Q is a fictional character in the James Bond films an film novellisations. Q (staundin for Quartermaster as well as a remit tae the deceptive Q-ships) is a job teetle, unalike M, whit is a cypher for the character's name. He is the heid o Q Branch (or later Q Division), the fictional resairch an development diveesion o the Breetish Saicret Service.

Q haes appeared in 21 o the 24 Eon Productions James Bond films, the exceptions bein Live and Let Die, the 2006 Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace. The character wis fenby featurt in baith non-Eon Bond films, the 1967 Casino Royale an Never Say Never Again.

Novelles
The character Q niver appears in Ian Fleming's novelles, an anly the Q Branch is mentioned; awtho Q daes appear in the novellisations bi Christopher Wood, an the later novelles bi John Gardner an Raymond Benson.

In John Gardner's novelles, the post of Q is taen o'er bi Ann Reilly (cried Q'ute bi her colleagues). She an aw forms a relationship wi Bond. It is jaloused that she haudit the post for short anely, acause Raymond Benson's novelles retour Boothroyd tae the post withoot exposeetion.

Charles Fraser-Smith is widely credited as the inspiration for Q auchtin tae the spy gadgets he biggit for the Special Operations Executive.  Thir war cawed Q-devices, efter the Royal Navy's World War I Q-ships. In the Fleming novelles the're frequent remittances tae Q an Q Branch wi phrases lik "see Q for gear you need" (Casino Royale) an "Q Branch wad handle aw o that" (Diamonds Are Forever), wi a remittance tae "Q's craftsmen" in From Russia with Love.

Major Boothroyd
In the saxt novelle, Dr. No, the service airmourer Major Boothroyd appears for the first time. Fleming named the character efter Geoffrey Boothroyd, a firearms expert that leeved in Glesga, Scotland  that haen writtin tae the novellist suggestin that Bond wisna uisin the best firearms appen.

Ann Reilly
Boothroyd is an aw remittanced occasionally in the Bond novelles o John Gardner, but the author preferred insteid tae focus on a new character, Ann Reilly, that is introduced in the first Gardner novelle, Licence Renewed an glegly dubbed "Q'ute" bi Bond.

Films
In the films, Major Boothroyd first appears in Dr. No an later in From Russia with Love, awtho played bi different actors. Desmond Llewelyn stated that, awtho he wis credeeted as playin "Major Boothroyd", the oreeginal line spoken bi M, "Ask Major Boothroyd tae come in" wis replaced wi "the airmourer" as director Terence Young stated Boothroyd wis a different character.

Beginnin in Guy Hamilton's Goldfinger an in ilk film syne Major Boothroyd is maist aften referred tae as Q; houainver, in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) he is referred tae ance again as Major Boothroyd in twa-haundit crack.

In maist films in whit Q appears, he is restricted tae an "aback the scenes" insnorlment, aither based in Lunnon or in saicret bases oot in the field. Twa weel-kent exceptions in whit Q becomes direct involved in Bond's meessions occur in Octopussy, in whit Q actually participates in field wirk, includin the feenal fecht conter the limmer's backmen, an Licence to Kill in whit he jynes Bond in the field efter 007 gaes rogue.

Eon Productions

Peter Burton: 1962
In the first film, Dr. No, Boothroyd is played bi Peter Burton in anely ane scene in whit he replaces Bond's .25 ACP Beretta 418 pistol wi the seegnatur .32 Walther PPK haundgun. He is referred tae bi M as "the airmourer," an later as Major Boothroyd.  Scheduling stours prevened Burton from reprising the role in From Russia with Love, awtho he later makkit twa uncredeeted reappearances in Bond films, first as an RAF officer in Thunderball (1965) an later as a saicret agent in the sateerical Casino Royale.

Featurt in
 Dr. No (1962)

Desmond Llewelyn: 1963–1999
Beginnin wi From Russia with Love, Desmond Llewelyn portrayed the character in ilka offeecial film except Live and Let Die till his deith in 1999. In the 1977 film The Spy Who Loved Me, as Q delivered the unnerwatter Lotus, Major Anya Amasova/Agent XXX (Barbara Bach) hailses Q as "Major Boothroyd".

While instructin Bond on the gadgets that he is gaun'ae uise on his meession, Q eften expresses irritation an impatience at Bond's smaw attention span, aften telling him tae "pay attention, 007", an Bond's playful lack of respect for his equipment, telling the agent, "I never joke about my work, 007". In Thunderball, Bond can be haurd murmlin "Oh na" whaan Q jynes him in the Bahamas.

Houainver, on occasion, Q haes shawn a wairm an faitherly concern for 007's weelfare, sic as at Bond's waddin in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, whan he ashuirs Bond that he is appen if Bond iver requires his help. Q haes an aw caw taed Bond in a maire acteeve role in his meessions in Octopussy, remeening tae heeze Bond in body e'en efter anither fere is killt. He frequently refers tae Bond as "007", rather than bi his name.

In GoldenEye, Q skares a bourd wit Bond for the first time, an in The World Is Not Enough whan he lat kins his plan tae reteer, Bond is saddened at the prospect. Q signs aff wi "Now pay attention, 007," syne offers some wirds o advisement:Q: "I've ayeways tried tae teach you twa things: First, niver lat thaim see you bleed."
Bond: "And the seicont?"
Q: "Aye v a winfrae plan." – afore he is lowered oot o view.This wis the final film appearance o Desmond Llewelyn as Q in the James Bond series, awtho he wad revive the role ance again as Q in a Heineken commercial, a telly cross-promotion for The World Is Not Enough. Llewelyn deed in a caur stramash juist weeks efter the film's release. Atween films he an aw starred as Q in vaurious commercials for a sindrity o products an companies. Thir included Bond hentable merchandise, TV3, Hyundai motorcars, LG video recorders, Highland Superstores, Visa credeet cards, an Reach electric toothbrushes, the latter of whit featurt Q instructin himsel in the keekin-gless.

Featurt in
Films:
 From Russia with Love  (1963)
 Goldfinger  (1964)
 Thunderball  (1965)
 You Only Live Twice  (1967)
 On Her Majesty's Secret Service  (1969)
 Diamonds Are Forever  (1971)
 The Man with the Golden Gun  (1974)
 The Spy Who Loved Me  (1977)
 Moonraker  (1979)
 For Your Eyes Only  (1981)
 Octopussy  (1983)
 A View to a Kill  (1985)
 The Living Daylights  (1987)
 Licence to Kill  (1989)
 GoldenEye  (1995)
 Tomorrow Never Dies  (1997)
 The World Is Not Enough  (1999)
Gemmes:
 Tomorrow Never Dies (1999) (Likeness anly, voiced bi Miles Anderson)
 007: The World Is Not Enough (2000) (Likeness anly, Nintendo 64 version anly, voiced bi Miles Anderson)
 007 Racing (2000) (Archival footage, voiced bi Miles Anderson)
 James Bond 007: Nightfire (2002) (Likeness anly, voiced bi Gregg Berger)
 James Bond 007: From Russia with Love (2005) (Likeness anly, voiced bi Phil Proctor)
Llewelyn an aw portrays Q in the Eon Productions-produced 1967 telly special Welcome to Japan, Mr. Bond, aw an as portraying Q in the documentary Highly Classified: The World of 007, that is included on the Tomorrow Never Dies Ultimate Edition DVD. Llewelyn's alikeness wis fenby uised tae portray the Q character in 2005's video game James Bond 007: From Russia with Love, awtho the vyce of Q wis portrayed bi Phil Proctor. Llewelyn haes appeared in maire Bond films — seiventeen — than ony ether actor tae date.

John Cleese: 1999 (as "R"), 2002 (as Q)
In The World Is Not Enough a servand to Q wis introduced, played bi John Cleese. His real name wis niver shawed, but he wis initially credeeted as "R" in The World Is Not Enough, shuitting from a bourd in whit Bond asks the aulder Q: "If yer Q, daes that mak him R?"

Atween films, Cleese wis still referred tae as "R" in the video gemmes 007: The World is Not Enough (2000), 007 Racing (2000) an Agent Under Fire (2001). He wis offeecially referred tae as "Q" in Die Another Day (2002) follaein actor Llewelyn's deith in 1999. In 2004, Cleese wis featurt as Q in the video game James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing.

Mukle alike his predecessor, R is a consummate professional that is frequent annoyed bi Bond's cavalier attitude. In Die Another Day, Bond at first refers to R as "Quartermaster" but, silently impressed bi the gadgets he is gien, caws him "Q" at the end o thair meetin.  (The Die Another Day DVD shaws that Bond initially saw R as an 'interloper', anely awarding the proper title of 'Q' efter R haes proven himsel.)

Accordin tae an interview on the Die Another Day DVD, Pierce Brosnan wis very blythe tae rename Cleese's character 'Q', raither than 'R', acause his native Erse accent makkit it difficult tae pronoonce 'R' wi a convincin Inglis accent.

In the 007 video game, James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing, Cleese's Q haes a servand, Miss Nagai, portrayed bi Misaki Ito.

Featurt in
Films:
 The World Is Not Enough  (1999) (as R)
 Die Another Day  (2002) (as Q)
Gemmes:
 007: The World Is Not Enough (2000) (as R)
 007 Racing (2000) (as R)
 Agent Under Fire (2001) (as R)
 Oreeginally Cleese wis to provide his likeness an vyce for the character o R, an the production footage release contained Cleese. Houainver, aucht tae copyright issues, Cleese's image wis replaced an his lines war redubbed bi Miles Anderson. Anderson uised the same vyce he uised wan imitating the vyce o Llewelyn's Q in foregane gemmes, rather than try to imitate Cleese's vyce. Cleese did, houainver, reprise his role as R in commercials for Agent Under Fire.
 Everything or Nothing (2004)
 007 Scene It (buird game)
In the 2010 video game 007: Blood Stone, Major Boothroyd isna seen, but it is mentioned that Bill Tanner works for Q Branch.

