Hidrologi (tina basa Yunani: Yδωρ, hudōr, "cai"; jeung λόγος, logos, "élmu") nyaéta élmu ngeunaan kajadian, distribusi, sarta pindahna cai dina, di jero jeung di luhur Marcapada. Siklus pindahna cai antara térasfir (darat), oséanosfir (laut), jeung atmosfir (udara) disebut daur hidrologi.

Aya dua widang utama dina hidrologi. Kahiji hidrologi cai permukaan (surface-water hydrology) nu museurkeun kana cai dina jeung luhureun taneuh. Conto tina hidrologi permukaan nyaéta banjir jeung kasaatan. Nu kadua nyaéta hidrologi cai-taneuh atawa géohidrologi, nu museurkeun kana distribusi jeung pindahna cai di handapeun taneuh (contona, cai taneuh, groundwater). Hidrologi cai taneuh penting keur dipaké dina pasokan cai, irigasi jeung rékayasa lingkungan. Catetan yén cai di laut dipisahkeun tina hidrologi sarta dipikawanoh dina istilah oséanografi, sedengkeun cai di atmosfir leuwih diajarkeun dina météorologi.

Kaasup dina hidrologi ogé élmu gerak cai sarta water-borne constituents — bahan-bahan nu dibawa boh salaku nu leyur atawa dina fase nu misah. A related facet of hydrology is the determination of statistical flow prediction in rivers and stréams. This information is essential to design and evaluation of natural and man-made channels, bridge openings and dams. Stream gage (U.S. Géological Survey terminology) data have been collected and tabulated by the United States Géological Survey for many yéars and much of it is available online for analysis.

Sajarah hidrologi

Hidrologi jadi salah sahiji subyek panalungtingkan jeung rekayasa keur sababaraha milenia. Contona, dina kira-kira 4000 S.M. walungan Nil dibendung keur naekkeun hasil tatanen di wewengkon nu tadina tandus. Kota Mesopotamia ditangtayungan tina banjir ku tembok taneuh di jangkung. Saluran cai diwangun ku Yunani Kuno jeung Romawi Kuno, sedengkeun Sajarah China ngawangun irigasi jeung wangunan keur ngontrol banjir. Sinhale Kuno ngagunakeun hidrologi keur ngawangun Kompleks Irigasi di Sri Lanka Kuno, dikenal salaku nu manggihkeun Lobang Klep nu bisa dipaké keur nyieun tempat panampungan cai nu gedé, saluran cai nu nepi ka kiwari masih kénéh dipake.

Marcus Vitruvius, di mimiti abad S.M., ngagambarkeun téori filosofis siklus hidrologi, hujan anu murag di gunung nyerep ka jero taneuh sarta nuju ka walungan sarta usum semi di wewengkon lengkob. Kalawan nyoko pendekatan anu leuwih ilmiah, Léonardo da Vinci sarta Bernard Palissy sacara teuneung mere gambaran nu pas siklus hidrologi. Henteu nepi ka abad ka-17, yén variabel hidrologi mimiti diukur.

Pelopor élmu pangaweruh hidrologi modérn nyaéta Pierre Perrault, Edme Mariotte jeung Edmund Halley. Kalawan ngukur curah hujan, runoff, sarta lega drainase, Perrault méré conto yén curah hujan éta téh mahi keur ngajelaskeun aliran ka walungan Seine. Marriotte ngahijikeun kecepatan sarta penampang melintang sungai keur ngitung debit walungan Seine. Halley némbongkeun yén penguapan ti Laut Mediterania nyaéta mahi keur ngajelaskeun ngocorna cai walungan ka laut.

Advances in the 18th century included the Bernoulli piezometer and Bernoulli's equation, by Daniel Bernoulli, the Pitot tube. The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including Darcy's law, the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen-Poiseuille's capillary flow equation.

Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in the 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological reséarch programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's unit hydrograph, the infiltration théory of Robert E. Horton, and C.V. Theis's Aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics.

Since the 1950's, hydrology has been approached with a more théoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by the advent of computers and especially Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

Daur hidrologis

The central theme of hydrology is that water moves throughout the éarth through different pathways and at different rates. The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the océan, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain. The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers then either evaporates back to the atmosphere or eventually flows back to the océan, completing a cycle.

Cabang hidrologi
Chemical hydrology is the study of the chemical characteristics of water.

Ecohydrology is the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle.

Hydrogeology is the study of the presence and movement of water in aquifers.

Hydroinformatics is the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications.

Hydrometeorology is the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere.

Isotope hydrology is the study of the isotopic signatures of water.

Surface hydrology is the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or néar the Earth's surface.

Widang nu patali
Aquatic chemistry
Civil engineering
Climatology
Environmental engineering
Geomorphology
Hydrography
Hydraulic engineering
Limnology
Oceanography
Physical Geography

Pangukuran hidrologis

The movement of water through the éarth can be méasured in a number of ways. This information is important for both assessing water resources and understanding the processes involved in the hydrologic cycle. Following is a list of devices used by hydrologists and what they are used to méasure.

 Disdrometer - precipitation characteristics
 Evaporation -Symon's evaporation pan
 Infiltrometer - infiltration
 Piezometer - groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test)
 Radar - cloud properties, rain rate estimation, hail and snow detection
 Rain gauge - rain and snowfall
 Satellite - rainy aréa identification, rain rate estimation, land-cover/land-use, soil moisture
 Sling psychrometer - humidity
 Stream gauge - stréam flow (see: discharge (hydrology))
 Tensiometer - soil moisture
 Time domain reflectometer - soil moisture
 Capacitance probe-soil moisture

Prediksi hidrologis

Observations of hydrologic processes are used to maké predictions of the future behaviour of hydrologic systems (water flow, water quality). One of the major current concerns in hydrologic reséarch is the Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB), i.e. in basins where no or only very few data exist.

Hidrologi statistis

By analysing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena. This, however, assumes the characteristics of the processes remain unchanged.

These estimates are important for engineers and economists so that proper risk analysis can be performed to influence investment decisions in future infrastructure and to determine the yield reliability characteristics of water supply systems. Statistical information is utilised to formulate operating rules for large dams forming part of systems which include agricultural, industrial and residential demands.

See: return period.

Pamodelan hideologis

Hydrologic modéls are simplified, conceptual representations of a part of the hydrologic cycle. They are primarily used for hydrologic prediction and for understanding hydrologic processes. Two major types of hydrologic modéls can be distinguished:

 modéls based on data. These modéls are black box systems, using mathematical and statistical concepts to link a certain input (for instance rainfall) to the modél output (for instance runoff). Commonly used techniques are regression, transfer functions, neural networks and system identification.  These modéls are known as stochastic hydrology modéls.
 modéls based on process descriptions. These modéls try to represent the physical processes observed in the réal world. Typically, such modéls contain representations of surface runoff, subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel flow, but they can be far more complicated.  These modéls are known as deterministic hydrology modéls.  Deterministic hydrology modéls can be subdivided into single-event modéls and continuous simulation modéls.

