The tambourine is a common percussion instrument.

The tambourine looks like a small hand-held drum. But in addition to the skin (drumhead) there are also small pairs of jingles - like tiny cymbals - in slots around the frame.  However, tambourines come in many types. Some are made without a skin, particularly for use in schools. The tambourine came to Europe through the Arabs who brought it to Italy and Spain.

How to play a tambourine

The tambourine is usually held in the hand.  The jingles can be made to sound by hitting the frame of the instrument with the other hand, or by shaking the instrument. Often the player will hold the instrument high in the air. This not only looks good, but it can also be heard well.  The other hand can tap rhythms on the skin which makes it sound like a drum as well as making the jingles sound.  It can be hit by the knuckles, or with the finger tips, or the flat of the hand or the back of the hand.  It can also be hit against the side of the leg.  A good player with a good tambourine can sometimes create a nice effect with a "thumb roll".  This is done by making the tip of the thumb slightly wet and then moving it fast along the edge of the skin so that the thumb bounces very fast.

It is also possible to put the instrument, with the head up, on the player's lap or on a table or chair, and play with the fingers or with drumsticks.

When a tambourine is used in an orchestra it is usually just one tambourine, although Berlioz asked for two tambourines in his overture Le carnaval romain. It is very often used in music which sounds Italian or Spanish.  It nearly always makes music sound very lively, for example in the second movement of Prokofiev's First Violin Concerto.

References
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments - Könemann,
Orchestration - Walter Piston (London 1965)

Percussion instruments

Tambourine


The Polans were a West Slavic tribe that lived in Greater Poland. Polans united other Polish tribes and created Poland. The first Catholic ruler of the Polans was Mieszko I. Here is an extract of Helmold's Chronica Slavorum:

"Slavorum igitur populi multi sunt habitantes in litore Balthici maris. Sinus huius maris ab occidentali occeano orientem versus porrigitur. Appellatur ideo Balthicus (...) idemque mare barbarum seu pelagus Schiticum vocatur a gentibus, quas alluit, barbaris. Hoc mare multae circumsedent naciones. Dani siquidem ac Sueones, quos Northmannos vocamus, septentrionale litus et omnes in eo continent insulas. At litus australe Slavorum incolunt nationes, quorum ab oriente primi sunt Ruci, deinde Polani, habentes a septentrione Pruzos, ab austro Boemos et eos qui dicuntur Marahi sive Karinthi atque Sorabi."

in English, it means:

"There are a lot of Slavic tribes, that live on the coast of the Baltic Sea. The bay of this sea is directed from the west ocean to east. It's called Baltic (...) This sea is also called barbarian or Scythian from the barbarian tribes, that is failing. There are a lot of tribes that live around this sea; namely Danes and Swedes, which we call Normans, they live on the northern coast and all of the isles. Southern coast inhabit Glavic tribes, the first of them are Rus'; there are also Polans, that border in the north with Prussians, on the south with Czechs, and these, that are calling themselves Moravians or Carynthians and Sorbians."

Slavic peoples

Polans


Vagrancy is a phenomenon in biology when animals appear very far from their normal range. These animals are called vagrants. The term accidental can be used as well. There are a number of reasons for such animals to become a vagrant - such as weather conditions - but these causes are still rather confused.

Vagrancy is known to occur in birds, insects, mammals and turtles.

Ethology

Vagrancy (biology)


a)	"–lula" which denotes "undo"e.g. okulambulula (to factor numbers, to undo composite numbers)

b)	"-wamu" which denotes "together" or "common" e.g. "enkubise ey'awamu" (common multiple) endowooza ey'awamu(common thinking, Ideology), "nambuluzo eyawamu" (common factor)

c)	"-na" which denotes "corresponding" or,"together" e.g."okukolagana" (working together). "Okugendana (to be proportional), "okukwatagana (getting together); okugendagana (to correspond).

d)	"-ggana" which denotes ( same distance apart but never to meet) e.g."okugendaggana"(to be parallel)

e)	"-wo"  which denotes "to put in place" e.g. okutondawo (to create), okutondekawo (to produce), okubajjawo (to put in place a piece of furniture) or Okulimawo (to put in place a garden of )

f)	"-logia", the study of, the science of  e.g. tekinologiya

g)	"-wala" denotes "to become "Okutondowala" basically means "to become water droplets" which is "condensation".

h)	"-nyo" and "-o" words. Many technical nouns are derived from verbs using the suffix"-nyo" or"-o". Examples:

(a)	Ekisonjozo 					(Characteristic)
(b)	Ekinnyonnyozo		(Property)
(c)	Omugerageranyo	(Ratio)
(d)	Omugeranyo				(Average)
(e)	Ekigerageranyo		(Rate)
(f)	Ekigeranyo					(Quotient)
(g)	Omukendeezo			(Discount)
(h)	Omuganyulo				(Interest)
(i)	Omuganyulwo		(Interest)
(j)	Ensirisowazo				(Abbreviation)
(k)	Okusirisiwaza			(to abbreviate
(l)	Ekifundiwazo			(Acronym)
(m)	Enfundiwazo/ensirisowazo (abbreviation)
(n)	Okufundiwaza			(to acrinimize)

Other examples of derived concepts include:
(i)	The concepts of "entabaganya" (society) and "entabaganyabantu" (human society) which are derivations from the Luganda verb "okutabagana" (to socialize) or "okutabanganya" (to mediate).

(ii)	Okutondeka (to produce, the act of creation by man) and entondeka y'ebikole (production) are derivations from "okutonda" (the act of creation by God) or "okutondeka" (to create, the act of creation by man). In Luganda we can now say that "ensibuko y'obugagga bw'amawanga eri mu "ntondeka ya bikole" ("the source of the wealth of nations is production".

(iii)	The mathematical concepts of "okulambulula namba" (to analyse, to factor numbers) and ennambuluzo (factors of a number) are derivations from the Luganda word "okulambulula" (to explain in detail). From the concept of "okulambulula namba" the following mathematical concepts are derived:

•	Namba ennambulukufu					composite numbers
•	Namba ezerambulula						composite numbers
•	Namba ezitali nambulukufu	prime number
•	Namba eziterambulula					prime numbers

(iv)	The mathematical concept of "okugendaggana" (to be parallel, parallelism) is derived from blending the two Luganda words"okugendana" (to match, to be equal in strength or magnitude, to correspond with) plus "okugaanagana" (but never to meet). Through semantic extension, the meaning of the word "okugendana" is extended to refer to the mathematical concept of "being proportional to" but when combined with the word "okugaanagana" we get the concept "okugendaggana" (to be parallel). Other mathematical concepts derived from this are:

•	Amaweto agagendagana	            ( corresponding angles)
•	Okugendanakifuulannenge            (inverse proportionality)
•	Layini ezigendaggana						(parallel lines)
•	Enkoloboze ezigendaggana					(parallel  lines)
•	Emisittale egigendaggana					(parallel  lines )
•	Omugendanyo							(proportion)
•	Emigendanyo							(proportions)

(v)	The concepts of kikontana (opposite of) or "ebintu ebya kikontana" (things that are opposite) are derived from the Luganda word "okukontana" (to contradict, to correspond with, to be the opposite of, to be contrary to). Other derivations from the word "okukontana" include:

•	Obumu bw'ebikontana the unity of opposites

(vi)	The concepts of "okutomeggana" (to react chemically), ekitomeggano (chemical reaction) and ebitomeggero (reactors) are derivations from the borrowed (loan word) "atomu" or "akatoffaalikazimbakintu" (atom). What takes place at atomic level among atoms to cause a chemical change is what is called "okutomeggana" (to react chemically).

(vii)	The concept of "enkyukakyuka ez'ebuziba" (chemical change) is a compound word from the Luganda word "ebuziba"or"obuziba" (the innermost part, the farthest part, the core). When compounded with the word "enkyukakyuka" (change) we get a new concept in chemistry: "enkyukakyuka ez'ebuziba (chemical change").The opposite is "enkyukakyuka ezo kungulu" (physical change).

(viii)	The concept of "omugendo" (movement in a straight line, a ray) is derived from the Luganda verb "okugenda" (to move, to go). Other concepts created from this concept are:

•	Omugendo gw'ekitangaala		(light ray)
•	Omugendo gw'amasannyalaze	(current)
•	Omugendo gw'amasoboza 		(a  ray  or movement of Energy)
•	Ekigendo 			(vector )

The synonym of "omugendo" (movement) is "okuva" (Motion). Okuva refers to any kind of motion, whether it is a continous motion in a straight line or not, even mere vibration of atoms in the chair I am seated on is okuva but not omugendo.

(ix)	The concept of "omukwanaganyo (relation), or emikwanaganyo egy'Kibalangulo" (mathematical relations) are derivations from the Luganda word "okukwanaganya" (to relate or coordinate things) which is itself from the word "okukwana" (to make friendship).

(x)	The concept of "omukwataganyo" (function) and "omukwataganyo gw'ekibalangulo" (mathematical function) are derivations from the Luganda word "okukwataganya (to link, to connect, to make compatible).
In mathematics "emikwataganyo" (functions) are a subset of "emikwanaganyo" (relations).

(xi)	The concepts of "omugereko" (set) and "emigereko gy'ekibalangulo" (mathematical sets) are derivations from the Luganda word "okugereka" (to arrange in groups).

(xii)	The mathematical concept "ebiyingo" (polynomials) or "Naamayingo" (polynomials) is a derivation from the Luganda word "ennyingo" (joint, term). Other concepts derived from the word "ennyingo" include:

•	Nnyingemu(monomial)
•	Nnyingobbiri(binomial)
•	Nnyingosatu (trinomial)
•	Nnyingo ezifanagana(like terms)
•	Nnyingo ezitafaanagana(unlike terms)

The above derivations are blends or compound words.

(xiii)	The mathematical concept of "omuganyulo" or "omuganyulwo" (interest) is a derivation from the verb "okuganyula" (to benefit, to be useful to). Other terms derived from this concept include:

•	Omuganyulo omwangu(simple interest)
•	Omuganyulo omuzibuwavu(compound interest)
•	Okubaza omuganyulo(calculating interest)
•	Omuganyulo gwa banka(bank interest)
•	Omuganyulo gw'ekyewolo(loan interest )

(xiv)	The mathematical concept "omukendeezo" (discount) is derived from the word"okukendeeza" (to reduce). It can also be referred to as "ekikendeezo" (ekitundu ekikendeezeddwa ku mutemwa).

