St Nicholas Cole Abbey is a church in the City of London located on what is now Queen Victoria Street. Recorded from the twelfth century, the church was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and rebuilt by the office of Sir Christopher Wren. The church suffered substantial bomb damage from German bombs during the London Blitz in the Second World War and was reconstructed by Arthur Bailey in 1961–2.

History
The church is dedicated to the 4th century St Nicholas of Myra. The name "Cole Abbey" is derived from "coldharbour", a medieval word for a traveller's shelter or shelter from the cold. The church was never an abbey. The earliest reference to the church is in a letter of Pope Lucius II in 1144–5.

St Nicholas of Myra is patron saint of, among other groups, children and fishermen, and the church has special ties with both. An inventory of the church's possessions taken at the time of the Protestant Reformation includes vestments for children, suggesting that the church maintained the tradition of electing a boy bishop on Saint Nicholas Day. Deeds in the reign of Richard I refer to a new fish market near St Nicholas Cole Abbey. In a Charter of 1272, the church is referred to as "St Nick's behind Fish Street".  During the 16th century, several fishmongers were buried here and John Stow records that, during the reign of Elizabeth I, a lead and stone cistern, fed by the Thames, was set up against the north wall "for the care and commodity of the Fishmongers in and about Old Fish Street".

Like all English churches, St Nicholas Cole Abbey became Protestant during the Reformation. Upon the accession of Queen Mary I, it was the first church to celebrate Mass (on 23 August 1553). The incumbent rector, Thomas Sowdley, had obtained a licence to marry during the reign of Edward VI and was deprived of his living as a result. In the same month as the coronation of Mary I, John Strype recorded "Another priest called sir Tho. Snowdel, [i.e. Sowdley] whom they nicknamed 'Parson Chicken', was carted through Cheapside, for assoiling an old acquaintance of his in a ditch in Finsbury field; and was at that riding saluted with chamber-pots and rotten eggs". Sowdley regained his living on the accession of Elizabeth I.

A century later, the living of St Nicholas Cole Abbey was owned by Colonel Francis Hacker, a Puritan who commanded the execution detail of Charles I.

The church was destroyed in the Great Fire. Charles II promised the site to the Lutheran community but lobbying prevented this from being granted and the parish was combined with that of St Nicholas Olave, a nearby church also destroyed but not rebuilt. The church was rebuilt between 1672 and 1678 at a cost of £5042. Included in the building accounts are the items "Dinner for Dr Wren and other Company – £2 14s 0d" and "Half a pint of canary for Dr Wren's coachmen – 6d". It was the first church of the fifty-one lost in the Great Fire to be rebuilt.

In 1737, the early Methodist leader George Whitefield preached a sermon on "Profane swearing in church" at St Nicholas Cole Abbey.

The post-Fire church was built with its façade to the north on what was then Fish Street (and what is now Distaff Lane) and the east on Old Fish Street Hill. Victorian urban redevelopment changed the local street plan and the south wall of the church, instead of being hemmed in by buildings, now overlooked the newly built Queen Victoria Street. This necessitated a reordering of the church, in 1874, with windows being opened up to the south and the main doorway moving from the northwest tower to the south.

Smoke generated by underground trains so blackened the exterior that in the late 19th century, the church became known as "St Nicholas Cole Hole Abbey".

In May 1881, church attendance under the Reverend Henry Stebbing was down to one man and one woman. Then, in 1883, Henry Shuttleworth was appointed rector, a position he held until 1900. Shuttleworth was a Christian Socialist who installed a bar, established a prodigious musical programme and made the church a centre for debate. This had an effect, as by 1891 St Nicholas Cole Abbey had the largest congregation of any City church, numbering up to 450 worshippers on a Sunday evening. A contemporary vicar commented: "In St. Nicholas Cole Abbey there is good preaching and divine worship is also carried out in the most reverential manner. In other City churches ... as a rule, they [the rectors] are themselves the most wretched preachers and bad readers."

On 10 May 1941 London suffered its worst air raid during the entire Second World War, with 1,436 people killed and several major buildings destroyed or severely damaged. Among them was St Nicholas Cole Abbey. The church remained a shell until restored under Arthur Bailey and reconsecrated in 1962.

Recent history
The parish was combined with that of St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. St Nicholas Cole Abbey became the headquarters of the Diocesan Council for Mission and Unity. Between 1982 and 2003, the church was leased to the Free Church of Scotland (Presbyterian).

In 2006, the Church of England announced that St Nicholas Cole Abbey would become a national centre for Religious Education: the Culham Institute, a Church of England educational body which promotes and develops RE in schools, would move its headquarters to St Nicholas Cole Abbey from Oxford. This did not come to pass.

In 2014 the building reopened as the home of the St Nicholas Cole Abbey Centre for Workplace Ministry, with a supporting cafe known as The Wren.

Present day
In November 2016, Sunday services re-started, alongside midweek meetings, under the name St Nick's Church.

The parish is within the conservative evangelical tradition of the Church of England, and it has passed resolutions to reject the ordination of women and/or female leadership.

In November 2022, St. Nicholas announced that it was making a "visible differentiation" from the Church of England's House of Bishops, in protest at the bishops' engagement with the Living in Love and Faith process which considered the possibility of blessing same-sex sexual relationships. In March 2023, after the church's General Synod approved the principle of blessings for same-sex couples, the Senior Minister of St Nicholas, along with the guild vicar of St Botolph's, Aldersgate, announced they had established a new "deanery chapter", separate from the official diocesan structures, for clergy who felt "compelled to resist all episcopal leadership from the House of Bishops". This move was described by the Diocese of London as a "unilateral move" with "no legal substance", and by the Church Times as "schismatic".

Architecture
The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.

Exterior

The church is a stone box with quoins. Some medieval work remains in the south and west walls, the latter of which is of brick and rubble.  On top of the body of the church is a balustrade. The windows are arched with square brackets – a favourite device of Wren.

On the northwestern corner of the church is a square tower surmounted by a lead spire in the shape of an upside down octagonal trumpet. On each corner of the tower is a small flaming urn. The spire has two rows of lunettes and a small balcony near the top, resembling a crow's nest. At the very top is a vane in the shape of a three-masted barque in the round. This came from St Michael Queenhithe (demolished 1876), and was added to the spire in 1962. The pre-War vane was in the shape of a pennant with 4 "S" shapes back to back.

The tower is 135 feet tall and contains one bell.

Interior
The east wall is dominated by three stained glass windows designed by Keith New, who also helped design the stained glass windows of Coventry Cathedral. They are reminiscent of the work of Marc Chagall. They replace windows designed by Edward Burne-Jones which were destroyed in 1941. From left to right they depict St Nicholas Cole Abbey as the centre of the world with crosses pointing to the four corners of the world; the Rock of Christ with the ark (representing the church) on four rivers (representing the Gospels); seven lamps, representing the extension of the church around the world.

Swags have been recreated over the east windows. The interior is otherwise plain, other than Corinthian pilasters. In the vestry to the north west is crazy paving made from shattered tombstones.

Surviving from the 17th century are the carved pulpit, (although on a modern base and lacking its tester), the font cover, part of the communion rail, parts of the original Wren era reredos, now installed on the south wall and the Charles II coat of arms.

Behind a panel near the south door is a medieval stone head found during the restoration.

The organ was built by Noel Mander for the restored church.

In 2006, as part of a planned redevelopment of the church as a centre for Religious Education, it was announced that a free-standing glass box would be built inside the shell of the church. This redevelopment did not come to pass.

Services and other activities
St Nick's Church meets each Sunday at 11am. Services are contemporary in style and there are Sunday clubs and a crèche for youth and children. Before the service, coffee and pastries are served from 10.30 and there is an informal lunch afterwards.

Small groups are held on Wednesday evenings, at 6.15pm for a meal and 7pm for bible study and prayer. St Nick's Talks run every Thursday lunchtime at 1.05pm. The aim of the talks is to explain, from the Bible, the good news of Jesus Christ to those working nearby.

St Nicholas Cole Abbey in culture
 Henry Shuttleworth is the model for James Morrell, the Socialist preacher in George Bernard Shaw's 1898 play Candida.
 The gutted shell of St Nicholas Cole Abbey is the scene of the gold bullion heist in the 1951 Ealing comedy The Lavender Hill Mob.
 The church features in Iris Murdoch's first novel Under the Net, published in 1954.
 St Nicholas Cole Abbey was used as a location in 1968 Doctor Who serial The Invasion.

See also

 List of churches and cathedrals of London
 List of Christopher Wren churches in London

References

Bradley, Simon & Pevsner, Nikolaus. The Buildings of England: London 1: The City of London, Penguin Books 1997
Clarke, Rev. Henry. The City Churches, Simpkin, Marshall, Kent & Co., 1898
Cobb, Gerald. London City Churches, B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1977
Jeffery, Paul. The City Churches of Sir Christopher Wren, Hambledon Press, 1996
Middleton, Paul & Hatts, Leigh. London City Churches, Bankside Press, 2003
Weinreb, Ben & Hibbert, Christopher (eds.) . The London Encyclopedia, Macmillan, 1992

External links

 St Nicholas Cole Abbey
 St Nicholas Cole Abbey from Architecture Week
 St Nicholas Cole Abbey  from Church bells of the City of London
 360° panorama inside St Nicholas Cole Abbey
 St Nick's Church
 St Nick's Talks (the St Nicholas Cole Abbey Centre for Workplace Ministry)
 The Wren coffee shop

Christopher Wren church buildings in London
Church of England church buildings in the City of London
English Baroque church buildings
Grade I listed churches in the City of London
17th-century Church of England church buildings
Cole Abbey
Rebuilt churches in the United Kingdom
Diocese of London
Conservative evangelical Anglican churches in England

St Nicholas Cole Abbey


Selenium dioxide, also known as selenious oxide, selenous oxide, or selenium(IV) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeO2. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions. It is toxic.

Properties
Selenium dioxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make selenous acid. It easily evaporates. The vapor smells like horseradish sauce. It can burn the nose. It reacts with bases to make selenites.

Preparation
Selenium dioxide can be made by burning selenium in air. It can also be made by reacting selenium with nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide. Another way to make it is to heat selenous acid.

Occurrence
Selenium dioxide is very rare as a mineral. It only is in places where coal caught on fire and the selenides were oxidized to selenium dioxide.

Uses
Selenium dioxide is used in making organic compounds. Selenium dioxide is used as a coloring in glass. Cobalt in glass makes a blue color. When a little selenium dioxide is added, the glass becomes colorless. When more selenium dioxide is added, the glass becomes ruby red.

Safety
Selenium dioxide can dissolve in water to make toxic selenium compounds. Swallowing any more than a very tiny amount can cause selenium poisoning. Selenium dioxide is a weak oxidizing agent and does not catch things on fire.

Related pages
Selenium trioxide
Selenic acid

Selenium compounds
Oxides

Selenium dioxide


Clifton Thomas "Kliph" Scurlock (born June 16, 1973) is an American musician. He was the drummer and percussionist for alternative rock band The Flaming Lips from 2002 to 2014.