Recent reséarch in hydrologic modéling tries to have a more global approach to the understanding of the behaviour of hydrologic systems to maké better predictions and to face the major challenges in water resources management.

Angkutan hidrologis

''See main article: Hydrologic transport model

Water movement is a significant méans by which other material, such as soil or pollutants, are transported from place to place. Initial input to receiving waters may arise from a point source discharge or a line source or area source, such as surface runoff.  Since the 1960s rather complex mathematical models have been developed, facilitated by the availability of high speed computers.  The most common pollutant classes analyzed are nutrients, pesticides, total dissolved solids and sediment.

Panerapan hidrologi
 Determining the water balance of a region.
 Designing riparian restoration projects.
 Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and drought risk.
 Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity.
 Part of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling
 Providing drinking water.
 Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation.
 Designing bridges.
 Designing sewers and urban drainage system.
 Analyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on sanitary sewer systems.
 Predicting geomorphological changes, such as erosion or sedimentation.
 Assessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic environmental change on water resources.
 Assessing contaminant transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines.

Bacaan salajengna

 Introduction to Hydrology, 4e. Viessman and Lewis, 1996.  ISBN 0-673-99337-X
 Handbook of Hydrology.  ISBN 0-07-039732-5
 Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences.  ISBN 0-471-49103-9
 Hydrological Processes, ISSN: 1099-1085 (electronic) 0885-6087 (paper), John Wiley & Sons
 Journal of Hydroinformatics, ISSN: 1464-7141, IWA Publishing
 Nordic Hydrology, ISSN: 0029-1277, IWA Publishing
 Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ISSN: 0733-9496, ASCE Publication

Tempooge
 Hidropower
 Siklus cai
 Manajemén cai

Tumbu luar - Wiki Hidro
 The Experimental Hydrology Wiki
 The Wiki about how to choose an uncertainty method for hydrologic and hydraulic modelling
 The distributed hydrologic modeling Wiki
 The Hydrowiki is being developed as a collaborative encyclopedia of hydrology topics generated by students, faculty and researchers from educational and other institutions throughout the world working in disciplines relating to hydrology

Tumbu luar lianna
 International Glossary of Hydrology .
 U.S. Geological Survey - Water Resources of the United States
 British Hydrology Society
 eawag - aquatic research, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
 Institute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany
 NOAA's National Weather Service - Office of Hydrologic Development
 Virtual Campus in Hydrology and Water Resources
 Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling
 Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Centre) - Hydrology Commission
 International Assoc for Environmental Hydrology
 American Water Resources Association

Téhnik hidrolik
Téhnik lingkungan
Géografi fisik
Élmu alam

Hidrologi


The Perito Moreno Glacier () is a glacier in the southwest of Santa Cruz province, Argentina. It is one of the most important tourist attractions in the Argentine Patagonia.

The 250 km² ice formation, of 30 km in length, is one of 48 glaciers fed by the Southern Patagonian Ice Field in the Andes system shared with Chile. This icefield is the world's third largest reserve of fresh water.

The Perito Moreno Glacier is one of only three Patagonian glaciers that are not retreating. Periodically the glacier advances over the L-shaped "Lago Argentino" ("Argentine Lake").  when it reaches the opposite shore, it forms a natural dam which separates the two halves of the lake. With no escape route, the water-level on the Brazo Rico side of the lake can rise by up to 30 meters above the level of the main lake. The enormous pressure produced by this mass of waters finally breaks the ice barrier holding it back, in a spectacular rupture event. This dam/rupture cycle is not regular and it naturally recurs at any frequency between once a year to less than once a decade.

The Perito Moreno glacier,  from El Calafate, was named after the explorer Francisco Moreno, a pioneer who studied the region in the 19th century and played a major role in defending the territory of Argentina in the conflict surrounding the international border dispute with Chile.

Other websites

 Glacier Perito Moreno LIVE '08  (Español, English, Français, Portugues)
 Associated Press on the March 2006 breach
 Santa Cruz Sub Secretary Of Tourism
 Panoramic virtual tour of Perito Moreno

Glaciers
Santa Cruz Province, Argentina

Perito Moreno Glacier


Ronald Steven Suskind (born November 20, 1959) is an American journalist, author, and filmmaker. He was the senior national affairs writer for The Wall Street Journal from 1993 to 2000, where he won the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing for articles that became the starting point for his first book, A Hope in the Unseen. His other books include The Price of Loyalty, The One Percent Doctrine, The Way of the World, Confidence Men, and his memoir Life, Animated: A Story of Sidekicks, Heroes, and Autism, from which he made an Emmy Award-winning, Academy Award-nominated feature documentary. Suskind has written about the George W. Bush administration, the Barack Obama administration, and related issues of the United States' use of power.

Life and career
Suskind was born in Kingston, New York, to a Jewish family. He is the son of Shirley Berney and Walter B. Suskind,  and a second cousin of producer David Susskind. He grew up in Wilmington, Delaware, and graduated from Concord High School, after which he attended the University of Virginia. In 1983 he received a master's degree from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism.

In 1990, Suskind went to The Wall Street Journal, and became senior national affairs reporter in 1993. In 1995, he won the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing for two articles on Cedric Jennings, a student at inner-city Ballou High School in Washington, D.C. who wanted to attend MIT. Suskind left the Journal in 2000.

Suskind has written six books, and he has published in such periodicals as Esquire and The New York Times Magazine. In 2004, he discussed his book The Price of Loyalty on CBS's 60 Minutes. In 2006 he discussed The One Percent Doctrine on The Colbert Report, and in 2008 he discussed The Way of the World on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, and again appeared on the show when his 2011 book, Confidence Men, was published. He has also appeared on NBC's Today Show, ABC's Nightline and PBS's Charlie Rose. In 2001 and 2002, he was a contributor to "Life 360," a joint production of ABC and PBS. Between 2004 and 2008, he made appearances on Frontline, the PBS series.  On May 13, 2014, he appeared on The Daily Show to discuss his book Life, Animated, the real-life story of his autistic son, Owen Suskind, and "his irrepressible wife," Cornelia.

In the spring of 2012, Suskind was the A.M. Rosenthal Writer-in-Residence at the Harvard Kennedy School's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy. At the Shorenstein Center he conducted four workshops for students about the process of reporting and writing titled, "Truth and Consequences: Crafting Powerful Narratives in the Age of Message."

Suskind has two sons with his wife, Cornelia Anne Kennedy Suskind. The couple married in 1988. Cornelia is the granddaughter of Democratic Representative Martin J. Kennedy.

