An anal fissure, or fissura ani, is a fissure (a small tear) in the anal canal. Patients typically complain of sharp anal pain during and after defecation, lasting minutes or hours. This small wound can sometimes bleed a little bit during or after defecation.

It's not completely clear what causes an anal fissure. It is possibly caused by constipation, too much strain on the anal sphincter (the circular muscle of the anus), reduced blood circulation, the skin is not made dry enough after taking a shower or swimming, the skin has been stretched too much, pregnancy, giving birth, and not changing a baby's diaper in time.

After the anal fissure closes, it takes 6 weeks to 3 months before the wound is healed completely. In this period the fissure easily opens again. Therefore, the wound can return repeatedly.

Treatment
A doctor can prescribe several products to treat the anal fissure. For example, a pain relieving ointment or suppository (an anal medication); a laxative (that makes it easier to go to the toilet); zinc-ointment (this will protect the skin and contract it, so it will heal faster). Further more a doctor can give advice about taking care of the wound and improve digestion and defecation.

Most fissure are acute, lasting about 4-6 weeks. The anal fissure becomes chronic and will not go away if it lasts for more than 6 weeks. In such cases medical surgery can be a solution. The circular muscle of the anus is usually cut or stretched. Also an injection with botox in the muscle can have a positive result.

To prevent the fissure to return
The anal fissure can burst open very easily up to 3 months after healing, for example during defecation. The patient can do several things to reduce the chance that the fissure will return. The advice includes the following tips.

As long as the fissure is open (a painful, small tear next to the anus which can bleed a little) the patient can put an ointment with zinc oxide (protects and contracts) and pramocaïne (relieves pain and itching) on and around the fissure (in Europe available without prescription as Nestosyl). Use toilet your finger with a glove to spread out the ointment and wash hands afterward with soap. This treatment has to be continued for several weeks to reduce the chance that the fissure will open again.

Besides it is very important to have a good digestion and defecation. The longer the faeces is in the intestine, the more liquid will be withdrawal. Because of this, the faeces will become harder and get more volume, and that gives more chance that the skin around the anus will crack again. Patients are advized to eat fibres every day (for example: unpolished rice, muesli, whole grain bread, dried apricots, figs, dates, prunes, saltless nuts, beans, peas, etc.); to eat the recommended amount of vegetables and fruit every day; to use a little bit of butter or oil every day; to drink enough during the day; and to exercise every day. The patient needs to avoid food that can cause constipation (possible: white bread, white pasta/pizza/noodles, eggs, cheese, sugar, coffee, chocolate, etc.). If necessary, one can take enzymes as food supplement with every meal that includes bread.

Patients should not postpone going to the toilet. While waiting, the faeces will push on the circular muscle of the anus, which causes a pressure. Besides the faeces can become harder and get more volume after a while. When the patient feels the urge to go to the toilet, the best thing is to go immediately. While sitting on the toilet, the patient has to press as little as possible, but instead relax the circular muscle.

As long as the wound is not healed, taking a daily bath with soda (sodium carbonate) can give relief. Further more that will keep the wound clean. Sit in a tub filled with a few inches of warm water for 20 minutes, 2 or 3 times a day. This is called a sitz bath. It relaxes the tissue and helps relax the anal muscle.

It's very important that the skin around the anus is completely dry before the patients gets dressed. The slightest moisture in the folding of the skin can be the reason that the skin will get damaged easily.

Some patients benefit by putting simple oil around the anus. For example, olive oil or sunflower oil. The skin softens and will not tear or crack as easily. Always remind hygiene.

If the tips that are mentioned above do not help enough and the fissure continues to crack open, the cause could be the use of toilet paper after defecation. The paper rubs too strong over the skin and causes the wound to open again. One can try to use another brand of softer toilet paper, baby wipes, or instead use warm water to clean himself after bowel movement.

While following all mentioned tips and advice, do not forget the good principles of hygiene.

These recommendations only make sense if the patient is sure that the problem is an anal fissure. If there is any doubt, especially when there is blood in the stool, please consult a doctor

References list
.

Diseases

Anal fissure


«Керти Исаны Клисасы» — Къытайда 1917 джылда Пекинде къуралгъан бойсунмагъан клисады. Аннга бюгюнлюкде беш континентде 2,5 млн адамгъа джууукъ къатышадыла. Клисаны мураты — Исаны Экинчи Келимине дери бютеу миллетлени Инджилге юретген.

Он баш принциплери:

Шыйых Рух
"Receiving the promised Holy Spirit, evidenced by speaking in tongues, is the guarantee of our inheritance of the Kingdom of Heaven".

Къач этилиниу
"Water baptism is the sacrament for the remission of sins and for regeneration. The baptism takes place in natural living water, such as the river, sea, or lake. The Baptist, whom already had received baptism of water and the Holy Spirit, conducts the baptism in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. And the person receiving the baptism should be completely immersed in water with head bowed and face downward".

Айакъ джуууу
"The sacrament of washing of feet enables one to have a part with the Lord Jesus. It also serves as a constant reminder that one should have love, holiness, humility, forgiveness and service. Every person who has received water baptism should have their feet washed in the name of Jesus Christ. Mutual feet washing may be practiced whenever is appropriate".

Сыйлы къошулмакълыкъ
"The Holy Communion is the sacrament to commemorate the death of the Lord Jesus Christ. It enables us to partake of the flesh and blood of our Lord and to be in communion with Him so that we can have eternal life and be raised on the Last Day. This sacrament may be held as often as possible possible. Only one unleavened bread and grape juice is used".

Шабат кюн
"The Sabbath day, the seventh day of the week (Saturday), is a Holy Day, blessed and sanctified by God. It is observed under the Lord's grace for the commemoration of God's creation and salvation and with the hope of eternal rest in the life to come".

Иса Христос
"Jesus Christ, the Word who became flesh, died on the cross for the redemption of sinners, resurrected on the third day and ascended to heaven. He is the only Saviour of mankind, the Creator of the heavens and earth, and the only True God".

Библия
"The Holy Bible, consisting of the Old and New Testaments, is inspired by God, the only scriptural truth, and the standard for Christian living".

Къутхарылыу
"Salvation is given by the grace of God through faith. Believers must rely on the Holy Spirit to pursue holiness, to honour God, and to love humanity".

Клиса
"The church, established by our Lord Jesus Christ, through the Holy Spirit during the time of the 'latter rain', is the restored true church of the Apostolic time".

Ахыр демеклик
"The Second Coming of Jesus will take place on the Last Day when He descends from heaven to judge the world: the righteous will receive eternal life, while the wicked will be eternally condemned".

Христианлыкъ

Керти Исаны Клисасы


The Sunshine Coast (population 312,908) is a coastal region in South East Queensland, north of the Queensland  capital of Brisbane. On 15 March 2008, the former Councils of Noosa Shire, Maroochy Shire and Caloundra City combined to form the Sunshine Coast Regional Council.

The Sunshine Coast is bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the east, and extends to the local government boundaries beyond the Blackall Range to the west. Sometimes, the towns of Gympie, which is 30 minutes' drive north of Noosa Heads, and Caboolture, 30 minutes' drive south of Caloundra, have been included in a broader definition of the Sunshine Coast region.

History
The Glass House Mountains, located south-west of Caloundra, were first sighted by James Cook from the deck of the HM Bark Endeavour in 1770.

The Sunshine Coast's first white inhabitants were three castaways who shared the life of the aborigines for eight months. Later it became the home of many runaway convicts. It was also the scene of some of the most bitter skirmishes of Australia's Black War.

Timber-getters  used its rivers and lakes as seaways to float out logs of cedar, and prospectors climbed its mountains to reach the Gympie gold. With the coming of the railway line to Gympie, the coastal towns, which were founded as ports for the early river trade, were bypassed. The Sunshine Coast later grew into a holiday destination, which was further expanded in the development boom of the 1960s and 1970s.

Tourism
The Sunshine Coast is a centre for tourism. The attractions include: Steve Irwin's Australia Zoo, UnderWater World marine park, Aussie World with the Ettamogah Pub, The Buderim Ginger Factory, The Big Pineapple and the Majestic Theatre at Pomona.

Environment
The Sunshine Coast contains many beaches. Many well-known beaches within the Sunshine Coast region are located at Noosa Heads, Alexandra Headland, Mooloolaba (the spit), Coolum, Maroochydore and Kings Beach in Caloundra.

The region is also home to more national parks than any other region in Queensland. The natural variety of the area has been protected by five separate parks in both coastal and inland regions, including Mapleton Falls National Park, Kondalilla National Park, The Glasshouse Mountains National Park, Noosa National Park, and the Great Sandy National Park, which includes sections on Fraser Island and in Cooloola near Rainbow Beach.

References

Sunshine Coast, Queensland


ShakespeaRe-Told is the umbrella title for a series of four television adaptations of William Shakespeare's plays broadcast on BBC One during November 2005. In a similar manner to the 2003 production of The Canterbury Tales, each play is adapted by a different writer, and relocated to the present day. The plays were produced in collaboration by BBC Northern Ireland and the central BBC drama department. In August 2006 the four films aired on BBC America.

Episodes

Much Ado About Nothing
Adapted by David Nicholls
Directed by Brian Percival
Broadcast 7 November 2005
Set in a local news studio, with Beatrice (Sarah Parish) and Benedick (Damian Lewis) as feuding anchors. Hero (Billie Piper), the weathergirl and daughter of station manager Leonard (Martin Jarvis), becomes engaged to Claude (Tom Ellis), the sports presenter. Jealous visual effects manager Don (Derek Riddell), plots to break up Hero and Claude, whilst the others attempt to get Beatrice and Benedick together. Hero and Claude eventually repair their friendship, though Hero refuses to consider marriage again, the ending is left ambiguous about their future as they are the best man and maid of honour (respectively) for the finale: the wedding of Beatrice and Benedick.

