William Thomas Haines (August 7, 1854 – June 4, 1919) was an American politician and the 49th Governor of Maine.

Early years
William Thomas Haines was born in Levant, Maine on August 7, 1854. As an undergraduate at the University of Maine, he founded the Eternal Companions Society  on the Orono Campus in 1875. The fraternity was later chartered as the Beta Eta chapter of Beta Theta Pi and Haines was issued roll number 1 in the new organization.  He graduated as Valedictorian of the University of Maine class of 1876 and went on to study law at Albany Law School where he completed his LL.B. degree in 1878. In May, 1879, Haines settled at Oakland (then West Waterville), Kennebec County, Maine, and commenced the practice of law. He remained there until October, 1880. He then moved to Waterville, Maine.

Politics
Haines became the county attorney of Kennebec County in 1882. He held that position for five years. He became a member of the Maine State Senate in 1888. He held that position until 1892. He became a member of the Maine House of Representatives in 1895. He served as the attorney general of Maine (1896-1901) and then became a member of the governor's executive council (1901-1905).

Governor of Maine
Haines was nominated for the governorship of Maine by the Republican Party in 1912. He went on to win the general election by a popular vote. He held the governor's office from January 1, 1913 to January 6, 1915. During his administration, a bond issue was authorized for road improvements. A public utilities bill and an anti-trust act were sanctioned. He was unsuccessful in his re-election bid.

Personal life
Haines married Edith S. Hemenway. He had three children. He was a Unitarian.

Sources

 Sobel, Robert and John Raimo. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978. Greenwood Press, 1988.

1854 births
1919 deaths
Republican Party governors of Maine
University of Maine alumni
People from Levant, Maine
Politicians from Waterville, Maine
Albany Law School alumni
Members of the Executive Council of Maine
American Unitarians
19th-century American politicians
Maine Attorneys General

William T. Haines


Note:the term "air conditioning" refers to any form of "Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning". This article deals specifically with units used as part of a cooling system.An air conditioner (AC) is a system or a machine that treats air in a defined, usually enclosed area via a refrigeration cycle in which warm air is removed and replaced with cooler air.

In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is called HVAC. Whenever Refrigeration is added it is called HVACR. Whether in homes, offices, or vehicles, its purpose is to provide comfort by altering the properties of the air, usually by cooling the air inside. The main function of an air conditioner is to change adverse temperatures.

History

In the 19th century British scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.

In 1842, American physician Dr. John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients. He hoped eventually to use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings and even considered cooling entire cities with a system of centralized air conditioning units.

Air conditioning applications
Air conditioning engineers broadly divide air conditioning applications into comfort and process.

Comfort applications aim to provide an indoor environment that remains relatively constant in a range preferred by humans despite changes in external weather conditions or in internal heat loads.

Process applications aim to provide a suitable environment for an industrial or a commercial process, regardless of internal heat loads and external weather conditions. Although often in the same comfort range, it is the requirements of the process that determines conditions, not human preference. Process applications include:
Hospital operating rooms in which air is filtered to high levels to reduce the risk of infection and the humidity is controlled to limit patient dehydration. Although temperatures are often in the comfort range, some specialist procedures such as open heart surgery require low temperatures (about 18 °C, 64 °F), and others such as neonatal relatively high temperatures (about 28 °C, 82 °F).
Cleanrooms for the production of integrated circuits and pharmaceuticals  etc. in which extremely high levels of air cleanliness and control of temperature and humidity are required for the success of the process.
Facilities for breeding laboratory animals. Since many animals normally only reproduce in spring, holding them in rooms that mirror spring-like conditions can cause them to reproduce all year round.
Aircraft air conditioning. Although nominally aimed at providing comfort for passengers and the cooling of equipment, aircraft air conditioning presents a special process due to the low air pressure outside the aircraft.

Other examples include:
 Data Processing Centers
 Textile Factories
 Physical Testing Facilities
 Plants and Farm Growing Areas
 Nuclear Facilities
 Mines
 Industrial Environments
 Food Cooking and Processing Areas

In both comfort and process applications, the objective is not only to control temperature; (although in some comfort applications, this is all that is controlled) but also factors like humidity, air movement, and air quality.)

 Air conditioning system basics and theories
 Refrigeration cycle

In the refrigeration cycle, a pump transfers heat from a lower temperature source into a higher temperature heat sink. Heat will naturally flow in the opposite direction. This is the most common type of air conditioning.  A refrigerated air conditioning system works in much the same way, pumping heat out of the room in which it stands.

This cycle takes advantage of the universal gas law PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, R is the universal gas constant, T is temperature, and n is the number of molecules of gas (1 mole = 6.022×1023 molecules).

The most common refrigeration cycle uses an electric motor to drive a compressor. In an automobile, the compressor is driven by a pulley on the engine's crankshaft, with both using electric motors for air circulation. Since evaporation occurs when heat is absorbed, and condensation occurs when heat is released, air conditioners are designed to use a compressor to cause pressure changes between two compartments, and actively pump a coolant around an enclosed system. They do this in a Condenser and a Evaporator The cooling liquid, or refrigerant is pumped into the cooled compartment (the evaporator coil). Low pressure then causes the refrigerant to evaporate taking the heat with it. In the other compartment (the condenser), the refrigerant vapor is compressed and forced through another heat exchange coil, condensed into a liquid which then rejects the heat previously absorbed from the cooled space.

Health implications

Air conditioning has as much influence on human health as any generic heating system. Poorly maintained air-conditioning systems (especially large, centralized systems) can occasionally promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila,'' the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaire's disease.  Air conditioning can have a positive effect on sufferers of allergies and asthma.

In serious heat waves, air conditioning can save the lives of the elderly. Some local authorities have even set up public cooling centers for the benefit of those without air conditioning at home.

References

Related pages
 Energy
 Heat pump
 Renewable energy

Other websites
How Air Conditioners Work .
History of Automotive Air Conditioning  on NYC.net

Energy Efficiency
 Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings - Central Air Conditioners  from the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE)
 Energy Efficiency Program Database  from the ACEEE
 Space heating and cooling from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
UK Enhanced Capital Allowance Scheme (ECA), a UK Government scheme to provide tax rebates for companies who use products which are ECA approved.
International Energy Agency - Energy Conservation In Buildings And Community Systems
AHAM website on Room-air Conditioners
Top-Rated Energy-Efficient Central Air Conditioners
Energy Star Central Air Conditioners

Engineering
HVAC
Home appliances

Air conditioner


The Morrison Formation is a geological formation laid down in the Upper Jurassic. It is a distinctive sequence of sedimentary rock in the western United States, and is named after Morrison, Colorado.  It has been the most fertile source of dinosaur fossils in North America.

It is composed of mudstone, sandstone, siltstone and limestone. Its colour is light grey, greenish gray, or red. Most of the fossils occur in the green siltstone beds and lower sandstones, relics of the rivers and floodplains of the Jurassic period.

Geography
The formation is in Wyoming and Colorado, with outcrops in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Idaho. Equivalent rocks under different names are found in Canada. It covers an area of 1.5 million square km (600,000 square miles), although only a tiny fraction is exposed and accessible to geologists and paleontologists. Over 75% is still buried under the prairie to the east and much of the rest was destroyed by erosion as the Rocky Mountains rose to the west.

The first fossils were discovered by Arthur Lakes in 1877. That same year, it became the center of the Bone Wars, a fossil-collecting rivalry between early paleontologists Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope.

In Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, the Morrison Formation was a major source of uranium ore.