(xv)	The mathematical concept "omujjuulirizo" or "enzijuulirizo" (top up, subsidy) is a derivation from "okujjuuliriza" (to top up).

(xvi)	The concepts of "omugereeso" (math theory), "eggereeso" (theorem), and ekigereeso (scientific theory) are derivations from the word "okugereesa" (to theorise, to make a guess). From this we derive the concepts of:

•	Omugereeso gwa namba      (number theory)
•	Eggereeso lya payisoggolaasi     (the Pythagoras Theorem)
•	Ekigereeso ky'ensikirizo             the theory of gravity
•	Ekigereeso ky'Ensikaggano      the theory of  attraction

(xvii)	The concept of "ekiyumba ekigerere" (green house) is a compound of two words "ekiyumba" (structure) and "ekigerere" (with measured conditions). The concept of "ekigerere" is itself derived from the verb "okugera" (to rationalize the conditions/the measurements).
(xviii)	The concept of "engerekera" (instincts) is derived from the noun "okugereka (to pre-determine, to pre-arrange). From the concept of engerekera(instinct), we can derive  various concepts like :
•	Engerekera y'okuva mu mbeera( the instinct of motion)
•	Engerekera y'okwelwanako     ( the instinct of self defense)
•	 Namugereka"		    ( the Author of  instincts(God)
•	Ebikolwa ebigerekere	   (instinctive acts)
•	Enneeyisa engerekere	 ( instinctive behavior)

(xix)	From the mathematical concept of "Omufunza" (exponent) are  derived the following mathematical concepts:

a)	Mufunza	(exponentiation)
b)	Omufunza		(exponent)
c)	Akafunza 		(power  of   number )
d)	Entobo, ekikolo, enfunzo		the base
e)	Okufundiza namba	(to power a number)

In the exponent nm (Mu mufunza nm), "n" is the "entobo" or ekikolo" also called "enfunzo" (base) and   m is akafunza (the power). The entire concept or topic is known as "mufunza"(exponentiation) whose meaning is a result of semantic extension of the ordinary meaning of the word "mufunza"(short form, tightening). If you are given                   2 x 2x 2 x2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2. This can be   indicated in short form as 28. In Luganda this may be called "okufunza".

Obuwango Obuvannyuma(suffixes)


Note: Within this article, "CAFTA" refers to the agreement as it stood before January 2004, and "CAFTA-DR" is used after that.

The Dominican Republic–Central America–United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR; Spanish: Tratado de Libre Comercio entre República Dominicana, Centroamérica y Estados Unidos de América, TLC) is a free trade agreement (legally a treaty under international law). Originally, the agreement encompassed the United States and the Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, and was called CAFTA. In 2004, the Dominican Republic joined the negotiations, and the agreement was renamed CAFTA-DR.

CAFTA-DR, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and active bilateral free trade agreements such as the Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement are seen as bloc agreements instead of a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) agreement. Panama has completed negotiations with the United States for a bilateral free trade agreement known as the Panama–U.S. Trade Promotion Agreement, and has been in effect since October 2012.

The CAFTA-DR constitutes the first free trade agreement between the United States and a small group of developing countries. It was created with the purpose of creating new and better economic opportunities by opening markets, eliminating tariffs, reducing barriers to services, and more. In 2015, it was estimated that the total two-way trade resulted in $53 billion (~$ in ). Nearly all Central American exports to the United States had already been tariff-free thanks to the 1984 Caribbean Basin Initiative.

Ratification
The agreement is a treaty under international law, but not under the U.S. Constitution because in the United States laws require majority approval in both houses, while treaties require two-thirds approval in the Senate only. Under U.S. law, CAFTA-DR is a congressional-executive agreement.

The U.S. Senate approved the CAFTA-DR on June 30, 2005, by a vote of 54–45, and the U.S. House of Representatives approved the pact on July 28, 2005, by a vote of 217–215, with two representatives not voting. Controversy arose over this vote because it was held open 1 hour and 45 minutes longer than the normal 15 minutes in order to get some members to change their votes. For procedural reasons, the Senate took a second vote on CAFTA on July 28 and the pact garnered an additional vote from Senator Joe Lieberman—who had been absent on June 30—in favor of the agreement. The implementing legislation became Public Law 109-053 when it was signed by President George W. Bush on August 2, 2005.

The Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Honduras have also approved the agreement. They are all the current members of CAFTA-DR.

El Salvador became the first country to formally implement CAFTA, which went into effect on March 1, 2006, when the Organization of American States (OAS) received signed copies of the treaty. On April 1, 2006, Honduras and Nicaragua fully implemented the agreement. On May 18, 2006, the Congress of Guatemala ratified CAFTA-DR, which went into effect on July 1, 2006. The Dominican Republic implemented the agreement on March 1, 2007. In a referendum on October 7, 2007, Costa Rica narrowly backed the free trade agreement, with 51.6% voting "Yes"; the agreement took effect on January 1, 2009.

Aims
The goal of the agreement is the creation of a free trade area similar to NAFTA, which currently encompasses the United States, Canada, and Mexico. CAFTA-DR is also seen as a stepping stone towards the FTAA, another (more ambitious) free trade agreement that would encompass all the South American and Caribbean nations as well as those of North and Central America except Cuba. Canada is negotiating a similar treaty called the Canada–Central American Four Free Trade Agreement.

Once passed by the countries involved, tariffs on about 80% of U.S. exports to the participating countries were eliminated immediately and the rest were phased out over the subsequent decade. As a result, CAFTA-DR does not require substantial reductions in U.S. import duties with respect to the other countries, as the vast majority of goods produced in the participating countries already entered the United States duty-free due to the U.S. government's Caribbean Basin Initiative.

With the addition of the Dominican Republic, the trade group's largest economy, the region covered by CAFTA-DR is the second-largest Latin American export market for U.S. producers, behind only Mexico, buying $29  billion (~$ in ) of goods in 2015. Two-way trade amounted to about $50  billion in the same year.

While not necessarily a part of Plan Puebla Panama, CAFTA is a necessary precursor to the execution of Plan Puebla Panama by the Inter-American Development Bank. The plan includes construction of highways linking Panama City to Mexico City, Texas, and the rest of the United States.

CAFTA-DR reduces tariffs, but every CAFTA country sets its overall tax level.

Support
In January 2002 U.S. president George W. Bush declared CAFTA as a priority and received "fast track" authority from Congress to negotiate it. Negotiations began in January 2003, and agreement was reached with El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua on December 17, 2003, and with Costa Rica on January 25, 2004. That same month, negotiations began with the Dominican Republic to join CAFTA.

On May 28, 2004, U.S. trade pepresentative Robert Zoellick, Costa Rican minister of trade Alberto Trejos, Salvadoran economy minister Miguel Lacayo, Guatemalan economy minister Marcio Cuevas, Honduran minister of industry and commerce Norman García, and Nicaraguan minister of development, industry and commerce Mario Arana signed the 2,400-page document at headquarters of the Organization of American States. Negotiations with the Dominican Republic concluded on March 15, 2004, and a second signing ceremony including Dominican minister of industry and commerce Sonia Guzmán was held on August 5, 2004.

Opposition

In May 2004 the Salvadoran American National Network, the largest national association of Central American community-based organizations in the United States, expressed opposition to CAFTA, which they claimed was not ideologically motivated: "As immigrants, we have a deep understanding of the potential benefits of improved transnational cooperation. We would welcome an agreement that would increase economic opportunity, protect our shared environment, guarantee workers' rights and acknowledge the role of human mobility in deepening the already profound ties between our countries. However, the CAFTA agreement falls far short of that vision."

While manufacturing costs of generic drugs are relatively cheap, the costs of human tests are relatively expensive, and tests take months or years. If generic manufacturers had to redo the tests, the generic drug would be more expensive, and generic manufacturers might not be able to do the tests at all. Furthermore, if generic manufacturers had to redo the tests, they would have to compare the new, effective drugs to less-effective drugs, which according to Doctors Without Borders, would be unethical. In the United States, drug manufacturers must make test data public for generic manufacturers. Under CAFTA's test data exclusivity, drug manufacturers could keep test data secret, which would make it more difficult for local companies to produce generic drugs, and enable multinational pharmaceutical companies to keep a monopoly on branded drugs, including those used to treat AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis.

In Guatemala mass protests were violently repressed by the government and strikes occurred in Costa Rica in opposition to the trade agreement. Furthermore, many Catholic bishops in Central America and the United States opposed the treaty, just as many social movements in the region.

Provisions

To create an FTA, governments pledge to grant market access to foreign firms by reducing and eventually eliminating tariffs and other measures that protect domestic products. To do so, the CAFTA-DR treaty stipulates national treatment and includes a most-favored nation clause. It also includes the protection of international property rights and requires from their signatories certain measures in the realm of transparency (e.g., parties are obligated to criminalize bribery in matters affecting international trade or investment). Moreover, the agreement includes i.a. chapters on investment, public procurement procedures, and financial services.

Antidumping and countervailing duty measures may not be challenged.

Cross-border trade in services

Each member country must treat service suppliers of another member country no less favorably than its own suppliers or those of any other member country. It requires firms to establish a local presence as a condition for supplying a service on a cross-border basis.

Financial services

CAFTA-DR imposes rules requiring member countries to treat service suppliers of another member country no less favorably than its own suppliers or those of any other country, prohibits certain quantitative restrictions on market access of financial institutions, and bars restrictions on the nationality of senior management.

Investment

CAFTA-DR establishes rules to protect investors from one member country against unfair or discriminatory government actions when they make or attempt to make investments in another member country's territory. Investors enjoy six basic protections:
 Non-discriminatory treatment relative to domestic investors as well as investors of non-parties;
 Limits on "performance requirements";
 Free transfer of funds related to an investment;
 Protection from expropriation other than in conformity with customary international law;
  A "minimum standard of treatment" in conformity with customary international law;
 The ability to hire key managerial personnel without regard to nationality.

Government procurement

Each member country must apply fair and transparent procurement procedures and rules and prohibiting each government and its procuring entities from discriminating in purchasing practices against goods, services, and suppliers from the other member countries.

Agriculture

CAFTA-DR requires that tariffs and quotas be administered in a manner that is transparent, nondiscriminatory, responsive to market conditions and minimally burdensome on trade and allows importers to fully utilize import quotas. Each member country will eliminate export subsidies on agricultural goods destined for another CAFTA-DR country.

Intellectual property rights

Member countries must ratify or accede to treaties governing intellectual property rights, such as the WIPO Copyright Treaty.