Macbeth
Adapted by Peter Moffat
Directed by Mark Brozel
Broadcast 14 November 2005
Set in a three Michelin star restaurant owned by celebrity chef Duncan Docherty (Vincent Regan), with Joe Macbeth (James McAvoy) as the sous chef and his wife Ella (Keeley Hawes) as the Maître d'. Joe and his fellow chef Billy Banquo (Joseph Millson) are annoyed that Duncan takes the credit for Joe's work, and that Duncan's son Malcolm (Toby Kebbell) has, in their opinion, no real flair for the business. Then they encounter three supernatural binmen who predict that Macbeth will get ownership of the restaurant, as will Billy's children. Joe and Ella are inspired to kill Duncan, but the binmen subsequently warn that Macbeth should be wary of Peter Macduff (Richard Armitage), the head waiter.

The Taming of the Shrew
Adapted by Sally Wainwright
 Directed by David Richards
Broadcast 21 November 2005
 Katherine Minola (Shirley Henderson) is a politician who hopes to become the Leader of the Opposition. She is told that her abrasive personality is bad PR and that it might be good for her image to get married. When penniless nobleman Petruchio (Rufus Sewell) shows up, interested at first in Katherine's money, sparks fly as Katherine seems to have met her match. The relationship and battle of wills bring big surprises for both parties. Katherine's sister Bianca (Jaime Murray) is a supermodel whose manager is Petruchio's friend, Harry (Stephen Tompkinson). Twiggy has the role of Katherine and Bianca's mother.  David Mitchell played Kate's hapless secretary Tim.

A Midsummer Night's Dream
Adapted by Peter Bowker
Directed by Ed Fraiman
Broadcast 28 November 2005
Theo (Bill Paterson) and Polly (Imelda Staunton) visit Dream Park inclusive leisure facility to celebrate the engagement of their daughter Hermia (Zoe Tapper) to James (William Ash). The engagement party is, much to the irritable Theo's horror, disrupted by Hermia's true love Xander (Rupert Evans). Despite their own disagreements, the fairy rulers of the woods around Dream Park, Titania (Sharon Small) and Oberon (Lennie James), have a duty to ensure a happy ending, so Oberon gets Puck (Dean Lennox Kelly) — portrayed as a sort of magical wide boy — to try to sort things out with "love juice" eyedrops, while Oberon and Theo discuss their marriages. Puck's efforts inevitably lead to more confusion. Comedian Johnny Vegas appears as Nick Bottom who, like the other Mechanicals, is a Dream Park security guard who hopes to make it onto the entertainment staff.

DVD
On 26 December 2005, a Region 2 DVD of the episodes was released by Acorn Media UK. A Region 1 release followed on 24 July 2007 from BBC Warner.

Notes

External links
The BBC's official ShakespeaRe-Told site

2005 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings
Television shows based on works by William Shakespeare
Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare
Works based on Much Ado About Nothing
Works based on The Taming of the Shrew
Works based on Macbeth
Works based on A Midsummer Night's Dream

ShakespeaRe-Told


Franklin is a village in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. A northern suburb of Detroit, Franklin is located within Southfield Township, roughly  northwest of downtown Detroit. As of the 2020 census, the village had a population of 3,139.

The community is known for large, estate-style homes. The downtown was designated as an historic district, the first in Michigan, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. The Franklin Cider Mill is a visitor attraction.

History
The community was founded in 1825 by Elijah Bullock and other European-American settlers; it was named after Benjamin Franklin, a Founding Father of the United States, in 1831. By 1830, a business district formed. The village has a unique collection of historical structures in original condition that is unusual for  suburban Detroit. The village was incorporated in 1953.

Historical markers
In 1960 a historical marker was erected that reads:
FRANKLIN VILLAGE Founded in 1824–1825, Franklin received its present name in 1828. First postmaster was Dr. Ebenezer Raynale, state legislator and physician. The William Huston store, opened in 1830, was the forerunner of a business center that later included the famous Broughton Wagon Shop, the Van Every Mills, now Ye Olde Cider Mill; several taverns, two distilleries, and two churches. The village also was a station on the Underground Railroad. Franklin still has the appearance and atmosphere of an early Michigan village.

Another marker was installed in front of Franklin Village School:
Franklin Village School – Michigan's Territorial Council passed a law in 1827 requiring every township with fifty or more inhabitants to establish a school. Thus the following year, the first school in Southfield Township was erected in Franklin Village. Sophie Gotie taught twenty-nine students in a log schoolhouse located near the still extant house of early settler Daniel Broughton. Franklin village built a new school in 1845 at the foot of School Hill on property deeded by Winthrop Worthings. On this site in 1869 a third school was constructed on land given by wealthy postmaster A.A. Rust. After that building burned in 1922, the village erected the present school on this same location. The Franklin School District No. 3, Southfield Township, joined the Birmingham Public Schools in 1945.

This building closed as a public school in 1979. In 1988, members of Metro Detroit's Muslim community bought the building and adapted it as Huda School and Montessori, a K-8 Islamic parochial school. On Saturdays the building houses the related Dar-al-Huda Islamic Saturday school.

In 2006, the Muslim community raised $3.6 million (~$ in ) to fund renovation and expansion of the school. In the summer of 2007, the Monahan Construction Company renovated the school. In September 2007, the community raised another $1 million to continue the project's second phase, which was completed in 2008. Franklin also the hometown Farmbrook Free Press, a small publication.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,150 people, 1,118 households, and 903 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 1,177 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 86.2% White, 6.6% African American, 0.1% Native American, 4.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.

There were 1,118 households, of which 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.1% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 19.2% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.17.

The median age in the village was 45.4 years. 28.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.5% were from 25 to 44; 34.4% were from 45 to 64; and 16.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.5% male and 49.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,937 people, 1,073 households, and 866 families living in the village.  The population density was .  There were 1,118 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the village was 89.79% White, 5.07% African American, 0.10% Native American, 3.58% Asian, 0.34% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.85% of the population.

There were 1,073 households, out of which 38.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.3% were married couples living together, 3.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.2% were non-families. 15.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 2.9% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 29.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.8 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $124,014, and the median income for a family was $139,339. Males had a median income of $100,000 versus $61,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $71,033.  About 0.5% of families and 1.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.4% of those under age 18 and 1.0% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture

Points of interest
Franklin is known for the Franklin Cider Mill, just north of the village's borders in neighboring Bloomfield Township. The Franklin Cider Mill was established as a gristmill in 1837, the year Michigan became a state. It was converted to a cider mill in 1949.

Franklin's current firehouse was built in 1959. The village employs one firefighter and a chief; the rest of the force is volunteer. The station was built on the site of the former community hall, which burned down in 1958.

Because of its many original mid-19th century properties, Franklin was designated as Michigan's first historic district on November 11, 1969, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places that year. The boundaries of the district have been expanded to include more contributing properties.

Notable people
Max Fisher, businessman, died at his home in Franklin
Ashley Johnson, actress and voice actress, spent part of her childhood in Franklin
Jeff Katz, film producer and comic book author, grew up in Franklin

References

External links

Village of Franklin
https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125253/http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/advancematch.asp?ctype=any&cname=Franklin&cnty=Oakland
http://www.michmarkers.com/detail.asp?txtID=L0011
http://www.michmarkers.com/detail.asp?txtID=L0584

Villages in Oakland County, Michigan
Villages in Michigan
Metro Detroit
Populated places on the Underground Railroad
Populated places established in 1825
1825 establishments in Michigan Territory

Franklin, Michigan


Van Diemen's Land was the name used by Europeans for Tasmania before it was known it was an island. Tasmania is now a state of Australia. The Dutch explorer Abel Tasman was the first European to chart some coasts of  Tasmania.  He named the land Anthoonij van Diemenslandt after Anthony van Diemen, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. Van Diemen had sent Tasman to explore the extent of the presumed south land  in 1642.

In 1803, the island was settled by the British as a penal colony. It was called Van Diemen's Land, and became part of the British colony of New South Wales. In 1824, Van Diemen's Land became an independent colony with George Arthur as the first Governor.
In 1856 Britain changed the name to Tasmania, an alternative name that had been shown on some maps and used by the community for decades. It was formally changed  at the request of its citizens. Britain also gave the colony the right to govern itself. Later that year it had its own parliament.

Penal colony

From the 1830s to 1853, Van Diemen's Land was the main penal colony in Australia. When Britain stopped sending prisoners to New South Wales, all convicts were sent to Van Diemen's Land. About 75,000 convicts were sent to Van Diemen's Land, approximately 40% of all convicts sent to Australia.

Male convicts got paid for being servants or farm workers to free settlers, or in work groups on public works. Only the most difficult convicts were sent to the Tasman Peninsula prison known as Port Arthur. Convicts who comitted more crimes were also sent there. Female convicts worked as servants in free settler's houses or were sent to a female factory (women's workhouse prison). There were 5 female factories in Van Diemen's Land.

Convicts who had finished their time in prison or had been well behaved and given a ticket-of-leave often left Van Diemen's Land. Many went to the new free colony of Victoria. The free settlers in towns such as Melbourne did not like the ex-convicts coming to their town. During the Victorian gold rush a lot of settlers from Van Diemen's Land (called Vandemonians) went to the Victorian gold fields, such as Ballarat, or Bendigo.

Britain stopped sending convicts to Tasmania in 1853.

The name
Anthony Trollope used the word Vandemonian:

 They are (the Vandemonians) united in their declaration that the cessation of the coming of convicts has been their ruin (The Vandemonians agree that stopping the convicts from coming has made them poor)

Because the name Van Diemen's Land was seen to be tied up with convicts and it sounded like the word "demon", the citizens petitioned  the name change, which was granted in 1855: effective 1 January 1856. It was called Tasmania after Abel Tasman.

The last penal settlement in Tasmania at Port Arthur finally closed in 1877.

