Oregon is a state in the United States. Salem is the capital (where most of the state government works), and Portland is the city with the most people. Oregon was the 33rd state to join the United States, in 1859.

Geography
The state of Washington is to the north of Oregon. California and Nevada are to the south. Idaho is to the east. The Pacific Ocean is to the west.

The Columbia River flows along most of the border with Washington. The Snake River flows along much of the border with Idaho. The highest mountain is Mount Hood ( high), part of the Cascade Range of mountains. Another famous Cascade Mountain in Oregon is Mount Mazama, better known as Crater Lake.

History
Oregon was a long way from the United States of America, which was east of the Mississippi river in the 1830s and 1840s. To get to Oregon, settlers had to cross the Great Plains, which were empty except for a few forts and groups of Native Americans. Most people thought that it was impossible to farm there. They called it the "Great American Desert", because crossing it was long and dangerous; however, thousands did anyway.

Mountain men (people who knew a lot about living in mountainous places) had found a passway over the Rocky Mountains, and they named it the South Pass. This path helped many wagons to reach the west coast. In 1836 a missionary named Marcus Whitman crossed through the pass with his wife to Oregon. This proved that it was possible for others with women and families to go too, and because of this, Oregon suddenly became the place pioneers wanted to make a trip to.

Most of the settlers that came by the Oregon Trail had a very difficult trip. The Trail began in Missouri, and they went in covered wagons pulled by animals like bulls. They could only travel 100 miles in one week, and so the whole trip would take half a year. But still, lots of pioneers traveled so much that it is still possible to see the wagon ruts in some places today.

Life on the trail was very hard for the pioneers. Every day, they would break up and camp, travel all day, and set up camp again. Food was usually beans and coffee, for every single day of the trip. The travelers always searched for water, wood for fires, and something to catch and eat fresh. But these were hard to find, and so sometimes they got mad at each other and fought with fists and guns.

The Trail was also dangerous. Rivers could flood, washing away people and other things. Native Americans could attack, oxen or horses could die, and diseases and injuries could strike.

By 1840, due to all the hard work of the pioneers, there were thousands of Americans in Oregon. Towns and farms had been set up. The area was part of British North America at the time. But the British, however, only had a few hundred settlers in Oregon. Because of this, the Americans began to plan to take over the whole land.

Many Americans wanted this as well. They made up the slogan, "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!" and wanted all of Oregon up to latitude 54 or they would go to war with Britain to get it. They were so eager to have Oregon all for themselves, they supported James Polk as president because he claimed to have similar thoughts with them as well.

However, after President Polk was elected, he began to be more sensible. He did not want to wage war with Britain, if it could be avoided. The British also realized that the Americans would soon have enough settlers in Oregon to easily drive out the British defenders. In 1846 the British offered to divide Oregon by giving most of the border land between the USA and what is now Canada. President Polk accepted this, and so now the Americans had power over Oregon as well as the other states.

Education
There are a number of colleges and universities in Oregon. The four-year universities with the most students are Portland State University, Oregon State University, and the University of Oregon.

Related pages
 List of counties in Oregon

References

Other websites
 Official Oregon website

1859 establishments in the United States

Oregon


also known as Reigo: The Deep-Sea Monster vs. the Battleship Yamato is a 2008 independently-made Japanese tokusatsu kaiju film by Shinpei Hayashiya. Veteran artist Keita Amemiya designed the titular monster. The film's original working title was Reigo vs. Yamato (レイゴー対大和 - Reigô tai Yamatô).

The film, set in World War II, depicts the story of the real-life Japanese battleship, the Yamato, which is confronted in the Pacific Ocean by giant monsters, including the most fearsome of them all, Reigo.

The film was released on home video in the United States in 2019 under the title Reigo: King of the Sea Monsters.

Plot
In September 1942, Captain Yamagami (Susumu Kurobe) is ordered to rendezvous the Yamato with the Combined Fleet that is gathering at the Truk Islands (aka Chuuk Islands) in Micronesia, a key strategic point in the South Pacific. With beautiful clear blue skies above and surrounded by coral reefs below, this South Seas paradise became a strong base for the Combined Fleet and the front lines of the naval war; a place where many fierce battles were fought. Decades later, the sea bed surrounding the Truk Islands is still littered with the remains of more than 60 warships and airplanes.

Among Yamagami's crew is the cantankerous Divisional Officer Noboru Osako (Yukijiro Hotaru) and the young Ensign Takeshi Kaido (Taiyo Sugiura). Unsure of what the future may bring, Kaido went off to war without declaring his intentions for his childhood sweetheart, Chie Kojima (Mai Nanami). He always carries her photo in his coat pocket, while Chie longs for his return to their seaside hometown.

When the Yamato arrives at Truk, the married Osako decides to ease his worries over leaving behind a pregnant wife by sneaking an island woman named Momoka (Yumika Hayashi) aboard ship for some private recreation. But to Osako's annoyance, Momoka brings along her elderly grandfather (Mickey Curtis) who insists on telling him a local tale about monsters that has been passed down for generations. The disbelieving naval officer is told that the surrounding waters are home to man-sized, carnivorous Bonefishes…and, as dangerous as the fish are, they are nothing more than an "opening act" for an even greater menace; the legendary Hell King of the Seas called Reigo.

The next night, a lookout spots a massive shape half-submerged in the distance. Believing it to be an enemy submarine, the Yamato fires on it and scores a direct hit. Osako is shocked when the object emits a strange cry as it sinks beneath the waves. He reports the incident and the story of Reigo to his commander and shipmates. Unbeknownst to the crew, they have killed the offspring of Reigo.

Not long after that first encounter, a school of luminous Bonefish launch themselves from the water like flying fish and attack a group of soldiers standing watch on the Yamato's deck. Kaido hears their screams and rushes to the rescue, but finds the men already torn to pieces.

Just as the old man predicted, the Bonefish herald the arrival of Reigo, a beast 80 meters-long and resembling a cross between Godzilla and a shark. Seething with rage at the murder of its cub, the monster attacks the Combined Fleet with incredible ferocity and awesome destructive power. The naval forces are caught off guard, and Reigo is able to destroy escort ships and damage the Yamato before returning to the ocean depths.

The crew quickly regroups and plans a counterattack, but when Reigo returns it manages to stay one step ahead of the Japanese forces. Almost as if it is aware that the Yamato's main guns are long range weapons which are ineffective up close, the monster attacks at close range or blasts the ships from underwater with blue bursts of electricity.

Thoughts of family and lovers back home… fear at being confronted by an unknown enemy… conflict and confrontation explode among the officers and crew over the best battle strategy to use against the threat of Reigo.

Over Osako's loud objections, Kaido suggests a last-ditch plan of attack that will either stop Reigo or sink the Yamato. Now the stage is set for a final battle to unfold between the world's largest battleship and the mysterious dragon-like monster that glides through the seas at will.

Cast
 Taiyou Sugiura
 Susumu Kurobe
 Yukijirō Hotaru as Hajime Edo
 Miyu Oriyama as Matsuri Edo
 Mao Urata as Hibari Edo
 Isamu Ago
 Mickey Curtis
 Mai Nanami as Chie Kojima

Sequel
In 2009, director Hayashiya made a follow-up entitled . The film features a more traditional Godzilla-like kaiju called Raiga. The creature rises from the sea to do battle with another of his kind.

The film was released in the United States under the title of Raiga: God Of The Monsters.

References

External links

2008 films
Kaiju films
Films set in 1942
Films set in the Federated States of Micronesia
2000s Japanese films

Deep Sea Monster Reigo


Henry Yates Thompson (15 December 1838 – 8 July 1928) was a British newspaper proprietor and collector of illuminated manuscripts.

Life and career
Yates Thompson was the eldest of five sons born to Samuel Henry Thompson, a banker from a leading family of Liverpool, and Elizabeth Yates, the eldest of five daughters of Joseph Brooks Yates, a West India merchant and antiquary. He was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he won the Porson Prize for Greek verse and was a Cambridge Apostle. After graduation, Yates Thompson was called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn but never practiced, choosing instead to travel extensively throughout Europe and the United States, during which time witnessed the Second Battle of Chattanooga. He served as private secretary to Earl Spencer, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, from 1868 until 1873, and stood unsuccessfully as a Liberal for election to the House of Commons from South Lancashire in the 1865 general election, as well as in the 1868 general election and an 1881 by-election.

Publisher of the Pall Mall Gazette
Two years after his marriage to Elizabeth Smith, the eldest daughter of publisher George Smith, in 1878, Yates Thompson's father-in-law gave him ownership of the Pall Mall Gazette. Previously a Conservative newspaper, Thompson transformed it into a Liberal publication, hiring first John Morley, then Morley's assistant, W. T. Stead, to edit the paper. He supported Stead through the controversy surrounding the editor's famous exposé of child prostitution, "The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon" in 1885. Yet Yates Thompson had little interest in the publishing business, and he sold the Pall Mall Gazette for £50,000 to William Waldorf Astor in 1892.

Manuscript collector

Yates Thompson's sale of the Gazette allowed him to spend more time on what had become since the 1870s his primary interest, manuscript collecting. The inheritance of ten medieval manuscripts from his grandfather, Joseph Brooks Yates, in 1855 started what became a lifelong interest in manuscript collection, one that from the 1890s established Yates Thompson as the leading British manuscript collector of his day. He benefited from the dispersal of a number of collections, including those from the libraries of Sir Thomas Phillipps, Firmin Didot, John Ruskin, and the Earl of Ashburnham. He had a prodigious memory, which aided him in combining long-separated volumes and manuscripts into complete sets. Endeavoring to keep his collection manageable, he sold off lesser volumes that he acquired, improving the overall quality of his collection as a consequence. His collection was catalogued in 4 volumes between 1898 and 1912 by M.R. James and others.

