The Dictionary of Imaginary Places (1980, 1987, 1999) is a book written by Alberto Manguel and Gianni Guadalupi. It takes the form of a catalogue of fantasy lands, islands, cities, and other locations from world literature—"a Baedecker or traveller's guide...a nineteenth-century gazetteer" for mental travelling.

The book
Originally published in 1980 and expanded in 1987 and 1999, the Dictionary covers the terrains that readers of literature would expect—Ruritania and Shangri-La, Xanadu and Atlantis, L. Frank Baum's Oz, Lewis Carroll's Wonderland, Thomas More's Utopia, Edwin Abbott's Flatland, C. S. Lewis' Narnia, and the realms of Jonathan Swift and J. R. R. Tolkien; and also a vast host of other venues, created by authors ranging from Dylan Thomas to Cervantes to Edgar Rice Burroughs, from Carl Sandburg to Rabelais to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. (Plus the Marx Brothers' Duck Soup, among other non-orthodox texts.)

To remain of manageable size, the Dictionary excludes places that are off the planet Earth (eliminating many science fiction locales), as well as "heavens and hells and places of the future," and literary pseudonyms for existing places, like the Yoknapatawpha County of William Faulkner or the Barsetshire of Anthony Trollope and Angela Thirkell. It compensates by covering a wide range of anonymous and obscure sources, and volumes of forgotten lore.

The book is widely noted for the number and excellence of its illustrations, by Graham Greenfield, and its maps and charts, by James Cook. Guadalupi and Manguel acknowledge Philip Grove's The Imaginary Voyage in Prose Fiction (1941), and Pierre Versins' Encyclopèdie de l'Utopie, des Voyages extraordinaires et de la Science-Fiction (1972), as precedents and inspirations.

The book had an influence on the development of early Japanese role-playing video games at Nihon Falcom.

See also
An Atlas of Fantasy
Literary Wonderlands

Notes

References
 Cuddon, John Anthony. A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. London, Blackwell, 1998.
 Manguel, Alberto, and Gianni Guadalupi. The Dictionary of Imaginary Places. New York, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1980, 1987, 1999.
 Wynar, Bohdan S. American Reference Books Annual, 1988. Westport, CT, Libraries Unlimited, 1988.

Gazetteers
Encyclopedias of fictional worlds
1980 non-fiction books
1987 non-fiction books
1999 non-fiction books

The Dictionary of Imaginary Places


Mexicali is a city in Mexico. It is in the north of the country and across the border from California in the United States. It is the capital city of Baja California. Mexicali is the farthest north city of Latin America. About 903,000 people live there. Many of them are Hispanic.

Capital cities in Mexico
Baja California (state)

Mexicali


Metallic hydrogen is an alkali metal made from hydrogen gas. This is formed when the hydrogen gas is under compression and results with the gas changing phase. It is an example of degenerate matter. The matter has a crystal structure of proton atoms, with spacing that is extremely small, smaller than a Bohr radius (which is 52.918 x 10-12 m). The electrons in the molecular orbital are unbounded and they behave like the conduction electrons in a metal. Metallic hydrogen is unusual as the element itself is not an alkali metal, but a diatomic gas.

Metallic hydrogen is known to exist in the cores of Jupiter and Saturn.
Jupiter has the most metallic hydrogen.
Metallic hydrogen is a dense liquid. Metallic hydrogen acts like a metal and has crazy properties.

References
Alkali metals

Metallic hydrogen


The eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) is a species of Turdidae. Its name comes from the colour of its feathers, which is a vibrant blue.

Appearance
There is a marked contrast between his blue back and its subdued orange-brown belly. The female's colours are less intense. The head's colour is a kind of blue-gray and there is a more vibrant blue on the tail and the wings. The belly is a mix of orange-brown and white. The male is completely blue. It is only his breast and his throat which are orange and blue, his belly and undertail are white.

Habitat
The eastern bluebird lives in many regions of North America. It has been seen more frequently in the American Midwest and in southern Canada. It does not have a definive habitat. It lives in light woods, gardens, agricultural areas and orchards. This species prefers to use a hole already made as a nest. In fact, those birds often live in deserted woodpecker holes. To make it more comfortable they add to the hole little twigs or brushwood. They cut and bring it back to the hole they want to live in and it covers the bottom of the wood cavity.

Food
This bird eats insects. In summer and spring time, perching on a low branch or on a nest boxes, it searches for prey. When it finds one it simply attacks it. During colder seasons, bugs are less present. Thus, it can also eat little fruits like field or forest berries.

Population
Females have between four and five eggs at a time. Before hatching, there is about fourteen days of incubation.  The eastern bluebird has been decreasing in population over time. Despite the fact that many eggs are laid, the birth's success rate is low. One thing that can be the source of that phenomenon might be the introduction of the common starling from Europe. That kind of bird is a strong competitor fighting against eastern bluebirds for natural cavities. If they are fighting every day females would not be able to lay their eggs because they need a calm location to do it. However, the situation could be worse without nest boxes to help eastern bluebirds find a safe location.

Notes

References
 Proctor, Noble. Répertoire des oiseaux chanteurs du Québec et de l'Amérique du Nord, édition Québecor, Montréal, 1991, p. 83
 Bluebird , The Canadian Encyclopedia.
  , ESPÈCE : Merlebleu de l'Est.

Thrushes
Birds of North America

Eastern bluebird


Pecorino cheese (or simply Pecorino) is the name for a few kinds of Italian cheeses made from sheep milk.  The word pecora, from which the name comes from, means sheep. Most of these cheeses are aged for some time. They taste rather salty.

Types

Pecorino Romano is probably the best known outside Italy, especially in the United States. The cheese has been exported to the United States since the 19th century. Most Pecorino Romano is produced on the island of Sardinia, though its production is also allowed in Lazio and in the Tuscan Province of Grosseto.

Pecorino Sardo also comes from Sardinia. It is milder. Pecorino Toscano is from Tuscany,  Pecorino Siciliano (or  in Sicilian) from Sicily and Pecorino di Filiano from Basilicata.  All come in a variety of styles depending on how long they have been matured.  The more matured cheeses, referred to as , are harder and have a stronger flavour.  Sometimes, the cheeses are made with spices. In Sardinia, the larvae of the cheese fly are intentionally introduced into Pecorino Sardo to produce a local delicacy called casu marzu.

Pecorino Romano is most often used on pasta dishes, like the better-known Parmigiano Reggiano (parmesan).  Its distinctive strong, very salty flavour means that it is preferred for some pasta dishes with highly-flavoured sauces, especially those of Roman origin, such as pasta all'amatriciana.

References

Pecorino cheese


Jacques Cartier (31 December, 1491 – 1 September, 1557) wis a French traider an splorer that is thocht o as ane o the major discoverers o Canadae, or mair speceificlie, the inner eastren region that wad acome the foremaist European-settlt pairt o that kintra.

He wis frae Saint-Malo, Fraunce, born in the year 1491 tae a weel-respeckit faimlie o marinars. He bettered his social status in 1520 bi mairryin Catherine des Granches, member o a leadin gailley-ainin faimlie. His guid name in Saint-Malo is recognisit bi its monie appearances in baptismal registers as godfaither or witness.

Nae contemporary picter o Jacques Cartier haes been funnd an the best kent picter (see richt) wis pentit bi a Roushian airtist in 1839 for the ceity o Saunt-Malo.

Gey little is kent o Cartier's chairacter or personality but his professional abeilities can be eithly jaloused conseiderin that Cartier led three vaiges o discovery in nae mowes an hithertil unco watters athoot losin a gailey, that he entered intil an depairtit fae fiftie undiscovered herbours athoot sairious mishanter, an that the anerly seefairmen o his that deid wis victims o an epidemic ashore. Tharefor he micht be conseidered ane o the maist conscientious splorers o the time.

Jacques Cartier wis the first European tae descrive an cairt the Gulf o Saunt Lawrence an the shores o the Saunt Lawrence River, whilk he named "The Kintra o Canadas", efter the Iroquois names for the twa big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec Ceety) an at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).

Foremaist Vaige 1534
The Keeng o Fraunce, François I, chuist him tae find "certaines îles et pays où l'on dit qu'il se doit trouver grande quantité d'or et autres riches choses" ("certaint inchs an launds whaur it is quo thare are muckle quantities o gowd an ither riches"). In 1534 he setten sail leukin for a wastren passage tae Asie. He sploret pairts o whit are the nou cried Newfoundland (stairtin on Mey 10 o that year) an the Canadian Maritimes an whaur he learnt o a river forder wast (the St. Lawrence River) that he believed micht be the fair rakit-for northwest passage. He landed for the first time at praisent day Gaspé, Quebec whaur he plauntit a cross an claimet the territory for Fraunce. Owre this vaige he teuk Domagaya an Taignoagny, the sons o Huron Heidsman Donnacona, back tae Europe.