Ben Whishaw: 2012–present

The character of Q daedna appear in 2006's Casino Royale o its sequel, Quantum of Solace (2008). Bond actor Daniel Craig expressed concern o'er the character's absence, an expressed his hope that Q wad return in Skyfall. In November 2011, it wis annoonced that Breetish actor Ben Whishaw haed been cast in the role. Whishaw, eildit 31 in 2012, becam the youngest actor tae play the role. In Skyfall, Q's gadgets we]ar comparatively semple, conseesting o a miniaturised radio an a gun coded tae Bond's palmprint sae anely Bond coud fire it. Q is demonstrated tae be heichly knowledgeable on the subject o computer security tae the pynt war he designed some o the maist sophisticated security protocols in existence. Houainver, he is an aw some pairt short-sichty; while engrossed in the bleck o a security seestem set up bi Raoul Silva, the film's main antagonist, he is unawaur that he is inadvertently facilitatin Silva's evite from MI6 custody till Silva actually evites.  Whishaw retours as Q in Spectre, caw taen 007 on his meession, seemilar tae Q's cast tae Bond in 1989's Licence to Kill. Q meets 007 in Austria whaur he outruns SPECTRE agents efter a ring he eventually decodes, kythen the organisation's endurance. Q retourss tae Lunnon tae caw tae Miss Moneypenny an M in habblen corrupt MI6 bureaucrat Max Denbeigh's lench o the Nine Eyes wittins network. At the end he provides Bond wi his remodellt Aston Martin DB5.

Featurt in films:
 Skyfall (2012)
 Spectre (2015)

Non-Eon films

Geoffrey Bayldon: 1967
In the 1967 version o Casino Royale, Q is portrayed bi Geoffrey Bayldon, but insteid o graithin James Bond, he provides gadgets for Evelyn Tremble (wha is portrayed bi Peter Sellers). In the film, Q is caw taed bi Fordyce (John Wells).

Featurt in
 Casino Royale (1967)

Alec McCowen: 1983
In the 1983 film Never Say Never Again, Q Branch is headed bi a man (played bi Alec McCowen) referrt tae bi Bond as Algernon an Algy, tho his appenin line is "Nice tae knaw eildit Q can still surprise you 00s". In the closin credeets, he is named as "Q Algy". Q Branch itsel is depictit as understockt an ricklie compared tae the heich-tech surroondins o the Eon films.

Featurt in
 Never Say Never Again (1983)

See also
 List o James Bond feres

Further reading
  Robert Wallace an H. Keith Melton, wi Henry R. Schlesinger, Spycraft: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs, from Communism to al-Qaeda, New York, Dutton, 2008.

References

Feectional Breetish fowk
Feectional inventors

Q (James Bond)


JumpStart is a computer network installation tool set used by the Solaris operating system.

Usage
JumpStart is used to manage operating system installation in many Information technology environments (corporate and otherwise) where Solaris operating system computers are widely used.  It can provide easier installation (minor setup on central server, then one command on an installation "client" system to start it installing).  It also allows completely consistent system installation on many systems over time - each install can have exactly the same system configuration and software tools.  Alternatively, different types of systems can be installed for different purposes, in each case with consistent installations for a given defined type. Tools used to manipulate JumpStart include JET, the JumpStart Enterprise Toolkit.

Created by: Thomas Fritz in 1994, at Sun.

Structure
JumpStart consists of two main parts: network booting of a system, and then network installation.

Network booting proceeds similarly to Solaris' standard network booting capabilities.  A JumpStart and network booting server is set up on the same local network as the system(s) to be installed.  Technically, the network boot and install servers can be separate functions, but they are typically the same system.

Once a client system begins the JumpStart process, it then accesses the operating system component software packages stored on the JumpStart server, usually but not exclusively using Network File System.

Those packages, and optionally additional tools or applications, are automatically installed, and then the system is rebooted.  Some additional configuration may be manually performed, or the system's configuration may be set up completely automatically.

See also
 Kickstart (Linux)
 Fully Automatic Installation
 System Installer

References

 Solaris 10 Installation Guide: Network-Based Installations

Unix package management-related software
Sun Microsystems software
Booting
Network booting
Provisioning

JumpStart (software)


The Panathenaic Games () were held every four years in Athens in Ancient Greece from 566 BC to the 3rd century AD.<ref>Susan Heuck Allen, Finding the walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlík, University of California Press, 1999, , p. 39.</ref> These Games incorporated religious festival, ceremony (including prize-giving), athletic competitions, and cultural events hosted within a stadium.

History

The Panathenaic festival was formed in order to honor the goddess Athena who had become the patron of Athens after having a competition with the god Poseidon where they were to win the favor of the Athenian people by offering the people gifts. The festival would also bring unity among the people of Athens.

The attempted assassination of the tyrants Hippias and Hipparchus during the Panathenaea in 514 BC by Harmodius and Aristogeiton was often regarded as the birth of Athenian democracy.

 Events
The competitions for which the festival came to be known were part of the Great Panathenaia, a much larger religious occasion. These ritual observances consisted of numerous sacrifices to Athena (the namesake of the event and patron deity to the hosts of the event) as well as Poseidon and others. The Lesser Panathenaia, a sister-event to the Great Panathenaia, was held every year with 3 to 4 days shorter in celebration. The competitions were the most prestigious games for the citizens of Athens, but not as important as the Olympic Games or the other Panhellenic Games.

The Panathenaea also included poetic and musical competitions.  Prizes were awarded for rhapsodic recitation of Homeric poetry, for instrumental music on the aulus and cithara, and for singing to the accompaniment of the aulus and cithara (citharody). In addition, the Games included a reading of epic poetry by early poets such as Homer, Pindar and Hesiod.

The Panathenaic Stadium

The athletic events were staged at the Panathenaic Stadium, which is still in use today. In 1865, Evangelis Zappas left a vast fortune in his will with instructions to excavate and refurbish the ancient Panathenaic stadium so that modern Olympic Games could be held every four years "in the manner of our ancestors". The Panathenaic Stadium has hosted Zappas Olympics in 1870, and 1875, as well as the modern Olympic Games in 1896 and 2004. The stadium also hosted the 1906 Intercalated Games.

 Contests
The Panathenaic Games held contests in a number of musical, athletic, and equestrian events. Due to the fact that there were so many contests held, the games usually lasted a little over a week. On a fourth century marble block, experts explain that on the block is written a program for the games, as well as individual events and their prizes. The inscription also says that there are two age categories for the music events but three age categories for the athletic events. According to scholars, the age groups are boys: 12–16; beardless youths: 16–20; men: over 20. One thing that was different about these games than normal funeral games is that prizes were given to runners-up, not just the lone victor.

Using the inscription, experts put together a general program like so: Day 1: Musical and Rhapsodic Contest; Day 2: Athletic Contest for Boys and Youths; Day 3: Athletic Contest for Men; Day 4: Equestrian Contest; Day 5: Tribal Contest; Day 6: Torch Race and Sacrifice; Day 7: Boat Race; Day 8: Awarding of Prizes, Feasting and Celebrations. Experts reasonably came up with how the games went based on the order of prizes which were written on the marble block. Wrestling and discus were also included in the contest.

The musical events which took place were Kithara players, Flute players, and singers. The athletic events were the stadion, pentathlon, wrestling, boxing, and pankration. The equestrian events were two-horse chariot race, horse race, and javelin throw on horseback. Based on the inscription, we learn that the prizes given to the men and the youth were different. Men were rewarded a certain amount of drachmas and/or a valuable crown worth a certain amount of drachmas. Boys and youths were given a certain number of amphorae of olive oil.

 Ceremony
The Panathenaic games were a chrematitic ('monetary') event were the winner would take home prizes with a monetary value, as opposed to stephanitic ('crowned') games like the Olympics which awarded the winner with only a crown. Award ceremonies included the giving of Panathenaic amphorae, which were large ceramic vessels containing olive oil given as prizes. The winner of the chariot race received as a prize one-hundred and forty Panathenaic amphorae full of olive oil.

In mythology
In the myth of the Minotaur, Minos' son Androgeus is killed during the Panathenaic Games. Some accounts, like Pseudo-Apollodorus's Bibliotheca, state he won and his jealous competitors ambushed and murdered him. Others, such as Graeciae Descriptio by Pausanias, say he was trampled to death by a mad bull.

See also
 Athenian festivals

References

Further reading
 Roisman, Joseph, and translated by J.C Yardley, Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2011,
 Young, David C., A Brief History of the Olympic Games'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2004,

External links

Ancient Greek athletic festivals
Archaic Athens
Festivals in ancient Athens
Festivals of Athena
Quadrennial sporting events

Panathenaic Games


A generation can mean any group that is sorted by the time they were created.

In a family, a generation means all the people on one level of a family tree.  For example, your brothers, sisters and cousins are in the same generation as you.

In populations of people, a "generation" means groups of people born in different periods of time. Each generation lasts for the average amount of time between the birth of parents, and the birth of their children.

"Generation" can also mean a wave or series of something, like a generation of car model (2nd generation for example). Anything that is created in waves can have generations or editions.

Family
Time

Generation


Sooth Wales () is the region o Wales bordered bi Ingland an the Bristol Chainel tae the east an sooth, an Mid Wales an Wast Wales tae the north an wast. The maist densely populatit region in the soothwast o the Unitit Kinrick, it is hame tae aroond 2.2 million fowk.  The region conteens amaist three-quairters o the population o Wales, includin the caipital ceety o Cairdiff (population approximately 350,000), as well as Swansea an Newport, wi populations approximately 240,000 an 150,000 respectively.  The Brecon Beacons naitional pairk covers aboot a third o Sooth Wales, conteenin Pen y Fan, the heichest muntain sooth o Snowdonia.

The region is loosely defined, but it is generally considered tae include the historic coonties o Glamorgan an Monmouthshire, sometimes extendin wastwairds tae include Carmarthenshire an Pembrokeshire.  In the wastren extent, frae Swansea wastwairds, local fowk wad probably recognise that they livit in baith sooth Wales an wast Wales — thare is considerable owerlap in these somewha airtificial boondars. Auries tae the north o the Brecon Beacons an Black Mountains are generally considered pairt o Mid Wales.