Early life
Scurlock was born in Topeka, Kansas, the son of Roger W. Scurlock (born ca. 1946) and Linda Louise Rokey (September 6, 1944 – July 17, 1981). His love of music was inspired by his mother. Linda Scurlock was in the first all-female mariachi band, Mariachi Estrella. She also gave him his first Beatles album, which was on 8-track tape.

When he was eight years old, his mother died in the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse in Kansas City, where she was performing with Mariachi Estrella. After her death, Scurlock went to live with his father. He began playing in the school band and marching band in 6th grade. When he was in 11th grade, he began spelling his name K-l-i-p-h to distinguish himself from another student named Cliff. The spelling variant stuck and family and friends began spelling it that way.

Career
At age 16, Scurlock bought a Ringo Starr series 1964 Ludwig Silver Sparkle Drum Set.<ref>Hoare, Tom. "The Art Of Self-Deprecation: A conversation with Kliph Scurlock of The Flaming Lips" , The Drummer's Journal'', New York, 27 October 2013. Retrieved on 27 October 2013.</ref> Within two weeks, he was in his first band—a cover band whose first show was at a Topeka strip club named the Golden Horseshoe. The following year, he joined his first "real" band, Slackjaw, based out of Lawrence. When he was 18, he moved there. He quit Slackjaw in 1993 and played in a lot of other bands, including Kill Creek, Sleeztax, Panel Donor, the Rohypnol Rangers, and Contortion Horse.

In March 1999, Scurlock was hired as a roadie for the Flaming Lips while the band was on tour to promote their album The Soft Bulletin. He remained with them on their next tour while they served as Beck's backing band in 2002. Scurlock was chosen to play the drums on that tour, to enable another band member, multi-instrumentalist Steven Drozd, to play lead guitar. Scurlock then became the Flaming Lips' touring drummer so Drozd could continue playing guitar and keyboards live. Subsequently, there was a distinction between the Flaming Lips (Wayne Coyne, Michael Ivins, Drozd) and the Flaming Lips Live (which included Scurlock). However, upon the release of the Flaming Lips album Embryonic in October 2009, Scurlock was formally recognized in the liner notes as a full-fledged member of the band. In addition to the Embryonic album, he is credited on the 2003 "Fight Test" EP

In March 2014, Scurlock left the band. In May, Scurlock said that he had been fired for negative comments about Wayne Coyne's friend Christina Fallin, the daughter of Oklahoma's governor and leader of a band called Pink Pony. Fallin had recently been criticized for cultural appropriation after she wore a Native American headdress in a publicity photo. According to Scurlock, his criticism of Fallin's actions led to conflict with Coyne and his dismissal. In response, Drozd said, "[t]his Lips/Kliph bullshit has gone too far. We parted ways because of the usual band musical differences. The rest has been blown way out."

Scurlock toured alongside Super Furry Animals frontman Gruff Rhys, as part of Rhys's backing band on the 2014-15 American Interior tour. He's also played with the band Gulp, fronted by SFA bassist Guto Pryce, and was part of SFA's stage crew during their May 2015 gigs. Scurlock now resides in Cardiff, Wales and regularly collaborates with Welsh musicians such as Gwenno.

References

External links
[ Kliph Scurlock Credits] at Allmusic

2013 Kliph Scurlock interview with The Drummer's Journal''

1973 births
Living people
The Flaming Lips members
Road crew
Musicians from Topeka, Kansas
Musicians from Lawrence, Kansas
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
21st-century American drummers
American expatriates in Wales

Kliph Scurlock


A Turing machine is an idea from computer science that tries to describe how some computers work. Deterministic Turing machines use a function. Given the current state of the Turing machine, it selects another state the Turing machine should have. In other words, from each state there is one other state the machine can have. A non-deterministic Turing machine uses a relation. This means that from some states there are several other states that are possible.

Computer science

Non-deterministic turing machine


Sessility comes from the word sessile. In biology, it means to stay in one place on the ground. It is the opposite of motile. It is mostly used for marine and freshwater species. They often have larvae which are motile, float or swim, and adult forms which are stationary. Many sessile forms can move from place if they need to. These life forms choose a suitable place, and stay fixed as long as they can. They usually secrete some substance which holds them on.

Biology

Sessility (zoology)


Judith Doris Forst (née Lumb)  (born November 7, 1943) is a Canadian mezzo-soprano.

Born in New Westminster, British Columbia, she received a Bachelor of Music from the University of British Columbia in 1964. She is the sister-in-law of long time Vancouver radio personality Brian (Frosty) Forst. In 1968 she won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions.

Forst made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera on September 19, 1968, at the age of 24 in the small role of the Page in Rigoletto. Other Met roles include (in chronological order) Tebaldo in Verdi's Don Carlo, Stéphano in Gounod's Roméo et Juliette, Mercédès in Bizet's Carmen, Teresa in Bellini's La sonnambula, Siebel in Gounod's Faust, Kate Pinkerton in Puccini's Madama Butterfly, Lola in Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana, Bersi in Umberto Giordano's Andrea Chénier, Estrella in Offenbach's La Périchole, Preziosilla in La forza del destino, Hänsel in Hänsel und Gretel, Flora in La traviata, Giulietta in Les contes d'Hoffman, Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni, Mère Marie in Poulenc's Dialogues of the Carmelites, Kabanicha in Janáček's Káťa Kabanová, Adelaide in Arabella, The Witch in Hänsel und Gretel, and Kostelnicka in Jenůfa.

In 1991, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2001, she was awarded the Order of British Columbia.

References

Further reading
So, Joseph (May 2007). "Judith Forst: Evergreen". La Scena Musicale, Vol. 12, No. 8

1943 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian women opera singers
Canadian mezzo-sopranos
Members of the Order of British Columbia
Officers of the Order of Canada
Operatic mezzo-sopranos
People from New Westminster
University of British Columbia alumni
Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions

Judith Forst


Contextual design (CD) is a user-centered design process developed by Hugh Beyer and Karen Holtzblatt. It incorporates ethnographic methods for gathering data relevant to the product via field studies, rationalizing workflows, and designing human–computer interfaces. In practice, this means that researchers aggregate data from customers in the field where people are living and applying these findings into a final product. Contextual design can be seen as an alternative to engineering and feature driven models of creating new systems.

Process overview

The contextual design process consists of the following top-level steps: contextual inquiry, interpretation, data consolidation, visioning, storyboarding, user environment design, and prototyping.

Collecting data – contextual inquiry

Contextual inquiry is a field data collection technique used to capture detailed information about how users of a product interact with the product in their normal work environment. This information is captured by both observations of user behavior and conversations with the user while she or he works. A key aspect of the technique is to partner with the user, letting their work and the issues they encounter guide the interview. Key takeaways from the technique are to learn what users actually do, why they do it that way, latent needs, desires, and core values.

Interpretation

Data from each interview is analyzed and key issues and insights are captured. Detailed work models are also created in order to understand the different aspects of the work that matter for design. Contextual design consists of five work models which are used to model the work tasks and details of the working environment. These work models are:

 Flow model – represents the coordination, communication, interaction, roles, and responsibilities of the people in a certain work practice
 Sequence model – represents the steps users go through to accomplish a certain activity, including breakdowns
 Cultural model – represents the norms, influences, and pressures that are present in the work environment
 Artifact model – represents the documents or other physical things that are created while working or are used to support the work. Artifacts often have a structure or styling that could represent the user's way of structuring the work
 Physical model – represents the physical environment where the work tasks are accomplished; often, there are multiple physical models representing, e.g., office layout, network topology, or the layout of tools on a computer display.

Data consolidation

Data from individual customer interviews are analyzed in order to reveal patterns and the structure across distinct interviews. Models of the same type can be consolidated together (but not generalized—detail must be maintained). Another method of processing the observations is making an affinity diagram ("wall"), as described by Beyer & Holtzblatt:

 A single observation is written on each piece of paper.
 Individual notes are grouped according to the similarity of their contents.
 These groups are labeled with colored Post-it notes, each color representing a distinct level in the hierarchy.
 Then the groups are combined with other groups to get the final construct of observations in a hierarchy of up to three levels.

Beyer & Holtzblatt propose the following color-coding convention for grouping the notes, from lowest to highest level in the hierarchy:

 White notes – individual notes captured during interpretation, also known as "affinity notes"
 Blue notes – summaries of groups of white notes that convey all the relevant details
 Pink notes – summaries of groups of blue notes that reveal key issues in the data
 Green notes – labels identifying an area of concern indicated by pink notes

Beyer & Holtzblatt emphasize the importance of building the entire affinity diagram in one or two sessions rather than building smaller affinity diagrams over many sessions. This immersion in the data for an extended period of time helps teams see the broad scope of a problem quickly and encourages a paradigm shift of thought rather than assimilation of ideas.

The design ideas and relevant issues that arise during the process should be included in the affinity diagram. Any holes in the data and areas that need more information should also be labeled. After completing the wall, participants "walk" the affinity diagram to stimulate new ideas and identify any remaining issues or holes in data. The affinity diagram is a bottom-up method. Consolidated data may also be used to create a cause-and-effect diagram or a set of personas describing typical users of the proposed system.

Visioning

In visioning, a cross-functional team comes together to create stories of how new product concepts, services, and technology can better support the user work practice. The visioning team starts by reviewing the data to identify key issues and opportunities. The data walking session is followed by a group visioning session during which the visioning team generates a variety of new product concepts by telling stories of different usage scenarios based on the data collected. A vision includes the system, its delivery, and support structures to make the new work practice successful, but is told from the user's point of view.

Storyboarding

After visioning, the team develops the vision in storyboards, capturing scenarios of how people will work with the new system. Understanding the current way of working, its structure and the complete workflow helps the design team address the problems and design the new workflow. Storyboards work out the details of the vision, guided by the consolidated data, using pictures and text in a series of hand-drawn cells.

User Environment Design

The User Environment Design captures the floor plan of the new system. It shows each part of the system, how it supports the user's work, exactly what function is available in that part, and how the user gets to and from other parts of the system. Contextual design uses the User Environment Design (UED) diagram, which displays the focus areas, i.e., areas which are visible to the user or which are relevant to the user. Focus areas can be defined further as functions in a system that support a certain type or part of the work. The UED also presents how the focus areas relate to each other and shows the links between focus areas.

Prototyping

Testing the design ideas with paper prototypes or even with more sophisticated interactive prototypes before the implementation phase helps the designers communicate with users about the new system and develop the design further. Prototypes test the structure of a User Environment Design and initial user interface ideas, as well as the understanding of the work, before the implementation phase. Depending on the results of the prototype test, more iterations or alternative designs may be needed.

Uses and adaptations

Contextual design has primarily been used for the design of computer information systems, including hardware, software. Parts of contextual design have been adapted for use as a usability evaluation method and for contextual application design. Contextual design has also been applied to the design of digital libraries and other learning technologies, and the design of a COVID-19 vaccine clinic mobile app.

Contextual design has also been used as a means of teaching user-centered design/Human–computer interaction at the university level.

A more lightweight approach to contextual design has been developed by its originators to address an oft-heard criticism that the method is too labor-intensive or lengthy for some needs. Yet others find the designer/user engagement promoted by contextual design to be too brief.