Seicont Vaige 1535-1536
Cartier setten sail on a seicont vaige on Mey 19 o the follaein year wi 3 gailey, 110 men, an the twa fremmit lads (wha wis returned tae the Heidsman). He sailed up the river for the first time an reached the steid o praisent-day Québec Ceity, hame o the Huron clachan o Stadacona whaur Donnacona wis reunitit wi his twa sons. Cartier left his main gaileys in a herbour naur tae Stadacona an uised his smallest gailey tae conteena upriver tae veesit Hochelaga (Montreal) an arrived on October 2, 1535. Hantle mair impressive than the smaa an fousome clachan o Stadacona, mair nor a thoosand Huron came tae the edge o the river tae greet the Frenchmen. The site o thair income haes been confidently identified as the beginnin o the Sainte-Marie sault, a location whaur the Jacques Cartier Brig nou stands.

Efter spendin twa day amang the Hurons o Hochelaga, Cartier returned tae Stadacona on October 11. It is no ken preceese whan Cartier decidit tae spend the winter o 1535-1536 in Canadae but the decision buist hae been makkit bi his income in Stadacona as it wis bi than owre ahint the haund tae return tae Fraunce. Cartier an his men prepared for winter bi strengthenin thair fort, hainin inglewid an sautin doun gemme an fish.

In throu that winter, Cartier compiled a kynd o gazetteer whilk includet several pages on the mainer o the natives, in parteecular thair prattick o wearing anerly leggings an moccasins e'en in the deid o winter.

Frae mid-November 1535 tae mid-Apryle 1536 the French fleet lay frozen solit at the gab o the St. Charles river, ablo the Rock o Quebec. Ice wis owre twa faddom thick in the river an snaw fower fit deep ashore. Tae add tae the discomfort, scurbie broke oot, first amang the Hurons an than amang the French. Bi mid-Februar, Cartier states that "oot o 110 that we wis, no ten wis weel eneuch tae help the ithers, a thing peetifu tae see". Cartier estimates the coont o Hurons deid at 50.

Ane o the natives that survived wis Domagaya hou haed been taen tae Europe bi Cartier the year afore. He visited the French fort for a freendly ca, Cartier enquired an learnt o him that a concoction makkit frae a certaint tree cawet annedda wad cuir scurbie. Thon remeed probably sauft the expedeetion frae destruction an bi the end o the winter, 85 Frenchmen wis alive.

Ready tae sail back tae Fraunce in early Mey 1536, Cartier decidit tae kidnap Donnacona sae that he micht personally spin the tale o a kintra further north, cawet Saguenay, that wis quoet tae be fou o gowd, rubies an ither treisurs. Efter a arduous Vaige doun the St. Lawrence river an a three week Atlantic crossin, Cartier an his men arrived in Saint-Malo on Julie 15 1536.

That is hou the secoint an maist profitable o Cartier's vaiges endet, lestin fowerteen month. Haein awready locate the entrance, he nou opened up the greatest watterwey fae penetratin North Americae. He haed makkit an mensefu estimate o the resoorces o Canadae, baith naitral an human, mauger considerable exaggeration on the meeneral side. While some o his actions wi respect tae the natives wis dishonorable, he did his best tae staiblish freindship wi the Huron up an doun the Great River, an indispensable preliminary tae French Hame.

Thrid Vaige 1541-1542
On Mey 23, 1541 Cartier depairtit Saunt-Malo on his thrid vaige wi five gailey. This time, ony thochts o finnin a passage tae the Orient wis forgotten an the goal wis tae fin the Kinrick o Saguenay an its riches an an wa tae establish a permanent Hame alenth the Saunt Lawrence River.

Anchorin at Stadacona on Augist 23 1541, Cartier met the Hurons but foond thair "shaw o joy" an thair nummers worrisome an decidit no tae big his Hame thare. Sailin nine mile up the river tae a spot he haed observed aforehaun, he decidit tae settle on the site o praisent day Cap-Rouge. The convicts an ither colonists wis laundit, the nowt whilk haed survived three month aboard gailey wis turnt lowse, earth brucken fae a kitchen gairden an seeds o kail, turmit an lettuce wis plauntit. A fortified hame wis sicwice shapit whilk wis named Charlesbourg-Ryal. Anither fort wis biggit on the falaise owerleukin the hame fas addit pertection.

The men begoud collectin cou-leddy-stane creestal ("diamonds") an airn pyrites ("gowd") an aw. Twa o the gaileys wis dispatched hame wi some meenerals on September 2.

Haein set tasks for awbodie, Cartier left wi the longboats for a reconnaissance o the Saguenay on 7t September. Haein reakit Hochelaga, bad wather an the numerous rapids preventit him tae conteena up tae the Ottawa river.

Returnin tae Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier fins the situation uncannie. The Hurons nae langer makkit friendly veesits or peddled fish an gemme, but prowled aboot in a sinister manner. Nae records exists aboot the winter o 1541-1542 an the information maun be gleaned fae the few details providit frae returnin sailors. It seems that the Indians attackit an killt aboot 35 settlers afore the Frenchmen coud retreat ahint the fortifications. Een tho scurbie wis cuiret throu the native remedee, the impression left is o a general meeserie an o Cartier's growin conviction that he haed insufficient manpower baith tae pertect his base an tae gae in sairch o Saguenay. In early Juin 1542 awbodie boardit the three remainin ships for tae gae hame. Thay arrived back in Europe in October o 1542.

Cartier spent the lave o his life in Saunt-Malo an his naur aboots estate, an deed aged 66 on September 1 1557 frae an epidemic. He deed afore ony permanent European Hames wis makkit in Canadae; that haed tae wait for Samuel de Champlain in 1608.

References

Fremmit airtins
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1491 births
1557 daiths
16t-century French fowk
16t century in Canadae
Explorers o Canadae
French explorers
French Roman Catholics
Fowk frae Saint-Malo
French fowk o Breton strynd

Jacques Cartier


Augustus Wade Dwight (February 22, 1827 – March 26, 1865) was a lawyer who became an officer in the American Civil War. He served in 21 battles and was wounded three times, the last wound being fatal.

Life
Augustus Wade Dwight was born February 22, 1827, in Halifax, Vermont, the oldest of nine children. His father was physician Morris Dwight of the New England Dwight family, born October 1, 1796, and mother was Minerva Bryant, born February 18, 1800.
In 1829 the family moved to Cummington, Massachusetts, as the father practiced medicine, and in 1839 to Poughkeepsie, New York, where his father tried to raise mulberry trees. In 1840 they moved to LaFayette, New York.

Dwight enrolled in Yale College in September 1851; his distant cousin Theodore Dwight Woolsey was president of Yale at the time. However, he dropped out in February 1852 when he could not afford it. Instead he went to California to join the California Gold Rush. He studied law for a while in California. Somehow he ended up on a ship to the Hawaiian Islands, and from there to China. Returning to the US, he had circumnavigated the earth.
He studied for the bar and was admitted to practice in Onondaga County, New York, in 1859.

American Civil War
A year into the American Civil War, additional troops were being raised in Onondaga County.
Dwight volunteered for the Union Army for what he thought would be a three-year enlistment.
He was commissioned as Captain of Company E of the 122nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment on July 8, 1862. By August 28, 1862, was promoted to lieutenant colonel under Colonel Silas Titus, and was sent immediately into combat action as part of the Army of the Potomac.

In its first engagement, the Battle of Antietam, they were kept in reserve and there were no losses. After a few other skirmishes, they saw heavy fighting at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. Sickness also took its toll on the regiment. Several times Col. Titus was ill and Dwight had led the troops. Other times, both officers were unable to lead and command passed to Captain Horace Hall Wapole (later promoted to lead the regiment). Titus was also called away to serve as Provost Marshal.

Dwight would often send reports back to the Syracuse Journal newspaper, and wrote letters notifying relatives of men who were killed in action.

On September 19, 1864, at the Battle of Opequon, he received his first wound, a severe contusion of his right thigh, but was able to continue in his post. On October 19, 1864, he was more severely wounded at Battle of Cedar Creek when a ball shattered his right wrist. He was given a medical discharge and sent home to recover with an effectively useless right arm.

Dwight left home again on January 30, 1865, to rejoin his regiment which was at the Siege of Petersburg. He officially replaced Titus to command the regiment as acting colonel on February 28, 1865, under Colonel Thomas W. Hyde who was in turn acting as brigade commander.

On the early morning of March 25, 1865, Confederate forces launched the daring surprise attack on Fort Stedman near Petersburg. After initially capturing the Union fort, the attack stalled and the fort was retaken. In response, later that day Dwight's regiment was ordered to take some of the weakened trenches on the Confederate's right side. During the operation, he was hit it the head by artillery fire and was instantly killed.
His commission as full colonel was not finalized before his death. He was buried in Oakwood Cemetery in Syracuse, New York.

