventy-first and seventy-second episodes overall. Written by Paul Lieberstein and Jennifer Celotta, and directed by Paul Feig, the episode first aired in the United States on May 15, 2008, on NBC.

In this episode, Toby Flenderson (Lieberstein) spends his last day at Dunder Mifflin before moving to Costa Rica. Michael Scott (Steve Carell) develops feelings for the new Human Resources Representative Holly Flax (Ryan), who makes her first appearance in this episode. Jim Halpert's (John Krasinski) plan to propose to Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) gets ruined after Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) makes a proposal of his own. Elsewhere, Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) is fired as vice president of the company for misleading the shareholders and is sent to prison.

"Goodbye, Toby" introduced the character of Holly Flax, played by Amy Ryan, whose presence would drastically affect the office in the series' fifth and seventh seasons. The episode received largely positive reviews from critics, with many applauding the introduction of Amy Ryan's character, as well as the ending between Jim and Pam. The episode received 4.1 Nielsen rating and was watched by 8.07 million viewers.

Plot
Dunder Mifflin's Scranton branch is planning a going-away party for Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein) before he leaves for Costa Rica. Michael Scott (Steve Carell) is extremely happy that Toby is leaving, but when Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) balks at his unreasonable party demands, Phyllis Vance (Phyllis Smith) accepts the duty of planning the party. She does fantastically, ordering carnival rides and hiring a band.

Michael's hatred of Toby has been transferred to the new human resources representative, Holly Flax (Amy Ryan), and he and Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) plan to haze her. When she playfully affects disdain for Toby, Michael takes her seriously, and suddenly falls in love with her. Taking advice from Jim Halpert (John Krasinski), Michael succeeds in warming Holly up with small talk and jokes, and even tempers Toby's exit interview, which he had originally planned to be brutally insulting, because Holly attends. During the interview, Pam helps Toby finally get revenge against Michael by making him give up his favorite watch to Toby after discovering he planned on giving him a rock for a going away gift. Dwight, however, continues the hazing, telling Holly that Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) is mentally challenged, and putting a raccoon in her car. After Michael catches Dwight, who has released a raccoon into Holly's car, he loudly proclaims his high esteem for Holly. Holly gives special attention to Kevin throughout the episode due to her belief that he is mentally challenged, but Kevin believes her attention is a sexual interest in him.

Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) reveals that she is spending the summer studying graphic design at Pratt Institute in New York City, which she got accepted at. Meanwhile, Jim calls Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) about a huge sale that he has recently made. Patronizing as ever, Ryan instructs him to enter the sale on the company's website before abruptly hanging up. Jim takes this as another sign that Ryan is trying to push him out of the company, and leaves Ryan a voice mail proclaiming that he will fight Ryan's attempts to fire him. Shortly afterward, Creed Bratton (Creed Bratton) and Jim find a video on YouTube of Ryan being arrested for fraud in the full presence of his peers who are all recording his arrest on their cell phones and interrupt Toby's exit interview to show Michael, Toby, Pam, and Holly. In an interview, Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) reveals that Ryan's website was floundering, so he double-counted office sales as website sales, fraudulently inflating the firm's figures. Although Michael is deeply concerned for Ryan, Jim is pleased and leaves Ryan a second voice mail mockingly telling Ryan to disregard the last because he had his "hands tied".

Michael discovers that Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) has artificially inseminated herself from a sperm bank. She explains that she did this while she was dating Michael, but still wants him to be involved in the pregnancy. He initially is indecisive, but eventually calls and agrees to attend Lamaze class with her.

Jim contributes several hundred dollars to the party-planning fund in order to buy fireworks, later revealing that he has decided to propose to Pam, going back to their "first date". Pam notices the purchase and guesses his intentions; however, at the party, Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) ruins the moment by proposing to Angela, who reluctantly accepts. Pam is visibly disappointed that Jim did not propose to her. Michael has security escort Toby out of the office as a parting insult. Dwight is crushed that his ex-girlfriend is marrying someone else. In the last scene of the episode, Phyllis returns to the office, pleased at the success of her party, where she and the camera crew walk in on Angela and Dwight having sex on Angela's desk.

Production

"Goodbye, Toby" was written by Paul Lieberstein and Jennifer Celotta. Lieberstein is also the actor who plays Toby Flenderson. It took Lieberstein and Celotta four or five days to write this episode. Writer Anthony Farrell said that the idea for Dunder Mifflin Infinity to fail was inspired by the days that he was an administrative assistant for Countrywide Home Loans. Farrell recalled watching the company try new online initiatives and seeing them all be unsuccessful. "Goodbye, Toby" was the seventh episode of the series directed by Paul Feig. Feig had previously directed "Office Olympics", "Halloween", "Performance Review", "Email Surveillance", "Survivor Man" and "Dinner Party". Feig was tasked with shooting many of the shots that would hide Angela Kinsey's pregnant stomach. To do this, he "looked for places around the office that could conceal her belly". Notably, the ending of the episode was shot in such a way that the audience could see that Dwight and Angela were having sex, but that Kinsey's stomach would not be seen.

The talking head interview wherein Michael compares Holly to a baker came after what the writers call "blitzes", in which all the writers write a talking head on a specific topic, such as "Michael's feelings to Holly". Then they all read all of them out loud and see which one gets the biggest reaction. The YouTube video of Ryan being arrested was set on a private account. After "Goodbye, Toby" aired, the video was released to the public. When writing the story for the episode, the show originally planned on having Dwight put a badger in Holly's car, but after finding out that it was difficult to get a badger, it was switched to a raccoon. The script also called for the raccoon to attack Meredith, but that was decided against for safety reasons. During one of the takes wherein Michael is singing his parody songs, Carell grabbed a guitar and played an Eddie Van Halen guitar solo, but that scene was cut because it did not match Michael's character. After filming, the editors had about 72 minutes of material that they needed to cut down into 40 minutes. The script also included an un-filmed scene in which Jan reveals to Michael that her sperm donor was Andy Roddick.

"Goodbye, Toby" introduced Holly Flax, played by Amy Ryan, who would go on to become Michael's main love interest. In fact, her return to the series in the seventh season was used by the writers as a way to write Steve Carell out of the series after his contract ended. Ryan gained prominence with her role as Beadie Russell on the HBO series The Wire. The writers of The Office, who were fans of the series, then approached Ryan about appearing in their show. Ryan, feeling that a comedy series would "keep [her] a couple steps ahead of people [and] surprise people" agreed. Holly's character was developed by the writers awhile before the episode was scripted. However, once Ryan began acting on set, Lieberstein explained that "we started to see this really silly side that Amy brought to the character, and [we] found almost like a junior Michael in her. And we all saw it and knew what we had." After the filming of "Goodbye, Toby", the writers were hoping that Ryan would return for the fifth season; the crew had not made a deal with her to film more episodes, but Lieberstein noted that "we knew that she would stay around, or we hoped." The episode also guest starred Melora Hardin, and Robert R. Shafer. The members of Darryl's band are the actual members of actor Craig Robinson's band: Chris Rob played bass, Asa Watkins played drums, and David Sampson played guitar.

The Season Four DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include Michael comparing Toby to the flu, Holly asking Pam if Kevin just ate before jumping in the bounce castle, Jim not sure whether Ryan is going to downsize him, Jim and Pam browsing for apartments online, the revelation that Kevin's band, Scrantonicity played 30 full Police songs during Phyllis's wedding, Kelly watching Ryan's YouTube arrest video over and over again at Jim's desk, Jim asking about the website, and Troy (Noel Potek)—Ryan's drug dealer—showing up in Scranton. In one deleted scene, in which Toby gives a "farewell" speech that is interrupted by Michael, Toby pleads with the Dunder Mifflin staff to continue his fight to have the office checked for Radon; this scene foreshadows the Season 6 episode "The Chump", in which Toby sets numerous Radon test kits around the office.

Cultural references
Michael offers to make Holly a mixtape, which is a personalized compilation of songs recorded onto any audio format. Michael and Holly trade off comments, speaking as if they were Yoda, the diminutive Jedi master from the Star Wars universe. Michael and Holly shout "Acting!"—the catchphrase from the Jon Lovitz' "Master Thespian" skit from Saturday Night Live. Michael sings a parody of "Goodbye Stranger" by Supertramp entitled "Goodbye, Toby". He also mentions two other parodies that he wrote, "Beers in Heaven" and "Total Eclipse of the Fart"; which are respectively parodies of "Tears in Heaven" by Eric Clapton and "Total Eclipse of the Heart" by Bonnie Tyler. The song "Just My Imagination" by The Temptations can also be heard being performed by the band right before Andy proposes to Angela.

Reception
"Goodbye, Toby" first aired on May 15, 2008, on NBC. The episode received 4.1/10 in the 18–49 demographic in the Nielsen ratings. This means that 4.1 percent of all households with an 18- to 49-year-old living in it watched the episode, and ten percent had their televisions tuned to the channel at any point. The episode was watched by 8.07 million viewers.

"Goodbye, Toby" was generally well received by critics. TV Squad's Jay Black said that "The Office is at its best when it's exposing the dramas that take place at every workplace". Black went on to say that Angela's rudeness to Phyllis "was a small thread throughout the show, but a hilarious one". Kelly West of Cinemablend.com wrote that even though the episode did not play-out "the way [she] expected", she was "definitely not complaining". Alan Sepinwall, a writer for The Star-Ledger, was critical of the proposal scenario, saying that "I really, really, really hope the writers aren't going to be foolish enough to try to create real strife in the PB&J (Pam Beesly and Jim) relationship over how long it's going to take Jim to propose." Furthermore, Sepinwall felt that "Goodbye, Toby" might have been, up until that point in the series, the show's "best hour-long 'Office' ever".

Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club noted that "Goodbye, Toby" felt like "the season finaleiest of all season finales", largely because the series "cramm[ed] three or four episodes worth of revelations and big plot twists and turns into one jam-packed, over-stuffed, incidentriffic mega-super-double-extended episode." Rabin was pleased with Ryan's performance, noting that it proved she could play more than an "unfit, coke-crazed, borderline feral Boston shit-kickers", a reference to her Academy Award nominated performance in Gone Baby Gone. Furthermore, he was also complimentary towards the Jim and Pam plot. However, he felt that the episode's "overstuffed" qualities were a weakness, and he ultimately awarded it a "B+". The episode was nominated for an Emmy at the Primetime Emmys in the "Best Direction for a Comedy Series" category in 2008.

References

External links
"Goodbye, Toby" at NBC.com

"Whoaa!! Check it out !!!" by MOPIndustries, the Youtube video of Ryan getting arrested seen in the episode

The Office (American season 4) episodes
2008 American television episodes
The Office (American TV series) episodes in multiple parts
Television episodes directed by Paul Feig

Goodbye, Toby


Lautaro was a Mapuche military leader and relevant actor in the Arauco War. His tactics are today studied in many war academies in the world.

Lautaro was also a son of a mapuche Lonco (chief). When he was young, he was captured by the spanish colonizators and grew up as personal servant of the spanish conqueror of Chile, Pedro de Valdivia. With him, he learned the military tactics of the spanish army.

As he converted into an adult, he ran away from the spanish captivity and went back with the mapuches. With the knowledge adquired, he introduced the horse into the mapuche people and designed new tactics to combat the conquerors militia. So, he attracted around him the dispersed mapuche warrriors and formed a big native army to fight against the conquerors.

He obtained many military successes, destroying new founded cities and making big pression over the few spanish men in the Chilean territory. After he got a substancial victory in the southern city, he began the advance over Santiago, the capital and oldest spanish founded city. Unhappily for him, he was murdered when he was only 200 km away from his destination.

He is considered an important icon of the Arauco War, due his revolutionary strategy and responsability in the union of the disperse mapuche people.

His name was use by Francisco de Miranda, when he founded the Logia Lautaro an american-independist society of the end of 18 century and the beginning of the 19th century.

Related pages

History of Chile
Pedro de Valdivia
Galvarino
Fresia

History of Chile
Chilean military people

Lautaro


A warm front is a leading edge of a warmer air mass that is advancing into a cooler air mass.

Warm fronts usually have stratus and cirrus clouds, but sometimes they also have cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds. Before the warm front passes, there can be rain or snow. While it is passing, there is often light rain or drizzle.

Warm fronts move more slowly than cold fronts.

On a weather map warm fronts are shown as red lines with red semicircles pointing in the direction that the front is moving.

References

Meteorology

Warm front


Events
 March 8 – Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery).
 May 23 – The Second Defenestration of Prague – Protestant noblemen throw three representatives of Ferdinand II out of a window. The event began the Thirty Years' War.
 July 20 – Pluto reached, according to sophisticated mathematical calculations, its second most recent aphelion. The next one occurred in 1866, and the following one will occur in 2113.
 August 29 – Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and Hugo Grotius are imprisoned by Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
 October 29 – English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England.

 The margraves of Brandenburg is granted Polish approval to inherit Ducal Prussia.
 November 13, the Synod of Dordrecht has its first meeting.
 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mustafa I (1617-1623) to Osman II (1618-1622).
 The 3000 seat Teatro Farnese, the first permanent proscenium theatre, was built into the Great Hall of the Palazzo della Pilotta in Parma, Italy in 1618.

1618


HammerFall is a heavy metal/power metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. The band was started in 1993 by the former guitarist of Ceremonial Oath, Oscar Dronjak.

History

1993-1996
HammerFall began when guitarist Oscar Dronjak quit Ceremonial Oath and invited Jesper Strömblad from In Flames to join him as a drummer on a new band he had been thinking about for a long time. Dronjak had already made the song "Steel Meets Steel", which was included on HammerFall's first album. They were later joined by guitarist Niklas Sundin, bassist Johann Larsson and vocalist Mikael Stanne. When Niklas Sundin and Johann Larsson left HammerFall the next year, Glenn Ljungström and Fredrik Larsson replaced them.

Both Dronjak and Strömblad were in other bands: Dronjak was in Crystal Age, Strömblad was in In Flames. Because of this, HammerFall was not very active during this time. The only concert they played was a local music contest called Rockslaget. The band had not written many songs yet, and usually only played covers of bands like Pretty Maids, Judas Priest and Alice Cooper.

In 1996, HammerFall was playing in Rockslaget. They found out Mikael Stanne was not going to be able to perform with the band. Because of this, they started looking for a new singer. They got in contact with Joacim Cans, who agreed to play with them for the night. By the end of that day, Joacim had already been made an official member of the band.

Glory to the Brave
To try to get a record deal, HammerFall recorded a live concert and sent it to the Dutch label, Vic Records. The band got an offer, and spent the rest of the year recording Glory to the Brave. The album was released in the Netherlands first and did pretty well.

As HammerFall became more famous, some of the band members needed to leave because they were already in other bands. To fill the empty musical spots, Stefan Elmgren assumed the lead guitar and Patrik Räfling assumed the drums and Fredrik decided to remain in the band until a suitable replacement for him was found. In May of 1997, bassist Magnus Rosén joined the band. Stefan Elmgren played some of the guitars on the Glory to the Brave album (such as the acoustic guitars on "I Believe") and Patrik Räfling actually played the drums on all songs in place of Jesper, but only as a guest performers, not members of the band.

In early 1997, German label Nuclear Blast approached HammerFall with a contract for a European release of four albums. The deal was accepted and the band recorded two music videos  "HammerFall" and "Glory to the Brave". After the release of a promotional single, Glory to the Brave was released in Europe.

They did their first tours in Europe with Gamma Ray, Jag Panzer, Lake of Tears and Raven.

Near the end of 2007, Glory to the Brave was released in Japan and the United States. They sold over 100,000 copies of the album.

Legacy of Kings
In February 1998, they began recording Legacy of Kings. This album was made by Joacim, Oscar, and Jesper. Jesper had already quit the band, but wanted to help with the album. The album was produced by Fredrik Nordström (from Dream Evil) and Oscar, with the help of Joacim. It took the band one and a half months to record the album.

Before releasing the album, they toured with Alice Cooper, Rammstein, Deep Purple, Dream Theater, Saxon and Stratovarius. On the tour, they played the Beach Boys album Wild Honey in its entirety.

Their first world tour was in October 1998. During the shows in Sweden, Joacim Cans caught a serious throat infection, and he could not sing.  Magnus  Rosén also caught the infection, and after him, all of HammerFall's support crew became sick. The band played for as long as possible and then were had to cancel some of their concerts.

After the tour, Anders Johansson, a friend of Magnus Rosén, joined as the new drummer.

Renegade
After many concerts, the band went back to Sweden and began writing songs for their next album. It took eight weeks to record, and they named it Renegade. A music video by director Roger Johansson was created for the Renegade, and it reached the top of the Swedish charts; then the album also reached the top of the charts.

The band's second world tour started in January 2001.

Crimson Thunder
After the tour, HammerFall recorded their fourth album  Crimson Thunder.

While Joacim was at a rock club he had been frequenting for over a decade, he was attacked by an person who hit him in the head with a beer glass and ran away. Joacim had to be taken to a hospital, where he had plastic surgery and rested for a couple of days.

HammerFall toured after the release of the album. The tour was stopped when Oscar Dronjak had a motorcycle accident, breaking his left arm. HammerFall took a break because of this. Stefan decided to start flying airplanes, Magnus and Anders worked with other bands, and Joacim started on his own project. Joacim also had his first child.

Oscar worked with a team of doctors to get healthy again. After recovering, he toured with HammerFall again.

Chapter V: Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken
Their live album and DVD, One Crimson Night, was released in February 2003. After this, they decided to take a break. Two years later, the band released Chapter V: Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken. A video for the song "Blood Bound" was made by director Roger Johansson.

Threshold
On October 20, 2006, HammerFall released Threshold.

On March 6, 2007, Magnus Rosén left the band. He said he didn't like being in HammerFall because the bass parts of the song were too easy to play, and wanted more of a challenge.

On April 2, 2008 Stefan Elmgren decided to leave HammerFall so he could become and airplane pilot.  Pontus Norgren from The Poodles took over guitar in the band.

No Sacrifice, No Victory

HammerFall's latest album, No Sacrifice, No Victory, was released February 23, 2009.