References

External links
 Karen Holtzblatt and Hugh Beyer: "Contextual Design", in: Soegaard, Mads and Dam, Rikke Friis (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Human–Computer Interaction, 2nd Ed. Aarhus, Denmark: The Interaction Design Foundation, 2014.
 InContext: "Contextual Design" (InContext was founded by Karen Holtzblatt and Hugh Beyer).
 "Contextual inquiry" on UsabilityNet.
 Hostrings: Contextual Design and Development is the Driving Force Behind all Successful Mobile Applications.

Human–computer interaction
Design

Contextual design


The Lyceum was originally a public meeting place in classical Athens. It became the meeting place for the discussion group or "school" of Aristotle. He founded the Peripatetic school there in 334/335 BC. The school was called "peripatetic" because they used to walk around as they discussed things. It was more like a college for young adults than what we now call a school.

The word "Lyceum" now means a school in most parts of Europe. Usually, it covers the last two or three years and prepares the pupils for university.

Aristotle's school and library
The school started when Athens fell under Macedonian rule, and the 50-year old Aristotle returned from Asia. Aristotle had been the tutor of Alexander of Macedonia, Alexander the Great.
In Athens, he began teaching regularly in the morning in the Lyceum. The group of scholars who took part came to be known as the Peripatetics.

Aristotle encouraged cooperative research.  His students were given projects as part of their studies. The school was also student run. They elected a new student administrator every ten days, which allowed the students to become involved in turn.

During his conquests of Asian regions, Alexander collected plant and animal specimens for Aristotle's research. Aristotle developed the first zoo and botanical garden in existence. Alexander may also have given money to the Lyceum.  In 322 BC, Aristotle was forced to flee Athens with his family when the political leaders reacted against the Macedonians. Aristotle's published works supporting Macedonian rule left him a target. He passed on his Lyceum to Theophrastus and died later that year near his hometown.

References

Schools
Buildings and structures in Ancient Athens
4th-century BC buildings and structures

Lyceum


J/ψ mesons (pronounced jeɪ/saɪ, English jay/sigh) are subatomic particles made of one charm quark and one charm antiquark. Mesons are a family of composite particles which are made of one quark and one antiquark. It was discovered by Burton Richter. The discovery of J/ψ mesons was huge because it revealed the existence of the fourth known quark of the time, the charm quark. J/ψ mesons were used in an attempt to learn more about quark-gluon plasmas, but no conclusive results were found. The name J/ψ comes from the chosen names from the two labs that found them, one of which chose the letter J, while the other chose the Greek letter ψ (psi).

Subatomic particles

J/ψ particle


Gauja National Park () in Vidzeme is the largest national park in Latvia, with an area of 917.86 km2 running from north-east of Sigulda to south-west of Cēsis along the valley of the Gauja River, from which the park takes its name.

It was established in order to protect slightly disturbed natural areas, promote nature tourism and ensure sustainable development in the area. National park is characterized by a high biological diversity, rock outcrops and varied terrain shapes, springs, picturesque landscapes and many historical and cultural monuments from different centuries. The major part of the national park and the dominant is the old valley of the Gauja River. The valley is protected and at the same time it can be used for nature and cultural history tourism, as well as healthy recreation.

The park administration is based in Sigulda.

Area

The area of the park is 91.745 ha and it is divided into five functional zones. Nature reserves take up a rather small but at the same time very valuable part of the park and visits are prohibited to these areas. In the rest of the territory is allowed only such economic activities, which do not substantially change the historically developed structure of the landscape.

Forests take up ~47 %, almost one half of the territory. There are almost 900 plant species, 149 bird and 48 mammal species found in the territory. Since 2004 Gauja NP is a part of Natura 2000 network as a territory, which is designed for conservation of protected species and biotopes.

Tourism history has a long tradition in the Gauja NP. The first visitors were hiking in the Sigulda area with walking-sticks as far back as in the 19th century. Every year thousands of visitors are attracted by the unique landscape, the largest Devonian rock outcrops – sandstone precipices, rocks and caves, as well as monuments of culture and history, which are twined with many legends and stories.

In the national park, there are over 500 monuments of history and culture – hill forts, stone castles, churches, manors, water and windmills, as well as other archaeological, architectural and art monuments.

See also
 List of national parks in the Baltics
 The Park of Vienkoci
 Gauja Formation

References

External links

 Gauja National Park website
 Lacu miga (The bears' den) hotel and restaurant - Līgatne

National parks of Latvia
Protected areas established in 1973
Natura 2000 in Latvia
Vidzeme

Gauja National Park


Separation of Powers means that the three branches of government are separated.

The three branches are as follows:
 the Legislative - the part that makes laws
 the Executive - the part that carries out (executes) the laws
 the Judicial Branch - the courts that decide if the law has been broken

Separation of Powers helps to protect freedom.  The executive branch carries out the laws but cannot make laws to make themselves powerful.  Also the judiciary is responsible for making sure that criminals are punished, so that members of the government or legislature cannot ignore the law as the judiciary can check on them.

Separation of powers is also called a system of checks and balances because the branches can check up on each other and if any of the branches get too strong, that branch will be balanced by the others.

In the United States the three branches of government are completely separate except for the Vice President who is President of the Senate. In the United Kingdom the three branches of Government are mixed but the checks and balances are provided by history and custom (the rule that says something should happen because that is how it has been done for a long time).  The King is Head of State (the executive), but is also part of Parliament (the legislative branch) and is the Fountain of Justice (the head of the judicial branch). But by convention he does not do anything without the advice of Ministers and never refuses to pass an Act of Parliament. The King has a lot of power but the power is controlled and balanced by the need to act in certain ways or only use the power at certain times.

In some countries the leaders of the executive branch are members of the legislature. This system is called responsible government.
The first to talk about separation of powers in the modern age was Charles-Louis Montesquieu. Montesquieu published his book De l'esprit des lois (The Spirit of Laws) in 1748.

Related pages
 Constitution
Constitution of the United States
 Mixed government

Constitutions
Forms of government

Separation of powers


Ahimsa (also ahiṃsā, ahinsa, Sanskrit:अहिम्स) is a Sanskrit word which means "non-violence" or "non-injury". The practice of ahimsa is an important aspect of religions like Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. A person who practices ahimsa generally eats vegetarian foods. A religious person who practices ahimsa does not take part in animal sacrifice.

In twentieth century, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Martin Luther King each followed a path of Ahimsa, though in different ways. They struggled without fighting, while asking for the rights of their followers.

Buddhism
The concept of ahiṃsā forms the base of Buddhism. In Buddhism, the first of the five basic vows (precepts) that are undertaken voluntarily by those who practice, is "I undertake the training rule to abstain from killing". In Buddhism, killing any living being out of passion is considered 'hiṃsā' (injury) and abstaining from such act is 'ahiṃsā' (non-injury or nonviolence).

References

Citations

Hinduism
Jainism
Buddhism
Religious ethics

Ahimsa


Diya Aur Toofan () is a Pakistani Urdu romantic comedy movie. It is about a crazy doctor and the man who falls in love with his daughter. Pakistani reviewer Krid Urshla said in regards to the movie, "Mish ahn nekki longua rembran rembronz inhat rembrin", which translates to "simply smashing ... A titanic effort ... may be the best movie of all time."

Pakistani movies
1969 movies
Urdu-language movies

Diya Aur Toofan


Kathua district () is one of 14 administrative districts in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir.  It is surrounded by Jammu to the northwest, the Doda District and Udhampur District districts to the north, the state of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Punjab to the south in the Republic of India. Its terrain is diverse, consisting of rich agricultural areas along the Pakistani border, plains sweeping eastward to the foothills of the Himalaya, and a mountainous Pahari region in the east.

Kathua district is divided into 8 blocks:Bani, Barnoti, Basholi, Billawar, Duggan, Ghagwal, Hiranagar, Kathua and Lohai Malhar. It has approximately 587 villages.

The traditional language of Kathua is Dogri.  The Pahari language is prevalent in the mountainous area of the east.  The principal media of education are English, Hindi, and Urdu.

In a Muslim majority state, Kathua, like the Jammu region, is overwhelmingly Hindu, the religion practiced by 91% of its district population.  Another 7% is Muslim, and 2% Sikh.

A relatively safe regional pocket, Kathua was spared the decade-long insurrection sparked by the Khalistan separatist movement in Punjab that ended in the early 1990s, just to its south, and the ongoing Freedom movement in Kashmir Valley farther to the north, beginning in the 1980s.

 Kathua Tehsil
 Hiranagar Tehsil
 Billawar Tehsil
 Basohli Tehsil

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir

Kathua district


A fire alarm is an electronic sounder or a bell. The alarm makes a loud, high pitched sound to notify people that there is a fire in the building. The sounders can be programmed to sound different tones. Most fire alarm sounders in Europe sound like a siren. The bell makes a continuous ringing sound.

There are also companies like HST Fire and KKmoon which produce fire alarms and pull stations. In every building, the fire alarms are hooked up to a main control panel, which allows the inspector or janitor to perform fire drills, do inspections on pull stations, and more.

Some examples of companies which make fire alarms are Wheelock, Simplex, Edwards, Gentex, Johnson Controls, Fire-Lite, and Notifier (Fire-Lite and Notifier both being owned by Honeywell). There is also Fulleon who are best known for their Roshni electronic sounder. These sounders are often used around Europe and they have 32 user selectable tones.  Sometimes, old-fashioned fire alarms are metal bells. Many fire alarm systems also have flashing lights, also known as strobes. These are important for deaf people who cannot hear the fire alarm. There are also special alarms which are less loud for sleeping areas, so that people are not startled, and white fire alarms for dark walls. In larger buildings, There are 2-step systems with a recorded message, which start off by stating the emergency and waiting for the security guards to be sure there is a fire, then asking for the occupants of the building to calmly evacuate. In smaller areas, there is an immediate alarm, without voice.

Fire alarms are often used in schools and other places during fire drills, or in the case of a real fire. If somebody activates a fire alarm for fun or without reason, it is called a false alarm. Setting off a false alarm is against the law in most places.

There are different systems, which can do the following:

 Automatically alert the fire department, there is a fire
 Alerting an internal security service, who is able to check if there is a false alarm, before alerting the fire department.
 Trigger an alarm to clear the building
 Start heat and smoke vents, fire sprinklers, emergency lighting, and similar systems
 Controlling elevators (Most elevators are not safe to use during a fire)

DIN 14675-1 is about fire safety.It has four levels of protection:

 Level 1: Complete protection (the whole building is protected)
 Level 2: Partial protection: There are one or more sections of the building that are protected
 Level 3: Fire escape paths are protected
 Level 4: Individual objects (e.g. valuables) are protected

References

Fire
Safety

Fire alarm


Arcángel & De La Ghetto are an American reggaeton duo, consisting of Austin "Arcángel" Santos and Rafael "De La Ghetto" Castillo.