He decided to refine his collection to include 100 manuscripts of the highest quality, and sold off the excess. When he was able to buy a better manuscript thereafter, he would sell one to make way for it.  Many of the books that Yates Thompson collected were subsequently donated to museums, including the British Library, BnF and the Fitzwilliam Museum. He died at his London home in 1928; upon his wife's death in 1941 a larger additional collection of illuminated manuscripts was donated to the British Museum and are now in the British Library, where the 52 Yates Thompson Manuscripts from both donations are now one of the "closed collections".

The Yates Thompson Manuscripts in the British Library include:
MS 1, Fécamp Bible
MS 2, Ottenbeuren Collectar
MS 3, Dunois Hours
MS 5, Tilliot Hours
MS 13, Taymouth Hours
MS 14, the St Omer Psalter
MS 26, Bede, Life of St. Cuthbert
MS 27, Hours of Yolande of Flanders
MS 36, Dante, illustrated by Giovanni di Paolo

Philanthropy
A philanthropist, Yates Thompson also donated buildings to Harrow, Sefton Park in Liverpool and Newnham College, Cambridge, and hospitals to Crewe and the Horwich railway works.

He received the Freedom of Liverpool in October 1901, in recognition of benefits he had conferred on the city, including the palm houses in Sefton and Stanley parks.

References

Further reading

1838 births
1928 deaths
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
19th-century British newspaper publishers (people)
20th-century British newspaper publishers (people)
English book and manuscript collectors

Henry Yates Thompson


JTBC is a South Korean nationwide general cable television network and broadcasting company. It was established on March 21, 2011 and launched on December 1, 2011. JTBC is supported by JoongAng Ilbo, which is one of the three biggest newspapers published in Seoul. JTBC's largest shareholder is JoongAng Media Network with 25% of shares. JTBC's corporate identity (CI) is motivated by the rainbow, representing creativity and variety. JTBC is in alliance with other overseas broadcasting companies, including CNN, FOX, HBO, BBC, SMG, TV Asahi, K-channel, Al Masry, Al Youm and Standard Group.

History
JTBC insists Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation (TBC) is ground for the return of JoongAng Ilbo to television in JTBC. TBC, which was a part of the Samsung Group, was launched in 1966 and ran the network for 16 years. In 1980, however, TBC was combined with the state-run Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) under the Chun Doo-hwan military regime. JTBC opened on December 1, 2011 to honor TBC, which was associated with KBS on November 30, 1980.

Programs
JTBC has news, sports, entertainment, drama and children's programs.

On weekdays, JTBC shows JTBC Morning Show 7 at 6:55–8:35 am, JTBC News Concert at 5:35–6:50 pm, JTBC Newsroom at 8:00–9:30 pm(weekdays), and at 7:40–8:30 pm(weekends) and JTBC Sports News at 12:15–12:25 pm. The most popular entertainment programs are Hidden Singers, shown on Saturdays at 11 pm, and Shinhwa-Bangsong, shown on Sundays at 11 pm.  The most popular dramas are Your Neighbor's Wife, shown on Mondays and Tuesdays, and Madi, shown on Saturdays and Sundays.

Other websites

 JTBC website

JTBC


Tagum, officially the City of Tagum (; ), is a 1st class component city and capital of the Davao del Norte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 296,202 people making it the most populous component city in Mindanao.

It is one of the topmost livable cities in the Philippines, and was one of the finalists in the most child-friendly city in the Philippines – component category along with Laoag, and Talisay, Cebu. In the 2021 Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), the city of Tagum ranked third on the overall competitive component cities in the Philippines, fourth on infrastructure, second in resiliency, thirteenth on economic dynamism and first on government efficiency.

Geography
Tagum has a total land area of , which is predominantly agricultural, and produces various kinds of crops like coconut, rice, Cavendish banana, fruit trees like durian, lanzones and other agricultural crops for non-commercial use.

The city is strategically located at the northern portion of Southern Mindanao and lies in the intersection of three major road network systems namely: the Phil-Japan Friendship Highway, the Davao-Mati-Agusan road, and the soon to be completed Davao-Bukidnon road that connects the city to other major destinations in the region and in the rest of Mindanao. With this, the city serves as a vital economic crossroad not only for the province but for the entire Davao Region as well, linking Davao City to the northern city of Butuan (in Agusan del Norte), to Mati (in Davao Oriental) and the Surigao provinces.

The city is located 55 kilometers north of Davao City, the main economic and administrative center of Region XI. It takes about 1 hour and 30 minutes travel to Davao City. The city lies between 7°26′ N latitude and 125°48' E Longitude. It is bounded by the Municipalities of Asuncion, New Corella, and Mawab on the north, Maco on the east, and B.E. Dujali on the west. Carmen lies on its southwestern borders, while it faces Davao Gulf directly to the south.

Climate

Tagum has a tropical rainforest climate (type Af) under the Köppen climate classification system. The city enjoys weather that remains balmy all year round. It is characterized by a uniform distribution of rainfall, temperature, humidity, and air pressure. It has no pronounced wet or dry season. Weather predictability makes it highly conducive to agricultural production. Temperature ranges from 20 to 32 °C and average rainfall is up to 1,300 mm yearly.

Barangays
Tagum is politically subdivided into 23 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks  while some have sitios.

History

Etymology

There is no official record as to the origin and meaning of the name Tagum, but in Visayan tagum (or variants tayum, tagung-tagung) refers to the indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria Linn.). On the one hand, a legend explains how the name Magugpo, the city's former name, came about. At the beginning, Magugpo was nothing but a vast wilderness, inhabited by the Mansakas, Manguangans, Mandayas and the Kalagans in the coastal barangays. The name Magugpo was derived from the native word mago, a name of a certain tree, and ugpo means very high. According to legend, the natives were occupying a river basin inside the thickly covered forest where they could not even see the sun. The creek where the natives dwelt still exists, but the once abundant freshwater is now dead due to pollution.

Early history
The area of Tagum was inhabited by Mandaya, Maguindanaon and Kagan. By the mid-1800's it was a part and serves as a vassal of Sultanate of Maguindanao and was ruled by the Maguindanaon Datu Bago, which spanned the entire Davao Gulf region and had its capital in what is now Davao City known as Pinagurasan. When the Spanish arrived with soldiers and settlers led by Don Jose Cruz de Uyanguren to take the settlement in 1848, Datu Bago and his warriors resisted for three months until he finally saw the hopelessness of his cause and abandoned the settlement, which the Spanish took soon thereafter and established a town out of it giving it the name Nueva Vergara, which was renamed Davao in 1867. Datu Bago then gathered his followers and reestablished his residence and base at Hijo, present-day Barangay Madaum, in which his wife's Kalagan relatives have a stronghold. From there he continued resisting the Spaniards until his death in 1850. He was buried in present-day Barangay Pagsabangan where his descendants continue to pay respects to the present day.

The Muslim tribes in the area led by their datus continued the anti-Spanish struggle years and decades after Dato Bago's death in 1850. Meanwhile, the district governor of Davao, Don Jose Pinzon y Purga, wanted to establish numerous reductions at the Hijo River to permanently settle the nomadic Mandayans. This particularly earned the anger of the Moro tribes even more, as it meant that such a setup would mean the permanent loss of their lands to the Spaniards. So the datus of Hijo River planned a conspiracy to kill the Spanish governor, and in 1861 they executed their plan, inviting him to a home of another datu where they eventually killed him and his 8 other colleagues.
Despite the death of the Spanish governor Pinzon, however, the succeeding governors of Davao went along with the plan of creating reductions for the Mandayas, eventually leading to the creation of reducciones of Hijo, Bincungan and Pagsabangan in 1885. The Moro Kalagans responded with attacks on Mandayan settlements in which many Mandayans were killed, which they did for several years onward until the arrival of the Americans in 1899.

Rise to townhood
The Spanish authorities left the district of Davao at the aftermath of the Philippine Revolution, and the Americans took over. American prospectors then arrived and set up several plantations at Busaon, Bincungan and Hijo in 1906 and onwards. Tagum became a municipal district of Davao in March 10, 1917, with the passage of Act No. 2711 approved by Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison, with its seat of government located at Hijo in what is now Barangay Madaum. By then only the areas of Bincungan and settlements along the Hijo River were populated, while the rest is still virgin forest and grasslands. It would only be more than twelve years later in October 1929 when the first real transformation of Tagum occurred when the first Christian immigrant, a certain Sulpicio Quirante from Moalboal, Cebu, came and settled in what is now Magugpo Poblacion. He was then followed by other Cebuano pioneers as well as individuals from Luzon and other parts of Visayas who then established their own plots in the area. Physical land developments started to emerge when the migrants organized themselves into the Magugpo Homesteaders' Association and bought the homestead of Lolo Mandaya, a native. They subdivided the land into residential lots of 750 square meters each and sold these lots at P1.50 each to newcomers. The amount paid by the buyer also served as a membership fee to the association.

In 1932, Engineers Ignacio and Alib, both from Davao City, together with 15 laborers surveyed the trail for the National Highway. At this time and prior to the creation of the highway, the only means of transportation from Davao City to Tagum was by boat using the Hijo and Tagum Rivers as its points of entry. The first physical landmarks of Magugpo were a school building, a teacher's cottage, a rest house, and a chapel, all of which were constructed by the Homesteaders' Association in the early 1930s.

In 1941, a bill was sponsored by Assemblyman Cesar Sotto, Davao's representative to the National Assembly, that stipulates the incorporation of Tagum from a municipal district of Davao into a full-fledged municipality. Tagum finally became a town with the signing of Executive Order No. 352, issued by then Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon on June 23, 1941, establishing the Municipality of Tagum with its seat of government still at Hijo as was before. It had its first local civil government under the leadership of Manuel Baura Suaybaguio, Sr. and Sulpicio Quirante. Both were appointed as the first Mayor and Vice Mayor, respectively. But while the town was still at its infancy as an incorporated settlement, the Second World War broke out in December 1941. The war badly damaged the Magugpo settlement that only five houses were left standing at Magugpo after the liberation. From the rubble, Suaybaguio and Quirante spearheaded the construction of houses, drugstores, stores and a church (which remains on the same site even today). The national government's infrastructure projects such as the Davao-Agusan National Highway and provincial roads going to Kapalong and Saug paved the way to the influx of more migrants from Luzon and Visayas and foreign immigrants to the municipality.