Articles
In 2002, Suskind wrote two articles in Esquire on the workings of the George W. Bush White House. The first article, in June 2002, focused on presidential adviser Karen Hughes. White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card said that the pragmatic Hughes was "the beauty to Karl's beast", referring to Bush's advisor Karl Rove. According to Card, her resignation signified a political shift in the administration further to the right. Suskind's second Esquire story about Rove, in December 2002, carried the comments and a long memo from Bush's former head of the White House Office of Faith-based and Community initiatives John DiIulio, an official who left the White House and spoke about his experiences. DiIulio criticized the Bush administration for having "no policy apparatus" and fixating on political calculation, and was quoted as saying "it's the reign of the Mayberry Machiavellis," a comment he then explained in a 3,000-word, on-the-record memo to Suskind about his time in the administration. DiIulio later attempted to recant some of his characterizations.

An October 2004 cover story by Suskind in the New York Times Magazine stated that the president was planning to partially privatize Social Security as his first initiative if re-elected—a disclosure that prompted controversy in the final two weeks of the campaign. In the article, Suskind quoted an unnamed advisor to Bush (later identified as someone who "seems to have been" Rove) as saying that

Books

A Hope in the Unseen

In 1995 Suskind wrote a series of articles on the struggles of inner-city honors students in Washington, D.C, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize. Parts of these articles were used in his first book, A Hope in the Unseen (Doubleday/Broadway, 1998). The story chronicles the two-year journey of Cedric L. Jennings, an honor student who aspires to escape his blighted D.C. upbringing by going to an Ivy League university.

The book was chosen by The New York Times, Chicago Tribune, Washington Monthly and Booklist as one of the best books of the year. The New York Times Book Review called it an "extraordinary, formula-shattering book". David Halberstam called it a "beautiful book of a heroic American struggle." The book has been a selection in college courses on American culture, education, sociology and creative writing, and has been a required reading for incoming freshmen at some universities. In 2008, the book was selected as part of the "One Maryland, One Book" program.

In a review of the book, CNN declared: "As more voters, politicos and talk-show hosts write off affirmative action as a well-intentioned anachronism, A Hope in the Unseen should be required reading for would-be opinion-mongers." In his review for Newsday, Bill Reel stated "I changed my thinking about affirmative action. I was against it, now I am for it. The agent of change was a mind-opening book—A Hope in the Unseen by Ron Suskind."

The book has been a favorite of Bill Clinton and school reformer Michelle Rhee, and Barack Obama.

Suskind says his writing style for this book was to use exhaustive reporting to place readers inside the heads of characters. Suskind stated that this "writing style" was a delving into motive and intent in an effort to understand the "good enough reasons" that underlie actions, which allowed for a fuller, more accurate—and often emotionally powerful—rendering of characters. The Chicago Tribune called the book "the new, new nonfiction. "

The Price of Loyalty

The Price of Loyalty was published on January 13, 2004. The book, which chronicled the two-year tenure of United States Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill, was about the conduct and character of the Bush presidency. While the book covered a number of foreign and domestic issues, it is focussed on events that culminated in the Iraq War.

Among the disclosures in the book, which drew from numerous sources and more than 19,000 internal government documents, one was that the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and the U.S. occupation of Iraq was planned from Bush's first U.S. National Security Council meeting in January 2001, soon after Bush took office. This lay in contrast to the perception that concerns over Iraq came to the forefront after the September 11 attacks in 2001. Administration officials have contended that O'Neill confused contingency plans with actual plans for invasion.

Rather than denying his allegations, Bush officials attacked O'Neill's credibility, while answering that regime change in Iraq had been official U.S. policy since 1998, three years before Bush took office. However, O'Neill's claims called into question the relationship of the Iraq occupation to the post-9/11 War on Terrorism. After the cover sheet of a packet containing classified information was shown during a 60 Minutes interview of O'Neill and Suskind, the United States Department of Treasury investigated whether both men had improperly received classified materials. It concluded in March 2004 that no laws were violated, but that inadequate document handling policies at the Treasury had allowed 140 documents which should have been marked classified to be entered into a computer system for unclassified documents. The documents were among those subsequently released to O'Neill in response to a legal document request and then given to Suskind.

In domestic affairs, the statements by O'Neill about the administration's allegedly chaotic and politically driven policy-making process supported the claims of John DiIulio. O'Neill stated that Vice President Cheney had become part of "a co-presidency" with George W. Bush. One of the book's disclosures involved the conflict between O'Neill and Cheney over what would become the 2003 tax cut. O'Neill, in a November 2002 meeting with Cheney and other senior officials, said that it was unprecedented to cut taxes at a time of war and that the cuts—which included the wealthiest Americans—would eventually push the government toward "fiscal crisis." Cheney's response was, "Reagan proved deficits don't matter. We won the midterms. This is our due." O'Neill opposed this policy.

The One Percent Doctrine

The One Percent Doctrine is Suskind's third book, published in 2006. The book is about the evolution of the foreign policy of the younger Bush's administration especially in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Excerpts of book were published in the June 18, 2006, issue of Time. Based on interviews with more than a hundred sources, including several cabinet officials, the book concluded that U.S. foreign policy since 9/11 was driven by the Bush Doctrine, which is described by a quote from Vice President Dick Cheney saying that it was important for the U.S. to think of "low probability, high impact events"—like terrorists or rogue states getting their hands on WMD—"in a new way."

The doctrine, Suskind asserts, freed the administration from the dictates of evidence and allowed suspicion to be a guide for action in both its battles against terrorists and against rogue states, like Iraq under Saddam Hussein.

One of Suskind's assertions—that a suspect in the London subway bombings was on a US "no fly" list and attempted to enter the US—has been challenged by the US government. The FBI described Suskind's reporting on this single matter as "inaccurate", and issued a statement saying "the author has intertwined facts ... causing some confusion."

Despite being vetted by the CIA prior to publication, the book contained enough information to identify Aimen Dean, a mole within al Qaeda who had spent seven and a half years working for MI6 and had proven one of their most valuable assets. He was forced to quit his role & go into hiding, after extremists issued a Fatwa calling for his death.

The book was a New York Times Bestseller. Frank Rich called it a "must-read bestseller" while Michael Hill stated: "If Bob Woodward is the chronicler of the Bush administration, Ron Suskind is the analyst ... Historians will be grateful for it as they write the many final drafts in the decades to come."

The Way of the World

The Way of the World: A Story of Truth and Hope in an Age of Extremism was published on August 5, 2008. The book tells of people engaged in the challenges of national security and cultural connection. Among these stories are the tales of an intelligence official working to combat nuclear terrorism, a detainee lawyer fighting for rights at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, a young Pakistani man interrogated under the White House, an Afghan teenager who spends a year in American high school, and former Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto as she returns to Pakistan to challenge President Pervez Musharraf.