Geologic history
According to radiometric dating, the Morrison Formation dates from 156.3 ± 2 million years old at its base, to 146.8 ± 1 million years old at the top, which places it in the later Jurassic. This is similar in age to the Solnhofen Limestone Formation in Germany and the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania. Throughout the western USA, it lays over the Middle Jurassic Summerville, Sundance, Bell Ranch, Wanakah, and Stump Formations.

At the time, the supercontinent of Laurasia had recently split into the continents of North America and Eurasia, although they were still connected by land bridges. North America moved north and was passing through the subtropical regions.

Palaeoenvironment
The area was low-lying, and sediments were laid down in rivers, lakes, shallow water of various kinds. The details varied from time to time.

The Morrison Basin, which stretched from New Mexico in the south to Alberta and Saskatchewan in the north, was formed when the early pre-Rocky Mountains started pushing up to the west. Streams and rivers in the east-facing drainage basin swept sediment down from the heights. The sediment was dropped in swampy lowlands, lakes, river channels and floodplains. In the course of time, this became the Morrison Formation.

In the north, the Sundance Sea, an extension of the Arctic Ocean, stretched through Canada down to the United States. Coal is found in the Morrison Formation of Montana, which means that the northern part of the formation, along the shores of the sea, was wet and swampy, with much vegetation. Aeolian, or wind-deposited sandstones are found in the southwestern part, which indicates it was much more arid — a desert, with sand dunes.

Dinosaur National Monument

Dinosaur National Monument is a National Monument on the southeast flank of the Uinta Mountains on the border between Colorado and Utah at the confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers. The Dinosaur Quarry  is in Utah just to the north of the town of Jensen, Utah. This park has fossils of dinosaurs including Allosaurus, Abydosaurus (a nearly complete skull, lower jaws and first four neck vertebrae of the specimen DINO 16488 was found here) and various long-neck, long-tail sauropods.

The dinosaur fossil beds (bone beds) were discovered in 1909 by Earl Douglass, a paleontologist working and collecting for the Carnegie Museum. He and his crews excavated thousands of fossils and shipped them back to the museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for study and display. President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the dinosaur beds as Dinosaur National Monument in 1915.  The monument boundaries were expanded in 1938 from the original  tract surrounding the dinosaur quarry in Utah, to its present extent of over 200,000 acres (800 km²) in Utah and Colorado, including the spectacular river canyons of the Green and Yampa.

Dinosaur fossils
The roster of dinosaurs from the Morrison is impressive. Among the theropods, Allosaurus, Saurophaganax, Torvosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Coelurus, Ornitholestes, Tanycolagreus, Stokesosaurus, and Marshosaurus are found in the Morrison. An abundance of sauropods has been found there, including Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Barosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Camarasaurus, and Amphicoelias, which is possibly the largest known dinosaur ever to exist. Two genera of stegosaurs, Stegosaurus and Hesperosaurus, have been found there. Finally, ornithopods found in the Morrison include Dryosaurus, Camptosaurus, Drinker, Othnielia, and Othnielosaurus.

References

Jurassic dinosaurs
Geography of Montana
Geography of Utah
Geography of Colorado
Geography of Nebraska
Geography of Kansas
Geography of Arizona
Geography of New Mexico
Geography of Wyoming
Lagerstätten
Dinosaurs of North America
Geological formations
Sedimentary rocks
Geology of the United States

Morrison Formation


Hepatitis F is a hypothetical virus linked to viral hepatitis. Several hepatitis F candidates emerged in the 1990s; however, none of these claims were substantiated.

In 1994, Deka et al. reported that novel viral particles had been discovered in the stool of post-transfusion, non-hepatitis A, non-hepatitis B, non-hepatitis C, non-hepatitis E patients. Injection of these particles into the bloodstream of Indian rhesus monkeys caused hepatitis, and the virus was named hepatitis F or Toga virus. Further investigations failed to confirm the existence of the virus, and it was delisted as a cause for infectious hepatitis.

A subsequently-discovered virus thought to cause hepatitis was named Hepatitis G, though its role in hepatitis has not been confirmed and it is now considered synonymous with GB virus C. It is an "orphan virus" with no causal links to any human disease.

References

F

Hepatitis F virus


A credit union is a cooperative financial institution that is owned and controlled by its members. Credit unions differ from banks and other financial institutions in that the members who have accounts in the credit union are the owners of the credit union - there are no external shareholders. Profits from the operations of a credit union are distributed to members in the form of dividends.

The basic services of a credit union are to offer savings accounts and loans to members.

Money

de:Genossenschaftsbank
he:בנקאות קואופרטיבית

Credit union


The avalanche effect ("landslide effect") is a property of block ciphers and cryptographic hash function algorithms. It is often desired in cryptography. The effect says that a lot of the output must change, even when the input changes only a little. In good block ciphers this means: A small change in the key or the plaintext should cause a strong change in the ciphertext.

This means that small changes can spread fast, when the algorithm uses iterations. Thus, every bit of the output depends on every bit of the input.

The term avalanche effect was first used by Horst Feistel (Feistel 1973). Later, the concept was identified by Shannon's property of confusion.

If a block cipher or cryptographic hash function does not satisfy the avalanche effect to a significant degree, then it has poor randomization. Thus, a cryptanalyst can make forecasts about the input, if given only the output. This may be sufficient to partially or completely break (crack) the algorithm.

It is one of the primary design objectives when people create a strong cipher or cryptographic hash function. They try to build a good avalanche effect in it. Mathematically this uses the butterfly effect. This is why most block ciphers are product ciphers. It is also why hash functions have large data blocks.

Name
The name comes from landslides. A small rock can fall down, go along with some snow and make a destructive landslide. The rock was small, but was able to cause a lot of destruction. This is the same as what this effect does. A small change in the input (the rock) should change the output (the landscape).

Strict avalanche criterion
The Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC; a "strong landslide criterion") is a property of boolean functions. It is of importance to cryptography. It is satisfied if all output bits change with a probability of 50 percent, if a single input bit is changed.

The SAC was built on the concepts of evolution completeness and avalanche. It was introduced by Webster and Tavares in 1985. Nowadays it is a requirement for every modern cryptographic system. It was e.g. satisfied by all finalists of the AES competition.

Bit independence criterion
The Bit independence criterion (BIC; a criterion independent from the bit) is a criterion. It goes: When a single input bit is changed (inverted), two output bits should change independently of each other. This applies to all bits.

It would e.g. not be satisfied, if the one output bit only changes, when the other output bit also changes. They might only change, because the input bit changed. Otherwise, the output bits would depend on each other.

Related pages
 Confusion and diffusion

References
A. F. Webster and Stafford E. Tavares, "On the design of S-boxes", Advances in Cryptology - Crypto '85 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), vol. 219, pp. 523–534, 1985.
 Practical example  (32 bits), taken from the extensive justification of the hash function HSH 11/13
Horst Feistel, "Cryptography and Computer Privacy." Scientific American, Vol. 228, No. 5, 1973. (JPEG format scanned)

Cryptography

Avalanche effect


High fidelity or hi-fi is a way of describing a very good home music system. "High fidelity" means that the sound is as close to the original as possible with no changes or added noise. People who like hi-fi are sometimes called audiophiles. Hi-fi is often now called "high-end audio".

History
In  the 1930s and 1940s, vacuum tubes were used to make radios and electronic amplifiers. Radio was becoming popular, and microphones, amplifiers and loudspeakers began to be sold. Manufacturers began to compete to produce the best product. A lot of research was done at Bell Laboratories and products were made by Western Electric.

Then a new kind of vinyl record with less noise and better sound was invented. Manufacturers began to call their equipment and records "high fidelity" to help sell them. In the 1950s, "hi-fi" became the popular term, replacing "phonograph" and "record player".  Rather than playing a record "on the phonograph," people would play it "on the hi-fi".

