Karoline "Lina" Radke-Batschauer (18 October 1903 – 14 February 1983) was a German track and field athlete. She was the first Olympic champion in the 800 m for women.

Born as Lina Batschauer, she started competing in athletics at the age of 20. In those years sports such as running were considered far too exhausting for women. This vision was shared by many, including the originator of the modern Olympic movement, Pierre de Coubertin.

In 1927, she married Georg Radke, who was her coach and a manager of her club SC Baden-Baden. The couple moved to Georg's hometown of Breslau (now Wrocław in Poland), where in 1927 Lina Radke set her first 800 m world record. Together with her husband, Lina Radke was one of the pioneers of female athletics in the mid-1920s. Competitions for women were not held frequently, but Radke nevertheless won several regional and national titles. She first specialised in the 1000 m, but when this was changed into the 800 m (because that distance would be held at the upcoming 1928 Summer Olympics), she switched to that event. The highlight of Radke's career were those 1928 Summer Olympics, as she won the inaugural title in the 800 m, earning the first German gold medal in athletics. Along the way, she set the first officially recognised world record in that event, 2:16.8, which would last until 1944. The IOC was however not pleased with the fact that several of Radke's competitors had been totally exhausted after the race, and decided to banish the event from the Games; it would not be included again until 1960.

In 1930 Radke set a 1,000 m world record. She retired in 1934, after finishing fourth in the 800 m at the last Women's World Games. After that she worked as athletics coach in Breslau and Torgau. Her husband took part in World War II and was held as a prisoner of war in the Soviet Union. Upon his release in 1950, the family moved to Karlsruhe.

References

Lina Radke. Encyclopædia Britannica
Radke wins controversial 800m gold medal. olympic.org

1903 births
1983 deaths
German female middle-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Germany
Olympic gold medalists for Germany
Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Karlsruhe
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)

Lina Radke


Logic is the study of reasoning. The rules of logic let philosophers make valid logical deductions about the world. Logic helps people decide whether something is true or false.

Logic is often written in syllogisms, which are one type of logical proof. A syllogism is made from a collection of statements used to logically prove the final statement, called the conclusion. One popular example of a logical syllogism was written by the Classical Greek philosopher Aristotle:

 All men are mortal.
 Socrates is a man.
 Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

The conclusion is the final statement. This syllogism connects the first two statements to make a logical deduction: Socrates is mortal.

The syllogism is made from three logical statements or propositions. These statements are short sentences describing a small step in a logical argument. The small statements make up the argument, the same way atoms make up molecules. When logic is correct, the statements are said to "follow" from each other.

Statements have a truth value, meaning they can be proved to be true or false, but not both. Illogical statements or mistakes in logic are called logical fallacies.

Symbolic logic
Logical statements can be written in a special type of short hand writing, which includes the symbols of the symbolic logic. These symbols are used to describe logical reasoning in an abstract way. For example:

  is read like "and", meaning both statements apply.
  is read like "or", meaning at least one of the statements applies.
  is read like "implies", "are," or "If ... then ...". It represents the result of a logical statement.
  is read like "not", or "it is not the case that ...".
  is read like "therefore", which is used to mark the conclusion a logical argument.
  is read like "parentheses". They group logical statements together. Statements in parentheses should always be considered first, following the order of logical operations.

Here is the previous syllogism written in symbolic logic.

By replacing the English words with letters, one can make the syllogism even simpler.

Similar to mathematical symbols for operations like addition and subtraction, symbolic logic separates abstract logic from the English-language meaning of the original statements. With these abstract symbols, people can study pure logic without the use of a specific written language.

The syllogism is now written in the most abstract and simple way possible. Any distracting elements, such as English language words, have been removed. Anyone who understands logical symbolism can understand this argument.

Logical proof
A logical proof is a list of statements put in a specific order to prove a logical point.  Each statement in the proof is either an assumption made for the sake of argument, or has been proven to follow from earlier statements in the proof. All proofs must start with some assumptions, such as "men exist" in the above syllogism. A proof shows that one statement, the conclusion, follows from the starting assumptions. With a proof, we can prove that "Aristotle is mortal" logically follows from "Aristotle is a man" and "All men are mortal".

Some statements are always true. That kind of statement is called tautology. One popular classical tautology, credited to the philosopher Parmenides of Elea, says "That which is, is. That which is not, is not." This essentially means that true statements are true and false statements are false. Due to their simple nature, tautologies may not always be helpful in building logical arguments.

A tautology is represented in symbolic logic as , meaning "Either a or not a." Assuming that there are no unmentioned possibilities, this covers every possible case. Another symbol used to represent a tautology is .

Uses
Because logic is a tool used to think more rationally, it can be used in countless ways. Symbolic logic is employed far and wide, from philosophical treatises to complicated mathematical equations. Computers use the rules of logic to run algorithms, which let computer programs make decisions based on data.

Logic is critical to pure mathematics, statistics, and data analysis. Logic is also studied in philosophy. People who study math create proofs that use logical rules to show that mathematical theorems are correct. There is an area of mathematics called mathematical logic that studies logic using mathematics.

Related pages
Predicate logic
Propositional logic
Proposition
Principia Mathematica

References

Logic


Cobalt(II) oxide, also known as cobaltous oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CoO. It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state as an ion. It also contains oxide. It can be green or red crystals. It can also be a grey or brown powder.

Preparation
Cobalt(II) chloride reacts with a base to get cobalt(II) hydroxide. Then the cobalt(II) hydroxide is heated to make cobalt(II) oxide. The reactions are written below:
 CoCl2 + 2 NaOH → 2 NaCl + Co(OH)2
 Co(OH)2 → CoO + H2O

Use
It can react with acids to make salts containing cobalt. It is used to make blue glass.

Related pages
Cobalt(II) sulfate
Cobalt(III) oxide

Cobalt compounds
Oxides

Cobalt(II) oxide


The M6 is the longest motorway in the United Kingdom. It is also one of the busiest motorways in the country. It is often referred to as "The Backbone of Britain".
The M6 is part of the unsigned E-road E24 from the M1 to the M6 Toll near Birmingham. The E5 joins the M6 Toll from the M42 and then uses the M6 to its north end at Carlisle. Then it continues to become the M74. The motorway is 230 miles (370km) long. This is 37 miles longer than the M1 motorway.

History and curiosities

The first section of the motorway was the Preston by-pass, opened on 5 December 1958. It was built by a company called Tarmac Construction. It was the first motorway in the United Kingdom. It was opened by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. The motorway was later extended in both directions.

Junction 6 in Birmingham has the name Spaghetti Junction. This is because it looks very complex from the sky.

On the high ground between Shap and Tebay, the north and south-bound carriages split apart. Strangely, at this point a local road runs between the two carriageways without a link to the motorway.

The section of the M6 which runs over Shap Fell in Cumbria is 1050 ft (320 m) above sea level. This is one of the highest points on any motorway in the UK. The West Coast Main Line railway follows the same course. It runs alongside the M6 for much of its length.

Route

The motorway starts at the M1 in Rugby. It passes through Birmingham and Spaghetti Junction. The motorway continues to the north, passing Liverpool and Manchester. It goes around Preston and up to Lancaster. It then follows through a valley past the Lake District and Penrith. It finishes at Carlisle.

Cumberland Gap

At the end of the M6 motorway at Carlisle, there is a 6-mile stretch of the A74 which links England to Scotland. This is called the Cumberland Gap. This was caused by an argument between the British Parliament and the Scottish Parliament, which left neither the M6 or the A74(M) being built. After a lot of controversy, building started on the remaining six miles. When it is completed, there will be a complete motorway going from London to Glasgow.

M6 Toll

The M6 Toll is a toll road which was opened in 2003. It starts at Junction 11A and runs around Birmingham to Junction 3A. It is the first toll road to be built in the United Kingdom. It was opened on 9 December 2003. It is reported to save 45 minutes from the average journey.

Junctions

Notes

References

Other websites

 CBRD Motorway Database - M6

Motorways in England

M6 motorway


The Alaska Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (AFES) was established in 1898 in Sitka, Alaska, also the site of the first agricultural experiment farm in what was then Alaska Territory. Today the station is administered by the University of Alaska Fairbanks through the School of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences. Facilities and programs include the Fairbanks Experiment Farm (est. 1906), the Georgeson Botanical Garden, the Palmer Research and Extension Center, the Matanuska Experiment Farm, and the Reindeer Research Program.

Research at AFES has concentrated on introducing vegetable cultivars appropriate to Alaska and developing adapted cultivars of grains, grasses, potatoes, and berries (for example, strawberries and raspberries). Animal and poultry management was also important in early research, with studies on sheep, yaks, cattle, dairy cows, and swine over the years. Modern animal husbandry study at AFES is focused on reindeer and muskoxen, with some research on fisheries. Other research is in soils (cryosols and carbon cycling studies, for example) and climate change, revegetation, forest ecology and management, and rural and economic development, including energy and biomass research.

History
The Hatch Act of 1887 authorized agricultural experiment stations in the U.S. and its territories to provide science-based research information to farmers. In 1898 the federal government established the Alaska Agricultural Experiment Station in Sitka. The Kodiak station was also established in 1898, operating until 1931. Stations in Kenai (1899–1908), Rampart (1900–1925), Copper Center (1903–1908), and Fairbanks (1906–present) followed quickly. In 1915 the Matanuska Station (now the Matanuska Experiment Farm) was established.

In 1931 the federal government transferred ownership of all experiment station facilities to the College of Agriculture and Mines in Fairbanks. The Sitka and Kodiak stations were closed. The college was renamed the University of Alaska in 1935.

Region-specific variety development
Few varieties of northern-region grains, vegetables, and fruit have been developed for subarctic or arctic areas. The Alaska experiment station works to produce new varieties that will succeed in Alaska's weather conditions, often starting from plant or animal strains used in Scandinavia and Siberia. Below are release dates and varieties developed.

