This guideline is about self-references and specifies which types of self-references should be avoided and which kinds are acceptable.  A self-reference in an article usually mentions Wikipedia directly or tells readers to take an action on Wikipedia, such as editing the article.

Although self-references within Wikipedia articles to the Wikipedia project should usually be avoided, there are exceptions.  Some examples of acceptable self-references are articles about Wikipedia, categories, and maintenance templates.

Types of self-reference

This Wikipedia article discusses ..., While Wikipedia is not a ..., Edit this page ...
Mentioning that the article is being read on Wikipedia, or referring to Wikipedia policies or technicalities of using Wikipedia, should be avoided in the article namespace where it is unnecessary. If mentioning a policy is necessary to disambiguate article titles or subtopics, hatnotes can serve that purpose.

These types of self-references limit the use of Wikipedia as a free content encyclopedia suitable for forking, as permitted by our licenses. The goal of Wikipedia is to create an encyclopedia, not merely to perpetuate itself, so the articles produced should be useful, even outside the context of the project used to create them. This means that while articles may refer to themselves, they should not refer to "Wikipedia" or to the Wikipedia project as a whole (e.g. "this website"). And our readers already know this is an encyclopedia; it is not useful to insert content disclaimers, e.g., "While Wikipedia is not a dictionary ..." to an article on a jargon term.

Mentioning the Wikipedia community, or website features, can confuse readers of derived works. Unless substantially part of the article topic, do not refer to the fact that the page can be edited, nor mention any Wikipedia project page or process, specialized Wikipedia jargon (e.g. "PoV" in place of "biased"), or any MediaWiki interface link in the sidebar or along the top of the screen.

References that exist in a way that assumes the reader is using an encyclopedia, without reference to the specific encyclopedia (Wikipedia) or the manner of access (online), are acceptable. For instance, in the article on the Kobe Bryant sexual assault case, before the alleged victim's identification, it said that "Due to concerns over privacy, the name of the alleged victim is not being included in this article or at this time." That is a reference that makes sense on mirrors and forks and in print, and makes sense in a copy of Wikipedia that contains only the article space.  Similarly, many list articles explicitly state their inclusion criteria in the lead section. The template  can be used to mark such passages as intentional self-references that are generally printworthy and mirror-worthy, but which some reusers may wish to suppress. Other examples of permissible self-references of this sort include disambiguation links (the templates for which suppress their appearance in printed copies), and "See ..." cross-references (which may or may not be printworthy, depending upon whether they are inter-article; .

The templates that render self-referencing messages for the maintenance needs of developing articles, such as , , and , are unavoidable (and may permissibly include things like "Edit this page ..."), but articles should normally avoid self-referencing templates such as  and the others.

Note that ..., It is important to ..., What is ...?, Surprisingly ..., Of course ...

Avoid "breaking the fourth wall" to address readers directly in an unencyclopedic tone, either instructional or opinionated.  This includes the pedagogical style of posing rhetorical questions to the reader (worst of all in headings). Neutral cross-references, e.g. , are permissible (and best done with the  template), but are often best reworded ().

Click here to see more (think about print)

Although Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia, articles should be written in a manner that facilitates transmission in other forms such as print, spoken word, and via a screen reader. So terms such as "this article" are preferable to "this webpage", and phrases like "click here" should be avoided. In determining what language is most suitable, it may be helpful to imagine writing the article for a print encyclopedia.

Free content projects, such as this website ... (writing about Wikipedia itself)

Articles about online communities may well discuss Wikipedia as an example, in a neutral tone, without specifically implying that the article in question is being read on—or is a part of—Wikipedia. In this framework, if you link from an article to a specific Wikipedia page, use external link style, so the link will make sense in any context.  The  template will do this for you.

Such pages may include:

 Articles where Wikipedia played a major role in the subject of the article, for example: Uncyclopedia
 Articles about prominent people involved in Wikipedia, for example: Jimmy Wales
 Articles about Wikipedia
 Articles where Wikipedia, or an individual incident related to it, is illustrative of the subject, such as virtual community, encyclopedia and Streisand effect

This article was criticized by ... (articles are about their subjects, not this website)

Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, so its articles are about their subjects; they are not about the articles themselves. This means that even if an article itself becomes famous, that article should not report this about itself.

For example, a discussion of Stephen Colbert's call for vandalism of the Elephant article might be appropriately mentioned in the article on The Colbert Report, but not in the article on elephants, because elephants have nothing to do with Stephen Colbert. Protests regarding depictions of Muhammad in Wikipedia's Muhammad article are not addressed in that article (which is about the prophet Muhammad), but rather in the article Depictions of Muhammad.

A mention of Wikipedia by a notable person is unlikely to justify a mention in their Wikipedia article; such a mention would have to reflect its importance in the person's overall body of work. For example, a radio host mentioning that he read his Wikipedia biography is not normally an important event in his overall career. On the other hand,  the media attention surrounding John Seigenthaler's Wikipedia entry is now a notable event in his public life.

In templates and categories
Self-references are sometimes found in the templates and the categories.  Some of these are necessary or intrinsic to the purpose of the page, as with disambiguation information at the top of category pages and in  templates, which encourage readers to edit the page.  Unnecessary self-references are not encouraged in templates or categories, due to the need of third-party users to either delete those templates or modify them to remove the Wikipedia references.  For example, all  templates should provide a list of related articles, but none of them should label these pages as "Wikipedia articles" or as "Related articles on this website".

When forced to use templates like this, you should use them in a way such that the article still makes sense when the template is removed, in order to facilitate automated removal.

Wikipedia project coordination pages should be under :Category:Wikipedia administration, not in categories that contain main-namespace articles by topic. (A small number of articles about Wikipedia are in the mainstream categories and this is OK.) User pages may be categorized under :Category:Wikipedians, but not in any of the subcategories under :Category:People.

Self-reference tools

The self-reference template, , is used to mark pieces of text and links that wouldn't make sense on copies of Wikipedia. This gives the ability to programmatically remove all such references or transform them into external links. Thus, the end product can have all of its self-references removed automatically for users, such as forks and mirrors. This template is most often used as a hatnote template to help guide editors from an article to a related Wikipedia policy or guideline page in the Wikipedia project namespace.

Many hatnote templates that do contain helpful preset text and linking, such as  and , support a  parameter that gives them the same functionality as , making them better options in most circumstances.

In cases where a Wikipedia page should link to Wikipedia itself (for instance, at Wikipedia) and this link should be kept on mirrors, the format  can be used to write the link as external, rather than internal when outside of Wikipedia, to prevent it breaking in mirrors. For instance:  (made by {{srlink|Main Page|Wikipedia's Main Page}}) as opposed to Wikipedia's Main Page ([[Main Page|Wikipedia's Main Page]]).

See also

 Help:Printing, includes a partial list of page elements that are hidden on printable versions of pages
 Wikipedia:Printability, an essay about the printworthiness of redirect pages
 Wikipedia:Cross-namespace redirects
 List of Wikipedia articles with self-references
 List of Wikipedia articles with circular references
  – Do not use articles from Wikipedia as reference sources
 Wikipedia:Double redirects

MOS:SELFREF


The palm cockatoo (binomial name Probosciger aterrimus) (also known as the goliath cockatoo) is a black or dark-gray parrot of the cockatoo family.

In the wild, it eats nuts and palm tree fruit by cracking them open with its strong and curved beak. In captivity, people feed palm cockatoos a variety of fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Palm cockatoos are native to Cape York Peninsula in northern Australia, the Aru Islands, Papua New Guinea, and other surrounding smaller islands. Palm cockatoo are common in these places, but scientists believe they are becoming less common because people are using their habitat for mining. They are intelligent and can be kept as pets.

References

Cockatoos
Birds of Australia
Birds of Oceania

Palm cockatoo


Hypocapnia (from the Greek words  meaning below normal and  kapnós meaning smoke), also known as hypocarbia, sometimes incorrectly called acapnia, is a state of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia usually results from deep or rapid breathing, known as hyperventilation.

Hypocapnia is the opposite of hypercapnia.

Effects
Even when marked, hypocapnia is normally well tolerated. Symptoms include tingling sensation (usually in the limbs), abnormal heartbeat, painful muscle cramps, and seizures. Acute hypocapnia causes hypocapnic alkalosis, which causes cerebral vasoconstriction leading to cerebral hypoxia, and this can cause transient dizziness, fainting, and anxiety. A low partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood also causes alkalosis (because CO2 is acidic in solution), leading to lowered plasma calcium ions (Hypocalcaemia), causing increased nerve and muscle excitability. This explains the other common symptoms of hyperventilation—pins and needles, muscle cramps and tetany in the extremities, especially hands and feet.

Because the brain stem regulates breathing by monitoring the level of blood CO2 instead of O2, hypocapnia can suppress breathing to the point of blackout from cerebral hypoxia, as exhibited in shallow water blackout.

Hypocapnia also results in bronchoconstriction in order to decrease ventilation. This mechanism is meant to counteract hyperventilation, and decrease the amount of oxygen coming into the lungs. The body's "goal" is to have a relatively even ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Chemoreceptors in the body sense a change in partial pressures and pH (hydrogen ion concentration) in the blood. Chemoreceptors are responsible for signaling vasoconstriction, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and bronchodilation.

Causes

The main physiologic causes of hypocapnia are related to hyperventilation. Hypocapnia is sometimes induced in the treatment of medical emergencies such as intracranial hypertension and hyperkalemia.