Band members

 Joacim Cans – lead vocals (1996–present)
 Oscar Dronjak – guitar, backing vocals (1993–present)
 Pontus Norgren – guitar, backing vocals (2008–present)
 Fredrik Larsson – bass, backing vocals (1994–1997, 2007–present)
 Anders Johansson – drums (1999–present)

Former members
 Stefan Elmgren – guitar, backing vocals (1997–2008)
 Magnus Rosén – bass (1997–2007)
 Patrik Räfling – drums (1997–1999)
 Jesper Strömblad – drums (1993–1997)
 Glenn Ljungström – guitar (1995–1997)
 Mikael Stanne – lead vocals (1993–1996)
 Niklas Sundin – guitar (1993–1995)
 Johann Larsson – bass (1993–1994)

Discography

Studio albums
 1996: Glory to the Brave
 1998: Legacy of Kings
 2000: Renegade
 2002: Crimson Thunder
 2005: Chapter V: Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken
 2006: Threshold
 2009: No Sacrifice, No Victory
 2011: Infected
 2014: (r)Evolution
 2016: Built to Last
 2019: Dominion

Power metal bands
Swedish heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Gothenburg

Musical groups established in 1993
1993 establishments in Sweden
Musical groups disestablished in 2003
2003 disestablishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in Sweden
Musical groups established in 2005
2005 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Sweden

HammerFall


The naitional banner o Monaco (French: Drapeau de Monaco) haes twa equal horizontal baunds o reid (top) an white, baith o which hae been the heraldic colors o the Hoose o Grimaldi syne at least 1339. The present bicolor design wis adoptit on Aprile 4, 1881, unner Prince Charles III.

Monaco's oreeginal banner, which wis seemilar tae its current state banner but bore an aulder version o its coat o airms, wis in uise frae the principality's early days (except durin its annexation tae Fraunce frae 1793 tae 1814) till the present, simpler design wis adoptit in 1881.

Anither design (belaw), the banner o the state airms (lozenges in the Grimaldi faimily colors, in heraldic terms "lozengy argent an gules"), wis uised at various times, parteecularly in the 17t century, as an unoffeecial banner, an still appears in some ryal photographs. Housomeivver, it haes nae designatit uise, an daes no represent ony Monegasque offeecial in parteecular.

State banner
Monaco's state banner, which consists o the full achievement o the coat o airms on a white backgrund wi a reid line, is flewn at govrenment offices, the Prince's palace, in the presence o govrenment offeecials, an as an ensign on the Prince's yacht.

Princely staundar

The princely staundar, which consistit o the Croun o Monaco ower twa opposin letters A on a white backgrund, is the personal banner o Prince Albert II, an is anerlie uised in his immediate presence, parteecularly on caurs in which he travels. It is aften seen wi a gowd fringe on the tap, bottom, an richt, which is ane-nint the heicht o the white field.

Similar banners

Except for its proportions, the banner o Monaco is identical tae the banners o Indonesie an the German state o Hesse (baith o which are langer). It is an aa seemilar tae the banners o Singapore (which haes a crescent an five starns in the tap left), Poland an the German state o Thuringie (the order o the colours is reversed on the latter twa). Monaco's banner is ane o the warld's auldest banners.

Notes
 Soorces disagree as tae the banner's usage. Accordin tae Flags of the World it is ; accordin tae the World Flag Database it is ; an accordin tae Whitney Smith's Flags Through the Ages and Across the World (1975), it is .

References

 Explanation o the uise o Monaco's various banners
 World Flag Database Monaco's flags at the Warld Banner Database

Naitional seembols o Monaco
Monaco

Banner o Monaco


All You Need Is Cash (also known as The Rutles) is a 1978 television film that traces (in mockumentary style) the career of a fictitious English rock group called the Rutles. As TV Guide described it, the group's resemblance to the Beatles is "purely – and satirically – intentional".

The film was co-produced by the production companies of Eric Idle and Lorne Michaels, and it was directed by Idle and Gary Weis. It was first broadcast on 22 March 1978 on NBC, earning the lowest ratings of any show on American prime time network television that week, though those who did watch it gave almost unanimously good reviews. It did much better in the ratings when it premiered in the UK on BBC2 on 27 March 1978.

Premise
All You Need Is Cash is a series of skits and gags that illustrate the fictional Rutles story, closely following the chronology of the Beatles' career.

Cast
 Eric Idle as Dirk McQuickly, a parody of Paul McCartney; as The Narrator, a parody of Alan Whicker; and as Stanley J. Krammerhead III, Jr., occasional visiting professor of applied narcotics at the University of Please Yourself, California
 Neil Innes as Ron Nasty, a parody of John Lennon
 John Halsey as Barry Wom (Barrington Womble), a parody of Ringo Starr
 Ricky Fataar as Stig O'Hara, a parody of George Harrison
 Michael Palin as Eric Manchester, Rutle Corp. Press Agent & Lawyer, a parody of Derek Taylor
 George Harrison as The Interviewer
 Bianca Jagger as Martini McQuickly
 John Belushi as Ron Decline, the most feared promoter in the world, a parody of Allen Klein
 Dan Aykroyd as Brian Thigh, ex-record producer who turned down the Rutles, just as Decca had turned down the Beatles, a parody of Dick Rowe
 Gilda Radner as Mrs. Emily Pules
 Bill Murray as Bill Murray the K., a parody of Murray the K.
 Gwen Taylor as Mrs. Iris Mountbatten (Leggy's mother) / Chastity, a parody of Yoko Ono
 Ron Wood as a Hell's Angel
 Terence Bayler as Leggy Mountbatten, a parody of Brian Epstein
 Henry Woolf as Arthur Sultan, the Surrey Mystic, a parody of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
 Jeannette Charles as a Queen of the United Kingdom
 Mick Jagger as himself (uncredited)
 Paul Simon as himself (uncredited)
 Roger McGough as himself (uncredited)
 Ollie Halsall as Leppo, the "fifth Rutle" (ala Zeppo, the fourth Marx Brother), a parody of the so-called "fifth Beatle", Stuart Sutcliffe
 Barry Cryer as Dick Jaws, a partial parody of music publisher and singer Dick James
 Frank Williams as record producer Archie Macaw, a partial parody of George Martin
 Penelope Tree as Penelope, Stig's wife, a partial parody of McCartney ex-girlfriend Jane Asher

Production

Writing
The film was co-written by Eric Idle and Neil Innes. The music and events of the Rutles paralleled that of the Beatles, parodying many of the latter's career highlights. For example, the 1968 animated film Yellow Submarine became the Yellow Submarine Sandwich, and the song "Get Back" became "Get Up and Go".

Casting
The Rutles were played by Eric Idle, John Halsey, Ricky Fataar, and Neil Innes. The band originally appeared in a sketch on Idle's programme Rutland Weekend Television in 1975.

The film has many cameo appearances by both English and American comedians, including alumni of Monty Python, Saturday Night Live, and Rutland Weekend Television. George Harrison has a cameo role as a television journalist conducting an interview outside the headquarters of Rutle Corps, oblivious to the stream of people coming out of the building carrying items stolen from the office; this is a reference to the Beatles' famously plundered Apple Boutique and Apple Headquarters, where even the ceiling lining was looted. The interview ends abruptly as the microphone is stolen out of his hand.

The film also features cameos from Idle's fellow Python Michael Palin; several SNL cast members including Gilda Radner, John Belushi, Bill Murray, Dan Aykroyd, Al Franken, and Tom Davis; Bianca Jagger as Dirk McQuickly's wife Martini; Ronnie Wood as a Hells Angel; and Mick Jagger, Paul Simon, and Roger McGough as themselves.

Soundtrack
Innes, a former member of the English musical comedy group Bonzo Dog Band and an associate of the Monty Python troupe, became acquainted with the Beatles when the Bonzo Dog Band had a cameo appearance in the film Magical Mystery Tour, in which they performed "Death Cab for Cutie". Paul McCartney had also produced the Bonzos' 1968 hit single, I'm the Urban Spaceman, composed and sung by Innes.

Fourteen of Innes's songs were released on a soundtrack album (the CD version added six songs omitted from the original vinyl album) named The Rutles. The album was both critically and commercially successful and was nominated for a Grammy award for Best Comedy Recording of the year. The orchestrations and arrangements for the Rutles recordings were made by film composer John Altman. John Halsey, Ricky Fataar, and Neil Innes performed their own respective musical and vocal parts, but Eric Idle's vocals were sung [slightly sped up] by Ollie Halsall, who also played the lead guitar parts.

Home media
The show has been released on DVD, originally in a 66-minute version incorporating cuts for syndication, later in a "special edition" restored to its full length of 76 minutes and with extras including a commentary by Idle. The full-length version replaces a spoof newsreel voiceover by Idle with an American-sounding announcer.  In 2013, the show was given a Blu-ray release in the form of a double pack with "The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch", once again in including All You Need Is Cash in its original 76-minute version.

The soundtrack was reissued on CD. It included additional tracks from the original television sessions remixed in stereo by Neil Innes. Innes, Fataar and Halsey returned in 1996 to record The Rutles Archaeology, but without the involvement of Eric Idle.

See also
 The Rutles Soundtrack
 The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch
 The Rutles Archaeology

References

Sources

Citations

External links

 Idle Thoughts, an interview with Eric Idle from March 2005
 All You Need Is Cash on NBC-TV, part of an anonymous fan's website

British mockumentary films
1978 films
British parody films
British rock music films
Pop music films
1970s musical comedy films
British musical comedy films
Films directed by Eric Idle
The Beatles in film
Films with screenplays by Eric Idle
Films directed by Gary Weis
Films à clef
1978 comedy films
1978 television films
British satirical films
British musical television films
1970s English-language films
1970s British films
British comedy television films

All You Need Is Cash


Robert Nathaniel Mann (July 19, 1920 – January 1, 2018) was a violinist, composer, conductor, and founding member of the Juilliard String Quartet, as well as a faculty member at the Manhattan School of Music. Mann, the first violinist at Juilliard, served on the school's string quartet for over fifty years until his retirement in 1997.