2009. Sunshine hulless barley
2008. Midnight Sun-flower (unofficial release)
2006. Wooding barley
2001. Finnaska, a short-stemmed, high-protein barley
1987. Kenai polargrass
1986. Nortran tufted hairgrass
1983. Alasclear potato
1981. Datal barley; Otal barley; Thual barley; Norcoast Bering hairgrass; Highlat russet potato; Squentna strawberry; Ingal wheat; Nogal wheat; Vidal wheat
1980. Sourdough bluejoint reedgrass
1979. Denali potato
1977. Alaska red potato
1976. Tundra glaucus bluegrass; Alyeska polargrass; Kiska raspberry; Toklat strawberry
1974. Yukon Chief corn
1972. Denali alfalfa; Lidal barley; Weal barley; Ceal oats; Toral oats
1970. Alaska 6467 & 6469 cabbages; Alaska Frostless potato; Early Tanana tomato
1969. Susitna and Matared strawberries
1968. Pioneer strawberry
1965. Nugget Kentucky bluegrass, Polar bromegrass
1964. Arctared red fescue
1963. Alaska russet potato
1961. Stately potato
1959. Alaska 114 potato
1953. Gasser wheat, Alaskaland red clover, Knik potato
1920. Trapmar barley
1905. Sitka hybrid strawberry

References
100 Years of Alaska Agriculture. Agroborealis 30(1), Spring 1998. Fairbanks: University of Alaska.

External links
Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station homepage
Publications of the station

1898 establishments in Alaska
Buildings and structures in Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska
Farms in Alaska
Research institutes established in 1898
Science and technology in Alaska
University of Alaska Fairbanks


Cave Hill or Cavehill is a rocky hill overlooking the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland,with a height of . It is marked by basalt cliffs and caves, and its distinguishing feature is 'Napoleon's Nose', a tall cliff resembling the profile of the emperor Napoleon. On top of this are the remains of an ancient promontory fort called McArt's Fort. Cavehill was also historically called 'Ben Madigan' (from , "Madagán's peak"), after a king of Ulster called Madagán.

It forms part of the Belfast Hills and marks the southeastern edge of the Antrim Plateau. All of Belfast can be seen from its peak, as can the Isle of Man and Scotland on clear days. Like Arthur's Seat in Edinburgh, it lies just a few miles from the centre of a major city.

Cave Hill is thought to be the inspiration for Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. Swift imagined that Cave Hill resembled the shape of a sleeping giant safeguarding the city.

Overview
Cave Hill rises to  above sea level. Most of its lower east side lies on the Belfast Castle estate, which has as its focal point the imposing 19th-century Scottish baronial castle. The castle was designed by the firm of Lanyon, Lynn and Lanyon and was constructed for The 3rd Marquess of Donegall in the late 1860s and early 1870s in the Deer Park. The slopes of Cave Hill were originally used as farmland but, from the 1880s, a major planting exercise was undertaken, producing the now familiar deciduous and coniferous woodland landscape. Belfast Castle estate was given to the City of Belfast by The 9th Earl of Shaftesbury in 1934.

Caves

There are three large caves. The lowest is  long,  wide and varies from 7 to  in height. Above this is another cave;  long,  wide and  in height. Above this is the third major cave, said to be divided into 2 unequal parts, each of which is more extensive than the larger of the other caves, but the ascent is notoriously dangerous and thus few venture to it. The caves are man-made, and it is postulated that they were originally excavated for iron-mining.

Adjacent to the lowest cave is 'The Devil's Punchbowl', also sometimes called 'The Devil's Cauldron', a site where ancient Celtic farmers corralled their cattle. This consists mainly of a steep hill, mainly of rocks and boulders, and is considered dangerous to amateurs.

McArt's Fort

This fort, on the top of the cliff, is an example of an old ringfort or rath.  It is protected on one side by a precipice. On the others by a single ditch with a depth of  and width of . The enclosed area is nearly level. The flat top of the fort is  from north to south, and  from east to west.

It is believed that the fort's inhabitants used the caves to store food for the winter and may have served as a refuge during times of attack. Due to its imposing profile, the site of the fort is nicknamed 'Napoleon's Nose' by locals. More to the point if you look up to Cave Hill from many parts of Belfast you would see it's profile that resembles Napoleon Bonaparte's nose from the side.

History

The name 'Cave Hill' appears to be a translation of the Irish . The hill was originally known in Irish as  (meaning "Madagán's peak"), after a king of Ulaid (Ulster), Matudán mac Muiredaig, who died in 856 AD. It could also be named after a later king, Matudán mac Áeda (reigned 937–950). The later king's grandson, Eochaid mac Ardgail, was killed at the battle of Crew Hill in 1004, in which the men of Ulster were defeated by their old enemies, the Cenél nEógain. It is from him that McArt's Fort derived its name.

The residential neighbourhood at the foot of Cave Hill's entrance is derivatively known as Ben Madigan, with street names to match, and is a wealthy semi-outer city, semi-suburban area. The name 'Ben Madigan' can also be found attached to buildings and schools close to the area, e.g. the Belfast Royal Academy has the Ben Madigan Preparatory School on the Antrim Road.

United Irishmen Theobald Wolfe Tone and Henry Joy McCracken allegedly met at Cave Hill in 1795 to take an oath to launch the rebellion of 1798. McCracken was captured on Cave Hill in 1798.

The crowning stone Giant's Chair of the O'Neill clan was apparently sited on Cave Hill summit until 1896 and gave its name to the nearby Throne Hospital.

During World War II, a bomb dropped prematurely during a German bombing raid on Belfast exploded, causing a large crater near the grounds of Belfast Castle. It is understood that RAF Bomber Command was situated on Cave Hill in the early years of World War II before relocating to Castle Archdale in County Fermanagh. Hence the German bomb may have been intentional.

On 1 June 1944, an American Air Force B-17 bomber crashed into Cave Hill during heavy fog, killing all ten crew instantly. The incident inspired Richard Attenborough's film, Closing the Ring. Some scenes of the film were shot on Cave Hill. The site of the crash is accessed via Carr's Glen Country Park where the field, known locally as 'The Bomb hole Field' remains open to public.

Geology

The hill owes its characteristic shape to Paleocene basalt lava flows, from 65 million years ago. This is underlain by Cretaceous—145 million years—Ulster White Limestone and below this is Jurassic—200 million years—Waterloo Mudstone Formation, more commonly known as Lias clay.

Limestone was mined on the southern flanks of Cave Hill in Victorian times and transported to Belfast docks by way of a horse-worked railway along the Limestone Road. The railroad was abandoned in the 1890s. Two small hamlets—Daddystown and Mammystown—were built on either side of the railway track in the early 1820s as dwellings for quarry workers. Some of the local avenues and streets bear the name 'Waterloo', in reference to their geological origins.

Tourism and recreation

Cave Hill Country Park, Belfast Zoo and Belfast Castle are visited by both locals and tourists. In the 18th century, the people of Belfast visited the area on Easter Monday for the Cave Hill fete, near a spring known as the 'Volunteers' Well'. The summit has views southwards over Belfast City and Lough towards the Mourne Mountains, Scrabo Tower and Slieve Croob.

See also
 Arthur's Seat

References

Further reading

External links
Belfast Parks
Discussion of Cave Hill history
Cave Hill's appearances in literature

Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Northern Ireland
Mountains and hills of County Antrim
Geography of Belfast
Parks in Belfast
Tourist attractions in County Antrim
Volcanism of Northern Ireland
Aviation accidents and incidents locations in Northern Ireland

Cavehill


Mouse-like hamsters are a group of small rodents found in Syria, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.  They are found in rocky and slightly high areas in desert regions.

The mouse-like hamsters are not real hamsters, although they look like hamsters.  They were once thought to be hamsters based on the shape of their teeth, but they do not have the cheek pouches, and short tail of the true hamsters. All animals in this genus were part of the same species before, Calomyscus bailwardi, but they are now separate species because they have big differences in chromosome number, skull length and weight, and other differences.

In Europe, species of Calomyscus can be kept as a pet. They are called Calomyscus bailwardi mystax or Calomyscus bailwardi. Only special people sell them, not pet shops. And so only people who really like mice will buy them.

Mouse-like hamsters live the longest of all the mouse species.  They have been recorded as living 9 years, 3 months and 18 days in captivity.  They regularly live over 4 years in captivity.  The species which lives the second longest in the muroids lives 7 years, 8 months, which is the Canyon Mouse, Peromyscus crinitus.

Species
Calomyscus bailwardi - Zagros Mountains mouse-like hamster from Iran
Calomyscus baluchi - Pakistan mouse-like hamster from Pakistan and Afghanistan
Calomyscus elburzensis Goodman's mouse-like hamster from northeastern Iran and southern Turkmenistan
Subspecies Calomyscus elburzensis zykovi Zykov's mouse-like hamster from southeastern Turkmenistan
Calomyscus grandis - Noble mouse-like hamster from near Teheran
Calomyscus hotsoni Hotson's mouse-like hamster from southern Pakistan
Calomyscus mystax Great Balkhan mouse-like hamster from Turkmenistan
Calomyscus tsolovi Syrian mouse-like hamster from Syria
Calomyscus urartensis Urar mouse-like hamster from Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran

References
Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894-1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Volf, J. 2003. Rekord dlouhovekosti kreckovitych savcu (Cricetidae). Gazella 30:69-72.

Other websites
 Animal Diversity Web: Detailed description
 Photos of the Turkmen Mouse-like hamster (German page)

Rodents

Mouse-like hamsters


Charles IV (18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328), was the King of France and Navarre (as Charles I) and Count of Champagne from 1322 to his death. Charles IV the last French king of the old Capetian line. He was crowned King of France in 1322 at the cathedral in Reims.

Charles invaded Aquitaine, thus renewing the war with England. However, the peace of 1327 was the great triumph which gave him a generous land settlement and 50,000 marks.

During his six years as king Charles IV raised taxes. His expulsion of the Jews from France in 1323 was the culmination of centuries of persecution. They had long suffered from discriminatory taxes and other fiscal policies targeted at Jews, being scapegoated for the Black Plague, and multiple prior attempts to expel them from France. France's Jews were given only a little time to sell to their possessions before being escorted out of French lands.

Charles died without a son so there were questions about who would be the next king. He had two daughters, but under Salic law, the basis of law in France, there was no inheritance through the female line.
Edward III of England then believed he had the right to become the new king of France, even though he was through the female line and therefore it was against Salic law. Thus he began the Hundred Years' War.