Each member country must provide:
 Protection for marks and geographical indications, including protecting preexisting trademarks against infringement by later geographical indications.
 Efficient and transparent procedures governing the application for protection of marks and geographical indications.
 Copyright protection for the life of the author plus 70 years (for works measured by a person's life), or 70 years (for corporate works).

It also includes provisions on anticircumvention, under which member countries commit to prohibit tampering with digital rights management technology.  Member countries agree to make patents available for any invention, subject to limited exclusions, and confirm the availability of patents for new uses or methods of using a known product. To guard against arbitrary revocation of patents, the grounds for revoking a patent must meet the high standard of not having merited the patent in the first place.

CAFTA-DR also ensures test data exclusivity for pharmaceutical corporations. It protects test data that a company submits in seeking marketing approval for such products by precluding other firms from relying on the data.

Dispute resolution

If a dispute over an actual or proposed national rule cannot be resolved after a 30-day consultation, the matter may be referred to a panel comprising independent experts that the parties select. Once the procedure before the panel is concluded, the panel will issue a report. The parties will attempt to resolve the dispute based on the panel's report. If no amicable resolution is possible, the complaining party may suspend trade benefits equivalent in effect to those it considers were impaired, or may be impaired, as a result of the disputed measure. If a dispute arises under both CAFTA-DR and the WTO Agreement, the complaining party may choose either forum.

Political standards

CAFTA-DR contains certain provisions that do not have the quality of mere technical liberalization, but are rather a commitment to political standards. The treaty obligates governments to the enforcement of environmental laws and improvement of the environment. CAFTA-DR Environmental Cooperation Agreement, signed in concert with the FTA, provides for environmental cooperation on issues of mutual environmental concern. Furthermore, CAFTA-DR contains provisions for the enforcement of the International Labour Organization's core labor standards.

See also
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
List of free trade agreements
World Trade Organization (WTO)
OceanaGold - unsuccessful attempt to invoke CAFTA-DR against El Salvador
Rules of origin

References

External links
Official U.S. Government CAFTA-DR website

Trade blocs
Legal history of the United States
CAFTA-DR
Acts of the 109th United States Congress
Economic history of the United States
Economy of the Dominican Republic
United States federal trade legislation
United States–Caribbean relations
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of Honduras
Treaties of El Salvador
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Costa Rica
United States–Central American relations
Nicaragua–United States relations
Guatemala–United States relations
Costa Rica–United States relations
El Salvador–United States relations
Honduras–United States relations
El Salvador–Honduras relations
Dominican Republic–United States relations
Guatemala–Honduras relations
Honduras–Nicaragua relations

Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement


Melvin Dresher (born Dreszer; March 13, 1911 – June 4, 1992) was a Polish-born American mathematician, notable for developing, with Merrill Flood, the game theoretical model of cooperation and conflict known as the Prisoner's dilemma while at RAND in 1950 (Albert W. Tucker gave the game its prison-sentence interpretation, and thus the name by which it is known today).

Dresher came to the United States in 1923. He obtained his B.S. from Lehigh University in 1933 and his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1937; the title of his dissertation was "Multi-Groups: A Generalisation of the Notion of Group." Dresher worked as instructor of mathematics, Michigan State College, 1938–1941; statistician, War Production Board, 1941–1944; mathematical physicist, National Defense Research Committee, 1944–1946; professor of mathematics, Catholic University, 1946–1947; research mathematician, RAND, from 1948.

He was the author of several RAND research papers on game theory, and his widely acclaimed The Mathematics of Games of Strategy: Theory and Applications (originally published in 1961 as Games of Strategy: Theory and Applications) continues to be read today.

Dresher's research has been referred to and discussed in a variety of published books, including Prisoner's Dilemma by William Poundstone and A Beautiful Mind by Sylvia Nasar.

References
 Obituary, July 2, 1992 issue of the  Palisadian-Post newspaper (Pacific Palisades, California).
 "In Remembrance",  July 9, 1992 issue of RAND Items (a biweekly publication for employees of RAND).

1911 births
1992 deaths
Game theorists
Yale University alumni
RAND Corporation people
20th-century American mathematicians
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Polish emigrants to the United States
People from Krasnystaw

Melvin Dresher


Robert Watts (born 23 May 1938) is a British retired film producer who is best known for his involvement with the Star Wars and Indiana Jones film series.

Career
Watts began working in the film industry in 1960, after two years' National Service. His first film work was as a runner on the Boulting brothers production A French Mistress. Watts earned his union membership during two years as a runner, and later production manager, at a company based at England's Shepperton Studios which made TV commercials and documentaries. He then returned to feature films as a second assistant director on the film Man in the Middle.

During the 1960s, Watts worked extensively as a production manager and location manager, including on Darling (1965) starring Julie Christie and Dirk Bogarde, the 1967 James Bond film You Only Live Twice and Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968).

Watts was employed by producer Gary Kurtz as production supervisor on Star Wars. He had met Kurtz several years earlier in Los Angeles. Watts then enjoyed a long collaboration with George Lucas and Lucasfilm, working as associate producer on The Empire Strikes Back and co-producer on Return of the Jedi; and as associate producer on Raiders of the Lost Ark and producer on Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.  He also worked on other Steven Spielberg-presented productions, including as producer on Who Framed Roger Rabbit and An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, and with Spielberg's long-term producer Frank Marshall on Marshall's second feature as director, Alive.

Personal life
Watts' half brother was Jeremy Bulloch, who played Boba Fett in the original Star Wars trilogy.

Filmography

References

External links

British film producers
Living people
1938 births

Robert Watts


The Studebaker Wagonaire wis a station wagon produced bi the Studebaker Corporation o Sooth Bend, Indiana, frae 1963-1966. The wagon featurt a retractable slidin rear ruif section that alloued the vehicle tae cairy items that wad itherwise be too taw for a staundart caur o the era.

Studebaker Wagonaire's unique ruif wis the invention o industrial designer Brooks Stevens, who wis chairged bi the company's preses Sherwood Egbert tae find as mony ways possible tae expand the company's leemitit model range athoot spendin vast amounts o caipital on retoolin. Ironically, Stevens wis an aa the designer o the Kaiser Jeep Wagoneer, a truck based SUV that remained in production till the 1990s.

The Wagonaire, which wis inspired bi Stevens' German-biggit 1959 Scimitar concept caur, wis based on the standard Studebaker Lark station wagon body, which wis suitably modified abuin the beltline. Wha made the caur unique wis the ruif ower the cargo bay, which manually retractit intae an then lockt intae poseetion in the forrit section o the ruif abuin the rear passenger's seat. This unique configuration alloued Studebaker tae boast that the Wagonaire coud transport items (sic as standard size refrigerators) in an upright poseetion.

Wagonaires seatit sax passengers (five wi the optional front bucket seats), an coud seat aicht when equipt wi a rear-facin third-row seat, which wis available as an option throu 1965. When the third seat wis ordered, the caurs wur fitted wi special "Captive-Air" (puncture-resistant) tires, as the additional seat tuik up the space required for a spare tire an wheel.

Unfortunately for Studebaker, early buyers suin foond that thair new wagons' roofs leakt watter near the front o the slidin section. This problem wis addresst — wi leemitit success — bi the factory. As a result o the leak problem, fixt-ruif station wagons wur rusht intae production alangside the Wagonaire an became available in Januar 1963. Thir sauld for US$100 less nor the slidin-ruif wagons, but it wis technically a "delete option", meanin that if the buyer wantit the fixt ruif versus the slider, it haed tae be specifically ordered that wey bi the sellin dealer an wis no a separate model.

When Studebaker closed its Sooth Bend, Indiana, assembly plant an continued production at its Hamilton, Ontariae, Canadae, plant, the company eliminatit its "halo" models, the Avanti an Hawk, but continued tae big Lark-based sedans an Wagonaires.

The 1964 models, which wur biggit ae in Canadae efter December 1963, wur the last tae cairy Studebaker's awn engines. Beginnin wi the 1965 models, General Motors supplied ingines based on the Chevrolet sax-cylinder an V8 designs. The 1965 models wur available ae wi the slidin ruif.

The fixed-ruif option made a return for Studebaker's final model year in 1966, but the third seat wis no langer offered. In addition, the '66 Wagonaire finally wis made a model in its ain right, blending the exterior features o the Commander wi the interior trim grade o the sporty Daytona. Anly 940 Wagonaires war biggit for '66, makin ony fixed-ruif model rare.

Matchbox-Lesney made a miniature Wagonaire, complete wi a slidin ruif section, which wis sauld for mony years efter Studebaker stopt production. Husky an aa manufactured a Wagonaire seemilar in size tae the Matchbox product.

A hie-performance station wagon?
The 1963-64 Daytona version o the Wagonaire coud be considered the forebear o the current "pocket-rocket wagon" fad. When equipped wi a V8, Carter 4-barrel carburetor, an a column mountit shifter manual transmission wi owerdrive, the Wagonaire coud haud its awn against several maks o "muscle caurs" frae the era. Interestingly, frae its earliest days on the mercat, the Wagonaire coud be ordered wi ony o Studebaker's available "R-series" hie-performance Avanti V8 ingines an the fower-speed floor-shift manual transmission. Few (if ony) wur ordered wi sic hie-performance equipment, houiver.

Short-lived revival o the concept
The concept o the retractable ruif wis pickt up bi automaker General Motors for a model in its GMC Envoy line in 2003 as a 2004 model. Ads for the new Envoy XUV incorrectly toutit the featur as "first iver". Ane featur that GMC did adopt that Studebaker niver did wis pouer operation o the ruif section.

Houiver, the Envoy XUV wis nae mair popular than the Wagonaire haed been, an GMC discontinued the model in 2005.

References

External links
Volkswagen relives old concept

Station wagons
Wagonaire

Studebaker Wagonaire


Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of signals.  Signals of interest include sound, images, biological signals such as ECG, radar signals, and many others.

Processing of such signals includes storage and reconstruction, separation of information from noise (e.g., aircraft identification by radar), compression (e.g., image compression), and feature extraction (e.g., converting text to speech).

Signal classification

For analog signals, signal processing may involve the amplification and filtering of audio signals for audio equipment or the modulation and demodulation of signals for telecommunication. For digital signals, signal processing may involve the compression, error checking and error detection of digital signals.