Self-induced hypocapnia through hyperventilation is the basis for the dangerous schoolyard fainting game. Deliberate hyperventilation has been used by underwater breath-hold divers for the purpose of extending dive time as it effectively reduces respiratory drive due to low  levels. This allows one to break their standard limit of breath holding, at an increased risk of shallow water blackout (which is a significant cause of drownings). This risk is caused to due to air hunger being reduced (due to low blood carbon dioxide levels) but oxygen levels not being increased. In fact hypocapnia reduces the oxygen levels available to the brain due to the elevated affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin (Bohr effect) hence highly increasing the chances of blackout.

Diagnosis

Neonatal infants
Monitoring the level of carbon dioxide in neonatal infants to ensure that the level is not too high (hypercarbia) or too low is important for improving outcomes for neonates in intensive care. Carbon dioxide can be monitored by taking a blood sample (arterial blood gas), through the breath (exhalation), and it can be measured continuously through the skin by using a minimally invasive transcutaneous device. The most effective and safest approach for measuring carbon dioxide in newborn infants is not clear.

See also
 , where hyperventilation and the subsequent hypocapnia is a cause
 , increased level of carbon dioxide
 , which is often associated with hypocapnia

References

External links

Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system

Hypocapnia


Grafting or graftage is a technique used in horticulture that consists of taking tissues from one plant and putting them onto another plant. The two plants will then grow together. The technique is a type of vegetative reproduction. Grafting is commonly used with roses, and fruit trees. It only works with dicots and gymnosperms, and not with monocots. Monocots do not have a vascular cambium, which is needed for the process to work. There are several different methods of grafting; each method has its advantages and drawbacks.

Botany

Grafting


Honey is a food made by honeybees from nectar. They put the honey into a honeycomb, which for them is a storage unit. Honey is sweet and can be used instead of sugar. It is a supersaturated liquid. As the temperature drops, glucose comes out of solution. Then it is a semi-solid rather than a liquid.

Honey is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus, and is often linked with pleasant and comfortable things. "Land of Milk and honey". It is also referenced in the Qur'an, with similar associations to good and evil.

The name honey is derived from the Old English 'huniġ'.

Much like wine, there are several kinds of honey with different tastes, colors and textures. Some common types are got from bees who use the clover flower's pollen. It is thick and has a medium color. It tends to form crystals or grains more quickly when exposed to air. Acacia flowers make another common variety.

Honey from bees using flowers from oleanders, rhododendrons, some laurels, and azaleas may cause honey intoxication. Symptoms include dizziness, weakness, sweating, nausea, and vomiting.

Expert beekeepers solve this problem by moving their hives to areas where the right flowers are available. Bees like to get their nectar locally, and do not go more than two miles from the hive.

Honey tastes quite different according to which flowers the bees used. Key things are its smell, taste and how clear it is; also no bad qualities.

Most microorganisms cannot grow in honey and a honey that's packed therefore does not get spoiled. Samples of honey discovered in archaeological contexts in Egypt and some other countries have proven that honey is perfectly edible even after thousands of years.

Classification

Source of flower
Honey can be classified by the type of flower that the bees make the honey from.

Blended
Most commercially available honey is a mixture of two or more honeys that differ in the source of the flower, color, flavor, density, or geographic origin.

Polyfloral
Polyfloral honey, also called wildflower honey, is gotten from the nectar of many types of flowers. The taste may be different from year to year, and the smell and the taste can be more or less powerful, depending on which flowers are blooming.

Monofloral
Monofloral honey is made mainly from the nectar of one type of flower. To make monofloral honey, beekeepers keep beehives in place where the bees have access, as far as possible, to only one type of flower. However, a small amount of any monofloral honey will be from other flower types.

Classification by packaging and processing
Honey can be classified by packaging and processing.
 Crystallized honey: Crystallized honey is when some of the glucose content has immediately crystallized from the mixture as the monohydrate. It is also called "granulated honey" or "candied honey". Honey that has crystallized can become liquid by warming.

Gallery

Worldwide production

In 2017, the world produced 1.9million tonnes of honey. China produced 29% of the world total. Other major producers were Turkey, Iran, United States, and Ukraine.

References

Other websites

Spreads
Natural resources
Beekeeping

Honey


Valentin Yakovlevich Parnakh () (1891–1951) was a Soviet musician and choreographer, who was a founding father of Soviet jazz. He was also a poet, and translated many foreign works into Russian, notably Spanish poetry and plays.

Early years

Parnakh was born into a Jewish family in the Azov Sea port of Taganrog on July 26, 1891. His twin sister was the children's author Yelizaveta Tarakhovskaya and an older sister the poet Sophia Parnok. His family name was Parnokh but he later changed it to the more Sephardic–sounding Parnakh (his sister Sophia also later changed her name, but to the less Jewish-sounding Parnok). Parnakh's mother, a doctor, died when he was very young, and his father, a pharmacist, remarried soon after.

In 1913, Parnakh traveled to Italy and the Middle East, staying for a while in Palestine and returning to Saint Petersburg the same year. In Saint Petersburg, he entered the University, where he studied Romance languages, music (under the direction of Mikhail Gnesin) and theater (under direction of Vsevolod Meyerhold). In 1916, while World War I was raging, he moved to Paris, where he stayed for six years. He studied at Sorbonne University and was elected President of the Paris Chamber of Poets, and became fascinated by the jazz music he discovered in Paris.

Jazz in the USSR
In 1922, feeling alienated from most of the political emigrants from Russia, Parnakh returned to Russia, bringing jazz scores, saxophones, tam-tams, and trumpet sordinos, and he soon founded the "First Eccentric Orchestra of the Russian Federated Socialist Republic - Valentin Parnakh's Jazz Band", which held its debut concert at the Russian Academy of Theatre Arts in Moscow on October 1, 1922. This New Orleans–style jazz band became popular and influential among the artists of the Russian avant-garde of those days.

Parnakh was also creative director for music and choreography at Vsevolod Meyerhold's Meyerhold Theater, where his Eccentric Orchestra performed hits of the time, such as Kitten on the Keyboards and the ballet suite The Bull on the Roof. Parnokh greatly influenced Meyerhold's "Biomechanics" acting method, and his band appeared in the 1924 play Trest D.E. (directed by Meyerhold and based on Ilya Ehrenburg's 1923 novel Trust D.E.).

On May 1, 1923, Parnokh's band performed before members the Comintern participating in the Agricultural Expo. The Soviet press of the time wrote: "For the first time jazz music was performed at an official state function, something which has never happened in the West".

Parnokh also published numerous articles on the contemporary music culture of the West and was the first to promote the work of Charlie Chaplin and the first to introduce French Dadaist poetry into the Soviet Union. In 1925, he published a book of poems, Introduction To Dance (which included a portrait of Parnokh by Picasso).

Paris and return to Russia
However, by 1925 Parnokh had become disillusioned with life in the Soviet Union, where publishing houses were refusing to publish his poetry and his translations of the French poet Gérard de Nerval. In October 1925 Parnokh returned to Paris, where he published many articles on theater and dance in Russian immigrant newspapers and in the French press and translated Spanish literature.

The main character of Osip Mandelshtam's 1928 novella Egyptian Stamp is named "Parnok" and was perceived by Parnakh as a derogatory caricature.

Parnokh returned to the Soviet Union at the end of 1931 and served as a translator at the Foreign Board of the Writers Union. He continued his translations of Spanish writers such as Federico García Lorca.

In 1934 Parnokh published a Russian translation of a collection of Spanish and Portuguese poets (mostly Marrano Jews) who had been executed by the Inquisition (Parnakh had previously translated the poems into French as well, but the manuscript of this translation had been lost).

Later years
During World War II, Parnakh, like many other members of the Writers Union, were evacuated to Chistopol and had absolutely no means of support. Desperately seeking work, he applied together with the poet Marina Tsvetaeva (a long-ago lover of his sister Sophia) to the Soviet Literature Fund asking for a job at the LitFund's canteen. He was hired as a doorman, while Tsvetaeva's application for a dishwasher's position was turned down and she committed suicide six days later.

Parnakh's only work to be published after the war was his translation of memoirs by Théodore–Agrippa d'Aubigné in 1949, with his own foreword rejected by the publishing house. Parnakh outlived Tsvetaeva by a decade and died in his Moscow apartment on January 29, 1951. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. His twin sister, who died in 1968, is buried near him.

Filmography
 «The Adventures of Oktyabrina». Moscow, 1924. Dir. G. Kozintsev, L. Trauberg.
 «Vesyolye rebyata» (In credits it isn't specified). Moscow, Mosfilm, 1934. Dir. G. Aleksandrov.
 «Valentin Parnakh: not here and not now». Taganrog, 2011. Dir. Mikhail Basov.

See also
Russian avant-garde
Sophia Parnok
Yelizaveta Tarakhovskaya
Vsevolod Meyerhold

Publications
Le Quai (with 2 drawings by Mikhail Larionov). Paris, 1919.
Samum (with 3 illustrations by Natalia Goncharova). Paris, 1919.
 Slovodvig (Mot Dynamo): Poems. Paris: La Cible, 1920.
 The Acrobat Climbs. Paris: Franco-Russian Publishing House, 1922.
 Introduction To Dance: Selected Poems. Moscow, 1925.
 Giraffe-like Idol. First published in 2000.

References

Sources

1891 births
1951 deaths
Writers from Taganrog
People from Don Host Oblast
Russian Jews
Jewish poets
Soviet avant-garde
Soviet jazz musicians
Musicians from Taganrog
Soviet poets
Soviet male writers
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Translators of Gérard de Nerval

Valentin Parnakh


Mastering is the process of moving audio from recording device to the storage device. All copies after that are made from the master copy. Master recordings (usually called just "masters") can be made on discs, tapes, and computer data storage formats.

A multitrack master is an original multitrack recording, which may be worked on over time. This may have four, eight, sixteen or more tracks. This kind of recording cannot be played on an ordinary machine, and needs a special machine to be played or recorded.