At the dedication of a monument for the regiment in 1888 at the Gettysburg Battlefield, speeches mentioned Dwight as the one "to whom the efficiency of the regiment was so largely due."

References

External links

1827 births
1865 deaths
People from Halifax, Vermont
New York (state) lawyers
Union Army officers
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Yale College alumni
Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War
Burials at Oakwood Cemetery (Syracuse, New York)
19th-century American lawyers

Augustus Wade Dwight


Eugenius II was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1821 to 1822.  Prior to his election as Patriarch, he was Archbishop of Anchialos in Bulgaria.

Eugenius was among the Archbishops held as hostages by Mahmud II along with Patriarch Gregory V when the Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821. On 10 April 1821, Gregory V was deposed and hanged by the Turks in the central gate of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Archbishop Eugenius, still a prisoner at the time, was elected as the new Patriarch under the name Eugenius II.

Eastern Orthodox Christians from Bulgaria
19th-century Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople
1780 births
1822 deaths

Eugenius II of Constantinople


Leon Jessel, or Léon Jessel (22 January 1871 – 4 January 1942) was a German composer of operettas and light classical music pieces. Today he is best known internationally as the composer of the popular jaunty march The Parade of the Tin Soldiers, also known as The Parade of the Wooden Soldiers. Jessel was a prolific composer who wrote hundreds of light orchestral pieces, piano pieces, songs, waltzes, mazurkas, marches, choruses, and other salon music. He achieved considerable acclaim with a number of his operettas — in particular Schwarzwaldmädel (Black Forest Girl), which remains popular to this day.

Because Jessel was a Jew by birth (he converted to Christianity at the age of 23), with the rise of Nazism in the late 1920s, his composing virtually came to an end, and his musical works, which had been very popular, were suppressed and nearly forgotten.

Early life and family
Leon Jessel was born in the eastern German city of Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland), in 1871, the son of Jewish merchant Samuel Jessel and his American wife Mary. Leon converted to Christianity in 1894 — the same year he premiered his first operetta Die Brautwerbung (The Courtship) — in order to marry Clara Louise Grunewald, and they were wed in 1896. In 1909 his daughter Maria Eva was born, and in 1911 the family moved to Berlin. In 1919, his first marriage ended in divorce. In 1921 he married his second wife, Anna Gerholdt, who was 19 years his junior.

Career
Although his musical parents wanted him to become a merchant or businessman, Jessel was instead drawn to becoming a musician, and left school at the age of 17 to pursue music and musical theater. After studying with various teachers between 1888 and 1891, Jessel became a conductor,  music director, chorus master, bandmaster, and theater conductor working in many German cities.

Beginning in 1892, these jobs included the position of Kapellmeister in cities which included Mulheim an der Ruhr,  Freiberg, Kiel, Stettin, Chemnitz, and Neustrelitz. He finally settled in Lübeck, where he was Kapellmeister at the Wilhelm Theater from 1899 to 1905, whereupon he became director of the Lübeck Liedertafel (men's singing group) association. While in Lübeck, Jessel composed numerous choral works, operettas, and character pieces.

In 1911, Jessel moved to Berlin, where he came into his own and made a name for himself — his 1913 operetta Die beiden Husaren (The Two Hussars) garnered much attention. He continued to compose many operettas and Singspiel operas, most of which premiered in Berlin. In 1915, Jessel also co-founded and co-launched the early GEMA, a German performance rights organization.

Jessel's biggest success was the operetta Schwarzwaldmädel (Black Forest Girl), which premiered at the Komische Oper in Berlin in August 1917. The opera's touching libretto, appealing melodies, and elegant instrumentation proved immensely popular, and it ran in Berlin for 900 performances, and within the next 10 years was performed approximately 6,000 times in Germany and abroad. Schwarzwaldmädel has been recorded numerous times over many decades, in addition to also being filmed and televised numerous times. Jessel also had a major success with his 1921 operetta Die Postmeisterin (The Postmistress), and in total he wrote nearly two dozen operettas.

Persecution and death in Nazi Germany
Jessel's operettas were popular, nationalistic, and very German: Schwarzwaldmädel was a favorite of Hitler and Himmler. Because of this, and because of his own conservative nationalistic ideology, and because his second wife Anna joined the Nazi party in 1932, Jessel expected acceptance in Germany even during and after the Nazi rise to power. Instead, he was rejected by the Nazi leadership because of his Jewish descent, even though he had converted to Christianity in 1894, and performances of his works were banned in 1933. Jessel's last major work was his 1933 operetta Junger Wein (Young Wine), and his biographer Albrecht Dümling believes that he was a victim of targeted boycott measures as early as 1927.

In 1937, he was forced out of the Reichsmusikkammer (the State Music Institute), and recordings and distribution of his works were prohibited. In 1941, a house search turned up a 1939 letter to his librettist William Sterk in Vienna, in which Jessel had written: "I cannot work in a time when hatred of Jews threatens my people with destruction, where I do not know when that gruesome fate will likewise be knocking at my door." On 15 December 1941 Jessel was arrested and delivered to the Gestapo in Berlin. He was tortured by the Gestapo in a basement of the Police Bureau at Alexanderplatz and subsequently died on 4 January 1942 in the Berlin Jewish Hospital. He was 70.

Legacy

The Parade of the Tin Soldiers

One of Jessel's non-operatic pieces still extensively performed and recorded worldwide is the jaunty march (originally for piano) for orchestra or military band entitled The Parade of the Tin Soldiers (Die Parade der Zinnsoldaten).

The Parade of the Tin Soldiers was popularized internationally in the early 1920s, under the title The Parade of the Wooden Soldiers, by Nikita Balieff in his La Chauve-Souris vaudeville show. In 1923, Lee DeForest filmed The Parade of the Wooden Soldiers, performed by Balieff's company, in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. The film premiered that year in New York City, and is in the Maurice Zouary collection at the Library of Congress.

By the mid-1920s, the piece was a hit single recorded by the orchestras of Carl Fenton, Vincent Lopez, and Paul Whiteman. It has been widely performed and recorded ever since. For instance, a Betty Boop film of the same name was created with the music in 1933, and The Rockettes have been performing their own choreographed version of the piece since then in the annual Radio City Christmas Spectacular.

In Great Britain the piece was used for many years in BBC radio's Children's Hour to introduce the series Toytown, based on stories by S. G. Hulme Beaman. The recording used was by the New Light Symphony Orchestra.

Schwarzwaldmädel and other works
Jessel's charming operetta Schwarzwaldmädel (Black Forest Girl) remains one of the most popular operettas written in Germany, and it has continued to be performed, recorded, filmed, and televised. According to Andrew Lamb in 150 Years of Popular Musical Theatre, "Schwarzwaldmädel represented all that was best in continental operetta."

Several of Jessel's instrumental character pieces, such as "The Wedding of the Rose" (Der Rose Hochzeitszug), are also still in international circulation.

Memorial
In the Wilmersdorf section of Berlin, a tree-lined plaza, with a "mushroom fountain", surrounded by cafes and restaurants, was renamed Leon-Jessel-Platz in 1986.