In his assessment for the Literary Review, Michael Burleigh said:  "Using a series of interwoven stories, some hopeful, others disturbing, Suskind explores whether the United States and the Muslim world will ever be able to find mutual respect and understanding. ... This is a hugely important field that has never been so well examined." The Sunday Times declared "Suskind is never unsympathetic to his characters, who he appears to have debriefed intensively. He is a romantic, a writer who clearly believes that his country has betrayed its past, its values and its moral compass by failing to tell the truth about the war." The New York Observer said: "Moving. ... Mr. Suskind is a prodigiously talented craftsman. ... It's all here: a cast of characters that sprawls across class and circumstance to represent the totality of a historical moment. ... These hard times, Mr. Suskind's book suggests, call for a nonfiction Dickens."

Mark Danner, reviewing the book for The New York Times, writes that "these narratives and others perform, in Mr. Suskind's hands, an intricate arabesque and manage, to a rather remarkable degree, to show us, in this age of terror, 'the true way of the world.'" It is around the stories of these characters that the book frames the debate about how America lost much of its moral authority in recent years and how it is struggling, often through the actions and initiative of individuals, to restore it.

The Way of the World made a series of disclosures centered on Tahir Jalil Habbush al-Tikriti, the head of Iraqi intelligence under Saddam Hussein. The book said that British and American intelligence entered into a dialogue with Habbush before the invasion of Iraq, in which Habbush revealed that Saddam possessed no weapons of mass destruction and did not take an American invasion seriously. The book also contends that the Central Intelligence Agency resettled Habbush, paid him $5 million, and forged a document in his name alleging that 9/11 hijacker Mohammad Atta trained in Iraq.

The White House, former CIA director George Tenet, and former CIA officer Robert Richer, a figure in the book, denied involvement in the illegal act of fabricating the Habbush letter, denials that were echoed in an official CIA statement, saying of Suskind's claim that the White House ordered the agency to forge a letter from Habbush: "It did not happen."

Suskind responded to the Rob Richer's denial, circulated by the White House, by posting on his website a partial transcript of a taped conversation with Richer in which the two discuss the Habbush forgery. In response to the official CIA statement, Suskind told The Washington Post that the disclosures and details in his book are backed up by hours of interviews and that there is "not a shred of doubt about any of it." On August 11, House Judiciary Committee chairman John Conyers announced that his committee would look into the matter of the Habbush letter and a variety of other disclosures in the book.

The Way of the World debuted at number 3 on The New York Times Best Seller list, but some remarked that its revelations did not produce the outrage or scandal that would seem to attend a White House-run disinformation campaign aimed at U.S. public opinion. The layers of the controversy have nonetheless deepened with the revelation that Ayad Allawi, the initial source of the Habbush letter, was at CIA headquarters the week before the letter emerged, and a piece in The American Conservative by Philip Giraldi that claims an "extremely reliable and well placed source in the intelligence community" confirmed that the Vice President's Office was behind the Habbush letter, but that "Doug Feith's Office of Special Plans", not the CIA, carried out the forgery.

Some disclosures in The Way of the World received less attention than the Habbush controversy, but the story the book tells about Pervez Musharraf's actions toward Benazir Bhutto during the last months of her life was picked up in the Pakistani press and dovetailed with a movement calling for the impeachment of the (now former) Pakistani president. Speaking to another aspect of the book, Mark Danner, in his review for The New York Times, writes that "the revelation of an effort to steal and sell fissile material in Georgia's now celebrated 'breakaway region' of South Ossetia ... is only the most terrifying of a dozen or more newsworthy disclosures in this book." Suskind cites the battle against nuclear terrorism as the most pressing crisis the United States needs to combat in order to restore its moral authority, and details an ambitious attempt to infiltrate the worldwide nuclear black market, called the "Armageddon Test."

Confidence Men

Confidence Men: Wall Street, Washington and the Education of a President was published on September 20, 2011, by HarperCollins. It describes the financial crisis that began in the U.S. in 2008, and the attempts by President Barack Obama's White House to combat it.

On September 15, 2011, news of the book began to leak to the press. The New York Times, having obtained an advanced copy, wrote: "The book offers a portrait of a White House operating under intense pressure as it dealt with a cascade of crises, from insolvent banks to collapsing carmakers. And it details the rivalries among figures around the president, including Mr. Summers; Mr. Geithner; the former chief of staff, Rahm Emanuel; and the budget director, Peter R. Orszag.

An article in The Washington Post on September 16 elaborated on the content of the book, citing the allegation that Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner ignored a directive from the president to draw up plans for restructuring Citibank in the spring of 2009. The article also notes that in an interview in the book, Geithner denies the account saying "I don't slow-walk the president on anything". The White House pushed back against the book in spite of having granted Ron Suskind an interview with the president. Communications director Dan Pfeiffer said that books like these "tend to take the normal day-to-day activities of governing and infuse them with drama, palace intrigue and salacious details".

While some faulted Suskind for giving greater credence to the views of sources who gave him more journalistic access others praised him for doing the opposite. In his review for The New York Times Book Review, Joe Nocera wrote "to his everlasting credit, Suskind savages several people he clearly spent time interviewing, starting with Obama's former chief economic adviser, Larry Summers, and Timothy Geithner, his Treasury secretary. And he's more than willing to step outside his re-created scenes to conduct interviews, in which Obama aides and allies tell truths that are genuinely painful to hear."

In his first television appearance, on the Today Show, Suskind was interviewed by anchor Ann Curry, who cited the White House pushback in her questioning. Suskind maintained that the book represented an accurate depiction of what he had found in his reporting. Hendrik Hertzberg wrote in his review of the book for The New Yorker that it would offer "support for some of today's standard progressive gripes about the President" being stymied by his conservative, Wall Street-attentive advisers, "and for a few of the conservative ones," namely assertions that Obama arrived in office unprepared to lead. In his review of the book for The New York Times, Joe Nocera noted that the book had "an omniscient quality" of fly-on-the-wall scenes from inside the White House, much like the books of Bob Woodward, but "doesn't really go for phony omniscience" where the sources who are most cooperative are rendered most favorably. In a New Republic review, John B. Judis wrote, "Suskind's book is being widely portrayed as critical of the Obama administration, but if you read the entire book, its message is that during Obama's first two years he was foiled by his own inexperience as a manager and by a staff that didn't do good by him, but that after the Democratic defeat in 2010 he learned from his failure."

Both Summers and Geithner, who responded to disclosures in the book's pages, pushed back against their characterizations after publication.

A week after publication, the book debuted at No. 2 on The New York Times Best Seller list for Nonfiction.

According to the book President Obama supported a financial transaction tax on trades of stocks, derivatives, and other financial instruments, but he was blocked by Summers.

Confidence Men was cited on various "best book" lists, and named an Esquire 2011 Best Book of the Year, with David Granger commenting: "Journalism like this is all too rare." In the March 2012 issue of The Atlantic, James Fallows cited Confidence Men in his article "Obama, Explained," writing that the Obama administration's "early failure of accountability" in its "apparent coddling of Wall Street in 2009 ... is the main theme of Ron Suskind's Confidence Men ... it created a substantive and symbolic problem the administration has never fully recovered from. Substantive, because of the moral hazard created by using public money to guarantee the bonuses and repay the losses of people who had been so recklessly destructive. Symbolic, for all the reasons that eventually came to a head with last year's Occupy movement. An official familiar with the administration's economic policy told me: 'The recapitalization of the banks was a good idea, and necessary. But we did not put enough conditions on [their] getting the money. Ultimately not being tougher with the guys that got the money is the thing that overthrows the government twice—in 2008 [in a reaction against Bush's TARP plan] and again in 2010.'"