Mann played and performed on many instruments, including those made by Antonio Stradivari and John Young. Mann was the subject of a 2014 documentary, titled Speak the Music.

Biography

Early life
Mann was born and raised in Portland, Oregon. His father worked as a tailor and a grocer. Mann began his study of the violin at age nine; at 13, he was accepted into the class of Edouard Hurlimann, concertmaster of the Portland Symphony. He attended the Portland Youth Philharmonic, but had planned to become a forest ranger in his youth.

In 1938, at the age of eighteen, he moved to New York City to enroll in the Juilliard School, where he studied violin with Edouard Dethier, composition with Bernard Wagenaar and Stefan Wolpe, and conducting with Edgar Schenkman. Mann won the prestigious Naumburg Competition in 1941 and made his New York debut two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Shortly after his graduation from Juilliard, he was drafted into the US Army.

Career at Juilliard
At the invitation of Juilliard's president, William Schuman, Mann founded the Juilliard String Quartet in 1946 and served as the ensemble's first violinist until his retirement from the quartet in 1997. The quartet, which celebrated its golden jubilee during the 1996–97 season, had played approximately 5,000 concerts and performed more than 600 works, including some 100 premieres. Its discography includes recordings of more than 100 compositions. They have received three Grammy awards for their recordings.

Mann composed more than 30 works for narrator with various instruments that he performed with his wife, the actress Lucy Rowan; several have been recorded on the Musical Heritage label. He also composed a Fantasy for Orchestra performed by Dimitri Mitropoulos with the New York Philharmonic, the Vienna Philharmonic, and at the Salzburg Festival; a Duo for Violin and Piano premiered at Carnegie Hall by Itzhak Perlman and Samuel Sanders; and a string quartet included in the repertoires of both the La Salle and the Concord string quartets. Other works include a Duo for Cello and Piano written for Joel Krosnick and Gilbert Kalish, a Concerto for Orchestra, and "Lament" for two solo violas and orchestra.

Robert Mann's solo discography includes Béla Bartók's Solo Violin Sonata, the Sonata No. 1 for violin and piano, and Contrasts; Beethoven's complete violin sonatas (with pianist Stephen Hough); many of Mozart's violin sonatas, with pianist Yefim Bronfman; and Elliott Carter's Duo for Violin and Piano, with Christopher Oldfather.

Mann conducted throughout his professional career; he led the Boston Symphony Orchestra in a Peter Bartók recording of Béla Bartók's Piano Concerto No. 1. He made his public debut as a conductor with the Seattle Symphony during the 1988-89 season, and conducted Mozart's Jupiter Symphony the following season in New York City.

Other work
As a mentor to younger generations of string musicians, Mann worked intensively with the Alexander, American, Concord, Emerson, New World, Mendelssohn, Tokyo, Brentano, Lark, and St. Lawrence strings quartets, as well as with members of the Cleveland String Quartet and other ensembles. In later years, he expanded his teaching to include violin majors at the Juilliard School. Among his students were Juliette Kang, who won the Indianapolis International Violin Competition in 1994, and Mark Steinberg, the first violinist of the Brentano String Quartet.

Founder and first artistic director of the Ravinia Stean's Institute for Young Artists at Chicago's Ravinia Festival, Mann also served as chairman of the Chamber Music Panel of the National Endowment for the Arts. He was a member of the board of directors of the New York Philharmonic, and president of the Walter W. Naumburg Foundation. In 1990, Mann was honored as the recipient of the Chamber Music America Service Award and the annual award of the American String Teachers Association. He received honorary doctorates from the Manhattan School of Music, Oberlin College, Michigan State University, Earlham College, Jacksonville University, and the San Francisco Conservatory of Music.

Mann's son, Nicholas, a violinist and violist with whom the senior Mann often played duo recitals, is a founding member of the Mendelssohn String Quartet. His daughter, Lisa Mann, is a psychologist. Aerospace and biomedical engineering entrepreneur Alfred E. Mann is his brother.

In recognition of his contributions to the arts, Robert Mann was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in April 1996.

Mann died on January 1, 2018.

References

Bibliography

External links
Juilliard School page
Art of the States: Robert Mann

1920 births
2018 deaths
American classical composers
American classical violinists
Male classical violinists
American male classical composers
American male violinists
20th-century American Jews
Jewish classical violinists
Juilliard School alumni
Juilliard School faculty
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
Portland Youth Philharmonic alumni
Educators from Oregon
Dreams (band) members
Juilliard String Quartet members
United States Army personnel of World War II
Classical musicians from Oregon
21st-century American Jews

Robert Mann


Parallel could mean:

 Parallel (geometry), as in "parallel lines"
 Circle of latitude, an imaginary east-west line circling a globe, e.g. the 38th parallel
 Parallelism (grammar), a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses
 Parallel study, a type of clinical study
 Parallel circuits, as opposed to series
 Parallel import, also known as a "grey market product"
 Parallel transport, in mathematics using vectors and smooth curves

In music:
 Parallel key, the minor (or major) key of a major (or minor) key with the same tonic
 Harmonic parallelism, also known as "harmonic planing" or "parallel voice leading"
 Parallel fifths, also known as "consecutive fifths", involve the concurrence of successive intervals of a perfect fifth between two voices in parallel motion -- a harmonization generally forbidden in modern musical theory

Other:
 Parallel (manga) (ぱられる) is a shōnen manga by Toshihiko Kobayashi
 Parallel 9, A British children's television show

Related pages
 Parallel computing
 Parallel evolution
 Parallel universe
 Parallel port

Basic English 850 words

Parallel


ECAC Hockey is a group of colleges and universities in the Northeastern United States who play NCAA Division I hockey against one another every season.. It is the only NCAA Division I hockey conference whose members all have varsity men's and women's teams. The league's champions are automatically invited to the NCAA Division I men's and women's hockey tournaments.

Another unique feature of the conference is its unofficial relationship with another conference, the Ivy League. Six of the Ivy league's eight schools have both men's and women's hockey teams; all six are members of ECAC Hockey. Although the Ivy League does not officially sponsor hockey, it still has a conference hockey champion—it uses the results of its members in ECAC Hockey to determine a winner.

During the major hockey conference realignment of 2011 and 2012 triggered by the decision of the Big Ten Conference to start a men's hockey league in 2013, the ECAC was the only Division I men's hockey conference that neither gained nor lost a member.

Current members are:
 Brown University
 Clarkson University
 Colgate University
 Cornell University
 Dartmouth College
 Harvard University
 Princeton University
 Quinnipiac University
 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
 St. Lawrence University
 Union College
 Yale University

References

ECAC Hockey


Brenda Lee is the second studio album by American singer Brenda Lee. The album was released August 1, 1960 on Decca Records and was produced by Owen Bradley. The album's second single "Sweet Nothin's" became Lee's first major hit single on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking within the Top 10. This was followed by the third single "I'm Sorry" released the following year that became her first single to top the Billboard Hot 100.

Background and content
Brenda Lee was prepared in four separate sessions between 1958 and 1960 all at the Bradley Film and Recording Studio. The first session took place October 19, 1958, followed by a second session on August 13, 1959, which was then proceeded by a third session March 27, 1960. The final session took place one day later on March 28, 1960. Like her previous release, the album contained twelve tracks. Two tracks were stereo remakes of her earliest singles, her cover of Hank Williams's "Jambalaya", which was Lee's first single in 1956, and her 1957 single "Dynamite". The second track entitled "Weep No More Baby" was written by John D. Loudermilk and Marijohn Wilkin. The ninth track "That's All You Gotta Do" was written by country artist Jerry Reed, which was released as the B-side to Lee's 1960 single "I'm Sorry".

The album was originally released in the U.S. in monaural (Decca DL 4039) and stereo (Decca DL 74039) versions on an LP record, containing six songs on the first side of the record and six songs on the opposite end. The album has never been reissued on a compact disc in the United States, but it has been released in this format in Argentina and the United Kingdom.

Release
The album's first single "Let's Jump the Broomstick" was released in April 1959. While it did not chart in the United States, the track did chart in the United Kingdom, peaking at #12 on the UK Singles Chart. "Sweet Nothin's" was released as the album's official second single in September 1959, becoming her first single to reach the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #4. In addition, the song also reached the same position on the UK Singles Chart. The third and final single released was "I'm Sorry", which became Lee's first song to reach #1 on the Billboard Hot 100, while also reaching #12 in the United Kingdom. "I'm Sorry's" B-side also gained significant radio airplay in 1960 and the song entitled "That's All You Gotta Do" peaked at #6 on the Billboard Hot 100. Both the songs "Sweet Nothin's" and "That's All You Gotta Do" also peaked within the Top 10 and 20 on the Billboard R&B music chart in 1960, reaching #12 and #19 respectively. Brenda Lee was officially released on August 1, 1960, peaking at #5 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, becoming one of three albums released to peak within the Top 10 on the Billboard 200 list.