Selected works
Stage works
Die Brautwerbung (The Courtship) (Operetta in 1 Act; Text: Else Gehrke, premiere: 1894, Celle)
Kruschke am Nordpol (Kruschke at the North Pole) (Operetta in 1 Act; Text: Max Reichardt, premiere: 1896, Kiel)
Die beiden Husaren (The Two Hussars) (Operetta; Text: Wilhelm Jacoby and Rudolf Schanzer, premiere: 6 February 1913, Theater des Westens, Berlin)
Wer zuletzt lacht (Who Laughs Last) (Musical comedy; Text: Arthur Lippschitz and Albert Bernstein-Sawersky, premiere: 31 December 1913, Theater an der Weidendammer Brücke, Berlin)
Schwarzwaldmädel (Black Forest Girl), (Operetta; Text: August Neidhart, premiere: 25 August 1917, Komische Oper, Berlin)
Ein modernes Mädel (A Modern Girl) (Operetta; Text: August Neidhart, premiere: 28 June 1918, Volkstheater, Munich)
Ohne Männer kein Vergnügen (No Pleasure Without Men) (Dance Operetta; Text: August Neidhart, premiere: 1918, Berlin)
Die närrische Liebe (The Foolish Love) (Singspiel; Text: Jean Kren, premiere: 1919, Berlin)
Verliebte Frauen (Women in Love) (Vaudeville; Text: Alexander Pordes-Milo, premiere: 1920, Königsberg)
Schwalbenhochzeit (The Swallows' Wedding) (Operetta; Text: Alexander Pordes-Milo, premiere: 28 January 1921, Theater des Westens, Berlin)
Die Postmeisterin (The Postmistress) (Operetta; Text: August Neidhart, premiere: 3 February 1921, Central-Theater, Berlin)
Das Detektivmädel (The Girl Detective) (Operetta; Text: August Neidhart, premiere: 1921, Berlin)
Des Königs Nachbarin (The King's Lovely Neighbor) (Singspiel; Text: Fritz Grünbaum and , premiere: 15 April 1923, Wallner-Theater, Berlin)
Der keusche Benjamin (Chaste Benjamin) (Operetta; Text: Max Steiner-Kaiser and Hans Bodenstedt, premiere: 1923 Hamburg)
Meine Tochter Otto (My Daughter Otto) (Operetta; Text: Fritz Grünbaum and Wilhelm Sterk, premiere: 1924, Berlin)
Prinzessin Husch (Princess Husch) (Operetta; Text: August Neidhart, premiere: 1925, Hamburg)
Die kleine Studentin (The College Girl) (Operetta; Text: Leo Kastner and Alfred Möller, premiere: 1926, Stettin)
Mädels, die man liebt (Girls You Love) (Musical; Text: Leo Kastner and Alfred Möller, premiere: 1927, Hamburg)
Die Luxuskabine (The Luxurious Cabin) (Operetta; Text: August Neidhart, premiere: 1929, Leipzig)
Junger Wein (Young Wine) (Operetta; Text: August Neidhart, premiere: 1 September 1933, Theater des Westens, Berlin)
Die goldene Mühle (The Golden Mill) (Singspiel; Text: Wilhelm Sterk, performed incomplete: 29 October 1936, Olten, Switzerland)
Treffpunkt Tegernsee (Lake Tegernsee Meeting Place) (Operetta; Text: Aksel Lund and Erik Radolf, premiere: April 12, 2009, Stadttheater in Neuburg an der Donau by Neuburger Volkstheater)
Instrumental
Die Parade der Zinnsoldaten (The Parade of the Tin Soldiers aka The Parade of the Wooden Soldiers) (Character piece, solo piano. Sold in 1897; published for orchestra in 1905, Opus 123)
Der Rose Hochzeitszug ("The Wedding of the Rose") (Character piece / Two-Step for piano or orchestra. Written: 1905, Opus 216)
Die Marokkanische Patrouille ("The Moroccan Patrol") (Character piece for solo piano, duet, piano & violin, or orchestra. Published 1911, Opus 227.)

References
Dümling, Albrecht. Die verweigerte Heimat: Leon Jessel, der Komponist des "Schwarzwaldmädel" (The Denied Homeland: Leon Jessel, Composer of "Black Forest Girl"). Düsseldorf: Der kleine Verlag, 1992. Revised in 2012 and published by Lukas Verlag.
Grundmann, Martina. "Zeitgeschichte: Das widersprüchliche Leben des Komponisten Leon Jessel." Junge Freiheit. October 29, 1999.
Grainger page

Notes

External links

1911 Berlin recording of The Parade of the Tin Soldiers (audio) at Russian-Records.com
Schwarzwaldmädel (excerpts)
Schwarzwaldmädel (Black Forest Girl) Brief synopsis and analysis
Jessel's operettas, operas, and musicals

In German:
Léon Jessel Data, biography, and links from the University of Hamburg
Recordings and publications at the German National Library

1871 births
1942 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century German Jews
19th-century German male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century German composers
20th-century German Jews
20th-century German male musicians
Converts to Christianity from Judaism
German classical composers
German Jews who died in the Holocaust
German male classical composers
German musical theatre composers
German operetta composers
Jewish classical composers
Jewish songwriters
Light music composers
Male musical theatre composers
Male operetta composers
Musicians from Szczecin
Musicians from the Province of Pomerania

Leon Jessel


Chengdu (also called The Hibiscus City), is the fifth largest city in the  People's Republic of China. It is the capital of Sichuan province and is on top of the Chengdu Plain. The city is home to the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding. The city has a famous food culture, so much so that UNESCO awarded the city as a City of Gastronomy. Chengdu is known for hot pot and teahouses and for adding chili peppers in much of their food.

Cities in China
Sichuan

Chengdu


Dhatki, also known as Dhati or Thari, is a sociolect of Marwari dialect of Rajasthani language. It is spoken in western parts of Jaisalmer and Barmer districts of Rajasthan in the Republic of India and eastern parts of Sindh province of Pakistan. Its characteristic phonological features are glottalized or implosive sounds. Many Dhatki speaking communities migrated to British India in 1947 after the partition and continued to do so in small numbers, but still there is a sizable number of Dhatki speakers in districts Tharparkar, Umarkot, Mirpurkhas, Sanghar, Badin and other areas of Sindh Pakistan.

Languages of Sindh
Languages of India
Rajasthan
Indo-Aryan languages

Dhatki language


A page cache or disk cache is a buffer of pages certain operating systems keep in memory. These operating systems usually use paging.
The page cache uses virtual memory techniques to cache file data as pages rather than as file system oriented blocks. Caching file data is far more efficient than caching through physical disks blocks. Several systems - including Solaris, Linux, and Windows NT, 2000, and XP - use page caching to cache both process pages and file data. This is known as Unified Virtual Memory.

Computer science

Page cache


John Guyse (1680-1761) was an English independent minister.

Life
Guyse was born in Hertford in 1680. He was educated for the ministry at the academy of the Rev. John Payne at Saffron Walden, and began to preach in his twentieth year. He sometimes assisted William Haworth, then minister of a congregation of dissenters in Hertford, and succeeded him in the charge 27 September 1705. His ministry at Hertford was distinguished by the vigour of his attacks on Arianism.

In 1727 he was invited to become first minister of a congregation which had been formed by a secession from Miles Lane, Cannon Street, and had established itself in New Broad Street. Being advised to leave Hertford, as his health was overtaxed, he complied with the request. From about 1728 he preached the Coward lecture on Fridays at Little St. Helen's, and from 1734 the Merchants' lecture on Tuesdays at Pinners' Hall.

Guyse received the degree of D.D. from Aberdeen in 1733 (Gent. Mag. iii. 48). He was an active member of the King's Head Society, which was formed for the purpose of assisting young men to obtain academical training for the ministry. In his old age he became lame and blind, but his blindness was thought to have improved his sermons by compelling him to preach without notes, so that it was said that one of his congregation told him she wished he had become blind twenty years earlier. His only son, William Guyse, was his assistant at New Broad Street from 1728 till his death in 1758. He himself died on 22 November 1761, and was buried in Bunhill Fields burial ground.

Works
Two Coward lectures, which he published in 1729 under the title of 'Christ the Son of God,' were attacked by Samuel Chandler in 'A Letter to the Rev. John Guyse.' Guyse replied with 'The Scripture Notion of preaching Christ further cleared and vindicated in a letter to the Rev. Mr. Samuel Chandler,' 1730. Chandler then wrote 'A Second Letter' to Guyse, which the latter answered in an appendix to a 'Sermon on the Death of John Asty.'  A complaint against him seems to have been the fact that he had accused ministers generally of not preaching Christ. The disputants treated each other badly, but were afterwards reconciled.

Besides the works mentioned above he wrote the following:

 'Jesus Christ God-Man, several sermons,' 1719.
 'A Sermon on the Plague of Marseilles,' 1720.
 'The Holy Spirit a Divine Person, several sermons,' 1721.
 'The Standing Use of the Scripture, several sermons,' 1724.
 'Remarks on a Catechism' (written by James Strong of Ilminster).
 'A Present Remembrance of God.' 1730.
 Nine sermons in the Berry Street collection.
 'Youth's Monitor, six annual sermons,' 1736.
 'An Exposition of the New Testament in the form of a paraphrase,' 3 vols. 1739–52.
 With Isaac Watts, the preface to Jonathan Edwards' A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton 1737.
 'A Collection of Seventeen Practical Sermons, to which is added an exhortation' (all originally published separately), 1756.

Influence
John Wesley stated in the Preface to his Notes on the New Testament that he was indebted to Dr. Guyse for many 'useful observations'.

References

External links

1680 births
1761 deaths
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
18th-century English people
English Christian religious leaders
People from Hertford
English religious writers
18th-century English non-fiction writers
18th-century English male writers
Burials at Bunhill Fields
English male non-fiction writers

John Guyse


The counties of England are territorial divisions of England that have many different purposes, such as local government. Most counties began as Anglo-Saxon shires, and duchies.

The names, boundaries and functions of these divisions have changed many times. A series of local government reforms from the 19th century onwards has left the exact definition of the term 'county' unclear, and many counties have more than one definition in law.

Therefore, the term "counties of England" does not refer to a unique set of names or boundaries. There are specific sets of counties that serve a purpose in government (e.g. ceremonial county, registration county or former postal county) or are cultural regions that are sometimes loosely defined (e.g. historic county).

Two definitions have a purpose in present-day government:
 Administrative counties: These are areas that are governed by a county council.
 Ceremonial counties: These are the areas that are represented by a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff.
For example, Leicester is not in the administrative county of Leicestershire, but is in the ceremonial county of Leicestershire.