Multitrack recordings are mixed when they are finished, into a mono (monaural), stereo, or Surround Sound recording. This is called a mixed master. Copies of the mixed master can be played on an ordinary machine.

Master recordings are often valuable, especially if the recording artist is popular. Most masters are owned by record companies, but many artists and bands own their own master recordings, or are able to buy them later.

Recordings are sometimes remastered, to copy them to another format, or to make them sound better. Digital recording allows for older analog recordings to be "cleaned up", and preserved.

Musical terminology
Audio technology

Mastering (audio)


Enrique Mosca (July 15, 1880 – July 22, 1950) was an Argentine lawyer and politician prominent in the centrist Radical Civic Union (UCR).

Life and times
Enrique Mosca was born in Santa Fe, in 1880. He enrolled at the Jesuit College of the Immaculate Conception and received a juris doctor from the University of the Province of Santa Fe (today the National University of the Littoral), in 1906.

Affiliated to the UCR from his years at the university, he helped advance the UCR's push for democratic elections through his post as editor-in-chief of La Argentina, one of Santa Fe's leading newsdailies at the time. Their securing that critical reform in 1912 led to the election of the UCR's leader, Hipólito Yrigoyen, in 1916. That election also carried Mosca to Congress, and in 1920, he was elected governor of his native Santa Fe Province.

Governor Mosca enacted numerous reforms in office, while keeping a pragmatic agenda. He rescinded annual fees for public primary school students and created the Provincial Library and Archives. He vetoed the replacement of the provincial constitution for the sake of avoiding future conflict; but responded to strikes among logging industry workers by sanctioning the formation of paramilitary groups against them. This record helped earn Mosca an appointment as Federal Interventor of Mendoza Province in 1924 when President Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear removed the progressive governor, Carlos Washington Lencinas. He joined the "Antipersonalist UCR" when this faction's opposition to Yrigoyen led to a split from the party, in 1924. He was named head of the National Education Council in 1926 and was among the few Antipersonalists to win a seat in Congress in the 1928 elections, when Yrigoyen was returned to the presidency in a landslide.

The overthrow of the aging Yrigoyen in 1930 met with vocal opposition from Mosca, despite his enmity towards the former. The dictatorship had him imprisoned in the notorious Ushuaia prison (now a museum) in 1931, by which Mosca's health deteriorated. Freed in 1934, he was offered the vice-presidential nomination by his party's leader, former President Alvear, ahead of the 1937 elections. Amid widespread voter intimidation and fraud, however, the duo was defeated by the ruling party candidate.

A coup d'état in 1943 led to rise of the populist new Labor Minister, Col. Juan Perón, who later forced the junta to call elections for early 1946. UCR leader José Tamborini led an unusually diverse coalition against the charismatic Perón, and named Mosca his running mate. The alliance (the Democratic Union) was united solely by the goal of keeping Perón from the Casa Rosada, and failed to win over several prominent lawmakers opposed the Union's ties to conservative interests. It was also burdened with U.S. Ambassador Spruille Braden's vocal support, which allowed Perón to make the election a choice between "Perón or Braden," while prevailing on President Edelmiro Farrell to enact his populist agenda and dismissing Tamborini and Mosca as "the tambourine and the fly." The elections, held in February, resulted in a defeat for the Tamborini-Mosca ticket by 11%.

Enrique Mosca retired from active political life and died in Buenos Aires in 1950, at age 70.

References

1880 births
1950 deaths
People from Santa Fe, Argentina
National University of the Littoral alumni
Radical Civic Union politicians
Argentine journalists
Argentine male journalists
20th-century Argentine lawyers
Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in Santa Fe
Governors of Santa Fe Province
20th-century journalists

Enrique Mosca


Joel Allan Kurtzman (June 25, 1947 – April 6, 2016) was an American economist.

Kurtzman was a Senior Fellow at the Milken Institute, a non-profit, non-partisan think tank. His research focused on globalization and its risks and has been published widely. He was also Executive Director of the Milken Institute's SAVE Project which focuses on energy security, climate change and alternative energy.

Kurtzman was a member of the Board of Directors of Revolution Prep, and a member of the Editorial Board of MIT Sloan Management Review. He was a member of the Board of Directors of the Wharton School's SEI Center for Advanced Studies in Management and to the Vice Chancellor for Research at the University of California, Davis.

Kurtzman was the Editor-in-Chief of the Harvard Business Review and a member of the editorial board of Harvard Business School Publishing. He was founding Editor-in-Chief of Strategy + Business magazine, where he first coined the term "Thought Leader". Kurtzman is Editor-in-Chief of Korn Ferry's Briefings on Talent & Leadership magazine.

Kurtzman was also Sunday business editor and columnist at The New York Times.

Best known for his work on the intersection between economics and business, Kurtzman authored, co-authored or edited 20 books and hundreds of general and scholarly articles. His widely cited book, The Death Of Money, was made into television documentaries in the U.S., (PBS) and in Japan (NHK).

Before forming the Kurtzman Group, Kurtzman was Global Lead Partner for Thought Leadership and Innovation at PricewaterhouseCoopers, the world's largest professional services firm, where he was responsible for developing new ideas in areas such as strategy, financial reporting, technology, the capital markets and business policy. He was also responsible for PricewaterhouseCoopers' Menlo Park Technology Centre, its technology forecasts, its innovative R&D programs and its global publishing activities.

Earlier in his career, Kurtzman was an international economist at the United Nations where he was deputy director of the U.N.'s Project on the Future. Kurtzman's economic modeling teams were among the first to warn of the impending Latin America debt crisis, in the 1990s. His research teams produced a library of 17 volumes of books on the global economy (The NIEO Library, Pergamon Press, Elsmford, New York).

Kurtzman testified before the U.S. Congress on economic matters and has provided testimony to the Italian Parliament and the Parliament of Spain regarding their economic development activities.

While at the UN, Kurtzman was involved as a negotiator between India and the Union Carbide Corporation over the Bhopal disaster. With the Indian environmentalist, advocate and writer, Dr. Rashmi Mayur, Kurtzman met with senior officials at Union Carbide, including its chairman and CEO, Warren Anderson, and with U.S. and Indian government officials, with a proposal to have settlement funds for victims of the disaster administered by an independent council made up of well-known leaders from around the world. The funds were to be administered from Switzerland. The aim of the proposal was to insure funds would be dispensed to individuals impacted by the disaster in a timely way, and to protect against losses due to corruption. The proposal had support, but was never acted upon.

In 2000, he was awarded India's 16th Annual Global Indira Gandhi Prize by the Priyadarshni Academy, in Mumbai, for his work in Thought Leadership.

During his tenure as Global Thought Leader at PricewaterhouseCoopers, Joel Kurtzman created The Opacity Index, which is now the subject of a full-length book, The Global Edge, published by Harvard Business School Press. Using established data bases and 70 different metrics, the Opacity Index measures the risk-based cost of doing business around the world by looking at 5 "CLEAR" factors: Conflict/Corruption levels, Legal practices, Economic factors, Accounting, and Regulatory practices (spelling the acronym C-L-E-A-R). The resulting index rank orders some 53 countries by their scores. A study of the Opacity Index will provide companies who have global imperatives a dashboard for assessing the risk associated with their expansion. The Opacity Index is published regularly by the Kurtzman Group, with research support from the Milken Institute.

BibliographyUnless specified otherwise, the information was extracted from Amazon.com.
Unleashing the Second American Century: Four Forces for Economic Dominance, Perseus/Public Affairs, 2014
Common Purpose: How Great Leaders Get Organizations to Achieve the Extraordinary, Jossey-Bass, 2010
 How the Market Can Curb Climate Change September/October 2009 Foreign Affairs
Global Edge: Using the Opacity Index to Manage the Risks of Cross-border Business, Harvard Business School Press, 2007
Startups That Work: Surprising Research on What Makes or Breaks a New Company, Portfolio/Putnam Business, September, 2005, New York
MBA in a Box: Practical Ideas from the Best Brains in Business, 2004, Random House, New York
How the Markets Really Work, May 2002, Random House, New York
Radical E, May 2001, John Wiley & Sons, New York
Thought Leaders: Insights on the Future of Business, Jossey-Bass/Simon & Schuster, San Francisco, December 1997. Also in French, German and Japanese.
The Death of Money: How the Electronic Economy Has Destabilized the World's Markets and Created Financial Chaos, Simon & Schuster, New York,  April 1993; paperback by Little Brown, New York, 1994; published in Japan by Kodansha, 1994. Also in Spanish, Portuguese and Chinese.
The Decline and Crash of the American Economy, an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the U.S. economy, W.W. Norton and Company, New York, 1988.
Futurcasting, a textbook on forecasting, E.T.C. Publications, Palm Springs,  CA,1983.
Rcdc (Regional Cooperation Among Developing Countries): The New Imperative of Development in the 1980s, (Co-authored with Ervin Laszlo and A.K. Bhattacharya) Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY,1983.
Eastern Europe and the New International Economic Order: Representative Samples of Socialist Perspectives, (edited with Ervin Laszlo) Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY,1980, also in French.
The Structure of the World Economy and Prospects for a New International Economic Order, (Edited with Ervin Laszlo) Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY,1980, also in French, Spanish and Italian.
Food for the World, (co-authored with Toivo Miljan and Ervin Laszlo) Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY, 1980.
World Leadership And The New International Economic Order, (co-authored with John O'Manique and Ervin Laszlo) Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY,1980.
Europe And The New International Economic Order, (Edited with Ervin Laszlo) Pergamon Press, Elmsford,  NY,1979, also in French.
The United States, Canada and the New International Economic Order, (co-authored with Ervin Laszlo) Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY, 1978, also in French.
Political and Institutional Issues of the New International Economic Order, (co-authored with Ervin Laszlo) Pergamon Press, Elmsford,  NY,1978.
No More Dying, the future of bio-medical technology, co-authored with Phillip Gordon, J.P. Tarcher/St. Martins, New York,1977, Dell Books, 1978;  In Spanish Editiones Lazar, 1979; also in Russian, 1987.
Sweet Bobby : A Novel, a novel, McGraw-Hill, New York,1974.
Crown of Flowers, a novel, E.P. Dutton, New York, 1970, Ballantine Books, New York, 1971.