 Analog signal processing—for signals that have not been digitized, as in classical radio, telephone, radar, and television systems
 Digital signal processing—for signals that have been digitized.  Processing is done by digital circuits such as ASICs, FPGAs, general-purpose microprocessors or computers, or specialized digital signal processor chips.
 Statistical signal processing—analyzing and extracting information from signals based on their statistical properties
 Audio signal processing—for electrical signals representing sound, such as music
 Speech signal processing—for processing and interpreting spoken words
 Image processing—in digital cameras, computers, and various imaging systems
 Video signal processing—for interpreting moving pictures
 Array processing—for processing signals from arrays of sensors

Method of Signal processing

Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of acquired signals.  Acquired signals must to be processed depending on the purpose of measurement, a method of measurement, and a property of acquired signals.

When signals are processed, statistics is used because it's essential to know a distribution of data and represent data by numerical formulas. In other words, to study signal processing, it's demanded to study statistics (like the theory of error, the arithmetical mean, probability, a stochastic variable, accuracy, and detailed drawing, etc.).

In most cases, signals are regular, as it is acquired from electric instruments like telemeter, or communications equipment, etc. But there are also many accidentally occurred irregular signals which make it difficult to find formulas that fit exactly. Here, the irregular means it's hard to predict the result which is not yet occurred. When irregular signals are acquired, photon is necessary, so it is measured, and calculated.

Related pages
 Signal (electrical engineering)

Communication

Signal processing


A lap dance is a type of sex work performed in some strip clubs (clubs in which women or men take off their clothes as they dance to music). In this, a dancer performs an erotic dance either contacting their body (contact dancing) with a seated patron or within a very short distance of a seated patron.

The dancer may be naked, topless or wearing a bikini top and bottom, depending on the laws in the jurisdiction of the strip club and the club's policies. With full-contact lap dances, the stripper may engage in contact with the patron, such as pressing his or her body against the patron. Different types include a couch dance, which is a lap dance where the customer is seated on a couch, and bed dance where the customer lies down on a bed.

In some clubs, a "block session" of lap dance (usually half an hour to an hour) can be booked in a "champagne room", which is a private room in the back of a club. In many clubs, the duration of a lap dance is measured by the length of the song being played by the club's DJ. Charges for lap dances vary.

Depending on the local jurisdiction and community standards, lap dances can involve touching of the dancer by the patron, touching the patron by the dancer, neither, or both. In some clubs, any touching by the patron is forbidden. On the other hand, if a club does not enforce its rules, levels of contact may be negotiable between the participants. Clubs vary widely with regard to whether they enforce their rules or ignore any violations.

Critics of lapdancing say that some club owners, by installing dark private booths and charging dancers high stage fees to work at the club, are encouraging the sale of sexual acts between customers and dancers.  According to the UK paper The Guardian, "Research shows that the majority of women become lap-dancers through poverty and lack of other jobs".

References

Sex industry
Dance types

Lap dance


In fluid dynamics, baroclinicity is a measure of the stratification in a fluid. A baroclinic atmosphere is one for which the density depends on both the temperature and the pressure; contrast this with barotropic atmosphere, for which the density depends only on the pressure. In atmospheric terms, the barotropic zones of the Earth are generally found in the central latitudes, or tropics, whereas the baroclinic areas are generally found in the mid-latitude/polar regions.

Fluid mechanics

Baroclinic


A cassette single is a recording of a single song sold on a  compact audio cassette.  Record companies introduced this sales format in the 1980s. At that time, vinyl record album sales were declining in favor of cassette recordings; the cassette single was introduced to replace the vinyl 45 record in a similar way.

The sales of cassette singles did not exceed vinyl single sales to the same extent as cassette albums had.  As compact disc players became more common, cassette singles were for the most part replaced by CD singles.

Music technology

Cassette single


The GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is a free software picture maker.

It is often used for making logos, making photographs bigger or smaller, changing colours, making many pictures part of one picture, making pictures nicer to look at, and changing file formats.

GIMP is often used as a free software alternative for the most popular Adobe Photoshop, but it is not made to be an Adobe Photoshop clone. GIMPs mascot is named Wilber.

GIMP was started in 1995 by Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis and is now taken care of by a group of volunteers as part of the GNU Project. The newest version of GIMP is v.2.8 and it was available since March 2009. GIMPs license is the GNU General Public License, so GIMP is free software.

GIMP can be used for opening and changing many types of file formats.  GIMPs own file format is XCF, which is the name of the building where GIMP was written.

Some file formats that GIMP can be used with are bitmap, JPEG, PNG, GIF and TIFF. GIMP can also read and write path information from SVG files and GIMP can read Adobe PDF files and the raw image formats used by digital cameras, but cannot write to these formats.

References

Other websites

 Official GIMP Web site

Graphics software
Cross-platform software

GIMP


Robert Indiana (born as Robert Clark; September 13, 1928 – May 19, 2018) was an American artist. He was known for being a part of the pop art movement. He was born in New Castle, Indiana.

Indiana moved to New York City in 1954 and joined the pop art movement. Indiana's work often has bold, simple, iconic images, especially numbers and short words like "EAT", "HUG", and "LOVE". His sculpture in the lobby of Taipei 101, called 1-0 (2002, aluminum), uses multicolored numbers.

After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Indiana made a series of Peace Paintings, which were shown in New York in 2004.

Indiana died on May 19, 2018 in Vinalhaven, Maine of respiratory failure at the age of 89.

LOVE

Indiana's best known image is the word love in upper-case letters, arranged in a square with a tilted letter O. This image was first created for a Christmas card for the Museum of Modern Art in 1964. It was put on an eight-cent US Postal Service postage stamp in 1973, the first of their regular series of "love stamps."

Sculptures of the image can be found at many places in the United States:
Sixth Avenue in New York City
E W Fairchild-Martindale Library, Lehigh University Asa Packer Campus
Pratt Institute campus in Brooklyn, New York
Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana
Scottsdale's Civic Center
"LOVE Park" in Philadelphia
New Orleans Museum of Art's sculpture garden
Middlebury College campus, Vermont
University of Pennsylvania campus, Philadelphia
Museum of Art at Brigham Young University, Utah
Ursinus College campus in Collegeville, Pennsylvania
Pool area of the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas
 Wichita State University campus in Wichita, Kansas
 City Park in New Orleans, Louisiana

Sculptures of the image can also be found at many places outside of the United States:
Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan (also displays Indiana's 1-0)
Shinjuku I-LAND Tower in Office district of West Shinjuku in Tokyo, Japan
Orchard Road in Singapore
Plaza del Sagrado Corazón in Bilbao, Basque Country Spain
Outside 1445 West Georgia Street in Vancouver, Canada
Praca do Rossio in Lisbon, Portugal
 Hotel XIXe Siècle in Montreal, Canada
An Indiana sculpture showing the Hebrew word for love (ahava) is displayed at The Israel Museum in Jerusalem, Israel.

References

American sculptors
American painters
People from Indiana
Deaths from respiratory failure
1928 births
2018 deaths

Robert Indiana


Karakol (Kyrgyz: Каракол), umwhile Przhevalsk,  is a ceety o aboot 75,000, near the eastren tip o Issyk Kul Loch in Kyrgyzstan, aboot  frae the Kyrgyzstan-Cheenae mairch an  frae the caipital Bishkek. It is the administrative caipital o Issyk Kul Province. Tae the north, on hieway A363, is Tyup an tae the soothwast Jeti-Ögüz resort.

History
A Roushie military ootpost foondit on Julie 1, 1869, Karakol grew in the 19t century efter splorers came tae map the peaks an valleys separatin Kyrgyzstan frae Cheenae.  In the 1880s Karakol's population surged wi an influx o Dungans, Cheenese Muslims fleein warfare in Cheenae.

In 1888, the Roushie explorer Nicholay Przhevalsky dee'd in Karakol o typhoid, while preparin for an expedeetion tae Tibet, the ceety wis renamed Przhevalsk in his honour. Efter local protests, the toun wis gien its oreeginal name back in 1921—a decision reversed in 1939 bi Stalin tae celebrate the centenary o the splorer's birth. Karakol then remained Przhevalsk till the demise o the Soviet Union in 1991. Housomeivver the name haes been retained bi nearbi Pristan'-Przheval'sk.

Nearby Issyk Kul Lake wis uised bi the Soviet military as a testin site for torpedo propulsion an guidance seestems, an Karakol wis sicweys home tae a sizable population o military personnel an thair families. Karakol continues tae be a major hub for visitors o Issyk Kul Lake.

Sichts

Karakol is ane o Kyrgyzstan's major tourist destinations, servin as a guid stairtin pynt for the excellent hikin, trekkin, skiin an muntaineerin in the hie central Tian Shan tae the sooth an east.

The toun itsel boasts a nummer o places that wad be o interest tae tourists, sic as a vera pretty widden mosque biggit bi Cheenese artisans for the local Dungans atween 1907 an 1910 entirely athoot metal nails an a similarly appealin widden Roushie Orthodox kirk, the Holy Trinity Cathedral, completit in 1895, uised as an officer's club durin Soviet times, but nou restored an in uise again. The Regional Museum, follaein some sponsorship frae the nearby Canadian gold minin concern, haes exhibits on the Issyk Kul Lake petroglyphs, Scythian bronze artifacts, an a short history o the geology an mineral exploitation in the region. Thare an aa is a sma section o Roushie colonial "gingerbread" style residential biggins. The Sunday livestock mercatt is a guid place tae see remnants o the traditional nomadic rural life.

Przhevalsky's grave, a memorial pairk an a sma museum dedicatit tae his an ither Roushie explorations in Central Asie are some  north o Karakol at Pristan Przhevalsky, owerleukin the Mikhailovka inlet o Issyk Kul Lake whaur the umwhile Soviet torpedo testin facilities wur locatit. Facilities themsels are still a closed, military aurie.

Karakol is famous amang skiers an snawboarders frae umwhile USSR for its ski resort.
Situatit juist 20 minutes frae the toun, the Karakol Ski Base provides services significantly better nor those available at Shymbulak, a resort ootside Almaty, an haes cheaper prices. Unlik Shymbulak resort, the ridin at Karakol includes forest auries as well as cleared trails.

Sister ceeties

 Asheville, North Carolina, USA
 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey

Populatit places in Issyk Kul Province
Populatit places alang the Silk Road

Karakol


Events
 June 5 – John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in the Battle of Worringen — one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages — thus winning possession of the duchy of Limburg. The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.
 August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.
 The Scots Parliament creates a law allowing women to propose marriage to men during leap years; men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be.
 The oldest surviving bell in the clocks atop the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome dates to 1288.
 Vietnamese general Tran Hung Dao sinks the entire fleet of an invading Yuan dynasty Mongol army by placing steel-tipped bamboo stakes in the Bach Dang River, near Halong Bay.
 The Japanese era Koan ends, and the Shōō era begins.