Historic counties

The 39 historic, ancient or traditional counties, developed from the 12th to the 16th centuries, though many of the specific areas are much older. They were not used for census reporting since 1841. Most of the historic counties continue to form part of the local government structure, often with reformed boundaries.

Registration counties
Registration counties existed from 1851 to 1930 and were used for census reporting from 1851 to 1911.

1889 to 1974
Elected county councils were set up in England in 1889, taking over many of the administrative functions of the Quarter Sessions courts, as well as being given other powers over the years. A County of London was created from parts of Kent, Middlesex and Surrey. The counties were divided into administrative counties (the area controlled by a county council) and independent county boroughs. Some counties were covered by several administrative counties; they were Suffolk, Sussex, Northamptonshire, Hampshire, Cambridgeshire, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.

1965 saw a minor change as the original County of London became instead the 'administrative area' of Greater London.

Changes in 1974
On 1 April 1974 the Local Government Act 1972 came into force. This abolished the existing local government structure in England and Wales (except in Greater London) and replaced it with a new entirely two-tier system. It abolished the previously existing administrative counties and county boroughs (but not the previous non-administrative 'counties') and created a new set of 46 'counties' in England, 6 of which were metropolitan and 40 of which were non-metropolitan.

Some of the counties established by the Act were entirely new, such as Avon, Cleveland, Cumbria, Hereford and Worcester, and Humberside, along with the new metropolitan counties of Greater Manchester, Merseyside, South Yorkshire, Tyne and Wear, West Midlands, and West Yorkshire. The counties of Cumberland, Herefordshire, Rutland, Westmorland and Worcestershire were abolished and the county boroughs as well.

A further local government reform in the 1990s grouped the counties into regions, created many small unitary authorities with county level status (re-establishing in effect if not in name the old county boroughs), and restored Herefordshire, Rutland and Worcestershire as administrative entities.

There are now 81 county level entities outside Greater London. Of these, 34 are so-called 'shire counties' with both county councils and district councils, and 40 are unitary authorities. Six are metropolitan counties. The remaining one is Berkshire, whose county council has been abolished and its districts have become unitary authorities.

Post-1996 ceremonial counties
Because of the local government reforms in the 1990s, the distinction between the counties used for local government and those used for Lieutenancy, abolished in 1974, was revived, and a new term, 'ceremonial county', coined. Most unitary authorities remained associated with the same county for Lieutenancy, and in a few areas the old ceremonial counties were restored (Bristol, East Riding of Yorkshire, Herefordshire, Rutland, Worcestershire).

These are also known as the geographic counties and are generally used to describe a place's location in England. They are also taken into consideration by the boundary commission when they draw up boundaries for constituencies, for example.

Postal counties
The former postal counties as used by the Post Office are no longer required on addresses. They included most of the 1974 changes, but did not acknowledge Greater Manchester or Greater London as postal counties. They went out of official use in 1996.

References

Other websites
 Counties of England, Wales and Scotland prior to the 1974 Boundary Changes
 Administrative Areas of England - gives details of the 1974 changes

Counties of England


"Charity Case" is the third episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama series House and the 158th overall episode of the series. It aired on Fox in the United States on October 17, 2011.  It is also the penultimate episode with Olivia Wilde as Dr. Remy Hadley (Thirteen). This episode seems loosely based on the American investor Zell Kravinsky, even using his quote that "to withhold a kidney from someone who would otherwise die means valuing one's own life at 4,000 times that of a stranger".

Plot
Philanthropist Benjamin Byrd (Wentworth Miller) collapses outside of a training center for the homeless where he's made an incognito visit. When brought into Princeton Plainsboro, he offers a large payment to the hospital so that House will be able to reassemble his diagnostics team. Wilson is also placed in an ethical bind because Byrd offers a kidney to one of Wilson's needy patients. The team tries to determine whether Byrd's generosity is a symptom of mental instability, something confirmed when he offers his other kidney to Thirteen and says he's willing to live on dialysis.

Dr. Jessica Adams works with House on a volunteer basis. She and Dr. Park clash over both their diagnoses of the patient and Adams' insistence on giving the proud Park increasingly large gifts, finally paying for House's car repair under the impression that it is Park's car.

House reaches out to the retired Thirteen. She aids him on the case and is nearly persuaded to return to the diagnostic team full-time. He then fires her so that she can go to Greece with her new girlfriend guilt-free.

Reception
This episode was watched by 8.34 million US viewers. The A.V. Club gave this episode a B rating.

Trivia
Because of this episode a Dutch man donated a kidney to a stranger in 2012.

References

External links

"Charity Case" at Fox.com
Medical review of "Charity Case"

House (season 8) episodes
2011 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Greg Yaitanes

Charity Case


"The Tell-Tale Heart" is an 1843 short story by Edgar Allan Poe. Detectives capture a man who admits to the killing of the old man with a strange eye. The murder is carefully planned, and the killer killed the old man's by pulling his bed on top of the man and hiding the body under the floor. The killer feels guilty about the murder, and the guilt makes him imagine that he can hear the dead man's heart still beating under the floor.

No one knows if the old man and the killer are related. Some people think that the old man is a father figure. Some people think that the man is strange, perhaps that his vulture eye represents some sort of veiled secret.

The story was first published in James Russell Lowell's The Pioneer in January 1843. "The Tell-Tale Heart" is one of Poe's most famous short stories, and it is widely considered a classic of the Gothic fiction genre. The story has been made into or inspired many different works in film, television, and other media.

Story
"The Tell-Tale Heart" is a story told in the first-person; meaning that the storyteller talks about their own feelings and actions. The story does not say if the narrator is male or female.

The narrator is living with an old man with a clouded, vulture-like eye. The narrator has feelings of paranoia, and becomes afraid of the old man's strange eye. The narrator becomes so bothered by the eye that they plot to murder the old man. For more than a week, the narrator sneaks into the old man's room at night, watching and waiting for the right time to strike. However, the old man's eyes are shut, hiding the clouded eye, and the narrator loses the urge to kill.

One night, though, the old man awakens as the narrator watches, revealing the eye. The narrator strikes, smothering the old man with his own mattress. The narrator chops up the body, and hides the pieces under the floorboards. The narrator then cleans the place up to hide all signs of the crime. When the narrator reports that the police (whether a delusion or real is unclear) respond to a call placed by a neighbor who heard a distressful scream, the narrator invites them to look around, confident that they will not find any evidence of the murder. They sit around the old man's room, right on top of the very hiding place of the dead body, yet suspect nothing.

The narrator, however, begins to hear a faint noise. As the noise grows louder, the narrator hallucinates that it is the heartbeat of the old man coming from under the floorboards. This paranoia increases as the officers seem to pay no attention to the sound, which is loud enough for the narrator to admit having heard. Shocked by the constant beating of the heart and a feeling that the officers must be aware of the heartbeats, the narrator loses control and confesses to killing the old man and tells them to tear up the floorboards to reveal the body.

Throughout the story the narrator insists on being sane, yet at the same time, giving the impression of serious hallucinations or paranoia, possibly caused by guilt from having murdered an elderly man.

Analysis
"The Tell-Tale Heart" starts in medias res, in the middle of an event. The opening is an in-progress conversation between the narrator and another person who is not identified in any way. It is speculated that the narrator is confessing to a prison warden, judge, newspaper reporter, doctor or psychiatrist. Whoever it is, it sparks the narrator's need to explain himself in great detail. The first word of the story, "True!," is an admission of his guilt.

One of the driving forces in this opening and throughout the story is not the narrator's insistence upon his innocence but on his sanity. His drive to convince, however, is self-destructive because he fully admits he is guilty of murder. His denial of insanity is based on his systemic actions and precision - a rational explanation for irrational behavior (murder). This rationality, however, is undermined by his lack of motivation ("Object there was none. Passion there was none."). Despite this, however, he says the idea of murder, "haunted me day and night." The story's final scene, however, is a result of the narrator's feelings of guilt. Like many characters in the Gothic tradition, his nerves dictate his true nature. Despite his best efforts at defending himself, the narrator's "over acuteness of the senses," which help him hear the heart beating in the floorboards, is what convinces the reader that he is truly mad. Readers during Poe's time would have been especially interested amidst the controversy over the insanity defense in the 1840s.

It is unclear, however, if the narrator actually has very acute senses or if he is merely imagining things. If his condition is believed to be true, what he hears at the end of the story may not be the old man's heart but death watch beetles. The narrator first admits hearing death watches in the wall after startling the old man from his sleep. According to superstition, death watches are a sign of impending death. One variety of death watch beetles raps its head against surfaces, presumably as part of a mating ritual, while others emit a ticking sound.

The relationship between the old man and the narrator is ambiguous, as is their names, their occupations, or where they live. In fact, that ambiguity adds to the tale as an ironic counter to the strict attention to detail in the plot. The narrator may be a servant of the old man's or, as is more often assumed, his son. In that case, the "vulture" eye of the old man is symbolizing parental surveillance and possibly the paternal principles of right and wrong. The murder of the eye, then, is a removal of conscience. The eye may also represent secrecy, again playing on the ambiguous lack of detail about the man or the narrator. Only when the eye is finally found open on the final night, penetrating the veil of secrecy, that the murder is carried out.