Life, Animated

Life, Animated: A Story of Sidekicks, Heroes, and Autism was published on April 1, 2014, by Kingswell (an imprint of Disney Publishing Worldwide). It is the number 1 best seller under the category of "Special Needs Biographies" on Amazon, and also made The New York Times Best Seller list under Science Books. The memoir describes the Suskind family's two-decade journey in connecting with their youngest son Owen, who was diagnosed at age 3 with regressive autism, lost his ability to speak, and then developed an obsessive interest in Disney movies. Once the family discovered this, they began to play the roles of animated characters and conversing in Disney dialogue – a method that over years helped their son regain speech. Suskind chose to publish the book through a Disney imprint because of his son's frequent quotation of Disney movies in the book; otherwise, he would have had to pay licensing fees for each line of dialogue used. However, Disney agreed to exert no influence over any of the contents of the book. In the memoir, Suskind explains how the family and therapists helped Owen use the Disney stories to relate to real situations, develop "inner speech" capacities, and gradually connect to others. He calls this intense interest in Disney an example of an autism "affinity," referring to the propensity for individuals with autism to develop sustained, self-directed passions in one or a few subject areas. The Suskinds found that these deep interests – long viewed as unproductive obsessions that should be
curtailed – are more "pathway than prison" for individuals with autism or other untraditional learners, insofar they use them "like an enigma machine to crack the codes of the wider world and find their way forward."

The New York Times book review of Life, Animated wrote that Suskind "charts Owen's remarkable journey back to connection through the unlikely vehicle of the Disney cartoons that are his only passion." USA Today called Owen "every reader's son," writing that "For Owen and his family, Disney evolved into his translator of reality. He memorized every line of dialogue in the films and learned, in his own way, how to re-enact each scene, fully loaded with the emotions and the moral lessons embedded in them. And his family, despite the misgivings of their doctors, learned to connect with Owen through Disney as well." The St. Louis Post-Dispatch called it a "wonderful book, whether or not you know a person with autism," and asserted that, "without delving into too much statistical and informational overload, Suskind explains in a straightforward way many of the differences in how people with autism perceive and process information." A chapter that was excerpted in the March 9th issue of the New York Times Magazine became the most emailed piece of the month.

Suskind describes the positive response as a "giant warm wave" that differentiates
this "personal" narrative from his others. He has since spoken to audiences at the United Nations and the NIH; testified in front of the United States Congress; and appeared on numerous TV and radio shows, including ABC's Good Morning America, NBC's Nightly News with Brian Williams, CBS's Sunday Morning, NPR and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart.

On April 2, 2014, for World Autism Awareness Day, Ron spoke to the UN about his family's experience, stressing the need for government-funded research and support around the world. On April 7, The New York Times reported the methodology the family created, which they called "Affinity Therapy," will be studied by researchers from MIT, Yale, and Cambridge University to try to
understand the neural mechanisms at work and develop a manualized, therapeutic model harnessing affinities for those with autism.

On October 17, 2014, in a feature column for The New York Times about her own autistic son's relationship with Siri, Apple's personal assistant software for iPhone, Judith Newman stated that Suskind "is talking to SRI (Stanford Research Institute) about having assistants for those with autism that can be programmed to speak in the voice of the character that reaches them."

Films

Life, Animated
A&E Indie Films announced in August 2014 that it was producing a documentary, directed by Academy Award-winning director Roger Ross Williams, on Owen and the Suskinds' story.

The documentary, Life, Animated, based on Suskind's book of the same name, was co-produced by Williams with Julie Goldman, Carolyn Hepburn and Christopher Clements. Suskind was executive producer of the film.

The film won two Emmy awards, and was nominated for an Academy Award for best documentary feature.

References

External links

"Without a Doubt: Faith, Certainty and the Presidency of George W. Bush", cover story in The New York Times Magazine, October 17, 2004
Online discussion with Ron Suskind at Washingtonpost.com, August 12, 2008
In-depth discussion of The Way of the World, with Amy Goodman on Democracy Now!, August 13, 2008 (video, audio, and print transcript)
Suskind Interview on Hannity & Colmes, air date August 15, 2008

Living people
American foreign policy writers
American male non-fiction writers
American male journalists
American political writers
American investigative journalists
Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing winners
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
University of Virginia alumni
The Wall Street Journal people
Jewish American writers
1959 births
Kingston, New York
21st-century American Jews
Concord High School (Delaware) alumni

Ron Suskind


Claude de Saint-Étienne de la Tour ( 1570 – after 1636) was born in the province of Champagne, France and came to Acadia in 1610 after suffering heavy losses as a ship's captain.

Claude arrived in Acadia to assist Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just in establishing a permanent colony at Port-Royal, N.S. He was accompanied by his son, Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour, and they were initially occupied with the construction of buildings and planting crops.

After the initial colonization effort, it is known that Claude engaged in fur-trading activities in the Penobscot Bay area. It is believed that Fort Pentagouet, a combined trading post and fishing station which he built, was the first permanent settlement in present-day New England. We know that about 1626, Claude de La Tour had to abandon the area to the Plymouth colony.

Claude returned to France and upon returning to his son's fort at Cap de Sable in the spring of 1628, the ships were captured by the British, under the command of Sir David Kirke, and he was sent as a prisoner to England. He returned to Acadia in 1630 with an English wife and briefly switched allegiance to the British. There was a siege of Fort la Tour by Claude with his son resisting and winning.

Claude was eventually convinced by his son Charles to return to Cap de Sable and French allegiance. He lived his remaining years in that area. He was in receipt of a large land grant and Fort Pentagouët itself by the French Crown although it does not appear that he took residential possession of it.

Family
Wife Marie Amador de Salazar, a descendant of Georges de La Trémoille, the Grand Chamberlain of France to King Charles VII of France.

Son Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour

Notes and references

Canadian fur traders
People of New France
1570s births
1636 deaths
Acadian history
1600s in Canada
1610s in Canada

Claude de Saint-Étienne de la Tour


A physical coefficient is an important number that characterizes some physical property of a technical or scientific object.