1288


Vilmos Nagy de Nagybaczon (30 May 1884 – 21 June 1976) was a commanding general of the Royal Hungarian Army (1920–1945), Minister of Defence, a military theorist and historian.

Career highlights
 Commissioned lieutenant in 1905 after graduating from the Budapest Ludovica Military Academy.
 Graduated in 1912 from the Imperial War College (German: Kriegsschule in Vienna, Austria (1909–1912).
 Promoted to major in 1914 and assigned to the Austrian Imperial General Staff.
 During World War I, served with various military units and at the Ministry of War of Austro-Hungary.
 Served on the General Staff of the Hungarian Soviet Republic with the rank of major.
 After the collapse of the Republic in August 1919, reinstated as major and assigned to the reorganized Royal Hungarian Army General Staff.
 Between 1927 and 1931, served as the Colonel in chief of the 1st mounted infantry brigade.
 Between 1931 and 1933 served as the adjutant to the Commander in Chief of the Royal Hungarian Army.
 Promoted to brigadier general in 1934.
 Between 1935 and 1936 served as the Quartermaster General at the Ministry of Defense.
 Promoted to major general in 1937.
 Between 1938 and 1939 served as the commanding officer of the 1st Army Corps.
 Between 1939 and 1940 served as the Inspector General of the Infantry.
 Between 1940 and 1941, unexpectedly placed in retirement, then recalled and appointed as the commanding officer of the 1st Hungarian Army.
 From 24 September 1942 to 12 June 1943 served as the Minister of Defense in the government of Miklós Kállay.
 Arrested and imprisoned upon the accession of the Szálasi government.
 Named in 1965 as a Righteous among the Nations by the Yad Vashem Institute, being the first among Hungarians to be so honoured.

Early life and education
Vilmos Nagy was born into a family of country nobility of Székely ancestry. His ancestors received their patent of nobility in 1676 from Apafi Mihály I, a ruling prince of Transylvania, and the title of Nagybaczoni (Transl: of Nagybaczon) refers to his ancestral home in Covasna County, Transylvania.

He lost his father, Nagy Zsigmond (Sigmund Nagy), a mining engineer of little means at an early age, and his widowed mother could not provide for the children's education. Thus, with no other options, together with his brother Béla he decided to pursue a military career.

In 1902, he graduated with honours from the Kun Kollégium high school in Szászváros, and his exemplary record gained him tuition free admittance, with continuing financial support, to the prestigious Ludovica Military Academy.

Military career
After his graduation in 1905, he elected to serve with the Royal Hungarian Army rather than joining the Imperial Austro-Hungarian Army. This was considered to be a career limiting choice, since there were fewer possibilities for advancement.

His outstanding service surpassed that of his fellow officers and four years after receiving his first commission, he completed the Imperial War College in Vienna (1909–1912). Thus, in his thirtieth year, he was appointed to the Imperial General Staff with the rank of major.

World War I and its aftermath
As a young Staff officer in World War I, he participated in operations against Serbia, in the battles of the Carpathian front, the breakthrough at Gorlice, and operations in Volhynia.

In 1919, after the end of the war and collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire,
his extensive military experience and expertise was utilized by the Hungarian Red Army of the Hungarian Soviet Republic and he was again assigned to the General Staff with the rank of major.

Between World Wars
The career of Major Vilmos Nagy continued its uninterrupted rise following the collapse of the short lived Socialist Republic, as he was reassigned to the general staff of the newly formed Royal Hungarian Army.

Between 1927 and 1931, he served as the commanding officer of the 1st Mounted Infantry. This was followed by his appointment as chief adjutant to the commander in chief of the military forces. On 1 May 1934, he was promoted to colonel, and assigned command of the Quartermaster Corps. Then, on 1 May 1937 he was promoted to brigadier general, and in the following year, was assigned the command of the 1st Mounted Infantry Corps.

Following the First Vienna Award concerning Slovakia, he commanded the forces occupying the city of Košice (Hungarian: Kassa). Within a short while and on a temporary basis, he was assigned to be the Inspector General of the Infantry. Within a year, in March 1940, he was appointed as the commanding officer of the 1st Hungarian Army, and two months later, he was promoted to the rank of major general.

Following the Second Vienna Award, in September 1940, he led the 1st Hungarian Army into the city of Marosvásárhely (Târgu Mureş). His responsibilities included strengthening the borders of the re-conquered territory, and overseeing the distribution of food supplies to the population at large.

In a completely unexpected move on 31 March 1941, the High Command retired him with the rank of lieutenant general, and at this point it seemed that the military career of Vilmos Nagy of Nagybaczon had ended.

World War II
On 21 September 1942 the Regent, Miklós Horthy, offered General Nagy the portfolio of the Minister of Defense. In this position, and true to his convictions, Nagy did everything to keep the military out of politics, and struggled to modernize and preserve the remaining Hungarian military stationed at home to prevent the repeat of another debacle which followed the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918.

Prior to his appointment, the government committed the 2nd Hungarian Army to the Eastern Front, where they eventually met a tragic end by their complete annihilation at Voronezh. While Nagy couldn't bring back the troops from the front, he made every effort to preserve and safeguard the troops back home and ameliorate the conditions of the forced labour battalions. He issued numerous orders for the improvement of their conditions.

These actions met with opposition from the officers' corps at the ministry and politicians of the extreme right. His political effectiveness diminished as he sought to curb the military's culture of Antisemitism and the inhumane treatment of the forced labourers. He strenuously objected to the German request of sending  Jewish forced labourers to the copper mines at Bor, Serbia, and in February 1943, he opposed acquiescing to the German request of sending Hungarian troops to the Balkans.

Due to his position on these issues, he was viewed as increasingly dangerous by his enemies. He was ridiculed, accused of being a 'Jewish lackey' (Zsidóbérenc), of being anti-Axis, and was under constant attack by the extreme political right. Seeing that neither Regent Horthy, nor the Prime Minister Kállay were able or willing to defend him, on 8 June 1943, he submitted his resignation.

He was succeeded by Colonel-In-Chief Lajos Csatay, and the daily press praised the person of the departing minister. On 16 June, the social democratic daily Népszava (Voice of the People) published an exceptionally warm appraisal. Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky, in his memoirs on government related matters, he wrote that in his 10 June submission to the Regent, he praised the service of the departing minister. The city of Marosvásárhely named him an honorary citizen but, due to 19 March 1944 occupation of Hungary by the Germans, the ceremony was cancelled.

The war's end
From behind the scenes, Vilmos Nagy continued to support the efforts of those who wished to achieve a separate peace with the Allies. Hungary lay in the direct path of the Nazi armies retreating from the onslaught of the Red Army and, based on past experience, he foresaw the utter destruction to be visited upon the land and the people as the fighting moved ever closer to the borders of Hungary.

The extreme right was not satisfied with distancing him from a position of power and authority, and after the government's takeover by the fascist Arrow Cross, on 16 November 1944, the gendarmerie (csendőrök) arrested him at his Piliscsaba home. After being held for two days at Hotel Lomnic on Svábhegy, which served as a prison facility of the Arrow Cross, together with his brother Béla and other prisoners, he was transferred to the prison in Sopronköhida.

As the Red Army approached, the prisoners, under the command of lieutenant colonel Árpád Barcsay of the gendarmes, were transported to Passau Bavaria, then to Pfarrkirchen, and finally force marched to Gschaid. The Ministry of Defense discovered the constantly moving prisoners in Simbach, and their intervention forced the prisoners' transport to the ministry compound in Tann where they were released. From Tann, on Sunday 28 April 1945, together with his brother, he moved to  where he found accommodations on a Bavarian farm until the US forces reached them on 1 May.

Later life
He managed to return to Hungary in 1946, and in the initial period of the governing coalition of the various political factions, he participated as a committee member for the assessment of military pensions.

After the Communist takeover of 1948, together with many of his peers, he was unjustly attacked, his apartment confiscated, and his pension revoked. He found employment as a gardener and caretaker at the tree nursery of Pilisi Parkerdő gazdaság (hu), where he tended to the planting and care of seedlings and, later, he found employment as a metalsmith.

At the beginning of 1950s a singularly unexpected event transpired. He received an invitation to the fiftieth graduation reunion of his high school. The invitation came from his former classmate and fellow graduate, Dr. Petru Groza, who at the time was the President of Romania. Nagy replied that he could not participate due to his lack of funds and a passport. The President then used his influence with the Hungarian government, and the Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party, Mátyás Rákosi, was obliged to provide the means to attend the reunion. Further intervention by the President saw the general's pension reinstated.

He gained a measure of comfort and fulfillment when he was selected in 1965 as the first Hungarian Righteous Among the Nations by the Yad Vashem Institute of Jerusalem. The aging general remained mentally active until his death by spending his time writing, editing, and reading. In 1964, he re-edited his work, Végzetes esztendök ("Fateful Years"), which was originally published in 1947. The long-lived soldier died in Piliscsaba on 21 June 1976, shortly after his ninety-second birthday.

Works
In addition to his military expertise, Vilmos Nagy of Nagybaczon was also a military theorist and a historian.

His contributions based on his personal and extensive battlefield and General Staff experience, have provided valuable knowledge about the times. His works include:

 The Campaign Against Romania (A Románia elleni hadjárat), Budapest, 1923.
 The Attack (A támadás), Budapest, 1926.
 Conquest of Serbia (Szerbia meghódítása), Budapest, 1929
 The Fateful Years 1938–1945. (Végzetes esztendök 1938–1945), memoirs (emlékirat) Budapest, 1947). The Fateful Years 1938-1945 English language edition translator Thomas Cooper. Introduction by MEP George Schöpflin. Helena History Press, Reno, 2019

In memoriam
 In retirement, Vilmos Nagy lived under very modest circumstances and recognition was denied until the 1990s, when changes in the political landscape made this possible.
 As part of Hungary's millennium celebrations on 9 September 2000, his hometown organized The first World Meet of Piliscsaba, during which he was posthumously honoured as an 'Honorary citizen of Piliscsaba', an act that pleased his old neighbours and fellow townsmen. The honour was accepted by his grandchildren, Mrs. András Fáy and Mrs. Károly Nagy.
 On 18 June 2003, with the active promotion of the Federation of Jewish Communities in Hungary, in hand with the Hungarian Federation of Forced Laborers, and the National Memorial and Reconciliation Commission of Hungary, dedicated a memorial plaque in honour of the former Minister of Defense.
 On the 120th anniversary of his birth in 2004, Nagybaczon in Transylvania also dedicated a memorial plaque in his honour.
 On 9 September 2006, with a military guard of honour present, his burial place was declared a part of the National Cemetery of Hungary.