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Westrex invented the stereo record that used two speakers. This led to more improvements in home audio. The word "stereo" replaced the word "hi-fi." Records were now played on "a stereo".

Some people bought individual parts (separate speakers and amplifiers), and even built their own equipment. The term "high fidelity" is still used for very good music systems.

Other websites

 A Dictionary of Home Entertainment Terms
 Renato Giussani: Optimal Stereo Soundstage and Imaging
 The High Fidelity Museum

Sound

High fidelity


Elijah of Tishbe is a person in the Abrahamic religions. His name means "Yahweh is God". He was a prophet in the Kingdom of Israel  in the 9th century BC. He appears in the Hebrew Bible, Baha'i scripture, Mishnah, New Testament, and the Qur'an. He is best known for being Israel's most famous prophet, his brave challenge to Baal's prophets on Mt. Carmel, and going up to heaven in a whirlwind.

The Widow At Zarephath

Elijah went to the king, Ahab, who rejected God because of his even more sinful wife, Jezebel of Tyre, who stood as a symbol of Israel's unfaithfulness. He went to Ahab and God said through his lips (1 Kings chapter 17, NIV), "As the Lord, the God of Israel lives, whom I serve, there will be neither dew nor rain in the next few years except at my word."
Then Elijah followed the Lord's command and "went eastward and hid in the Kerith Ravine, east of the Jordan."
He "drank from the brook, and God had ordered ravens to feed him there".
The ravens brought him bread and meat in the morning and bread and meat in the evening, and he drank from the brook (because it did not rain, as he prophesied).

But then the brook dried up because of so little rain, and Elijah received the message from the Lord: "Go at once to Zarephath of Sidon and stay there. I have commanded a widow in the place to supply you with food" (1 Kings 17:9).
So Elijah went, and met the widow gathering sticks to make the last meal for her son and herself.
But when he called her and requested her to get himself some jar in a water and bread, she objected, (1 Kings 17:12) "As surely as the Lord your God lives, I don't have any bread - only a handful of flour in a jar and a little oil in a jug. I am gathering a few sticks to take home and make a meal for myself and my son, that we may eat it - and die."
Then Elijah said to the widow, "Don't be afraid. Go home and do as you have said. But first make a small cake of bread for me from what you have and bring it to me, and then make something for yourself and your son. For this is what the Lord, the God of Israel says: 'The jar of flour will not be used up nd the jug of oil will not run dry until the day the Lord gives rain on the land.'" So the widow did as Elijah told her to do, and there was enough food in the widow's house for everybody.

But then the son of the widow grew ill. He finally, after growing more and more worse, stopped breathing.
The widow became so very worried, and called Elijah--"What do you have against me, man of God? Did you come to remind me of my sin and kill my son?"
And Elijah replied, "Give me your son." He took him and carried him to the upper room where he was staying, and laid him on his bed. Then he cried out to the Lord, "O Lord my God, have you brought tragedy also upon this widow I am staying with, by causing her son to die?" Then he stretched himself upon the boy three times (probably to give to the boy his body warmth, though his prayer shows that he expected the life of the child to come back as an answer to prayer, not by physical touch), and cried out to the Lord, "O Lord my God, let this boy's life return to him!"
And the boy returned to life, making the woman admit that Elijah is "a man of God and that the word of the Lord from your mouth is the truth": a confession the Lord's own people Israel had not made. This is the first example of raising the dead in the Bible.

Obadiah and Ahab
Then Elijah went to "present himself to Ahab" as the Lord commanded him to, and he met Obadiah, the honorable man who had kept loyal to the Lord and had hidden 100 priests of God that King Ahab had tried to kill. Obadiah recognized Elijah and respectfully bowed down to the ground, exclaiming, "Is it really you, my lord Elijah?"
Elijah replied yes, and ordered him to go and tell Ahab that he is here. Obadiah refused, crying, "What have I done you wrong that you are handing your servant over to Ahab to be put to death?" and declaring how he had "hid a hundred of the Lord's prophets in two caves, fifty in each, and supplied them with food and water." and that if Ahab came and saw that Elijah was gone and not here, he would surely kill him.

Elijah replied, the more the calmly, "As the Lord Almighty lives, whom I serve, I will surely present myself to Ahab today."
So Obadiah went to meet Ahab and told him, and Ahab went to meet Elijah. They argued, and Elijah told Ahab to "summon the people from all over Israel" to meet him on the Mount Carmel, and to "bring the four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal and the four hundred prophets of Asherah, who eat at Jezebel's table". And surprisingly, Ahab obeyed him.

Then, when all the Israelis and prophets of Baal were summoned, they prepared two altars - one for Elijah, and for the Lord the God of Israel - and one for the priests of Baal. Then Elijah went to the people and said, "How long will you waver between two opinions? If the Lord is God, follow him; but if Baal is God, follow him." but the people did nor say anything, so he continued: "I am the only one of the Lord's prophets left, but Baal has four hundred and fifty prophets. Get two bulls for us. Let them choose one for themselves, and let them cut it into pieces and put it on the wood but not set fire to it. I will prepare the other bull and put it on the wood but not set fire to it. Then you call on the name of your god, and I will call on the name of the Lord. The god who answers by fire--he is the God." (1 Kings 18:20)

The people agreed to this, and they did as Elijah said. Then the priests of Baal all prepared the bull, and called to Baal all morning till noon. "O Baal, answer us!" but the so-called "Baal" made no reply at all - and the prophets grew weary and discouraged. Elijah, however, was pleased, and he teased them (1 King 18:27), "Shout louder! Surely he is a god! Perhaps he is deep in thought, or busy, or traveling. Maybe he is sleeping and must be awakened." So they shouted even louder and slashed themselves with swords and spears wildly, as was their custom, until the blood flowed from their wounds. After midday passed, it was Elijah's turn - and nobody paid attention to the Baal prophets anymore - so he prepared the sacrifice, and ordered (1 Kings 18:33), "Fill four large jars with water and pour it on the offering and on the wood."

(verse 34) And he said, "Do it again." and they did it again, and a third time, as he said.
Then, after there was so much water it ran down the trench, he stepped forward and prayed (1 Kings 18:36 to 37): "O Lord, God of Abraham, Isaac and Israel, let it be known today that you are God in Israel and that I am your servant and have done all these things at your command. Answer me, O Lord, answer me, so these people will know that you, O Lord, are God, and that you are turning their hearts back again."

Then the fire of the Lord fell and burned up the sacrifice, the wood, the stones and the soil, and also licked up the water in the trench. All the people were awed, and they "fell prostrate" and repented. Then they all seized the prophets of Baal, as Elijah had told them to, and slaughtered them at Kishon Valley. And Ahab went off to eat and drink as Elijah told him to. Then, after climbing the mountain of Carmel and asking his servant seven times if he saw anything above the ocean, the servant answered him at the seventh time--"A cloud as small as a man's hand is rising from the sea." And Elijah told his servant to inform Ahab to go home, because a big rainstorm was coming. Ahab rushed into his chariot and raced home, but the "Power of the Lord came upon Elijah and, tucking his cloak into his belt, he ran ahead of Ahab all the way to Jezreel".