Examples of Physical Coefficients
 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (thermodynamics) (dimensionless) - Relates the change in temperature to the change in a material's dimensions.
 Partition Coefficient (KD) (chemistry) - The ratio of concentrations of a compound in two phases of a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium.
 Hall coefficient (electrical physics) - Relates a magnetic field applied to an element to the voltage created, the amount of current and the element thickness. It is a characteristic of the material from which the conductor is made.
 Lift Coefficient (CL or CZ) (Aerodynamics) (dimensionless) -  Relates the lift generated by an airfoil with the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow around the airfoil, and the planform area of the airfoil.
 Ballistic coefficient (BC) (Aerodynamics) (units of kg/m²) - A measure of a body's ability to overcome air resistance in flight. BC is a function of mass, diameter, and drag coefficient.
 Transmission Coefficient (quantum mechanics) (dimensionless) - Represents the probability flux of a transmitted wave relative to that of an incident wave.  It is often used to describe the probability of a particle tunnelling through a barrier.
 Damping Factor a.k.a. viscous damping coefficient (Physical Engineering) (units of Newton-seconds per meter) - relates a damping force with the velocity of the object whose motion is being dampened.
 Coefficient of friction (dimensionless) which could be static or dynamic - it relates friction, a force resisting motion between things touching each other, to a normal force, a force pushing the things together.
 ''Diffusion coefficient - relates concentration differences in a medium with how much or how fast diffusion occurs in Fick's Law.

Basic physics ideas

Physical coefficient


William Salter (1804 – 22 December 1875) was an English portrait painter of the 19th century. His best known work was a painting of 83 people at a banquet in 1836 organised by the Duke of Wellington to celebrate their victory at the Battle of Waterloo. The painting is called The Waterloo Banquet 1836 and today is at Apsley House.

Biography
Salter was born in 1804 (baptised on 26 December 1804) and educated in Honiton, Devon. He was able to work in James Northcote's studios from 1822. Five years later he went on a Grand Tour to Italy. Unlike other grand tourers Salter took up employment as a professor at Florentine Academy of Fine Arts. Salter taught History Painting until 1833 when he returned to England.

His most famous work is The Waterloo Banquet (1836) in Apsley House, which depicts a commemorative banquet held by the Duke of Wellington at Apsley House on the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo in 1836.

The painting of the Waterloo Banquet

The story is that Salter was on his horse in Hyde Park on 18 June when he happened to hear and then see the banquet in progress at the Duke of Wellington's house at Hyde Park Corner. He was so intrigued by the spectacle that he approached his patron with a proposal for a painting to capture the scene. His patron Lady Berghersh consented to approach the Duke with the proposal. The Duke was immediately against the idea as he considered Salter's immaturity would not be up to the complexity of the painting Salter was proposing. Lady Berghersh was the Duke's niece and she and the Duke were close and kept up a correspondence for many years. The Duke was persuaded and he gave Salter access to the room and ornaments so that he could get their likenesses.

The centrepiece of the banquet was a large centrepiece that is over a metre wide and over eight metres long. It was a present from the government of Portugal and was made from silver that came from melting down coins. The silver and gilt metalwork was designed by Domingos Antonio de Sequeira and shows the victories of the Napoleonic wars. This silverware and Salter's painting are both today at Apsley House.

Salter painted scores of military figures as preparation for the Waterloo banquet painting and many of these are now in the National Portrait Gallery. He worked on this painting for five years at his studio in Pall Mall persevering to obtain a sitting from the invitees. Each of the people in the painting was reported as a good likeness.

The banquet that is shown is the one in 1836 when King William IV attended. The King died the following year, but Lord Bathurst was included in the picture despite his having already died. Earlier banquets may have had even more invitees. All the field officers were invited and over the years some had already died. Others in the picture were William, King of the Netherlands, Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian, Major-General Sir Peregrine Maitland and Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill. Other field officers there included Sir Frederick Adam, Sir Henry Askew Bt, General Sir Andrew Francis Barnard, Colonel Sempronius Stretton. and General Sir Henry Wyndham.

The King is sitting at Wellington's right as the Duke proposes a toast. The idea of choosing this moment is not by chance. Salter had a problem of composition as he had to deliver a good likeness of over eighty people. As a banquet usually would result in half of the people facing away from a viewer he chose this moment so that the celebrants could more naturally be displayed facing to the side as they sat in conversational groups.

The painting was engraved and was very popular. Tickets were sold to people who wanted to see the painting when it was exhibited in 1841. An 1846 engraving by William Greatbach of the painting also sold well. It was proposed in 1852 to purchase the painting from the artist by public subscription, however this failed to achieve its goal probably due to the Duke's death in September 1852. The painting remained unsold and passed down to Salter's heirs.

The painting is now displayed at Apsley House. The tradition of holding a banquet of the anniversary of the day of the battle still continues today.

Other work
His picture of Socrates before his Judges was painted whilst he was in Italy and is credited with his favourable reception in Florence and Padua.

In 1835, a new church was built in Honiton. Salter paid for and painted an altarpiece called Descent from the Cross for his hometown in 1838.

Salter was a lifelong member of the Florentine academy and he painted a range of subjects, but he is primarily known for his banquet painting and the related portraits. He, and his patron Lady Burghersh, exhibited at the British Institution and he joined the Society of British Artists in 1846. Salter died at his home in West Kensington on 22 December 1875. He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery, London.

References

External links

National Portrait Gallery - Person - William Salter

1804 births
1875 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
People from Honiton
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
19th-century English male artists

William Salter (artist)


The title role in a play or an opera is the role (the part) which is also the title of the play or opera.
We say that the actor, singer or dancer who performs that part has the title role.  For example: in the opera Carmen by Georges Bizet the part played by the girl called Carmen is the "title role".  We may say that a singer took the title role in the opera Carmen.  That means that she sang the part of Carmen in the opera.

The title role is not necessarily the most important role in the play or opera, although it often is.

A few other well-known examples in which the performance is named after one of the characters include the operas Aida (by Giuseppe Verdi), Madame Butterfly (by Giacomo Puccini) and Peter Grimes (by Benjamin Britten), the ballets Coppélia (by Léo Delibes) or Petrushka (by Stravinsky), or the plays Othello or Hamlet (by William Shakespeare).

The title character is the  character whose name is in the title (or suggested in the title), such as Harry Potter in Harry Potter books by J.K. Rowling, or Simba in Disney's The Lion King (Simba is the Lion King).

"Title character" always refers to a character.

Related pages
Character actor
Role (performing arts)
Leading actor
Supporting actor

Performing arts

Title role


Jonathan Isaac Kaplan (born 7 November 1966 in Durban, South Africa), is a former international rugby union referee who used to hold the record for the most international matches as referee.

He announced his retirement on 26 October 2013 and took charge of the 2013 Currie Cup Final between  and the  as his final domestic league match as referee. His final test match as a referee was on 16 November 2013 when he took charge of the Namibia v Kenya match in the final fixture of the 2013 Namibian Tri-Nations in Windhoek.

Background
Kaplan was born in Durban to Jewish parents, and was educated at Carmel College, Durban, and King David School, Linksfield, Johannesburg. He gained a bachelor of social sciences degree, with majors in economics and psychology, from the University of Cape Town and a postgraduate degree in marketing management from the University of South Africa.