Popular culture

Music
 Van Diemen's Land is mentioned in the Australian folk song "The Wild Colonial Boy".
 Van Diemen's Land is often mentioned in the music of Flogging Molly, such as in the song "Every Dog Has Its Day."
 Irish folk songs that mention Van Diemen's Land are "The Black Velvet Band", "Back Home in Derry", and "Van Diemen's Land".
 "Van Diemen's Land", also called "The Gallant Poachers", is a traditional English folk song, and also a traditional Scottish one as well.
 Steeleye Span sings the traditional English folk song on their album They Called Her Babylon
 "Van Diemen's Land" is the name of the second song from the rock band U2's album Rattle and Hum. The words were written and sung by The Edge. The song remembers a Fenian poet named John Boyle O'Reilly. He was sent to Australia because of his poetry.
The chorus to the English folk song "Maggie May" says "They've sent you to Van Diemen's cruel shore."
Van Diemen's Land is mentioned in the Irish song, "Back home in Derry".  The music was written by Canadian song writer Gordon Lightfoot and the words by the famous Irish Republican Bobby Sands.  It is was sung by the Irish singer Christy Moore.
Shirley Collins and the Albion Country Band record a version of "Van Diemen's Land" on the album No Roses (1971)
Carla Bruni sings the poem 'If You Were Coming In The Fall', by Emily Dickinson on her album No Promises. The song mentions Van Diemen's land: "subtracting till my fingers dropped; into Van Diemen's Land".

Books
Gould's Book of Fish: A Novel in Twelve Fish by Richard Flanagan (published 2002). It tells the story of a convict who is sent to Van Diemen's Land. He gets into trouble with the local (and crazy) people in charge.
Cormac McCarthy's book Blood Meridian, has a character, a "Vandiemenlander" named Bathcat, in 1850s Mexico.
In Edgar Allan Poe's book Narrative of A. Gordon Pym the main character stops at Van Diemen's Land on his way to the South Pole.
Van Diemen's Land is mentioned in Umberto Eco's book "The Island of the Day Before" ("L'isola del giorno prima", 1994), a story about a 17th century Italian trapped at an island at the International Date Line.
Van Diemen's Land is mentioned in Emily Dickinson's "If You Were Coming in the Fall"
"The Potato Factory" by Bryce Courtenay (1995): uses a quote from Emily Dickinson's Poem "If You Were Coming In The Fall".
In Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726), the country of Lilliput is said to be "to the north-west of Van Dieman's Land" [sic].
In the book The Convicts by Iain Lawrence, young Tom Tin is sent to Van Diemen's Land on charges of murder.
In James De Mille's A Strange Manuscript Found in a Copper Cylinder, a manuscript (letter) has been written by British sailor who lost his way after taking convicts to Van Dieman's Land.
The Terror by Dan Simmons (2007), a book about the trip by HMS Erebus and HMS Terror to discover the Northwest Passage. The ships left England in May 1846 and were never heard from again. Van Diemen's Land is mentioned in the chapters about Francis Crozier.
In Peter Carey's book, True History of the Kelly Gang, Van Diemen's Land is the place where Ned Kelly's parents suffered on their way to Victoria.
English Passengers by Matthew Kneale (2000) tells the story of 3 mad English men. In 1857 they set sail for Van Diemen's Land looking for the Garden of Eden.
Christopher Koch's novel "Out of Ireland" tells what being a convict in Van Dienem's Land was like.
Wild Orchards by Isabel Dick (1955) tells the story of a young Englishwoman who marries a man from    Van Dieman's Land (Tasmania) and their struggles to build a home in the wilderness, with some history of the ill treatment of the aboriginal population and the difficulties ensuing from England's use of the island as a penal colony.

Related pages
 Tasmania
 Abel Tasman
 Port Arthur, Tasmania

Notes

References
 Alexander, Alison (editor) (2005)The Companion to Tasmanian History. Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart. .
 Robson, L.L. (1983) A history of Tasmania. Volume 1. Van Diemen's Land from the earliest times to 1855 Melbourne, Oxford University Press. .
 Robson, L.L. (1991) A history of Tasmania. Volume II. Colony and state from 1856 to the 1980s Melbourne, Oxford University Press. .

Other websites
 Constitution Act 1855, starting an elected parliament in the colony

Tasmania
Former colonies in Oceania

Van Diemen's Land


A baggage carousel is a device, generally at an airport, that delivers checked luggage to the passengers at the baggage reclaim area at their final destination. Not all airports use these devices. Airports without carousels generally deliver baggage by placing it on the floor or sliding it through an opening in a wall.

Operation

Bags are placed on some type of conveyor belt in a secure area not accessible by passengers.

In a single-level system, the belt will deliver bags into the terminal from an opening in the wall. The belt generally runs along the wall for a short distance and then turns into the terminal forming a long oval that allows many passengers to access the belt. The belt continues back to the loading area through a second opening in the wall.

In a multilevel system, the bags are generally loaded from above or below the carousel and then delivered onto a moving oval-shaped carousel. It is common for this type of system to have two delivery belts, increasing the speed with which bags can be delivered to the passenger level.

There is also a variety of carousel that is a combination of the two systems. These occur mainly in Europe.  Bags are loaded from an upper level and end up on the rotating carousel, as is normal. However, the very back portion of the oval, in this case, runs in and out of the wall, so it can be accessed by baggage handlers.

Exceptions
Commonly, the following types of checked baggage are not placed on a baggage carousel:
Golf clubs in golf bags
Surfboards
Wheelchairs
Bicycles
Baby strollers
Child car seats
Skis

These items are delivered in many ways including:
Placing them on the floor
Delivered through a special opening
Picked up at the customer service office
Placed in special racks (common in ski area destinations)

See also

Ground support equipment
Lost Luggage (video game)

References

Airport infrastructure
Luggage
Aircraft ground handling

Baggage carousel


Udo Dirkschneider (born 6 Aprile 1952, Wuppertal, Germany) is a German hivy metal sangster who is best kent as the vocalist an foonder o the German hivy metal baunds, Accept an U.D.O.

Efter the demise o Accept in 1987, Dirkschneider formed the baund U.D.O. He haes syne reunitit wi Accept on occasion.

In 1999 HammerFall recordit a version o Helloween's hit sang "I Want Out", wi Dirkschneider an Kai Hansen makin guest appearances. Dirkschneider contributit back-up vocals, while Hansen an Joacim Cans sang lead. Dirkschneider awso appeared as a guest sangster for HammerFall on a version o Accept's "Head Over Heels".

Recently, Dirkschneider made a guest appearance on (Eurovision Sang Contest winners) Lordi's 2006 album, The Arockalypse. Mr Lordi claims baith "Don't Look Back" an "Blitz of Lightning" bi U.D.O. as sangs that changed his life in a Kerrang! magazine airticle.  He an aa maks a guest appearance in the muisic video for the sang "Shtil' (Штиль)" bi Roushie hivy metal baund Aria.

Dirkschneider recordit lead vocals wi NWOBHM-baund Raven on thair civer o "Born to Be Wild" on a 1983 single release. The sang an aa appeared as B-side on "Break the Chain" frae thair album All for One. UDO is an aa famous for his duet rock ballad wi Doro Pesch, "Dancing with an Angel".  At Wacken 2008 he performed the sang "They Only Come Out at Night" live wi Lordi.

The character Dark Schneider in the Japanese manga an anime series Bastard!! is named efter Dirkschneider.

Udo is weel kent for his unique vyce, short statur, camouflage-clad image an short blond hair. Skid Row vocalist Sebastian Bach pronooncit him as haein "the maist metal name o aw time."

1952 births
Livin fowk
Fowk frae Wuppertal
German hivy metal sangsters
German male sangsters

Udo Dirkschneider


An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment. Oil from ships and oil tankers can spill onto the sea water and pollute the water.

Oil poisons and harms the aquatic organisms and seabirds. The fur of sea mammals and the feathers of seabirds can be damaged by the oil. The animals may suffer, and the effect may be fatal for them.

When birds get soaked in oil, they can't fly and they can't go in water.

Most often the term is used for marine environments, where coasts, lakes, rivers and oceans are polluted. There are three main ways to combat such pollution once it has occurred:
 Use of barriers to limit the pollution to a given zone.
 Skimming of the oil with specially constructed ships
 Chemical dispersion of the oil
 Controlled burning of the oil
 Bioremediation, using microogranisms that consume the oil or oil-related products

An oil spill can not only affect the coasts, lakes, rivers, and oceans but also the environment and the ecosystems. Many animals could get injured and later die without help. Also all the vegetation could be affected by the oil.

Water pollution

Oil spill


Warren William Zevon (January 24, 1947 – September 7, 2003) was an American rock singer-songwriter and musician known for including his strange and somewhat critical opinions of life in his lyrics. Zevon wrote many songs that were humorous and often political

Many famous musicians have said they liked Zevon's work, including  Jackson Browne, Bruce Springsteen, Bob Dylan, and Neil Young. His most famous songs include "Werewolves of London", "Lawyers, Guns and Money", "Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner" and "Johnny Strikes Up The Band."  All of these are from his third and most famous album: Excitable Boy (1978).   Zevon has written  many songs that were recorded by other artists.  These include "Poor Poor Pitiful Me" (a top 40 hit by Linda Ronstadt), "Accidentally Like a Martyr," "Mohammed's Radio," "Carmelita", and "Hasten Down the Wind".

Zevon sometimes recorded or sang cover songs.  He liked to sing Bob Dylan's "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" and Leonard Cohen's "First We Take Manhattan". He was often a guest on Late Night with David Letterman and the Late Show with David Letterman. Letterman later sang with Zevon on "Hit Somebody! (The Hockey Song)" with Paul Shaffer and members of the CBS Orchestra.

He had a lot of problems in his life, including divorce, alcoholism, and suicide attempts.  He also had a paranoia of doctors and this killed him: he did not know he had cancer until doctors could not help him.

Early life
Zevon was born in Chicago, Illinois.  His parents were to William Zevon, a Secular Jew and Beverly Cope Simmons, a Mormon from Salt Lake City, Utah.  They soon moved to Fresno, California. By the age of 13, Zevon sometimes visited Igor Stravinsky where he studied modern classical music.  Zevon's parents divorced when he was 16 years old.  After the divorce, he dropped out of high school and moved from Los Angeles to New York to become a folk singer.

Success
In 1978, Zevon released his most popular and critically acclaimed album Excitable Boy.  Radio stations often played the songs off the album, especially "Werewolves of London."  "Werewolves of London" and "Excitable Boy" were both examples of black humor (jokes about bad things).  The album also had the songs "Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner" and "Lawyers, Guns and Money," which were both deadpan humor songs about geopolitics.