Notes

1947 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American economists
American male novelists
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania people
Sierra Nevada College
University of California, Davis administrators
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Harvard Business School people

Joel Kurtzman


Walther Kausch (17 July 1867, Königsberg – 24 March 1928, Berlin) was a German surgeon. He was involved in improvements made to the pancreaticoduodenectomy process.

Walther Carl Eduard Kausch was the second of four children. He studied medicine at the Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität in Strassburg from 1885 to 1890. He received his doctor's license on 8 July 1890 and obtained his doctorate in 1891. From 1890 to 1892 he worked in the psychiatric-neurologic clinic under Friedrich Jolly (1844-1904) and Karl Fürstner (1848-1906), then from 1892 to 1896 at the medical clinic under Bernhard Naunyn (1839-1935). After being habilitated for internal medicine in 1896, he changed to surgery. From 1896 to 1906 he worked at the university surgical clinic in Breslau, training under professor Jan Mikulicz-Radecki (1850-1905). The surgical clinic in Breslau was one of the largest in its time.

Kausch was habilitated for surgery in 1899, becoming titular professor in 1902. In 1903, Kausch married Mikulicz' daughter. After the death of his father-in-law in 1905, Kausch became head of the clinic in an acting capacity. In 1905, he was elected medical director and head of the I. surgical department at the Städtisches Augusta-Viktoria-Krankenhaus in Berlin-Schöneberg, then still under construction. He headed the Augusta-Viktoria-Krankenhaus and its surgical department until his death from fulminant pulmonary emboli following perforating appendicitis on 24 March 1928.

References

1867 births
1928 deaths
German surgeons
Academic staff of the University of Breslau
University of Strasbourg alumni
Physicians from Königsberg

Walther Kausch


The U.S.-Oman Free Trade Agreement is a trade pact between Oman and the United States. On November 15, 2004, the George W. Bush administration notified the U.S. Congress of its intent to sign a trade agreement with the Middle Eastern Sultanate of Oman. On January 19, 2006 the two countries signed the U.S.-Oman Free Trade Agreement (OFTA), which is part of the Bush administration's strategy to create a US - Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) by 2013.

On June 29, 2006, the U.S. Senate passed OFTA by a vote of 60-34, the fewest "aye" votes in the Senate of any trade bill other than CAFTA. On July 20, 2006, the U.S. House of Representatives passed OFTA by a vote of 221-205, with 7 abstentions. For procedural reasons, the Senate took a second vote on September 19, 2006, and the bill's implementing bill was passed 62-32, with 6 abstentions. In all, the Senate approved the bill 63-37, since all senators voted either "aye" or "nay" in one of the two votes.

George W. Bush signed the bill into law on September 26, 2006.
And on December 29, 2008 signed the proclamation to implement the agreement with effective date of January 1, 2009.

Views in favor of OFTA

According to the U.S. Trade Representative's office and other proponents of the pact, OFTA is an important step towards reducing barriers to trade in goods and services in Oman.
USTR Site on OFTA
Emergency Committee for American Trade Site on OFTA
House Ways and Means Committee's Republican Leadership's Site on OFTA

See more
Rules of Origin
Market access
Free-trade area
Tariffs

References

External links
U.S. House Ways and Means Committee Hearing on Oman FTA
U.S. Senate Finance Committee Hearing on Oman FTA
Congressional Research Service Study on OFTA
U.S. International Trade Commission Report on OFTA
State Department Report on Human Trafficking in Oman
Roll Call Story on News Conference with Reps. John Murtha (D-Pa.) and Walter Jones (R-N.C.) on port security implications of OFTA
Congressional Research Service Memo on OFTA and port security issues
Testimony on OFTA of David Hamod, National U.S.-Arab Chamber of Commerce
Jerusalem Post Story on OFTA and Oman's Observance of a Boycott of Israel

Economy of Oman
Free trade agreements of the United States
Treaties of Oman
Treaties concluded in 2006
Treaties entered into force in 2009
Oman–United States relations

Oman–United States Free Trade Agreement


Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines. Research is connected with other areas of study such as climatology.

Studying the atmosphere includes studying the interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere changes as result of natural processes such as volcano emissions, lightning and bombardment by solar particles from the Sun's corona. It has also been changed by human activity. Some of these changes are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems. Examples of problems include acid rain, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, greenhouse gases and global warming. Atmospheric chemists study the causes of these problems. Atmospheric chemists offer theories about these problems, then test the theories and possible solutions. Atmospheric chemists also note the effects of changes in government policy.

Atmospheric composition

Notes: the concentration of CO2 and CH4 vary by season and location. The mean molecular mass of air is 28.97 g/mol.

History
The ancient Greeks regarded air as one of the four elements. The first scientific studies of atmospheric composition began in the 18th century. Chemists such as Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and Henry Cavendish made the first measurements of the composition of the atmosphere.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries interest shifted towards trace constituents with very small concentrations. One important discovery for atmospheric chemistry was the discovery of ozone by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1840.

The concentrations of trace gases in the atmosphere have changed over time and so have the chemical processes which make and destroy compounds in the air. Two important examples of this were the explanation by Sydney Chapman and Gordon Dobson of how the ozone layer is created and maintained, and the explanation of photochemical smog by Arie Jan Haagen-Smit. Further studies on ozone issues led to the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry award shared between Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland.

In the 21st century the focus is now shifting again. Atmospheric chemistry is increasingly studied as one part of the Earth system. Before, scientists focused on atmospheric chemistry in isolation. Now, scientists study atmospheric chemistry as one part of a single system with the rest of the atmosphere,  biosphere and geosphere. A reason for this is the links between chemistry and climate. For example, changing climate and the recovery of the ozone hole affect each other. Also,  the composition of the atmosphere interact with the oceans and terrestrial ecosystems.

Methodology
Observations, lab measurements and modeling are the three central elements in atmospheric chemistry. All three methods are used together. For example, observations may tell that more of a chemical compound exists than previously thought possible. This will stimulate new modelling and laboratory studies which will increase scientific understanding to a point where the observations can be explained.

Observation
Observations of atmospheric chemistry are important. Scientist record data about the chemical composition of air over  time to watch for any changes. One example of this is the Keeling Curve - a series of measurements from 1958 to today which  show a steady rise in of the concentration of carbon dioxide. Observations of atmospheric chemistry are made in observatories such as that on Mauna Loa and on mobile platforms such as aircraft, ships and balloons. Observations of atmospheric composition are increasingly made by satellites giving a global picture of air pollution and chemistry. Surface observations have the advantage that they provide long term records at high time resolution but provide data from a limited vertical and horizontal space. Some surface based instruments such as LIDAR can provide concentration profiles of chemical compounds and aerosol but are still restricted in the horizontal region they cover. Many observations are shared on-line.

Lab measurements
Measurements made in the laboratory are essential to our understanding of the sources and sinks of pollutants and compounds found in nature. Lab studies tell which gases react with each other and how fast they react. Scientists measure reactions in the gas phase, on surfaces and in water. Scientists also study photochemistry which quantifies how quickly molecules are split apart by sunlight and what the products are. Scientists also study thermodynamic data such as Henry's law coefficients.

References

Further reading
 Brasseur, Guy P.; Orlando, John J.; Tyndall, Geoffrey S. (1999).  Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change. Oxford University Press. .
 Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J.; Pitts, James N., Jr. (2000). Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere. Academic Press. .
 Seinfeld, John H.; Pandis, Spyros N. (2006). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd Ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc. .
 Warneck, Peter (2000). Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere (2nd Ed.). Academic Press. .
 Wayne, Richard P. (2000). Chemistry of Atmospheres (3rd Ed.). Oxford University Press. .

Other websites
WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006
IGAC The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project
Paul Crutzen Interview Freeview video of Paul Crutzen Nobel Laureate for his work on decomposition of ozone talking to Harry Kroto Nobel Laureate by the Vega Science Trust.
The Cambridge Atmospheric Chemistry Database  is a large constituent observational database in a common format.
Environmental Science Published for Everybody Round the Earth
NASA-JPL Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies
Kinetic and photochemical data evaluated by the IUPAC Subcommittee for Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation
Atmospheric Chemistry Glossary at Sam Houston State University
Tropospheric chemistry
Calculators for use in atmospheric chemistry
An illustrated elementary assessment of the composition of air.

Environmental chemistry

Atmospheric chemistry


The siege of Lingen took place during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War by a Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Orange. Frederik van den Bergh defended Lingen for Philip II of Spain which was besieged from 25 October 1597. After a siege of more than two weeks,  Van den Bergh surrendered on 12 November 1597. The siege was part of Maurice's successful 1597 campaign against the Spaniards.

Background
Maurice had already achieved many successes in the year of 1597 which started off with the victory at Turnhout. Afterwards he started a campaign in the summer through the east of the Netherlands and took important fortified strongholds which included Oldenzaal and Groenlo from the Spanish. His campaign was coming to a successful conclusion and only Lingen was still in Spanish hands. By the end of October 1597 Maurice and his army arrived at Lingen and by taking the city the Spanish would have no choice but to abandon the region of Twente as a whole. The town was situated at the extreme boundary of the Low Countries (in present-day Germany), governed by Frederik van den Bergh  which was defended by 500 men under Lieutenant Verdugo .