References

Regions o Wales
Subdiveesions o Wales

Sooth Wales


Charadriiformes is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds. It includes about 350 species. It has members in all parts of the world. Most charadriiformes live near water and eat invertebrates or other small animals. However, some are pelagic (sea birds), some occupy deserts, and a few are found in thick forest.

Families in taxonomic order
This is a list of the charadriiform families, presented in taxonomic order.
 Suborder Scolopaci: snipe-like waders
 Family Scolopacidae: snipe, sandpipers, phalaropes, and allies
 Suborder Thinocori: aberrant charadriforms
 Family Rostratulidae: painted snipe
 Family Jacanidae: jacanas
 Family Thinocoridae: seedsnipe
 Family Pedionomidae: Plains Wanderer
 Suborder Lari:  gulls and allies
 Family Laridae: gulls
 Family Rhynchopidae: skimmers
 Family Sternidae: terns
 Family Alcidae: puffins, guillemots, murres, and allies
 Family Stercorariidae: skuas
 Family Glareolidae: pratincoles and coursers
 Family Dromadidae: Crab Plover
 Suborder Turnici:  buttonquails
 Family Turnicidae: buttonquails
 Suborder Chionidi:  thick-knees and allies
 Family Burhinidae: thick-knees
 Family Chionididae: sheathbills
 Family Pluvianellidae: Magellanic Plover
 Suborder Charadrii: plover-like waders
 Family Ibidorhynchidae: Ibisbill
 Family Recurvirostridae: avocets and stilts
 Family Haematopodidae: oystercatchers
 Family Charadriidae: plovers and lapwings

Charadriiformes


The Coat o Airms o Argentinae () wis established in its current form in 1944, but haes its oreegins in the seal o the Sovereign General Assembly o 1813, tho thare is no kent decree or ony ither teep o order or authorisation orderin its specific uise. It is supposed, housomeivver, that this seembol wis chosen quickly acause o the existence o a decree signed on Februar 22, sealed wi that seal. The first mention o it in a public document dates tae Mairch 12 o that same year, in which it is statit that this seal haed tae be uised bi the executive pouer, that is, the seicont triumvirate.
On Aprile 13 the Naitional Assembly coined the new siller an gowd coins, each wi the seal o the Assembly on the reverse, in that way what stairtit as a seal became a naitional coat o airms.
On Aprile 27 the Coat o Airms became a Naitional Emblem. The decree states an aa that the Coat o Airms shoud no be uised in banners, tho Belgrano ordered tae paint the Coat o Airms ower the banner he gae tae the ceety o Jujuy.
Mairower, durin the Argentine War o Unthirldom, maist banners haed the Coat o Airms.

Naitional seembols o Argentinae
Argentinae

Coat o airms o Argentinae


In mathematics, a projection is an idempotent mapping of a set (or other mathematical structure) into  a subset (or sub-structure). In this case, idempotent means that projecting twice is the same as projecting once.  The restriction to a subspace of a projection is also called a projection, even if the idempotence property is lost.
An everyday example of a projection is the casting of shadows onto a plane (sheet of paper): the projection of a point is its shadow on the sheet of paper, and the projection (shadow) of a point on the sheet of paper is that point itself (idempotency). The shadow of a three-dimensional sphere is a closed disk.  Originally, the notion of projection was introduced in Euclidean geometry to denote the projection of the three-dimensional Euclidean space onto a plane in it, like the shadow example. The two main projections of this kind are:
 The projection from a point onto a plane or central projection: If C is a point, called the center of projection, then the projection of a point P different from C onto a plane that does not contain C is the intersection of the line CP with the plane. The points P such that the line CP is parallel to the plane does not have any image by the projection, but one often says that they project to a point at infinity of the plane (see Projective geometry for a formalization of this terminology). The projection of the point C itself is not defined.
 The projection parallel to a direction D, onto a plane or parallel projection: The image of a point P is the intersection with the plane of the line parallel to D passing through P. See  for an accurate definition, generalized to any dimension.

The concept of projection in mathematics is a very old one, and most likely has its roots in the phenomenon of the shadows cast by real-world objects on the ground. This rudimentary idea was refined and abstracted, first in a geometric context and later in other branches of mathematics. Over time different versions of the concept developed, but today, in a sufficiently abstract setting, we can unify these variations.

In cartography, a map projection is a map of a part of the surface of the Earth onto a plane, which, in some cases, but not always, is the restriction of a projection in the above meaning. The 3D projections are also at the basis of the theory of perspective.

The need for unifying the two kinds of projections and of defining the image by a central projection of any point different of the center of projection are at the origin of projective geometry. However, a projective transformation is a bijection of a projective space, a property not shared with the projections of this article.

Definition

Generally, a mapping where the domain and codomain are the same set (or mathematical structure) is a projection if the mapping is idempotent, which means that a projection is equal to its composition with itself. A projection may also refer to a mapping which has a right inverse. Both notions are strongly related, as follows. Let p be an idempotent mapping from a set A into itself (thus p ∘ p = p) and B = p(A) be the image of p. If we denote by π the map p viewed as a map from A onto B and by i the injection of B into A (so that p = i ∘ π), then we have π ∘ i = IdB (so that π has a right inverse). Conversely, if π has a right inverse, then π ∘ i = IdB implies that i ∘ π is idempotent.

Applications
The original notion of projection has been extended or generalized to various mathematical situations, frequently, but not always, related to geometry, for example:

 In set theory:
 An operation typified by the jth projection map, written projj, that takes an element  of the Cartesian product  to the value  This map is always surjective and, when each space  has a topology, this map is also continuous  and open.
 A mapping that takes an element to its equivalence class under a given equivalence relation is known as the canonical projection.
 The evaluation map sends a function f to the value f(x) for a fixed x.  The space of functions YX can be identified with the Cartesian product , and the evaluation map is a projection map from the Cartesian product.
 For relational databases and query languages, the projection is a  unary operation written as  where  is a set of attribute names. The result of such projection is defined as the set that is obtained when all tuples in R are restricted to the set .  R is a database-relation.
 In spherical geometry, projection of a sphere upon a plane was used by Ptolemy (~150) in his Planisphaerium. The method is called stereographic projection and uses a plane tangent to a sphere and a pole C diametrically opposite the point of tangency.  Any point P on the sphere besides C determines a line CP intersecting the plane at the projected point for P. The correspondence makes the sphere a one-point compactification for the plane when a point at infinity is included to correspond to C, which otherwise has no projection on the plane. A common instance is the complex plane where the compactification corresponds to the Riemann sphere. Alternatively, a hemisphere is frequently projected onto a plane using the gnomonic projection.
 In linear algebra, a linear transformation that remains unchanged if applied twice: p(u) = p(p(u)). In other words, an idempotent operator.  For example, the mapping that takes a point (x, y, z) in three dimensions to the point (x, y, 0) is a projection. This type of projection naturally generalizes to any number of dimensions n for the domain and k ≤ n for the codomain of the mapping.  See Orthogonal projection, Projection (linear algebra).  In the case of orthogonal projections, the space admits a decomposition as a product, and the projection operator is a projection in that sense as well.
 In differential topology, any fiber bundle includes a projection map as part of its definition.  Locally at least this map looks like a projection map in the sense of the product topology and is therefore open and surjective.
 In topology, a retraction is a continuous map r: X → X which restricts to the identity map on its image. This satisfies a similar idempotency condition r2 = r and can be considered a generalization of the projection map.  The image of a retraction is called a retract of the original space. A retraction which is homotopic to the identity is known as a deformation retraction.  This term is also used in category theory to refer to any split epimorphism.
 The scalar projection (or resolute) of one vector onto another.
 In category theory, the above notion of Cartesian product of sets can be generalized to arbitrary categories.  The product of some objects has a canonical projection morphism to each factor.  This projection will take many forms in different categories.  The projection from the Cartesian product of sets, the product topology of topological spaces (which is always surjective and open), or from the direct product of groups, etc.  Although these morphisms are often epimorphisms and even surjective, they do not have to be.

References

Further reading
 Thomas Craig (1882) A Treatise on Projections from University of Michigan Historical Math Collection.

Mathematical terminology

pl:Rzut (matematyka)

Projection (mathematics)


There have been four baronetcies created for persons with the surname Rich, two in the Baronetage of England, one in the Baronetage of Great Britain and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. As of 2008 three of the creations are extinct while one is dormant.

The Rich Baronetcy, of Sunning in the County of Berkshire, was created in the Baronetage of England on 20 March 1660 for Thomas Rich, a wealthy Turkey Merchant who also represented Reading in the House of Commons. The second baronet was member of parliament for Reading and Gloucester. The title became extinct on the death of the fifth baronet in 1803. See also the 1863 creation below.

The Rich Baronetcy, of London, was created in the Baronetage of England on 24 January 1676 for Charles Rich, of Mulberton, Norfolk, with remainder to his son-in-law and distant cousin Robert Rich, son of Nathaniel Rich, who inherited the baronetcy the following year. He was a successful politician. His younger son, the fourth Baronet, was a distinguished cavalry officer. The title became extinct on the death of the sixth Baronet in 1799.

The Rich Baronetcy, of Shirley House in the County of Southampton, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 28 July 1791 for Reverend Charles Rich. He was the son-in-law of the fifth Baronet of 1676, and had inherited the estates and assumed the name and arms of Rich. This creation became dormant upon the death of the sixth Baronet in 1983, but heirs are still thought to be living.

The Rich Baronetcy, of Sunning in the County of Berkshire, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 22 January 1863 for the Liberal politician Henry Rich, the natural son of the fifth Baronet of the 1660 creation. The title became extinct on his death without children in 1869.