Rolling Stone named the album one of the most important albums in the 1970s.  They said that he, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, and Bruce Springsteen were four of the best new artists to emerge in the 1970s.

After Excitable Boy Warren Zevon published Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School in 1980.  This album had the only other song recorded by Zevon that reached the Billboard Top 100: "A Certain Girl."  "A Certain Girl" is a rhythm and blues song written by Allen Toussaint.

This album was dedicated to Ken Millar, who calls himself "Ross Macdonald."  Millar is a writer who writes mystery novels, and Zevon really liked Millar's stories.  He met Millar in an intervention put together by the journalist Paul Nelson.  For awhile this intervention helped Zevon not drink too much alcohol.

Cancer, death and The Wind
Warren Zevon did not like to go to the doctor, and never went to one when he was an adult.  Before playing at the Edmonton Folk Music Festival in 2002, he started feeling dizzy and started to have a chronic cough.  When Zevon told his dentist his problems, his dentist recommended seeing a doctor.  When he finally visited one, the doctor diagnosed him with mesothelmia.

Warren Zevon did not want to get treated for his cancer if it might keep him from making music.  So instead he started to make his final album, titled The Wind. He had a lot of friends who helped him make the album.  These friends included Bruce Springsteen, Don Henley, Jackson Browne, Timothy B. Schmit, Joe Walsh, David Lindley, Billy Bob Thornton, Emmylou Harris, Tom Petty, Dwight Yoakam, and others.

Discography

Studio albums
 Wanted Dead or Alive (Warren Zevon album)|Wanted Dead or Alive – 1969  – Initial release credited simply to "Zevon".
 Warren Zevon (album)|Warren Zevon – 1976
 Excitable Boy – 1978 (United States: Platinum)
 Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School – 1980
 The Envoy – 1982
 Sentimental Hygiene – 1987
 Transverse City – 1989
 Hindu Love Gods – 1990 – As a member of "Hindu Love Gods".
 Mr. Bad Example – 1991
 Mutineer – 1995
 Life'll Kill Ya – 2000
 My Ride's Here – 2002
 The Wind – 2003

Live albums
 Stand in the Fire – 1980
 Learning to Flinch – 1993

Compilations
 A Quiet Normal Life: The Best of Warren Zevon – 1986 (US: Gold)
 I'll Sleep When I'm Dead (An Anthology) – 1996
 Genius: The Best of Warren Zevon – 2002
 The First Sessions – 2003
 Reconsider Me: The Love Songs – 2006
 Preludes: Rare and Unreleased Recordings – 2007

References

 Other websites

 Warren Zevon official site
 Warren Zevon official MySpace site
 Warren Zevon Wiki
 Warren Zevon live audio recordings at Archive.org
 Jordan Zevon's Official Site
 Warren Zevon  at Rolling Stone''
 Warren Zevon's  personal archive at Human ArchivesQ
 Warren Zevon Find a Grave
 Dirty Life And Times
 Keep Me In Your Heart

1947 births
2003 deaths
American rock musicians
American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Chicago
Warner Bros. Records artists

Warren Zevon


The Mantoux test is a test developed to detect tuberculosis. In the year 1890, Robert Koch developed tuberculin, as a treatment for tuberculosis. The substance proved ineffective to treat the disease, today it is commonly used to detect it, though. Tuberculin is a substance based on the pathogen that causes tuberculosis. Charles Mantoux, a French physician, developed a test method, based on the work of Koch.

A positive test result simply says that the immune system came in contact with Mycobacteria - this does not necessarily mean that people with a positive test result have been infected with tuberculosis. Such a result, which shows as positive, even though the outcome should be negative is called false positive.

The test shows the reaction of the immune system to tuberculin. This requires an intact immune system: People whose immune system is weakened, for example those with a HIV infection, may also show a false negative: Their immune system may simply be too weak to react. Similarly, the use of certain substances, such as steroids may lead to false negatives.

Immunization
Dermatology
Medical tests

Mantoux test


A juice box, also called a carton (BrE) or popper (AuE), is a small container used to conveniently carry and consume drinks. They are frequently made of paperboard with an aluminum foil lining, but variations exist. Juice boxes are most popular with children, although other uses include emergency drinking water, milk, and wine.

A juice box is considered an aseptic container, meaning it is manufactured and filled under aseptic processing and requires no refrigeration or preservatives to remain germ-free.

History

Ruben Rausing first created a product in 1963 that consisted of a box that would be used for containing liquids, more specifically, milk. His creation was named the Tetra Brik, and gained popularity because the product was efficient and a major space saver compared to the canisters that were previously used. The juice box was officially incorporated into the U.S. market in 1980. After its introduction, the product gained almost instant popularity and the market began to grow at a fast rate. According to an article on the website E notes, in 1986, only six years after the product's introduction, juice boxes accounted for 20% of the United States juice market, as more and more companies were introducing their own lines of juice boxes.

In 1989, environmentalists raised concerns that the multi-layered design of juice boxes made them difficult to recycle or reuse.

Packaging and marketing

A juice box is made of liquid packaging board which is usually six layers of paper, polyethylene, and aluminum foil. Paper is used to shape the product and give the box an extra source of strength, Polyethylene forms a liquid-tight seal and keeps the product dry, polyethylene is the layer used to print the information and graphics that are provided on the packaging, aluminum is used for the purpose of keeping light and oxygen out (as well preventing the juice from becoming spoiled without having to use extra preservatives).

One of the reasons why juice boxes are so popular is their convenience. Juice boxes are portable and can be easily drunk while on the go. The shape of the product makes it easy for kids and adults to hold and use.

Juice boxes were originally designed in a very specific fashion, a style that has proved to be successful as it has remained, for the most part, unchanged. Manufacturers chose a box shape because they foresaw this shape as being the most convenient and easily handled. Juice boxes typically come with a covered hole and an attached bendable straw, which was introduced by Lynn Tilley, one of the designers who worked on porting it to America, after there were complaints about it being hard to drink from.  These bendable straws make it easier for children to drink and generally results in less of a mess, and the bending nature of the straw helps it not fall into the box. However, there are some juice boxes available for purchase that are equipped with a pull tab; this variation of the juice box is ideal for larger portions that are not consumed in one sitting because the tab is resealable.

See also

 Tetra Brik

References

Further reading

 Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002,
 Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,

External links

 Kathy, Saporito. "Juice Box". Encyclopedia.com. 2002. retrieved 9 April 2009

Liquid containers
Food storage containers
Single-serve containers

Juicebox


The Young Ones is a British sitcom, first seen in 1982, on BBC2. Its anarchic sense of humour, in the 1980s, made the actors famous in the UK. Soon after that, it was shown to Americans on MTV, being one of the first shows on the new channel that was not mostly about music.

The programme was about four college students sharing a house: violent punk rocker Vyvyan (Adrian Edmondson), the stuck-up anarchist Rick (Rik Mayall), the suffering hippy Neil (Nigel Planer), and the mysterious Mike (Christopher Ryan). It also starred Alexei Sayle, who played their landlord, Jerzei Balowski, and other members of the Balowski family.

The show was like a regular sitcom, with violent slapstick, silly turns in the plot, and surrealism.

Although the series was set in North London, many outdoors scenes were filmed in Bristol. All four characters went to the fictional "Scumbag College", but they were never shown in a classroom, and were hardly ever seen studying.

The show was voted #31 in the BBC's Best Sitcom poll in 2004.

History
The series' beginnings were in London's comedy clubs in the late 1970s. Most of the cast became popular at The Comedy Store. Alexei Sayle was the main act, drawing attention as the manic, aggressive Master of ceremonies. Adrian Edmondson and Rik Mayall worked as a double act, 20th Century Coyote, and later became The Dangerous Brothers. Nigel Planer was in a double act with Peter Richardson called "The Outer Limits."

As The Comedy Store became popular, Sayle, 20th Century Coyote and The Outer Limits, with French and Saunders and Arnold Brown, set up their own club called The Comic Strip in nearby Soho. The Comic Strip became one of the most popular comedy clubs in London, and one person who liked it a lot was Jeremy Isaacs of Channel 4. Peter Richardson then made a deal for six half-hour shows on Channel 4, using the group as comedy actors instead of stand-up performers.

The first of this series, The Comic Strip Presents..., was on Channel 4 on 2 November 1982. After this, the BBC made a deal with Edmondson, Mayall, Richardson, Planer and Sayle to star in another sitcom in the same style. Paul Jackson was put in as a producer.

The series was written by Mayall with his girlfriend Lise Mayer, and with Ben Elton (who went to Manchester University with Mayall and Edmondson). Richardson was first going to play Mike, but clashed with Jackson. He was replaced by Christopher Ryan, the only member of the group who was not a stand-up comedian.

Synopsis
The series was centered around the unclean house where the students lived during their time at Scumbag College.

When it was first on television, the show got attention for violent slapstick. Though new to mainstream audiences, Mayall and Edmondson had been using it in 20th Century Coyote for some time. The show also had some very strange parts, such as puppets playing talking animals or objects. Confusion was added with pieces in the middle that were not part of the main plot.

Episodes in the second series sometimes had "flash frames" (three frames, lasting 1/8 of a second), but these were cut out of some repeats. They were included to make fun of the British and American public's fear of subliminal messages in television and music. The images included the words Carry On Cowboy (the name of a 1965 film), a rusty dripping tap, a leaping frog, a dove in flight, a skier, and a hand making pottery.

The episodes ran 35 minutes, and many episodes were cut when repeated on the BBC or satellite channels.

In the United States, The Young Ones ran on PBS, MTV and, in 1994, on Comedy Central.

Music
The series' theme song featured the cast singing Cliff Richard and The Shadows UK #1 song "The Young Ones". Throughout the series there were many references to Richard, as Mayall's character was a fan.

The theme song over the end credits was written by Peter Brewis, who also created incidental music on many episodes.

In 1984, after the second season, Planer (in character as Neil) reached No. 2 in the UK charts with a version of Traffic's "Hole In My Shoe". It went with Neil's Heavy Concept Album, a loose collection of songs and spoken comedy with appearances by Young Ones actors Dawn French and Stephen Fry.

In 1986, the cast sang "Living Doll" with Cliff Richard and Hank Marvin for Comic Relief. The song, a reworking of his 1959 hit, reached the top of the UK Charts.