Maurice's army which included English and Scots under Horace Vere had left the recently captured Oldenzaal and had to cross the Ems river which they achieved without incident. Horace's brother Francis Vere was now governor of Brill and general of Elizabeth I's forces in the Netherlands. The heavy artillery was brought to Lingen by ship through the Wadden Sea and then through the Ems river. This caused several days of delay but once the big guns were in use they would be able to shell the fortifications and city.

Siege and aftermath
As the siege started the garrison made a brisk sortie and burnt a mill but they were driven back by the English and Scots who were at the head of the attack. It took a lot of effort to get the big guns dug in by the canal under fire, so that the city would be besieged proper. They were soon put in use however and the towns fortified walls were pounded. With the situation now desperate Van den Bergh was hoping for news of a relieving army but the only news he was to receive from the Cardinal Archduke Albert was to save the city. Thus with no hope of relief Van den Burgh surrendered Lingen to Maurice on 12 November.

By capturing Lingen, Maurice closed off the campaign of 1597 and was just one of his latest conquests during this successful period, called the Ten Glory Years. The Spanish abandoned Twente as had been expected and military activity ended for the year. Maurice had taken nine strongly fortified cities and five castles, opened the navigation of the Rhine, and strengthened the whole eastern bulwarks of the Republic.

Lingen would be recaptured eight years later by Ambrosio Spinola in his campaign of 1605.

See also
 List of stadtholders in the Low Countries
 List of governors of the Spanish Netherlands
 Siege of Bredevoort (1597)
 Siege of Groenlo (1597)

References
Citations

Bibliography

  (1753): Vaderlandsche Historie, Vervattende Geschiedenislessen der Vereenigde Nederlanden, in Zonderheid die van Holland, van de Vroegste Tyden af - Achtste Deel Amsterdam: Isaak Tirion (Dutch)

Sieges involving Spain
Sieges involving England
Sieges involving the Dutch Republic
1597 in Europe
Conflicts in 1597
1597 in the Dutch Republic

Siege of Lingen (1597)


Frithsden  is a small hamlet in Hertfordshire, England.  It is located in the Chiltern Hills, about two miles north  of Berkhamsted, to which it belongs. It is in the Dacorum Ward of Nettleden with Potten End.

The village name is derived from the wood le Fryth (me. frith »wood«). It is first mentioned 1291 as Frithesdene (»valley of the wood«).

It is pronounced locally as 'Frizden'

West of the hamlet bordering to Ashridge Park are the Frithsden Beeches, a wood left to nature, with large beeches. Scenes for Sleepy Hollow, Jonathan Creek and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire have been filmed in this wood.

Frithsden, together with the neighbouring hamlets Nettleden and Potten End, is famous for its black cherries and the villagers hold in July their annual cherry fair. They also claim to have originated the Cherry Bounce and the Cherry Turnover. The village has also a winery, the Frithsden Vineyard.

References

External links

  A Guide to Old Hertfordshire webpage for Frithsden

Hamlets in Hertfordshire
Dacorum

Frithsden


Robin Hood's Hut is a small pavilion in the grounds of Halswell House, Goathurst, Somerset, in the west of England.

It was built between 1740 and 1760 by Sir Charles Kemeys-Tynte. It had three rooms: an earth-floored hermit's room, a kitchen and a "china room" used for dining. It is fronted by an umbrello which is open to the elements.

When the Somerset Buildings Preservation Trust started restoration work in 1997, with grants from English Heritage and the Heritage Lottery, the structure had neither roof nor windows, had lost much of its plasterwork and its umbrello was almost gone.

Robin Hood's Hut was commended in the Building Conservation category of Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors awards 2005, and is a Grade II* listed building.

The building was acquired by the Landmark Trust in 2002 and is available as a holiday let.

References

External links
 Robin Hood's Hut at the Landmark Trust

Houses completed in 1760
Houses in Somerset
Grade II* listed buildings in Sedgemoor
Landmark Trust properties in England
Grade II* listed houses in Somerset

Robin Hood's Hut


The Barbarastollen underground archive is an underground archive for preserve Germany's cultural heritage. The Barbarastollen is in a mine near Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It holds microfilms with about 900 million images from German archives and museums.

Among the documents stored here are:
 treaty text of the Peace of Westphalia
 Bull by Pope Leo X threatening Martin Luther with excommunication
 coronation document of Otto I
 documents of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
 original building plans for the Cologne Cathedral.

The Barbarastollen tunnel is the only cultural property in Germany under the protection of the Hague Convention of UNESCO. It is named after Saint Barbara. The entire complex is buried under 400 meters of rock. It is intended to survive a nuclear war. It is estimated that its contents should survive for at least 500 years without any serious damage.

Archives
Baden-Württemberg

Barbarastollen underground archive


A dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) is a drug. Dopamine is a type of brain chemical called a neurotransmitter. Dopamine has many jobs and responsibilities in the brain. Scientists think dopamine controls movement and the human sense of punishment and reward. Dopamine affects dreams, motivation, and sexual gratification, too.

A lack of dopamine is responsible for many diseases and conditions. Sometimes dopamine does not work correctly in the brain. Sometimes the brain does not have enough dopamine. Doctors prescribe dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRI's or DARI's) to help control symptoms. Psychostimulants and antidepressants are types of DRI's. DRI's help manage symptoms of ADHD, narcolepsy, Parkinson's Disease, obesity, substance abuse withdrawal and some mood disorders. Users can become addicted to DRI's sometimes.

DRI's do not have dopamine inside the pills. They help the body make more dopamine, and they change the way dopamine is re-used in the brain.

Neurology
Drugs used in psychiatry

Dopamine reuptake inhibitor


Stalybridge Celtic Football Club is an English football club based in Stalybridge, Greater Manchester. They are currently members of the  and play at Bower Fold. The team traditionally plays in a blue and white strip.

In 1921 Stalybridge Celtic became a founder member of the Football League's Third Division North. After only two seasons in the new league, they became the first club to leave the new division.

History
The club's formation is usually given as 1909. However, it may have been as early as 1905 when an amateur club with the same name was formed. There were players called Storrs and Manwood who played in the 1906 and 1909 teams, and a player called Rhodes who played in the amateurs' first game; a Herbert Rhodes was a significant benefactor of the 'later' Celtic.

The club played for two seasons in the Lancashire and Cheshire Amateur League, before turning professional and joining the Lancashire Combination becoming second division champions at the first attempt. They followed it up with a fourth place and runners up spot in the Central League. In an attempt to progress the club joined the Southern League. The club rejoined the Central League for the 1919–20 season and in 1921 became one of the founder members of the Football League's Third Division North. However the club resigned after two seasons, as it was felt that it could not attract enough support to justify a League side – in spite of the fact that average attendance of 5,480 in 1922 was almost 2,000 more than neighbouring Rochdale, who played in the same Division. The full Celtic story in the League is detailed in Manchester A Football History where Celtic are given the same level of analysis and research as the Manchester region's other sides.

They joined the Cheshire County League remaining members for 60 years and winning the title only once in 1980. With the league's merger with the Lancashire Combination in 1982, they became founder members of the North West Counties League, winning the title in 1984 and 1987, with the latter triumph resulting in them being promoted to the Northern Premier League (NPL). In 1992 the club won the league title and was promoted to the Football Conference, playing at that level for six seasons to 1998 before being relegated to the NPL again, after finishing bottom.

In 2000–01, the club had one of the best seasons in its history, achieving a treble of the Cheshire Senior Cup, the President's Cup and the Northern Premier League Premier Division, thus being promoted back to the Football Conference (though they were relegated after only one season). When the conference added a second level for the 2004–05 season, the club became one of the founders of the new Conference North. Until the end of 2006–07 season the manager was John Reed, who had extensive experience as a manager in English non-league football, including three successful seasons as manager of Harrogate Town. On 30 May 2007 Steve Burr was appointed as a manager.

The 2007–08 season was one of the best in recent times; after finishing 18th the previous year, a third-place finish in the league meant a promotion opportunity to the Conference National was presented via the play-offs. After reaching the final, Stalybridge were denied after a 1–0 defeat to Barrow.

The club continued in the Conference North for the three seasons; placing 6th in the 2008–09 season in which manager Steve Burr left for Kidderminster, 10th in the 2009–10 season and 10th again in the 2010–11 season.

In the 2011–12 season, they were a huge contender for a promotion place as late as February before a poor set of results saw their hopes slip away towards the end of the season, finishing sixth, just below the last playoff place.

In the 2012–13 season, after languishing near the relegation zone for most of the year, they finished 11th following a 9-game unbeaten run. Stalybridge also reached the final of the Cheshire Senior Cup, losing 2–1 to Chester F.C.

The 2013–14 season wasn't a good one either, as Stalybridge finished 19th, narrowly avoiding relegation by 2 points. Jim Harvey was sacked in October 2013, being replaced by former player Keith Briggs. They secured Conference North football for another season with a 1–1 draw against Bradford Park Avenue in the penultimate game of the season.

The 2014–15 season was arguably the worst for a long time. Stalybridge struggled to keep their heads above water, which led to the resignation of Keith Briggs in March 2015. He was replaced by 3-time Conference North winning manager, Liam Watson. This brought a turn around in results, with Watson only losing 1 of his 7 games in charge, winning 4. Survival came down to the final game against Gainsborough, with Stalybridge needing to better Colwyn Bay's and Brackley's results. A pulsating match finished 4–4, and they survived on goal difference. The club were relegated from the NPL Premier Division in the 2022–23 season.