Refereeing career
Kaplan began refereeing in 1984, while still a high school student. He made his first-class debut in 1991 and was appointed to South Africa's national panel of referees in 1993. On 4 May 1996 he made his international debut in a match between Namibia and Zimbabwe in Harare.

He was appointed as a touch judge for the 1999 Rugby World Cup, and as a referee for the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia, where he took charge of three pool games and the quarter-final between France and Ireland. He was one of the twelve referees appointed to officiate at the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France, and took charge of four pool games and the semi-final between England and France, and also at the 2011 Rugby World Cup where he refereed Tonga v Canada, Canada v Japan, England v Georgia & Ireland v Italy, he was also an Assistant Referee in the Semi-final between Wales & France.  Jonathan become the first South African to officiate at four World Cups, and referee at three.

Some of Kaplan's other notable games in charge include the first ever game in the Six Nations Championship, between Italy and Scotland in 2000, the second test between the British & Irish Lions and Australia in 2001 and the third test between the Lions and New Zealand in 2005.

Kaplan was the referee for the 2005 Super 12 final and the 2006 Super 14 final (a game notorious for the dense fog which obscured much of the action from spectators and commentators). In December 2008 he was chosen as one of nine referees on a merit panel who, it was intended, would between them have charge of 75% of 2009 Super 14 matches irrespective of the nationality of the teams involved. In line with this policy, Kaplan was appointed to referee the 2009 Super 14 Final; in previous years he would have been debarred from officiating because of the involvement of a South African team. In late 2009, he was again named on the merit panel for the 2010 Super 14.

In October 2008 he took charge of the final of South Africa's premier domestic competition, the Currie Cup, for the fourth time, and was the referee again for the 2009 final.

On 12 February 2013, Kaplan announced his retirement from refereeing as of the end of the season.

Records
Kaplan was previously the most experienced Test referee of all time: he became the first referee to reach the milestone of 50 Test matches when he refereed the Scotland-Ireland game during the 2009 Six Nations Championship, and has since increased his total to 70 Tests (as at his retirement). The record is now 100, held by Nigel Owens.

He also holds the record for refereeing the most Tests involving a single team: the New Zealand-Wales game in June 2010 was his 17th involving the host nation (ending up in 18), surpassing the record of 16 matches previously held jointly by Welshman Derek Bevan (also refereeing New Zealand) and New Zealander Paul Honiss (refereeing Australia).

Other refereeing records held by Kaplan are: most Bledisloe Cup matches (8); most Tri Nations matches (8); most Six Nations matches (18); only referee to have participated in four British & Irish Lions tours and to have had charge of matches in all three tour countries (Free State v B&I Lions, South Africa 1997; 2nd Test, Australia 2001; 3rd Test, New Zealand 2005; Sharks v B&I Lions, South Africa 2009).

Kaplan also holds South African refereeing records for most Rugby World Cup appearances (4: 1999 (as a touch judge), 2003, 2007, 2011) and most World Cup games (13 – 5 as a touch judge) most Super 14 games (107, including 3 finals and 4 semi-finals); and most Currie Cup matches (161, including 6 finals and 4 semi-finals); and is the only referee to have won the award as South African Referee of the Year for four years in succession (2003–07)and 5 overall.

Notes and references

1966 births
Living people
Rugby union players from Durban
South African rugby union referees
South African Jews
University of Cape Town alumni
Jewish rugby union players
International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame inductees
Super Rugby referees
Rugby World Cup referees
Currie Cup referees
The Rugby Championship referees
Six Nations Championship referees
Jewish South African sportspeople

Jonathan Kaplan (rugby union)


Ruins are the parts of buildings that are left after they have been destroyed and cannot be used properly any more. Many ruins are ancient and famous like the ruins of the forum of Ancient Rome, or the ruins of Tintagel Castle on the coast of Cornwall. Ruins can be caused by wars or by natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires and volcanos. Sometimes people leave a house or a village to stand empty, and move somewhere else. When this happens, the house or village slowly becomes a ruin.

Studying ruins

Historic ruins are often a good place for archaeologists to search for evidence of the way people used to live. Often the ruins have all sorts of interesting things buried in them. Archaeologists call the things that they find "artefacts". Artefacts might include beautiful artworks, jewellry and gold coins but usually they are ordinary things like cooking pots, mugs, spoons, hair combs, pipes, old shoes, broken toys and rats' nests. Historians use the evidence found by the archaeologists to write about the place and what might have happened there.

Other people who find ruins very interesting are artists. Many artists have drawn or painted pictures of ruined buildings. In the 18th and 19th centuries, pictures of ruins became very popular.

Famous ruins
 The Indus Valley civilisation in India has several ruined cities. The biggest are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. They are 5,000 years old.
 The Nile Valley has famous ruined temples of Ancient Egypt such as Temple of Luxor.
 The most famous ruins of Ancient Greece are the temples on the Acropolis at Athens including the Parthenon.
 Rome has many ancient ruins, including the Colosseum and the Forum.
 Pompeii is an Ancient Roman city near Naples that was destroyed in a volcanic explosion. Many things in Pompeii are very well preserved.
 Machu Picchu in Peru is a ruined city of the Inca from the 1400s.
 In England many abbeys were closed down and ruined in the 1500s, and many castles were ruined during the Civil War a hundred years later.
 In Hiroshima the ruins of the a building called the Genbaku Dome ("Atomic Dome") stand to remind people of the destruction of the city by atomic bomb in World War II.

Gallery of famous ruins

Related pages
 Architecture
 Archaeology

Ruins


Eastbourne is a large town in East Sussex, on the south coast of England between Brighton and Hastings. It is in the county of Sussex. It is a place where people go on holiday and also where non-English speakers go to learn English. It is at the eastern end of the chalk hills called the South Downs, and next to the high cliff at Beachy Head. The town was built in the early 19th century for people to visit the seaside. A railway station was built in 1849.

Geography
Eastbourne lies next to chalk hills called the South Downs. The famous chalk cliffs Beachy Head is in the town. Eastbourne's architecture and buildings are mainly from the Victorian and Georgian periods. Eastbourne has recently built a marina called Sovereign Harbour which makes the town bigger.

Census
Eastbourne's population was approximately 97,992 in 2009.

 15.9% of residents are aged 0 to 14.
 18.0% of residents are aged 15 to 29.
 18.0% of residents are aged 30 to 44.
 25.0% of residents are aged 45 to 65.
 10.3% of residents are aged 65 to 74.
 8.6%  of residents are aged 75 to 84.
 4.2   of residents are aged 85+

Most jobs in Eastbourne are in tourism or tourism-related services.

Politics
As of 7 May 2015, the MP for Eastbourne is Caroline Ansell. She is a member of the Conservatives.

Eastbourne Borough Council has 27 members (called councillors). Currently, there are 15 Conservative councillors, 11 Liberal Democrat councillors and one independent councillor. The leader of the council is Councillor Ian Lucas.