Most episodes had a musical guest performing in the house or street. By including the groups, the show could be called variety rather than light entertainment by the BBC and was given a bigger budget than a sitcom. This also helped get several British bands to be more popular with American viewers, such as Dexys Midnight Runners, Motörhead, and Madness. This last group  was in two episodes.

Some of these performances were cut from the DVD for copyright reasons. Some musical acts were also cut out for similar reasons on some satellite reruns.

Characters

Neil Pye
Played by Nigel Planer, Neil Pye, the hippy, is a clinically depressed, suicidal pacifist, vegetarian and environmentalist working towards a Peace Studies degree. He is victimised by other housemates (especially Rick and Vyvyan) and forced to do the housework, including shopping, cleaning and cooking. He is never acknowledged for it (unless it goes wrong).

Neil is pessimistic and believes everyone and everything hates him, which is mostly true, though he does have some friends, two hippys, one also named Neil and one named Warlock. He does not like technology except for videos, and he speaks out for Vegetable Rights and Peace. He is also an insomniac, believing that "sleep gives you cancer".

Neil wants the others to feel sorry for him, or just acknowledge his presence. To get attention, he tries anything from repeatedly banging himself on the head with a frying pan to attempting suicide. He claims "the most interesting thing that ever happens to me is sneezing".

In the second series, his parents - who appear in the episode "Sick" - are revealed to be upper middle class. They are conservative Tories who look down on Neil.

Neil also says 'heavy' a lot.

Rick
Played by Rik Mayall, Rick is an anarchist who is studying sociology and/or domestic sciences (depending on the episode). Rick writes poetry and calls himself "The People's Poet".

Rick is a hypocritical, tantrum-throwing attention-seeker who loves Cliff Richard. Rick tries to impress the others with what he thinks is his wit, talent and humour, but is really none of these. He insults and often physically assaults Neil. He fights and bickers with Vyvyan, and attempts to impress Mike.

Rick is a vegetarian, and says he wishes everyone to love each other like brothers. However, he rarely does anything that can be called brotherly love.

Rick is unlikeable, and so selfish that he believes he is the "most popular member of the flat" even though his housemates really hate him. Vyvyan describes Rick's name as being spelled "with a silent P". Although the other members dislike and ignore Rick, he is heard to say that they "really are terrific friends".

Believing himself  the 'People's Poet' or the "spokesperson for a generation", Rick exaggerates or lies about his political activism and working class background, and in the last episode "Summer Holiday", it is suggested he really comes from an upper class, Conservative background.

While he sees himself as an anarchist, he likes the ideas of Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky and states his interest in them in several episodes. However, he claims to  dislike Margaret Thatcher, as is noted by his efforts threatening to blow up England with a bomb in the episode "Bomb" if she does not do something "to help the kids, by this afternoon." This is also noticed in "The Young Ones Book," first published by Sphere Books, where negative references are made to Thatcher and the Conservative Party.

Rick speaks loudly and cannot pronounce his "r"s sometimes.

Vyvyan
Played by Adrian Edmondson, Vyvyan is an orange-haired, mohican punk rocker and medical student. He is extremely violent and regularly attacks Neil and Rick with pieces of wood, cricket bats and other large objects. He never hurts Mike, whom he respects. He hates Rick more than he does Neil, taking every chance to insult and attack him. For example, when Rick, Mike and Neil meet his mother at a bar in the episode "Boring", he calls both Neil and Mike his friends, but not Rick, whom he calls "a complete bastard." Although Rick and Vyvyan hate each other, this makes them all but inseparable; the two spend more time together than apart, or with the other housemates.

Vyvyan owns a yellow Ford Anglia, with red flames painted along the sides, and a Glaswegian hamster named Special Patrol Group ("SPG" for short) which he is very fond of, even though SPG is also often subjected to Vyvyan's extreme violence. His mother is a barmaid and former shoplifter, who before "Boring" had not seen Vyvyan in ten years and has no idea who his father is.

Vyvyan has inhuman strength on occasion (moving entire walls with his bare hands, lifting Neil above his head in a fight with Rick, biting through a brick and even re-attaching his own head after it was cut off), surviving a pick-axe through the head, and he eats just about anything; televisions, dead rats, cornflakes, or cornflakes with ketchup.

Although he is a homicidal maniac, Vyvyan can be friendly and creative; in one episode ("Flood"), he made his own potion to change a person into an axe-wielding homicidal maniac. He has more friends than the others but "he doesn't like any of them." He often causes damage such as wiring the doorbell to a bomb, and adding a 289 CID Ford V-8 engine to the vacuum cleaner, which proceeds to suck up the carpet, the floorboards and a friend of Neil's. Vyvyan also seems to be the only member of the group with a driving licence.

Mike The Cool Person
Played by Christopher Ryan, Mike was the oddest of the four. He is the assumed leader of the group, despite being rather shorter than the others, and does not involve himself in the battles between the other three. He makes puns, which are either deliberately cheap or humorous.

He often uses deep-sounding phrases that confuse the others (for example, when asked by Rick if he stole his apple, Mike replies "Well, if you're gonna sin you might as well be original."). Mike is supposedly the ladies' man of the bunch, and brags about his prowess with women, although he is eventually forced to admit his virginity to the others in "Nasty." Though he is a virgin, as are the rest of the housemates, he always tries to get a date with the opposite sex, being quite forward and unsuccessful.

A con artist, he always has some kind of plan to make quick money, such as renting out Rick's bedroom as a roller disco, and trying to auction off the unexploded atom bomb that fell into the house. Mike attends Scumbag College only in name, as he has blackmailed his tutor and the Dean of the school for grants, and apparently passing grades. In "Summer Holiday" he says "I think I'll ask for one of those Ph.D.s next year."

While Mike often does things at the expense of his housemates, he usually does not show the sort of open hostility that the others do, and seems to  cause them trouble only when it benefits him. He has, however, managed to nail his own legs to a table, and accidentally knocked Neil out during a game of cricket. We only see violence done to him once or twice (at the end of the "Living Doll" video, when Vyvyan knocks him unconscious with a hammer and in "Summer Holiday", when Neil transforms into the Incredible Hulk, who picks up Mike and throws him to the ground, however it turns out it was only Neil's imagination).

Balowski Family
Throughout the two series, Alexei Sayle regularly appeared as many different characters, putting his own material into the programme in ways that copied his stand up comedy routines. His main role was that of the flat's landlord Jerzy (Jeremy) Balowski, appearing in "Demolition", "Flood" and "Summer Holiday". The rest of the time, he played various male members of "The Balowski Family", including nephew Alexei Balowski (a protest singer), son Reggie Balowski (an international arms dealer), brother Billy Balowski (a lunatic who believed he was a taxi driver), cousin Tommy Balowski (a drunk), escaped convict Brian Damage Balowski, and a medieval jester "Jester Balowski" (with Helen Lederer as his sidekick).

In the second series, Sayle's characters also included a train driver, a Mussolini look-alike (by day the head of the local police force, by night an entrant in the Eurovision Song Contest), and "Harry the Bastard" (manager of the local Rumbelows store, disguised as a South African vampire).

In-house relations
Mike is the natural "leader" of the house. Always trying to make himself appear more important and exciting than he really is, he does appear to have done some of the things he claims to have done (such as getting Bambi the "Babycham" commercial in "Bambi"). He gets little hostility from the other members of the house. If there is any good or friendly relationship in the house it is between Mike and Vyvyan. Vyvyan accepts Mike's role as the house leader, whereas Mike sometimes uses Vyvyan's muscles and willingness to act forcibly, to enforce his own authority.

Neil is the second least liked of the four, although he is the only one who does any kind of household chores and is therefore needed by the other three.

Rick is the least liked. Rick thinks very highly of himself. He tells poor jokes and stories (but finds them hilarious himself), is a wanna-be anarchist (although deep-down he is quite conservative) and frequently acts like a child when he does not get his way. He generally takes out his frustration (when trying to impress the others) on Neil, since Neil never sticks up for himself and is ignored by the others. However, the one time when Neil looked as if he was going to retaliate, Rick fled. Most of his anger comes up in his endless battles with Vyvyan, which he always loses.

Finale
In the final episode, the four students steal a red AEC Routemaster after robbing a bank, only to drive it over a cliff, and it explodes into flames at the bottom of a quarry.

After the series
The end of the series was not the last appearance of The Young Ones. For the British charity television appeal Comic Relief, the four recorded a song and video for Cliff Richard's "Living Doll", along with Richard and Shadows guitarist Hank B. Marvin. (Alexei Sayle was not involved, but had already achieved chart success in 1984 with "'Ullo John, Gotta New Motor?".) At the 1986 Comic Relief stage show, they performed the song live.

Mayall, Planer and Edmondson reunited in 1986 for the Elton-written Filthy Rich & Catflap. The series had many of the same characteristics as The Young Ones as did Mayall and Edmondson's next sitcom Bottom. Ryan, for his part, was regularly recruited to play roles on associated series (such as Happy Families, Bottom and Absolutely Fabulous).

DVD releases have been somewhat basic: only the U.S. "Every Stoopid Episode" edition featured documentaries, and no extra footage was included. Musical references proved difficult to clear, so "The Sound of Silence" and "Subterranean Homesick Blues" were cut from the U.S. editions.

A new DVD release of all episodes ("Extra Stoopid Edition") came out in November of 2007, with new documentaries and two commentary tracks. This edition restores "The Sound of Silence" and "Subterranean Homesick Blues," but is missing other scenes.

In 1986 MTV bought half the episodes to run on their cable systems during 1987.

References

Other websites

 The bbc.co.uk Guide To Comedy: The Young Ones
 BBC: I Love 1982: The Young Ones
 British Film Institute Screen Online
 Flickr - BBC's 'The Young Ones' Filming Locations

1982 television series debuts
1984 television series endings
1980s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
1982 establishments in the United Kingdom
1984 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English-language television programs
1980s British television series debuts

The Young Ones


Campervans are self-propelled vehicles that can provide transport and sleeping accommodation. The term campervan mainly represents vans which are fitted out, with a custom built body for use as accommodation. In the United States, the vans are also known as recreational vehicles or RVs and are larger than in Europe. Such vehicles sometimes have a refrigerator, microwave oven, showers and televisions.