Stadium
There has been a ground at Bower Fold since 1906. The current main stand was built in 1996, with the covered stand at the Town End (Joe Jackson Stand) dating from 1994. The main stand, replaced a wooden one dating from 1909, which held 500 fans, before being converted to tip-up seating with a reduced capacity of around 400 persons. The Lord Pendry Stand opened in 2004, replacing a covered terrace dating from the 1950s. The Mottram End cover stems from construction starting in the 1970s and finishing in the mid '80s. The main stand, holding about 700 people, is all seated. Its opposite stand, the Lord Pendry stand has 652 seats.

It is possible for the ground to be segregated with self-contained areas which include separate turnstiles, refreshment facilities and toilets (though this is rarely necessary). The away fans' area in this case is uncovered. The next area (clockwise from the away fans' area) around the ground is the Lockwood and Greenwood stand which is a covered standing area. This area is popular with home fans when Stalybridge are kicking towards this goal. Next is an uncovered standing area, followed by the Lord Tom Pendry Stand (a seated area) with a capacity of approximately three hundred. Next is a small uncovered area followed by the covered Joe Jackson stand. The club shop and bar are behind this stand. Away fans are allowed to use the bar and there is no admission charge. Next are the main turnstiles, refreshment facilities and disabled spectators' area.

The ground's capacity of 6,500 has not been reached recently. The attendance was nearly 4,000 when Chester visited for an FA Cup 1st round match in 1999.

Current squad

Backroom staff

Honours
Challenge shield – 1955, 1978
Cheshire county league – 1980
Cheshire county league cup – 1922
Cheshire Senior Cup – 1953, 2001
Edward case cup – 1978
Intermediate cup – 1958, 1969
Lancashire & Cheshire League Division 1 - 1910-11
Lancashire Combination Division Two – 1912
Lancashire floodlit cup – 1989
Manchester Senior Cup – 1923
North West Counties League – 1984, 1987
North west counties super cup – 1984
Northern Premier League – 1991–92, 2000–01
Northern Premier League Challenge Cup – 1999
Northern Premier League President's Cup – 2001, 2003
Peter Swales Shield – 1992

See also
Ray Stanley Memorial Trophy

References

External links

Official site
Every match result and League table when they were in the Football League

Association football clubs established in 1909
Football clubs in England
National League (English football) clubs
English Football League clubs
Southern Football League clubs
Lancashire Combination
1909 establishments in England
Stalybridge
Northern Premier League clubs
North West Counties Football League clubs
Cheshire County League clubs

Stalybridge Celtic F.C.


The Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway  (KO&G) was formed on July 31, 1919 from the assets of the bankrupt Missouri, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway.  The KO&G largely consisted of a single line from Baxter Springs, Kansas, to Denison, Texas, prior to its purchase by Missouri Pacific's Texas and Pacific Railway in 1964 and merger in 1970.

The KO&G owed much of its latter existence to its status as a bridge line between the Missouri Pacific at Okay, Oklahoma and the Missouri Pacific-controlled Texas and Pacific Railway at Denison, Texas.  This traffic was the main source of revenue for the KO&G and was the primary reason that the MP acquired it.

The KO&G came under common control of the Muskogee Company (often referred to as the "Muskogee Roads" or the "Muskogee Lines") in 1925, sharing common management with the Midland Valley Railroad and the Oklahoma City-Ada-Atoka Railway from 1930 to 1964.

In 1967 KO&G operated 209 miles of railroad and reported 457 million ton-miles of revenue freight.

References

Stagner, Lloyd E. Midland Valley: Rails For Coal, Cattle, & Crude. David City, Nebraska: South Platte Press, 1996.

Defunct Kansas railroads
Defunct Oklahoma railroads
Defunct Texas railroads
Former Class I railroads in the United States
Predecessors of the Missouri Pacific Railroad
Railway companies established in 1919
Railway companies disestablished in 1970
American companies established in 1919
American companies disestablished in 1970

Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway


Guernica is a world-famous painting by Pablo Picasso. It is one of the world's greatest anti-war paintings. It is a very large painting (a mural) which shows the bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War.

The Spanish Republican government asked Pablo Picasso to paint a large mural for an art exhibition in Paris. It shows how people, as well as animals, all suffer because of the tragedies of war. The painting soon became so famous that it was seen as a world symbol for peace. The fame of the painting helped to bring the Spanish Civil War to an end.

Guernica is navy blue, black and white, 3.5 metre (11 ft) tall and 7.8 metre (25.6 ft) wide, a mural-size canvas painted in oil. It hangs in the Museo Reina Sofía in Madrid.

Description of the painting
Guernica shows a large, open room with people and animals who are suffering. A bull stands over a woman crying over a dead child in her arms. A horse falls in terrible pain as it dies after being run through with a spear. A dead soldier lies under the horse, his arm has been chopped off, but the hand grasps a shattered sword from which a flower grows. A light bulb shines strongly like an evil eye (the Spanish word for "light bulb" is "bombilla" which sounds like "bomb"). A female figure floats in, holding a lamp which is a symbol of hope. There are many other smaller details in the painting.

History of the painting
The painting soon travelled to many countries. It was seen in several towns in the United States during the 1940s and early 1950s. The Spanish dictator Francisco Franco wanted it to come to Spain, but Picasso said that he would not allow it to go to Spain until Spain became a democratic country. Picasso died in 1973. Franco died in 1975 and Spain became a democratic country. The painting went to Spain in 1981 and it now hangs in an art gallery, the Museo Reina Sofía, in Madrid.

Other websites
 Image of the painting

1930s paintings
Spanish paintings

Guernica (Picasso)


Cotentinais () is the dialect of the Norman language spoken in the Cotentin Peninsula of France. It is one of the strongest dialects of the language on the French mainland.

Dialects

Due to the relative lack of standardisation of Norman, there are five main subdialects of Cotentinais:

 Haguais - La Hague, in the north west of the Cotentin Peninsula
 Val de Saire, in the north east
 Coutançais du nord, to the north of the Coutances-Saint-Lô line
 Coutançais du sud, to the north of the Joret line
 Baupteis, from Bauptois, between Carentan and La Haye-du-Puits

History
At the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century a new movement arose in the Channel Islands, led by writers such as George Métivier (Guernsey, 1790–1881—dubbed the Guernsey Burns) and writers from Jersey. The independent governments, lack of censorship and diverse social and political milieu of the Islands enabled a growth in the publication of vernacular literature—often satirical and political.

Most literature was published in the large number of competing newspapers, which also circulated in the neighbouring Cotentin, sparking a literary renaissance on the Norman mainland.

The Norman poet Côtis-Capel (1915–1986) was a native of the Cotentin and used the landscape as inspiration for his poetry.

The Norman language writer Alfred Rossel, native of Cherbourg, composed many songs which form part of the heritage of the region. Rossel's song Sus la mé ("on the sea") is often sung as a regional patriotic song.

Subdialect characteristics

Each sub-group has some characteristics which made it possible to define them:

The dialect of La Hague is very guttural, in particular by the hard pronunciation of Norman aspirated H ("Hague" is typically pronounced  in the region). It pronounces the verbs of the first group with final in [ - has ]:  (to sing) is read [chanhanta]  /ʃaɔ̃tɑ/. It is the same for the conjugation with the last participle. Exception, in the two communes of Cap de La Hague (Auderville and Saint-Germain-des-Vaux) where one pronounces [chanhanto] /ʃaɔ̃to/.

The dialect of the Val de Saire, pronounces in the same way finals of the verbs of the first group in [-o]: acataer (to buy) is read [acato]. With the past participle, even pronunciation, except with the female one: [acata:] with one [-a:] length. Example: Ole a 'taé acataée sauns câotioun will say [ôlata: acata: sahan kâossiahon] = (it was bought without guarantee)

The dialects of north and south Coutançais pronounce the verbs of the first group and their participle past in [-âé] or [-âè]:  (to catch) is thus said [hrapâé]. Caught will result in happaée [hrappaée]. The difference between these two group resides more on the pronunciation of [qŭ-] Norman. Here, for qŭyin (dog), one will say [ki'i], [tchi], or [] (with one [-hin] final hardly audible). for comparison, let us recall that in Cauchois, one says [ki'in].

The Baupteis, the dialect of Bauptois, are close to the languages of Coutançais for the verbs to first group and it [qŭ-]. On the other hand, it has the characteristic to pronounce it [âo] cotentinais in [è], which does not facilitate comprehension of it. This provision did not appear besides in the dialectal literature and thus almost disappeared. Where everywhere in Normandy one says câosaer (to discuss), marked [kâoza, kâozo, kâozaé, kâozaè, or kâozé] according to preceding sub-groups' and as a Norman Southerner [kâozé], the language of Bauptois will say [kèzaé] or [kèzâè] or rarely [kèza]. Thus the câode iâo (hot water) will say it [kèdiè]. Bâopteis decides there besides [bèté:].

Literature cotentinaise

Each sub-group thus also has its Norman language authors who, even if they have used or contributed to the development of a coherent and unified orthography, have written texts specific to each sub-group, but readable by all. Thus, the rich vocabulary of Cotentinais was turned to literary purpose by several poets and writers at the 19th and 20th centuries, in particular:

 La Hague dialect: Alphonse Allain, Côtis-Capel
 Val de Saire dialect: Alfred Noël
 northern Coutançais dialect : Louis Beuve, François Énault, Marcel Dalarun
 southern Coutançais dialect : Louis Beuve
 Bauptois dialect: Pierre Guéroult

Alfred Rossel, precursor of the writing into Norman of Cotentin writes Norman "area of Cherbourg", i.e. between this city and Valognes, which can be connected to the sub-groups of La Hague, the Valley of Saire and Bauptois.