Kings and Queens of France
1294 births
1328 deaths

Charles IV of France


Stephen Catterson Smith (12 March 1806 – 30 May 1872) was an English portrait-painter and president of the Royal Hibernian Academy.

Biography
Smith was born in Skipton, North Yorkshire, the son of Joseph Smith, artist and coach-painter, and Anne, his wife, daughter of Stephen Catterson of Gawflat, Yorkshire. His parents moved early in his life to Kingston upon Hull, and at the age of about sixteen Smith went to London to support himself by the practical study of art. Obtaining admission to the schools of the Royal Academy, he distinguished himself in the competitions there, and afterwards studied in Paris. He first attracted notice by his skill in drawing portraits in black chalk, many of these being published in lithography by Richard James Lane. He made drawings of this class for H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent, of Queen Victoria (as princess), the duchess herself, the King of Hanover, and other members of the royal family. He then removed for a few years to Yeovil in Somersetshire, returning, however, to London about 1838, when he exhibited some portraits at the Royal Academy.

About 1840 Smith received some commissions to paint portraits in Ireland, which led him to settle first at Derry, and afterwards at Dublin, where he spent the remainder of his life. He soon became Portrait Painter to the Lord Lieutenant, a post he held for almost 30 years. At Dublin Smith quickly became the leading portrait-painter of the day, and was considered very successful with his likenesses both in male and female portraits, painting something in the manner of Sir Thomas Lawrence. Nearly every distinguished person in Ireland sat to Smith during his career in Dublin, including all the lord-lieutenants of Ireland for thirty years. In 1854 he painted from the life a full-length portrait of Queen Victoria for the corporation of Dublin. Many of his portraits were engraved.

Smith was elected an associate of the Royal Hibernian Academy of Arts on 11 May 1844, a full member on 13 September following, and was elected president on 7 March 1859, holding this post until 1864. He was re-elected in 1868, but held the post for only a few months. He was appointed Director of the National Gallery of Ireland in 1868. He continued to paint up to the time of his death, which occurred suddenly in Dublin on 20 May 1872.

Family
Smith married, in 1845, Anne, daughter of Robert Titus Wyke, an English artist, residing at Wexford. She was herself a miniature-painter. By her Smith left six sons and four daughters, of whom Stephen Catterson Smith (a member of the Royal Hibernian Academy and practising in Dublin) and Robert Catterson Smith (practising in London) also adopted art as a profession.

References

External links

1806 births
1872 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century Irish painters
Irish male painters
English portrait painters
Irish portrait painters
19th-century English male artists
19th-century Irish male artists

Stephen Catterson Smith


Downingia is a genus of 13 annual plants native to western North America and Chile. Commonly known as calico flowers, they are notable for forming mass displays of small but colorful blooms around vernal pools. A number are uncommon endemics in California.

The stems may be decumbent or erect, 10–40 cm in length, with narrow cauline leaves that may drop off before the flower develops. The flowers are typically inverted by the twisting of the ovary during blooming. Colors range from blue and pink to white, with the lower (larger) lip including a white or yellow patch. The lower lip generally consists of three lobes, while the upper lip is much smaller and has two lobes.

The genus is named after American horticulturalist A. J. Downing (1815-1852).

Species

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile

Campanulaceae genera

Downingia


Robert Edward Rogers (February 19, 1940 – March 3, 2013) was an American musician and tenor singer, best known as a founding member of Motown vocal group the Miracles from 1956 until his death. He was inducted, in 2012, as a member of the Miracles to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In addition to singing, he also contributed to writing some of the Miracles' songs. Rogers is the grandfather of R&B singer Brandi Williams from the R&B girl group Blaque and is a cousin of fellow Miracles member Claudette Rogers Robinson.

Life
Rogers was the son of Robert and Lois Rogers. He was born in Detroit on February 19, 1940, the same day and in the same Detroit hospital as fellow Miracles member Smokey Robinson, although the two would not meet until 15 years later.

On December 18, 1963, Rogers married Wanda Young of Inkster, Michigan, a member of Motown group the Marvelettes. Together they had a son Robert Rogers III and a daughter Bobbae. Rogers and Young divorced in 1975 after twelve years of marriage. In 1981, Rogers married Joan Hughes on his forty-first birthday. The wedding ceremony was officiated by the Reverend Cecil Franklin, the father of Aretha Franklin at Detroit's historic New Bethel Baptist Church. Bobby and Joan had two children together, daughters Gina and Kimberly. In his final years, Rogers divided his residence between his primary dwelling in Southfield, Michigan, a northern suburb of Detroit,  and a Beverly Hills, California pied-à-terre.

Motown, the Miracles, and musical career

The 1960 single "Shop Around", with Smokey Robinson on lead, was Motown's first number one hit on the R&B singles chart, and the first big hit for the Miracles. The song was also Motown's first million selling hit single. The Miracles scored many more hits over the years including the #1 classics "Tears Of A Clown", and "Love Machine".

In addition to his work in the Miracles, Rogers was a part-time Motown songwriter; his most notable composition, authored with bandmate Smokey Robinson, was The Temptations' first hit single, "The Way You Do the Things You Do". Rogers also co-wrote The Temptations' 1965 hit "My Baby", Mary Wells' hit, "What Love Has Joined Together", The Contours' 1965 hit "First I Look at the Purse", (later covered by the J. Geils Band), Marvin Gaye's 1966 Top 40 hit, "One More Heartache" and the Miracles' own 1964 Top 40 hit, "That's What Love Is Made Of", and their 1966 hit, "Going to a Go-Go". He is also noted for doing co-lead vocals on the Miracles' 1962 Top 10 smash, "You've Really Got a Hold on Me", and singing lead on the group's 1964 song, "You're So Fine And Sweet". Bobby was also reputed to be the group's best dancer, and was responsible for many of the Miracles' onstage routines, until the arrival of famed Motown choreographer Cholly Atkins.

In late 2006, Bobby re-united with original Miracles members Smokey Robinson and Pete Moore for the group's first-ever extended interview on the Motown DVD release, Smokey Robinson & the Miracles: The Definitive Performances.

Rogers continued to perform throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe with members Dave Finley, Tee Turner, and Mark Scott in the final incarnation of The Miracles, which made him, as of 2009, the longest-serving original Miracles member. On March 20, 2009, Bobby was in Hollywood to be honored along with the other surviving original members of the Miracles (Smokey Robinson, Claudette Robinson and Pete Moore) as they received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Also on hand were Gloria White, the wife of original Miracles member Ronnie White who is deceased (White is responsible for discovering Motown artist Stevie Wonder), and Billy Griffin was in attendance. He replaced Smokey Robinson when he left the group.

Death
Rogers died on March 3, 2013, at the age of 73, due to complications of diabetes. Nine days later, on March 12, 2013, on their website, The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame paid tribute to Bobby with the article, "Remembering Bobby Rogers of The Miracles".

The Miracles: Awards and professional recognition
 Bobby, and each member of the Miracles (except Claudette) has been awarded the BMI award for songwriting .(Reference: Ebony, October 1971, pg 169).
 Berry Gordy's Motown Record Corporation's signature act; their first Group, and their first million selling act was the Miracles, Motown Royalty.
 Without the Miracles there would be no Motown, quoted Berry Gordy, March 20, 2009
 Without the Miracles there would be no Stevie Wonder, quoted Stevie Wonder, March 20, 2009
 Gold and Platinum Record (Single and Album) Awards (Sales of more than 500,000 or 1,000,000 units)
 Worldwide over 40 Million records sold.
 Twenty-six of the Miracles single releases reached the Top Ten Billboard R&B Charts
 Four of the Miracles songs reached #1 on Billboard R&B Charts
 Ten Miracles albums reached the Top Ten of Billboard's R&B Album Charts.
 Sixteen releases of the Miracles recordings reached the top 20 of Billboards Hot 100 List with 7 Top Tens and 2-# 1's a third song, Shop Around reached #1 Pop on Cash Box Magazine "Top 100" Pop chart.
 Four time inductees Grammy Hall of Fame. (the most of any Motown Group).
 Doo-Wop Hall of Fame Inductees.
 Quadruple induction Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll" song List.
 Double recipient of the prestigious "Heroes and Legends" Award.
 Rhythm & Blues Pioneer Award
 Vocal Group Hall of Fame Induction and Award
 Spirit of Detroit Award
 Rolling Stone Magazine named The Miracles # 32 in their list of "The 100 Greatest Rock n' Roll Artists" of All Time. (The Highest-Ranking Motown Group in the Rolling Stone Listing).
 Billboard Magazine and VH1 list the Miracles of the 100 Greatest Artists of all Time.
 Under the terms of the National Recording Preservation Act of 2000, the Library's National Recording Preservation Board announced the Miracles' million seller, "Tracks of My Tears" being "culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant" to preserve for all time in the United States Library of Congress.
 Miracles Boulevard and Miracles Park, Detroit, Michigan (Woodbridge Estates)
 Governor of the state of Michigan, Certificate of Tribute and recognition of the Miracles and their importance to the state of Michigan and the city of Detroit for tremendous accomplishments in the music industry.
 Mayor of Detroit Proclamation for a Lifetime of history making accomplishments in music.
 Resolution Award, the Detroit City Council gave the Highest Honor they can present to the Miracles for 5 decades of unchallenged achievements in the music industry.
 City of Beverly Hills, CA, Beverly Hills Mayor and City Council Proclamation recognizing the Miracles' contributions to the music industry and American Culture.
 The Miracles received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 20, 2009.
 The Miracles were retroactively inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012 by a special committee, alongside Smokey Robinson.

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction in 2012
In 1987, Smokey Robinson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist.  However, in a decision that has since sparked much scrutiny, debate, and controversy, the other original members of the Miracles, Bobby Rogers, Ronnie White, Marv Tarplin, Pete Moore and Claudette Robinson, were not, at that time, inducted.  This proved a source of many protests from angry Miracles fans.