Publications

 József Károlyfalvi: The Presbyiterian General: The Military and Political career of Vilmos Nagy of Nagybaczon (A református tábornok: Nagybaczoni-Nagy Vilmos katonai-politikai pályája)
 Sándor Szakály: The Hungarian Military Elite 1938–1945. Osiris Publishers (A magyar katonai elit)

References

1884 births
1976 deaths
People from Harghita County
Székely people
Defence ministers of Hungary
Hungarian generals
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Hungarian military personnel of World War II
Military historians
Hungarian Righteous Among the Nations
Protestant Righteous Among the Nations

Vilmos Nagy de Nagybaczon


In July () is a 2000 German-Turkish road movie.

Plot
At the beginning of his summer holiday, a somewhat naive trainee teacher Daniel (Moritz Bleibtreu) buys a ring from a stall run by a neighbor, the aspiring artist and street vendor Juli (in German, "Juli" would be not only the month July but also a common nickname for someone named "Julia"; Christiane Paul). The ring bears a Mayan sun symbol, which, according to Juli, has the power to lead him to the woman of his dreams, whom he will recognise by a similar sun symbol. As Juli has the ring's counterpart, and as she is in love with him, she invites Daniel to a party that evening, hoping that they will meet.

Curious, Daniel goes to the party and meets Melek (İdil Üner), a young Turkish woman who is wearing a T-shirt imprinted with a sun symbol. Convinced that she is the woman of his dreams, Daniel talks to her. Melek is only passing through and looking for a place to spend the night. After spending the evening together seeing the sights of Hamburg, Daniel invites her to spend the night in his apartment.

Daniel and Melek leave the party just as Juli arrives. She sees them leave together. In her disappointment, she decides to leave town. Next day she goes to the Autobahn to hitch a ride, with no predetermined destination.

As fate would have it, Daniel is the first car to stop, on his way back from the airport, where he has just dropped Melek off. He has decided to drive to Istanbul in search of Melek, who, as she told him, will be under the bridge over the Bosporus at a certain time a few days later, although he does not know why. Daniel takes Juli with him in his stoner roommate's rusty old car. And this is the beginning a long and exciting trip across a scorching hot Southeastern Europe.

Symbolism
The film opens with an eclipse, an event in which the sun and the moon cross paths.  Daniel crosses paths with Luna, whose name means "moon," and suffers the consequences.  July is a sunny month.

Cast
 Moritz Bleibtreu as Daniel Bannier
 Christiane Paul as Juli
 İdil Üner as Melek
 Mehmet Kurtuluş as İsa
 Jochen Nickel as Leo
 Branka Katić as Luna
 Birol Ünel as Club Doyen
 Sandra Borgmann as  Marion
 Ernest Hausmann as Kodjo, Daniel's neighbour
 Gábor Salinger as Jewellery vendor in Hungarian market
 Cem Akın as Turkish border guard
 Fatih Akın as Romanian border guard
 Sándor Badár as Alin
 Daniel Puente Encina as singer and musician. Cameo appearance with his band Niños Con Bombas.

Trivia
 The sequence of the film when Daniel and Juli travel through Romania is made up of a series of still photos, a decision taken for mainly financial reasons.
 The director has a cameo as a Romanian border guard on a checkpoint of the Hungarian-Romanian border.
 The director's brother Cem Akin plays the role of a Turkish border guard on a checkpoint of the Bulgarian-Turkish border.
 Fatih Akin attended the school shown at the beginning of the film.

Accolades
 German Film Awards  2001: Moritz Bleibtreu (Best actor)
 Tromsø International Film Festival 2001: People's choice award: Fatih Akin (Best direction)
 Jupiter 2001 (Best actor: Moritz Bleibtreu; best director: Fatih Akin)

References

External links

2000 films
Films directed by Fatih Akin
2000s German-language films
German road movies
2000s road movies
Films set in Hamburg
Films set in Budapest
Films set in Istanbul
2000s German films

In July (film)


Pulmonology is a type of medicine where doctors know about the lungs and the heart.  They work on keeping lungs healthy.  A doctor working in pulmonology is called a pulmonologist.  Pulmonologists also work with respiratory therapists to educate and help make lungs healthy.

Where do they work?
 Hospitals
 Clinics (Regular doctors offices)

Pulmonology


The fixed-dose procedure (FDP) was proposed in 1984 to test a substance's acute oral toxicity using fewer animals with less suffering than the older LD50 test which was developed in 1927.

FDP uses 10-20 animals to find the dose that produces toxicity signs but not death, and from there predicts the lethal dose. LD50 ("lethal dose 50%") uses 60-80 animals to find a dose that kills 50% of animals in a given time. FDP sometimes needs retesting using slightly higher or lower doses.

Other websites
Department of Applied Statistics, University of Reading, UK.

Toxicology

Fixed Dose Procedure


The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season is when many of the tropical cyclones formed in the Atlantic Ocean in 2008. The season started on June 1 and ended on November 30. Tropical Storm Arthur formed two days early on May 30, 2008. During the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season there was a total of sixteen named storms: 16 tropical storms, 8 hurricanes and 5 major hurricanes.

Storms

Tropical Storm Arthur

Tropical Storm Arthur formed near the Belize coast late on May 30, forming out of the interaction between a tropical wave and what was left of Tropical Storm Alma, which was a tropical storm in the East Pacific. Arthur made landfall in Belize on May 31. The system moved over Yucatán Peninsula slowly and dissipated on land early on June 2. When Arthur made landfall on Belize, it caused about $78 million USD worth of damage and killed 5 people.

Arthur is the first reported tropical storm to form in May since Tropical Storm Arlene in 1981. Other systems have formed (such as Subtropical Storm Andrea in the previous year), but were subtropical. Some forecasters question whether Arthur's very short lifespan would have been reported and named in the years prior to today's technology. The formation of Arthur also marks the first time that a named storm formed in May for two consecutive years. It was also the third time in over 150 years of record.

Hurricane Bertha

Early on July 1, a strong and big tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa. By early the next day, a surface low developed and the wave became more organized. The National Hurricane Center upgraded the system to Tropical Depression Two in the morning hours of July 3 after the system was able to keep convection over its center for at least 12 hours. The depression organized further and developed two distinct bands of convection. Six hours after becoming a depression, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bertha, the second named storm of the season. The National Hurricane Center said that this tropical cyclone was predicted by up to a week in advance by many global computer models.

After some strengthening on July 6, Bertha was upgraded to a hurricane early on July 7 as satellite and microwave imagery indicated an eye feature had formed. It continued to strengthen that morning. Fast strengthening continued that afternoon and Bertha strengthened into a major hurricane with 125 mph (195 km/h) winds and a well-defined eye. The strengthening trend stopped early on July 8, due to wind shear, and Bertha quickly weakened back to a Category 1 hurricane that afternoon.

Bertha again began to quickly strengthen on July 9 as a new eye had formed and the system became more symmetrical. The NHC upgraded Bertha to a category two hurricane with winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) and stated that Bertha could strengthen further to a major hurricane again, but instead weakened into an 85 mph (135 km/h) category 1 hurricane. Bertha has become the longest-lived pre-August Atlantic tropical cyclone on record. On July 12, Bertha slowed in movement, and was close to becoming still and by July 13 this slow movement weakened the storm to tropical storm strength. On July 18, Bertha strengthened back to a hurricane as its forward motion increased. As it moved over cooler waters, it weakened a bit to a tropical storm late on July 19. It finally became extratropical on July 20 southwest of Iceland.

Tropical Storm Cristobal

A disturbance off the Georgia coast slowly organized itself, and became Tropical Depression Three late on July 18. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Cristobal the next day. It continued to be near and parallel to the Carolina coast, though never making landfall. It became extratropical on July 23.

Hurricane Dolly

Dolly formed on July 20 from a tropical wave, which was located north of Honduras. Since it became a tropical storm right away it never became a depression while forming. Early on July 21 Dolly made landfall in the Yucatán Peninsula. The day after that it became a hurricane. Dolly moved northwest and for a little while it was a category 2 hurricane. Dolly weakened a little, back to a category 1 later that day. Very shortly after weakening Dolly made landfall in South Padre Island, Texas. Dolly died over in a very northwestern area of Texas on July 27.

Dolly killed a few people in Mexico and the United States, but in Guatemala Dolly killed at least 17 people. Damage was a little bit more than $1 billion.

Tropical Storm Edouard

A shear line stalled in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico in early August as troughing aloft dug into the northeast Gulf of Mexico. This energy aloft helped to organize a surface low along the shearline early on August 2, which slowly organized over the following day. It strengthened into Tropical Depression Five before gaining strength and being named Tropical Storm Edouard on August 3. The storm made landfall in Southeast Texas near Port Arthur on the morning of August 5 as a strong tropical storm. As it moved inland, the system weakened into a tropical depression by afternoon. The depression weakened into a remnant low on August 7 while on land over Texas.

Tropical Storm Fay

A strong tropical wave moved into the northeastern Caribbean in mid-August. It caused heavy rain across the Leeward Islands and into Puerto Rico before tracking westward, while unable to develop a low-level circulation although it was producing tropical storm-force winds. On August 15, a closed circulation was found and the system was named Tropical Storm Fay. Later that day Fay caused heavy rains on the island of Hispaniola causing a major flash flood threat. Fay crossed Hispaniola, Cuba, and hit south Florida beginning late on August 18, slowly tracking northeastward across the peninsula. High amounts of flooding happened in much of eastern Florida, along with some wind damage. After crossing into the Atlantic, Fay turned westward again and crossed northern Florida on August 22. As it zigzagged from water to land, it became the first storm in Florida recorded history to make landfall four times. Fay weakened into a tropical depression along the north coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Fay eventually weakened into a remnant low around noon on August 26 while located over Alabama.