Contemporary history
The local government of Magugpo was formalized with the holding of the first local election in 1947. Suaybaguio retained his position, gaining a new Vice Mayor in the person of Lucio Berdida.

Significant changes were made such as the renaming of Magugpo to Tagum by virtue of a municipal council resolution. In 1948, Mayor Suaybaguio transferred the seat of government from Hijo to Magugpo Poblacion. The following year the new municipality of Panabo was born. Vice Mayor Berdida who really hailed from the said place was appointed as Panabo's Mayor. This paved the way for Macario Bermudez to become Tagum's Vice Mayor.

Throughout the 1950's onward, Tagum experienced significant changes in both political arena and its physical landscape. Under the administrations of Mayor Eliseo Villanueva Wakan and Mayor Hermigildo Baluyo, in 1951 and 1955 respectively, the people of Tagum witnessed physical transformations in the town. There was massive construction of roads. The Municipal Hall was constructed and moved to its present site. The Municipal Health Center along Bonifacio St. was also put up. A public market site was donated by the Ilocano Pereyras family.

In 1954, the boundary between Tagum, Mabini (formerly Doña Alicia), and Compostela was formalized by Republic Act No. 1102, approved June 15. The boundary line between the municipality of Tagum and Doña Alicia is the Dumlan River from the Gulf of Davao to the source of the river and a straight line from said source running northwestward to the concrete monument in the sitio of Libaybay. The Hijo River was considered the boundary between the municipalities of Tagum and Compostela.

Economically, Tagum was slowly becoming a convenient place for traders to exchange products with neighboring municipalities. The booming abaca and coconut industries in the early 1950s contributed significantly to the growth of the local economy. Alongside the economic development, came the establishment of two schools/colleges, Holy Cross College (now St. Mary's College) and Mindanao Colleges (now the University of Mindanao) which were then the only providers of tertiary education in the province outside Davao City. The presence of these two schools slowly contributed to making Tagum another possible educational center for Davao.

Tagum's role as an important center for various activities made it the capital town of the newly-established province of Davao del Norte in 1967, when the whole of Davao was finally divided into three provinces: Del Norte, Del Sur, and Oriental. Having become the provincial seat of Davao del Norte, it continued its transformation. In the 1971 local elections Baloyo, after 16 years in office, was replaced by Gelacio "Yayong" Gementiza. Fortunately for Gementiza's administration, the economic losses of the dying abaca sector and the receding importance of the coconut industry were more than offset by the gains of the emerging banana plantations. Indeed, the banana impetus propelled the total development of Tagum into a bustling metropolis. The once sleepy town became the beehive of business activities in Southeastern Mindanao.

The progressive economy then made it easier for Gementiza's administration to undertake infrastructure development projects such as the expansion of the municipal hall, concreting of the public market (through loans from the Development Bank of the Philippines), the asphalting of more municipal roads, and opening of more barangay roads. In the process, various offices were created: Municipal Engineering Office, Municipal Planning and Development Office, Municipal Assessor's Office, and the Fire Station.

The 1980s were turbulent years for Tagum, politically speaking. There was a heavy turnover of local officials for various reasons. Tolentino's administration which started in 1980, was rocked by anomalies, thus forcing him to resign from office 16 months after taking his oath. Tolentino's resignation led to the appointment of Prospero Estabillo as Mayor and Victorio Suaybaguio, Jr. as Vice Mayor. As a result, there were major changes in the positions of the Council Members. Like the rest of the nation, Tagum suffered political instability and serious peace and order problems during the first five years of the decade. The EDSA Revolution in 1986 practically changed the political climate. Baltazar Sator who was appointed OIC-Mayor then was elected as Congressman in 1987. Victorio Suaybaguio, Jr., eventually assumed the leadership of the town after the 1988 election.

In spite of the prevailing political unrest of the early eighties, Tagum continuously enjoyed an expanding economy, though at a slower pace. There might have been a slight slump in the banana industry, but the discovery of abundant mineral resources, specifically gold, in various areas of Davao Province triggered the mini-local economies, not just in Tagum but in the neighboring municipalities as well. Thus, in the later part of the decade, the construction sector grew at an unprecedented pace. Towards the 1990s and onwards, Tagum has been undoubtedly turning itself into a strategic and important growth center in Southeastern Mindanao.

Cityhood

The 1990s have been significant years not only for Tagum, but for the entire Philippine Government bureaucracy. There was a radical change in the system of government through the passage of Republic Act 7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991. By virtue of the said Republic Act, decentralization had taken off. The former centralized form of government became decentralized through devolution. As an effect, local government units (LGUs) were given additional functions, powers, authorities and responsibilities.

Although, the decentralization policy of the state was very relevant and vital for local and national development, however, there were also problems and issues that were encountered along the process of its implementation. For Tagum, financial and organizational problems were felt by the local officialdom. This was because the former municipality has broader areas of services with only limited financial and manpower resources. But this situation had been gradually resolved through various revenue-raising strategies and grants/aids from the national and foreign funding institutions.

One of the significant accomplishments of the officialdom of Tagum during the 1990s was its elevation from a second to the first-class municipality. This opened a gateway to increase its financial resources through the Internal Revenue Allocation (IRA) from the national government and local revenues. This was under the leadership of Hon Victorio R. Suaybaguio, Jr. who sat as mayor Tagum for three consecutive terms (1988–1998). As a matter of fact, during the 1995 election, all incumbent elected officials of Tagum, from Mayor down to the municipal councilors, were unopposed, making a significant event in the political history of Tagum.

The fast urbanization of Tagum from the late '80s to 1990 which was attributed to the mushrooming of business establishments and other commercial activities, increasing population and services, and other factors, has caused various problems and needs, like roads, drainage, the increasing numbers of squatters, upscaling trend of traffic congestion in major streets, garbage and sanitation, land use and others. Confronted by this situation, the local government of Tagum engaged in the revision of its Municipal Comprehensive Development Plan (MCDP). This was spearheaded by the Municipal Planning and Development Office (MPDO) with assistance from the University of the Philippines College of Architecture Foundation, Inc. (UP ARKI), Manila and the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLRB), Region XI.

The MCDP was approved in December 1993. And during that year, Tagum was the second municipality in Region XI which had an approved Municipal Comprehensive Development Plan.

Tagum had increased the number of its barangays when the division of Barangay Poblacion which is an urbanized barangay of Tagum occurred in 1995. This resulted to the creation of four new barangays, namely, Barangay Magugpo North, Barangay Magugpo South, Barangay Magugpo East, and Barangay Magugpo West.

Another important event that happened particularly in 1997 was the transfer of the public market to the new P60 Million public market which is more than a kilometer away from the old market. The new market was constructed in a seven hectare donated land by the Pereyras family. The said area is also the site of the new Tagum Overland Transport Integrated Terminal (TOTIT) worth P 60 Million and the Livestock Auction Center worth P 2.5 Million.

Foremost of the development of Tagum in the 1990s was its conversion into a component city of Davao del Norte. Congressman Baltazar Sator sponsored House Bill No.7509 in the House of Congress. Prior to its approval, a public hearing was conducted in Tagum by the Committee on Local Government of the House of Congress, chaired by Congressman Ciriaco Alfelor. The said law passed all the requisites in the House of Congress, resulting in its approval. Then, the Republic Act 8472 "An Act Converting the Municipality of Tagum into a City, to be known as the City of Tagum" was passed to the House of Senate through the sponsorship of Senator Vicente Sotto III. The incumbent Municipal Mayor, Victorio R. Suaybaguio, Jr., who served his last term in the office, became the first City Mayor of Tagum. His incumbency as the first city mayor was only for a short period, however, because he resigned from the office to seek for a higher political position. In the May 1998 election, Suaybaguio run as Vice Governor in Davao del Norte. By virtue of the law, Arrel R. Olaño, the incumbent City Vice Mayor took over the position as the City Mayor. However, he only served in his capacity as the mayor for a short period because he also resigned and sought for a higher political position as board member in the provincial government.

As City of Tagum

The next higher in rank in the officialdom was the first city councilor in the person of Octavio R. Valle. By this capacity, he took over the position as the Vice Mayor and became the Acting City Mayor of Tagum while running as Vice Mayor in the May 1998 election. The first elected City Officials of Tagum assumed office on July 1, 1998, under the leadership of Mayor Rey T. Uy and Vice Mayor Gerardo R. Racho. In 2001, Uy failed in his reelection bid to Gelacio P. Gementiza, but regained the mayoralty seat in the 2004 elections as Gementiza became provincial governor of Davao del Norte.

The 2007 local elections saw the reelectionists-tandem Uy and Allan L. Rellon pitted against the opposition candidates Meliton D. Lemos and running-mate, Geterito T. Gementiza, with the Uy-Rellon tandem winning by a big margin of votes.

At present, the incumbent local chief executives, with the support of the City Legislative Council and various LGU organizations, initiated political will to forge a new brand of public administration. Mayor Rey T. Uy then replicated some of his management principles and strategies in the corporate world to his local office, with rapid urbanization, improvement of transportation, infrastructure, and public facilities, the rise of more businesses, and improvement of lives amongst Tagumeños. In 2008, due to these improvements, Tagum became the second First-Class city in Davao Region (next to Davao City) with a combined income of PhP463,476,022.99 as recognized by the Department of Finance and Department of the Interior and Local Government.

The 2010 general elections saw again the Uy-Rellon tandem against First District congressman Arrel Olaño and the tandem of Gementiza-Aventurado. Uy and Rellon won by a landslide and were proclaimed days after the said election.

In 2006, Tagum became the Palm Tree City of the Philippines. It also holds an unofficial record for having the tallest Christmas tree in the Philippines. At 153 feet tall, the stunning structure erected at the Freedom Park at the back of the City Hall rivaled Puerto Princesa City's 100 feet tall Christmas tree. Tagum is also the home of the world's biggest wooden rosary, made out of ironwood, located at the Christ The King Cathedral, also one of the region's biggest Catholic churches.