On February 9, 2012, it was announced that Bobby Rogers would be inducted with the rest of the Miracles into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame alongside Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson. This induction occurred on April 14, 2012.  After a 26-year wait, Bobby was automatically and retroactively inducted with the rest of the original Miracles, Marv Tarplin, Pete Moore, Claudette Robinson, and Ronnie White into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame alongside Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson.  The induction was handled by a Special Committee designated by The Rock Hall in 2012, that inducted the Miracles, and five other deserving pioneering groups, that were overlooked when their lead singers were inducted into the Rock Hall many years ago. This induction occurred without the usual process of nomination and voting, under the premise that the entire group should have been inducted with Smokey Robinson back in 1987.
Bobby was also inducted with the rest of the original Miracles into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in 2015

References

External links
 The Miracles' ''Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction page.
 The Miracles Bobby Rogers

Obituary of Bobby Rogers of The Miracles

1940 births
2013 deaths
Musicians from Detroit
The Miracles members
Motown artists
American soul musicians
American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters
Deaths from diabetes
American tenors
American rhythm and blues singers
American soul singers
American male dancers
African-American male singer-songwriters
20th-century African-American male singers
Singer-songwriters from Michigan

Bobby Rogers


The Blockade of Veracruz was a conflict during the Mexican–American War. The blockade of Veracruz was extremely important in the Mexican-American War in stopping the trade of contraband.

Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft instructed Commodore David Conner's Home Squadron to "exercise all the rights that belong to you as commander-in-chief of a belligerent squadron." On 14 May 1846, Conner proclaimed Veracruz, Alvarado, Tampico and Matamoros under blockade. Conner sent the sloop-of-war St. Mary's to Tampico, the paddle frigate Mississippi to Veracruz, and the sloop-of-war Falmouth to Alvarado.

References

V
Mexico City Campaign
Veracruz

Blockade of Veracruz


Songsangan suhu berlaku di mana fenomena alam terjadi suhu dilapisan daratan bumi bersuhu rendah daripada lapisan atas. Malah semakin tinggi dari paras laut suhu menjadi semakin panas.

Suhu songsangan adalah satu fenomena di mana suhu persekitaran
meningkat dengan peningkatan ketinggian. Ini dianggap tidak normal. Suhu
ini dijangka akan menurun pada kadar 2 darjah Celsius atau 3.5 darjah
Fahrenheit bagi setiap peningkatan kaki seribu ketinggian keadaan
atmosfera yang standard. Pada keadaan biasa dimasa cuaca kering suhu
dijangka menurun pada kadar 1.5 darjah Celsius dan pada keadaan cuaca
lembab atau dingin suhu dijangka menurun 3 darjah Celsius.

Atmosfera yang standard
Pada keadaan biasa setiap seribu kaki ketinggian dari paras bumi ukuran standard ialah 2°Celcius setiap ribu kaki.

Biasanya, pada atmosfera yang lebih rendah ("Troposfera") udara berhampiran permukaan Bumi adalah lebih panas berbanding dari udara di atasnya, sebahagian besarnya kerana atmosfera dipanaskan dari bawah akibat pemanasan radiasi solar pada permukaan bumi, yang seterusnya memanaskan lapisan atmosfera secara langsung di atasnya, misalnya, melalui thermal (pemindahan haba perolakan).

Kadar Tukaran Persekitaran standard (ELR : Environmental Lapse Rate) ialah -2°C/seribu kaki ketinggian

Causes

Given enough pressure, the normal vertical temperature gradient is inverted such that the air is colder near the surface of the Earth. This can occur when, for example, a warmer, less-dense air mass moves over a cooler, denser air mass. This type of inversion occurs in the vicinity of warm fronts, and also in areas of oceanic upwelling such as along the California coast in the United States. With sufficient humidity in the cooler layer, fog is typically present below the inversion cap.  An inversion is also produced whenever radiation from the surface of the earth exceeds the amount of radiation received from the sun, which commonly occurs at night, or during the winter when the angle of the sun is very low in the sky. This effect is virtually confined to land regions as the ocean retains heat far longer. In the polar regions during winter, inversions are nearly always present over land.

A warmer air mass moving over a cooler one can "shut off" any convection which may be present in the cooler air mass. This is known as a capping inversion. However, if this cap is broken, either by extreme convection overcoming the cap, or by the lifting effect of a front or a mountain range, the sudden release of bottled-up convective energy like the bursting of a balloon can result in severe thunderstorms. Such capping inversions typically precede the development of tornadoes in the Midwestern United States. In this instance, the "cooler" layer is actually quite warm, but is still denser and usually cooler than the lower part of the inversion layer capping it.

Subsidence inversion
An inversion can develop aloft as a result of air gradually sinking over a wide area and being warmed by adiabatic compression, usually associated with subtropical high-pressure areas. A stable marine layer may then develop over the ocean as a result. As this layer moves over progressively warmer waters, however, turbulence within the marine layer can gradually lift the inversion layer to higher altitudes, and eventually, even pierce it, producing thunderstorms, and under the right circumstances, leading to tropical cyclones.  The accumulated smog and dust under the inversion quickly taints the sky reddish, easily seen on sunny days.

Consequences

Temperature inversion stops atmospheric convection (which is normally present) from happening in the affected area and can lead to the air becoming stiller and murky from the collection of dust and  pollutants that are no longer able to be lifted from the surface. This can become a problem in cities where many pollutants exist. Inversion effects occur frequently in big cities such as:

These cities are closely surrounded by hills and mountains, or on plains which are surrounded by mountain chains, which makes an inversion trap the air in the city. During a severe inversion, trapped air pollutants form a brownish haze that can cause respiratory problems. The Great Smog of 1952 in London, England, is one of the most serious examples of such an inversion. It was blamed for an estimated 11,000 to 12,000 deaths.

Sometimes the inversion layer is at a high enough altitude that cumulus clouds can condense but can only spread out under the inversion layer.  This decreases the amount of sunlight reaching the ground and prevents new thermals from forming. As the clouds disperse, sunny weather replaces cloudiness in a cycle that can occur more than once a day.

As the temperature of air increases, the index of refraction of air decreases, a side effect of hotter air being less dense. Normally this results in distant objects being shortened vertically, an effect that is easy to see at sunset where the sun is visible as an oval. In an inversion, the normal pattern is reversed, and distant objects are instead stretched out or appear to be above the horizon, leading to the phenomenon known as a Fata Morgana or mirage.

Electromagnetic radiation (radio and television)
Very high frequency radio waves can be refracted by inversions, making it possible to hear FM radio or watch VHF low-band television broadcasts from long distances on foggy nights. The signal, which would normally be refracted up and away from the ground-based antenna, is instead refracted down towards the earth by the temperature-inversion boundary layer. This phenomenon is called tropospheric ducting. Along coast lines during Autumn and Spring, due to multiple stations being simultaneously present because of reduced propagation losses, many FM radio stations are plagued by severe signal degradation causing them to sound scrambled.

Sound
When an inversion layer is present, if a sound or explosion occurs at ground level, the sound wave is reflected from the warmer upper layer and returns towards the ground. The sound, therefore, travels much farther than normal. This is noticeable in areas around airports, where the sound of aircraft taking off and landing often can be heard at greater distances around dawn than at other times of day, and inversion thunder which is significantly louder and travels further than when it is produced by lightning strikes under normal conditions.

Shock waves
The shock wave from an explosion can be reflected by an inversion layer in much the same way as it bounces off the ground in an air-burst and can cause additional damage as a result. This phenomenon killed three people in the Soviet RDS-37 nuclear test when a building collapsed.

See also

References

Perambatan frekuensi radio
Meteorologi

Penyongsangan suhu


Swami Ganeshananda Giri  (1890(?) - 19 November 1987), popularly known as Ganesh Baba, and more formally as 'Shri Mahant Ganesh Giriji Maharaj', was a yogi and teacher in the tradition of Kriya Yoga.

Life
His mother was from Nepal and his father was from East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh). He was born in Orissa between 1890 and 1895.

In the early part of his life he was a successful and wealthy businessman. Some time after 1945 he retired from worldly life and took sanyas vows, becoming a monk in the tradition of the Naga Babas, more exactly, in the Anandakara branch of the movement founded by Shankaracharya. He received spiritual teachings from several sources, but his main spiritual practice was Kriya Yoga.

Ganesh Baba stated that he received the four Kriya Yoga initiations from Lahiri Mahasaya (at the age of four, in a dream), Sanyal Mahasaya, Tripura Charan Devsharma and Swāmī Śivānanda Saraswatī.

He became well-known to young Westerners visiting India in the 1960s. In the late 1970s he lived at Swayambunath (near Kathmandu) where he received many visitors and gave courses in Kriya Yoga practice.

Everyone who met him were impressed and he was held in high esteem by both Indians and Westerners. He was talkative and would spend hours regaling his listeners with what some might call 'tall tales'.

Ganesh Baba's teachings incorporated Western scientific concepts. He taught that there is a cyclic cosmic process of involution and evolution, and he developed a system of correspondences - a "Cycle of Synthesis" - between levels of Kriya Yoga practice, the five koshas, the planets, the kayas, the Yugas, the cakras, the stages of organic evolution and the Jungian psychological types. He left three manuscripts and many volumes of short essays and papers. The longer manuscripts, "Search of Self," an unfinished autobiography, "Sadhana," a kriya yoga manual, and a detailed essay on his Cycle of Synthesis, are synthesized and updated as The Crazy Wisdom of Ganesh Baba, by Eve Neuhaus (2010).

In 1979 he had developed eye cataracts and was going blind. His Western followers arranged for him to visit the U.S.A. for an operation, as a result of which he recovered his sight. Since many of the young Westerners who had met him in India and Nepal were glad to have him in the U.S. he remained there for seven years, teaching Kriya Yoga to small groups on the East Coast and West Coast. He returned to India in 1986. He visited a Kriya Yoga center in France (which was established by his French followers), then went back to India. He died at Nainital on 19 November 1987, and is buried at the Alakha Nath Temple in Bareilly.

External links
 Ganesh Baba
 Ganesh Baba, in French; translated into English as The life of Swami Ganeshanand Giri, 'Ganesh Baba'

 Flickr: photo of Ganesh Baba

1890 births
1987 deaths
20th-century Bengalis
Indian Hindu yogis
Kriya yogis
People from Cuttack

Ganesh Baba


The Iraq Resolution or the Iraq War Resolution (formally the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002, is a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress in October 2002 as Public Law No: 107-243, authorizing military action against Iraq.