Rich baronets, of Sunning (1661)

Sir Thomas Rich, 1st Baronet (c. 1601–1667)
Sir William Rich, 2nd Baronet (c. 1654–1711)
Sir Robert Rich, 3rd Baronet (1673–1724)
Sir William Rich, 4th Baronet (c. 1702–1762)
Sir Thomas Rich, 5th Baronet (c. 1733–1803)

Rich baronets, of London (1676)

 Sir Charles Rich, 1st Baronet (c. 1619–30 May 1677), Rich was the fourth son of Sir Edwin Rich and grandson of Robert Rich, 2nd Baron Rich (see Earl of Warwick). He married Elizabeth Cholmeley, by whom he had two daughters and co-heirs, Elizabeth, married Peter Civell, and Mary, married Robert Rich, of Stondon, Essex. Each inherited one of his manors. In 1676, he was created a baronet, with a special remainder to his son-in-law, Robert, who was a distant relation. He died the year after and was buried in the parish church of Enfield Town.

The baronetcy passed to his son-in-law:

Sir Robert Rich, 2nd Baronet (c. 1648–1699)

He had two sons:

Sir Charles Rich, 3rd Baronet (c. 1680–19 October 1706). Appointed Vice-Admiral of Suffolk on 25 September 1699, succeeding his father shortly before the latter's death, he held the office until 8 July 1702, when he was replaced by Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Earl of Dysart. He died without issue, causing the baronetcy to pass to his brother.
Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet (1685–1768)

He in turn had two sons:

Sir Robert Rich, 5th Baronet (1717–19 May 1785), had only a daughter, Mary Frances, causing the baronetcy to pass to his brother. Mary Frances Rich married the Reverend Charles Bostock, of Shirley House, Hampshire, who assumed the surname of Rich in 1790 and was himself created a baronet in 1791.
 Sir George Rich, 6th Baronet (13 June 1728 – 8 January 1799)

Rich baronets, of Shirley House (1791)

Sir Charles Rich, 1st Baronet (c. 1752–1824)
Sir Charles Henry Rich, 2nd Baronet (1784–1857)
Sir Charles Henry John Rich, 3rd Baronet (1812–1866)
Sir Charles Henry Stuart Rich, 4th Baronet (1859–1913)
Sir Almeric Edmund Frederic Rich, 5th Baronet (1859–1948)
Sir Almeric Frederic Conness Rich, 6th Baronet (1897–1983)

The heir to the baronetcy was believed to be Gordon Leonard Rich (1921-1996).

Rich baronets, of Sunning, Berkshire (1863)
Sir Henry Rich, 1st Baronet (1803–1869)

Notes

References
 Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors), Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.,

 George Edward Cokayne, The Complete Baronetage
 volume III (1903) pp. 180–181
 volume IV (1904) pp. 72–74
 volume V (1906) pp. 276–277

Baronetcies in the Baronetage of Great Britain
Dormant baronetcies
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England
Baronetcies created with special remainders
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
1661 establishments in England
1791 establishments in Great Britain
1863 establishments in the United Kingdom
Rich family

Rich baronets


(The) Carnal and the Crane (= "Il corvo (?) e la gru") è una tradizionale canzone natalizia inglese e una child ballad (N° 55) di autore anonimo, rinvenuta in manoscritti della metà del XVIII secolo, ma di origini forse ben più antiche. L'arrangiamento più comune è quello del compositore britannico Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872 – 1958).

La parola carnal del titolo non è mai stata chiarita, ma si pensa comunemente che si possa riferire ad un uccello, forse ad un corvo. Il brano sembra infatti ricollegarsi ad un'antica leggenda, diffusa in tutt'Europa, in cui una gru racconta a un corvo la Nascita di Gesù..

Testo
Il testo, che si compone di 30 strofe (di 4 versi ciascuna), è di carattere religioso e parla di un uomo che si ferma vicino ad un fiume ad ascoltare il dialogo tra due uccelli, una gru (crane) e un corvo (carnal ?), che discorrono sugli eventi relativi alla Nascita di Gesù, dal parto di Maria nella mangiatoia fino all'arrivo dei Magi, alla Strage degli Innocenti voluta da Erode e la Fuga in Egitto:

As I pass'd by the river side,
And there as I did reign [run],
In argument I chanced to hear
A Carnal and a Crane.

The Carnal said unto the Crane,
If all the world should turn,
Before we had the Father,
But now we have the Son!

From whence does the Son come,
From where and from what place?
He said, In a manger,
Between an ox and ass.

I pray thee, said the Carnal,
Tell me before thou go,
Was not the mother of Jesus
Conceived by the Holy Ghost?

She was the purest virgin,
And the cleanest from sin;
She was the handmaid of our Lord
And Mother of our king.

Where is the golden cradle
That Christ was rocked in?
Where are the silken sheets
That Jesus was wrapt in?

A manger was the cradle
That Christ was rocked in:
The provender the asses left
So sweetly he slept on.

There was a star in the West land,
So bright it did appear,
Into King Herod's chamber,
And where King Herod were.

The Wise Men soon espied it,
And told the King on high
A princely babe was born that night
No king could e'er destroy.

If this be true, King Herod said,
As thou tellest unto me,
This roasted cock that lies in the dish
Shall crow full fences three.

The cock soon freshly feathered was
By the work of God's own hand
And then three fences crowed he
In the dish where he did stand

Rise up, rise up, you merry men all,
See that you ready be;
All children under two years old
Now slain they all shall be.
Then Jesus, ah! and Joseph,
And Mary, that was so pure,
They travell'd into Egypt,
As you shall find it sure.

And when they came to Egypt's land,
Amongst those fierce wild beasts,
Mary, she being weary,
Must needs sit down to rest.

Come sit thee down, says Jesus,
Come sit thee down by me,
And thou shalt see how these wild beasts
Do come and worship me.

First, came the lovely lion,
Which Jesus's grace did spring,
And of the wild beasts in the field
The lion shall be king.

We'll choose our virtuous princes
Of birth and high degree,
In every sundry nation,
Where'er we come and see.

Then Jesus, ah! and Joseph,
And Mary, that was unknown,
They travelled by a husbandman,
Just while his seed was sown-

God speed thee, man! said Jesus,
Go fetch thy ox and wain,
And carry home thy corn again
Which thou this day hast sown.

The husbandman fell on his knees,
Even upon his face:
Long time hast thou been looked for,
But now thou art come at last.

And I myself do now believe
Thy name is Jesus called;
Redeemer of mankind thou art,
Though undeserving all.

The truth, man, thou hast spoken,
Of it thou may'st be sure,
For I must lose my precious blood
For thee and thousands more.

If any one should come this way,
And enquire for me alone,
Tell them that Jesus passed by
As thou thy seed did sow.

After that there came King Herod,
With his train so furiously,
Enquiring of the husbandman
Whether Jesus passed by.

Why, the truth it must be spoke,
And the truth it must be known;
For Jesus passed by this way
When my seed was sown.

But now I have it reapen,
And some laid on my wain,
Ready to fetch and carry
Into my barn again.

Turn back, says the Captain,
Your labor and mine's in vain;
It's full three quarters of a year
Since he his seed has sown.

So Herod was deceived,
By the work of God's own hand,
And further he proceeded
Into the Holy Land.

There's thousands of children young
Which for his sake did die;
Do not forbid those little ones,
And do not them deny.

The truth now I have spoken,
And the truth now I have shown;
Even the Blessed-Virgin
She's now brought forth a son.

Note

Voci correlate
Musica natalizia
Child Ballads
Natale
Coventry Carol
The First Nowell
Sans Day Carol
El cant dels ocells (brano musicale)

Collegamenti esterni

Canzoni popolari britanniche
Ballate di autori britannici

The Carnal and the Crane


Chovgan, Chowgan or Chogan (), is a sporting team game with horses that originated in ancient Iran (Persia). It was considered an aristocratic game and held in a separate field, on specially trained horses. The game was widespread among the Asian peoples. It is played in Iran, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.

In 2013, chovqan in the Republic of Azerbaijan was included in the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage in urgent need of safeguarding.

It was later adopted in the Western World, known today as polo.

History
Chovgan originated in ancient Iran (Persia) and was a Persian national sport played extensively by the nobility. Women played as well as men. Chovgan originated in the middle of the first millennium A.D., as a team game. It was trendy during the centuries in the Middle East. Fragments of the game were periodically portrayed in ancient miniatures, and detailed descriptions and rules of the game were also given in the ancient manuscripts. Chogān is an Iranian traditional horse-riding game accompanied by music and storytelling. it has a history of over 2,000 years in Iran and has mostly been played in royal courts and urban fields.  Some authors give dates as early as the 5th century BC (or earlier) to the 1st century AD for its origin by the Medes. Certainly, the earliest records of polo are from the Median (an ancient Iranian people).  During the period of the Parthian Empire (247 BC - 224 AD), the sport enjoyed great patronage under the kings and noblemen. According to The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, polo (known as čowgān in Middle Persian, i.e., chovgan), was a Persian ball game and an important pastime in the court of the Sasanian Empire (224–651). It was also part of royal education for the Sasanian ruling class. Emperor Shapur II learned to play polo when he was seven years old in 316 AD. Known as "chovgan," it is still played in the region today.

Englishmen had a significant role in the distribution and development of the game in Europe and around the world. So chovgan, brought from India to England in the 19th century, became more popular, and the addition of new rules favored the quick spread of this game in Europe and the United States. Namely, on the initiative of Englishmen, this game acquired its present name, "polo," and was included in the program of the Olympic Games held in 1900 in Paris. Five teams from three countries took part in the contests.

Chovgan in Iran
Chovgan, known as chowkan in the Sasanian Empire (Middle Persian: čowkān), was part of royal education for the Sasanian ruling class. The neighboring Eastern Romans adopted chovgan from the Sasanians and called it tzykanion, which derives from the Middle Persian word. During the reign of Theodosius II, the Roman imperial court started playing tzykanion in the tzykanisterion (polo stadium). By the time of the Tang dynasty (618–907), records of polo were well-established in China. According to The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, the popularity of polo in Tang China was "bolstered, no doubt, by the presence of the Sasanian court in exile".