Car classifications
Land vehicles

Campervan


Dave Murray (born David Michael Murray on 23 December 1956 in Edmonton, London, England) is one of the three guitarists in the British heavy metal band, Iron Maiden. Murray has been with Iron Maiden since 1980.

Career
Murray is considered the second original member of Iron Maiden along with the founder Steve Harris. He has played on every album since its debut in 1980. However, Murray joined in 1976, just two months after they formed in 1975. He was forced to leave the band that year by the vocalist Dennis Wilcock, but returned months later. His solos are characterized for being fluid and clean, making rapid progress note after note through techniques that use the right hand using especially a lot of Hammer and tapping, based on the legato technique. A characteristic in live performance is the vocalization which makes while playing fast parts, as if singing at the same time than playing his Fender Stratocaster.

First years
David Michael Murray was born on 23 December 1956 in Edmunton, England. Dave's mother often worked part-time at a bar, because his father was at a young age retired consequence of a disease. The money for the maintenance of the house came irregularly. The frustration and poverty took their parents to a continuous fighting which caused her mother to take him together with her sisters to the nearest army refuge, where they used to spend weeks protected from the occasional attacks of fury of his father.

During his adolescence, Dave was interested in music, so he developed an cardboard-electric guitar to mimic the Beatles records, also that he risked playing with the piano of a bar that was in the bottom of a residential complex in which they lived for some time. In 1970 his family finally rented a more comfortable house in the county of Clapton, and that's how the future partner of Steve Harris, like many other teens in that time shaved his head.

The moment that completely changed the life of Dave and took him to a career which seemed impossible in his time and those who followed the style of skinhead, occurred at the age of 15 when heard for the first time the song "Voodoo Child" (part 2) of Jimi Hendrix on the radio, then it started to listen to bands like Thin Lizzy, Deep Purple, Black Sabbath, UFO, Queen, Free, Judas Priest and Wishbone Ash.

Dave's love for rock understood everything he was referring to the "rock culture" so he grew his hair too much, which caused him problems with his skinhead friends. He Adopted hippie clothes and began to read the newspaper "Melody Maker" which spoke of the rock of that time, which also began to frequent shows and come out with a new group of friends, being the closest, Adrian Smith.

In terms of sound, he used a super distortion humbucker made by Dimarzio, who was replaced for a compact hot rails humbucker of the firm Seymour Duncan, both in bridge position.

Additional information
Together with Steve Harris, Dave was the only "irremovable member" of Iron Maiden since its founding. He has participated in all records and has been a key piece to define the sound of the group, although it has not participated much in the compositions of letters he composed the rhythm guitar to most of the compositions of Steve Harris.

Between their compositions are the songs "Charlotte the Harlot" from the first album, "Still Life" from the album "Piece of Mind." "Deja Vu" from the album "Somewhere in Time," "Chains of Misery" and "Judas Be My Guide" from the album "Fear of the Dark," "Brave New World", "The Nomad" and "The Thin Line between Love and Hate" from the album "Brave New World", "Rainmaker" and "Age of Innocence" from the album "Dance of Death" and "the Reincarnation of Benjamin Breege" from the album "A Matter of Life and Death".

Other projects
 Hear 'n Aid (1985) – "Stars"
 Nicko McBrain (1991) – "Rhythm of the Beast"
 Was part of the band Psycho Motel, led by Adrian Smith playing the guitar on the song "With You Again" (1997) from the album Welcome to the World.

Personal life
In his spare time Murray is an avid golfer as seen at Rock in Rio DVD. Murray and his wife Tamar have one daughter named Tasha (born in 1991) When not on tour, Murray is in Hawaii.

Discography with Iron Maiden
 Iron Maiden (1980)
 Killers (1981)
 The Number of the Beast (1982)
 Piece of Mind (1983)
 Powerslave (1984)
 Live After Death (1985)
 Somewhere in Time (1986)
 Seventh Son of a Seventh Son (1988)
 No Prayer for the Dying (1990)
 Fear of the Dark (1992)
 Live at Donington (1993)
 A Real Live / Dead One (1993)
 The X Factor (1995)
 Virtual XI (1998)
 Ed Hunter (1999)
 Brave New World (2000)
 Rock in Rio (2002)
 Dance of Death (2003)
 Death on the Road (2005)
 A Matter of Life and Death (2006)
 Somewhere Back in Time (2008)
 Flight 666 (2009)
 The Final Frontier (2010)

1956 births
Iron Maiden members
Musicians from London
English guitarists
Living people

Dave Murray (musician)


Radès () is a harbour city in Ben Arous Governorate, Tunisia. Situated  south-east of the capital Tunis, some consider it a Tunis suburb, and parts of the harbor installations of Tunis are located in Radès.

Rades is divided into sub cities: Radès Medina, Radès Méliane, Rades Forêt, Chouchet Radès, El Malleha, Noubou and The Olympic City, Rades Montjil, Rades echat. Way to Zahra district and el Oulija.

History
Maxula Prates was a Civitas (town) of the Roman Province of Africa.

From the beginning of the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, the hill of Rades was equipped with a ribat. It is around this ribat, which has long since disappeared, that the village of which it is spoken in the 11th century was built and which seems to have been provided with a port since that time.
Under the Hafsides, vineyards spread over the hillsides.

During the reign of the Husseinite beys, Radès was inhabited by farmers and sought by the notables of Tunis city. The locality then grew rapidly and extended to the beach and the surrounding hills during the 19th century. High dignitaries built houses such as houses in a Hispano-Arabic style decorated with gardens such as those of governor Mokhtar Ben Zid and brigadier general Allala Ben Frija, who built a house there in 1862.

Between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, members of the Djellouli family built themselves beautiful houses of Hispano-Arabic style, notably the ministers M'hammed Djellouli and Taïeb Djellouli, as well as the Governor Sadok Djellouli. French residents also built bourgeois villas in Europe.  One can quote the colonial villa built in 1905 and bought by the Grand Vizier M'hamed Chenik, which gives it Hispano-Moorish and Italian styles; His brother Hassen, a notable landowner, lived in the villa Vacherot, which became his residence in the middle of the 20th century.

Name
The modern name of the town, Radès, derives from the Latin expression "Maxula per races" (Maxula by the ferries), Maxula being the original Libyco-Berber name of the village near which is in the Antiquity a station of boats whose function is To connect the terminus of the coastal road with Carthage by sea.  The Arabs have retained from this toponymic designation only spleens which they have transformed into Rades.

Bishopric
During the Roman Empire the town was also the seat of an ancient Christian bishopric which survives today as a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.

Sports
Despite its small population, the city is internationally known for its sports facilities. Radès hosted the 2015 FIBA Africa Championship, which was played in the 17,000-seat Salle Omnisport de Rades. The Tunisia national football team plays matches at the 65,000-capacity National Stadium of Rades.

The city has an internationally recognized club team: Étoile Sportive de Radès.

Tramway
The Maxula-Radès tramway to the sea was tram line that ran between Maxula-Radès station and the Mediterranean coast from 1902 and until the 1920s. The Beylical Decree of 7 July 1902 approved the agreement signed on 23 June of the same year between the Director of Public Works and Mr. Gaudens-Ravotti (industrial and public works contractor) for the construction and operation of a line of Tramway The track was built with a width of sixty centimeters and animal traction was used.  The line ran along Boulevard Massicault and has a length of two kilometers.

References

External links

Populated places in Ben Arous Governorate
Communes of Tunisia
Mediterranean port cities and towns in Tunisia
Catholic titular sees in Africa

Radès


Slashdot is a website where people can read news.  Most people who go to Slashdot like computers.  Other people go, too.

On the Slashdot website, people can comment on the news. Often this leads to interesting discussions with many points of view.

Slashdot has been a website for ten years.  It has lots of things to talk about.  Some of the things are: computers, the Internet, video games, and politics.

Many people like Slashdot because you can share ideas.  People who like computers and the Internet can read the ideas to learn.

Anyone can go to Slashdot and read it and do not need to give money.  People from every country go.  It has many ideas which are never the same.

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News websites

Slashdot


A preeson (frae Auld French prisoun) kent as the Jyle, the kittie or the towbuith an aw, is a place that fowk is pheesically confined an, uisually, deprived o a reenge o personal freedoms. Impreesonment or incarceration is a lawsome penalty that micht be imposed bi the state for the commeesion o a crime. Ither terms uised is penitentiary, correctional facility, remand centre, detention centre, an jyle. In some legal seestems some o thir terms haes destinct meanins.

A creeminal suspect that haes been chairged wi or is likely tae be chairged wi creeminal offense micht be hauden on remaund in preeson if he or she is denee'd or unable tae meet condeetions o bail, or is unable or unwillint tae post bail. A creeminal defender micht be hauden in preeson an aw while awaitin trial or a trial verdict. If foond guilty, a defender will be convictit an micht receive a custodial sentence requirin impreesonment.

As weel as convictit or suspectit creeminals, preesons micht be uised for internment o thaim no chairged wi a crime. Preesons micht be uised as a tuil o poleetical repression an aw tae deteen poleetical preesoners, preesoners o conscience, an "enemies o the state", pairticular bi authoritarian regimes. In times o war or conflict, preesoners o war micht be deteent in preesons an aw. A preeson seestem is the organisational arreengement o the proveesion an operation o preesons.

References

Penologie

Total institutions

Preeson


Michael Azerrad is an American author, music journalist, editor, and musician. A graduate of Columbia University, he has written for publications such as Spin, Rolling Stone, and The New York Times. Azerrad's 1993 biography Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana was named by Q as one of the 50 greatest rock books ever written. His 2001 book Our Band Could Be Your Life, a collection of profiles on prominent indie rock bands, received similar critical acclaim.

Early life
Azerrad grew up in the New York City area and received his BA degree from Columbia College in 1983. His father was an art director at NBC, and his mother a senior consultant at Art and Technology, a computer consulting firm in San Francisco.  During his college years, he was both a roommate and a bandmate of keyboard virtuoso Marc Capelle (who later went on to become a member of American Music Club.) May 21, 1988 he married Julia Barnett Just.