Since 1999, Tagum annually hosts the Musikahan Festival aimed at showcasing the musical talents of Tagumeños, Mindanaoans, and Filipinos in general, draws thousands of visitors both locally and internationally. Currently, the city is the only one in the Philippines to have a direct joint agreement with Venezuela for cultural exchange, in line with the 11th Musikahan sa Tagum in 2011, thus supporting the city's claim as The Cultural Center of Mindanao, and as affirmed by the University of the Philippines Diliman College of Music and College of Arts and Letters.

Tagum hosted three major national competitions in 2010, to wit, the National English Jazz Chants Festival, the National Schools Press Conference and the 9th Musikahan Festival. The 3rd International Rondalla Festival, the first international competition Tagum hosted in 2011, implanted the city into the roster of cultural hubs in Southeast Asia.

In recognition for the city's efforts in strengthening literacy in the region, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) will confer the Honourable Mention for the King Sejong International Literacy Prize to the City Literacy Coordinating Council of Tagum for its "Peace Management Literacy and Continuing Education through Night Market" programme.

Vice Mayor Allan L. Rellon succeeded Uy as the City Mayor during the 2013 Midterm elections, with Geterito "Boyet" T. Gemetiza succeeding Rellon's earlier post.

Demographics

Economy

Tagum, from being a predominantly agricultural area, has become Mindanao's fastest-growing urban city due to its strategic location, being in the crossroads between the rural areas of Davao del Norte and Compostela Valley and the urban Metro Davao. Blessed with a developed infrastructure, the city manages to export goods like wood chips, veneer plywood, and wood lumber. Fresh bananas, however, remain as the chief export product.

Thanks to the influx of people from the countryside of Davao del Norte and Compostela Valley the rise of human resources has helped a lot in the revenue generation of the city.

Tourism has also become of the city's main economic powerhouse lately. With fifteen festivals in the city's calendar, small and medium entrepreneurs, or SMEs, and the transportation sector have benefited from the rapid influx of domestic and international visitors visiting the various festivals in the city.

The notable growth of Tagum Cooperative being one of the best cooperatives in the Philippines with a membership of 83,378 from the city and the neighboring towns and city within the region clearly signifies the city's financial standing and capabilities.

Transportation

Tagum City is the second busiest city in Davao Region and 8th in Mindanao, making the city accessible by land transportation to different parts of Mindanao. The existing land transportation in the city consists of jeepneys from nearby municipalities and barangays, single motorcycles, and tricycles (e.g. pedicabs), which is the primary mode of transportation in this city. Public utility vehicles in Tagum City Overland Transport Integrated Terminal bound to following municipalities and cities: Santo Tomas, Kapalong, Asuncion, Talaingod, Panabo City, Carmen, Braulio Dujali, New Corella, San Isidro, Laak, Maco, Mabini, Pantukan, Mawab, Nabunturan, Banaybanay, Lupon and Governor Generoso.

Bus companies like Davao Metro Shuttle, Del Norte Fighters and Land Car Inc. ply route from Tagum City to Davao City, New Bataan and Panabo City. Buses from Butuan, Surigao City, Ormoc City, Tacloban City, Manila, Mati City and Davao City are housed in Tagum City Overland Transport Integrated Terminal to cater their passenger needs.

Tagum is bisected by N1 (Maharlika Highway), which serves as a principal arterial for the city, as well as a major route between Davao City and areas to the north. Other major highways include N909, which serves the adjacent municipalities to the west, and N74 (Apokon Road), which runs to Davao Oriental. Due to the worsening traffic condition in the city, the local government unit and DPWH had agreed on the construction of a 1.6 kilometer flyover along Daang Maharlika. This flyover will stretch from CAP Building (Visayan Village) to Kar Asia (Magugpo East). The project costs ₱3 billion and construction has started in September 2017.

Aside from the reconstruction of Hijo Port to Tagum International Container Port (the second biggest port in the Philippines upon completion), Tagum City is also eyed to be the site of the newest airport in the region. This new gateway is planned ahead to decongest the nearby Francisco Bangoy International Airport in Davao City.

Shopping malls and centers
Shopping centers within Tagum include Gaisano Center Tagum, JS Gaisano Citimall Tagum, NCCC Mall Tagum, Gaisano Grand Mall Tagum, and Gaisano Mall of Tagum (also called GMall Tagum), Unitop Mall Tagum, Puregold Tagum, Tagum Pioneer Buenas, Choice Mart and Davao Central Warehouse Club. Robinson's Place Tagum, which was opened last April 2016, is situated at Barangay Visayan Village and is one of the largest malls in Mindanao. CityMall, the newly opened mall last February 28, 2017, located at National Highway, is CityMall's third largest branch in the Philippines.

Health Care
Some of the medical centers in Tagum are the following:
 Aquino Specialists Medical Hospital
 Christ The King Hospital (formerly Bishop Regan Memorial Hospital)
 Davao Regional Medical Center - one of the best public hospitals in the Philippines
 Medical Mission Group Hospital and Health Services Cooperative of Tagum
 Midpark Medical Center [U/C]
 Palm City Medical Center [U/C]
 St. Genevieve Hospital
 Tagum Medical City
 Tagum Global Medical Center (owned by ACE Medical Group of Companies) [U/C]
 Tagum Doctors' Hospital
 United Doctors' Hospital

Education

Tagum is known for its successful literacy program in schools spearheaded by the Project REY (Reading Empowers Youth) Project and the leadership of the LGU in education-related activities. The City Government is also known for its school construction projects, known as "LGU Type" buildings, built to improve the school facilities in Tagum, in general. The most notable schools with these construction projects are Tagum City National High School, Davao del Norte Pilot Central School, and Tagum City National Comprehensive High School.

With these, Tagum City won as National Champion (Component City Category) in the Search for the Most Outstanding LGU in the Implementation of the National Literacy Program in the year 2001. In addition, in the years 2004 and 2005, Tagum City ended as 2nd Place Winner in the National Level (Component City Category) Search for the Most Outstanding LGU in the Implementation of the National Literacy Program.

Tagum has been chosen by the Department of Education as the host for the National Schools Press Conference in February 2010, with all public schools housing all participants while two private schools are commissioned as contest areas for writing, layout, and scriptwriting events.

Tagum has 22 colleges, 12 high schools, and 35 primary institutions offering elementary education.

Tertiary education

Universities
 University of Mindanao (Central and Visayan Village Campus) Tagum College (UMTC)
 University of Southeastern Philippines (USeP) - Tagum-Mabini Campus (Tagum Unit)

Colleges

Secondary education

Public high schools

Private high schools

Media

Tagum, being in the broadcast range from television and cable stations based in Davao City, had no indigenous media industry until 2005, when Manila Broadcasting Company started airing as Radyo Natin Tagum. Four radio stations started airing after the local media explosion in 2007. Another radio station, 100.7 Radio Caritas FM, started airing in the waves by January 2010. And in November 2014, the first Christian Contemporary radio and TV station, 93.5 Care Radio & Care tv9 (CARE TELERADIO), started airing purely Christian music.

Aside from the nine radio stations, Tagum has four AM Stations, several local tabloids and newspapers and two local cable channels. PTV DavNor TV 48 is the first local TV station to operate in Tagum in 2017, and is currently owned by the government.

The LGU also supports in the information campaign through the City Information Office, publishing annual magazines and managing the City Government's web portal, where news, visuals, photos, videos and forums are posted.

Tourism

Due to improvements of infrastructure, 49 cities and municipalities all over the country from as far north as the town of Aguinaldo in Ifugao province and farther south, the town of Bongao in Tawi-tawi province, had sent Lakbay Aral tour officials to Tagum.

Also, students from different schools and universities in the region have conducted study tours and field trips to the city, due to the diversity of its tourist spots, accessibility to transport, and high security standards.

The fourteen festivals held around the year also bring tourists, both locally and internationally, to the city, most notably during the Musikahan season (the 2010 celebrations coincided with the city's hosting of the National Schools Press Conference), Durian Festival, Christmas celebrations and the New Year celebrations, where people from nearby Davao City witness the 30-minute fireworks show, as their City Government prohibit the firing of any form of fireworks so as to avoid casualties; the 30-minute fireworks are held in Briz District and can be clearly seen at Poblacion, Magdum, Visayan Village and Canocotan.

Aside from that, people from neighboring municipalities and provinces visit Tagum for commercial, business, civil and personal purposes, as the city now hosts major amenities and services that ease up congestion in Davao City. This rate will increase toward the end of this year as more commercial establishments are being constructed in the city, notably malls, hotels, restaurants and public facilities.

Sister cities

Notable personalities

 Arrel Olaño, politician
 Jay Durias, singer
 Maris Racal, runner-up of Pinoy Big Brother: All In
 Iwa Moto, actress, model and runner up of StarStruck (season 3)
 Rey T. Uy, businessman, politician, then Mayor of Tagum 1998 -2001, 2004-2013
Allan L. Rellon, politician and the current mayor of Tagum 2013–present
 Pantaleon Alvarez, politician, the current Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines and a Congressman from the First District of Davao del Norte
 Yesha Camile, child actress in ABS-CBN and host for Team Yey!

Gallery

References

External links

 Tagum Profile at the DTI Cities and Municipalities Competitive Index
 [ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
 Philippine Census Information
 Local Governance Performance Management System

Cities in Davao del Norte
Provincial capitals of the Philippines
Populated places established in 1941
1941 establishments in the Philippines
Component cities in the Philippines
Establishments by Philippine executive order

Tagum


is a Japanese manga and anime written by Sakae Esuno. It was first published in the manga magazine Shōnen Ace in 2006 by Kadokawa Shoten. An anime began airing on Japanese television in October 10th, 2011. The manga gained two extra stories called Future Diary: Mosaic, which focuses on the character Minene Uryu, and Future Diary: Paradox, which follows a different timeline from the main story, starring Aru Akise.

Media Information
The manga first appeared in Shōnen Ace from January 26th, 2006 to December 27th, 2010. The two side stories were published during the main story's release, each new chapter released every few months. The manga was released for sale in volumes by Tokyopop before it ended selling books.