Elijah flees to Horeb
After that, Ahab told to Jezebel about what had happened about Elijah and how the prophets of Baal had been killed by the people of Israel. Jezebel got angry, and sent a message to Elijah that "by this time of the day tomorrow" she would make his "life like that of one of them", referring to the prophets of Baal.
Elijah became scared, and ran away to Beersheba in Judah, left his servant there, and went ahead for a day's journey in the desert. Finally, he came to a broom tree, sat down under it and prayed that he might die (1 Kings 19:4). "I have had enough, Lord," he complained unhappily, "Take my life; I am no better than my ancestors." And he lay down and fell asleep. But the Lord sent an angel to wake him up and feed him some water and a cake of bread "baked over hot coals". Elijah ate and drank and lay down again, and the angel came back again and woke him, and gave him more food. Strengthened by that food, Elijah got up and traveled forty days and forty nights until he reached Horeb, the mountain of God. There he went into a cave and spent the night.

And the Lord appeared to him and asked, "What are you doing here, Elijah?"
He replied not the answer to the Lord's question, but instead of how he had "been very zealous for the Lord God Almighty" and how the Israelites were being unfair to him. The Lord told him to go out and stand on the mountain in the presence of the Lord.
Then the Lord sent a great and powerful wind, and an earthquake, a fire, but the Lord was not in neither: and finally he came in a gentle whisper, and Elijah went out, pulling his cloak over his face. The Lord had tried to show him through all those winds and earthquakes and fires that the Lord was not always harsh, but was more gentle. The Lord asked once again, "What are you doing here, Elijah?" but Elijah again ignored the question and complained about how he had been "Zealous for the Lord God Almighty". So the Lord told him to go anoint many new political and religious leaders, and he did. And he took Elisha, for his next prophet and companion.

Elijah and Ahaziah

After Ahab died, Ahaziah was crowned king, and he became ill. So he sent some people to consult Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron, to see if he would recover. However, God was very angry and told Elijah to prophesy against Ahaziah. So on the way, Elijah went and met the servants, and told them (2 Kings 1:6) as the Lord had instructed him, "Go back to the king who sent you and tell him, 'This is what the Lord says:Is it because there was no God in Israel that you are sending men to consult Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore (Because of this) you will not leave the bed you are lying on. You will certainly (surely) die!'" And the messengers did has he was told. At King Ahaziah's questions, they described Elijah as "a man with a garment of hair and with a leather belt around his waist". Elijah's cloak was probably of sheepskin or camel's hair, like John the Baptist's, and showed a big difference from the other rich, well-dressed people at that time. He was protesting against the selfishness of the king and the upper classes. The king recognized Elijah by that description (because Elijah had met Ahab, his father, many times), and sent a captain and fifty men to get him. Maybe Ahaziah thought, like many people at that time who did not believe in God, that if he killed Elijah or forced him to change the curse, it would not happen.

The captain he sent said to Elijah, who was sitting on the top of a hill, "Man of God, the king says, 'Come down!'" Ahaziah was trying to place Elijah, the prophet, under his, a king's, power. According to Israel's covenant (promise) with God, the king was supposed to be under the power of the word of the Lord spoken by his prophets.

But Elijah did not come down instead said (2 Kings 1:10, NIV) "If I am a man of God, may fire come down from heaven and consume you and your fifty men! Then fire fell from heaven and consumed the captain and his men. With this, Elijah was showing the king that in Israel, a king was only a servant of the real king, God. Later, Jesus's warning to his disciples when they were trying to call fire down to destroy the Samaritans was not to disapprove of what Elijah did, but to show his disciples that the problem between Elijah and the king and the unfaithfulness of the Samaritans was very different.

The king sent to Elijah another captain with his fifty men, and they, too, were burned up by fire. Finally, the king sent a third captain with his fifty men, who "...fell on his knees before Elijah..." and bowed before him, humbly asking him to come. Elijah was told by the angel of the Lord to go down, so he went down and told the king again, "You will certainly die!" "So he died, according to the word of the Lord that Elijah had spoken". (2 Kings 1:17, NIV)

Ascension to heaven
After that, Elijah went to Elisha, and they both went on their way from Gilgal. Elijah said to Elisha, "Stay here; the Lord has sent me to Bethel." but Elijah insisted upon going, so they went down together to Bethel.
The company of the prophets at Bethel came out to Elisha and asked, "Do you know that the Lord is going to take your master from you today?"
Elisha said that he knew; but warned them not to speak of it. Then Elijah said to him to stay there, and that the Lord had sent him to the Jordan by himself, but Elisha did not obey, and insisted on going with Elijah. Elijah then asked, "Tell me, what can I do for you before I am taken from you?" and Elisha replied: "Let me inherit a double portion of your spirit."
Elijah then agreed, but only if Elisha would see him be taken to heaven. They were walking along when suddenly a chariot of fire and horses of fire appeared and separated the two of them, and Elijah went up to heaven in a whirlwind. Elisha cried, "My father! My father! The chariots and horsemen of Israel!" Elisha showed Elijah as a symbol of the true strength of Israel. Elisha picked up Elijah's cloak and used it to divide the water in the river of Jordan: so this cloak symbolized that Elisha had now taken Elijah's place.

References

Other websites

 www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
 www.biblicalstudies.org.uk

Old Testament prophets
Ancient Israeli people
9th-century BC people

Elijah


Angus Peter Allan (22 July 1936 – 16 July 2007) was a British comic strip writer and magazine editor who worked on TV Century 21 in the 1960s and Look-in magazine during the 1970s. Most commonly known as Angus Allan and sometimes credited as Angus P. Allan, he was responsible for original comic strip adaptations of numerous popular TV series.

Allan's output was prolific, and virtually all the Look-In comic strips were his creations. Some of his comic works included The Six Million Dollar Man, Logan's Run and Charlie's Angels. Allan collaborated with many well-known British comic strip artists, including Jim Baikie and Arthur Ranson.

Biography
Allan was born in Wimbledon, on 22 July 1936 and attended King's College School there.

Allan's first job in publishing, in late 1952, was as an office junior at Amalgamated Press (later Fleetway, then IPC). He worked on the weekly comic The Comet, and the monthly titles Cowboy Comics and Super Detective Library, edited by Ted Holmes.

Following a period of national service in the Gordon Highlanders from November 1954 to November 1956, having been on active service in Cyprus, Allan returned to Amalgamated Press and after working on Super Detective Library, eventually became co-editor of what was now known as "Cowboy Picture Library", with Alan Fennell. He handled the Davy Crockett and Kansas Kid monthly titles.

Eventually, he was recruited to join the team producing Marty, the first photo-strip teenage romance weekly published by Newnes and Pearson. Here he met his future wife, Gillian, and made the decision to become a freelance writer instead of editing. He has remained a freelance ever since.

Later, he was heavily involved with Alan Fennell's Century 21 Publishing company, becoming associated with Gerry Anderson classics such as Stingray, Thunderbirds, etc. He was also the mainstay scriptwriter for Fennell's Look-In magazine, and at one time was writing every strip in the paper, including DangerMouse.

Allan also wrote for many other outlets, and penned several of the Garth adventures for the Daily Mirror. In January 1990, he and his wife moved to France.

Allan died of cancer on 16 July 2007, having been admitted to hospital the previous Thursday, at least six days before his 71st birthday.

Bibliography
Allan wrote the novelisation of the film Thunderbirds Are Go.

He also wrote a novel of Dan Dare (NEL 1977)

His comics work includes:

Work in TV Century 21

Work in Look-In:

The Six Million Dollar Man
Logan's Run
Charlie's Angels
DangerMouse

References

External links
Interview on Sapphire & Steel fansite

Easter Egg: Interview with writer/script editor Angus Allan, The Gerry Anderson Complete Comic History

1936 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from cancer in England
People educated at King's College School, London
British writers

Angus Allan


A variegated leaf is a type of leaf.