Polo was, at first, a training game for cavalry units, usually the king's guard or other elite troops. In time polo became an Iranian national sport played generally by the nobility. Women as well as men played the game, as indicated by references to the queen and her ladies engaging King Khosrow II Parviz and his courtiers in the 6th century AD. Certainly Persian literature and art give us the richest accounts of polo in antiquity. Ferdowsi, the famed Iranian poet-historian, gives several reports of royal chogan tournaments in his 9th-century epic, Shahnameh (the Book of Kings). In the earliest version, Ferdowsi romanticizes an international match between Turanian force and the followers of Siyâvash, a legendary Iranian prince from the earliest centuries of the Empire; the poet is eloquent in his praise of Siyâvash's skills on the polo field. Ferdowsi also tells of Emperor Shapur II of the Sasanian dynasty of the 4th century, who learned to play polo when he was only seven years old. Naqsh-i Jahan Square in Isfahan is a polo field which was built by king Abbas I in the 17th century.

Sultan Qutb al-Din Aibak, the Turkic military slave from present-day Northern Afghanistan who then became Emperor of North India, ruled as an emperor for only four years, from 1206 to 1210 but died accidentally in 1210 playing polo. While he was playing a game of polo on horseback, his horse fell, and Aibak was impaled on the pommel of his saddle. He was buried near the Anarkali bazaar in Lahore (now in Pakistan). Aibak's son Aram died in 1211 CE [2], so Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, another military slave of Turkic ancestry who was married to Aibak's daughter, succeeded him as Sultan of Delhi.

From Persia, polo spread to the Byzantines (who called it tzykanion), and after the Muslim conquests to the Ayyubid and Mameluke dynasties of Egypt and the Levant, whose elites favored it above all other sports. Notable sultans such as Saladin and Baybars were known to play it and encourage it in their court. Polo sticks were features on the Mameluke precursor to modern day playing cards.

Later on Polo was passed from Persia to other parts of Asia, including the Indian subcontinent and China, where it was trendy during the Tang dynasty and frequently depicted in paintings and statues. Valuable for training cavalry, the game was played from Constantinople to Japan by the Middle Ages. It is known in the East as the Game of Kings. The name polo is said to have been derived from the Tibetan word "pulu", meaning ball.
In 2017, Chogān in Islamic Republic of Iran was included in the UNESCO Cultural Heritage List.

Chovgan in Azerbaijan

In Azerbaijan, chovqan () is considered a national sport. Various antique prints and ceramics suggest that the sport has a long history there. For example, a vessel with fragment pictures of a chovgan game was found during archaeological excavations in the Oran-Gala area, suggesting indirectly that the game existed during the 11th century around Beylagan city. Mentions of the chovgan game also appear in "Khosrow and Shirin", a poem by the Persian poet and thinker Nizami Ganjavi, and in pages of the Turkic classic epic "Kitabi Dede Korkut".

One of the varieties of this game was broadly cultivated in Azerbaijan. Here two teams strive to score a goal with special clubs. Rules in the modern edition of the game are the following: two goals with a width of 3 meters with semi-circled areas with a radius of 6 meters are fixed in enough big place. The game was held with a rubber or woven leather belt ball. Clubs can be different in form. In Azerbaijani, the clubs are reminiscent of a shepherd's crook. There are six riders in each team, 4 of whom act as attackers and two as fullbacks. The latter can play only in their half of the area. Goals can be scored behind the borders of the penalty area. The duration of the game is 30 minutes in two periods.  Traditionally Karabakh horses are the mount of choice thanks to their combination of agility and relatively calm temperament.

In 1979, a documentary called "Chovgan game", shot by Azerbaijan's Jafar Jabbarly film studio recorded the sport's rules and historical development. However, overall the Soviet era saw a decline of the sport to near 'oblivion' and the dislocations of the immediate post-Soviet period proved difficult for the breeding of horses. In recent years, however, the sport has rebounded somewhat. Since 2006, Azerbaijan has held a national tournament in December known as the President's Cup at the Republican Equestrian Tourism Center, at Dashyuz near Shaki. The first of these, held from December 22 to 25 2006, pitted teams from eight cities of Azerbaijan – Shaki, Aghdam, Ağstafa, Balakən, Qakh, Gazakh, Oğuz, and Zagatala with those from Aghstafa taking overall victory.

In 2013, chovqan in the Republic of Azerbaijan, was included in the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage in need of urgent safeguarding

See also
 Polo

References

External links

Sport in Iran
Sport in Azerbaijan
Sport in Uzbekistan
Polo
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Sports originating in Iran
Iranian inventions

Chovgan


Nowe Warpno is a town in Poland in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. As of 2004, 1,214 people live there. The town is located on the Szczecin Lagoon, at the border with Germany. In the area of Nowe Warpno there are Police, Poland, Świnoujście, Szczecin, Eggesin and Ueckermünde.

Towns in West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Nowe Warpno


In chemistry, a property is any aspect of a substance which is only seen by means of a chemical reaction. Simply speaking, chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the substance. This is different from a physical property, which can be discovered without changing the substance's chemical structure.

Usually a chemical property is discovered by changing the substance's internal structure. When a substance goes under a chemical reaction, the properties will change drastically, resulting in chemical change. However, a catalytic property would also be a chemical property.

Chemical properties can be used for building chemical classifications. They can be used to identify an unknown substance or to separate or purify it from other substances.

Examples of chemical properties
 reactivity
 toxicity
 coordination number
 flammability
 enthalpy of formation
 heat of combustion
 oxidation states
 chemical stability
 Viscosity
 Electronic configuration

Chemistry

Chemical property


Garage rock is a raw and energetic style of rock and roll that was popular in the mid-1960s in the United States,  Canada, and other countries.  It has experienced several more recent revivals.  In the beginning, it was not yet defined as a musical genre. Attention to the sound from rock critics in the early 1970s helped it become appreciated as a genre.

It is called "garage rock" because many of the groups that played it were made up of young amateurs, often in high school and college, who sometimes rehearsed in their families' garages. Some of the bands were older and professional.  The groups in this genre are often referred to as "garage bands".

The style, which led up to psychedelic rock, often had simple lyrics and sometimes used guitars distorted through a device called a fuzzbox.  Surf rock was an early influence. Later the Beatles and the beat groups of the British Invasion became popular. This led to many aspiring musicians to form bands in the United States and elsewhere between 1963 and 1968.  Some bands produced regional hits, and a few even had national chart hits.

With the rise of psychedelia, a number of garage bands started to add strange and exotic elements to their sound, but after 1968, as more complex forms of rock music took over, garage rock records declined in popularity.

In the early 1970s certain critics began to refer to the style as "punk rock", which made it the first form of music to use that name. It is sometimes called "garage punk", "protopunk", or "'60s punk" to set it apart from the more well-known punk rock movement that came later in 1970s. The garage rock style has been revived several times in recent decades and continues to influence many modern groups who prefer a "back to basics" and "do it yourself" musical approach.

Other websites
 '60s Garage Bands – histories of local and regional bands of the 1960s
 Beyond the Beat Generation – interviews with former members of 1960s garage bands
 Everett True's Australian Garage Rock Primer - about Australian garage rock bands of the 1960s and later
 G45 Central  - website and blog with discussions about garage rock
 Garage Hangover – garage bands of the 1960s by state, province and country
 GS  - about the 'group sounds' garage/beat boom in Japan
It's Psychedelic Baby - articles, interviews, and reviews of 1960s psychedelic and garage acts
 Start - Website covering as many as 1400 Dutch 'Nederbeat' bands of the 1960s (in both Dutch and English)
 Ugly Things - magazine with information on garage rock and vintage from the 1960s and other eras

Rock music

Garage rock


Mary Euphrasia Pelletier (31 July 1796 in Noirmoutier-en-l'Île – 24 April 1868 in Angers), born Rose Virginie Pelletier, was a French Roman Catholic nun, best known as the foundress of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd.

Pelletier was born on an island off the coast of France where her parents had been exiled by the French Revolutionaries. At the age of eighteen, she joined the Order of Our Lady of Charity who cared for girls and women in difficulty. Some of the girls were abandoned by their families or orphaned, some had turned to prostitution in order to survive. The Sisters of Our Lady of Charity provided shelter, food, vocational training and an opportunity for these girls and women to turn their lives around. Pelletier formed the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd to expand this apostolate to wherever needed.

Pelletier died in Angers, France, in 1868 and was canonized by Pope Pius XII in 1940. Her feast day is 24 April.

Biography

Pelletier was born on 31 July 1796 on Noirmoutier a small island off the northwest coast of France. Her parents had fled there thinking that they could escape the violence of the French Revolution. She was the 8th child of Julian and Anne Pelletier. Her father died when she was ten years old. In 1810 her mother placed Pelletier in a boarding school in Tours. Her mother died in 1813.

Near the boarding school was the convent of the Order of Our Lady of Charity of the Refuge, a religious Congregation founded by John Eudes to provide care and protection for women and girls who were homeless and at risk of exploitation. Despite her guardian's reservations Pelletier was allowed to join the sisters provided that she not make her vows before she turned 21. She made her profession in 1816, taking the name of Mary of Saint Euphrasia. The sisters of the community had been dispersed at one point during the revolution; the majority had been imprisoned. Pelletier joined what was a community of elderly weary sisters. A short time after her profession, she became first mistress of the penitents, and about eight years later was made superioress of the house of Tours. She founded a community, the "Sisters Magdalen" for women who wanted to lead a contemplative and enclosed life and would support, by their ministry of prayer, the different works of the Congregation. It is now known as the Contemplatives of the Good Shepherd.

Sisters of the Good Shepherd

The city of Angers asked that Pelletier establish a Convent of Refuge there. She established a house in an old factory and called it "Bon Pasteur" (Good Shepherd). In 1831 she was appointed as Mother Superior of the house in Angers. The congregation in Tours did not wish to expand to Angers, nor did the house in Nantes. Eudes had established his houses as separate and autonomous. Pelletier came to believe that if the work was to grow, that each house should be under the direction of a generalate. She founded additional convents in Le Mans, Poitiers, Grenoble and Metz.