References

2002 in the United States
Iraq War

Iraq Resolution


Transport, or transportation, is moving people or things from one place to another place. Transport can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations.

Infrastructure includes cableways, roads, railways, airports, canals and pipelines. The infrastructure is the network where things are carried. Infrastructure also includes airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports (docks). Infrastructure is usually built by governments and paid for by taxes from the citizens of a country or region. Infrastructure such as roads and railways are designed by civil engineers and urban planners.

Vehicles or vessels travel on the infrastructure. Vehicles include cable cars, cars, trucks, trains, spaceships and airplanes. Vehicles are usually designed by mechanical engineers. Vessels include boats, ferries, and barges which travel on canals and use docks and seaports. In the same way that trains use train stations, airplanes use airports. In the same way that trains use railway lines (train tracks), airplanes use flight paths and then fly in the sky.

Operations control the system. Operations include traffic signals, railway signals and air traffic control. Operations also include the government policies (a policy is a plan of action to guide decisions and actions) and regulations (a set or group of laws and rules) used to control the system, such as tolls, fuel taxes, and traffic laws.

Transport and communications
Transport and communication can be used instead of each other (someone could telephone a person rather than visit them). Transport traffic also needs communication.  For example, air traffic control lets more airplanes fly. So, an increase of either transport or communication usually leads to an increase in the other one.

Transport, energy, and the environment
Transport uses a lot of energy. Trams, trolleybuses and trains use electricity and cycling is human-powered. Most transport uses hydrocarbons (oil and gas). This can create pollution. Environmental regulations (laws) and low-pollution fuels (for example liquified natural gas) can reduce pollution. But as more vehicles are used, more pollution is created.  Ethanol and biodiesel pollute less than petroleum.

Kinds of transportation

Transport can be by cable, land, water or air:
 Cable using cableways. e.g. cable cars and ski lifts etc.
 Land transport using walking, roads and railway tracks  by bicycles and other vehicles. e.g. buses, cars, trucks, trains, trams, bikes etc.
 Water transport using ships and  barges in canals and in rivers and seas  e.g. ships, submarines, jet skis etc.
 Air transportation using airplanes and airports and helicopters. e.g. jets, aeroplanes etc.
 Pipeline

References

Other websites

Basic English 850 words

Transport


EMI was a music company founded in London. It is in charge of a record label, EMI Music. EMI is one of the "big four" record labels; the labels not part of the "big four" are called independent. It started in 1931, when it was called "Electric and Music Industries". In 1957, it took over Capitol Records, an American record company.

In 1962, The Beatles signed a contract with EMI's Parlophone Records, and they became the company's most successful musicians. The Beatles made nearly all their recordings at Abbey Road Studios, EMI's main recording studios in London.

In 1992, EMI bought Virgin Records, which had been owned by Richard Branson. It almost bought Universal Records in 1998, also. In 2007, EMI was taken over by a group called Terra Firma, after it said no to a bid from Warner Music Group.

Other famous musicians that were with EMI include Prince, Pink Floyd, Spice Girls, and Coldplay.

In 2012, Universal Music Group bought EMI, but the European Commission told Universal to sell some of EMI's record labels. Parlophone, the oldest EMI label, was sold to Warner Music Group; while BMG bought Mute Records. EMI's music publishing business was sold to a group that included Sony/ATV Music Publishing.

References

Other websites
EMI website

British record labels
1931 establishments

EMI


In Norse mythology, Billingr (Old Norse: ; or Billing) is the father of a maiden (whose name is not provided) desired by Odin. According to stanzas 96-102 of the poem Hávamál from the Poetic Edda, Odin was told by the maiden to meet her after nightfall when it would be safest and she would give herself to him, but when Odin returned he found the path blocked by warriors with swords and burning torches. When he came back at daybreak he discovered that the maiden was gone and had left a female dog tied to the bed in her place. In this way Odin was thwarted in his attempts to possess the girl. The episode is narrated in the first person by Odin himself and used by him as an example of the supposed fickleness and deception of women, and he laments the folly of longing for that which is unobtainable.

Billingr was presumably either a giant or a dwarf, and John Lindow in Norse Mythology (2001) presents arguments for both possibilities. For example, Billing is listed as a dwarf name in the Hauksbók manuscript version of Völuspá and is found in a kenning for poetry: "cup of the son of Billing." Since the dwarves and giants both possessed the Mead of Poetry before Odin obtained it, this kenning applies whether Billing is a dwarf or a giant. On the other hand, if Billing is a dwarf then his daughter would be one of the very few female dwarves in the mythology, while Odin's relations with giantesses are well attested throughout the Eddas.

References
Larrington, Carolyne (transl.) (1996). The Poetic Edda. Oxford World's Classics. .
Lindow, John (2001). Norse Mythology. Oxford University Press. .

Norse dwarves
Jötnar

Billingr


Bibliography (Greek βίβλος = book γραφή = write) is the arrangement of printed books and articles according to author or subject, and the publication of lists of titles. Bibliographies are of many different kinds and may be annotated with information about their contents. Bibliographies may be organized in various ways, such as by authors, subjects or date of publication. Bibliographies without annotations are sometimes given the modest title of checklists.

Another meaning of Bibliography is the academic study of books as physical and cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology. This kind of bibliography is not concerned with the written content of books, but rather the "bookness" of books-–how they were designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted and collected.

Other websites
 Modern Language Association Citation style

Book terminology
Literature

Bibliography


Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali "Guido Carli" (Italian for Free International University of Social Studies "Guido Carli"), known by the acronym "LUISS" or "LUISS Guido Carli", is a private university located in Rome, Italy, founded in 1974 by a group of entrepreneurs led by Umberto Agnelli, brother of Gianni Agnelli.

It provides undergraduate and post-graduate education, in addition to a range of Double Degree programs, in the fields of finance, business, management, law, and political science. It is located near the historical center of the city, between the neighborhoods of Parioli and Trieste. The university is supported by Confindustria, the Italian Confederation of Industries. Luiss has four different campuses: one in Viale Romania, one in Via Parenzo, one in Villa Blanc, and the last one in Viale Pola. It also has a library in Via Santa Costanza.

History
In 1974 a group of entrepreneurs led by Umberto Agnelli (the brother of Gianni Agnelli, who at the time was president of Confindustria), launched a project investing economic and intellectual resources in the establishment of a university. This university would be designed to offer undergraduate and postgraduate education that is geared toward the needs of the market.

Luiss came out of a pre-existing university (Pro Deo University, founded in 1966), which was redesigned and renamed Luiss (an acronym for Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali, which means "Free International University of Social Studies") in 1977. Eventually, other public and private industrial groups, as well as some banks, joined the founders.

The group of businessmen and bankers who had promoted and financed the birth of the project, as well as the transformation of the organization of the old Pro Deo University, into the more modern ones of Luiss University, as it is today, was established in 1985 in the current "Friends of Luiss". This has had since its inception Senator Umberto Agnelli as its president, who was then succeeded by Francesco Gaetano Caltagirone (still in office), and plays a vital role in the collection and distribution of economic resources to be allocated to provide scholarships for students who have enormous potential but a lack of economic resources, and to ensure that the most brilliant Luiss graduates have the possibility of earning PhDs to dedicate themselves to scientific research with a view to an academic career or advanced professional activities.

Guido Carli, former Governor of the Banca d'Italia, President of Confindustria, and later Senator was President of Luiss from 1978 until he died in 1993. His work was so highly esteemed that in 1994 the university changed its name to Luiss Guido Carli.

Originally the university had only the faculties of Economics and Political Science, which added the faculty of Law in 1982. In 2011 an academic reorganization took place, which resulted in today's four Departments: Law, Business and Management, Economics and Finance, and Political Science. Today the university offers many courses entirely taught in English, such as 'Economics & Business' or 'Politics, Philosophy and Economics'.

Rankings

● Luiss ranks among the top 100 European Business Schools, as stated by the Financial Times' official ranking.

● Luiss is ranked 14th in the world, 1st in Italy and 2nd in Europe in political science and international studies, according to the QS ranking 2023.

● Top 46 worldwide in economics and management (QS ranking 2023)

● Top 47 worldwide in law (QS ranking 2023)

● It entered the top 100 of the world's most prestigious universities for the social sciences in 2022, doubling its position from 2021.

● Ranked 1st in Italy among medium-sized universities, and 1st in Italy among private universities (Censis).

● Since 2017, the university has climbed an average of more than 200 places in every field it teaches (according to the QS 2022 ranking by subject).

● In late 2022, according to the Financial Times Master's in Management 2022 rankings, the university remains in the top 100 for all indicators and has moved up more than 20 places in one year, ranking 53rd.

Luiss joins the world's elite 15 universities in Politics and International Studies in the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2023. The University's impressive rise continues as it now ranks in the top 50 positions globally for "Business and Management" and "Law" areas, having climbed more than 30 positions in one year.

Admission
To attend a degree program at one of the four Departments at Luiss, candidates must pass an admission test. Each year a maximum number of places available is set and the admission test is done in two different sessions (one in February and one in May), after which a ranking by session is drafted, where each student has a score made up of their final grade in secondary school and their test score. Admission is based on the available slots and where selected students choose not to attend, other students are selected from the waiting list.

The admission test lasts 90 minutes and is made up of 100 multiple-choice questions measuring general culture (15%) and aptitude (85%). The subjects on the test are logic and reading comprehension; logical and mathematical aptitude and financial mathematics; numerical and spatial logic; abstract reasoning and critical/verbal skills; knowledge of general math and general culture (current events, history, literature, philosophy); and English.

On average, candidates admitted to Luiss are high achievers: 68.1% of students have a final secondary school average of over 90/100, compared to the national average of 24.6%.

To be admitted to a master's degree, Luiss' graduates with degree grades of 100 or above can be admitted to degree programs without having to take an admission test, until all the available slots are taken. Graduates from other universities (for a maximum of 250) must take a written test to apply for admission.

Organization
The university is divided into the following four departments:

Department of Law
The academic organization provides a single five-year cycle for the combined bachelor's and master's degree program in Law (Category: LGM/01).