Music journalism
After college, Azerrad played drums in various small bands while pursuing a career in music journalism.  Besides writing features for Spin, Musician and Details, and a stint at MTV News from 1987 through 1992, Azerrad wrote several hundred pieces for Rolling Stone from 1987 through 1993, including cover stories on The B-52's and Nirvana, and was eventually named contributing editor. He has since written major features for The New Yorker, Mojo, Italian GQ and the New York Times, as well as cover stories for Spin and Revolver.

In 1993, Doubleday Books published Azerrad's definitive, best-selling biography of Nirvana, Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana, which appeared six months before bandleader Kurt Cobain died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Azerrad spent many months interviewing the band members and their friends, relatives and associates, and Cobain and the other members of the band shared a wide variety of archival materials with him, many of which are reproduced in the book. In 2000, Q magazine named it one of the 50 greatest rock books ever written.

His subsequent book, Our Band Could Be Your Life (Little, Brown and Company, 2001) was a collection of profiles of thirteen prominent indie rock bands of the 1980s and early 1990s, including Sonic Youth, Black Flag, Minutemen and The Replacements.  In 2006 The Guardian rated the book as one of the 50 best music books ever written.  In 2009, Paste magazine named it one of the 12 best music books of the decade; the Los Angeles Times listed it as one of "46 Essential Rock Reads" and in 2011 Pitchfork listed the book in "Words and Music: Our 60 Favorite Music Books."

Azerrad wrote liner notes for various albums and DVDs by artists including: Paul McCartney, Miles Davis, Gang of Four, Violent Femmes, Screaming Trees, Guided by Voices, Meat Puppets, the Jesus Lizard, the B-52's, the live comedy series Invite Them Up and the 1991 cult TV series Fishing with John. He has spoken at various music festivals and conventions, including SXSW (USA), CMJ (USA), Insound (Australia), by:Larm (Norway), Orloff 5 (Brazil), and the Incubate Festival (the Netherlands).

In 2006, Azerrad co-produced an award-winning documentary about Kurt Cobain, Kurt Cobain About a Son. He is the editor of See a Little Light, the autobiography of former Hüsker Dü and Sugar leader Bob Mould, published by Little, Brown in June 2011.

During 2008/2009 Kingston, UK band Tubelord used Azerrad's name in their single "I Am Azerrad," which includes the line "I kill today, I'll kill you Azerrad," prompting Azerrad to write a humorous essay about the experience for Spin magazine.

Music career
Azerrad was a member of now-defunct indie band the King of France, whose self-titled debut album was released in 2004. In 2005, he became an original member of Reprise Records recording artists the LeeVees. In summer 2009, he became a founding member of children's music band the Macaroons, whose debut album Let's Go Coconuts was released by JDub Records in spring 2010.

References

External links

 The King of France on AllMusic

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American music journalists
American essayists
American male essayists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
American rock drummers
Writers from New York City
Rolling Stone people
The New Yorker people

Michael Azerrad


The Concentric zone model, or Burgess model is a model to explain how a settlement, such as a city, will grow. It was developed by Ernest W. Burgess between 1925 and 1929. Burgess looked at the growth of Chicago in the late 19th and early 20th century. Many people moved to Chicago at that time.

The model was the first to explain why certain groups of people lived in certain areas of the city. Burgess said that there were circles around the center of the city. The circle a piece of land was in determined how it was used. Burgess saw different zones, starting at the center:
The Central Business District - the center of the city
A zone of mixed use with both commercial buildings and residential ones.
Low-class residential homes; these were later called inner suburbs - housing is cheap, standard of living is low.
Higher-class residential zone; later called outer suburbs. Better quality of life, more expensive to live there.
Commuter zone

Burgess saw that richer people tended to live farther away from the city center. When the city grew, the city center would grow; the rings would also shift outwards.

The model also has some problems, for example:
It assumes that the city can grow in every direction; physical features often limit city growth, though.
Commuter villages cannot be explained with the model; they are far from the city, but often have cheap housing.

Related pages
 Grid plan
 Sector model
 Multiple nuclei model
 Linear city model

Urban planning
Urban geography

Concentric zone model


, born 12 July 1959) is a Japanese film and television actress, and singer.

Acting career

She has appeared in such television series and TV movies as the Red Dead Wagon series, Hôigaku kyôshitsu no jiken file, Kagemusha Tokugawa Ieyasu, Sotohiro, Kâdo G-men Kobayakawa Akane, Yonimo kimyô na monogatari: Aki no tokubetsu hen, Pretty Girls, Tenka, Stewardess monogatari, Yokomizo Seishi shirîzu, Kuroi fukuin: Shinpu no giwaku, Keiji kun, Gokinjo tantei satsukino satsuki: Gomi to batsu, Hotelier, Nurse Aoi: Special, Hidarime Tantei EYE, Onna kakekomi dera Keiji: Ooishi Mizuho 2, and Fukuie keibuho no aisatsu. She has appeared in such feature films as Aoi sanmyaku, Torakku yarô: Dokyô ichiban hoshi, Trick: The Movie 2, The Visitor in the Eye and Love Is a Hunter.

Sources

Citations

Notes

External links

1959 births
Living people
Japanese film actresses
Japanese television actresses

Nagisa Katahira


"Little Red Riding Hood" (or "Little Red Cap") is a French fairy tale for young children about a young girl and a wolf. The story comes from a folktale which means that it was a spoken story for a long time before it was a written story. It was first written down in the late 1600s, by Charles Perrault. The best-known version (the way the story is told) is  by the Brothers Grimm and dates from the 19th century (1800s).

Story
The most famous version of the story is the one written by the Brothers Grimm in the 19th century. The Brothers Grimm listened to many traditional stories from old people and wrote them into a book. They did not originally mean for their book to be read as children's stories; they were writing down German folklore for scholars to read. But their book became famous as a book of children's stories anyway. The title of the story is properly translated as "Little Red Cap" even though it is usually known in English as "Little Red Riding Hood".

A girl has been given red cap (or cloak and hood) to wear. Her mother sends her to take food to her sick grandmother. The mother tells her she must not stop on the way. A wolf sees the girl walking through the woods and makes a plan to eat her. The wolf politely asks the girl where she is going. The girl answers him, because he seems friendly. The wolf tells the girl to pick some flowers for her grandmother. While she is picking flowers, the wolf goes to grandmother's house and eats her. He puts on the grandmother's night-cap and gets into her bed. When the girl arrives at her grandmother's house, she gets into bed with the wolf.

In the Perrault version, the girl is surprised to see what her "grandmother" looks like without her clothes. "What big eyes you have!" she cries. "The better to see you with!" the wolf responds. The dialogue continues, with the child remarking upon other body parts until she notes the wolf's big teeth. "What big teeth you have!" she cries. "The better to eat you with!" the wolf responds.

The wolf leaps upon the child and eats the girl. In the Grimms' version, a woodcutter (lumberjack) comes and cuts open the wolf's body. He saves the grandmother and the girl who are still alive in the wolf's stomach. Then, stones are put in the wolf's body to kill the wolf.

History of the story
The story of Little Red Riding Hood seems to have been told for centuries in different countries, under different names.
Anthropologist Dr. Jamie Tehrani said some versions of Little Red Riding Hood are 3000 years old. One of Aesop's Fables is a version of Little Red Riding Hood, according to Tehrani. In France, the story has probably been told for at least 700 years. In Italy, there are several versions. One is called The False Grandmother. There is also a story from China which is like this, called The Grandmother Tiger. There are also versions of the story from the Middle East and Africa.

In the old versions of the story the wolf is sometimes a terrible monster or a werewolf. In one version of the story, the wolf gives the girl some food to eat. It is part of the body of her grandmother. The wolf tells the girl to throw all her clothes in the fire, and get into bed. She says that she needs to use the toilet first. The wolf ties her with a long string so that she cannot run away without him knowing. But the girl puts the rope around something else, and escapes.

In these early versions of the story, Red Riding Hood escapes on her own. She uses her own intelligence and her own courage. The Brothers Grimm and other later authors added male heroes who save Red Riding Hood.

Charles Perrault
The story was first written and published in a book from 1697 by the French writer Charles Perrault. The name of the book, in English, is Tales and Stories of the Past with Morals: Tales of Mother Goose. The story is called The Little Red Cap (Le Petit Chaperon Rouge). Perrault's version of the tale is the original printed version, but it is likely based on an older oral tradition. It is uncertain if Perrault knew a folk tale from the south of France about a girl who cleverly escapes a werewolf occupying her grandmother's bed.

Perrault wanted to make a strong point about wise and foolish behaviour. He wanted to show that a beautiful young woman was in danger of having men with bad morals try to trick her into wrong behaviour. In Perrault's story the girl is eaten and there is no happy ending.

Other versions

The story has been changed many times in the centuries following its publication. It is a little different from the way that the Brothers Grimm tell it. In their version, a huntsman slays the child-devouring wolf. He then frees the heroine from the animal's stomach.

In some modern versions of the story, especially versions for very young children, the grandmother does not die. She hides in the closet or cupboard instead.

Telling the story for young children
Little Red Riding Hood often appears as a picture book or in collections of stories for very young children.

An important part of the story is the questions and answers. In the story, the wolf knocks at the grandmother's door.
The story goes:
"Knock, knock!"
"Who's there?"
"Little Red Riding Hood!"
"Lift up the latch and walk in!"

The second section of repeating parts of the story happens when Red Riding Hood sees the wolf in her grandmother's bed.
Red Riding Hood says "What big eyes you have!" and the wolf replies "The better to see you with!"
Red Riding Hood says "What big ears you have!" and the wolf replies "The better to hear you with!"
Red Riding Hood says "What big teeth you have!" and the wolf replies "The better to eat you with!"

These questions and answers also appear in older versions, for example Perrault's.

Stories with some of the same ideas
There are many stories in which a hungry wolf threatens a young person or animal. In most of these stories, the young one escapes by cunning (cleverness). One story is the Russian folktale Peter and the Wolf. The Brothers Grimm told the story of the Little Kids and the Wolf. Another story like this is The Three Little Pigs, first published by James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps.