The anime was created by the animation company Asread. The anime has had two opening and ending theme songs: "Kuso Mesorogiwi" and "Filament" by Yousei Teikoku, and "Blood Teller" and "Dead End" by Faylan. An eight-minute television pilot was released with eleventh manga volume, as a preview for the anime to be released in late 2011.

A video game was released in 2010 by Kadokawa, titled Future Diary Rewrite - The 13th Diary Owner.

Story
Future Diary is about a lonely 14-year old boy named Yukiteru "Yuki" Amano who has no friends and spends his time writing a diary on his mobile phone. One day, Deus Ex Machina, the God of Time and Space, give Yuki's diary the power to predict the future, but warns Yuki that if his diary is broken, Yuki will die. Yuki is at first happy about knowing his own future, but a girl in his school named Yuno Gasai reveals she also has a Future Diary. Yuno is madly in love with Yuki, often stalking him, and her phone predicts everything he will do.

It turns out that Yuki, Yuno and ten other people who all have Future Diaries are part of a survival game, in which the group must kill each other using their diaries until one person is left alive. The winner shall become the next God of Time and Space after Deus dies. Yuno becomes Yuki's guard and would-be girlfriend as he makes friends and enemies of the other diary owners as the game moves on. Yuki does make friends with several children of his age including wannabe detective Aru Akise, Hinata Hino who is the daughter of the diary owner Karyuudo Tsukishima, Mao Nonosaka who loves Hinata, and former bully Ouji Kosaka.

Yuno shows an insane side, often using violence and threats to harm those who threaten Yuki or her relationship with him. Yuki learns that Yuno has a horrible, tragic life and hides three corpses in her house, two of which are revealed to be her parents. This leads Akise to investigate Yuno's past and learn her true goals in the survival game.

References

Manga
2011 anime television series

Future Diary


A fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit, usually mounted to the outside of a building or occasionally inside but separate from the main areas of the building. It provides a method of escape in the event of a fire or other emergency that makes the stairwells inside a building inaccessible. Fire escapes are most often found on multiple-story residential buildings, such as apartment buildings.

At one time, they were a very important aspect of fire safety for all new construction in urban areas; more recently, however, they have fallen out of common use. This is due to the improved building codes incorporating fire detectors, technologically advanced fire fighting equipment, which includes better communications and the reach of fire fighting ladder trucks, and more importantly fire sprinklers. The international building codes and other authoritative agencies have incorporated fire sprinklers into multi-story buildings below 15 stories and not just skyscrapers.

Description

A fire escape consists of a number of horizontal platforms, one at each story of a building, with ladders or stairs connecting them. The platform and stairs are usually open steel gratings, to prevent the build-up of ice, snow, and leaves. Railings are usually provided on each of the levels, but as fire escapes are designed for emergency use only, these railings often do not need to meet the same standards as railings in other contexts. The ladder from the lowest level of the fire escape to the ground may be fixed, but more commonly it swings down on a hinge or slides down along a track. The moveable designs allow occupants to safely reach the ground in the event of a fire but prevent people from accessing the fire escape from the ground at other times (such as to perpetrate a burglary or vandalism).

Exit from the interior of a building to the fire escape may be provided by a fire exit door, but in most cases the only exit is through a window. When there is a door, it is often fitted with a fire alarm to prevent other uses of the fire escape, and to prevent unauthorized entry. As many fire escapes were built before the advent of electronic fire alarms, fire escapes in older buildings have often needed to be retrofitted with alarms for this purpose.

An alternative form of rapid-exit fire escape developed in the early 1900s was a long canvas tube suspended below a large funnel outside the window of a tall building. A person escaping the fire would slide down the interior of the tube, and could control the speed of descent by pushing outward on the tube walls with their arms and legs. This escape tube could be rapidly deployed from a window and hung down to street level, though it was large and bulky to store inside the building.

A modern type of evacuation slide is the vertical spiral escape chute, which is a common means of evacuation for buildings and other structures.

History

One of the first fire escapes of any type was invented in 18th-century England. In 1784, Daniel Maseres, of England, invented a machine called a fire escape, which, being fastened to the window, would enable a person to descend to the street without injury. Abraham Wivell created a variation on the design, including an escape chute, after becoming superintendent of the "Royal Society for the Protection of Life from Fire." The first modern fire escape was patented by Anna Conelly in 1887. Henry Vieregg patented a US fire escape in Grand Island, NE in November 8, 1898 , serial number 681,672, which was designed for traveling businessmen.

As building codes became more common in countries around the turn of the 20th century, fire safety became an important concern for new construction. Building owners were increasingly required to provide adequate escape routes, and at the time, fire escapes seemed the best option available.  Not only could they be included in new construction at a low cost, but they could be very easily added to existing construction. As building codes evolved and more safety concerns addressed over subsequent editions, all construction above a certain number of stories was required to have a second means of egress, and external fire escapes were allowed as a retrofit option for existing buildings prior to the post-World War II period.

In the 1930s, the enclosed tubular chute type fire escape became widely accepted for schools, hospitals and other institutions, replacing the open iron ladder type.  Its main advantage was people would have no reason to use it for anything other than a fire escape and patients could be slid down it in a fire on their bedding.

However, with the rise of urban sprawl in the mid-20th century, particularly the increase in public housing in cities in the United States and Europe in the 1950s and 1960s, certain problems with fire escapes became clear. In the poorer areas of several major American cities, such as New York, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh, fire escapes were commonly used for everything but their intended purpose.

In the hot summer months, residents of mid-rise apartment buildings would sleep outside on the platforms of their fire escapes. Such a situation triggered the plot premise of Cornell Woolrich's 1947 short story, "The Boy Cried Murder", about a boy on a fire escape who one night witnesses a murder in a neighboring apartment; this story was filmed as the suspense thriller The Window (1949). The practice of sleeping on fire escapes can also be seen in Alfred Hitchcock's 1954 movie Rear Window (also based on a Woolrich short story), as well as Weegee's photography of the Lower East Side. Diagonal shadows of fire escapes made them a constant motif in film noir, and the balcony scene of Romeo and Juliet was transposed to a fire escape for the musical West Side Story. Fire escapes could also be used to comic effect, as seen in Stanley Kramer's 1963 comedy It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.

The installation of window air conditioners in individual apartment units with fire escape-facing windows, often installed against code or local ordinance by residents, which require the unit to be affixed to the window sash, also make a fire escape nearly useless in the summer months; the bulk and weight of an air conditioner unit shoved onto or over a fire escape in an emergency also creates additional danger for firefighters and evacuees.

Boston Herald American photographer Stanley Forman won a 1976 Pulitzer Prize for the photograph Fire Escape Collapse capturing a young woman and child plunging from a faulty fire escape during a 1975 Boston fire. The controversial image resulted in some jurisdictions enacting tougher fire safety codes.

High-rise fire escapes
As buildings are built taller and taller, new fire escape ideas have been gaining popularity. Elevators, though traditionally not used as fire escapes, are now being thought of as a possible evacuation for high-rises and skyscrapers. Other alternative high-rise fire escape solutions include parachutes, external collapsible elevators, and slides.

Residential
The use of a fire escape is dictated by various local, state, and agreed upon international building codes, such as standards provided by the International Code Council (ICC), the International Building Code (IBC), or the International Energy Conservation Code.  Both the 2012 IBC and 2012 IRC require emergency escape and rescue openings for residential buildings of 4 floors or less, in sleeping rooms and basements with habitable space, for means of emergency egress.  A fire escape can be a window, and if above the first floor with an approved ladder, or door that leads to a porch with ground access or a fire escape ladder. Federal rules, such as those of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), have requirements that follow ICC codes.

See also
ANSI/ISEA 110-2003

References

External links

 An Escape, and a Retreat: Porches in the Sky Bind a Neighborhood by David W. Chen, The New York Times, August 15, 2004.
 ICC codes
 NFPA - Home Fire Escape Plan

Stairways
Safety equipment
Fire protection

Fire escape


Aaron ben Eliezer was a German Talmudist, who flourished in the thirteenth century.

That he was considered a great man at that time is proved by the actions of his contemporary, R. Meir ben Baruch of Rothenberg, acknowledged to be the greatest rabbinical authority of that age. Of R. Aaron the latter modestly remarks, in one of his responsa (ed. Prague, p. 246), "I must be brief, the matter being under consideration by great men; namely, by the high court of R. Aaron." Abigdor ha-Kohen, chief rabbi of Austria, who kept up a regular correspondence with him, referred to him with great respect, calling him "my teacher".

He appears to be identical with that R. Aaron of whom it is said in Or Zaru'a (p. 103b), "Now everything depends on R. Aaron, the only man who combines scholarship, ripe experience, and authority in one; he is called upon to fight for God and His law, and we are ready to follow him."

References

13th-century German rabbis

Talmudists

Aaron ben Eliezer


John Tradescant the Younger (; 4 August 1608 – 22 April 1662), son of John Tradescant the Elder, was a botanist and gardener. The standard author abbreviation Trad. is applied to species he described.

Biography
Son of John Tradescant the Elder, he was born in Meopham, Kent, and educated at The King's School, Canterbury. Like his father, who collected specimens and rarities on his many trips abroad, he undertook collecting expeditions to Virginia between 1628 and 1637 (and possibly two more trips by 1662, though Potter and other authors doubt this). Among the seeds he brought back to introduce to English gardens were great American trees including magnolias, bald cypress and tulip tree, and garden plants such as phlox and asters.

John Tradescant the Younger added his American acquisitions to the family's cabinet of curiosities, known as The Ark. These included the ceremonial cloak of Chief Powhatan, an important Native American relic. South Lambeth Road in Vauxhall was one of the boundaries of the Tradescant estate, where the collection was kept and Tradescant Road was laid out after the estate was built on in the 1870s and named after the family.