Hurricane Gustav

A disturbance formed in the deep tropical Atlantic in the fourth week of August. It tracked westward into the Caribbean Sea where it encountered better conditions for cyclone development, and became a tropical depression on the morning of August 25, west of the Windward Islands. It quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Gustav early that afternoon and into Hurricane Gustav early on August 26. It then weakened into a tropical storm on the evening of August 27. It re-organized further south into a strong tropical storm once again on August 28 before speeding up and hitting Jamaica. Gustav has killed 78 people in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Jamaica, while 7 are still missing in Haiti. On August 29, it strengthened back into a hurricane. On the morning of August 30, it was upgraded to a Category 3 major hurricane. After strengthening slowed for a few hours, another round of quick strengthening happened and Gustav was upgraded to a Category 4 hurricane during a hurricane hunter flight around 1pm (EDT), with 145 mph winds. Continuing to intensify, it became a 150 mph storm that afternoon near 5 P.M. EDT. Soon after Gustav made landfall in Cuba, firstly on the island of Isla de la Juventud and later on the mainland near Los Palacios in Pinar del Río Province, causing severe damage, although it is difficult to predict how much damage it caused. It then emerged into the Gulf of Mexico weakening into a minimal 115 mph. It was expected to hit Louisiana so the mayor of New Orleans evacuated the city. At 8 a.m. CDT on the 2nd September it was reported to have weakened to category 2.

Hurricane Gustav made landfall in Louisiana on September 1, and quickly weakened over land. After weakening to a tropical depression September 4, Gustav was sucked into a cold front. Gustav was responsible for 138 deaths and up to $18 billion in damage.

Hurricane Hanna

Tropical Depression Eight formed on August 28 from a low pressure area east-northeast of the northern Leeward Islands. It was upgraded to a tropical storm later that day and named Hanna. On September 1, while Hanna was moving very near to the island of Mayaguana in the Bahamas, it was upgraded to Category 1 hurricane status. Hanna wandered around the southeastern Bahamas, weakening to a tropical storm while also dumping heavy rain on already-devastated Haiti. Hanna moved rapidly northeastwards along the east coast of the United States as a tropical storm. Hanna changed into an extratropical cyclone as it moved offshore from Massachusetts early on September 7. At least 537 deaths have been blamed on Hanna, most in Haiti.

Hurricane Ike

A tropical disturbance formed off the coast of Africa near the end of August. It moved south of Cape Verde and slowly strengthened. On September 1, It became Tropical Depression Nine while west of the Cape Verde islands and strengthened into a tropical storm later that day, when it was given the name Ike. Ike developed an eye late on September 3 as it did explosive intensification, as it strengthened from a tropical storm to a Category 4 hurricane in twelve hours with an guessed pressure drop of 43 mbars, from 991 to 948 mbar; and a 24-hour pressure drop of 61 mbar, from 996 to 935 mbars. Ike weakened back to a Category 2 hurricane before re-intensifying back to a Category 4. It ripped across Great Inagua Island and Grand Turk Island, where 80% of the buildings on Grand Turk were seriously damaged or completely destroyed. It weakened to a strong Category 3 late in the afternoon of September 7 as it headed for landfall on the northeastern coastline of Cuba that evening. In addition, the storm killed at least 74 people in Haiti and 1 person in the Dominican Republic.

As Ike crossed Cuba on September 8, It weakened to a Category 1 hurricane and emerged into the Caribbean Sea, where it moved along or just off of the southern coast of Cuba. Ike killed 7 people as it effected nearly the whole county of Cuba. It made landfall on Galveston Island on September 13 as a strong category 2 hurricane, Its big size brought storm surge of over 12 feet from Galveston Island eastward into southern Louisiana. The Bolivar Peninsula was worst affected by the surge, while Galveston Island (where waves topped the seawall) and the Port Arthur areas also saw a lot of damage. Power was knocked out to most of the Houston area and windows were blown out of skyscrapers in downtown Houston. As Ike moved inland, it brought moderate flooding and wind damage during the Midwest and as far north as Pennsylvania. It became extratropical on September 14. At least 82 deaths have been blamed on Ike in the U.S., with 44 of them caused directly.

Damage from Ike is guessed at $31.5 billion (2008 USD), the third most damaging hurricane in U.S. history, behind Katrina in 2005 and Andrew in 1992. At least 166 deaths have been blamed on Ike, of which 82 were in the United States. It was the most damaging hurricane in Texas history. Ike was an extremely big and strong storm. At one point, the diameter of Ike's tropical storm and hurricane-force winds were 550 and 240 miles (885 and 390 km) making Ike one of the biggest Atlantic hurricane recorded. Ike also had the second highest IKE (Integrated Kinetic Energy) of any Atlantic storm in the past 40 years. Integrated Kinetic Energy is a measure of storm surge damaging potential, similar to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, though the IKE is more complex and in many ways more accurate. On a scale that ranges from 1 to 6, with 6 being highest destructive potential, Ike earned a 5.2.

Tropical Storm Josephine

A tropical disturbance formed off the coast of Africa near the end of August. It tracked south of Cape Verde and slowly developed. On September 2, it became Tropical Depression Ten while south-southeast of the southernmost Cape Verde islands. The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm later the same day as it passed to the south of the Cape Verde islands. A few days later it weakened back to a tropical depression. On September 6 it dissipated in the open waters of the Atlantic.

Hurricane Kyle

A strong tropical disturbance tracked across the northeastern Caribbean Sea in the third week of September. It meandered around Puerto Rico and Hispaniola, dumping lots of rain across those islands causing a significant amount of damage, despite never developing a closed circulation. By September 24, it began to track northward away from the islands and into the open Atlantic water, and became a tropical storm on September 25. Kyle was upgraded to a hurricane during the afternoon of September 27. It continued northward and maintained hurricane strength until landfall near Yarmouth, Nova Scotia in Canada late on September 28. A few hours later, Kyle became extratropical as the cold waters of the Bay of Fundy took effect. In general, Maritimers were spared of the expected damage.

Tropical Storm Laura

In the last week of September, a very large non-tropical system over the north-central Atlantic slowly moved westward away from the Azores. As it entered warmer waters, it slowly gained tropical characteristics and was declared Subtropical Storm Laura early on September 29. It became fully tropical the next day and was reclassified as Tropical Storm Laura. On October 1 it became "post-tropical" (in the forecaster's words) as it moved over cooler waters.

Tropical Storm Marco

Tropical Depression Thirteen formed from a very small but well-organized low in the Bay of Campeche on October 6. It quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Marco with 65 mph (100 km/h) winds that afternoon. Marco made landfall near Veracruz, Mexico the next morning at the same intensity. Marco dissipated that night as the small circulation moved inland. At one point, tropical storm-force winds were estimated to extend only 10 miles from the center, which makes it the smallest tropical cyclone on record, beating Cyclone Tracy.

Tropical Storm Nana

Tropical Storm Nana formed on October 12 from a disturbance which had been drifting toward the northwest over the previous couple days in the middle of the tropical Atlantic Ocean roughly halfway between the west coast of Africa and the Lesser Antilles. The storm weakened into a remnant low on October 14. This is the first use of the name Nana since 1990.

Hurricane Omar

A tropical disturbance in the eastern Caribbean Sea was in an area not expecting any development in the second week of October. While drifting across the region, upper-level winds calmed down enough for the tropical disturbance to strengthen and to develop into Tropical Depression Fifteen on October 13. It strengthened to Tropical Storm Omar the next day. Omar quickly strengthened into a 70 mph (110 km/h) storm that afternoon, and became a hurricane that night. It remained a hurricane through that night and it changed little in intensity through the next day, but that evening Omar intensified quickly and became a 115 mph Category 3 storm, and became a 125 mph (205 km/h) storm the next morning. Omar became a weak Category 4 early that morning. However, wind shear and dry air quickly weakened Omar to a minimal hurricane that afternoon as it raced towards the northeast at 26 mph (41 km/h). After dropping to tropical storm strength it became a hurricane again on October 17. It degenerated to a remnant low on October 18.

Tropical Depression Sixteen

Tropical Depression Sixteen slowly formed off the coast of Nicaragua. It was not till October 14 that it was then called Tropical Depression Sixteen. After hugging the northern coast of Honduras (which did not let it strengthen), Tropical Depression Sixteen made landfall near midday on October 15. It dissipated inland that evening, never becoming a tropical storm. This storm caused up to $150 million in damage (2008 USD), and may have caused at least 75 deaths.

Hurricane Paloma

An area of low pressure stopped moving in the Caribbean Sea without showing tropical development for the first few days at the beginning of November. On November 5, the low pressure system became Tropical Depression Seventeen while just east of Nicaragua. The next day it became Tropical Storm Paloma. It was the first tropical storm to receive this female name. Paloma then made landfall in Cuba and moved slowly and quickly dissipated on November 9. The remains of Paloma were tracked till they came ashore of the Florida Panhandle. Paloma caused up to $315 million (2008 USD) in damage in the area Paloma affected.

Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE)

The table on the right shows the ACE for each storm in the season. ACE is a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only officially released for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Subtropical storms are not included in season totals.

Storm names
This is the list of names used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2008. The list is the same as the 2002 list except for Ike and Laura, because Isidore and Lili were bad storms in 2002, and their names were retired.

Retirement
On April 22, 2009, World Meteorological Organization retired the names Gustav, Ike, and Paloma from its rotating name lists. The names were replaced with Gonzalo, Isaias, and Paulette.

References

Other websites
 HPC rainfall page for 2008 Tropical Cyclones
 National Hurricane Center Website
 National Hurricane Center's Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook

2008 Atlantic hurricane season


Earache Records is a hivy metal-orientit record label based in Nottingham, Ingland. It helped tae pioneer extreme metal bi releasin mony o the earliest grindcore an daith metal records in the period 1988-1994.

History
Earache wis foondit in the late aichties bi Digby "Dig" Pearson. In 1985, afore adoptin the name "Earache Records", Pearson released Anglican Scrape Attic, a compilation o early hardcore punk an crossover acts (Hirax, Lipcream, Concrete Sox, etc.). The first offeecial Earache release, on vinyl in 1987 an wi the catalogue reference MOSH 1, wis The Accüsed's Return of Martha Splatterhead. The label's first major release, housomeivver, was Napalm Death's Scum. Then, in 1989, Earache released Naked City's Torture Garden, an LP o "hardcore miniatures". Ither early records include albums bi some o extreme metal's finest baunds, regardit as genre-definin classics.

Earache haed up till recently a number o sublabels, includin Wicked World Records, Elitist Records, an the short-lived Necrosis Records ran bi Jeffrey Walker - which released the first album bi Repulsion an Bill Steer o Carcass, an Sub Bass Records.

Later releases include wirk bi Deicide an bi Californie rockers Adema, who entered the USA Billboard chairts top 200 in Aprile 2005.