Former poet laureate Richard Wilbur has suggested that the tale is an allegorical representation of Poe's poem "To Science." The poem shows the struggle between imagination and science. In "The Tell-Tale Heart," the old man represents the scientific rational mind while the narrator is the imaginative.

Publication history
"The Tell-Tale Heart" was first published in the Boston-based magazine The Pioneer in January 1843, edited by James Russell Lowell. Poe was likely paid only $10. It was slightly revised when republished in the August 23, 1845 edition of the Broadway Journal. It was reprinted multiple times during Poe's lifetime.

Adaptations
As of 2007-09-01 the Internet Movie Database lists 21 adaptations.
 An animated film version by UPA, read by James Mason, The Tell-Tale Heart (1953), is included among the films preserved in the United States National Film Registry.
The Tell-Tale Heart, 1960 version.
 A reading of the story was performed by Winifred Phillips, with music composed by her, as part of the NPR "Tales by American Masters" series in 1998 and released on DH Audio.
 The Canadian radio program Nightfall presented an adaptation on August 1st, 1980.

Works inspired
Music
 "The Tell-Tale Heart" is one of several songs inspired by Poe stories on the album Tales of Mystery and Imagination (original version 1976, CD remix 1987) by The Alan Parsons Project. It is sung by Arthur Brown.
 In 2003, Lou Reed released his concept album The Raven comprised of several works inspired by Poe, including the track "The Tell-Tale Heart."
 In Insane Clown Posse's 1995 album The Riddlebox, the track "Ol' Evil Eye" was inspired by this story.
 The song "Ride the Wings of Pestilence" by California-based post-hardcore band From First to Last shows similarities to "The Tell-Tale Heart". However, this has never been confirmed.

Television
 An episode of The Simpsons ("Lisa's Rival," September 11, 1994) featured a "Tell-Tale Heart"-inspired act of revenge between Lisa and a new student.  In the episode, Lisa hides the competing student's diorama of the story and replaces it with an actual animal heart.  As her guilt rises, she thinks she hears the diorama's heart beating beneath the floor boards.
 A season 1 episode of SpongeBob SquarePants, "Squeaky Boots", has Mr. Krabs burying a pair of squeaky boots underneath the floorboards, only to begin hearing the noise more and more before snapping and digging them up, saying, "It is the squeaking of the hideous boots!"

References

Other website

19th-century American short stories
Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe

The Tell-Tale Heart


Sabelianism is a position in Christian theology. It is against the idea of the trinity. Sabellianism is also known as modalism, modalistic monarchianism, or modal monarchism. Basically, the teaching says that God has three masks, and humans see him in three different ways, but he is in fact only one.

Those in favor
Historic Sabellianism taught that God the Father was the only person of the Godhead, a belief known as Monarchianism.  One author has described Sabellius' teaching: The true question, therefore, turns on this, viz., what is it which constitutes what we name 'person' in the Godhead? Is it original, substantial, essential to divinity itself? Or does it belong to and arise from the exhibitions and developments which the divine Being has made of  himself to his creatures? The former Sabellius denied; the latter he fully admitted.

Modalists say that the only number given to God in the Holy Bible is One. Christian texts do not explicitley talk about God being three. The number three is never mentioned in texts talking about God. The number three is the number that is central to the word "Trinity". There is one text known as Comma Johanneum which may be an exception to this. The comma Johanneum is a disputed text passage in First John. The text is mainly known from the King James Version of the Bible and some versions of the Textus Receptus. It is usually not included in modern critical texts.  Modalism has been mainly associated with Sabellius, who taught a form of it in Rome in the third century.

Hippolytus of Rome knew Sabellius personally and mentioned him in the Philosophumena. He knew Sabellius disliked Trinitarian theology, but he said Modal Monarchism  was the heresy of Noetos, not that of Sabellius.

Christians in Cyrenaica liked Sabellianism, and converted to it. Demetrius, Patriarch of Alexandria, wrote many letters to them arguing against this belief.

Critics
The primary critic was Tertullian, who said that they crucified the Father.

It is important to note that our only sources available for our understanding of Sabellianism are from people who opposed it. Scholars today do not agree what exactly Sabellius or Praxeus taught. It is easy to think Tertullian and Hippolytus misrepresented the opinions of their opponents.

Tertullian seems to suggest that the majority of believers at that time favoured the Sabellian view of the oneness of God.  Epiphanius (Haeres 62) about 375 AD notes that Sabellius still had many followers, both in Mesopotamia and at Rome.  The second general council at Constantinople in 533 AD declared the baptism of Sabellius to be invalid, which indicates that Sabellianism was still around.

Its position today
Sabellianism has been rejected by the majority of Christian churches in favour of Trinitarianism. This was done through the Athanasian Creed, which says that God is three distinct persons. Each one of the three is equal to the others, and eternal in the same way than the other two.

Michael Servetus and Emanuel Swedenborg were scientists of the 16th and 17th century. Some of the tests thy have written seem to suggest that they were in favor of Modalism. Neither of the two describes God as appearing in three modes. Both describe him as the One Divine Person, Jesus Christ, who has a Divine Soul of Love, Divine Mind of Truth, and Divine Body of Activity. Jesus merged his human form with the divine. By doing this, he  became entirely One with His Divine Soul from the Father in such a way that the persons could no longer be kept apart.

Oneness Pentecostalism teaches that the Father (a spirit) is united with Jesus (a man) as the Son of God. However, Oneness Pentecostalism is very different from Sabellianism, because it rejects sequential modalism. They teach that God was fully God and fully man.

Oneness Pentecostalism and Sabellianism can be compared to each other, because they are both Notrinitarian. There may be several differences between both positions though.

What did it really teach?
It is difficult to find out what Sabellianism really taught, because all that is left today are the texts of those who were against it. All of his original works were burned. The following excerpts which demonstrate some of the known doctrinal characteristics of ancient Sabellians may be seen to compare with the doctrines in the modern Oneness movement:

Sabellianism was doctrine taught by a sect of the Montanists.

Cyprian wrote of them "How, when God the Father is not known--nay, is even blasphemed--can they who among the heretics are said to be baptized in the name of Christ only, be judged to have obtained the remission of sins?" (Cyprian, c. 250, W, 5.383,484)

In 225 AD Hippolytus spoke of them saying "Some of them assent to the heresy of the Noetians, affirming the Father Himself is the Son."

Victorinus had this to say of them "Some had doubts about the baptism of those who appeared to recognize the same Father with the Son with us, yet who received the new prophets."

Saballianism was also referred to by the following Church fathers:

Dionysius (c.200-265 AD) wrote "Those baptized in the name of three persons...though baptized by heretics..shall not be rebaptized. But those converted from other heresies shall be perfected by the baptism of the Holy Church." (St. Dionysius, Letters and Treatises,p.54).

"Sabellius...blasphemes in saying that the Son Himself is the Father and vice versa." (Dionysius of Rome, c.264,W, 6.365)

"Jesus commands them to baptize into the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit--not into a unipersonal God." (Tertullian, C. 213,W,3.623)

Sabellianism teaching of Modalism and singular name baptism was also accompanied by glossolalia and prophecy among the abovementioned sect of Montanists.

In 225 AD Tertullian speaks of "those who would deserve the excellent gifts of the spirit--and who...by means of the Holy Spirit would obtain the gift of language, wisdom, and knowledge."

It is reported that Sabellians experienced glossolalia and baptized in the "shorter formula" because of their denial of the Trinity. (J.H. Blunt, p.332,Heik,p 150, kelsey, pp. 40,41).

References

Christian theology

Sabellianism


HMS is an acronym (contraction) of Her Majesty's Ship. It refers to ships of the Royal Navy. It is the official prefix of Royal Navy ship names since 1789. Versions of HMS are used in those Commonwealth countries where the British monarch is still the head of state. So, for example, HMNZS is the prefix for the Royal New Zealand Navy.

There are some similar designations. RMS designates a ship which officially transports mail for the United Kingdom. Other countries with monarchs use the same kind of system, and almost all countries have a prefix system for their ships.

References

Royal Navy

Her Majesty's Ship


GraphEdit is a utility which is part of the Microsoft DirectShow SDK. It is a visual tool for building and testing filter graphs for DirectShow. Filters are displayed as boxes, with a text caption showing the name of the filter. Pins appear as small squares along the edge of the filter. Input pins are shown on the left side of the filter, and output pins are on the right side of the filter. A pin connection appears as an arrow connecting the output pin to the input pin. Connection mediatypes can be viewed as "properties" on pins and connections.  GraphEdit can automatically build a filter graph that plays a file.