In April 1835, Pope Gregory XVI granted approval of the Mother-House at Angers for the institute known as Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd of Angers. Convents that developed for Angers would be part of the institute while those houses that did not attach themselves to the General Administration would remain Refuges. The development of the Generalate made possible the sending of the sisters to wherever they were needed. Convents were also established in Italy, Belgium, Germany, and England. The institute is directly subject to the Holy See; Cardinal Odescalchi was its first cardinal-protector.

For some time, Pelletier had to deal with the opposition of the Bishop Angebault of Angers, who wished to exercise the authority of Superior General, although the constitutions of the Order did not provide for this. She was accused of ambition, of innovation, and of disobedience. Sometimes she was put in the position of addressing conflicting instructions from Rome and the bishop. Although she had the support of Rome, the local clergy tended to keep their distance from someone who had incurred the bishop's displeasure. According to Sister Norma O'Shea, the bishop's opposition, coupled with the deaths of a number of sisters and longtime supporters, made Pelletier's last years very lonely.

Pelletier devoted herself to the work entrusted to her. By 1868, she was Superior General of 3,000 religious, in 110 convents, in thirty-five countries. She died of cancer on 24 April 1868. She is buried on the property of the Motherhouse of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd in Angers, France.

Canonisation

On 11 December 1897, Pope Leo XIII declared Pelletier "Venerable." She was beatified on 30 April 1933 and canonized on
2 May 1940 by Pope Pius XII.

Quotations

 "Though old stars burn out and die, look to the new and even beyond."
 "Go after the lost sheep without other rest than the cross, other consolation than work, other thirst than for justice."
 "You have to adapt to all circumstances. Do the best you can, while remembering that, according to the spirit of our calling, we must be everything to everyone."
 "Do well all that you do."

Legacy
Approximately 5500 Sisters of the Good Shepherd, active and contemplative, serve in 72 countries.

See also
 Mary of the Divine Heart

References

Further reading
 The Story of St. Mary Euphrasia Pelletier, Good Shepherd sisters, Province of Singapore-Malaysia (2014)

External links

 Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd
 Contemplative Sisters of the Good Shepherd
 Good Shepherd Sisters founder statue in St. Peter's Basilica

1796 births
1868 deaths
People from Vendée
French Roman Catholic saints
19th-century Christian saints
Christian female saints of the Late Modern era
Canonizations by Pope Pius XII

Mary Euphrasia Pelletier


The South Nahanni River is a major tributary of the Liard River, located roughly  west of Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories of Canada. It is the centerpiece of Nahanni National Park Reserve. It flows from the Mackenzie Mountains in the west, through the Selwyn Mountains, growing as it heads east over the majestic Virginia Falls, and finally empties into the Liard River. The Nahanni has a unique geological history. It was formed when the area was a broad flat plain, forming a winding course typical of flatland rivers. As the mountains lifted, the river cut four deep canyons into the rock, maintaining its eccentric course.

The Dene and their ancestors have lived and hunted in the Nahanni area for thousands of years. In the early 19th century, the first Europeans came to the area, seeking fur and gold; however, it wasn't until the 1950s, with the publishing of Dangerous River by Raymond M. Patterson that the legends about the region were put to rest and the river finally came to prominence. Since that time, the Nahanni has become one of the prime wilderness rivers in Canada, frequented as a whitewater destination by adventure seekers around the world.

Course

The South Nahanni River originates on the western slopes of Mount Christie of the Mackenzie Mountains, at an elevation of . It flows south on the Yukon – Northwest Territories border for , then turns south-east into the Northwest Territories at the Moose Ponds. It flows through the Selwyn Mountains, where it receives the waters of the Little Nahanni River, south of the Sapper Range.

East of the Bologna Ridge it turns west, then again south-east. It receives the waters of the Broken Skull River east of the Vampire Peaks Range, then the waters of the Rabittkettle River and Hole in the Wall Creek as it enters the Nahanni National Park Reserve. The river crosses the entire length of the park reserve, and the confluence with the Flat River is also located here. At the eastern limit of the national park it passes between the Liard Range and the Twisted Mountain, where it receives the Jackfish River, then continues in a meandered flow and empties into the Liard River at Nahanni Butte,  north of Fort Liard, at an elevation of . The South Nahanni River has been proven to run .

Tributaries
From headwaters to mouth, the South Nahanni River receives waters from the following tributaries:

Geography and geology
The history of the area began 550 million years ago beneath a tropical sea. Here a sedimentary layer of sandstone and limestone formed from the powerful pressure exerted by the sea. Eventually this sea dried up, forming a wide plain upon which the Nahanni River first took its course.

The Nahanni is unique amongst mountainous rivers. It formed long before the mountains ever existed, establishing a winding course typical of prairie rivers. As the mountains rose around it, the Nahanni maintained its course, cutting steep canyons into the land.

The river runs through several distinct ranges of mountains, all part of the Mackenzie Range. At its head waters, it runs through the much more rugged Selwyn Mountains, formed from the colliding North American and Pacific Plates roughly 200 million years ago. As the river travels east, it transitions into a gentler terrain of rolling sedimentary mountains formed around the same time by batholiths pushing the sedimentary layers upward, and forming large granite intrusions. Finally, the Nahanni River empties into the plains of the Liard River, unaffected by the powerful forces nearby.

During the last glaciation two ice sheets advanced along the Nahanni. The Cordilleran advanced from the west, and the Laurentide from the east. The middle portions of the river managed to escape glaciation entirely, and so feature some of the oldest undisturbed landscape in Canada.

Although it escaped the powerful scouring effects of the glaciers, the middle section of the river was not entirely unaffected. The Laurentide Ice Sheet blocked off the mouth of the river, and so the river valley filled up, twice forming the large glacial lake Nahanni, and once forming the smaller Glacial Lake Tetcella. This had a profound effect on the river's most famous feature, Virginia Falls.

The current course of the Nahanni River around Virginia Falls was originally blocked by a spur of the nearby Sunblood Mountain. Sometime during the Illinoian Stage (352,000 to 132,000 years ago), a glacier severed the spur, and the river took its present course, cutting into the land and forming the Fourth Canyon. During the last glaciation, the valley was immersed by Glacial Lake Nahanni, and heavy silting from the glacial water filled in the course once again, shifting the falls to their present location.

Further downstream, the First, Second, and Third Canyons were also unaffected by the direct power of glaciation. The canyons of the Nahanni River are somewhat unusual as a result. Usually when a river erodes the land, forming a valley, the valley takes the form of a V shape. The effect of glaciers on these V-shaped valleys is unmistakable, leaving a steeper U-shaped valley. Because the Nahanni's course was already established before the mountains rose, it formed steep canyon wall that plummet hundreds of feet to the river's edge. Relatively untouched by glaciation, these canyons continue in their ancient state.

History
The South Nahanni River was inhabited by Dene people at the time of first European contact. In early 1823, Alexander Roderick McLeod of the Hudson's Bay Company explored the lower river. The Company quickly lost interest when they realized that the river did not support a large native population and was not a viable route to the west. The nearest Hudson Bay fort was established at Fort Liard, and later many natives from the Nahanni settled nearby.

With the Cassiar gold rush in the 1870s, prospectors came into the area for the first time. Famously, the MacLeod brothers were found dead along the Nahanni in 1906 after reportedly staking a rich claim along the Flat River. Later two prospectors reached the South Nahanni from the Yukon by ascending the Ross River then crossing the divide to a source of the Nahanni and descended the river searching for the lost claim. One mysteriously died and was only found by his partner years later. During the following decades several more prospectors and trappers disappeared or were found dead along the Nahanni and its tributaries, starting rumors and giving the river a reputation of being extremely dangerous. This also gave rise to several of the names along the river including Deadman Valley and Headless Valley.

The arrival of floatplanes in the mid 20th century greatly increased access to the river, and allowed it to be visited without extended back country journeys. This, and the publishing of Raymond M. Patterson's Dangerous River, made the South Nahanni an outdoor destination.

In 1964, parachutist explorer, Jean Poirel from Montreal, jumped at the Nahanni source  north of Yellowknife, during a snow storm. Making him the first one to explore the river and coming back alive where 41 persons died trying this feat before him. Followed by his teammate Bertrand Bordet, Jean Poirel imagined the idea of going down the river with inflatable dinghies, opening the path to a new rafting sport.

During 5 expeditions, he was the first recorded European to see and map 250 caves, one of them (named after his daughter) the "Valerie Cave" which contains Dall sheep dating back 2,500 years.

In 1972, during his last expedition, Jean Poirel guided Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada, who came in person to evaluate this mysterious and fascinating region. Pierre Trudeau discerned the award of The Explorers to Jean Poirel, declaring: "It required an uncommon determination to venture there and bring to our knowledge this still untouched portion of Canadian territory. In doing so, Jean Poirel linked his name to the Nahanni as the Verendrye and his sons linked his name to the Rocky Mountains."

Following his visit Trudeau declared the Nahanni a National Park for Canada.

In 1978, the park became the first UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The South Nahanni River was inscribed in the Canadian Heritage Rivers System in January 1987, for its natural and human heritage.

Economy
The following airports are located on the South Nahanni River: Virginia Falls Water Aerodrome, Nahanni Butte Airport and the former Nahanni Butte Water Aerodrome.

See also
 Nahanni (film)
 Nááts'ihch'oh National Park Reserve
 List of rivers of Yukon
 List of rivers of the Northwest Territories
 Albert Faille
 Rabbitkettle Hot Springs

References

Further reading

Rivers of the Northwest Territories
Rivers of Yukon
Nahanni National Park Reserve
Tributaries of the Liard River

South Nahanni River


Sir Humphrey Sumner Milford (8 February 1877 – 6 September 1952) was an English publisher and editor who from 1913 to 1945 was publisher to the University of Oxford and head of the London operations of Oxford University Press (OUP).