History
There have been people living in the Eastbourne area since 4000BC, but the town did not develop until around 1150AD. St. Mary's Church (now in Eastbourne's Old Town) was first built between 1160 and 1190. Eastbourne was strategically important during the Napoleonic Wars and had a Martello Tower built from 1804 to 1810. The tower is one of few Martello Towers that are still standing, and is now called the Wish Tower.

The town became much bigger after a railway station was built there in 1849. It joined Eastbourne to London, Brighton and the South Coast Railway. From 1858, William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Burlington (later 7th Duke of Cavendish) invested a lot of money into the town. The elegant areas of Meads, Devonshire Park and the Western Parades were developed as a result of his investment. Cavendish's influence is recognised by many place and business names in Eastbourne, for example: the Cavendish School, the Burlington Hotel, or the Devonshire Park Theatre.

Eastbourne Pier was first built in 1865. It is a famous symbol of Eastbourne and today houses amusement arcades, a nightclub and a public house. It also has a rare, working camera obscura.

Notable Residents
 John Bodkin Adams, suspected serial killer, lived and worked in Eastbourne from 1922 until his death in 1983. He is thought to have murdered at least 163 people, but was never found guilty of any.

 Aleister Crowley, occultist and mystic, spent one year at school in Eastbourne.

References

Other websites
 Eastbourne Borough Council
 The Francis Frith Collection of Historical Photographs

Eastbourne
19th-century establishments in England

Eastbourne


Karachi () is the largest city in Pakistan and the capital of the province of Sindh. Until 1958, it was also the capital of Pakistan. It is also called the City of Lights. It is also one of the world's biggest megacities. In 2017, there are about 17.63 million people who live in Karachi. It is the largest city in the Muslim world.

Karachi has many names including "Mai Kolachi Jo Goth" and "Karatishi". A native of Karachi is called a Karachiite. Quaid-e-Azam (Muhammad Ali Jinnah), who was the founder of Pakistan, was born and buried in Karachi. Karachi has two important regional seaports. Karachi also makes the largest share of Pakistan's GDP and national revenue.

Karachi has five districts: District South, District East, District West, District Central, and District Malir. The city is the financial and commercial center of Pakistan.

Karachi has 26 universities including the University of Karachi. It is home to the National Stadium, which hosts many cricket games, and several other sports complexes. The city has several long sandy beaches including Clifton/Kemari beach and Sandspit beach. Clifton beach suffered from an oil spillage but the beach was cleaned. Karachi has Pakistan's first nuclear site, KANUP in 1952 from Canada. Karachi hosted the first ever night hockey match between India and Pakistan in 1986 at Hockey Club of Pakistan Stadium.

Karachi has many large and small shopping areas including the Saddar area in downtown Karachi. Karachi also has a number of large modern shopping malls.

The city has a modern international airport (Jinnah International Airport) and two large shipping ports, the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim. Karachi is linked by railway to the rest of Pakistan.

Karachi has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification).

Related pages
 Islamabad
 Lahore
 Peshawar
 Quetta

References

Karachi

Karachi


"Badman Riddim (Jump)" is a song by Dutch DJ/producer Vato Gonzalez featuring vocals from British hip hop/grime group Foreign Beggars. It was released on 19 June 2011 as a digital download in the United Kingdom. It contains samples of "Gojira Tai Mosura", the theme song from the 1992 sci-fi film Godzilla vs. Mothra, by Japanese composer Akira Ifukube. The same sample was used in the Pharoahe Monch hit song "Simon Says".

The song is featured as part of the soundtrack for FIFA Street.

Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Badman Riddim (Jump)" was first released onto YouTube on 18 May 2011 at a total length of 2 minutes and fifty-two seconds.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

2011 singles
Vato Gonzalez songs
Ministry of Sound singles

Badman Riddim (Jump)


The jejunum is a section of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. It is between 1 and 2 meters long.The term "jejunum" derives from the Latin "jejunus," which means "empty of food," "meager," or "hungry." The ancient Greeks noticed at death that this part of the intestine was always empty of food. Hence, the name the jejunum.

The Latin "jejunus" also gave rise to "jejune" means lacking in nutritive value and devoid of substance, significance or interest, that is dull. A jejune argument is one that is empty (like the jejunum) and totally devoid of interest.

Famous quote...."Have You Ever Been Punched in The Jejunum?"

Anatomy of the digestive system

Jejunum


Elmer James Bennett (born February 13, 1970) is an American former professional basketball player. At a height of 6'0" (1.83 m), he played at the point guard position.

High school
Bennett played competitively for Bellaire High School, in Bellaire, Texas.

College career
Bennett played college basketball at the University of Notre Dame, with the Fighting Irish, from 1988 to 1992.

Professional career
Bennett was selected by the Atlanta Hawks, in the second round (38th overall) of the 1992 NBA draft. Bennett played in 21 career games in the NBA, in a span of three seasons. He averaged 2.3 points per game over his NBA career.

Bennet played with Rochester Renegade, the Grand Rapids Hoops, the Fargo-Moorhead Fever and the Oklahoma City Cavalry in the Continental Basketball Association. His first European club was in Italy, as he played with Victoria Libertas Pesaro in 1995. He also played with CRO Lyon Basket in 1996.

Bennett played most of his professional career in Spain. He landed in TAU Cerámica in 1997 and stayed there until 2003. He then played with Real Madrid, DKV Joventut and Cajasol Sevilla. Among his accomplishments are featured the 2001–02 Spanish League title with TAU Cerámica, two Spanish King's Cups with TAU also in 1999 (named also MVP) and 2002, another league in 2004–05 with Real Madrid and the 2005–06 FIBA EuroCup with DKV Joventut.

External links
Elmer Bennett at acb.com
Elmer Bennett at euroleague.net
Elmer Bennett at fibaeurope.com
Elmer Bennett at legabasket.it

1970 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball players
Atlanta Hawks draft picks
Basketball players from Illinois
Real Betis Baloncesto players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Denver Nuggets players
Fargo-Moorhead Fever players
Grand Rapids Hoops players
Houston Rockets players
Joventut Badalona players
Liga ACB players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball players
Oklahoma City Cavalry players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Philadelphia 76ers players
Point guards
Real Madrid Baloncesto players
Rochester Renegade players
Saski Baskonia players
Sportspeople from Evanston, Illinois

Elmer Bennett


A calendar era is the year numbering system used by a calendar. The Gregorian calendar for example numbers its years in the Western Anno Domini system (the Coptic Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox churches have their own Christian eras). The instant, date, or year from which time is marked is called the epoch of the era. There are many different calendar eras such as Saka Era.

In ancient times, regnal years were counted from the year a new monarch took the throne. This makes ancient timelines very difficult to reconstruct, because they are based on separate and scattered king lists, such as the Sumerian King List and the Babylonian Canon of Kings. In East Asia, having era names based on ruling monarchs ended in the 20th century except for Japan, where they are still used.

References

Chronology

Calendar era