See also
 GraphStudio
 DirectShow
 Microsoft Platform SDK

External links
GraphStudio - an OpenSource GraphEdit implementation (GPL License)
GraphStudioNext - a recent fork of OpenSource GraphStudio with many additional features (GPL License)
Overview of GraphEdit - Microsoft's GraphEdit pages
Download link - Download location from Microsoft's website
GraphEditPlus - Commercial reimplementation of GraphEdit which provides more information and control on filters, mediatypes etc. and has source code generation.
DSGraphEdit - Open Source clone of GraphEdit written in C#.

Graphics software
Microsoft software

GraphEdit


The Robert Weber Round Barn is a round barn located east of Durand, Illinois, United States along Illinois Route 75 in Harrison Township. The Weber barn was constructed in 1917 and features a roof designed and built by the Haas Brothers, who worked on other area round barns. The barn is  in diameter and features a  diameter central silo. The design of the Weber Round Barn stands out from other area round barns in its vitrified tile walls, a development used in later period American round barns. The Robert Weber Round Barn was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

History
The Robert Weber Round Barn was built in 1917 east of Durand, Illinois in Harrison Township along Illinois Route 75. When the building was nominated for inclusion on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1984 it was owned by Robert Weber.

Design
The barn building has a diameter of  and contains a central silo with a diameter of . Both the barn and silo walls are constructed of brown, hollow vitrified tile; each tile measures  by 4¾ inches. The Weber Round Barn was designed as a bank barn, its loft is entered on the north side via an earthen ramp that leads to a metal framed door. Livestock entry is made on the west side of the barn through another metal framed door, in addition, all windows are metal framed.

The single hip roof is supported by braces on either side of every rafter in a style promoted by the University of Illinois' Agricultural Experiment Station. The roof is covered in wooden shingles and capped by a small metal ventilator. The roof design and construction, by the Haas Brothers, connects it closely with round barns found in Stephenson County, Illinois that feature Haas Brothers construction. The Weber Barn was the last in the Stephenson County area that the Haas Brothers worked on. The Weber Round Barn does differ from the barns in neighboring Stephenson County in its vitrified tile wall. This type of tile wall demonstrates an important period in the evolution of round barn design. Vitrified tile was preferred by builders during the final period of American round barn construction.

The Weber Round Barn stands out from other round barns, such as those in Stephenson County, as well. Compared to those barns, the Dennis Otte Round Barn, the Gerald Harbach Round Barn, James Bruce Round Barn, Chris Jensen Round Barn and the Charles Fehr Round Barn, the Weber Round Barn has an air of sophistication. This is due to its masonry walls, specially braced hip roof and metal framed windows and doors.

Significance
The Robert Weber Round Barn is one of 31 round barns that were constructed in a four county area, the Stephenson County area, that includes Winnebago County, Stephenson County and Rock and Green Counties in Wisconsin. Twenty one of those barns are within Stephenson County, just west of the Weber Barn. The Weber Barn is also significant for its tile walls which demonstrate a later period round barn preference.

The Weber Round Barn was nominated for the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as part of the inaugural nomination through the Round Barns in Illinois Thematic Resources Multiple Property Submission. This means it met the criteria laid out beforehand for Illinois round barns. The building was listed on the National Register on February 2, 1984.

See also

Charles Fehr Round Barn
Dennis Otte Round Barn
Gerald Harbach Round Barn
James Bruce Round Barn

Notes

Barns on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Infrastructure completed in 1917
National Register of Historic Places in Winnebago County, Illinois
Round barns in Illinois

Robert Weber Round Barn


Belong is an American experimental music duo composed of Turk Dietrich and Michael Jones. The group formed in New Orleans in 2002. Their debut album, October Language, was recorded in 2004 and released in 2006. The duo's sound blends ambient styles, with a focus on guitar textures. Reviews have made comparisons to current electronica artists like Fennesz and Tim Hecker, as well as the early 1990s shoegazing sound attributed to bands such as My Bloody Valentine and The Jesus and Mary Chain. Guitars and synthesizers are run through various effects to produce the band's sound.

In January 2008, their Tour EP, (recorded in 2005, sold as a CDr at live shows in February 2006) surfaced in 128 kbit/s quality, ripped by a fan. Belong directly offered it to fans in MP3 for free, at a higher quality 192 kbit/s. This was also done for their latest EP, Same Places, this time in 320 kbit/s.

In 2009, October Language was released on vinyl by Geographic North Records, a label based out of Atlanta, Georgia.

Discography

Albums
October Language (2006)
Common Era (2011)

EPs
Tour (2006)
Colorloss Record (2008)
Same Places (2008)

References

External links
Carpark Records - Artists page

Band Interview Aug 2006

Musical groups from New Orleans
Carpark Records artists

Belong (band)


Electronic filters are electrical circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. Electronic filters can be:

passive or active
analog or digital
high-pass, low-pass, bandpass, band-reject (band reject; notch), or all-pass.
discrete-time (sampled) or continuous-time
linear or non-linear
infinite impulse response (IIR type) or finite impulse response (FIR type)

The most common types of electronic filters are linear filters, regardless of other aspects of their design. Digital filters use a Fourier transform.

Electronic circuits

Filter (electronics)


The Tent Dwellers is a book by Albert Bigelow Paine, chronicling his travels through inland Nova Scotia on a trout fishing trip with Dr. Edward "Eddie" Breck, and with guides Charles "the Strong" (Charlie Charlton of Milford, NS) and Del "the Stout" (Del Thomas of Milford, NS), one June in the early 1900s.
Originally published in 1908, The story starts at what is now known as the Legendary Milford House; Renowned author Albert Bigelow Paine, (Mark Twain's biographer), chronicled his first impression of the Milford House Lodge in his famous book, in the following way … "Then at last came a church, a scattering string of houses, a neat white hotel and the edge of the wilderness had been reached."  Those travelling today from Annapolis Royal will witness little change in the scenery or the impact from this turn of the century description. The book takes place in what is now Kejimkujik National Park (or "Kedgeemakoogee", as Paine spelled it) and the adjacent Tobeatic Game Reserve. The Reserve later became the Tobeatic Wildlife Management Area, and in 1998 was included within the newly created Tobeatic Wilderness Area.

Paine was well known in American literary circles at the time, chiefly as the biographer of Mark Twain.  Breck held a PhD, spoke five languages, and was listed in Who's Who in America.

Summary
The book chronicles a three-week fishing trip through central Nova Scotia, and is an excellent account of the unspoiled Nova Scotia wilderness that existed at the time, which has been largely diminished since.  The group encounters moose (which Eddie tries to capture and bring back alive), beaver, and numerous trout, the first of which is now very scarce in the region, and legions of mosquitos, moose flies, black flies, noseeums, and midges, all of which are regrettably abundant to this day.

Many of the areas described in the book, then virtually unexplored and uncharted, are now well known to back-country campers in Kejimkujik Park and the Tobeatic Wilderness Area.  The descriptions of the central Nova Scotia woods contained in the book are beautifully written and uncannily accurate, and while the trout which brought Paine and Breck to Nova Scotia are less abundant, due in part to acid rain and increased fishing pressure, they still provide good sport for anglers.

Paine, a famous New England novelist and biographer, initially had some difficulties with the lack of modern amenities in camp life, but soon came to love the rugged beauty and solitude of the woods.  As advice to other potential campers, he has this to offer:

"...if you are willing to get wet and stay wet - to get cold and stay cold - to be bruised, and scuffed, and bitten - to be hungry and thirsty, and to have your muscles strained and sore from unusual taxation: if you will welcome all these things, not once, but many times, for the sake of moments of pure triumph and that larger luxury which comes with the comfort of the camp and the conquest of the wilderness, then go!

The wilderness will welcome you, and teach you, and take you to its heart. And you will find your own soul there; and the discovery will be worth while!"

Gear in The Tent Dwellers
The gear described in the book would today be considered antique.  Birchbark canoes are used throughout the book, as well as canvas tents.  Large sections are devoted to the fishing gear used, specifically the fishing rods and flies.

Ecology in The Tent Dwellers
In many places The Tent Dwellers draws attention to ecological impact on the forest.  Paine derisively describes the 'fish hog' as one who catches and kills more fish than he has use for.  He writes about the marks left on the land by logging, and about the necessity of always leaving part of the land wild and uninhabited.  On the beaver, which was then being trapped nearly to extinction, he wrote:

"Long ago he taught men how to build their houses and dams, and to save up food and water for a dry time. Even if we no longer need him, he deserves our protection and our tender regard."

In advocating sustainable and responsible use of forest lands, Paine was ahead of his time.  The regions through which Paine and Breck made their journey are now encompassed by Kejimkujik National Park and Tobeatic Wilderness Area.

Although fish, deer, beaver and porcupines still abound within this area, the moose referred to many times in this book (Alces americana) is endangered and rarely can be seen in this part of Nova Scotia.