Department of Business and Management
The Department of Business and Management offers the following degree programs:
 Bachelor's degree in Economics and Management (category L-18); Management and Computer Science (category L-18);
 Master's degree in Business Management (category LM-77); Management in English (category LM-77); Accounting, Finance and Control (category LM-77); Marketing (category LM-77); Corporate Finance (category LM-77); Global Management and Politics (category LM-77)

Department of Economics and Finance
The Department of Economics and Finance offers the following degree programs:
 Bachelor's degree in Economics and Business (category L-33);
 Master's degree in Economics and Finance (category LM-56)

Department of Political Science
The Department of Political Science offers the following degree programs:
 Bachelor's degree in Politics, philosophy and economics (category L-36);
 Master's degree in International Relations (category LM-62); Government and Policies (category LM-62)

Postgraduate degrees
The university has several autonomous postgraduate schools:

 LUISS Business School is a school for professional management and a center of research and management consulting. It has its MBA program, various types of master's degrees, and ad hoc training courses for business customers;
 LUISS School of Government offers specific training, through the provision of four different master's degrees in the field of political processes and decision-making, both in the public and private sectors;
 The Specialized School for the Legal Professions offers two-year programs for the theoretical study of specific legal issues along with practice activities such as mock trials;
 The Massimo Baldini School of Journalism offers two-year programs that require enrollment in the journalism trainee program. At the end of the course (taught by professional journalists, academics, and technical specialists), the university confers a diploma.

Corporate placement and campus drive
LUISS provides a wide network of corporate placement opportunities for its students and recently collaborated internationally for exploring students' dynamics for international experience. The first collaboration took place in December 2021 with TreeAndHumanKnot RisingIndia Think-tank.

Campuses

LUISS Guido Carli currently has five campuses in Rome.

The historic campus is situated at Viale Pola 12 (in the 1930s, this was the residence of Galeazzo Ciano and Edda Mussolini), which is referred to in most of the documents that mention the university. It continues to house the university's general management, administrative services, human resources, and academic support services. Also at this location are master's degrees, the School of Journalism and the Specialized School for the Legal Professions, as well as the Luiss Business School and LUISS University Press.

The Viale Romania campus opened in October 2007 at Viale Romania 32, in the heart of the Parioli quarter in Rome. This campus has the largest number of buildings and students even though it has not yet been completed: only the first 9,420 m² out of the 28,000 m² planned are currently being used. This campus (converted from a former school entirely redesigned as a university campus) houses the Departments of Business and Management, Economics and Finance, and Political Science, the Student Office, the Orientation Office, the Placement Office, Teaching and Research, International Relations and IT.

The Department of Law is located at Via Parenzo 11, which is not far from the historic campus of Viale Pola. The building was originally a hospital for blind war veterans (commemorated by a marble plaque inside the building). In the 1990s, Confindustria decided to take over the structure, restoring the original plan and shape of the building while completely renovating the interior. The building was designed by Pietro Aschieri in 1929-1931 and renovated by Studio Passarelli 1990-93. Substantial parts of the interior were renovated to their original design.

The newest Luiss campus is Villa Blanc, home to the LUISS Business School, at Via Nomentana 216. The campus was inaugurated in June 2018.

There is also the campus located at Via di Santa Costanza, which houses a library that specializes in the economic, legal, political, and social sciences. The Library has over 100,000 books, 1,800 journals, and 80 databases.

Administration

Presidents
 , from the university's founding to October 31, 1975 ("Pro Deo" and "Luiss")
 Carlo Ferrero, from November 1, 1975, to October 31, 1978
 Guido Carli, from November 1, 1978, to April 23, 1993
 Luigi Abete, from November 1, 1993, to July 18, 2001
 Antonio D'Amato, from July 18, 2001, to December 20, 2004
 Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, from December 20, 2004, to July 15, 2010
 Emma Marcegaglia, from July 16, 2010
 Vincenzo Boccia, from June 19, 2019

Rectors
 Roberto Lucifredi, from November 1, 1966, to July 27, 1974 ("Pro Deo")
 Giuseppe Mira, from November 1, 1974, to October 31, 1977 ("Pro Deo" and "Luiss")
 Rosario Romeo, from November 1, 1978, to July 16, 1984 ("Luiss")
 Carlo Scognamiglio, from November 1, 1984, to June 18, 1992
 Mario Arcelli, from July 16, 1992, to September 30, 2002
 Adriano De Maio, from October 1, 2002, to June 16, 2005
 Marcello Foschini, from June 16, 2005, to September 30, 2006
 Massimo Egidi, from October 1, 2006, to October 3, 2016
 Paola Severino, from October 3, 2016, to June 18, 2018
 Andrea Prencipe, from June 18, 2018

General Managers
 Pier Luigi Celli, from May 1, 2005, to July 14, 2013
 Giovanni Lo Storto, from July 15, 2013

Other figures

Deans of departments
 Antonio Nuzzo (Dean of the Department of Law)
 Stefano Manzocchi (Dean of the Department of Economics and Finance)
 Alessandro Zattoni (Dean of the Department of Business and Management)
 Roberto D'Alimonte (Dean of the Department of Political Science)

Faculty (former and current)
 Glauco Benigni (Author, journalist, former Head of International Press Rai International)
 Francesco Giorgino (RAI Conductor)
 Giuliano Amato (jurist, politician, former Prime Minister of Italy)
 Dario Antiseri (philosopher)
 Daniele Archibugi (economist)
 Fabiano Schivardi (economist)
 Fabrizio Cacciafesta (mathematician)
 Matteo Arpe (banker, former CEO of Capitalia)
 Antonio Baldassarre (former President of the Constitutional Court of Italy, President of SISAL and RAI)
Giuseppe Conte (former Prime Minister of Italy)
 Vincenzo Caianiello (former President of the Constitutional Court of Italy, jurist, magistrate and politician)
 Lucio Caracciolo (geopolitical analyst)
 Antonio Catricalà (jurist)
 Pier Luigi Celli (writer, entrepreneur, manager)
 Fulvio Conti (CEO and general manager of ENEL)
 Roberto D'Alimonte (political analyst)
 Vincenzo Fagiolo (cardinal)
 Fabio Fortuna (economist)
 Augusto Fantozzi (former Minister of Finance)
 Domenico Fisichella (political analyst, then Senator, Minister of Culture, Vice President of the Senate)
 Giovanni Maria Flick (former President of the Constitutional Court of Italy)
 Franco Fontana (President of Cassa di Risparmio della Provincia dell'Aquila and chairman of the board of Statutory Auditors at ENEL)
 Enrico Giovannini (economist, statistician and former Minister of Labour)
 David Held (political analyst, philosopher)
 Antonio Martino (economist, politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Defense)
 Daniele Mastrogiacomo (journalist)
 Giuseppe Mazzei (journalist)
 Carlo Mezzanotte (Vice President Emeritus of the Constitutional Court of Italy)
 Andrea Monorchio (economist and accountant general of the State)
 Fiamma Nirenstein (journalist and politician)
 Giovanni Orsina (historian, scientific editor of the Luigi Einaudi Foundation, Rome)
 Alessandro Pajno (magistrate, President of the Council of State)
 Luciano Pellicani (sociologist and journalist)
 Pietro Perlingieri (jurist and university professor)
 Mario Pescante (entrepreneur and politician)
 Roberto Pessi (labor law expert and lawyer)
 Francesco Pizzetti (jurist, President of the Authority to Guarantee Privacy)
 Gianni Profita (economist)
 Gaetano Quagliariello (politician, former Minister for Constitutional Reform)
 Giuseppe Pizza (politician and Undersecretary of Public Education, Universities and Scientific Research)
 Pietro Reichlin (economist, brother of Lucrezia Reichlin)
 Gian Luigi Rondi (critic)
 Giuseppe Sacco (economist, columnist)
 Paolo Savona (economist, former Minister of Industry, President of Unicredit Bank of Rome)
 Carlo Scognamiglio (former President of the Senate, Minister of Defense, Honorary President of the Italian Aspen Institute and of the Rizzoli-Corriere della Sera publishing group)
 Vincenzo Scotti (politician, Minister of the Interior and Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs)
 Paola Severino (jurist, former Minister of Justice)
 Chicco Testa (entrepreneur)
 Sergio Vento (diplomat)
 Vincenzo Visco (former Minister of Finance and Vice Minister of Economy)
 Victor Zaslavsky (historian)

Alumni
 Elisabetta Belloni (Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
 Rosy Bindi (politician)
 Concetta Brescia Morra (professor of Law, member of the SSM Administrative Board of Review)
 Daniele Capezzone (politician)
 Annagrazia Calabria (politician)
 Fabio Caressa (journalist)
 Lorenzo Cesa (politician)
 Giovanni Chiodi (politician)
 Ranieri de Marchis (Head of Internal Audit at UniCredit)
 Giovanni Floris (journalist)
 Gerardo Greco (journalist)
 Giulia Innocenzi (journalist)
 Maurizio Lauri (Chairman of the Board of Statutory Auditors at UniCredit)
 Giampiero Massolo (Ambassador, President of Fincantieri, former General Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
Antonio Mele (economist)
 Carlo Messina (CEO of Intesa Sanpaolo)
 Massimo Moratti (CEO of Saras S.p.A.)
 Marco Nori (CEO of Isolfin)
Marco Furore (politician, MEP)
Nicola Ottaviani (politician, mayor of Frosinone)
 Pieter Omtzigt (Dutch politician)
Elio Leoni Sceti (businessman)
Alessandro Cardelli (Capitan Regent of the Republic of San Marino)
Alessandro Battilocchio (politician)
 Fabio Panetta (Deputy Governor of Banca d'Italia, member of the SSM Supervisory Board)
 Roberto Speranza (politician, current Minister of Health)
 Riccardo Zacconi (CEO of King)
 Luca Maestri (CFO of Apple Inc.)
Paljin Tulku Rinpoche
 Princess Victoria Romanovna (businesswoman)

See also
 List of Italian universities
 List of business schools in Europe
 Rome

References

External links

Educational institutions established in 1974
Mass media in Rome
1974 establishments in Italy
Rome Q. XVII Trieste

Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli


The Book of Hosea is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible and of the Christian Old Testament.
The book was written roughly between 760 and 720 BC and is about a man who was told by God to marry a woman who would not live with him as she should have done. Even though Hosea brought her back to his house and had some children with her, she kept leaving him and going away to other men.  Hosea was told that his story was a picture of the way God's people treated God, by going after other gods (idols) even though God wanted them to stay with Him and love Him.