Overview
In this work, he made OUP a major worldwide publisher of noteworthy books, music, and educational material for the general public, complementing the scholarly work of the Clarendon Press in Oxford.  Milford himself edited volumes of works of Robert Browning, William Cowper, and Leigh Hunt; and was principal editor of The Oxford Book of Regency Verse (later The Oxford Book of Romantic Verse) and a moving force behind the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations.  Upon publication of the final volume of the Oxford English Dictionary in 1928, he was among those awarded an honorary D.Litt. by the university.  He was knighted in 1936.

His elder son by his first marriage was the composer Robin Milford (1903–1959); his younger son was the racket and hockey player David Milford (1905–1984).  His sister Violet Alice Milford was the mother of the poet and scholar Anne Ridler (1912–2001).  In summing up his work, The Times of London cited his "unfailing catholicity", "nose for a good book",  and "rare sense of the practicable".

References

Sources
 Chatterjee, Rimi B.  Empires of the Mind: A History of the Oxford University Press in India under the Raj.  New Delhi: OUP (), 2006.
 Maw, Martin.  "Milford, Sir Humphrey Sumner".  Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  Volume 38.  Oxford: OUP (), 2004.
 Norrington, A. L. P.  "Milford, Sir Humphrey Sumner".  Dictionary of National Biography.  Seventh Supplement.  London: OUP, 1971.
 "Sir Humphrey Milford" [Obituary].  The Times [London].  No. 52,411 (September 8, 1952), p. 6.
 Sutcliffe, Peter.  The Oxford University Press: An Informal History.  Oxford: Clarendon Press (), 1978.

1877 births
1952 deaths
Oxford University Press people
English editors
Publishers (people) from London

Humphrey Sumner Milford


Felixstowe railway station is the eastern passenger terminus of the Felixstowe Branch Line, in the east of England and is the only surviving station serving the coastal town of Felixstowe, Suffolk. It is  down the line from  and  measured from London Liverpool Street; the preceding station on the line is . Its three-letter station code is FLX.

It was opened by the Great Eastern Railway in 1898 as Felixstowe Town to distinguish it from the other stations at  and , both of which have since closed.

The station is owned by Network Rail and is currently managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains serving it.

History
The railway from Westerfield to Felixstowe was opened by the Felixstowe Pier and Railway Company on 1 May 1877. The first railway station was at  and a second was soon added at . The railway's principal promoter, Colonel George Tomline, was criticised  in the Suffolk Chronicle for building the stations where he "thinks people ought to be, rather than where people actually live". It is also claimed that the Beach station was sited there to be away from  the Ordnance Hotel, owned by his rival John Chevalier Cobbold.

On 13 July 1891 Princess Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, wife of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany and a relative of Queen Victoria, arrived on a train at Felixstowe Beach station.  She and five of her children stayed in the town on holiday until 6 August. This gave the town a boost as a holiday resort. Although the population of the town in 1891 was only 3,507 development was increasing along the higher ground north of the Beach station. By now the railway line had been purchased by the GER which set about obtaining powers in June 1893 to divert the railway to Hamilton Road and build a station there. The new Town station was opened on 1 July 1898 by Lord Claud Hamilton, the chairman of the railway company. The direct line from Trimley to Felixstowe Beach was closed and all trains then had to reverse at the Town station before continuing their journey.

A new Orwell Hotel was opened in 1898 opposite the station entrance. More hotels opened in the town around this time, including the luxury Felix Hotel on the sea front in 1903, which was purchased by the GER in 1919 and operated as a railway hotel until it was sold in 1952. A promenade was built along the seafront in 1903 and a pleasure pier opened in 1905. Lord Claud Hamilton was invited back to the town in 1909 to open a new Spa Pavilion. The developing resort was by now served by direct trains from London Liverpool Street station. In 1905 the 10:00 service from London (which had been introduced the previous year as a non-stop service to ) called at Westerfield to detach carriages for Felixstowe. It was only allowed two minutes to do this (reduced to a single minute in 1908), and the Felixstowe portion continued on its way just three minutes later. A non-stop train each way between Liverpool Street and Felixstowe Town was introduced in 1906. Another fast train was introduced in 1907 with a single stop at .

In 1923 the Great Eastern Railway became a part of the new London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). Fewer through trains were run from London than before World War I, but from 1929 until 1939 there was a regular Eastern Belle Pullman service. This train had been operating as the Clacton Pullman but in 1929 was rescheduled to run from London to different LNER resorts in East Anglia each weekday, which resulted in it coming to Felixstowe once a fortnight. It left Liverpool Street at 11:00, took less than two hours to reach Felixstowe, and returned at 19:35. The fare was five shillings.

In 1938 the LNER received new powers to double the Felixstowe Branch Line and enlarge the station. An additional platform was provided at Felixstowe in 1939, but the second track along the branch failed to materialise due to the outbreak of World War II. Bombs fell near the station during the war resulting in some damage to the signal box.

In 1948 the LNER became the Eastern Region of British Railways. Felixstowe Pier station closed on 2 July 1951 and daily services to Felixstowe Beach ceased on 2 November 1959, thereafter running only during summer months. Felixstowe Beach closed in 1967.

An accelerated passenger service using diesel multiple units was introduced on 15 June 1959. The time from Ipswich to Felixstowe Town was reduced from 35 to 24 minutes which allowed a train to work there and back within an hour. Three Pullman camping coaches were positioned here by the Eastern Region from 1960 to 1965. Freight traffic ended on 5 December 1966. A few months later the branch was converted to "Pay Train" operation, which meant that all fares were collected by the guard, so staff were no longer needed at the station other than a signalman.

In 1967 a new container terminal opened at Felixstowe docks, after which freight traffic quickly grew. Because the direct line to the pier and docks had been closed in 1898 when the Town station opened, all trains to the docks had to enter the station and reverse there to continue their journey. To eliminate this a new direct line was opened to the docks on 13 May 1970 using the same alignment as from 1877 to 1898. At the same time the station was reduced to just a single platform and the direct line from there towards the docks was closed. This allowed the signal box to be closed, the trains now being controlled by the signalman at  until 1999 when this too was closed and control transferred to Colchester.

The station buildings were listed Grade II on 23 December 1980. They were converted into the Great Eastern Square shopping centre, which opened on 14 March 1985.

Accidents
On 1 September 1900 there was a collision at the station. An "up" passenger train from Felixstowe to Ipswich left the station despite the signal not being set to permit this move. There was a freight train arriving at the time and the two trains collided at relatively low speed, resulting in twelve injuries. The investigation was undertaken by Lt Colonel P G Donop for the Board of Trade. After interviewing all the staff involved (train crew, signalman and station master) concluded that the fault lay with the driver (which he readily admitted) who had passed the signal at danger. The locomotives involved were GER 474 (a GER Class T19) on the goods train and 791 (a GER Class M15) on the passenger train.

On 19 July 1933 a signalling error caused a locomotive to run back into a rake of carriages after it had uncoupled from them. Thirteen people were injured.

Description
The station building of 1898 was designed by J. Wilson and the GER's architect W.N. Ashbee in the domestic revival style using red brick with stone dressings and a pantile roof. It was described by the local newspaper as having been built "in a style which harmonises with its aristocratic surroundings". It contained a booking office, refreshment and waiting rooms, and incorporated living accommodation for the Station Master. The building was topped off by an octagonal roof lantern which became known locally as "the lighthouse". Between the wings of the building was a 92x84 foot (28.0x25.6 metre) covered circulating area. A carriage road came to the north side of the station from High Road West. The buildings were listed Grade II on 23 December 1980.

In 1898 a single platform had tracks on both sides, one being  and the other . A glazed roof supported by columns ran along the eastern . An additional pair of platforms were added in 1939, however the Board of Trade Inspector did not visit and approve their use until October 1948 due to the war. The station had a goods yard on the south side of the line, opposite the passenger platforms. The 76-lever signal box was on the north side of the line on the east side of the bridge which carries Garrison Lane over the railway. A turntable was situated behind the signal box.

Trains now only use the western end of the one remaining platform (the one built in 1898), although the canopy has been retained here. It is long enough to accommodate a six-coach train.

Services

Trains are operated by Greater Anglia and run throughout the day between Ipswich and Felixstowe, calling at all stations. They run every hour for most of the day, but they start later on Sundays.

Gallery

References

External links

 Felixstowe Travel Watch

Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1898
Railway stations in Suffolk
DfT Category F1 stations
Grade II listed railway stations
Greater Anglia franchise railway stations
Felixstowe
William Neville Ashbee railway stations

Felixstowe railway station


The Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students (EROS), also known as the Eelam Revolutionary Organisers, is a former Tamil militant group in Sri Lanka. Most of the EROS membership was absorbed into the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in 1990. The other half of EROS that did not join forces with the LTTE due was led by PLO trained Shankar Rajee, Senior politburo member and military commander of EROS from 1990 until his demise in 2005. The political wing of 'EROS' is known as the Eelavar Democratic Front.

Origins
The EROS was formed in London in 1975 by Arul Pragasam, Eliyathamby Ratnasabapathy, V. Balakumaran, Nesadurai Thirunesan (aka Shankar Rajee) and Balanadarajah Iyer (aka Sinna Bala). It started as a think-tank, strongly influenced by Marxism, to analyse Tamil issues.  Much of its early membership was drawn from the eastern districts of Batticaloa and Amparai, and also the Jaffna peninsula. EROS was the first political group which recruited Sri Lankan Muslims as well and was more concerned with the question of the Sri Lankan Muslims than any other group had been.  They drew up a four phase programme to co-opt the Tamil-speaking Muslims of the eastern province into the Eelam struggle, by working closely with them, and understanding and espousing their grievances.