Uses
A variegated leaf is useful in conducting experiments to show that chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis to happen. They are also popular in horticulture.

Experiments
The easiest of these experiments is to stain the places where starch is produced (starch is a more compact form of glucose).

Place the leaves in boiling water for six minutes to soften the cells, and then in ethanol (alcohol). When the leaves are drained of colour, spread them out on a flat surface. Soak the leaves in iodine and the green parts will turn blue/black and the non green parts will stay the yellowish brown colour of iodine liquid. The green parts contain starch, which makes iodine turn blue/black. The blue/black stain is what shows starch is present. You could take "before & after" photos to prove the black areas were green at the start.

Plant anatomy
Experiments

Variegated leaf


Chief Shakes is a distinguished Tlingit leadership title passed down through generations among groups of native people from Northwestern North America.

Lineages of the Shakes

Origin
The orphan Gush X'een (translation: Dorsal Fin Screen, English: Gushklin) lived at Ch'aal'in. He was a Teikweidí named Joonák'w.  The leader of the Naanya.aayí, Suncock, took a liking to the orphaned boy and raised him as a nephew. Upon the death of Suncock, he became the leader of the clan.

The Stikine area was being invaded by the Naaskwaan (literally the Nass River People, i.e. the Nisga'a but here including the Tsimshian).  The leaders of the invaders were Wiisheyksh (Wii Seeks), Yaxweiyxsh and Xagáksh.

Wiisheiyksh asked for access to the Stikine so that they might fish. Gush X'een refused and Wiisheyksh threatened to take the land by force if they were not allowed access.  Upon leaving they took the burial pole of the Naanya.áayi leader, Shaadeistí, who had died not long before.

The Naanya.aayi prepared for war.  Their íxt' (shaman) told them when the Nisga'a were approaching.  The Naanya.aayí moved to the mouth of the Stikine. Gush X'een ordered some of his men to stand at the base of the cliffs near the mouth of the river. The rest of the clan and those fighting with them retreated by the islands at the mouth of the river.

More than 100 Northwest Coast canoes full of Nisga'a warriors approached the Naanya.aayí at the mouth of the river. Wiisheyksh, wearing emblems of the killer whale and a headdress with the killer whale emblem disembarked and approached Gush X'een.

He remarked on how foolish Gush X'een was to position himself at a point of no-retreat implying that he was trapped.  He told Gush X'een, "Today you will carry my water for me." indicating that he intended Gush X'een to be his slave. Gush X'een signaled his men and hundreds of canoes came out from the surrounding islands and Gush X'een responded to Wiisheyksh, "Today, it is you who will be carrying my water for me."

The battle started. The Naanya.áayi killed 150 Nishga. Wiisheyksh knew he could not win that battle and did not want to be the slave of Gush X'een so he gave the killer whale headdress to Gush X'een.

Gush X'een placed the hat on his own head said, "Not only do I take your hat, I take your name as well."  Wiisheyksh became a Tlingit name of the Naanya.aayí and was shortened to Sheiyksh, pronounced Shakes.

A proper burial was held for these invaders from the Tsimshian villages of Mitlagaatla, Giitgáatla and Wakuutl', members of the Laxsibuu and Giitxaangiik clans.  Warriors on the opposite side of the battle were given full burial honors by the Naanya.aayí, who believed in the Tlingit principle of Woosh yáa awudaéi or "Respect For Each Other."  Dying in battle was a courageous act the Shx'at Kwaan respected.  After the cremation ceremonies the Naanya.aayí loaded two canoes full of provisions and sent the Nisga'a home, well fed, and properly cared for.

A year later the Naanya.aayi learned that the Nisga'a were returning.  They moved to Lúkaax (Little Duncan Canal) and prepared for battle.  The Nisga'a got stuck on the flats and announced from their canoes they wanted peace.  A peace ceremony was held and names from both sides were given at this peace ceremony, and the title of "Shakes" was transferred at this time.

Names given at the peace ceremony were:  Wandziiguuxshú, Gooxshú, and Yaskámtuuwaa.

Successors
After Gush X'een died, the title of Shakes passed on to his "maternal nephew", his sister's oldest son, Gookshí, who became Shakes II. The title passed to his younger brother X'adanéik who was also known as Tl'akwu Sheiyksh or Shaawát Chooku Éesh (Short Woman, Father. His wife was a Gaanaxteidí; woman from Tlakw Aaan (Klukwan) named Yoowduhaan.

His successor, Shakes IV, was known as Keishíshk' whose wife was S'eitlin, a Deisheetaan (Gaanax.ádi) woman from Aan goon (Angoon).  When this woman married, she walked across eight tin.aa (coppers) at her wedding.

Upon his death; he was succeeded by Kaawishté who became Shakes V, who moved the village site from Kaasitl Aan to Kaachx' Aan Aak'w, its present-day site.  He held the title of Shakes longer than any others and died in 1878.

He was succeeded in turn by his own maternal nephew, Gush Tlein, whose mother was Koodeilgé and he became Shakes VI in 1878 upon the death of Shakes V and died in 1916.  His nephew, Charlie Jones, succeeded him.

Twentieth century
Charlie Jones was arrested in 1922 for voting.  Native Americans were not automatically considered U.S. citizens at that time. In 1924, when legislation was passed granting them citizenship, voting rights were not ensured, but two-thirds had already gained the franchise through moves off reservations and other actions. Upon being tried in court, and represented by the famous Tlingit attorney from Wrangell, Mr. William Paul (Shkúndee) of the Teehítaan Clan, Jones was acquitted and Indians were given the right to vote.  This was a time of strong missionary influence, especially by the Presbyterian Church, which tried to repress the Tlingit culture, customs, and language, punishing students in white schools for speaking their native language and jailing parents who kept their children at fish camps instead of sending them to "white schools".

Adults who participated in their own culture's activities were banned from the church, dis-fellowshipped, and ostracized.

In Wrangell, the Presbyterian Church had a large Native congregation.  One white minister decided that the Indians should have their own church so the whites wouldn't have to mingle with them. The entire Native congregation, insulted by this move, moved out of the Presbyterian Church and invited the Episcopal Church into Wrangell, where it remains a strong influence to this day.

One of the "white" laws was that property and titles might no longer be passed from uncle to nephew in the traditional way, only from father to son.  As a result, the widow of Shakes VI kept almost all of the property of her husband and would not allow his nephew to take it. It was sold piece by piece.

In the 1930s the Civilian Conservation Corps decided to build a model community house in the old style, as there were some elders alive then who still remembered how they were built. The site selected in Wrangell was "Shakes Island", where the main clan houses of the Naanya.áayi once stood.  Charlie Jones was the known successor to Shakes VI and was asked to formally accept the title of Shakes VII.

List of Chief Shakes

See also
Sheet'ká Ḵwáan Naa Kahídi

References

External links
 Tlingit Chief Charles Jones Shakes at home with possessions, Wrangell, Alaska, ca. 1907 University of Washington Digital Collections, Viola Garfield Collection no. 130.

Alaska Native people
History of British Columbia
Nisga'a
People from Wrangell, Alaska
Tlingit people
Titles and offices of Native American leaders

Shakes (Tlingit leaders)


Eric Ronald Griffiths (31 October 1940 – 29 January 2005) was a British musician and dry cleaner, he was best known as the guitarist in the original lineup of the Quarrymen until he left the group in the summer of 1958.

Early life
Born in Denbigh, North Wales, to Liverpudlian parents, Eric's mother returned to Liverpool in 1945 to live with her parents after her husband's death as an RAF pilot in World War II. In 1950, the family moved to Halewood Drive, Woolton and at the age of 11 Griffiths won a scholarship to Quarry Bank High School where he met John Lennon, Pete Shotton and Rod Davis.