Books of the Hebrew Bible
Old Testament books
8th-century BC books

Book of Hosea


In the fictional world of the Star Trek television series, books, and video games, Starfleet is the group that manages space exploration.  From the second half of the 22nd Century through at least the 25th Century, Starfleet is a part of the United Federation of Planets, a political group of planets with intelligent life, including Earth and Vulcan.  Members of Starfleet come from many different planets and are from many different species.  Though the mission of Starfleet is peaceful exploration of space, the group is also responsible for defense of Federation planets.

Mission

In the television series Star Trek: Enterprise, set in the 22nd Century, Starfleet is an Earth space exploration program whose mission is "to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldy go where no man has gone before".  Captain Jonathan Archer and the crew of the starship "Enterprise" travel into deep space to meet alien species and do scientific research.

In the year 2161, Earth joins the United Federation of Planets, which adopts Starfleet as its space exploration service.

Starfleet officers have ranks similar to Earth's Naval forces, and follow the Chain of Command, but they are not a military group.  There is one law all Starfleet officers are required to follow called the Prime Directive. It says that members of Starfleet are not allowed to interfere (become involved in) the way a primitive society develops.  Starfleet officers are trained at Starfleet Academy, located in San Francisco.  Starfleet officers are given orders by Starfleet Command, located on Earth.

Starships

Starfleet explores space using space vessels called starships.  The USS Enterprise is the most well known starship, and there have been several of them in Starfleet from the 22nd Century through at least the 24th Century.  One of the most famous Starfleet captains is James T. Kirk (from the television series Star Trek).  Another famous Starfleet captain is Jean-Luc Picard, the captain of the USS Enterprise-D.

Starships are large and can carry from hundreds to over a thousand crew members.  They are capable of scientific research, as well as carrying weapons called phasers and photon torpedoes for defending the Federation.  They travel much faster than the speed of light using an engine called warp drive.

Star Trek
San Francisco in fiction

Starfleet


Sunday Breakfast Mission, in Wilmington, Delaware, was established in 1893 to provide homeless men with a meal and a place to worship on Sunday.  Shortly after, homeless men were able to seek overnight shelter there.

Sunday Breakfast Mission is part of the Association of Gospel Rescue Missions.  The vision has grown through the years to include a residential discipleship program for men who are seeking healing from previous problems in their life, a community outreach program that provides hundreds of food boxes, household goods and clothing to those who need a hand, and special events several times each year.  These events include but are not limited to a backpack give away in August where 1700 children receive backpacks and school supplies, a Thanksgiving basket project where 800 families receive food for Thanksgiving, and the Great Thanksgiving Banquet on Thanksgiving Day when the mission opens its doors for hundreds to come share this meal.

Volunteers
Volunteers are an integral part of the Sunday Breakfast Mission.  Some volunteer their time regularly, and others who may only volunteer for the large-scale special events.  A complete list of volunteer opportunities is located on the Sunday Breakfast Mission Website.

Women and children
In an effort to reach the homeless in Wilmington and its surrounding communities, the Sunday Breakfast Mission will break ground for an addition that will house women and children.  Some of the services to be offered consist of:

Nutrition Classes
Parenting Classes
Substance Abuse/Major Life Issues Counseling
After School Programming
Meals and Shelter.

Sharing the Gospel
The Gospel of Jesus Christ is shared with each person who comes through the doors of the mission, with the hope that more souls will be won for Christ. This is done in a variety of ways, morning chapel is held for residents, while evening chapel is held for residents and those seeking shelter for the night.  Each person who receives help through the community outreach services receives the Gospel of Jesus Christ as well.

External links
Sunday Breakfast Mission

City and Gospel Rescue Missions
Organizations established in 1893
1893 establishments in Delaware
Buildings and structures in Wilmington, Delaware

Sunday Breakfast Mission


The Coat o Airms o Maltae is the emblem o the kintra o Maltae.
The present coat o airms is describit bi the Emblem an Public Seal o Maltae Act o 1988 as a shield showin an heraldic representation o the naitional banner; abuin the shield a mural croun in gowd wi a sally port an five turrets representin the fortifications o Maltae an denotin a Ceety State; an aroond the shield a wreath o twa branches: the dexter o Olive, the sinister o Palm, seembols o peace an tradeetionally associatit wi Maltae, aw in thair proper colours, tied at base wi a white ribbon, backed reid an upon which are written the wirds Repubblika ta' Malta ("Republic o Maltae" in Maltese) in caipital letters in black.

The naitional coat o airms an aa appears on the banner o the Preses o Maltae, as well as on the 10c, 20c an 50c Maltese euro coins.

References

Naitional seembols o Maltae
Maltae

Coat o airms o Maltae


David Smith (27 November 1962 – 18 May 2002) was an English professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the ring names, (The) British Bulldog and Davey Boy Smith. He had a close relationship with the Hart family and was trained in The Hart Dungeon by Stu Hart. Smith died of a heart attack.

Championships
Smith held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

All Japan Pro Wrestling
January 2nd Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal Winner in 1989

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Match of the Year in 1992 vs. Bret Hart at SummerSlam
PWI ranked him #15 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1993.
PWI ranked him #5 of the 100 best tag teams of the PWI Years in 2003 with The Dynamite Kid
PWI ranked him 53 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003

Stampede Wrestling
NWA Stampede International Tag Team Championship (Calgary version) (two times) with Bruce Hart
Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship (two times) with The Dynamite Kid
Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship (two times)
Stampede World Mid-Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame
World Wrestling Federation
WWF European Championship (two times)
WWF Hardcore Championship (two times)
WWF Intercontinental Championship (one time)
WWF World Tag Team Championship (two times) (with The Dynamite Kid (one) and Owen Hart (one))
Battle Royal at the Royal Albert Hall Winner
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2020)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Best Wrestling Maneuver in 1984 Power clean dropkick
Feud of the Year in 1997 with Bret Hart, Owen Hart, Jim Neidhart, and Brian Pillman vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin
Tag Team of the Year in 1985 with The Dynamite Kid

References

Other websites

1962 births
2002 deaths
English professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
WWE Hall of Fame
Sportspeople from Lancashire
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in British Columbia

Davey Boy Smith


Chatham is a large town in Medway, North Kent. About 70,000 people live there. The town is important because of its harbour. Even though the harbour is no longer used, it is still important for tourism. The first mention of the town was in the year 1086. In the year 1667, the docks were attacked by the Dutch. Charles Dickens lived in Chatham from 1817 to 1821.

In the Chatham town centre is The Pentagon Shopping Centre as well as the Chatham Waterfront bus station and close by is Chatham railway station.

Medway
Towns in Kent

Chatham, Kent


Dallas 362 is a 2003 film, starring and directed by Scott Caan. This film was Caan's debut as a director.

The movie won the Critics Award at the 2003 CineVegas International Film Festival in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Plot
Rusty, played by Shawn Hatosy, and Dallas, played by Caan, are best friends, in their mid-20s.  Their main source of income is collecting small debts for a local crime boss, Bear (played by Heavy D).  Rusty's mother, played by Kelly Lynch, is constantly bailing them out of jail, stitching  their cuts, and trying desperately to get them to change their ways, but can't seem to break them out of this destructive pattern.  Desperate to help her son, she persuades Rusty to begin sessions with the therapist she is dating, Bob (Jeff Goldblum).

Around the same time that Rusty is making up his mind to go back to Texas to compete in rodeos, Dallas is presented the opportunity to be the driver for "Rubin the Roofer", where there is supposedly $50,000 to be had, of which he will get $20,000.  But he has to put $1,000 up front for Rubin, to ensure he doesn't get scared and flee.  In the search to collect the $1,000, Dallas attempts to borrow $300 from Christian (played by Val Lauren), one of the men they collect money from for Bear.  Christian refuses to loan Dallas the money, so Dallas offers to rob Bear with Christian, telling Christian he knows for a fact that there is $150,000 to be had, as long as he gives him the $300.

Christian ends up overhearing Dallas tell Rusty that he won't go through with the plan with Christian, but will still do the job with Rubin.  Christian follows Dallas and Rubin on their robbery job, and it turns out that they are robbing Bear.  After Rubin goes inside, Dallas decides to go after him to get the proper share of the $150,000.  They end up getting killed trying to rob Bear.

In the end, Rusty goes to Texas, and rodeos like he wanted to. On the bus ride to Texas, Rusty sees a sign that reads "Dallas 362", the title of the film.

Cast
 Scott Caan as Dallas
 Jeff Goldblum as Bob
 Shawn Hatosy as Rusty
 Kelly Lynch as Mary
 Heavy D as "Bear"
 Val Lauren as Christian Potter

External links

2003 films
2003 crime drama films
American crime drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Dallas 362


The Lee's Ferry and Lonely Dell Ranch Historic District includes the ranch homesteaded by Mormon pioneer John D. Lee at Lees Ferry, Arizona, and now in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. It is notable for its association with Lee, the ferry and the ranch's extensive irrigation facilities. The district was originally designated the Lonely Dell Ranch Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, but was expanded to include Lee's Ferry in 1997.

Lees Ferry occupies an area on either side of the Colorado River, while Lonely Dell Ranch nearby on the west bank of Paria Canyon, leaving a space of fertile bottomland available for cultivation. The period of significance for the district extends from the 1871 arrival of the Lees to the last run of the ferry in 1928, superseded by the new Navajo Bridge.

John D. Lee
Lee was a practicing polygamist who built cabins for two of his families at Lees Ferry. His wife Emma named the ranch at Lees Ferry "Lonely Dell" due to its austere remoteness. Lee's ferry started service on January 11, 1873, ferrying Mormon settlers across the river. Tensions rose between the settlers and the Navajo, whose lands were being occupied by the settlers, resulting in the construction of the Lee's Ferry Fort at the crossing in 1874. No conflict arose at the ferry, so the fort became a trading post, then a residence. In 1877 Lee was executed for his role in the Mountain Meadows massacre. In 1879, the LDS Church bought the ferry rights from Emma Lee, granting the ferry service to Warren Marshall Johnson and his families. A number of structures remain in the district from the polygamist period of the Lee and Johnson families.