Arcángel and De La Ghetto duo began when they met in a studio in San Juan, Puerto Rico. After many hits and shows, they decided to break up the duo and pursue their talents as solo artists. They still make songs together on occasion but are no longer a duo. After launching his career and gaining notability, De La Ghetto collaborated with J Balvin, Reykon, Yelsid, Zion, Daddy Yankee, Héctor el Father, Jowell & Randy, Don Omar, Tito El Bambino, Ivy Queen, Yaga & Mackie, Tego Calderón, Ñejo & Dalmata, Alexis & Fido, and Julio Voltio, among others. De La Ghetto became known in 2005 with the single "Ven Pégate", a duet with Arcángel on the reggaeton compilation Sangre Nueva, which opened doors allowing him to participate in later reggaeton compilation albums.

Discography

Studio albums
 2007: Las Nuevas Amenazas

Collaborative albums
 2007: Flow Factory (with Zion)

Mixtapes
 2006: La Factoría del Flow, Vol. 1 (with Zion)
 2006: La Factoría del Flow, Vol. 2
 2007: La Factoría del Flow, Vol. 3

Singles
 2006: "Ella Quiere"
 2007: "Sorpresa"
 2007: "Aparentemente" (feat. Yaga & Mackie)
 2013: "Flow Violento (remix)"
 2013: "Sincero Amor (remix)"
 2014: "Estamo' Aquí"
 2016: "Me Enamoré de la Glock"
 2016: "Rosé"
 2017: "Más Que Ayer"

References

External links
 Arcángel at Myspace
 De La Ghetto at Myspace

Reggaeton duos
Musical groups established in 2004
Puerto Rican musical duos
Puerto Rican reggaeton musicians

Arcángel & De la Ghetto


Ruhleben P.O.W. Camp was a camp near Berlin, Germany, where British prisoners of war were detained (kept) during World War I. Ruhleben itself was then a village 10 kilometres to the west of Berlin, but now it is part of the city of Berlin, in a district called Ruhleben in the borough of Spandau. The camp was originally a horse racecourse.

Detainees
The detainees (people who were kept there) came from countries that were fighting against Germany in the war. Most of them were British. They were in Germany when the war broke out, which is why they were taken prisoner (detained). Some of them were in Germany because they lived there, others were on holiday at the time. Some of them were crew members of civilian ships that happened to be in German harbours at the time or who were captured at sea.

There were about 5,500 prisoners in the camp. Most of them spent all four years of World War I there. Books have been written about what it was like living in the camp. These include To Ruhleben - And Back by Geoffrey Pyke, who successfully escaped from the camp in 1915.

The detainees were mostly treated quite well. The guards had to obey the Geneva Conventions. Although there were some people who found it very difficult being kept there, many others found lots of things to do to keep themselves occupied. Letters, books, sports equipment and a printing press were all allowed into the camp and the detainees organised their own police force, magazine, library and postal service. Some of the detainees were young people who later became famous. They included the Canadian musician Ernest MacMillan who later became the conductor of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. MacMillan had been on holiday in Germany to visit the Bayreuth Festival when war broke out. Charles Ellis and James Chadwick later became famous scientists. They used their time in Ruhleben to study. They were able to build a laboratory and do some experiments. There were famous footballers and athletes as well.

The Arts in Ruhleben
A lot of musical activities were organized in the camp. There was a Ruhleben Musical Society. Ernest MacMillan was a member and he gave concerts and lectures. Together with the composer and pianist Benjamin Dale, he played piano duet versions of all Beethoven's symphonies. The society put on a performance of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera Mikado and a pantomime version of Cinderella. They did not have the music for the Mikado, but someone had the libretto (the words), and four of the musicians wrote the music from what they could remember. They wrote it out for whatever instruments they had in the camp. There was also a Ruhleben Drama Society which put on productions of Shakespeare's Othello and Twelfth Night and Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest.

Sports at Ruhleben
As well as music and drama, sports also played a big part in the life of the camp detainees. Among the detainees were four people who had been England internationals: Fred Spiksley, Fred Pentland, Samuel Wolstenholme and Steve Bloomer, a Scotland international, John Cameron, a German international Edwin Dutton, and John Brearley, once of Everton and Tottenham Hotspur. There was a Ruhleben Football Association. Sometimes 1,000 detainees watched a game. Cricket, rugby, tennis, golf and boxing were also popular.

End of the war
The detainees were free when the war ended and many of them were taken by ship back to Britain.

Other websites
 The Ruhleben Story
 Sir Ernest MacMillan at Ruhleben

World War I
1940s in Berlin

Ruhleben P.O.W. Camp


Highness is a style of address historically used for princes and princesses of minor nobility. As such it is much lower in terms of rank when compared to Royal Highness and Imperial Highness.

Highness is literally and, historically, the quality of being lofty or above. It is used as a term to evoke dignity or honour, and to acknowledge the importance or high rank of the person being addressed. The short way to write it is HH. However it is outranked by Grand Ducal Highness. The style was often used by low-level nobility of the Holy Roman Empire.

Historical examples
His Highness The Duke of Aosta. A future King of Sardinia who was known as the Duke of Aosta prior to succession. Known as this from 27 April 1701 – 22 March 1715.
His Highness The Prince of Piedmont, Later used Royal Highness after his father was created a King.

Related pages
Titles of European royal heirs

Styles (manners of address)

Highness


Aéroports de Montréal, often abbreviated ADM, is the main airport authority in the Greater Montreal Area. It is headquartered in Suite 1000 of the Leigh-Capreol Place in Dorval, Quebec. It is responsible for both Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport and Montréal-Mirabel International Airport. It is a non-profit private enterprise that does not issue share capital or receive government funding. Its missions are to provide quality airport service for the Montréal region, help the economic development of the Montréal region, and develop a harmonious coexistence with the surrounding environment.

History
Dorval Airport and Mirabel Airport were built and operated by the Canadian federal government until 1992.

In 1987 the federal government developed a national policy to give the operation and maintenance of all major airports to the private sector. The airports remained property of the government. In 1992 Aéroport de Montréal was created to maintain and operate Dorval Airport and Mirabel Airport.

At its inception, the ADM faced many challenges, mainly maintaining two underused airports with similar mission serving one city. In 1995, ADM announced that it will invest in order to modernize the aging Dorval Airport and improve the Mirabel Airport. At that time the passenger traffic was split between the two airports; intercontinental flight flying from Mirabel and local flight from Dorval. In 1997, in order to simplify connecting flight, Dorval was chosen to receive all scheduled passenger flights. Mirabel was to remain operational but with limited traffic. Cargo and charter flight were to fly from Mirabel.

From 2002 and 2006, ADM invested $716 million in the Dorval Airport. ADM added several new features to the airport, including a new international jetty and a new arrival complex. In 2004, ADM further consolidated the passenger traffic by moving all charter flights from Mirabel to Dorval. Since then Mirabel only operates cargo flight, aircraft construction and maintenance. In 2004, the Canadian government renamed Dorval Airport to Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport.

Current projects
ADM development of the Montréal's airports is not over and still in the process of improving Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport. A project to connect Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport to Montréal downtown via express-trains is currently in development and was given a priority status. ADM is also financing the Aérogalerie program, which aims to gives the airports a Montréal character and to support local artists by displaying Montréal artistic creations in the airport.

See also

 Greater Toronto Airports Authority
 Regina Airport Authority
 Edmonton Airports
 Vancouver Airport Services
 Halifax International Airport Authority

References

External links
Official Website
Official Website

Organizations based in Montreal
Airport operators of Canada
1992 establishments in Quebec
Dorval

Aéroports de Montréal


Manitoulin Island is a lake island in Lake Huron. It is on the northern side of the lake, in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is the largest island in a freshwater lake in the world. It has an area of 2,766 square kilometers (1,068 square miles).

Lake Huron is on the southern and western sides of the island. Georgian Bay is on the island's east side and the North Channel on the northern side. There are 108 freshwater lakes on the island. The largest is Lake Manitou (about 104 kilometers, 40.5 square miles), which is the largest freshwater lake on a freshwater island.

The island has a population of 12,600. Many tourists visit the island during the summer. The island has two incorporated towns: Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands and Gore Bay and Gore Bay.

Geography of Ontario
Islands of Canada

Manitoulin Island


Biological warfare (or germ warfare) is when pathogens are used as a weapon. This is called a biological weapon. Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease. If non-living things (like toxins) are used, this is called chemical warfare.

Biological warfare has been used throughout history. The first form of biological warfare may have been when the plague hit the Mongols. During battle, they were said to have thrown plague victims' bodies at their enemies. Before the 20th century, it took some of the following forms:
Deliberate poisoning of food or water supplies with infectious materials
Use of microorganisms, living or dead animals in a weapon system.
Use of fabrics that are contaminated

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, biological weapons were used by the Japanese army against China. The Japanese army usually launched contaminated fleas or food from planes.

Today, pathogens for diseases like anthrax or smallpox could be used as agents for biological weapons.

The production, and stockpiling of such weapons was forbidden in the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972.

war
Biology

Biological warfare


The Hajj ("pilgrimage") is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, the most holy city of the Muslims, and a Fard or mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey, and can support their family during their absence. It is one of the five pillars of Islam, alongside Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, and Sawm. The Hajj is the largest annual gathering of people in the world. The state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj is called istita'ah, and a Muslim who fulfills this condition is called a mustati. The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people, and their submission to God (Allah). The word Hajj means "to intend a journey", which connotes both the outward act of a journey and the inward act of intentions.

The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th (or in some cases 13th) of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar. Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year, the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year. Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state in which pilgrims wear two white sheets of seamless cloth and abstain from certain actions.

The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century, but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Abraham. During Hajj, pilgrims join processions of hundreds of thousands of people, who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj, and perform a series of rituals: each person walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Ka'aba (the cube-shaped building and the direction of prayer for the Muslims), runs back and forth between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah, drinks from the Zamzam Well, goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil, spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa, and performs symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones at three pillars. The pilgrims then shave their heads, perform a ritual of animal sacrifice, and celebrate the three-day global festival of Eid al-Adha.

Pilgrims can also go to Mecca to perform the rituals at other times of the year. This is sometimes called the "lesser pilgrimage", or Umrah. However, even if they choose to perform the Umrah, they are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so, because Umrah is not a substitute for Hajj.

As an industry
Saudi Arabia's economy greatly benefits from Hajj tourism and has invested in hotel businesses as well as infrastructure to accommodate and profit from Hajj and Ummrah tourism.

References

Islamic culture
Mecca
Religion in Saudi Arabia
Worship

Hajj


A text editor is a program that is run on a computer that can create and change text.  The text can be saved into a file that is called a "text file".  Text editors can be used for a lot of things.  Many people use them to write documents.  Some people write code (like HTML or C++) using a text editor.

Some text editors can edit rich text.  Rich text allows bold text, italic text, and other things.  This is why rich text is different form "text file" which do not have bold text or italic text properties.

Most text editors today support "search and replace". A computer will quickly find some text the user wants. The user can tell the computer to replace the found text with something else. This can be in part or all of the document.

Copy, cut and paste are other common options in text editors.  Copy allows users to instantly add a copy of text in one place to another place.  Cut and paste are similar, except that the text is moved from one place to another instead of being copied.  This is very useful when a writer wishes to put his paragraphs in a different order, for example.