Links with Palestinians
In 1976, the EROS established links with the Abu Jihad of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and began planning the setting up of camps to train Sri Lankan Tamils in military and guerrilla warfare. EROS even opened up their training camp for the LTTE where Velupillai Prabhakaran had his initial training. The Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO), Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF) and People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE) sent their own men to the PLO's camps for training under the request of EROS, and EROS also organised for men of other groups to be sent. A number of Tamils, including many who would later form the core of the other Tamil militant groups, started their militant careers in these camps.

Splinter groups
Despite being the most ideological of all the Tamil groups, and its strong revolutionary nationalism, the EROS never became as militarily active as later groups such as the LTTE or TELO, largely because its leadership continued to be based in London. Their most notable military actions was the bombings in Sri Lanka in 1984 and 1985, and the kidnapping of British journalist Penelope Willis.

Partly as a result of this, differences arose in 1979 among the cadre in Sri Lanka.  The result was that the student wing of the EROS, the General Union of Eelam Students, split away from the EROS in 1980 to form a new organisation, the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front. EROS was also one of the main forces behind the attempt to form a united front, the Eelam National Liberation Front, in 1984, and remained the major driving force behind the front until it fell apart in 1986.

Politics
EROS contested the 1989 parliamentary election as an independent group in four electoral districts in the north-east of Sri Lanka. EROS won 229,877 votes (4.11%), securing 13 of the 225 seats in Parliament. Amongst the elected EROS MPs were Eliyathamby Ratnasabapathy and Eliyathamby Pararasasingam.

LTTE association
During the IPKF period, EROS was one of the few groups to support the LTTE and was in fact their main political advisory body as the EROS and LTTE worked in alliance with one another. In the late 1980s, differences arose amongst the EROS leadership over the question of whether or not they should militarily support the LTTE. In 1990, the group was effectively disbanded.  One of its two top leaders, V. Balakumaran, together with a large portion of its members, left EROS to join the LTTE, saying it was a betrayal of the Tamil cause not to take up arms.

The remnants of the group, led by Shankar Rajee, remained in Colombo and continued to call themselves EROS. They have transformed themselves into pro-government, anti-LTTE paramilitary group and a political party. Following the death of Shankar Rajee in 2005, his son Nesan Thirunesan took over as its new youth leader.

EROS in popular culture
Artist Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam, better known as M.I.A., is the daughter of Arul Pragasam, a founding member of EROS. In her music, M.I.A. makes frequent references to the Sri Lankan Civil War and her father's participation in EROS.

See also
List of Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups#Student organizations

References

Nationalist parties in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Tamil nationalist parties
Political parties in Sri Lanka
United People's Freedom Alliance
1975 establishments in Sri Lanka
Political parties established in 1975


There are two biblical figures named Beeri. The etymology of Beeri (, Bə'êrî) is given as "belonging to a fountain" by Wilhelm Gesenius, but as "expounder" by the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia and "well" according to the Holman Bible Dictionary.

According to the Book of Hosea, Beeri  was the father of the prophet Hosea. Jewish tradition says that he only uttered a few words of prophecy, and as they were insufficient to be embodied in a book by themselves, they were incorporated in the Book of Isaiah, viz., verses 19 and 20 of the 8th chapter. As such, Beeri is considered a prophet in Judaism. Beeri was sometimes identified with Beerah (1 Chronicles 5:6), who was taken into exile by the Assyrians. He is also considered holy by Muslims.

The other Beeri was the father of Judith, one of the wives of Esau (Genesis 26:34).  A source of grief to her parents-in-law.

References

Prophets in Judaism
Book of Hosea

Beeri


Francisco Goldman (born 1954) is an American novelist, journalist, and Allen K. Smith Professor of Literature and Creative Writing, Trinity College. His most recent novel, Monkey Boy (2021), was a finalist for the 2022 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

Life
Francisco Goldman was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to a Catholic Guatemalan mother and Jewish-American father.
Goldman attended Hobart College, the University of Michigan and the New School for Social Research Seminar College. He studied translation at New York University, and is fluent in English and Spanish.

He has taught at Columbia University in the MFA program; Brooklyn College; the Institute of New Journalism (founded by Gabriel Garcia Marquez) in Cartagena, Colombia; Mendez Pelayo Summer Institute in Santander, Spain; the North American Institute in Barcelona, Spain.  He has been a resident of UCross Foundation.

Francisco Goldman was awarded the Mary Ellen von der Heyden Fellowship for Fiction, and has been a Guggenheim Fellow, and a 2010 Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin.

He has written for The New Yorker, the New York Times Magazine, Harper's and many other publications.  He divides his time between Brooklyn and Mexico City; teaches creative writing and literature at Trinity College; and directs the Aura Estrada Prize.

Career
Francisco Goldman has published five novels and one book of non-fiction. His most recent novel is Monkey Boy, published in 2021 and a finalist for the 2022 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. His prior novel, Say Her Name, was published in April 2011. His first novel, The Long Night of White Chickens (1992), won the Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction. His subsequent novels have been finalists for several prizes, including The Pen/Faulkner and the International Dublin Literary Award. The Art of Political Murder won The Index on Censorship T.R. Fyvel Book Award, The WOLA/Duke Human Rights Book Award, and has been shortlisted for the 2012 Ryszard Kapuscinski International Award for Literary Reportage. Say Her Name, in its French translation, won the 2011 Prix Femina Etranger.

In November 2007, Goldman acted as guest-fiction editor for Guernica Magazine.  The Ordinary Seaman was named one of the 100 Best American Books of the Century by The Hungry Mind Review.  He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1998 and has been a fellow at the Cullman Center at the New York Public Library.  His books have been translated and published in a total of 15 languages worldwide.

In the 1980s, Goldman covered the wars in Central America as a contributing editor to Harper's magazine. Goldman's 2007 book, The Art of Political Murder: Who Killed the Bishop?, is a nonfiction account of the assassination of Guatemalan Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera by the Guatemalan military. The book, an expansion on his article in The New Yorker, represents the culmination of years of journalistic investigation.

It was selected as a New York Times Notable Book, and a Best Book of the Year at Washington Post Book World, The Economist, The Chicago Tribune, The San Francisco Chronicle and the New York Daily News.  The book has been widely acclaimed. The book is the winner of  the 2008 TR Fyvel Freedom of Expression Book Award from the Index on Censorship and of the 2008 Duke University-WOLA (Washington Office on Latin America) Human Rights Book Prize. It was shortlisted for the 2008 Golden Dagger Award in non-fiction and for the inaugural Warwick Prize for Writing. The paperback edition was published with an Afterword meant to rebut critics in a "disinformation campaign" against the conclusions of the book.

Marriage and family
Goldman was married to Rebecca (Bex) Brian, the novelist, in the early 1980s. They divorced in 1985.
In 2005, Goldman married Aura Estrada, who died in a bodysurfing accident in Mexico in 2007. He established The Aura Estrada Prize in her honor, to be given every two years to a female writer, 35 or under, who writes in Spanish and lives in the United States or Mexico.

Goldman wrote about his wife's death and their relationship in the autobiographical novel Say Her Name. He adapted a portion of it as "The Wave," published in the February 7, 2011 edition of The New Yorker.

Works

Selected journalism, criticism and short fiction
 The New Yorker; New York Times Sunday Magazine; New York Review of Books; Book Forum; Esquire; Bomb
 In Mexico: Letras Libres; Gatopardo; Equis.
 Prologue to The Adventures and Misadventures of Maqroll, by Alvaro Mutis, published by New York Review of Books Classics, 2003.
 "Murder Comes for the Bishop", The New Yorker, March 15, 1999.
 "The Great Bolaño", The New York Review of Books, July 19, 2007.
 "Chapter 1: I Drank the Water", New York Times, June 27, 2007.
 "THE THOROUGHLY DESIGNED AMERICAN CHILDHOOD; A Robot For the Masses", November 28, 2004.
 "In The Shadow Of The Patriarch", New York Times, November 2, 2003.
 "Guatemala's Fictional Democracy", New York Times, November 3, 2003.
 "The Autumn of the Revolutionary", New York Times, August 23, 1998.
 "In Guatemala, All Is Forgotten", New York Times, December 23, 1996
 "In a Terrorized Country", New York Times, April 17, 1995.
 "Ending Up in Downsville", (book review) New York Times, June 20, 1993.
 "Poetry and Power in Nicaragua", New York Times,  March 29, 1987.
 Four Op-ed pieces in the New York Times, and two in the Los Angeles Times.

Anthologized
 "Mexico DF" in the Beacon Press Best of 2001.
 "Moro like Me" in Half and Half: Writers on Growing up Biracial and Bicultural.

Translations
 Two short stories by Gabriel Garcia Marquez in Playboy Magazine, one of which, "The Trail of your *Blood in the Snow," won that year's National Magazine Award for fiction.

Interviews
 "Susan Choi Talks with Francisco Goldman", The Believer, August 2004.
 Francisco Goldman talks to Semi Chellas", Brick: A Literary Journal, Winter 2004 (Issue 74).
 "Literary Guisado:  An Interview with Francisco Goldman" by Marion Winik, The Austin Chronicle, June 6, 1997.
 Francisco Goldman discusses his new book "The Divine Husband", NPR Morning Edition, October 27, 2004.
 Interview with Francisco Goldman by Whit Coppedge, Pif Magazine, October 30, 2008.

References

External links

 Francisco Goldman's Official Web Site
 Grove/Atlantic, Inc.
 Video: Truth and Reconciliation: A National Reckoning PEN World Voices at LIVE from the New York Public Library May 4, 2008
 Lecture by Goldman on José Martí's years in New York (1878-1895), from the Key West Literary Seminar, 2004

 Essay, "Six Stories Guest-Edited by Francisco Goldman"
 American Academy in Berlin.
 Francisco Goldman by Silvana Paternostro Bomb
 Francisco Goldman by Esther Allen Bomb

1954 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American people of Guatemalan descent
Guatemalan male writers
Writers from Brooklyn
Novelists from New York City
Writers from Mexico City
Novelists from Boston
Prix Femina Étranger winners
American people of Jewish descent
University of Michigan alumni
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Brooklyn College faculty

Francisco Goldman