Future

Cotentinais is still spoken today, but sparsely, and cultural activity is maintained by some folk associations (songs, dances, magazines) and especially by the Magène association which aims to safeguard and to promote Norman by publishing of discs and books.

See also
List of Norman language writers

References

External links
 Songs in Cotentin Norman (mostly in French, with two Norman examples)

Norman language
Manche

Cotentinais


Larklight, or the Revenge of the White Spiders! or to Saturn's Rings and Back! is a young adult novel written by Philip Reeve and illustrated by David Wyatt. It is the first book in the Larklight Trilogy.

Larklight is a space opera set in an alternative Victorian era, in which mankind has been exploring the Solar System for at least a century, and wherein most of the planets are inhabitable. Protagonist Art Mumby narrates an attack on the British Empire and the Solar System at large by an ancient, arachnid-like extraterrestrial race, against which he and his family play a central role, aided by the pirate Jack Havock and his crew.

Plot summary
The story begins at Larklight, a house that orbits Earth's moon, where the Mumbys receive a visitor from the Royal Xenological Society, a Mr. Webster, who is revealed to be an extra-terrestrial resembling an enormous white spider. Art and his sister Myrtle escape; but their father is captured and presumed dead.

Art and Myrtle leave in an escape pod and crash-land on the Moon, where they are encased with predatory larvae of the Potter Moth and freed by pirate Jack Havock and his crew. Art is shocked to find that Jack is only fifteen years old, and that he is the only human in his crew, while Myrtle is distressed at being in the company of a pirate and demands that Jack take them to the Moon's British residence, Fort George. En route aboard the pirates' ship Sophronia, a ship of the British Navy comes alongside and orders Jack to surrender or have his ship destroyed.

Jack distracts the officers by pretending to hold Art and Myrtle hostage, giving Ssillissa, the ship's alchemist, time to activate the ship's engines and fly the Sophronia to safety. They conceal themselves on Venus, Jack Havock's old home, where Jack tells Art and Myrtle that the colonists there, including his parents and brother, were changed into trees by a sudden pollination. The white spiders take Myrtle to the Martian home of industrialist Sir Waverly Rain, whose factories cover Phobos and Deimos. She escapes with a Martian maid named Ulla and her husband, Richard, with whom she learns that Sir Waverly Rain had been captured by the spiders and replaced with a spider-controlled automaton; believing the spiders might manufacture something much more sinister, they race to London.

Jack and Art visit Jupiter's moon Io, descending into Jupiter's atmosphere to ask aid of the Thunderhead, who tells them to protect the key to Larklight. Not knowing what this is, they attempt to leave Jupiter, but are abandoned by their ferryman and escape to a broken-down harpoon ship attached to a native organism. They are rescued by the Sophronia's crew. Jack discovers that Myrtle's locket (now in Art's possession) is the key to Larklight, in that it can activate a set of complex engines capable of transforming the solar system, and leads his crew to the spiders' home on the Rings of Saturn to exchange it for Myrtle's safe return.

Upon arriving at the spiders' home, most of the crew are captured. Art is later taken before Professor Phineas Ptarmigan, formerly of the Royal Xenological Institute where Jack was imprisoned until he was twelve, who reveals that he wishes to use Larklight to destroy the Solar System, leaving the remains to the spiders whose ancestors had colonized the planetesimals. Meanwhile, Ssillissa and her crewmate Yarg free the captured crew and two additional prisoners, Sir Waverly and Art's mother Emily.

Having freed Larklight from the spiders, the protagonists visit Earth, where a gigantic mechanical spider is attacking London. There, Myrtle takes control of the machine and uses it to kill Mr. Webster, and later re-unites with her family and Jack. The epilogue reveals that the race of white spiders has not been exterminated, but subdued, and that Ptarmigan has been placed in an insane asylum. The Mumby family return to live at Larklight, which they deprive of its otherworldly machinery.

Film adaptation
Warner Bros. bought the rights to Larklight in 2006. In April 2008, Shekhar Kapur announced that he was to direct, and that he and Steven Knight had been working on the screenplay for three months. He said that it would have a budget of $200 million and would be his most expensive movie. Alison Greenspan and Di Novi were to produce. The film was to be released on 1 January 2010, but after the death of the director Anthony Minghella in 2008, Kapur took over his unfinished movie New York, I Love You, and postponed Larklight.

See also

Mars in fiction
Venus in fiction

Footnotes

External links

 Review at Kidsreads.com

2006 science fiction novels
2006 British novels
2006 children's books
Alternate history novels
Children's science fiction novels
Fiction set on Io (moon)
Fiction set on Jupiter
Larklight trilogy
Novels set on Mars
Fiction set on Mars' moons
Novels by Philip Reeve
Rings of Saturn in fiction
Fiction set on Saturn
Steampunk novels
Novels set on Venus
Bloomsbury Publishing books

Larklight


"Milhouse Doesn't Live Here Anymore" is the twelfth episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 15, 2004. The episode was written by David Chambers and Julie Chambers, which they would go on to work on other shows later on such as Fancy Nancy, and was directed by Matthew Nastuk.

Plot
During a school field trip, Bart notices a change in Milhouse's behavior. Milhouse talks back to Mrs. Krabappel and wanders away from the group. He causes mischief with Bart, and tells him that he does not care what anyone thinks of him anymore. Finally, Milhouse reveals that he is moving to Capitol City with his mother. Bart visits Milhouse in Capitol City, only to find that Milhouse has dyed his hair blonde, is wearing fashionable clothes, and is cultivating a "bad-boy" image, even going so far as to give Bart a wedgie in front of his new Capitol City friends. At home, seeing how depressed Bart is (who even cries), Marge suggests he spend more time with Lisa. The two begin to bond by washing the car and riding bikes, and after they discover an Indian burial mound together, they become best friends.

Meanwhile, at Moe's Tavern, Apu and Manjula are celebrating their anniversary, and Homer realizes he does not have a gift for Marge for their anniversary. After being thrown out of the bar, Homer sits on the street and people start giving him money. He dances and earns enough money to buy Marge some flowers. He also does a rendition of the song "Mr. Bojangles" and asks for money. Homer continues his panhandling, and eventually makes enough money to buy Marge a pair of diamond earrings. When he continues panhandling afterward, angry bums bring Marge to see what Homer is doing. Marge is mortified and angry, but cannot bring herself to throw the earrings away.

Milhouse returns to Springfield when his father wins custody of Milhouse via court order. After she finds out Bart told Milhouse about their secret Indian burial mound, Lisa feels that Bart is acting like their friendship never existed and that he has been using her to fill a void. Bart, however, shows her that he still values her as a sister by giving her a set of cards with nice things he will do for her on them, and the two hug. The episode ends with Isabel Sanford at the TV and Radio museum, pointing out how sitcoms usually resort to using sappy endings for their episodes.

Reception

Julie Chambers & David Chambers were nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Writing in Animation at the 57th Writers Guild of America Awards for their script to this episode.

References

External links

The Simpsons (season 15) episodes
2004 American television episodes

Milhouse Doesn't Live Here Anymore


A One Instruction Set Computer (OISC) is an abstract computer that uses only one instruction (with no need for a machine language opcode). Such computers are the extreme case or the logical conclusion of Reduced instruction set computers, although the concept has been used only in academic circles, as a teaching aid like the URISC.

The Ultimate RISC (URISC) is the name given by researchers at the University of Waterloo in the city of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, to their implementation of a single-instruction computer. URISC allows complete description of a fully functional computer, in only a few pages.

References
 The Retrocomputing Museum
 MAXQ product line homepage
 OISC Implementation with subleq
 Univ. of Waterloo URISC: F. Mavaddat and B. Parhami, URISC: The Ultimate Reduced Instruction Set Computer, Int'l J. Electrical Engineering Education, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 327-334, October 1988.
 Univ. of Iowa Ultimate: RISC (Accessed November 2008).

Other websites
 Mark II OISC Self-Interpreter Possibly the first-ever OISC self-interpreter.
 SBN Computer
 SUBLEQ compiler and emulator
 http://esolangs.org/wiki/Subleq
 BitBitJump - the simplest OISC

Computer architecture

One instruction set computer


Toast is a census-designated place (CDP) in Surry County, North Carolina, United States, just west of Mount Airy. The population was 1,922 at the 2000 census.

A post office called Toast has been in operation since 1929. The name "Toast" was supplied by the Post Office Department. E. P. McLeod, the school principal, supposedly came up with the name while buying groceries at Hutchens Store one evening in 1927.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all  land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,922 people, 821 households, and 542 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 886 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 83.04% White, 12.96% African American, 1.66% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.66% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.69% of the population.

There were 821 households, out of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.4% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 19.4% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,000, and the median income for a family was $32,472. Males had a median income of $23,145 versus $19,145 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,890. About 11.1% of families and 19.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.9% of those under age 18 and 19.3% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person

Among the most notable residents of Toast was Tommy Jarrell (1901–1985), the renowned old-time fiddler, banjo player, and singer. Jarrell typified the traditional Appalachian music style of the Mount Airy/Galax region and received the NEA National Heritage Fellowship in 1982.

References

Census-designated places in Surry County, North Carolina
Census-designated places in North Carolina

Toast, North Carolina


The spotted eagle ray, (Aetobatus narinari), is a species of cartilaginous fish, in the eagle ray group. It can be found in tropical waters, including Hawaii, the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of west Africa, Oceania, and the Indian Ocean.