When his father died, he succeeded as head gardener to Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, making gardens at the Queen's House, Greenwich, designed by Inigo Jones, from 1638 to 1642, when the queen fled the Civil War.  He published the contents of his father's celebrated collection as Musaeum Tradescantianum—books, coins, weapons, costumes, taxidermy, and other curiosities—dedicating the first edition to the Royal College of Physicians (with whom he was negotiating for the transfer of his botanic garden), and the second edition to the recently restored Charles II. Tradescant bequeathed his library and museum to (or some say it was swindled from him by) Elias Ashmole (1617–1692), whose name it bears as the core of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford where the Tradescant collections remain largely intact.

He was buried beside his father in the churchyard of St-Mary-at-Lambeth which is now established as the Garden Museum.

He is the subject of the novel Virgin Earth by Philippa Gregory, sequel to Earthly Joys about his father.

The standard author abbreviation Trad. is applied to species he described.

Marriages and issue
Jane Hurte, died 1634
John, died age 19
Frances, married Alexander Norman
Ester (Hester) Pooks

Gallery

Notes

References
.

External links

Tradescant Collection at the Ashmolean Museum
Vauxhall Society
Death of Hester Tradescant The story of Ashmole's obsession and the mysterious death of Hester Tradescant, widow of the younger John, told in the style of a modern newspaper article.

17th-century English botanists
Botanists with author abbreviations
English gardeners
People from Meopham
People educated at The King's School, Canterbury
History of museums
1608 births
1662 deaths
People associated with the Ashmolean Museum

John Tradescant the Younger


Infusion is the process of getting plant chemicals into a solvent such as water, oil or alcohol.

The flavours from plant material get into the solvent by putting in the plant material and letting it stay there for quite a time. This is known as steeping the material. An infusion is also the name for the resulting liquid.

The process of infusion is different from decoction, which is boiling the plant material, or percolation, in which the water goes through the material (as in a coffeemaker.

Related pages
Mate (drink)
Drinks

Infusion


The Queen Elizabeth Islands are a group of islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.  They are split between Nunavut and Northwest Territories.

In the past the islands were called Parry Archipelago or Parry Islands.  They were named after British Arctic explorer Sir William Parry.  In 1953 the islands were renamed after Elizabeth II.

According to the Atlas of Canada there are 34 large and 2,092 small islands in the archipelago. Many of the islands are among the largest in the world.  The largest island in the archipelago is Ellesmere Island.

Less than 400 people live on the Queen Elizabeth Islands.

Islands of Canada
Arctic islands

Queen Elizabeth Islands


Electromagnetic induction is where a voltage or current is produced in a conductor by a changing magnetic flux.  It may happen when a magnet is moved in a solenoid, or when a solenoid is constantly moved in a stationary magnetic field, thus changing the magnetic flux.

Magnetic flux

When a coiled wire is introduced near a magnet, the magnetic lines of force pass through the coil. This causes the magnetic flux to change.
Magnetic flux is represented by the symbol , therefore we can say that  = BAcos(a) and the resulting unit will be , where T is the unit for magnetic field and  is the unit for area.

The changing magnetic flux generates an electromotive force (EMF). This force moves free electrons in a certain way, which constitute a current.

Faraday's law

Michael Faraday found that an electromotive force is generated when there is a change in magnetic flux in a conductor.

His laws state that:

where,

 is the electromotive force, measured in volts;

 is the change in magnetic flux, measured in webers;

 is the change in time, measured in seconds.

In the case of a solenoid:

where,

N is the number of loops in the solenoid.

Lenz's law
The negative sign in both equation above is a result of Lenz's law, named after Heinrich Lenz. His law states that the electromotive force (EMF) produces a current that opposes the motion of the changing magnetic flux.

Related pages
Electromagnetism
Inductor
Transformer

Electromagnetism

Electromagnetic induction


Angling is a way of fishing by means of an "angle" (fish hook). The hook is usually attached to a fishing line.  The line is often attached to a fishing rod. Fishing rods are usually fitted with a fishing reel.  The reel is used for storing, getting back and paying out the line. The hook itself can have lures or bait added to attract fish.

Angling is the main method of sport fishing.  Some commercial fisheries also use angling. Catch and release fishing is done by more and more recreational fishermen.

Fishing
Animal rights

Angling


H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), commonly known as Aschehoug,() is one of the largest independent publishing companies in Norway, founded in 1872. Headquartered in Oslo, the publishing house has 480 employees. The Aschehoug group also comprises other publishing houses owned partially or wholly by Aschehoug. Aschehoug can be directly translated to "ash hill."

History

Aschehoug was founded as a bookstore in 1872 on Egertorvet in Oslo by cousins, Hieronymus and Halvard Aschehoug. From the start the firm was involved in publishing in a modest way, its output consisting mainly of school books. In 1888, the company was taken over by William Martin Nygaard and Thorstein Lambrechts (1856-1933), who kept the name while expanding its operations.

In 1900 William Nygaard withdrew from the bookselling side of the business and established a publishing company, which was given the name H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard). In 1935, following the death of  William Nygaard, the publishing house turned into a corporation in connection with the inheritance settlement and Williams Nygaard's son, Mads Wiel Nygaard became the Executive Officer.

Aschehoug published an increasing number of important books through the years. Important Norwegian authors first published by Aschehoug have included Nobel Prize laureate, Sigrid Undset, as well as Fridtjof Nansen, Johan Falkberget, Hans E. Kinck, Aksel Sandemose, Arne Garborg — all of them writers whose works are today regarded as classics of Norwegian literature.

Operations
Its publishing program  is divided into three main categories - works of fiction, including books for children and younger readers; works of reference, popular science and handbooks on various hobbies, and serving as the leading Norwegian publishing house for textbooks, for every level of instruction.

In 2004, Aschehoug Agency was founded to represent the foreign rights of Forlaget Oktober, Aschehoug and Universitetsforlaget publishing houses. Aschehoug  has an interest in several other publishing companies, among them:
 Universitetsforlaget (100%) - the main academic press in Norway
 Forlaget Oktober (91%) - formerly the Marxist-Leninist press, now a publisher of fiction
 Norli Gruppen (100%) - bookstore chain
 Lydbokforlaget (33%) - audiobooks
 De norske Bokklubbene (48.5%) - book clubs
 Forlagsentralen (50%) - distributes more than 75% of all books in Norway
 Kunnskapsforlaget (50%) - publishes encyclopedias

Aschehoug also published Salman Rushdie's book Satanic Verses. The company's CEO William Nygaard was shot and seriously wounded in 1993, presumably as a result of the fatwa issued against Rushdie and his publishers.

Executive officers
 William Martin Nygaard  (1900-1935)
 Mads Wiel Nygaard (1935-1952)
 Andreas Wiel Nygaard (1952-1955)
 Arthur Holmesland (1955-1973)
 William Nygaard (1974-2010)
 Mads Nygaard (2010–present)

References

External links

Book publishing companies of Norway
Companies based in Oslo
Publishing companies established in 1872
1872 establishments in Norway

Aschehoug


The holding is a court's determination of a matter of law based on the issue presented in the particular case. In other words: under this law, with these facts, this result. It is the same as a 'decision' made by the judge; however "decision" can also refer to the judge's entire opinion, containing, for example, a discussion of facts, issues, and law as well as the holding. The holding is the "legal principle to be drawn from the opinion (decision) of the court."

Appellate review
"The word 'holding' is indefinite and may refer to a trial ruling of the court upon evidence or other questions presented during the trial. Of course, no oral statement made by the court at the close of a trial, nor any written memorandum opinion filed, may be assigned as error on appeal, as the final decision in a law action is the judgment signed, based upon the court's findings of fact and conclusions of law."

See also
Ratio decidendi
Obiter dictum (almost always shortened to dictum or, when plural, dicta in legal contexts; not to be confused with the broader meaning of dictum outside of a legal context - one of authority, as opposed to persuasiveness [at best] without being binding)

Notes

Common law legal terminology

Holding (law)


Microsoft Gadgets are lightweight single-purpose applications, or software widgets, that can sit on a Microsoft Windows user's computer desktop, or are hosted on a web page. According to Microsoft, it will be possible for the different types of gadgets to run on different environments without modification, but this is currently not the case.

The gadgets and the Windows desktop Sidebar were a hallmark feature in Windows Vista and Windows 7 editions of the operating system. Subsequently, Microsoft deemed them to be security vulnerabilities and discontinued developing and providing Microsoft Gadgets, which were no longer available by the time Windows 8 and 10 rolled out. Independent third party programs providing similar functionality, such as Rainmeter, continue to be developed and provided for later versions of Windows.

Microsoft gadgets can also work on Windows XP Service Pack 3 but it needs Alky for Applications.

Types of Microsoft's gadgets
 Web gadgets - run on a web site, such as Bing.com or Spaces.
 Sidebar gadgets - run on the desktop or be docked onto, run on the Windows Sidebar.
 SideShow gadgets - run on auxiliary external displays, such as on the outside of a laptop or even on an LCD panel in a keyboard, and potentially mobile phones and other devices.

Web gadgets and Live.com
Web gadgets run on Web sites such as Live.com and Windows Live Spaces

Live.com lets users add RSS feeds in order to view news at a glance. Building off Microsoft's start.com experimental page, Live.com can be customized with Web Gadgets, mini-applications that can serve almost any purpose (e.g. mail readers, weather reports, slide shows, search, games, etc.). Some gadgets integrate with other Windows Live services, including Mail, Search, and Favorites.

Users can create multiple site tabs and customize each with different feeds, gadgets, layouts, and color schemes.

Desktop gadgets

Desktop gadgets are desktop widgets; small specialized applications that are generally designed to do simple tasks, such as clocks, calendars, RSS notifiers or search tools. They can also be used to control external applications such as Windows Media Center.

A panel, or sidebar, is found on either the right side (default) or the left side of the Windows desktop in the Windows Vista operating system. Gadgets can be placed on this sidebar, and they are automatically aligned on it. Gadgets can also be placed elsewhere on the screen, which generally causes them to expand and display more information. In Windows 7, the sidebar is removed, although gadgets can somewhat similarly be aligned on any side of the screen. Gadgets are toggled between the two sizes via a button in Windows 7.