Track listing
Side one
"Dynamite" (Mort Garson, Tom Glazer) – 1:57
"Weep No More Baby" (John D. Loudermilk, Marijohn Wilkin) – 3:00
"Jambalaya (On the Bayou)" (Hank Williams) – 2:42
"(If I'm Dreaming) Just Let Me Dream" (Charles Singleton) – 2:49
"Be My Love Again" (Chuck Taylor) – 2:37
"My Baby Likes Western Guys" (Jackie Dee) – 2:13

Side two
"Sweet Nothin's" (Ronnie Self) – 2:24
"I'm Sorry" (Dub Allbritten, Self) – 2:40
"That's All You Gotta Do" (Jerry Reed) – 2:27
"Heading Home" – 2:40
"Wee Wee Willies" (Self) – 2:06
"Let's Jump the Broomstick" (Chas Robbins) – 2:25

Personnel
 Harold Bradley – guitar
 Floyd Cramer – piano
 Dottie Dillard – background vocals
 Buddy Emmons – steel guitar
 Hank Garland – guitar
 Buddy Harman – drums
 Anita Kerr – background vocals
 Douglas Kirkham – background vocals, drums
 Millie Kirkham – background vocals
 Brenda Lee – lead vocals
 Grady Martin – guitar
 Bob Moore – bass
 Louis Nunley – background vocals
 Boots Randolph – saxophone
 Bill Wright – background vocals

Sales chart positions
Album

Singles

References

1960 albums
Brenda Lee albums
Albums produced by Owen Bradley
Decca Records albums

Brenda Lee (album)


Middleburg is a rural unincorporated community with a post office sitting just off the Green River in central Casey County, Kentucky, United States. The first land owner in the area was Abraham Lincoln I, the grandfather of president Abraham Lincoln, who purchased  in the area in 1784. In 1800, Lincoln transferred the land to Christopher Riffe.

Riffe built a home there and operated a mill, which began the focal point of the community. He was also the community's first postmaster when the post office first opened on February 11, 1837. He named it possibly for Middleburg, Virginia; or because of its location midway between Liberty and Hustonville.

References

Unincorporated communities in Casey County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky

Middleburg, Kentucky


An emsav chipko, pe Chipko Andolan zo un emsav difenn ar gwez ha koadoù en India savet e 1973 ha skignet e meur a vro dre ar bed abaoe

Levrioù
 Anupam Mishra, Satyendra Tripathi: Chipko movement: Uttarakhand women's bid to save forest wealth. Pub. by People's Action, 1978.
 J. Bandopadhyay and Vandana Shiva: Chipko: India's Civilisational Response to the Forest Crisis. Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage. Pub. by INTACH, 1986.
 J. Bandopadhyay and Vandana Shiva: "The Chipko Movement Against Limestone Quarrying in Doon Valley" in: Lokayan Bulletin, 5 : 3, 1987, pp. 19–25 online
 Thomas Weber, Hugging the trees: the story of the Chipko movement, Viking, 1988.
 Somen Chakraborty: A Critique of Social Movements in India: Experiences of Chipko, Uttarakhand, and Fishworkers' Movement, Published by Indian Social Institute, 1999.
 Guha, Ramachandra: The Unquiet woods : ecological change and peasant resistance in the Himalaya, Berkeley, Calif. [etc.] : University of California Press, Expanded edition 2000.
 Rangan, Haripriya : Of Myths and movements : rewriting Chipko into Himalayan history, London [etc.]: Verso, 2000. Excerpts
 Chapter 4 – Hugs the Tree Gandhi today: a report on Mahatma Gandhi's successors, by Mark Shepard. Published by Shepard Publications, 1987.
 Chapter 4 – The Chipko movement Ecology and the Politics of Survival: Conflicts Over Natural Resources in India, by Vandana Shiva. United Nations University Press. Sage Publications. 1991.

Notennoù

Endro
Istor India

Chipko


"A Painful Case" is a short story, written by James Joyce, an Irish author. This short story is one of the series which was published in his 1914 series.

Plot
A Painful Case tells of the loneliness and isolation of two characters, Mr. James Duffy and Mrs. Emily Sinico. He is a lonely person who meets a woman by accident.  Every morning he goes to work from his isolated suburb of Dublin by tram. In the afternoons, he goes to Dan Burk's and eats his lunch there; a bottle of larger beer and a few arrowroot biscuits. At four o'clock, he is free. He has done the same work for four years, so his daily routine never changes. His evenings are always spent playing his landlady's piano or roaming around the city.  He doesn't have friends or companions; he enjoys his own spirituality by himself.  He visits his family and relatives only at Christmas or for a funeral, but only when someone in his family dies. His only hobby is to attend an opera or a concert since he is a fan of Mozart.

One evening, Mr. Duffy attends a concert in the Rotunda and notices a lady sitting next to him; Mrs. Sinico. When she comments about the small audience, he sees this as an invitation to talk to her.  She is attractive and looks intelligent. In a few weeks, he meets her again at a concert in Earlsfort Terrace. This time, he has an opportunity to be close to her, while she is paying attention to her daughter. During their conversation, he figures out that she has a husband, but he doesn't feel cautious of her. They then meet a third time by accident, and he asks her to meet him again. After that, they begin to see each other often, in her house.

He lends his books and music to her and shares his intellectual life. They are becoming close and spend more time together at her house. They talk about personal matters. They stay together until dark. They seem to have many things in common. One night, in a moment of excitement, she presses his hand to her cheek. He is surprised by this because she has misunderstood that he has the same feelings for her. He is confused by how she interpreted his words. After this incident, he doesn't visit her for a week and then sends mail asking to meet her. In the end, they agree they cannot meet again and so they stop talking.

After four years,  Mr. Duffy has returned to his normal life. However, he avoids concerts because he is afraid of seeing her. One night he reads in a newspaper of her death;  "Mrs. Emily Sinico, aged forty-three years, was killed at Sydney Parade Station yesterday evening."  After reading the painful news, he is disgusted by it. To him, she seems crude for having gotten drunk and then dying in such a shameful manner. He goes out to the pub thinking of the memory of her hand touching him. While he is drinking, he struggles with two images of her;  the lonely drunkard and the intelligent woman he was close to. He realizes that she is now just a memory. He wonders if he could have done something for her. He now realizes he loves her, but it is too late. Now, he thinks of their lonely lives. He knows that his life will continue in the same pattern until he dies. As he walks, even though it is extremely cold, he feels that she is there with him; it seems that he could even hear her voice, since his memory of her is so strong. He looks down at the wall of the park and he sees lovers lying there.  He feels that he is an outcast from human life. The lovers are aware that he is there and they wish he would leave.

Summary
When Mrs. Sinico showed interest,  Mr. Duffy ignored her emotions. Perhaps, his cold-headedness broke her heart.  She thought she was close to him, so she opened up to him, while he only thought of her as a friend. She desired love and caring because she was lonely, even though she was married with a child. He didn't realize until she was gone, that he would be alone until his death.

British short stories
Works of James Joyce

A Painful Case


A patent troll is an unkind phrase used to describe a company or person that owns a patent and tries to get other people to pay a lot of money for the right to use the patent. The patent troll usually asks for an amount of money that is less than defending a lawsuit.

A patent troll is different from other patent owners for two reasons. First, the patent troll usually does not make or sell any products itself. Second, a patent troll is also not usually the inventor.  The patent troll instead buys the patent from other companies, and, usually, very cheap because the other company was going out of business.

Patent trolls make a lot of people unhappy because the money paid is a lot like a tax. The term troll itself is meant to invoke the image from fairy tales of a mean monster living under a bridge that makes people pay to cross the bridge.

Intellectual property law

Patent troll


Events
 Hasdrubal Gisco commits suicide to avoid being lynched by a Carthaginian mob.
 October 19 — The Battle of Zama ends the Second Punic War and largely destroys the power of Carthage. Roman and Numidian forces under the laedership of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his Numidian ally, Masinissa, defeat a combined army of Carthaginians and their Numidian allies under the command of Hannibal and forces Carthage to capitulate. Hannibal loses 20,000 men in the defeat, but he is able to escape Masinissa's pursuit.

200s BC

202 BC


An allemande () is a dance that was popular in Baroque music of the 17th and early 18th centuries.  The word comes from the French word for "German".

Composers of the Baroque period often wrote a group of dances called a suite.  There was usually an allemande, a courante, a sarabande and a gigue, in that order. Sometimes there were one or two other dances as well.  Sometimes a suite started with a prelude (an introductory movement) before the allemande.

The allemande was played at a moderate speed - not very fast, nor very slow.  There were usually 4 beats in a bar (4/4 time) but also sometimes in 2/2 time, and it started with an anacrusis (an upbeat, i.e. one, or possibly a small group of notes which were not on the first beat of a bar).

Ballroom dances
Musical forms

Allemande


Tasman Peninsula is 75 km by road south-east of Hobart, at the south east corner of Tasmania, Australia.

Location
Tasman Peninsula is south and west of Forestier Peninsula. It is connected by a very narrow piece of land (isthmus) called Eaglehawk Neck.  The Forestier Peninsula is joined to the rest of Tasmania by an isthmus called East Bay Neck, near the town of Dunalley about 60 km from Hobart.

There are a lot of things for visitors to see including the Conservation Park, on the main highway at Taranna, the Port Arthur Historic Site and a number of beaches.

Early history
The first people to live here were the Australian aborigines. They were part of a group known as the Ostyer Bay tribe. This large group lived on the east coast of Tasmania. The Tasman Peninsula is named after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman.

The first European settlement of the Peninsula was Port Arthur in the 1830s.  It was selected as a penal colony because it was isolated from the rest of Tasmania. It could be easily got to by sea. The other prison colony at Macquarie Harbour on the west coast was too difficult to get to by sea. The prisoners there were moved to a new prison at Port Arthur. The peninsula also had a lot of trees that could be used for ship building and building houses. It had a deep sheltered harbour where visiting British warships could be repaired.  Eaglehawk Neck was lined with guards and guard dogs, to prevent the escape of any convicts. Some did escape, including the bushranger Martin Cash.