Earache haes become inextricably linkit wi the daith metal scene in pairticular, but an aw released Welsh ragga-metal act Dub War, Nottingham's hardcore techno ootfit Ultraviolence, an Mick Harris' industrial/experimental Scorn, each time expandin the bundaries o extreme muisic, an openin a path that ither labels hae follaed, sometimes wi greater success. Earache hae signed even mair muisically adventurous groups such as Ewigkeit in recent years, but the daith metal an grindcore wi which it made its name still predominates.

In early 2007 the label signed a distribution deal wi EMI.  The deal includes baith digital an retail distribution o the label's releases.

In 2009, Earache repressed Texas grindcore baund Insect Warfare's World Extermination album for the European mercat, efter haein anerlie previously been available frae a vera sma independent record label in Americae. Later on in the year, even though the band haed split up months aforehaund Earache brocht the baund ower tae the UK tae play a "farewell tour" playin numerous dates aroond the UK & Ireland anerlie.

In early 2010 it wis annooncit that Earache's newest signin wad be the Singaporean grindcore baund Wormrot, an that the label wad be reissuin the baunds popular debut album - which haed anerlie previously been available direct frae the baund thairsels - alang wi a seicont disc o ower thirty bonus tracks.

Logo
The oreeginal logo o Earache Records wis designed bi Jeffrey Walker, vocalist an bassist o the baund Carcass.

Notable airtists (past an present)

References

Freemit airtins

 Chronicles o Chaos interview wi Digby Pearson

Hivy metal record labels
Daith metal record labels
Grindcore record labels

Earache Records


An opcode identifies which basic computer operation in the instruction set is to be performed. It is used when writing machine code. It tells the computer to do something. Each machine language instruction typically has both an opcode and operands.  The opcode is like a verb in a sentence, and the operands are like the subject in a sentence.
Operands are typically memory or registry addresses.

Opcodes are used in machine code for a number of functions, including Float Addition of registers, Two's compliment addition of registers, Shifting register values to memory, or to a hard drive, stopping a program, etc. There are quite literally hundreds of common opcodes employed in modern computers.

Due to the nature of a computer's architecture, opcodes take the form of binary numbers. Alternatively, opcodes can be represented by hexadecimal digits, (for example, 10100101 = A5) for ease of reading and coding when designing or emulating a machine-code program. These values are then transformed into their binary equivalents to be saved. Modern opcodes are at least two hex characters in length which take up 1 byte of storage space.

Opcodes will vary in capability and 'value' depending on the computer to which they belong, as they are hardware dependent. For instance, the opcode for STORE as expressed in Hex could be FA for one machine and 02 for another. Some opcodes will not be available on some computers. In general, there are two approaches toward building instruction sets. A reduced instruction set computer (RISC) offers less possible opcodes in favor of increasing speed for simple processes. Complex instruction set Computing (CISC) offers more opcodes in favor of increasing speed for complex processes.

Opcodes are seldom used by programmers directly. Whenever they are directly programmed into memory, they are only ever guaranteed to work on the computer they were designed for. When programmers write in assembly language, a translator program converts program statements, one-for-one, into machine language commands.  The programmer must only remember a mnemonic for each opcode instead of its binary value.  Alternatively, a high level-programming language can be used, say 4th generation, which gets converted to 3rd generation and so on until it reaches 1st generation. From here, an individual computer will convert the program to machine code whenever the program file is read. This way, a program can work on a much larger variety of computers.

Notes

Computer science

Opcode


This article is about the mode of transport, for the album see Chariot (album)

A chariot is a type of transport used by many ancient civilisations and people. A chariot is horse-drawn, meaning that is pulled along by horses. A person who rides a chariot is called a charioteer.

Ancient Greek myths says that Poseidon, god of the sea, and Athena, goddess of wisdom, created the chariot together. Poseidon created the horses like waves, and Athena made the chariot. The two gods worked together.

Animal-powered vehicles

Chariot


The Contemporary Austin - Laguna Gloria, formerly known as the AMOA-Arthouse at Laguna Gloria, is the former home of Clara Driscoll and site of a 1916 Italianate-style villa on the shores of Lake Austin in Austin, Texas. It was the original home of the Austin Museum of Art and still houses some of its collections.  The building is now one of two sites of The Contemporary Austin.

The building is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

History
Before the influx of white settlers, Native Americans visited the site for its nearby spring (today underwater). The land that includes the property was originally owned by Stephen F. Austin, who in 1832 (seven years before Austin was founded) wrote that he wished to build a home there. This never came to pass.

In 1914 the property was purchased by Hal Sevier, editor of the Austin American, with his new wife Clara Driscoll. They completed their villa two years later, inspired by a honeymoon visit to Lake Como in Italy. Clara, an avid gardener, spent many years planting native and foreign plants around the site and designing the terraced gardens that remain to this day. In 1943 Driscoll donated the homesite to be used as a city museum.

In 1961, the site was converted to the Laguna Gloria Art Museum and became an important part of the Austin arts scene.  Soon after, the museum began offering art classes, and in 1983, a  facility was built specifically for the growing art school.

In 1992, the institution changed its name to the Austin Museum of Art, and four years later, moved its primary exhibition space to 823 Congress Avenue, in the heart of downtown Austin.  Laguna Gloria remained the site of The Art School, and in 2003, the Driscoll Villa was renovated and again became an exhibition space, focusing on local and regional artists.

The site is immediately adjacent to Mayfield Park, also on the National Register of Historic Places.

Texas Historical Commission marker text
"This Mediterranean style villa was built in 1916 for Henry H. and Clara Driscoll Sevier. Named Laguna Gloria for a nearby lagoon off the Colorado River, the stuccoed home features a decorative window at San Jose Mission in San Antonio. In 1943 the site was conveyed to the Texas Fine Arts Assoc. by Clara Driscoll, best known for her efforts to preserve the Alamo. Her homesite is now owned by Laguna Gloria Art Museum."    Recorded Texas Historic Landmark - 1983

References

 Historic American Buildings Survey Folio

External links

 The Contemporary Austin

City of Austin Historic Landmarks
Museums in Austin, Texas
Historic house museums in Texas
Art museums and galleries in Texas
National Register of Historic Places in Austin, Texas
Houses in Austin, Texas
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas

Laguna Gloria


L. Franklin Gilliam is an American filmmaker and media artist. Her work explores issues of race, gender, and sexual orientation. Gilliam was the director of projects and community catalyst at gamelab's Institute of Play and a visiting faculty member at the Vermont College of Fine Arts. They are currently vice president of strategy and innovation at Girls Who Code.

Early life and education

Gilliam was born in 1967 in Washington, D.C. The child of Sam Gilliam, an abstract painter, and Dorothy Butler Gilliam, the first black woman reporter for The Washington Post, they grew up with parents who were instrumental in exposing them to cultural production early on in life. They attended Brown University, where they studied Modern Culture and Media. Gilliam graduated with their Bachelor of Arts in 1989. They received their Master of Fine Arts in 1992 from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee studying Film and Twentieth Century Studies. They also studied at NYU from 2006 to 2008. Since receiving their master's degree in professional studies in interactive communication from NYU, Gilliam has had a number of academic and design lab appointments.

Teaching positions
Gilliam was already lecturing in the Film Department of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee from 1991 to 1992, the year that preceded the completion of their Master of Fine Arts. In 1993, Gilliam took a position as the visiting artist in video at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. They became an adjunct professor for video there in 1995. Remaining there only a year, Gilliam left to become an assistant professor in the Film and Electronics department at Bard College. In 2002, they received a position as an associate professor and stayed on at Bard College until September 2007. During their time at Bard College, they served as faculty for the Bard M.F.A. Program and director of the Integrated Arts Program, and as chair of Division of the Arts. Despite their absence from Bard's faculty roster, Gilliam still appears on the college's main site in a rotating photo roster of select faculty and students.

Art
"Leah Gilliam's work examines how knowledge is produced and coded and how the conscious reorientation of cultural texts challenges their implications and constructions. In practice, she appropriates texts and uses them as a springboard to interpret larger issues of race, gender and sexual orientation."

Gilliam's work often focuses on technology and obsolescence. This preoccupation surfaces in many of their works. Their contributions to the "BitStreams" digital show at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 2001 were ancient Mac computers displaying fragments of old Super-8 movie trailers. Their 1998 CD-ROM Split: Whiteness, Retrofuturism, Omega Man worked with an 8 mm film trailer for Planet of the Apes and was described as a work that "obsessively looks back at outmoded media technologies." Another piece dealing heavily with the ideas of obsolescence, technology, and the reorientation of cultural texts, Gilliam's work Agenda for a Landscape received a great deal of attention during its stay from July 12 through September 22, 2002 at the New Museum of Contemporary Art. In the year 2000 Gilliam was also a recipient of the Creative Capital Emerging Fields Award.

Agenda for a LandscapeArtforum International - (Reviews: New York) - Publication Date: 01-NOV-02

This solo exhibition was organized by Mark Tribe with Anne Ellegood, the Associate Curator for the New Museum of Contemporary Art."The installation consisted of a pseudo abandoned NASA command center with computer manipulated footage of Mars, obtained by Sojourner Rover[...] in NASA's 1997 Mars Pathfinder mission, combined with Gilliam's own video work and other found imagery." Some of the footage that is interspersed with the original Rover footage is digitally processed footage taken by Gilliam of the Hudson River, forging a connection between two radically different landscapes. Gilliam draws away from the idea of landscape art as the territory of painters and suggests that a new genre of landscape art arises in the response to the "impact of new media on cultural representation." An offshoot DVD was created by Gilliam, entitled Springtime for Mars, providing a story about what happened to the Sojourner rover after it lost contact with us on 24 September 1997. In Springtime for Mars a young female hacker is able to reestablish contact with the rover and the story comes "full circle within the increasing reverberations of diaspora and legacy."

Filmography
1992 Now Pretend (10:00, 16 mm Film)
1995 Sapphire and the Slave Girl (17:00, Video)
1998 Split: Whiteness, Retrofuturism, Omega Man (CD-ROM)
1999 Apeshit v3 (computer-based installation)
1999 Apeshit (6:30, Video)
2001 Playing the Race Card (4:30, Digital Video)
2004 Agenda for a Landscape (Interactive Installation)
2008 Metrophile (Urban Game, Come Out and Play Festival)
2008 Lesberation (Analog Board Game)

References

1967 births
African-American contemporary artists
American contemporary artists
African-American film directors
American women experimental filmmakers
Brown University alumni
Film directors from Washington, D.C.
American women film directors
American video artists
American game designers
Living people
Bard College faculty
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni
Women experimental filmmakers
American women academics
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

Leah Gilliam