Lake Rossignol and the surrounding lakes have changed considerably since this book was written.  The outlet to the lake was dammed in 1929, so that Rossignol has expanded to encompass several smaller, formerly separate lakes.

References

External links
 Official Parks Canada site for Kejimkujik National Park
 digital copy of The Tent Dwellers
 Nova Scotia Natural Resources - Mainland Moose

1908 non-fiction books
American travel books
Books about Canada
Mass media in Nova Scotia
Novels set in Nova Scotia

The Tent Dwellers


Hillside Cemetery is located on Mulberry Street in Middletown, New York, United States. Opened in 1861, it was designed in the rural cemetery style by Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted, later noted for their collaboration on Central Park. There are several thousand graves, some with excellent examples of 19th-century funerary art.

Many of Middletown's prominent citizens of the late 19th century were buried there, including three Civil War winners of the Medal of Honor and one former congressman. In 1994 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

Property

The cemetery is located in southeastern Middletown, a few blocks from the city's downtown. It is a  parcel built on the side of a hill. Mulberry Street is on the east, with woods to the north and west and a residential neighborhood on the north.

It is built into a hillside that rises sharply to the north. The slope is cut into a series of undulating bluffs to accommodate the graves and curving roads around the cemetery. There is a pond near the upper end of the property and the remains of a second at the lower end. A tributary of Monhagen Brook runs across the property from the northwest to the east. There are groves of mature shade trees.

At the front gate is a Gothic Revival stone office building. It is a contributing resource to the National Register listing, but is no longer used. Instead most administrative functions are handled at a more modern maintenance garage. Scattered throughout the cemetery are various mausolea and other memorials.

History

New York provided for the creation of rural cemeteries, which followed the model of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Massachusetts by setting graves and monuments in a pastoral natural setting, in 1847. Under that act, the Hillside Cemetery Association was formed in 1860. Later that year it purchased  of farmland in Middletown, which had only recently incorporated as a village, for its cemetery.

Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted were hired to design the landscape soon afterwards. An English immigrant, Vaux had worked for Andrew Jackson Downing of Newburgh, whose ideas about a more naturally sympathetic architecture guided much home construction in mid-19th century America. Two years earlier, Vaux and Olmsted, another Downing disciple, had won New York City's design competition to create Central Park. This fame followed Vaux to Middletown when he began work on the cemetery the next year.

It was consecrated on August 8, 1861. Vaux's Picturesque plan was followed exactly, but a planned observation tower was never built. The new cemetery soon gained a representative collection of contemporary funerary art. Monuments and memorials showed the influence of the Egyptian Revival and the sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus. Decorative motifs such as garlands, angels and urns. Many headstones have carved female figures, symbolizing different things depending on what she holds. Two monuments have carved granite statues of Hope.

In 1930 the stone office building at the front entrance was built. It fell into disuse after three decades, and thus the modern garage was built in 1992. Vaux's lower pond has also been mostly drained.

Notable burials

Thomas D. Collins, 1847–1935. While serving as a sergeant in Company H, 143rd New York Volunteer Infantry, captured a Confederate regimental flag on May 15, 1864, during the Battle of Resaca. Awarded the Medal of Honor.
David Porter Dewitt, 1817–1889. Brevet brigadier general in Union Army.
Nathan Mullock Hallock, 1844–1903. While serving as a private in Company K of the 124th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment at Bristoe Station on October 14, 1863, he "at imminent peril saved from death or capture a disabled officer of his company by carrying him under a hot musketry fire, to a place of safety", for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1897.
Moses D. Stivers, 1828–1895. Served one term as U.S. Representative, from 1889–91.
Lewis Wisner, 1841–1906. First lieutenant in Company K, "while serving as an engineer officer voluntarily exposed himself to the enemy's fire" at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House on May 12, 1864. Awarded the Medal of Honor.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, New York

References

External links
List of burials at interment.net

Cemeteries in Orange County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, New York
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
1861 establishments in New York (state)
Middletown, Orange County, New York
Rural cemeteries
Calvert Vaux designs

Hillside Cemetery (Middletown, New York)


Benjamin Frank Davis (born October 30, 1945) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback and return specialist for 10 years in the National Football League (NFL). He is the brother of political activist Angela Davis.

Early years
Davis was born in 1945 in Birmingham, Alabama. His father, a graduate of St. Augustine's College, a traditional black college in Raleigh, North Carolina, was briefly a high school history teacher, but found it more lucrative to own and operate a service station in the black section of Birmingham. His mother, with an MA from New York University, was an elementary school teacher. The family owned a large home in a middle class mixed neighborhood called "Dynamite Hill" after so-called "night rider" terrorists began bomb attacks on civil rights leaders clustered there.

To avoid the racial strife for which Dynamite Hill was named, children in the Davis family spent time with friends and relatives elsewhere. Davis graduated from Fair Lawn High School in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, at the age of 15, then marked time by attending Bridgton Academy, a prep school in Maine until he was old enough to enroll in Defiance College in rural Defiance, Ohio.

"I went to Defiance because I was looking for the same type of environment as the prep school," Davis told Fred Greetham in 2001. "I was in the band in high school, but I decided to go out for the football team in college. By the time we were seniors, we were undefeated."

Professional career

Davis was drafted in the 17th (and last) round by the Cleveland Browns in the 1967 NFL Draft. With Paul Warfield, Gary Collins and Clifton McNeil already established as receivers, Davis was switched to a defensive role—and he did well. In his rookie year, he led the league in punt returns, averaging 12.7 yards per return, and one 52-yard return for a touchdown. He also led the Browns in returning kickoffs, with 27 returns totalling 708 yards, including one of 63 yards.

Only Leroy Kelly (15.6), Greg Pruitt (12.9) and Eric Metcalf (12.9) ever had better years, returning punts for the Browns.

In 1968, Davis started at cornerback, and led the team with 8 interceptions. Others were nipping at his heels: the season's 32 interceptions that year set a Browns' record. His individual performance is the 3rd-best in Browns history - and he still holds the record for seven consecutive games with an interception.

A torn anterior cruciate ligament benched Davis during the 1969 season, and half the 1970 season.

He was traded to the Detroit Lions in 1974 for a 5th-round draft pick. The Browns picked Jim Cope from Ohio State University, who fared poorly in the NFL. Davis, however, played two more seasons for the Lions before retiring from the field.

Post-NFL
Davis went into copier sales after his football career ended, then went into cable television and bought a radio station in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Since 1995, he has owned and operated Britt Business Systems, a Xerox dealer, in the Cleveland suburb of Beachwood, Ohio. Davis has lived in Cleveland since 1967, even commuting to Detroit when he played for the Lions.

Personal life
Davis and his wife Sylvia have two grown children, Cecilie and Ben III, who both live in California. Davis's sister, Angela Davis, is a prominent political activist. A younger brother, Reggie Davis, also attended Defiance College.

External links
NFL.com player page

References

1945 births
Living people
Players of American football from Birmingham, Alabama
Players of American football from Cleveland
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football cornerbacks
American football return specialists
Cleveland Browns players
Detroit Lions players
Defiance Yellow Jackets football players
Fair Lawn High School alumni

Ben Davis (American football)


Marram grass is Ammophila, a genus of grasses. They are xerophytes, which live in dry places. Marram specialises in being the first line of land plants in coastal sand dunes.

Ammophila has roots up to metres long. They find the moisture below the dry sand. These plants are used to stop sand-blow, because their roots hold the sand, and stop the wind blowing it away.

Marram grass feels like long AstroTurf and feels almost rubbery.

Poaceae

Marram grass


Minicoy Island or Maliku (Mahal language: މަލިކު, məliku) is the only inhabited island of the Maliku Atoll. The locals, the Malikun, call their island "Maliku," as do the Maldivians, the closest Maldive island to Minicoy is Thuraakunu. Since 1956, the Indian Government has forbidden contact between people of the same nationals of the two islands despite their geographic proximity and ethnographic similarities. The cultural traits of Minicoy differ from those of any other Indian islands of Lakshadweep. Manners, customs and food are similar to those of the Maldives to the south of Minicoy and Mahl, a dialect of Dhivehi, is the language spoken on the island. This language employs the Tāna script, written from right to left. Minicoy Islanders, like the close islands of the Maldives follow Sunni Islam. The islands were probably Buddhist before like they were in the Maldives. In August 1947 the possessions of the Emperor of British India passed to either the Indian Union or Pakistan according to an agreed demarcation line. The rulers of the independent countries that were vassals of the Emperor had the choice of acceding to either the Dominion of India or Pakistan.

While Maliku was a sovereign possession of the Emperor and not that of an independent country such as, Kashmir or Hyderabad State, it is unclear why India felt it necessary to hold a plebiscite in Maliku in 1956 to determine whether or not the people of Maliku wished to join the Indian Union. However Since 1965 Pakistan wished Maliku to return to the Republic of Maldives.

Geography of the Maldives
Territorial disputes
Occupied territories

Minicoy Island