The Saltwater River, Tasmania historic site (entry free) is near the north west tip of the peninsula. It was originally the site of a coal mine. Prisoners dug for coal during the day and lived in underground cells at night.

The prison at Port Arthur is now a tourist attraction. Tourism is a major business in most of Tasmania. Bushwalking is also popular in the remote parts of the peninsula. Popular places to walk to include Cape Raoul and Cape Pillar at the south west and south east ends of the Peninsula, on either side of the entrance to Port Arthur.

Tasmanian Devil
It is now the main area in the battle to save the Tasmanian Devil from extinction. The devils have been getting a new type of cancer called Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD). It has spread quickly through the devil population. The disease has already killed more than half of the Tasmanian devils.

The peninsula's isolation from the Tasmanian mainland is ideal for keeping a healthy wild Tasmanian devil population. This project involves the local Tasmanian Devil Conservation Park at Taranna and government and university scientists.

Coastline
The rocky coastline has been the site of a number of shipwrecks.  Two large steam ships have sunk after hitting the Hyppolyte Rocks off the east coast - the Tasman in 1883 and the Nord in 1915.  Munroe Bight to the north of Cape Pillar is named after the American ship James Munroe wrecked there in 1850.

Local industry
In the years between convict settlement and the start of the modern tourist industry the area most people worked in the timber industry and fishing.  The area was not suitable for big farms. There are some fruit orchards and some small mixed farms. The area was isolated until a regular river steamer began sailing from Port Arthur to Hobart in the 1880s.  From 1900 to the 1930s the main shipping company was the Huon, Channel & Peninsula Steamship Company. They owned several ships including the M.V. Cartela.

Many smaller towns are also on the Tasman Peninsula. The largest are Nubeena and Koonya. Smaller villages are Premaydena, Highcroft and Stormlea.

The local government area is the Tasman Council. The major road to Hobart is called the Arthur Highway.  The current population is around 2000. In summer the area gets many visitors and the population rises to around 6000.

The Tasman Peninsula is well known for its rocky eastern coastline. Much of it is now in the Tasman National Park. At Eaglehawk Neck the rocks have made many strange shapes and patterns. These include Remarkable Caves, Tasman's Arch and the Tessellated Pavement. On the south of the peninsula are the highest sea cliffs in the southern hemisphere, rising 300 m above the Tasman Sea at Cape Hauy. The peninsula is claimed as one of Australias best surfing spots at Cape Roaul and Roaring Beach.

References

Broxam & Nash, Tasmanian Shipwrecks, Volumes I and II, Navarine Publishing, Canberra, 1998 & 2000.
Nicholson, Ian H., Shipping Arrivals & Departures, Tasmania, Volumes I and II, Roebuck Society, Canberra, 1983, 1985.
Historical Records of Australia.
George Cox, Ships in Tasmanian Waters, Fullers Bookshop, Hobart, 1971.

Further reading
Storey, Shirley and Peter.(1990) Tasman tracks- 25 walks on the Tasman and Forestier Peninsulas Koonya Press.

Geography of Tasmania
Peninsulas of Australia

Tasman Peninsula


Edward Vermilye Huntington (April 26, 1874November 25, 1952) was an American mathematician.

Biography
Huntington was awarded the B.A. and the M.A. by Harvard University in 1895 and 1897, respectively. After two years' teaching at Williams College, he began a doctorate at the University of Strasbourg, which was awarded in 1901. He then spent his entire career at Harvard, retiring in 1941. He taught in the engineering school, becoming Professor of Mechanics in 1919. Although Huntington's research was mainly in pure mathematics, he valued teaching mathematics to engineering students. He advocated mechanical calculators and had one in his office. He had an interest in statistics, unusual for the time, and worked on statistical problems for the USA military during World War I.

Huntington's primary research interest was the foundations of mathematics. He was one of the "American postulate theorists" (according to Michael Scanlan, the expression is due to John Corcoran), American mathematicians active early in the 20th century (including E. H. Moore and Oswald Veblen) who proposed axiom sets for a variety of mathematical systems. In so doing, they helped found what is now known as metamathematics and model theory.

Huntington was perhaps the most prolific of the American postulate theorists, devising sets of axioms (which he called "postulates") for groups, abelian groups, geometry, the real number field, and complex numbers. His 1902 axiomatization of the real numbers has been characterized as "one of the first successes of abstract mathematics" and as having "filled the last gap in the foundations of Euclidean geometry".  Huntington excelled at proving axioms independent of each other by finding a sequence of models, each one satisfying all but one of the axioms in a given set. His 1917 book The Continuum and Other Types of Serial Order was in its day "...a widely read introduction to Cantorian set theory" (Scanlan 1999). Yet Huntington and the other American postulate theorists played no role in the rise of axiomatic set theory then taking place in continental Europe.

In 1904, Huntington put Boolean algebra on a sound axiomatic foundation. He revisited Boolean axiomatics in 1933, proving that Boolean algebra required but a single binary operation (denoted below by infix '+') that commutes and associates, and a single unary operation, complementation, denoted by a postfix prime. The only further axiom Boolean algebra requires is:

(a '+b ')'+(a '+b)' = a,

now known as Huntington's axiom.

Revising a method from Joseph Adna Hill, Huntington is credited with the method of equal proportions or Huntington–Hill method of apportionment of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives to the states, as a function of their populations determined in the U.S. Census.  This mathematical algorithm has been used in the U.S. since 1941 and is currently the method used.

In 1919, Huntington was the third President of the Mathematical Association of America, which he helped found as a charter member and its first vice-president. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1913 and the American Philosophical Society in 1933. In 1942 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.

Notes

References
 Scanlan, M. (1999) "Edward Vermilye Huntington," American National Biography 11: 534-36, Oxford University Press.

External links

 Photograph of E. V. Huntington, courtesy of the Mathematical Association of America.
 NEW SETS OF INDEPENDENT POSTULATES FOR THE ALGEBRA OF LOGIC, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WHITEHEAD AND RUSSELL'S PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA* by EDWARD V. HUNTINGTON from January 1933

1874 births
1952 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Williams College faculty
University of Strasbourg alumni
Harvard University Department of Mathematics faculty
Harvard University faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Presidents of the Mathematical Association of America
20th-century American mathematicians
People from Clinton, Oneida County, New York

Edward Vermilye Huntington


The word register can have several meanings.  Very often it means: something that is written down so that there is a record (written proof) of something.  It may, for example be a list of names.

It can also be used as a verb: to register, i.e. to write something down in an official register (e.g. a special book), e.g. to register a birth, marriage or death.

Registration is the act of registering or being registered.

Documents, records and government
 Aircraft registration, compulsory registration of an aircraft with a government authority
 Check register, booklet used to record account transactions
 Family register, a registry used in many countries to track information of a genealogical or legal interest
 Regesta, a record of assets in ancient Rome, from which the English word register is derived
 Registered mail, trackable mail service available in most countries
 Registered nurse
 Registered partnership, similar to a civil union
 Registered trademark symbol
 Registration statement, in the United States, a set of documents including a prospectus, that a company must file with the Securities and Exchange Commission before it proceeds with an initial public offering
 Summit register (or canister), record of visitors to a mountain's summit
 Vehicle registration, compulsory registration of a vehicle with a government authority
 Vehicle registration plate,  metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes
 Voter registration, entry onto an electoral roll

Technology and telecommunication
 Cash register, a device for recording retail transactions and storing money
 FCC registration program, relating to telephone equipment in the United States
 Hardware register, a placeholder for information about some hardware condition
 Image registration, process of transforming different sets of data into one coordinate system
 Printing registration, in color printing, the correlating of colors in a single image
 Processor register, a component inside a central processing unit for storing information
 Quantum register, the quantum mechanical analogue of a classical processor register
 Register, an air-return vent or heating air duct in home and office heating.
 Register (photography), attribute of a lens mount system
 Register (sculpture), the separation of multiple pictographic scenes from each other
 Register signaling, in telecommunications
 Registered user, one who registers for a program or website and provides his or her credentials to access it
 Status register, a collection of flag bits for a micro-processor

Linguistics
 Register and contour tones, a linguistics term for tones distinguished by relative pitch
 Register (phonology), a language that combines tone with phonation
 Register (sociolinguistics), a form of a language used for a particular purpose or social setting

Publications
 The Des Moines Register, Des Moines, Iowa newspaper
 Federal Register, public journal of the United States federal government
 New Haven Register, New Haven, Connecticut newspaper
 The Orange County Register, Santa Ana, California, newspaper
 The Register, genealogical journal and the official publication of the New England Historic Genealogical Society
 The Register (originally South Australian Gazette and Colonial Register), first newspaper in South Australia
 The Register, technology news website
 Sheffield Register, a defunct Sheffield, England, newspaper

Maritime
 Indian Register of Shipping
 International Register of Shipping
 Korean Register of Shipping
 Lloyd's Register
 Naval Vessel Register
 Norwegian International Ship Register
 Norwegian Ship Register
 Polish Register of Shipping
 Russian Maritime Register of Shipping
 USS Register, the name of more than one United States Navy ship

Music
 Register (music), the relative "height" or range of a note, melody, part, musical instrument, etc.
 Registration (organ), the art of combining the different sounds of a pipe organ to make the right sound for the piece of music

Comics
 Registration acts (comics), fictional legislation that is a focus in Marvel Comics

Places
 Register, Georgia, United States

Related pages
 Incorporation (business)—includes registration of a corporation
 Licensure
 Registry (disambiguation)
 Registrar

Register


The Boat That Rocked is a soundtrack album to the 2009 British film of the same title, a comedy about a fictitious British pirate radio station set in 1966. The soundtrack was released March 30, 2009 through Mercury Records as a double album featuring popular rock, pop, and soul artists of the 1960s. It also includes David Bowie's 1983 song "Let's Dance" and a 2009 cover version of "Stay with Me" performed by Duffy, with Lorraine Ellison's original 1966 version included as well. In North America, where the film was retitled Pirate Radio, the soundtrack album was released November 10, 2009 through Universal Republic. The Pirate Radio version omits four tracks that were included on The Boat That Rocked album—"Crimson and Clover" by Tommy James and the Shondells, "The Letter" by The Box Tops, "The End of the World" by Skeeter Davis, and "Hang On Sloopy" by The McCoys—and reverses the order of tracks 7 and 8 on the second disc.