Sometimes users make mistakes, or need to do the same thing over and over without getting bored. This is what the undo and redo features do. Users can reverse their mistakes, or quickly repeat their actions. Some text editors allow many mistakes in a row to be reversed; others allow only one or two.

Related pages
 Hex editor
 Word processor
 WYSIWYG
 WYSIWYM

software

Text editor


The Aprilia RS250 is a two-stroke  sport bike made by the Italian motorcycle manufacturer Aprilia.

The Aprilia RS250 is a race oriented motorcycle with technology derived from Aprilia's racing experience. It is inspired by the Aprilia RSW250 Grand Prix motorcycle used by riders such as Valentino Rossi, Max Biaggi and Loris Capirossi in MotoGP races.

History
The RS250 was designed by Aprilia to resemble their GP250 bike to celebrate their success in the championship. The Aprilia RS250 is powered by a modified Suzuki RGV250 (VJ22) engine which is prepared by Aprilia, changes include a revised ECU, Aprilia-designed expansion chambers, barrels and airbox. The twin 34 mm flat slide Mikuni carburettors are retained from the RGV.

Chassis
The frame is a cast twin spar aluminium/magnesium alloy with thin-walled monocoque reinforcements, with the engine as a fully stressed member manufactured by Benelli for Aprilia. The banana swingarm is made out of the same polished aluminium alloy as the rest of the frame. The reason for the swingarm's banana shape is to allow the expansion chambers to run unobstructed under the engine to improve ground clearance in turns.

The forks are 41 mm Showa (on the MY98+ models) inverted units and are adjustable compression and rebound, the rear suspension is a Sachs mono-shock which is adjustable for preload, compression and rebound. The front brakes of the RS 250 are Brembo dual 298 mm discs with Brembo Oro four-piston calipers. The rear brake is a single 220 mm disc with a Brembo twin-piston caliper.

The front & rear rims are lightweight, 5 spokes, cast aluminum rims are 3.50x17 up front (3.0x17 on the older models) and 4.50x17 out back that require tires of 120/70x17 and 160/60x17, respectively.

Instrument panel
The RS gauges feature a digital instrument panel that gives the rider a variety of information. It will display maximum and average speed readings in kilometers or miles per hour, an adjustable rev limiter warning zone indicator, water temperature in choice of scale, battery charge indicator, a clock, and a chronometer that can remember up to 40 lap times.

Revision
In 1998, Aprilia released an all new look for the RS250, also referred to as RS250GP1 to celebrate Aprilia's victory in the 250 cc GP racing class. Its appearance is similar to Marco Melandri's RSWGP250 bike, with the same engine and frame as the pre-1998 model. The bike has a dummy ram-air intake. Changes include:
Revised overall bike styling with more modern senses.
New Showa front forks and adjustable rear ride height
New style instrument panel with new functionality.
 New rims and tyres: the front rim is now a 3.5x17, instead of 3.0x17 as used on pre-1998 model. The front tire is a 120/60x17 instead of the 110/70x17 mounted on the pre-1998

References

RS250
Sport bikes
Motorcycles introduced in 1995
Two-stroke motorcycles

Aprilia RS250


Steve Reich ou Stephen Michael Reich (Nova Iorque, ) é considerado um dos mais importantes compositores da música minimalista e da música modalista.

Estudou percussão aos catorze anos com o timpanista da Orquestra Filarmônica de Nova Iorque; formou-se em Filosofia na Universidade Cornell; estudou composição por dois anos com Hall Overton, de 1958 até 1961 na escola de música Juilliard. Além disso, estudou em institutos africanos e balineses. Em 1990 ganhou o Grammy de melhor compositor contemporâneo.

Recebeu o Prémio Pulitzer de Música em 2009 por Double Sextet.

Obras
 Soundtrack for The Plastic Haircut, tape (1963)
 It's Gonna Rain, tape (1965)
 Soundtrack for Oh Dem Watermelons, tape (1965)
 Come Out, tape (1966)
 Melodica, melodica and tape (1966)
 Piano Phase for two pianos, or two marimbas (1967)
 Slow Motion Sound concept piece (1967)
 Violin Phase for violin and tape or four violins (1967)
 My Name Is for three tape recorders and performers (1967)
 Pendulum Music for 3 or 4 microphones, amplifiers and loudspeakers (1968) (revised 1973)
 Four Organs for four electric organs and maracas  (1970)
 Phase Patterns for four electric organs (1970)
 Drumming for 4 pairs of tuned bongo drums, 3 marimbas, 3 glockenspiels, 2 female voices, whistling and piccolo (1970/1971)
 Clapping Music for two musicians clapping (1972)
 Music for Pieces of Wood for five pairs of tuned claves (1973)
 Six Pianos (1973) - transcribed as Six Marimbas (1986)
 Music for Mallet Instruments, Voices and Organ (1973)
 Music for 18 Musicians (1974–76)
 Music for a Large Ensemble (1978)
 Octet (1979) - withdrawn in favor of the 1983 revision for slightly larger ensemble, Eight Lines
 Variations for Winds, Strings and Keyboards for orchestra (1979)
 Tehillim for voices and ensemble (1981)
 Vermont Counterpoint for amplified flute and tape (1982)
 The Desert Music for chorus and orchestra or voices and ensemble (1984, text by William Carlos Williams)
 Sextet for percussion and keyboards (1984)
 New York Counterpoint for amplified clarinet and tape, or 11 clarinets and bass clarinet (1985)
 Three Movements for orchestra (1986)
 Electric Counterpoint for electric guitar or amplified acoustic guitar and tape (1987, for Pat Metheny)
 The Four Sections for orchestra (1987)
 Different Trains for string quartet and tape (1988)
 The Cave for four voices, ensemble and video (1993, with Beryl Korot)
 Duet for two violins and string ensemble (1993)
 Nagoya Marimbas for two marimbas (1994)
 City Life for amplified ensemble (1995)
 Proverb for voices and ensemble  (1995, text by Ludwig Wittgenstein)
 Triple Quartet for amplified string quartet (with prerecorded tape), or three string quartets, or string orchestra (1998)
 Know What Is Above You for four women's voices and 2 tamborims (1999)
 Three Tales for video projection, five voices and ensemble (1998–2002, with Beryl Korot)
 Dance Patterns for 2 xylophones, 2 vibraphones and 2 pianos (2002)
 Cello Counterpoint for amplified cello and multichannel tape (2003)
 You Are (Variations) for voices and ensemble (2004)
 For Strings (with Winds and Brass) for orchestra (1987/2004)
 Variations for Vibes, Pianos, and Strings dance piece for three string quartets, four vibraphones, and two pianos (2005)
 Daniel Variations for four voices and ensemble (2006)
 Double Sextet for violin, cello, piano, vibraphone, clarinet, flute and pre-recorded tape (2007)

Discografia selecionada
 Drumming (Reich). Steve Reich and Musicians (Two recordings: Deutsche Grammophon and Nonesuch) So Percussion (Cantaloupe)
 Music for 18 Musicians. Steve Reich and Musicians (Two recordings: ECM and Nonesuch)
 Octet/Music for a Large Ensemble/Violin Phase. Steve Reich and Musicians (ECM)
 Variations for Winds, Strings and Keyboards/Music for Mallet Instruments, Voices and Organ/ Six Pianos. San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, Edo de Waart, Steve Reich & Musicians (Deutsche Grammophon)
 Tehillim/The Desert Music. Alarm Will Sound and OSSIA, Alan Pierson (Cantaloupe)
 Different Trains/Electric Counterpoint. Kronos Quartet, Pat Metheny (Nonesuch)
 You Are (Variations)/Cello Counterpoint. Los Angeles Master Chorale, Grant Gershon, Maya Beiser (Nonesuch)

Outras leituras
 D.J. Hoek. Steve Reich: A Bio-Bibliography. Greenwood Press, 2002.

Bibliografia
 Potter, Keith (2000). Four Musical Minimalists: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass. Music in the Twentieth Century series. Cambridge, UK; New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.

 Ligações externas
 SteveReich.com- Official Website
 Boosey & Hawkes - Official Publisher: biography, works list, resources
 London Steve Reich Ensemble - Official website

 Entrevistas
 A Steve Reich Interview with Christopher Abbot
 Steve Reich Interview (7/98) with Richard Kessler
 Time and Motion: an interview with Steve Reich, by Robert Davidson, 1999
 A Steve Reich Interview with Marc Weidenbaum, 1999
 "Drumming" - Interview & analysis, selected as one of the NPR 100 most important musical works of the 20th century. Realaudio format, timing: 12:46, July, 2000
 Steve Reich Interview with Jakob Buhre, August 2000
 In Conversation with Steve Reich, by Molly Sheridan, June 2002
 Steve Reich and Beryl Korot interviewed by David Allenby, 2002
 An interview in The Guardian, January 2, 2004
 The Next Phase: Steve Reich talks to Richard Kessler About Redefinition and Renewal, 2004
 "How Small a Thought it Takes to Fill a Whole Life" - An Interview with Not-So-Minimalist Composer Steve Reich on AdventuresInMusic.biz, 2005
 A Steve Reich Interview with Hermann Kretzschmar on You Are (Variations), 2005
 The beaten track, an interview with Reich, by Andrew Clements, The Guardian, October 28, 2005
 An interview with Steve Reich on RTE television, National Broadcaster in Ireland, May 29, 2006
 An interview with Steve Reich on musicOMH.com, October 2006
 Interview: Steve Reich, by Joshua Klein, November 22, 2006.
 "Steve Reich at 70"from NPR Fresh Air broadcast October 6, 2006 includes interview about "It's Gonna Rain", "Drumming", and "Tehillim" that first aired in 1999 and another on "Different Trains" from 1989 (Realaudio format, timing: 39:25)
 "Video Interview (Feb. 2006)", Cité de la musique, Paris, France

 Ouvir
 Art of the States: Steve ReichDrumming Part I (1971)
 Steve Reich at UC Berkeley University Museum(November 7, 1970) Streaming audio
 Steve Reich at the Whitney"October 15, 2006" MP3
 Reich speaks about Daniel Variations for the South Bank Show

 Outros
 Classical Music Pages: Steve Reich biography
 A Description/documentary of Steve Reichfrom Duke University, includes sound samples and quotes
 EST:Steve Reich'' by Roger Sutherland
 Music as a Gradual Processby Steve Reich
 Steve Reich: You Are (Variations) premiere in LA (October 2004)
 New York Fetes Composer Steve Reich at 70from NPR
 Fascinating rhythm. Celebrating Steve Reich.Article by Alex Ross from The New Yorker.
 Steve Reich & Sonny Rollins winners of the Polar Music Prize for 2007Press release of Polar Prize announcement

Compositores clássicos do século XX
Compositores de ópera
Compositores dos Estados Unidos
Compositores minimalistas
Prémio de Música Polar
Ganhadores do prêmio Pulitzer

Steve Reich


In Ireland Counties are divided into Civil Parishes and Parishes are further divided into townlands. The following is a list of townlands in County Antrim, Northern Ireland:

A
Acravally, Aganlane (also known as Parkmore), Aghaboy, Aghacarnaghan, Aghacarnan, Aghacully, Aghadavy, Aghadolgan, Aghadrumglasny, Aghafatten, Aghagallon, Aghagheigh, Aghaleck, Aghalee, Aghalislone, Aghaloughan, Aghalum, Aghanamoney, Aghancrossy, Aghanliss, Aghavary, Aghnadarragh, Aghnadore, Aghnahough, Aghrunniaght, Agolagh, Aird, Alcrossagh, Alder Rock, Aldfreck, Aldorough, Altagore, Altarichard, Altaveedan South, Altigarron, Altilevelly, Altmore Lower, Altmore Upper, Altnahinch, Andraid, Annaghmore, Anticur, Antiville, Antynanum, Appletee, Araboy, Ardagh, Ardaghmore (Glentop), Ardclinis, Ardclinis Mountain, Ardicoan, Ardihannon, Ardmore, Ardnaglass, Artibrannan, Artiferrall, Artiforty (Shanaghy), Artigoran, Artiloman, Artimacormick, Artlone, Artnacrea, Artnagross,  Artnagullian, Artresnahan, Aughaboy, Aughalish, Aughareamlagh, Aughnacleagh, Aughnaholle, Aughnahoy, Aughnamullan, Aughnasillagh, Aughterclooney, Ault

B

Balla to Ballu
Ballaghbeddy, Ballaghmore (Ballymoney), Ballaghmore Dunluce (aka Bushmills), Ballealy South, Ballee, Balleny, Ballindam, Ballinderry, Ballinlea Upper, Ballinloughan, Ballintoy Demesne, Ballintrae, Balloo, Ballsallagh, Ballure

Ballya to Ballyg
Ballyagan, Ballyalbanagh, Ballyallaght, Ballyarnot, Ballybeg, Ballybentragh, Ballyberidagh South, Ballybogy, Ballyboley (Ballycor), Ballyboley (Larne), Ballybollen, Ballyboylands Upper, Ballybrack, Ballybracken, Ballybraddin, Ballybrakes, Ballybregagh, Ballycairn, Ballycalket, Ballycarrickmaddy, Ballycarry, Ballyclan, Ballyclare, Ballyclaverty, Ballycleagh, Ballyclogh, Ballycloghan, Ballyclogh (Centre), Ballyclogh (North Centre), Ballyclogh (South Centre), Ballyclosh, Ballycollin, Ballyconagan, Ballyconnelly, Ballycoos, Ballycor, Ballycormick, Ballycowan, Ballycraig Upper, Ballycraigy, Ballycregagh, Ballycregagh Upper, Ballycreggy, Ballycronan More, Ballycullo, Ballycushan, Ballydivity, Ballydonaghy, Ballydonnelly, Ballydown, Ballydownfine, Ballyduff, Ballydugennan, Ballydunmaul, Ballydurnian, Ballyearl, Ballyeaston, Ballyedward, Ballyellough, Ballyfad, Ballyfinaghy, Ballyfore, Ballygallagh, Ballygalley, Ballygammon, Ballygan Upper, Ballygarvey, Ballygawn, Ballygelly, Ballygilbert, Ballygill North, Ballyginniff,  Ballygobbin, Ballygolan, Ballygortgarve, Ballygowan, Ballygrooby

Ballyh to Ballym
Ballyhackett, Ballyhamage, Ballyhampton, Ballyharry, Ballyhartfield, Ballyharvey Upper, Ballyhemlin, Ballyhenry, Ballyhibistock Upper, Ballyhill, Ballyhill Upper,  Ballyhome, Ballyhone, Ballyhowne, Ballyhunsley South, Ballyhutherland, Ballykeel, Ballykelly, Ballykennedy, Ballykenver, Ballyknock Little, Ballylacky, Ballylagan, Ballyleckan, Ballylenully, Ballylesson, Ballylig, Ballyligpatrick, Ballylinney, Ballyloran, Ballylough, Ballyloughan, Ballylough More, Ballylumford,  Ballylummin, Ballylurgan, Ballymacaldrack, Ballymacdoe, Ballymacfin, Ballymacilhoyle, Ballymacilrany, Ballymacilroy, Ballymaclose, Ballymacmary, Ballymaconnelly, Ballymacoss, Ballymacrea, Ballymacrea Upper, Ballymacrevan, Ballymacricket, Ballymacward Upper, Ballymagarry, Ballymarlagh, Ballymartin, Ballymather Upper, Ballymatoskerty, Ballymave, Ballymena, Ballymena Little, Ballyminstra, Ballyminymore, Ballymoney, Ballymoneymore, Ballymontenagh, Ballymote, Ballymoy, Ballymuckvea, Ballymuldrogh, Ballymullan, Ballymullock, Ballymurphy

Ballyn to Ballyw
Ballynabarnish, Ballynacaird, Ballynacooley, Ballynacoy, Ballynacraigy, Ballynacree Beg, Ballynacree Skein, Ballynadolly, Ballynadrentagh, Ballynafeigh, Ballynafey, Ballynafie, Ballynagabog, Ballynagard, Ballynagarvy, Ballynagashel, Ballynageeragh, Ballynaghten, Ballynaglogh, Ballynagor, Ballynahaville, Ballynalargy, Ballynaleney, Ballynaloob, Ballynalough, Ballynalougher, Ballynamaddy, Ballynamenagh North or Cummingstown, Ballynamoney, Ballynamullan, Ballynanaghten, Ballynarry, Ballynarry Lower, Ballynarry Upper, Ballynashee, Ballynastraid, Ballynoe, Ballynulto, Ballyoglagh, Ballypalady, Ballypatrick, Ballypitmave, Ballypollard, Ballyportery South, Ballyprior More, Ballyquillin,  Ballyratahan Upper, Ballyreagh, Ballyreagh Upper, Ballyrickard More, Ballyrobin, Ballyrock Scotch, Ballyruther, Ballyryland, Ballysavage, Ballyscolly, Ballyscullion East, Ballysculty, Ballysessy, Ballyshanaghill, Ballysillan Upper, Ballysnod, Ballystrudder, Ballytaggart, Ballytaylor, Ballyteerim, Ballytober, Ballytober West, Ballytresna, Ballytromery, Ballytunn, Ballytweedy, Ballyutoag, Ballyvaddy, Ballyvallagh, Ballyvanen, Ballyvaston, Ballyveely, Ballyveely Upper, Ballyvelligan, Ballyvennaght, Ballyvernstown, Ballyvesey, Ballyvollen, Ballyvolly, Ballyvorally, Ballyvoy, Ballywatermoy, Ballywattick Middle, Ballywatt Leggs, Ballywee, Ballyweeny, Ballywillin, Ballywindelland Lower, Ballywindelland Upper, Ballywonard, Ballywoodock

Bar to Bu
Baraghilly, Barard, Barmeen, Barnish, Bay, Beaghs, Beardiville, Beerhill, Bellaghy, Bellair, Bellee, Bellisk or Waterford, Bellisle, Beltoy, Bendooragh, Bentra,  Benvardin, Bighouse, Billy or Curramoney, Birch Hill, Blackcave North, Blackcave South, Black Hill, Black Mountain, Bleerick, Boatinghole Rock, Boltnaconnell, Bonamargy, Boneyclassagh, Bootown, Bottom, Bovolcan, Boydstown, Brackenhill, Bracknamuckley, Brackney, Brae, Braetown, Bravallen, Brecart, Breckagh, Breen, Brettens Walls, British, Brockaghs, Brockish, Broom-beg, Broom-more, Broughanlea, Broughanore, Broughdone, Broughgammon, Broughmore, Broughshane Upper, Browndod, Bruslee, Bryantang, Buckna, Budore, Bunshanacloney, Burnquarter, Burnside, Bush, Bushfoot or Lissanduff, Bushmills (also known as Ballaghmore (Dunluce), Bushmills (also known as Magheraboy),

C

Cab to Carn
Cabragh, Cabragh or Cavanmore, Caddy, Caherty, Caldanagh, Calhame, Calheme, Callisnagh, Capanagh, Cape Castle, Carclunty, Cardonaghy, Carey Mill, Cargan, Cargin, Cargin Island, Carlane, Carmacmoin, Carmagrim, Carmavy, Carmorn, Carnaff, Carnagall, Carnageeragh, Carnaghliss, Carnaghts, Carnahagh, Carnalbanagh, Carnamaddy, Carnamenagh, Carnanee, Carnanreagh, Carnany Lower, Carnany Upper, Carnasheeran, Carnave, Carn-beg, Carnbore, Carnbrock, Carnbuck, Carncoagh,  Carncoggy, Carncolp, Carncome, Carncullagh Middle, Carnduff, Carneal, Carnearney, Carneatly, Carney Hill, Carnfeogue, Carnfinton, Carnfunnock, Carnglass More, Carngranny, Carniny, Carnkeeran, Carnkilly Upper, Carnkirk, Carnkirn, Carnlea, Carnlelis, Carnlougherin, Carnlough North, Carnlough South, Carnmoney, Carnmoney Bog, Carnmoney Glebe, Carnmoon, Carnmore, Carnsampson, Carnside, Carnspindle, Carnstroan, Carntall

Carr to Clyt
Carracloghy, Carravinally, Carravindoon, Carrickarade Island, Carrickfergus, Carricknafurd, Carricknagarrowna, Carrivcashel, Carrive, Carrivemurphy Mountain, Carrivereagh, Carrowcloghan, Carrowcowan, Carrowcrin, Carrowcroey, Carrowlaverty, Carrowreagh, Carrowreagh Mountain, Carryduff, Casheltown, Cashlan, Castlecat, Castlegore, Castle Island, Castlenagree, Castle Park, Castlequarter, Castletown, Caulside, Cavan, Cavanmore or Cabragh, Chathamhall, Churchfield, Church Quarter, Church Tamlaght, Clady, Clare, Clare Mountain, Clatteryknowes, Claughey, Cleggan, Clegnagh, Clementshill, Clinty, Cloghan, Cloghanduff,  Cloghanmurry, Cloghcor, Cloghcorr, Clogher, Clogher Anderson, Clogher North, Clogher South, Cloghfin, Cloghgaldanagh, Cloghglass, Cloghglass or Retreat, Cloghinarney, Clogh Mills, Cloghogue, Cloghs, Cloghy West, Clonboy, Clonetrace, Cloney, Clonkeen, Clonreagh, Clontyfinnan West, Clooney, Cloonty, Cloughorr, Cluntirriff, Clyttaghan