Biography and Career

The Quarrymen
The four boys were in the same House at school and shared an interest in American music; particularly skiffle. Lennon and Griffiths attended some guitar lessons, but found it too slow to learn and dropped the lessons when Lennon's mother taught them to play easier banjo chords. The two boys would play truant to practice in the Griffiths home whilst his mother was at work. Griffiths also befriended a novice drummer, Colin Hanton, with whom he would also practice. When Lennon formed the Quarry Men with Shotton and Davis, Griffiths was invited to add his rudimentary skills because he had a new guitar.

Griffiths left school in the summer of 1957 with GCE passes in English, Mathematics and History and became an engineering apprentice whilst continuing to play as lead guitarist in the band. When Paul McCartney joined the Quarry Men he aspired to be lead guitarist but his ineptitude at his one public attempt stymied that. The other band members decided that neither McCartney nor Griffiths were suitable lead guitarists, so when George Harrison joined the band they suggested that Griffiths buy an electric bass and an amplifier, but he could not afford this. Griffiths was not invited to McCartney's house for the next rehearsal and when he coincidentally phoned them during the practice session, drummer Colin Hanton had to let him know he was no longer in the band.

Non-musical career
Griffiths decided to abandon engineering too and he joined the Merchant Navy as a cadet navigating officer. He continued to meet his old friends from the band when he was on leave but he lost contact with Lennon and McCartney  after they first recorded with EMI.

Griffiths left the navy in 1964 and married Relda at Woolton Parish Church. He spent the next thirty years working in the prison service modernising prisoners' working practices. In 1972, he left the English Prison Service to join the Scottish Prison Service and he moved to Edinburgh with his wife and three sons. In 1994, he left the Prison Service to concentrate on running the family business, a chain of dry cleaners.

Quarrymen reunion
In January 1997, Griffiths returned to Liverpool to meet some of his former band members at the Cavern Club's 40th anniversary. All the surviving original Quarry Men were present and during the evening they gave an impromptu performance with borrowed instruments on the stage. When the band were persuaded to reform for a charity gig in Woolton in July 1997, Griffiths had to buy a guitar and re-learn a few chords.

The reunion was a huge success and generated demand for a CD. Griffiths decided that the reformed band should record an album and John Lennon's Original Quarrymen—Get back Together was released in September 1997. Griffiths then toured widely with the Quarrymen until his last performance at the SAS Royal Garden Hotel, Trondheim, Norway on 27 November 2004. He had been complaining of back pain and it became so acute that he had a hospital check-up and pancreatic cancer was diagnosed.

Death
He died at his Edinburgh home from pancreatic cancer on 29 January 2005.

References

External links
John Lennon's Original Quarrymen
Obituary, The Independent

1940 births
2005 deaths
British Merchant Navy officers
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
The Quarrymen members
English pop guitarists
English male guitarists
Deaths from cancer in Scotland
British prison officers
Lead guitarists
20th-century British guitarists
20th-century British male musicians

Eric Griffiths


Casnate con Bernate is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 km north of Milan and about 5 km south of Como. As of 1 January 2009, it had a population of 4,850 and an area of 5.3 km².

Casnate con Bernate borders the following municipalities: Como, Cucciago, Fino Mornasco, Grandate, Luisago, Senna Comasco.

Demographic change

References

Settlements in Como

Casnate con Bernate


Uncle Scrooge Adventures is a 1987–1997 Disney comic book series published by Gladstone Publishing under license from the Walt Disney Company. It features the adventures of Scrooge McDuck and his nephews Donald, Huey, Dewey, and Louie. It was usually distinguished from the main Uncle Scrooge title in its focus on longer, full-length stories, often in the pulp adventure style.

The first series ran for 21 issues from 1987 to 1990, when Gladstone Publishing's license with the Walt Disney Company ceased. Disney Comics chose not to continue the series from 1990 through 1993. When Gladstone renewed their license in 1993, they resumed the series, picking up with issue 22. The series continued until 1997, when it fell victim to the "Gladstone implosion" and ceased publication following issue 54. The series was not subsequently revived by either Gemstone Publishing (who held the Disney comics license from 2003 through 2008) or Boom! Studios (who held it from 2009 through 2011).

The story Horsing Around with History in issue 33 of the second series won the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Comic-Book Story for 1996.

Original title

The series was initially intended to launch in 1987 as a tie-in to the forthcoming DuckTales television series. The focus was to be on the works of Carl Barks and other Disney comics creators that inspired the series, not necessarily original works produced in response to the series. Shortly before publication of the first issue, however, Gladstone Publishing and the Walt Disney Company decided to drop the DuckTales name and re-brand the series Uncle Scrooge Adventures, in the same format as its intended sister title, Donald Duck Adventures.

Because of the last minute of the nature of the change, however, promotional articles using the DuckTales title could not be altered, even in the first issue of Uncle Scrooge Adventures itself.  Gladstone would eventually publish a thirteen issue DuckTales series of their own from 1988 through 1990, featuring a mixture of classic Uncle Scrooge stories and newly commissioned television tie-ins.

Censorship
The Treasure Temple of Khaos, featured in issue 35, was censored in the United States due to several depictions of nudity (Uncle Scrooge used Huey and Dewey's sweatshirts as torches in an Egyptian pyramid and soon uses his own coat as a torch), replacing it with undershirts, although the nakedness is uncensored in most other countries.

List of issues

Series 1 (1987–1990)
1. McDuck of Arabia (Carl Barks)
2. Trail of the Polka Dot Parrot (Branca)
3. Bongo on the Congo (Barks)
4. The Golden River (Barks)
5. The Last Sled to Dawson (Rosa)
6. The Oddball Odyessey (Barks)
7. The 12th Caesarius (Branca)
8. So Far and No Safari (Barks)
9. Ill Met by Moonlight (Branca)
10. The Land of the Pygmy Indians (Barks)
11. Crown of the Mayas (Barks)
12. The Log of the Nancy Bell (Gutenberghus)
13. The Twenty Four Carat Moon (Barks)
14. His Majesty McDuck (Rosa)
15. The Micro Ducks from Outer Space (Barks)
16. The Billion Dollar Safari (Barks)
17. Lost Beneath the Sea (Barks)
18. That's No Fable (Barks)
19. A Stitch in Time (Branca)
20. The Paul Bunyan Machine (Barks)
21. The Mystery of the Ghosttown Railroad (Barks)

Series 2 (1993–1997)
22. The Prize of Pizarro (Barks)
23. Uncle Scrooge Meets The Phantom Blot (Murry)
24. The Little Gronins (Vicar)
25. The Money Well (Barks)
26. Back to the Klondike (Barks)
27. Guardians of the Lost Library (Rosa)
28. Land Beneath the Ground (Barks) and The Man from Oola Oola Part 1 (Scarpa)
29. The Man from Oola Oola Part 2 (Scarpa)
30. The Golden Fleecing and The Lentils from Babylon Part 1 (Barks - Scarpa)
31. The Lentils from Babylon Part 2 (Scarpa)
32. The Lentils from Babylon Part 3  (Scarpa)
33. Horsing Around with History and Only a Poor Old Man (Van Horn/Barks - Barks)
34. The Money Counting Machine and Beagle Bug-off (Branca - Lockman)
35. The Treasure Temple of Khaos (Verhagen)
36. The Diamond of Duncan McDuck (Verhagen)
37. The Colossus of the Nile Part 1 (Scarpa)
38. The Colossus of the Nile Part 2 (Scarpa)
39. Tralla La (Barks)
40. The Rarest Dog in the World and The Hi-Tech, Low-Down Blues (Vicar - Branca)
41. The Starkos Statue (Vicar)
42. The Treasure of Marco Polo (Barks)
43. The Queen of the Wild Dog Pack (Barks)
44. Two in One and The Sheepish Rancher (Branca - Vicar)
45. The Secret of the Duckburg Triangle (Diaz)
46. The Tides Turn (Branca)
47. The Menehune Mystery <AKA Hawaiian Hideaway> (Barks)
48. The Great Steamboat Race and Riches, Riches, Everywhere! (Barks)
49. The Diary of Sideburns Smew (Santanach)
50. The Secret of Atlantis <AKA The Sunken City> (Barks)
51. The Treasure of the Ten Avatars (Rosa)
52. The Black Diamond and Taking A Gander (Colomer - Branca)
53. The Secret of the Incas Part 1 (Cavazzano)
54. The Secret of the Incas Part 2 (Cavazzano)