Device gadgets and Windows Sideshow
Windows SideShow is a new technology that lets Windows Vista drive small auxiliary displays of various form factors, offering bite-size pieces of information. These include displays embedded on the outside of a laptop lid or on a detachable device, enabling access to information and media even when the main system is in a standby mode. Data can also be displayed on cell phones and other network-connected devices via Bluetooth and other connectivity options.

The display can be updated with a number of different kinds of information, such as contacts, maps, calendar, and email. This can then be consulted while the mobile PC is otherwise powered down. Since the underlying platform is so power-efficient, it can run for hundreds of hours without draining a notebook battery, while still providing always-on access to data and multimedia content.

SideShow is coupled to the Windows Vista Sidebar capability – that is, Sidebar Gadgets are easily ported to be compatible with SideShow secondary display applications. However, hardware and silicon providers can also provide native capabilities to allow for richer multimedia applications such as text, image, audio and video decode / playback. For example, a notebook with an in-lid display could be used as an MP3 player while powered down, with the notebook battery providing hundreds of hours of playback time because of the low power footprint that the Sideshow platform maintains.

Discontinuation
According to Microsoft, Gadgets were discontinued because they have "serious vulnerabilities", "could be exploited to harm your computer, access your computer's files, show you objectionable content, or change their behavior at any time"; and "an attacker could even use a gadget to take complete control of your PC". Gadgets were completely removed in Windows 8.

See also
 Dashboard (Mac OS)
 Widget engine
 Live.com
 Windows Sidebar
 Windows SideShow
 Windows Desktop Gadgets
 Scott Isaacs

Further reading

References

External links

 Sidebar gadget developers forum on Microsoft Developer Network forums
 Gadgets gallery at Live.com
 Windows Desktop and Sideshow gadgets home page

Gadgets
Windows Vista
Widget engines
Discontinued Windows components

Microsoft Gadgets


Wilma L. Vaught (born March 15, 1930) is a retired U.S. Air Force brigadier general. She was the first woman to deploy with an Air Force bomber unit, and the first woman to reach the rank of brigadier general from the comptroller field.

Education
Vaught graduated from the University of Illinois College of Business in 1952. She received her Master of Business Administration from the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa in 1968. In August 1972, she became the first female Air Force officer to attend the Industrial College of the Armed Forces at Fort Lesley J. McNair.

Military career
Vaught joined the military in the 1950s when there were strong restrictions on the number of women who could be in the military and the capacity in which they could serve. Some of these policies changed in 1967 due to an increased need for human resources caused by the Vietnam War. Vaught then became an officer and was deployed to Vietnam.

In January 1957, Vaught was commissioned a second lieutenant following her completion of Officer Training School at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio. She then spent three months as a student at the Statistical Services Officers' Course at Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas. In September 1957, she was assigned to the 805th Air Base Group, Barksdale Air Force Base, as chief of the Data Services Branch and, as an additional duty, commanded the Women in the Air Force Squadron Section. Vaught served at Zaragoza Air Base, Spain, as chief of the Management Analysis Division, 3974th Combat Support Group, from April 1959 to April 1963.

Returning to the United States, she then was assigned to the 306th Combat Support Group at McCoy Air Force Base, Florida, as chief of the Data Services Division. She later became chief of the Management Analysis Division for the 306th Bombardment Wing (Heavy) at McCoy. During this period, the general became the first woman to deploy with a Strategic Air Command operational unit when she served a temporary duty tour as executive officer and chief of the Management Analysis Division, 4133rd Provisional Bombardment Wing at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, during Operation Arc Light.

From June 1967 to September 1968, Vaught was a graduate student at the University of Alabama. Her next year was spent as a management analyst in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Comptroller, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), in Saigon, Republic of Vietnam. Upon completion of her Southeast Asia tour of duty in November 1969, she was assigned to Headquarters Air Force Logistics Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, as chief of the Advanced Logistics Systems Plans and Management Group where she remained until July 1972. In August 1972, Vaught began attending the Industrial College of the Armed Forces.

From July 1973 until November 1977, Vaught was assigned to the Directorate of Management Analysis, Office of the Comptroller, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.

She was chief of the Cost Factors Branch and later became chief of the Security Assistance Division.

Vaught was next assigned to Air Force Systems Command headquarters as director of programs and budget in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Comptroller. The general became the command's deputy chief of staff, comptroller, in March 1980. Vaught was promoted to brigadier general September 8, 1980, with date of rank September 6, 1980. She is the first woman selected for promotion to brigadier general in the comptroller career field. She assumed command of the U.S. Military Entrance Processing Command in June 1982.

The general served as the senior military representative to the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services and was chairperson of the Committee of Women in the NATO Armed Forces. In 1983, General Vaught was given the Illini Achievement Award by the University of Illinois; an award given annually to recognize the accomplishments of distinguished graduates. She also served as president of the board of directors of the Pentagon Federal Credit Union from April 1976 to July 1982. She is the only woman in its history to hold this position.

Her military decorations and awards include the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit, Bronze Star Medal, Meritorious Service Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal, Air Force Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster, Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Ribbon with oak leaf cluster, National Defense Service Medal, Vietnam Service Medal with four service stars, Armed Forces Reserve Medal, Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon, Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with palm, and Vietnam Campaign Medal.

Activity after military career

Vaught became concerned that the role of women in the military was going unnoticed, and pushed for a memorial as the leader of the Women in Military Service to America Memorial Foundation. This resulted in the Women in Military Service for America Memorial being built at the entrance to Arlington National Cemetery where there is also a painting of her displayed at the Womens Auxiliary created by artist Jared Seff.

Vaught received the Veterans of Foreign Wars' James E. Van Zandt Citizenship Award.

In 2000, Vaught was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

In 2010, Vaught was inducted into the U.S. Army Women's Foundation Hall of Fame.

On July 7, 2022, Vaught received the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Joe Biden.

She is a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution.

References

Inline citations

External links

1930 births
Living people
Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni
People from Pontiac, Michigan
Military personnel from Michigan
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Female generals of the United States Air Force
University of Alabama alumni
Gies College of Business alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Daughters of the American Revolution people
21st-century American women

Wilma Vaught


Organisms o mony species are specialised intae male an female varieties, each kent as a sex. Organisms o' mony species ur specialized intae male 'n' female varieties, ilk kent as a sex. Sexual reproduction involves th' combining 'n' mixing o' genetic traits: specialized cells kent as gametes combine tae form offspring that inherit traits fae ilk parent. Th' gametes produced by an organism define tis throwing a sausage up a close: males produce wee gametes (e.g. Spermatozoa, or wee baby fishies, in animals) while females produce lairge gametes (ova, or egg cells). Individual organisms whilk produce baith male 'n' female gametes ur termed hermaphroditic. Gametes kin be identical in form 'n' function (known as isogamy), bit, in mony cases, an asymmetry haes evolved sic that twa different types o' gametes (heterogametes) exist (known as anisogamy).

Physical differences ur often associated wi' th' different sexes o' an organism; thae sexual dimorphisms kin reflect th' different reproductive pressures th' sexes experience. Fur instance, pal choice 'n' sexual selection kin accelerate th' evolution o' physical differences atween th' sexes.

Among folk 'n' ither mammals, males typically carry an x 'n' a y chromosome (xy), whereas females typically carry twa x chromosomes (xx), whilk ur a pairt o' th' xy sex-determination system. Folk kin an' a' be intersex. Ither animals hae various sex-determination systems, sic as th' zw system in birds, th' x0 system in insects, 'n' various environmental systems, fur example in reptiles 'n' crustaceans. Fungi kin an' a' hae mair complex allelic mating systems, wi' sexes nae accurately described as male, female, or hermaphroditic.

References

Biological processes

Sex


The Lockheed L-100 is the civilian variant of the famous military cargo aircraft C-130 Hercules. It is also used like cargo but generally by airliners. L-100 are sometimes also named Hercules. Some are used in Algeria, Canada, France, and the United States. More the 110 examples were built. Some are used by air forces in addition of militaries variants. Few L-100 are used like water bomber, like in the U.S.

Civil aircraft
L-100

Lockheed L-100


Nantucket Sound is a roughly triangular area of the Atlantic Ocean offshore from the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It is  long and  wide, and is enclosed by Cape Cod on the north, Nantucket on the south, and Martha's Vineyard on the west. Between Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard it is connected to the Vineyard Sound. Ports on Nantucket Sound include Nantucket and Hyannis, Massachusetts.

Nantucket Sound possesses significant marine habitat for a diversity of ecologically and economically important species. "The Sound" has particular significance for several federally protected species of wildlife and a variety of commercially and recreationally valuable fisheries.

The Sound is located at a confluence of the cold Labrador Currents and the warm Gulf Stream. This creates a unique coastal habitat representing the southern range for Northern Atlantic species and the northern range for Mid-Atlantic species. Nantucket Sound has much biological diversity and contains habitats that range from open sea to salt marshes, as well as warm-water beaches on the Cape and Islands coasts.

See also
 The Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority—providing ferry service in the Sound
 Wind Over Water—A documentary film about the wind farm proposed for Nantucket Sound.

References

External links
Two Tidal Projects Gain Speed in Energy Development Race

Bodies of water of Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Geography of Nantucket, Massachusetts
Geography of Martha's Vineyard
Massachusetts natural resources
Sounds of Massachusetts

Nantucket Sound


A skunk is a mammal, usually black with a white stripe on its back and a fluffy tail, but some skunks can be brown or gray. Its most special part is that it can shoot out a bad-smelling spray from under its tail; it does this to scare away things that could hurt it. Some people keep skunks as pets.

It can eat both plants and small animals like earthworms, frogs, snakes, birds and eggs. It usually eats berries, leaves, grasses and nuts. In places where humans live, skunks often steal food from garbage or pet bowls.

The striped skunk is the most well-known kind of skunk. It weighs 2.5 to 14 pounds (1.2–6.3 kg) with a body length (without the tail) of 13 to 18 inches (33–46 cm). The tail is 7 to 10 inches long (18–25 cm), and sometimes has a white tip.