Cog to Cu
Coggrey, Coldagh, Colebreene Lower, Colebreene Upper, Collinward, Commons, Connor, Conogher, Coolaveely, Coole, Coolkeeran, Coolkenny, Coolmaghra, Coolnagoppoge, Coolranny, Coolsythe,  Corbally, Corkermain, Corkey Middle, Corkey North, Corkey South, Corlane, Cormorant Rock, Correen,  Corrstown, Corrymellagh, Corvally, Coshkib, Cow Island, Cozies, Craig, Craigaboney, Craigahulliar, Craigalappan, Craiganboy, Craiganee, Craigarogan, Craigatempin, Craigban, Craigdunloof, Craigfad, Craigfaddock, Craiginorne, Craigmacagan, Craigmore, Craignagat, Craignageeragh, Craignamaddy, Craigs, Craigy Hall, Craigywarren, Cranfield, Crankill, Crawfordsland, Creagh, Crebilly, Creenagh, Creevamoy, Creeve, Creevery, Cregcattan & part of Galdanagh, Creggan, Cregganboy, Crevilly-valley, Crew, Crew Park, Croaghbeg, Croaghmore,  Croghfern, Cromaghs, Cromkill, Cromy and Taggarts Land, Crookedstone, Crooknahaya, Cross, Crosshill, County Antrim, Crosshill, Crosskennan, Crossmary, Crossreagh, Crosstagherty, Crushybracken, Cubbindall, Culbane, Culbidag, Culbrim Lower, Culcrum, Culdoo Lower, Cullybackey, Culmore, Culnafay, Culramoney, Cummingstown or Ballynamenagh North, Curragh, Curramoney, Curramoney or Billy, Curran and Drumaliss, Currysheskin, Cushendall, Cushendun, Cushenilt, Cushleake Mountain North

D
Dairyland, Deepstown, Deerfin, Deer Park, Deer Park & Little, Deer Park Farms, Deffrick, Demesne, Demesne Upper, Dernaveagh, Derryaghy, Derryclone, Derrygowan, Derryhirk, Derryhollagh, Derrykeighan, Derrykillultagh, Derrymore, Derrynaseer, Derrynisk, Dervock, Desertderrin, Devil's Churn, Dickey's Town, Dira or Upper Broghindrummin, Dirraw, Diskirt, Divis, Doagh, Dobbsland, Donegore, Dooey, Doonan, Doonans, Doonbought, Doonfin, Doory, Douglas, Douglasland, Dowgry, Downkillybegs, Drains, Drains Bog, Dreen, Droagh, Dromain, Dromore, Drumack, Drumacullin, Drumadried, Drumaduan, Drumagorgan, Drumagrove, Drumahaman, Drumaheglis, Drumahiskey, Drumahitt, Drumakeely, Drumaleet, Drumanaway, Drumanduff, Drumankelly, Drumaqueran, Drumard, Drumaridly, Drumaroan, Drumavaddy, Drumavoley, Drumawillin, Drumbare, Drumboe, Drumcon, Drumcrottagh, Drumcrow, Drumcudree, Drumcullen, Drumderg, Drumeeny, Drumfane, Drumfin, Drumfresky, Drumgurland, Drumkeeran, Drumlee, Drummaul, Drumnacross, Drumnacur, Drumadarragh, Drumbest, Drumdallagh, Druminagh, Drumleckney, Drummans, Drummuck, Drumnacole, Drumnacross, Drumnacur, Drumnadonaghy, Drumnadreagh, Drumnadrough, Drumnafivey, Drumnagee, Drumnagessan, Drumnaglea, Drumnagreagh, Drumnaheigh, Drumnahoe, Drumnakeel, Drumnamallaght, Drumnasmear, Drumnasole, Drumourne, Drumramer, Drumrankin, Drumraw, Drumraymond, Drumreagh, Drumroan, Drumsill, Drumskea, Drumsough, Drunkendult East, Duck Island, Dunadry, Dunaghy, Dunaird, Dunamoy, Dunamuggy, Dunanney, Dunarragan, Dunaverney, Duncansland, Duncarbit, Dunclug, Dundermot, Dundesert, Dundonald, Dundressan, Dundrod, Duneany, Dungall, Dungonnell, Dungorbery, Dunloy, Dunluce, Dunmakelter, Dunmall, Dunminning, Dunmurry, Dunnygarran, Dunnyvadden, Dunouragan, Dunseverick alias Feigh, Dunsilly, Dunteige, Dunturky, Durham's Land

E
Eagle Hill or Ouna, Eagry, East Park, East Torr, Eden, Edenturcher, Edenvale, Eglish, Elephant Rock, Elginny,  Ellanabough,  Enagh Lower, Englishtown, Eshery, Eskylane, Essan, Evishacrow, Evishnablay

F
Fallinerlea, Fallowvee, Falmacbreed, Falmacrilly, Falnaglass, Falrusklin, Farlough, Farranacushog, Farranalessary, Farranmacallan, Farranmacarter, Farranshane, Faughil, Feehogue, Feigh alias Dunseverick, Feigh Carrick, Feigh Mountain, Fenagh, Fenaghy, Ferguson's Land, Fernagh, Fernisky, Feumore, Finkiltagh, Fifty Acres, Five Acres, Flower Hill, Foriff, Forthill, Fort Town, Four Score Acre, Freemanstown, Friary, Frosses

G
Galboly Lower, Galboly Mountain North, Galboly Mountain South, Galboly Upper, Galdanagh, Galgorm Parks, Gallagh, Gallanagh, Gally Hill, Ganaby, Garriffgeery, Garryduff, Garry Lower, Gartford, Gartree, Garvaghy, Gillistown, Glasmullen, Glassaneeran Lower, Glebe, Glenaan, Glenariff Mountain Upper East, Glenafiff Mountain Upper West, Glenariff Mountain Lower, Glenarm Demesne, Glenavy, Glenbuck, Glengad, Glengormly, Glenhead, Glenhugh, Glenleslie, Glenlough, Glenmakeeran, Glenmanus, Glenmullion, Glenocum, Glore, Glenstaghy, Glenstall, Glentask, Glentop or Ardaghmore, Glenville or Leamore, Glenwhirry, Gloonan, Glynn,  Gobrana, Goodland, Gortaclee, Gortagharn, Gortaghragan, Gortahar, Gortaheran, Gortamaddy or White Hall, Gortateea, Gortcarney, Gortconny, Gortereghy, Gortfad, Gortgarn, Gortgill, Gortgole, Gortin, Gortlane, Gortmillish, Gortnacapple, Gortnacor, Gortnacor Lower, Gortnagallon, Gortnageeragh, Gortnagory, Gortnagross Middle, Gortnee, Gortrany, Gowkstown alias Ault, Gracehill, Granagh, Grange of Ballyrobert, Grange of Ballywalter, Grange of Carmavy, Grange of Inispollan Mountain, Grange of Mallusk, Grange of Umgall, Grange Park, Gransha, Great Deer Park, Greenaghan, Greenan, Greenhill, Green Island, Greenland, Greenshields Lower, Greenville, Groggan, Gruig

H
Halftown, Half Umry, Hannahstown, Harphall, Harvey's Rock, Headwood, Heagles, Highlandtown, Hightown, Holestone, Holy Well, Horse Carrick, Hungry Hall, Hurtletoot

I
Iderown, Illannaleck Island, Inisloughlin, Inshamph, Inshinagh, Inver, Irish Hill, Irishomerbane, Irishtown, Irragh, Islandahoe, Islandbane, Islandboy, Island Carragh North, Island Kelly, Island Macallan, Islandlean, Islandmore, Islandnabracky, Islandoo, Islandreagh, Islandrose, Islands of Carnmoon, Islandstown, Isle of Muck, Issbawn or Upper Gortnagross

J
Jockeysquarter, John Gillins, Jordanstown

K
Kebble, Kells, Kernyhill, Kettlebottom Island, Kilbegs, Kilbride, Kilcoan Beg, Kilcoobin, Kilcorig, Kilcreeny, Kilcreg, Kilcroagh, Kilcross, Kilcurry, Kildowney, Kildrum, Kilgad, Kilgavanagh, Kilgreel, Kilknock, Killane, Killealy, Killeaton, Killins North, Killough, Killoughag, Killycarn, Killycoogan, Killycowan, Killycreen, Killydonnelly, Killyfad, Killyfast, Killyflugh, Killygarn, Killyglen, Killygore, Killylaes, Killylane, Killyless, Killymaddy, Killyramer, Killyree, Kilmahamogue, Kilmakee, Kilmandil, Kilmore, Kilmoyle, Kilmoyangey, Kilmoyle Upper or Kirkmoyle, Kilnacolpagh, Kilnadore, Kilpatrick, Kilraghts, Kilrobert, Kilroot, Kilvillis, Kinbally, Kinflea, Kingarriff, Kingsbog, Kinkeel, Kinnegalliagh, Kinramer North, Kinune, Kirkhill, Kirkinriola, Kirkmoyle or Kilmoyle Upper, Knockacully, Knockaholet, Knockanavery, Knockanboy, Knockans, Knockans North, Knockanully, Knockavallan, Knockavrinnan, Knockboy, Knockbrack, Knockcairn, Knockeny, Knockertotan, Knockmacolusky, Knocknacarry, Knocknacrow, Knocknadona, Knocknagarvan, Knocknagulliagh, Knocknahinch, Knocknarea, Knocksoghey

L
Ladyhill, Lagavara, Lagflugh, Lagmore, Lambeg North, Landhead, Laney, Langarve, Largy, Largymore, Lavin Lower, Layd, Lealies, Leamore or Glenville, Leck, Leeke, Legacurry, Legagrane, Legaloy, Legatirriff, Legg, Legnagooly, Legoniel, Leitrim Lemnagh Beg, Lemnalary, Lemnalary Mountain, Lenagh, Leymore, Libbert East, Ligadaughtan, Limavallaghan, Liminary, Limnaharry, Linford, Lisbellanagroagh Beg, Lisboy, Lisbreen, Liscolman, Lisconnan, Lisglass, Lisheegan, Lislaban, Lislagan Lower, Lislunnan, Lismacloskey, Lismenary, Lismorrity, Lismurnaghan, Lisnabilla, Lisnabraugh, Lisnacrogher, Lisnafillon, Lisnagarran, Lisnagarvy, Lisnagat, Lisnagaver, Lisnagreggan, Lisnagunogue Lower, Lisnahay North, Lisnahilt, Lisnahunshin, Lisnalinchy, Lisnamanny, Lisnamurrikin, Lisnarick, Lisnasoo, Lisnataylor, Lisnawhiggel, Lisnevanagh, Lisnisk, Lisrodden, Lissanduff or Bushfoot, Lisserluss, Lissue or Teraghafeeva, Little Deer Park, Livery Lower, Loan, Lockstown, Longfield, Long Gilbert, Longmore, Longtown, Loonburn, Losset, Loughan, Loughconnelly, Loughduff, Loughermore, Loughhill, Loughloughan, Loughlynch, Loughmagarry, Loughrelisk, Love's Corkey, Lower Broghindrummin or Tavnaghranny, Lower Tullykittagh, Lowtown, Lubitavish, Lurgansemanus, Lurganteneil, Lurganure, Lurgan West, Lurgill