American Placer Corporation
The American Placer Corporation office was established at Lee's Ferry in 1910 and abandoned the next year.  In that interval, the company constructed a steamboat, the Charles H. Spencer, named for the company's founder, to transport coal mined farther up the river to the company's amalgamation operation at Lee's Ferry. The boat, in use for one year, was docked and finally sank in a 1921 flood. Its remains are visible in the river, and it is separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

In 1922 the office building was re-occupied as the Lee's Ferry Post Office, but was abandoned in 1924. Another brief use came in  1931.

Irrigation
Lee started construction of the first earthen dam on the Paria River in January 1872 and by March irrigated his first crop. By April this first dam washed out. Lee soon replaced the dam reinforced with a large base log packed with brush, rocks, and dirt. The dam was subsequently washed out and rebuilt many times over the coming years. In 1883, in order to bring water to an upper field, Warren Johnson constructed a dam on a second site higher up the Paria. By 1900, the dams were replaced with new ones made of logs and sandbags. In 1905, Irving Pierce constructed a tunnel-and-flume delivery system to replace the ditches bringing water from the upper dam to the fields. By the time Leo Weaver bought the ranch in 1935, several more dams had been washed out. Weaver's attempt to replace the dams also failed. Gus and Warren Griffin made improvements upon the system, including a stone lined ditch. Most of what exists today is related to the Griffin improvements In 1965, the consortium that owned the ranch created two holding ponds for irrigation water against the west wall of Paria canyon. In 1977, the National Park Service pumped water from the Colorado River instead of the Paria. The Park Service constructed a new holding tank near the south end of the site, at the same time removing remains of the flume system and valve platform for a trail. This system remains in use as of 1999.

Lead etching
In January 2002 a lead plate, or scroll, was found in the Lee's Ferry Fort with an etching purporting to be by John D. Lee in 1872.  It was discovered by a National Parks worker while cleaning up inside the structure, which is restricted from public access.  The brief writing accused Mormon leaders Brigham Young and George A. Smith of ordering the Mountain Meadows Massacre, for which Lee was convicted and sentenced to die.  Despite some evidence suggesting this is a forgery, historian Will Bagley claims it fits with the historical context and Lee's writing style.  He wrote, "If the scroll is a fake, it is a good one--so good that only a few people could have pulled it off."  Forensic investigator George Throckmorton, who helped crack the Mark Hofmann forgeries, examined the plate in 2003 and took samples for chemical analysis in 2007.

References

External links
 NPS−Glen Canyon National Recreation Area: Lee's Ferry History

Buildings and structures in Coconino County, Arizona
Colorado River
Forts in Arizona
Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
Ranches on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
National Register of Historic Places in Coconino County, Arizona
Water transportation on the National Register of Historic Places
Historic American Buildings Survey in Arizona
1873 establishments in Arizona Territory

Lee's Ferry and Lonely Dell Ranch


Philip of Spain (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765. He founded the Parma line of the House of Bourbon. He was a son in law of Louis XV.

Infante of Spain

Born at the Royal Alcazar in Madrid, he was the fourth child and third son of Philip V of Spain and his wife, Elisabeth Farnese. He was raised in Madrid and as a child showed more interest in art than in politics. He was created Count of Chinchón, which he later ceded to his brother Louis in 1754.

Duke of Parma

His mother was the last of the Farnese, rulers the Duchy of Parma. The Duchy had been ruled between 1731 and 1736 by his elder brother Charles I, but exchanged with Austria for The Two Sicilies after the War of Polish Succession. Twelve years later, in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Austria lost Parma, and Philip became the new Duke, founding the Bourbons of Parma.

As part of the Treaty of Versailles (1757) between Austria and France it was intended that Philip would become King of the Southern Netherlands, in a deal that would see French troops occupy key positions in the country – however this arrangement was repudiated by the subsequent Third Treaty of Versailles and Philip continued in Parma.

Parma was ruined by many years of warfare, and in 1759 Philip named the abled Frenchmen Guillaume du Tillot as his minister to restore the economy. He stimulated education and philosophy, attracting personalities like Étienne Bonnot de Condillac.

Philip died unexpectedly on 18 July 1765 in Alessandria, Italy, after having accompanied his daughter Maria Luisa on her way to Genoa, where she sailed for Spain to marry Infante Charles. Through Philip's daughter Maria Luisa, he is an ancestor of the Bourbons of Spain, the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, and the House of Orléans.

Marriage

Philip married Louise Élisabeth of France in Alcalá de Henares, Spain on 25 October 1739. She was the eldest daughter of Louis XV. They had three children. The marriage was the first between the French and Spanish Bourbons, the other taking place in 1745 between Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain.

Issue

Isabella of Parma (31 December 1741 – 27 November 1763) married Archduke Joseph of Austria and had issue.
Ferdinand, Duke of Parma (20 January 1751 – 9 October 1802) married Maria Amalia of Austria and had issue.
Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) married her cousin, the Charles IV of Spain and had issue.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

15 March 1720  18 October 1748 His Royal Highness The Infante Don Felipe of Spain.
18 October 1748  18 July 1765 His Royal Highness The Duke of Parma, Infante of Spain.

Other websites

Bourbons of Parma
Dukes and Duchesses of Parma
Spanish infantes and infantas
1720 births
1765 deaths
Spanish House of Bourbon

Philip, Duke of Parma


Spike could mean:
 Nail, especially one more than 100mm (4 inches) long
 Rail spikes used to secure railroad rails to the wooden ties
 Spiked shoes worn by athletes, which provide more traction (similar to cleats)
 An adolescent male deer or male elk
 The Spike is a widely used nickname for the Spire of Dublin, a massive needle-like structure erected in Dublin in 2003
 Spike TV, a cable network that caters to a young male demographic (originally known as TNN, The National Network, or The Nashville Network)
 Spike missile, an Israel-developed guided anti-tank missile
 Spike bayonet, chiefly used on early muskets
 Voltage spike, or electrical surge
 The action potential which transmits signals along a nerve axon is often called a spike
 Spike is a botanical term for an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence with sessile flowers arranged along the axis
 Spike (company), a video game company

Media with Spike in the title include:
 The Spike (Borchgrave/Moss), a 1980 novel by Arnaud de Borchgrave, former editor of The Washington Times
 Spike of Bensonhurst, a 1988 movie directed by Paul Morrisey
 Spike (Elvis Costello album), a 1989 album by Elvis Costello
 The Spike (1997), a 1997 book by Damien Broderick
 Spike (Puffy AmiYumi album), a 2001 album by Puffy AmiYumi

A number of famous people are named Spike, including:
 Spike, a newcomer Romanian rapper promoted by Parazitii
 Spike Lee, a filmmaker
 Spike Jonze, a filmmaker
 Spike Jones, a satirist
 Spike Milligan, a satirist
 Spike Robinson, a jazz musician
 Spike Slawson, a punk vocalist and bassist of the Swinging Utters and Me First and the Gimme Gimmes
 Matt Hyson (aka Spike Dudley), former professional wrestler
 Spike (porn star), a gay pornography actor
 Spike Feresten, television writer and talk show host
 Spike Xavier, Lead Singer of Nu-Metal band Corporate Avenger
 Spike, a Welsh musician, co-founder of Z Block Records, Reptile Ranch and Weekend
 Spike O'Donnell, famous Irish/American gangster from Chicago
A number of fictional characters have been named Spike, including:
 Spike, a main playable character in the Ape Escape video game series
 Spike Spiegel, from the Japanese anime Cowboy Bebop
 Spike (Buffyverse), a vampire
 Spike, Fonzie's cousin in Happy Days
 Spike Fumo, in Spike of Bensonhurst
 Christine "Spike" Nelson, in the Degrassi series
 Spike Thomson, in Press Gang
 Spike, a member of the Screws Gang in Medabots
 Spike, a dragon character from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic
 Spike Lester, a character on the soap opera Passions
 The Spike (Marvel Comics), a member of the X-Statix
 Spike Freeman, another character in Marvel Comics' X-Statix/X-Force
 Spike (The Land Before Time), a young stegosaurus in The Land Before Time film series
 "Spike" Stoker, a supporting character from Jasper Fforde's Thursday Next books
 Joshua "Spike" Cohen, a Jew from Tom Robbins' novel Skinny Legs and All
 Spike, a character originating in Super Mario Bros. 3 who launches spiked mace balls at the player
 Spike, the boss of the Midday Gardens world in the Spyro: Year of the Dragon video game
 Spike, a character in the DC Comics comic book Sugar and Spike
 Spike Lavery, a character on All My Children, he the son Kendall and Ryan
 Father Spike, a high-church parish priest who is mentioned in C.S. Lewis' book The Screwtape Letters
 Spike, Roger Wilco's alien pet in Space Quest V: The Next Mutation
 Spike, a porcupine from the movie Over the Hedge
 Spike Witwicky, a character from the Transformers TV cartoon series and comic books
 Spike (NX Files), a fictional character in an action-adventure web-show called NX Files
 Michelangelo 'Spike' Scarlatti, a fictional character in the Canadian TV series Flashpoint

A number of cartoon dogs have been named Spike:
 Spike (Ace Ventura), Ace Ventura's dog in the motion picture Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls
Spike (Goofy Movie)
Spike (Peanuts), Snoopy's brother in Peanuts
 Spike (Tom and Jerry), Tom's and the other cats' nemesis in the cartoon series Tom and Jerry
 Spike the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier, in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons
 Spike, the family pet in Rugrats
 Spike, Heathcliff's nemesis in the comic strip and animated series Heathcliff
 Spike, Droopy's nemesis in Tex Avery's Droopy Dog theatrical cartoon series

As a place name, Spike may refer to:
 Spike is the former name of a village in Derbyshire now known as Poolsbrook

In sports, Spike may refer to:
 A spike is an offensive attack in volleyball
 Spiking in American football is to throw the ball forcefully and intentionally into the ground
 In Track and Field and cross country running, spiking an opponent (or sometimes, inadvertently, a team mate) is to kick them with the metal spikes in the bottom of the runner's shoe

Spike