See also
 Disney comics
 Disney comics titles in the USA:
 Mickey Mouse Magazine (1935-1940)
 Walt Disney's Comics and Stories (1940-present)
 Donald Duck (1942-2017)
 Mickey Mouse (1943-2017)
 Uncle Scrooge (1952-present)
 Walt Disney Comics Digest (1968-1976)
 Uncle Scrooge Adventures (1987-1997)
 Mickey Mouse Adventures (1990-1991)
 Donald Duck Adventures (1988-1998)
 Walt Disney Giant (1995-1996)

References

External links

Uncle Scrooge Adventures on Disney Comics Worldwide (DCW)
Covers of all issues of Uncle Scrooge Adventures on outducks.org
Comics Buyer's Guide Awards

Gladstone Publishing titles
1987 comics debuts
1990 comics endings
Donald Duck comics
Disney comics titles
1993 comics debuts
1997 comics endings
Scrooge McDuck

Uncle Scrooge Adventures


In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation transmits information over a carrier wave by varying the frequency.  This technique is different from amplitude modulation which varies the amplitude, but keeps the frequency constant. This kind of modulation is used in broadcasting and other radio work.

In the context of broadcasting, Frequency modulation is often shortened to FM. When transmitting analogue sound,  the sound quality of FM signals is better than that of amplitude modulation (AM) signals. However, FM signals do not travel as far as AM beause they use higher frequencies that do not bounce off the Kennelly–Heaviside layer.

Many radio stations send out both kinds of signals. AM may be used for talk shows, and FM for music. FM broadcasting usually includes a difference signal, which can cause two different speakers at home to create different sounds. This creates stereo sound.

Other websites
 Frequency Modulation

References
Radio technology

Frequency modulation


Ignacio Cervantes Kawanag (Havana, 31 July 1847 – Havana, 29 April 1905) was a Cuban pianist and composer. He was influential in the creolization of Cuban music.

A child prodigy, he was taught by pianist Juan Miguel Joval, later by composer and tutor Nicolás Ruiz Espadero in 1859, and by the visiting American composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk. Gottschalk encouraged Cervantes to study at the Conservatoire de Paris (1866–1870) under Antoine François Marmontel and Charles-Valentin Alkan, where he was awarded first prizes in composition (1866) and harmony (1867). He also performed with Christina Nilsson and Adelina Patti.

In 1875 Cervantes and José White left Cuba when warned by the Governor-General: he had found out that they had been giving concerts all over the country to raise money for the rebel cause in the Ten Years' War. In the United States and Mexico Cervantes continued to raise money by giving concerts until the Pact of Zanjón brought a lull in conflict. He returned in 1878 and left again in 1895 when the Cuban War of Independence started.

Cervantes wrote one opera (Maledetto, 1895), various chamber pieces (Scherzo cappricioso, 1885), zarzuelas, and the famous forty-one Danzas Cubanas. He also conducted for the Opera company at Havana's Payret Theater. His Fusión de Almas was written to his daughter, María Cervantes (1885–1981), who became a well-known pianist, composer and singer.

"Cervantes was one of the first musicians in the Americas to consider nationalism to be a consequence of a people's distinct character; he was thus a great forebear to later composers."

References

External links
 "Te quiero tanto" Performance and commentary by Joseph Smith: "This danza has a text secretly hidden in the rhythm of the music..."
Complete Cuban Dances scores of Ignacio Cervantes for piano from Cuatro 40 Ediciones

ignaciocervantes.icm.cu, international performance contest
Ignacio Cervantes at the Classical Composers Database
Six cuban dances (1899) From Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
 Duets for Flute and Clarinet featuring Cervantes' 12 most celebrated Cuban Dances http://clarinetdd.com/sheet-music-store.html

1847 births
1905 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century male musicians
Romantic composers
Cuban classical composers
Cuban classical pianists
Cuban opera composers
Male classical composers
Male classical pianists
Contradanza
Musicians from Havana

Ignacio Cervantes


A kippah (Hebrew) or yarmulke (Yiddish) is a small cloth cap worn by Jews.
Traditionally it was worn only by men, but in modern times the push for equality between the sexes in the practice of Judaism has led some women to wear yarmulkes. Some Jews only wear yarmulkes while praying; others wear yarmulkes the entire day, making sure not to walk more than four cubits without head covering (especially outside).
The basis for wearing a head covering is a story in the Talmud (tractate Shabbat).

Often, the color and fabric of the yarmulke can be a sign of adherence to a specific religious movement. The Israeli National Religious community is often referred to by the name kipot srugot כיפות סרוגות, literally "woven yarmulkes". Similarly, some Haredi sects are referred to by the name kipot shkhorot כיפות שחורות, literally "black yarmulkes".

Etymology
The etymology of yarmulke is unclear. Linguists (e.g. Max Vasmer) maintain that the Yiddish word is derived (via Russian or Polish) from the Turkic , meaning 'raincoat'.

Traditionally, yarmulke is considered to have originated from the Aramaic phrase "" (in awe of the Lord), in keeping with the principle that the yarmulke is supposed to reflect someone's fear of heaven. Or perhaps, "yira malkah" (fear of the King).

Judaism
Religious clothing
Headgear

Kippah


Brunhilda (c. 534 – 613) was a Visigoth princess. Her father was King Athanagild of Spain. She married King Sigebert I of Austrasia. She ruled the eastern kingdoms of Austrasia and Burgundy in the names of her sons and grandsons. At first she was known as a fair and just ruler. She later became known for her cruelty and vengeful behavior.

Before her arrival to the Frankish kingdoms, Brunhilda was an Arian Christian, but later converted to Roman Catholicism. Brunhilda traveled to Austrasia to marry King Sigebert I. King Sigebert I's half brother, King Chilperic I married Brunhilda's sister, Galswintha. However, Galswintha was not happy, and wanted to go home and take back her dowry. King Chilperic refused, and murdered her. King Chilperic remmarried Fredegund, his first wife. Lots of tension was created between Fredegund and Brunhilda. In 575 C.E., King Sigebert was murdered by King Chilperic, and Brunhilda was exiled to Paris. Later, Brunhilda married Fredegund and Chilperic's son, Merovech. Brunhilda gained power, but Merovech and Brunhilda were split up by King Chilperic, and Brunhilda was exiled once more. In 585 C.E., King Chilperic died, believed to have been murdered by Fredegund. Fredegund started to favor Brunhilda. However, Brunhilda was caught by another of Fredegund and Chilperic's sons, Chlotar II. She was blamed for the murder of ten kings, including her husband, children, grandchildren, Merovech, and Chilperic. She was found guilty (even though she was not) and put to death in a very gruesome way; she was tied to the back of a wild horse and dragged to her death.