Track listing

The Boat That Rocked version

Pirate Radio version

Charts

Certifications

References

2009 soundtrack albums
Comedy film soundtracks

The Boat That Rocked (soundtrack)


Leonard Simon Nimoy (March 26, 1931February 27, 2015) was an American actor, movie director, poet, musician and photographer. He was famous for playing the character of Spock on Star Trek, an American television series that was made for three years in the late 1960s.

Early life
Nimoy was born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts. His parents were immigrants from Ukraine. They were Dora Spinner and Max Nimoy. He took acting classes at Boston College and the Pasadena Playhouse.

Career

Nimoy began his career in his early twenties, teaching acting classes in Hollywood and making minor movie and television appearances through the 1950s, as well as playing the title role in Kid Monk Baroni.

In 1965, he made his first appearance in the rejected Star Trek pilot "The Cage", and went on to play the character of  Spock until 1969. He followed his role of Spock by eight feature movie and guest slots in the various spin-off series. The character has had a significant cultural impact and earned Nimoy three Emmy Award nominations; TV Guide named Spock one of the 50 greatest TV characters. After the original Star Trek series, Nimoy starred in Mission: Impossible for two seasons, hosted the documentary series In Search of..., narrated Civilization IV, and made several well-received stage appearances. He also had a recurring role in the science fiction series Fringe.

Later career
Nimoy's fame as Spock was such that both of his autobiographies, I Am Not Spock (1975) and I Am Spock (1995), were written from the viewpoint of sharing his existence with the character. Nimoy has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2011, Nimoy voiced the main villain, Sentinel Prime, in Transformers: Dark of the Moon. In 2009 and in 2013, Nimoy played Spock Prime in the J. J. Abrams Star Trek movies: Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness. He also voiced Master Xehanort in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep and Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance.

Personal life

Nimoy was married twice. In 1954, he married actress Sandra Zober (1927–2011), whom he divorced in 1987. On New Year's Day of 1989, he married actress Susan Bay, cousin of director Michael Bay. Nimoy had a daughter and son by his first wife.

Death
Shortly after he was photographed in a wheelchair and using an oxygen mask, Nimoy said in February 2014 that he had been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Little over a year later, Nimoy died from the disease on February 27, 2015 at the age of 83 in his Bel Air home.

Nimoy was laid to rest in a private service in Los Angeles on March 1, 2015 at the Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California. He was buried on a Sunday since Jewish tradition does not allow such services on a Saturday.

Movies

Director
 Vincent: Based on the play "Van Gogh" by Phillip Stephens (1978-1981)
 Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984)
 Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986)
 Three Men and a Baby (1987)
 The Good Mother (1988)
 Funny About Love (1990)
 Holy Matrimony (1994)
 episodes of T.J. Hooker, The Powers of Matthew Star, and Deadly Games

Actor

 Kid Monk Baroni (1951)
 Rhubarb (1951)
 Zombies of the Stratosphere (1952)
 Them! (1954)
 Satan's Satellites (1958)
 The Brain Eaters (1958)
 Harbor Command (Episode - Contraband Diamonds) (1958)
 The Twilight Zone – "A Quality of Mercy" (1961)
 General Hospital (1963)
 Perry Mason (1963)
 Combat! (1965) Two Episodes
 Deathwatch (1966)
 The Man From U.N.C.L.E. (1966)
 Get Smart (1966)
 Star Trek (1966-1969): Lieutenant Commander/Commander Spock
 Mission Impossible (1969-1971) The Indomitable Paris
 The Alpha Caper (1973) (TV)
 Columbo (1973) (TV)
 Star Trek: The Animated Series (1973-1974)
 Equus (1977) (Broadway Play) Dr. Martin Dysart
 Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)
 Vincent: Based on the play "Van Gogh" by Phillip Stephens (1978-1981)
 Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979)
 A Woman Called Golda (1982) (TV)
 Marco Polo (1982) (mini) TV Series
 Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982)
 Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984)
 The Sun Also Rises (1984) (mini) TV Series
 The Transformers: The Movie (1986) Galvatron (voice only)
 Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986)
 Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989)
 The Simpsons, "Marge vs. the Monorail" (1993) as himself
 Never Forget (1991) (TV)
 Star Trek: The Next Generation – "Unification" (1991) (two-part episode): Ambassador Spock
 Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991)
 Lights: The Miracle of Chanukah (1993) (voice)
 The Halloween Tree (1993) (voice)
 The Pagemaster (1994) Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde (voice)
 The Time Machine (1994) (audio drama) The Time Traveller
 The Simpsons, "The Springfield Files" (1997) as himself
 Brave New World (1998)
 Futurama, "Space Pilot 3000" (1999)
 Seaman (2000): Narrator (voice)
 Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001): King Kashekim Nedakh (voice)
 Becker (2001)
 Futurama, "Where No Fan Has Gone Before" (2002)
 Civilization IV (2006): Narrator (voice)
 What's going on up there? (2006): Narrator/Introduction (voice)
 Star Trek (movie) (2009): as Spock
 Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011): as Sentinal Prime (voice)
 Star Trek Into Darkness (2013): as Spock

Music videos
 1967: "The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins" by Leonard Nimoy
 1985: "Going Down to Liverpool" by The Bangles
 2011: "The Lazy Song" by Bruno Mars (alternate official video)

References

Other websites

 Leonard Nimoy's entry at Startrek.com
 Archive of American Television Interview with Leonard Nimoy Nov 2, 2000 on Google Video
 Leonard Nimoy Poetry and Photography
 Leonard Nimoy Official Fan Club
 Leonard Nimoy's Photography
 Maiden Wine

1931 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Boston
American activists
American movie directors
American movie actors
American photographers
American poets
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from COPD
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Musicians from Boston
Singers from Boston
Writers from Boston

Leonard Nimoy


The Sea of Galilee is Israel's largest freshwater lake, about 53 kilometers (33 miles) around, about 21 km (13 miles) long, and 13 km (8 miles) wide; it has a total area of 166 km², and a depth of about 43 meters.  At 209 meters below sea level, it is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth, and the second lowest lake in the world after the Dead Sea, a saltwater lake. It is not a real sea - it is called a sea because of tradition.

The lake is also known on modern maps as Lake Galilee or Lake Tiberias, in the region of Galilee. In modern Hebrew, it is known as  (), "Sea of Kinnereth" (Numbers 34:11; Joshua 13:27).  It has also been called the Lake of Gennesaret or the Sea of Gennesaret (Luke 5:1) after the name of a small fruitful plain on its western side. The Arabic name for the lake is  (بحيرة طبريا) meaning Lake Tiberias. Other names are:  Ginnosar, Lake of Gennesar, Sea of Chinneroth, Sea of Tiberias (Roman) and Waters of Gennesareth.

Its main source is the Jordan River, which flows through it from north to south.  The lake is deep in the Jordan Great Rift Valley, the valley caused by the separation of the African and Arabian Plates.  Because of this, the area has earthquakes and, in the past, volcanic activity.

Due to its low-lying position in the rift valley, surrounded by hills, the sea can get sudden violent storms; as in the New Testament story about Jesus calming the storm. A main feature of the lake seems to be that it is always changing.  It is still famous, just as in New Testament times, for having plenty of fish, and in today's restaurants, "St. Peter's Fish" (tilapia) is very popular.

History and scripture
The Sea of Galilee is on the ancient Via Maris road which linked Egypt with the northern empires. The Greeks, Hasmoneans, and Romans started towns and settlements here: Gadara, Hippos, Tiberias and others. The 1st century historian Flavius Josephus wrote of a large fishing industry at this time, with 230 boats regularly working in the lake.

Much of the ministry of Jesus was on the shores of Lake Galilee. In those days, there were many settlements and villages all around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat.  The gospels of Mark (1:14-20), Matthew (4:18-22), and Luke (5:1-11) tell how Jesus got four of his apostles from the shores of Lake Galilee: the fishermen Simon and his brother Andrew, and the brothers John and James. One of Jesus' famous teachings, the Sermon on the Mount, was given on a hill overlooking the lake. Many of his miracles were also recorded to have been here: his walking on water, calming a storm, feeding five thousand people and many others.

In 135, the second Jewish revolt against the Romans, called Bar Kokhba's revolt, was put down. The Romans responded by sending all Jews away from Jerusalem and not letting them come back. The center of Jewish culture and learning thus moved to the region of the Kinneret, particularly to the city of Tiberias.

In the time of the Byzantine Empire, the lake's importance in Jesus' life made it a major destination for Christian pilgrims. This led to the growth of a tourist industry, with package tours and plenty of comfortable inns.