Most types of skunk live in the United States and Canada, but there are also types that live in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Mammals of North America
Omnivores
Caniformia

Skunk


Shōnen is a type of manga or anime meant for young teen boys usually between the ages of about 12 and 18. It often refers to manga. Examples include Dragon Ball, Bleach, One Piece, InuYasha, Naruto, YuYu Hakusho, Yu-Gi-Oh!, and  Fairy Tail

Shounen is usually noticed by its high amounts of fighting. It often has humorous plots with male characters. It often has themes of friendship. Fighting teams and similar groups are often shown. Attractive  female characters are also common, but not always present. The art style of shounen is usually less pretty than shōjo.

Beyond shōnen manga, manga for men (age 18+) is called seinen manga. Very few seinen manga have been published outside of Japan. In Japan, many older men read shounen magazines. Because of this, in Japan, shounen manga magazines are the most popular manga magazines.

Other websites
 The Girls of Shonen Manga  by Shaenon K. Garrity

Shounen(media)

Shōnen manga


The flag of Lower Saxony consists of the flag of the Federal Republic of Germany in Schwarz-Rot-Gold, with the coat of arms of Lower Saxony, shifted slightly toward the hoist. This flag is the civil and state flag.  A double tailed version in 3:5 ratio is used as the state ensign.

History

The flag of Lower Saxony was introduced on 1 May 1951, and made official on 13 October 1952.  In the aftermath of World War II a neutral flag was needed for the state of Lower Saxony which consisted of the formerly separate entities of Hanover, Brunswick, Oldenburg, and Schaumburg-Lippe.

Until the official launch of the current flag of Lower Saxony, the former national flags of their respective regions were used at official functions. Developed in parallel, there was a design using the Guelph Hanoverian flag of horizontal yellow and white stripes with the coat of arms in the middle. However, the non-Hanoverian parts of the state rejected this design.  Today, the former national flags of Hanover, Brunswick, Oldenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe are seen only at historical or folk events, such as festivals.

See also

 Flags of German states

References

Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony
Culture of Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony

Flag of Lower Saxony


Leopold Kronecker (; 7 December 1823 – 29 December 1891) was a German mathematician who worked on number theory, algebra and logic. He criticized Georg Cantor's work on set theory, and was quoted by  as having said, "" ("God made the integers, all else is the work of man"). Kronecker was a student and lifelong friend of Ernst Kummer.

Biography
Leopold Kronecker was born on 7 December 1823 in Liegnitz, Prussia (now Legnica, Poland) in a wealthy Jewish family. His parents, Isidor and Johanna (née Prausnitzep), took care of their children's education and provided them with private tutoring at home—Leopold's younger brother Hugo Kronecker would also follow a scientific path, later becoming a notable physiologist. Kronecker then went to the Liegnitz Gymnasium where he was interested in a wide range of topics including science, history and philosophy, while also practicing gymnastics and swimming. At the gymnasium he was taught by Ernst Kummer, who noticed and encouraged the boy's interest in mathematics.

In 1841 Kronecker became a student at the University of Berlin where his interest did not immediately focus on mathematics, but rather spread over several subjects including astronomy and philosophy. He spent the summer of 1843 at the University of Bonn studying astronomy and 1843–44 at the University of Breslau following his former teacher Kummer. Back in Berlin, Kronecker studied mathematics with Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and in 1845 defended his dissertation in algebraic number theory written under Dirichlet's supervision.

After obtaining his degree, Kronecker did not follow his interest in research on an academic career path. He went back to his hometown to manage a large farming estate built up by his mother's uncle, a former banker. In 1848 he married his cousin Fanny Prausnitzer, and the couple had six children. For several years Kronecker focused on business, and although he continued to study mathematics as a hobby and corresponded with Kummer, he published no mathematical results. In 1853 he wrote a memoir on the algebraic solvability of equations extending the work of Évariste Galois on the theory of equations.

Due to his business activity, Kronecker was financially comfortable, and thus he could return to Berlin in 1855 to pursue mathematics as a private scholar. Dirichlet, whose wife Rebecka came from the wealthy Mendelssohn family, had introduced Kronecker to the Berlin elite. He became a close friend of Karl Weierstrass, who had recently joined the university, and his former teacher Kummer who had just taken over Dirichlet's mathematics chair. Over the following years Kronecker published numerous papers resulting from his previous years' independent research. As a result of this published research, he was elected a member of the Berlin Academy in 1861.

Although he held no official university position, Kronecker had the right as a member of the Academy to hold classes at the University of Berlin and he decided to do so, starting in 1862. In 1866, when Riemann died, Kronecker was offered the mathematics chair at the University of Göttingen (previously held by Carl Friedrich Gauss and Dirichlet), but he refused, preferring to keep his position at the Academy. Only in 1883, when Kummer retired from the university, was Kronecker invited to succeed him and became an ordinary professor. Kronecker was the supervisor of Kurt Hensel, Adolf Kneser, Mathias Lerch, and Franz Mertens, amongst others.

His philosophical view of mathematics put him in conflict with several mathematicians over the years, notably straining his relationship with Weierstrass, who almost decided to leave the university in 1888. Kronecker died on 29 December 1891 in Berlin, several months after the death of his wife. In the last year of his life, he converted to Christianity. He is buried in the Alter St Matthäus Kirchhof cemetery in Berlin-Schöneberg, close to Gustav Kirchhoff.

Scientific activity

Mathematics research
An important part of Kronecker's research focused on number theory and algebra. In an 1853 paper on the theory of equations and Galois theory he formulated the Kronecker–Weber theorem, without however offering a definitive proof (the theorem was proved completely much later by David Hilbert). He also introduced the structure theorem for finitely-generated abelian groups. Kronecker studied elliptic functions and conjectured his "liebster Jugendtraum" ("dearest dream of youth"), a generalization that was later put forward by Hilbert in a modified form as his twelfth problem. In an 1850 paper, On the Solution of the General Equation of the Fifth Degree, Kronecker solved the quintic equation by applying group theory (though his solution was not in terms of radicals: that was already proven impossible by the Abel–Ruffini theorem).

In algebraic number theory Kronecker introduced the theory of divisors as an alternative to Dedekind's theory of ideals, which he did not find acceptable for philosophical reasons. Although the general adoption of Dedekind's approach led Kronecker's theory to be ignored for a long time, his divisors were found useful and were revived by several mathematicians in the 20th century.

Kronecker also contributed to the concept of continuity, reconstructing the form of irrational numbers in real numbers. In analysis, Kronecker rejected the formulation of a continuous, nowhere differentiable function by his colleague, Karl Weierstrass.

Also named for Kronecker are the Kronecker limit formula, Kronecker's congruence, Kronecker delta, Kronecker comb, Kronecker symbol, Kronecker product, Kronecker's method for factorizing polynomials, Kronecker substitution, Kronecker's theorem in number theory, Kronecker's lemma, and Eisenstein–Kronecker numbers.

Philosophy of mathematics
Kronecker's finitism made him a forerunner of intuitionism in foundations of mathematics.

Honours
Kronecker was elected as a member of several academies:
 Prussian Academy of Sciences (1861)
 French Academy of Sciences (1868)
 Royal Society (1884).

The 25624 Kronecker asteroid is named after him.

Publications

References

Further reading

External links

1823 births
1891 deaths
19th-century German mathematicians
Converts to Christianity
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
19th-century German Jews
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Independent scientists
Number theorists
Intuitionism
People from Legnica
People from the Province of Silesia

Leopold Kronecker


Noel Dempsey (born Januar 1953) is a politeecian in the Republic o Ireland, an a member o the Irish pairlament in Dublin, representin the pairty Fianna Fáil.  He represents the Meath consteetuency in Dáil Éireann.

1953 births
Livin fowk
Alumni o Varsity College Dublin
Alumni o St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Fianna Fáil politeecians
Members o the 25t Dáil
Members o the 26t Dáil
Members o the 27t Dáil
Members o the 28t Dáil
Members o the 29t Dáil
Members o the 30t Dáil
Politeecians frae Coonty Meath
Teachtaí Dála
Meenisters for Eddication (Ireland)
Meenisters for Transport (Ireland)
Meenisters o State o the 27t Dáil
Meenisters o State o the 26t Dáil

Noel Dempsey


Saint Martin  is a tropical island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km southeast of Puerto Rico. The 87 km² island is divided roughly in half between France and the Netherlands; it is the smallest inhabited sea island divided between two nations.

 The southern Dutch half comprises the Eilandgebied Sint Maarten (Island area of St. Martin) was part of the Netherlands Antilles, until the Antilles was dissolved in October 2010, when Sint Maarten became a "country" ("land") within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Government of the Netherlands is responsible for defence, foreign affairs and nationality law. Although part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands the territory of Sin Maarten is not part of the European Union although its citizens are Citizens of the European Union

 The northern French half comprises the Collectivité de Saint-Martin (Collectivity of Saint Martin) and is a overseas territory of France.

The main towns are Marigot (on the French part) and Philipsburg in the Dutch one.
About 60.000 people live on the island.

Saint Martin


Big Star was an American supermarket chain founded in 1937 as part of the David Pender Grocery Company.

History
The Big Star stores were self-service supermarket operations which began to replace the small full-service stores Pender's had operated up to that point. By the late 1940s the entire company had rebranded under the Colonial Stores name. The Big Star name was revived around 1968 for a new discount chain owned by Colonial; eventually all stores were closed or converted to the Big Star name. Grand Union purchased the chain in 1978. The North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia stores were sold to Harris Teeter in 1988, while the Georgia stores were sold in 1992, with most of the Atlanta locations going to A&P. These stores were heavily remodeled, but eventually sold to Publix in 1999. Stores currently operating under the Big Star name in places like Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee,  were part of a franchise operation that was never directly connected to the Big Star chain proper.

Alex Chilton and Chris Bell named their Memphis rock band of the same name after the supermarket chain.

References

External links
History of Big Star/Colonial Markets

Defunct supermarkets of the United States
Big Star

Big Star Markets