References

530s births
613 deaths
Converts to Christianity
Executed people
Frankish rulers
Kings and Queens of France
People from Toledo, Spain

Brunhilda of Austrasia


Joseph Bodin de Boismortier (23 December 1689 – 28 October 1755) was a French baroque composer of instrumental music, cantatas, opéra-ballets, and vocal music. Boismortier was one of the first composers to have no patrons: having obtained a royal licence for engraving music in 1724, he made enormous sums of money by publishing his music for sale to the public.

Biography
The Boismortier family moved from the composer's birthplace in Thionville (in Lorraine) to the town of Metz where he received his musical education from Joseph Valette de Montigny, a well-known composer of motets. The Boismortier family then followed Montigny and moved to Perpignan in 1713 where Boismortier found employment in the Royal Tobacco Control.

Boismortier married Marie Valette, the daughter of a rich goldsmith and a relative of his teacher Montigny. In 1724 Boismortier and his wife moved to Paris where he began a prodigious composition career, writing for many instruments and voices. He was prolific: his first works appeared in Paris in 1724, and by 1747 he had published more than 100 works in various vocal and instrumental combinations. His music, particularly for the voice, was extremely popular and made him wealthy without the aid of patrons.

Boismortier was the first French composer to use the Italian concerto form, in his six concertos for five flutes op. 15. (1727). He also wrote the first French solo concerto for any instrument, a concerto for cello, viol, or bassoon (1729). Much of his music is for the flute, for which he also wrote an instruction method (now lost). Boismortier and Rameau both lived during the Rococo era of Louis XV and upheld the French tradition, composing music of beauty and sophistication that was widely appreciated. Although known as a composer, Bodin de Boismortier was also famed during his lifetime for his excessively inattentive and wandering mind that often kept him from conducting his own works.

His six sonatas for flute and harpsichord op. 91, first published in Paris in 1742, were printed with an homage to the celebrated French flautist and composer, Michel Blavet (1700-1768). Today, they are probably his most popular pieces, for they indeed show Boismortier at his most creative and graceful.  A notable piece of Boismortier's that is still often performed is the Deuxieme serenade ou simphonie.

He died in Roissy-en-Brie, where, at his request, he was buried in the Eglise Saint Germain.

The playwright and novelist Suzanne Bodin de Boismortier was his daughter. A full-length biography on the composer, Joseph Bodin de Boismortier, by Stephan Perreau, was published in France in 2001.

A quotation
The music theorist Jean-Benjamin de la Borde wrote in his  (Essay on ancient and modern music) in 1780 about Boismortier:  (Happy is Boismortier, whose fertile pen can give birth without pain to a whole new volume of music every month.)

In response to such comments, it is said that Boismortier would simply answer "I'm earning money."

Principal works
Les quatre saisons, cantatas (1724)
Six concertos for five flutes op. 15. (1727)
Concerto for cello, viol, or bassoon (1729)
Les voyages de l'amour, opera ballet (1736)
Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse, comic ballet (1743)
Daphnis et Chloé, pastorale (1747)
Cinquante-neuvième oeuvre de M.Boismortier, contenant quatre suites de pièces de clavecin for harpsichord
Daphné, tragédie lyrique (unperformed) (1748)
Les quatre parties du monde (1752)
Les gentillesses, cantatilles (short cantatas)
Numerous concerti and sonatas

Discography
Hervé Niquet has a made a substantial number of recordings of Boismortier's works:
 Ballets de Villages (2000) performed by Le Concert Spirituel, conducted by Niquet (Naxos 554295)
 Motets avec Symphonies (1991) performed by Le Concert Spirituel with Niquet (Accord 476 2509)
 Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse (1997) performed by Le Concert Spirituel with Niquet (Naxos 8.553647)
 Daphnis & Chloe (2002) performed by Le Concert Spirituel with Niquet (Glossa GCD 921605)
 Sonates Pour Basses (2005) performed by Le Concert Spirituel with Niquet (Glossa GCD 921609)
 French Music for Two Harpsichords (2000) played by Niquet and Luc Beauséjour (Analekta 23079)

Other recordings include:
 Sonates à deux flûtes traversières sans basse (2001) played by Stéphan Perreau and Benjamin Gaspon (Pierre Verany label PV 700023)
 Sonatas for flute and harpsichord, op. 91 (1994) played by Rebecca Stuhr-Rommereim and John Stuhr-Rommereim (Centaur CRC 2265)
 Joseph Bodin de Boismortier: Six Suites, Op. 35 for Unaccompanied Flute (2008) played by Rebecca Stuhr (Lebende Music)
 Les Maisons de Plaisance (1999) played by Wieland Kuijken and Sigiswald Kuijken (Accent ACC 99132 D)
 Joseph Bodin de Boismortier: Sonatas for Flute and Harpsichord, Op. 91, played by American Baroque (Naxos 8.553414)
 Boismortier: Six Little Suites, Op. 27, played by Reversio-Darius Klisys (6-2 studio/REVERSIO. Catalog number:6-2STD-CD010)

Notes

External links

 Flute duett (Kantoreiarchiv)
 Article on Boismortier by Stéphan Perreau, eventail.chez-alice.fr

1689 births
1755 deaths
18th-century French composers
18th-century classical composers
18th-century French male musicians
French Baroque composers
French opera composers
French ballet composers
French male classical composers
Male opera composers
People from Thionville
17th-century male musicians

Joseph Bodin de Boismortier


A gag is any thing used to stop a person from speaking. This is done by blocking or muffling the person's mouth and making it difficult for them to move their jaw and tongue in a normal way.

Gags are very commonly seen in BDSM and bondage fantasy. Many different items can be used, ranging from a hand simply clamped over the victim's mouth, to a scarf tied between the jaws, to adhesive tape placed over the mouth and face to seal the lips. There are also many kinds of specially-made gags, which usually strap around or behind the head. Special gags of that kind are usually made from leather or rubber.

In real life it is quite difficult to gag a person in such a way that their speech cannot be understood at all, and it is almost impossible to prevent a gagged person from making some kind of sound. It is also a risk to the person's safety, as the more tightly and securely someone is gagged, the greater the risk that they will choke or suffocate.

BDSM

Gag


Gulls, also called seagulls, is a common name that refers to any type of bird. They form the family Laridae, in the order Charadriiformes.

There are many different types of gull but most of them are white, with grey or black wings, a yellow beak and are about the size of a chicken (but some are smaller). Gulls can eat most types of food but like meat more than anything else. They look around for discarded food and dead animals to eat as well as hunting and have learned how to live and breed in the same places as people. Most types of seagull are awake during the day and sleep at night. They like to sleep on beaches  but will also sleep on water, like lakes or the sea when the water is calm.

Gulls used to be found only near the sea, as they are water birds with webbed feet for swimming. They are more common inland these days because they can find food wherever people live, often on garbage dumps or in the streets of towns and cities. Seagulls are intelligent compared to other birds. They have a complicated system of noises and body movements which they use to communicate with other seagulls.

Most types of seagull breed once a year and have two or three chicks (babies). Mother gulls are very protective of their eggs and chicks and will sometimes fight to the death to defend them.

Gulls are not usually eaten by people.

Related pages

Herring gull
Lesser black-backed gull
General licences under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981

Charadriiformes
Seabirds

Gull


Appomattox Court House is a place in Virginia (It is now called Appomattox, Virginia).  It is where General Robert E. Lee of the Confederate Army surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army on April 9, 1865, ending the American Civil War.  Though the place is called Appomattox Court House, the surrender took place at the McLean House, a private home.

American Civil War

Appomattox Court House