Medieval times

The lake lost importance when the Byzantines lost control of it.  The area came under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate and later Islamic empires.  Except for Tiberias, little by little, the major towns and cities began to be left empty.  In 1187, Saladin defeated the armies of the Crusades at the Battle of Hattin, mainly because he cut the Crusaders off from the valuable fresh water of the Sea of Galilee.

Modern times
In 1909 Jewish pioneers built their first cooperative farming village (kibbutz), Kvutzat Kinneret which trained Jewish immigrants in farming and agriculture. Kinneret was the center of the Kibbutz culture of early Zionism.

In 1923 an agreement between the United Kingdom and France set the border between the British Mandate of Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria.  The British gave the southern Golan Heights to the French in return for the northern Jordan Valley. The border was drawn again so that both sides of the Jordan river and the whole of the Sea of Galilee, including a 10-meter wide strip along the northeastern shore, were made a part of Palestine  .  The 1947 UN Partition Plan put this area inside the Jewish state.

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Syria occupied the lake's northeastern shore. In 1967, the State of Israel took control of the entire Sea of Galilee, as well as the Golan, during the Six Day War.  Syria still claims the northeastern shore of the sea  , arguing it is a part of the Golan Heights.

Israel's National Water Carrier, built in 1964, takes water from the lake to the population centers of Israel, and is the source of most of the country's drinking water. Israel also supplies water from the lake to the West Bank and to Jordan (under the terms of the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace).  More demand for water and some dry winters have resulted in a lower water level that is sometimes dangerous.

Today, tourism is again very important in the area. The entire Sea of Galilee is a popular holiday resort area. The many historical and spiritual sites around the lake, especially its main town Tiberias, are visited by millions of local and foreign tourists every year.  Other economic activities include fishing in the lake and agriculture, particularly bananas, in the fertile belt of land surrounding it.

A key attraction is the site where the Kinneret's water flows into the Jordan River.  Thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to be (re-)baptized there every year.

Related pages
 Tiberias

References

Other websites

 World Lakes Database entry for Sea of Galilee
Bibleplaces.com: Sea of Galilee

Galilee
Northern District (Israel)

Sea of Galilee


DiFosco "Dee" T. Ervin Jr. (July 6, 1932 – August 27, 1995), better known as Big Dee Irwin, was an American R&B singer and songwriter whose biggest hit was a version of "Swinging on a Star" in 1963, recorded as a duet with Little Eva.

Life and career
Dee Ervin was born in Harlem, New York. Some sources give his first name as Defosca and his family name as Erwin.

He joined the United States Air Force, and in 1954 was based at Narsarssuak Air Base in Greenland. While there, he formed a singing group, The Pastels, with himself as lead singer, Richard Travis (first tenor), Tony Thomas (second tenor) and Jimmy Willingham (baritone). They performed in Air Force talent shows and, after being transferred to Washington D.C., took part in a national show, Tops In Blue, in 1957.  They then auditioned and won a contract with Hull Records in New York, and recorded a song written by Ervin, "Been So Long". The record was released locally on the subsidiary Mascot label before being leased to Chess Records who issued it on their Argo label. At the same time, the members of The Pastels were leaving the Air Force, Ervin being discharged in February 1958. "Been So Long" reached number 4 on the Billboard R&B chart and number 24 on the pop chart, and the Pastels toured widely and appeared on concert bills. In March 1958, they featured as part of Alan Freed's touring Big Beat Show, which also included Jerry Lee Lewis, Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly, Frankie Lymon, Larry Williams, and Screamin' Jay Hawkins. The group's second record, "You Don't Love Me Anymore", was released in April 1958, but was not a hit. They performed at the Apollo Theater later in 1958, but split up early the following year.

Ervin then started a solo career on Hull Records as Dee Erwin, and also recorded on the Bliss label, before signing for Dimension Records as Big Dee Irwin, and releasing a version of the 1944 Bing Crosby song "Swinging on a Star" which also featured Little Eva, though she was uncredited. In 1963, the song reached number 38 on the US pop chart. It became a bigger hit in the UK where it rose to number 7, and Irwin then took part in a nine-month tour of Britain. Neither Irwin's follow-up, "Happy Being Fat", again with Little Eva, nor later releases on Dimension, were successful. However, Irwin continued to release singles for a variety of labels through the 1960s, and also worked as a songwriter for Ray Charles, Bobby Womack, and others; the Hollies included his "What Kind of Boy" on their 1964 album In The Hollies Style. In 1976, initially under the name DiFosco, he released the disco single "Face to Face". His last record release was in 1978.

Irwin died of heart failure in 1995. His son, David Ervin, has played piano professionally as a studio musician.

Discography
Hull Records (as Dee Erwin)
"I Can't Help It (I'm Falling In Love)" / "Rubin, Rubin" — 1959
"Let's Try Again" /"'Tis Farewell" — 1960

Bliss Records (as Dee Erwin)
"Someday You'll Understand Why" / "Anytime" — 1961

Dimension Records (as Big Dee Irwin; * with Little Eva; ** with The Breakaways)
"Everybody's Got a Dance But Me" / "And Heaven Was Here" — 1962
"Swinging on a Star" * / "Another Night with the Boys" * — 1963 - U.S. No. 38, UK No. 7
"Happy Being Fat" * / "Soul Waltzin'" — 1963
"Skeeter" / "You're My Inspiration" — 1963
"The Christmas Song" * / "I Wish You a Merry Christmas" * — 1963
"Heigh-Ho" ** / "I Want So Much to Know You" ** — 1964

20th Century Fox Records (as Big Dee Irwin)
"Donkey Walk" / "Someday You'll Understand Why" — 1963

Roulette Records (as Dee Erwin)
"Discotheque" / "The Sun's Gonna Shine Tomorrow" — 1965
"Are You Really Real" / "The Mouse"

Rotate Records (as Big Dee Irwin)
"I Wanna Stay Right Here With You" / "You Satisfy My Needs" — 1965
"Follow My Heart" / "Stop Heart" — 1965

Fairmont Records (as Big Dee Irwin)
"Sweet Young Thing Like You" / "You Really Are Together" — 1966

Astra Records (as Dee Irwin)
"I Can't Help It" / "My One and Only Dream" — 1966

Phil-La Records (as Big Dee Irwin)
"Better to Have Loved and Lost" / "Linda" — 1967

Polydor Records (as Big Dee Irwin and Suzie [Maria Pereboom])
"Ain't That Lovin' You Baby" / "I Can't Get Over You" — 1968

Imperial Records (as Dee Irwin)
"I Only Get This Feeling" / "Wrong Direction" — 1968
"I Can't Stand the Pain" / "My Hope to Die Girl" — 1968

Imperial Records (as Big Dee Irwin and Mamie Galore)
"By the Time I Get to Phoenix" / "I Say a Little Prayer" — 1968
"Day Tripper" / "I Didn't Wanna Do It, But I Did" — 1969
"Ain't No Way" / "Cherish" — 1969

Earthquake Records (as DiFosco)
"Sunshine Love" / "You Saved Me from Destruction" —  1971

Signpost Records (as Dee Ervin)
"Darling, Please Take Me Back" (Stereo) / "Darling, Please Take Me Back" (Mono)  — 1972

Roxbury Records
"You Broke My Face" / "Face to Face" — 1976 (as DiFosco)
"You Broke My Face" / "Face to Face" — 1976 (as Dee Ervin)
"The I Love You Song" / "I Can't Get You Off My Mind" — 1976 (as Dee Ervin)

20th Century Fox (as Dee Erwin)
"The I Love You Song" / "Ship of Love" - 1978

References

External links
The Dead Rock Stars Club website
Big Dee Irwin discography

1932 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers
Imperial Records artists
Roulette Records artists
Singers from New York City

Big Dee Irwin


Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages.  The suspension acts as an intermediate between the car and the road and solves several problems:

 Transfer to the frame or body of forces and moments arising from the interaction of wheels with the road surface;
 Link wheels with body or frame;
 Provides the necessary for the normal movement of the position of the wheels relative to the frame or body and the road;
 Ensures acceptable running smoothness, compensates for uneven pavement.

So a car suspension is not just a set of components for connecting wheels and body or frame, but a complex system that makes normal and comfortable movement on car driving.

Springs
Springs are elastic elements of a car suspension that work in conjunction with shock absorbers. The main functions of the springs are:
maintaining vehicle clearance under increased loads;
ensuring reliable tire contact with the road surface;
supporting and even distribution of vehicle weight;
exclude transmission of vibrations and other effects on the car body.

Shock absorbers
Shock absorbers, as a damping element of a modern suspension, convert vibrational energy into heat. The amount of energy absorbed depends on the mass of the car, the stiffness of the spring and the vibration frequency.
The principle of operation of dampers is based on the displacement of fluid by a piston through special holes. In various modes, fluid is displaced through openings of different diameters. Due to this, the oscillations are absorbed both during compression and during rebound. As a result, these car suspension parts provide:
vehicle traffic safety;
control of the movement of the spring and suspension;
efficient car control;
axial braking force balance;
prevention of early tire wear;
monitoring of tire contact with the road surface;
control of swinging and oscillations about the vertical axis;
decrease in wearing of knots and units of the car.

Linkages
Using these elements, the suspension parts are fastened together, and also the suspension is attached to the body or frame of the car. The fasteners can be either a regular bolted connection (like other types of rigid joints), or a connection using special elastic elements - rubber-metal hinges (or silent-blocks).

References

Other websites
 Shock Absorbers
 The Suspension Bible

Engineering

Suspension (vehicle)