Meanings
As with many fairy tales, hidden messages can be found in Little Red Riding Hood. People have very different interpretations (ways of understanding the hidden meanings). There are two well-known ways that the story of Little Red Riding Hood can be interpreted.

The first type of interpretation is about morality. It is about what is right and what is wrong.

 The easiest message for children to understand is that it can be dangerous to trust strangers.
 A more adult interpretation is about sexuality. Some people think that the story of the girl being "eaten" is really a symbol for rape. Susan Brownmiller wrote a book about it, called Against Our Will. Some of the other versions of the story seem to be more about rape than the way that the Brothers Grimm wrote it, which was for children.
 Charles Perrault makes his meaning quite clear. At the end of the story he writes:

"From this story one learns that children, especially young lasses, pretty, courteous and well-bred, do very wrong to listen to strangers.... all wolves are not of the same sort.... there is one kind [that is not] noisy, nor hateful, nor angry, but tame, obliging and gentle, following the young maids in the streets, even into their homes. Alas! .... these gentle wolves are ... the most dangerous!"
Some scholars say Perrault was not talking about rape but about sexual morality. At the time, there was an expression in French that is "seen the wolf" in English. If a girl had sex and was no longer a virgin, people would say she had "seen the wolf."

 Erich Fromm based his ideas only on the story the Brothers Grimm wrote. He sees the red cap of Little Red Riding Hood as a symbol for menstruation.
 In old French and Italian versions of the story, the girl is independent and clever. She tricks the wolf and escapes without any help.

The second way of seeing the stories has nothing to do with peoples' behaviour or feelings. These interpretations have to do with the cycle of the sun and the seasons, and with the cycle of life, with people dying and being born.
 One interpretation is about night and day. In this interpretation, Red Riding Hood's bright red cap is a symbol for the sun. The sun is swallowed by the terrible night (the wolf). When she is cut out again, it represent the dawn. This bears a resemblance to the Norse Legend of the wolf Skoll (or Fenrir) who swallows the sun at Ragnarök.
 Another interpretation is that the tale is about the season of spring, or the month of May, escaping the winter. The story could be seen as a description of the May Queen ritual that represents the coming of Spring, with the crown of flowers replaced by the red hood.

Adaptations

Other re-tellings

François Adrien Boieldieu (1775 - 1834) made an opera from the story. The opera is called Le petit chaperon rouge. Its first performance was in Paris, in the year 1818.

In 1927, Sir Compton MacKenzie used Little Red Riding Hood as the central character of a novel for children "Santa Claus in Summer". Red Riding Hood, in this re-telling, is the daughter of a highway man called Riding Hood.

The story has been adapted to various media. Tex Avery made a cartoon out of it, Red Hot Riding Hood. He adapted the story to be more appealing to adults. Little Red Riding Hood works at a striptease club. The wolf, dressed in a suit, goes after the stripper (a stripper is a person who is paid to take off his or her clothes in public).

Roald Dahl re-told the story in a funny poem about Little Red Riding Hood. It is in his collection Revolting Rhymes.

Lon Po Po is an ancient Chinese version of Little Red Riding Hood which won the 1990 Randolph Caldecott Medal for its watercolour and pastel illustrations by Young.

Art
Many paintings have been done of Little Red Riding Hood. Artists who have painted pictures of this story are George Frederick Watts, Samuel Albrecht Anker, and François Richard Fleury.

Other articles
 Big Bad Wolf

References

 Jack Zipes, ed. (2000) The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford University Press, pp. 302–3.

Other websites

 Fairyland Little Red Riding Hood.
 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: The Little Red Riding Hood story.
 meanings
 Grimm's version of Little Red Riding Hood.
 Different versions of Little Red Riding Hood.
 Another collection of different versions of Little Red Riding Hood.
 Abridged Version of Little Red Riding Hood.
  Little Red Riding Hood, audio version

Works by Charles Perrault
Grimms' Fairy Tales
Former good articles

Little Red Riding Hood


Dương Thu Hương (born 1947) is a Vietnamese author and political dissident.

Early life

Born in 1947 in Thái Bình a province in northern Vietnam, Dương came of age just as the Vietnam War was turning violent. At the age of twenty, when she was a student at Vietnamese Ministry of Culture's Arts College, Dương Thu Hương volunteered to serve in a women's youth brigade on the front lines of "The War Against the Americans". Dương spent the next seven years of the war in the jungles and tunnels of Bình Trị Thiên, the most heavily bombarded region of the war. Her mission was to "sing louder than the bombs" and to give theatrical performances for the North Vietnamese troops, but also to tend to the wounded, bury the dead, and accompany the soldiers along. She was one of three survivors out of the forty volunteers in that group. She was also at the front during China's attacks on Vietnam in 1979 during the short-lived Sino-Vietnamese War.
However, in the period after Vietnam's reunification in 1975, Dương became increasingly outspoken and critical of the repressive atmosphere created by the Communist government. Upon seeing the conditions in the South – compared with the North – she began speaking out against the communist government. She was expelled from the party in 1989, was denied the right to travel abroad, and was temporarily imprisoned for her writings and outspoken criticism of corruption in the Vietnamese government.

Writings
Her first novels, Journey in Childhood (Hành trình ngày thơ ấu, 1985), Beyond Illusions (Bên kia bờ ảo vọng, 1987), Paradise of the Blind (Những thiên đường mù, 1988) and The Lost Life (Quãng đời đánh mất, 1989) were published in her native Vietnam and soon became bestsellers in Vietnam before they were banned. The third one was also the first Vietnamese novel ever published in the United States in English. Her next three books — Novel Without a Name (Tiểu thuyết vô đề, 1991), Memories of a Pure Spring (2000), and No Man's Land (Chốn vắng, 2002) — have not been published in the United States. She was made a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government (1994). She earlier wrote a number of short stories and screenplays. One story, "Reflections of Spring," was translated by Linh Dinh and included in the anthology, Night, Again: Contemporary Fiction from Vietnam (Seven Stories Press 2006).
Her novel No Man's Land (Terre des oublis in French, which won the Grand prix des lectrices de Elle (2007)), was perhaps her most successful, it was in the final list of the prize Femina 2006 and received the Grand prix des lectrices de Elle in 2007.

Political fallout

Dương was labeled as a "dissident writer" and was expelled by Vietnam's Communist Party and was imprisoned for a short time in 1991 for remarks criticizing the goals and interests of the party and its members. This is not unusual in contemporary Vietnam; Linh Dinh, in his introduction to the collection Night, Again, details the government's extreme response to certain subjects in writing – for example, in 1956, the poet Tran Dan was arrested for capitalizing "He" in a brief passage of a poem cataloging social despair, since such a designation was reserved for Ho Chi Minh. In 1991, Le Minh Khue was still criticized for having a North Vietnamese female soldier daydream about the smile of a handsome South Vietnamese prisoner of war.

Though she was one of Vietnam's most popular writers, most of her fiction is published outside of Vietnam due to both the censorship and the government's monopoly of the publishing industry.

Recently, she has retired and earns a pension of approximately twenty U.S. dollars per month and must earn her living working as a translator and trying to publish her novels and short stories abroad. She believes in struggling to gain democracy; while unable to run for political office or organize a competing party, she now uses writing in order to articulate that message.

In her story "The Story of an Actress," Dương combines her passionate beliefs about human freedom with her existentialist literary sensibilities. Bê and Thom live next door to one another and become best friends; while Bê is intelligent and fun-loving, Thom develops into the town's beauty. Thom ends up marrying the most famous theater director in Vietnam, a man 40 years her senior, in an attempt to become an actress; Bê visits her and watches her life disintegrate as she works toward her degree and her own life dream.

On the surface, it seems to be a relatively simple story about two girls growing up and choosing different paths in life. But her language and details betray, as with Ho Xuan Huong, a deeper level to a simple story. She is critiquing a contemporary society where beauty is prized over intellect and money over kindness, and calling attention to how the optimism of youth, when it fades, can be so devastating that it drives people to despair.

According to Dương, most writers must learn how to voice their individual concerns within a group mentality. In other words, their writing must reflect the individual and the masses at large in a way that's approved by the party; Dương finds that most writers in contemporary Vietnam get caught up in the group thinking mentality.

Dương has felt the effects of censorship perhaps more cruelly than many of her fellow writers. Her work is not contained in any Vietnamese anthologies or collections. Though she has achieved success and renown abroad for her novels through translation, the audience she is writing for in Vietnam, who would most understand the minutiae of her stories, does not often have the opportunity to read her work, except when it is smuggled into Vietnam.

Nevertheless, Dương is hopeful for the future of writing in her country. She is counting on the fact that at some point, the people will open their eyes to see what's going on in her homeland.

Dương moved to Paris in 2006. In January 2009, her latest novel, Đỉnh Cao Chói Lọi, was published; it was also translated into French as Au zénith.

Awards and honors

2001: Prince Claus Award
2005: Oxfam Novib/PEN Award
 2007: Grand prix des lectrices de Elle

List of works translated into English

 Beyond Illusions (1987)
Paradise of the Blind (1988)
 Novel Without A Name (1995)
 Memories of a Pure Spring (1996)
 No Man's Land (2002)
 The Zenith (2009)

References

External links
Review of No Man's Land in January magazine
Duong Thu Huong /Banned Books
A discourse shaped by the Vietnam War Dương Thu Hương in France By Alan Riding(International Herald Tribune Published: FRIDAY, JULY 15, 2005)
Dương Thu Hương entry on Wikivietlit
Beyond Illusions, translated from Bên kia bờ ảo vọng
Novel without a Name, translated from Tiểu thuyết vô đề
 Review of Memories of a Pure Spring

1947 births
Living people
Vietnamese novelists
Vietnamese women writers
Vietnamese dissidents
People from Thái Bình province
North Vietnamese military personnel of the Vietnam War
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Communist Party of Vietnam politicians
20th-century Vietnamese women politicians
20th-century Vietnamese politicians
French people of Vietnamese descent
Women in war in Vietnam
Women in war 1945–1999
Vietnamese women novelists
Communist women writers
Fiction about the People's Liberation Army

Dương Thu Hương