M
Macfinn Lower, Macfinn Upper, Maddykeel Lower, Maghaberry, Magherabeg, Magheraboy, Magheraboy or Bushmills, Magheraboy Lower, Magheracashel, Magheracross, Magheragall, Magherahoney, Magheralane, Magheralave, Magheraliskmisk, Magheramenagh, Magheramesk, Magheramore, Magheramully, Magheramurphy, Maghereagh, Maghereeroy, Magherindonnel, Magherintendry, Maghernahar, Mallendober, Malone Upper, Manister, Manola Wood, Martinstown, Maxwells Walls, Mazes, McVickersland, Meadow Parks, Middle Gortnagross, Middle Park, Midge Island, Mill Five Acres, Millquarter, Mill Tenement, Minnis North, Minnis South, Mistyburn, Moboy, Monaghan, Monanclogh, Moneybroom, Moneycanon, Moneycrumog, Moneydollog, Moneyduff, Moneyglass, Moneygobbin, Moneyleck, Moneyneagh, Moneynick, Moneyrod, Moneyvart, Monkstown, Montiaghs, Moordyke, Moore Lodge, Moss-Side (Kilbride parish), Moss-Side (Grange of Drumtullagh parish), Mostragee, Mount Edwards, Mount Hamilton, Mount Shalgus, Moyadam, Moyarget Lower,  Moyasset, Moyaver Lower, Moycraig Macallister, Moygarriff, Moylarg, Moylinny, Moyrusk, Muckamore, Muckleramer, Muckrim, Mullaghboy, Mullaghbui, Mullaghcarton, Mullaghconnelly, Mullaghdoo, Mullaghduff, Mullaghduff Big, Mullaghgaun, Mullaghglass, Mullaghmossan, Mullaghsandall, Mullans, Mullarts, Mullinaskeagh, Mullindress, Mullinsallagh, Munie North, Murroo or Gortnagross Lower

N
Nappan Mountain, Nappan North, Nappan South, New Buildings or Maddydoo Lower, New Buildings North, New Buildings South, Newhill, Newlands, New Park, Newtown, Niblock, Novally

O
Old Church, Old Forge, Old Freehold, Oldstone, Oldtown, Old Warren, Ouna or Eagle Hill, Outal, Outhill, Owencloghy, Owensland

P
Pans Rock, Parishagh, Park, Park Hall, Park & East, Park & Middle, Park & New, Park & West, Parkmore (also known as Aganlane), Pharis, Poleglass, Polintamny, Pollee,  Poobles, Portlee, Portmore, Portmuck, Portrush, Potterswalls, Priestland East, Procklis, Prolusk, Prospect

Q
Quarter Lenagh, Quolie

R
Racavan, Rams Island, Ranaghan, Rananagh, Randalstown, Randox, Rashee, Rathbeg, Rathenraw, Rathkeel, Rathkenny, Rathlin Island, Rathmore, Rathsherry, Red Bay, Redhall, Retreat or Cloughglass, Revallagh North, Rickamore, Risk, Rooghan, Roonivoolin, Rory's Glen,  Rosedermot, Roseyards, Rosnashane, Ross, Rushey Hill

S
Saint Cunning, Sallagh, Savagh, Scaryhill, Scolboa, Scotchomerbane, Seacash, Seacon Beg, Seacon More, Sea Gull Isle, Semicock, Seneirl, Shaneoguestown, Shanes, Shane's Castle, Shane's Castle Park, Shaninish, Sharvogues, Sheegy Island, Sheep Island, Shellfield, Shelton North, Sheriff's Land, Shillanavogy, Skady Tower, Skeagh, Sker Beg, Sker More, Skerry East, Skerrywhirry, Skilganaban, Slaght, Slane, Slate House, Sleans, Slievebane, Slievenacloy, Slievenagh, Slievenaghy, Slievenagravery, Smallquarter, Solar, South Island Ean, Spring Farm, Spring Mount, Stackaboy, Stackahorlin, Stackaniska, Stacknacally, Stacknaderginan, Staffordstown, Stanalane, Steedstown, Steeple, Stiles, Stony Hill, Straid, Straidballymorris, Straidbilly, Straidhavern, Straidnahanna, Stranocum, Strawpark, Stroan, Stroan Lower, Swan Island

T
Taggarts Land and Cromy, Taghey, Tamlaght, Tamlaghtmore, Tamnaderry, Tamnaghmore, Tamnyvane, Tamybuck, Tanderagee, Tannaghmore, Tardree, Tate's Fort, Tavnaghan, Tavnagharry, Tavnaghboy, Tavnaghdrissagh, Tavnaghmore, Tavnaghoney, Tavnaghowen, Tavnaghranny or Lower Broghindrummin, Tawnybrack, Taylorstown, Teeshan, Tehorny, Templastragh, Templecormac, Temple-effin, Templepatrick, Tenaghs, Teraghafeeva or Lissue, Terrygowan, Tervillin, The Bull, The Green Beds, The Skerries, Ticloy, Tildarg, Timpan, Tirgracey,  Tirkilly, Tiscallen, Toberagnee, Toberbilly, Toberdoney, Toberdornan, Toberdowney, Tobergill, Toberkeagh, Tobernagola, Tobernaveen, Toberwine, Tom of the Tae-End, Tonagh, Tonduff, Toome, Topp Lower, Torcorr, Torglass, Tornabodagh, Tornagrough, Tornamoney, Tornaroan, Tornaroy, Torr & East, Torr & West, Townend, Town Parks, Tromra, Trummery,  Tuftarney, Tullaghans, Tullaghbane, Tullaghbeg, Tullaghgarley, Tullaghgore, Tullaghore, Tully, Tullyballydonnell, Tullybane, Tullymore, Tullynahinnion, Tullynamullan, Tullyrusk, Turfahun, Turnagrove, Turraloskin, Two Acres and Half

U
Unshinagh Mountain, Upper Broghindrummin (Dira)

W
Warren, West Division, Whappstown, Whiteabbey, White Hall (Gortamaddy), Whitehead, White House, White Mountain, White Park

See also
List of civil parishes of County Antrim

References

Antrim
Antrim
Antrim
Townlands

List of townlands of County Antrim


The Cabinet of Canada is a group of government ministers which forms part of the government of Canada inside the Executive branch. The members of the cabinet are often members of the Canadian parliament, usually the House of Commons. The ministers are usually the head of a department or agency.

Government of Canada

Cabinet of Canada


Jessie Redmon Fauset (April 27, 1882 – April 30, 1961) was an American editor, poet, essayist and novelist. She wrote more books than any other African-American female novelist of the Harlem Renaissance.

Her life and work
Fauset was born in  Fredericksville, New Jersey, in Camden County. She was the daughter of Annie Seamon and Redmon Fauset, a Presbyterian minister.  Her mother, Annie, died when she was still a little girl.

Fauset attended Philadelphia High School for girls. She was the only African-American student to graduate. After high school Fauset graduated from Cornell University in 1905. She was also the first African-American woman to be honoured by being made a member of the "Phi Beta Kappa" Society which encourages talented undergraduate students. In 1912, when she was only 16 years old she started work at the NAACP's journal, "The Crisis". The NAACP is the "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People", an organization that was begun in 1902 to help African-Americans, and is now one of the oldest civil rights organizations in America. From 1919 to 1926 Fauset was the literary editor of "The Crisis".  She wrote 77 published works of which 58 were first published in the journal.

She is the author of four novels, There Is Confusion  (1924), Plum Bun (1928), The Chinaberry Tree: A Novel of American Life (1931), and Comedy, American Style (1933). She was made an honorary member of the women's society for academics whose work has really helped other people, "Delta Sigma Theta".

Fauset worked as a school teacher for many years. She stopped teaching in 1944. She died in 1961 from heart failure.

Selected works

Novels
There Is Confusion (novel, 1924) This book is about an upper middle class African-American family in Pennsylvania, later New York City, and its circle of friends.
Plum Bun: A Novel Without a Moral (novel, 1929) this is a study of racial identity
The Chinaberry Tree: A Novel of American Life (novel, 1931) (set in a small New Jersey town; )
Comedy, American Style (novel, 1933)

Quotes
"The Complex of color...every colored man feels it sooner or later.  It gets in the way of his dreams, of his education, of his marriage, of the rearing of his children." - There is Confusion

References
Kevin De Ornellas has written five articles about Fauset in "Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color" (Greenwood Press, 2006), edited by Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu. One article is a biography; the other four pieces analyze her four novels.)

"The Face of America: Performing Race and Nation in Jessie Fauset's There is Confusion", "Yale Journal of Criticism", 12, 1 (Spring 1999), 89-111 by Jane Kuenz.
Harlem Renaissance:  A Gale Critical Companion
American Woman Writers, 1900-1945:  A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook, Laurie Champion

Other websites

The Black Renaissance in Washington
Jessie Redmon Fauset - Voices from the Gaps

1882 births
1961 deaths
American poets
Writers from New Jersey
Cornell University alumni
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Jessie Redmon Fauset


The U.S. Army Accessions Command (USAAC) (2002–2011) was established by general order on 15 February 2002 and activated at Fort Monroe, VA. It was a subordinate command of TRADOC charged with providing integrated command and control of the recruiting and initial military training for the Army's officer, warrant officer, and enlisted forces. Designed to meet the human resources needs of the Army from initial contact with recruiters to first unit of assignment, the command's goal was to transform volunteers into soldiers and leaders for the Army. As of 2011, the U.S. Army Accessions Command was de-activated as part of Defense and Army efficiency reviews. The decision was a result of a comprehensive study to develop appropriate options for the alignment of commands that fulfill human resource functions.

In accordance with the Secretary of the Army's Human Resource Organizational Reform Initiative, the US Army Accessions Command cased its colors on 18 January 2012, and the command ceased functions as the higher headquarters for US Army Cadet Command, US Army Recruiting Command, and the Accessions Support Brigade and as the Army's primary executor of Accessions-based marketing, advertising, research, and coordination. In order to manage the completion of all discontinuance tasks by 30 September 2012, USAAC was re-designated the USAAC Discontinuance Task Force, under the command of Major General Jefforey A. Smith.

The Command was established by Headquarters, Department of the Army General Orders Number 1 as a subordinate command of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. Although elements were located at Fort Knox, some headquarters subunits were also located at Fort Monroe. The U.S. Army Recruiting Command is the principal command of the U.S. Army Accessions Command, and is co-located. Its other subunits are the Strategic Outreach Directorate and the Accessions Support Brigade.

The Accessions Support Brigade is the public face of the Command, and is perhaps the most unusual of the Army's units, which includes Mission Support Battalion's mobile recruiting support sections mounted on colourful 18-wheeler trucks, the Army Parachute Team (about a company), "The Golden Knights", and the Special Operations Recruiting Company (SORC), responsible for recruiting all individuals serving with Army special operations that also performs demonstrations by its United States Army Marksmanship Unit.

The US Army Accessions Command also controlled the Army Sports Program, and other elements involved with public relations and increasing the public's favorable awareness of the US Army.

The decision to de-activate the command was announced on 20 April 2011. The move is said to need 12–18 months for completion and is expected to reduce costs while realigning necessary functions under other command structures.

Major subordinate organizations

 United States Army Recruiting Command (USAREC)
 Recruiting and Retention School (RSS)
 U.S. Army Cadet Command
 Officer Candidate School (OCS)
 U.S. Army Warrant Officer Career College (WOCC)
 Drill Sergeant School (DSS)
 U.S. Army Marksmanship Unit (AMU)
 U.S. Army Parachute Team (Golden Knights)

List of commanders

References and notes

External links
U.S. Army Accessions Command

Commands of the United States Army
United States Army Training and Doctrine Command

United States Army Accessions Command