Description

Spotted eagle rays are around 17 to 35 cm wide at birth, but adults can be as long as 16 ft (5 meters), and have the wingspan of 3 meters (10 ft). An adult weighs 180 to 225 kg. The heaviest ever recorded weighed 230 kg. They have flat disk-shaped bodies, the top is dark blue or black in colour and is covered in white spots, and the belly is white. Spotted eagle rays also have flat snouts which look like a duck's bill.
They have a long tail which is longer than most other ray's tails, and they have 2-6 venomous spines right behind their pelvic fins.

Behaviour
Spotted eagle rays prefer to swim in waters with the temperature of 24 to 27 °C (75 to 81 °F), and are more active during high tides. They are shy animals and usually avoid humans, but they have been seen leaping out of the water onto boats and landing on people. They search for their food by digging their snouts into the sand on the sea beds. Groups of them are made up of around 6 members swimming in the same direction, at exactly the same speed.
Spotted eagle rays eat crustaceans including shrimp, prawns and crabs, molluscs like octopuses, clams and oysters.

Reproduction
Spotted eagle rays are viviparous, meaning they give live birth. Females are pregnant for around 1 year before giving birth to about 2-4 young which are 17 to 35 cm long. Spotted eagle rays mature at the age of 4 to 6 years old. Spotted Eagle Rays live for around 15–20 years.

Predators

The predators of the spotted eagle ray are mainly sharks like the tiger shark, the lemon shark, the bull shark, the great hammerhead shark, and the silvertip shark. These sharks are known to follow female spotted eagle rays during the breeding season and eat the newborn babies.

Where they live
Spotted eagle rays live in shallow, coastal waters and coral reefs in tropical regions, including Hawaii, the Gulf of Mexico, Oceania, west Africa, the Indian Ocean and the west coast of the United States of America. They are found down to the depths of 80 meters. They can be found in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of North Carolina, down to Florida, in the Gulf Stream, in the Caribbean, and down pass the southern part of Brazil. In can also be found in the Pacific Ocean, from the Red Sea to South Africa, and northern Japan and Australia.

Other names
The spotted eagle ray is also called the "White-spotted eagle eay", the "bonnet skate", the "Bonnet ray", the "Duck-billed ray", and the "Spotted Duck-billed ray".

References
Animal Bytes- Spotted Eagle Ray
FactZoo.com- Spotted Eagle Ray
Spotted Eagle Ray

Rays

Spotted eagle ray


West Belarus is the name used to mean to the land of modern Belarus which belonged to the Second Polish Republic between 1919 and 1939.

The land is Hrodna and Brest voblasts.  It is also parts of today's Minsk and Vitsebsk oblasts. The historical population of West Belarus included Belarusians, Poles, Lithuanians, Jews, and Russians.

Geography of Belarus
20th century in Belarus

West Belarus


A melody in music is a group of notes of various pitches (how high or low a note sounds) which are played one after another. Together they make a tune in the same way that a group of words make a sentence.  Some people like to sing melodies.  Melodies have rhythm (the length of the notes).

In music, 'melody' contrasts with 'harmony'.  Harmony means notes which are played at the same time, like chords.  Composers often think of a melody and then add harmony to it.

Some music has more than one melody happening at the same time.  When this happens throughout the whole piece, it is called polyphonic music. Rounds and fugues are types of polyphonic music. If the other melody only happens sometimes, then the second melody is called a countermelody.

The adjective of melody is melodic. There is also the adjective melodious which means: 'a sweet-sounding melody'.

Music that does not have an obvious melody may be hard to understand (unless it is focused on rhythm, such as a drum solo).

Many melodies are easy to sing, while others are difficult to sing. Still other melodies are impossible to sing. Those melodies can still be played on musical instruments.

Music theory

Melody


Full-range speaker is a type of loudspeaker that can be used to play sound at all or almost all frequencies that humans are able to hear. The frequency range can be anywhere from 55 to 17500 Hertz. The benefit is that all sound comes from the same point besides multi-way speakers. Also, audio crossover can be more simple.

Audio technology

Full-range speaker


Robert Max Berdahl (born March 15, 1937) is a retired American college and university administrator.

Biography
Born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Berdahl received a Bachelor of Arts from Augustana College in 1959. Additionally, he obtained a Master of Arts from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1961. He would later follow Otto Pflanze to the University of Minnesota where he received his doctorate in 1965, with a dissertation on the Prussian Conservative Party during German unification circa 1870.

Berdahl was an assistant professor of history at the University of Massachusetts from 1965 to 1967. From 1967 to 1986, Berdahl was a history professor at the University of Oregon. In addition to his duties as professor, he served as dean of the university's College of Arts and Sciences from 1981 to 1986. Later on, Berdahl would go on to serve as vice chancellor for academic affairs at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, from 1986 to 1993.

He was president of University of Texas at Austin from 1993 to 1997 and later chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley from 1997 to 2004. He served as president of the Association of American Universities from May 2006 to June 2011. In addition, he currently serves on the Board of Directors of Lam Research Corporation.

In December 2011, the Oregon State Board of Higher Education asked Berdahl to serve as the president of the University of Oregon on an interim basis. The presidency of the University of Oregon had recently been vacated by Richard Lariviere following his early termination by the state board. Three months into Berdahl's presidency the faculty voted to form a union affiliated with the American Federation of Teachers and American Association of University Professors, and a month later Berdahl agreed to end efforts to prevent certification by the Oregon Employment Relations Board. Michael R. Gottfredson succeeded Berdahl effective August 1, 2012.

Works
 "New Thoughts on German Nationalism," The American Historical Review Vol. 77, No. 1, February 1972
 "Conservative Politics and Aristocratic Landholders in Bismarckian Germany," The Journal of Modern History Vol. 44, No. 1, March 1972
 "The Stände and the Origins of Conservatism in Prussia," Eighteenth-Century Studies Vol. 6, No. 3, Spring 1973
 The Politics of the Prussian Nobility: The Development of a Conservative Ideology, 1770-1848 (Princeton University Press, January 1989)

References

External links
 Official website of the president of the University of Oregon

1937 births
Living people
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Augustana University alumni
Leaders of the University of California, Berkeley
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Writers from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Presidents of the University of Texas at Austin
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
Presidents of the University of Oregon
University of Massachusetts faculty
20th-century American male writers
Historians from California
Presidents of the Association of American Universities

Robert M. Berdahl


Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a technology related to Frequency Division Multiplexing. With it, many different signals can be sent over the same medium, at the same time. Each signal uses a different basis function. By using the basis function given, the sender and recipient will then see their signal better, the other signals will be clearly separated.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages
 Can adapt easily to bad channels (noisy,etc.)
 Robust against crosstalk between channels that are close together.
 Robust against Intersymbol interference (ISI) and fading caused by multipath propagation
 High spectral efficiency
 There are good implementations available
 Few problems with errors that come from time synchornization
 Tuned sub-channel receiver filters are not required (unlike conventional FDM)
 Facilitates Single Frequency Networks, i.e. transmitter macrodiversity.

Disadvantages
 Problems with Doppler shift.
 Synchronizing frequencies can be problematic
 Sensitive to frequency synchronization problems.
 High peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR). This needs linear transmission circuits; they need a lot of power.
 Loss of efficiency caused by Cyclic prefix/Guard interval

Uses
Many technologies use OFDM. Among them are:
 ADSL and VDSL
 Power line communication
 Wireless LAN, namely 802.11a,g, and n, and HiperLAN/2 (802.11b uses Direct-sequence spread spectrum)
 4G LTE mobile networks use OFDMA (OFDM multi-users variant)
 Some Digital radio systems
 Some Digital TV systems, most notably DVB-T

Radio technology

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing


Benedetto of Savoy (Benedetto Maria Maurizio; 21 June 1741 – 4 January 1808) was a prince of Savoy and Duke of Chablais. He was born in the reign of his father Charles Emmanuel III, King of Sardinia. He has no descendants but had a distinguished military career. He married his niece and was the owner of the Palazzo Chiablese in Turin.

Biography

Chablais was born at the Palace of Venaria and was the was the youngest child of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia and  Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine. His mother died giving birth to him. He was named after Pope Benedict XIV who became pope the year before his birth. His maternal cousin's included the future Queen of Naples and the famous Marie Antoinette. He was his fathers favourite child.

His uncle Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor wanted him to marry his daughter daughter Maria Christina of Austria as but it never happened. In 1753 his father gave what is now the Palazzo Chiablese as a home. Chablais extended the palace. His father gave him the title of Duke of Chablais in 1763.  As the son of a reigning King he was entitled to the style of Royal Highness.

Chablais married his niece Princess Maria Anna of Savoy on 19 March 1775. The marriage produced no children. Maria Anna died in 1824.

A good soldier, he was given control of the Army of Italy which had French troops and intended on restoring the monarchy in France after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793. He died in Rome aged 66 and was buried at the church of San Nicolo dei Cesarini then later moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga.

Titles and styles

21 June 1741 - 19 June 1796 His Royal Highness Prince Benedetto of Savoy.
19 June 1796 – 4 January 1808 His Royal Highness The Duke of Chablais (Duca del Chiablese)

Other websites

1741 births
1808 deaths
Burials at the Basilica of Superga
Dukes and duchesses
House of Savoy
Italian military people
People from Turin
Princes and Princesses of Savoy

Prince Benedetto, Duke of Chablais


Love Finds Andy Hardy is a 1938 romantic comedy movie. It tells the story of a teenage boy who becomes mixed up romantically with three girls all at the same time. It stars Mickey Rooney, Judy Garland, and Lana Turner. The movie was directed by George B. Seitz. The movie was based on stories by Vivien R. Bretherton, and on characters created by Aurania Rouverol.

In 2000, Love Finds Andy Hardy was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

1938 romantic comedy movies
American teen romance movies
United States National Film Registry movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by George B. Seitz

Love Finds Andy Hardy